Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3809 122700 120877 2026-09-28T03:19:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = United Republic of Tanzania | common_name = Tanzania | native_name = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}} | image_flag = Flag of Tanzania.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"Uhuru na Umoja"|italic=no}} <br />"[[Freedom and Unity]]" | national_anthem = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]" <br />"God Bless Africa" <br />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Tanzania by US Navy Band.ogg]]}} | image_map = Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa | image_map2 = File:Tanzania map-en.svg | capital = [[Dodoma]] | largest_city = [[Dar es Salaam]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (only in Zanzibar)<ref name="Tanzania Ethnolgue">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TZ/languages| title=Tanzania| work=Ethnologue| publisher=SIL International}}</ref>}} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<ref name="Tanzania Ethnolgue"/> | languages2_type = Other languages | languages2 = [[Languages of Tanzania|Over 100 languages]], including (1m+): {{hlist ||[[Sukuma language|Sukuma]]|[[Nyamwezi language|Nyamwezi]]|[[Chaga languages|Chaga]]|[[Ha language|Ha]]|[[Bena language|Bena]]|[[Gogo language|Gogo]]|[[Haya language|Haya]]|[[Dholuo]]|[[Makonde language|Makonde]]|[[Nyaturu language|Nyaturu]]|[[Maasai language|Maasai]]|[[Jita language|Jita]]|[[Pare language|Pare]]}} | ethnic_groups = Over [[List of ethnic groups in Tanzania|100 ethnic groups]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Tanzania|Tanzanian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Tanzania|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Tanzania|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Philip Mpango]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Tanzania|Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Tanzania|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Ibrahim Hamis Juma]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the [[United Kingdom]], the [[German Empire]] and the [[Omani Empire]]}} | established_event1 = [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] | established_date1 = 9 December 1961 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[People's Republic of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]}} | established_date2 = 10 December 1963 | established_event3 = Merger | established_date3 = 26 April 1964 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 25 April 1977 | area_km2 = 947,303 | area_rank = 30th | area_sq_mi = 365,756<ref name="BFF"/> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 6.4<ref name="BFF"/> | population_census = 61,741,120{{r|2022_census}} | population_estimate_rank = 24th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 47.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 123.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 157th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$207.5&nbsp;billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= December 23, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 72nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,374 <ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 161th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$76.5 <ref name="imf2"/>&nbsp;billion | GDP_nominal_rank = 76th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,245<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 164th | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.549<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 160th | currency = [[Tanzanian shilling]] | currency_code = TZS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | iso3166code = TZ | calling_code = [[+255]]{{efn|+007 from Kenya and Uganda.}} | cctld = [[.tz]] | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Tanzania &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |63.1% [[Christianity in Tanzania|Christianity]] |34.1% [[Islam in Tanzania|Islam]] |1.5% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |0.1% Others }} | today = | map_caption2 = Map of Tanzania }} '''Tanzania''' ntchalo icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumilo ya zuba ya chalo cha [[Malaŵi]]. Chalo ichi kumpoto kwake kuli chalo cha [[Kenya]], kumafumilo ya zuba yakhe kuli nyanja ya mchele ya [[:en:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] ndipo ku mwela kwake kuli chalo cha [[Mozambique]]. Chalo ichi chili na vinyama vinandi. ==Mbiri== {{Main|Mbiri ya Tanzania}} [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right| Chiŵiya chakudumura malibwe icho chili na vyaka 1.8 miliyoni, icho ŵakasanga ku [[Olduvai Gorge]] ndipo ŵali kuchiŵika ku [[British Museum]]]] ===Kale=== Charu cha Tanzania nchimoza mwa vyaru vyakale comene pa caru capasi. Viwangwa vya ŵanthu na vyamoyo vinyake vya ŵanthu vikaŵako mu nyengo ya [[Quaternary]]. [[Olduvai Gorge]], mu [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], yili na vinthu ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa ŵakughanaghana kuti mbanthu ŵa ku [[ŵaHadza]] na [[ŵaSandawe]] ŵa ku Tanzania. <ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |year=2009 |pmid=19407144 |pmc=2947357 |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R.| last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11= M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18= S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.| bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku South Kushitic ndiwo ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Ethiopia na Somalia kuya ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Iraqi, Gorowa, na Burunge. Kuyana na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa ku East Cushitic ŵakaluta ku Tanzania vyaka 4,000 na 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ukaboni wa vinthu vyakusangika kale ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotes, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Datooga, ŵakasamira kumwera kufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono ni mphaka pakati pa [[South Sudan]] na [[Ethiopia]]. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya [[Nyanja ya Victoria]] na [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]]. Ŵakiza na mitheto ya vyakumera mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵakafumamo mu vigaŵa ivi na kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania pakati pa vyaka 2,300 na 1,700 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[East Nilotic]], kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Masai]], ndiwo ŵakasama kufuma ku South Sudan mu vyaka 500 m'paka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha. <ref name="Genetics"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Phyllis |last1=Martin |first2=Patrick |last2=O'Meara |title=Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/africa00mart |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20984-9}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakugwira nchito ya kupanga visulo na visulo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Pare]] ndiwo ŵakapanganga visulo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Tanzania. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Haya awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria ŵakapanga ng'anjo ya moto, iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵapangenge visulo vya karboni pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa kotcha chomene. <ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17830304 |year=1978 |last1=Schmidt |first1=P. |title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1978-09-22_201_4361/page/1085 |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4361 | pages=1085–89 |last2=Avery |first2=D.H. |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085| bibcode=1978Sci...201.1085S |s2cid=37926350}}</ref> Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku [[Persian Gulf]] na [[India]] ŵakalutanga ku East Africa kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. <ref>{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1510 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |page=1510}}</ref> Chisimu aŵala ŵaŵaliji pa [[chilambo cha Swahili]], ŵaŵaliji pa chilambocho ikaŵeje m'ma 700 kapena 800 AD. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/7chapter5.shtml "The Story of Africa"]. ''BBC World Service''.</ref> === Vyaka vyapakati === Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga [[chiBantu]] ŵakazenga mizi yakulimira na kuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tanzania kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Vinthu vyakusangika ku Fukuchani, kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha m'ma 600 C.E. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakazenga nyumba za mathabwa. Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu pa mtunda utali chomene yayi. Ŵakasanga vinthu vichoko waka vyakuzengera ku charu chinyake. Kuyana kwa malo agha na malo ghanyake nga ni [[Mkokotoni]] na [[Dar es Salaam]], kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Vikuwoneka kuti misumba iyi yikachitanga malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., malonda ghakalutilira kukura ndipo kuumaliro wa m'ma 900 C.E., Zanzibar yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. <ref>Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.</ref> Kukula kwa sitima za ku [[Egypt]] na [[Persia]]n kufuma ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] na Persian Gulf kukakhozga malonda gha ku [[Indian Ocean]], comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti Fatimid Caliphate yikasamukira ku Fustat ([[Cairo]]). Ŵalimi ŵa Chiswahili ŵakazenga mizi yinandi kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu. Ufumu wa Venda-Shona wa Mapungubwe na [[Zimbabwe]] mu [[South Africa]] na Zimbabwe, vikamba kupanga golide mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Ufumu wa Kilwa ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa vya cuma, vya ŵanthu, na vya cisopa. Kilwa wakaŵa na vipata vichoko ivyo vikafika m'paka ku Mozambique. Sofala wakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako golide ndipo Kilwa wakazgoka musambazi cifukwa ca malonda agha. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi ndiko kukaŵa Mombasa na Malindi. Kilwa ndiyo yikaŵa boma likuru comene ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mpaka apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Africa kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1400. <ref>Campbell, Gwyn. "Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900." Cambridge University Press. 2019</ref> Mu chaka cha 1954, Julius Nyerere wakasintha gulu ili kuŵa gulu la ndyali la [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-lifelong-education_november-december-2001_20_6/page/446|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref> ===Koloni=== [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left| Chithunzi cha 1572 cha mzinda wa [[Kilwa]], malo a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan wa [[Oman]] [[Said bin Sultan]] wakasamuskira msumba wake ku [[Zanzibar City]] mu 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakusangirako ŵazga ŵa ku East Africa. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵa pakati pa 65 na 90 peresenti. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies |title=Slave societies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku East Africa wakaŵa [[Tippu Tip]], uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa munthu wa ku Africa uyo wakaŵa muzga. Ŵanthu ŵa [[Nyamwezi]] ŵakendanga na ŵazga awo ŵakalongozgekanga na [[Msiri]] na [[Mirambo]]. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> Kuyana na [[Timothy Insoll]], "Vikulongora kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga 718 000 ŵakatolekera ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku Swahili, ndipo 769,000 ŵakasungika ku vyaru vinyake". <ref>{{cite book |first=Junius P. |last=Rodriguez |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration |date=1997 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵazga ŵakalekeka. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history |title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History |date=17 February 2015}}</ref> [[File:Wilhelm Kuhnert Schlacht bei Mahenge 2.jpg|thumb| Nkhondo ya [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa [[German East Africa]] mu 1905.]] Mu 1863, gulu la Holy Spirit Mission likakhazikiska malo ghakwambilira gha kupokelera ŵalendo mu Zanzibar. Mu 1877, pakulondezga ivyo [[Henry Morton Stanley]] wakacita apo wakaluta ku Africa, ndipo Themba [[Mutessa I la Buganda]] likamuzomerezga Stanley, mpingo wa Church Missionary Society ukatuma ŵamishonale [[Edward John Baxter]] na Henry Cole kuti ŵakhazikiske maofesi gha mu caru. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Middleton |first1=Dorothy |title=Henry Morton Stanley |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Hildergard Binder |title=The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/213158 |journal=Geographical Review |year=1967 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=168–202 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd |access-date=29 December 2022 |doi=10.2307/213158|jstor=213158 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans In East Africa - View entry |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=174 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 1885, [[Germany]] yikathereska vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Tanzania (kwambura Zanzibar) na kuviŵika mu [[German East Africa]] (GEA). <ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902–1912|publisher=West Virginia University Libraries|first=Makhete|last=Fall|year=2016 |doi=10.33915/etd.5569|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pa 7 Meyi 1919, khoti likuru la [[Paris Peace Conference]] likapeleka GEA yose ku [[Britain]], nangauli [[Belgium]] yikaŵasuska. [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], [[Alfred Milner]], and [[Belgium's minister to the conference]], [[Pierre Orts]], then negotiated the [[Anglo-Belgian agreement]] of 30 May 1919 Mulembi wa boma wa Britain wakuwona vya maboma, Alfred Milner, na nduna ya Belgium yakuwona vya maboma, Pierre Orts, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Anglo-Belgian la 30 May 1919 Apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa GEA vya [[Ruanda]] na [[Urundi]] ku Belgium. <ref name="Ends">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |author=William Roger Louis |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |access-date=19 September 2017 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6}}</ref> Komiti Yakulaŵilira Malango ya ungano uwu yikazomerezga phangano ili pa Julayi 16, 1919. <ref name="Ends"/> Pa Ogasiti 7, 1919, Khoti Likuru Chomene likazomera phangano ili. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Mandates yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha [[Kionga Triangle]] kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekekenge ku [[Mozambique]]. <ref name="Ends"/> Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha. <ref name="Ends"/> [[Phangano la Versailles]] likalembeka pa 28 Juni 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Janyuwale 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa ili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la caru ca Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Tanzania. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebenow|first=J. Gus|date=1956|title=Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400067496/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=447–448|doi=10.2307/1951678|jstor=1951678 |s2cid=144390538 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref> [[Chigaluka cha Maji-Maji]], pakati pa 1905 na 1907, chikaŵa chigaluka cha mafuko ghanandi gha ku Africa mu German East Africa kwimikana na maboma gha maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵasuzga comene, ndipo pamoza na njara, ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa. <ref>John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion" ''The Journal of African History'', pp. 495–512</ref> Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira usilikari. <ref name="Heale">{{cite book |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |first2=Winnie |last2=Wong |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> Ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa Ŵafrika 375,000 awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari aŵa. <ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakarwa mu gulu la [[King's African Rifles]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa ku [[Somalia]] na Ethiopia ku [[Abyssinia]], ku [[Madagascar]] ku [[Vichy French]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Madagascar, na ku [[Burma]] ku [[Japan]] mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Burma. <ref name="MGT"/> Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa zinandi chomene pakuyaniska na izo ŵakaguliskanga pambere nkhondo yindambe. <ref name="Heale"/> Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa ici. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 |date=4 February 2015}}</ref> Mu 1954, [[Julius Nyerere]] wakasintha wupu uwu kuŵa gulu la ndyali la [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na mazaza. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-lifelong-education_november-december-2001_20_6/page/446|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref> ===Mazuŵa Ghano=== Ufumu wa Britain ukamara pa Disembala 9, 1961. [[Elizabeth II]], uyo wakakhala pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Britain mu 1952, wakalutilira kuwusa mu chaka chakwamba cha kujithemba kwa Tanganyika, kweni sono ni [[Fumukazi ya Tanganyika]], ndipo wakuyimilirika na kazembe mukuru. Mu 1961, charu cha Tanganyika nacho chikaŵa mu wupu wa [[British Commonwealth]]. Pa Disembala 9, 1962, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka charu cha demokilase icho chikaŵa na pulezidenti. Pambuyo pa [[kusintha kwa Zanzibar]] komwe kunagwetsa ufumu wachiarabu ku Zanzibar yoyandikana nayo, limodzi ndi kuphedwa kwa zikwizikwi za [[Aarabu a Zanzibar]], <ref name="Zanzibar">{{cite news |title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2009}}</ref> chirwa ichi chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1963, ndipo chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika pa 26 Epulero 1964. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |title=Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar |publisher=Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125124815/http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kufuma apo, caru ciphya ici cikacemeka ''United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar''. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/united-republic-tanganyika-and-zanzibar-renamed-united-republic-tanzania|title=The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed United Republic of Tanzania|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|title=United Republic of Tanzania : History|publisher=Commonwealth.org|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223235543/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa Okutobala 29 wa chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikachemeka United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" kufuma ku Tanganyika na "Zan" kufuma ku Zanzibar). Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakususkana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar (nanga ni awo ŵakakolerana na chipani ichi) kweni boma la [[Nyerere]] na boma la Zanzibar ŵakazomera chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakakolerana. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Tanganyika chajiyimira pawekha na kuwungana na charu cha Zanzibar kuti chiŵe charu cha Tanzania, Pulezidenti Nyerere wakadidimizga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chiphya ŵamanye umo charu chawo chiliri. Kuti ivi vicitike, Nyerere wakapeleka ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na kusintha zina lawo mu Africa. <ref>[[Pierre Englebert]] and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 130. Nangauli pakaŵa suzgo ili, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu Tanzania pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene Kenya. Kweniso kufuma apo charu cha Tanzania chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikaŵa na mtende wa ndyali kuluska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. <ref>Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100</ref> [[File:Arusha Declaration Monument.jpg|thumb|[[Chipilala cha Chipharazgo cha Arusha]]]] Mu chaka cha 1967, boma la Nyerere likamba kughanaghana vya ndyali za kumalyero pamanyuma pa chikalata cha Arusha, icho chikalembapo za [[socialism]] kweniso [[pan-Africanism]]. Pamanyuma pa pharazgo ili, mabanki na mafakitale ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma. Charu cha Tanzania chikakolerana na charu cha [[China]], icho kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 1975 chikapeleka ndalama na kovwira kuzenga [[njanji ya TAZARA]] ya makilomita 1,860 kufuma ku Dar es Salaam m'paka ku Zambia. <ref>{{cite book |first=Jamie |last=Monson |title=Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeeDwcT51BcC&pg=PA23 |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35271-2 |page=199}}</ref> Ndipouli, kwamba m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Tanzania chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. == Kulemba mabuku == <gallery> Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg|Njovu yikujumpha pafupi na [[Phiri la Kilimanjaro]]. Ngorongoro Crater.jpg|[[Ngorongoro Crater]], ni crater yikuru comene pa caru cose iyo yikucitika yayi. </gallery> Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita 947,303, <ref name="BFF">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Statistical_Methods_and_Standards/Basic_Facts_and_Figures_on_Human_Settlements_2012_Tanzania_Mainland.zip|title="Basic Facts and Figures on Human Settlements, 2012", National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Finance, 2013, page 1. Retrieved 10 November 2014}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chili pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa ndipo pa nambara 31 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi. <ref name="Size">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |title=CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– Rank Order&nbsp;– Area |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Kenya na Uganda, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Rwanda, Burundi, na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumwera na Zambia, Malawi, na Mozambique. Charu cha Tanzania chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|title=Country review: United Republic of Tanzania|date=December 2003|website=Fisheries and Aquaculture Depart, United Nations. (FAO)}}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli virwa vinandi nga ni [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba]], na [[Mafia]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghapachanya na ghachoko chomene mu Africa: Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ilo lili pa mamita 5,895 (mamita 19,341) pachanya pa nyanja, na [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]], iyo yili pa mamita 1,471 (mamita 4,826) pachanya pa nyanja. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05| Kusamalika kwa viyuni vyamuthondo mu [[Serengeti]]]] Charu cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghanandi kweniso nkhorongo kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Viziŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya mu Africa vili mu Tanzania. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Nyanja ya Victoria, nyanja yikuru comene mu Africa, na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, nyanja yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa. Kumwera kwa nyanja iyi kuli Nyanja ya Nyasa. Charu chapakati cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghakuru na malo ghakutowa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi ni yakuzizima na yakututuŵa, ndipo mumphepete mwa nyanja muli virwa vya [[Zanzibar]]. [[Kalambo Falls]] mu chigaŵa cha kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Rukwa]] ni maji ghaŵiri ghatali chomene mu Africa, ndipo ghali pafupi na nyanja ya Tanganyika. <ref> {{cite web|url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|name=Kalambo Falls|author=Britannica}} </ref> Malo [[ghakuvikilirika gha Menai Bay]] ni malo ghakuru chomene ku Zanzibar. === Umoyo === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Tanzania mapu of Köppen climate classification]] Nyengo ya mu Tanzania yikupambana chomene. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, matenthedwe ghakuŵa pakati pa 10 na 20 °C. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, matenthe ghakukhizga chomene yayi. Nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Novembala na Febuluwale (25°C panji 77.0°F) apo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Meyi na Ogasiti (15°C panji 59°F). Kutentha kwa pachaka ndi 20 °C (68.0 °F). Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli mphepo yakuzizima. Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Tanzania kukupangiska kuti vula yambe kuwa chomene (kukaŵa na maji ghanandi) kweniso kukaŵa chilangalanga. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Climatelinks|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|archive-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa}}</ref> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska kale vyalo vya Tanzania nga ni ulimi, maji, umoyo na nkhongono. Kuwuka kwa nyanja na kusintha kwa umo maji ghakukhalira vikukhwaska somba na vyakumera. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.adaptation-undp.org|language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chikapanga [[National Adaptation Programs of Action]] (NAPAs) mu chaka cha 2007 nga umo chikalembeka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mu 2012, charu cha Tanzania chikapanga ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na umo vinthu vyasinthira pa charu. <ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|access-date=27 November 2020|website=preventionweb.net|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Vinyama vyamuthondo na kuvikilira === [[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|[[Chilombo cha Masai]] ndi chinyama cha dziko la Tanzania]] Ku Tanzania kuli vinyama vinandi vya ndopa zakotcha ivyo vili na viŵaro pafupifupi 20 pa viŵaro vyose vya mu Africa. Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita ghakujumpha 42,000 ndipo ghakukwana 38 peresenti ya charu ichi. <ref>{{cite book |first1=Ridwan |last1=Laher |first2=Korir |last2=SingíOei |title=Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=2014 |publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa |isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1 |page=57}}</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo 21, <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085600/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kweniso kuli malo ghakupambanapambana gha vinyama na nkhorongo, kusazgapo malo gha [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], kweni pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Ngorongoro ndipo ŵakukhumba kunanga malo. Ku Tanzania kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Gombe Stream National Park]] ndiko Jane Goodall wakambira kusambira za kachitiro ka [[chimpanzees]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |title=Gombe Stream National Park |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |archive-date=4 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Laura |last1=Riley |first2=William |last2=Riley |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |date= 2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Ku Tanzania kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. <ref>{{cite book |author1=S. N. Stuart |first2=Martin |last2=Jenkins |title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua |url-access=registration |date=1990 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/204 204]}}</ref> Mu malo gha [[Serengeti]] ku Tanzania, kuli viyuni vinyake nga ni viyuni vyamuthondo (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) na viyuni vinyake nga ni mbuzi (zebra) <ref>{{cite web |title=Serengeti wildebeest migration |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> Ŵakuchitako ulendo ukuru wa pa chaka. Mu charu cha Tanzania muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 130 vya viyuni vya [[amphibian]] na vyamoyo vyakujumpha 275 vya vinyama ivyo vikukhwaŵa. <ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020}}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Ku Tanzania ndiko kuli nkharamu zinandi comene pa caru cose. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 August 2019|website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa na chiŵerengero cha 7.13/10 pa vyaru 172. <ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Maulalo Ena == * [[Mfumu Burrito Nyerere]] * [[Kevin Nyerere]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Tanzania]] cj5fd6vigc8sldqk1t6l0f7q7gcdst5 0 4392 122654 121819 2026-09-28T02:44:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = Ng'ombe ya mtundu wa Swiss Fleckvieh iyo yikuvwara kampasi | status = DOM | genus = Bos | species = taurus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | synonyms = * ''Bos primigenius taurus'' * ''Bos longifrons'' | range_map = GLW 2 global distributions of a) cattle.tif | range_map_caption = Bovine distribution }} '''Ng’ombe''' ('''Bos taurus''') ni nyama zikuruzikuru, zakukhazikika, zakudumura, zakurya vyakumera. Ni viŵeto vya mazuŵa ghano vya mu mbumba ya Bovinae, ndipo ni vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika chomene mu fuko la Bos. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe ndipo ŵanalume ŵakukhwima ŵakucemeka ng'ombe zanalume. Ng'ombe zikuliskika kuti ziŵe na nyama, mkaka, na vikumba. Vinyama ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakuŵa viŵeto vyakukwelera na vyakukwerapo (ng'ombe panji ng'ombe, izo zikuguza magileta, viŵeto na vinthu vinyake). Vinthu vinyake ivyo ng'ombe zikuguliska ni vyoto ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito kupanga manyowa panji mafuta. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni ku [[India]], ng'ombe zili na ng'anamuro likuru pa nkhani ya cisopa. Ng'ombe, comenecomene za mitundu yicoko nga ni Zebu, nazo zikuŵikika kuŵa viŵeto. Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ng'ombe izi zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku [[Europe]], Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za zebus (izo zikuchemekaso kuti ng'ombe za indicine) zikuzunulika chomene mu India na mu vyaru vyakutentha vya ku Asia, America, na Australia. Ng'ombe za Sanga zikusangika comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Mitundu iyi (iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka kuti mitundu panji vigaŵa) yili kugaŵika mu mitundu yakujumpha 1,000. Pafupifupi vyaka 10,500 ivyo vyajumpha, ng'ombe za ng'ombe za ng'ombe zikaŵa za viŵeto vya viŵeto 80 mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Anatolia, Levant, na Western Iran. <ref name="HowNowCow">{{cite journal |last1=Bollongino |first1=R. |last2=Burger |first2=J. |last3=Powell |first3=A. |last4=Mashkour |first4=M. |last5=Vigne |first5=J.-D. |last6=Thomas |first6=M. G. |year=2012 |title=Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=2101–2104 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss092 |pmid=22422765 |doi-access=free }} Op. cit. in {{cite news |last1=Wilkins |first1=Alasdair |work=[[io9]] |url=http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |title=DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512072737/http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha India, pakaŵaso chigaŵa chinyake icho chikaŵa na chiŵeto chakuchemeka zebu. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na ulimi (FAO), pa charu pali ng'ombe pafupifupi 1.5 biliyoni. <ref name="Live Animals">{{cite web |title=Live Animals |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA/visualize |website=FAO |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831082444/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home |archive-date=31 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ng'ombe ndizo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vipelekenge magesi ghakukoma. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 October 2021|title=Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/10/02/treating-beef-like-coal-would-make-a-big-dent-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions|access-date=3 November 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Mu 2009, ng'ombe yikaŵa yimoza mwa viŵeto vyakwamba kuŵa na mapu gha viŵeto. <ref name="Cattle genome">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |title=Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=23 April 2009 |first=David |last=Brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203746/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> ==Kulemba== [[File:Zubron2.jpg|thumb|[[European bisonlamangwisent]] na ng'ombe zakusazgikana zina lake [[Żubroń]]]] Pakwamba ng'ombe zikamanyikwanga kuti ni mitundu yitatu: 'Bos taurus', ng'ombe za ku Europe panji 'taurine' (mwa mitundu yakuyana waka ya ku Africa na Asia); 'Bos indicus', 'zebu Indicine' na 'Bos primigenius' izo zili kufwa. Viyuni ivi vikulongozgana na ng'ombe za zebus na za taurine. <ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938 |title=On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became domestic and colonized the world |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=19 |pages=148–157 |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171106/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938_On_the_origin_of_cattle_how_aurochs_became_domestic_and_colonized_the_world |archive-date=4 December 2017 |date=January 2010 |last1=Ajmone-Marsan |first1=Paolo |last2=Garcia |first2=J.F |last3=Lenstra |first3=Johannes |doi=10.1002/evan.20267 |s2cid=86035650 }}</ref> Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakaŵasintha kuŵa mtundu umoza, "Bos taurus", ndipo vikoko vya aurochs, zebu, na taurine vikaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri. <ref name="MSW3Bostaurus">{{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200687|heading=''Bos taurus''}}</ref> Kweni ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo iyi ndipo ŵanyake ŵakutemwa kuti vyamoyo viŵe vyakupambana. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore the Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006267|access-date=21 August 2021|website=www.mammaldiversity.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028140029/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006267|archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2004|title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440303001638|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|language=en|volume=31|issue=5|pages=645–651|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006|issn=0305-4403|last1=Gentry|first1=Anthea|last2=Clutton-Brock|first2=Juliet|last3=Groves|first3=Colin P.}}</ref> Cinthu cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakusuzga nkhumanya umo ng'ombe zingaŵira na mitundu yinyake ya viŵeto. Vinyama vyakupambanapambana na mitundu yinyake vikuŵako, pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na za zebus (nga ni ng'ombe za sanga ('Bos taurus africanus' x 'Bos indicus'), kweniso pakati pa yumoza panji wose ŵaŵiri aŵa na ŵanji ŵa mu mtundu wa 'Bos'{{spaced ndash}} [[yak]]s (dzo panji yattle <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mummolo|first=Jonathan|date=2007-08-11|title=Yattle What?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081002119.html|access-date=2023-03-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>) , banteng, na gaur. Viŵeto vyakupambanapambana nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe vingaŵako pakati pa ng'ombe za ng'ombe na vyamoyo vinyake vya ng'ombe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuviwona kuti ni viŵeto vya mtundu wa 'Bos'. <ref>Groves, C. P., 1981. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). ''Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung'', '''4''':264–278., quoted in {{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200668|heading= Genus ''Bison''}}</ref> Mtundu unyake wa ng'ombe za mtundu uwu ukuwoneka makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, para munthu wakayezga viŵeto vya mtundu wa Dwarf Lulu, ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine mu Nepal, wakumanya kuti ni ng'ombe za mtundu wa taurine, zebu, na yak. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Takeda |first=Kumiko |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu |journal=Animal Science Journal |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |date=April 2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Ndipouli, ng'ombe zingaŵa yayi na viŵeto vyakuyana waka nga ni mbaŵala za mu maji panji za mu Africa. Pakwamba vikoko ivi vikaŵa mu vyaru vinandi nga ni Europe, North Africa, na Asia. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe pera, ndipo munthu waumaliro uyo ŵakamumanyanga wakafwira ku [[Poland]] mu 1627. <ref>Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. ''De Oeros – Het spoor terug'' (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140454/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm The Extinction Website: ''Bos primigenius primigenius''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140454/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm |date=20 April 2009 }}</ref> Ŵakufuŵa ŵayezga kupanga viŵeto vyakuyana na viŵeto vya aurochs mwa kudumura viŵeto vyakupambanapambana. Mitundu ya ng'ombe za ku Africa pera izo zilipo ni N'Dama, Ng'ombe za ku Kuri na mitundu yinyake ya Shorthorn ya ku West Africa. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/t1300t/t1300t0j.htm |title=Genetic characterization and West African cattle |first1=C. |last1=Meghen |first2=D.E. |last2=MacHugh |first3=D.G. |last3=Bradley |website=fao.org |access-date=20 September 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226101512/http://www.fao.org:80/3/t1300t/t1300T0j.htm |archive-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref> ==Viyowoyero== Mazgu ghakuti "ng'ombe" ghakafuma ku ng'ombe yayi. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Anglo-Norman {{lang|xno|catel}} , kufuma ku Chilatini {{lang|la|capitale}} "ndalama yikuru, capital", iyo nayo yikufuma ku Latin {{lang|la|caput}} "mutu". 'Nyama' pakwamba yikang'anamuranga katundu wakunyamura, comenecomene viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, mwakupambana na katundu wanadi (charu, ico cikasazgapo vinyama vyamuthengere panji viŵeto vichoko ivyo vikwenda mwakufwatuka nga ni nkhuku). <ref>{{OEtymD|cattle|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OED Cattle">{{Cite OED|cattle, n.|date=September 2014}}</ref> Lizgu ili likung'anamurika kuti 'Personal property (chattel)'(chipani cha katundu wa munthu) ndipo likukolerana na 'chattel' mu fundo ya cuma. <ref>{{OEtymD|chattel|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|capital|accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OED Cattle" /> Lizgu ili lili kunjira mu malo mwa lizgu lakale {{lang|ang|feoh}} "viŵeto, katundu", ivyo vichalipo lero nga ni "msonkho". Mu Mabaibolo ghakale gha Cingelezi nga ni Baibolo la King James Version, mazgu ghakuti 'ng'ombe' ghakung'anamura viŵeto. "Ng'ombe zakutchire" zingaŵa ng'ombe zakutchire panji za mtundu wa "[[Bos]]" wambura kuzgoŵereka. Mazuŵa ghano, para lizgu lakuti "ng'ombe" likuyowoyeka kwambura lizgu linyake, likung'anamura ng'ombe zakulengeska. <ref name="OED Cattle" /> == Mazgu== Kanandi mazgu ghakuyana waka ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni pali mphambano yichoko waka. Mazgu agho ghalembeka apa ghakupambana na agho ghalembeka mu United Kingdom na mu vyaru vinyake nga Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, na United States. <ref name="cterm">{{cite web |url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Cattle_-_Terminology/id/1287270 |title=Cattle Terminology |publisher=experiencefestival.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401084434/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Cattle_-_Terminology/id/1287270 |archive-date=1 April 2008 }}</ref> ===Mazgu ghanyake=== {{listen | filename = Mudchute cow 1.ogg | title = A cow's "moo" }} ==Makhaliro== ===Vinthu vya thupi=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Скелет домашней коровы.jpg | alt1 = Viwangwa vili pa bolodi lifipa | caption1 = Displayed skeleton of a domestic cow | image2 = Modelo didático bovino (fundo branco).jpg | caption2 = Kawonekero ka ng'ombe }} Ng'ombe ni viyuni vikuru vyakukhwaŵa ivyo vili na viŵegha. Mitundu yinandi yili na masengwe ghakurughakuru, agho ghangaŵa ghakuru nga ni masengwe ghakurughakuru gha ku Texas panji ghachoko nga ni masengwe gha ku Texas. Kusankha viŵeto mwakupwelelera kwapangiska kuti viŵeto vyambura masengwe viŵe vinandi. ==== Vyakurya ==== Ng'ombe ni viŵeto vyakukhalapo, kung'anamura kuti viŵeto vyawo vili na nkhongono ya kurya vyakumera ivyo vikusuzga kumera. Ng'ombe zili na nthumbo yimoza ya vigaŵa vinayi, nthumbo ya nthumbo, nthumbo ya nthumbo, na nthumbo ya nthumbo. Chiŵaro chichoko chomene cha mu thupi la munthu ndicho chikuchemeka "mphundwe". Ntchito yikuru ya chiŵiya ichi nkhunyamura maji na vyakurya ivyo vili mu vyakurya. Chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka "vigaŵa vinandi". Chiŵaro ichi chikuyana waka na nthumbo ya munthu, lekani chikuchemeka nthumbo yanadi. Ng'ombe zikumanyikwa kuti zikugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vyawo, nga ni viyuni vinandi. Apo nyama yikurya, yikumira kwambura kumyangura ndipo yikunjira mu nthumbo kuti yisungike m'paka yikasange malo ghawemi ghakuti yilutilire kumera. Chakurya chikufumira mu mulomo, ndipo chikuwelera mu mulomo, uko chakurya icho sono chikuchemeka kuti chiŵiya, chikuŵaŵa na viŵaro vya mu mulomo. Para vyakurya ivi vyamara, vikumera mu nthumbo. Majeremusi agha ndigho ghakupangiska kuti cellulose na ma carbohydrate ghanyake ghaŵe mafuta agho ng'ombe zikugwiliskira nchito nga ni mafuta. Majeremusi agho ghali mu rumen ghakupangaso amino acids kufuma ku vyakurya vyambura mapuloteni nga ni urea na ammonia. Para majeremusi agha ghakubaba mu nthumbo, ŵana ŵakufwa ndipo maselo ghakulutilira kukura. Maselo agha ghakumalira mu matumbo, ndipo ng'ombe zikuŵa na mapulotini ghanandi. Vinthu ivi vikovwira kuti ng'ombe zikondwenge na vyakumera vinyake vyakukhora. ====Utali wa nthumbo==== Ng'ombe yikuŵa na nthumbo myezi pafupifupi 9. Utali wa twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono ukusintha kuyana na mtundu wa ng'ombe, kweni twana twa ng'ombe uto twababika sonosono tukuŵa tuchoko chomene {{convert|25|to|45|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Utali na uzito wa munthu wakukhwima vikupambana chomene kuyana na mtundu na kugonana. Kanandi ng'ombe zikukomeka pambere zindafike ku viŵeto vinyake {{convert|750|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}. Viŵeto ivi vingaŵa na umoyo utali ndipo nyengo zinyake vingakhala vyaka 25. Ng'ombe yakale comene iyo yikalembeka, yikafwa mu 1993 apo yikaŵa na vyaka 48. ====Kulemera kwake==== Ng'ombe zikuruzikuru zikupambana kulemera kuyana na mtundu wake. Viyuni vinyake vikuruvikuru nga ni Dexter na Jersey, vikupambana {{convert|600|and|1000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. {{citation needed}} Mitundu yikuru-yikuru ya viŵeto ya ku Continental, nga ni Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue na Chianina {{convert|1400|to|2500|lb|order=flip|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed}} Mitundu ya ku Britain nga ni Hereford, Angus, na Shorthorn, yikukura pa msinkhu wa pakati pa chaka na mwezi {{convert|1000|to|2000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} , nyengo zinyake kukwera, comenecomene ku Angus na Hereford. {{citation needed}} Ng'ombe za fuko limoza zikuŵa zikuru kuluska za fuko linyake. Ng'ombe za ku Britain zakuchemeka Hereford zikupima {{convert|600-800|kg|abbr=on}}; ng'ombe zikupima {{convert|1,000-1,200|kg|abbr=on}}. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm|title=Hereford cattle weight|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124050154/http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm|archive-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Ng'ombe za Chianina zingaŵa na uzito wa mpaka {{convert|3300|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}; Ng'ombe za ku Britain, nga ni Angus na Hereford, zingapima uzito wa viŵeto vichoko waka {{convert|2000|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} ndipo vinandi nga {{convert|3000|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed}} Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ng'ombe yinonono comene pa caru cose yiŵeko ni {{convert|1740|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}, Chianina zina lake Donetto, apo wakawonekanga pa chiwonetsero cha Arezzo mu 1955. <ref name="ReferenceA">Friend, John B., Cattle of the World, Blandford Press, Dorset, 1978</ref> Ng'ombe yikuru comene yikaŵa ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, yakucemeka 'Old Ben,' iyo yikaŵa ya mtundu wa Shortthorn/{{wbr}}[[Hereford Cattle|Hereford]] Kulemera kwake {{convert|2140|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} mu 1910.<ref name="ReferenceB">McWhirter, Norris & Ross, ''Guinness Book of Records'', Redwood Press, Trowbridge, 1968</ref> Ku United States, unandi wa ng'ombe nyama za Mu ma 1980, malo ghaphya ghakupakira viŵeto ghakawovwira kuti viŵeto vikure comene. <ref>Kenneth H. Mathews – 1999 – U.S. Beef Industry: Cattle Cycles, Price Spreads, and [[Packer concentration]]. Page 6</ref> Pambere chaka cha 1790 chindafike, ng'ombe za nyama zikaŵanga na viŵeto vinandi {{convert|350|lb|order=flip|abbr=on}} Kweni pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. <ref>American Economic Growth and Standards of Living before the Civil War, Robert E. Gallman, John Joseph Wallis. 2007 p. 248</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beefmagazine.com/genetics/0201-increased-beef-cows |title=Cattle increasing in size|access-date=5 May 2015 |website=Beef Magazine|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503101557/http://beefmagazine.com/genetics/0201-increased-beef-cows |archive-date=3 May 2015 |date=February 2009}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Category:Cattle|Ng’ombe}} [[Category:Vinyama]] l233ehn4z9q5gzgf7j53k52x68kjeeb 0 5336 122590 72551 2026-09-28T01:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Malta | common_name = Malta | native_name = {{native name|mt|Repubblika ta' Malta}} | image_flag = Flag of Malta.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malta.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Virtute et constantia}}<br />"Strength and persistence" | national_anthem = {{native name|mt|[[L-Innu Malti]]}}<br />"The Maltese Hymn"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Malta National Anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = EU-Malta.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green circle |region=Europe|region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=light green |legend=EU-Malta.svg}} | capital = [[Valletta]] | largest_settlement = [[St. Paul's Bay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Government%20Gazette/PA%20GN/Documents/2019/Government%20Gazette%20-%203rd%20September.pdf|title=Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta|date=3 September 2019|access-date=22 January 2021|language=MT}}</ref> | largest_settlement_type = [[Local councils of Malta|administrative unit]] | coordinates = {{Coord|35|54|N|14|31|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Maltese language|Maltese]]|[[English language|English]]{{ref label|a|a}}}} | languages_type = Other language | languages = [[Maltese Italian|Italian]] (66% conversational) | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |80.0% [[Maltese people|Maltese]] |20.0% Non-Maltese{{ref label|b|b}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2021<ref name="Newsbook">{{Cite web|title=20% of Malta's residents are foreigners |url=https://newsbook.com.mt/en/20-of-maltas-residents-are-foreigners |last=Muscat |first=Gavin |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=newsbook.com.mt}}</ref> | demonym = [[Maltese people|Maltese]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] | religion = {{unbulleted list | {{Tree list}} * 90% [[Christianity]] ** 83% [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta|Roman Catholic]] ([[State Religion|official]]) ** 7% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |5% [[Irreligion|No religion]]|2% [[Islam in Malta|Islam]]|3% Others}} | religion_ref = <ref name="2019 Eurobarometer">{{Cite web |title=Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229–230 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | leader_title1 = [[President of Malta|President]] | leader_name1 = [[George Vella]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Malta|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Robert Abela]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Parliament of Malta]]}} | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[State of Malta]] | established_date1 = 21 September 1964 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 13 December 1974 | area_km2 = 316<ref name="Zammit">{{Cite journal |last=Zammit |first=Andre |year=1986 |title=Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands |journal=Ekistics |volume=53 |issue=316/317 |pages=89–95 |jstor=43620704}}</ref> | area_rank = 186th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 122 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.001 | population_estimate = {{nowrap|519,562<ref name="NSO">{{Cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2021 |url=https://nso.gov.mt/en/nso/Media/Salient-Points-of-Publications/Documents/2022/Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Preliminary%20Report/Census%20of%20population%202021.pdf |date=July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=nso.gov.mt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809130759/https://nso.gov.mt/en/nso/Media/Salient-Points-of-Publications/Documents/2022/Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Preliminary%20Report/Census%20of%20population%202021.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>}} | population_census = {{nowrap|417,432<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011: Report |url=https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/01_Methodology_and_Research/Census2011_FinalReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621125409/https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/01_Methodology_and_Research/Census2011_FinalReport.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=National Statistics Office}}</ref>}} | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 167th <!--rank based on sovereign states only--> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 1,649 | population_density_sq_mi = 4,270 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 5th <!--rank based on sovereign states only--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.36 &nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= December 16, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 148th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,338<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 24th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.15 &nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 131st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,912<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 31st | Gini = 28.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{Cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064533/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> | HDI = 0.918 <!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = Central European Time | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = Central European Summer Time | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = left | calling_code = +356 | patron_saints = [[Paul the Apostle]], [[Saint Publius]], and [[Agatha of Sicily]]<ref name="Frommer">{{Cite book |last=Lesley |first=Anne Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr3g2SMGPZgC |title=Frommer's Malta and Gozo Day by Day |date=15 April 2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470746103 |page=139 |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr3g2SMGPZgC |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mt]]{{ref label|c|c}} | footnote_a = {{note|a|}} Also [[Maltese Sign Language]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maltese sign language to be recognised as an official language of Malta |work=The Malta Independent |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-03-17/local-news/Maltese-sign-language-to-be-recognised-as-an-official-language-of-Malta-6736155052 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141941/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-03-17/local-news/Maltese-sign-language-to-be-recognised-as-an-official-language-of-Malta-6736155052 |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|b|}} Maltese nationals as referred to in the 2011 census<ref name="census2011" /> | footnote_c = {{note|c|}} Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states }} '''Malta''', ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 433 300 m'dzikoli (2015). ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{Europe}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Europe]] 2ylufgibuyta5u8d5alshce0rb6p3n3 0 5593 122688 113239 2026-09-28T03:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chirwa cha ku Southeast Asia icho chili pa malo ngakuzingilizgika na maji}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Singapore | common_name = Singapore | native_name = Republik Singapura | image_flag = Flag of Singapore.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Singapore.svg | symbol_type = Chimanyikwiro cha boma | national_anthem = ''Majulah Singapura'' | image_map = Location Singapore ASEAN.svg | map_caption = [[Singapore]] mu [[Asia]] | capital = [[Singapore]] | largest_city = Singapore | official_languages = [[Chingelezi]], [[Chimalesiya|Malay]], [[Chichaina|Mandarin]], [[Chitamila|Tamil]] | demonym = Singaporean | government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] | leader_title2 = Prime Minister | leader_name2 = [[Lawrence Wong]] | area_km2 = 728.6 | population_estimate = 5,920,000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | currency = [[Singapore dollar]] (SGD) | time_zone = SGT (UTC+8) | drives_on = Kumazere | calling_code = +65 | iso3166code = SG | cctld = .sg }} '''Singapore''' ni [[charu]] cha ku [[Southeast Asia]] icho chili pa [[chirwa]] pafupi na [[Malaysia]] na [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singapore|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 6 miliyoni ndipo chili pa malo ngakuzingilizgika na maji mu [[Strait of Malacca]] na [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singapore Population 2024|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/singapore-population/|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Mbiri == Singapore yikazgoka koloni la [[British Empire]] mu 1819. Yikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Malaysia]] mu 1963, kweni yikafumamo pa 9 August 1965 ndipo yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Singapore|url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/nasbiodata/article-history-of-singapore|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Ndale == Singapore ni [[parliamentary republic]] na President nga mutu wa charu kweniso Prime Minister nga mutu wa boma. Chidikhiro chikuru ni [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), icho chalongozga kufuma 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Singapore|url=https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/our-parliament/government-of-singapore|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Geography == Singapore chili pa [[chirwa]] chikuru pamoza na vilimika pafupifupi 60, ndipo malo ghake ghachoko kweni ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geography of Singapore|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore/Geography|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Ŵanthu na Malimi == Singapore chili na mitundu yiliŵiliŵi nga [[Malay]], [[Chinese]], [[Indian]], na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Malimi ghachindika pa boma ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Malay]], [[Mandarin Chinese]], na [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages of Singapore|url=https://www.languageeducation.sg/official-languages-in-singapore/|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Chisopa == Ŵanthu ŵa ku Singapore ŵakusopa chisopa chosi: [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], na ŵanyake ŵambura chisopa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion in Singapore|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/population-and-population-structure/latest-data|access-date=2025-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726011137/https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/createDataTable.action?refId=14912|archive-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> == Chuma == Singapore chili pa malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa [[chuma]] cha charu chapasi chifukwa cha [[port]] na [[finance sector]]. Charu ichi chili na [[GDP per capita]] yikuru chomene mu Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economy of Singapore|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/singapore/overview|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Singapore ni membala wa [[ASEAN]], [[UN]], [[WTO]], na [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. == Masambilo == Masambilo ghakuŵa ghapachanya na mtundu wa STEM. University of Singapore yikukolerana na yunivesite zapachanya pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Education in Singapore|url=https://www.moe.gov.sg/|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> == Ukhalilo == Singapore yili na vyakukhumbikwa vya mitheto, umozi, na kuwoneka makora. Ŵanthu ŵakuchindika unonono wa malo, vinthu vya m’boma, na chiŵelengero.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture of Singapore|url=https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/singaporean-culture/singaporean-culture-core-concepts|access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Mapwando ghakupambana nga [[Chinese New Year]], [[Hari Raya Aidilfitri]], [[Deepavali]], na [[Christmas]] ghakusungika. == Pa intaneti == * [https://www.gov.sg Webusayiti ya boma la Singapore] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore Singapore pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi] * [https://www.visitsingapore.com Visit Singapore - Tourism site] {{Countries in Asia}} [[Category:Vyaru vya Asia]] [[Category:Vyaru vya Southeast Asia]] [[Category:Vyaru vya malo ngakuzingilizgika na maji]] [[Category:Vyaru vya chirwa]] [[Category:Vyaru vya Commonwealth]] [[Category:Vyaru vya ASEAN]] [[Category:Vyaru vyakukula mwaluŵiro]] [[Category:Vyaru vyambura vinthu vyachilengedwe]] hp6gxcdsrxjurgl2a9ngxz2x2kuly0q 0 6044 122571 35020 2026-09-28T01:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Layal Abboud - Plaza Palace Ceremony - Beirut - July 2015 - Lebanon 15 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|Layal Abboud]] '''Layal Abboud''' (Arabic: ليال عبود; alizaliwa 15 Mei 1982) ngwakwimba waku Lebanoni uyo wakwimba pop, mtunzi wa muziki wa wimbo, mshairi wa sauti, mchezaji wa tamasha, mtindo mzuri, mwanadamu wa kibinadamu na mfanyabiashara.<ref name="Insight Interview">{{cite web|title=Layal Abboud|url=http://www.insight-egypt.com/celebrities/layal-abboud/july-16/214|website=insight-egypt.com|publisher=Insight Publishing House Limited, UK.|accessdate=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053155/http://www.insight-egypt.com/celebrities/layal-abboud/july-16/214|archive-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Layal Abboud: The unworthy recipient of a cultural award|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/blogs/566856-layal-abboud-the-unworthy-recipient-of-a-cultural-award|website=now.mmedia.me|publisher=The NOW team|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040156/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/blogs/566856-layal-abboud-the-unworthy-recipient-of-a-cultural-award|archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ليال عبود - Layal Abboud|url=http://www.knopedia.com/2016/11/Layal-Abboud-CV.html|website=معلومات السيرة الذاتية، قصة حياة المشاهير|publisher=knopedia.com|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040153/https://www.knopedia.com/2016/11/Layal-Abboud-CV.html|archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> == References == d18qluhs5o82t8yv7kpffom2qhjeat5 0 6110 122502 119232 2026-09-28T00:32:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}} | leader_name3 = | leader_name4 = | conventional_long_name = Republic of Colombia | native_name = {{lang|es|República de Colombia}}{{nbsp|2}}([[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]]) | image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | common_name = Colombia | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}} | englishmotto = {{smaller|("Freedom and Order")}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|es|[[National Anthem of Colombia|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{smaller|("National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia")}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=South America |region_color= grey }} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Bogotá]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} *87.0% [[Christianity]] **70.2% [[Catholic Church in Colombia|Roman Catholic]] **16.8% Other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |11.1% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |1.9% Other}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |website=Statista |access-date=18 November 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2022 | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | recognized_regional_languages = [[English language|English]] (in [[San Andrés and Providencia]])<br>[[Languages of Colombia|64 other languages]]{{ref label|iboxa|a|}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 87.58% [[White people|White]]-[[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]] | 6.68% [[Afro-Colombians]] | {{small|(includes [[Mulatto|Mixed]])}} | 4.31% [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous]] | 1.35% Not stated | 0.08% Other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 census<ref name = "grupos étnicos"/> | demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Colombia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | leader_title3 = | leader_title4 = | legislature = [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold|from Spain}} | established_event1 = [[Colombian Declaration of Independence|Declared]] | established_date1 = 20 July 1810 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 7 August 1819 | established_event3 = Last unitarisation | established_date3 = 1886 | established_event4 = Secession of [[Panama]] | established_date4 = 1903 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Colombian Constitution of 1991|Current Constitution]]}} | established_date5 = 4 July 1991 | area_km2 = 1,141,748 | area_rank = 25th | area_sq_mi = 440,831 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 2.1 (as of 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref> | population_estimate = 52,156,254<ref>{{cite web|title=Proyecciones de Población DANE|access-date=28 October 2022|publisher=[[National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia)]]|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anexo-proyecciones-poblacion-NacionalArea2018_2070.xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028061329/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anexo-proyecciones-poblacion-NacionalArea2018_2070.xlsx|archive-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 27th | population_density_km2 = 42.23 | population_density_rank = 173rd | population_density_sq_mi = 105.72<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $940.589&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=233,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database: Colombia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date= April 2022|access-date= 21 April 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 32nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $18,225<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 84th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $351.281&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,806<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 97th | Gini = 54.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="socio-economic policies">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CO |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Colombia |publisher= World Bank |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> | HDI = 0.752 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 88th | currency = [[Colombian peso]] | currency_code = COP | time_zone = [[Time in Colombia|COT]] | utc_offset = −5{{ref label|iboxb|b|}} | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Colombia|+57]] | cctld = [[.co]] | footnote_a = {{note|iboxa}}Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (''Castellano'') as the [[official language]] in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups – approximately 68 languages – each is also official in its own territory.<ref> [[Colombian Constitution]] of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> English is also official in the [[archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993"> {{cite web|url= http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title= LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher= alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language=es|access-date= 23 February 2014}}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}The official Colombian time<ref>{{cite web|url= http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title= The official Colombian time|publisher= horalegal.inm.gov.co|language= es|access-date= 23 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|archive-date= 9 February 2014}}</ref> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<ref> {{cite web |url= http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |title= Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14|publisher = Presidencia de la República de Colombia |language=es |access-date= 14 March 2016}}</ref> | today = }} '''Colombia''', ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Amelika wa Kummwela]]. {{Countries of South America}} [[Category:Amelika wa Kummwela]] rrvy3w6un874prkekbk5xn8q7kfovbc 0 6194 122443 122330 2026-09-27T23:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chigaŵa cha masamu}} {{About||the kind of algebraic structure|Algebra over a field|other uses}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Featured article}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024 |cs1-dates=ly }} {{multiple image |perrow=1 / 1 |total_width=350 |image1=Polynomial2.svg |alt1=Polynomial equation: 2x^2 + 4x - 6 = 0 |link1=Polynomial equation |caption1=[[Elementary algebra|Algebra ya pulayimale]] yikusambira kuti ivyakuyaniska ivi vikuzirwa na vipimo vichi, ivyo vyakupangika mwakugwiliskira nchito za masamu. |image2=Ring of integers2.svg |alt2=Signature of the ring of integers |link2=Ring of integers |caption2=[[Abstract algebra|Algebra yakudumura]] yikusambira [[algebraic structure|magulu gha algebra]], nga umo mphete ya [[integer|vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika]] vikuchemeka <math>(\Z)</math> pamoza na [[Algebraic operation|nchito]] za [[addition|kusazga]] ({{tmath|1= + }}) na [[multiplication|kwandaniska]] ({{tmath|1= \times }}). }} '''Algebra''' ni chigaŵa cha [[mathematics|masamu]] icho chikukhwaskana na ndondomeko zambura kuwoneka, izo zikuchemeka [[algebraic structure|magulu gha algebra]], na kugwiriskira nchito mazgu mukati mwa ndondomeko izo (ivyo vikuchemeka [[Expression (mathematics)|viyelezgero]]). Ni kusazgirako kwa [[arithmetic|masamu ghakwamba]], icho chikwiza na [[Variable (mathematics)|vyambura-kumanyikwa]] na nchito zinyake padera pa nchito za masamu ghakwamba, nga [[addition|kusazga]] na [[multiplication|kwandaniska]]. [[Elementary algebra|Algebra ya pulayimale]] ndiyo nthowa yikuru ya algebra iyo yikusambizgika mu masukulu. Iwo ukusanda mazgu gha masamu mwakugwiliskira nchito vyakusintha vya vigaŵa vyambura kumanyikwa, na kukhumba kumanya kuti ni mikhaliro wuli iyo mazgu agha ghali ghaunenesko. Kuti ŵacite nthena, ŵakugwiriskira nchito nthowa zakupambana-pambana zakusinthira vyakuyaniska kuti ŵapature vinthu vyakusintha vya vigaŵa. [[Linear algebra|Algebra ya mzere]] ni chigaŵa chakukolerana chomene na algebra ya pulayimale, icho chikufufuza vyakuyaniska vya mzere na kunozgeka kwake, ivyo vikuchemeka ''[[system of linear equations|magulu gha vyakuyaniska vya mzere]]''. Chikupereka nthowa zakusanga vipimo ivyo vikwaniska vyakuyaniska vyose mu gulu pa nyengo yimoza, na kusambira gulu la vigaŵa ivi. <!-- paragraphs 1 and 2 are transcluded into [[Outline of algebra]] --> [[Abstract algebra|Algebra yakudumura]] yikusambira [[Algebraic structure|magulu gha algebra]], ivyo vikupangika na gulu la vinthu vya masamu pamoza na nchito yimoza panji zinandi izo zikulongosoreka pa gulu ilo. Ni kusazgirako kwa algebra ya pulayimale na ya mzere, chifukwa chikuzomerezga vinthu vinyake padera pa vipendeko na nchito zambura kuŵa za masamu ghakwamba. Chikupambaniska pakati pa mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya magulu gha algebra, nga [[Group (mathematics)|magulu]], [[Ring (mathematics)|mphete]], na [[Field (mathematics)|minda]], kuyana na unandi wa nchito izo zikugwiriskirika ntchito na madango agho ghakulondezgeka, ghakuchemeka [[axioms|madango ghakuzomerezgeka]]. [[Universal algebra|Algebra ya wonse]] na [[category theory|sambiro la mikhaliro]] vikupereka vipangiro vyakuwaneko kuti vifufuze vipimo vyambura kuwoneka ivyo vikulongosora magulu ghakupambana-pambana gha algebra. Nthowa za algebra zikasambika dankha mu [[ancient period|nyengo yakale]] kuti zithaske masuzgo ghapadera mu vigaŵa nga [[geometry]]. Ichi chikasintha mu vilimika vya m'ma 800 na [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]], uyo wakanozga algebra kuŵa chigaŵa chakujipeleka cha masamu, chakupambana na geometry. Ŵasandi ŵakwamba ŵakalongosoranga vyakuyaniska na vyakuvitatuza mwakugwiliskira nchito mazgu na vifupikizgo, m'paka mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500 na 1600, apo nthowa yakukhwima ya viwimbo (symbols) yikapangika. Pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, uzelu wa algebra ukasazgirapo kuluska sambiro la vyakuyaniska pera na kusazgako mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya nchito na magulu gha algebra. Algebra yikukhwaskana na vigaŵa vinandi vya masamu, nga geometry, [[topology]], [[number theory|sambiro la vipendeko]], na [[calculus]], kweniso vigaŵa vinyake, nga [[logic]] na [[empirical sciences|kasandiro kakuzenga pa vyakuwonekera]]. == Ng'anamuro na Muko wa Lizgu == Algebra ni nthambi ya masamu iyo yikusambira magulu gha algebra na nchito izo ghakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}} }}</ref> Gulu la algebra ni gulu la vinthu vya masamu ilo lilije kuŵa lambura kanthu, nga vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika, pamoza na nchito za algebra izo zikulongosoreka pa gulu ilo, nga kusazga na kwandaniska.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fiche|Hebuterne|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqkckiuuXg8C&pg=PT326 326]}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}} }}</ref>{{efn|When understood in the widest sense, an algebraic operation is a [[function (mathematics)|function]] from a [[Cartesian product#n-ary Cartesian power|Cartesian power of a set into that set]], expressed formally as {{tmath|1= \omega: A^n \to A }}. The addition of real numbers is an example of an algebraic operation: it takes two numbers as input and produces one number as output. It has the form {{nowrap|<math>+: \R^2 \to \R</math>.<ref>{{harvnb|Baranovich|2023|loc=Lead section}}</ref>}}}} Algebra yikufufuza malango, mikhaliro yose, na mitundu ya magulu gha algebra. Mu magulu ghanyake gha algebra, yikuwoneseska umo vinthu vyakusintha (vyambura-kumanyikwa) vikugwiriskirika ntchito mu vyakuyaniska na umo vingachitikira kuvisintha.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 1. Elementary Algebra, § 2. Abstract Algebra, § 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} }}</ref>{{efn|Algebra is covered by division 512 in the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]]<ref>{{harvnb|Higham|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ferEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 296]}}</ref> and subclass QA 150{{hyphen}}272.5 in the [[Library of Congress Classification]].<ref>{{harvnb|Library of Congress|p=3}}</ref> It encompasses several areas in the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]].<ref>{{harvnb|zbMATH Open|2024}}</ref>}} Kanandi algebra yikupulikiskika kuŵa kusazgirako kwa [[arithmetic|masamu ghakwamba]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Burgin|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}} }}</ref> Masamu ghakwamba ghakusambira nchito nga kusazga, [[subtraction|kuwuskapo]], kwandaniska, na [[Division (mathematics)|kugaŵa]], mu chigaŵa chinyake cha vipendeko, nga vipendeko vyaunenesko.<ref name="auto1">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Romanowski|2008|pp=302–303}} | {{harvnb|HC Staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|MW Staff|2023}} | {{harvnb|Bukhshtab|Pechaev|2020}} }}</ref> [[Elementary algebra|Algebra ya pulayimale]] njiyo mlingo wakwamba wa kudumuka. Nga umo masamu ghakwamba ghakucitira, yikujikanizga ku mitundu yinyake ya vipendeko na nchito. Yikusazgirapo nchito izi mwakuzomerezga unandi wambura kumanyikwa mu mtundu wa vyambura-kumanyikwa padera pa vipendeko.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=129–130}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Wagner|Kieran|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uW4ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225 225]}} }}</ref> Mlingo wapachanya wa kudumuka ukusangika mu [[abstract algebra|algebra yakudumura]], iyo yikumara yayi pa chigaŵa chinyake ndipo yikuwoneseska magulu gha algebra nga [[Group (mathematics)|magulu]] na [[Ring (mathematics)|mphete]]. Yikuluta kuluska nchito zamasamu ghakwamba mwakusazgaposo mitundu yinyake ya nchito.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Wagner|Kieran|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uW4ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225 225]}} }}</ref> [[Universal algebra|Algebra ya wonse]] njakudumura comenecomene chifukwa yikupulikira yayi magulu gha algebra ghapadera, kweni yikufufuza mikhaliro ya magulu gha algebra mwaunenesko.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Grillet|2007|p=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-71568-1_15 559]}} | {{harvnb|Denecke|Wismath|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2UlZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 xiii]}} }}</ref> [[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|alt=Title page of The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|Lizgu lakuti ''algebra'' likufuma ku mutu wa buku la [[al-Khwarizmi]] lakuti {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Jabr]]}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA11 11]}} | {{harvnb|OUP Staff}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=722}} }}</ref>]] Lizgu lakuti ''algebra'' nyengo zinyake likugwiriskirika ntchito mwakucepa kuti likung'anamurenge waka algebra ya pulayimale panji algebra yakudumura yekha.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=46}} | {{harvnb|Walz|2016|loc=[https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/algebra/12062 Algebra]}} }}</ref> Para likugwiriskirika ntchito nga zina lakuŵerengeka, algebra ni mtundu unyake wa gulu la algebra uwo ukukhwaskana na malo gha [[vector space|vector]] agho ghali na mtundu unyake wa nchito ya viŵiri viŵiri, iyo yikuchemeka [[bilinear map|nchito yakuŵiriska]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=46}} | {{harvnb|Brešar|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PkvPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR33 xxxiii]}} | {{harvnb|Golan|1995|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8502-6_18 219–227]}} }}</ref> Kulingana na umo vikuyowoyekera, algebra yingayowoyaso za vigaŵa vinyake vya algebra, nga [[Lie algebra]] panji [[associative algebra|algebra yakukolerana]].<ref>{{harvnb|EoM Staff|2017}}</ref> Lizgu lakuti ''algebra'' likufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti {{lang|ar|الجبر}} ({{transliteration|ar|al-jabr}}), ilo pakwamba likang'anamuranga opareshoni yakuchizgira viwangwa. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 800 C.E., lizgu ili likaŵa na ng'anamuro la masamu apo [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], uyo wakasambiranga masamu ku Persia, wakagwiriskira ntchito lizgu ili kuti wazunure nthowa yakusinthira vyakuyaniska. Wakagwiriskira ntchito lizgu ili pa mutu wa buku lake, ilo mutu wake ukung'anamulika kuti {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Jabr|al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābalah]]}} [Buku Lakulongosora Kupenda mwa Kumalizga na Kulinganiza]. Mutu uwu ukang'anamulika mu Chilatini kuti {{lang|la|Liber Algebrae et Almucabola}}.{{efn|The exact meaning of the term {{transliteration|ar|al-jabr}} in al-Khwarizmi's work is disputed. In some passages, it expresses that a quantity diminished by subtraction is restored to its original value, similar to how a bonesetter restores broken bones by bringing them into proper alignment.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Oaks|Alkhateeb|2007|pp=45–46, 58}} | {{harvnb|Gandz|1926|p=437}} }}</ref>}} Lizgu ili likanjira mu Chingelezi mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500 kufuma ku Chiitaliya, Chisipanishi, na Chilatini cha mu nyengo ya Ŵamitundu.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA11 11]}} | {{harvnb|OUP Staff}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=722}} | {{harvnb|Hoad|1993|p=10}} }}</ref> Pakwamba, ng'anamuro lake likaŵa waka pa fundo yakuti [[theory of equations|kufundizga vyakuyaniska]], ndikuti, uzeru wa kusintha [[polynomial equations|vyakuyaniska vyakuvinandi]] mwakukhumba kuvitatuza. Ichi chikasintha mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many of the older problems of algebra. For example, the proof of the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]] demonstrated the existence of complex solutions of polynomials<ref name="auto7">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=308}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra}} }}</ref> and the introduction of [[Galois theory]] characterized the polynomials that have [[solution in radicals|general solutions]].<ref name="auto2">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=314–345}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Galois Theory, § Applications of Group Theory}} }}</ref>}} apo uzelu wa algebra ukasazgirapo kuti ukwatire kusambira mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya nchito na magulu gha algebra pamoza na [[axiom|madango ghakuzomerezgeka]] ghawo, malango agho ghakulondezgeka.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Structural Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref> == Vigaŵa Vikuru == === Algebra ya Pulayimale === {{main|Elementary algebra}} [[File:algebraic equation notation.svg|thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of an algebraic expression|Umo mazgu gha algebra ghakulembeka:<br />&nbsp; 1 – chikwezgo (exponent)<br />&nbsp; 2 – muwandaniso (coefficient)<br />&nbsp; 3 – chigaŵa (term)<br />&nbsp; 4 – chiwimbo cha nchito (operator)<br />&nbsp; 5 – chigaŵa cambura-kusintha (constant term)<br />&nbsp; <math>c</math> – cambura-kusintha (constant)<br />&nbsp; <math>x</math> <math>y</math> – vyambura-kumanyikwa (variables)]] Algebra ya pulayimale, iyo yikuchemekaso algebra ya sukulu, ndiyo ni algebra yakale chomene ndiposo yakuzirwa chomene.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N2R9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} | {{harvnb|Benson|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nNbnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 111–112]}} }}</ref> Ni generalization ya masamu ghakwamba iyo yikuthemba pa vyakusintha (vyambura-kumanyikwa) na kusanda umo mazgu gha masamu ghangasinthira.<ref name="auto4">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ 1. Historical Survey}} }}</ref> Masamu ghakwamba ni kasandiro ka nchito za manambara. Ghakufufuza umo manambara ghakusazgikira na kusinthika mwakugwiliskira ntchito kusazga, [[subtraction|kuwuskapo]], [[multiplication|kwandaniska]], [[Division (mathematics)|kugaŵa]], kuwoneska (exponentiation), kufumiska misisi (roots), na [[logarithm|logarithimu]]. Mwachiyelezgero, nchito ya kusazga yikusazga manambara ghaŵiri, ghakuchemeka vyakusazgika, kuŵa nambara yachitatu, iyo yikuchemeka [[sum|muzgoro]], nga umo <math>2 + 5 = 7</math>.<ref name="auto1"/> Algebra ya pulayimale yikuthemba pa nchito zenezo waka kweni yikuzomerezga vyambura-kumanyikwa padera pa manambara ghaŵaka. Vyambura-kumanyikwa ni viwimbo vya vinthu ivyo vindamanyikwe panji ivyo vyambura kumanyikwa. Vikupangiska kuti wanthu ŵayowoye ukoli uwo munthu wandaumanye mwakukhwima, na kuyowoya malango ghakumanyikwa agho ghali ghaunenesko, kwambura kupwelelera manambara agho ghakugwiriskirika ntchito. Mwachiyelezgero, cakuyaniska <math>2 \times 3 = 3 \times 2</math> chikuŵa cha masamu ghakwamba ndipo chikulongora kuyana kwa manambara agha ghekha. Para tikapoka manambara na vyambura-kumanyikwa, tingayowoya dango likuru ilo likulongosoreka ku kunozgeka kose kwa manambara, nga dango la kusintha malo (commutative property) la kwandaniska, ilo likulongosoreka mu cakuyaniska {{nowrap|<math>a \times b = b \times a</math>.<ref name="auto4"/>}} [[Algebraic expression|Mazgu gha algebra]] ghakupangika mwakugwiliskira nchito za masamu ghakwamba kuti akole pamoza vyambura-kumanyikwa na manambara. Mwakuyana na umo vikuŵira, vilembo vichoko nga ni <math>x</math>, <math>y</math>, na <math>z</math> vikwimira vyambura-kumanyikwa. Mu vinthu vinyake, viwimbo vyapasi (subscripts) vikusazgikako kupambaniska vyambura-kumanyikwa, nga <math>x_1</math>, <math>x_2</math>, na <math>x_3</math>. Vilembo vichoko-choko nga ni <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, na <math>c</math> kanandi ghakugwiriskirika ntchito pa vyambura-kusintha (constants) na vyakusazgirako pa kwandaniska (coefficients).{{efn|Constants represent fixed numbers that do not change during the study of a specific problem.<ref>{{harvnb|Sobolev|2015}}</ref>}} Mazgu ghakuti <math>5x + 3</math> ni mazgu gha algebra ghakupangika mwa kuchulukizga nambara 5 na cambura-kusintha <math>x</math> na kusazgako nambara 3 ku ivyo vikusangika. Vyakuwoneska vinyake vya mazgu gha algebra ni <math>32xyz</math> na {{nowrap|<math>64x_1{}^2 + 7x_2 - c</math>.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=129–130}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=RA1-PA999 999]}} | {{harvnb|Majewski|2004|p=347}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Sorell|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EksSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref>}} Mazgu ghanyake gha algebra ghakuŵa nga mazgu ghakukhwaskana na mazgu ghaŵiri pamoza. [[Equation|Cakuyaniska]] ni mazgu ghakupangika mwa kuyerezgera mazgu ghaŵiri, kuyowoya kuti ghakuyana waka. Ichi chingalongoreka mwakugwiliskira nchito chiwimbo cha kuyana ({{tmath|1= = }}), nga <math>5x^2 + 6x = 3y + 4</math>. [[Inequation|Vyambura-kuyana]] vikukhwaskana na mtundu wakupambana wa kuyerezgera, kuyowoya kuti vigaŵa viŵiri ivi ni vyakupambana. Ichi chingalongoreka mwakugwiliskira ntchito viwimbo nga chiwimbo cha kuchepa ({{tmath|1= < }}), chiwimbo cha kuluska ({{tmath|1= > }}), na chiwimbo cha kupambana ({{tmath|1= \neq }}). Kupambana na mazgu ghanyake, mazgu agha ghangaŵa ghaunenesko panji ghautesi, ndipo unenesko wawo ukuthemba pa mtengo wa vinthu ivyo vikusintha. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu ghakuti <math>x^2 = 4</math> ni ghaunenesko usange <math>x</math> ni 2 panji −2, ndipo ghautesi mwakupambanako. Ma equation ghakukhala na vyambura-kumanyikwa vingagaŵika mu ma equation ghakumanyikwa (identity equations) na ma equation ghakukhazikika (conditional equations). Ma equation ghakumanyikwa ghali ghaunenesko pa vyose ivyo vingapelekeka ku vyambura-kumanyikwa, nga cakuyaniska {{tmath|1= 2x + 5x = 7x }}. Ma equation ghakukhazikika ghakuŵa ghaunenesko waka pa vinyake vyakusintha. Mwachiyelezgero, cakuyaniska <math>x + 4 = 9</math> ni chaunenesko waka usange <math>x</math> ni 5.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Musser|Peterson|Burger|2013|p=16}} | {{harvnb|Goodman|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TvY7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} | {{harvnb|Williams|2022}} }}</ref> Chakulinga chikuru cha algebra ya pulayimale nkhumanya mtengo uwo mazgu ghakuyowoyeka ghaunenesko. Ici cingacitika mwa kusintha na kugwiliskira nchito mazgu mwakuyana na malango ghanyake. Fundo yikuru njakuti nchito yiliyose iyo yikuchitika ku chigaŵa chimoza cha cakuyaniska yikweneraso kuchitika ku chigaŵa chinyake. Mwachiyelezgero, usange munthu wawuskako 5 ku chigaŵa cha kumaryero, wakwenerato kuwuskako 5 ku chigaŵa cha kumalyero kuti ŵalinganiske vigaŵa vyose viŵiri. Chilato cha ndondomeko izi nkhupatura chinthu icho munthu wakukhumba ku chigaŵa chimoza, ndondomeko iyo yikumanyikwa kuti nkhumazga cakuyaniska kwa chinthu icho chikusintha. Mwachiyelezgero, cakuyaniska <math>x - 7 = 4</math> chingamazgika kwa <math>x</math> mwa kusazgako 7 ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, ivyo vikupatura <math>x</math> ku chigaŵa cha kumaryero na kusanga cakuyaniska {{tmath|1= x = 11 }}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=130}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|1986|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51–54]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ 1. Historical Survey}} }}</ref> Pali nthowa zinyake zinandi izo zikugwiriskirika ntchito kumazga ma equation. [[Simplification (algebra)|Kupepuska]] kukugwiriskirika ntchito kuti chiŵike mazgu ghakusuzga na ghanyake ghakuyana kweni ghapusu. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu ghakuti <math>7x - 3x</math> ghangaŵikika na mazgu ghakuti <math>4x</math> chifukwa <math>7x - 3x = (7-3)x = 4x</math> mwa dango la [[distributive property|kugaŵanya]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tan|Steeb|Hardy|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UDb0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 306]}} | {{harvnb|Lamagna|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8PSDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150]}} }}</ref> Pa mazgu agho ghali na vyambura-kumanyikwa vinandi, kuŵikirapo m'malo mwake (substitution) ni nthowa yakumanyikwa yakusinthira chinthu chimoza na mazgu ghakuyana ghambura kusazgako cambura-kusintha ico. Mwachiyelezgero, usange munthu wamanya kuti <math>y = 3x</math>, wangapepuska mazgu ghakuti <math>7xy</math> na kusanga {{tmath|1= 21x^2 }}. Munthowa yakuyana, usange munthu wamanya mtengo wa cambura-kusintha chimoza, wangagwiriskira ntchito umo kumanya mtengo wa vinyake.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving Systems of Algebraic Equations}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nI7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA386 386]}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 148]}} }}</ref> [[File:Graph (y = 0.5x - 1).svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Graph of equation "y = 0.5x − 1"|Ma equation gha algebra ghangagwiriskirika ntchito kulongosora vithuzi vya geometry. Mtengo wose wa <math>x</math> na <math>y</math> uwo ukumazga cakuyaniska ukupulikiskika kuŵa songo. Vikulembeka nga mzere wa cikuwundi, wakukwera, mu giraf yakucanya.]] Ma equation gha algebra ghangamasulika mu [[geometry]] kuti ghalongosore viŵelengero vya malo mu mtundu wa [[graph of a function|giraf]]. Vinthu vyakupambana-pambana ivyo vili mu equation vikupulikikwa nga ni [[Cartesian coordinate system|maryeruzgo]], ndipo vigaŵa ivyo vikumazga equation vikung'anamulika nga ni fundo za giraf. Mwachiyelezgero, usange <math>x</math> yikuŵikika pa zero mu equation {{tmath|1= y=0.5x - 1 }}, mbwenu <math>y</math> yikwenera kuŵa negative one kuti equation yiŵe yaunenesko. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti mafupa gha <math>(x, y)</math> ghakuti <math>(0, -1)</math> ni chigaŵa cha giraf ya equation. Mafupa gha <math>(x, y)</math> ghakuti {{tmath|1= (0, 7) }}, mwakupambanako, ghakumazga yayi equation ndipo ntheura ghali yayi chigaŵa cha giraf. Grafu yikukhwaska chiŵelengero chose cha x,y paŵiri awo ŵakumazga equation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=130–131}} | {{harvnb|Rohde|Jain|Poddar|Ghosh|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vk2XbZpsBOwC&pg=PT89 89]}} | {{harvnb|Walz|2016|loc=[https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/algebra/12062 Algebra]}}}}</ref> ==== Ma Polynomial ==== {{main|Polynomial}} [[Polynomial|Polynomial]] ni mazgu ghakuchitika na chigaŵa chimoza panji vinandi ivyo vikusazgika panji kuwuskika pakati pawo, nga {{tmath|1= x^4+3xy^2+5x^3-1 }}. Chigaŵa chilichose ni cambura-kusintha, cambura-kumanyikwa, panji muzgoro wa cambura-kusintha na vyambura-kumanyikwa. Cambura-kumanyikwa chilichose chingakwezgeka ku chikwezgo cha cipendeko cambura kupambika (positive integer). Polynomial ya chigaŵa chimoza yikuchemeka [[monomial]], apo polynomial za vigaŵa viŵiri na vitatu zikuchemeka [[binomial]] na [[trinomial]]. [[Degree of a polynomial|Digiri ya polynomial]] ni mtengo wapachanya wa muzgoro wa vikwezgo vya vyambura-kumanyikwa (pakati pa vigaŵa vyake) (4 mu chiyelezgero ichi pacanya).<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bracken|Miller|2014|pp=386–387}} | {{harvnb|Kaufmann|Schwitters|2011|p=220}} | {{harvnb|Markushevich|2015}} }}</ref> Ma polynomial gha digiri yimoza ghakuchemeka ''ma polynomial gha mzere''. Algebra ya mzere yikusambira magulu gha ma polynomial gha mzere.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sahai|Bist|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yjkgNYfApj4C&pg=PA21 21]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Barrera-Mora|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmu8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix, 1–2]}} }}</ref> Polynomial yikuchemeka ''univariate'' panji ''multivariate'', kuyana na usange yikugwiriskira ntchito cambura-kumanyikwa chimoza panji vinandi.<ref>{{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA46 46]}}</ref> [[Factorization|Kugaŵaniska]] ni nthowa yakugwiriskira ntchito kupepuska ma polynomial, kupangiska kuti chiŵe chapusu kuvisanda na kumanya vigaŵa ivyo vikuŵa zero. Kugaŵaniska nkhulembaso polynomial kuŵa muzgoro wa vigaŵaniso vinandi. Mwachiyelezgero, polynomial <math>x^2 - 3x - 10</math> yingagaŵaniskika kuŵa {{tmath|1= (x + 2)(x - 5) }}. Polynomial yose njizero pekha usange chimoza mwa vigaŵaniso vyake ni zero, ndikuti, usange <math>x</math> ni −2 panji 5.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lukas|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1-dvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47–49]}} | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Algebraic Expressions, § Solving Algebraic Equations}} }}</ref> Pambere vilimika vya m'ma 1800 vindafike, vigaŵa vinandi vya algebra vikaŵanga vya equation ya polynomial, equation iyo yikasangika para munthu wakuyaniska polynomial na zero. Kuyezgayezga kwakwamba kwa kumazga ma equation gha polynomial kukaŵa kwakuti ŵalongore vyakumazga mu mazgu gha misisi ya nth. Muzgoro wa equation ya polynomial ya digiri yachiŵiri ukuperekeka na fomula ya quadratic<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving algebraic equations}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Classical algebra}} }}</ref> <math display="block">x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt {b^2-4ac\ }}{2a}.</math> Mayankho gha madigiri ghatatu na ghanayi ghakupelekeka na mafomula gha [[cubic formula|cubic]] na [[quartic formula|quartic]]. Palije mayankho ghakumanyikwa ghakumazgira madigiri ghapachanya, nga umo vikawonekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 na [[Abel–Ruffini theorem|fundo ya Abel-Ruffini]].<ref name="auto3"/> Nanga ni para mayankho ghakumanyikwa ghalipo yayi, mayankho ghakuyana waka ghangasangika mwakugwiliskira nchito vipangizo vya manambara nga [[Newton–Raphson method|nthowa ya Newton-Raphson]].<ref>{{harvnb|Igarashi|Altman|Funada|Kamiyama|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=58ySAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref> [[Fundamental theorem of algebra|Fundo yikuru ya algebra]] yikuti equation yiliyose ya univariate polynomial ya digiri yiwemi iyo yili na coefficients yeneco panji yakusuzga yili na yankho limoza lakusuzga. Ntheura, polynomial yiliyose ya digiri yiwemi yingagaŵika mu ma [[polynomial factorization|polynomial gha mzere]]. Fundo yikuzirwa iyi yikakhozgeka kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, kweni yikupereka yayi nthowa yiliyose yakusangirapo vyakumazga.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving algebraic equations}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=308}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra}} }}</ref> === Algebra ya Mzere === {{main|Linear algebra}} Algebra ya mzere yikwamba na kusambira [[System of linear equations|ndondomeko za ma equation gha mzere]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Barrera-Mora|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmu8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix, 1–2], }} }}</ref> [[Linear equation|Equation njakumzere]] usange yingalembeka mu njila ya {{tmath|1= a_1x_1 + a_2x_2 + ... + a_nx_n = b}}, apo {{tmath|1= a_1 }}, {{tmath|1= a_2 }}, ..., <math>a_n</math> na <math>b</math> ni vyambura-kusintha. Vyakuyelezgera ni <math>x_1 - 7x_2 + 3x_3 = 0</math> na {{tmath|1= \textstyle \frac{1}{4} x - y = 4 }}. ''Ndondomeko ya ma equation gha mzere'' ni gulu la ma equation gha mzere agho munthu wakukhumba kusanga vyakumazga vyakuyana pakati pawo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=2–3}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Voitsekhovskii|2011}} }}</ref> [[Matrix (mathematics)|Ma matrix]] ni magulu ghakuŵungana gha manambara mwakachilato (rows na columns) agho ghakambiliranga kwiziliska nga chiwimbo chakufinya na chakuyana mwakukwana cha ndondomeko za ma equation gha mzere.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Saikia|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KhM7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Lal|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FwPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}} | {{harvnb|Mirakhor|Krichene|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G6XNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT107 107]}} }}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, ndondomeko ya ma equation <math display="block"> \begin{align} 9x_1 + 3x_2 - 13x_3 &= 0 \\ 2.3x_1 + 7x_3 &= 9 \\ -5x_1 - 17x_2 &= -3 \end{align} </math> yingalembeka nga <math display="block">AX=B,</math> apo {{tmath|1= A }}, <math>X</math> na <math>B</math> ni ma matrix <math display="block">A=\begin{bmatrix}9 & 3 & -13 \\ 2.3 & 0 & 7 \\ -5 & -17 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad X= \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{bmatrix},\quad B = \begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 9 \\ -3 \end{bmatrix}.</math> Kuyana na vinjeru vya chiŵelengero cha mizere na mizati, ma matrix ghangasazgika, ghangandaniskika, ndipo nyengo zinyake ghangapiluskika (ghangawendeskeka mwakupiluka).{{efn|Kupiluskika (inversion) nkhung'anamura kusanga matrix yinyake iyo, para yandaniskika na matrix yakwamba, yikupeleka matrix ya "identity"—iyo njakuyana na cipendeko 1 pa nkhani ya kwandaniska manambara.}} Nthowa zose zakumazgira ndondomeko za mzere zingalongosoreka nga vyakuwendeska matrix mwakugwiliskira nchito izi. Mwachiyelezgero, kumazga ndondomeko yamucanya nkhupenja matrix yakupiluskika <math>A^{-1}</math> iyo <math>A^{-1}A = I,</math> apo <math>I</math> ni [[identity matrix|matrix ya identity]]. Penepapo, kwandaniska ku mkono wamazere mbali zose ziŵiri za equation ya matrix yamucanya na <math>A^{-1},</math> munthu wakusanga muzgoro wa ndondomeko ya ma equation gha mzere nga<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Brown|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=POlVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30–31]}} | {{harvnb|Waerden|2003|pp=70–72}} }}</ref> <math display="block">X=A^{-1}B.</math> Nthowa zakumazgira ndondomeko za ma equation gha mzere zikwambira ku izo zili zapafupi kumanya, nga kwiza-mu-malo-mwa (substitution)<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Young|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA697 697–698]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Sullivan|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NKaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53–54]}} }}</ref> na kuwuskapo (elimination),<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Sullivan|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NKaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 55–56]}} | {{harvnb|Atanasiu|Mikusinski|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbySDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 75]}}}}</ref> kufika ku vipangizo vyapachanya ivyo vikugwiliskira ntchito ma matrix, nga [[Cramer's rule|dango la Cramer]], [[Gaussian elimination|kuwuskapo kwa Gauss]], na [[LU decomposition|kugaŵaniska kwa LU]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=7–8, 11, 491}} }}</ref> Ndondomeko zinyake za ma equation nizambura-kuyana (inconsistent),<ref name="auto10">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–7}} | {{harvnb|Mortensen|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYDrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 73–74]}} | {{harvnb|Young|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA714 714–715]}} }}</ref> ndikuti, vyakumazga vilipo yayi chifukwa ma equation ghakususkana wene.{{efn|Mwachiyelezgero, ma equation <math>x_1 - 3x_2 = 0</math> na <math>x_1 - 3x_2 = 7</math> ghakususkana wene chifukwa palije mtengo wa <math>x_1</math> na <math>x_2</math> uwo ungamazga ma equation ghaŵiri ghara pa nyengo yimoza.<ref name="auto10"/>}} Ndondomeko zakuyana zili na yankho limoza lakupambanapambana panji viŵelengero vyambura kumazgika vya vyakumazga.<ref name="auto11">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Harrison|Waldron|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_sisAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT464 464]}} | {{harvnb|Anton|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neYGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 255]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Usange ndondomeko yakuyana ya ma equation yili na yankho limoza pera, ivi vikukhozga pa chiŵelengero cha vyambura-kumanyikwa na ma [[independent equation|equation ghakujipima paŵiri]]. Ma equation ghakuti ghakujipima paŵiri usange ghakupeleka yayi mzimu umoza ndipo ghangafuma yayi kuchimoza na chinyake. Yankho limoza likuŵako usange chiŵelengero cha vyambura-kumanyikwa nchakuyana na chiŵelengero cha ma equation ghakujipima paŵiri. [[Underdetermined system|Ndondomeko zambura kumazgikirathu]], kusambazgana na izi, zili na vyambura-kumanyikwa vinandi kuluska ma equation ghakujipima paŵiri ndipo zili na viŵelengero vyambura kumazgika vya vyakumazga usange nizakuyana.<ref name="auto11"/>}} Kusambira [[vector space|malo gha vector]] na [[linear map|mapu gha mzere]] nkhukuru mu algebra ya mzere. Malo gha vector ni gulu la algebra ilo likupangika na gulu (set) lino lili na kusazga uko kukupangiska kuŵa [[abelian group|gulu la abelian]] na kwandaniska na cipendeko (scalar multiplication) uko kukuyanapo na kusazga (wonani [[vector space|malo gha vector]] kuti mumanye vinandi). Mapu gha mzere ni nchito (function) pakati pa malo gha vector iyo yikuyanapo na kusazga na kwandaniska na cipendeko. Pa nkhani ya [[finite-dimensional vector space|malo gha vector ghakumalira]], ma vector na mapu gha mzere ghangayimilirika na ma matrix. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti masambiro gha ma matrix na malo gha vector ghakumalira ghakuyana waka. Comenecomene, malo gha vector ghakupereka nthowa yachitatu yakulongosolera na kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za ma equation gha mzere.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Valenza|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7x8MCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 vii]}} | {{harvnb|Chahal|2018|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 § 1.1 What is Linear Algebra?]}} | {{harvnb|Solomon|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpvSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57–58, 61–62]}} | {{harvnb|Ricardo|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s7bMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} }}</ref> Kwiza pa mkhalidwe uwu, matrix ni chithunzithunzi cha mapu gha mzere: usange munthu wakusankha [[Basis (linear algebra)|msingi]] wanyake wakulongosolera ma vector agho ghakusinthika, mbwenu ivyo vikulembeka mu matrix vikupereka vyakufumapo vya kugwiliskira ntchito mapu gha mzere ku ma vector gha msingi.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Solomon|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpvSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57]}} | {{harvnb|Ricardo|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s7bMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 395–396]}} }}</ref> [[File:Linear Function Graph.svg|thumb|alt=Graph of two linear equations|Ma equation gha mzere agho ghali na vyambura-kumanyikwa viŵiri ghangang'anamulika nga [[Line (geometry)|mizere]]. Yankho la ndondomeko ya ma equation gha mzere ni apo mizere yikukhwaskana.]] Ndondomeko za ma equation zingang'anamulika nga vithunzithunzi vya geometry. Ku ndondomeko zakuŵa na vyambura-kumanyikwa viŵiri, equation yiliyose yikwimira [[Line (geometry)|mzere]] mu [[two-dimensional space|malo gha mibaru yiŵiri]]. Apo mizere yiŵiri yikukhwaskana ndipo ni yankho la ndondomeko yose chifukwa apa ndipapera apo pakumazga equation yakwamba na yachiŵiri pamoza. Ku ndondomeko zambura-kuyana, mizere yiŵiri yikwenda mwakuyana kwambura kukhwaskana, ndikuti, palije yankho chifukwa yikukhwaskana yayi nakale. Usange ma equation ghaŵiri ngambura kujipima paŵiri, ghakulongosora mzere umoza wene, ndikuti, yankho la equation yimoza njakumazgaso equation yinyake. Vyakuyanapo ivi vikupangiska kuti munthu wasange vyakumazga mwakuwona pa giraf, kulemba ma equation na kumanya apo ghakukhwaskana.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–5}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA696 696–697]}} | {{harvnb|Sneyd|Fewster|McGillivray|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zqd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 211]}} }}</ref> Fundo zenezi zikugwira ntchito so ku ndondomeko za ma equation zakuŵa na vyambura-kumanyikwa vinandi, kweni kupambana nkhwakuti ma equation agha ghakulongosora yayi mizere kweni vithunzithunzi vyapachanya kuluska. Mwachiyelezgero, ma equation gha vyambura-kumanyikwa vitatu ghakuyana na [[Plane (mathematics)|mabwalo]] mu [[three-dimensional space|malo gha mibaru yitatu]], ndipo apo mabwalo ghose ghakukhwaskana ndipo pakumazga ndondomeko ya ma equation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–5}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA713 713]}} | {{harvnb|Sneyd|Fewster|McGillivray|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zqd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 211]}} }}</ref> === Algebra Yakudumura === {{main|Abstract algebra}} Algebra yakudumura, iyo yikuchemekaso algebra ya sono,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Dominich|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEedNKV3nlUC&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref> njakusambira [[algebraic structures|magulu gha algebra]]. Gulu la algebra ni chiwongo cha kupulikiska [[Operation (mathematics)|nchito]] pa [[mathematical object|vinthu vya masamu]], nga kusazga kwa vipendeko. Apo algebra ya pulayimale na algebra ya mzere zikugwira ntchito pakati pa vipimo vya magulu gha algebra ghakupambanapambana, algebra yakudumura yikutora nthowa yikuru kuluska, yakuyaniska umo magulu gha algebra ghakupambanirana na mitundu yose ya magulu gha algebra iyo yiliko, nga [[Group (mathematics)|magulu]], [[Ring (mathematics)|mphete]], na [[Field (mathematics)|minda]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA1 1–3]}} | {{harvnb|Dominich|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEedNKV3nlUC&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref> Kupambana kukuru pakati pa mitundu iyi ya magulu gha algebra nkhu chiŵelengero cha nchito izo zikugwiliskira ntchito na madango agho ghakuzomerezgeka.<ref name="auto9"/> Mu [[mathematics education|masambizgo gha masamu]], algebra yakudumura yikwimira kalasi yapachanya ya ku yunivesite iyo ŵakusambira masamu ŵakusambira pamanyuma pakumazga makalasi gha algebra ya mzere.<ref>{{harvnb|Hausberger|2020|loc=Abstract Algebra Teaching and Learning}}</ref> [[File:Binary operations as black box.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of binary operation|Magulu ghanandi gha algebra ghakuzirwa pa nchito zaŵiri (binary operations), izo zikutora vinthu viŵiri kuŵa vyakwiza-mu nchito ndipo vikuvikoleranga kuŵa chinthu chimoza kuŵa vyakufumamo, nga umo kusazga na kwandaniska vikuchitira.]] Pa mkhalidwe wakuzomerezgeka, gulu la algebra ni [[Set (mathematics)|gulu la vinthu]]{{efn|Gulu la vinthu ni chiŵungano cha vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vilije njila yakukhwaskana, nga vipendeko, ma vector, panji magulu ghanyake. [[Set theory|Sambiro la magulu]] likulongosora madango na mikhaliro ya magulu.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=460}} | {{harvnb|Murthy|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CBc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 1.3]}} }}</ref>}} lakuzikapo, pamoza na nchito yimoza panji zinandi.{{efn|Kuyana na malongosoro ghanyake, magulu gha algebra ghakusazgapo chinthu chakupambana nga chigaŵa chinyake chakusazgikapo, nga chinthu cha identity pa nkhani ya kwandaniska.<ref name="auto5">{{harvnb|Ovchinnikov|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UMbXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27]}}</ref>}} Algebra yakudumura yikukhumbisiska comenecomene [[binary operation|nchito zaŵiri]],{{efn|Magulu ghanyake gha algebra agho ghakusambirika na algebra yakudumura ghali na [[unary operation|nchito yimoza]] kusazgikapo pa nchito zaŵiri. Mwachiyelezgero, [[normed vector space|malo gha vector ghakuŵa na muyeso]] ghali na [[Norm (mathematics)|muyeso]] (norm), uwo ni nchito yimoza iyo yikugwiliskikira comenecomene kukhwaskanya vector na utali wake.<ref>{{harvnb|Grillet|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LJtyhu8-xYwC&pg=PA247 247]}}</ref>}} izo zikutora vinthu viŵiri vilivyose mu gulu lakuzikapo kuŵa vyakwiza-mu, ndipo zikuvipeleka ku chinthu chinyake mu gulu ili kuŵa chakufumamo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Whitelaw|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hyf0QoB_0C&pg=PA61 61]}} | {{harvnb|Nicholson|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-GaLpapRcEC&pg=PA70 70]}} | {{harvnb|Fiche|Hebuterne|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqkckiuuXg8C&pg=PT326 326]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} }}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, gulu la algebra <math>\langle \N, + \rangle</math> lili na [[natural numbers|vipendeko vyakuŵelenjera]] ({{tmath|1= \N }}) kuŵa gulu lakuzikapo na kusazga ({{tmath|1= + }}) kuŵa nchito yake yaŵiri.<ref name="auto5"/> Gulu lakuzikapo lingaŵa na vinthu vinyake kupambuka vipendeko, ndipo nchito zake nizakukakikizgika yayi ku nchito zaumaliro za masamu pera.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} }}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, gulu lakuzikapo la [[symmetry group|gulu la symmetry]] la chinthu cha geometry likupangika na [[geometric transformation|kusintha kwa geometry]], nga [[rotation|kuzingilizga]], apo munsi mwake chinthu chikukhalilira [[Invariant (mathematics)|chambura-kusintha]]. Nchito yake yaŵiri ni [[function composition|kukolerana kwa mapu]], iyo yikutora vyakusintha viŵiri kuŵa vyakwiza-mu ndipo yili na chakusintha icho chikufuma pa kugwiliskira ntchito chakusintha chakwamba kulondezgeka na chachiŵiri kuŵa chakufumamo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Olver|1999|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlHYhNRAqEC&pg=PA55 55–56]}} | {{harvnb|Abas|Salman|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5snsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59]}} | {{harvnb|Häberle|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=McvSa-cFZCMC&pg=PA640 640]}} }}</ref> ==== Sambiro la Magulu ==== {{main|Group theory}} Algebra yakudumura yikupatuliska magulu gha algebra kuyana na madango panji [[axiom|maxiom]] agho nchito zake zikuzomerezga na chiŵelengero cha nchito izo zikugwiliskira ntchito. Mtundu wa chiyambipo comenecomene ni gulu (group), ilo lili na nchito yimoza ndipo likukhumba kuti nchito iyi njakukolerana ([[Associative property|associative]]) ndiposo yili na [[identity element|chinthu cha identity]] na [[inverse element|vinthu vyakupiluska]]. Nchito njakukolerana usange kalongozgero ka kugwiliskira ntchito kanandi kalije mphampha, ndikuti, usange {{nowrap|<math>(a \circ b) \circ c</math>{{efn|Viwimbo <math>\circ</math> na <math>\star</math> vikugwiliskika mu nkhani iyi kwimira nchito yiliyose iyo yingayana panji yambakuyana na nchito za masamu.<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}}</ref>}}}} nchakuyana na <math>a \circ (b \circ c)</math> ku vinthu vyose. Nchito yili na chinthu cha identity panji chinthu chambura-kusintha usange chinthu chimoza ''e'' chilipo icho chikusintha yayi mtengo wa chinthu chilichose chinyake, ndikuti, usange {{tmath|1= a \circ e = e \circ a = a }}. Nchito yili na vinthu vyakupiluska usange ku chinthu chilichose <math>a</math> pali chinthu chakuwelengana <math>a^{-1}</math> icho chikuwuskapo vya {{tmath|1= a }}. Usange chinthu chikugwira ntchito pa icho chakupiluska chake mbwenu muzgoro ni chinthu chambura-kusintha ''e'', chakulongosoreka mwakuzomerezgeka nga {{tmath|1= a \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ a = e }}. Gulu la algebra lililose ilo likukwaniska vikhumbikwa ivi ni gulu.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kargapolov|Merzlyakov|2016|loc=§ Definition}} | {{harvnb|Khattar|Agrawal|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-nIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–6]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 258]}} }}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, <math>\langle \Z, + \rangle</math> ni gulu ilo lapangika na gulu la [[integers|vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika]] pamoza na nchito ya kusazga. Chinthu chambura-kusintha ni 0 ndipo chinthu chakupiluska cha cipendeko chilichose <math>a</math> ni {{nowrap|<math>-a</math>.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Khattar|Agrawal|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-nIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6–7]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Adhikari|Adhikari|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lBO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72]}}}}</ref>}} Vipendeko vyakuŵelenjera pamoza na kusazga, kususkana na ivi, vikupanga yayi gulu chifukwa vili pera na vipendeko vyakuzomerezgeka ndipo ntheura vikusoŵa vinthu vyakupiluska.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McWeeny|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x3fjIXY93TsC&pg=PA6 6]}} | {{harvnb|Kramer|Pippich|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nvM-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}} }}</ref> [[Group theory|Sambiro la magulu]] likusanda umo magulu ghaliri, pamoza na fundo za musingi nga [[fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups|fundo yikuru ya magulu gha abelian ghakumalira]] na [[Feit–Thompson theorem|fundo ya Feit-Thompson]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=242}} | {{harvnb|Bhattacharya|Jain|Nagpaul|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQ8e0b48swC&pg=PA141 141]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_XKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1020 1020]}} }}</ref> Iyi yachiŵiri yikaŵa njira yikuru yakwambilira mu chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comenecomene mu masamu vya vilimika vya m'ma 1900: nchito yakugwirira pamoza, iyo yikatora mapeji ghakuluska 10,000 mu majenali ndipo yikafuma comenecomene pakati pa 1960 na 2004, iyo yikafiskira ku [[classification of finite simple groups|kupatuliska magulu ghapusu ghakumalira]] kwakukwana.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Elwes|2006}} | {{harvnb|Wilson|2009|p=2}} }}</ref> ==== Sambiro la Mphete na Sambiro la Munda ==== {{main|Ring theory|Field (mathematics)}} Mphete ni gulu la algebra lino lili na nchito ziŵiri izo zikugwira ntchito mwakuyana na kusazga na kwandaniska kwa vipendeko ndipo zikuchemeka na kulembeka mwakuyana. Mphete ni [[commutative group|gulu lakusinthana]] pasi pa kusazga: kusazga kwa mphete nkhwakukolerana, kwakusinthana, ndipo kuli na chinthu cha identity na vinthu vyakupiluska. Kwandaniska nkhwakukolerana ndiposo [[distributivity|kwakugaŵira]] ku kusazga; ndikuti, <math>a (b + c) = a b + a c</math> na <math>(b + c) a = b a + c a.</math> Kweniso, kwandaniska nkhwakukolerana ndipo kuli na [[identity element|chinthu cha identity]] icho chikuchemeka comenecomene {{math|1}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=2579}} | {{harvnb|Maxwell|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yD0irRUE_u4C&pg=PA73 73–74]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 2.3 Rings}} }}</ref>{{efn|Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakukhumba yayi kuŵako kwa chinthu cha identity mu kwandaniska. Mphete iyo yilije chinthu cha identity mu kwandaniska nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka {{not a typo|[[rng (algebra)|rng]].}}<ref>{{harvnb|Silverman|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}}</ref>}} Kwandaniska nkhukhumbikwa yayi kuŵa kwakusinthana; usange nkhwakusinthana, munthu wali na [[commutative ring|mphete yakusinthana]].<ref>{{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA24 24]}}</ref> [[ring of integers|Mphete ya vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika]] ({{tmath|1= \Z }}) ni yimoza mwa mphete zapusu comenecomene izo zili zakusinthana.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MXu9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}}</ref> ''[[field (mathematics)|Munda]]'' ni mphete yakusinthana iyo {{tmath|1\ne 0}}{{efn|Ichi chikung'anamura kuti kwandaniska na kusazga vikugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Moh|1992|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=maK3sbTVhsoC&pg=PA102 102–103]}}</ref>}} ndipo chinthu chilichose ichi mbura kuŵa zero chili na [[multiplicative inverse|chakupiluska cha kwandaniska]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA24 24]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=1047, 2579}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 2.4 Fields}} }}</ref> Mphete ya vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika njambura kupanga munda chifukwa yikusoŵa vyakupiluska vya kwandaniska. Mwachiyelezgero, chakupiluska cha kwandaniska cha <math>7</math> ni {{tmath|1= \tfrac{1}{7} }}, icho ndi cipendeko cambura kugaŵika yayi. [[rational numbers|Vipendeko vyakugaŵikika]], [[real numbers|vipendeko vyeneco]], na [[complex numbers|vipendeko vyakusuzga]] vilivyose vikupanga munda na nchito za kusazga na kwandaniska.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Irving|2004|pp=77, 236}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=1047, 2579}} | {{harvnb|Hohn|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9XlFu4XQ6nUC&pg=PA83 83–84]}} }}</ref> [[Ring theory|Sambiro la mphete]] ni kusambira mphete, kupenja vinthu nga [[subring|mphete zamunsi]], [[quotient ring|mphete za mgaŵano]], [[polynomial ring|mphete za polynomial]], na [[Ideal (ring theory)|ma ideal]] pamoza na fundo nga [[Hilbert's basis theorem|fundo ya msingi ya Hilbert]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Serovajsky|2020|loc=§ Room 4B.5 Rings}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA63 63]}} | {{harvnb|Kline|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YaBuGcmLb0C&pg=PA1153 1153]}} }}</ref> Sambiro la munda likukhwaskana na minda, kupenja [[field extension|kutandarizga kwa munda]], [[algebraic closure|kujara kwa algebra]], na [[finite fields|minda yakumalira]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2003|pp=110–114, 231, 246}} | {{harvnb|Karpilovsky|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-2WR0fw9gLMC&pg=PA45 45]}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA63 63]}} }}</ref> [[Galois theory|Sambiro la Galois]] likupenja uzeru pakati pa sambiro la munda na sambiro la magulu, likujizika pa [[fundamental theorem of Galois theory|fundo yikuru ya sambiro la Galois]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lang|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fge-BwqhqIYC&pg=PA261 261–262]}} | {{harvnb|Cox|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vBKrOch1AkYC&pg=PA161 161–162]}} }}</ref> ==== Sambiro la Kukhwaskana Pakati pa Magulu gha Algebra ==== [[File:Magma to group2.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of relations between some algebraic structures|Chithunzithunzi cha ukhwaskano pakati pa magulu ghanyake gha algebra. Mwachiyelezgero, mbali yake yapachanya kumalyo yikulongora kuti [[Magma (algebra)|magma]] yikuŵa [[semigroup|semigroup]] usange nchito yake njakukolerana.]] Kupambuka magulu, mphete, na minda, kuli magulu ghanandi ghanyake gha algebra agho ghakusambirika na algebra. Ghakusazgamo [[Magma (algebra)|ma magma]], [[semigroup|ma semigroup]], [[monoid|ma monoid]], [[abelian group|magulu gha abelian]], [[commutative ring|mphete zakusinthana]], [[Module (mathematics)|ma module]], [[Lattice (order)|ma lattice]], [[vector space|malo gha vector]], [[Algebra over a field|algebra pa munda]], na magulu [[associative|ghakukolerana]] na [[non-associative algebras|ghambura kukolerana]]. Ghakupambana pakati pawo pa mtundu wa vinthu ivyo ghakulongosora na vikhumbikwa ivyo nchito zawo zikufiska. Ghanandi ghakukhwaskana wene pakati pawo mu ntchito yakuti gulu la musingi lingasinthika kuŵa gulu lakuzikirapo comenecomene mwakusazgirapo vikakiro.<ref name="auto9">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} | {{harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=STS9aZ6F204C&pg=PA428 428–430, 446]}} }}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, magma yikuŵa semigroup usange nchito yake njakukolerana.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fybzl6QB62gC&pg=PA60 60]}}</ref> [[Homomorphism|Ma homomorphism]] ni vipangizo vyakupenjera vinjeru vya mzimu mwakuyaniska magulu ghaŵiri gha algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rowen|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=34}} }}</ref> Homomorphism ni mapu ghakufuma ku gulu lakuzikapo la gulu limoza la algebra kuya ku gulu lakuzikapo la gulu linyake la algebra, ghakusunga mikhaliro yinyake ya mzimu. Usange magulu ghaŵiri gha algebra ghakugwiliskira ntchito nchito zaŵiri ndipo ghali mu mtundu <math>\langle A, \circ \rangle</math> na <math>\langle B, \star \rangle</math> mbwenu mapu <math>h: A \to B</math> ni homomorphism usange ghakukwaniska ivi: {{tmath|1= h(x \circ y) = h(x) \star h(y) }}. Kuŵako kwa homomorphism kukulongora kuti nchito <math>\star</math> mu gulu lachiŵiri la algebra yikugwira ntchito yakuyana na iyo nchito <math>\circ</math> yikugwira mu gulu lakwamba la algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Rowen|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA27 27–28]}} | {{harvnb|Adhikari|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MIAXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5–6]}} }}</ref> [[Isomorphisms|Ma isomorphism]] ni mtundu wapadera wa homomorphism uwo ukulongora kuyanako kukuru pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri gha algebra. Isomorphism ni homomorphism [[bijective|yakwenerana pa chimoza-na-chimoza]], ndikuti, yikupanga ukhwaskano wa chimoza-na-chimoza pakati pa vinthu vya magulu ghaŵiri gha algebra. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti chinthu chilichose cha gulu lakwamba la algebra chikuya ku chinthu chimoza chapadera mu gulu lachiŵiri, kwambura vinthu vyakusoŵa mapu mu gulu lachiŵiri.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 278–279]}} | {{harvnb|Ivanova|Smirnov|2012}} | {{harvnb|Deo|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 295]}} | {{harvnb|Ono|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SR2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}}}}</ref> [[File:Venn A subset B.svg|thumb|alt=Venn diagram of a set and its subset|[[Subalgebra|Vigulu vyamunsi vya algebra]] vikufinyikizga nchito zake ku chigaŵa cha gulu lakuzikapo la gulu la algebra lakwamba.]] Chipangizo chinyake cha kuyaniska nkhukhwaskana pakati pa gulu la algebra na [[Subalgebra#Subalgebras in universal algebra|chigulu chamunsi cha algebra]] chake.<ref name="auto8">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Indurkhya|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=foTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 217–218]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=34}} }}</ref> Gulu la algebra na chigulu chamunsi chake vikugwiliskira ntchito nchito zakuyana,{{efn|Kuyana na malongosoro ghanyake, chigulu chamunsi chingaŵaso na nchito zichoko.<ref name="auto6">{{harvnb|Indurkhya|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=foTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 217–218]}}</ref>}} izo zikulondezga maxiom ghakuyana. Kupambana kwapera nkhwakuti gulu lakuzikapo la chigulu chamunsi ni chigaŵa cha gulu lakuzikapo la gulu la algebra.{{efn|Ichi chikung'anamura kuti vinthu vyose vya gulu lakwamba nivyaso vinthu vya gulu lachiŵiri kweni gulu lachiŵiri lingaŵa na vinthu ivyo vilipo yayi mu gulu lakwamba.<ref>{{harvnb|Efimov|2014}}</ref>}} Nchito zose mu chigulu chamunsi zikukhumbikwa kuŵa [[Closure (mathematics)|zakujara]] mu gulu lake lakuzikapo, ndikuti, zikufumiska pera vinthu ivyo vili mu gulu ili.<ref name="auto8"/> Mwachiyelezgero, gulu la [[Parity (mathematics)|vipendeko vyakwenerana]] pamoza na kusazga ni chigulu chamunsi cha gulu lose la vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika pamoza na kusazga. Ichi nchakuti chifukwa muzgoro wa vipendeko viŵiri vyakwenerana ni cipendeko cakwenerana kavili. Kweni gulu la vipendeko vyambura kwenerana pamoza na kusazga nichigulu chamunsi yayi chifukwa nichambura kujara: kusazga vipendeko viŵiri vyambura kwenerana vikufumiska cipendeko chakwenerana, icho ndi chigaŵa yayi cha gulu ilo lasankhika.<ref name="auto6"/> [[Universal algebra|Algebra ya wonse]] ni sambiro la magulu gha algebra mwaŵukuru. Nga chigaŵa cha vinjeru vyake vyakuwonera vinthu vyakuzomerezgeka, yikupwelelera yayi vinthu vyeneco ivyo vikupanga magulu ghakuzikapo ndipo yikuwona nchito izo zili na vyakwiza-mu vinandi kuluska viŵiri, nga [[ternary operation|nchito zitatu]]. Yikupereka chiwongo cha kupenja vinjeru vya mzimu ivyo magulu ghakupambanapambana gha algebra ghali navyo pamoza.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 xiii]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Nthowa yakupambanako pachoko yikupulikiska algebra ya wonse kuŵa sambiro la mtundu umoza wa magulu gha algebra ghakumanyikwa nga ma algebra ghawonse. Ma algebra ghawonse ghakulongosoreka mwakuzirwa kuti ghasazgemo magulu ghanyake ghanandi gha algebra. Mwachiyelezgero, magulu na mphete ni mitundu yapadera ya algebra ya wonse.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Smirnov|2020}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Bahturin|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8RbvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 346]}} }}</ref>}} Chimoza mwa vinjeru vya mzimu ivi vikukhwaskana na [[Identity (mathematics)#Logic and universal algebra|vinthu vyakuyana]] (identities) ivyo nivyanadi mu magulu ghakupambanapambana gha algebra. Mu mkhalidwe uwu, chinthu chakuyana ni equation [[Universal quantification|yawonse]] panji equation iyo nyanadi ku vinthu vyose vya gulu lakuzikapo. Mwachiyelezgero, kusinthana (commutativity) ni equation yawonse iyo yikuti <math>a \circ b</math> nichakuyana na <math>b \circ a</math> ku vinthu vyose.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.2 Equational Logic}} | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} }}</ref> [[Variety (universal algebra)|Mtundu wakuyana]] (variety) ni gulu la magulu ghose gha algebra agho ghakukwaniska vinthu vinyake vyakuyana. Mwachiyelezgero, usange magulu ghaŵiri gha algebra ghakukwaniska kusinthana mbwenu ghose ghaŵiri ni chigaŵa cha mtundu wakuyana uwo ukuyana nawo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 162]}} | {{harvnb|Rosen|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-oVvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA779 779]}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA406 406]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Mtundu uliwose wa gulu la algebra ukupanga yayi mtundu wakuyana. Mwachiyelezgero, magulu na mphete vyose vikupanga mtundu wakuyana kweni minda njambura kupanga.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohn|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u-4ADgUgpSMC&pg=PA8 8]}}</ref>}}{{efn|Kupambuka vinthu vyakuyana, algebra ya wonse yikukhumbikwaso na vinjeru vya mzimu ivyo vikukhwaskana na [[quasi-identity|vinthu vyakuyana pachoko]] (quasi-identities). Chinthu chakuyana pachoko ni chinthu chakuyana icho chikukhumbikwa pera pasi pa vikhumbikwa vinyake (ivyo vikuŵa mu mtundu wa [[Horn clause|chigaŵa cha Horn]]<ref>{{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|p=211}}</ref>). Ni kutandarizga kwa chinthu chakuyana mu mzimu wakuti chinthu chilichose chakuyana ni chinthu chakuyana pachoko kweni chinthu chilichose chakuyana pachoko ni yayi chinthu chakuyana. [[Quasivariety|Mtundu wakuyana pachoko]] ni gulu la magulu ghose gha algebra agho ghakukwaniska vinthu vinyake vyakuyana pachoko.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Artamonov|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sLDGY4Hk8V0C&pg=PA873 873]}} }}</ref>}} [[Category theory|Sambiro la mikhaliro]] likupenja umo vinthu vya masamu vikukhwaskirana na chinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito mzimu wa [[Category (mathematics)|mikhaliro]] (categories). Mkhaliro ni chiŵungano cha vinthu pamoza na chiŵungano cha [[morphisms|vilongozgi]] panji "mivi" pakati pa vinthu ivi. Viŵungano ivi viŵiri vikwenera kukwaniska vikhumbikwa vinyake. Mwachiyelezgero, vilongozgi vingakolerana, panji ku ''kolerana'': usange muvi ukuŵako kufuma ku chinthu <math>a</math> kuya ku chinthu {{tmath|1= b }}, ndipo muvi unyake kufuma ku chinthu <math>b</math> kuya ku chinthu {{tmath|1= c }}, mbwenu pakwenera kuŵakoso muvi kufuma ku chinthu <math>a</math> kuya ku chinthu {{tmath|1= c }}. Kukolerana kwa vilongozgi kukukhumbikwa kuŵa kwakukolerana, ndipo pakwenera kuŵako "muvi wa identity" ku chinthu chilichose.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=347–348}} | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA6 6, 165]}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2023|p=102}} }}</ref> Mikhaliro yikugwiliskika comenecomene mu masamu gha sono chifukwa yikupereka chiwongo chakukoleranya kuti chilongosore na kupenja vinjeru vinandi vya musingi vya masamu. Mwachiyelezgero, magulu ya vinthu ghangalongosoreka na [[category of sets|mkhaliro wa magulu]], ndipo gulu lililose lingawoneka kuŵa vilongozgi vya mkhaliro uwo uli na chinthu chimoza pera.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA6 6, 165]}} | {{harvnb|Borceux|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YfzImoopB-IC&pg=PA20 20]}} | {{harvnb|Laos|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1r7dSn4ZqogC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2023|pp=128–131}} }}</ref> == Mbiri == {{main|History of algebra|Timeline of algebra}} [[File:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.jpg|thumb|alt=Rhind Papyrus|[[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|Papyrus ya Rhind Mathematical]] kufuma ku [[ancient Egypt|Egypt yakale]], iyo yikuŵa ya {{circa|1650 BCE}}, ni chimoza cha vyolálemba vyakale comenecomene ivyo vikudumbiskana masuzgo gha algebra.]] Chiyambi cha algebra chili mu kuyezgayezga kwakumazga masuzgo gha masamu agho ghakukhwaskana na kuŵelenga na viŵelengero vyambura kumanyikwa. Vyakukula ivi vikachitika mu nyengo yakale mu [[Babylonia]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient China|China]], na [[Ancient India|India]]. Chimoza mwa vyolálemba vyakale comenecomene pa masuzgo gha algebra ni [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|Papyrus ya Rhind Mathematical]] kufuma ku Egypt yakale, iyo yikalembeka pafupifupi mu 1650&nbsp;BCE.{{efn|Zuŵa lenelene nkhwakususkana, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mbiri ŵakuti liŵe pafupifupi mu 1550&nbsp;BCE.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Problem-Solving in Egypt and Babylon}} | {{harvnb|Brezinski|Meurant|Redivo-Zaglia|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4IGhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}} }}</ref>}} Yikudumbiskana vyakumazga vya [[linear equations|ma equation gha mzere]], nga umo vikulongosoreka mu masuzgo nga "Chinthu; chigaŵa chake chachinayi chikusazgikapo pa icho. Chikuŵa 15. Kasi chinthu ni chiwuli?" Mabuwe gha dongo gha ku Babylon kufuma pa nyengo yeneyiyo ghakulongosora nthowa zakumazga ma equation gha mzere na [[Quadratic equation|polynomial gha digiri yachiŵiri]], nga nthowa ya [[completing the square|kukwaniska cikwezgo]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=9}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=290}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Problem Solving in Egypt and Babylon}} }}</ref> Vinandi mwa vinjeru ivi vikafika ku Ŵagiriki ŵakale. Kwambira mu vilimika vya 6 BCE, chikhumbo chawo chikuru chikaŵa geometry m'malo mwa algebra, kweni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa za algebra kumazga masuzgo gha geometry. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵakasandanga vithunzithunzi vya geometry apo utali na malo ghake vikatoleka kuŵa viŵelengero vyambura kumanyikwa ivyo vikwenera kusangika, nga umo vikawonekera mu nthowa ya [[Pythagoras]] ya [[difference of two squares|mphambano wa vikwezgo viŵiri]] na munyuma mu buku la [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's Elements]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=9}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=290}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Pythagoreans and Euclid}} }}</ref> Mu vilimika vya 3 CE, [[Diophantus]] wakapeleka malongosoro ghakuzura gha umo wangamazgira ma equation gha algebra mu magazini ghakuchemeka ''[[Arithmetica]]''. Ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuyezgayezga kugwiliskira ntchito viwimbo (symbolic notation) kulongosora ma polynomial.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Sialaros|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 55]}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Diophantus}} }}</ref> Ntchito ya Diophantus yikakhwaskira kukula kwa algebra ku Ŵaarabu, apo nthowa zake zinandi zikawonekera mu vinjeru na vipangizo ivyo vikagwiliskika mu algebra ya Chiarabu ya nyengo za pakati.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hettle|2015|pp=139–141, 160–161}} | {{harvnb|Christianidis|Megremi|2019|pp=16–17}} }}</ref> Ku China wakale, ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', buku ilo likalembeka pa nyengo yakufuma ku vilimika vya 10 BCE kufika ku vilimika vya 2 CE,<ref>{{harvnb|Burgin|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}}</ref> likasandaso nthowa zakupambanapambana zakumazgira ma equation gha algebra, kusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakuyana na matrix.<ref>{{harvnb|Higgins|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QANiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 89]}}</ref> [[File:Al-Khwarizmi portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Chithunzi cha kuyezgayezga cha [[Al-Khwarizmi]], chakufuma pa sitembu ya Soviet]] Nkhwakususkana usange vyakukula ivi vyakale ni chigaŵa cha algebra panji ni vyakwambiliranji pera. Vikapeleka vyakumazga vya masuzgo gha algebra kweni vikaghanaghanira yayi mwamzimu wakudumura na wawonse, m'malo mwake vikakhalilira pa mkhalidwe pakuyowoya na kugwiliskika padera pera.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=290–291}} | {{harvnb|Sialaros|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 55]}} | {{harvnb|Boyer|Merzbach|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} | {{harvnb|Derbyshire|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLqaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 31]}} }}</ref> Ichi chikasintha na msandi wa masamu wa ku Persia, [[Al-Khwarizmi]],{{efn|Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mbiri ŵakumuwona kuŵa "wiske wa algebra" apo ŵanyake ŵakupeleka zina ili ku Diophantus.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Boyer|Merzbach|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} | {{harvnb|Derbyshire|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLqaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}} }}</ref> }} uyo wakafumiska buku lake ''[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]]'' mu 825 CE. Al-Khwarizmi wakapeleka malongosoro ghakwamba ghakuzomerezgeka ghakumazgira ma equation mwakughaŵika mu mitundu 6 yakuzomerezgeka{{Efn|Mitundu iyi ni <math> bx = c </math>, <math> ax^2 = bx </math>, <math> ax^2 = c </math>, <math> ax^2 + bx = c </math>, <math> ax^2 + c = bx </math>, na <math> ax^2 = bx + c </math>.{{sfn|Bradley|2006|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=EIdtVPeD7GcC&pg=PA95 95]}}}} ndiposo kupereka ndondomeko zakuzomerezgeka, mwakuyila-kuyila, za vyakuvimazga. Mwakuwuskapo nthowa izi ku vithunzithunzi vyapadera vya geometry na kuwona viŵelengero vyambura kumanyikwa kuŵa vinthu vyawonse vya algebra, wakakhozga chiwongo cha kugwira ntchito chakuzomerezgeka. Kusintha uku, kufuma ku kumazga masuzgo ghapadera kuya ku kukhozga nthowa yawonse, nkhwakasintha algebra kuŵa sambiro lakujimira paokha.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=291–293}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} }}</ref> Vyakukhwaskira vinyake vyakuzirwa ku algebra vikafuma ku msandi wa masamu wa Chiarabu [[Thābit ibn Qurra]] naye so mu vilimika vya 9 CE na msandi wa masamu wa ku Persia [[Omar Khayyam]] mu vilimika vya 11 na 12.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2013|pp=3, 15–16, 24–25}} | {{harvnb|Jenkins|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 82]}} | {{harvnb|Pickover|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA90 90]}} }}</ref> Ku India, [[Brahmagupta]] wakasanda umo wangamazgira ma equation gha digiri yachiŵiri na ndondomeko za ma equation gha vyambura-kumanyikwa vinandi mu vilimika vya 7 CE. Pakati pa vyakukula vyake vikaŵako kugwiliskira ntchito zero na vipendeko vyakusuzga (negative numbers) mu ma equation gha algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|pp=9–10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Equation in India and China}} }}</ref> Ŵasandi ŵa masamu ŵa ku India [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahāvīra]] mu vilimika vya 9 na [[Bhāskara II]] mu vilimika vya 12 ŵakakhozgaso nthowa na vinjeru vya Brahmagupta.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Seshadri|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w_JdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 156]}} | {{harvnb|Emch|Sridharan|Srinivas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}} }}</ref> Mu 1247, msandi wa masamu wa ku China [[Qin Jiushao]] wakalemba buku la ''[[Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections]]'', ilo likusazgamo [[Horner's method|nthowa yakuŵelenga]] ya [[Polynomial evaluation|kuŵelenga mtengo wa ma polynomial]], kusazgamo ma polynomial gha madigiri ghapachanya.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Smorynski|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qY657eFq7UgC&pg=PA137 137]}} | {{harvnb|Zwillinger|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gE_MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA812 812]}} }}</ref> {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 350 | image1 = Francois Viete.jpeg | alt1 = Drawing of François Viète | image2 = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes (cropped).jpg | alt2 = Painting of René Descartes | footer = [[François Viète]] (kumalyo) na [[René Descartes]] ŵakasanga viwimbo vyakwenerana kulongosora ma equation mwamzimu wakudumura na wachidango. }} Msandi wa masamu wa ku Italy [[Fibonacci]] wakiza na vinjeru na nthowa za Al-Khwarizmi ku Ulaya mu mabuku ghake, kusazgamo ''[[Liber Abaci]]''.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2013|pp=32–35}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=293}} }}</ref> Mu 1545, msandi wa masamu wa mitundu yinandi wa ku Italy [[Gerolamo Cardano]] wakafumiska buku lake ''[[Ars Magna (Cardano book)|Ars Magna]]'', ilo likakhwaskira vinthu vinandi mu algebra, likadumbiskana [[imaginary numbers|vipendeko vya mung'anamuro]], ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kupeleka nthowa zawonse zakumazgira ma equation gha [[Cubic equation|digiri yitatu]] na [[quartic equation|digiri yinayi]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=293}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Cardano and the Solving of Cubic and Quartic Equations}} | {{harvnb|Miyake|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G0P2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 268]}} }}</ref> Mu vilimika vya 16 na 17, ŵasandi ŵa masamu ŵa ku France [[François Viète]] na [[René Descartes]] ŵakiza na malembelo na viwimbo kwimira vyambura-kumanyikwa na nchito, kupangiska kuti ma equation ghalembeke mwamzimu wachidango na wakudumura. Awo ŵakaŵako panthazi pawo ŵakajighemezga pa malongosoro ghakuyowoya gha masuzgo na vyakumazga.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=291–292, 297–298, 302}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Viète and the Formal Equation, § Analytic Geometry}} }}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mbiri ŵakuwona kukula uku kuŵa mzuŵa wakuzirwa mu mbiri ya algebra ndipo ŵakuwona ivyo vikaŵako pambere kuŵa mbiri-ntchakwamba ya algebra chifukwa vikasoŵanga mzimu wakudumura uwo ukujimira pa kugwiliskira ntchito viwimbo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73]}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} }}</ref> Mu vilimika vya 17 na 18, kuyezgayezga kwakuluska kukachitika kupenja vyakumazga vyawonse ku ma polynomial gha digiri yankonde na yapachanya. Vyose ivi vikafiliskika.<ref name="auto3">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Impasse with Radical Methods}} }}</ref> Kumapeleko gha vilimika vya 18, msandi wa masamu wa ku Germany [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] wakalongosora fundo yikuru ya algebra, iyo yikulongosora kuŵako kwa [[Zero of a function|vizero]] vya ma polynomial gha digiri yiliyose kwambura kupeleka yankho lawonse.<ref name="auto7"/> Kwambilira kwa vilimika vya 19, msandi wa masamu wa ku Italy [[Paolo Ruffini]] na msandi wa masamu wa ku Norway [[Niels Henrik Abel]] [[Abel–Ruffini theorem|ŵakakhozga]] kuti palije yankho lawonse ilo lilipo ku ma polynomial gha digiri yankonde na yapachanya.<ref name="auto3"/> Kwiza pa na pamanyuma pachoko pa vyakusanga vyawo, msandi wa masamu wa ku France [[Évariste Galois]] wakakhozga icho pamanyuma chikachemeka [[Galois theory|sambiro la Galois]], ilo likapeleka kupenja kwakukuzura kwa vyakumazga vya ma polynomial apo so likakhozga msingi wa [[group theory|sambiro la magulu]].<ref name="auto2"/> Ŵasandi ŵa masamu paukhwakuŵa ŵakamanya kuzirwa kwa sambiro la magulu ku magulu ghanyake gha masamu ndipo ŵakaligwiliskira ntchito ku vipangizo nga geometry na sambiro la vipendeko.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Applications of Group Theory}} | {{harvnb|Bueno|French|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kmZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 73–75]}} }}</ref> [[File:Garrett Birkhoff.jpeg|thumb|alt=Photo of Garrett Birkhoff|[[Garrett Birkhoff]] wakakhozga vinjeru vinandi vya msingi vya algebra ya wonse.|left|upright=0.8]] Kwambira pakati pa vilimika vya 19, chikhumbo mu algebra chikasintha kufuma ku kusambira ma polynomial ivyo vikakhwaskana na algebra ya pulayimale kuya ku kupenja kwakukuru kwa magulu gha algebra, ndipo ichi chikawoneka pakufuma kwa [[abstract algebra|algebra yakudumura]]. Nthowa iyi yikapenja msingi wa maxiom wa nchito za algebra zakupambanapambana.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Structural Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref> Kusangika kwa ndondomeko nyifya za algebra izo zikuzirwa pa nchito na vinthu vyakupambanapambana vikalondezga kukula uku, nga [[Boolean algebra]], [[Vector space|algebra ya vector]], na [[matrix algebra|algebra ya matrix]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Matrices, § Quaternions and Vectors}} }}</ref> Vyakukula vyakuzirwa vyakwamba mu algebra yakudumura vikapangika na ŵasandi ŵa masamu ŵa ku Germany [[David Hilbert]], [[Ernst Steinitz]], na [[Emmy Noether]] pamoza na msandi wa masamu wa ku Austria [[Emil Artin]]. Ŵakasanda mitundu yakupambanapambana ya magulu gha algebra ndipo ŵakaghapatuliska kuyana na maxiom ghawo ghakuzikapo kuŵa mitundu, nga magulu, mphete, na minda.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Hilbert and Steinitz, § Noether and Artin}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref> Mzimu wa nthowa yikuru comenecomene iyo yikukhwaskana na algebra ya wonse ukaghanaghanika na msandi wa masamu wa ku England [[Alfred North Whitehead]] mu buku lake la 1898 ''A Treatise on Universal Algebra''. Kwambira mu vya 1930, msandi wa masamu wa ku America [[Garrett Birkhoff]] wakatandarizga vinjeru ivi ndipo wakakhozga vinjeru vinandi vya msingi vya gulu ili la sambiro.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8lNkXPJas4wC&pg=PR7 vii]}} | {{harvnb|Chang|Keisler|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uiHq0EmaFp0C&pg=PA603 603]}} | {{harvnb|Knoebel|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VWS_sgO2uvgC&pg=PA5 5]}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} }}</ref> Kusangika kwa algebra ya wonse kukalongozgera ku kufuma kwa vipimo vinyake vinyifya ivyo vikang'anamuka pa kupanga algebra ya masamu ghanyake{{em dash}}ndikuti, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za algebra ku magulu ghanyake gha masamu. Algebra ya topology yikafuma mu vilimika vyakwamba vya 20, kusambira magulu gha algebra nga [[topological groups|magulu gha topology]] na [[Lie groups|magulu gha Lie]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Carlson|2024|loc=§ History of topology}} }}</ref> Mu vya 1940 na 50, [[homological algebra|algebra ya homology]] yikafuma, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za algebra kusambira [[Homology (mathematics)|homology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Weibel|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 xi, 4]}} }}</ref> Pafupifupi nyengo yeneyiyo, [[category theory|sambiro la mikhaliro]] likafuma ndipo lyakhala likugwira ntchito yikuru mu [[foundations of mathematics|msingi wa masamu]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Krömer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=41bHxtHxjUAC&pg=PA61 61]}} | {{harvnb|Laos|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1r7dSn4ZqogC&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> Vyakukula vinyake vikaŵa kupangika kwa [[model theory|sambiro la vimodel]] na kusambira [[free algebra|algebra zamahara]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 6. Free Algebras}} }}</ref> {{clear}} == Kugwiliskika Ntchito == {{see also|Applied mathematics}} Chikoliro cha algebra nkhutandarika comenecomene, mu masamu mwene na mu kugwiliskika kwake ku magulu ghanyake gha masamu.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Houston|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA319 319]}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_49AmSWo4_AC&pg=PR7 vii–viii]}} }}</ref> Kupanga masamu ghanyake kuŵa gha algebra nkhu ndondomeko ya kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vinjeru vya algebra ku [[branches of mathematics|magulu ghanyake gha masamu]], nga [[geometry]], [[topology]], [[number theory|sambiro la vipendeko]], na [[calculus]]. Ichi chikuchitika mwakugwiliskira ntchito viwimbo mu mtundu wa vyambura-kumanyikwa kulongosora vinjeru vya masamu pa vipimo vikuru, kupangiska kuti ŵasandi ŵa masamu ŵapange vimodel vyakuzomerezgeka ivyo vikulongosora umo vinthu vikukhwaskirana na kukolerana wene.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5. Algebraization of Mathematics}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=130}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5. Algebraization of Mathematics}} | {{harvnb|Mancosu|1999|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=60qaEePdqcoC&pg=PA84 84–85]}} }}</ref> [[File:Sphere Quadric.png|thumb|alt=Rendered image of a sphere|Equation ya algebra <math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math> yikulongosora [[sphere|sphere]] ku [[Origin (mathematics)|malo ghakwambira]] ghali na radius ya 1.]] Nchito yimoza, iyo yikusangika mu geometry, ni kugwiliskira ntchito mazgu gha algebra kulongosora vithunzithunzi vya geometry. Mwachiyelezgero, equation <math>y = 3x - 7</math> yikulongosora mzere mu malo gha mibaru yiŵiri apo equation <math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math> yikuyana na [[sphere|sphere]] mu malo gha mibaru yitatu. Vyakuzirwa comenecomene ku [[algebraic geometry|geometry ya algebra]] ni [[algebraic varieties|mitundu yakuyana ya algebra]],{{efn|Mitundu yakuyana ya algebra iyo yikusambirika mu geometry njakupambana na mitundu yakuyana yikuru iyo yikusambirika mu algebra ya wonse.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1.4 Cartesian geometry, § 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Danilov|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QMWR-x66XUC&pg=PA174 174]}} }}</ref>}} izo ni vyakumazga vya [[systems of polynomial equations|ndondomeko za ma equation gha polynomial]] ivyo vingagwiliskika kulongosora vithunzithunzi vyapasuzgika vya geometry.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.1 Algebraic Geometry}} | {{harvnb|Danilov|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QMWR-x66XUC&pg=PA172 172, 174]}} }}</ref> Kughanaghanira mwa algebra kungamazgaso masuzgo gha geometry. Mwachiyelezgero, munthu wangamanya usange na apo mzere wakulongosoreka na <math>y = x + 1</math> ukukhwaskana na dindi (circle) ilo likulongosoreka na <math>x^2 + y^2 = 25</math> mwakumazga ndondomeko ya ma equation ghakupangika na ma equation ghaŵiri agha.<ref>{{harvnb|Vince|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B574tQbP6WcC&pg=PA133 133]}}</ref> Topology yikusambira vinjeru vya vithunzithunzi vya geometry panji [[topological space|malo gha topology]] ivyo vikukhalilira mwambura kusintha para vichitikirwa [[continuous deformation|kusintha kwakulutilira]]. [[Algebraic topology|Topology ya algebra]] yikuzirwa pa vinjeru vya algebra nga sambiro la magulu kupatuliska malo gha topology. Mwachiyelezgero, [[homotopy groups|magulu gha homotopy]] ghakupatuliska malo gha topology kuyana na kuŵako kwa [[Loop (topology)|majoro]] panji [[Hole#In mathematics|maenja]] mwa iwo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.3 Algebraic Topology}} | {{harvnb|Rabadan|Blumberg|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2967DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–50]}} | {{harvnb|Nakahara|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2C1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 121]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=52–53}} }}</ref> Sambiro la vipendeko likukhwaskana na vinjeru na ukhwaskano pakati pa vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika. [[Algebraic number theory|Sambiro la vipendeko la algebra]] likugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vinjeru vya algebra ku chipangizo ichi cha kupenja. Vyakuyelezgera ni kugwiliskira ntchito mazgu gha algebra kulongosora madango ghawonse, nga [[Fermat's Last Theorem|fundo yaumaliro ya Fermat]], na kugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha algebra kusanda mkhalidwe wa vipendeko, nga [[ring of integers|mphete ya vipendeko vyambura kugaŵika]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.2 Algebraic Number Theory}} | {{harvnb|Jarvis|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0j0qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Viterbo|Hong|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=d89QRR24jbMC&pg=PA127 127]}} }}</ref> Chipangizo chakukhwaskana ichi cha [[combinatorics|combinatorics]] chikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za algebra kumazga masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kuŵelenga, kunozga, na kukoleranya vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Chiyelezgero mu [[algebraic combinatorics|combinatorics ya algebra]] ni kugwiliskira ntchito sambiro la magulu kusanda [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|ma graph]] na symmetries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA550 550, 561]}} | {{harvnb|Godsil|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hLs6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8 viii]}} | {{harvnb|Betten|Kohnert|Laue|Wassermann|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G1TmCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 ix]}} }}</ref> Vinjeru vya algebra vikuzirwaso ku calculus, iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito mazgu gha masamu kupenja [[rates of change|liŵiro la kusintha]] na [[Integral|kuwungana]]. Yikuzirwa pa algebra, mwachiyelezgero, kupulikiska umo mazgu agha ghangasinthika na mzimu uwo vyambura-kumanyikwa vikugwira mwa iwo.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kilty|McAllister|2018|pp=x, 347, 589}} | {{harvnb|Bressoud|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkgHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}} }}</ref> [[Algebraic logic|Logic ya algebra]] yikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za algebra kulongosora na kusanda magulu na vinjeru ivyo vili musingi wa [[logical reasoning|kughanaghanira kwa logic]],<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Halmos|1956|p=363}} | {{harvnb|Burris|Legris|2021|loc=§ 1. Introduction}} }}</ref> kupenja vyose viŵiri, magulu ghenegho gha masamu na kugwiliskika kwawo ku masuzgo ghakuwoneka gha logic.<ref>{{harvnb|Andréka|Németi|Sain|2001|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-0452-6_3 133–134]}}</ref> Yikusazgamo kusambira [[Boolean algebra]] kulongosora [[propositional logic]]<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Andréka|Madarász|Németi|2020|loc=§ Concrete Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.4 Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Plotkin|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-v3xCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155–156]}} | {{harvnb|Jansana|2022|loc=Lead section}} }}</ref> pamoza na kupanga na kusanda magulu gha algebra ghakuyana na [[Logic#Systems_of_logic|ndondomeko za logic]] zapasuzgika kuluska.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Andréka|Madarász|Németi|2020|loc=§ Abstract Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Jansana|2022|loc=§ 4. Algebras}} }}</ref> [[File:Rubik's cube.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Picture of Rubik's cube|Mbali za [[Rubik's Cube]] zingazingilizgika kusintha kunozgeka kwa vipande vyakupambanapambana mitundu (colored patches). Vipimo ivyo vikufuma pamanyuma (permutations) vikupanga gulu ilo likuchemeka [[Rubik's Cube group|gulu la Rubik's Cube]].<ref>{{harvnb|Joyner|2008|p=92}}</ref>]] Nthowa za algebra zikugwiliskikaso comenecomene mu magulu ghanyake, nga sayansi za chilengechilenge. Mwachiyelezgero, zikugwiliskika kulongosora [[scientific laws|madango gha kasandiro]] na kumazga ma equation mu [[physics]], [[chemistry]], na [[biology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Houston|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA319 319]}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PJ-WHepeBsC&pg=PA327 327]}} }}</ref> Kugwiliskika kwakuyana kukusangikaso mu magulu nga [[economics]], [[geography]], [[engineering]] (kusazgamo [[electronics]] na [[robotics]]), na [[computer science]] kulongosora ukhwaskano, kumazga masuzgo, na kupanga vimodel vya ndondomeko.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Aleskerov|Ersel|Piontkovski|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ipcSD8ZGB8cC&pg=PA1 1–9]}} | {{harvnb|Straffin|1980|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2689388 269]}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} | {{harvnb|Lovett|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRUqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix]}} | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_49AmSWo4_AC&pg=PR7 vii–viii]}} }}</ref> Algebra ya mzere yikugwira ntchito yikuru mu [[artificial intelligence]] na [[machine learning]], mwachiyelezgero, mwakukhozgera kuwendeska na kusanda [[dataset|masetu gha data]] ghakuru mwakuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wheeler|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IqQIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29, 36–37]}} | {{harvnb|Gallier|Quaintance|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jWLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} }}</ref> Magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakuzirwa pa magulu gha algebra ghakusambirika na algebra yakudumura. Mwachiyelezgero, sayansi za vinthu nga [[crystallography]] na [[quantum mechanics]] zikugwiliskira ntchito comenecomene sambiro la magulu,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Klimov|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DZK3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix]}} | {{harvnb|Bengtsson|Życzkowski|2017|pp=313–353}} }}</ref> ilo likugwiliskikaso kusambira ma puzzle nga [[Sudoku]] na [[Rubik's Cube]],<ref>{{harvnb|Terras|2019|pp=63–64, 142}}</ref> na [[Mathematics of paper folding|origami]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hull|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LdX7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref> Vyose viŵiri [[coding theory|sambiro la ma code]] na [[cryptology]] zikuzirwa pa algebra yakudumura kumazga masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na [[data transmission|kutuma data]], nga kujiwezga na vikwaskiro (noise) na kukhozgera [[data security|chitetezo cha data]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=183–184, 239–240}} | {{harvnb|Carstensen|Fine|Rosenberger|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo6iSxRfXz0C&pg=PA326 326–327]}} }}</ref> == Masambizgo == {{See also|Mathematics education}} [[File:Balance scale.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of a balance scale|[[Balance scales|Vipimiro vyakulinganya]] vikugwiliskika mu masambizgo gha algebra kovwira ŵasambiri kupulikiska umo ma equation ghangasinthika kuti ghamanye viŵelengero vyambura kumanyikwa.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kieran|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OTCsKu0BZ0kC&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Kaput|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GUPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 186]}} |{{harvnb|Gardella|DeLucia|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HBXFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–22]}} }}</ref>]] Masambizgo gha algebra ghakuzirwa comenecomene pa algebra ya pulayimale, chimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo algebra ya pulayimale yikuchemekaso "algebra ya sukulu". Comenecomene, yikwambiskika yayi kwambira mu [[secondary education|masambizgo ghapachanya]] chifukwa yikukhumba kumanya makora masamu ghakwamba apo yikwizaso na vyakusuzga vinyake vipya ivyo vikukhwaskana na kughanaghanira kwakudumura na kwawonse.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|p=xiii}} | {{harvnb|Dekker|Dolk|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA69 69]}} }}</ref> Yikukhumba kuzgoŵeska ŵasambiri na mbali yakuzomerezgeka ya masamu mwakuŵawovwira kupulikiska viwimbo vya masamu, mwachiyelezgero, umo vyambura-kumanyikwa vingagwiliskika kwimira viŵelengero vyambura kumanyikwa. Kususka kwinyake ku ŵasambiri nkhwakuti, kupambana na kuŵelenga kwaumaliro, mazgu gha algebra ghakusuzga comenecomene kumazgika mwakwenderana. M'malo mwake, ŵasambiri ŵakukhumbikwa kusambira umo ŵangaghasinthira kuyana na madango ghanyake, kanandi kuti ŵamanye chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|pp=2–5}} | {{harvnb|Drijvers|Goddijn|Kindt|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA8 8–10, 16–18]}} }}</ref> Vipangizo vinyake vyakwiziska ŵasambiri ku mbali yakudumura ya algebra vikuzirwa pa vimodel vyakuwoneka na kulongora ma equation, kusazgamo vyakuyelezgera vya geometry, vipangizo vyakugwira nawo nchito nga vikoli panji makapu, na "makina gha nchito" (function machines) ivyo vikulongora ma equation kuŵa [[flow diagram|maonekero gha kuluta patsogolo]]. Nthowa yimoza yikugwiliskira ntchito [[balance scales|vipimiro vyakulinganya]] kuŵa nthowa yakuwoneka yakovwira ŵasambiri kupulikiska masuzgo ghakwamba gha algebra. Uzito wa vinthu vinyake pa chipimiro nchambura kumanyikwa ndipo ukwimira vyambura-kumanyikwa. Kumazga equation kukuyana na kusazga na kuwuskapo vinthu ku mbali zose ziŵiri mwakuti mbali zikhalilire mu ulinganyi mpaka chinthu chimoza pera icho chikhala pa mbali yimoza ni chinthu chambura kumanyikwa uzito wake.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kieran|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OTCsKu0BZ0kC&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Kaput|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GUPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 186]}} |{{harvnb|Gardella|DeLucia|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HBXFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–22]}} | {{harvnb|Star|Foegen|Larson|McCallum|2015|pp=16–17}} }}</ref> [[Word problem (mathematics education)|Masuzgo gha mazgu]] ni chipangizo chinyake chakulongora umo algebra yikugwiliskika ku vinthu vyaunenesko vya moyo. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵasambiri ŵangapika mu mkhalidwe uwo mbale wa Naomi wali na machiyembe ghakuŵirapo kuŵiri kuluska Naomi. Pakuti ŵaŵiri wose pamoza ŵali na machiyembe 12, ŵasambiri ŵakupikika kuti ŵasange equation ya algebra iyo yikulongosora mkhalidwe uwu ({{tmath|1= 2x + x = 12 }}) na kumanya machiyembe ghaŵi agho Naomi wali nagho {{nowrap|({{tmath|1= x = 4 }}).<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Drijvers|Goddijn|Kindt|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA13 13]}} }}</ref>}} Pa vipimo vya yunivesite, ŵasambiri ŵa masamu ŵakukhwaskana na mitu yapachanya ya algebra kufuma ku algebra ya mzere na algebra yakudumura. Makalasi ghakwamba gha [[undergraduate|digiri yakwamba]] mu algebra ya mzere ghakuzirwa pa ma matrix, malo gha vector, na mapu gha mzere. Para ŵamalizga, ŵasambiri comenecomene ŵakwiziskika ku algebra yakudumura, uko ŵakusambira magulu gha algebra nga magulu, mphete, na minda, pamoza na ukhwaskano pakati pawo. Masambiro (curriculum) ghakuzirwa comenecomene ghakukhwaskaso vithuzi vyapadera vya magulu gha algebra, nga ndondomeko za vipendeko vyakugaŵikika, vipendeko vyeneco, na ma polynomial.<ref>{{harvnb|Hausberger|Zandieh|Fleischmann|2021|pp=147–148}}</ref> == Vinyake Vyakukhwaskana == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * {{annotated link|Commutative algebra}} * {{annotated link|Computer algebra}} * {{annotated link|Exterior algebra}} * {{annotated link|F-algebra}} * {{annotated link|Geometric algebra}} * {{annotated link|Non-associative algebra}} * {{annotated link|Outline of algebra}} * {{annotated link|Representation theory}} * {{annotated link|Tensor}} {{div col end}} == References == === Notes === {{notelist}} === Citations === {{reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Abas |first1=Syed Jan |last2=Salman |first2=Amer Shaker |title=Symmetries Of Islamic Geometrical Patterns |date=1994 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4502-21-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5snsCgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 12, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mahima Ranjan |title=Basic Algebraic Topology and its Applications |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-2843-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIAXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=August 5, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mahima Ranjan |last2=Adhikari |first2=Avishek |title=Basic Modern Algebra with Applications |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-1599-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |language=en |date=2013 |access-date=August 5, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Aleskerov |first1=Fuad |last2=Ersel |first2=Hasan |last3=Piontkovski |first3=Dmitri |title=Linear Algebra for Economists |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-20570-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipcSD8ZGB8cC&pg=PA1 |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite web |last1=Andréka |first1=H. |last2=Madarász |first2=J. 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A. |title=Introduction to Abstract Algebra, Third Edition |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-7514-0147-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hyf0QoB_0C&pg=PA61 |language=en |date=1995}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=G. Arnell |title=Algebra the Beautiful: An Ode to Math's Least-Loved Subject |date=2022 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5416-0070-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=581CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Robert A. |author-link=Robert Arnott Wilson |title=The Finite Simple Groups |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |series=[[Graduate Texts in Mathematics]] |isbn=978-1-84800-987-5 |doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-988-2 |year=2009 |zbl=1203.20012 |volume=251}} * {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Cynthia Y. |title=Precalculus |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-75684-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=RA1-PA999 |language=en |access-date=January 16, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Cynthia Y. |title=Precalculus |date=2023 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-86940-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA714 |language=en |access-date=January 18, 2024}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite web |author1=zbMATH Open |title=Classification |url=https://zbmath.org/classification/ |website=zbMATH Open |publisher=Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH Open |access-date=March 17, 2024 |language=en |date=2024 |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719184539/https://zbmath.org/classification/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Zwillinger |first1=Daniel |title=CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae |date=2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-3534-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE_MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA812 |language=en |access-date=January 27, 2024}}{{cbignore}} {{Refend}} == External links == {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|algebra}} {{Wikibooks|Algebra}} {{EB1911 poster|Algebra}} {{Algebra}} {{Polynomials}} {{Areas of mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Algebra| ]] qym8mrx5dbkm0n5zj1c3ingcgpwr1ak 0 6233 122632 122360 2026-09-28T02:32:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Makina yakulongozgeka iyo yikunozga uthenga}} {{Other uses|Mrangura (disambiguation)}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Pp-move}} {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300 | image1 = ENIAC-changing a tube (cropped).jpg | alt1 = Black-and-white image of a man replacing one vacuum tube out of hundreds in early computer | image2 = IBM System360 Mainframe.jpg | alt2 = Computer room with multiple computer cabinets and operating panel | image3 = LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG | alt3 = Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand | image4 = ThinkCentre S50.jpg | alt4 = Black desktop computer with monitor on top and keyboard in front | image5 = Gamecube-console.jpg | alt5 = Purple video game console with attached controller | image6 = Summit (supercomputer).jpg | alt6 = Rows of large, dark computer cabinets in warehouse-like room | footer = Computers and computing devices from different eras—left to right, top to bottom: {{bulleted list |Early vacuum tube computer ([[ENIAC]]) |[[Mainframe]] computer ([[IBM System/360]]) |[[Smartphone]] ([[LYF]] Water 2) |[[Desktop computer]] (IBM [[ThinkCentre#S50|ThinkCentre S50]] with monitor) |[[Video game console]] (Nintendo [[GameCube]]) |[[Supercomputer]] (IBM [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]]) }} }} '''Mrangura''' ni [[makina]]. Iwo ungaŵa [[Kupanga mapulogalamu gha pa mrangura|kupanga mapulogalamu]]. Iwo mwaŵene [[Kupha (kuŵerengera)|kuchita]] ndondomeko. Ndondomeko izi ni za [[masamu]] panji [[mapulogalamu ghakumanyikwa]]. Ichi chikuchemeka ''[[kupenda]]''. Mamrangura gha mazuŵa ghano [[gha pa mrangura]] ghakuchita vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Ntchito izi zikumanyikwa kuti [[Pulogalamu ya mrangura|''mapulogalamu'']]. Mapulogiramu ghakovwira mamrangura kuti ghachitenge milimo yinandi. Lizgu lakuti '''dongosolo la mrangura''' lingayowoya za mrangura yose. Ivi vikusazgapo [[Vipangizo vya pa mrangura|vipangizo vya pa mrangura]], [[vipangizo vyakugwiliskira ntchito]], [[vipangizo]], na [[vipangizo vyakuzungulira]]. Vinthu ivi vikukhumbikwa kuti vigwirenge ntchito mwakukwana. Mwakuyana waka, likung’anamura gulu la mamrangura. Mamrangura agha ghakukolerana. Ŵakugwira ntchito pamoza. Viyelezgero ivi ni [[netiweki ya mrangura]] panji [[gulu la mrangura]]. Vinthu vinandi vikugwiriskira ncito mamrangura. Ivi vikusazgapo [[Mulongozgi wa mapulogalamu|mafakitale]] na [[Vinthu vya magesi vyakuguliska|vinthu vyakuguliska]]. Ŵakugwiriskira ncito mamrangura nga ni [[ndondomeko yakulongozgera]]s. Viyelezgero ni vipangizo vipusu nga ni [[uvuni wa microwave]] na [[kulongozgera patali]]. Vipangizo vya mafakitale nga ni [[roboti ya mafakitale]]s navyo vikuvigwiriskira ncito. Mamrangura ni ghakuzirwa chomene pa vipangizo vyakugwiriskira ntchito ŵanthu wose. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo [[mrangura]] na [[chipangizo cha pa foni]] nga ni [[foni yamakono]]. Mamrangura ghakupereka nkhongono ku [[Intaneti]]. Intaneti yikukoleska mamrangura mabiliyoni ghanandi na ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Intaneti. Mamrangura ghakale ghakaŵanga ghakugwiliskirika nchito waka pa [[kupenda]]. Vipangizo vyambura kusuzga vyakulembeka vikawovwiranga pa mawerengero. [[Abacus]] nchiyelezgero. Ŵanthu ŵali kugwiliskira ntchito kufuma waka pa nyengo yakale. Mu nyengo ya [[Kusintha kwa Mafakitale]], ŵakapanga vipangizo vya makina. Ŵakachitanga ntchito zitali ndiposo zakutondeska. Chiyelezgero ni ndondomeko yakulongozga ya [[loom]]s. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m’ma 1900, ŵakapanga makina ghapachanya chomene gha magesi. Ŵakachitanga mawerengero ghapadera [[Vinthu vya magesi vya analogue|analog]]. Mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], ŵakapanga makina ghakwamba ghakupenda ndalama gha pa mrangura [[Digital data|digital]]. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa makina gha [[mrangura ya makina|makina gha magesi]]. Ŵakagwiliskirangaso ntchito [[vavu ya thermionic]]s. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1940, [[semikondakita]] [[transistor]]s yikawonekera. Mu vilimika vya kumanyuma vya m’ma 1950, vipangizo vya [[silicon]]-vyakupangika na [[MOSFET]] (transistor ya MOS) na [[dera lakuphatikizgika la monolithic]] vikalondezgapo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe [[maikroprosesa]]. Ŵakapangiskaso kuti paŵe [[kusintha kwa mamrangura ghachokoghachoko]] mu vilimika vya m’ma 1970. Kufuma nyengo iyi, luŵiro lwa mrangura, nkhongono, na kugwira ntchito zinandi vyasazgikira chomene. [[Chiŵerengero cha ma transistor]]s chakwera mwaluŵiro. [[Dango la Moore]] likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵazganga kaŵiri pa vilimika viŵiri vyose. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Kusintha kwa Digito]]. Likachitika kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1900 na kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1900. Mwakuyana waka, mrangura ya mazuŵa ghano yili na [[chinthu chakupangira vinthu]] chimoza. Ichi chikuŵa [[chigaŵa chapakati cha kupanga vinthu]] (CPU). CPU kanandi yikuŵa [[maikroprosesa]]. Kweniso likusazgapo mtundu unyake wa [[memory ya mrangura]]. Ichi chikuŵa [[kukumbukira kwa semiconductor]] vipangizo. Chinthu chakunozga chikuchita ntchito za masamu. Iwo ukuchitaso ntchito zakupulikikwa. Unit yakulongozgera na kulaŵilira yikusazgapo. Unit iyi ingasintha ndondomeko ya ntchito. Ikuzgora ku [[data|uthenga]] wakusungika. Vipangizo vyakuzungulira ndiwo chigaŵa cha ndondomeko. Iwo ŵakusazgapo vipangizo vyakunjilirapo. Viyelezgero ni [[Tekinoloje ya kiyibodi|makiyibodi]], [[Mbeŵa ya pa mrangura|mbeŵa]], na [[joysticks]]. Iwo ŵakusazgaposo vipangizo vyakufumiskiramo. Viyelezgero ni [[Kuwonelera mrangura|kuwonelera]] na [[Kusindikizga (kusindikizga)|kusindikizga]]. Pali [[Vipangizo vyakunjilirapo na vyakufumamo|vipangizo vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumiska]] navyo. Ivi vikuchita milimo yose yiŵiri. Chiyelezgero ni [[kukhwaska|kukhwaska]]. Vipangizo vyakuzungulira vikuzomerezga kusanga uthenga. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikufuma ku malo gha kuwaro. Iwo ŵakovwiraso kusunga vyakusangikamo. Ivyo vikufuma mu opareshoni vingasangikaso. {{TOC limit|3}} == Mbiri ya zina == [[File:X-4 with Female Computer - GPN-2000-001932.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Munthu-mrangura]], iyo yili na microscope na calculator, 1952|alt=A human computer.]] Pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900 ndipo lizgu ili likamba kumanyikwa makora mazuŵa ghano; kuyana na ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]'', kugwiriskira ncito kwakwamba kwakumanyikwa kwa lizgu lakuti ''mrangura'' kukaŵa mu ng'anamuro lakupambana, mu buku la 1613 lakuchemeka ''The Yong Mans Gleanings'' la mulembi wa Chingelezi [[Richard Brathwait]]: "Ine {{sic}} kuŵazga mrangura yaunenesko ya Times, ndipo Nkhwantha ya Masamu yiwemi chomene iyo euer {{sic|nolink=y}} kupuma, ndipo wakuchepeskako mazuŵa ghako kuŵa nambara yifupi." Kugwiriskira ncito lizgu ili kukayowoyanga za [[mrangura ya munthu]], munthu uyo ​​wakacitanga mawerengero panji [[mawerengero]]s. Lizgu ili likalutilira kuŵa na ng’anamuro limoza mpaka pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900. Mu nyengo ya umaliro wa nyengo iyi, ŵanakazi ŵakaŵanga nga ni mrangura yawo. ŵanyawo.{{Sfn|Evans|2018|p=23}} Mu 1943, mamrangura ghanandi gha ŵanthu ghakaŵa gha ŵanakazi ..{{Sfn|Smith|2013|p=6}} ''[[Dikishonale ya Etymology pa Intaneti]]'' yikupereka ukaboni wakwamba wakugwiriskira ncito ''mrangura'' mu vilimika vya m'ma 1640, kung'anamura 'uyo wakupenda'; iyi ni "zina la wovwiri kufuma ku compute (v.)". "Dikishonale ya Etymology ya pa intaneti" yikuti kugwiriskira ncito lizgu ili kukung'anamura {{" '}}makina ghakuŵerengera' (gha mtundu uliwose) kufuma mu 1897." "Online Etymology Dictionary" yikulongora kuti "kugwiriskira ncito kwa mazuŵa ghano" kwa lizgu ili, kung'anamura 'mrangura ya digito yakupangika' yikafuma mu "1945 pasi pa zina ili; [mu] fundo [yakusambizga] kufuma mu 1937, nga ni ''[[makina gha Turing]]''".<ref>{{cite web |title=computer (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=computer |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en-US |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116065135/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=computer }}</ref> The name has remained, although modern computers are capable of many higher-level functions. == Mbiri == {{Main|Mbiri ya mrangura|Mbiri ya vipangizo vya mrangura}} {{For timeline|Timeline of computing}} === Pre-20th century === [[File:Os d'Ishango IRSNB.JPG|thumb|upright=0.65|[[Chiwangwa cha Ishango]], [[chida cha fupa]] icho chikapangika mu nyengo ya [[Africa pambere mbiri yindambe]]]] Vipangizo vyagwiriskirika ncito kuti viwovwire pa kupenda kwa virimika vikwi vinandi, comenecomene vikugwiriskira ncito [[kulemberana kwa yumoza na yumoza]] na [[kupenda kwa minwe|minwe]]. Chipangizo chakwamba chakuŵerengera chikwenera kuti chikaŵa mtundu wa [[tally stick]]. Pamanyuma pake vyakovwira kusunga vyakulembeka mu [[Fertile Crescent]] yose vikaŵa na calculi (vigaŵa vya dongo, makoni, na vinyake) ivyo vikayimiranga viŵelengero vya vinthu, vikwenera kuti vikaŵa viŵeto panji mbewu, ivyo vikajalirika mu viŵiya vya dongo vyambura kuphika. vimanyikwiro, vyose pamoza vikaŵa chiŵelengero cha vinthu ivyo vikasamuskikanga. Mwantheura viŵiya ivi vikaŵanga nga ni [[bill of lading]] panji buku la akaunti. Kuti ŵaleke kuphyora viŵiya ivi, cakwamba ŵakaŵikanga vithuzithuzi vya dongo vya vimanyikwiro kuwaro kwa viŵiya ivi, kuti ŵaŵerengerenge; mawonekero gha vithuzithuzi vikafumiskikapo mu vimanyikwiro vyakupangika; paumaliro, vimanyikwiro vyambura kumanyikwa vikagwiriskirika ncito mwandondomeko nga ni manambara; manambala agha pamanyuma ghakazomerezgeka kuŵa manambara.<br />Paumaliro vimanyikwiro ivyo vikaŵa kuwaro kwa viŵiya ndivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti vilongosore unandi, ndipo viŵiya vya dongo vikasintha na kuŵa viphapha vya dongo ivyo vikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya unandi. {{harvnb|Schmandt-Besserat|1999}} estimates it took 4000 years.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robson |first=Eleanor |title=Mathematics in Ancient Iraq |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-09182-2 |page=5 |author-link=Eleanor Robson}}: calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a [[sexagesimal number system]] was in use 2350–2000 BCE.</ref> Kugwiriskira ncito [[ndodo zakuŵerengera]] nchiyelezgero cimoza. [[File:Abacus 6.png|thumb|upright=1.15|left|The Chinese [[suanpan]] ({{lang|zh|算盘}}). The number represented on this [[abacus]] is 6,302,715,408.]] Pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[abacus]] pa ntchito za masamu. [[Abacus wa Ŵaroma]] wakapangika kufuma ku vipangizo ivyo vikagwiliskirikanga nchito ku [[Babuloni]] kufuma waka mu 2400 B.C.E. Kufuma nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵali kupanga mitundu yinyake yinandi ya matabwa panji matebulo ghakuŵerengera. Mu nyengo ya ŵamitundu ŵa ku Europe [[nyumba yakupenda ndalama]], ŵakaŵikanga pa thebulu salu yakupangika na vithuzithuzi, ndipo vimanyikwiro vikazungulirazungulira pa thebulu ilo mwakuyana na malango ghanyake, nga ni wovwiri pakupenda ndalama.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Flegg, Graham. |title=Numbers through the ages |date=1989 |publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=0-333-49130-0|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |language=en-US |oclc=24660570}}</ref> [[File:Antikythera Fragment A (Front).webp|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Nthowa ya Antikythera]], iyo yikapangika mu [[Grisi wakale]] pafupifupi mu 200–80 B.C.E., ni chipangizo chakwambilira [[chakupangira mamrangura ghakuyana waka]].] Ŵakugomezga kuti [[Nthowa ya Antikythera]] ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba chomene [[mrangura ya analog]], kuyana na [[Derek J. de Solla Price]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html ''The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html |date=28 April 2008 }}, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.</ref> Likapangika kuti liŵerengerenge malo agho ŵasayansi ŵa mu mlengalenga ŵali. Likasangika mu 1901 mu [[chikepe cha Antikythera]] pafupi na chirwa cha [[Antikythera]] ku Greece, pakati pa [[Kythera]] na [[Krete]], ndipo ŵakuti likasangika pafupifupi mu 1900. {{circa|100 BCE}}. Vipangizo vyakuyana waka na vya Antikythera vikawonekangaso yayi m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 1400.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marchant |first=Jo |date=1 November 2006 |title=In search of lost time |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=534–538 |doi=10.1038/444534a |pmid=17136067 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M |s2cid=4305761 |doi-access=free | issn = 0028-0836}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi vyakovwira pa kupenda na kupima vinthu vikapangika kuti vigwiriskike nchito pa kusanda vyakuthambo na pa kwenda pa nyanja. [[Chati cha nyenyezi]] chikaŵa [[tchati cha nyenyezi]] icho chikapangika na [[Al-Biruni|Abu Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1000.<ref name="Wiet">G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Limited, [[UNESCO]].</ref> Chinthu cha Astrolabe chikapangika mu charu cha Ŵagiriki mu vilimika vya m’ma 100 panji 200 B.C.E. Kusazgapo kwa planisphere na dioptra, astrolabe yikaŵa nadi mrangura ya analog iyo yingakwaniska kugwiliskira nchito mitundu yakupambanapambana ya masuzgo mu vyakuthambo vyakuzungulira. Astrolabe iyo yikusazgapo mrangura ya kalendara<ref>Fuat Sezgin. "Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science (at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University", Frankfurt, Germany), Frankfurt Book Fair 2004, pp.&nbsp;35 & 38.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=François |last=Charette |title=Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=551–552 |year=2006 |doi=10.1038/444551a|pmid=17136077 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C |s2cid=33513516 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ndipo matayala gha magiya ghakapangika na Abi Bakr wa ku Isfahan, Peresiya mu 1235.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Silvio A.|last1=Bedini|first2=Francis R.|last2=Maddison|year=1966|title=Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1–69|jstor=1006002|doi=10.2307/1006002}}</ref> Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī wakapanga kalendara yakwamba ya nyenyezi,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Derek de S.|last=Price|author-link=Derek J. de Solla Price|year=1984|title=A History of Calculating Machines|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-micro_1984-02_4_1/page/22|journal=IEEE Micro|volume=4|number=1|pages=22–52|doi=10.1109/MM.1984.291305}}</ref> makina ghakale ghakukhazikika ghakupanga umanyi<ref name=Oren>{{cite journal|first=Tuncer|last=Őren|author-link=Tuncer Őren|year=2001|title=Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents|url=http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|journal=Turk J Elec Engin|volume=9|number=1|pages=63–70|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033859/http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> na sitima ya magiya na matayala ya magiya,<ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar", ''Annals of Science'' '''42''', pp.&nbsp;139–163.</ref> {{circa|1000 AD}}. Chigaŵa ichi, chipangizo chakuŵerengera icho chikugwiriskirika nchito pa kumazga masuzgo mu chiŵelengero, trigonometry, kuchulukizga na kugaŵa, ndiposo pa milimo yakupambanapambana, nga ni makwerero na mizu ya cube, chikapangika kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1500 ndipo chikasangika kuti chikugwiliskirika ntchito pa kupanga mfuti, kupenda na kulongozga pa nyanja. Planimeter yikaŵa chipangizo cha mawoko chakupenda malo gha chithuzithuzi chakujalika mwa kuchilembapo na chinthu chakukolerana. [[File:Sliderule 2005.png|thumb|upright=1.25|left|A [[slide rule]]]] Rulala la slide likapangika pafupifupi 1620–1630, na msambizgi wa Chingelezi William Oughtred, nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo fundo ya logarithm yikasindikizgikira. Ni mrangura ya analog iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito na mawoko kuti yichitenge kuchulukizga na kugaŵa. Apo malango gha slide ghakalutanga panthazi, masikelo ghakusazgikira ghakapereka vimanyikwiro vyakuyana waka, makwerero na mizu ya makwerero, ma cube na mizu ya ma cube, ndiposo milimo yakujumpha nga ni logarithms na exponentials, circular na hyperbolic trigonometry na milimo yinyake. Malango ghakulongora vithuzithuzi agho ghali na masikelo ghapadera ghachali kugwiliskirika ntchito kuti ŵachitenge mwaluŵiro mawerengero gha nyengo zose, nga ni dango la E6B lakuzungulira ilo likugwiriskirika nchito pa nyengo na mtunda . calculations on light aircraft. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, uyo wakapanga mawotchi ku Switzerland, wakapanga chidole cha makina (automaton) icho chingalemba uku chikukora bolopointi ya quill. Pakusintha nambara na ndondomeko ya matayala ghake gha mukati, vilembo vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ntheura uthenga wakupambanapambana, ungapangika. Mukuyowoya mwakudumura, yingaŵa "yakupangika" kuti yiŵerenge malango. Pamoza na makina ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakusuzga, chidole ichi chili ku Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu vya Kale ya ku Neuchâtel, ku Switzerland, ndipo chikugwira ntchito m’paka sono.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=The Writer Automaton, Switzerland |url=http://www.chonday.com/Videos/the-writer-automaton |publisher=chonday.com |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220154407/http://www.chonday.com/Videos/the-writer-automaton }}</ref> Mu 1831–1835, nkhwantha ya masamu na injiniya [[Giovanni Plana]] wakapanga [[Cappella dei Mercanti (Turin)#Perpetual calendar|Perpetual Calendar machine]], iyo kwizira mu ndondomeko ya mapulley na masilinda yikamanyiska [[perpetual calendar]] ya chaka chilichose kufuma mu 0 CE (ndiko kuti, 1 BCE) m'paka 4000 CE, kusunga utali wa vyaka vyakujumphapo na vyakupambanapambana vya zuŵa. [[tide-predicting machine]] iyo yikapangika na wasayansi wa ku Scotland [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] mu 1872 yikaŵa yakovwira chomene pa kwenda mu maji ghambura kunyang'amira. Likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndondomeko ya mapulley na mawaya kuti liŵerengerenge yekha unandi wa maji agho ghakuyowoyeka kuti ghazamuŵapo pa nyengo yinyake pa malo ghanyake. [[differential analyser]], mrangura ya makina ya analog iyo yikapangika kuti yimazge [[differential equation]]s na [[integral|integration]], yikagwiliskira nchito nthowa za matayala na diski kuti yiphatikizge vinthu ivi. Mu 1876, Sir William Thomson wakadumbiskana kale za umo vingaŵira vyakuzenga vyakuŵerengera vyanthena ivi, kweni wakatondeka na nkhongono yichoko yakufumiramo ya [[ball-and-disk integrator]]s.<ref name="scientific-computing.com">Ray Girvan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html "The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html|date=3 November 2012}}, ''Scientific Computing World'', May/June 2003.</ref> Mu chipangizo chakuwonera vyakupambana, ivyo vikafumanga ku integrator yimoza vikapangiskanga kuti integrator yakulondezgapo yinjiremo, panji kuti graphing output. [[torque amplifier]] ndiyo yikaŵa nthowa iyo yikapangiska kuti makina agha ghagwirenge ntchito. Kufuma mu 1920s, [[Vannevar Bush]] na ŵanyake ŵakapanga makina ghakuwonera mphambano. Mu 1890s, injiniya wa ku Spain [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] wakamba kupanga mndandanda wa [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo#Analogue calculating machines|analog machines]] wakupambanapambana uwo ungamazga misisi yeneco na yakusuzga ya [[polynomial]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Leonardo |author-link=Leonardo Torres Quevedo |date=1895-10-10 |title=Memória sobre las Máquinas Algébricas |url=https://quickclick.es/rop/pdf/publico/1895/1895_tomoI_28_01.pdf |journal=Revista de Obras Públicas |language=es |issue=28 |pages=217–222}}</ref><ref name="MaquinasAlgebricasLTQ">Leonardo Torres. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo0NAQAAIAAJ Memoria sobre las máquinas algébricas: con un informe de la Real academia de ciencias exactas, fisicas y naturales]'', Misericordia, 1895.</ref><ref name="Thomas2008">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Federico |date=2008-08-01 |title=A short account on Leonardo Torres' endless spindle |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094114X07001231 |journal=[[Mechanism and Machine Theory]] |publisher=[[International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science|IFToMM]] |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1055–1063 |doi=10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.07.003 |issn=0094-114X|hdl=10261/30460 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gomez-JaureguiGutierrez-GarciaGonzález-RedondoIglesiasManchadoOtero2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Gomez-Jauregui |first1=Valentin |last2=Gutierrez-Garcia |first2=Andres |last3=González-Redondo |first3=Francisco A. |last4=Iglesias |first4=Miguel |last5=Manchado |first5=Cristina |last6=Otero |first6=Cesar |date=2022-06-01 |title=Torres Quevedo's mechanical calculator for second-degree equations with complex coefficients|journal=[[Mechanism and Machine Theory]] |publisher=[[International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science|IFToMM]] |volume=172 |issue=8|page=104830 |doi=10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2022.104830|s2cid=247503677 |doi-access=free |hdl=10902/24391 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> iyo yikasindikizgika mu 1901 na [[French Academy of Sciences|Paris Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=1901|first=Leonardo|language=fr|last=Torres Quevedo|publisher=Impr. nationale (París)|title=Machines á calculer|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k840139b?rk=21459;2 |journal=Mémoires Présentés par Divers Savants à l'Académie des Scienes de l'Institut de France |volume=XXXII}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> === mrangura yakwamba === [[File:Charles Babbage. Wood engraving, 1871. Wellcome V0000259.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Charles Babbage]] {{multiple image |direction = vertical |footer = |align = right |image1 = Difference engine plate 1853.jpg |caption1 = A diagram of a portion of Babbage's [[Difference engine]] |image2 = Differenceengine.jpg|width=165 |caption2 = The Difference Engine Number 2 at the [[Intellectual Ventures]] laboratory in Seattle }} [[Charles Babbage]], injiniya wa makina wa ku England ndipo [[polymath]], ndiyo wakambiska fundo yakuti paŵe mrangura iyo yingaŵikika mu mapulogiramu. Kuwona kuti "[[computer pioneer|father of the computer]]",<ref>{{cite book |author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen |title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala |url-access=registration |year=1970 |publisher=Crowell-Collier Press |isbn=978-0-02-741370-0 }}</ref> iyo wakaghanaghana na kupanga [[mechanical computer]] wakwamba mu vilimika vya m'ma 19th century. Pamanyuma pakugwira ntchito pa [[difference engine]] yake wakapharazga ivyo wakapanga mu 1822, mu pepala ilo wakalemba ku [[Royal Astronomical Society]], ilo likaŵa na mutu wakuti "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables".<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |last2=Robertson |first2=Edmund F. |author-link2=Edmund F. Robertson |date=1998 |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html |title=Charles Babbage |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland |access-date=2006-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616002258/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html |archive-date=2006-06-16 }}</ref> Kuŵika mapulogalamu na data kukaŵa kuti kupelekeka ku makina kwizira mu [[punched card]]s, nthowa iyo yikagwiriskirika ncito pa nyengo iyo kuti yilongozge [[loom]]s ya makina nga ni [[Jacquard loom]]. Kuti yifumemo, makina ghaŵenge na [[Printer (computing)|printer]], curve plotter na belu. Makina agha ghakaŵangaso na mazaza ghakulemba manambara pa makadi kuti ŵaŵazgenge pamanyuma. Injini iyi yizamuŵa na [[arithmetic logic unit]], [[control flow]] mu kawonekero ka [[conditional branching]] na [[program loop#Loops|loops]], ndiposo [[computer memory|memory]] yakusazgako, ndipo yizamuŵa yakwamba kupanga mrangura yakugwiriskira ncito vinthu vyose iyo yingalongosoreka mu mazgu gha mazuŵa ghano kuti [[Turing-complete]].<ref name="babbageonline">{{cite web |date=19 January 2007 |title=Babbage |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/babbage.aspx?page=5 |access-date=1 August 2012 |work=Online stuff |publisher=Science Museum |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807185334/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/babbage.aspx?page=5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Graham-Cumming |first=John |date=23 December 2010 |title=Let's build Babbage's ultimate mechanical computer |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827915.500-lets-build-babbages-ultimate-mechanical-computer.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2012 |work=opinion |publisher=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805050111/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827915.500-lets-build-babbages-ultimate-mechanical-computer.html }}</ref> . Makina agha ghakaŵa pafupifupi vyaka zana limoza pambere nyengo yake yindakwane. Vigaŵa vyose vya makina ghake vikakhumbikwiranga kupangika na mawoko – ili likaŵa suzgo likuru ku chipangizo icho chikaŵa na vigaŵa vikwi vinandi. Paumaliro, ntchito iyi yikamara apo ŵa [[British Government]] ŵakadumura kuti ŵaleke kupeleka ndalama. Kutondeka kwa Babbage kumalizga injini yakusanda vinthu kungacitika comene cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ndalama ndiposo cifukwa cakuti wakakhumbanga kupanga mrangura iyo yikaŵa yakunozga comene ndiposo kuti walutilire kwenda mwaluŵiro kuluska umo munthu waliyose wangacitira. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, mwana wake, [[Henry Babbage]], wakamalizga mtundu wakupepuka wa injini yakusanda ('' mphero'') mu 1888. Wakalongora makora umo yikugwiriskikira nchito pa matebulo gha mrangura mu 1906. === Makina ghakuŵerengera gha magesi === [[File:Aritmómetro_Electromecánico.jpg|thumb|left|Electro-mechanical calculator (1920) by [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]].]] Mu buku lake lakuti ''Essays on Automatics'' ilo likalembeka mu 1914, [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] wakalemba mbiri yichoko waka ya umo Babbage wakayezgera kupanga injini yakupambana ya makina na injini yakusanda. Pepala ili lili na ndondomeko ya makina agho ghangapenda mafomula nga ni <math>a^x(y - z)^2</math>, gha ndondomeko ya vigaŵa vyakuzirwa. Makina ghose ghakeneranga kulaŵilirika na [[Read-only memory|read-only]] program, agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana na vyakukhumbikwa vya [[conditional branching]]. Wakambiskaso fundo yakuti [[floating-point arithmetic]].<ref name="LTQ1914es">L. Torres Quevedo. ''Ensayos sobre Automática – Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,'' Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp. 391–418, 1914.</ref><ref>Torres Quevedo, Leonardo. [https://quickclick.es/rop/pdf/publico/1914/1914_tomoI_2043_01.pdf Automática: Complemento de la Teoría de las Máquinas, (pdf)], pp. 575–583, Revista de Obras Públicas, 19 November 1914.</ref><ref>Ronald T. Kneusel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eq4ZDgAAQBAJ&dq=leonardo+torres+quevedo++electromechanical+machine+essays&pg=PA84 Numbers and Computers],'' Springer, pp. 84–85, 2017. {{ISBN|978-3-319-50508-4}}</ref> Mu 1920, kuti ŵakondwelere vyaka 100 vya kupangika kwa [[arithmometer]], Torriro the Elect a . [[Keyboard layout|keyboard]], ndipo wakapenda na kusindikizga ivyo vikasangika,{{Sfn|Randell|1982|p=6, 11–13}}<ref name="Randell1982p109">B. Randell. ''Electromechanical Calculating Machine,'' The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.109–120, 1982.</ref>{{sfn|Bromley|1990}}<ref>Cristopher Moore, Stephan Mertens. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z4zMiZyAE1kC&dq=leonardo+torres+quevedo+++computing&pg=PA291 The Nature of Computation],'' Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, p. 291, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-199-23321-2}}.</ref> kulongora kuti injini yakusanda vya magesi yingachitika.<ref>Randell, Brian. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1074100.1074334 Digital Computers, History of Origins, (pdf)], p. 545, Digital Computers: Origins, Encyclopedia of Computer Science, January 2003.</ref> === Analog computers === {{Main|mrangura ya Analog}} [[File:099-tpm3-sk.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]]'s third tide-predicting machine design, 1879–81]] Mu hafu yakwamba ya vilimika vya m’ma 1900, vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵasayansi ŵakakhumbikwiranga pakupanga mamrangura vikafiskika na mamrangura gha analog agho ghakaŵa ghakunozga comene, agho ghakagwiliskiranga nchito ciyerezgero cakudunjika ca suzgo ilo likaŵapo pa nkhani ya makina panji magesi nga ni fundo yakucitira mamrangura. Ndipouli, vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyambura kupangika ndipo kanandi vikaŵavya vinthu vinandi ndiposo vikaŵanga vyambura kwenelera nga ni mamrangura gha mazuŵa ghano gha digito.<ref name="stanf">{{cite book |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/ |title=The Modern History of Computing |publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017 |language=en-US |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712072148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> mrangura yakwamba ya mazuŵa ghano ya analog yikaŵa makina ghakumanyirathu umo maji ghakuŵira, agho ghakapangika na Sir William Thomson (uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka Lord Kelvin) mu 1872. mrangura ya analog ya makina iyo yikapangika kuti yimazge ma equation ghakupambanapambana mwa kuphatikizga vinthu mwakugwiliskira nchito nthowa za matayala na diski, yikapangika na James brotherom the more the Thmo8. Fumu William Thomson.<ref name="scientific-computing.com" /> Luso la kupanga mamrangura gha analog likafika pa msinkhu wake na chipangizo chakuwonera mphambano, icho chikapangika na H. L. Hazen na Vannevar Bush ku MIT kwamba mu 1927. Ici cikazengeka pa vipangizo vyakusazgako makina vya James Thomson na vipangizo vyakukhozga nkhongono ivyo vikapangika na H. W. Nieman. Vipangizo ivi khumi na viŵiri vikapangika pambere vindawoneke kuti vyamara nchito.[citation needed] Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950, kupambana kwa mamrangura gha magesi gha digito kukapangiska kuti makina ghanandi ghakupangika na analog ghaleke kuŵapo, kweni mamrangura gha analog ghakalutilira kugwiliskirika nchito mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950 mu vinthu vinyake vyapadera nga ni masambiro (slide rule) na ndege (control systems) ..{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} === Mamrangura gha digito === ==== Magesi-Makina ==== Claude Shannon's 1937 master's thesis wakaŵika fawundeshoni ya mamrangura gha digito, ndipo kumanya kwake kwakugwiriskira ncito algebra ya Boolean pakusanda na kupanga ma circuit ghakusinthasintha ndiyo fundo yakuzirwa iyo yikupangiska mamrangura ghose gha digito gha digito.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=081H96F1enMC |title=A Brief History of Computing |date=2008 |publisher=Springer London |isbn=978-1-84800-083-4 |editor-last=O’Regan |editor-first=Gerard |location=London |pages=28 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-084-1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tse |first=David |author-link=David Tse |date=2020-12-22 |title=How Claude Shannon Invented the Future |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-claude-shannons-information-theory-invented-the-future-20201222/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> Mu 1938, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja ŵa ku United States ŵakapanga mrangura ya analog ya magesi iyo yikaŵa yichoko chomene mwakuti ŵangagwiliskira ntchito pa boti la pasi pa maji. Iyi yikaŵa mrangura ya Torpedo Data, iyo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito trigonometry kuti yimazge suzgo la kuponya torpedo pa chinthu icho chikwenda. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, ŵakapangaso vipangizo vyanthena ivi mu vyaru vinyake.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[File:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Replica of [[Konrad Zuse]]'s [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the first fully automatic, digital (electromechanical) computer]] Mamrangura ghakwambilira gha digito ghakaŵa gha magesi; masiwichi gha magesi ghakayendeskanga ma relay gha makina kuti ghachitenge chiŵelengero. Vipangizo ivi vikagwiranga nchito mwaluŵiro yayi ndipo paumaliro pake vikanjilirapo na mamrangura gha magesi ghose agho ghakaŵa ghaluŵiro comene, ndipo pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito machubu gha vacuum. Z2, iyo yikapangika na injiniya wa ku [[Germany]] Konrad Zuse mu 1939 ku Berlin, yikaŵa yimoza mwa viyelezgero vyakwamba vya mrangura yakutumizga magesi.<ref name="Part 4 Zuse">{{cite web|url=http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm|title=Part 4: Konrad Zuse's Z1 and Z3 Computers|last=Zuse|first=Horst|work=The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse|publisher=EPE Online|access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601210541/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref> [[File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|[[Konrad Zuse]], inventor of the modern computer<ref name="Bellis">{{cite web |last=Bellis |first=Mary |date=15 May 2019 |orig-date=First published 2006 at inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa050298.htm |title=Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor and Programmer of Early Computers |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/konrad-zuse-modern-computer-4078237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213003237/https://www.thoughtco.com/konrad-zuse-modern-computer-4078237 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=thoughtco.com |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |quote=Konrad Zuse earned the semiofficial title of 'inventor of the modern computer'{{who|date=February 2023}}.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001335.htm|title=Who is the Father of the Computer?|website=ComputerHope}}</ref>]] Mu 1941, Zuse wakalondezga makina ghake ghakale na Z3, mrangura yakwamba pa caru cose iyo yikugwira nchito na mapulogiramu gha magesi, ndiposo iyo yikugwira nchito yekha. Z3 yikapangika na 2000 relays, kukhazikiska utali wa mazgu gha 22 bit agho ghakagwiranga ntchito pa wotchi pafupipafupi pafupifupi 5-10 Hz. Khodi ya pulogiramu yikapelekekanga pa filimu yakukhoma apo data yikasungikanga mu mazgu 64 ghakukumbukika panji kupelekeka kufuma pa kiyibodi. Wakaŵa wakuyana waka na makina gha mazuŵa ghano mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndipo wakambiska vinthu vinandi nga ni manambara ghakuyandama. Mmalo mwa kugwiriskira ncito nthowa ya decimal iyo yikaŵa yakusuzga comene (iyo yikagwiriskirika ncito mu kapangilo kakwamba ka Charles Babbage), kugwiriskira ncito nthowa ya binary kukang’anamuranga kuti makina gha Zuse ghakaŵa ghambura kusuzga kupanga ndiposo ghangaŵa ghakugomezgeka comene, cifukwa ca tekinoloje iyo yikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Z3 iyo yekha yikaŵa mrangura ya pa caru cose yayi kweni yingasazgikirapo kuti yiŵe yakukwana ya Turing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zuse|first=Konrad|author-link=Konrad Zuse|title=The Computer – My Life ''Translated by McKenna, Patricia and Ross, J. Andrew from:'' Der Computer, mein Lebenswerk (1984)|place=Berlin/Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|orig-date=1984|year=2010|language=en|isbn=978-3-642-08151-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Salz Trautman |first=Peggy |date=20 April 1994 |title=A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104051054/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zuse|first=Konrad|author-link=Konrad Zuse|title=Der Computer. Mein Lebenswerk.|edition=3rd|year=1993|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|language=de|isbn=978-3-540-56292-4|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://goremotesupport.com/blog/crash-the-story-of-it-zuse|title=Crash! The Story of IT: Zuse|access-date=1 June 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918203643/https://goremotesupport.com/blog/crash-the-story-of-it-zuse/|archive-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="rojas-ieee">{{cite journal|last=Rojas |first=R. |s2cid=14606587 |title=How to make Zuse's Z3 a universal computer |url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-annals-of-the-history-of-computing_july-september-1998_20_3/page/51 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=51–54 |year=1998 |doi=10.1109/85.707574 |author-link=Raúl Rojas}}</ref><ref name="rojas-universal">{{cite web |last=Rojas |first=Raúl |title=How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer |url=http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/users/rojas/1997/Universal_Computer.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2015-09-28 |website=fu-berlin.de |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809123935/http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/users/rojas/1997/Universal_Computer.pdf }}</ref> mrangura yakulondezgapo ya Zuse, Z4, yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba ya malonda pa caru cose; panyuma pa kuchedwa kwakwamba chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, yikamalizgika mu 1950 na kupelekeka ku ETH Zurich. mrangura iyi yikapangika na kampani ya Zuse, Zuse KG, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1941 nga ni kampani yakwamba iyo yikaŵa na chilato chimoza pera cha kupanga mamrangura ku Berlin. Z4 ndiyo yikapangiska kuti ŵazenge mrangura ya ERMETH, iyo yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba ya ku Switzerland ndiposo yimoza mwa mrangura zakwamba ku [[Europe]].<ref name="OReganZuse">{{Cite book |last=O'Regan |first=Gerard |title=A Brief History of Computing |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-030-66599-9 |page=65 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="OReganZuse" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruderer |first=Herbert |title=Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing |publisher=Springer |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-03040973-9 |edition=3rd |pages=1009, 1087}}</ref> ==== Machubu ghakufumiskikamo mphepo na vipata vya magesi vya dijito ==== {{Anchor|Digital computer|Digital}} Mwaluŵiro waka vinthu vyakukhwaskana na magesi pera vikanjira mu malo gha vinthu vyakuyana waka vya makina na vya magesi, pa nyengo yeneyiyo apo kupenda kwa digito kukanjira mu malo gha analog. Injiniya Tommy Flowers, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku Post Office Research Station ku London mu vilimika vya m’ma 1930, wakamba kufufuza umo ŵangagwiliskira nchito vinthu vya magesi pakusinthana foni. Vipangizo vyakuyezga ivyo wakapanga mu 1934 vikamba kugwira ntchito pamanyuma pa vyaka vinkhondi, ndipo vikasintha chigaŵa chinyake cha foni kuti chiŵe chipangizo cha magesi chakupangira data, mwakugwiliskira ntchito vikwi vinandi vya machubu ghambura mphepo.[1] Ku US, John Vincent Atanasoff na Clifford E. Berry ŵa ku Iowa State University ŵakapanga na kuyezga mrangura ya Atanasoff-Berry (ABC) mu 1942, [2] "mrangura yakwamba ya digito ya magesi".[3] Nthowa iyi yikaŵaso ya magesi ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito machubu pafupifupi 300 gha vacuum, ndipo ma capacitor ghakaŵikika mu ng’oma yakuzungulira mwamakina kuti munthu wakumbukenge vinthu.<ref name=Copeland2006>{{Cite book|last=Copeland|first=Jack|year=2006|title=Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers|url=https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse/page/101 101]–115|isbn=978-0-19-284055-4}}</ref> [[File:Colossus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Colossus computer|Colossus]], the first [[Digital electronics|electronic digital]] programmable computing device, was used to break German ciphers during World War II. It is seen here in use at [[Bletchley Park]] in 1943.|alt=Two women are seen by the Colossus computer.]] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakaswa makodi ku Bletchley Park ŵakacita makora comene pakuswa makodi gha ŵasilikari ŵa Germany agho ghakaŵa ghakubisika. Makina ghakubisika gha ku Germany, Enigma, ghakawukirika chomene na wovwiri wa mabomba gha magesi agho kanandi ghakaŵanga na ŵanakazi.[1][2] Kuti ŵaphwanye makina ghakumanyikwa chomene gha ku Germany gha Lorenz SZ 40/42, agho ghakugwiriskira ntchito pa kuyowoyeskana na ŵasilikari ŵapachanya, Max Newman na ŵanyake ŵakatuma Flowers kuti wazenge Colossus.[3] Wakakhala myezi khumi na yimoza kufuma kukwambilira kwa February 1943 wakupanga na kuzenga Colossus wakwamba.[4] Pamanyuma pa kuyezgeka kwakugwira ntchito mu Disembala 1943, Colossus wakatumizgika ku Bletchley Park, uko wakapelekeka pa 18 Januwale 1944[5] ndipo wakawukira uthenga wake wakwamba pa 5 Febuluwale.[3] Colossus ndiyo yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba pa charu chose iyo yikaŵa na mapulogiramu gha pa mrangura.[6] Wakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavavu ghanandi (machubu gha vacuum). Likaŵa na pepala-tepi ndipo likaŵa lakukwaniska kukhazikiska kuti lichitenge milimo yakupambanapambana ya boolean logical pa data yake, kweni likaŵa la Turing-complete yayi. Mk II Colossi 9 ŵakazengeka (Mk I wakasinthika kuŵa Mk II kupanga makina khumi ghose pamoza). Colossus Mark I yikaŵa na mavavu gha thermionic (machubhu) 1,500, kweni Mark II iyo yikaŵa na mavavu 2,400, yikaŵa ya luwiro kaŵiri ndiposo yikaŵa yipusu kugwiliskira nchito kuluska Mark I, ndipo yikapangiska kuti nchito ya kufumiska mazgu yiŵe ya luwiro comene.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Randell|first1=Brian|author-link1=Brian Randell|last2=Fensom|first2=Harry|last3=Milne|first3=Frank A.|title=Obituary: Allen Coombs|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 March 1995|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-allen-coombs-1611270.html|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203042657/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-allen-coombs-1611270.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fensom|first=Jim|title=Harry Fensom obituary|date=8 November 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/nov/08/harry-fensom-obituary|access-date=17 October 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=17 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917220225/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/nov/08/harry-fensom-obituary|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Eniac.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|[[ENIAC]] was the first [[Electronics|electronic]], Turing-complete device, and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the [[United States Army]].]] ENIAC[1] (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) ndiyo yikaŵa mrangura yakwamba iyo yikapangika ku U.S. Nangauli ENIAC yikaŵa yakuyana waka na Colossus, kweni yikaŵa ya luwiro chomene, yikaŵa yakusinthasintha, ndipo yikaŵa yakukwana nga ni Turing. Nga ni Colossus, "pulogiramu" pa ENIAC yikalongosoreka na maboma gha makhebo ghake gha patch na masiwichi, kulira kutali chomene na makina gha magesi gha pulogiramu yakusungika agho ghakiza pamanyuma. Para ŵalemba pulogiramu, ŵakeneranga kuyiŵika mu makina na kuŵikaso mapulagi na masiwichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapanga pulogiramu ya ENIAC ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi 6, awo kanandi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵasungwana ŵa ENIAC".[58][59] Likasazgako luŵiro lwa vinthu vya magesi na luso lwa kuŵika mapulogiramu gha masuzgo ghanandi ghakuru. Iwo ungasazgirako panji kuwuskapo maulendo 5000 pa sekondi, mwaluŵiro maulendo chikwi kuluska makina ghanyake ghose. Kweniso likaŵa na vigaŵa vyakusazga, kugaŵa, na square root. Kukumbukira kwa liwiro likuru kukaŵa kwa mazgu 20 (pafupifupi 80 bytes). ENIAC yikazengeka pasi pa ulongozgi wa John Mauchly na J. Presper Eckert ku yunivesite ya [[Pennsylvania]], ndipo yikapangika na kuzenga ENIAC kufuma mu 1943 m’paka apo yikamba kugwira ntchito mwakukwana kuumaliro wa 1945. Makina agha ghakaŵa ghakuru chomene, ghakaŵa na uzito wa matani 30, ndipo ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 200 makilowati, na magesi ghakujumpha 200. 1,500 vyakupelekera, na vikwi vinandi vyakukhozga, vyakukhozga, na vyakukhozga.<ref name="Eniac">{{cite web|url=http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/a046ee08/Generations-of-Computer|title=Generations of Computer|publisher=techiwarehouse.com|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211455/http://www.techiwarehouse.com/engine/a046ee08/Generations-of-Computer/|archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> == Mamrangura gha mazuŵa ghano == === Fundo ya mrangura ya mazuŵa ghano === Mamrangura gha mazuŵa ghano ni vipangizo vya magesi ivyo vikugwira ntchito pa data mwakugwiliskira ntchito mapulogiramu agho ghali kusungika, vikuchita mawerengero na kuchita milimo mwaŵene. === Mapulogalamu ghakusungika === mrangura iyo yili na pulogiramu yakusungika yikusunga malango mu memory, ndipo yikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na mapulogiramu ghakusinthasintha na kugwiliskira ntchito kanandi waka. === Ma transistor === Ma transistor ghakanjira mu malo gha machubu gha vacuum, ndipo ghakapangiska kuti mamrangura ghaŵe ghachoko, ghaluŵiro, ndiposo ghakugomezgeka. === Ma circuit ghakuphatikizgika === Ma circuit ghakusazgako (IC) ghakapangiska kuti ma transistor na vinyake viŵe vichoko, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mapulogalamu gha mazuŵa ghano ghachokoghachoko. === Mamrangura gha pa foni === Vipangizo vyakunyamulika nga ni malaputopu, matabuleti, na mafoni ghamakono vikupangiska kuti munthu waŵe na mrangura paulendo. === Mitundu === ==== Mwakupanga ==== * Von Neumann wakuzenga nyumba * Kuzenga nyumba ku Harvard * Mamrangura gha Quantum ==== Mwakukura, kawonekero na chilato ==== * Mamrangura ghakurughakuru * Mafuremu ghakuru * Mamrangura gha munthu payekha * Nthowa zakuŵikika == Vipangizo == === Mbiri ya vipangizo vya mrangura === Kulondezga kusintha kwa vinthu kufuma ku ma calculator gha makina m’paka ku ma microprocessor gha mazuŵa ghano. === Mitu yinyake ya hardware === * '''Vipangizo vyakunjilirapo''': Kiyibodi, mbeŵa, sikirini yakukhwaska * '''Vipangizo vyakufumiskamo''': Monitor, printer, ma speaker * '''Chigaŵa cha kulaŵilira''': Kulaŵilira ntchito za CPU * '''Chigaŵa chapakati chakupangira vinthu (CPU)''': Chikuchita malango * '''Masamu ghakumanyikwa makora (ALU)''': Wakuchita mawerengero * '''"Kukumbukira"''': RAM, ROM, kusunga * '''Kunjilirapo/kufumamo (I/O)''': Kudumbiskana pakati pa mrangura na vipangizo vinyake * '''Kuchita vinthu vinandi''': Kuchita mapulogalamu ghanandi pa nyengo yimoza * '''Kupanga vinthu vinandi''': Kugwiliskira ntchito ma CPU ghanandi pakupanga vinthu mwakuyana == Mapulogalamu == === Viyowoyero === * '''Khodi ya makina''': Malango gha binary ghakuchitika na CPU * '''Chiyowoyero cha mapulogalamu''': Nthowa yakulembera mapulogalamu * '''Viyowoyero vyapasi''': Msonkhano, pafupi na khodi ya makina * '''"Viyowoyero vyapachanya"''': Python, Java, ivyo vikuŵazgika na ŵanthu === Mapulogalamu === * '''Mapulogalamu ghakusungika''': Mapulogalamu ghakusungika mu kukumbukira * '''Kapangidwe ka pulogiramu''': Kupangika, kulongozgeka na vinthu, na vinyakhe. * ''' Vipusikizgi''': Vyakubudika mu khodi ya mapulogalamu == Kupanga ma intaneti na intaneti == Ikukhwaska ndondomeko (TCP/IP), webusayiti ya pa charu chose, na mamrangura gha pa mtambo. == Mamrangura ghambura kumanyikwa == * Mamrangura gha Quantum * Mamrangura gha DNA * Nthowa zakupangika na wongo == Munthazi == === Viyelezgero vyakupanga mamrangura === * Kupanga mamrangura ghakuyana waka * Kupanga mamrangura gha pamphepete === Mahara ghakupangika === Makina ghakulongozgeka na AI na kusambira kwa makina. === Ntchito na mabungwe === * Ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga mapulogiramu gha mrangura * IEEE, ACM * Mabungwe gha vya tekinoloje (mwachiyelezgero, Google, Apple) == Wonaniso == {{Div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Fundo ya kuŵerengera]] * [[Chitetezo cha pa mrangura]] * [[Mazgu ghakulongosora vya mrangura]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi ya mamrangura]] * [[Mndandanda wa mazgu gha pa mrangura agho ghakufumapo]] * [[Mndandanda wa awo ŵakupanga mamrangura]] * [[Mndandanda wa mamrangura ghakupangika waka]] * [[Mndandanda wa mafilimu ghakukhwaskana na mamrangura]] * [[Mndandanda wa ŵapayiniya ŵa sayansi ya mamrangura]] * [[Mndandanda wa mamrangura]] * [[Kuŵerengera kwa pulse]] * [[TOP500]] (mndandanda wa mamrangura ghankhongono chomene) * [[Kupanga mamrangura ghambura kumanyikwa]] {{div col end}} == maNotsi == {{notelist}} == Pobeka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Sources == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |first=B. 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|url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130084757/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ghazal/Chap1/dsb/chapter1.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Schmandt-Besserat |first=Denise |author-link=Denise Schmandt-Besserat |year=1981 |title=Decipherment of the earliest tablets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1981-01-16_211_4479/page/283 |journal=Science |volume=211 |issue=4479 |pages=283–285 |doi=10.1126/science.211.4479.283 |pmid=17748027 |bibcode=1981Sci...211..283S}} * {{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Erika E.|date=2013|title=Recognizing a Collective Inheritance through the History of Women in Computing|journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–9 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1972|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Verma |first1=G. |last2=Mielke |first2=N. |title=Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories |conference=IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium |year=1988 }} * {{Cite book |ref= ZUSE |last=Zuse |first=Konrad |title=The Computer – My life |url= https://archive.org/details/computermylife0000zuse |year=1993 |publisher=Pringler-Verlag |location=Berlin |isbn=978-0-387-56453-1 }} {{Refend}} == External links == * {{commons category-inline|Computers}} * {{sister-inline |project=v |links=[[v:How things work college course/Computer quiz|Wikiversity has a quiz on this article]] |short=yes}} <!--========================{{No more links}}============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================={{No more links}}=====================--> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Basic computer components}} {{digital systems}} {{Mainframes}} {{Electronic systems}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Computers| ]] [[Category:Consumer electronics]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Articles with example code]] [[Category:Electronics industry]] jvl2ps4nj7rflcjv4rorsz1evfbqe6s 0 6741 122578 118832 2026-09-28T01:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = London <!-- NOTE: DO NOT add or change images without consensus. -->| image_skyline = <div style="display:inline-block;"><imagemap> File:London Montage L.jpg|275px|center|alt=London montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article. rect 217 123 282 330 [[Heron Tower]] rect 322 123 380 330 [[Tower 42]] rect 441 154 498 330 [[30 St Mary Axe]] rect 505 87 572 330 [[122 Leadenhall Street]] rect 638 208 699 251 [[Willis Building (London)|Willis Building]] rect 596 251 715 332 [[Lloyd's building]] rect 740 217 851 275 [[Canary Wharf]] rect 888 168 940 330 [[20 Fenchurch Street]] rect 0 330 1200 450 [[City of London]] rect 0 460 330 1420 [[London Underground]] rect 330 460 622 1420 [[Elizabeth Tower]] rect 632 460 1200 951 [[Trafalgar Square]] rect 632 961 1200 1420 [[London Eye]] rect 0 1429 1200 1765 [[Tower Bridge]] rect 0 1765 1200 1809 [[River Thames]] </imagemap></div> | settlement_type = [[Capital city]] | image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''':<br> [[City of London]] in the foreground with [[Canary Wharf]] in the far background; [[Trafalgar Square]]; [[London Eye]]; [[Tower Bridge]]; and a [[London Underground]] roundel in front of [[Big Ben|Elizabeth Tower]] <!-- maps and coordinates -->| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the United Kingdom##Location within England##Location within Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map = UK#England#Europe#Earth | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB-ENG|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = United Kingdom | subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial counties]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of England|Local government districts]] | subdivision_name1 = England | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater London|London (Greater London)]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Greater London|Greater London (ceremonial county)]]<br />[[City of London]] | subdivision_name4 = [[London boroughs|32 London boroughs]]<br />and the [[City of London]] | established_title = Settled by [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = AD {{start date and age|47}}<ref name="auto1">[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/no1poultry_molas_2007/ Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013]. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.</ref> <br />''as [[Londinium]]'' | government_type = [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales|Executive mayoralty]] and [[deliberative assembly]] within [[unitary state|unitary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | governing_body = [[Greater London Authority]]<br />'''• '''[[Mayor of London|Mayor]] [[Sadiq Khan]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])<!-- Please do not change this until the mayoral election results have officially been announced and the new mayor installed, which happens on the SECOND day after the election results --><br />'''• '''[[London Assembly]] | total_type = Total<ref group=upper-alpha name=total/> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1572.03 | area_metro_km2 = 8382 | area_urban_km2 = 1737.9 | area_blank1_title = [[City of London]] | area_blank1_km2 = 2.89 | area_blank2_title = [[London boroughs|32 London boroughs {{nobold|(total)}}]] | area_blank2_km2 = 1569.14 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name = Elevation> {{Cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/forecast/map/gcpvj0v07 |title=London weather map |publisher=The Met Office |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803055103/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/forecast/map/gcpvj0v07 |url-status=live |archive-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> | elevation_m = 11 | population_total = 8,799,800<ref name="Census2021june2022">{{Cite web |title=Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021 |website=ons.gov.uk |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |access-date=15 October 2022 }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2021 except where stated | population_density_km2 = 5,598 | population_blank1_title = [[City of London]] | population_blank1 = 8,600<ref name="Census2021june2022"/> | population_urban = 9,787,426 | population_urban_footnotes = &nbsp;(2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> | population_metro = 14,257,962 ([[London metropolitan area]]) | population_metro_footnotes = &nbsp;(2019)<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{Cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title=Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> | population_demonyms = Londoner | demographics_type1 = GVA {{nobold|(2020)}} | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/1998to2020 |title= Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2020 |first=Trevor |last=Fenton |website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = [[GBP|£]]504&nbsp;billion | demographics1_title2 = Per capita | demographics1_info2 = £55,974 | blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019) | blank3_info = 0.976<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sub-national HDI |title=Area Database – Global Data Lab |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org}}</ref> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span> | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]] | postal_code = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 22 areas |{{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}},{{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}} }} | area_codes = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[List of telephone exchanges in London|9 area codes]] |020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992 }} | leader_title = London&nbsp;Assembly | leader_name = [[London Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]] | leader_title1 = [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK&nbsp;Parliament]] | leader_name1 = [[List of Parliamentary constituencies in London|73 constituencies]] | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] | utc_offset = ±00:00{{!}}UTC | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | blank_name_sec1 = Budget | blank_info_sec1 = £19.376&nbsp;billion <br/>(${{To USD|19.376|GBR|year=2019|round=yes}} billion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/mayors_final_budget_2021-22.pdf|title=The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22}}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = Police | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Metropolitan Police|Metropolitan]] ('''county''' of Greater London) <br/> [[City of London Police|City of London]] ([[City of London]] square mile) | blank4_name_sec2 = Fire | blank4_info_sec2 = [[London Fire Brigade|London]] | blank3_name_sec2 = Ambulance | blank3_info_sec2 = [[London Ambulance Service|London]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]s | blank3_info_sec1 = Inside London:<br>[[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|LHR]])<br /> [[London City Airport|City]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|LCY]])<br />Outside London:<br>[[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|LGW]])<br />[[Stansted Airport|Stansted]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|STN]])<br />[[Luton Airport|Luton]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|LTN]])<br />[[London Southend Airport|Southend]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|SEN]]) | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid transit|Rapid transit system]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[London Underground]] | blank6_name_sec2 = [[GeoTLD]] | blank6_info_sec2 = [[.london]] | website = {{Official URL}} }} '''London''' ni msumba ukuru wa [[England]] na [[United Kingdom]], ndipo uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 9 miliyoni. Msumba uwu uli mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Thames kumwera kwa England, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 80 kufuma ku Mlonga wa Thames m'paka ku Nyanja ya North.<ref name="london_001">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Roman London |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322235536/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |archive-date=22 March 2008 |publisher=[[Museum of London]]}}</ref> Msumba wa London, uwo ni msumba wakale comene ndiposo wa vya ndalama, ukazengeka na Ŵaroma nga ni Londinium ndipo uli na mphaka zake za mu nyengo yakale. Mu msumba wa Westminster, uwo uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa London, ndimo muli boma na nyumba za boma. Kwambira mu ma 1800, zina lakuti "London" likuyowoyaso za msumba ukuru uwo uli pafupi na msumba uwu, uwo ukagaŵikana pakati pa [[Middlesex County|Middlesex]], [[Essex]], [[Surrey Heath|Surrey]], Kent, na [[Hertfordshire]].<ref group="note">The Greater London Authority consists of the [[Mayor of London]] and the [[London Assembly]]. The London Mayor is distinguished from the [[Lord Mayor of London]], who heads the [[City of London Corporation]] running the [[City of London]].</ref><ref name="politics_uk2">{{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Bill|title=Politics UK|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse|last2=Kavanagh|first2=Dennis|last3=Moran|first3=Michael|last4=Norton|first4=Philip|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8|location=Harlow|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868]}}</ref>Pakuti London ni msumba ukuru chomene pa charu chose, uli na mazaza pa nkhani za luso, vyakusanguluska, mafashoni, malonda, ndalama, masambiro, vyaumoyo, vyakupharazga, sayansi na matekinoloje, maulendo, na mendero. GDP yake (€ 801.66 billion mu 2017) yikupangiska kuti yiŵe msumba ukuru comene mu Europe, ndipo ni umoza mwa malo ghakuru gha vya ndalama mu caru. Ku [[Europe]] kuli masukulu ghanandi gha masukulu ghapachanya, ndipo kuli masukulu ghanyake ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose. London ni msumba uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mu Europe, ndipo mu msumba uwu ndimo muli ndege zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Sitima za pasi pa mtunda za ku London ni zitali comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=London Underground |url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/london-underground |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Transport for London |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300. Mu 2018, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Greater London ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Malo agha ndigho ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose cha Europe, ndipo pa 2011 pakaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 9.8 miliyoni. Mu 2016, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa wachitatu pa misumba yinandi ku Europe. Ku London kuli malo ghanayi agho ghakusangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi: Tower of London; Kew Gardens; Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, na Church of St. Margaret; kweniso Greenwich, uko Royal Observatory, Greenwich, yikulongosora nyengo ya Greenwich. Vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa ni Buckingham Palace, London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St. Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, na Trafalgar Square. Ku London kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, na West End. Vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuchitika mu London ni FA Cup Final (iyo yikuchitika chaka chilichose pa Wembley Stadium), Wimbledon Tennis Championships na London Marathon. Mu 2012, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuchitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki katatu.<ref name="IOC">{{Cite press release|date=6 July 2005|title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012|url=http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017100349/http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922|archive-date=17 October 2011|access-date=3 June 2006|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|limit=3}} == Makhalilo == {{main|Etymology of London}} London ni zina lakale, ilo lili kulembeka kale mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ndipo kanandi likulembeka mu Chilatini kuti Londinium.<ref name="NameTablets">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36415563|title=UK's oldest hand-written document 'at Roman London dig'|work=BBC News|date=1 June 2016|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti zina ili lili kufuma ku vidokoni. Buku lakale chomene ilo ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka likuzunulika mu buku la Geoffrey of Monmouth lakuti Historia Regum Britanniae, ilo likalembeka mu 1136. Para ŵasayansi ŵasanda zina ili, ŵakwenera kumanya umo lili kufuma mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana: Chilatini (Londinium), Chingelezi chakale (Lunden), na Chiwelsh (Lundein). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti zina ili likafuma ku chiyowoyero cha Common Brythonic. Mazgu agha ghakalembeka mu Cilatini kuti Londinium ndipo ghakalembeka mu Cingelezi cakale.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last1=Bynon|first1=Theodora|year=2016|title=London's Name|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|volume=114|issue=3|pages=281–97|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12064}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya chiyowoyero cha ku Britain. Mu 1998, Richard Coates wakalemba kuti zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti *Template:PIE, ilo likung'anamura kuti "mlonga ukuru chomene". Coates wakayowoya kuti ili likaŵa zina la chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Thames icho chikwenda mu London. Ndipouli, mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Celtic ndiwo ŵakalemba Baibolo ili. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Celt ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu ghakuti *injo- panji *-onjo- (ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakulemba mazina gha malo). Peter Schrijver wakayowoya kuti pakwamba zina ili likang'anamuranga "malo agho ghakututuka".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schrijver|first=Peter|title=Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|isbn=9781138245372|location=New York|pages=57}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> Kufikira mu 1889, zina lakuti "London" likang'anamuranga msumba wa London pera, kweni kufuma nyengo iyo likwimira chigaŵa cha London na Greater London.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mills|first=David|title=A Dictionary of London Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflond0000mill|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=9780192801067|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflond0000mill/page/140 140]|oclc=45406491}}</ref> Nyengo zinyake pakulemba, mazgu ghakuti "London" ghakuzgoreka kuti "LDN".<ref>{{cite news|title=Made in LDN|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/content/made-ldn|access-date=11 June 2022|website=london.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=LDN Flood Week 2017 |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/ldn-flood-week-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022230/https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/ldn-flood-week-2017 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>Kugwiliskira nchito mazgu agha kukamba na uthenga wa pa foni ndipo kanandi kukuwoneka mu mbiri ya munthu wa pa Intaneti. == Mbili == {{History of London}} {{main|History of London}} {{For timeline|Timeline of London}} === Prehistory === Mu 1993, ŵakasanga mabingu gha mlatho wa mu nyengo ya Bronze ku mphepete kwa Mlatho wa Vauxhall.<ref name="Denison">{{Cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427021948/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archive-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Cingalaŵa ici cikajumpha mu Mlonga wa Thames panji cikafika pa cirwa cinyake ico pasono nchakuzgeŵa. Makuni ghaŵiri agha ghakalembeka na radiocarbon kuti ghakafuma mu 1750 panji 1285 B.C.E. Mu 2010, ŵakasanga fawundeshoni ya khuni likuru ilo likalembeka mu 4800-4500 B.C.E., kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Thames. Mulimo uwo ukacitikanga mu nyengo ya Mesolithic ukuwoneka makora yayi. Nyumba zose ziŵiri zili mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Thames, uko Mlonga wa Effra, uwo sono uli pasi pa charu, ukugolera mu Mlonga wa Thames.<ref name="Milne">{{Cite web |last=Milne |first=Gustav |title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure! |url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430002236/http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=15 April 2011 |website=Frog Blog |publisher=Thames Discovery Programme}}</ref> === Roman London === {{main|Londinium}} [[File:Map_of_London,_1300.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_London,_1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, urban area of the [[:en:City_of_London|City]] was still largely confined within the [[:en:London_Wall|Roman walls]].]] Nangauli ku malo agha kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Brythonic, kweni Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakambiska tawuni yikuru yakwamba. Ici cikamara mu 61 C.E., apo fuko la Iceni ilo likalongozgekanga na Fumukazi Boudica likawukira msumba uwu na kuwotcha. Mulimo wakulondezgapo wa Londinium ukaŵa wakukondweska, ndipo mu 100 C.E., msumba wa Colchester ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la chigaŵa cha Britannia. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, msumba wa London ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558|first=Anne|last=Lancashire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QajvxgbH59QC&pg=PA19|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|page=19|isbn=978-0-521-63278-2}}</ref> === Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London === Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukamara, msumba wa London ukaleka kuŵa msumba ukuru ndipo msumba wa Londinium ukaleka kuŵako. Kwambira mu 500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Saxony ŵakamba kukhala ku Lundenwic, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wakale wa Ŵaroma. Mu 680 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa kuti wazgokaso dowoko likuru, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi. Kwambira mu 820 C.E., vikoko vikambaso kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Mu Baibolo muli maucimi ghatatu; gha mu 851 na 886, ndipo ghaumaliro, mu 994, ghakakanizgika.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{Cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Kip |title=Viking Attacks |url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101055729/https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Siege_of_London_(MS_1168).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siege_of_London_(MS_1168).jpg|thumb|The [[:en:House_of_Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a [[:en:House_of_York|Yorkist]] sally.]] Vikingi vikagwiliskira nchito dango la Danelaw mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa England, ndipo mphaka yake yikambira ku London m'paka ku Chester. Buku la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle likuti Alfred "wakambaso" kuzenga msumba wa London mu 886. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti Lundenwic ŵakayileka na kwamba kwambaso kuchita malonda mukati mwa viliŵa vya Ŵaroma. Kufuma apo, msumba wa London ukakuranga pacoko na pacoko m'paka mu 950 C.E. ukakura comene. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru comene mu England. Tchalitchi la Westminster Abbey, ilo likazengeka na Themba Edward the Confessor, likaŵa limoza mwa matchalitchi ghakuru chomene mu Europe. Winchester ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Anglo-Saxon ku England, kweni kufuma nyengo iyi, London yikazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na ivyo Frank Stenton wakalemba, msumba uwu ukaŵa na nkhongono, ndipo mwaluŵiro ukaŵa na ntchindi kweniso ukaŵa na maghanoghano gha ndyali.<ref>{{Cite book|author-link=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first=Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0003sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0003sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Blair|first=John|year=2001|title=Westminster|editor=Lapidge, Michael|editor2=Blair, John|editor3=Keynes, Simon|editor4=Scragg, Donald|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> === Middle Ages === [[File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg|left|thumb|[[:en:Westminster_Abbey|Westminster Abbey]], as seen in this painting (by [[:en:Canaletto|Canaletto]], 1749), is a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]] and one of London's oldest and most important buildings.]] Pamanyuma pa kutonda Nkhondo ya Hastings, William, Duke wa ku Normandy, wakimikika kuŵa Fumu ya England mu Westminster Abbey pa Khisimasi mu 1066. William wakazenga Tower of London, iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kuzenga mu msumba uwu.<ref name="london_016">{{Cite web |last=Tinniswood |first=Adrian |author-link=Adrian Tinniswood |title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213124332/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=5 May 2008 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Mu 1097, William II wakamba kuzenga Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Westminster, kufupi na nyumba ya Abbey. Nyumba iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kuzengeka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., maboma gha ku England ghakakura chomene, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakukhazikika mu Westminster. Apo msumba wa Westminster ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa boma, msumba unyake uwo ukaŵa pafupi na msumba uwu, uwo ni msumba wa London, ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru chomene wa ku England. Mu 1100, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18,000. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku London ŵakafwa na nthenda yakuchemeka Black Death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeji |first=Dr. Mike |date=10 March 2011 |title=BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430191039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=3 November 2008 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 1381, ŵanthu ŵa ku London ŵakagalukira boma. Kweniso msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la Ŵayuda ŵa ku England pambere Edward I wandaŵachimbizge mu 1290. Mu 1190, Ŵayuda ŵakamba kusuzgika comene cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikayowoyeka kuti fumu yiphya yikapeleka dango lakuti ŵakomeke. Mu 1264, pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵabaro, ŵakugaluka ŵa Simon de Montfort ŵakakoma Ŵayuda 500 apo ŵakakhumbanga kutora ngongoli.<ref name="Mundill2010">{{Citation|work=Continuum|ol=24816680M|isbn=978-1-84725-186-2|location=London|title=The King's Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/kingsjewsmoneyma00mund|first=Robin R.|last=Mundill|lccn=2010282921|oclc=466343661|year=2010|pages=88–99}}</ref> === Early modern === [[File:London_-_John_Norden's_map_of_1593.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_-_John_Norden's_map_of_1593.jpg|thumb|Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.]] Mu nyengo ya Tudor, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusopa Ciprotesitanti. Vinthu vinandi vya ku London vikafuma mu mawoko gha tchalitchi na kuluta ku ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti malonda ghalutilire kukura mu msumba uwu. Mu 1475, ŵa Hanseatic League ŵakakhazikiska ofesi yikuru ya ŵamalonda ya England ku London. Malo agha ghakaŵako m'paka mu 1853, apo misumba ya Lübeck, Bremen, na Hamburg yikaguliska malo agha ku South Eastern Railway. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 14 na 15 C.E., salu za weya zikafumanga ku London na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Low Countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pounds|first=Normal J. G.|title=An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra0000poun_o5t2|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1973|isbn=9781139163552|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra0000poun_o5t2/page/430 430]|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139163552}}</ref> Kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakendanga viŵi yayi pa nyanja za kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe. Nthowa ya ku Italy na ku Mediterranean yikajumphanga ku Antwerp na kujumpha mu mapiri gha Alps. Mu Janyuwale 1565, ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakambaso kwenda mu Netherlands. Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu ya ku Britain yikazengeka. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵamalonda awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuchita malonda, nga ni East India Company, ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu vyaru vinyake. London yikazgoka dowoko likuru la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku England na vyaru vinyake. Mu 1530, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa 50,000, kweni mu 1605 ŵakaŵa 225,000. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., William Shakespeare na ŵanyake ŵakakhalanga ku London. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre yikazengeka mu 1599 ku Southwark. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1640 na 1650, ŵamazaza ŵa chisopa cha Chipuritani ŵakajara malo gha maseŵero. Mu 1660, boma likawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwonelera maseŵero gha pa theyatara, ndipo mu 1663 ku London kukajulika Drury Lane. Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya Tudor mu 1603, msumba wa London ukaŵa kuti uchali wakutowa. Mu Novembala 5, 1605 pakaŵa chiŵembu cha kukoma James I mu msumba wa Westminster..<ref name="london_023">{{Cite book|title=James I|last=Durston|first=Christopher|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-07779-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59]|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59}}</ref>[[File:Vertue's_1738_plan_of_the_London_Lines_of_Communication.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertue's_1738_plan_of_the_London_Lines_of_Communication.jpg|left|thumb|Defensive [[:en:Lines_of_Communication_(London)|Lines of Communication]], planned during the [[:en:English_Civil_War|English Civil War]], c. 1643, surrounded the City, Westminster, Southwark, Lambeth and related areas (Vertue, 1738).]] Mu 1637, boma la Charles I likayezga kusintha vinthu mu msumba wa London. Ivi vikapangiska kuti wupu wa msumba uwu uŵe na mazaza pa vinthu vinandi. Chifukwa cha kopa kuti boma lingachepeska wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku London, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba yayi kuwusa malo agha, panji chifukwa chakuti maboma gha msumba uwu ghakukhumba yayi kugaŵana mazaza. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku England, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku London ŵakakolerana na ivyo boma la Britain likakhumbanga. Mu 1642, ŵasilikari ŵacifumu ŵakamba kusunkhunyika, ndipo nkhondo ya ku Brentford na Turnham Green yikati yamara, msumba wa London ukazingilizgika na linga lakuvikilira ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Lines of Communication. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 20,000 ndiwo ŵakazenga migelo iyi, ndipo yikamara mu myezi yiŵiri. Vinthu vikasintha yayi apo ŵasilikari ŵa New Model Army ŵakanjira mu London mu 1647. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, mu msumba wa London mukaŵa matenda ghakofya agho ghakakoma ŵanthu 100,000, panji kuti cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu msumba uwu.<ref name="london_025">{{Cite web |title=Story of the plague |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513041728/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref>[[File:Great_Fire_London.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Great_Fire_of_London|Great Fire of London]] destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.]] Moto ukuru wa ku London ukabuka mu 1666 mu Pudding Lane mu msumba uwu ndipo mwaluŵiro ukawotcha nyumba za makuni. Ntchito iyi yikatora vyaka vyakujumpha 10 ndipo Robert Hooke ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ntchito iyi. Mu 1708 ŵakazenga tchalitchi la St. Paul, ilo likaŵa lakwamba kuzenga na Christopher Wren. Mu nyengo ya Ŵagiorgia, mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi mukaŵa mizi yiphya nga ni Mayfair. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, msumba wa London ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Downstream. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa London ukakura chomene mwakuti ukaŵa msumba wa ndalama. Mu 1762, Themba George III likagura nyumba ya Buckingham House, iyo yikasazgikira mu vilimika 75 vyakulondezgapo. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ku London kukaŵa vigeŵenga vinandi, ndipo mu 1750 gulu la ŵapolisi la Bow Street Runners likaŵako. Pa milandu yakujumpha 200 ŵakeruzgikanga na nyifwa, kusazgapo unkhungu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1720 na 1930, ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵakababika mu msumba uwu ŵakafwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 5. Mu nyumba za khofi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakadumbiskananga maghanoghano ghawo, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso makina ghakusindikizgira ghakaŵa ghanandi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Napoleon ŵakati ŵanjira mu msumba wa Amsterdam, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku London. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Royal Navy yikazgoka sitima ya nkhondo yikuru comene pa caru cose, ndipo yikaŵa na nkhongono yikuru yakukanizga ŵalwani ŵithu. Mu 1846, Dango la Vyakumera likamara ndipo chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵaleke kuŵa na nkhongono. Pa nyengo iyi, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi kuluska msumba wa Amsterdam.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yor4DAAAQBAJ|title=Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium|last=Coispeau|first=Olivier|date=2016|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-310-884-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlos|first1=Ann M.|last2=Neal|first2=Larry|date=11 February 2011|title=Amsterdam and London as Financial Centers in the Eighteenth Century|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/abs/amsterdam-and-london-as-financial-centers-in-the-eighteenth-century1/8B23F8D271B1BCD05594064523600E85|journal=Financial History Review|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–46|doi=10.1017/S0968565010000338|s2cid=153626377|issn=1474-0052}}</ref> According to Samuel Johnson:{{blockquote|You find no man, at all intellectual, who is willing to leave London. No, Sir, when a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=london_022>{{Cite web |url=http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title=When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427035831/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>}} === Late modern and contemporary === Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Vyakuguliska yikambanga ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ndipo misewu yikuru yikakura chomene. London likaŵa msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose kwamba mu 1831 m'paka 1925, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba iyi ŵakakwana 325. Padera pa mashopu ghanandi agho ghakaguliskanga vinthu nga ni Harding, Howell & Co. agho ghakaŵa pa Pall Mall, agho ghakaŵa ghakwamba kuŵa na mashopu ghakurughakuru. Cifukwa cakuti mu msumba wa London mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukawuka nthenda ya kolera, ndipo ŵanthu 14,000 ŵakafwa mu 1848, ndipo 6,000 mu 1866. Chifukwa cha unandi wa magalimoto agho ghakaŵanga mu misewu, njanji yakwamba ku malo agha yikapangika. Bungwe la Metropolitan Board of Works likaŵa na mulimo wa kusazgirako vinthu mu msumba ukuru na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikazingilizga msumba uwu. Kwambira mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, mashopu gha tiyi ghakasangika mu misewu yikuru mu London na mu vyaru vinyake vya Britain. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara. Msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira msumba uwu pakati pa 1912 na 1914, apo ŵakabombanga nyumba zikuruzikuru nga ni Westminster Abbey na St. Paul's Cathedral.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suffragettes, violence and militancy |url=https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=British Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230074343/https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>{{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|width=220|image1=British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|caption1=British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during [[World War I]]|image2=LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|caption2=A bombed-out London street during [[the Blitz]], [[World War II]]}} {{anchor|German air attacks}}Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakaponya mabomba pa msumba wa London, ndipo pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000. Maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1948 ghakacitikira mu sitediyamu ya Wembley, apo msumba wa London ukaŵa kuti uchali kuweleramo mu nkhondo. Kwamba m'ma 1940, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku London kufuma ku vyaru vya Commonwealth nga ni Jamaica, India, Bangladesh na Pakistan. Mu 1951, ku South Bank kukachitika ungano wa Britain Festival. Mu 1952, pakaŵaso suzgo linyake lakuchemeka Great Smog, ilo likapangiska kuti paŵe dango lakucemeka Clean Air Act la 1956, ilo likamazga suzgo la "peas soup fogs" ilo likamanyikwanga chomene mu msumba wa London. Kwamba m'ma 1960, msumba wa London ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako ŵawukirano pa caru cose. Mu nyengo ya punki, munthu uyo wakambiska vinthu vikasintha. Mu 1965, boma la London likasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo chifukwa cha kukura kwa ŵanthu mu tawuni. Mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ku Northern Ireland, boma la Ireland likaponya mabomba mu msumba wa London mu 1973. Kuwukira uku kukalutilira kwa vyaka 20, kwambira na kuphulika kwa bomba ku Old Bailey. Nkhondo ya ku Brixton mu 1981 yikalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Greater London ŵakakhira mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kufuma pa 8.6 miliyoni mu 1939 kufika pa 6.8 miliyoni mu ma 1980. Malo ghakurughakuru gha ku London ghakasamukira ku Felixstowe na Tilbury, ndipo chigaŵa cha London Docklands chikazgoka malo ghakusangira vinthu, kusazgapo malo gha Canary Wharf. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca umo msumba wa London ukacitira vinthu pa nkhani ya ndalama mu ma 1980. Chigongwe ichi chikazengeka m'ma 1980 kuti chivikilire London ku majigha agho ghakufuma ku North Sea. Wupu wa Greater London Council ukalekeka mu 1986, ndipo msumba wa London ukaŵavya boma mpaka mu 2000, apo boma la Greater London Authority likapangika. Kuti ŵakumbukire vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵakazenga Nyumba ya Ufumu, London Eye, na Millennium Bridge. Pa 6 July 2005 London yikapokera ma Olimpiki gha 2012 gha chihanya, nga ni msumba wakwamba kucitiska maseŵero agha katatu. Pa Julayi 7, 2005, ŵasilikari ŵakaponya mabomba mu sitima zitatu za London na mu basi. Mu 2008, magazini ya Time yikati London pamoza na New York City na Hong Kong ni Nylonkong. Mu Janyuwale 2015, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8.63 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu Greater London. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa ku Britain uwo ukachitika mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasankha kuti ŵafumemo mu wupu wa European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=24 June 2016 |title='Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/wouldnt-you-prefer-to-be-president-sadiq-thousands-back-campaign-for-sadiq-khan-to-declare-londons-a3280141.html |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> == Administration == === Local government === {{main|Local government in London|History of local government in London|List of heads of London government}} [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg|thumb|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_London|Arms of the Corporation of the City of London]]: ''Argent, a cross gules in the first quarter a sword in pale point upwards of the last''; [[:en:Supporters_(heraldry)|Supporters]]: ''Two dragons with wings elevated and addorsed argent on each wing a cross gules''; [[:en:Crest_(heraldry)|Crest]]: ''On a dragon's wing displayed [[:en:Dexter_and_sinister|sinister]] a cross gules''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Heraldic Dragon |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/lcr/fsca/fsca19.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528185311/http://www.sacred-texts.com/lcr/fsca/fsca19.htm |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=23 July 2015 |website=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>]] Boma la London lili na vigaŵa viŵiri: chigaŵa chakupambanapambana cha msumba uwu na chigaŵa chakupambanapambana. Boma la Greater London Authority (GLA) ndilo likulongozga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri: meya wa London, uyo wali na mazaza ghakulongozga, na London Assembly, iyo yikulaŵilira ivyo meya wakucita na kuzomera panji kukana bajeti yake. Malo ghakulongozgera GLA ni Town Hall, Newham. Kufuma mu 2016, Sadiq Khan ndiyo ni meya wa msumba ukuru wa ku Western. Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya boma ya meya yikucemeka London Plan, iyo yikasinthika mu 2011. Maboma agha ni makonsili gha vigaŵa 32 vya London na City of London Corporation. Iwo ŵakulaŵilira milimo yinandi ya mu cigaŵa, nga ni kunozga malo, masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, misewu, na kutozga viswaswa. Mauteŵeti ghanyake nga nkhusunga vyakusakaza ghakuchitika pamoza. Mu 2009 na 2010, ndalama izo boma la London na GLA ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zikakwana mapaundi ghakujumpha 22 biliyoni (pafupifupi mapaundi 14.7 biliyoni ku maboma gha London na mapaundi 7.4 biliyoni ku GLA).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011) |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7462/1911067.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428000713/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7462/1911067.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> London Fire Brigade ni boma la ku London ilo likovwira kuponya moto na kuponoska ŵanthu. Ni gulu lacitatu likuru comene pa caru cose la vigeŵenga. Ntchito za ambulense za National Health Service zikupelekeka na London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, ndipo iyi ni nchito yikuru comene ya ambulense pa caru cose. Wupu wa London Air Ambulance ukuwungana na wupu wa LAS para mphakukhumbikwa. Ŵalinda ŵa ku Mlonga wa Thames na Royal National Lifeboat Institution ŵakwenda pa Mlonga wa Thames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of London Act 1968 (as amended) |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/Port-of-London-Act-1968 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Port of London Authority]]}}</ref> === National government === [[File:10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|237x237px|[[:en:10_Downing_Street|10 Downing Street]], official residence of the [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom|Prime Minister]]]] London ni malo agho boma la United Kingdom likukhala. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma, kweniso nyumba ya nduna yikuru pa 10 Downing Street, ghali kufupi na Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Westminster, comenecomene ku Whitehall. Pali mamembala 73 gha Nyumba ya Malamulo (MPs) kufuma ku London, agho ghakusankhika kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu Disembala 2019, ŵanthu 49 ŵakaŵa ŵa Labour Party, 21 ŵakaŵa ŵa Conservative, ndipo ŵatatu ŵakaŵa ŵa Liberal Democrats. Mu 1994, boma la Britain likapangiska ofesi ya ku London. Mu Febuluwale 2023, udindo wa nduna ya ku London ulipo kuyambira pa Okutobala 27, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister for London |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-london |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=gov.uk |publisher=UK Government |language=en}}</ref> === Policing and crime === {{main|Crime in London}} Ŵapolisi mu Greater London, kupaturako msumba wa London, ŵakupika na ŵapolisi ŵa Metropolitan ("The Met"), awo ŵakulongozgeka na meya kwizira mu ofesi ya meya yakuwona vya ŵapolisi na vigeŵenga (MOPAC). Nyumba ya boma iyi yikumanyikwaso kuti Scotland Yard chifukwa cha malo agho kukaŵa ofesi yake yikuru ku Whitehall. Msumba wa London uli na ŵapolisi ŵake. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakuŵa na udindo wa kupwelelera ŵapolisi pa National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway na Tramlink. Ŵapolisi ŵa Unduna wa Vyakuvikilira ni ŵapolisi ŵapadera mu msumba wa London, awo kanandi ŵakunjilirapo yayi pakupwelelera ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose |url=http://www.mod.police.uk/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506183729/http://www.mod.police.uk/index.html |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Ministry of Defence Police]]}}</ref> Vinthu vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya London. Malipoti ghakukhwaskana na ucigeŵenga ghakupelekeka pa caru cose pa mlingo wa boma na ward. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 118 ŵakakomeka. Kufuma mu 2000, ŵapolisi ŵa Metropolitan Police ŵali na maukaboni gha milandu pa webusayiti yawo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan Police Crime Mapping Data Tables |url=http://maps.met.police.uk/tables.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418160434/http://maps.met.police.uk/tables.htm |archive-date=18 April 2009 |access-date=13 December 2011 |publisher=Maps.met.police.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats and data |url=https://www.met.police.uk/sd/stats-and-data/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401160601/https://www.met.police.uk/sd/stats-and-data/ |archive-date=1 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Metropolitan Police]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> Milandu iyo yikucitika mu London yikukwera comene, comenecomene milandu ya nkhaza na kukoma ŵanthu. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 50 awo ŵakakomeka kwambira mu 2018 m'paka pakati pa Epulero 2018. Vingawoneka kuti ndalama izo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito zikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Crerar |first1=Pippa |last2=Gayle |first2=Damien |date=10 April 2018 |title=Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/10/sadiq-khan-holds-city-hall-summit-on-how-to-tackle-violent |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> == Charu == {{main|Geography of London}} === Scope === [[File:London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Satellite view of London in June 2018]] London, uwo ukuchemekaso kuti Greater London, ni cigaŵa cimoza mwa vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya England. Msumba wa London ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni apo msumba uwu ukakuranga, boma la London likakana kuti msumba uwu uŵe pamoza na mizi yinyake.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite book|last1=Beavan|first1=Charles|last2=Bickersteth|first2=Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunders and Benning|year=1865|url=https://archive.org/details/reportscasesinc14romigoog}}</ref> Malo ghakukwana 40% gha Greater London ghali na ofesi ya ku London. Kodi ya foni ya ku London (020) yikupharazga chigaŵa chikuru, chakuyana na Greater London, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vya kuwaro kwa msumba uwu vikusangika yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, mphaka ya Greater London yili kuyana na msewu wa M25. Sono chigaŵa cha Metropolitan Green Belt chikutondeska kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kukura mu matawuni, nangauli chigaŵa ichi chili kutali chomene, ntheura chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Greater London Urban Area. Kumanyuma kwake kuli msumba ukuru wa London. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli vigaŵa viŵiri, chigaŵa cha mukati na cha kuwaro, ndipo ku Mlonga wa Thames kuli chigaŵa cha kumpoto na cha kumwera. Malo gha pakati pa msumba wa London, agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Trafalgar Square na Whitehall, ghakaŵa pafupi na Eleanor Cross. Kuyana na mapu, msumba wa London uli mu cigaŵa ca London Borough of Lambeth, mtunda wa mamita 150 kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Lambeth North metro station.<ref>{{Cite web |author=M@ |date=30 April 2014 |title=Where Is The Centre of London? An Update |url=http://londonist.com/2014/04/where-is-the-centre-of-london-an-update |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530092718/http://londonist.com/2014/04/where-is-the-centre-of-london-an-update |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=Londonist}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|London|Cities|England|United Kingdom}} * [[:en:Outline_of_England|Outline of England]] * [[:en:Outline_of_London|Outline of London]]{{-}} == Vyakulemba == <references group="upper-alpha" responsive="1"><ref name="total" /></references> <references group="note" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Bibliography === * {{Cite book|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|title=London: The Biography|publisher=Vintage|location=London|year=2001|isbn=978-0-09-942258-7|page=880|title-link=London: The Biography}} * {{Cite book|last=Mills|first=David|title=Dictionary of London Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflond0000mill|publisher=Oxford Paperbacks|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-280106-7|oclc=45406491}} == External links == * [http://www.london.gov.uk/ London.gov.uk&nbsp;– Greater London Authority] * [http://www.visitlondon.com/ VisitLondon.com]&nbsp;– official tourism site * [http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ Museum of London] * {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=London|volume=31|last1=Muirhead|first1=James Fullarton|author1-link=James Fullarton Muirhead|page=|short=1}} * [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/place.aspx?region=1 London] in ''[[:en:British_History_Online|British History Online]]'', with links to numerous authoritative online sources ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546w3 "London"], ''In Our Time'', BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000) * {{osmrelation-inline|175342}} * [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,london%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,London%20(England),1&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of London], from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, [[:en:National_Library_of_Israel|National Library of Israel]] {{London history}}{{London landmarks}}{{Areas of London}}{{navboxes|title=[[Outline of London|Other articles related to London]]|list={{Governance of Greater London}} {{Transport in London}} {{London commuter belt}} {{Universities and colleges in London}} {{Megacities}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}}}{{Subject bar|commons=yes|wikt=yes|n=yes|n-search=Category:London|q=yes|s=yes|b=no|voy=yes|v=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q84}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Great Britain]] [[Category:Misumba ya boma ya Ulaya (Europe)]] [[Category:Ulaya(Europe)]] 4iw3exwlp26kxzj99b2y6f92ae3qbf5 0 6871 122469 111385 2026-09-28T00:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Ntcheu | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Ntcheu.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Ntcheu (msumba)|Ntcheu]] | ukulu wa malo = 3 424 | ŵanthu = 370 757 | year = }} '''Ntcheu''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Cikuyanako na caru ca Mozambique. Msumba uwu uli na msumba wa Ntcheu, ndipo mu chiyowoyero cha ku malo agha ukuchemeka BOMA. Yeneya, mulongozgi wa muzi, ndiyo wakuliyang'anira. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 3,424 km2 ndipo chili na ŵanthu 659,608 kuyana na kalembera wa 2018 wa Malawi.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Ntcheu chili pakati pa misumba yikuru ya Malawi ya Blantyre na Lilongwe. == Maofesi gha boma == Mu Ntcheu muli vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya National Assembly:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603001438/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Ntcheu Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Ntcheu District]</ref> Ntcheu - Bwanje North Ntcheu - Bwanje South Ntcheu - Central Ntcheu - Kumpoto Ntcheu - kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi Ntcheu - Kumwera Ntcheu - Kumadzulo == Misumba == * Ntcheu ni msumba ukuru chomene mu chigaŵa cha Ntcheu. * Nsipe yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 pa msewu wakuya ku Blantyre. * Kasinje wali pa msewu wa ku nyanja kufupi na chigaŵa cha Salima. * Lizulu ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakukhala. * Mphepozinai yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 15 pa msewu wakuya ku Kasinje. * Mulangeni wali mumphepete mwa mphaka na Mozambique. Chigodi wali pa mtunda wa makilomita 61 kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa likuru la boma. == Chikhalidwe == Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Ntcheu mba Ngoni, ndipo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Swaziland na ŵa ku South Africa. Kweniso chifukwa cha malo agha, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba, kumpoto kwa Malawi. Mulongozgi mukuru ni Inkosi Yamakosi Gomani (wonani Mndandanda wa olamulira a Ngoni Dynasty of Maseko (Gomani)). Maboma agha ni Njolomole, Kalumbu, Kwataine, Ganya, Makwangwala, Chakhumbira, Mpando, Champiti, Phambala, na Masasa. == Malo ghakukondweska == * Malo ghakurya gha Mama ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Ntcheu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10024:mamas-restaurant-in-ntcheu&catid=49:resturant-review&Itemid=41|title=Mama's Restaurant in Ntcheu|last=Jimu|first=Christopher|date=November 26, 2010|website=www.nationmw.net|publisher=Nation Publications Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221337/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10024:mamas-restaurant-in-ntcheu&catid=49:resturant-review&Itemid=41|archive-date=July 23, 2011|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> * Sukulu Yakusambizgira ku Gowa == Ŵanthu == Kuyana na chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ku Malawi mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 18 kuya munthazi awo ŵali kuyana na chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka ivi: * Phambala 55,168 * Mpando 50,528 * Kwataine (Sono ni Makwangwala) 41,338 * Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (S/C) Champiti 15,790 * Njolomole/Kalumbu 54,527 * Chakhumbira 25,659 * S/C Goodson Ganya 106,910 * Masasa 24,691 * Mphate 14,680 * Mberengwa 726 === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malawi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Ntcheu kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 90.4% ŴaNgoni * 3,3% ŴaLomwe * 2,3% ŴaChewa * 2,3% ŴaYao * 0.6% ŴaSena * 0.3% ŴaMang'anja * 0.3% ŴaTumbuka * 0.1% ŴaNyanja * 0.1% ŴaTonga * 0.1% ŴaNkhonde * 0.1% ŴaLambya * 0.0% ŴaSukwa * 0.2% Vinyake == Vyakupeleka == Chigaŵa ichi chikumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha vyakurya nga ni kabichi, tomato na mbatata ku Njolomole, Lizulu, na Tsangano. Padera pa msewu ukuru uwu wa M1, chigaŵa cha Ntcheu chikukolerana makora na vigaŵa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa Nyanja na msewu wa Kasinje (M5) m'paka ku msewu wa pa Nyanja uwo ukujumpha mu vigaŵa vya Golomoti, Chipoka, Nkhotakota, na Nkhata bay. == Ndyali == Pakuyambika kwa vyaru vinandi mu 1994, chigaŵa cha Ntcheu chikamba kuwoneka nga ni chigaŵa cha vipani vikuruvikuru vitatu vya Malawi. == Masambiro == Apo ŵamishonale ŵa visopa ŵakizanga mu cigaŵa ici mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, masukulu ghanandi gha cisopa gha Cikhristu ghakaŵako, nga ni Gowa Mission School, Mlanda Mission School, Muluma Mission School, na Dombole Mission school. Pakuti masukulu agha ghakaŵa ghanandi, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kusambira chomene. Masukulu ghapadera gha mu cigaŵa ici ni New Era Girls Secondary School. == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Ntcheu == Gomani II (Inkosi ya Makosi - Chief of Chiefs) === Ŵasambizgi === Chiphamba Brown == Boma == * Saulos Chilima * Loti Dzonzi * Ŵikanipo mtima * Sam Mpasu * Percy Kachipande * Kelly Zidana * Hereford Machewere * Robert Jiva * Stalin Zinkanda === Ŵakusanguluska === * Angela Mizinga "Tigris" === Ntchito === * Nathan Kalumbu * Bashir Dawood Adams == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Boma la Ntcheu| ]] [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] 1u5q66zq9mg2bawnmq2sbl63vultapq 0 6872 122461 116590 2026-09-28T00:05:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Kasungu | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Kasungu.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Kasungu]] | ukulu wa malo = 7 878 | ŵanthu = 480 659 | year = }} '''Kasungu''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Msumba ukuru ni Kasungu. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 7,878 km2, chili pafupi na [[Zambia]] ndipo chili na ŵanthu 842,953.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha Kasungu mungambuka mphaka na kunjira mu [[Zambia]] na kwenda mu msewu wakuchemeka "100 miles of rough road" (msewu wa makilomita 100) kuluta ku [[South Luangwa National Park]] mu Zambia. Usange mwaponoska nthowa iyi, iyi ni malo ghakutowa comene ghakusungirako vinyama ku [[South Africa]]. Mu Kasungu ndimo mukaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Malawi, [[Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda]]. == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malawi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Kasungu kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 78.1% [[ŴaChewa]] * 15.8% [[ŴaTumbuka]] * 1,9% [[ŴaNgoni]] * 1,8% [[ŴaYao]] * 1.6% [[ŴaLomwe]] * 0.2% [[ŴaTonga]] * 0.1% [[ŴaMang'anja]] * 0.1% [[ŴaSena]] * 0.1% [[ŴaNkhonde]] * 0.1% [[ŴaLambya]] * 0.1% [[ŴaYanja]] * 0.0% [[ŴaSukwa]] * 0.1% Vinyake == Maofesi gha boma == Mu Kasungu muli vigaŵa 9 vya National Assembly: * Kasungu - Central * Kasungu - East * Kasungu - Kumpoto * Kasungu - North East * Kasungu - North-North East * Kasungu - North West * Kasungu - Kumwera * Kasungu - South East * Kasungu - Kumadzulo Kwambira pa mavoti gha 2009 vyalo vinandi (kupatula Kasungu North, uko kuli mamembala gha Democratic Progressive Party) vili na mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Kasungu |title=Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Kasungu District |access-date=2016-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602231256/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Kasungu |archive-date=2016-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa mitheto, mwa iwo T/As Kaomba, Kaluluma, Chulu, Santhe, Simlemba, Chisemphere, Chinsinga, Chilowamatambe na Mwase. Kweniso ku Kasungu ndiko kukaŵa William Kamkwamba na Joseph Kawelama. Nangauli chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chikaya cha Malawi Congress Party, kweni chipani ichi chikachita makora yayi pa chisankho cha 2009. Chipani ichi chikataya mipando yose mu Nyumba ya Malamulo mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵanji ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira pawekha ndipo ŵanandi ŵakathereskeka na Democratic Progressive Party. Pa 20 May 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵazamuchitaso mavoti. Mubali Dr. Joyce Banda wavumbura upusikizgi uwo boma likupusikira ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi gha ma Kwacha na vinthu ivyo ŵandavipeleke. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakomeke ndipo ofesi yakulimbana na vimbundi na ŵapolisi ŵa Malawi ŵandafike pa fundo yakumalizga. == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] pr77myecjs8utu86htl4n8d5gectu8v 0 6874 122471 111389 2026-09-28T00:06:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Salima | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Salima.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Salima]] | ukulu wa malo = 2 196 | ŵanthu = 248 214 | year = }} '''Salima''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,196 km2 ndipo chili na ŵanthu 478,346.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Senga Bay ndi malo opumira kumapeto kwa sabata a ambiri ochokera ku likulu, [[Lilongwe]], ndipo akhala akuchita chikondwerero cha chaka chilichonse cha Lake of Stars kuyambira 2008, pomwe adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku [[Chintheche, Nkhata Bay|Chintheche]] kuti asakhale kutali. Mu cigaŵa ici muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala, kweni ghanandi ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma pa msewu ukuru. == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malaŵi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Salima kuyana na mtundu chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 72.9% ŴaChewa * 19.0% ŴaYao * 2,9% ŴaNgoni * 2,0% ŴaLomwe * 1.0% ŴaTumbuka * 0.7% ŴaNyanja * 0.5% ŴaTonga * 0.4% ŴaSena * 0.3% ŴaMang'anja * 0.1% ŴaNkhonde * 0.1% ŴaVinyake == Maofesi gha boma == Pali vigaŵa vinkhondi vya National Assembly mu Salima: * Salima - Central * Salima - Kumpoto * Salima - Kumwera * Salima - Kumwera kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi * Salima - kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi Kwambira pa mavoti gha 2009 vyalo vinandi (kupatula Salima South, uko kuli mamembala gha Democratic Progressive Party), vyaŵa vya mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603010841/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Salima Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Salima District]</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Boma la Salima| ]] oyajotjhwtccsewkwrpmgm9fm1fkfm5 0 6875 122470 111386 2026-09-28T00:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Ntchisi | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Ntchisi.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Ntchisi]] | ukulu wa malo = 1 655 | ŵanthu = 167 880 | year = }} '''Ntchisi''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Chigaŵa cha Ntchisi chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 128. Chigaŵa chose ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,300 na 1,700 pachanya pa nyanja. Pafupifupi hafu ya chigaŵa ichi (ku mpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi) yili na mapiri, ndipo hafu yinyake (kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi) njakukhora. Kutentha kwapakati ndi pafupifupi madigiri 20 Celsius.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Rural%20Accessibilityand%20Mobility%20in%20Malawi.pdf|title=Rural Accessibility and Mobility in Malawi.pdf|last=|first=|date=30 November 2005|website=iTransport|publisher=|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814032628/http://ittransport.co.uk/documents/Rural%20Accessibilityand%20Mobility%20in%20Malawi.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2006}}</ref> == Chuma == Vyamuminda na vyakurya vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Makuni, kununkhira, na kuliska viŵeto ni vigaŵa vinyake, cifukwa mu vyaru ivi muli viŵeto vicoko comene ndipo boma likulemba nchito ŵanthu ŵanandi. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu 75 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Chigaŵa ichi (na chalo) chapokelera wovwiri wa mitundu yinandi kufuma ku mawupu ghanandi, kusazgapo [[European Union]], DFID, African Development Bank, UNICEF na World Health Organization.<ref name=":0" /> == Vinthu ivyo vikukhwaska umoyo == Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakacitika mu 1989, wakalongora kuti pa ŵana 1,000, 28 ŵakafwanga, ndipo awo ŵakapona ŵakaŵavya vyakutozgera. Wupu wa UNICEF wachita milimo yinandi mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UIN08E/UIN08E15.HTM|title=Characteristics of the areas to be studied: Malawi's rural areas and needs|website=archive.unu.edu|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malawi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Ntchisi kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 97.9% ŴaChewa * 0.9% ŴaNgoni * 0.4% ŴaTumbuka * 0.3% ŴaLomwe * 0.3% ŴaYao * 0.1% ŴaTonga == Maofesi gha boma == Mu chigaŵa cha Ntchisi muli vigaŵa vinayi vya National Assembly: * Ntchisi ️East * Ntchisi ️Kumpoto * Ntchisi ️North East * Ntchisi ️Kumwera Kwambira pa mavoti gha 2009 vyalo vinandi (kupatula Ntchisi North East, uko kuli mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party) vyaŵa vya mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235954/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Ntchisi Parliament of Malawi – Members of Parliament – Ntchisi District]</ref> == Ulendo == Cinthu cikuru ico cikukopa ŵanthu ni nkhorongo ya Ntchisi Mountain Forest Reserve iyo yili pa mapiri gha Ntchisi. Paliso malo ghakusungirako ŵalendo agho ghali kupangikira ŵalendo ŵa ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=15|title=Ntchisi Forest Reserve {{!}} Malawi Tourism {{!}} Malawi Safari {{!}} Malawi Attractions|website=www.malawitourism.com|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] l7olddgsj6ruiikcv4xs3knkrqemr53 0 6902 122579 119316 2026-09-28T01:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Largest city in California, United States}} {{About||the county|Los Angeles County, California|other uses}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Redirect-multi|2|City of Los Angeles|LA}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}} {{Use American English|date=September 2019}} <!--The article is about the city proper of Los Angeles. Please do not put information about the metropolitan area in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]. Please do not put info about the county in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles County, California]]. --> {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|Msumba]] | name = Los Angeles | official_name = City of Los Angeles | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles|Skyline]] of [[Downtown Los Angeles]] | image2 = Hollywood sign (8485145044).jpg | caption2 = [[Hollywood Sign]] | image3 = Echo Park Lake.jpg | caption3 = [[Echo Park]] | image4 = Olvera st los angeles (cropped2).jpg | caption4 = [[Calle Olvera]] | image5 = Los Angeles City Hall 2013 (cropped).jpg | caption5 = [[Los Angeles City Hall]] | image6 = Griffith observatory 2006.jpg | caption6 = [[Griffith Observatory]] | image7 = Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped2).jpg | caption7 = [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]] }} <!-- DO NOT change without discussion --> | image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg | image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles.svg | seal_link = Seal of Los Angeles | image_blank_emblem = Wordmark of Los Angeles, California.svg | blank_emblem_type = Logo | blank_emblem_size = 100px | blank_emblem_alt = L.A. city seal next to LACITY.GOV | blank_emblem_link = Seal of Los Angeles | nickname = L.A., City of Angels,<ref name=VOAnick /> [[The Entertainment Capital of the World]],<ref name=VOAnick>{{cite news|url=http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/nicknames-for-los-angeles/1644584.html|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles|work=[[Voice of America]]|first1=Shelley|last1=Gollust|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> La-la-land, Tinseltown<ref name=VOAnick /> | image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Los Angeles highlighted.svg | map_caption = Location within California and [[Los Angeles County]] | pushpin_map = California#USA#North America | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 290px | pushpin_map_caption = Location within California##Location within the United States##Location within North America | pushpin_label = Los Angeles | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|34|03|N|118|15|W|region:US-CA_type:city(3800000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|California}} | subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Los Angeles County, California.svg}} [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of California|Region]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Southern California]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach]] | subdivision_name5 = [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim]] | established_title = [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|Pueblo]] | established_date = September 4, 1781<ref name="CaliforniaCounty1899">{{cite book|last=Barrows|first=H.D.|title=Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151|access-date=September 28, 2011|year=1899|page=151ff|chapter=Felepe de Neve|volume=4}}</ref> | established_title1 = [[City status]] | established_date1 = May 23, 1835<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/this-1835-decree-made-the-pueblo-of-los-angeles-a-ciudad-and-californias-capital| title = This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital| publisher=[[KCET]]| access-date = January 27, 2018| date = April 2016}}</ref> | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = April 4, 1850<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|url-status=dead|archive-date = February 21, 2013| title = California Cities by Incorporation Date| format =DOC|publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s| access-date = August 25, 2014}}</ref> | named_for = [[Queen of Heaven|Our Lady, Queen of the Angels]] <!-- Government ----------->| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Strong mayor–council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |title=About the City Government |publisher=City of Los Angeles |access-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103544/http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Los Angeles City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Los Angeles|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Karen Bass]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[Los Angeles City Attorney|City Attorney]] | leader_name1 = [[Hydee Feldstein Soto]] (D) | total_type = Total | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021">{{cite web|title=2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 501.55 | area_total_km2 = 1299.01 | area_land_sq_mi = 469.49 | area_land_km2 = 1215.97 | area_water_sq_mi = 32.06 | area_water_km2 = 83.04 | elevation_m = 93 | elevation_ft = 305 | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_max_m = 1576 | elevation_max_ft = 5075 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_min_footnotes = | population_total = 3,898,747 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/POP010220|access-date=January 21, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_est = 3,849,297 | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|2nd]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|1st]] in California | population_density_sq_mi = 8304.22 | population_density_km2 = 3206.29 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | population_urban = 12,237,376 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|2nd]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 2,886.6 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 7,476.3 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> | population_metro = 13,200,998 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|2nd]]) | population_demonym = Angeleno, Angelino, Angeleño<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/angelino-angeleno-and-angeleno|title=Angelino, Angeleno, and Angeleño|date=January 10, 2011|website=KCET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Angeleno|title=Definition of ANGELENO|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=May 16, 2023 }}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{collapsible list |framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |hlist = true |90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609<ref>[https://media.metro.net/about_us/pla/images/lazipcodes.pdf Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles] – LAHD</ref> }} | area_code = [[Area codes 213 and 323|213, 323]], [[Area codes 310 and 424|310, 424]], [[Area codes 818 and 747|818, 747]] | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = {{FIPS|06|44000}} | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs | blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|1662328}}, {{GNIS 4|2410877}} | website = [https://www.lacity.gov lacity.gov] | short_description = City in California | leader_title2 = [[Los Angeles City Controller|City Controller]] | leader_name2 = [[Kenneth Mejia]] (D) | timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] | utc_offset = –08:00 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] | utc_offset_DST = –07:00 }} '''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAc-en|US|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg}} {{respell|lawss|_|AN|jəl|əs}}; {{lang-es|Los Ángeles|link=no}} {{IPA-es|los ˈaŋxeles|}}, {{lit|The Angels}}), kanandi zina lake likulembeka kuti '''L.A.''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/geography/ge13b.php|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles, California|website=www.laalmanac.com}}</ref> ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu [[California]], [[U.S.A]]. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli pakatikati pa malonda, ndalama, na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern California. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu United States pamanyuma pa New York City, na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3.9 miliyoni mu mphepete mwa tawuni iyi mu 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> Los Angeles wali na mphepo ya ku Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndiposo msumba ukuru. Cikaŵa cikaya ca makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Hollywood.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021" /> TChigawo chachikulu cha mzindawu chili mu chigawo cha kumwera kwa California pafupi ndi nyanja ya Pacific kumadzulo ndipo chimadutsa m'mapiri a Santa Monica ndi kumpoto ku San Fernando Valley, pomwe mzindawu uli m'malire a San Gabriel Valley kum'mawa kwake. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1210 km2 ndipo chili ku chigaŵa cha Los Angeles, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Kuzakafika mu 2022, chigaŵa ichi chizamukhala ŵanthu pafupifupi 9.86 miliyoni.<ref name=LosAngelesCountyDecline2022>{{cite web |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |title=Slowing State Population Decline puts Latest Population at 39,185,000 |website=dof.ca.gov |access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612004340/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> Ni tawuni yacitatu iyo ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukaya ku United States, pamanyuma pa New York City na Miami, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4.6 miliyoni ŵakaluta kukaya mu tawuni iyi mu 2019.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, September 23, 2021</ref> Cigaŵa ico sono ni Los Angeles, pakwamba cikakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva, ndipo pamanyuma pake Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo wakacicemera zina ili mu 1542. Msumba uwu ukapangika pa Seputembala 4, 1781, na kazembe wa Spain Felipe de Neve, pa muzi wa Yaanga. Cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Mexico mu 1821 pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira. Mu 1848, paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Mexico na America, boma la Los Angeles na chigaŵa chinyake cha California ŵakagura ku United States na phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Pa Epulero 4, 1850, pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi, msumba wa Los Angeles ukapangika kuŵa boma. Mu ma 1890 mafuta ghakati ghasangika, msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|title=Subterranean L.A.: The Urban Oil Fields|date=July 16, 2013|website=The Getty Iris|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101060623/http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|archive-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukakura comene cifukwa ca kuzengeka kwa mugelo wa maji wa Los Angeles Aqueduct mu 1913. Los Angeles wali na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mafakitale ghakupambanapambana. Lili na dowoko la katundu likuru chomene ku vyaru vya ku America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for U.S.-bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of NYNJ Beats West Coast Rivals with Highest 2023 Volumes |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of New York and New Jersey Remains US' Top Container Port |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=www.marinelink.com|date=December 28, 2022 }}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Los Angeles ukaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wachitatu pa charu chose pa ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, pamanyuma pa New York na Tokyo. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1932 na 1984, ndipo ndiko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2028. Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California, cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu na gha mu Los Angeles ghaŵe ghambura maji.<ref name=LosAngelesRunningOutOfWater>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-10-13/as-election-nears-future-l-a-water-supply-gains-focus|title=Los Angeles is running out of water, and time. Are leaders willing to act?|author=Hayley Smith|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 13, 2022|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Hayley |date=March 1, 2022 |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Zina== Kuyana na umo zina la msumba uwu likazunulikiranga ku malo agha, lizgu ili likusinthanga kufuma ku zina linyake kuya ku linyake. Nkhani ya mu 1953 mu nyuzipepara ya American Name Society yikayowoya kuti mazina gha malo agha ghakafuma ku mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain..<ref name="stein">{{cite journal|last=Stein|first=David Allen|year=1953|title=Los Angeles: A Noble Fight Nobly Lost|url=https://archive.org/details/names_1953_1_1-4/page/35|journal=[[Names (journal)|Names]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–38|doi=10.1179/nam.1953.1.1.35}}</ref> In 1908, librarian [[Charles Fletcher Lummis]], who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard ''g'' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ}}),<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=February 24, 2011|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|title=The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=May 6, 2016|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|title=How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lummis|first=Charles Fletcher|date=June 29, 1908|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32760469/19080629losangeleslummis/|title=This Is the Way to Pronounce Los Angeles|work=Nebraska State Journal|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Times yikayowoya kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (/loʊs ˈɑːŋheɪleɪs/), kung'anamura kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais. Ici cikaŵa cakukondweska yayi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kenyon|first1=John Samuel|author1-link=John Samuel Kenyon|last2=Knott|first2=Thomas Albert|year=1944|title=A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=G. & C. Merriam|page=260|url=https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00unse/page/260/mode/1up}}</ref> Kufuma mu ma 1930, /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ndiyo yikayowoyekanga comene. Mu 1934, wupu wa United States Board on Geographic Names ukadumura kuti mazgu agha ghalembeke nthena. Mu 1952, "jury" iyo yikimikika na Meya Fletcher Bowron yikakolerana nayo fundo iyi.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="harvey">{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=June 26, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|title=Devil of a time with City of Angels' name|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> Kuyowoya mazgu mu United Kingdom kukusazgapo /lɒs ˈændʒɪliːz, -lɪz, -lɪs/ loss AN-jil-eez, -iz, -iss. Jack Windsor Lewis wakalongosora mazgu agho ghakuyowoyeka kanandi, {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=En-uk-Los Angeles.ogg}}, mazgu agha ghakalembekanga mwakuyana na mazgu gha Chigiriki agho ghakumalira pa -es, "ghakalongoranga kuti ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga makora mabuku gha mu Baibolo agho ghakalembekanga kale, kweni Chisipanishi chikamanyanga yayi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Windsor Lewis|first=Jack|year=1990|chapter=''Happ''Y land reconnoitred: the unstressed word-final -{{zwj}}y vowel in General British pronunciation|editor-last=Ramsaran|editor-first=Susan|title=Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson|publisher=Routledge|pages=159–167|isbn=978-1-138-92111-5|chapter-url=http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html}} Pages 166–167.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Los Angeles}} {{For timeline}} === Mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === [[File:ElAliso treepre1875drawing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yaanga]], muzi wakuzirwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva uwo ukaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandambe kukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku California awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa icho lero ni Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley, ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Tongva (uwo sono ukuchemekaso Gabrieleño kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain). Ku malo agha ndiko kukaŵa tawuni ya Yaanga (Tongva: Iyáangaʾ), iyo yikung'anamura "malo gha khuni la thondo", ndipo zuŵa linyake ndiko ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakazenga tawuni ya Pueblo de Los Ángeles. Iyáangaʾ likung'anamulikaso kuti "dambo la josi".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|title=Smoke is Normal&nbsp;– for 1800|last=Bowman|first=Chris|date=July 8, 2008|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|archive-date=July 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|title=Environment: Evolution of a Concept|author=Gordon J. MacDonald|page=2|quote=The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."}}</ref><ref name="google86">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|last=Bright|first=William|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21271-8|page=86|lccn=97043147|quote=Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'}}</ref><ref name="sfgate2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|title=Roots of native names|last=Sullivan|first=Ron|date=December 7, 2002|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=January 7, 2015|quote=Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Estrada |first=William David |title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-292-78209-9 |pages=15–50}}</ref> === Boma la Spain === Mu 1542 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, uyo wakendanga pa nyanja, wakapika chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa California kuti chiŵe cha Ufumu wa Spain. Gaspar de Portolà na mishonale Juan Crespí ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ni Los Angeles pa Ogasiti 2, 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|title=Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries|publisher=Pacifica Historical Society|access-date=January 7, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232240/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mu 1797, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakambiska Mission San Fernando Rey de España.]] Mu 1771, Franciscan Junípero Serra wakambiska mulimo wa kuzenga Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, iyo yikaŵa mishoni yakwamba mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Seputembala 4, 1781, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana 44 awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "Los Pobladores" ŵakambiska tawuni iyo ŵakalicema kuti El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, panji kuti "Sumba ya Mama withu, Fumukazi ya Ŵangelo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|title=Settlement of Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Almanac|language=en-US|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> Zina la tawuni iyi likususkana; buku la Guinness Book of World Records likuti "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula"; mabuku ghanyake ghakung'anamura zina ili mwakudumura. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli dayosisi yikuru comene ya Katolika ku United States. Vigaŵa viŵiri pa viŵiri vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico panji ŵa ku (New Spain) ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa mestizo panji mulatto, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa mu Africa, ŵa fuko limoza na ŵa ku Europe. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu, kweni mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira kufika pa 650. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakukumbukira malo agha mu chigaŵa cha Pueblo Plaza na Olvera Street, ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Estrada2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|title=Los Angeles's Olvera Street|last=Estrada|first=William D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7385-3105-2|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> === Boma la Mexico === [[File:Portrait of Pio Pico (Californian State Library) (detail).jpg|thumb|left|Pío Pico, uyo wakaŵa kazembe waumaliro wa ku Mexico, wakawovwira comene kuti msumba wa Los Angeles ukhazikike.]] Mu 1821, caru ca New Spain cikapoka wanangwa ku Spain, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵa ku pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Mexico. Mu nyengo ya Mexican, Kazembe Pío Pico wakazgora msumba wa Los Angeles kuŵa msumba ukuru wa Alta California. Pa nyengo iyi, boma liphya likambiska vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826-1846 |url=http://mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html |access-date=October 26, 2017 |website=mchsmuseum.com}}</ref> Mu 1846, pa nkhondo iyo yikacitikira caru ca Mexico na America, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjira mu muzi uwu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mexico lizingire msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Mexico ŵakukwana 150 ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Mexico. Muwuso wa Mexico ukamara pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya ku America na Mexico, iyo yikacitikira ku California. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakamba kuwusa caru ca California, pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikamara na kukolerana pa cipangano ca Cahuenga pa Janyuwale 13, 1847. Boma la Mexico likapika mazaza mu 1848, ndipo likapangana na boma la Guadalupe Hidalgo kuti likapeleke msumba wa Los Angeles na chigaŵa chose cha Alta California ku United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=50|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=K. Jack |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25746154 |title=The Mexican War, 1846-1848 |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |edition=Bison books |location=Lincoln |pages=184|oclc=25746154 }}</ref> ===Post-Conquest era=== {{See also|Victorian Downtown Los Angeles|Los Angeles in the 1920s}} [[File:Treaty of Cahuenga.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Phangano la Cahuenga, ilo likapangika mu 1847 na munthu wa ku California Andrés Pico na John C. Frémont, wakamalizga U.S. Ŵakapoka California.]] Mu 1876 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku New Orleans kuluta ku Los Angeles, ndipo mu 1885 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku Santa Fe. Mu 1892, mafuta ghakasangika mu msumba uwu na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi, ndipo mu 1923, vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti California yiŵe charu icho chikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 1900, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 102,000, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghakusoŵa. Mu 1913, apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga mugelo wa maji ku Los Angeles, William Mulholland ndiyo wakawovwira kuti msumba uwu ulutilire kukura. Chifukwa cha malango agho ghakakanizganga msumba wa Los Angeles kuguliska panji kupeleka maji ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, misumba yinandi iyo yikazingilizga msumba uwu yikamba kukolerana na Los Angeles.<ref name="LAgrowth">{{citation|last=Basiago|first=Andrew D.|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|title=Water For Los Angeles&nbsp;– Sam Nelson Interview|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text|date=February 7, 1988|at=11|access-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|publisher=City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering|title=Annexation and Detachment Map|url=http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FinalReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab|title=CityDig: L.A.'s 20th Century Land Grab|author1-link=Glen Creason|last=Creason|first=Glen|date=September 26, 2013|publisher=Los Angeles Magazine|access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>[[File:Paramount Pictures studio gate, c. 1940 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|In the early 20th century, [[Major film studios|Hollywood studios]], like [[Paramount Pictures]], helped transform [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] into the world capital of film and helped solidify LA as a global economic hub.]] Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa na dango lakwamba la kugaŵa malo mu United States. Pa Seputembala 14, 1908, wupu wakulongozga msumba wa Los Angeles ukapharazga kuti malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu na mafakitale ghaŵe ghakupambanapambana. Dango liphya ili likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalengemo mu malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa na malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na ghanyake. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵakakanizga mulimo uwu, mukaŵa nyumba zakusungiramo viŵeto, malo ghakusungiramo nkhuni, na malo gha mafakitale agho ghakaŵa na makina. Malango agha ghakapelekeka pamanyuma pakuti vinthu vya mu maindasitiri vyamara. Ivi vikasazgikirapo pa vinthu vinyake ivyo kale vikaŵanga vyakukwiyiska. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakuphulika, malo ghakupangira gasi, malo ghakupangira mafuta, malo ghakukomerako nyama, na malo ghakusungiramo viŵiya. Kweniso boma la Los Angeles likapeleka malo 7 ghakusungirako vinthu mu tawuni iyi. Ndipouli, pakati pa 1908 na 1915, wupu wa boma ku Los Angeles ukazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito malo agha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kugwiliskira nchito malo agha pa vinthu vinyake. Pali mphambano ziŵiri pakati pa dango la Residence District Ordinance la mu 1908 na malango ghanyake gha ku United States. Cakwamba, malango gha mu 1908 ghakapanga mapu ghakukwana yayi nga umo vikaŵira na dango la mu 1916 la New York City. Chachiŵiri, malo ghakukhalamo ghakapambaniskanga yayi mitundu ya nyumba; ghakapambaniskanga yayi nyumba, mahotelo, na nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Mu 1910, Hollywood yikasazgikana na msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu msumba uwu mukaŵa kale makampani 10 gha mafilimu. Mu 1921, makampani gha mafilimu ghakujumpha 80 pa 100 gha mu caru cose ghakaŵa ku L.A. Ndalama izo ŵakasanganga cifukwa ca mulimo uwu, zikawovwira kuti msumba uwu uleke kukumana na suzgo la ndalama ilo likakhwaska caru cose pa nyengo ya suzgo yikuru ya caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 1930, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cikajumpha pa 1 miliyoni. Mu 1932, mu msumba uwu ndimo mukachitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930|date=June 15, 1998|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="YoungYoung2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|date=March 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33521-1|page=21|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> ===Post-WWII=== [[File:WSA Photo 4235.jpg|thumb|right|Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kampani ya California Shipbuilding Corporation pa Terminal Island yikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakazenga sitima izo zikazengera malo ghakusungirako sitima mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Los Angeles likaŵa likuru la kupanga vyombo na ndege. Calship yikapanga maboti ghanandi gha Liberty na Victory Ships pa Terminal Island, ndipo malo gha Los Angeles ghakaŵa likuru gha vyombo vikuruvikuru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya charu (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, na Vultee). Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, msumba wa Los Angeles ukakura mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska kale, ndipo ukamba kusanjika mu chigaŵa cha San Fernando Valley. Chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kukura kwa matawuni gha mphaka, na unandi wa ŵanthu, malo ghakusanguluska ghanandi ghakazengeka na kugwiriridwa mu malo agha. Chifukwa cha mphambano ya mitundu, mu 1965 ku Watts kukachitika chisokonezo ndipo ŵanthu 34 ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka.<ref name="Hinton2">{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Turn+left+or+get+shot&pg=PA69 |title=From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674737235 |pages=68–72}}</ref>[[File:Olympic Torch Tower of the Los Angeles Coliseum.jpg|thumb|left|Chiphikiro chakujulira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1984 pa LA Coliseum]] Mu 1969, California ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba apo pa Intaneti pakaŵavya vinthu vyakupambanapambana, ndipo uthenga wakwamba uwo ukafuma ku Yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles (UCLA) ukaluta ku Stanford Research Institute ku Menlo Park. Mu 1973, Tom Bradley wakasankhika kuŵa meya wakwamba wa msumba uwu, ndipo wakagwira nchito nyengo zinkhondi mpaka apo wakafumira mu 1993. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitika mu msumba uwu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 vikusazgapo nkhondo ya Symbionese Liberation Army ku South Central mu 1974 na milandu ya Hillside Stranglers mu 1977-1978. Kukwambilira kwa 1984, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuluska wa Chicago, ndipo ukaŵa msumba waciŵiri pa misumba yikuru ku United States. Mu 1984, mu msumba uwu mukacitikaso maseŵero gha pa Olimpiki. Nangauli vyaru 14 vya Cikomyunizimu vikakana kuti vileke kuŵapo pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, kweni maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984 ghakaŵa ghakovwira comene kuluska maseŵero ghanyake ghose agho ghakaŵako, ndipo ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri kuti ghaŵe na phindu.<ref name="Zarnowski">{{cite journal|author-link1=Frank Zarnowski|last=Zarnowski|first=C. Frank|date=Summer 1992|title=A Look at Olympic Costs|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|archive-date=May 28, 2008|access-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>[[File:48 California Willshire Grand (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wilshire Grand Center]], nyumba iyi yikazengeka mu 2017, ndipo ni nyumba yitali chomene ku California na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States.]] Pa 29 Epulero, 1992, pakawuka viwawa pakati pa mafuko, ndipo khoti la ku Simi Valley likagamura kuti ŵapolisi ŵanayi ŵa Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) ŵaleke mulandu. Mu 1994, cindindindindi cikuru ico cikacitika ku Northridge cikasunkhunya msumba uwu, ndipo cikabwangandura vinthu vyakukwana $12.5 biliyoni na kukoma ŵanthu 72. Caka ici cikamara na mulandu wa Rampart, uwo ukaŵa umoza mwa milandu yikuru comene ya kupuluska mu mdauko wa America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html|title=Rampart Scandal Timeline|access-date=October 1, 2011|publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|PBS Frontline]]}}</ref> === M'ma 2000 === Mu 2002, Meya James Hahn wakalongozga kampeni yakuwukira boma, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu San Fernando Valley na Hollywood ŵaleke kuwukira boma. Mu 2022, Karen Bass wakazgoka mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa meya wa msumba uwu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe msumba ukuru chomene mu United States kuti mwanakazi waŵe meya. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndimo muzamuchitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|title=Los Angeles will host 2028 Olympics|last=Horowitz|first=Julia|date=August 1, 2017|website=[[CNNMoney]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190432/http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|title=Cities Which Have Hosted Multiple Summer Olympic Games|website=worldatlas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215161622/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|archive-date=December 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha malo == {{See also|Los Angeles Basin|San Fernando Valley}} === Malo ghakukhala === [[File:Los Angeles by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-30.jpg|thumb|Kuwona malo gha ku Los Angeles kufuma pa satellite]] Msumba wa Los Angeles uli na malo ghakukwana 1,302 km2 ndipo uli na malo ghakukwana 1,214 km2 na maji ghakukwana 88 km2.<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 71 kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera ndipo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 29 kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 550. Los Angeles ni tawuni ya mapiri ndiposo ya mapiri. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu msumba uwu ni Phiri la Lukens ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,547, ilo lili kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa San Fernando Valley. Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Santa Monica chikupakana ku Nyanja ya Pacific ndipo chikupatura Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Los Angeles vili na mapiri. Ku mpoto kwa tawuni ya Washington, ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi nga ni Boyle Heights, chigaŵa cha Crenshaw kuzingilizga Baldwin Hills, na chigaŵa cha San Pedro. Kuzingilizga tawuni iyi kuli mapiri ghatali. Kumpoto kwake kuli mapiri gha San Gabriel, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Angelenos ŵakutemwa kuluta kukasopa. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Phiri la San Antonio, ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulimanya kuti Phiri la Baldy. Kutali na malo agha, kuli Phiri la San Gorgonio, ilo lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 130 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles. Mlonga wa Los Angeles, uwo nyengo zinandi ukwenda nyengo yiliyose, ndiwo ukwenda mu maji. Wupu wa Army Corps of Engineers ukanozga na kujara makilomita 82 kuti maji ghaleke kwiza. Mtsinjewu umayamba mu chigawo cha Canoga Park mumzindawu, umadutsa chakum'mawa kuchokera ku San Fernando Valley kumpoto kwa mapiri a Santa Monica, ndipo umatembenukira kumwera kudzera pakatikati pa mzindawu, ukuyenda kumlomo wake ku Port of Long Beach ku Pacific Ocean. Mlonga ucoko wa Ballona ukuthira mu Santa Monica Bay ku Playa del Rey.<ref name="Gumprecht2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftBJpp7aIoC|title=The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth|last=Gumprecht|first=Blake|date=March 2001|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6642-5|page=173|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@34.1149676,-116.8483927,10.69z|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> === Vyakumela === {{see also|California coastal sage and chaparral}} [[File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey.jpg|thumb|left|[[Del Rey Lagoon Park|Del Rey Lagoon]] ku [[Playa del Rey]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli vyakumera vinandi, cifukwa ca malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja, mu vipalamba, na mu mapiri. Vimera ivi vikusangika chomene mu vigaŵa vya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chaparral, na mu nkhorongo. Vyakumera vya ku malo agha ni: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow na Giant Wildrye. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi, nga ni sunflowers ya ku Los Angeles, vikusangika viŵi yayi mwakuti vili pafupi kumara. Nangauli mu msumba uwu mulije khuni ili, kweni khuni la Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra) ndilo ni khuni la boma la Los Angeles, ndipo maluŵa gha boma la Los Angeles ni Paradise Bird (Strelitzia reginae).<ref name="Communications2003">{{cite book|title=Los Angeles Magazine|date=April 2003|publisher=Emmis Communications|page=62|chapter=Flower|journal=Los Angeles|issn=1522-9149|access-date=October 6, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62}}</ref> [[Washingtonia robusta|Mexican Fan Palms]], [[Phoenix canariensis|Canary Island Palms]], [[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen Palms]], [[Date Palm]]s, na [[Washingtonia filifera|California Fan Palms]] ni vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi ni vya ku Los Angeles, nangauli ni vya ku California pera, kweni vikusangika mu msumba wa Los Angeles yayi. === Nthaka === [[File:Mt. Lukens overlooking La Crescenta-Montrose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Lukens]], mu mapiri gha San Gabriel, muli malo ghatali chomene ku Los Angeles]] Pakuti msumba wa Los Angeles uli pa malo ghakucemeka Pacific Ring of Fire, nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vindindindi. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru, ivyo vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka mu Southern California, nangauli vinandi mwa vindindindi ivi ni vichoko mwakuti vingapulikikwa yayi.<ref name="quakes">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php|title=Earthquake Facts|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha San Andreas Fault, icho chili pa mphaka pakati pa Pacific Plate na North American Plate, chikuduka mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles. Cigaŵa ca malo agha ico cikujumpha mu Southern California, cikutimbanizgika na cindindindi cikuru pa virimika 110 panji 140, ndipo ŵakumanya vya cindindindindi ŵakucenjezga kuti cindindindi cikuru cinyake cingacitikaso, cifukwa cindindindi cikuru cakumalizga ico cikacitika cikaŵa ico cikacitika ku Fort Tejon mu 1857. Malo gha ku Los Angeles na malo ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi, ghakunangika na vindindindi vyamabuchi. Vindindindi vikuruvikuru ivyo vyacitika mu Los Angeles ni vya ku Long Beach mu 1933, ku San Fernando mu 1971, ku Whittier Narrows mu 1987, na ku Northridge mu 1994. Kweni vinyake ni vyambura nkhongono ndipo munthu wakuvipulikiska yayi. Wupu wa USGS ukafumiska lipoti la UCERF la ku California ilo likulongosora umo chindindindi chingachitikira ku California. Vigaŵa vinyake vya tawuni iyi vikusuzgikaso na tsunami. Malo agho ghali pa dowoko ghakaŵaso na ngozi chifukwa cha chindindindi icho chikachitika ku Aleutian Islands mu 1946, ku Valdivia mu 1960, ku Alaska mu 1964, ku Chile mu 2010, na ku Japan mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-earthquake/|title=World's Largest Recorded Earthquake|publisher=Geology.com|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> === Msumba === {{Main|List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles}} {{wide image|LA Downtown View (cropped).jpg|800px|{{center|The skyline of [[Downtown Los Angeles]]}}}} Msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo vinyake mwa vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Vigaŵa ivi vikapangika pacoko na pacoko, ndipo vili na malo ghakukwana mwakuti msumba uli na vikhwangwani ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050707/http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=LADOT|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> ==== Overview ==== [[File:The Griffith Observatory at night, Mt. Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Downtown Los Angeles]] skyline from [[Griffith Park]]]] Misewu ya mu tawuni iyi yikwenda mu nthowa zakuyana waka, ndipo misewu yinyake yikujumpha mu misewu iyi. Kweni ivi vikusuzga cifukwa ca malo ghambura kwendeska magalimoto, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mageti ghakupambanapambana mu madambo ghose agho ghakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Misewu yikuru-yikuru yikupangika kuti yikwendeska magalimoto ghanandi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu msumba uwu, ndipo yinandi mwa misewu iyi njitali comene; Sepulveda Boulevard njitali makilomita 69, ndipo Foothill Boulevard njitali makilomita 97, ndipo yikufika ku San Bernardino. Ŵadokotala ŵa galimoto ku Los Angeles ŵakuŵa na suzgo lakuti pa caru cose paŵa nyengo zinonono comene, kuyana na umo ŵakwendeskera magalimoto ŵakucitira, TomTom. Ŵadokotala ŵa magalimoto mu LA ŵakumalira maora 92 pa msewu pa chaka. Pa nyengo ya maora gha pachanya chomene, pali magalimoto ghakukwana 80 peresenti, kuyana na ivyo vyalembeka pa index iyi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/04/01/worst-cities-traffic-usa-los-angeles/70762026/|title=Los Angeles tops worst cities for traffic in USA|website=USA TODAY|access-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref> Kanandi mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukuŵa nyumba zambura kujumpha msinkhu, mwakupambana na mu msumba wa New York. Ku Los Angeles kuli nyumba zikuruzikuru yayi, kweni pali malo ghachoko waka nga ni Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, na Westwood. Nyumba zichoko waka izo zili kuzengeka kuwaro kwa malo agha, zikuwoneka makora comene. Mulimo wa kuzenga ukucitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, m'malo mwa kuzenga nyumba yimoza. Kweni mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakujumpha 30 zakudikanya, ndipo 14 zili na nyumba zakujumpha 50 zakudikanya, ndipo ziŵiri zili na nyumba zakujumpha 70 zakudikanya, ndipo nyumba yitali chomene ni Wilshire Grand Center. Kweniso mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakukhalamo m'malo mwa nyumba za mbumba yimoza. <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Malo ghanyake gha [[List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]"> File:Crossing 1st St. (15569188450) (cropped2).jpg|[[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles|Boyle Heights]] File:Little Armenia Los Angeles view edit1.jpg|[[East Hollywood, Los Angeles|East Hollywood]] File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California, centering on the 13-story Eastern Columbia Building in the Broadway Theater District LCCN2013631691 (cropped).tif|[[Historic Core, Los Angeles|Historic Core]] File:Pacific Palisades Photo Don Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg|[[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]] File:20140810-0429 Nisei Week Festival (cropped).JPG|[[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] File:Silverlake, Los Angeles (cropped).jpg|[[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] File:San-Pedro1.jpg|[[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]] File:View of Griffith Park from Sunset Boulevard (cropped2).jpg|[[Los Feliz, Los Angeles|Los Feliz]] File:Sunny business district roads (Unsplash) (cropped).jpg|[[Financial District, Los Angeles|Financial District]] File:Aerial view of beaches (Venice) July 2022 (3).jpg|[[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]] File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey (cropped).jpg|[[Playa del Rey, Los Angeles|Playa del Rey]] File:Wilshire Boulevard winds through Westwood-3730987095 (cropped).jpg|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]] </gallery> === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Los Angeles}} {{climate chart | Los Angeles (Downtown) |48.9|68.0|3.29 |50.0|68.0|3.64 |52.4|69.9|2.23 |54.8|72.4|0.69 |58.1|73.7|0.32 |61.4|77.2|0.09 |64.7|82.0|0.02 |65.4|84.0|0.00 |64.2|83.0|0.13 |59.9|78.6|0.58 |53.1|72.9|0.78 |48.2|67.4|2.48 |float = right |clear = right |units = imperial |source = NOAA<ref name="Los Angeles Downtown Weatherbox NOAA txt"/>}} Los Angeles ili na nyengo ziŵiri za nyengo ya chihanya na nyengo ya chiwuvi (Köppen Csb pa mphepete mwa nyanja na vigaŵa vinandi vya pakati pa msumba, Csa pafupi na metropolitan region kumanjiliro gha dazi), kweni yikupokera maji ghavula pachaka pachoko kuluska malo ghanyake gha mu nyanja ya Mediterranean, ntheura yili pafupi na mphaka ya nyengo ya chiwuvi (BSh), nangauli yikusulako waka. Nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yiwemi mu cilimika cose. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, malo agha ghakukwana pafupifupi 68 °F (20 °C) ndipo ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ŵali mu malo ghakuzizima, nangauli nyengo iyi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa chakuti usiku kukuzizima chomene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/05/22/the-myth-of-a-desert-metropolis-los-angeles-was-not-built-in-a-desert-but-are-we-making-it-one/|title=The Myth of a Desert Metropolis: Los Angeles was not built in a desert, but are we making it one?|date=May 22, 2017|website=Boom California|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-north-america.php|title=Interactive North America Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map|website=www.plantmaps.com|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, zuŵa likuŵala comene mu cilimika cose, ndipo cilimika cilicose kuli mazuŵa 35 pera agho kuli vula. Mu nyanja iyi, mu mwezi wa Epulero, Meyi, Juni na Novembala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na 32°C. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, Ogasiti, Okutobala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na mazuŵa ghankhondi. Ku San Fernando Valley na San Gabriel Valley kukuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mpoto, nyengo yikupambana chomene. Kutentha kwapakati pa nyanja ndi 63 °F (17 °C), kuchokera 58 °F (14 °C) mu Januwale mpaka 68 °F (20 °C) mu Ogasiti. Maora gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 3,000 pa cilimika, kufuma pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Disembala kufika pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Julayi. Malo gha ku Los Angeles ghakusangikaso na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu malo ghachoko, ivyo vikupangiska kuti malo ghachoko ghaŵe pafupi na malo ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, nyengo yakuzizima comene mu mwezi wa Julayi ku Santa Monica Pier ni 21 °C, apo ku Canoga Park, uko kuli pa mtunda wa makilomita 24, kuli 35 °C. Mzinda uwu, nga ni malo ghanandi gha kumwera kwa California, ukuŵa na nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikuchemeka kuti "June Gloom". Para kwaca mulenji kukuŵa mabingu panji jumi, ndipo para kwaca namise kukuŵa zuŵa.<ref name="Poole2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPWv2OkeXUC&pg=PA22|title=Frommer's Los Angeles 2011|last=Poole|first=Matthew R.|date=September 22, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-62619-1|page=22|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>[[File:Lake Hollywood Reservoir by clinton steeds.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hollywood Reservoir|Lake Hollywood]] ku [[Santa Monica Mountains]]]] Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu ghaleke kwenda makora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |website=www.latimes.com |date= March 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles mukuŵa vula yikuru pa chaka, ndipo kanandi yikuwa pakati pa Novembala na Malichi. Nyengo zinyake vula iyi yikuŵa yichoko waka, kweni nyengo zinyake yikuŵa yikuru chomene. Kanandi vula yikulokwa comene mu mapiri na mumphepete mwa nyanja cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mapiri. Nyengo ya cihanya yikuŵavya vula. Nyengo zinyake, para mphepo ya kumwera panji ya kumafumiro gha dazi yikwiza, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa na chivula cha mphepo, chomenechomene mu mapiri. Ku mphepete mwa nyanja kulije vula yinandi, kweni ku mapiri kuli vula yinandi. Vikuwoneka kuti ni viŵi yayi kuti vula yinonenge. Kanandi vinthu vikusintha kufuma pa chaka chimoza kuya pa chinyake, ndipo nyengo yichoko waka ya vula yikulokwa yayi. Kanandi mu nyanja ya Pacific para kuli vula, kukaŵanga nyengo ya El Niño, ndipo para kuli chilangalanga, kukaŵanga nyengo ya La Niña. Para vula yalokwa kanandi waka mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka yingapangiska kuti maji ghatutuke mu mapiri, comenecomene para moto wamara mu mapiri.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) |url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902181245/http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2013 |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> [[File:Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 07.JPG|thumb|right|Venice Beach ku South Coast ya California]] Kuzizima na chiwuvi ni viŵi yayi mu msumba na mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo kaumaliro ku chiwuvi kukaŵanga pa 29 January 1979. Kuzizima kukuchitika pafupifupi chaka chilichose mu madambo, apo mapiri gha mu msumba ghakuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo ya chiwuvi. Pa Janyuwale 15, 1932, mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa chiwuvi chikuru chomene. Mu Febuluwale 2019 kukawa chiwuvi chakwamba kufuma mu 1962, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2021 kukawa chiwuvi mu malo ghakufupi na Los Angeles. Ku malo ghakukwelera ku tawuni iyi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Seputembala 27, 2010, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Janyuwale 4, 1949. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, nyengo yakuzizima chomene iyo yili kulembekapo ni 49 °C, pa Seputembala 6, 2020, ku weather station pa Pierce College mu San Fernando Valley pafupi na Woodland Hills. Mu nyengo ya cihanya na nyengo ya ciwuvi, mphepo ya Santa Ana nyengo zinyake yikucitiska kuti ku Los Angeles kuŵe kwakotcha comene ndiposo kukawomira, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe ngozi yikuru ya moto. <ref>{{cite web |author1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Los Angeles/Oxnard |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |website=National Weather Service Forecast Office |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014102/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |archive-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref>{{Los Angeles weatherbox}} === Nkhani za malo === {{Further|Pollution in California#Los Angeles air pollution}} {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=|audio1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fighting-smog-in-los-angeles "Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"], ''Distillations'' Podcast, 2018 [[Science History Institute]]}} Pakuti mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweniso muli maboti ghanandi, mu msumba uwu mukuŵa mphepo ziheni chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles na San Fernando Valley, mphepo ya mu mphepo yikupambana comene na mphepo ya mu mphepo zinyake. Vipimo vya mphepo iyo yikufuma ku magalimoto mu msumba vingasazgikira kufika pa 55 peresenti.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|title=What can we do about smog?|last=Stimson|first=Thomas E.|date=July 1955|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|page=65|issn=0032-4558|access-date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Pollution (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Chithukivu mu msumba wa Los Angeles mu Disembala 2005]] Nyengo ya chivula ichi yikwamba mu Meyi na kumalira mu Okutobala. Apo misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikuthemba vula kuti yifumiske josi, mu msumba wa Los Angeles vula yikuŵavya malita 380. Nkhani ya umo mphepo yiliri ku Los Angeles na mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikawovwira kuti paŵe malango ghakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, kusazgapo dango la Clean Air Act. Apo dango ili likapelekekanga, boma la California likatondeka kupanga pulani iyo yingawovwira kuti lipulikirenge malango ghaphya ghakukhwaskana na mphepo yiwemi. Sonosono apa, boma la California ndilo likamba kulimbikira kuti lileke kunanga mphepo. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, chivula ichi chizamulutilira kuchepa chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵacita kuti ŵachepeske chivula ichi. Vinthu ivi ni magalimoto agho ghakwenda na magesi na magalimoto ghanyake agho ghakwenda na magesi, magalimoto agho ghakwenda na ŵanthu ŵanandi, na vinyake. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga na mphepo ya smog mu msumba wa Los Angeles, chachepa kufuma pa ŵanthu 100 pa chaka mu ma 1970, kufika pa zero mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Nangauli vinthu vikwenda makora, kweni lipoti la pa caka la American Lung Association la 2006 na 2007 likati msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakunangika comene mu caru cose. Mu 2008, msumba uwu ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa malo agho kukaŵanga mphepo ziheni chomene ndipo ukaŵaso na mphepo ziheni chomene chaka chose. Mu 2010, tawuni iyi yikafiska ivyo yikakhumbanga vyakuti mu msumba uwu, 20 peresenti ya magesi gha mu msumba uwu ghafumenge ku malo agho ghangawelerapo. Kafukufuku wa American Lung Association wa mu 2013 wakulongora kuti mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli chivula cha mphepo icho chikunanga chomene mu charu, ndipo ni chigaŵa chachinayi pa vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikufipiskika nyengo yichoko waka na chaka chose. Kweniso ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli munda ukuru comene wa mafuta. Mu msumba uwu muli visimi vya mafuta vyakujumpha 700 ivyo vili pa mtunda wa mamita 460 kufuma ku nyumba, matchalitchi, masukulu, na vipatala. Mu tawuni iyi muli viyuni vinandi ivyo vikukhala na viyuni vyamuthengere. Ŵanandi ŵali na suzgo ili. Nangauli Serieys na ŵanyake mu 2014 ŵakasanga kuti maselo agho ghakovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe ghangaŵa mu malo ghakupambanapambana, kweni ŵakutondeka kulongora kuti maselo agha ghangawovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe mwakuti ghapone para maselo ghasintha.<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal | last1=Lambert | first1=Max R. | last2=Brans | first2=Kristien I. | last3=Des Roches | first3=Simone | last4=Donihue | first4=Colin M. | last5=Diamond | first5=Sarah E. | title=Adaptive Evolution in Cities: Progress and Misconceptions | journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.002 | pages=239–257| pmid=33342595 | s2cid=229342193 }}|{{cite journal | last1=Serieys | first1=Laurel E. K. | last2=Lea | first2=Amanda | last3=Pollinger | first3=John P. | last4=Riley | first4=Seth P. D. | last5=Wayne | first5=Robert K. | title=Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations | journal=Evolutionary Applications | publisher=[[Blackwell publishing|Blackwell]] | volume=8 | issue=1 | date=December 2, 2014 | issn=1752-4571 | doi=10.1111/eva.12226 | pages=75–92 | pmid=25667604 | pmc=4310583 | s2cid=27501058}}}}</ref> == Chiwerengero cha anthu == {{Main|Demographics of Los Angeles}} {{See also|History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Central Americans in Los Angeles|History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles|History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles|History of the Japanese in Los Angeles|History of the Jews in Los Angeles|History of Palestinians in Los Angeles|Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles}} {{US Census population |1850= 1610 |1860= 4385 |1870= 5728 |1880= 11183 |1890= 50395 |1900= 102479 |1910= 319198 |1920= 576673 |1930= 1238048 |1940= 1504277 |1950= 1970358 |1960= 2479015 |1970= 2811801 |1980= 2968528 |1990= 3485398 |2000= 3694820 |2010= 3792621 |2020= 3898747 |estyear= 2022 |estimate= 3819538 |estref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|title=Slowing state population decline puts latest population at 39,185,000|format=Press Release|work=Department of Finance|access-date=February 5, 2023|date=May 2, 2022|location=Sacramento|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525233629/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align-fn=center | footnote=United States Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date = March 19, 2007 }}</ref><br />2010–2020, 2021<ref name="QuickFacts"/> }} Ku United States, mu 2010, ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakaŵa 3,792,621. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵanga 8,092.3 pa mita yimoza na hafu (3,124.5 pa kilomita yimoza). Kuyana na msinkhu wawo, ŵanthu 874,525 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 18, ŵanthu 434,478 (11.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 18 na 24, ŵanthu 1,209,367 (31.9%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 25 na 44, ŵanthu 877,555 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 45 na 64, ndipo ŵanthu 396,696 (10.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 65 na kujumphirapo. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 34.1. Pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵanalume ŵakaŵapo 99.2. Pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵa vyaka 18 kuya munthazi, pakaŵa ŵanalume 97.6. Pakaŵa nyumba zakukwana 1,413,995 (kufuma pa 1,298,350 mu 2005 kufika mu 2009) ndipo nyumba izi zikakhalanga ŵanthu 2,812.8 pa sikweya kilomita (1,086.0 pa sikweya kilomita), ndipo nyumba 503,863 (38.2%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo 814,305 (61.8%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga renti. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ŵanthu 1,535,444 (40.5% ya ŵanthu wose) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu 2,172,576 (57.3%) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu ŵakasanganga ndalama zakukwana $49,497.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles (city), California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0644000,06 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> === Mtundu na fuko === {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- !Racial and ethnic composition !1940<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=November 6, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !1970<ref name="Census" /> !1990<ref name="Census" /> !2010<ref name=datacensus/> !2020<ref name=datacensus>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0644000&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)}}</ref> |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino (of any race)]] |7.1% |17.1% |39.9% |48.5% |46.9% |- |[[Non-Hispanic whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |86.3% |61.1% |37.3% |28.7% |28.9% |- |[[Asian American|Asian (non-Hispanic)]] |2.2% |3.6% |9.8% |11.1% |11.7% |- |[[African American|Black or African American (non-Hispanic)]] |4.2% |17.9% |14.0% |9.2% |8.3% |- |Other (non-Hispanic) |N/A |N/A |0.1% |0.3% |0.7% |- |[[Multiracial American|Two or more races (non-Hispanic)]] |N/A |N/A |N/A |2.0% |3.3% |} Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Los Angeles ni: 1,888,158 White (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America ŵakaŵapo 1,838,822 (48.5%). Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakujumpha 140, ndipo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakukwana 224. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, na Thai Town ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vinandi ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" /><ref name="World Population Review">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles, California Population 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/los-angeles-population/ |website=World Population Review |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Distribution of high income households across LA County.png|thumb|left|Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] census tracts]] Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa kuti mbazungu ŵakaŵapo 28.7 peresenti, ndipo mu 1940 ŵakaŵa 86.3 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kweniso mu vigaŵa vya Santa Monica Mountains. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala ku Mexico na ku Central America ndipo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles na cigaŵa cake cose. Vinthu ivi vikucitika comene mu vigaŵa vya ku Downtown nga ni East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles na Westlake. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles, ku Downey, mbakufuma ku Spain.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" />[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Los Angeles (5560490330).png|thumb|upright=1.1|Mapu gha mitundu na mitundu mu Los Angeles ku 2010 U.S. census. Mapu gha mtundu na mitundu mu LA 2010 U. S. census . Mapu gha mafuko na mitundu mu L. S. ku 2010 U . S. censuses. Dontho lililose ni ŵanthu 25.: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]] Mitundu yikuru ya ku Asia ni ya ku Philippines (3.2%) na ya ku Korea (2.9%), iyo yili na vigaŵa vyawo mu Wilshire Center na Historic Filipinotown. Ŵanthu ŵa ku China, awo mba 1.8% mwa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Los Angeles, ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵakukhala mu San Gabriel Valley kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Los Angeles County, kweni ŵalipo ŵanandi mu msumba uwu, chomene mu Chinatown. Ku Chinatown na ku Thaitown kukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Thailand na Cambodia, awo ni 0.3% na 0.1% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵalipo 0.9% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵali na malo ghakucemeka Little Tokyo mu msumba uwu, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵali mu chigaŵa cha Sawtelle ku West Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vietnam ŵakukwana 0.5% mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakukwana 0.9% mu msumba uwu. Mu tawuni iyi mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Armenia, Asiriya, na Iran, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakucemeka Little Armenia na Tehrangeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo mba fuko la African American ndiwo ŵakhalanga comene ku South Los Angeles, ndipo ndiwo ŵakhalanga ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma waka mu ma 1960. Vigaŵa vya ku South Los Angeles uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ni Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square na Watts. Padera pa South Los Angeles, vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central Los Angeles, nga ni Mid-City na Mid-Wilshire navyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa. Ku Fairfax kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa caru cose pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico, Armenia, El Salvador, Philippines, na Guatemala, ndipo ni tawuni yacitatu pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada, kweniso ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan, Iran, Cambodia, na Roma. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakukhala ku San Pedro.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQZUOiSqPcC&q=italians+in+los+angeles|title=Italians in Los Angeles|isbn=9780738547756 |last1=Bitetti |first1=Marge |year=2007 }}</ref> Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles awo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakababikira mu [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Philippines]] na [[Korea]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230721044750/https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/LOSANGELES_web.pdf</ref> === Chisopo === {{bar box |title = Religious affiliation (2014)<ref name="LAReligion1" /><ref name="LAReligion2" /> |titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|Christian|darkblue|65}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|32}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|30}} {{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|3}} {{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|25}} {{bar percent|Jewish|lightgreen|3}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|lightgreen|1}} {{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|1}} }} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2014 na Pew Research Center, Cikhristu ndico cisopa cikuru comene mu Los Angeles (65%).<ref name="LAReligion1">{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study: Adults in the Los Angeles Metro Area |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/los-angeles-metro-area/ |year=2014 |access-date=2023-06-26 }}</ref><ref name="LAReligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|date=May 12, 2015|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles ndilo likuru comene mu caru ici. Cardinal Roger Mahony, uyo wakaŵa bishopu mulara, ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa kuzenga Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, iyo yikajulika mu Seputembala 2002 mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Mu chaka cha 2011, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kulondezga kaluso ka kupanga misa na viphikiro vya kusopa Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, kuti ŵakumbukirenge kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1781. Nkharo iyi yikamba pa zuŵa la kukondwelera kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1782 ndipo yikalutilira pafupifupi vilimika 100 pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf|title=2011 'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion|author=Dellinger, Robert|date=September 6, 2011|work=The Tidings Online|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref>[[File:St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Los Angeles) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[St. Vincent de Paul Church (Los Angeles)|St. Vincent de Paul Church]], a parish of the [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]]] Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda 621,000, ndipo tawuni iyi ndiyo yili na Ŵayuda ŵanandi chomene mu United States, pamanyuma pa msumba wa New York. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakukhala ku Westside na ku San Fernando Valley, nangauli ku Boyle Heights kukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yindachitike chifukwa cha kukanizgika kukhazikiska nyumba. Vigaŵa vikuru-vikuru vya Ŵayuda ŵa Orthodox ni Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, na Valley Village, apo Ŵayuda ŵa ku Israel ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Encino na Tarzana, na Ŵayuda ŵa ku Persia ku Beverly Hills. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli visopa vya Ciyuda vyakupambanapambana, nga ni Ciyuda ca Reform, Ciyuda ca Conservative, Ciyuda ca Orthodox, na Ciyuda ca Reconstructionist. Nyumba ya kusoperamo ya Breed Street ku East Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1923, yikaŵa yikuru comene kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chicago. Wupu wa Kabbalah nawo ulipo mu msumba uwu. Mpingo wa International Church of the Foursquare Gospel ukapangika ku Los Angeles na Aimee Semple McPherson mu 1923 ndipo uli na ofesi yikuru ku malo agha mpaka lero. Kwa vilimika vinandi, mpingo uwu ukacitiranga maungano ghawo mu tempele la Angelus, ilo pa nyengo iyo likazengekanga, likaŵa limoza mwa matchalitchi ghakurughakuru mu caru ici.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, page 246–247</ref>[[File:Wilshire Boulevard Temple 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Wilshire Boulevard Temple]] is one of the largest [[synagogue]]s in LA.]] Mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Mpingo wakwamba wa Ŵaprotesitanti ku Los Angeles ukaŵa wa Ŵametodisti uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba ya munthu munyake mu 1850. Ndipo mpingo wakale chomene wa Ŵaprotesitanti uwo uchali kugwira nchito, wa First Congregational Church, ukapangika mu 1867. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, wupu wakuwona vya Baibolo wa Bible Institute of Los Angeles ukalemba mabuku agho ghakambiska gulu la Ŵakhristu la Fundamentalist. Ndipo gulu la Azusa Street Revival likambiska chisopa cha Pentekoste.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty">{{cite web |author=Clifton L. Holland |title=n Overview of Religion in Los Angeles from 1850 to 1930 |url=http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133328/http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Mpingo wa Metropolitan Community Church nawo ukambira mu cigaŵa ca Los Angeles. Matchalitchi ghakuzirwa mu msumba uwu ni agha: [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]], [[Bel Air Presbyterian Church]], [[First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles]], [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], [[Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles, California)|Second Baptist Church]], [[Crenshaw Christian Center]], [[McCarty Memorial Christian Church]], na First Congregational Church. [[File:Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|left|[[Second Church of Christ, Scientist (Los Angeles)|Second Church of Christ, Scientist]]]] Kachisi wa Los Angeles California Temple, kachisi wachiŵiri mu ukuru wake uyo wakwendeskeka na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, wali pa Santa Monica Boulevard mu muzi wa Westwood ku Los Angeles. Tempile ili likajulika mu 1956, ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kuzengeka ku California. Ku chigaŵa cha Hollywood ku Los Angeles, kuli maofesi ghanandi, matchalitchi, na malo ghakucemeka Celebrity Center of Scientology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.cc/en_US/index.html|title=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|website=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Miller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ |title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2022}}</ref> Pakuti mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakusangikamo. Vinyake mwa visopa ivi ni Chibuda, Chihindu, Chisilamu, Chizoroastriya, Sikhism, Chibahá'í, matchalitchi gha Orthodox, Chisufi, Chishintoism, Chitaoism, Chinkhumi, Chitchayinizi, na ghanyake ghanandi. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Asia ŵali kupanga mipingo yinandi ya Ŵabuddha, ndipo mu msumba uwu muli Ŵabuddha ŵanandi comene kuluska mu caru cose. Nyumba yakwamba ya Ŵabuddha yakupangiramo vyakununkhira yikazengeka mu msumba uwu mu 1875. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ndipo ŵakulondezga visambizgo vyautesi. Mzere Wambura Tchalitchi.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty" /> === Homelessness === {{main|Homelessness in Los Angeles}} [[File:Homeless people, Los Angeles, California (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mahema gha Ŵambura Nyumba ku [[Los Angeles City Hall]], 2021]] Kufika mu Janyuwale 2020, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 41,290 awo ŵalije pakukhala, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana pafupifupi 62 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵalije pakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 14.2% kuyana na cilimika cakwambilira (para ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 12.7% ku LA County). Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mbambura nyumba, ndipo ŵakukhala mu muzi wa Skid Row. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 8,000, ndipo tawuni iyi njimoza mwa tawuni izo zili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu United States. Ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakusoŵa pakukhala mu Los Angeles ŵakusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa nyumba zakukwana kweniso cifukwa ca kumwa munkhwala panji vinthu vinyake vyakupambanapambana. Pa ŵanthu 82,955 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba mu 2019, pafupifupi 60 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵavya nyumba chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakusuzgika comene na kusoŵa pakukhala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Jill|date=June 12, 2020|title=What Los Angeles's Homeless Count Results Tell Us|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130812/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2823 – Report And Recommendations Of The Ad Hoc Committee On Black People Experiencing Homelessness|url=https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=www.lahsa.org}}</ref> === Viwawa === {{Main|Crime in Los Angeles}}{{See also|List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles}} [[File:LAPD Staples Center Officers.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa Boma [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD)]] Mu 1992, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu 1,092 ŵakakomeka. Vigeŵenga vikamba kuchepa mu Los Angeles mu ma 1990 na m'ma 2000, ndipo mu 2009, ŵanthu 314 ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=7204706|title=Los Angeles crime rates hit 50-year lows|author=Powell, Amy|date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210109/http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7204706|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=dead|publisher=[[KABC-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|title=LAPD year-end crime statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054236/http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ici cikung'anamura kuti pa ŵanthu 100,000, 7.85 ndiwo ŵakukoma ŵanthu, ndipo ici cikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pakuyaniska na mu 1980 apo ŵanthu 34.2 pa ŵanthu 100,000 ndiwo ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/californ/crime/976.htm|title=Uniform Crime Reports of Los Angelesand Index from 1985 to 2005|access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf|title=LAPD Online Crime Rates|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15 ŵakaŵa ŵapolisi. Munthu yumoza uyo ŵakamukoma ni Randal Simmons wa mu gulu la SWAT, ndipo wakaŵa wakwamba kukomeka mu LAPD. Mu 2013, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 251 ŵakakomeka. Ŵapolisi ŵakughanaghana kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti, ndipo cimoza mwa vinthu ivi nchakuti ŵawukirano ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi pa Intaneti. Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵakwera comene kufuma mu 2008 ndipo pakaŵa ŵanthu 348. Mu 2015, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakayowoyanga viŵi yayi vya ulwani kwa vyaka 8, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ulwani uwu uwoneke kuŵa uchoko chomene kuluska umo uliri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Los Angeles Police Underreported Crime Stats for 8 Years |url=https://time.com/4074896/los-angeles-crime-rates-higher-assaults/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LAPD captain accuses department of twisting crime statistics to make city seem safer |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-crime-stats-claim-20171103-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> Banja la Dragna na la Cohen ndilo likaŵa likuru pa gulu la vigeŵenga mu msumba uwu mu nyengo ya kuzomerezgeka kwa cigeŵenga, ndipo likakura comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1940 na 1950 apo kukaŵa nkhondo ya Sunset Strip. Mwakuyana na dipatimenti ya polisi ya ku Los Angeles, mu msumba uwu muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45,000, awo ŵali mu magulu 450. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵa Crips na ŵa Bloods, awo ni magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na America, ndipo ŵakambira ku South Los Angeles. Magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin America nga ni Sureños, na Mara Salvatrucha, gheneagho ghali na ŵanthu ŵa ku El Salvador, ghose ghakafuma ku Los Angeles. Lekani msumba uwu ukuchemeka kuti "Mzinda wa Magulu gha Vigeŵenga ku America".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN08492271|title=Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs|author=Serjeant, Jill|date=February 8, 2007|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Further|Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce}} {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Economy}} [[File:Tree Map of Employment by Industries in Los Angeles County, Ca (2015).svg|thumb|Chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ku Los Angeles mu 2015]] Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe na ndalama zinandi ni malonda gha pa caru cose, vyakusanguluska (kuwonelera pa TV, mafilimu, maseŵero gha pa vidiyo, kwimba sumu, na kupanga vinthu vinyake), vyakupangiska ndege, vya tekinoloje, vyakupangira mafuta, mafashoni, vyakuvwara, na vyamwendakwenda. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vya ndalama, kutumirana mauthenga, malango, vyaumoyo, na vyamwendesko. Mu 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles yikaŵikika pa malo 19 pa malo gha ndalama pa charu chose kweniso pa malo 6 ku United States pamanyuma pa New York City, [[San Francisco#Economy|San Francisco]], [[Economy of Chicago#Finance|Chicago]], [[Economy of Boston|Boston]], na [[Economy of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles: Economy |url=<nowiki>http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html</nowiki> site blacklisted |access-date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=[[City-Data]]}}</ref>[[File:Los Angeles Harbor - panoramio - Zzyzx (1).jpg|thumb|left|Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach ni malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose.]] Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiotakis|first=Steve|date=October 1, 2019|title=Navigating LA's cannabis industry with the city's pot czar|language=en|publisher=KCRW|url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/la-opens-its-first-cannabis-cafe/navigating-las-cannabis-industry-with-the-citys-pot-czar|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=REYES|first=EMILY ALPERT|date=October 29, 2019|title=L.A. should suspend vetting applications for pot shops amid concerns, Wesson urges|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/la-pot-shops-licensing-suspection-urged|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli makampani ghatatu agho ghakusangika pa Fortune 500. Makampani agha ni: AECOM, CBRE Group, na Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Makampani ghanyake agho ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vyapafupi ni agha: [[The Aerospace Corporation]], [[California Pizza Kitchen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpk.com/about|title=Our Company: From a legendary pizza to a global brand|website=[[California Pizza Kitchen]]|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref> [[Capital Group Companies]], [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group]], [[Dine Brands Global]], [[DreamWorks Animation]], [[Dollar Shave Club]], [[Fandango Media]], [[Farmers Insurance Group]], [[Forever 21]], [[Hulu]], [[Panda Express]], [[SpaceX]], [[Ubisoft Film & Television]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Warner Music Group]], na [[Trader Joe's]]. [[File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California LCCN2013631685 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|[[Downtown Los Angeles]] ni malo ghakucitirapo bizinesi mu msumba uwu.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|title=City of Los Angeles' Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|date=January 31, 2019|access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053646/https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !Rank !Employer !Employees |- |1 |[[Kaiser Permanente]] |37,468 |- |2 |[[University of Southern California]] |21,055 |- |3 |[[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Corp.]] |16,600 |- |4 |[[Providence Health & Services|Providence Health and Services Southern California]] |15,952 |- |5 |[[Target Corporation|Target Corp.]] |15,000 |- |6 |[[Ralphs]]/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division) |14,970 |- |7 |[[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] |14,903 |- |8 |[[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Co.]] |13,000 |- |9 |[[Allied Universal]] |12,879 |- |10 |[[NBCUniversal|NBC Universal]] |12,000 |} == Vinthu vyakukhwaskana na luso na kakhaliro == {{Main|Culture of Los Angeles}} [[File:Los Angeles Plaza-1.jpg|thumb|right|Malo ghakale chomene gha mu msumba uwu, pa Plaza de Los Ángeles pafupi na Calle Olvera]] Kanandi msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukuchemeka kuti msumba wa ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana na kupanga vinthu, chifukwa munthu yumoza pa ŵanthu 6 awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, wakugwira ntchito ya kupanga vinthu. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, nga ni awo ŵakulemba mabuku, awo ŵakupanga mafilimu, awo ŵakuchita maseŵero, awo ŵakuvina, na awo ŵakwimba. Msumba uwu ukumanyikwaso cifukwa ca vithuzithuzi vyakutowa ivyo vili pa viliŵa.<ref name="shatkin2013">{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Magazine | title = Let the Renaissance Begin: L.A. Votes to Lift Mural Ban | last = Shatkin | first = Elina | date = August 28, 2013 | url = https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/let-the-renaissance-begin-la-votes-to-lift-mural-ban/}}</ref> === Malo ghakuzirwa === {{See also||List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area|National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California}} [[File:El Cabrillo Courtyard.png|thumb|left|[[El Cabrillo]], a [[Spanish Colonial Revival|Spanish Revival]] style [[National Historic Landmark]]]] The [[Culture_of_Los_Angeles#Architecture|architecture of Los Angeles]] is influenced by its Spanish, Mexican, and American roots. Popular styles in the city include [[Spanish Colonial Revival]] style, [[Mission Revival]] style, [[California Churrigueresque]] style, [[Mediterranean Revival]] style, [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco]] style, and [[Mid-Century Modern]] style, among others. Malo ghakuzirwa ku Los Angeles ni [[Hollywood Sign]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodsign.org/|title=The Hollywood Sign, Official website for one of the most iconic landmarks in the world|website=Hollywood sign.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], [[Capitol Records Building]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-capitol-records-building-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Capitol Records Building: The Story of an L.A. Icon – Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olacathedral.org/|title=Cathedral of our lady of the angels – Los Angeles, CA|website=olacathedral.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Angels Flight]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.angelsflight.org/|title=Angels Flight Railway: Los Angeles Landmark since 1901|website=angels flight.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/hollywood-tcl-chinese-theatre-95-anniversary-1235268815/|title=Hollywood's iconic TCL Chinese Theatre Celebrates 95 Years of Premieres and Stars|last=Gilchrist|first=Todd|date=May 18, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Dolby Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dolby.com/movies-tv/dolby-theatre/#gref|title=The Dolby Theatre|website=dolby.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Griffith Observatory]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://griffithobservatory.org/about/|title=Griffith Observatory: A Symbol of Los Angeles, A Leader in Public Observing|website=[[Griffith Observatory]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Center]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/|title=Getty Center homepage|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Villa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/visit/villa/|title=Visit the Getty Villa Museum|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Stahl House]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stahlhouse.com/|title=The Stahl House – About us|website=[[Stahl House]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[L.A. Live]], the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], the [[Venice Canal Historic District]] nad boardwalk, [[Theme Building]], [[Bradbury Building]], [[U.S. Bank Tower]], [[Wilshire Grand Center]], [[Hollywood Boulevard]], [[Los Angeles City Hall]], [[Hollywood Bowl]], battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, [[Watts Towers]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-12-24/how-the-watts-towers-were-born-and-how-they-got-to-be-100|title=Watts Towers at 100: Junk turned into art still casts a spell|last=Reynolds|first=Christopher|date=December 24, 2021|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Staples Center]], [[Dodger Stadium]], na [[Olvera Street]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/discover-olvera-street-and-historic-el-pueblo-de-los-angeles|title=Discover Olvera Street And Historic El Pueblo De Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lalive.com/visitor-center/about-la-live|title=About L.A. Live|website=[[L.A. Live]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Hollywood Bowl – Discover Los Angeles|website=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> === Mafilimu na maseŵero === [[File:Chinese Theatre (26776735090).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Nyumba ya Grauman ya ku China pa Hollywood Walk of Fame]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakutemwana chomene na maseŵero. Kuyana na ivyo likayowoya gulu linyake (USC Stevens Institute for Innovation), "pa caru pali maseŵero ghakujumpha 1,100 pa cilimika, ndipo sabata yiliyose maseŵero agha ghakukwana 21". Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusambizgira sumu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Nyumba ya Walt Disney Concert Hall, ndiyo yili pakatikati pa malo ghakusungiramo sumu agha, ndipo ndimo muli gulu lakumanyikwa la ŵakwimba sumu la Los Angeles Philharmonic. Mabungwe ghakuzirwa nga ni Center Theatre Group, Los Angeles Master Chorale, na Los Angeles Opera nawo ŵakukhala ku Music Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laopera.org/|title=LA Opera – Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Opera]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centertheatregroup.org/about/our-history/|title=Our History – Center Theatre Group|website=centertheatregroup.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamasterchorale.org/|title=Los Angeles Chorale Official Homepage|website=lamasterchorale.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakupambanapambana nga ni sukulu ya Colburn School na USC Thornton School of Music. [[File:Hollywood bowl and sign.jpg|left|thumb|[[Hollywood Bowl]] kju [[Hollywood Hills]]]] Dera la Hollywood ndilo likumanyikwa kuti ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu, ndipo dera la Los Angeles ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli masitudiyo ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu na makampani ghakurughakuru gha sumu. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukucitikira ma Academy Awards, ma Primetime Emmy Awards, ma Grammy Awards na ma show ghanyake ghanandi. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli sukulu ya USC School of Cinematic Arts iyo ni sukulu yakale comene ya ku America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034021/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|date=January 31, 2006|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> === Museums and galleries === {{See also|List of museums in Los Angeles|List of museums in Los Angeles County, California}} [[File:Getty Villa exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Getty Villa ni yimoza mwa maofesi ghaŵiri gha J. Paul Getty Museum, pafupi na Getty Center]] Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles muli nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vyakale na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ghakukwana 841.<ref name="lmu" /> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Getty Center (chigaŵa cha J. Paul Getty Trust, ni wupu uwo uli na vinthu vinandi pa caru cose), Petersen Automotive Museum, Huntington Library, Natural History Museum, Battleship Iowa, The Broad, iyo yili na vinthu vyakujumpha 2,000 ivyo vikulongora luso la mazuŵa ghano, na Museum of Contemporary Art. Ku Gallery Row kuli nyumba zinandi za vinthu vyakujambulika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku Downtown Art Walk.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/local/la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805|title=Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moca.org/about/mission-and-history|title=Welcome to the Museum of Contemporary Art|website=moca.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacificbattleship.com/|title=Battleship USS Iowa Official website|website=Pacificbattleship.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petersen.org/|title=Welcome to the Petersen Automotive Museum|website=petersen.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/16/entertainment/et-getty16|title=Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses|last=Boehm|first=Mike|date=March 16, 2009|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/overview|title=Overview|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huntington.org/about|title=About the Huntington|website=[[Huntington Library]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726215244/https://www.huntington.org/about|archive-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|title=Modern Architecture in Los Angeles|website=brianpetruzzelli.com|date=November 8, 2022|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322212657/https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhm.org/|title=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles|website=nhm.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="lmu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|title=The Los Angeles Region|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=[[Loyola Marymount University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018115613/http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|archive-date=October 18, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ===Libraries=== [[File:Los Angeles Central Library, 630 W. 5th St. Downtown Los Angeles 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Los Angeles Public Library|Los Angeles Central Library]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli mabuku ghakukwana 72.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapl.org/branches/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Branches|publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Vigaŵa vya malo ghambura kukolerana na boma vikusangika na maofesi gha Layibulare ya Boma la Los Angeles, agho ghanandi ghali pafupi na ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacountylibrary.org/|title=LA County Library|website=lacountylibrary.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> === Kuphika === Vyakurya vya ku Los Angeles vikukolerana na vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza mu msumba uwu. Kuzakafika mu 2022, Michelin Guide yamanya malo ghakurya 10 agho ghakupeleka nyenyezi ziŵiri ku malo ghakurya ghaŵiri na nyenyezi yimoza ku malo ghakurya 8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/california/us-los-angeles/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin|title=Los Angeles Michelin Restaurants|website=guide.michelin.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Latin America, comenecomene ku Mexico, ŵakiza na cakurya nga ni tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, na enchiladas ico ŵakaguliskanga mu magalimoto ghakuguliska vyakurya, mu malo ghakupangira cakurya, na mu malo ghakupangira cakurya. Ku malo ghakurya gha ku Asia, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuli malo ghanandi mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso ku Los Angeles kuli vyakurya vinandi vyambura vyakurya vya nyama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/chinatown-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Guide to Chinatown in Los Angeles|newspaper=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-guide-to-koreatown-in-los-angeles|title=The Guide to Koreantown in Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/a-walking-tour-of-little-tokyo|title=A Walking Tour of Little Tokyo|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> == Maseŵero == {{See also|Sports in Los Angeles|History of the National Football League in Los Angeles}} [[File:USC vs University of Oregon November 2019 (cropped).png|alt=|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]]] Ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vinyake, kuli magulu 11 gha maseŵero ghakupambanapambana. Timu izi zikusazgapo Los Angeles Dodgers na Los Angeles Angels za Major League Baseball (MLB), Los Angeles Rams na Los Angeles Chargers za National Football League (NFL), Los Angeles Lakers na Los Angeles Clippers za National Basketball Association (NBA), Los Angeles Kings na Anaheim Ducks za National Hockey League (NHL), Los Angeles Galaxy na Los Angeles FC za Major League Soccer (MLS), na Los Angeles Sparks za Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Timu zinandi za maseŵero zikusazgapo UCLA Bruins na USC Trojans mu National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), zose ziŵiri ni timu za Division I mu Pac-12 Conference, kweni zikusamukira ku Big Ten Conference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34173688/source-usc-ucla-considering-move-pac-12-big-ten |title=USC, UCLA moving from Pac-12 to Big Ten in 2024|last=Thamel|first=Pete|author-link=Pete Thamel |date=June 30, 2022|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>[[File:Dodger Stadium field from upper deck 2015-10-04.jpg|thumb|left|Dodger Stadium, nyumba ya LA Dodgers ya Major League Baseball]] Los Angeles ni msumba waciŵiri mu United States, kweni pakati pa 1995 na 2015 kukaŵavya timu ya NFL. Nyengo yinyake ku Los Angeles kukaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha NFL: Rams na Raiders. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakafumako mu msumba uwu mu 1995, ndipo Rams ŵakasamira ku St. Louis, ndipo gulu la Raiders likawelera ku Oakland. Pamanyuma pa vilimika 21 mu St. Louis, pa 12 January, 2016, NFL yalengeza kuti a Rams abwerera ku Los Angeles kwa nyengo ya 2016 NFL ndi masewera ake omwe amasewera ku Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum kwa nyengo zinayi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000621645/article/rams-to-relocate-to-la-chargers-first-option-to-join|title=Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join|last=Hanzus|first=Dan|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|publisher=National Football League|website=NFL.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|title=Rams to Return to Los Angeles|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120221040/http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=dead|publisher=St. Louis Rams}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/01/12/nfl-returns-to-los-angeles-owners-approve-move-by-rams-chargers-with-option-to-join/|title=NFL returns to Los Angeles: Owners approve move by Rams; Chargers with option to join|last=Maske|first=Mark|date=January 12, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Pamaso pa 1995, a Rams ankasewera masewera awo ku Coliseum kuyambira 1946 mpaka 1979 zomwe zinawapangitsa kukhala gulu loyamba la masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Los Angeles, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Anaheim Stadium kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1994. San Diego Chargers yalengeza pa 12 January, 2017, kuti iwo nawonso kusamukira ku Los Angeles (woyamba kuyambira nyengo yake yoyamba mu 1960) ndipo kukhala Los Angeles Chargers kuyambira mu 2017 NFL nyengo ndipo ankachita pa Ulemu Health Sports Park mu Carson, California kwa nyengo zitatu. Mu nyengo ya 2020, Rams na Chargers ŵakasamira ku SoFi Stadium iyo yikazengeka waka.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/rams-chargers-sofi-stadium-virtual-ceremony-final-cost|title=Rams, Chargers unveil $5 billion SoFi Stadium at virtual ceremony ahead of NFL kickoff|last=Barrabi|first=Thomas|date=September 8, 2020|website=[[Fox Business]]|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> [[File:Crypto.com arena drone shot early 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Crypto.com Arena, nyumba ya Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Kings, na Los Angeles Sparks]] Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghanandi gha maseŵero, kusazgapo Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium na Crypto.com Arena. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, na Honda Center zili mu misumba ya pafupi na Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|title=XFL.com – Official home of the XFL|website=www.xfl.com|access-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124502/https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|archive-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacoliseum.com/coliseum-history/|title=Los Angeles Coliseum: Coliseum History|website=lacoliseum.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|title=Banc of California Stadium: Stadium Info|website=bancofcaliforniastadium.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819111644/https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|archive-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryptoarena.com/arena-info/about-us|title=Crypto.com Arena: About Us|website=cryptoarena.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/ballpark|title=Dodger Stadium|website=[[Los Angeles Dodgers]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukacitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki kaŵiri, mu 1932 na mu 1984, ndipo uzamucitiska maseŵero agha kacitatu mu 2028. Los Angeles ni msumba wacitatu ku London (1908, 1948, na 2012) na Paris (1900, 1924, na 2024) kuti kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki katatu. Apo maseŵero gha Olimpiki ghakacitikanga mu 1932, malo agho kale ghakaŵa 10th Street ghakazgoka Olympic Blvd. Mu 1985 ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero ghakucemeka Deaflympics, ndipo mu 2015 kukacitikaso maseŵero ghanyake ghakucemeka Special Olympics World Summer Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/RegionsPages/content.aspx?id=17736&LangType=1033|title=Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games|date=September 14, 2011|publisher=[[Special Olympics]]|access-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|title=Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics|last1=NAGOURNEY|first1=Adam|date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802233825/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=LONGMAN|first2=JERÉ|author-link=Adam Nagourney}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|title=Games – Deaflympics|work=deaflympics.com|access-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211093131/http://deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:LAFC vs Philadelphia Union (2018) by Subashwilfred (20180630233148).jpg|thumb|left|[[BMO Stadium]], nyumba ya [[Los Angeles FC]] ya [[Major League Soccer]]]] 8 NFL Super Bowls nayo yikacitikira mu msumba uwu na vigaŵa vyapafupi- 2 ku Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 ku Rose Bowl mu Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), na 1 ku Inglewood (LVI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/los-angeles-to-host-super-bowl-lvi-in-feb-2022-at-sofi-stadium|title=Los Angeles to host Super Bowl LVI in Feb. 2022 at SoFi Stadium|date=February 9, 2021|website=NFL.com|publisher=[[National Football League]]|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Mu Rose Bowl mukusangikaso maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mpira wa koleji ghakucemeka Rose Bowl, agho ghakucitika zuŵa lililose la Caka Ciphya. Mu 1994, ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero 8 gha nkhonya ya caru cose mu Rose Bowl, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo Brazil ndiyo yikawina. Mu Rose Bowl mukaŵaso maseŵero ghanayi mu 1999 pa nkhumano ya caru cose ya FIFA ya ŵanakazi, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo United States yikathereska China pa penalty. Mu maseŵero agha, Brandi Chastain wakavura shati yake wakati walemba penalty iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Msumba wa Los Angeles uzamuŵa umoza mwa misumba 11 ya ku United States uko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha nkhonya ya caru cose ya FIFA ya 2026. Maseŵero agha ghazamucitikira mu Sitediyamu ya SoFi. Los Angeles ni limoza mwa misumba 6 ya ku North America iyo yikamba kuwina nkhonyo mu viphapha vikuruvikuru vyose (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA na MLS), ndipo yikamalizga mu 2012 apo Kings yikathereska Stanley Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/los-angeles-dodgers-multiple-titles/|title=Only 10 cities have won multiple titles in a year, Los Angeles now tied for the most|last=Mukherjee|first=Rahul|date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Government of Los Angeles}} {{See also|Government of Los Angeles County}} [[File:City Hall, LA, CA, jjron 22.03.2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Nyumba ya boma ya Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1928, ndiyo yili na ofesi ya Meya wa msumba uwu na ya City Council.]] Los Angeles ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose, kweni ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose yayi. Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikapelekeka pa Juni 8, 1999, ndipo yasinthika kanandi waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|title=Los Angeles, California Code Resources|publisher=American Legal Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123035002/http://lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|archive-date=January 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> Boma ilo likusankhika na ŵanthu likupangika na wupu wa boma la Los Angeles City Council na meya wa Los Angeles, awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma la meya, kweniso loya wa boma (kuti waleke kupusikika na loya wa chigaŵa, ofesi ya chigaŵa) na mulongozgi wa boma. Meya wa tawuni iyi ni Karen Bass. Pali vigaŵa 15 vya makomiti gha tawuni. Mu msumba uwu muli maofesi ghanandi na maofesala, kusazgapo Dipatimenti ya Polisi ya Los Angeles (LAPD), Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), na Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapl.org/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Website|website=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3175767/housing-authority-of-the-city-of-los-angeles|title=Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles – Services Locator lacounty.gov|website=locator.lacounty.gov|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/|title=Police Commission – LAPD Online|website=lapdonline.org|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Chikalata cha msumba wa Los Angeles icho chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakasora mu 1999 chikapangiska kuti paŵe ma komiti agho ghakwimira ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu muzi uwu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito panji awo ŵali na katundu wawo. Makomiti gha vigaŵa ghakulaŵilira vinthu paŵekha ndipo ghakusankha ŵekha umo ŵacitirenge vinthu, ghakusankha mphaka zawo, ghakupanga malango ghawo, na kusora ŵalaraŵalara ŵawo. Pali makomiti gha vigaŵa pafupifupi 90. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakusora ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vigaŵa 1, 2, 3, na 4. === Federal and state representation === Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya California, Los Angeles wali kugaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa 14. Mu chigaŵa cha California, msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa 8. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, yili na vigaŵa 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Los Angeles Hub |url=https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/ab63122b097641d28d70ef434ebdf852/explore?location=34.073608,-118.192183,9.98 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=geohub.lacity.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> == Masambilo == === Colleges and universities === [[File:Powell Library (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:Doheny.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Southern California]]]] [[File:Cal State University, Los Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|[[California State University, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:2 2011-09-29 WarnerBldg Facade SP-Pano1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[American Film Institute]]]] [[File:Loyola Marymount SunkenGardens SacredHeartChapel (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Loyola Marymount University]]]] [[File:OxyThorne cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Occidental College]]]] Pali ma yunivesite ghatatu mu msumba uwu: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) na University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/uclas-story/|title=UCLA's Story|website=UCLA.edu|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> Ma koleji ghapadera mu msumba uwu ni agha: {{colbegin}} * [[AFI Conservatory|American Film Institute Conservatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/|title=Official website of American Film Institute|website=AFI.com|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Alliant International University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alliant.edu/campus-locations/los-angeles|title=Alliant International University – Los Angeles Campus|website=alliant.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aada.edu/campuses/los-angeles-campus-overview/|title=American Academy of Dramatic Arts – Los Angeles Campus Overview|website=aada.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Jewish University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aju.edu/about-aju|title=American Jewish University – About AJU|website=AJU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Abraham Lincoln University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alu.edu/about/alu-history/|title=History of ALU|website=ALU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Musical and Dramatic Academy|The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus]] * [[Antioch University]]'s Los Angeles campus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antioch.edu/los-angeles/|title=Antioch University Los Angeles|website=antioch.edu|date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/|title=Charles R. Drew University: homepage|website=cdrewu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Colburn School]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Colburn|url=https://www.colburnschool.edu/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=colburnschool.edu}}</ref> * [[Columbia College Hollywood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://columbiacollege.edu/|title=Columbia College Hollywood – Explore your dreams|website=Colombiacollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emerson College]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emerson.edu/emerson-los-angeles|title=Emerson Los Angeles|website=Emerson.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emperor's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emperors.edu/about/|title=Discover Emporor's|website=Emperors.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising]]'s Los Angeles campus (FIDM) * [[Los Angeles Film School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lafilm.edu/|title=The Los Angeles Film School|website=lafilm.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Loyola Marymount University]] (LMU is also the parent university of [[Loyola Law School]] in Los Angeles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmu.edu/about/history/|title=Loyola Marymount: Our History|website=LMU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Mount St. Mary's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msmu.edu/|title=Mount St. Mary's: Fast Facts|website=msmu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[National University (California)|National University]] of California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nu.edu/locations/southerncalifornia/losangeles/|title=National University – Los Angeles, California|website=nu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Occidental College]] ("Oxy")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxy.edu/about-oxy|title=About Oxy – Occidental College|website=Oxy.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Otis College of Art and Design]] (Otis)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otis.edu/|title=Otis College of Art & Design website|website=otis.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southern California Institute of Architecture]] (SCI-Arc)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciarc.edu/|title=Southern California Institute of Architecture: A School of Architectural Thinking|website=sciarc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southwestern Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swlaw.edu/about-southwestern/history-southwestern|title=Southwestern Law school – Los Angeles|website=swlaw.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[University of Southern California]] (USC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.usc.edu/|title=About USC|website=USC.edu|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Woodbury University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://woodbury.edu/program/school-of-architecture/los-angeles/|title=Los Angeles – Woodbury University|website=woodbury.edu|date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Sukulu ya Community College yili na ma campus 9 agho ghakulongozgeka na ma trustees gha Los Angeles Community College District: {{colbegin}} * [[East Los Angeles College]] (ELAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elac.edu/|title=East Los Angeles College|website=elac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lacitycollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles City College|website=lacitycollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Harbor College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lahc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Harbor College|website=lahc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Mission College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamission.edu/|title=Los Angeles Mission College|website=lamission.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Pierce College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piercecollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles Pierce College|website=Piercecollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Valley College]] (LAVC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Valley College|website=lavc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Southwest College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lasc.edu/|title=L.A. Southwest College|website=lasc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Trade-Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lattc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Trade-Technical College|website=lattc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[West Los Angeles College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wlac.edu/|title=West Los Angeles College homepage|website=wlac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Pali makoleji na mayunivesite ghanandi agho ghakusangika kuwaro kwa msumba wa Greater Los Angeles, kusazgapo Claremont Colleges consortium, iyo yikusazgapo makoleji agho ghakusankha makoleji agho ghakusambizga vya maluso ku U.S., na California Institute of Technology (Caltech), yimoza ya mabungwe agho ghakusambizga vya STEM pa charu chose. ===Sukulu=== {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Education|List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California}}Sukulu ya Los Angeles Unified School District yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 800,000 mu msumba wa Los Angeles na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pamasinda pakuti pulogiramu ya Proposition 13 ya mu 1978 yazomerezgeka, masukulu gha mu matawuni ghakaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. LAUSD yikumanyikwa na masukulu agho ghali na ndalama zinandi yayi, ghakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso ghakupwelelereka makora yayi, nangauli masukulu 162 agho ghakusangika mu Magnet Schools ghakukolerana na masukulu ghapadera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Los Angeles vili mu Inglewood Unified School District, na Las Virgenes Unified School District. Ofesi ya Maphunziro ya Los Angeles County ikugwira ntchito ya Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=6/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Las%20Virgenes%20USD.pdf?ver=2016-08-01-154827-037 See map of Las Virgenes USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=11/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Inglewood%20USD.pdf?ver=2019-04-01-135454-273 See map of Inglewood USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref> == Wayilesi == {{Main|Media in Los Angeles}} {{See also|List of television shows set in Los Angeles|List of films set in Los Angeles}} [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hollywood Sign]] is a prominent symbol of the [[American film industry]].]] Chigawo cha Los Angeles ndi chigawo chachiwiri cha msika waukulu kwambiri ku US (pambuyo pa New York) ndi nyumba 5,431,140 (4,956% ya US), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma wailesi osiyanasiyana a AM ndi FM ndi ma TV. Los Angeles na New York City ni vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na VHF 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|title=Allocation|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829172310/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi iyo yikufuma zuŵa lililose mu cigaŵa ici ni Los Angeles Times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/about|title=About the Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> La Opinión ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya Cisipanishi ya mu msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laopinion.com/|title=LA Opinión website|website=laopinion.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> The Korea Times ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu chiyowoyero cha ku Korea, ndipo The World Journal ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya chiyowoyero cha ku China. Nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Sentinel ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu msumba uwu iyo yikulembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasentinel.net/about|title=About Us: Los Angeles Sentinel|website=lasentinel.net|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Magazini ya Investor's Business Daily yikufuma ku maofesi agho ghali ku Los Angeles, ku Playa del Rey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investors.com/|title=Investors Business Daily: Stock News and Stock Market Analysis|website=investors.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[File:LA Times building.jpg|thumb|right|The former ''[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]'' headquarters]] Ma TV ghanayi ghakurughakuru, pamoza na Telemundo na Univision, nawo ŵali na masiteshoni agho ghakupharazga ku Los Angeles na ku West Coast: KABC-TV ya ABC (Channel 7), KCBS-TV ya CBS (Channel 2), KTTV-TV ya Fox (Channel 11), KNBC-TV ya NBC (Channel 4), KCOP-TV ya MyNetworkTV (Channel 13), KEAV-TV ya Telemundo (Channel 52), na KMEX-TV ya Univision (Channel 34). Chigawochi chili ndi masiteshoni anayi a PBS, pomwe KCET, idalumikizananso ndi netiweki ngati wachiwiri wachiwiri mu Ogasiti 2019, atakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi ngati wailesi yakanema yayikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. KTBN (Channel 40) ni wayilesi yakumanyikwa ya Trinity Broadcasting Network, iyo yili ku Santa Ana. Vipharazgo vinandi vya pa TV, nga ni KCAL-TV (Channel 9) na KTLA-TV (Channel 5), vikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/|title=NBC Los Angeles|website=nbclosangeles.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/|title=Los Angeles and Southern California News, Weather, Sports|website=abc7.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxla.com/|title=FOX 11 Los Angeles|website=foxla.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> [[File:Paramountpicturesmelrosegate (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Paramount Pictures]] Studios]] Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake ghacoko gha ku malo agha, nga ni Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, Los Angeles Daily News, LA Weekly, L.A. Mu magazini iyi muli nkhani za ku Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles Magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal, The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, na Los Angeles Downtown News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|title=Los Angeles Downtown News – History|website=ladowntownnews.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706223303/http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Padera pa manyuzipepara ghakurughakuru, pali manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakulembeka mu viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya, nga ni Ciarmenia, Cingelezi, Cikoreya, Ciperesiya, Cirussia, Cichayina, Cijapani, Cihebere, na Ciarabu. Misumba yinandi iyo yili pafupi na Los Angeles yili na manyuzipepara agho ghakulembeka zuŵa lililose. Mwaciyelezgero, magazini ya The Daily Breeze (iyo yikupharazga ku South Bay), na The Long Beach Press-Telegram. Nkhani za luso, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wausiku ku Los Angeles zikufotokozedwanso ndi owongolera angapo am'deralo ndi mayiko, kuphatikiza Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, ndi Flavorpill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|title=Flavorpill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207012702/http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|archive-date=February 7, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laist.com/about-us|title=Welcome to LAist: About Us|website=last.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles|title=Time Out Los Angeles: The L.A. guide for things to do, restaurants, bars, movies, shopping, events and more|website=timeout.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/|title=Thrillist Official website|website=thrillist.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Infrastructure== === Transportation === {{Main|Transportation in Los Angeles}} ==== Freeways ==== {{Main|Southern California freeways}} [[File:Los Angeles - Echangeur autoroute 110 105 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange]], connecting the [[Interstate 105 (California)|Century Freeway (I-105)]] and the [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|Harbor Freeway (I-110)]] in [[South Los Angeles|South LA]].]] Msumba uwu na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu msumba wa Los Angeles vili na misewu yinandi. Lipoti la Texas Transportation Institute la Urban Mobility Report likati mu 2019 misewu ya ku Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene ku United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|title=2021 Urban Mobility Report|publisher=Texas Transportation Institute|date=June 2021|access-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102161118/https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref> Kufuma pa malo agha pakaŵa ku San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., na Miami. Nangauli mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakwenda nyengo yifupi kuluska awo ŵakwenda mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru nga ni New York City, Philadelphia, na Chicago. Ku Los Angeles, pa avereji, munthu wakendanga maminiti 29.2 kuti wakafike ku nchito, ndipo nyengo iyi yikuyana waka na ya ku San Francisco na Washington, D.C.<ref name="ACS2006">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 11, 2010|archive-date=September 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916055045/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|url-status=dead}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/</ref> Misewu yikuru iyo yikusazga LA na vyaru vinyake ni Interstate 5, iyo yikwenda kumwera kufuma ku San Diego kuya ku Tijuana ku Mexico na kumpoto kufuma ku Sacramento, Portland, na Seattle kuya ku mphaka ya Canada na US; Interstate 10, iyo yili kumwera chomene kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo yikwenda kufuma ku mphepete ya nyanja kukafika ku Jacksonville, Florida; na U.S. Nthowa ya 101, iyo yikuluta ku California Central Coast, San Francisco, ku Redwood Empire, na ku Oregon na Washington. ==== Public transit ==== {{Main|Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority}} [[File:Metrogoldlinemem.jpg|thumb|left|Sitima ya Los Angeles Metro Rail imagwira ntchito ndi LACMTA.]] Ku Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) na mabungwe ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakwendeska magalimoto gha pa msewu, kweniso magalimoto gha pasi pa mtunda na magalimoto gha pa njanji mu chigaŵa chose cha Los Angeles, ndipo mwezi uliwose ŵanthu ŵakukwana 38.8 miliyoni ŵakukwera magalimoto agha. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵanandi (30.5 miliyoni) ŵakwenda pa mabasi gha mu msumba uwu, agho ni ghaciŵiri pa mabasi ghose mu caru ici. Mwezi uliwose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 8.2 miliyoni ŵakakweranga sitima ya pasi pa mtunda. Mu chaka cha 2017, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 397 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 285 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 113 miliyoni ŵakakwera njanji. Mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha chaka cha 2018, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 95 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 98 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2017, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 105 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2016. Mu 2005, ŵanthu 10.2% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakendanga na magalimoto. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa American Community Survey wa 2016, 9.2% ya ogwira ntchito ku Los Angeles (mzinda) adapita kuntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zoyendera pagulu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US0644000&primary_geo_id=16000US0644000|title=Means of Transportation to Work by Age|publisher=Census Reporter|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm|title=New Yorkers are Top Transit Users|last=Christie|first=Les|date=June 29, 2007|access-date=October 24, 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/Index.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Calendar Year, 2017|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115014300/https://opa.metro.net/MetroRidership/|archive-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|title=Ridership Statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=November 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101115617/http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="metro" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/YearOverYear.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Year over Year, 2018|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507160440/http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/YearOverYear.aspx|archive-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Union Station 22.jpg|thumb|right|Siteshoni ya Union Station yikusangika na Amtrak California, Metrolink, na Metro Rail.]] Msewu wa pasi pa mtunda uwo ukujumpha mu msumba uwu, ndiwo uli pa nambara 9 pa misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu United States.<ref name="APTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2011_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf|title=Public Transit Ridership Report|year=2011|publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Msewu uwu uli na misewu ya B na D, kweniso misewu ya A, C, E, na K. Mu 2016, E Line yikafika ku Pacific Ocean pa Santa Monica. Msewu wa Metro G na J ni misewu ya mabasi agho ghakwenda mwaluŵiro. Kuzakafika mu 2022, masiteshoni gha sitima ya light rail ghazamuŵa 99. Msumba uwu uli na njanji iyo yikufuma ku Los Angeles kuluta ku vigaŵa vyapafupi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metrolinktrains.com/|title=Welcome to Metrolink|website=metrolinktrains.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Padera pa masitima agho ghakupelekeka na Metrolink na Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, ku Los Angeles kukwendekaso sitima za Amtrak. Siteshoni ya njanji yikuru mu msumba uwu ni Union Station kumpoto kwa Downtown. Kweniso, tawuni iyi yikupanga mabasi gha pa tawuni iyi na gha ku malo ghanyake kwizira mu dipatimenti yakuwona vya mendero ya ku Los Angeles, panji kuti LADOT. ==== Airports ==== {{Main|List of airports in the Los Angeles area}} [[File:TheThemeBuildingLosAngeles (cropped2).jpg|thumb|right|Los Angeles Intl. Ndege ya LAX ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose capasi.]] Ndege yikuru ya pa charu chose na ya pa charu chapasi iyo yikulongozgera ku Los Angeles ni Ndege ya pa charu cose ya Los Angeles (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), iyo yikumanyikwa na code ya pa ndege iyi, '''LAX'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flylax.com/|title=Office website of the Los Angeles International Airport|website=flylax.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Malo agha ghali ku Westside ku Los Angeles pafupi na Sofi Stadium ku Inglewood. Pali viŵanja vikuru-vikuru vya ndege ivyo vili pafupi na malo agha: * {{airport codes|ONT|KONT}} [[Ontario International Airport]], owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyontario.com/corporate/airport-information|title=Airport Information|website=[[Ontario International Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|BUR|KBUR}} [[Hollywood Burbank Airport]], jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|title=History & Facts of Burbank Airport|website=[[Hollywood Burbank Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|LGB|KLGB}} [[Long Beach Airport]], serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longbeach.gov/lgb/about-us/|title=Long Beach Airport Directory|website=[[Long Beach Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|SNA|KSNA}} [[John Wayne Airport]] of Orange County. Limoza mwa ma eyapoti ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose ghakusangika ku Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport {{airport codes|VNY|KVNY}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawa.org/welcome_VNY.aspx?id=92|title=Van Nuys Airport General Description|publisher=[[Los Angeles World Airports]]|access-date=October 25, 2011}}</ref> ==== Seaports ==== [[File:Vincent Thomas bridge.San Pedro.JPG|thumb|left|Mlatho wa Vincent Thomas pa Terminal Island mu Port of Los Angeles]] Mzinda wa Port of Los Angeles uli ku San Pedro Bay mu chigaŵa cha San Pedro, pafupifupi makilomita 20 kumwera kwa Downtown. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli malo ghakurughakuru agho ghakukwana makilomita 69. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli nyanja yinyake yakuchemeka Long Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portoflosangeles.org/|title=Port of Los Angeles, the nations #1 container port and global model for sustainability, security, and social responsibility|website=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Maboti gha ku Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach pamoza ghakupanga Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008141319/http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harboremployers.com/web/|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association|publisher=Harboremployers.com|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Madowoko ghaŵiri agha ngakwamba pa madoko ghose gha vyamuminda pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo mu 2008 ghakatumizganga vyamuminda vyakujumpha 14.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf|title=AAPA World Port Rankings 2008|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Port of Los Angeles ndiyo yili na ma container ghanandi chomene ku United States ndipo ndiyo yili na ma cruise ghanandi chomene pa West Coast ya United States -  The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center yikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 590,000 mu 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/facilities/passenger.asp|title=Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals|publisher=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> Paliso madoko ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Los Angeles. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli maboti ghanayi: Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Long Beach International Gateway Bridge, na Commodore Schuyler F. Mlatho wa Heim. Sitima ya Catalina Express ndiyo yikwenda kufuma ku San Pedro kuya ku Avalon (na Two Harbors) pa Santa Catalina Island. == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{Main|List of people from Los Angeles}} ==Misumba yakuyana mazina== [[File:Sister cities of Los Angeles.jpg|alt=|thumb|A sign near [[Los Angeles City Hall|LA City Hall]] displaying Los Angeles' sister cities.]] <!-- *** IMPORTANT *** * Please do not add or remove sister cities unless you provide a reliable * * source. This list is verified by http://sistercities.lacity.org/, * * which lists 25 sister cities. If you make changes to this list without * * citing a source, your edits will be reverted. * --> Los Angeles has 25 [[sister cities]],<ref name="Sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/|title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|publisher=[[Government of Los Angeles|Sister Cities Los Angeles]]|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> listed chronologically by year joined: {{Colbegin}} * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel (1959) * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan (1959) * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (1962) * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France (1964)<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | title=Bordeaux– Rayonnement européen et mondial | work=Mairie de Bordeaux | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures | work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany (1967)<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | title=Berlin City Partnerships | work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin | access-date=September 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ZMB}} [[Lusaka]], Zambia (1968) * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1969) * {{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand (1971) * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1971) * {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (1972) * {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran (1972) * {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1979) * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], China (1981)<ref name="Guangzhou twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | title=Guangzhou Sister Cities | publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office | access-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | archive-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece (1984) * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1984) * {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada (1986)<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web | url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf | title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=December 5, 2009 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Giza]], Egypt (1989) * {{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1990) * {{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (1991) * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Makati]], Philippines (1992) * {{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia]] (1993)<ref name="Split twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | title=Gradovi prijatelji Splita |trans-title=Split Twin Towns | work=Grad Split [Split Official City Website] | access-date=December 19, 2013 | language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | archive-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (2005) * {{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon (2006) * {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia, Campania]], Italy (2006) * {{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (2007)<ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ | title=Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities | work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website | access-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref> {{Colend}} In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities": * {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Łódź]], Poland * {{flagicon|AUS}} City of [[Melbourne]], Australia * {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Manchester]], United Kingdom<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|title=Twinning link with LA|date=July 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|archive-date=July 31, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=July 28, 2009|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]]}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|title=Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership|year=2007|publisher=The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|archive-date=June 23, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{colbegin}} * [[Largest cities in Southern California]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[List of hotels in Los Angeles]] * [[List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles County, California]] * [[List of music venues in Los Angeles]] * [[List of people from Los Angeles]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California]] * [[USS Los Angeles|USS ''Los Angeles'']], 4 ships (including 1 airship) {{colend}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{See also|Bibliography of Los Angeles}} === General === * Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at p.&nbsp;409 for list. * {{cite book|title=Southern California: An Island on the Land|author=Carey McWilliams|publisher=Peregrine Smith|year=2009|isbn=978-0-87905-007-8|edition=9th|author-link=Carey McWilliams (journalist)|url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi}} * {{cite book|title=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West|title-link=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own|author=Richard White|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8061-2567-1|author-link=Richard White (historian)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelescapita0000rief|author=David Rieff|publisher=Touchstone|year=1992|isbn=978-0-671-79210-7|author-link=David Rieff}} * {{cite book|title=Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City|author=Peter Theroux|publisher=Norton|year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31394-9|author-link=Peter Theroux|url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: A History of the Future|author=Paul Glover|publisher=Greenplanners|year=1995|isbn=978-0-9622911-0-4|author-link=Paul Glover (activist)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County|author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-20530-7|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Portrait of a City|author=[[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin|publisher=[[Taschen]] America|year=2009|isbn=978-3-8365-0291-7|editor=Jim Heimann|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesportra0000unse}} === Architecture and urban theory === * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh|author=Reyner Banham|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-26015-3|edition=2nd|place=Berkeley|author-link=Reyner Banham}} * {{cite book|title=City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles|title-link=City of Quartz|author=Mike Davis|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-568-5|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar)}} * {{cite book |title=The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1 |author=[[Robert M. Fogelson]] |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-520-08230-4 |place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei|author=Norman M. Klein|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles|author=Sam Hall Kaplan|publisher=Hennessey and Ingalls|year=2000|isbn=978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book|title=Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990|url=https://archive.org/details/overdrivelaconst0000unse|author=Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60606-128-2}} === Race relations === * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|last=Acuña|first=Rodolfo|publisher=Verso|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3|author-link=Rodolfo Acuña|access-date=September 30, 2011}} * {{cite book|title=No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels|url=https://archive.org/details/nocrystalstairaf0000geor|last=George|first=Lynell|publisher=Verso|year=1992|isbn=978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present|last=Sides|first=Josh|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-24830-4|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/murderatsleepyla0000paga|author=Eduardo Obregón Pagán|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book|title=The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit|url-access=registration|author=R. J. Smith|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58648-521-4}} === LGBT === * {{cite book|title=Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians|author=[[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons|publisher=Basic Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-465-02288-5|url=https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill}} * {{cite book|title=Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics|last=Hurewitz|first=Daniel|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-24925-7|place=Berkeley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure}} === Environment === * {{cite book|title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water|title-link=Cadillac Desert|author=Marc Reisner|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-14-017824-1|author-link=Marc Reisner}} * {{cite book|title=Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles|author=Chip Jacobs and William Kelly|publisher=Outlook Hardcover|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58567-860-0|url=https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco}} === Social movements === * {{cite book|title=Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties|author=Mike Davis and Jon Wiener|publisher=Verso|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78478-024-1}} === Art and literature === * {{cite book|title=Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology|publisher=[[Library of America]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-931082-27-3|editor=David L. Ulin|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse}} * {{cite book|title=Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s|last=Whiting|first=Cécile|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25634-7|place=Berkeley}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Los Angeles|collapsible=true}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Excessive or inappropriate links Will-Be-Deleted. * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's [[[[Talk:Los Angeles|talk page]]]], * * or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory * * Project (dmoz.org) and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}}* * template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> <!-- {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} --> * {{official website}} {{Clear}} {{Portal bar|North America|United States|California|Cities|Greater Los Angeles}} {{Los Angeles}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Los Angeles |list = {{Los Angeles County, California}} {{Greater Los Angeles Area}} {{California county seats}} {{California}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{California cities and mayors of 100,000 population}} {{Southern California megaregion}} {{Megacities}} }} {{authority control}} [[Category:Los Angeles| ]] [[Category:1781 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:1850 establishments in California]] [[Category:Cities in Los Angeles County, California]] [[Category:County seats in California]] [[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in California]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1781]] [[Category:Port cities in California]] [[Category:Railway towns in California]] [[Category:Spanish mission settlements in North America]] b47h6btelhv4ngoevfsv4i889ztmhxk 0 6910 122472 122335 2026-09-28T00:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{distinguish|Bophuthatswana}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Botswana | common_name = Botswana | native_name = {{native name|tn|Lefatshe la Botswana}} | image_flag = Flag of Botswana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Botswana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|tn|Pula|paren=no}}<br />"Rain" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|tn|[[Fatshe leno la rona]]|paren=no}}<br />"Blessed Be This Noble Land"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Fatshe leno la rona.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Botswana (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Botswana AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Gaborone]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="gov.bw languages">{{Cite web |title=About Our Country |url=https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Gov.bw |quote=Botswana has a number of tribes across the country, collectively known as Batswana. The official language is English and Setswana is the national language, although there are other spoken languages.}}</ref> | languages_type = National language | languages = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|79% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] |11% [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]] |2% [[San people|San]] |8% Others (includes [[Kgalagadi language|Kgalagadi]], [[Basarwa]], [[Indians in Botswana|Indian]], and [[White people in Botswana|White]])}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012<ref name="cia"/> | religion = {{Unbulleted list|79.1% [[Christianity in Botswana|Christianity]] |—70.2% [[Protestantism]] |—8.9% Other [[Christian]] |15.2% [[Irreligion in Botswana|No religion]] |4.1% [[Badimo]] |1.4% Others{{efn|Including [[Baháʼí Faith in Botswana|Baháʼí]], [[Hinduism in Botswana|Hindu]], and [[Islam in Botswana|Islam]].}} |0.3% Unspecified<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=14 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2021 | demonym = {{Unbulleted list|Batswana (plural) |Motswana (singular)}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=17 December 2019|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selolwane |first1=Onalenna |title=Monopoly Politikos: How Botswana's Opposition Parties Have Helped Sustain One-Party Dominance |journal=African Sociological Review |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=68–90 |doi=10.4314/asr.v6i1.23203 |jstor=24487673 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Botswana|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|title=Masisi to Lead Botswana as Khama Steps Down After a Decade|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=28 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401010006/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Botswana|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Slumber Tsogwane]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Phandu Skelemani]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Botswana|Parliament]]<br />([[National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Established ([[Constitution of Botswana|Constitution]]) | established_date1 = 30 September 1966 | area_km2 = 581,730 | area_rank = 47th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 224,610 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite report|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf | publisher = United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization | website = fao.org | title = Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana | page = 9 | date = 2015 | quote = Total Country Area ('000)ha / 58 173 }}</ref><!-- 58,173,000 hectares is 581,730 km2 --> | percent_water = 2.7 | population_estimate = 2,384,246<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_census = 2,359,609 <ref name="Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages">{{Cite web |title=Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 145th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 4.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.62 | population_density_rank = 231st | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$47.04 billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$19,199<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$18.00 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 127th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$7,348 <ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 87th | Gini = 53.3 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 20 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083923/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.693<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2022 components">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 117th | currency = [[Botswana pula|Pula]] | currency_code = BWP | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|last=Chapter: 01:04|title=Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))|date=20 July 1984|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201053/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|url-status=dead}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+267]] | cctld = [[.bw]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.bw/}} | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Botswana''' ({{lang-tn|Land of the Tswana|label=[[English language|English]]}}; {{IPAc-en|audio=En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg|b|ɒ|t|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|n|ə}}, {{small|kweneso}} {{IPAc-en|UK|b|ʊ|t|-|,_|b|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|w|-}}<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/botswana|title=Botswana|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>),mwaboma, '''Charu cha Botswana''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Southern Africa]]. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene, ndipo pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya chigaŵa chake ni [[mapopa gha Kalahari]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa [[South Africa]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa [[Namibia]], na kumpoto kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. [[Mlonga wa Kazungula]] ndiwo ukuwovwira kuti charu cha [[Zambia]] chiŵe pa mtende.<ref>{{Cite book|url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|title= Kazungula Bridge Project|last= Darwa|first= P. Opoku|publisher= African Development Fund|year= 2011|page= Appendix IV|access-date= 4 May 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121114113821/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|archive-date= 14 November 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - Botswana {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW|access-date=2021-06-07|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Tswana]] ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Botswana |date=2023-03-28 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |access-date=2023-04-05 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana#people-and-society |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>Ŵanthu pafupifupi 11.6 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa [[Gaborone]]. Kale yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, ndipo paumaliro wa m'ma 1960, GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 70 pa caka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana|url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/|last1=Maundeni|first1=Zibani|last2=Mpabanga|first2=Dorothy|date=2007-01-01|website=Africa Portal|access-date=2020-05-28|last3=Mfundisi|first3=Adam}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi vyaka vyakujumpha 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵakafuma ku mafuko agho ghakalongosoranga chiyowoyero cha [[Bantu]], agho ghakasamukira kumwera kwa Africa ku Botswana cha m'ma 600 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya mafuko. Mu 1885, Ŵanung'una ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakachilongora kuŵa chigaŵa chakulongozgeka na boma la [[Bechuanaland]]. Apo boma la Bechuanaland likaleka kulamulira charu ichi, likazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakusankha ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita makora pa nkhani ya chisopa. Vinthu vikuru chomene mu charu ichi ni migodi, viŵeto, na vyakusanguluska. Dziko la Botswana lili na GDP (purchasing power parity) pa munthu yumoza ya $18,113 pa chaka cha 2021, yimoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ndalama izo charu ichi chikusanga pa munthu yumoza (ndipo ni chachinayi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa) zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora kweniso kuti chiŵe na ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa (panyuma pa Gabon na South Africa).<ref>[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm Gross national income (GNI) – Nations Online Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232439/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |date=19 February 2009 }}. Nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.</ref><ref name="2022 components" />Dziko la Botswana ndilo dziko loyamba ku Africa kulandira Forbes 30 Under 30 ndi 2017 Netball World Youth Cup. Charu cha Botswana chili mu wupu wa Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations, na United Nations. Caru ici cikakhwaskika comene na nthenda ya [[HIV]] na [[AIDS]]. Mu 2002, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kupeleka munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye makora matenda agha, kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi chikakwera kufuma pa 290,000 mu 2005 kufika pa 320,000 mu 2013.:A20 Mu 2014, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa na nthenda iyi pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ici caŵa na suzgo la HIV na AIDS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana |title=Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission |publisher=UN AIDS |year=2021 |location=Brazzaville |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html|title=Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=30 September 2022|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina la caru ici likung'anamura "Charu ca Ŵatswana". Dango la boma la Botswana likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batswana ndiwo ŵakachemekanga Ŵatswana. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likuyowoyaso za ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Botswana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa|url=http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|publisher=Voices of Africa|access-date=6 January 2018|date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Botswana}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== [[File:Two Rhino.jpg|thumb|left|The 'Two Rhino' painting at [[Tsodilo]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu charu cha Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Viŵiya vya malibwe na vyamoyo vinyake vyalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu ichi vyaka pafupifupi 400,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Okutobala 2019, ŵasayansi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakababikira ku Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵali kusunga, nga ni vithuzithuzi ivyo vili kupangika mu mphanji, vili kulembeka vyaka 73,000. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ("Bushmen") na Khoi. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko ŵakuchemeka Khoe-Kwadi, Kx?? a, na Tuu. Apo ng'ombe zikambanga kuliskika kumwera kwa Africa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, viŵeto vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ici cifukwa mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa vyakumera vinandi vyambura viyuni vya tsetse. Vinyalala vya Domboshaba Vili na linga la malibwe (pachanya) na mbale ya dongo (pasi) Tikumanya makora yayi apo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakambira kusamira ku charu ichi kufuma kumpoto, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakafika mu 600 C.E. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo sono ŵakuchemeka Kalanga ŵakasamira ku vigaŵa ivyo sono vili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Zimbabwe kweniso vya Mapungubwe, ndipo chakuzirwa chomene pa vigaŵa ivi ni vya Domboshaba, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450 C.E.), ndipo ghakaŵa na viliŵa vya malibwe vyakudika mamita 1.8. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuchindikika na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mulongozgi uyu wakakhalanga pachanya pa phiri pamoza na ŵateŵeti ŵake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa kuwaro kwa vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Botswana, ndipo vikuwoneka kuti vikaŵa na viŵeto vikuru comene mu malo agho sono ni Central District. Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. ndipo ghakawoneka kuti ghakamara apo msumba wa Mapungubwe ukaparanyikira. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana, awo ni Bakgalagadi, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa Kalahari. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River kuluta ku Indian Ocean, ndipo katundu wa ku Asia nga ni mphete wakendanga m'paka ku Botswana, panyake kuti ŵakapokeranga njovu, golide, na masengwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Denbow|first1=James|last2=Klehm|first2=Carla|last3=Dussubieux|first3=Laure|date=April 2015|title=The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far interior of southern Africa|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/glass-beads-of-kaitshaa-and-early-indian-ocean-trade-into-the-far-interior-of-southern-africa/9BB659F4DA38A560EF64C4E8E3F49AFA|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=89|issue=344|pages=361–377|doi=10.15184/aqy.2014.50|s2cid=161212483|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ku Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 19 AD. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika mu vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Mu 700 AD, ŵanthu ŵa Toutswe ŵakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Botswana na kwamba kupanga minda ya ulimi wa ku malo gha pa ng'ombe. Malo agha ghakaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa chikuru cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Ŵakasanga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na viŵeto vya viŵeto, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vikaŵa viŵeto vya viŵeto ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa viŵeto vinandi. Ndipouli, kulima ndiko kukawovwira kuti chigaŵa cha Toutswemogala chikhale nyengo yitali. Ŵanyake ŵakukhala mu nyumba zakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi. Nyengo iyo ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitswana ŵakambira kulamulira chigaŵa ichi, yikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakwena, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene zina lake Kgabo II, ŵakanjira kumwera kwa Kalahari mu 1500 C.E., ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa Bakgalagadi kumanjiliro gha dazi mu mapopa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakwena ŵakasamira mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakakhalanga kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo ŵa ku Bangwato ŵakasamira kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi mu vigaŵa ivyo kale vikaŵa vya Kalanga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwato awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Batawana ŵakasamukira ku Okavango Delta, panyake mu ma 1790.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tlou|first=T.|date=1974|title=The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=6|pages=57–75|jstor=40959210|issn=0525-5090}}</ref> ===Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars=== {{main|Mfecane}} [[File:Kapstaaten 1905.png|thumb|left|German map of 1905 still showing the undivided Bechuanaland area]] Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na AmaNdebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka na kutora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morton |first=Barry|date=2009-01-14|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|pages=220–239|language=en|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> [[File:Sechele Gustav Fritsch 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sechele I]] who led a Batswana Merafe Coalition against [[Boers]] in 1852]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi, na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika pa Nkhondo ya ku Dimawe, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakachita phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa charu cha South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kukolerana. Mu 1884 Batawana, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Tswana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kgosi Moremi, ŵakathereska Ŵandebele awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Ndebele uparanyike mu Zimbabwe. Cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1860 na 1880, malonda ghakalutilira kukura. Ŵamishonale Ŵacikhristu ŵakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu. Kuzakafika mu 1856, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵa Lutheran na London Missionary Society. Kuzakafika mu 1880, mu muzi uliwose mukaŵa mishonale, ndipo ŵakamba kovwira ŵanthu. Khama III (1875-1923) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuzgora Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Cikristu cikaŵa cisopa cakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vyose.<ref>Landau, P. (1995) ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom''. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.</ref> ===Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate=== {{Main|Bechuanaland Protectorate}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Africa, ufumu wa Germany na wa Britain ukakhumbanga malo gha Botswana. Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain likadumura kuti liŵike charu cha Botswana mu mawoko ghake kuti livikilire nthowa yakuya kumpoto. Mu Janyuwale 1885, boma la Zimbabwe likapoka chigaŵa cha Tswana na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Warren kumpoto kuti ŵakhozge chigaŵa ichi na kuphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵapulikire ivyo Britain yikayowoya. Nangauli ŵakaŵa na wofi, kweni ŵakazomera. Mu 1890, vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa madigiri 22 vikaŵikamo chigaŵa chiphya cha Bechuanaland. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, chigaŵa chiphya ichi chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo malo ghachoko waka ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Mu ma 1890, boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kupeleka malo gha Bechuanaland ku British South Africa Company. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa pafupi kufiskika nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa Tswana ŵakalomba kuti ŵalute ku England kuti ŵakasuske, kweni ŵakayichimbizga cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Jameson mu Janyuwale 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/15645705 |title=The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966 |last1=Morton |first1=Barry |last2=Ramsay |first2=Jeff |access-date=13 July 2018 |via=academia.edu|pages=7–11}}</ref><ref>Parsons, N. (1998) ''King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>[[File:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp of British-ruled [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] from 1960]] Mu 1910, apo charu cha South Africa chikapangika kufuma ku vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, vyaru ivi vikaŵamo yayi. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likamba kufumba ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Nangauli maboma gha ku South Africa ghakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa mazaza ghawo, kweni Britain wakalutilira kuchedwa. Boma la Britain likati lasankhika mu 1948, likambiska apartheid, ndipo charu cha South Africa chikati chafumamo mu wupu wa Commonwealth mu 1961, vikawovwira kuti charu cha Britain na vigaŵa vinyake vileke kukolerana na boma la South Africa. Mu 1920, boma la Britain likakhazikiska mawupu ghaŵiri kuti ghamwimire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe. Wupu wa African Council ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi 8 ŵa mafuko gha Tswana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1934, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwaskana na muwuso wa mafuko. Mu 1951, wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa vyaru vya ku Europe na ku Africa ukapangika, ndipo mu 1961, dango la vyaru vya ku Africa likakhazikiska wupu wakupeleka fundo. ===Independence=== {{see also|Independence Day (Botswana)}} Mu Juni 1964, boma la United Kingdom likapokelera fundo yakuti ku Botswana kuŵe boma lakujiwusa. Mu Febuluwale 1966, ku London kukachitika ungano wa kujithemba. Mu 1965, boma la charu ichi likasamira ku Gaborone, kufupi na mphaka ya Botswana na South Africa. Kuyana na dango la mu 1965, caru ici cikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba ndipo cikaŵa pa mtende pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Seretse Khama, mulongozgi wa gulu lakujiyimira pawekha na uyo wakakhumbanga kuwusa kwa Ngwato, wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhikaso kaŵiri. Fumukazi Elizabeth II, pamoza na Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh na mwana wake Prince Andrew, Duke of York, ŵakafika ku Botswana pa ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Africa pa 25-27 July 1979. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakalutanga, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvina na kuwombera futi. Khama wakafwa mu 1980. Mubali Quett Masire ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo wakasankhika mu 1984 na kuwuskikaso mu 1989 na 1994. Masire wakafumapo pa udindo wake mu 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Festus Mogae, uyo wakasankhika mu 1999 na kuwuskikaso mu 2004. Mu 2008, Ian Khama (mwana wa purezidenti wakwamba) ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga boma ili. Pa 1 Epulero 2018 Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wachisanu wa Botswana, wakunjira mu malo mwa Ian Khama. Wakwimira chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party, icho chawina mavoti ghanandi pa mavoti ghose kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mathemba ghose agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pake ghakaŵa gha chipani cimoza. Mu Disembala 1999, Khoti la pa Caru Cose likadumura mulandu uwo ukaŵa kuti wakhala nyengo yitali pa mphaka ya kumpoto na cigaŵa ca Caprivi ku Namibia. Khoti likadumura kuti cirwa ca Kasikili nchigaŵa ca Botswana. Mu ma 1970, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na mbiri ya kuŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi pa caru cose. Mbiri iyi yikukhalilira m'paka sono, cifukwa nchito ya migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa nchito zikuru comene pa caru cose. Mu Botswana, migodi ya Jwaneng njakusambazi comene kuluska yose.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guest|first=Peter|url= https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/africa/botswana-diamonds-jwaneng/index.html|title=Inside the world's richest diamond mine |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Botswana|Climate of Botswana|Climate Change in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Botswana map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]] Botswana ni chalo cikuru comene pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili nga ni Madagascar panji France. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 17° na 27° kumwera, ndipo longitude 20° na 30° kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Botswana chili pa mapiri ghatali chomene. Charu cha Botswana chili na chipalamba cha Kalahari icho chili na malo ghakukwana 70 peresenti. Ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli dambo la Okavango Delta. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi kuli Makgadikgadi Pan, malo ghakurughakuru gha mchere. Mlonga wa Limpopo, uwo uli ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, uli mu chigaŵa cha Botswana. Mlonga wa Notwane ukupeleka maji ku msumba wa Gaborone. Mlonga wa Chobe uli kumpoto, ndipo ndiwo mphaka pakati pa Botswana na chigaŵa cha Zambezi ku Namibia. Mlonga wa Chobe ukukumana na Mlonga wa Zambezi pa malo ghakucemeka Kazungula (kung'anamura khuni lichoko la soseji, apo Sebitwane na fuko lake la Makololo ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Zambezi na kunjira mu Zambia). ===Biodiversity and conservation=== [[File:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 28.jpg|thumb|Zebras roaming the Okavango Basin]] Mu charu cha Botswana muli vyamoyo vinandi. Padera pa vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, paliso vyakumera na malo ghanyake agho kuli viyuni. Kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana kuli mtundu unyake ukuru wa ntcheŵe za ku Africa izo zili pafupi kumara. Mu chigaŵa cha Chobe, muli malo ghanandi chomene gha njovu za ku Africa. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakujumpha 11,000 km2 ndipo muli viyuni vyakukwana 350. Malo ghakucemeka Chobe National Park na Moremi Game Reserve (mu Okavango Delta) ndigho ghakwendako ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama gha Central Kalahari Game Reserve agho ghali mu mapopa gha Kalahari mu chigaŵa cha Ghanzi; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park na Nxai Pan National Park ghali mu chigaŵa cha Central mu chigaŵa cha Makgadikgadi Pan. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mashatu ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghali pa malo agho mukusangika milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ni malo ghakuchemeka Mokolodi Nature Reserve kufupi na Gaborone. Paliso malo ghanyake ghakupatulika nga ni Khama Rhino Sanctuary (kwa visko) na Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (kwa visko). Vyose viŵiri vili ku Central District.{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Okavango Delta, Botswana (2674364913).jpg | caption1 we = | image2 = Giraffe crossing a road in Botswana.jpg | caption2 = The [[Okavango Delta]] (top).<br />Giraffe crossing a road (bottom). }} Charu cha Botswana chili na masuzgo ghaŵiri, chilangalanga na kuzgoka mapopa. Vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu na vinyama mu charu ichi vikuthemba pa maji gha pasi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Kuzenga mabowo ghakunyang'amira na maji gha pasi pa mtunda kwachepeskako masuzgo gha chilangalanga. Mu Botswana, maji gha pa mtunda ngakusuzga chomene, ndipo kulimilira mu vyaru ivyo kuli maji ghachoko chomene. Mu vigaŵa vyakukwana 95% vya caru ici, viŵeto ndivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Pafupifupi 71 peresenti ya malo gha mu caru ici ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, ndipo ici ndico cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe mapopa kweniso kuti dongo lileke kunangika. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵakusanga chandulo na viŵeto, ŵakulutilira kupwelelera viŵeto. Kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1991, viŵeto vikakura kufuma pa 1.7 miliyoni kufika pa 5.5 miliyoni.:64 Mwakuyana waka, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira kufuma pa 574,000 mu 1971 kufika pa 1.5 miliyoni mu 1995, kusazgapo 161% mu vilimika 24. Pa mabanja ghose gha ku Botswana, 50% ghali na viŵeto. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakupwanthirapo panji mapopa, wakuŵa na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu vikunangikirathu chifukwa cha chilangalanga na kusintha kwa nyengo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya cilengiwa ŵakuyowoya kuti cigaŵa ca Okavango Delta cikuwomira cifukwa cakuti viŵeto vikuliska viŵeto vinandi. Deltha la Okavango ni limoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha nkhorongo mu charu cha Botswana. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya nkhorongo yikamba kale kufiska ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo vyakumera mu mizi ya ku Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North na Boteti. Kuŵaso na vyakumera vya ku malo agha kukovwira kuti charu chileke kunangika. Boma la United States nalo lacita phangano na boma la Botswana, kuŵapa ndalama zakukwana madola 7 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti ŵachepeske ngongoli ya boma la Botswana na madola 8.3 miliyoni. Fundo yakuti boma la United States lichepeskeko ngongoli ya charu cha Botswana njakuti charu ichi chiŵikengepo mtima pa kuvikilira malo. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 8. Wupu wa United Nations Development Programme ukuti ukavu ndiwo ukupangiska kuti ku Botswana ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge nchito comene vinthu vyakuthupi. Kuti ivi visinthe, UNDP yikawovwira pa mulimo uwo ukambira ku Struizendam, kumwera kwa Botswana. Chilato cha ntchito iyi nkhusanga "vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na nthowa zawo zakwendeskera malo". Awo ŵakulongozga gulu ili ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ico, kuti ŵaŵakope, na kusazgirako mwaŵi wawo wa kusanga ndalama na kuchepeska ukavu. UNDP yikayowoyaso kuti boma likwenera kufiska ndondomeko izo zikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongozgenge ŵekha.<ref name="afrol1">{{cite web |url = http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |title = Botswana villages fighting desertification |publisher = Afrol |access-date = 4 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091102221242/http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |archive-date = 2 November 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Botswana|Government of Botswana}} [[File:Mokgweetsi E.K. Masisi, President of the Republic of Botswana.jpg|upright|thumb|The current president, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]]] Dziko la Botswana ndilo lili na demokilase yakale comene pa caru cose. Ndondomeko ya malango ya boma la Botswana njakuti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Ndyali za Botswana zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya chalo cha demokilase icho chili na vipani vinandi, apo purezidenti wa Botswana ni mutu wa chalo na mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Botswana ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango. Chisankho chaposachedwapa, cha khumi ndi chimodzi, chinachitika pa 23 October 2019. Kufuma waka apo boma la Botswana likapokera wanangwa wake, chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party ndicho chili na mazaza pa ndyali. Dziko la Botswana lili pa malo 30 pa vyaru 167 mu 2021 Democracy Index (The Economist), kuluska Italy na Belgium, ndipo lili pasi pa Czech Republic. Ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa. Kuyana na ma V-Democracy indexes gha 2023, charu cha Botswana chili pa nambara 75 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi ndipo chili pa nambara 12 pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Wupu wa Transparency International ukati, charu cha Botswana ndicho ntchakunanga chomene mu Africa.<ref>Transparency International [https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl]. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</ref> ===Judiciary=== [[File:Gaborone, Botswana High Court.jpg|thumb|left|High Court of Botswana]] Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Likusazgapo makhoti gha ku Britain agho ghali na makhoti gha Magistrates Courts, High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti Likuru la ku Ireland ni khoti likuru ilo lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ghakupulikizga milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu panji ya malango. Khoti la Apilu ndilo likupulikiska apilu. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili ni mulara wa ŵeruzgi. Khoti la Apilu ndilo ni khoti likuru comene mu caru ici ndipo likupeleka vyeruzgo ku khoti likuru na ku khoti la vyamalonda. Mulongozgi wa khoti la apilu ni mulara wa khoti. Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti wa Botswana mwakuyana na ulongozgi wa komiti ya vya malango. Nangauli wupu wa mawoko wa ku Botswana waŵako kufuma mu 1997, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake nga mbanakazi ŵali kuchita makora pa nkhani ya malango.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|title=18th Annual SADC Lawyers' Association Conference and General Meeting|date=August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005020/http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> '''List of chief justices of Botswana'''<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|title= Efficient judicial system ensures justice|newspaper= Daily News|access-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121224/http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|archive-date= 5 March 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !No. !Name !Tenure |- |1 |[[Dendy Young]] |1968–1971 |- |2 |[[Akinola Aguda]] |1972–1975 |- |3 |George O. L. Dyke |1975–1977 |- |4 |[[Robert John Hayfron-Benjamin]] |1977–1981 |- |5 |[[James Aiden O'Brien Quinn]] |1981–1987 |- |6 |Luke Livesey |1987–1992 |- |7 |Moleleki D. Mokama |1992–1997 |- |8 |Julian Nganunu |1997–2010 |- |9 |Maruping Dibotelo |2018–2018 |- |10 |Terrence Ronnowane |2018- ''Incumbent'' |- |} ===Foreign relations and military=== [[File:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|left|Botswana soldiers board a [[Botswana Defence Force]] plane to Mozambique, July 2021.]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Botswana|Botswana Defence Force}} Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵavya ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na South Africa ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army na Umkhonto we Sizwe, ndipo mu 1977, ŵasilikari ŵa Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ŵakapangika. Pulezidenti ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakusora wupu wakuvikilira ndipo sono BDF yili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 60,000. Mu 2019, charu cha Botswana chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndyali mu South Africa na mu chigaŵa ichi, maofesi gha BDF ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kugega ulovi, kunozgekera masoka, na kusungilira mtende. Boma la United States ndilo likawovwira chomene kuti gulu la BDF likure. Boma la Botswana likapeleka wanangwa ku boma la United States kuti liwone usange lingakhazikiska msasa wa Africa Command (AFRICOM) mu caru ici.<ref>Pounds, Lance (14 December 2015) [http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718193102/http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe |date=18 July 2017 }}. U.S. Army Africa</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Botswana}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakaŵachimbizga mu malo ghawo. Kuti ŵafumemo mu malo agha, ŵakaŵakaniranga maji pa malo ghawo ndipo ŵakakakikanga para ŵacenjezga, ico cikaŵa cakurya cawo cikuru. Caru cawo cili pakati pa malo agho kuli dayamondi zinandi comene. Kweni boma likukana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha vyaka vinandi chomene. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika kusanga nchito, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa comene moŵa. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2018, Fernand de Varennes, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, wakalemba chikalata icho chikapempha charu cha Botswana kuti "chivikilire wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya vinthu vya boma, malo na vinthu vinyake, kweniso viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya masambiro na vinyake". Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka m'paka mu Juni 2019. Pa Juni 11 wa chaka chenechicho, Khoti Likuru ku Botswana likadumura kuti malango gha mu Criminal Code ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma munthu ŵakulangika na kukakika. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Botswana, Ditshwanelo, ukakhazikiskika mu 1993.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ Ditshwanelo Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ |date=18 February 2018 }}"</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Districts of Botswana|Sub-districts of Botswana}} <imagemap> File:Districts of Botswana (image map).svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The districts of Botswana. The appropriate article can be found by clicking over the district. City districts are not shown. poly 250 100 625 100 625 200 775 200 775 400 625 400 625 500 250 500 [[w:North-West District (Botswana)]] rect 900 75 650 200 [[w:Chobe District]] poly 800 225 900 225 1075 425 1075 600 1375 600 1075 850 900 850 650 500 650 400 800 425 [[w:Central District (Botswana)]] rect 1400 400 1075 600 [[w:North-East District (Botswana)]] poly 250 500 625 500 825 775 800 825 125 825 125 650 250 650 [[w:Ghanzi District]] rect 900 825 525 950 [[w:Kweneng District]] rect 1350 875 900 1025 [[w:Kgatleng District]] rect 550 825 100 1300 [[w:Kgalagadi District]] rect 850 1000 650 1150 [[w:Southern District (Botswana)]] rect 1110 1000 850 1150 [[w:South-East District (Botswana)]] </imagemap> Maboma 10 gha Botswana ni agha: * [[Southern District (Botswana)|Southern District]] * [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]] * [[Kweneng District]] * [[Kgatleng District]] * [[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]] * [[North-East District (Botswana)|North-East District]] * [[Ngamiland District]] * [[Kgalagadi District]] * [[Chobe District]] * [[Ghanzi District]] Botswana's councils created from urban or town councils are: [[Gaborone|Gaborone City]], [[Francistown]], [[Lobatse|Lobatse Town]], [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe Town]], [[Jwaneng|Jwaneng Town]], [[Orapa|Orapa Town]] and [[Sowa, Botswana|Sowa Township]]. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Botswana}} Kufuma apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa wake, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakura mwaluŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Dziko la Botswana lasintha kufuma ku kuŵa limoza la vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose kuya ku kuŵa caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi. GDP ya munthu yumoza yikakura kufuma pa $1,344 mu 1950 kufika pa $15,015 mu 2016. Nangauli charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni chikaŵa na ndondomeko yiwemi iyo yikawovwira kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga mu charu ichi ziweleremo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kästle, Klaus |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |title=GNI PPP table |publisher=Nationsonline.org |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115190433/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tree map export 2009 Botswana.jpeg|thumb|Graphical depiction of Botswana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Botswana.svg|thumb|GDP per capita of Botswana, 1950 to 2018]] [[File:GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960-2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960–2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique]] Unduna wa vya Malonda na Makampani wa ku Botswana ndiwo ukukhwimiska bizinesi mu caru cose. Wupu wa International Monetary Fund ukati kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1999, ciŵelengero ca cuma cikakuranga na ciŵelengero cakujumpha 9% pa caka. Kuyana na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, charu cha Botswana chili na wanangwa wa vinthu vinandi. Boma likalutilira na ndyali yiwemi, nangauli mu 2002 na 2003, ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Charu ichi chili na ngongoli zinandi chomene mu Africa ndipo chili na ndalama zakukwana madola ghakujumpha 7 biliyoni mu 2005/2006. Ndondomeko ya malango yikulongosora kuti makhoti ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha, ndipo boma likuchindika fundo iyi. Dango ili ndakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge makora nchito za malonda, nangauli milandu yinandi yikuŵa yakusuzga kuti ŵeruzgike. Kuvikilira wanangwa wa vinjeru kwaŵa makora comene. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku South Africa mu vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2014 International Property Rights Index.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score|url=http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141240/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=23 August 2015|publisher=The International Property Rights Index}}</ref> Nangauli boma la Botswana likuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵachiteko vinthu vinyake mu charu ichi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchitako yayi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zakunja kuli na nchito yikuru pa vyamalonda vya boma. Malango gha vya ndalama ghakwendera makora, ndipo ndondomeko za maburoko yikwenda makora, nangauli yikuchedwa. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska nga ni ndalama izo ŵakusanga, ngongoli, ndalama izo ŵakusanga, katundu uyo munthu wakuŵa nayo, malipiro agho munthu wakupeleka, na ndalama izo munthu wakulipira pakuchita malonda, zingawezgeka kwambura mphaka. Charu cha Botswana chikuguliska mafuta na magesi kufuma ku South Africa. Pali magesi ghanyake agho ghakufuma mu malasha. === Magesi === {{Excerpt|Energy in Botswana}} ===Mayendelo=== {{See also|Roads in Botswana}} Pa ungano wa SONA 2020 ŵakayowoya kuti ku Botswana kuli misewu yinandi ya makilomita 31,747 (19,727 mi). Pa mtunda uwu, makilomita 20,000 (12,000 mi) ghali na misewu. Makilomita ghakukwana 11,747 (7,299 mi) agho ghalipo ghalije misewu. Mtunda wa msewu ukuwoneka mu makilomita ndipo chiŵelengero cha msewu chikuwoneka mu makilomita pa ora (kph) panji na chimanyikwiro cha chiŵelengero cha msewu (NSL). Magulu ghanyake gha magalimoto ghali na mphaka zakusazgikira izo zikulondezgeka na mphaka za luŵiro.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mupimpila|first=C|date=2010-09-30|title=Internalising the Externalities of Public Transport in Botswana|journal=Botswana Journal of Economics|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.4314/boje.v5i7.60307|issn=1810-0163|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ndalama === Mu vyaru vinandi muli mabungwe ghanandi gha vya ndalama, ndipo ndalama za penshoni na mabanki ni vyakuzirwa comene. Mabanki ghalutilira kuŵa na phindu, ndalama zinandi, ndiposo ghakwenda makora, cifukwa cakuti ndalama za caru zikukura ndiposo msonkho ngukuru. Banki ya ku Botswana ndiyo njakovwira. Ndalama za mu charu ichi ni pula. Ndondomeko ya banki ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa ndondomeko zakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pakuti boma likulondezga fundo za pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kujilongora makora pa nkhani za ndalama na kulaŵilira mabanki, likovwira kuti ŵamalonda ŵasange ngongoli. Banki ya Capital Bank yikajulika mu 2008. Mu Ogasiti 2015, mu charu ichi mukaŵa mabanki ghanandi. Boma likucitako nchito ya banki kwizira mu mabungwe gha boma na ndondomeko yapadera yakovwira ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Ngongoli zikupelekeka mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa msika, kweni boma likupeleka ngongoli zakovwira. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama yayi ghalutilira kunozgekera, comenecomene kwizira mu wupu umoza uwo ukuwona vya ndalama. Boma lafumiskapo malango ghakwendeskera ndalama za boma, ndipo chifukwa cha ivi, mabungwe ghanyake ghakwendeska ndalama, ndipo kampani ya Botswana Stock Exchange yikukura.<ref name="botswana-facts-figs">{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | title=Investors: Facts and Figures | publisher=Republica of Botswana | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905000003/http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | archive-date=5 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ===Gemstones and precious metals=== Ku Botswana, Dipatimenti ya Migodi na Vinthu Vyakuthupi (Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security) iyo yikulongozgeka na Hon Sadique Kebonang ku Gaborone, yikusunga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na migodi mu caru cose. Debswana, kampani yikuru comene ya migodi ya dayamondi iyo yikugwira nchito mu Botswana, yili na ndalama 50 pa 100 za boma. Makampani gha migodi ghakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi 40% ku boma. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵakasanga usambazi unandi wa uranium, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti usambazi uwu wambenge kusangika mu 2010. Makampani ghakupambanapambana gha migodi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghaŵa na maofesi ghawo mu Botswana, ndipo ghakupenja dayamondi, golide, uranium, mkuwa, na mafuta. Boma la Botswana likati mu 2009, lizamukhumba kuleka kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha dayamondi pa vinthu vyachuma. Mu charu cha Botswana muli migodi yinandi chomene ya dayamondi. Mu 2013, ku Orapa ŵakaguliska dayamondi yakujumpha madola 1.6 biliyoni.<ref name="Kitco">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html|date=21 September 2013}}, ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref> === Creative industries === Ŵakuwona kuti mulimo wa vyamasalamusi pa nkhani ya vyachuma ukuzirwa comene. Wupu wa United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ukulembapo manambara ghakukhwaskana na katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake na katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) wawovwira kunozga kafukufuku uyo wakulongora kuti pa charu chose pali makampani ghakujumpha 50. Kuyana na umo WIPO yikupangira, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyamaseŵero vya kulenga zikupambana pakati pa 2% na 11% kuyana na caru. Pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya WIPO, wupu wa Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) na Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis ŵakalemba kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vigaŵa vinyake mu 2019. Mu 2016, mafakitale a copyright adathandizira 5.46% ku phindu lowonjezera ndi 2.66% ku chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito, 1.28% ku katundu ndi 3.47% ku katundu.<ref>{{Cite book|date=June 2019|title=The Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in Botswana|url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|isbn=978-99968-3-063-1|access-date=29 December 2021|website=WIPO}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Botswana}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-right: 10px" |+ Population in Botswana{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.4 |- |2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.7 |- |2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.4 |} Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu charu cha Botswana, ndipo ŵakakwananga 79% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanyake 7 peresenti mbanthu ŵa fuko la White Batswana/European Batswana, ŵa ku India, na mafuko ghanyake gha ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=10 May 2022|year=2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ni Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero, na Bakgalagadi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku India ŵali kufuma ku Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, na South Africa. [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Botswana 2016.png|thumb|left|Population pyramid 2016]] Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in [[Zimbabwe]], the number of [[Zimbabweans in Botswana]] has risen into the tens of thousands.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime|publisher=Policy Development and Evaluation Service, [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|series=Research Papers|volume=175|last1=Betts|first1=Alexander|last2=Kaytaz|first2=Ezra|year=2009|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/retrieveattachments?openagent&shortid=MINE-7UL4R6&file=Full_Report.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 10,000 ŵa mtundu wa San ŵachali na umoyo wawo. Kwambira m'ma 1990, boma la Botswana likuyezga kufumiska Ŵasani mu malo ghawo.<ref>Lovgren, Stefan (14 September 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510010233/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232807/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html |date=8 August 2016 }}. ''National Geographic News''.</ref> [[James Anaya]], mu 2010, Mlembi Wapadera wa United Nations pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, wakalemba kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵatayika, ŵakusuzgika chomene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana|url=https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Kubwa Five Safaris|language=en-GB}}</ref> as a special example.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] was that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.<ref name=Anaya>{{cite report |author=Anaya, James |date=2 June 2010 |title=Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041536/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|19}} {{Largest cities | country = Botswana | stat_ref = Census Botswana 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2022 |publisher=Gaborone: Statistics Botswana.}}</ref> | list_by_pop = List of cities in Botswana | div_name = District | div_link = | city_1 = Gaborone | div_1 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_1 = 246,325 | img_1 = Gaborone, Botswana - 51207616203.jpg | city_2 = Francistown| div_2 = North-East District (Botswana){{!}}North-East| pop_2 = 103,417| img_2 = The main square in Francistown (3297095166).jpg | city_3 = Mogoditshane| div_3 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_3 = 88,006 | city_4 = Maun, Botswana{{!}}Maun| div_4 = North-West District (Botswana){{!}}North-West| pop_4 = 84,993| img_4 = MaunAirport.jpg | city_5 = Molepolole| div_5 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng| pop_5 = 74,674| img_5 = | city_6 = Serowe| div_6 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_6 = 55,676 | city_7 = Tlokweng| div_7 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_7 = 55,508 | city_8 = Palapye| div_8 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_8 = 52,636 | city_9 = Mochudi| div_9 = Kgatleng District{{!}}Kgatleng| pop_9 = 50,317 | city_10 = Mahalapye| div_10 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_10 = 48,431 | city_11 = Kanye, Botswana{{!}}Kanye| div_11 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern| pop_11 = 48,028 | city_12 = Selebi-Phikwe{{!}}Selibe Phikwe| div_12 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central| pop_12 = 42,488 | city_13 = Letlhakane| div_13 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_13 = 36,338 | city_14 = Ramotswa| div_14 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_14 = 33,271 | city_15 = Lobatse| div_15 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_15 = 29,772 | city_16 = Mmopane | div_16 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_16 = 25,345 | city_17 = Thamaga| div_17 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_17 = 25,297 | city_18 = Moshupa| div_18 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern | pop_18 = 23,858 | city_19 = Tonota| div_19 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_19 = 23,296 | city_20 = Bobonong| div_20 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_20 = 21,216 }} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{bar box |title=Languages of Botswana |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Setswana|darkgreen|77.3}} {{bar percent|Sekalanga|purple|7.4}} {{bar percent|Shekgalagadi|red|3.4}} {{bar percent|English|black|2.8}} {{bar percent|Sesarwa|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|Sembukushu|darkblue|1.6}} {{bar percent|Ndebele|cyan|1.0}} {{bar percent|Seherero|darkred|1.0}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|gray|0.4}} {{bar percent|Sesubiya|tan|0.3}} {{bar percent|Seyeyi|lime|0.2}} {{bar percent|Other Asian|violet|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other European|azure|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other African|yellow|0.1}} {{bar percent|Other|brown|0.1}} }} {{Main|Languages of Botswana|Setswana}} Chiyowoyero cha boma ku Botswana ni Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisetswana.<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> Mu Citswana, vilembo vyakwambilira ni vyakuzirwa comene kuluska mu viyowoyero vinyake vinandi, cifukwa Citswana ni ciyowoyero ca Bantu ndipo vili na mazina agho ghakulembeka na vilembo ivi. Zina mwa vinthu ivi ni Bo, ilo likung'anamura charu, Ba, ilo likung'anamura ŵanthu, Mo, uyo ni munthu yumoza, na Se, uyo ni chiyowoyero. Mwaciyelezgero, mtundu ukuru comene wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ni ŵa mtundu wa Tswana. Ŵanthu wose aŵa mba Batswana, munthu yumoza ni Motswana, ndipo chiyowoyero chawo ni Setswana. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Botswana ni Kalanga (Sekalanga), Sarwa (Sesarwa), Ndebele, Kgalagadi, Tswapong,! Mazgu agha ni Xóõ, Yeyi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake, Afrikaans. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Botswana}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Botswana]] ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=pew>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 |date=16 December 2013 }}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Botswana|Protestant]]|blue|66}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Atheist]]|darkgrey|20}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Botswana|Catholic]]|purple|7}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk]]|red|6}} {{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion in Botswana|Other]]|gray|1}} }} Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuti Mbakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵali mu tchalitchi la Anglican, Methodist, na United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. Mu caru ici muli mipingo ya ŵa Lutheran, Baptist, Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, mu caru ici muli Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 5,000 (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku South Asia), Ŵahindu 3,000, na 700 ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa. ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Botswana}} Kuyana na chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Botswana, lizgu lakuti Setswana likuyowoyeka kuti likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵaliri. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakupokelerana munthowa zakupambana. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana ŵafwatukane makora, ŵakuyowoyeskana mazgu ghakuti "Dumelang". Pa viphikiro nga ni Dikgafela, panji viphikiro vya nthengwa, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Batswana ŵakulongora kuti mbakukondwa para ŵakulira. ===Literature and cinema=== Mabuku gha ku Botswana ghali na malo ghake mu mabuku gha ku Africa. Mabuku gha mu Africa ghakumanyikwa cifukwa ca umo ghakulembera. Kulemba kwaŵako kwa nyengo yitali ku Botswana, kufuma ku nyengo ya kupenta malibwe, comenecomene mu mapiri gha Tsodilo, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakaŵa na vyaka 20,000, mpaka lero. [[File:Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Unity Dow]], author of ''Far and Beyon''', ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' and ''Heavens May Fall'']] Mazuŵa ghano, mu charu cha Botswana muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mbiri, za ndyali, na zakukondweska. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Bessie Head, uyo wakababikira ku South Africa ndipo wakakhalanga ku Serowe; Andrew Sesinyi; Barolong Seboni (uyo milimo yake yikusazgapo Images of the Sun, Screams and Pleas, Lovesongs, Windsongs of the Kgalagadi and Lighting the Fire, na mabuku ghanyake agho ghakusazgapo seŵero lakuti Sechele I, na Setswana Riddles Translated into English); Unity Dow, Galesiti Baruti; Caitlin Davies; Lauri Kubuetsile; Albert Malikongwa; Toro Mositi; na Moteane Melamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@africadialogue/the-history-and-future-of-literature-in-botswana-dc0120b34561|title=The History and Future of Literature in Botswana|first=Africa in|last=Dialogue|date=12 July 2017|website=Medium}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi ivyo Bessie Head wakalemba vikacitika mu msumba wa Serowe. Mufilimu ya When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), na A Question of Power (1973) zose zili na nkhani iyi. Mabuku ghatatu agha ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa munthu. Mabuku agha ghakulongosora ivyo vikachitikira Maru apo wakakhalanga pa famu iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Head wakafumiskaso nkhani zifupi zinandi, kusazgapo buku la The Collector of Treasures (1977). Wakalemba buku lakuti Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Buku lake laumaliro, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), ni buku la mdauko ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kweniso wakalemba nkhani ya ntchimi ziŵiri, yumoza musambazi ndipo munyake mukavu, zina lake Yakobe: Wasembe Wakupembuzga na Cipulikano.<ref>Mary Ellen Snodgrass, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LXyyYs2cRDcC&pg=PT141 "Head, Bessie (Bessie Amelia Emery Head)"], ''Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire'', Infobase Publishing, 2010, pp. 131–132.</ref><ref name=SAHO>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/bessie-amelia-head-sa-novelist-dies "Bessie Amelia Head, SA novelist dies"], South African History Online, 17 April 1986.</ref> Mu 1981, filimu ya The Gods Must Be Crazy yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana ndipo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2000, filimu ya Disney ya Whispers: An Elephant's Tale yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. Pamanyuma, mu 2009, mabuku ghanyake gha M. Filimu ya Saravanan yakuchemeka Ayan, iyo yikaŵa mu chiyowoyero cha Tamil, yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. A United Kingdom (Ufumu wa United Kingdom), nkhani ya chitemwa cha Seretse Khama na Ruth Williams, yikapangika pakati pa Botswana na London.<ref name="oxfordbibliographies">{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0110.xml|title=Botswana (Bechuanaland) – African Studies|website=Oxford Bibliographies|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> ===Media=== {{main|Media of Botswana}} Ku Botswana kuli mawayilesi 6 gha TV, ndipo limoza mwa mawayilesi agha ni la boma (Botswana TV), pamoza na Now TV, Khuduga HD, Maru TV, Access TV na EBotswana. Pali mawayilesi ghankhondi (RB1, RB2, Duma FM, Gabz FM, na Yarona FM) na manyuzipepara 13 (Mmegi, Sunday Standard, The Telegraph, Business Weekly, The Botswana Gazette, The Voice, The Guardian, Echo, Botswana People's Daily, DailyNews, Tswana Times, Weekend Post, na The Monitor) agho ghakupharazga nyengo zose. ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Botswana}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = Tomeletso Seeretsi.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Tswana Small Basket.jpg | caption3 = Folklore Musician Sereetsi (top) & traditional basket (bottom) }} Sumu za ku Botswana zikuzunulika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, nyengo zinyake kwambura kugwiliskira ntchito viŵiya. Sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana zili na vyakwimbira nga ni setinkane (chipinda cha piyano chichoko), segankure/segaba (chiyowoyero cha ku Botswana icho chikuyana waka na chiyowoyero cha ku China), moropa (vyakwimbira vyakupambanapambana), phala (chisulo icho chikulizgika pa viphikiro, icho chili na mitundu yakupambanapambana). Vyakwimbira vya ku Botswana vikugwiliskirika waka pa vingwe yayi. Mawoko nagho ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni vyakwimbira, mwa kugwiriskirana mawoko pamoza panji kugwiliskira nchito phathisi (khumba la mbuzi lakuzingilizgika mu ciŵaya, ilo likugwiriskirika nchito na ŵanalume pera) kuti lipange sumu na sumu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, gitala yikumanyikwa kuti ni ciŵiya ca kwimba ico cikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Tswana. Sumu ya fuko ni "Fatshe leno la rona". Buku ili likalembeka na kulemba na Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makgala|first=Christian John|date=2014-07-03|title=Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=66|issue=3|pages=504–520|doi=10.1080/02582473.2014.898081|s2cid=159475736|issn=0258-2473}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation|url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|website=www.dailynews.gov.bw|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200126140631/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana Music|url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html|website=KnowBotswana|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> === Visual arts === Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Botswana, ŵanakazi ŵa mu mizi ya Etsha na Gumare ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca luso lawo la kupanga vidunga kufuma ku khuni la mkama la Mokola na vyakununkhira vya mu malo agha. Vikwama ivi vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana mu mitundu yitatu: vikuruvikuru vyakudikanya ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusunga vinthu, vikuruvikuru vyambura kujara ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunyamura vinthu pa mutu panji pakupwantha tirigu, na viŵiya vichoko ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupwantha tirigu. Vinthu ivi vikuŵa viwemi comene cifukwa ca mitundu iyo vikuŵa nayo kweniso umo vikupangikira.{{sfn|Cunningham|Milton|1987}} Vithuzithuzi vyakale chomene vya ku Botswana na South Africa vikulongora ŵanthu ŵakuŵawuka, vinyama, na ŵanthu. Kung San/Bushmen) vyaka vyakujumpha 20,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu mapopa gha Kalahari. ===Food=== {{Main|Cuisine of Botswana}} Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikusazgapo nyama pakuti ku Botswana kuli viŵeto vinandi. Chakurya cha fuko ili ni seswaa, nyama yakufuma ku mbuzi panji nyama ya ng'ombe, Segwapa nyama yakomira, yakufuma ku nyama ya ng'ombe m'paka nyama ya nyama ya nyama. Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikuyana waka na vyakurya vinyake vya ku Southern Africa. Viyelezgero vya vyakurya vya ku Botswana ni: Bogobe, pap, boerewors, samp, Magwinya na mopane. Pakuphika chiŵiya ichi, munthu wakuŵika ufu wa sorghum, wa mbuto, panji wa mphoza mu maji ghakubilisa, wakuwuskamo viŵiya ivi na kuviphika pachokopachoko. Cakurya ico cikucemeka ting cikupangika para munthu wakusazgapo mkaka na shuga. Para mulije mkaka na shuga, nyengo zinyake tingaryeka pamoza na nyama panji mphangwe. Nthowa yinyake yakuphikira bogobe nkusazgako mkaka wakununkhira na mpunga. Cakurya ici cikucemeka tophi na fuko la Kalanga. Madila ni cakurya ca mkaka cakuyana na yogati panji sour cream.<ref>{{Citation |title=Microbiome of madila - a southern-african fermented milk product |last1=Ohenhen |first1=Regina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533 |work=International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences |volume=2 (2) (2013) 170–175 |pages= |access-date=2023-02-26 |script-title= |publication-date=2013 |author-mask= |last2=Imarenezor |first2=E.P.K |last3=Kihuha |first3=A.N.}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakulima mphangwe zinandi, nga ni cowpeas, ditloo, na letlhodi. Vyakumera vinyake vikukura mu thengere ndipo vikusangika nyengo yiliyose, nga ni thepe na Delele (okra). Ku malo agha kuli vipasi vinandi, kusazgapo marula. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti tuyuni utu tukwiza kufuma ku Botswana. Pali mtundu unyake wa nyungu uwo ukulimikaso. Mitundu yinyake ya nyungu iyo yikusangika mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, njakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. Boma la Kgalagadi Breweries Limited ndilo likupanga moŵa wakuchemeka St. Louis Lager, ndiyo njere yakwamba na yimoza pera ya ku Botswana iyo yikumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi kwamba mu 1989, kweniso Keone Mooka Mageu, chakumwa chambura moŵa. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Botswana}} [[File:Francistown Stadium Botswana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Francistown Stadium]]]] Bola ndilo ndakutchuka mu Botswana. Maseŵera ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, na track and field. Dziko la Botswana ndi membala wa International Cricket Council. Mu 1991, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa mu wupu wa International Badminton Federation na African Badminton Federation. Wupu wa Botswana Golf Union ukupeleka maseŵero gha gofu agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Dziko la Botswana likapambana mendulo yakwamba ya Olimpiki mu chaka cha 2012 apo Nijel Amos wakathereska siliva mu mpikisano wa mamita 800. Mu chaka cha 2011, Amantle Montsho wakazgoka championship wa charu chose mu maseŵera gha mamita 400 ndipo wakatora mendulo yakwamba ya ku Botswana pa maseŵera gha pa charu chose. Kabelo Kgosiemang ni mulongozgi wa Africa katatu, Isaac Makwala ni mulongozgi wa mphinjika uyo wakumanya chomene maseŵero gha mamita 400, wakaŵa walongozgi wa golide pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth mu 2018, Baboloki Thebe wakaŵa walongozgi wa siliva mu maseŵero gha mamita 200 pa maseŵero gha Summer Youth Olympics mu 2014 ndipo wakafika ku semi-finals pa World Junior Championships mu 2014 pa maseŵero gha masamu, ndipo Ross Branch Ross, uyo wakwenda pa njinga, wali na nambala yimoza pa maseŵero gha South African Cross Country Championship ndipo wakathereska pa Dakar Rally. Letsile Tebogo wakimika chiphalizgano cha junior pa 100 metres na nyengo ya 9.94 pa 2022 World Athletics Championships. Pa 7 August 2021 dziko la Botswana linalandira mendulo ya bronze mu mpikisano wa 4 × 400 metres wa amuna pa Olimpiki ku Tokyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene maseŵero agha. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain awo ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakasambizganga maseŵero agha mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ku Botswana. Bungwe la Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) likakhazikiskika mu 1988 ndipo likulutilira kunozga maseŵera agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha kujoba, ndipo gulu ili lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800. Mu 2007, BBF yikapempha wupu wa English Bridge Union kuti ucitenge ungano wa sabata yimoza mu Meyi 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|title=English Bridge Union|publisher=English Bridge Union|access-date=1 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Masambilo== {{See also|Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)}} {{Main|Education in Botswana}} [[File:Lady Physicist.jpg|thumb|Physicist in a Lab at [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology]]]] Kufuma waka apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa mu 1966, charu ichi chaluta panthazi chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Pa nyengo iyo, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Botswana, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 69% mu 1991 kufika pa 83% mu 2008. Pa vyaru vya ku Africa, charu cha Botswana ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 88.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba.<ref name="ref">{{cite web |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065836/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/ |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Stats.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Cifukwa ca kusanga malibwe gha daimondi na kusazgikira kwa ndalama izo boma likasanganga, masambiro ghakasazgikira comene mu caru ici. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakasambizgika kwa vyaka 10, ndipo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya Junior Certificate. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira ŵakuluta ku sukulu za sekondare kwa vyaka viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Botswana ngawanangwa yayi nesi ghakukakamizgika.<ref name="ref" /> Para ŵafuma ku sukulu, ŵakusambira ŵangasambira ku sukulu yinyake pa sukulu zinkhondi na ziŵiri izo zili mu charu ichi, panji kusambira masambiro gha kusambizga panji unesi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu aŵa ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite ya Botswana, yunivesite ya Botswana ya Agriculture and Natural Resources, yunivesite ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, na ku Botswana Accountancy College ku Gaborone. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya mu charu chose. Pa maunivesite agha pali Botho University, yunivesite yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵekha mu charu ichi iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu ya Accounting, Business na Computing. Yunivesite yinyake ya pa caru cose ni Limkokwing University of Creative Technology iyo yikupeleka madigiri ghakupambanapambana mu vya Maluso. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga vya masambiro ghapachanya ni Ba Isago, ABM University College, New Era, Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, Gaborone University College of Law And Professional Studies etc. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za boma ŵacita vinandi comene kuti ŵasambizge makora ŵanthu. Ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa boma likuŵawovwira. Yunivesite yachiŵiri ya pa charu chose, ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, yikamara ku Palapye mu 2011. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikaŵa vyacilendo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵachalije ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakupokera malipiro ghambura kuyana na ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu charu cha Botswana yikugwira ntchito yakuzenga malaibulale mu masukulu gha pulayimale pamoza na African Library Project. Boma la Botswana likugomezga kuti para lingaŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, charu ichi chingaleka kuthemba chomene malibwe gha dayamondi. Vilato ivi vikulondezgeka kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro gha maluso, iyo yili mu ndondomeko ya NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training). Boma la Botswana likugwiliskira nchito 21% ya ndalama zake pa masambiro.<ref name="ref" /> Mu Janyuwale 2006, boma la Botswana likapharazga kuti liwezgerengepo ndalama zakusambizgira ŵana ŵa sukulu pamanyuma pa vyaka makumi ghaŵiri vya masambiro gha wanangwa wa boma nangauli boma likulutilira kupeleka masambiro ghakukwana na ndalama zakukwana zakukhala nazo ku munthu waliyose wa ku Botswana uyo wakusambira pa yunivesite. ===Vinthu viphya na vya zeru=== {{main|Science and technology in Botswana}} [[File:SolarCharger Deaftronics.jpg|thumb|Deaftronics Solar Powered Hearing Aid]] Dziko la Botswana likukhumba kugwiliskira nchito sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti lisinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma na kuchepeskako kugomezgeka kwake ku migodi ya dayamondi. Pa cifukwa ici, kufuma mu 2008, boma la Russia lazenga malo ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya, daimondi, luso, mendero, umoyo na masambiro. Mu 2011, boma la Botswana likalemba ndondomeko yake ya kafukufuku, sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro pa nkhani ya sayansi, charu chose, na kufiska vilato vya boma ivyo vili kulembeka mu mabuku ghapachanya, kusazgapo pulani ya 10 ya boma la Botswana yakukhwaskana na chitukuko m'paka mu 2016. Mu ndondomeko ya National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) muli chilato cha kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku (R&D) kufuma pa 0.26% ya GDP mu 2012 kufika pa 2% ya GDP mu 2016. Chilato ichi chingafiskika mu nyengo yakutemeka pera usange boma lingasazgirako ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=546–547|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:BeeSat RTM 500x500.JPG|thumb|left|Cubesat miniaturized satellite]] Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakuŵika pa kafukufuku ni zichoko, kweni mu charu ichi muli ŵasayansi ŵanandi chomene ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Dziko la Botswana lili pa nambala 106 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 93 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2009, kampani ya Deaftronics, iyo yikugwira ntchito ku Botswana, yikamba kupanga munkhwala wakovwira kupulika. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Deaftronics yaguliska vinthu ivi vyakujumpha 10,000. Chiŵiya chilichose cha munkhwala uwu chikugulika pa mtengo wa madola 200 gha ku America. Vinthu ivi ni vyakudura viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na vinyake ivyo vikuŵa na mtengo wakugulira. Mu 2011, Dipatimenti Yakusanda vya Vyakumera ya ku Botswana (DAR) yikavumbura ng'ombe za Musi, izo zikapangika kuti zikondweske chomene viŵeto vya ng'ombe. Mtundu uwu wa nyama ni wa mtundu wa Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli, na Simmental. Chilato cha kafukufuku uyu chikaŵa chakuti ŵasange majini agho ghangaŵa nga ni mitundu iyo yikusangika kale ku Botswana, ndipo ghangaŵa ghawemi chomene kuluska mitundu ya ku Tswana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8%2F |title=Hardy breed named Musi at unveiling |website=mmegi.bw |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013727/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011/September/Thursday8/ |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2016, wupu wa Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) ukapangiska chiyezgelero cha kufumiska nthenda ya foot and mouth mwakukolerana na wupu wa Botswana Vaccine Institute na Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Njira zakulongozgera matenda izo zilipo zikukhumbikwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene na vinthu vyapadera, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kucezga yilutilire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |title=BITRI Develops Rapid Foot and Mouth Disease Test Kit |website=rapidmicromethods.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013809/http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{ multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we= | image2 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction.jpg | caption2 we= | image3 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction 2.jpg | caption3 =Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction }} MeerKAT (Square Kilometre Array (SKA)) yizamuŵa na vyakupimira vikuruvikuru na ma antenna agho ghazamupambanapambana. Vyakurya vinyake vizamusangika mu vyaru vinyake 8 vya mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana chikasankhika kuti chiŵepo chifukwa chakuti chili ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu, ndipo chingaŵa chipusu kupokera mauthenga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la Botswana lazenga telesikopu ya SKA ku Kgale View, yakucemeka African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN) na kutuma msambiri pa masambiro gha vya nyenyezi. Pa 18 December, 2020, charu cha Botswana chikamba ntchito yake ya vyaka vitatu yakuzenga na kwambiska satellite (CubeSat). Bungwe la Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) ndilo lizamulongozga mulimo wa kupanga satellite iyi ndipo lizamovwira Yunivesite ya Oulu ku Finland. Satellite iyi yizamuteŵetera pakuwona caru capasi, ndipo yizamupeleka fundo zakovwira pa ulimi wavinjeru na pa vyalo vya pa caru. Kweniso vitovwirenge kumanya nyengo iyo tiryenge mbuto mwakugwiliskira ntchito ma robot na makina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415234043/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |title=Satellite technology development giant leap |work=Botswana Daily News |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/|title=Botswana Launches National Space Program|first=Space in|last=Africa|date=23 December 2020|access-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102034103/https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/|archive-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Mu 2016, kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Almaz, yikajura kampani yakwamba ya kupanga makompyuta..<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |title=Botswana opens first tech assembly plant |website=itwebafrica.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013902/http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |title=Almaz enters Botswana ICT sector |work=The Patriot |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205218/http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa 19 Novembala 2021 ŵasayansi ku Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) ŵakasanga mtundu wa Omicron ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti B.1.1.529, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti "Omicron" ndipo ŵakaŵa charu chakwamba pa charu chose chapasi kusanga mtundu uwu. Kwambira kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2021, ŵasanda viŵaro vya ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,300 awo ŵali na kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2. Kuyana na Dr. Gaseitsiwe, viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ivyo vyatumika ku GISAID ni vyapacanya comene mu caru ca Africa pa munthu yumoza. Bungwe la Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) likakhazikiskika mu 2003, vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pakuti wupu uwu wajura BHHRL, malo ghakwamba puzengau chose gha kafukufuku wa HIV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |title=Inside the Botswana lab that discovered Omicron |work=Aljazeera |last=Flood |first=Zoe |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214111713/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |archive-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> ==Vyakuzenga== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = PSX 20190111 022104.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Francistown interchange Botswana.png | caption3 = [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|SSKI Airport]] (top), [[Air Botswana]] (Middle) & Thapama Interchange (bottom) }} Ku Botswana kuli misewu ya makilomita 971, misewu ya makilomita 18,482, na ma eyapoti 92. Misewu iyi yili kuzengeka kufuma apo tikambira kujiyimira tekha mu 1966. Wupu wa ndege wa ku Botswana ni Air Botswana, ndipo ukwendeska ndege mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Botswana Railways ni kampani ya sitima ya ku caru cose, iyo yikovwira comene pa misewu ya ku Southern Africa. Botswana Railways yikupeleka vinthu vyakwendeskera njanji kuti ŵanthu ŵagulire vinthu vinandi mu migodi na vyamuminda, kweniso njanji za ŵanthu na madoko ghakomira.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/ |title=Ministry of Transport and Communications |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180729080321/http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |title=Botswana Railways |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232609/http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani ya magesi, ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha pakupanga magesi. Sonosono apa, caru ici caŵika mtima comene pa vyakununkhira vya magesi ndipo cafiska ndondomeko yikuru ya kukopa ŵaganyu mu vyakununkhira vya magesi nga ni mphepo, zuŵa na biomass. Vipinda vya magesi vya ku Botswana ni Morupule B Power Station (600 MW), Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 MW), Phakalane Power Station (1.3 MW) na Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW), ivyo vikulindizgika kuti vizamunjira pa intaneti sonosono apa. Unduna wa vya Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security, uli kunozga na kupanga sitima ya magesi ya 200 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows |title=Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows |work=Sunday Standard |location= Gaborone |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231344/https://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows/ |archive-date=28 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mmegi.bw">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |title=Botswana - energy sector overview |website=mmegi.bw |date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232514/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |archive-date=21 January 2019 }}.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Excerpt|Health in Botswana}} ====Health industry==== [[File:Scottish Livingstone Hospital 228.jpg|thumb|Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole]] Dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo mu charu cha Botswana ndiyo yikulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu mu charu chose. Kuyana na Banki ya Caru Cose, mu 2009 ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kukhala na umoyo utali wa vilimika 55, kweni mu 1990 ukaŵa vyaka 64,1 ndipo mu 2002 ukaŵa vyaka 49. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Wupu wa Khensa wa ku Botswana ni wupu wakujipeleka. Wupu uwu uli mu wupu wa International Union for Cancer Control. Wupu uwu ukupeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya kansa..<ref name="UICC Cancer Association of Botswana">{{cite web |publisher=Union for International Cancer Control |url=http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |title=Cancer Association of Botswana |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080003/http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in Botswana}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, AIDS yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi pa vya cuma. Ndalama zakwendeskera vyachuma zikadumulika na 10 peresenti mu 2002'3 cifukwa ca kunangika kwa bajeti na kusazgikira kwa ndalama zakwendeskera vya cipatala. Ku Botswana, nthenda ya AIDS yikananga comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakubabika na nthenda iyi ŵakukhala vyaka 65 m'paka 35. Ndipouli, kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Kweni pa chithuzithuzi apa pali vyaka vyakujumpha 65, ntheura pali mauthenga ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15-49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Ivi vikupangiska kuti charu cha Botswana chiŵe chachitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na matenda agha mu 2013, uku "chikulongozga pa nkhani ya kugega na kupwelelera matenda". Mu 2003, boma likamba ndondomeko yikuru yakusazgapo munkhwala wa HIV waulere panji wa mtengo wapasi kweniso kampeni yakupharazga kuti nthenda ya HIV yileke kuthandazgika; mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% mu Botswana ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV.:28 Mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 19, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 6% pa ŵanakazi na 3.5% pa ŵanalume mu 2013,:33 ndipo mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 20 na 24, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 15% pa ŵanakazi na 5% pa ŵanalume.:33 Botswana ni yimoza mwa vyaru 21 ivyo gulu la UN AIDS likati vyazunulika mu 2011 mu ndondomeko ya Global Plan ya kumazga nthenda ya HIV pakati pa ŵana na kusunga ŵanyinawo ŵamoyo.:37 Kufuma mu 2009 kufika mu 2013, nthenda ya HIV yikakhira pa 50% pa ŵana.:38 Cinthu cinyake ico cikulongora kuti banthu ŵakukwaniska panji ŵakugomezga kuti nthenda ya HIV yikumara, nchakuti pa banthu ŵakukwana 10% pa banthu ŵakutora nthenda ya HIV mu 2013, banthu ŵakukwana pafupifupi 50% pa banthu ŵakukwana ŵakukwaniska na Na pulogiramu ya kuchepeska nthenda ya HIV kufuma ku amama kuya ku ŵana, caru ca Botswana cachepeska nthenda iyi kufuma pa 40% kufika pa 4%. Pa muwuso wa Festus Mogae, Boma la Botswana likapempha wovwiri wa ku vyaru vinyake pakulwera HIV/AIDS ndipo likapokera wovwiri kufuma ku Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Merck Foundation, ndipo pamoza ŵakapanga African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Ŵabali ŵanyake awo ŵakateŵeterapo pa nyengo yakwambilira ŵakaŵa ku Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, ku Harvard School of Public Health, na ku Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, ŵanthu wose mu Botswana ŵakutora munkhwala uwo ukovwira kuti ŵaleke kufwa.<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |title= World AIDS Day Report |year= 2011 |publisher= UNAIDS |access-date= 21 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130601011732/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |archive-date= 1 June 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> Vinyake ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na HIV ku Botswana ni kugonana pa nyengo yimoza, kugonana na munthu munyake, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵa miwiro yakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja ntchito. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanandi, ŵakuŵa na suzgo linyake. === Ulendo === {{main|Tourism in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana.jpg|thumb|Tourist on a safari boat cruise]] Bungwe la Tourism Organisation la ku Botswana ndilo likwendeska vyalo mu charu ichi. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku Gaborone chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Lion Park Resort ni malo ghakwamba ghakusanguluskira ŵanthu ku Botswana. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku Botswana ni Gaborone Yacht Club na Kalahari Fishing Club kweniso malo ghanyake ghakukondweska nga ni Gaborone Dam na Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Pali malo gha gofu agho ghakusungilizgika na bungwe la Botswana Golf Union (BGU). Phakalane Golf Estate ni nyumba yakuzirwa comene iyo yili na mahotelo kweniso malo ghakukhala gofu. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale mu Botswana ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ (BGU)]. Botswana Golf Union. Retrieved on 19 May 2017.</ref> * [[Botswana National Museum]] in Gaborone * Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye * Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole * Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe * Nhabe Museum in Maun * [[Phuthadikobo Museum]] in Mochudi * Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Botswana]] * [[List of Botswana-related topics]] == Vinyake vyamubuku == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === General sources === {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO Publishing | page numbers = 546–547 | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Charles, Thalefang (2016). ''Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences''. Mmegi Publishing House. {{ISBN|9789996845413}}. * {{cite web |url=http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |title=An African Success Story: Botswana |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |date=11 July 2001 |via=mit.edu |ref=none |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = Dennis L | year = 1979 | title = The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election | url = | journal = Journal of Southern African Affairs | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 347–370 }} * Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. ''The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) * {{cite journal|first1=A.B.|last1=Cunningham|first2=S.J.|last2=Milton|title=Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana|date=1987|publisher=Economic Botany}} * {{Cite book|last1=Denbow |first1=James |name-list-style=amp |last2=Thebe |first2=Phenyo C. |title=Culture and Customs of Botswana |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000denb |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33178-7 |ref=none}} * Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. ''Botswana: Politics and Society'' (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998) * {{cite journal | last1 = Good | first1 = Kenneth | year = 1992 | title = Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1992-03_30_1/page/69| journal = Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 69–95 | doi = 10.1017/S0022278X00007734 | s2cid = 154542272 }} * {{cite journal |last=Good |first=Kenneth |title=Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example? |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |number=3 |pages=499–521 |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |via=harvard.edu |access-date=13 July 2018 |issn=0022-278X |eissn=1469-7777 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00015202 |s2cid=153626418 |ref=none |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |url-status=dead }} * Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. ''History of Botswana'' (Macmillan Botswana, 1984) {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|auto=1|voy=Botswana|d=Q963}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana Botswana]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/botswana.htm Botswana] from [[UCB Libraries]] GovPubs * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Botswana}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376 Botswana] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Botswana}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1889339}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BW Key Development Forecasts for Botswana] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230629130744/https://www.government.co.bw/ Government Directory for Botswana] {{Botswana topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{English official language clickable map}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Botswana government ministries and agencies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|display=title}} [[Category:Botswana| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1966]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:1966 establishments in Botswana]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] dno1wjq2osf64x6ffdptwvnnf9fw72y 0 6913 122512 115452 2026-09-28T00:44:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{About|the country in the Horn of Africa|its capital city|Djibouti City|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-protect|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Djibouti | native_name = {{unbulleted list | item_style=font-size:90%; | {{native name|ar|جمهورية جيبوتي}} | {{native name|fr|République de Djibouti}} | {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti}}|{{native name|aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}}}} | common_name = Djibouti | image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Djibouti AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|so|Midnimo, Sinnaan, Nabad|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|aa|Inkittiino, Qeedala, Wagari|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|fr|Unité, Égalité, Paix|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|ar|اتحاد، مساواة، سلام|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|en|Unity, Equality, Peace|italics=off}} | national_anthem = ''[[Djibouti (anthem)|Djibouti]]''<br />{{center|[[File:The Djiboutian anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[French language|French]]}} | languages_type = [[National languages]] | languages = {{hlist |[[Somali language|Somali]]|[[Afar language|Afar]]<ref name=CIA/>}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|[[Somalis]] 70%|[[Afar people|Afar]] 30%<ref name=CIA/>}} | religion = 94% [[Islam in Djibouti|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<br/>6% [[Christianity in Djibouti|Christianity]] | demonym = [[Djiboutians|Djiboutian]] | capital = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | largest_city = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11|36|N|43|10|E|type:city_region:DJ}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[hereditary dictatorship]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="cbs" >"[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20055835-503543/the-worlds-enduring-dictators/ The world's enduring dictators]". CBS News. May 16, 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Djibouti|President]] | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Djibouti|Prime Minister]] | leader_name1 = [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Djibouti|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[French Somaliland]] | established_date1 = 20 May 1883 | established_event2 = [[French Territory of the Afars and the Issas|French Territory of the Afars and Issas]] | established_date2 = 5 July 1967 | established_event3 = Independence from [[France]] | established_date3 = 27 June 1977 | established_event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 412|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date4 = 20 September 1977 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Djibouti|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 4 September 1992 | legislature = [[National Assembly (Djibouti)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 146th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_footnote = <ref name=CIA>{{cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 February 2013 |date=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> | area_km2 = 23,200.<ref name=CIA/> | area_sq_mi = 8,958 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)}} | population_estimate = 976,143<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Djibouti|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 162th | population_density_km2 = 37.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$6.61&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 167th | GDP_PPP_per_capita ={{increase}} $6,514<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 137th | GDP_nominal ={{increase}} $3.7 &nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 172nd | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita ={{increase}} $3,666<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 126th | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 41.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="cia-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.509 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 171st | currency = [[Djiboutian franc]] | currency_code = DJF | country_code = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+253]] | cctld = [[.dj]] | today = }} '''Djibouti''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ᵻ|ˈ|b|uː|t|i}} {{Respell|jih|BOO|tee}}; {{lang-ar|جيبوتي|Jībūtī}}; {{lang-fr|Djibouti}}; {{lang-so|Jabuuti}}; {{lang-aa|Yibuuti}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Djibouti''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-ar|جمهورية جيبوتي|Jumhūrīyah Jībūtī}}|{{lang-fr|République de Djibouti}}|{{lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti}}|{{lang-aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}}}}}} ni chalo icho chili ku mphanji ya [[Africa]], icho chili kufupi na [[Somalia]]{{Efn|The Djiboutian–Somali border is ''de jure'' controlled by the internationally recognized Federal Republic of Somalia, but is ''[[List of states with limited recognition|de facto]]'' under the control of the unrecognized [[Republic of Somaliland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mylonas |first=Harris |title=De Facto States Unbound - PONARS Eurasia |url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=PONARS Eurasia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ker-Lindsay |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811620848 |title=The foreign policy of counter secession: preventing the recognition of contested states |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-161197-1 |edition=1st |location= |pages=58–59 |oclc=811620848}}</ref>}} kumwera kukaŵa [[Etiyopiya]], kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumpoto [[Eritrea]], kumafumiro gha dazi [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] na [[Gulf of Aden]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).<ref name=CIA/> Kale, chigaŵa ichi pamoza na [[Ethiopia]], Eritrea na [[Somaliland]], vikaŵa [[chigaŵa cha Punt]]. Ku Zeila, uko sono ni Somaliland, ndiko kukaŵa ufumu wa Adal na Ifat. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma la French Somaliland likakhazikiskika pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha Dir Somali ghasayina phangano na ŵa French, <ref name="Uwechue" />ndipo njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa (ndipo pamanyuma Addis Ababa) yikamovwira kuti wasinthe Zeila kuŵa dowoko la kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden.<ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Zaila |volume=28 |page=950}}</ref> <ref name="Apcoatf" /><ref name="EB1911_Somaliland_Hist">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Somaliland#History of French Somalia|display=Somalia: History of French Somaliland |volume=25 |page=383}}</ref>Mu 1967, chigaŵa ichi chikachemeka French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakavota kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Ici cikaŵa cimanyikwiro cakuti caru ca Djibouti, ico cikacemeka Djibouti Republic, cikaŵa na msumba ukuru. Boma liphya ili likaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyorb.com/countries/djibouti |title=Today in Djibouti History |publisher=Historyorb.com |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516125612/http://www.historyorb.com/countries/djibouti |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d |title=United Nations member states |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu ghakachitiska kuti paŵe nkhondo.<ref name="CIA" /> Charu cha Djibouti chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 920,000. Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakuzomerezgeka ni Chifurenchi na Chiarabic, ndipo viyowoyero vya boma ni Afar na Chisamaliya. Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, icho ntchisopa cha boma ndipo chakhalako kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene. Vyose viŵiri vikuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ku Cushitic.<ref name="CIA" /> Djibouti wali pafupi na misewu yinandi iyo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo mu nyanja, ndipo wakwendamo mu Nyanja Yiswesi na mu Nyanja ya Indian. Ni malo ghakupelekerapo mafuta ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia. Ku caru ici kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) uli na ofesi yake mu msumba wa Djibouti.<ref name=CIA/> ==Zina== Djibouti wakucemeka kuti Republic of Djibouti. Mu viyowoyero vya ku malo agha ŵakuchemeka Yibuuti (mu Afar) na Jabuuti (mu Somali). Charu ichi chili na msumba ukuru wa Djibouti. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na zina ili. Pali vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo likambira, ndipo vikupambana kuyana na mtundu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti gabouti, ilo likung'anamura "chiphikiro". Linyake likuyowoya kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura "phiri". Djibouti wangang'anamuraso kuti "Charu cha Tehuti" panji "Charu cha Thoth" (Chieguputo: Djehuti/ Djehuty), kufuma pa zina la chiuta wa mwezi wa ku Eguputo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries Of The World That Are Named After Legendary Figures|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-of-the-world-that-are-named-after-legendary-figures.html|website=Worldatlas|date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=N.Y.)|first=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gr5BgOwEJicC&q=Djehuti+Thoth|title=Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.|date=2008|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-295-4|page=361|language=en}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1862 m'paka mu 1894, charu icho chikaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Tadjoura chikachemekanga "Obock". Ku France, kufuma mu 1883 m'paka mu 1967, malo agha ghakachemekanga French Somaliland (French) ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1977 ghakachemekanga French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (French). ==Mbili== {{main|History of Djibouti}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:Pottery of Asa Koma.JPG|thumb|upright|Geometric design pottery found in [[Asa Koma]]]] Chigaŵa cha Bab-el-Mandeb kanandi chikuwoneka nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakendangamo kufuma ku East Africa kuluta ku South na Southeast Asia. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Djibouti kwamba mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya viyowoyero ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Africa na Asia ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakamba kukhala ku Horn of Africa, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakamba kugaluka kufuma kura.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book|last1=Blench|first1=R.|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|date=2006|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0759104662|pages=143–144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914171419/http://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</ref><ref>Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Abbe muli malibwe agho ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Mu chipalamba cha Gobaad (pakati pa Dikhil na Nyanja ya Abbe), ŵakasangaso visomba vya njovu ya Palaeoloxodon recki, iyo ŵakayiphyera na visulo vya basalt ivyo vikaŵa pafupi. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka 1.4 miliyoni pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Pamanyuma, malo ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakasangika kuti ghakalembeka na munthu munyake zina lake Homo ergaster. Malo gha ku Acheulean (kwambira vyaka 800,000 m'paka 400,000 B.C.E.), uko ŵakaŵikangapo malibwe, ŵakaghasanga mu 1990, ku Gombourta, pakati pa Damerdjog na Loyada, 15 km kumwera kwa Djibouti City. Paumaliro, ku Gobaad, ŵakasanga chiwangwa cha Homo erectus, icho chili na vyaka 100,000 B.C.E. Pa Chirwa cha Dyabulosi ŵakasanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 6,000 kumasinda, ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakujura visulo. Mu cigaŵa ico cili musi mwa Goubet (Dankalélo, kufupi na Cirwa ca Dyabulosi), ŵakabowozgaso malibwe ghakuzingilizga na vizwazwa vya dongo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakayowoyapo kuti mu chipalamba cha Dagadlé Wadi mukaŵa chiwangwa icho ŵakaghanaghananga kuti chikaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachekuru chomene. Vithuzithuzi vya mu miyala ya mu nyengo yakale na madindi mu Djibouti Vinthu vya dongo ivyo vikaŵako pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike vikusangika ku Asa Koma, chigaŵa cha nyanja mu Gobaad Plain. Vinthu vya ku malo agha vili na viphikiro vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyana na vya ku Malayiba, kumwera kwa Arabia.<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447051750|page=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164620/http://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Viwangwa vya ng'ombe zambura masengwe vikusangikaso ku Asa Koma, kulongora kuti ng'ombe zikaŵako vyaka 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Dorra na Balho muli malibwe agho ghakulongora nga ni mphumphi na kaŵeruŵeru. Ku Handoga, uko kukalembeka kuti kukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kukaŵa viswaswa vya obsidian na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136755521|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Malo gha Wakrita ni malo ghachoko gha mu nyengo ya Neolithic agho ghali pa wadi mu malo gha Gobaad ku Djibouti mu Horn of Africa. Mu 2005, ŵakabowozga vinthu vinandi vya ku malo agha ivyo vikatovwira kuti timanye umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Viŵeto ivi vikulongora kuti somba zikaŵa zakuzirwa chomene mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufupi na nyanja ya Abbé, kweniso kuti viŵeto vya ng'ombe vikaŵa vyakuzirwa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba na munkhwala wakuchemeka radiocarbon vikulongora kuti ntchito iyi yikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., nga umo vikaŵira na Asa Koma. Malo ghaŵiri agha ndigho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu chigaŵa ichi. M'ma 4000 B.C.E., malo agha ghakaŵa na nyengo yakupambana chomene na iyo tikumanya mazuŵa ghano. Ku Gobaad kukaŵa nyanja zinandi, Assal na Abbé zikaŵa zikuru ndipo zikawonekanga nga ni maji. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvuna, kukora somba, na kuvina. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa viŵeto vinandi: viyuni vyakofya nga ni viyuni vyamuthengere, viyuni vyamuthengere, zovu, viyuni vyamuthengere, na vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyanja iyi ŵakaloŵanga somba na kuliska viŵeto. Ŵakasanga dindi la mwanakazi wa vyaka 18, kweniso viwangwa vya vinyama, vinthu vya viwangwa, na majuda. Pafupifupi mu 1500 B.C.E., nyengo yikamba kusintha ndipo maji ghakamba kusoŵa. Pa vithuzithuzi ivi pali vinyama vyakuchemeka dromedaries (vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu vyaru vyakomira). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa ŵakawelera ku umoyo wa kusama. Mu malo ghose agha ŵali kusanga malibwe ghakupambanapambana na madindi agho ghakazengeka mu nyengo iyi. ===Punt (2,500 BCE)=== {{main|Land of Punt}} {{further|Kingdom of Aksum}} [[File:Queen of punt.jpg|thumb|Queen Ati, wife of King Perahu of [[Land of Punt|Punt]], as depicted on Pharaoh [[Hatshepsut]]'s temple at [[Deir el-Bahri]]]] Pamoza na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, Somaliland, Eritrea, na mphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ku Sudan, Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo agho Ŵagiriki ŵakachemanga kuti Punt (panji Ta Netjeru, kung'anamura "Charu cha Chiuta"). Malo ghakwambilira agho ghakuzunulika kuti ni Punt ghakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Punt ŵakaŵa mtundu uwo ukaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Eguputo mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Farawo Sahure wa muwuso wa nambara 5 na wa Hatshepsut wa muwuso wa nambara 18. Kuyana na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili pa tempile la Deir el-Bahari, caru ca Punt cikawusikanga na Fumu Parahu na Fumukazi Ati.<ref>{{Citation | last=Breasted | first=John Henry | author-link =James Henry Breasted | date =1906–1907 | title =Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary | publisher =University of Chicago Press|pages=246–295|volume= 1}}</ref> ===Macrobians (247 BCE)=== Ŵanthu ŵa Macrobians (Μακροβίοι) ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa na ufumu uwo ukaŵa ku Horn of Africa. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako Baibolo pamanyuma (pakuti Pliny wakalemba mu buku la Ctesias lakuti Indika) ŵakalemba kuti mabuku agha ghakalembeka ku India. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ku mphelerekezgo za charu (kuyana na umo Ŵagiriki ŵakawoneranga), ndipo ŵakakhalanga kumwera chomene. Zina ili ŵakulisanga cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo (525 B.C.E.), likatuma mathenga ku Makroba kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya ku Macrobiya, iyo yikasoleka cifukwa ca msinkhu wake, yikamuzgora na suzgo kwa mfumu wake wa ku Peresiya mu nthowa ya uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake; kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo.<ref name="Wheeler pg 526">Wheeler pg 526</ref><ref name="Kitto2">John Kitto, James Taylor, ''The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work'', (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302.</ref> [[File:Adal Kingdom.png|thumb|upright=.75|right|Approximate extension of the Kingdom of Adal]] ===Kingdom of Adal (900–1285)=== Ufumu wa Adal (uwo ukuchemekaso Awdal, Adl, panji Adel) ukaŵa kuzingilizga msumba ukuru wa Zeila.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552803|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA20|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|last1=Shinn|first1=David H.|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810874572|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2R8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|title=Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition|last=Pieter|first=Esterhuysen|date=2013-12-07|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=9780798303446|language=en}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukazengeka na mafuko gha ku Somalia mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Msumba wa Zeila ukakopanga ŵamalonda ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Zeila ni msumba wakale comene ndipo ukaŵa umoza mwa misumba yakwambilira comene pa caru cose iyo yikazomera cisopa ca Ciisilamu, pamanyuma pa hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn wa ku Zeila, uyo uli na vipata viŵiri, wali kuzengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E.<ref name="Btgpb">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Somaliland|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1841623719|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210057/http://www.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Historical sources">{{cite web| url=https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png| format=PNG| title=Image: The Travels of Al-Yaqubi| website=Image.prntsacr.com| access-date=28 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225820/https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png| archive-date=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Somalia">Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', new edn, African Historical Dictionary Series, 87 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2003), s.v. ''Awdal'' [p. 44]; {{ISBN|0810843447}}</ref><ref>M. H. Mukhtar, 'Adal Sultanate', in ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'' (Wiley, 2016), {{doi|10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe145}}; {{ISBN|9781118455074}}.</ref> Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Al-Yaqubi, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa Chisilamu kweniso wakwendakwenda wakalemba kuti Ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa ufumu uchoko ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="Encyamer1">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25| year=1965| publisher=Americana Corporation| page=255| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Lewispohoa">{{cite book | last=Lewis| first=I.M.| title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho| year=1955| publisher=International African Institute| page=140| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> ===Ifat Sultanate (1285–1415)=== {{main|Ifat Sultanate}} [[File:The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png|thumb|The [[Ifat Sultanate]]'s realm in the 14th century]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar awo ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuzomera Chisilamu. Ufumu wa Ifat ukaŵa ufumu wa Ŵasilamu wa ku Middle Ages ku Horn of Africa. Likakhazikiskika mu 1285 na muwuso wa Walashma.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon and Baumann, Martin (2010) ''Religions of the World,'' Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 2663. {{ISBN|1598842048}}.</ref><ref>Jalata, Asafa (2004) ''State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements in North-east Africa''. Routledge. pp. 3–4. {{ISBN|0415348102}}.</ref> Ifat wakazenga misasa mu Djibouti na Somaliland, ndipo kufuma kura wakaluta kumwera ku mapiri gha Ahmar. Sultan Umar Walashma (panji mwana wake Ali, kuyana na buku linyake) wakathereska Shewa mu 1285. Taddesse Tamrat wakalongosora kuti ulendo wa ŵasilikari wa Sultan Umar ukaŵa wa kukhozga malo gha Ŵasilamu ku Horn, nga umo Themba Yekuno Amlak likayezgera kukhozga malo gha Ŵakhristu mu vigaŵa vya mapiri mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kulimbana cifukwa ca Shewa na vigaŵa vinyake kumwera. Nkhondo yitali yikacitika, kweni mafumu gha Cisilamu gha nyengo yira ghakakolerana yayi. Paumaliro Ifat wakathereskeka na Amda Seyon I wa ku Ethiopia mu 1332, ndipo wakafumako ku Shewa. ===Adal Sultanate (1415–1577)=== {{main|Adal Sultanate}} [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Adal Sultanate|Sultan of Adal]] (right) and his troops battling King [[Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia|Yagbea-Sion]] and his men]] Munthu munyake uyo wakalembako mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, zina lake Leo Africanus, wakati ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran (Ufumu wa Ajuuran) ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinian (Ufumu wa Abbassin).<ref name="Leo">{{cite book | last1=Africanus| first1=Leo| title=The History and Description of Africa| date=1526| publisher=Hakluyt Society| pages=51–54| url=https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Michigan">{{cite book | title=Northeast African Studies| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115| volume=11| year=1989| publisher=African Studies Center, Michigan State University| page=115}}</ref> Adal wakuzunulika mu zina mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 apo Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Somali na Afar ŵakakumananga na ŵasilikari ŵa Themba Amda Seyon la ku Abyssinia.<ref name="Houtsma">{{cite book | last=Houtsma|first=M. Th| title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936| year=1987| publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004082654| pages=125–126| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref> Pakwamba Adal wakaŵa na msumba wa Zeila, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Awdal. Pa nyengo iyo, boma ili likaŵa la Ifat Sultanate ilo likawusikanga na muwuso wa Walashma. Kuyana na I.M. Ku malo agha kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Afarized Arabs panji Arabized Somalis, awo ŵakalongozgaso boma la Mogadishu ilo likaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kwambira apo Adal wakambira, ŵanthu ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo zinandi na Abisinia. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa wankhongono comene, ukaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya Djibouti, Somaliland, Eritrea, na Ethiopia. Pakati pa msumba wa Djibouti na Loyada pali mapale ghanandi gha ŵanthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na malaro agho ghakaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo ndipo ghakaŵanga na malata ghatali. Malibwe gha Djibouti-Loyada ghakumanyikwa yayi apo ghakaŵirako, ndipo ghanyake ghali na chimanyikwiro chakuŵa nga ni T. Kweniso ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ku Tiya ŵali kusanga madindi. Kuzakafika mu 1997, ku malo agha kukaŵa malibwe ghakukwana 118. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakumanya kuti mapale agha ni Yegragn Dingay panji "libwe la Abuya", chifukwa cha Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"), muwusi wa Adal Sultanate.<ref name="Fukui">{{cite book|last1=Fukui|first1=Katsuyoshi|title=Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12–17 December 1997|date=1997|publisher=Shokado Book Sellers|isbn=4879749761|page=370|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KpyAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> ===Ottoman Eyalet (1577–1867)=== {{main|Egypt Eyalet}} [[File:OttomanEmpire1566.png|thumb|The [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Eyalet]] in 1566]] Nangauli mu 1577, pakati pa 1821 na 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha wa ku Eguputo, wakawusa Yemen, Harar, Gulf of Tadjoura pamoza na Zeila na Berbera. Kazembe Abou Baker wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sagallo kuti ŵafumemo mu msumba wa Zeila. Cingalaŵa ca Seignelay cikafika ku Sagallo pamanyuma pakuti Ŵaegupto ŵafumako. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakora linga la msumba uwu nangauli mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, Frederick Mercer Hunter, wakadandawura.<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |title=FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST &#124; Awdalpress.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=9 June 2013}} FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</ref> Pa Epulero 14, 1884, mulongozgi wa boti la L'Inferent wakaphara za nkhondo iyo yikaŵa mukati mwa nyanja ya Tadjoura. Mulara wa boti la Le Vaudreuil wakapharazga kuti Ŵaeguputo ŵakunjira mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru pakati pa Obock na Tadjoura. Fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Ethiopia yikalemba phangano na Britain kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo na Ŵaeguputo na kuzomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia na ku Somaliland. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakafumako ku Tadjoura. Usiku wakulondezgapo, Léonce Lagarde wakatumizga boti lakunjilira ku Tadjoura. ===French rule (1883–1977)=== [[File:Carte de la côte française (...)Meunier Alexandre btv1b53062311r 1.jpg|thumb|Map of the French Somali Coast and neighboring regions in 1870]] {{main|French Somaliland|French Territory of the Afars and the Issas}} [[File:A-demonstration-in-Djibouti-Africa-1967-352022097779 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Referendum demonstration in Djibouti in 1967]] Malire gha charu cha Djibouti ghakaŵako apo France yikamba kukhazikika mu Africa. Pa Malichi 11, 1862, themba la Afar, Raieta Dini Ahmet, likasaina phangano ku Paris. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito ngalaŵa zakwenda na mphepo. (Kufika pa nyengo iyi, ngaraŵa za ku France zikaguranga malasha mu dowoko la Britain la Aden, ilo likaŵa ku sirya linyake la nyanja. Pamanyuma, kazembe wa sitima ya Fleuriot de Langle wakagwiliskira nchito phangano ili kuti wakhazikike kumwera kwa Gulf of Tadjoura. Pa Malichi 26, 1885, ŵa French ŵakasainapo phangano linyake na ŵa Issas apo ŵa Issas ŵakeneranga kuŵa pasi pa ŵa French, pakaŵavya kusinthana ndalama ndipo fuko la Issa likapeleka yayi wanangwa wawo pa malo agha, phangano ili likaŵa lakuti Ŵagadebuursi, awo ŵakasuskanga ŵa French, na ŵa Isaaq ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na wovwiri wa ŵa French.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc31|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti|website=djibouti.frontafrique.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Regime de Protectorats|last1=Adolphe|first1=Martens|last2=Challamel|first2=Augustin|last3=C|first3=Luzac|publisher=Institut Colonial Internationale|year=1899|location=Bruxelles|page=383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Trace des frontiere a Djibouti|last=Simon|first=Imbert-Vier|publisher=Khartala|year=2011|location=Paris|page=128}}</ref> Likakhazikiskika pakati pa 1883 na 1887, pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha ku Somalia na Afar ghalemba phangano na ŵa ku France.<ref name="Chisholm">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Somaliland#French Somaliland |display=Somaliland: French Somaliland |volume=25 |page=383}}</ref><ref name="Uwechue">Raph Uwechue, ''Africa year book and who's who'', (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209 {{ISBN|0903274051}}.</ref><ref name="Apcoatf">''A Political Chronology of Africa'', (Taylor & Francis: 2001), p. 132 {{ISBN|1857431162}}.</ref> Mu 1889, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Russia, wakayezga kukhazikika ku Sagallo, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamukanizga. Mu 1894, Léonce Lagarde wakambiska boma la France mu msumba wa Djibouti ndipo wakawuthya French Somaliland. Nga ni umo tawonera mu "Morin" (2005), zina ili likapelekeka na Mohamed Haji Dide wa gulu la Gadabuursi la Mahad 'Ase. Chikatora nyengo yitali kufuma mu 1896 m'paka mu 1967, apo chikachemekaso kuti Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas (TFAI) ("French Territory of the Afars and the Issas"), pamanyuma pakuti France, ufumu wa atsamunda, wapeleka mazaza ku fuko la Issas. Kuzenga njanji ya Imperial Ethiopian Railway kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia kukapangiska kuti dowoko la Djibouti liŵe tawuni ya ŵanthu 15,000 mu nyengo iyo Harar ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wekha mu Ethiopia uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15,000.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Abyssinia |volume=1 |page=86}}</ref> [[File:General Le Gentilhomme Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|General [[Paul Legentilhomme]] in [[French Somaliland]], 1939 or 1940]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachokopachoko chifukwa cha njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa, ndipo kampani yakwamba yikaleka kugwira ntchito ndipo yikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa boma, kweni njanji iyi yikawovwira kuti chigaŵa ichi chileke kwendera ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu magalimoto gha pa Zeila (mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland icho chikaŵa pasi pa Britain) ndipo chikazgoka dowoko likuru la khofi na katundu munyake uyo wakafumanga kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden kwizira ku Harar. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Italy na kuwukira Ethiopia pakati pa ma 1930, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa France mu French Somaliland na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Italy East Africa. Mu Juni 1940, apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, caru ca France cikaparanyika ndipo boma la Vichy (French) ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa ca Axis likamba kuwusa caru ici. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵa Italiya mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu 1941, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy mu French Somaliland ŵakakhala kwaŵekha. Boma la Vichy likalutilira kulamulira mu caru ici kwa vilimika vinandi comene. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Britain ŵakajara dowoko la Djibouti City, kweni ici cikamutondeska yayi ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵaleke kuŵaphalira vya sitima izo zikendanga. Mu 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakakora msumba uwu. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku French Somaliland likapokelera ŵanthu ŵa ku Paris mu 1944. Mu 1958, pambere charu cha Somalia chindambe kujiwusa chekha mu 1960, ku Djibouti kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti pa mavoti pakaŵa upusikizgi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakazomera yayi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakakolerana comene na fundo ya umo boma la Somalia lingakhalira pamoza, nga umo Mahmoud Harbi, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa boma wakacitira. Harbi wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pake mu malo ghakukayikiska.<ref name="Barrington2006">Barrington, Lowell (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115 ''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080147/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115|date=5 September 2015}}. [[University of Michigan Press]]. p. 115. {{ISBN|0472068989}}</ref>[[File:An aerial view of Djibouti City.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti City]], the capital of Djibouti]] Mu 1966, caru ca France cikakana ivyo wupu wa United Nations ukayowoya vyakuti caru ca French Somaliland ciŵe na wanangwa wakuwusama. Mu Ogasiti wa chaka chenechicho, Charles de Gaulle, pulezidenti wa ku France, wakaluta ku malo agha. Pakuzgora, De Gaulle wakalangura kuti paŵe phangano linyake. Mu 1967, pakaŵaso maungano ghaciŵiri kuti ŵamanye ivyo vicitikirenge caru ici. Ivyo vikachitika pakwamba vikalongora kuti ŵakalutilira kukolerana na France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakagaŵikana chifukwa cha mitundu yawo. Ŵanyake ŵakazomerezga kuti boma la Somalia liŵe na wanangwa wa kujimira. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo boma la France likayowoya. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland) chikasintha zina kuŵa Territoire français des Afars et des Issas. Ŵakati ŵapharazga ivyo vikachitika, pakawuka vivulupi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. France nayo wakasazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake pa m'paka.<!-- Empty reference <ref name="Nwjestr"/--><ref name="Tioipeami">Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies, ''The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance'', (Praeger: 1972), p.166.</ref>[[File:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis Symbol.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis|Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS)]]]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, gulu la Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast (FLCS) ndilo likalongozganga nkhondo iyi. Gulu la FLCS likendeskanga maofesi gha ku French Somaliland kufuma ku Somalia na Ethiopia. Pa Malichi 24, 1975, gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis likakora Jean Guery, kazembe wa France ku Somalia, kuti ŵamusinthane na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la FLCS. Wakasinthika na ŵa FLCS ŵaŵiri mu Aden, South Yemen. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) ndiwo ukazomerezga kuti FLCS ni gulu lakuvikilira ŵanthu. Gulu la FLCS likapempha kuti charu ichi chiŵe na boma la Somalia panji kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mu 1975, African People's League for the Independence (LPAI) na FLCS ŵakakumana ku Kampala, Uganda ndipo pamanyuma pa maungano ghanandi ŵakasankha nthowa yakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi ku Somalia. Mu 1976, ŵanthu ŵa gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis ilo likakhumbanga kuti Djibouti wapoke wanangwa kufuma ku France, ŵakakumana na gulu la Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group cifukwa ca kuba basi iyo yikaŵa pa ulendo wakuya ku Loyada. Ici cikalongora kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti caru ca Djibouti ciŵe na ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuŵengeje maungano ghaciŵiri. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakusunga malo agha, ghakaŵa malo ghaumaliro gha ku France pa caru ici.<ref name="Nwvol">''Newsweek'', Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Légion-Étrangère|year=2000|publisher=Légion-Étrangère|page=2|url=http://2rep.legion-etrangere.com/|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730172224/http://2rep.legion-etrangere.com/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Djibouti Republic=== [[File:Ahmed Dini Ahmed proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ahmed Dini Ahmed]] proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977]] Pa Meyi 8, 1977, ku France kukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakufwatuka. Ma Referendum ghakale ghakaŵako mu 1958 na 1967, ndipo ghakakanira wanangwa wa boma. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti charu ichi chijipature ku France. Ŵanthu 98.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti Djibouti yijipature ku France. Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wandale wa Issa (wa fuko la Somaliya) uyo wakachitanga kampeni kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti enya pa referendum ya 1958, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi (1977-1999).<ref name=Barrington2006/> Mu chaka chakwamba, charu cha Djibouti chikaŵa mu wupu wa African Unity (uno ni African Union), Arab League, na United Nations. Mu 1986, caru ici cikaŵaso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ogaden, ŵandyali ŵa ku Issa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti charu cha Djibouti chiŵenge chikuru panji "charu cha Issa". Kweni apo nkhondo yikamaranga, maloto agha ghakamara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, suzgo la umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (PRP) icho chili na mazaza mu Djibouti na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Mu 2000, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu Epulero 2021, Ismael Guelleh, Purezidenti wachiwiri wa Djibouti kuyambira pomwe adalandira ufulu kuchokera ku France mu 1977, adasankhidwanso kwa nthawi yake yachisanu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Djibouti President Guelleh wins election with 98%, provisional results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/10/djibouti-president-guelleh-wins-election-with-98-provisional-results/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. }}</ref> == Politics == {{Further|Politics of Djibouti}} {{See also|Elections in Djibouti|List of Djiboutian politicians}} Charu cha Djibouti chili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo boma la Djibouti ndilo likulamulira. === Governance === [[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|President of Djibouti, [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]]]] Pulezidenti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, ni munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Djibouti. Pulezidenti wakugwiliskira nchito mazaza ghake mwakovwirika na uyo wakwimikika, nduna yikuru, Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Bungwe la Nduna (kabineti) likulamulirika na pulezidenti. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na makhoti gha chigaŵa chakwamba, khoti likuru la apilu, na khoti likuru. Dango la boma la France likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia na Afar. Nyumba ya Malamulo (pankhani iyi yikumanyikwanga kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo) yili na ŵanthu 65 awo ŵakusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Nangauli wupu uwu uli na nyumba yimoza pera, kweni Dango likusambizga kuti wupu uwu ni wupu wa Senate.<ref name="English_constitution">{{cite web |title=Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625074422/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |publisher=Constitute |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution de la République de Djibouti |url=http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125063016/http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm |archive-date=25 November 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |publisher=Agence Djiboutienne d'Information |language=fr |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chisankho chatha chinachitika pa 23 February 2018. Djibouti wali na chipani chakulongozga, ndipo chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (RPP) ndicho chikulongozga wupu wakuzenga malango na wupu wakulongozga kwambira waka apo chikakhazikiskikira mu 1979.<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web |date=17 January 2012 |title=Djibouti |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/djibouti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025070027/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/djibouti |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |publisher=Freedom House |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boma likuwusika na mbumba ya Issa Dir ya ku Somalia, iyo yikukhozgeka na mbumba za ku Somalia, comenecomene mbumba ya Gadabuursi Dir. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, boma na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) ŵakasazga phangano la mtende. Ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa FRUD ŵakanjira mu nduna za boma, ndipo kwambira mu 1999, FRUD yikamba kulimbikira kukhozgera RPP. Pulezidenti Guelleh wakasankha Hassan Gouled Aptidon mu 1999. Guelleh wakapika mazaza ghaciŵiri gha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza pamanyuma pa mavoti gha munthu yumoza pa 8 Epulero 2005. Wakaŵa na mavoti 100 pa mavoti 78.9 peresenti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakachitako viyezgelero vyakwimikana na boma ilo likaŵapo nyengo yitali. Guelleh wakasankhika kachitatu mu chaka chenechicho na mavoti 80.63%. Nangauli magulu ghakwimikana na boma ghakatondeska kuŵapo pa mavoti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dango ilo likazomerezganga kuti Guelleh waŵeso na mwaŵi wa kwimilira, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa pa caru cose ŵa African Union ŵakalongosora kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka ndiposo ghakwenelera. Pa 31 March 2013, Guelleh wakasintha Prime Minister Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita uyo wakaŵa wa nyengo yitali na mulongozgi wakale wa Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Mu Disembala 2014, chipani cha Union for Presidential Majority icho chili na mazaza pa boma chikalembeska phangano na chipani cha Union of National Salvation, icho chikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma ŵanjire mu nyumba ya malango na kunozgaso wupu wa vyakusankha.<ref name="Gdgrdtboip">{{cite news|title=Djibouti government reaches deal to bring opposition into parliament|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967|access-date=1 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101213522/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Djibouti}} Boma la Djibouti likwendeskeka na Unduna wa Vyachilendo na Wovwiri wa Mayiko. Djibouti wakukolerana comene na boma la Somalia, Ethiopia, France na United States. Kweniso likucitako milimo ya African Union, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Islamic Cooperation na Arab League. Kwambira mu 2000, boma la Djibouti lakhozga ubwezi wawo na Turkey. === Military === {{main|Djibouti Armed Forces}} [[File:Camp Maryama during an exercise, Arta Region, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Maryama base during a martial exercise in the [[Arta Region]]]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Djibouti likusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa Djibouti, awo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵa Navy, Djibouti Air Force, na National Gendarmerie (GN). Mu 2011, ŵanthu 170,386 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 221,411 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 49.<ref name=CIA/> Djibouti yikagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zakujumpha madola 36 miliyoni pa chaka pa vya usilikari wake kufuma mu 2011 (141th mu database ya SIPRI). Pambere charu cha Djibouti chindafume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵasilikari. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kupenja ndondomeko ya umo ŵasilikari ŵangacitira kuti ŵalutilire kuvikilira ŵanyawo mwa kugaŵa ŵasilikari ŵawo mu magulu ghacoko na ghakusuntha m'malo mwa magulu ghakupambanapambana. Nkhondo yakwamba iyo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakanjilirapo yikaŵa Nkhondo ya pa Mzinda ya ku Djibouti, pakati pa boma la Djibouti, ilo likawovwirika na France, na Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1991 m'paka mu 2001, nangauli nkhondo zinandi zikamara apo magulu gha FRUD ghakati ghakaŵa ghakujiyuyura ghakasayina phangano la mtende na boma. Gulu linyake likalutilira kulimbana na boma, kweni likasazga phangano la mtende mu 2001. Nkhondo yikamara apo boma likathereska ŵalwani ŵake, ndipo gulu la FRUD likazgoka chipani. Pakuŵa likuru la wupu wa IGAD, Djibouti wali na wanangwa wa kunjilirapo pa mtende wa Somalia. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska boma la Somalia mu 2012, wupu wakufuma ku Djibouti ukaluta ku ciphikiro ca kujalira pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, Djibouti yaluta panthazi kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵake, kuŵalongozga, na kuŵaphalira vinthu vinyake. Pasono ŵakuteŵetera ku Somalia na Sudan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murithi|first1=Tim|title=Handbook of Africa's International Relations|date=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136636967|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WVtAAAAQBAJ|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> === Foreign military presence === {{See also|French forces in Djibouti}} [[File:11th MEU conducts Sustainment Training 170105-F-QF982-589.jpg|thumb|left|[[Grand Bara]] desert in 2017]] Ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakalutilira kuŵapo mu Djibouti apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake, pakwamba mu cipangano ca nyengo yicoko waka ca Juni 1977 ico cikulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakugwilira nchito mu caru ici. Pa Disembala 21, 2011, ku Paris, France na Djibouti ŵakasainirana phangano liphya la kuvikilira caru. Likamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Meyi 2014. Mwa phangano ili na fundo yake yakukhwaskana na kuvikilira, France yikakhozga phangano lake lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa Djibouti. Pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, mu 1962, gulu la French Foreign Legion, la 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13 DBLE) likasamuskika kufuma ku Algeria kuya ku Djibouti kuti liŵe likuru la French garrison kwenekura. Pa 31 July 2011, (13 DBLE) yikafumako ku Djibouti kuya ku United Arab Emirates. Djibouti wali pa malo ghawemi chomene pa malo ghakuchemeka Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, agho ghakupatura Gulf of Aden na Nyanja Yiswesi ndipo ghakulongozga nthowa yakuyira ku Suez Canal. Ŵafarisi ŵakaleka kuzenga msasa wa Lemonnier ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagulizga ku United States Central Command mu Seputembala 2002. Mu 2014, ŵakaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kukhalako vyaka 20. Charu ichi chili na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku China pera na wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan pera. Msumba wa Italy National Support Military Base nawo uli mu Djibouti. Ku malo agha kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Boma la United States likupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 63 miliyoni pa caka kuti lilipire malo gha Camp Lemonnier, France na Japan waliyose wakupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 30 miliyoni pa caka, ndipo China wakupeleka madola 20 miliyoni pa caka. Ndalama izo ŵakalipira zikaŵa pafupifupi 5% ya GDP ya Djibouti ya USD 2.3 biliyoni mu 2017. Sonosono apa, caru ca China caŵikapo mtima comene kuti ciŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu Africa, ndipo pasono cili na mapulani ghakusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake ku Djibouti. Kuŵapo kwa China mu Djibouti kukukolerana na virwa vya ku China kuti vitivikilire. Cifukwa cakuti Djibouti yili pa malo ghawemi, nchifukwa cake ni malo ghakwenelera comene kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵalutilire kuŵapo.<ref name="Nyska">{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Nyshka |title=China increases defense ties with Africa |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/china-increases-defence-ties-with-africa.html |website=www.cnbc.com |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031542/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/china-increases-defence-ties-with-africa.html |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Djibouti}} Mu lipoti lake la 2011 la Freedom in the World, Freedom House likati Djibouti ni "Wambura Kufwatuka", ndipo likasintha kufuma ku "Wambura Kufwatuka". Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ku United States wa mu 2019, Dipatimenti ya vyaru vya ku Djibouti yikupharazga vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhani zikuruzikuru za wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Djibouti zikusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika mwaurunji na ŵantchito ŵa boma; malo ghakofya na ghakofya ku umoyo wa ŵanthu mu jele; kunjilirapo pa umoyo wa ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika panji kusuzgika kwambura chifukwa kwa ŵamutolamakani; kutuka; kunjilirapo pa wanangwa wa kuwungana mwamtende na wanangwa wa kuwungana; vinthu vikuru vya vimbundi; na nkhaza pa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana apo boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa kusuzga na kuzenga mulandu, kusazgapo kutemeta ŵanakazi. Likayowoyaso kuti boma likutondeka kusanga na kulanga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakuchita viheni, kwali ŵali mu mawupu gha vimbundi panji ku malo ghanyake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2027490.html|title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2019 - Djibouti|first=US Department of|last=State|date=11 March 2020|website=state.gov}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === <!--[[Administrative divisions of Djibouti]] redirects here--> [[File:The Regions of Djibouti.png|thumb|upright=1.4|A map of Djibouti's regions]] {{main|Districts of Djibouti}} Djibouti wali kugaŵika vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ndiwo ni chigaŵa chimoza. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 20. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Regions of Djibouti |- ! Region ! Area (km²) ! Population<br>2009 Census ! Population<br>2018 Estimate ! Capital |- | [[Ali Sabieh Region|Ali Sabieh]] | align="right"|2,200 | align="right"|86,949 | align="right"|96,500 | [[Ali Sabieh]] |- | [[Arta Region|Arta]] | align="right"|1,800 | align="right"|42,380 | align="right"|72,200 | [[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] |- | [[Dikhil Region|Dikhil]] | align="right"|7,200 | align="right"|88,948 | align="right"|105,300 | [[Dikhil]] |- | [[Djibouti Region|Djibouti]] | align="right"|200 | align="right"|475,322 | align="right"|603,900 | [[Djibouti City]] |- | [[Obock Region|Obock]] | align="right"|4,700 | align="right"|37,856 | align="right"|50,100 | [[Obock]] |- | [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjourah]] | align="right"|7,100 | align="right"|86,704 | align="right"|121,000 | [[Tadjoura]] |} == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main|Geography of Djibouti}} === Location and habitat === {{multiple image|caption_align=center|total_width=300|image1=Satellite image of Djibouti in November 2001.jpg|250px|width1=700|height1=800|image2=Satellite images of Djibouti during the night.png|250px|width2=700|height2=700|footer=[[Satellite imagery|Satellite images]] of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)}} Charu cha Djibouti chili ku mphepete mwa Africa, pa nyanja ya Aden na Bab-el-Mandeb, kumwera kwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 11° na 14°N na longitude 41° na 44°E, kumpoto chomene kwa Great Rift Valley. Ku Djibouti ndiko mphinjika iyo yili pakati pa Africa Plate na Somali Plate yikukumana na Arabian Plate, ndipo yikupangiska kuti paŵe malo ghatatu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghatatu agha ndivyo vyapangiska kuti chiziŵa cha Assal chiŵe pachanya chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu Africa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya charu ichi yili na utali wa makilomita 314, ndipo malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali. Djibouti yili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 square kilometres (8,958 sq mi). Malire gha charu ichi ghali na mtunda wa makilomita 575 (357 mi), ndipo 125 km (78 mi) ghali na charu cha Eritrea, 390 km (242 mi) na charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo 60 km (37 mi) na charu cha Somaliland. Charu cha Djibouti chili kumwera chomene pa Nyanja ya Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Geothermal Resources Council|title=1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, Volume 9, Part 1|date=1985|page=175}}</ref> Djibouti wali na mapiri ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ghali pachanya pa mamita 1,000. Phiri la Mousa Ali ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pachanya pake pali mphaka na Ethiopia na Eritrea. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 2,028. Chipalamba cha Grand Bara chili kumwera kwa Djibouti mu vigaŵa vya Arta, Ali Sabieh na Dikhil. Malo ghanandi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 520. Malo agho ghali kutali chomene ni agha: kumpoto, Ras Doumera na malo agho mphaka na Eritrea yikunjira mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu chigaŵa cha Obock; kumafumiro gha dazi, chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi kumpoto kwa Ras Bir; kumwera, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya As Ela; ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Afambo. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Djibouti chili ku Ethiopia. Chinyake ntchigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, icho chili mu mapopa gha Eritrea.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eritrean coastal desert|id=at1304}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Landscapes of Djibouti"> File:Djib 003.JPG|[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]] File:Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains.jpg|Traditional houses on the [[Mabla Mountains]] File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|[[Lake Abbe]] File:The mountains near Dasbiyo.png|The mountains near [[Dasbiyo]] File:South Djibouti Beach.png|Beach south of [[Djibouti City]], overlooking the [[Gulf of Aden]] </gallery> === Climate === [[File:Djibouti's map of Köppen climate classification.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Djibouti map of [[Köppen climate classification]]. <small>{{legend|#FF6700|[[Semi-arid climate]]}}</small> <small>{{legend|#F10000|[[Arid climate]]}}</small>]] Umoyo wa ku Djibouti ngwakuzizima comene ndipo nyengo yake yikupambana comene na ya caru cose. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakukwana ghakufuma pa 32 kufika pa 41 °C (90 kufika pa 106 °F). Mwaciyelezgero, mu msumba wa Djibouti, mu mwezi wa Epulero, muhanya ukufipa comene. Kweni pa malo ghakuchemeka Airolaf, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,535 m'paka 1,600 m'paka 5,036 m'paka 5,249 ft, mu chihanya matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30 °C (86 °F) ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ghakujumpha 9 °C (48 °F).<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti |title=Weatherbase : Djibouti |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100532/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, malo agha ghakukwana mamita 500 m'paka 800 m'paka mu Ogasiti. Mwezi wa Disembala na Janyuwale ndiwo ni mwezi wakuzizima chomene, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 15 °C. Charu cha Djibouti chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene (BSh) panji ya mu mapopa (BWh), nangauli mu malo ghapachanya chomene, mphepo yikuzizima chomene. Nyengo ya ku Djibouti yikupambana mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, kukulokwa maji gha mamita ghakukwana 131 pa chaka. Malo ghakuthyana nagho ghakuthyana chomene na malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;" |+Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti |- !Location !July (°C) !July (°F) !January (°C) !January (°F) |- |[[Djibouti City]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 28/21 || 83/70 |- |[[Ali Sabieh]] || 36/25 || 96/77 || 26/15 || 79/60 |- |[[Tadjoura]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 29/22 || 84/72 |- |[[Dikhil]] || 38/27 || 100/81 || 27/17 || 80/63 |- |[[Obock]] || 41/30 || 105/87 || 28/22 || 84/72 |- |[[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] || 36/25 || 97/78 || 25/15 || 78/60 |- |[[Randa, Djibouti|Randa]] || 34/23 || 94/73 || 23/13 || 74/56 |- |[[Holhol]] || 38/28 || 101/81 || 26/17 || 79/62 |- |[[Ali Adde]] || 38/27 || 100/82 || 26/16 || 80/61 |- |[[Airolaf]] || 31/18 || 88/66 || 22/9 || 71/49 |} === Wildlife === {{Main|Wildlife of Djibouti}} [[File:FrancolinusOchropectus.svg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti francolin]], a [[critically endangered|critically endangered species]] living only in Djibouti]] Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu charu ichi vikukhala mu malo ghakofya. Vinyama vyamuthondo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu, kwambira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha mapiri m'paka kumwera na pakati pa chigaŵa cha mapiri.<ref name=day>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day|title=Le Pèlerin du Day|access-date=27 February 2013|publisher=World Food Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320080036/http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day|archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[File:Goda Mountains - National Park of Forêt du Day.jpg|thumb|left|Plant species on the [[Day Forest National Park|Forêt du Day National Park]]]] Vinyama vinandi vikusangika kumpoto kwa charu ichi, mu malo ghakuchemeka Day Forest National Park. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500. Chigaŵa ichi chili na makilomita 3.5 gha nkhorongo ya Juniperus procera, ndipo makuni ghanandi ghakufika mamita 20. Mu nkhorongo iyi ndimo mukukhala viyuni vinyake vya ku Djibouti. Kweniso muli vyakumera vinandi vya makuni na vyakumera, nga ni makuni gha bokosi na maolive, agho ghalipo 60 peresenti ya vyakumera vyose ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi. Ku Djibouti kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 820, vyamoyo vyambura msana vyakujumpha 493, somba zakujumpha 455, vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa vyakujumpha 40, vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji na pasi vitatu, viyuni vyakujumpha 360 na vyamoyo vyakunyamura vyakujumpha 66. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Djibouti navyo vili pa chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa na Red Sea na Gulf of Aden. Vinyama ivi ni vyamoyo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni Soemmerring's gazelle na Pelzeln's gazelle. Cifukwa ca kukanizgika kwa kupenja nyama izi kwamba mu 1970, sono zili kusungika makora. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikumera ni zebra wa Grevy, hamadryas babuini na hunter's antelope. Mu malo agha mukusangikaso viyuni vya mtundu wa warthog. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja muli visomba vya dugong na Abyssinian genet. Viyuni vya mtundu wa green turtle na hawksbill turtle vikusangika mu maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja uko vikubisamaso.<ref name="Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989">{{cite book|author1=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|author2=Norway. Direktoratet for utviklingshjelp|title=The IUCN Sahel studies 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|access-date=28 May 2011|year=1989|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-977-8|pages=95, 104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101072911/http://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="StuartAdams1990">{{cite book|author1=S. N. Stuart|author2=Richard J. Adams|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands: Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use|url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|url-access=registration|access-date=28 May 2011|year=1990|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/81 81]–82}}</ref> Nkhumba ya ku North-East Africa yakuchemeka Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara ku Djibouti. ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Djibouti}} [[File:GDP by sector, Djibouti.png|thumb|250px|Djibouti GDP by sector]] Chuma cha ku Djibouti chikugwilira ntchito mu vigaŵa vya uteŵeti. Vinthu vya malonda vikuthemba pa ndondomeko ya malonda ya caru ici ndiposo malo agho ghali pa Nyanja Yiswesi. Cifukwa cakuti vula zikulokwa viŵi yayi, vipasi na vipambi ndivyo vikupambika comene, ndipo vyakurya vinyake vikukhumbikwira kunjizga. Mu 2013, GDP (kuyana na nkhongono zakugulira) yikaŵa $2.505 biliyoni, ndipo yikakuranga na 5% pa chaka. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakusanga ni madola 2,874. Makampani gha vya mautumiki ghakapanga pafupifupi 79.7% ya GDP, ndipo ghakulondezgana na mafakitale agho ghakapanga 17.3% na vyakurya ivyo vikapanga 3%. Kufumira mu 2013, chipatala cha viŵegha mu doko la Djibouti ndicho chikwendeskanga malonda ghanandi gha mu charu ichi. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya ntchito ya doko ili yikupangika na katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku charu cha Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-railway-idUSL6E7NH07M20111217|title=Ethiopia signs Djibouti railway deal with China|date=2011-12-17|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-11|language=en}}</ref> Mu 2018, 95% ya katundu wa ku Ethiopia wakendeskeka na doko la Djibouti. Kweniso ni malo ghakusungirako mafuta gha mu nyanja. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti, pamoza na DP World, likamba kuzenga doko lakunjizgiramo katundu la Doraleh, ilo ni doko lachitatu likuru chomene. Ntchito iyi njakudura ndalama zakukwana madola 396 miliyoni, ndipo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka. Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo gha 177, agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika chomene pa charu chose. Pakukhumba kunozga malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha vyaru vinyake, boma la Djibouti pamoza na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha vyaru vyambura phindu, ŵali kwambiska mapulojekiti ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora malonda gha caru ici. Boma nalo laŵikapo ndondomeko ziphya za boma izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kukweŵeka.<ref name="Cdpafoid">{{cite web |author=Bansal, Ridhima |date=23 September 2011 |title=Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti |url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327074151/http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/ |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs |df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Tree map export 2009 Djibouti.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports]] Kweniso ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵambura nchito mu matawuni agho ghali na unandi wa 60%. Ndalama izi zikovwira comene pakuzenga vinthu vyakwendeskera mawupu gha wayilesi na kwandaniska ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi. Chifukwa cha kukura kwake, vyakurya na vyakurya ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora, ivyo vikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe pafupifupi 15 peresenti, vikusangika chomene kwambira mu 2008. Kuti ŵasazgireko nchito iyi, ŵali kuzenga malo ghakukwana 56 megawati agho ghakwenera kuzengeka mu 2018 na wovwiri wa OPEC, World Bank, na Global Environment Facility. Ntchito iyi yikwenera kumazga suzgo la magesi, kuchepeska kugomezga kwa Ethiopia pa magesi, kuchepeska mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake agho ghakwendeskeka na magesi gha dizelo, na kukhozga GDP na kuchepeska ngongoli. Kampani yinyake ya ku Djibouti yakuchemeka Salt Investment (SIS) yikamba ntchito yikuru ya kupanga mchere uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha Lake Assal. Mulimo wa kunozga mchere uwu, uwo ukufika matani 4 miliyoni pa chaka, wawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasangenge ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti likagwiraso ntchito na China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd. pakuzenga malo ghakusungiramo migodi. Mulimo uwu, uwo ukaŵa wakudura madola 64 miliyoni, ukawovwira kuti charu cha Djibouti chipelekeso mchere wakukwana matani 5,000 pa chaka ku misika ya ku Southeast Asia.<ref name="Xdcssmuatfse">{{cite news|title=Djibouti, China Sign 64 mln USD Agreement to Facilitate Salt Export|url=http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm|access-date=27 February 2013|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224170743/http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm|archive-date=24 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Djibouti GDP 1985 to 2015.png|thumb|300px|Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341&nbsp;million in 1985 to US$1.5&nbsp;billion in 2015]] Chiŵelengero cha ndalama za mu charu cha Djibouti chikakwera chomene pa chaka, kufuma pa 341 miliyoni mu 1985 kufika pa 1.5 biliyoni mu 2015. Ndalama ya ku Djibouti ni franc. Ndalama izi zikufuma ku Central Bank of Djibouti. Pakuti ndalama ya ku Djibouti yikukolerana na ya ku United States, yikukhazikika ndipo kusinthasintha kwa ndalama kukuŵa suzgo yayi. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵanjire mu charu ichi.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/><ref name="Rdbbafi">{{cite news|title=Djibouti banking boom attracts foreign investors|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html|access-date=27 February 2013|agency=Reuters|date=23 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060742/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html|archive-date=26 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224163710/http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf Le système informel de transferts de fonds et le mécanisme automatique du Currency Board : complémentarité ou antagonisme ? Le cas des transferts des hawalas à Djibouti] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224163710/http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf|date=24 February 2014}}. univ-orleans.fr</ref> Mu 2010, mabanki 10 gha Chalima na gha Chalima ghakaŵa mu Djibouti. Ŵanandi ŵakiza mu vyaka vicoko waka ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo kampani yakupeleka ndarama ya ku Somalia yakucemeka Dahabshiil na BDCD, kampani ya Swiss Financial Investments. Pakwamba, mabungwe ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na banki: Indo-Suez Bank na Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR). Boma likukhumba kuti maboma gha vyamalonda ghaŵe na masheya 30 pa 100 gha ndalama izo maboma agha ghakupeleka. Kupeleka ngongoli kukakhozgekaso cifukwa ca kuzenga thumba la wovwiri, ilo likuzomerezga mabanki kupeleka ngongoli ku mabizinesi ghacoko na ghapacanya agho ghakukwaniliskika kwambura kukhumba dankha ndalama zinandi. Awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Saudi Arabia ŵakughanaghanira umo ŵangagwilira ntchito kuti ŵakoleraniske mphanji ya ku Africa na chirwa cha Arabia kwizira mu mlatho wa makilomita 28.5 (mailosi 17.7) uwo ukujumpha mu Djibouti. Munthu munyake uyo wakwendeska ndalama zina lakuti Tarek bin Laden wakukolerana na mulimo uwu. Ndipouli, mu Juni 2010, ŵakapharazga kuti chigaŵa chakwamba cha ntchito iyi chachedwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768 |title=Phase I of Yemen and Djibouti Causeway delayed |publisher=Steelguru.com |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082305/http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Djibouti}} [[File:The Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport.png|thumb|right|Main Terminal at [[Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport]]]] Djibouti Ambouli International Airport mu msumba wa Djibouti, ni chiŵanja chimoza pera cha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi, ndipo yikwendeska maulendo ghanandi gha pakati pa vyaru. Air Djibouti ndiyo yikwendeska ndege za mu Djibouti. Sitima ya ku Addis Ababa-Djibouti yikamba kugwira ntchito mu January 2018. Chilato chake chikuru nkhupelekerapo katundu pakati pa charu cha Ethiopia na doko la Doraleh ku Djibouti.<ref>Diego Pautasso "The role of Africa in the New Maritime Silk Road" In: Brazilian Journal of African Studies, v.1, n.2, Jul./Dec. 2016 | p.118-130.</ref> Ngalaŵa za magalimoto zikwenda mu Gulf of Tadjoura kufuma ku Djibouti City kuluta ku Tadjoura. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Djibouti kuli doko la Doraleh, ilo ni doko likuru la Djibouti. Doko la Doraleh ndilo likumalira njanji yiphya ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti. Kuwonjezera pa doko la Doraleh, lomwe limagwira katundu wambiri ndi mafuta, Djibouti (2018) ili ndi madoko ena atatu akuluakulu ogulitsira ndi kutumiza katundu wambiri ndi ziweto, doko la Tadjourah (potash), doko la Damerjog (ziweto) ndi doko la Goubet (mchere). Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya vinthu ivyo Ethiopia wakuguliska na kutumiza ku vyaru vinyake vikwenda mu virwa vya ku Djibouti.<ref>David Styan "Djibouti and Small State Agency in the Maritime Silk Road: The Domestic and International Foundations" (2020).</ref> Misewu ya mu Djibouti yikucemeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya misewu. Misewu iyo yikuwoneka nga ni misewu yikuru ni iyo yili na asphalt (mu utali wake wose) ndipo yikwendeska magalimoto pakati pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku Djibouti. Charu cha Djibouti chili pa msewu wakuchemeka 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, uwo ukufuma ku China m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Upper Adriatic, ndipo ukuyana na vyaru vya Central na Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/12/the-china-merchants-in-djibouti-from-the-maritime-to-the-digital-silk-roads-by-thierry-pairault/|title=Africa News: The China Merchants in Djibouti: from the maritime to the digital silk roads (by Thierry Pairault)|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115143025/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/12/the-china-merchants-in-djibouti-from-the-maritime-to-the-digital-silk-roads-by-thierry-pairault/|archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Harry G. Broadman "Afrika's Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.</ref><ref>Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.</ref> ===Media and telecommunications=== {{Main|Media of Djibouti|Telecommunications in Djibouti|Freedom of the press in Djibouti}} [[File:Djibtelcom2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti Telecom]] headquarters in [[Djibouti City]]]] Boma la Djibouti likulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Umoyo. Djibouti Telecom ndiyo yekha wakupeleka mauthenga. Kanandi yikugwiliskira nchito mawindo gha mawayilesi gha microwave. Mu msumba uwu ŵali kuŵikamo chingwe cha fiber-optic, ndipo ku mizi ŵakugwiliskira nchito mawoko gha waya yayi. Mafoni gha pa foni ghakukhala waka mu msumba wa Djibouti. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mafoni ghakukwana 23,000 na mafoni 312,000. Kampani ya SEA-ME-WE 3 yikugwira nchito ku Jeddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseille, Colombo, Singapore na kunyake. Malo gha pa caru gha ma telefoni gha Satellite ni 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) na 1 Arabsat. Medarabtel ni wupu uwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi. Radio Television of Djibouti ni wayilesi ya boma. Likuŵa na wayilesi ya pa charu chapasi pera, kweniso mawayilesi ghaŵiri gha pa AM 1, FM 2, na ghafupi. Boma ndilo likulongozga vyakupharazga. Mu tawuni iyi muli sinema ya Odeon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie theaters in Djibouti, Djibouti|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti|publisher=Cinema Treasures|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124154503/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 2012, pakaŵa makompyuta 215 agho ghakapelekanga mauthenga gha pa Intaneti. Mu 2015, ŵanthu pafupifupi 99,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. Malo ghapachanya gha pa Intaneti ni.dj. Manyuzipepara ghakuru agho ghakusindikizgika ni gha boma: La Nation, la Cifurenci, Djibouti Post, na Al-Qarn. Paliso wupu wa boma wakucemeka Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Mawebusayiti gha nkhani gha boma yayi ghali ku vyaru vinyake; nga ni La Voix de Djibouti, agho ghakufuma ku Belgium .<ref>{{cite web |title=Djibouti media guide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13231765 |website=BBC News |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=20 December 2022}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Djibouti}} [[File:Photo of Gulf Of Tadjoura.png|thumb|right|Arta Plage on the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]]]] Ulendo wa ku Djibouti ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene mu vya cuma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 80,000 pa caka ndiwo ŵakwiza, comenecomene ŵabali na ŵabwezi ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakurughakuru gha ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chikukwera, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti vizamu vileke kupelekeka para munthu wafika ku charu chinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwenda paŵekha, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakugulira maulendo agha ni zinandi chomene. Kufuma apo sitima ya ku Addis Ababa na Djibouti yikambiraso kugwira ntchito mu Janyuwale 2018, maulendo gha pa mtunda nagho ghakambiraso. Ku Djibouti kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakuzizwiska, Lake Abbe na Lake Assal. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/|title=Things to do in Djibouti|date=14 March 2018|website=onceinalifetimejourney|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174944/https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/|title=Ethiosport launch of the train to Djibouti|date=1 January 2018|website=ethiosports.com|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174951/http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Energy=== {{main|Energy in Djibouti}} Djibouti wali na magesi ghakukwana 126 MW kufuma ku mafuta na mafuta gha dizilo. Mu 2002, nkhongono ya magesi yikaŵa 232 GWh, ndipo kugwiliskira nchito magesi kukaŵa 216 GWh. Mu 2015, munthu yumoza pa chaka wakagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh); kweniso ŵanthu pafupifupi 45% ŵalije magesi, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba magesi mu charu ichi ntchikuru. Kufumiska magesi ghanandi kufuma ku Ethiopia, agho ghakukhorweska 65% ya ivyo Djibouti wakukhumbikwira, kungawovwira comene kuti charu ichi chiŵe na magesi ghakufumira ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵakukondwa comene na mizi iyi, pakuti ŵali na mizi 13. Mulimo wa kuzenga malo ghakupangira magesi (solar farms) ku Grand Bara uzamupeleka nkhongono ya 50 MW.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite news|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development|title=Diversification key to expansion of Djibouti's energy sector|date=16 March 2016|work=Oxford Business Group|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153131/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Djibouti|Djiboutian}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = A [[Somalis|Somali]] woman in nomadic attire | image2 = An Afar nomad.jpg | width2 = 150 | caption2 = An [[Afar people|Afar]] man in nomadic attire }} {{Historical populations |title=Historical population |align=left |shading=off |percentages = pagr |1950|62,001 |1955|69,589 |1960|83,636 |1965|114,963 |1970|159,659 |1977|277,750 |1980|358,960 |1985|425,613 |1990|590,398 |1995|630,388 |2000|717,584 |2005|784,256 |2010|850,146 |2015|869,099 |footnote = Source: World Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=djibouti+population&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUeLQz9U3MDLPytbSyk620s_JT04syczP0y8uAdLFJZnJiTnxRanpQCGrgvyC0hywbBejGRdcoxA5Gg3zzJLJ0miUnVxFikYA8z-VHuMAAAA|title=Djibouti Population|publisher=World Bank|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026150039/http://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=djibouti+population&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUeLQz9U3MDLPytbSyk620s_JT04syczP0y8uAdLFJZnJiTnxRanpQCGrgvyC0hywbBejGRdcoxA5Gg3zzJLJ0miUnVxFikYA8z-VHuMAAAA|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |estyear= 2018 |2018|884,017}} Mu charu cha Djibouti muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 921,804.{{UN_Population|ref}} Ni caru ca mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakura chomene mu hafu yaumaliro ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kufuma pa 69,589 mu 1955 kufika pa 869,099 mu 2015. Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Djibouti ni Ŵasomali (60%) na Ŵaafara (35%). Chigaŵa cha fuko la Somali chili na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Issa, awo ŵakulondezgapo ni Gadabuursi na Habar Awal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Somalia: Information on the Issa and the Issaq|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab2f60.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu 5% awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Djibouti mbanalume ŵa ku Yemen, Ŵaetiyopiya, na ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu 76% ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuliska viŵeto. Djibouti nayo wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ukuchemeka kuti "French Hong Kong mu Nyanja Yiswesi". Chifukwa chakuti Djibouti wali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Somalia, Yemen, na Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya Gulf na kumpoto kwa Africa. Djibouti yapokera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Yemen.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE|first=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM|date=1967|title=French Somaliland|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00825R000100050001-0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082205/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00825R000100050001-0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2017|journal=Intelligence Memorandum}}</ref> {| style="float:right; clear:right;" |{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption= Languages of Djibouti | other = yes | label1 = [[Somali language|Somali]] | value1 = 60 | color1 = Blue | label2 = [[Afar language|Afar]] | value2 = 35 | color2 = Green | label3 = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | value3 = 2 | color3 = Red }} |{{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Islam in Djibouti (Pew)<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims &#124; Pew Research Center |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2012-08-09 |access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> |title= |label1 = [[Sunnism]] |value1 = 87 |color1 = Green |label2 = [[Non-denominational Muslim]]s |value2 = 8 |color2 = Maroon |label3 = Other Muslim |value3 = 3 |color3 = DodgerBlue |label4 = [[Shiaism]] |value4 = 2 |color4 = Orange }} |} === Languages === {{main|Languages of Djibouti}} Djibouti ni caru ca viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisomali (ŵanthu 524,000) na Chiafar (ŵanthu 306,000). Viyowoyero ivi ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri ni vya mu mbumba yikuru ya viyowoyero vya Cushitic. ChiSomali cha kumpoto ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa mdziko muno komanso m'dera loyandikana nalo la Somaliland, mosiyana ndi ChiSomali cha Benadiri chomwe ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Somalia. Ku Djibouti kuli viyowoyero viŵiri: Ciarabu na Cifurenci. Ciarabu nchakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya cisopa. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu icho chikuyowoyeka mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 59,000 ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Ta'izzi-Adeni, icho chikuchemekaso Chiarabic cha ku Djibouti. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵakasambizgikiranga mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 17,000 ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ni Chiarabic cha ku Oman (ŵanthu 38,900), Chiamharic (ŵanthu 1,400), na Chigiriki (ŵanthu 1,000).<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web|title=Djibouti – Languages|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910001641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Religion === {{main|Islam in Djibouti|Christianity in Djibouti}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Djibouti Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 98% mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu (pa 2022 ŵanthu pafupifupi 891,000). Mu 2012, ŵanthu 94% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake 6% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Chisopa cha Ciislamu cikanjira mu cigaŵa ici mwaluŵiro comene, apo gulu la Ŵasilamu awo ŵakatambuzgikanga ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu mphinjika ya Africa cifukwa ca kuciskika na nchimi ya Ciislam, Muhammad. Mu 1900, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Ŵakolone, mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵavya Ŵakhristu, ndipo pakaŵa waka ŵalondezgi pafupifupi 100-300 awo ŵakafuma ku masukulu na nyumba za ŵalanda za ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika ku French Somaliland. Dango la Djibouti likuti chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa cha boma pera, kweniso likuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa vyose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka (Ndime 1) kweniso wanangwa wakusopa (Ndime 11).<ref name="English_constitution"/><ref name="constitution"/> Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵali na cisopa ca Cisilamu ŵali mu visopa vyakupambanapambana. Lipoti la 2008 la International Religious Freedom Report likuti, nangauli Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwelera ku chisopa chawo panji kutora panji kutengwa kwa munthu wa chisopa chinyake, kweni awo ŵakunjira chisopa ichi ŵakususkika na ŵabali ŵawo, mbumba zawo, panji ŵanthu wose. Diocese ya Djibouti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Katolika awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, awo ŵakukwana 7,000 mu 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cheney, David M.|title=Diocese of Djibouti|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddjib.html|publisher=Catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312034655/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddjib.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Largest cities === {{Largest cities | country = Djibouti | stat_ref = According to the 2009 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Djibouti: Regions, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Djibouti (city){{!}}Djibouti | div_1 = Djibouti Region{{!}}Djibouti | pop_1 = 475,322 | img_1 = Djibplamar.jpg | city_2 = Ali Sabieh | div_2 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_2 = 37,939 | img_2 = View of Ali Sabieh.JPG | city_3 = Dikhil | div_3 = Dikhil Region{{!}}Dikhil | pop_3 = 24,886 | img_3 = Place Bernard à Dikhil.JPG | city_4 = Tadjoura | div_4 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_4 = 14,820 | img_4 = Tagore.jpg | city_5 = Arta, Djibouti{{!}}Arta | div_5 = Arta Region{{!}}Arta | pop_5 = 13,260 | city_6 = Obock | div_6 = Obock Region{{!}}Obock | pop_6 = 11,706 | city_7 = Ali Adde | div_7 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_7 = 3,500 | city_8 = Holhol | div_8 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_8 = 3,000 | city_9 = Airolaf | div_9 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_9 = 1,023 | city_10 = Randa, Djibouti{{!}}Randa | div_10 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_10 = 1,023 }} === Health === {{main|Health in Djibouti}} [[File:Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de la Santé (ISSS)'s Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|upright|Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City]] Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose ŵakukhala vyaka pafupifupi 64.7. Ŵanakazi wose ŵakubaba ŵana 2.35 pa mwanakazi yumoza. Ku Djibouti kuli ŵadokotala pafupifupi 18 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2010, ku Djibouti, ŵana 100,000 ŵakufwa pa ŵanakazi 300. Pa ciŵelengero ici pakaŵa 461,6 mu 2008 na 606,5 mu 1990. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakufwa 95, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 37. Ku Djibouti, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, pali ŵabwezi 6 ndipo pa ŵanakazi 93 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa. Pafupifupi 93.1% ya ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kupika viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji kuti 'Female Circumcision'), nkharo iyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pambere ŵandatorane.<ref name="Rohayes">{{cite journal |author=Hayes, Rose Oldfield |year=1975|title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bodman">Bodman, Herbert L. and Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&pg=PA41 ''Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100413/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&pg=PA41 |date=5 September 2015}}. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. {{ISBN|1555875785}}.</ref> Nangauli dango likakanizga nthowa iyi mu 1994, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyigwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitenge ivi, ndipo chilato chake ntchakuti ŵaleke kuchita uzaghali.<ref name="Djiwfm">{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405|title=DJIBOUTI: Women fight mutilation|agency=IRIN|date=12 July 2005|access-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516075139/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405|archive-date=16 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Frayser">Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257 Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100634/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257 |date=5 September 2015}}, (Libraries Unlimited: 1995), p. 257 {{ISBN|1563081318}}.</ref> Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kukotoleka.<ref name="Ahuja">{{cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |title=Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis |author1=Eric Werker |author2=Amrita Ahuja |author3=Brian Wendell |work=NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference: Center for International Development at Harvard Un |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204255/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Education === {{main|Education in Djibouti}} Boma la Djibouti likuwona kuti kusambizga ŵanthu nkhwakuzirwa comene. Kwambira mu 2009, boma ili likupeleka ndalama 20.5% pa bajeti yake.<ref name="infodev.org">Hare, Harry (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20091216081516/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html ICT in Education in Djibouti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216081516/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html |date=16 December 2009}}, World Bank</ref> [[File:Djibwomglopul.jpeg|thumb|left|Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuchitako mulimo wa Global Pulse (2010)]] Pakwamba masambiro gha ku Djibouti ghakaŵa gha ŵana ŵachoko waka. Ntheura, masukulu agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgikanga makora chomene ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya ufumu wa France.<ref name="infodev.org"/> Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, boma la Djibouti likasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro ya caru cose na kwamba ndondomeko yikuru ya kucezga na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵasambizgi, ŵapapi, ŵimiliri ŵa wumba wa caru cose na mawupu gha boma yayi. Mu upharazgi uwu, ŵakalongosora vigaŵa ivyo vikukhumbikwira kuŵikapo mtima ndipo ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakovwira. Kufuma apo, boma likanozga pulani yakunozga vinthu kuti pa nyengo ya 2000-10, sukulu ziŵe zapachanya. Mu Ogasiti 2000, likapeleka dango lakuyowoya za ndondomeko ya masambiro ndipo likanozga ndondomeko ya umo vinthu viŵirenge mu vyaka vinkhondi. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakukhozga comene ndipo sono ghakusazgapo masambiro gha vyaka vinkhondi gha ku pulayimale na vyaka vinayi vya ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare nawo ŵakwenera kuŵa na chikalata chakulongora kuti ŵali kusambira dankha sukulu. Kweniso, dango liphya likapangiska kuti paŵe masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite.<ref name="infodev.org"/> Chifukwa cha Dango la Kupanga Mapulani gha Sukulu na ndondomeko ya kucitapo kanthu kwa nyengo yitali, vinthu vikwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa cose ca masambiro. Ŵana awo ŵakunjira sukulu, awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu, na awo ŵakulutilira kusambira, ŵakusazgikira comene, kweni ŵakupambana mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004 m'paka mu 2005 m'paka mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu za pulayimare chikakwera na 18.6%, ndipo cha ŵanyamata chikakwera na 8.0%. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵana ŵanakazi awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya sekondare ŵakakwera na 72.4% ndipo ŵana ŵanalume ŵakakwera na 52.2%. Pa sukulu ya sekondare, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga chikakwera pa 49.8% na 56.1% pa ŵasungwana. Boma la Djibouti laŵika mtima comene pa kupanga na kusazgirako vinthu vyakwendeskera masukulu na vinthu vyakovwira kusambizga, kusazgapo kuzenga masukulu ghaphya na kupeleka mabuku. Pa masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakuŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasambizge ŵana awo ŵali na maluso kweniso kuti ŵachinyamata awo ŵandafike ku sukulu ŵasambire ntchito. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Djibouti chikaŵa 70%. Mu charu ichi muli masukulu ghapachanya nga ni Yunivesite ya Djibouti. == Mwambo == {{Further|Culture of Djibouti}} [[File:Wood jar from Oue`a, Tadjoura, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Traditional wood-carved jar from [[Oued Ouea|Oue'a]] in the [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjourah]] region]] Kavwaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti kakulongora kuti malo agha ngakotcha chomene. Para ŵanalume ŵandavware malaya gha ku Western nga ni jeans na T-shirts, kanandi ŵakuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka macawiis. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuvwara munjilira utuŵa wakuchemeka tobe. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara dirak, ilo ni munjilira utali, wakupepuka, wakuvwara chigudulu chakuchita na thonje panji polyester. Ŵanakazi ŵakutengwa ŵakuvwara chigudulu (shash) ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa thupi lawo na chakuvwara chakuchemeka garbasaar. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa panji ŵawukirano nyengo zose ŵakubisa mutu yayi. Ŵanalume ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malaya gha ku Arabia nga ni jellabiya (jellabiyaad mu Chisomali) na jilbāb ya ŵanakazi. Pa viphikiro vinyake, ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara vitoweskero na vyakuvwara vyakutowa nga ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakuvwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Image of Djibouti women in head-dresses |url=http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg |publisher=discoverfrance.net |access-date=31 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614075753/http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi vya ku Djibouti vikusangika mu sumu. Mu nyumba za mu tawuni iyi muli visambizgo vinandi vya Cisilamu, Ottoman, na Cifurenci. ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Djibouti}} [[File:Oud - MIM PHX.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Sumu ya oud yikuzunulika comene mu sumu za ku Djibouti.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵali na sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Sumu zinandi za ku Somalia zikuŵa na sumu za pentatonic. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito tuvizingo tuchoko waka pa octave, mwakupambana na tuvizingo tuchokotuchoko (tuŵiri) nga ni major scale. Pakudanga kupulika, sumu za ku Somalia zingawoneka nga ni za ku vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni Ethiopia, Sudan panji Arabia, kweni paumaliro zikumanyikwa na sumu zake na masitayelo ghake. Sumu za ku Somalia kanandi zikulembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mazgu (midho), awo ŵakulemba sumu (laxan) na ŵakwimba (codka panji "mazgu"). Balwo ni sumu ya ku Somalia iyo yikuyowoya vya chitemwa ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene ku Djibouti.<ref>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia''. Greenwood Press. pp. 170–172. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref> Sumu za Afar zikuyana na sumu za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa nga ni Ethiopia. Mbiri ya Djibouti yili kulembeka mu sumu za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa mulomo ghakulongosoraso sumu. Pali mitundu yinandi ya sumu izi, kusazgapo sumu za ukwati, za nkhondo, za malumbo na kujithumbwa.<ref name="expedition">{{cite web |title=Djibouti – Culture Overview |url=http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227041820/http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |archive-date=27 February 2004 |access-date=28 September 2005 |work=Expedition Earth}} – ''Website no longer exists; link is to [[Internet Archive]]''</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Djibouti}} Charu cha Djibouti chili na mitheto ya sumu. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakulemba ni gabay, jiifto, geeraar, wiglo, 'buraanbur, beercade, afarey na guuraw. Sumu iyi njitali comene ndipo kanandi yikujumpha mizere 100. Para munthu muwukirano wakulemba ndime za mtundu uwu, wakuŵa wakukwana. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasunganga pamtima na kuŵazga (hafidayaal) ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu luso ili. Mu sumu zake muli nkhani zinandi, nga ni baroorodiiq (vyakuyowoya), amaan (kulumba), jacayl (kutemwana), guhaadin (kusesa), digasho (kusekelera) na guubaabo (kulongozga). Baroorodiiq yikupangika kuti yikumbukire nyifwa ya munthu wakumanyikwa.<ref name=Abdullahi75>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', Greenwood Press. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref> Ŵa Afar ŵakumanya makora mazgu ghakuti ginnili, agho ghakung'anamura mulongozgi wa nkhondo na wakuwukwa. Kweniso ŵali na sumu zinandi za nkhondo. Kweniso charu cha Djibouti chili na mabuku ghanandi gha Cisilamu. Mu mabuku ghanyake ghakumanyikwa chomene gha mdauko wa ŵanthu, muli buku lakuti Futuh Al-Habash la Shihāb al-Dīn, ilo likulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakathereskera charu cha Abyssinia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.<ref name="Shihab">{{cite book|author=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh |translator1=Paul Stenhouse |translator2=Richard Pankhurst|title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|page=77|isbn=9780972317269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104603/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵandyali na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵavinjeru ŵalembapo vya caru ici. ===Sport=== [[File:El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium]] in [[Djibouti City]]]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakutemwa comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa chiŵaro cha FIFA mu 1994, kweni chikachitako waka maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations kweniso FIFA World Cup mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Mu Novembala 2007, timu ya mpira ya Djibouti yikathereska timu ya chalo cha Somalia na 1?? 0 mu vigaŵa vya FIFA World Cup ya 2010, ndipo iyi yikaŵa nkhonyo yake yakwamba ya World Cup. Sonosono apa, wupu wa World Archery Federation wawovwira kukhazikiska wupu wa Djibouti Archery Federation, ndipo wupu wa Arta ukuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu kuwombera uta. ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Djiboutian cuisine}} [[File:Sambusadish.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A plate of ''[[samosa|sambusas]]'', a popular traditional snack]] Vyakurya vya ku Djibouti ni vyakurya vya ku Somalia, Afar, Yemen, na French, pamoza na vyakurya vinyake vya ku South Asia. Vyakurya vya ku malo agha vikunozgeka na vyakununkhira vinandi vya ku Middle East. Somba za ku Yemen izo ŵakuphika mu viŵiya vyakuchemeka tandoori ni zakunozgeka chomene. Vyakurya vyakunowa vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku Fah-fah panji "Soupe Djiboutienne" (supu yakunowa ya nyama ya ng'ombe) m'paka ku yetakelt wet (supu yakunowa ya vyakurya vyakunowa). Xalwo panji halva ni cakurya cakumanyikwa ico ŵanthu ŵakurya pa viphikiro nga ni Eid panji ukwati. Halva wakupangika na shuga, chiŵiya cha mbuto, makhadamoni, chiŵiya cha mtovu, na ghee. Nyengo zinyake ŵakusazgako phere kuti liŵe liwemi.<ref>Ali, Barlin (2007) ''Somali Cuisine''. AuthorHouse. p. 79. {{ISBN|9781425977061}}</ref> Para ŵanthu ŵarya, ŵakutemwa kununkhira na vyakununkhira (cuunsi) panji lubani. ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Djibouti-related articles]] * [[Outline of Djibouti]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} === Sources === * {{CIA World Factbook|year=2016}} * {{cite journal |title=Jibouti and Madagascar in the 1939–45 War |last=Ebsworth |first=W. A. |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |volume=98 |issue=592 |year=1953 |pages=564–68 |doi=10.1080/03071845309422199}} * {{cite thesis |first=Simon |last=Imbert-Vier |title=Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977) |type=PhD thesis |institution=[[University of Provence|Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I]] |year=2008 |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Djibouti|b=no|s=no|q=no}} ; Government *{{cite web |title=Site Officiel de la République de Djibouti |url=http://www.presidence.dj/ |publisher=Government of Djibouti |trans-title=Official website of the Republic of Djibouti|language=fr}} *{{cite web |title=Office National de Tourisme de Djibouti |url=http://www.visitdjibouti.dj/ |publisher=National Official of Tourism of Djibouti |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211915/http://visitdjibouti.dj/ |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=dead}} ; Profile *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti Djibouti]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13231761 Djibouti profile] from the [[BBC News]]. *{{GovPubs|djibouti}} *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Djibouti}} ; Others *[http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Djibouti_SoWMy_Profile.pdf The State of the World's Midwifery – Djibouti Country Profile] from [[UNFPA]] *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DJ Key Development Forecasts for Djibouti] from [[International Futures]]. *{{Wikiatlas|Djibouti}} *{{Britannica|id=166928}} {{Portalbar|Africa|Countries}} {{Djibouti topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Arabian Plate}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries and territories of the Middle East}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} {{African Union}} {{Arab League}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|11|30|N|43|00|E|type:country_region:DJ|display=title}} <!-- lowest per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - country subcat under regional parent categories --> [[Category:Djibouti| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1977 establishments in Djibouti]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Former French colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Gulf of Aden]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Somali is an official language]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1977]] hcqvchoeji8agdb60e5xgvtlj34ko37 0 6914 122525 122345 2026-09-28T00:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses}} {{distinguish|Ethopia (moth)}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Patronymic names||Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<!-- Please DO NOT enlarge the lede further by adding additional detail to it since it is already too long. Instead, add additional detail to the appropriate sub-section much further below! --> {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Etiyopiya | common_name = Ethiopia | native_name = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages |{{Infobox | subbox = yes | bodystyle = font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Amharic]]: | data1 = {{lang|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}<br />{{lang|am-Latn|Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]: | data3 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Somali language|Somali]]: | data4 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Wolaitta language|Wolayta]]: | data5 = {{lang|wal|Toophphiyaa Federaale Demokiraase Ripaablike}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: | data6 = {{lang|ti|ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ኢትዮጵያ}}<br />{{lang|ti-Latn| Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīki Ítiyop'iya}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Afar language|Afar]]: | data7 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federaalak Demokraatik Rippeblikih}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|am|ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ|bold=yes}}<br />({{Lang-en|"[[March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia]]"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Addis Ababa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Afar language|Afar]] <br /> [[Amharic]] <br /> [[Oromo language|Oromo]] <br /> [[Somali language|Somali]] <br /> [[Tigrinya]]<ref name="Ventures"/><ref name="Nazret"/><ref name="africanews.com">{{cite news |last1=Shaban |first1=Abdurahman |title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |agency=Africa News |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Regional language]]s'''}}<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web | url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html | title=Ethiopian Constitution}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 34.5% [[Oromo people|Oromo]] * 26.9% [[Amhara people|Amhara]] * 6.2% [[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] * 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]] * 4.0% [[Sidama people|Sidama]] * 2.5% [[Gurage people|Gurage]] * 2.3% [[Welayta people|Welayta]] * 1.7% [[Hadiya people|Hadiya]] * 1.7% [[Afar people|Afar]] * 1.5% [[Gamo people|Gamo]] * 12.6% [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]}} | languages_sub = yes | languages = {{Flatlist| * [[Harari language|Harari]] * [[Sidamo language|Sidama]] * [[Languages of Ethiopia]] <!-- includes only languages officially recognized by a region as the working language --> }} | languages2_type = Foreign languages | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=2007Census /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]] ** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] ** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]] ** 0.7% Other [[Christians|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |0.6% [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia- The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> | demonym = [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]] | government_type = [[Federal parliamentary republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf|title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abiy Ahmed]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]] | upper_house = [[House of Federation]] | lower_house = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Ethiopian Empire]] | established_date1 = 1270 | established_event2 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' | established_date2 = 7 May 1769 | established_event3 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Reunification]] | established_date3 = 11 February 1855 | established_event4 = [[Menelik II#Centralisation|Centralisation]] | established_date4 = 1904 | established_event5 = [[Italian Ethiopia|Occupied and annexed]] into [[Italian East Africa]] | established_date5 = 9 May 1936 | established_event6 = [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1942 | established_event7 = [[Derg]] | established_date7 = 12 September 1974 | established_event8 = [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia|Transitional government]] | established_date8 = 28 May 1991 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of Ethiopia|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 21 August 1995 | area_km2 = 1,104,300<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/> | area_rank = 26th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 426,371 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 116,462,712<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Ethiopia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 13th | population_census = 73,750,932<ref name=2007Census>{{cite web |title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2019 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2007 | population_density_km2 = 92.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $394 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 55th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,724<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $156 billion<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,475<ref name="IMFWEOET"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159th | Gini = 35.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI = 0.498 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 175th | currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]] | currency_code = ETB | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+251]] | cctld = [[.et]] }} '''Ethiopia''',{{efn|{{lang-am|ኢትዮጵያ|Ītyōṗṗyā}} {{IPA-am|i.tjo.p’ja|pron}}, {{lang-om|Itiyoophiyaa}}, {{lang-so|Itoobiya}}, {{lang-ti|ኢትዮጵያ|Ítiyop'iya}}, {{lang-aa|Itiyoppiya}}}} panji kuti '''Charu cha Etiyopiya''', panji kuti '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', chili ku mpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Eritrea, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Djibouti]], kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Somalia]], kumwera na [[Kenya]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[South Sudan]], kweniso kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Sudan]]. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na malo ghakukwana 1,100,000 square kilometres. Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 113.5 miliyoni, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 13 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi.<ref name="csa2">{{cite web |title=Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007–2037 |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052731/http://www.csa.gov.et/census-report/population-projections/category/368-population-projection-2007-2037?download=936:population-projection-2007-2037 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=www.csa.gov.et}}</ref>{{UN_Population|ref}}Msumba ukuru wa [[Addis Ababa]], uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[East African Rift]] iyo yikupatura charu ichi kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri.<ref name="CIA2">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakafuma mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Ethiopia ndipo ŵakaluta ku [[Near East]] na kunyake mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=David F. |title=The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-283-70872-2 |oclc=819506475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |date=16 February 2005 |title=Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news050214-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J.Z. |last2=Absher |first2=D.M. |last3=Tang |first3=H. |last4=Southwick |first4=A.M. |last5=Casto |first5=A.M. |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S. |last7=Cann |first7=H.M. |last8=Barsh |first8=G.S. |last9=Feldman |first9=M. |last10=Cavalli-Sforza |first10=L.L. |last11=Myers |first11=R.M. |year=2008 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-02-22_319_5866/page/1100 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–04 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |url-status=dead |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=21 February 2008 |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 March 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Afroasiatic. Mu 980 B.C.E., [[Ufumu wa D'mt]] ukathandazga ufumu wake pa charu cha [[Eritrea]] na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, apo Ufumu wa Aksum ukalutilira kulamulira charu ichi vyaka 900. Ufumu uwu ukazomera Chikhristu mu 330, ndipo Chisilamu chikafika mu 615.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbink |first=Jon |date=1998 |title=An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771876 |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1080/13696819808717830 |jstor=1771876 |hdl=1887/9486 |issn=1369-6815|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti msumba wa [[Aksum]] wabwangandulika mu 960, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa mu charu cha Etiyopiya. Ufumu wa Zagwe ukalamuliranga kumpoto na pakati m'paka apo ukawuskikira na Yekuno Amlak mu 1270, ndipo ukayambiska ufumu wa Ethiopia na ufumu wa [[Solomonic]]. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ufumu uwu ukakura chomene chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa vyawo na kulimbana na vigaŵa vinyake. Nkhondo ya Adal (1529-1543) ndiyo yikawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wakupambana. Themba [[Tewodros II]] likamalizga [[Zemene Mesafint]] mu 1855, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Etiyopiya wakolerane na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1878, Themba Menelik II likapoka vigaŵa vinandi vya charu cha Ethiopia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Ethiopia chikajivikilira ku ŵalwani awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo na charu cha Egypt na Italy. Mu 1935, boma la [[Fascist Italy]] likapoka charu cha Ethiopia na kuwunjika pamoza na vyaru vya [[Eritrea]] na [[Somaliland]]. Mu 1941, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Gulu la [[Derg]], ilo likawovwirika na Soviet Union, likamba kuwusa mu 1974 pamanyuma pa kuwuskapo Themba [[Haile Selassie]] na [[muwuso wa Solomoni]]. Pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Derg yikamara mu 1991, gulu la [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)]] likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakwambana kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo ndyali zilije mtende. Kufuma mu 2018, magulu gha vigaŵa na gha mafuko ghakapanga nkhondo zinandi mu Ethiopia.<ref name=BBC1120>{{Cite news|author=BBC Staff|date=3 November 2020|title=Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state|language=en|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakujumpha 80. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu. Boma ili ndilo likambiska Wupu wa United Nations, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 24, Gulu la Ŵambura Kujibatika, Gulu la Ŵamitundu 77, na Wupu wa Umoza wa ku Africa. Ku Addis Ababa ndiko kuli wupu wa African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa charu chose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene yayi, kweni nyengo zinyake chikucemeka kuti ni caru ico cikukura comene. Ndipouli, kuyana na ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska na fundo ya Human Development Index, caru ici nchikavu comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakavu, kweni ŵakuchindika yayi wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 49%. Ntchito za ulimi ndizo zikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Ethiopia, zomwe zikuyimira 36% ya GDP ya dzikolo kuyambira 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/455149/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20share%20of%20economic%20sectors,and%20the%20services%20sector%20contributed%20about%2036.81%20percent. |website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy. |url=https://lekreports.com/agriculture-in-ethiopia-data-shows-for-a-large-part-agriculture-still-retained-its-majority-share-of-the-economy/ |website=The Low Ethiopian Reports |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606083227/https://lekreports.com/agriculture-in-ethiopia-data-shows-for-a-large-part-agriculture-still-retained-its-majority-share-of-the-economy/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> ==Zina== {{see also|Aethiopia}} Zina la Chigiriki lakuti Αἰθιοπία (kufuma ku Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, "munthu wa ku Etiyopiya") ni lizgu ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti α??θω na ??ψ. Kuyana na buku la Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon, lizgu ili likung'anamulika kuti chisko chawotcheka mu zina, ndipo mu zina la chigaŵa, chisko chawotcheka. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Herodotus, wakazunuranga vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Pakuti Ŵagiriki ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakaŵa "ŵabulumembe", ŵakaŵagaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ŵa ku Africa na ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kufuma ku Turkey m'paka ku India.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.22–4.</ref> Zina la Chigiriki ili likalembeka mu Chiamharic kuti ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyō?? yā. Panyake lizgu lakuti Αἰθιοπία likafuma ku lizgu lakuti ዕጣን (ʿəṭan, lubani), ilo ku Etiyopiya likafuma. Mu malemba gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likaŵa zina la ku Nubia wakale. Mu malemba ghanyake gha mu Baibolo, zina lakuti Etiyopiya likusangikaso mu Mabaibolo ghanandi gha mu Baibolo. Malemba ghakale gha Cihebere ghakuyowoya kuti Nubia ni Kush. Ndipouli, mu Cipangano Ciphya, lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Aithiops likuzunulika, pakuyowoya za muteŵeti wa Kandake, fumukazi ya Kush. Pakulondezga mitheto ya Ŵagiriki na Baibolo, buku la Monumentum Adulitanum, ilo lili kulembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., likulongora kuti themba la Aksum likalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia na Sasu. Themba Ezana la ku Aksum likathereska Nubia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, lizgu lakuti Aἰθίοπες likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti Ḥbšt na Ḥbśt (Ḥabashat). Pamanyuma, zina liphya ili likang'anamulika kuti ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) mu Cisaba na Ḥabasha mu Cirabu. Mu buku la Ge'ez Book of Axum ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, zina ili likulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵa Ityopp'is. Iyo wakaŵa mwana wa Kushi, mwana wa Hamu, uyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ndiyo wakazenga msumba wa Axum. Mu Cingelezi, na kuwaro kwa Ethiopia, caru ici cikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Abyssinia. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti Habash.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schoff|first1=Wilfred Harvey|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean|date=1912|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|page=62|url=https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Ethiopia}} {{further|Ethiopian historiography}} === Mbili yakwambilia === {{Main article|Prehistoric Ethiopia}} [[File:Homo Sapiens Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' hominid skull]] Vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵasanga vyawovwira kuti charu cha Ethiopia na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga viŵe pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya vyamoyo. Munthu uyo wakukhala vyaka vinandi chomene uyo wasangika ku Ethiopia ni Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) wa vyaka 4.2 miliyoni. Wakaŵa Muzungu mu 1994. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene ni Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Mu 1974 Donald Johanson wakasanga chinyama ichi mu Dambo la Awash mu chigaŵa cha Afar. Zina lakuti Lucy likuyowoya za malo agho ŵakasangako vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyu wakaŵako vyaka 3.2 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml|title=Mother of man – 3.2&nbsp;million years ago|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Dinkinesh">{{cite book|title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins|last2=Wong|first2=Kate|date=2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-39640-2|pages=8–9|last1=Johanson|first1=Donald C.}}</ref><ref name="iho1">{{cite web|url=https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|title=Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story|date=15 June 2016|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312130802/https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano, awo ŵakuchemeka Homo sapiens, ŵambe kuŵako. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha ni ivyo vikakhalako vya Omo. Vinthu ivi vikazengeka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Omo. Kweniso ŵakasanga viwangwa vya munthu munyake wakuchemeka Homo sapiens idaltu mu dambo la Awash. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 160,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo vingaŵa kuti vikaŵa vyamoyo vya mtundu wa Homo sapiens, panji ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Vinthu vyakale vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikusangika pa malo gha Jebel Irhoud ku Morocco vikulongora kuti vikaŵako vyaka 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, apo vya Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) vya kumwera kwa Ethiopia ni viswaswa vyakale chomene vya Homo sapiens ivyo vikumanyikwa mu nyengo yasono (196 ± 5 ka). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakafuma ku kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa chifukwa chakuti mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo malibwe agho ghakaŵako vyaka 30,000 kumanyuma pa malo gha Fincha Habera mu mapiri gha Bale. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa nyanja mamita 3,469. Para munthu wali pachanya nthena, wakuŵa na nthenda ya hypoxia kweniso nyengo yiheni. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakalembeka mu magazini ya Science, wakulongora kuti malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakwamba pa malo ghose agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakasanga viwangwa vikuruvikuru vya vinyama, vyakuyegheramo malibwe vinandi, na vyoto vyakale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html|title=In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|date=8 August 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/|title=Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling|last=Katz|first=Brigit|website=Smithsonian|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/|title=The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=9 August 2019|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html|title=Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia|last=History|first=Charles Q. Choi 2019-08-09T12:59:10Z|website=livescience.com|date=9 August 2019|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167|title=This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains|last=Dvorsky|first=George|website=Gizmodo|date=9 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/|title=Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miehe|first1=Georg|last2=Opgenoorth|first2=Lars|last3=Zech|first3=Wolfgang|last4=Woldu|first4=Zerihun|last5=Vogelsang|first5=Ralf|last6=Veit|first6=Heinz|last7=Nemomissa|first7=Sileshi|last8=Negash|first8=Agazi|last9=Nauss|first9=Thomas|date=9 August 2019|title=Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2019-08-09_365_6453/page/583|journal=Science|language=en|volume=365|issue=6453|pages=583–587|doi=10.1126/science.aaw8942|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31395781|bibcode=2019Sci...365..583O|s2cid=199505803}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya malibwe (vinthu ivyo vikamanyikwanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens) vikawoneka mu 2013 pa malo gha Gademotta ku Ethiopia. Mu 2019, ku Aduma ŵakasangaso vilwero vinyake vya mu nyengo ya malibwe, ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 100,000 na 80,000 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mivi iyo ŵanthu ŵakuponya mikondo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e0216716|year=2018|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0216716|pmid=31071181|pmc=6508696|vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Antiquity=== {{Main|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}} [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Men from [[Land of Punt|Punt]] carrying Gifts, Tomb of [[Rekhmire]]. Punt being located in the Northern Ethiopian, Eritrean regions.]] [[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|[[Aksumite currency]] of the [[Axumite kings|Aksumite king]] called [[Endubis]], 227–35, at the [[British Museum]]. The inscriptions in [[Ancient Greek]] read "ΑΧΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King of Axum") and "ΕΝΔΥΒΙΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ" ("King Endubis"), the Greek language was the [[lingua franca]] by that time so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.]] {{multiple image | align left | total_width =280 | image1 = 'The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890, Art Gallery of New South Wales.jpg| image2 = Adulis.jpg |footer = [[King Solomon]] and the [[Queen Sheba]] are central figures in Ethiopian traditional history, as the central figures of forming the [[Solomonic dynasty]] and the Imperial line of Ethiopia (left) Ancient ruins in [[Adulis]] pertaining to Ethiopian and modern-day Eritrean civilization near the [[Red Sea]] thousands of years ago }} [[File:Contenitore di simulacro con rilievo e iscrizioni, V secolo ac ca. 06.jpg|thumb|An Axumite [[Stele|stela]]]] Mu 980 B.C.E., Dʿmt yikakhazikiskika mu Eritrea na Tigray mu Ethiopia ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo yikenda m'malo mwa Punt. Msumba uwu ukaŵa ku Yeha, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ndiwo ŵakambiska ŵanthu aŵa, nangauli kale ŵanandi ŵakatenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ndiwo ŵakambiska. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti Dʿmt ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Asia awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Cushitic na Semitic. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez, ico cikayowoyeka kale na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite ku Ethiopia, cikafuma ku Cibeya. Kale mu 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiSemiti ŵakakhalanga mu Ethiopia na Eritrea uko chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez chikakura. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵakamara mu vyaka 10 panji 100. Panyake yikaŵa malo gha malonda panji gha nkhondo agho ghakaŵa pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵa Dʿmt panji ŵa mu mtundu unyake. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Dʿmt wabwangandulika mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Ethiopia chikamba kulamulirika na maufumu ghachoko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., Ufumu wa Aksum ukaŵa mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Tigray na Eritrea. Buku linyake likuti msumba wakwamba wa ufumu uwu ukazengeka na Itiyopis, mwana wa Kush. Pamanyuma pake, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika mu Yemen, sirya linyake la Nyanja Yiswesi. Ntchimi ya ku Peresiya, Mani, yikazunura msumba wa Axum pamoza na ufumu wa Roma, Peresiya, na China, kuti ukaŵa umoza wa maufumu ghanayi ghakuru gha mu nyengo yake, mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matchalitchi gha ku Eguputo na Ethiopia ghakakolerananga. Pali ukaboni unyake wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakakolerananga na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Pafupifupi mu 316 C.E., Frumentius na munung'una wake Edesius ŵa ku Ture ŵakaluta na asibweni ŵawo ku Ethiopia. Apo ngaraŵa yikimilira pa dowoko la ku Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakoma wose padera pa ŵabali ŵaŵiri awo ŵakatolekera ku nyumba ya themba nga mbazga. Ŵakapika maudindo ghakuzirwa na fumu, ndipo ŵakang'anamuska ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba yake kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Frumentius wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa ku Aksum. Ndalama yinyake ya mu 324 C.E. yikulongora kuti charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa chachiŵiri kuzomera Chikhristu (panyuma pa Armenia mu 301). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakamanyanga makora umo charu cha Greece na Roma chikachitiranga vinthu, kweni ŵakamba kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Ufumu wa Roma pa msewu wa Silk Road.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/|access-date=20 December 2021|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref><ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |last1=The British Museum |last2=The CarAf Centre |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |website=BritishMuseum.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>[[File:South Arabian - Fragment of a Frieze with an Ibex and Oryxes - Walters 2138.jpg|thumb|A stela with an [[Nubian ibex|ibex]] and three [[Arabian oryx]], associated with [[Astar (god)|Astar]] (ዐስተር), Semetic god of the [[Venus in culture|Morning and Evening Star]], found at Axum]] ===Middle Ages=== {{Main|Ethiopia in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Kingdom of Axum blue.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] at its peak in the 6th century]] [[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|300x300px|14th century Islamic depiction of the [[Migration to Abyssinia|First Hijrah]]:The King of Aksum declines the [[Quraysh|Qurayshi]] request to send the Muslims back to Mecca]] Ufumu uwu ukachemekanga "Ethiopia" mu nyengo ya Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Ufumu wa Kush ukati wapokeka mu 330, ufumu wa Aksum ukafika paheni chomene pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Nyengo iyi yikadumulizgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Arabia, kusazgapo Ŵayuda ŵa Dhu Nuwas ŵa Ufumu wa Himyarite na Nkhondo za Ŵaperesiya. Mu 575, Ŵaaksumu ŵakazingilizga na kuwuskaso Sana'a pamanyuma pakuti Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa msumba uwu wakomeka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., Ŵasilamu Ŵachiarabu ŵakapoka msumba wa Adulis, ndipo chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kweniso vula izo zikalokwa pakati pa 730 na 760, ufumu uwu ukamba kuchepa nkhongono. Ufumu wa Aksum ukamara mu 960 C.E. apo Fumukazi Gudit yikathereska themba laumaliro la Aksum. Mu muwuso wa Gudit, uwo ukatora vyaka 40, wakakhumbanga kumazga Chikhristu (chisopa icho Themba Ezana la ufumu wa Axumite likazomera pakwamba) mwa kotcha matchalitchi na kukhomera ŵanthu awo ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo, ilo pa nyengo iyo likawonekanga nga ni chisopa cha boma. Gudit wakayezga kuchichizga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasinthe chisopa chawo ndipo wakaparanya vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Axumite. Chifukwa chakuti Gudit wakaparanya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakachimbilira kumwera kwa charu ichi na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Zagwe. Ufumu uwu ukawusikanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Agaw kwambira mu 912, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakayowoya kuti ukaŵa mu 1137 apo Mara Takla Haymanot wakathereska themba laumaliro la Ŵaaksumite, Dil Na'od, na kutora mwana wake msungwana. Ufumu wa Zagwe ndiwo ukawovwira kuti Chikhristu chiwelerepo, ndipo m'ma 1200 C.E., Chikhristu chikafika mu chigaŵa cha Shewan. Chithunzi cha Emperor Yekuno Amlak chomwe akuti chinalembedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1700 Muwuso wa Zagwe ukamara apo Yekuno Amlak, mwanalume wa ku Amhara, wakawukira Themba Yetbarak na kukhazikiska ufumu wa Ethiopia. Iyo wakazenga nyumba ya ufumu ya Solomoni iyo yikwenera kuti yikamba na Solomoni na Fumukazi ya ku Sheba. Kuyana na buku la mdauko la ku Ethiopia lakuti Kebra Nagast, ilo likang'anamulika mu Chigez mu 1321, zina lake likaŵa Bäynä Ləḥkəm (kufuma ku Chiarabic: ابن الحكيم, Ibn Al-Hakim, "Mwana wa Wavinjeru"). Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Etiyopiya wakayezga kukolerana na maufumu gha ku Europe. Kalata iyo Henry IV wa ku England wakalembera fumu ya ku Etiyopiya yilipo. Mu 1428, Yeshaq I wakatuma mathenga ghaŵiri kwa Alfonso V wa ku Aragon, uyo wakatuma mathenga ghake agho ghakatondeka kumalizga ulendo wakuwelera ku Aragon. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukolerana na Portugal mu 1508 mu nyengo ya Dawit II.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> ====Abyssinian–Adal War (1529–1543)==== {{main article|Ethiopian–Adal War}} [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|The Sultan of Adal (right) and his troops battling Emperor [[Yagbea-Sion]] and his men.]] Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ukayamba kuthandazgika kufuma kwa Amda Seyon I, uyo wakathereska ufumu wakwambilira wa Chisilamu mu chigaŵa ichi, Ifat Sultanate, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 pamanyuma pa kupoka Ufumu wa Damot mu 1317, ndipo Themba Zara Yaqob ndilo likathereska Masawa na Dahlak mu 1465. Ufumu wa Adal, uwo ukakhala pamanyuma pa Ifat, ukaŵako mu 1415 ndipo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Zelia, ku Somalia. Ŵana ŵa Adal, awo ŵakakhozgekanga na Ŵaturuki ŵa ku Ottoman, ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu ufumu wa Ethiopia mu 1529, ndipo ŵakamba nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia. Al-Ghazi wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya mu nkhondo ya ku Amba Sel mu 1531. Cristóvão da Gama wakawovwira comene pa nkhondo iyi, wakawovwira Ŵaetiyopiya na ŵasilikari 400 ku Massawa. Ivyo wakacita vikamovwira kuti wafwe pa nkhondo ya ku Wofla mu 1542. Mu 1543, ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Fumu Gelawdewos ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Adal pa Nkhondo ya Wayna Daga. Pamanyuma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya zina lake Azmach Calite, wakachimbizga Imam uyo wakapwetekeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakati ŵamanya kuti wafwa, ŵakafumapo mwaluŵiro. Mu 1559, Gelawdewos wakadumulika mutu pa Nkhondo ya Fatagar. Pakuzgora, Ras Hamalmal wa ku Abyssinia wakapoka msumba ukuru wa Harar na kukoma Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din. Nkhondo izi zikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵalute ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto mu ma 1500.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Abyssinian-Adal War — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/hwadal.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> ==== Oromo migrations (16th century) ==== {{main article|Oromo migrations}} Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakaluta ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵakati ŵafuma ku Guji na Borena Zone, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga. Pakwamba, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakizanga mwaluŵiro kuzakapoka viŵeto vinandi na vinthu vinyake na kuwelera kukwawo. Nthowa iyi yikalutilira m'paka pa gada wa Meslé. Abba Bahrey wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene mu nyengo ya Themba Dawit II (luba Melbah), apo ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Bale pambere ŵandanjire mu Ufumu wa Adal. Themba Sarsa Dengel likayezga kuti limare nkhondo ya kumwera, kweni likatondeka.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=287}} ==== Jesuit influence (1555–1632) ==== Kufuma mu ma 1700, charu cha Ethiopia chikamba kuyowoyeskana na charu cha Portugal, chomenechomene pa nkhani za chisopa. Kwambira mu 1555, ŵa Jesuit ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti Cikatolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma. Ŵakati ŵatondeka kanandi waka, mu 1603 ŵakatuma ŵamishonale ŵanandi, kusazgapo Pedro Paez, uyo wakaŵa Mujeremani. Paez wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu, kusazgapo Manoel de Almeida, Manoel Barradas, na Jerónimo Lobo, ŵakalemba nkhani zakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira. Ndipouli, buku lawo likamanyikwa yayi m'paka mu ma 1900, apo likalembeka. Mu 1622, Fumu Susenyos I yikati yaŵa themba, yikazomerezga kuti cisopa ca Katolika ciŵe cisopa ca boma mu Ethiopia. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox ŵakagaluka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita.<ref name="berndl2005">{{Cite book|last=Berndl|first=Klaus|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5|pages=333|language=en}}</ref> ===Gondarine period (1632–1769)=== {{Main article|Gondarine period}} Mu 1632, Fumu Fasilides yikamazga boma la Katolika na kuwezgerapo cisopa ca Orthodox Tewahedo. Muwuso wa Fasilides ukapangiska kuti ufumu wake ukhazikike ndipo mu 1636 wakasamuskira msumba ukuru ku Gondar. Wakacimbizga ŵa Jesuiti mwa kuwombora malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho na kuŵatuma ku Fremona. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya ufumu, Fasil Ghebbi. Kweniso wakazenga vipata vinkhondi na viŵiri vya malibwe pa mlonga wa Blue Nile. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Agaw awo ŵakakhalanga ku Lasta ŵakalutilira kugaluka. Fasilides wakaluta ku Lasta na kuwukira msumba uwu, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo iyi, nga umo wakalongosolera James Bruce wa ku Scotland. Pakati pa 1642 na 1647, Fasilides wakayezga kukolerana na Imam Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il wa ku Yemen kuti ŵadumbiskane za nthowa yakwendamo malonda mu tawuni ya Massawa iyo yikaŵa mu mawoko gha Ŵaotomu. Nkhongono na lumbiri lwa Gondar vikamara mu 1706 apo Iyasu I wakafwa cifukwa mafumu ghanandi ghakatemwanga umoyo wa usambazi kuluska vya ndyali. Iyasu II wakati wafwa mu 1755, Mfumukazi Mentewab wakiza na munung'una wake Ras Wolde Leul ku Gondar ndipo wakamuzgora Ras Bitwaded. Mu 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, uyo wakaŵa muwusi wa chigaŵa cha Tigray, wakapoka charu cha Gondar na kukoma Iyoas I mu 1769, uyo wakaŵa themba pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondar Period |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> ===Zemene Mesafint (1769–1889)=== {{Main|Zemene Mesafint}} Pakati pa 1769 na 1855, charu cha Etiyopiya chikaŵa mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ŵekha. Mafumu agha ghakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa nga ni Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras Wolde Selassie wa ku Tigray, kweniso ŵa fuko la Yejju Oromo la Wara Sheh, nga ni Ras Gugsa wa ku Yejju. Pambere Zemene Mesafint wandambe kuwusa, Themba Iyoas I likamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Oromo (Afaan Oromo). Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, kweni mu 1855 maufumu gha Amhara gha kumpoto kwa Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, na Shewa) ghakakolerana. Tewodros II wakambiska ndondomeko ya kukolerana, kuŵika vinthu pakatikati, na kuzenga boma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵamazaza ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza, ŵambeso kwendeska vinthu mu ufumu wawo, kweniso kuti paŵe ŵasilikari. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Ethiopia liŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Kweni Tewodros wakasuzgika na viwawa vinandi mu ufumu wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa kumpoto kwa charu cha Oromo, ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tigrayan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakizanga pafupi na Nyanja Yiswesi, ŵakapangiska kuti Tewodros II waleke nkhongono. Wakajikoma mu 1868 apo wakarwa nkhondo yaumaliro na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Abyssinia pa Nkhondo ya Magdala. Tewodros wakati wafwa, Tekle Giyorgis II wakapharazgika kuŵa themba kweni wakatimbika ku Zulawu (21 June 1871) na Adwa (11 July 1871). Mercha Kassai uyo wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵakamuphalira kuti ni Yohannes IV pa Janyuwale 21, 1872. Mu 1875 na 1876, ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman/Egypt, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe na America, ŵakanjira mu Abyssinia kaŵiri kose kweni pakwamba ŵakathereskeka. Pa ungano wa ku Boru Meda mu 1878, Yohannes wakapeleka dango lakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakwenera kuzomera Cikristu panji ŵakanizgikenge. Awo ŵakakana ŵakakomekanga nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda na katundu wawo na kuchimbilira ku Harar, Bale, Arsi, Jimma, na ku Sudan wuwo. Kufuma mu 1885 m'paka 1889, Ethiopia wakajibatika ku Nkhondo ya Mahdist iyo yikaŵa na Britain, Turkey, na Egypt kwimikana na boma la Sudan. Mu 1887, Menelik II, fumu ya Shewa, yikawukira Harar pamanyuma pa kutonda nkhondo ya Chelenqo. Pa Malichi 10, 1889, Yohannes IV wakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa Abdullah wa ku Sudan apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵake pa Nkhondo ya Gallabat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African historical biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark|last=Lipschutz|first= Mark|date=1986|publisher=University of California Press|others=Rasmussen, R. Kent|isbn=978-0-520-06611-3|edition=2nd ed., expanded and updated|location=Berkeley|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/1 1]|oclc=14069361}}</ref>[[File:Téwodros_II_-_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Tewodros II]] ({{reign|1855|1868}}) brought an end of ''Zemene Mesafint'']] ===From Menelik II to Adwa (1889–1913)=== {{main article|First Italo-Ethiopian War|Menelik's Expansions}} [[File:Menelik campaign map 1 3.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The conquests of Emperor [[Yohannes IV]], ''[[Negus]]'' [[Menelik II|Menelik]] and general [[Ras Alula]] in 1879–1889]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chikamba kuwusa mu nyengo ya Menelik II, uyo wakaŵa themba kufuma mu 1889 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 1913. Kufuma ku malo ghake mu chigaŵa cha Shewa, Menelik wakamba kupoka vigaŵa vya kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kukakhalanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Wakacita nthena na wovwiri wa gulu la Shewan Oromo la Ras Gobana Dacche, ilo likapoka malo agho ghakaŵavya kufuma pa nkhondo ya Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, kweniso malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵavya muwuso wa Ethiopia. Pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo, ŵakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakakomeka. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Dizi na ŵa mu Ufumu wa Kaffa ŵakaŵachitira nkhaza zinandi. Menelik wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo awo ŵakakhalanga kuwaro kwa ŵasilikari ŵake chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa mtundu uwu kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu muwuso uwu mukaŵa muwuso wa fuko la Yejju, uwo ukaŵa na Aligaz wa ku Yejju na mukuru wake Ali I wa ku Yejju. Ŵakazenga tawuni ya Debre Tabor mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, iyo yikazgoka msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Menelik II wakaŵa mwana wa Haile Melekot, Negus wa ku Shewa, na Ejegayehu Lema Adeyamo, muteŵeti wa nyumba yacifumu. Wakababikira ku Angolala mu chigaŵa cha Oromo ndipo wakakhala vyaka 12 na Shewan Oromos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Menelik, mulimo wa kuzenga misewu, magesi, na masambiro ukalutilira kukura, ndipo boma likambiska msonkho. Msumba wa Finfinne ukazengekaso ndipo ukachemeka Addis Ababa; mu 1889-1891 ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia.[[File:Menelik II in coronation garb, Emperor of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Menelik II in Coronation Garms and Tunic after the battle of Adwa]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamususkanga, kweni Menelik II wakaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Mu Meyi 1889, wakalembeska phangano la wuchale na Italy. Phangano ili likayowoya kuti charu cha Italy chizomerezge kuti Ethiopia ndiyo yili na mazaza pa charu chose. Pakuwezgera, caru ca Italy cikeneranga kumupa vilwero Menelik na kumovwira pakuŵa fumu. Ŵaitaliya ŵakagwiliskira nchito nyengo iyo yikajumphapo kufuma apo phangano ili likalembekera m'paka apo boma la Italy likakolerana nalo. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikamara pa Nkhondo ya ku Adwa pa 1 Malichi 1896, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereskeka na Ŵaetiyopiya. Mu 1896, pakalembeka phangano la Addis Ababa, ilo likasintha phangano la Wuchale. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakafwa na njara yikuru ya ku Ethiopia (1888-1892).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 21 December 1987.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95| title = The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1966-04_21_2/page/95| journal = Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences| issue = 2| pages = 95–124| year = 1966| last1 = Pankhurst | first1 = R. | volume = 21| pmid = 5326887}}</ref> ===Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)=== {{Main|Haile Selassie|Modernization under Haile Selassie}} [[File:Addis Ababa-8e00855u.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at his study in [[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace]] (1942)]] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Themba Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) ndilo likawusa. Haile Selassie I wakababika na ŵapapi awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vitatu vya ku Ethiopia. Wakafika pa mazaza pamanyuma pakuti Lij Iyasu wakathereskeka, ndipo wakambiska kampeni ya kusinthiska vinthu mu charu chose kufuma mu 1916 apo wakapika udindo wa Ras and Regent (Inderase) kwa Empress Regnant Zewditu, ndipo wakazgoka muwusi wa Ufumu wa Ethiopia. Zewditu wakati wafwa, pa Novembala 2, 1930, iyo wakaŵa themba. Mu 1931, Haile Selassie wakapeleka dango lakwamba ku Ethiopia ilo likayananga na dango la ku Japan ilo likaŵako mu 1890.<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp 23–34.</ref> ====Fascist Italy occupation (1936–1941)==== {{main article|Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian Ethiopia|Italian East Africa|Arbegnoch|Black Lions}} [[File:Abyssinian-soldiers-1936-142348340618.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian cavalry during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] in 1936]] Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikananga wanangwa wa Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo caru ca Italy cikapokelereka na ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist mu Okutobala 1935, ndipo pamanyuma pake caru ca Italy cikamba kuwusa caru ici (1936-1941), pamanyuma pakuti Italy yikatonda nkhondo iyi. Pa nyengo iyi, Haile Selassie wakaluta ku caru cinyake ndipo wakapempha wupu wa League of Nations mu 1935, ndipo wakayowoya nkhani iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe wakumanyikwa pa caru cose. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku mizi, Italy wakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵakususka na kuŵawukira mu misumba. Haile Selassie wakacimbilira ku Fairfield House, ku Bath, England. Mussolini wakamanya kuphalira ufumu wa Italy kuti ni Etiyopiya, ndipo Themba la Italy, Vittorio Emanuele III, likamba kulamulira ufumu uwu. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakakomeka ku Yekatit 12, ndipo pakati pa ŵanthu 1,400 na 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakomeka cifukwa cakuti ŵakayezga kukoma Rodolfo Graziani, muwusi wa ku Italy ku East Africa. Ŵataliyana ŵakagwiliskira nchito vilwero vyakofya vya makemikali pakunjira mu Ethiopia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya mabomba mu caru cose ca Ethiopia agho ghakaŵanga na mphepo yakucemeka mustard gas, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵaleke nkhongono. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakaponya pasi matani pafupifupi 300 gha gasi kweniso futi zinandi. Kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivi kukaŵa kwananga kukuru comene. Ŵa Italiya ŵakaŵika ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vya ku Ethiopia apo ŵakalamuliranga charu ichi. Ŵakapanga msewu wakucemeka "msewu wa ufumu" pakati pa Addis Ababa na Massaua. Ŵakazengaso misewu ya njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 900, ŵakazenga madamu na magesi, kweniso ŵakazenga makampani ghanandi gha boma na ghapadera. Boma la Italy likawuskapo wuzga, uwo ukaŵako kwa vyaka vinandi. Pamanyuma pakuti Italy wanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Britain pamoza na Arbegnoch ŵakathaska Ethiopia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa mu 1941. Nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Italy yikalutilira mpaka mu 1943. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ivi vikalondezgana na kuzomerezgeka kwa ufumu wa Britain kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiŵe na mazaza ghose, kwambura wanangwa wa Britain, apo phangano la Anglo-Ethiopia likasazgikira mu Disembala 1944, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain kwa vyaka vinandi. Kuyana na phangano la mtende ilo likaŵako mu 1947, Italy yikazomera mazaza gha Ethiopia. Pa Ogasiti 26, 1942, Haile Selassie wakafumiska dango ilo likawuskapo ŵazga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa ŵazga pakati pa 2 na 4 miliyoni.{{sfn|Campbell|Miers|Miller|2007|p=219}} ====Post-World War II (1941–1974)==== {{main article|1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}} Mu 1952, Haile Selassie wakapangiska kuti charu cha Eritrea chiŵe pamoza. Mu 1962, wakawuskapo boma ili na kunjizga charu cha Eritrea. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 280 | image1 = General-Mengistu-Neway-1919-1961.jpg | image2 = Germame Neway.jpg | footer = General [[Mengistu Neway|Mengistu]] (left) and [[Germame Neway]] (right) were the two perpetrators of the failed [[1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt|1960 coup d'état attempt]] against Emperor Haile Selassie | footer_align = center }} Haile Selassie wakaŵa pafupi kuwuskika pa udindo mu 1960 mu chiŵembu cha gulu lakususkana ilo likalongozgekanga na ŵabali Germame na Mengistu Neway apo Selassie wakaŵa pa ulendo wa boma ku Brazil. Pa Ciŵiri mise, pa Disembala 13, gulu linyake likapusika ŵalaŵiliri ŵa Ufumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa kuti ŵanjire mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, nkhondo yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain (Kebur Zebegna) na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Tsege na Koloneli Warqenah. Apo nkhondo iyi yikambanga, Germame na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakoma ŵanthu 15 awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya Genetta Leul. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Ras Abebe Aregai, Makonnen Habte-Wolde na Major General Mulugeta.<ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'', p. 255</ref> [[File:Elizabeth II and Haile Selassie.jpg|thumb|left|London, England [[Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seated with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1954 while on an official state visit]] Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, Mubali Tsege wakakomeka, Col. Warqenah wakajikoma, ndipo ŵabali Mengistu na Germame Neway ŵakaŵa pafupi na Mojo pa Disembala 24. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakofya comene kwa Haile Selassie m'paka apo kukacitikira Nkhondo ya ku Ethiopia mu 1974. Mu 1963, Haile Selassie wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska wupu wakuchemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakasuska Haile Selassie cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta ilo likacitika pa caru cose mu 1973. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta ukapangiska kuti ŵadokotala na ŵasambizgi ŵambe kunjira mu sitiroko pa Febuluwale 18, 1974, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito mu Addis Ababa ŵakamba kulongora kuti ŵakususka boma pa Febuluwale 20, 1974. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe njara ya vyakurya, kusuzgika pa nkhani ya muwuso, nkhondo za pa mphaka, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na vinthu ivyo vikachitika. Boma la Aklilu Habte-Wold likathereskeka, ndipo boma liphya likapangika ndipo Endelkachew Makonnen wakaŵa nduna yikuru.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 21.</ref> ===The Derg era (1974–1991)=== {{see also|Ethiopian Revolution|Derg|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Civil War|Eritrean War of Independence|1983–85 famine in Ethiopia}} [[File:EPRP.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) clashed with the [[Derg]] during the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]]]] Ufumu wa Haile Selassie ukamara pa Seputembala 12, 1974, apo wakathereskeka na Derg, komiti ya ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi iyo yikalongozgekanga na Aman Andom. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakwambilira 60 kusazgapo Aman mu Novembala 1974, wupu uphya wa Provisional Military Administrative Council uwo sono ukulongozgeka na Jenerale Tafari Benti ukalekeska muwuso wa ufumu mu Malichi 1975 ndipo ukakhazikiska Ethiopia kuŵa boma la Marxist-Leninist ilo likaŵa chipani chakulongozga mu boma la nyengo yeneyiyo. Kuwuskapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari, kusazgirako luso lwa kuŵazga na kulemba, kuzengaso charu, na kunozga malo ghanandi, kusazgapo kusamukira ku malo ghanyake na kuzgoka mizi kufuma ku vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Ethiopia, ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa mukati uko kukapangiska kuti Tafari Benti uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamukhozganga ŵakomeke mu Febuluwale 1977, kweniso Atnafu Abate uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi mu Novembala 1977, Mengistu Halie Mariam ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Derg likawuskapo ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukaŵa chilangalanga, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu 1977, Somalia, iyo pakwamba yikapokeranga wovwiri na vilwero kufuma ku USSR, yikawukira Ethiopia mu Nkhondo ya Ogaden, na kupoka cigaŵa ca Ogaden. Ethiopia wakaweleramo mu caru ici pamanyuma pakuti wambira kupokera wovwiri ukuru wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku vyaru vya Soviet Union, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany, na North Korea. Pa ŵasilikari aŵa pakaŵa ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵa ku Cuba.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact|url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oberdorfer|first=Don|date=March 1978|title=The Superpowers and the Ogaden War|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/}}</ref>[[File:Derg.gif|thumb|left|Mulongozgi wa Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam (kumazere) pamoza na ŵa Derg ŵanyake Tafari Benti (pakati) na Atnafu Abate (kumalyero). Mengistu wakakomeka ku Ethiopia cifukwa ca milandu iyo wakacita mu nyengo ya boma lake, iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 500,000; wakakhala mu caru ca Zimbabwe mu 2018.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|date=22 December 1999|title=US admits helping Mengistu escape|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm|access-date=13 December 2017|website=BBC}}</ref>]] Mu 1976-78, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 500,000 ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca wofipa, kampeni ya nkhaza ya Derg kwimikana na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakususka, comenecomene Marxist-Leninist Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP). Chitenthe ciŵisi cikacitika cifukwa ca ivyo Derg wakacema kuti 'Citenthe Cituŵa,' cinthu ico cikaŵa na nkhaza zinandi, kukoma ŵanthu, na kukoma ŵanthu. Mu 1987, Derg wakajilekeska yekha na kukhazikiska People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska Constitution ya 1987 ya Ethiopia yakuyana na Constitution ya 1977 ya Soviet Union na malango ghakusintha. Njara iyo yikacitika mu Ethiopia mu 1983-85 yikasuzga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa Eritrea na Tigray. Gulu la Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) likasazgikana na magulu ghanyake ghakwimikana na boma mu 1989, ndipo likapangiska gulu lakuchemeka Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mu nyengo ya Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Union yikamba kuwelera nyuma kufuma ku kuzenga cikomyunizimu ca pa caru cose kuya ku visambizgo vya glasnost na perestroika, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wovwiri wa vyaru vya Socialist Bloc ku Ethiopia ukhale ucoko comene. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghanyake gha vya cuma ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵathere cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku mpoto ŵakamba kuwukira. Kuwa kwa Marxism-Leninism mu vyaru vinyake, ndiposo ku Eastern Europe mu nyengo ya kusintha kwa vinthu mu 1989, kukakolerana na umo Soviet Union yikamazgira wovwiri ku Ethiopia mu 1990. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵamuteŵetere, Mengistu wakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu caru na kumazga muwuso wa chipani cimoza. Kweni pakaŵa kuti pajumpha nyengo kuti boma lake lipone. Mu Meyi 1991, ŵasilikari ŵa EPRDF ŵakaluta ku Addis Ababa, ndipo Soviet Union yikatondeka kuponoska boma. Mengistu wakacimbira mu caru ici ndipo wakapika wanangwa wa kuwelera ku Zimbabwe, uko wachali kukhala. Mu 2006, Khoti Likuru la ku Addis Ababa, ku Ethiopia, likati lazenga mulandu uwu vyaka 12, likasanga Mengistu na mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma lake nawo ŵakasangika na mulandu wa nkhondo. Mengistu na ŵanji awo ŵakacimbira mu caru ŵakeruzgika na kweruzgika kwambura kuŵapo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa boma ŵakapika cilango ca nyifwa, ndipo ŵanji ŵanandi ŵakakhala mu jere vilimika 20 pambere ŵandagowokereke cilango ca umoyo wawo wose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2006|title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61569.htm|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2006|title=Mengistu Haile Mariam|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232516/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/mengistu-haile-mariam/|archive-date=22 October 2018|access-date=22 October 2018|website=Trial International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2018|title=Eshetu Alemu|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/eshetu-alemu/|website=Trial International|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232452/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/eshetu-alemu/|archive-date=22 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alemu Aneme|first=Girmachew|date=2001|title=Apology and trials: The case of the Red Terror trials in Ethiopia|url=http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/aneme-g-a|website=African Human Rights Law Journal}}</ref> ===<span id="AnchorFederal">Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)</span>=== {{main article|Ethiopia under federal republic}} {{See also|Eritrean independence referendum, 1993}} Mu Julayi 1991, EPRDF yikacemera ungano wa vyaru vyose kuti uŵike boma lakwendera lumoza la Ethiopia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu 87. Mu Juni 1992, gulu la Oromo Liberation Front likafumamo mu boma; mu Malichi 1993, ŵanthu ŵa Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition nawo ŵakafumamo mu boma. Mu Epulero 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Ethiopia. Mu 1994, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likapangiska kuti paŵe nyumba za malango ziŵiri na makhoti.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web|title=Article 5|url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf|access-date=2 July 2015|work=Ethiopian Constitution|publisher=WIPO}}</ref>[[File:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|Former Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] at the 2012 [[World Economic Forum]] annual meeting]] Chisankho chakwamba cha vyaru vinandi chikachitika mu Meyi 1995, ndipo chipani cha EPRDF ndicho chikapambana. Mulongozgi wa boma la nyengo yachilendo, Meles Zenawi, ndiyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya boma la Ethiopia, ndipo Negasso Gidada ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu Dango la ku Ethiopia ilo likapelekeka mu 1995, EPRDF yikapokelera waka yayi layizgo la Soviet la Derg lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 80 ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusama. Mu nthowa iyi, mtundu wa Ethiopia ukaŵa na boma ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vya ŵanthu. Mu Meyi 1998, pa mphindano iyo yikaŵa pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia, pakawuka Nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Juni 2000. Ici cikakhwaska comene cuma ca Ethiopia, kweni cikakhozga muwuso wa boma. Chisankho chachitatu cha chipani cha Ethiopia pa 15 Meyi 2005 chikaŵa chakususkana chomene, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakati pakaŵa upusikizgi. Nangauli wupu wa Carter Center ukazomerezga ivyo vikachitika pambere maungano ghandambe, kweni ukakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma pa maungano. Awo ŵakulaŵilira ivyo vikuchitika pa mavoti mu vyaru vya Europe ŵakayowoya kuti boma likovwira pa kampeni ya EPRDF, kweniso kuti pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika mwambura kwenelera pakuŵerenga mavoti na kufumiska mavoti. Maphwando a chipani chakususkana nagho ghakasanga vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 200 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, pakuyaniska na vithuzithuzi 12 pera mu 2000 apo pakaŵa mavoti. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakakana kukhala mu nyumba ya malango, kweni ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kususka vivulupi ivyo vikacitika. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukaŵawona kuti ni "ŵakayidi ŵa njuŵi" ndipo pamasinda ŵakaŵafumiska. Wupu wakukolerana wa vyaru vyakususka boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ukapangika mu 2009 kuti ufumiske boma la EPRDF mu mavoti gha 2010. Chipani cha Meles, icho chili na mazaza kwambira mu 1991, chikapharazga manifesto yake ya mapeji 65 mu Addis Ababa pa 10 Okutobala 2009. Chipani chakususka chikapokera mavoti ghanandi mu Addis Ababa, kweni EPRDF yikayimiska kupenda mavoti kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Pamanyuma pake, likapoka mazaza pa maungano agha, uku likuyuzgika na milandu ya upusikizgi. Mu 2011, mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga chikuru chomene mu vyaka 60. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi chifukwa cha chilangalanga m'paka mu 2012, ndipo boma la Japan likagwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web|title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>[[File:Deputy Secretary of Defense Ashton B. Carter, left, is greeted by Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn at his office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 24, 2013 130724-M-EV637-339.jpg|thumb|Former Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] meeting with former US Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Ash Carter]] in Addis Ababa.]] Meles wakafwa pa 20 August 2012 ku Brussels, uko wakalerekanga nthenda yambura kumanyikwa. Mubali Hailemariam Desalegn, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru m'paka pa chisankho cha mu 2015, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likachita. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, kugaŵira makora usambazi uwo ukasangika chifukwa cha kukura kwa chuma kwa vyaka 10, kweniso kuti chigaŵa cha Wolqayt chiwelere ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakofya chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kufuma apo boma la Ethiopia likakoma ŵanthu 75 pa nyengo ya viphikiro mu chigaŵa cha Oromia mu Novembala na Disembala 2015. Pa 6 Okutobala, 2016, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Mu Ogasiti 2017, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya. Pa 16 February, 2018, boma la Ethiopia likapharazga nyengo ya suzgo ya myezi sikisi pa charu chose pamanyuma pa kufumiska nduna yikuru Hailemariam Desalegn. Hailemariam ni fumu yakwamba mu mbiri ya Ethiopia ya mazuŵa ghano kufumapo; ŵalongozgi ŵakwambilira ŵali kufwa panji kuwuskika. Iyo wakati wakukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. ===Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party (2018–present)=== {{Anchor|Government reforms (2018–present)}} {{see also|Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present){{!}}Ethiopian civil conflict|Tigray War}} [[File:Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo 2019.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] receiving the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in Oslo in 2019]] Nduna yikuru yiphya yikaŵa Abiy Ahmed, uyo wakaluta ku Eritrea mu 2018, ndipo wakamalizga nkhondo pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhondo ya vyaka 20 pakati pa Ethiopia na Eritrea, Abiy Ahmed wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende mu 2019. Pamanyuma pa kuwusa mu Epulero 2018, Abiy, wa vyaka 46, wakafwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali, wakalayizga kuti mu 2019 paŵenge mavoti ghakwenelera ndipo wakapharazga vyakusintha pa vyachuma. Pa 6 June 2019, mawebusayiti ghose agho ghakaŵa kuti ghakaŵa pasi pa censure ghakazgoreka, ndipo ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali ŵakujumpha 13,000 ŵakafwatulika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abiy's Ethiopia pardons 13,000 accused of treason or terrorism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-politics-idUSKCN1PG1IZ |work=Reuters |date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ooni.torproject.org/post/ethiopia-unblocking/|title=OONI – Ethiopia: Verifying the unblocking of websites|website=ooni.torproject.org|date=29 June 2018|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|title=Ethiopia prison administration fires 103 individuals – New Business Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113175528/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-prison-administration-fires-103-individuals/|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cyberethiopia.com/2013/?p=2012|title=Reflections on the Rule of Law and Ethiopia's Transition to Democratic Rule (Part I)|date=12 January 2019|website=Cyber Ethiopia|language=en-US|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Nkhondo ya mitundu yikasazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali. Pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa mtundu wa Oromo, uwo ni fuko likuru chomene mu charu ichi, na fuko la Somalia. Kuyambira mu 2019, mu nkhondo ya Metekel, nkhondo mu chigawo cha Metekel cha chigawo cha Benishangul-Gumuz ku Ethiopia zikunenedwa kuti zikuphatikizapo zigawenga kuchokera ku anthu a Gumuz motsutsana ndi Amhara ndi Agaws. Mu Malichi 2020, mulongozgi wa gulu la Amhara lakuchemeka Fano, Solomon Atanaw, wakayowoya kuti ŵafumengepo yayi vilwero m'paka apo chigaŵa cha Metekel na vigaŵa vya Welkait na Raya mu chigaŵa cha Tigray viwelerenge ku chigaŵa cha Amhara. Mu mwezi wa Seputembala 2018, ŵanthu 23 ŵakakomeka pa nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu chigaŵa cha Oromia kufupi na Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa Ethiopia. Ŵanthu 35 ŵakakomeka pamanyuma mu Addis Ababa na mu chigaŵa chakuzingilizga cha Oromia pa nyengo ya viwawa ivyo ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa nkhaza izi. Ŵanyake ŵakakomeka na ŵapolisi..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html|title=Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 September 2018|access-date=27 April 2019|last1=Ahmed|first1=Hadra|last2=Goldstein|first2=Joseph}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia overall conflcit map 2020s.png|left|thumb|Map illustrating the [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Ethiopian civil conflict]] as of 2022; included are [[2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia|al-Shabaab attacks]], the [[Tigray War]] zone, and the redeployment of federal troops from the southeast to the north. ]] Pa 22 June 2019, magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa chigaŵa ichi ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu nyengo iyi, pulezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Amhara, Ambachew Mekonnen, wakakomeka. Mulinda wa boma uyo wakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma wakakoma Jenerale Se'are Mekonnen   Mukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force    kweniso movwiri wake, Major General Gizae Aberra. Ofesi ya Prime Minister yikaphalira Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, mulongozgi wa mawupu ghakuvikilira chigaŵa cha Amhara, kuti ndiyo wakalongozganga chiŵembu ichi, ndipo Tsige wakakomeka na ŵapolisi kufupi na Bahir Dar pa 24 June. Gulu la Fano ni gulu la ŵawukirano la Amhara mu Ethiopia, ilo likuwoneka nga ni gulu lakususka panji gulu la ŵasilikari. Mgwirizano pakati pa Fano na Qeerroo, mtundu wawo wa Oromo, ukagwira ntchito yayikulu pakubweretsa kusintha kwa ndale ndi kayendetsedwe kogwirizana ndi utsogoleri wa Abiy Ahmed. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Tigray, Fano wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵa chigaŵa kukarwa na ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Tigray People's Liberation Front panji TPLF. Mabungwe a Fano akuimbidwa mlandu wogwira nawo ntchito yakupha anthu, kuphatikiza 58 ya anthu a Qemant ku Metemma pa 10-11 Januware 2019, komanso zochita zankhondo ku Humera mu Novembala 2020.<ref>{{cite news | last1= Akinwotu | first1= Emmanuel | title= 'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees | date= 2 December 2020 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20201202185821/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/02/tigray-war-refugees-ethiopia-sudan |archive-date= 2 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Civil War (2020-present).svg|thumb|Territorial control as of March 2023:<br />{{resize|85%|(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see [[Template:Ethiopian wars and insurgencies detailed map|here]])}}.<br /> '''Pro-federal government troops'''{{leftlegend|#fcadad|[[Government of Ethiopia|Ethiopian federal government]] and regional allies}} '''Anti-federal government rebels''' {{leftlegend|#ffff44|[[Oromo Liberation Army]]}}]] Chiwonetsero cha chionetsero chinabuka ku Ethiopia pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa woimba wa Oromo Hachalu Hundessa pa 29 June 2020, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu osachepera 239 aphedwe. Boma la feduro, pasi pa chipani cha Prosperity Party, likapempha kuti National Election Board ya Ethiopia yisinthe mavoti gha 2020 chifukwa cha umoyo na chivikiliro chifukwa cha COVID-19. Pa nyengo iyi pakaŵavya deti ilo likayowoyekerathu kuti mavoti ghaŵengepo, kweni boma likati para katemera wa COVID-19 wafika, mavoti ghaŵengepo. Chipani cha Tigrayan, cha TPLF, chikakanira kuti mavoti ghalekeske ndipo, apo pempho lawo ku boma la federal kuti mavoti ghachitike likakanika, TPLF yikalutizga mavoti pa 9 September 2020. Ŵakacitanga vinthu pamoza na magulu ghakwimikana na boma mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo ŵakaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ŵakavota. Ubwezi pakati pa boma la federal na boma la chigaŵa cha Tigray ukasuzga chomene pamanyuma pa chisankho, ndipo pa 4 November 2020, Abiy wakayamba nkhondo ya nkhondo mu chigaŵa cha Tigray pakuzgora ku vilwero vya ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachimbire ku Sudan na kwamba nkhondo ya Tigray. Pa Novembala 9, 2020, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Mai Kadra. Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia. Kufika mu Malichi 2022, ŵanthu 500,000 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi na njara mu Nkhondo ya Tigray, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti chiŵelengero ichi chikukwana 700,000-800,000 paumaliro wa 2022. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska malango ghanandi gha mtende na kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora, Ethiopia na ŵasilikari ŵa Tigrayan ŵakazomerezga kuti nkhondo yimare pa Novembala 2, 2022; kweni pakuti Eritrea yikaŵa chigaŵa cha phangano ili yayi, malo ghawo ghakaŵa ghambura kupulikikwa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winning |first1=Alexander |last2=Cocks |first2=Tim |date=2022-11-02 |title=Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/ |access-date=}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{Main|Politics of Ethiopia|Law of Ethiopia|Judiciary of Ethiopia}}<!-- Please add new information to relevant articles of the series, not here --> {{see also|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[House of People's Representatives]] is the lower house of the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na boma laparamende, ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga ndipo boma na nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Nyumba ya Federation ni nyumba yakudumura ya wupu wakulongozga wa vyalo viŵiri na vithuzithuzi 108, ndipo nyumba yakudumura ni Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya Ŵanthu (HoPR) na vithuzi 547. Nyumba ya Federation yikusankhika na maboma gha vigaŵa, apo ŵimiliri ŵa HoPR ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika. Makhoti gha ku Ethiopia ghali na makhoti ghaŵiri: makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Dango la FDRE likapeleka mazaza ku Khoti Likuru Chomene ilo likwenera kuwuskapo na kuwona ivyo makhoti ghanyake gha boma ghachita. Kweniso, Khoti Likuru Chomene lingeruzga milandu mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma panji "mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pasi pake" usange likuwona kuti "ntchakukhumbikwa kuti urunji ufiskike makora".<ref>{{Cite book |title=See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996,as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3).}}</ref> Phangano la Wupu Wakulongozga likapeleka fundo zitatu: malango, vyaru na malo agho khoti likweruzgirenge. Kuyana na ndime 78 mu Dango la 1994, wupu wa vyeruzgo ngwakujiyimira wekha pa nkhani ya malango. Kuti ivi vicitike, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimika mulaŵiliri wa khoti lakulongozga. Para munthu wasankhika, wupu wakulongozga ulije mazaza ghakuwuskirapo. Ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵakusoleka na Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) mwakuyana na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndiposo ulongozgi wa nduna yikuru. Mu vigaŵa vyose, ŵeruzgi ŵangafumiskika yayi pa udindo wawo pekha usange ŵafumapo, ŵaswa malango gha ndyali, ŵakukolerana yayi, panji ŵakutondeka kuchita makora milimo yawo chifukwa cha ulwari. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵafumiskike mu maofesi ghawo. Mu 2015, lipoti la Freedom House likati fundo iyi njautesi. Mwakuyana na Democracy Index iyo yikalembeka na Economist Intelligence Unit ku United Kingdom kuumaliro wa 2010, Ethiopia ni "maufumu ghakutemwera ŵanthu", ndipo ni charu cha 118 pa vyaru 167. Charu cha Ethiopia chikakhira pa malo 13 kufuma mu 2008, ndipo lipoti la mu 2010 likati boma likakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, ŵapharazgi, na wupu wa ŵanthu wose pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180606141853/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> ===Kwendeska boma=== {{Main|Government of Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] | image2 = Sahle-Work Zewde in 2016.jpg | width2 = 125 | caption2 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] [[Sahle-Work Zewde]] }} Mu nyengo ya boma la ku Ethiopia, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikasintha chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, chuma chake chikwendera fundo zakupambanapambana. Mu Juni 1994, pakaŵa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru 547. Ungano uwu ukazomera dango la fuko la Ethiopia mu Disembala 1994. Mu Meyi na Juni 1995, ku Ethiopia kukachitika maungano gha boma na gha chigaŵa. Maphwando ambiri a chipani chotsutsa anasankha kulekerera chisankhochi. Chipani cha Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) chikatonda chomene. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na ŵaboma ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵa chipani cha visopa vinyake mphanyi ŵakanjilirapo. Boma lakwamba la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgeka na dango liphya likakhazikiskika mu Ogasiti 1995. Boma la Prime Minister Meles Zenawi ilo likalongozgekanga na EPRDF likakhozga fundo ya federalism ya mafuko, ndipo likapeleka mazaza ghakuru ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Mazuŵa ghano, mu Ethiopia muli vigaŵa 11 ivyo vikujiyimira vyekha. Mu nyengo ya maboma agho ghakaŵako kale, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kupharazga, ukaŵa na mphaka. Ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuŵazga nkhani zinyake padera pa nyuzipepara za boma. Kwambira waka pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 2005, ŵapharazgi 18 awo ŵakalemba nkhani zakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kusopa vikozgo. Boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito malango ghakukhwaskana na kusesa kuti liwofye ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ivyo likakhumbanga. Boma la Meles likasankhika mu 2000 mu mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi; kweni, mavoti agha ghakasuskika comene na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Gulu la EPRDF nalo likathereska pa chisankho cha 2005 ndipo Meles wakawelera ku mazaza. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera kuti paŵe mavoti, kweni ŵakususka na awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe na vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana na malango gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na mavoti ghakwenelera ndiposo ghakufwatuka. Wapolisi wa ku Ethiopia wapha ŵanthu ŵakukwana 193, comenecomene mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, mu nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Meyi 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopian probe team criticises judge over report. |url=http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907072116/http://www.kilil5.com/node/4419 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |agency=Reuters |date=11 September 2006 |access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Kerry and Ethiopian Foreign Minister Adhanom Hold a News Conference in Addis Ababa (3).jpg|thumb|Former Foreign Minister of Ethiopia [[Tedros Adhanom]] with former U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]]]] Boma likambaso kuyuzga ŵanthu mu vigaŵa; mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, boma likagwiliskira ntchito nthambuzgo, kukaka ŵanthu na nthowa zinyake kuti liŵaleke kuyowoyapo na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisankho, chomenechomene awo ŵakakolerananga na chipani cha Oromo National Congress (ONC). Boma likulimbana na ŵakugaluka mu chigaŵa cha Ogaden kwamba mu 2007. Chipani chikuru chomene mu 2005 chikaŵa cha Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD). Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa mukati, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha CUD ŵakambiska chipani chiphya cha Unity for Democracy and Justice chakulongozgeka na Mweruzgi Birtukan Mideksa. Birtukan Mideksa, wa mtundu wa Oromo, ni mwanakazi wakwamba kulongozga chipani mu Ethiopia. Mu chaka cha 2008, maboma ghankhondi ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa United for Democracy and Justice (Unity for Democracy and Justice) yakulongozgeka na Judge Birtukan Mideksa, United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (United Ethiopian Democratic Forces) yakulongozgeka na Beyene Petros, Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) yakulongozgeka na Bulcha Demeksa, Oromo People's Congress (Oromo People's Congress) yakulongozgeka na Merera Gudina, na United Ethiopian Democratic Party (Medhin Party) yakulongozgeka na Lidetu Ayalew. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2015, Ethiopia yataya MP yake yokhayo yotsutsa; pofika 2015 kunalibe aphungu otsutsa mu nyumba yamalamulo ya Ethiopia.<ref name = "BBC Obama trip">{{Cite news | title = Obama in Ethiopia for key talks with regional leaders | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33671340 | website = BBC News | date = 27 July 2015 | access-date = 27 July 2015}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{main article|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}} [[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (4382).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Israeli [[President of Israel|President]] [[Reuven Rivlin]] in May 2018]] Kwambira ku Punt, Etiyopiya ni caru ico cikaguliskanga comene vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, vinyama vyakupambanapambana, na vyakununkhira. Ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakaghanaghana kuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Ethiopia na ufumu wa Themba Tewodros II. Kufuma nyengo yira, vyaru ivi vikawonekanga kuti ni vyambura ntchito m'paka apo Suez Canal yikajulikira cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya Mahdist.<ref>Although Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, ''The Survival of Ethiopian Independence'' (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).</ref> [[File:Sergio Mattarella and Abiy Ahmed Ali (2).jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Abiy Ahmed|Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed]] with the President of Italy [[Sergio Mattarella]]]] Mazuŵa ghano, Ethiopia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru nga ni China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey, na India. Ubwezi na Sudan na Egypt uli pa mphindano chifukwa cha ntchito ya Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam iyo yikakwera mu 2020. Nangauli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, na Tanzania) vikasaina Nile Basin Initiative mu 2010, kweni Eguputo na Sudan ŵakakana phangano la kugaŵikana maji cifukwa ca kuchepeskeka kwa maji mu Nile Basin. Mu 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakachenjezga kuti "Palije nkhongono izo zingalekeska Ethiopia kuzenga damu. Usange tingakhumbikwira kuluta ku nkhondo, tinganozga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi". Ethiopia ni munyake wa Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Ku United States. Purezidenti wakale Barack Obama ndiye anali woyamba kugwira ntchito kukachezera Ethiopia mu Julayi 2015, pomwe amalankhula ku African Union, adawunikira kulimbana ndi uchigawenga wachisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Italy, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, na Australia. Ku Ethiopia kuli Ŵayuda pafupifupi 155,300 awo ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Ŵakucemeka kuti Beta Israel. Charu cha Ethiopia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili mu Gulu la 24 (G-24), gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana na G77. Mu 1963, wupu wa African Unity (OAU) uwo pamasinda ukachemeka kuti African Union, ukapangika mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso ni munthazi wa wupu wa Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Standby Force na mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose agho ghakuwona vya Africa. Ethiopia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo yikaŵa yumoza wa ŵimiliri ŵa wupu wa League of Nations (uno ni United Nations) kwamba waka mu 1923. Ntchito za UN mu Ethiopia ni za wovwiri wa ŵanthu na vya kuzenga. Mwaciyelezgero, gulu la UNCT ku Ethiopia lili na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu 28 gha UN. Maofesi ghanyake gha wupu uwu ghakukolerana na wupu wa United Nations Economic Commission for Africa na African Union. Wupu wa UN ukuŵika mtima pa vinthu vyose vya mu Ethiopia, ukupeleka vilato viŵiri: Vilato vya Kukula kwa Vinthu Vyakukhalilira (SDGs) na vya Kukula kwa Charu. Ivi vikusazgapo kulimbana na ukavu, kukura kwa cuma, kusintha kwa nyengo, masambiro na wovwiri wa munkhwala, kusazgirako nchito na kuvikilira cilengiwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The United Nations in Ethiopia {{!}} United Nations in Ethiopia|url=https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un|access-date=3 January 2022|website=ethiopia.un.org|language=en}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{main|Military history of Ethiopia|Ethiopian National Defense Force}} [[File:2014 01 22 Ethiopia Welcome Ceremony 001.jpg (12086805304).jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia National Defense Force pa chiphikiro ku Baidoa, Somalia pakukumbuka umo Ethiopia wali kunjilira mu gulu la African Union pa 22 January 2014]] Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuwusa mu nyengo yakale chomene. Cifukwa cakuti Ethiopia wali pakati pa vyaru vya ku Middle East na Africa, kwa nyengo yitali wakhala pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1579, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukayezga kusazgikira kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Massawa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Etiyopiya ŵakathereska Ŵaeguputo mu 1876 ku Gura. Nkhondo ya ku Adwa ndiyo yikumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵawo. Chikawovwira kuti Etiyopiya walutilire kuŵa charu chakujiyimira. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pa 1 Malichi 1896 pafupi na tawuni ya Adwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya ŵakamba kuzgoka ŵaphya mu nyengo ya Tafari Mekonnen, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa Themba Haile Selassie I. Mu 1917, wakapanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa Ufumu, la Kebur Zabagna. Gulu la ŵasilikari aŵa likasambizgika pa sukulu ya ŵasilikari ya ku France ku Saint-Cyr. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Kagnew Battalion, likachitako nkhondo ya ku Korea kwambira mu 1950. Mabuku ghanyake ghakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵakakhalako vyaka 15, kweni ghanyake ghakuti ŵakafumapo mu 1975, nga ni gulu la UN. Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,037 pa nyengo ya nkhondo.<ref name="autob">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204260161.html |title=Ethiopia: Association to Commemorate 61st of Korean War |work=AllAfrica |date=25 April 2012 |agency=Ethiopian News Agency |access-date=5 December 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Kebur Zabagna]] soldiers seen at [[Korean War|Korean war]] siding with [[South Korea]] against [[Korean War|North Korean and communist]] backed forces in 1953]] Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia (Ethiopian National Defence Force) ni wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Ethiopia. Wupu wa ENDF uli na magulu ghaŵiri: Wupu wa Ethiopian Ground Forces na wa Ethiopian Air Force. Kufuma waka mu 1996, charu cha Ethiopia icho chilije nyanja, chilije ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, kweni mu 2018 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed wakayowoya pa TV ya boma kuti: "Tili kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵankhongono chomene ŵa pasi na ŵa mu mlengalenga mu Africa... tikwenera kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵithu ŵa nkhondo munthazi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44369382|title=Why landlocked Ethiopia wants to launch a navy|last=Olewe|first=Dickens|date=14 June 2018|access-date=7 July 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> ===Malango=== {{main article|Law enforcement in Ethiopia|Crime in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Police brutality in Ethiopia}} Ndondomeko ya chalo yikuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa boma la Ethiopia (EFP). Wupu uwu ndiwo ukuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu pa charu chose. Wapolisi wa boma wakapangika mu chaka cha 1995, ndipo wapolisi wa boma wakwendeskeka na kazembe wa boma kufuma mu Okutobala 2000; kazembe wa boma wakupeleka lipoti ku Unduna wa vya Mtende, kweni wakasinthika pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa ndyali mu chaka cha 2018, ndipo wakuluta ku nyumba ya malango. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakapharazganga mwakudunjika. Kweniso, ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali na wanangwa wa kuphalira ŵapolisi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujiyimira pawekha ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu. Mazuŵa ghano, kupeleka vimbundi nchinthu cakuzirwa comene, comenecomene ŵapolisi ŵa msewu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵapolisi ŵacitaso nkhaza zinandi. Pa Ogasiti 26, 2019, vidiyo ya mwanalume uyo wali na nkhonyo uyo ŵapolisi ŵaŵiri ŵakamutimba apo mwanakazi munyake mulara wakanjiranga mu msumba wa Addis Ababa, yikathandazgika chomene. Ŵapolisi ŵakuti para ŵapolisi ŵacita vinthu viheni, ndikuti ŵakulondezga yayi fundo ya mu ndime 52 ya malango gha boma, iyo yikuti ŵapolisi awo ŵacita viheni ŵafumiskike pa nchito. Malango gha African Union gha Luanda na Robben Island panji chikalata cha United Nations cha Justice for Victims of Abuse of Power and their Basic Principles on the Use of Force & Firearms, chikukhumba kuti komiti ya Ethiopian Government Disciplinary Committee yikomane na nkhaza za ŵapolisi pa munthu yumoza na wose.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woubshet|first=Ayele|date=14 August 2020|title=Our 'protectors' in blue: Police brutality and misconduct in Ethiopia|url=https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/08/14/our-protectors-in-blue-police-brutality-and-misconduct-in-ethiopia/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Ethiopia Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Ethiopia}} {{Further|War crimes in the Tigray War}} Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkhaza izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 100 ŵakakomeka na boma mu chigaŵa cha Oromia na Amhara. Wupu wa United Nations (UN) wapempha kuti ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵafike ku Ethiopia kuti ŵamanye ivyo vyachitika, kweni boma la Ethiopia ilo likulongozgeka na EPRDF likakana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwukira malo ghawo na kuŵavya wanangwa wakusankha awo ŵakuŵawimira. Gulu la EPRDF ilo likulongozgeka na TPLF ndilo likapokera 100% pa mavoti agho ghakaŵa na upusikizgi. Merera Gudina, mulongozgi wa bungwe la Oromo People's Congress, wakati caru ca East Africa cili pa "mphepete mwa nthowa". Iyo wakasazgirapo kuti: "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo". "Ŵanthu ŵakukhuta na ivyo boma likucita kwa vilimika 25. Ŵakulimbana na vinthu nga ni kupoka malo, kuwezgera nduzga, mavoti ghakubisika, kukwera kwa mtengo wa vinthu, na vinyake vinandi. "Usange boma likulutilira kukanizga ŵanthu apo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakukhumba wanangwa wawo, (nkhondo ya pawenenawene) yingacitika".<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-landrights-violence-idUSKCN10M12X|title=Ethiopia's battle for land reforms could lead to civil war: opposition leader|date=11 August 2016|access-date=8 May 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>[[File:Omo River Valley IMG 0463.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Karo mu vigaŵa vya kumwera]] Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003 na wupu wa National Committee on Traditional Practices ku Ethiopia, nthengwa izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha kukora ŵanthu ni 69% ya nthengwa izo zikuchitika mu charu ichi. Ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu ŵakawopeka panji kukakika chifukwa cha nkhani izo ŵakalemba za nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic Karo na Hamer awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵalara na ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la thupi ŵakuchemeka bangi, kung'anamura "ŵambura kutowa". Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵambura kupendera ŵakukhwaska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Karo ŵakazomerezga yayi nkharo iyi mu Julayi 2012. Mu 2013, wupu wa Oakland Institute ukalemba lipoti ilo likati boma la Ethiopia likuchichizga "ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Gambela kuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo". Lipoti linyake likuti awo ŵakakana, ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza zakupambanapambana. Lipoti lakuyana waka la mu 2012 la wupu wa Human Rights Watch likulongosoraso ivyo boma la Ethiopia likacita mu 2010 na 2011 pa nkhani ya kuzenga mizi mu Gambela. Boma la Ethiopia likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya kuti likupoka malo gha ŵanthu ndipo likuwona kuti vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi. Pa 23 Okutobala, 2019, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oromia, chifukwa cha ivyo munthu munyake uyo wakugwira ntchito pa nkhani za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zina lake Jawar Mohammed wakayowoya. Kuyana na lipoti la boma, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 29, 2020, wupu wa Amnesty International ukafumiska lipoti ilo likususka ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵakukaka ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuŵakoma kwambura mulandu. Lipoti ili likati mu 2019, ŵanthu 25 awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ŵakovwira gulu la Oromo Liberation Army, ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Oromia. Kweniso, pakati pa Janyuwale na Seputembala 2019, ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kukayikira, ndipo ŵanandi "ŵakakomeka mwankhaza".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/78d1d784e9c7c441df4ee9632557a900|title=New report alleges killings, mass detentions in Ethiopia|access-date=29 May 2020|website=Associated Press}}</ref> ==== Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT ==== {{Main article|LGBT rights in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika. Mwakuyana na ndime 629 ya Criminal Code, munthu uyo wakuchita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakulangika vyaka 15 panji umoyo wake wose. Charu cha Ethiopia nchakusuzga comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵatambuzga chifukwa cha chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu charu ichi kufuma waka apo boma likadandawura ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2008, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakamba kukura mu misumba yikuruyikuru nga ni Addis Ababa. Mahoteli ghanyake ghakuzirwa nga ni Sheraton Addis na Hilton Hotel ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwendera fundo za boma. Tchalitchi la Orthodox la ku Ethiopia ndilo likususka chomene. Mwachiyelezgero, Dereje Negash, uyo ni munthu wakulimbikira ntchito za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska gulu lakuti "Zim Anlem" mu 2014. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 97 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Ethiopia ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pa vyaru 45 ivyo vikafumbika, ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ico ŵanthu ŵakukana kusambira Baibolo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |title="Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 81, and 117) |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Regions of Ethiopia|List of zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia}} [[File:Map of zones of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.6|Map of [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]] and [[list of zones of Ethiopia|zones]] of Ethiopia]] Pambere chaka cha 1996 chindafike, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na vigaŵa 13, ndipo vinandi vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakale. Pasono charu ichi chili na maboma gha vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo maboma agha ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa, vigaŵa, na vigaŵa. Charu cha Ethiopia chili kugaŵika mu vyaru 11 ivyo vili na mafuko (kililoch, singular kilil) na misumba yiŵiri (astedader akababiwoch, singular astedader akababi), ndipo yaumaliro ni Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 68, na vigaŵa 550 na vigaŵa vinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka mazaza ghakuru ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na boma lawo na demokilase, kweni vikukolerana na malango gha boma. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na wupu wa chigaŵa uwo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika kuti ŵimilire vigaŵa. Wupu uwu uli na mazaza gha malango na gha kuwusa. Kweniso, ndime 39 ya Dango la Ethiopia yikupereka wanangwa ku vigaŵa vyose kuti vijipature ku Ethiopia. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo boma likupelekera mazaza ku boma. Makonsili ghakufiska milimo yawo kwizira mu komiti yikuru na maofesi gha vigaŵa. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene mu wupu, wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa boma. ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Ethiopia}} [[File:Wonchi Lake of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nyanja ya Wonchi]] pa mphambano pakati pa Ambo na Waliso mu chigaŵa cha Oromia]] Charu cha Etiyopiya chili pa nambara 28 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chapasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumpoto na lakwamba lakwamba la kumpoto, kweniso pakati pa dera lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi na lakwamba la kumafumiro gha dazi. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Ethiopia cili ku mphanji ya Africa, iyo ni cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi comene ca caru ici. Vyaru ivyo vili na mphaka na Ethiopia ni Eritrea kumpoto, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan na Sudan. Mu charu cha Ethiopia muli mapiri ghanandi na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakupatukana na Great Rift Valley. Malo ghakupambanapambana, nyengo, dongo, vyakumera, na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Charu cha Etiyopiya chili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja ya Tana, iyo yili kumpoto, ndiyo yikupangiska Mlonga wa Blue Nile. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi, chomenechomene chiyuni cha gelada, walia ibex, na chinkhara cha ku Ethiopia. Pakuti charu ichi chili pa mtunda utali, chili na malo ghanandi ghakupambanapambana. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli nkhorongo na milonga yinandi, m'paka ku malo ghakucemeka Dallol kumpoto. Mapiri gha ku Ethiopia ndigho ni ghakuru comene pa mapiri ghose gha mu Africa, ndipo mu mphanji ya Sof Omar muli mphanji yikuru comene pa caru cose. Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na malo ghaŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili pa chiharo cha UNESCO mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Ethiopia|Climate change in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Beautifying Sheger}} [[File:Köppen climate types of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Ethiopia]] Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ni nyengo ya mphepo yakuzizima iyo yikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Malo ghatali gha ku Etiyopiya ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi ndipo nyengo yake njakukhoma chomene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na Ekitoriya. Misumba yinandi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,500 (6,562), kusazgapo misumba yikuru ya Gondar na Axum. Msumba ukuru wa Addis Ababa uli musi mwa Phiri la Entoto, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa mamita 2400. Cikaŵa na mphepo yiwemi caka cose. Pakuti nyengo ya mu Addis Ababa njimoza caka cose, nyengo za mu msumba uwu zikuthemba pa vula. Nyengo ya chiwuvi yikwamba mu Okutobala m'paka Febuluwale, nyengo ya vula yichoko yikwamba mu Malichi m'paka Meyi, ndipo nyengo ya vula yinandi yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 1,200 millimeters. {{multiple image|align left | total_width = 360 | image1 = View on Mt Chokwe.jpg | image2 = Volcano eruption at the Danakil depression, Ethiopia..jpg | footer = Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mapiri vyakujumpha mamita 4,000 nga ni mapiri gha Bale na Simien, chiwuvi chikuwoneka nyengo yiliyose ya chiwuvi mu Ethiopia (kumazere) Ethiopia yili na chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakuzizima chomene pa charu chose, chigaŵa cha Afar chili na vula yikuru chaka chose }} Pa zuŵa, zuŵa likuŵala pafupifupi maora 7. Nyengo ya chilangalanga ndiyo njakutowa comene pa caka, nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuru comene mu Julayi na Ogasiti, zuŵa likuŵala kwa maora ghanandi. Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka ku Addis Ababa ndi 16 ° C (60.8 ° F), ndipo kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala pafupifupi 20 ° C (68.0 ° F) chaka chonse, ndipo usiku wonse kumakhala 5 ° C (41.0 ° F). Misumba yinandi yikuruyikuru na malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo ku Ethiopia ghali pachanya chomene nga ni Addis Ababa. Mu vigaŵa vyambura kukwera chomene, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya pasi chomene vya Ethiopia, nyengo yingaŵa yakuzizima chomene. Dallol, mu Danakil Depression mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ni malo agho kukotcha comene pa caru cose.<ref name=":0" /> Charu cha Ethiopia chili pangozi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni kuthukira kwa maji na kusintha kwa vula. Kusintha kwa nyengo mu nthowa izi kukupangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakukhumbikwa kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu charu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakacicizgika kuleka nyumba zawo na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Gulf, kumwera kwa Africa na ku Europe. Kufuma mu April 2019, Prime Minister wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed wakwendeska ntchito ya Beautifying Sheger, iyo yikukhumba kuchepeska masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo mu Addis Ababa. Mu Meyi wakulondezgapo, boma likacita "Chiphikiro ca Sheger", kuti liwovwire ŵanthu kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni. Makampani gha njanji ghaŵiri gha ku China ghakapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera misewu 12 ya makilomita 56 mu chigaŵa cha China na Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/|title=News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only|last=Addisstandard|date=25 April 2019|website=Addis Standard|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Ethiopia}}{{see also|Environmental issues in Ethiopia|Deforestation in Ethiopia}} [[File:Mountain Nyala (M), Bale,Ethiopia (14496349688).jpg|thumb|[[Mountain nyala]]s in [[Bale Mountains National Park]], one of several wildlife reserves in Ethiopia]] Ku Ethiopia kuli vyamoyo vyakukhalapo 31. Mu nyengo yakale, ntcheŵe za ku Africa zikaŵa zakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakawona ku Finicha'a, ŵakughanaghana kuti nyama iyi yili kufwa. Nkhumba ya ku Ethiopia ndiyo ŵanthu ŵakuyifufuza comene pa vinyama vyose ivyo vili pa ngozi mu Ethiopia. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na viyuni vinandi chomene. Kufika sono, mu Ethiopia muli viyuni vyakujumpha 856, ndipo 20 mwa vyuni ivi ni vyekha ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. Viyuni 16 vili pa ngozi panji vili pa ngozi yikuru. Viyuni vinandi vikurya viyuni vyamuthengere nga ni Bicyclus anynana. Kwamba kale, vyamoyo vyamuthengere vikumara mwaluŵiro mu Africa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa makuni, nkhondo, kunangika kwa vinthu, kupenja nyama, na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka 17, pamoza na chilangalanga, vikakhwaska makora yayi malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala makora ni kunanga malo agho ŵakukhala. Para vinthu vyasintha mwaluŵiro, vinyama vikuŵavya nyengo yakukhazikika. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikupangiska kuti vinyama na vinyama vinandi visuzgike. Mu 2010, charu cha Ethiopia chikapanga matani 6,494,000 gha carbon dioxide.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division, [http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid= Millennium Development Goals indicators]: Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), thousand tonnes of CO2 (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; [[land use, land-use change, and forestry]] (LULUCF); and natural background flows of CO2 (See also: Carbon cycle)</ref> Mu Ethiopia muli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara. Viyuni ivyo vili pa ngozi ku Ethiopia vingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (kuyana na umo IUCN yikuviwonera): vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi yikuru, vyamoyo ivyo vili pa ngozi, na vyamoyo ivyo vingaŵa na suzgo.<ref name="Massicot">Massicot, Paul (2005). [http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm Animal Info-Ethiopia].</ref> [[File:TroupeDeGeladaSimien.JPG|thumb|right|Grazing [[gelada]]s in the [[Simien Mountains National Park|Semien Mountains]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia ntchimoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo vyakumera vikupangika kufuma ku vyakumera vinyake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khoury|first1=Colin K.|last2=Achicanoy|first2=Harold A.|last3=Bjorkman|first3=Anne D.|last4=Navarro-Racines|first4=Carlos|last5=Guarino|first5=Luigi|last6=Flores-Palacios|first6=Ximena|last7=Engels|first7=Johannes M.M.|last8=Wiersema|first8=John H.|last9=Dempewolf|first9=Hannes|date=15 June 2016|title=Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide|journal=Proc. R. Soc. B|volume=283|issue=1832|pages=20160792|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0792|pmc=4920324}}</ref> Ndipouli, kupasura makuni ni suzgo likuru comene ku Ethiopia, cifukwa kafukufuku wakulongora kuti makuni ghakututuka ghakupangiska dongo kunangika, vyakurya vikumara, vinyama vikumara, kweniso vyamoyo vikumara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makilomita pafupifupi 420,000 (panji 35%) gha charu cha Ethiopia ghakaŵa na makuni, kweni kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti makuni ghakukwana pafupifupi 11.9% ya charu ichi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 50. Charu cha Ethiopia chikutaya makilomita 1,410 gha nkhorongo chaka chilichose chifukwa cha kunozga nkhuni, kuzgoka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kulima chomene, na kugwiliskira ntchito nkhuni za nkhorongo pakuzenga. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, caru ici cikasoŵa makuni pafupifupi 21,000 km2. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikuchitika sono kuti zileke kuparanya makuni ni izi: kusambizga ŵanthu, kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kukhalamo makuni, na kupeleka vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa m'malo mwa makuni. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, boma likupeleka vyakurya vyambura makuni na malo ghambura makuni kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulima kwambura kuparanya makuni. Magulu nga ni SOS na Farm Africa ghakugwira ntchito na boma na maboma gha mu vigaŵa kuti ghaŵe na ndondomeko ya kunozga nkhorongo. Boma la Ethiopia lili kupeleka ndalama zakukwana 2.3 miliyoni Euro, ndipo sonosono apa lakwamba kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangachepeskera kunangika kwa makuni na umo ŵangachitira kuti ŵaleke kumazga makuni. Ntchito iyi yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Ethiopia|Industrial sector in Ethiopia}} [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita]] [[File:Ethiopia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.6|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Ethiopia exports, 2019]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikakura chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Meles Zenawi. Kuyana na IMF, charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chuma icho chikukura luŵiro chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chikakura chomene pa chaka cha 2004 m'paka 2009. Mu 2007 na 2008, charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Africa. Mu 2015, Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya kuti Ethiopia yikukura luŵiro chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ndipo pakati pa 2004 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha vinthu mu charu ichi chikakura na 10.9%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it|title=With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> Mu 2008 na 2011, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Ethiopia chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama na suzgo la ndalama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufika pa 40 peresenti chifukwa cha ndalama zambura kujikora, malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ghakakwera chomene kukwambilira kwa 2011, kweniso mitengo ya vyakurya yikakwera chomene. Pa 2011 ¥12, unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa paumaliro wa chaka ukaŵa wa 22%, ndipo unandi wa ndalama uwo ukaŵa pa chiŵerengero chimoza ukaŵa wa 2012 ¥13 chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya ndalama. Nangauli mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru cikukura comene, kweni GDP pa munthu yumoza njimoza mwa vinthu vyacoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo caru cili na masuzgo ghanandi. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vya boma na vyakumera, ndyali ya Ethiopia yikumazga masuzgo ghake kuti yiŵe malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa. Mu chaka cha 2019 dango likapika ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti ŵagwiliskire nchito ndalama mu vyalo vya Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/|title=Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora|last=Sze|first=Mari|website=W7 News|date=12 August 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the red sea]] Ndondomeko ya chalo ya Ethiopia yikulongosora kuti wanangwa wakuŵa na malo ngwakuti "mboma na ŵanthu", kweni ŵanthu ŵangagura malo kwa vyaka 99, kweni ŵangaguliska yayi. Kupeleka malo kwa munthu munyake nga ni renti kwa vyaka 20, kukovwira kuti munthu uyo wakugwiliskira nchito makora malo agha ndiyo wapokere. Kugaŵira na kwendeska malo kukuwoneka nga ni malo agho vimbundi vilipo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kupokera vimbundi para ŵakudumbiskana nkhani zakukhwaskana na malo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵalije malo ghakukhalamo, kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchitika kwambura kufumba awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito malo agha. Nyengo zinyake ukali na kuleka kugomezgeka vikupangiska ŵanthu kugaluka. Kweniso, vyakurya vikulutilira kuchepa mu caru ici, ndipo cichali na chilangalanga, ico cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html |title=Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> ===Magesi=== {{see also|Energy in Ethiopia|List of power stations in Ethiopia}} Ku Ethiopia kuli milonga yikuruyikuru 14, kusazgapo Nile. Ili lili na maji ghanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 2012, maofesi gha maji ghakapanga pafupifupi 88,2% ya nkhongono zose zakupangira magesi. Magesi ghanyake ghakafuma ku mafuta (8.3%) na vyakununkhira (3.6%). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, mu 2016 ŵanthu 42 ŵakaŵa na magesi. Kufumira mu 2016, magesi ghose agho ghakapangika ghakaŵa 11.15 TW⋅h ndipo ghakaŵa 9.062 TW⋅h. Magesi agho ghakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa 0.166 TW⋅h, ndipo ghakafuma 0 kW⋅h.<ref name="CIA2"/>[[File:Cement never sleeps (8756743123).jpg|thumb|left|A factory in [[Dire Dawa]], Ethiopia: one of Ethiopia's biggest economic cities]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html|title=Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia|website=www.hydroworld.com|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> ===Ulimi=== {{Main article|Agriculture in Ethiopia}} [[File:Tef in Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Eragrostis tef|Tef]] field near [[Mojo, Ethiopia|Mojo]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ndipouli, nchito ya mauteŵeti yikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe yikuru comene. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa charu vikuthemba pa ulimi, kusazgapo malonda, kunozga, na kutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵalimi ŵachoko na mabungwe ndiwo ŵakupanga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyakumera vikuruvikuru ni khofi, vipasi, mafuta, tirigu, mbuto, makuni, na mphangwe. Ethiopia nayo ni malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera nga ni enset, khofi na teff. Vinthu vyose ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya (kupaturako golide) ndipo khofi ndilo likusangika ndalama zinandi. Ethiopia ndiyo ni caru caciŵiri pa vyakurya vikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukuyowoyera, GDP ya Ethiopia pa munthu yumoza yili kufika pa $357 mu 2011.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news| title = National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates | publisher = The United Nations Statistics Division | url = http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1 | access-date = 12 November 2013}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakulima chomene. Ŵakulimbikira chomene kulima na kuliska viyuni na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vindazgokepo chifukwa cha chisopa na mitheto yawo. Ndipouli, vyakurya ndivyo vichali kukolerana na GDP ya charu ichi. Vyaru vya ku Ethiopia vyaŵa na nkhongono zinandi kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni sono vikumara. Charu ichi chikumanyikwa na njara iyo yikuŵapo chifukwa cha chilangalanga, masoka ghacilengiwa, vinyama vyakofya, kusoŵa kwa vula, ndiposo kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya tekinoloje. ===Katundu wakutuma kuwalo=== {{Main|Coffee production in Ethiopia}} [[File:Treemap on exports of Ethiopia 2014 (mid detail).png|thumb|upright=1.6|Ethiopia Export Treemap from [[MIT]]–[[Harvard]] [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity|Economic Complexity Observatory]] {{As of|2014|1|17|alt=(2014)}}]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti mu charu cha Ethiopia ndimo mukababikira khofi. Vinthu ivyo vyatumizgika kufuma ku Ethiopia mu caka ca ndalama ca 2009-2010 vikaŵa USD 1.4 biliyoni. Mu charu cha Ethiopia, khofi wakusangika chomene kuluska mu charu chilichose. "Khofi ndiyo yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni ŵa ku Ethiopia, awo ni 16 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵalimi ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, awo ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mphepo, ŵakusuzgika comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Ethiopia ndiyo yili na viŵeto vikuru comene vya ng'ombe pa caru cose. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ni khat, golide, vinthu vya vikumba, na mafuta. Kukula kwa msika wa maluŵa kwa sonosono apa kukung'anamura kuti Ethiopia wali pafupi kuŵa yumoza wa vyakumera na maluŵa agho ghakwendeskeka chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=19 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref>[[File:Blessed Coffee brand bags.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian ''Blessed Coffee'' branded bags in the United States. Coffee is one of main exports of Ethiopia.]] Kanandi ŵaliska ŵakuchita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda ghakujumpha 95 peresenti ghakwendera mu nthowa zinyake. Kuguliska ng'ombe, ngamila, mberere, na mbuzi za ku Ethiopia ku Somalia, Djibouti, na Kenya, pa chaka kukukwana madola 250 m'paka 300 miliyoni. Kuguliska vyakurya kukuchepeska mtengo wa vyakurya, kukovwira kuti vyakurya viŵe vyakukhora, kuchepeska mphindano pa mphaka, na kukhozga umoza wa vyaru. Kweni chifukwa chakuti malonda agha ghalije malango ndiposo maukaboni, pangaŵa ngozi, nga ni para matenda ghakuthandazgika luŵiro chomene. Kweniso boma la Ethiopia likukondwa yayi na ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha misonkho na ndalama izo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵayezga kulemba na kulongozga malonda agha. Chifukwa chakuti makampani ghapachekha ghakukura pachokopachoko, vyakuvwara vya makuni nga ni matumba vikuŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni vyakurya, vipasi, katoni, mkaka, mbuto, na vikumba. Pakuzenga madamu ghaphya na mapulojekiti ghakupanga magesi gha maji, Ethiopia nayo wakukhumba kutumizga magesi ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maji ghanandi gha mu Ethiopia ni "mafuta ghatuŵa" ndipo khofi ni "golide lifipa". Kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala viŵi yayi, mu charu cha Ethiopia muli vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vigaŵa ivi, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Mu 2008, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakasangika na mulandu wa kusaska golide. Ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakumanya vya sayansi ya vinthu vya pasi na charu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kuguliska golide. Ŵapolisi ŵakasanga kuti golide uyo wakatoleka ku banki ya ku Ethiopia wakaŵa wa golide, ndipo ndalama izo boma likaguliskanga zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 17 miliyoni. Mu 2011, ntchito ya kuzenga damu la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam yikamba. Para lamara, lizamupanga nkhongono zinandi ku Ethiopia izo zingapelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. ===Mayendelo=== {{Main|Transport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Light Rail vehicle, March 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Light Rail|Light rail]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia]] Ethiopia yili na makilomita 926 gha njanji za magetsi za 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), makilomita 656 gha njanji ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti pakati pa Addis Ababa na Port of Djibouti (kujumpha Awash) na makilomita 270 gha njanji ya Awash-Hara Gebeya pakati pa Addis Ababa na matawuni gha Dessie/Kombolcha (nawo kujumpha Awash). Pa Ogasiti 2017, misewu yose yiŵiri iyi yikaŵa pa ntchito yakuyezgelera panji yikaŵa mu mulimo wa kuzenga. Para njanji zose ziŵiri izi zazakayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na 2019, zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa mtunda wa makilomita 120 pa ora. Pakughanaghana kuti ulendo wa ŵanthu kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuluta ku Djibouti City uŵenge wa maora ghachoko waka 12 ndipo kufuma ku Addis Ababa kuya ku Dessie/Kombolcha uŵenge wa maora 6. Pamanyuma pa mtunda wakudumura wa makilomita 270 wa msewu wa Awash/Hara Gebeya Railway, mulimo waciŵiri wa kuzenga mtunda wa makilomita 120 ukukhumba kusazgirako msewu uwu kufuma ku Dessie/Kombolcha kuya ku Hara Gebeya/Woldiya. Tikumanya yayi apo chigaŵa ichi chizamupangikira na kujura. Njanji yacitatu, ya makilomita 216 ya kumpoto nayo yikuzengeka pakati pa Mek'ele na Woldiya, kweni nchambura macitiko kuti njanji iyi yizgoke pa nyengo wuli. Misewu yose ya njanji yili mu cigaŵa ca misewu ya njanji iyo yizamuŵa na mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 5,000.[[File:Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_787-8_ET-AOS_FRA_2012-10-28.png|thumb|A [[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-8]] of [[Ethiopian Airlines]]]] Pakuŵa cigaŵa cakwamba ca pulogiramu ya vilimika 10 ya kuzenga misewu, pakati pa 1997 na 2002, boma la Ethiopia likamba kuyezgayezga comene kuti liŵe na misewu yiwemi. Ntheura, kwambira mu 2015, mu Ethiopia mukaŵa misewu ya makilomita 100,000 (Federal na Regional), yose yikaŵa yakwenda pa malibwe kweniso ya malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia's Road Sector Dev't Becoming Proportionate to Rapid Economic Growth: WB |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |website=www.ena.gov.et |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224055826/http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/386-ethiopia-s-road-sector-dev-t-becoming-proportionate-to-rapid-economic-growth-wb |archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> [[File:Ethiopia - Lake Assale.jpg|thumb|[[Afar Region|Afar]] is a tourist attraction since it has an open salt field stretching kilometers on end]] Ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ma eyapoti 58 mu 2012, ndipo 61 mu 2016. Pa malo agha, pali Bole International Airport mu Addis Ababa na Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport mu Dire Dawa. Ethiopian Airlines, chiŵaro cha Star Alliance, ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi, ndipo yikukolerana na boma la Ethiopia. Kufuma ku Bole International Airport, ndege iyi yikwendeska ndege 102 za pa charu chose, 20 za mu charu chose, na katundu 44. Kweniso ni yimoza mwa vyamaseŵera ivyo vikukura luŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi.<ref name="Ceabtdta">{{cite news |title=Ethiopian Airlines – Bringing the Dreamliner to Africa |publisher=CNN |date=3 September 2012 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904002135/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/03/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-ceo/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Wupu wakukopa '''ŵalendo''' === {{Main article|Tourism in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia chikutemwa chomene vyamalonda, ndipo mu 2006, vyalo ivi vikapanga 5.5% ya GDP. Mu 2015, wupu wa European Council ukati Ethiopia ni "malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu chose". Mu 2020 pera, ŵanthu 518 000 ŵakaluta ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵakaŵa pa nambara 126 pa charu chose. Ku Ethiopia kuli malo 9 agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukumbukika na ŵanthu wose:<ref>{{cite web |title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: Ethiopia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/et/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> *[[Axum#Main sites of Axum|Ruins of Aksum]] *[[Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela]] *[[Fasil Ghebbi]], Gondar Region *[[Harar#Attractions|Harar Jugol]], the Fortified Historic Town *[[Konso|Konso Cultural Landscape]] *Lower Valley of the [[Awash River|Awash]] *Lower Valley of the [[Omo River|Omo]] *[[Tiya]] *[[Simien Mountains National Park]] == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Ethiopia}} {{see also|Ethiopians|List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} Charu cha Ethiopia ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 38.1 miliyoni mu 1983 kufika pa 109.5 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pakati pa 1994 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Ethiopia chikakuranga pa 2.6% pa chaka. Pasono, caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru 10 ivyo vikukura comene pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 2060, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose chapasi chizamukwera kufika pa 210 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo wupu wa UN ukuyowoyera, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanalume ŵakukhala ni vyaka 56 ndipo vyaka ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakukhala ni vyaka 60.<ref name="auto"/> {{bar box |width=340px|float=right|titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]] |left1=Ethnic group |right1=Population |bars = {{bar percent|[[Oromo people|Oromo]]|Green|100|{{nowrap|25.4 (34.4%)}}}} {{bar percent|[[Amhara people|Amhara]]|Yellow|78.37|19.9 (27.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] |Red|18.08|4.59 (6.2%)}} {{bar percent|[[Tigrayans]] |Blue|17.67|4.49 (6.1%)}} {{bar percent|[[Sidama people|Sidama]]|Purple|11.63|2.95 (4.0%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gurage people|Gurage]]|Brown|7.32|1.86 (2.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[Welayta people|Welayta]]|Black|6.60|1.68 (2.3%)}} {{bar percent|[[Afar people|Afar]]|Orange|5.03|1.28 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]|Teal|5.00|1.27 (1.7%)}} {{bar percent|[[Gamo people|Gamo]]|Gray|4.33|1.10 (1.5%)}} {{bar percent|[[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]|Silver|36.67|9.30 (12.6%)}} |caption=Population in millions according to 2007 Census<ref name=2007Census /> }} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu, ndipo mitundu yinandi chomene njakuti: Oromo, Amhara, Somali, na Tigray. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵalipo 27.0% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi, apo ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Tigray ŵalipo 6.2% na 6.1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi. Mtundu unyake uwo ukuzunulika ni: Sidama 4.0%, Gurage 2.5%, Welayta 2.3%, Afar 1.7%, Hadiya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5% na Others 12.6%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciarabu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ChiSemiti ŵakujichema kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Habesha. Mu Chiarabu, lizgu ili (al-Ḥabasha) ndilo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "Abyssinia". Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Gambela icho chili pafupi na South Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene, chomenechomene ŵa Nuer na Anuak. Kweniso, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75,000 ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhalako kwa vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuti Themba Selassie laŵagowokera. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Ethiopia mu 1974, ŵanthu pafupifupi 22,000 ŵa ku Italy na Ethiopia ŵakafumamo mu caru ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, makampani ghanyake gha ku Italy ghakawelera ku Ethiopia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakugwira ntchito za mawoko na ŵantchito ŵakiza na mbumba zawo. Chigaŵa cha Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region chili na mitundu yakujumpha 56. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 135,200 awo ŵakachimbilira ku Ethiopia ŵakaŵapo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Somalia (ŵanthu pafupifupi 64,300), Eritrea (41,700) na Sudan (25,900). Boma la Ethiopia likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakhalenge mu misasa.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption=[[Languages of Ethiopia]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} Census<ref name=2007Census /> | label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]] | value1 = 33.8 | color1 = Green | label2 = [[Amharic]] | value2 = 29.3 | color2 = Yellow | label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]] | value3 = 6.2 | color3 = Red | label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] | value4 = 5.9 | color4 = Blue | label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] | value5 = 4.0 | color5 = Purple | label6 = [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]] | value6 = 2.2 | color6 = Black | label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]] | value7 = 2.0 | color7 = Brown | label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]] | value8 = 1.7 | color8 = Orange | label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] | value9 = 1.7 | color9 = Teal | label10 = [[Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language|Gamo]] | value10 = 1.5 | color10 = Gray | label11 = [[Languages of Ethiopia#Overview|others]] | value11 = 11.6 | color11 = white }} Buku linyake likuti ku Ethiopia kuli viyowoyero 90. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Ŵaasiriya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Oromo, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Oromo, na ChiSomali, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Wose pamoza, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ethiopia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya, na Agaw, kweniso viyowoyero vya ChiSemite vya Gurage, Harari, Silt'e, na Argobba. Mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciarabic, ico nchigaŵa ca ciyowoyero ca ku Africa na Asia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Omotic ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Aari, Bench, Dime, Dizin, Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Maale, Hamer, na Wolaytta. Viyowoyero vya mu mbumba ya Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, na Mursi. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene pa caru cose, ndipo ndico cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha sekondare na masukulu ghose ghapacanya. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chikasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi chiyowoyero ichi chafumiskikapo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose vikuzomerezgeka mwakuyana waka na dango la mu 1995 la Ethiopia ndipo chiyowoyero cha Oromo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kweni chiyowoyero cha Amharic ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene.[[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|thumb|[[Ezana of Axum|King Ezana]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axum's]] rock inscription in the [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]] language dating back to 330-350 AD]] Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Ethiopia na misumba iyo yili na malango, vili na wanangwa wa kusankha viyowoyero vyawo. ChiAmharic chikumanyikwa nga chiyowoyelo cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Gambela Region, Addis Ababa na Dire Dawa. Chilankhulo cha Oromo chikugwira ntchito ngati chilankhulo cha ntchito ndi chilankhulo chachikulu cha maphunziro ku Oromia, Harar ndi Dire Dawa komanso ku Oromia Zone ku Amhara Region. ChiSomali ndi chiyankhulo cha boma cha chigawo cha Somali ndi Dire Dawa, pamene Afar, Harari, ndi Tigrinya zimadziwika ngati chilankhulo cha boma m'madera awo. Sonosono apa boma la Ethiopia likapharazga kuti viyowoyero vya Afar, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, na Tigrinya ni viyowoyero vya boma vya Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyowoya Chiitaliya, chomenechomene ŵachekuru. Chiyowoyero cha Amharic na Tigrinya vili na mazgu ghanyake agho ghali kufuma ku Chiitaliya.<ref name="Yaqob">{{cite web|url=https://totalitarismo.altervista.org/italianismi-nel-somalo-e-nell-amarico/|title=Italianismi nel somalo e nell'amarico|first=Mister|last=Totalitarismo|date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="altervista">''I prestiti italiani in amarico e tigrino'', Yaqob Beyene</ref> ====Malemba==== Ciyowoyero cikuru comene ca ku Ethiopia ni cilembo ca [[Ge'ez]]. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 500 B.C.E. pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez. Mazuŵa ghano, chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha ku Ethiopia na Eritrea. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya ku Ethiopia mu kompyuta. Mazuŵa ghano ntchigaŵa cha Unicode nga ni Ethiopic, Ethiopic Extended, Ethiopic Supplement na Ethiopic Extended-A. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito vilembo vinyake. Vinthu ivi ni vilembo ivyo Bakri Sapalo wakalemba vya Chi Oromo.<ref name="HH-551">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00144209|jstor=616613| title = The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume = 44| issue = 3| pages = 550| year = 2009| last1 = Hayward | first1 = R.J.| last2 = Hassan | first2 = M. |s2cid=162289324}}</ref> ===Chisopa=== {{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Ethiopia (2016 estimate)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#:~:text=Religions,%2C%20Catholic%200.7%25%2C%20traditional%20.|title=Ethiopia - the World Factbook|date=7 September 2022|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#:~:text=Religions,%2C%20Catholic%200.7%25%2C%20traditional%20.|archive-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> |label1 = [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] |value1 = 43.8 |color1 = Orchid |label4 = [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |value4 = 31.3 |color4 = Green |label2 = [[P'ent'ay]] |value2 = 22.8 |color2 = Blue |label3 = Other [[Christian]] |value3 = 0.7 |color3 = Purple |label5 = [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]] |value5 = 0.6 |color5 = Yellow |label6 = Other |value6 = 0.8 |color6 = Red }} Charu cha Etiyopiya chili paubwezi wakukhora na visopa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya Abrahamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ufumu wa Etiyopiya ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomerezga Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Chifukwa cha ivyo likadumura pa ungano wa ku Chalcedon, mu 451 Ŵamiyaphysites, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo na Etiyopiya, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakasopanga ŵaciuta ŵamoza pera. Nangauli pasono chisopa ichi ntcha boma yayi, kweni tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo ndilo likulamulira chomene. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciarabu ŵakukhala mu caru ici. Charu cha Etiyopiya ndicho chikaŵa malo ghakwamba uko ŵanthu ŵakasamukira mu nyengo ya Chisilamu. Negash ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Tigray, ndipo ni malo ghakale chomene agho Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa.. [[File:Lalibela, san giorgio, esterno 24.jpg|thumb|upright|The subterranean rock-hewn [[Church of Saint George, Lalibela|Church of Saint George]] in [[Lalibela]] is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]] Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2007, Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 62.8% (43.5% ŵa Ethiopia Orthodox, 19.3% ŵa visopa vinyake), Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 33.9%, awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵalipo 2.6%, ndipo visopa vinyake vilipo 0.6%. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakristu na Ŵasilamu chikukhalilira mwakuyana waka pakuyaniska na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu awo ŵali mu chisopa chinyake ndiwo ni gulu lachiŵiri likuru chomene la Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni mba Shafi'i panji Salafi, ndipo ku malo agha kuli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Afar ŵali kupanga gulu lakujipatura lakucemeka "Islamic State of Afaria". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Haile Selassie likapanga ndondomeko ya kupenda ŵanthu kuti charu cha Ethiopia chiwoneke nga ni charu cha Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuwona vya Chisilamu na kulemba mabulogu ŵakuti Ŵasilamu mbanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukolerana yayi na maukaboni agho ghali pachanya apa. Ufumu wa Axum ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuzomera Chikhristu, apo Frumentius wa ku Turo, uyo wakachemekanga Fremnatos panji Abba Selama ("Wiske wa Mtende") ku Ethiopia, wakang'anamuska Themba Ezana mu vyaka vya m'ma 400. Mwakuyana na Baibolo, Cikristu cikanjira mu Etiyopiya nyengo yitali comene pambere ivi vindacitike.<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8 "Acts 8"]. ''Bible Gateway''.</ref>[[File:01 - Priests dancing for Timkat.jpg|thumb|Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of ''[[Timkat]]'']] [[File:307771234 612238670404451 4282782264089827086okay.webm|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] seen celebrating the finding of the cross at [[Meskel Square]] (1971)]] Tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo lili mu tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox. Ni cisopa cikuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu, nangauli sonosono apa matchalitchi ghanyake gha P'ent'ay (Chipulotesitanti) ghazara comene. Kwambira mu 1930, Tchalitchi la Katolika ku Ethiopia lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndipo likugwirizana comene na boma la Roma.<ref name="bx">{{Cite web |last=Abegaz |first=Berhanu |date=1 June 2005 |title=Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities |url=http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html |title=The History of Ethiopian Jews |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> [[File:Mešita v Bahir Daru.jpg|thumb|A mosque in [[Bahir Dar]]]] Chisilamu mu Ethiopia chikamba mu 622 C.E. apo Muhammad wakaphalira gulu la Ŵasilamu kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika ku Mecca. Pamanyuma ŵasambiri ŵakaluta ku Abyssinia kwizira ku Eritrea, uko pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa Ashama ibn-Abjar, themba la Ŵakhristu. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasahaba ŵakaŵa Ŵaetiyopiya. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2007, ŵanthu 1,957,944 mu Ethiopia ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake 471,861 ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyose ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vyose, kweni ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Amhara na Tigray, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba tchalitchi la Orthodox la Tewahedo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa P'ent'ay ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu vigaŵa vya Oromia na SNNP (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region). Ŵasilamu ku Ethiopia ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakutali kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mu vigaŵa vya SNNP, Benishangul-Gumuz na Gambela.<ref name=2007Census/><ref name="Ofcansky">{{cite book |last=Thomas P. Ofcansky |first=LaVerle Berry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC |title=Ethiopia: A Country Study |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9 |pages=130–41}}</ref> M'paka m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israel ŵakakhalanga ku Ethiopia. Ŵayuda pafupifupi 4,000, awo ŵakuti ni fuko lakuzgeŵa la Israyeli, ŵakukhala mu Ethiopia, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri, Falash Mura na Beta Abraham. Falash Mura ni Beta Israel awo, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa kuti Mbayuda, ŵakamba kugomezga Cikhristu cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakuwoneka kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Israyeli awo ŵali kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Nangauli wose ŵaŵiri ŵacali kucemeka kuti Beta Israel, kweni ŵali kutali na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Israyeli. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la Beta Israel ŵakuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa Falash Mura, ndipo ŵapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuluta ku Israel. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Beta Abraham ŵakutemweka yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu matawuni na mizi yinyake ya ku Ethiopia nga ni Wolleka, kufupi na msumba wa Gondar, Ŵayuda ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵachali ŵanandi, kweni sono ku United States kuli Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Ethiopia. Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kuti likukora ŵanthu ŵakuchitapo kanthu, ŵamutolamakani, na ŵalembi ŵa nkhani kuti ŵaleke kususka visopa vinyake. Pa Ogasiti 3, 2015, ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakachitanga vinthu vya chisopa cha Ciislamu ŵakakakika. Ŵakaŵa na mulandu wakuti ŵakakhumbanga kupanga boma la Cisilamu mu caru ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakayuzgika ŵakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakachitanga viheni pera pakuvikilira wanangwa wawo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/08/04/ethiopia-hands-lengthy-prison-terms-to-muslim-activists|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|date=4 August 2015|work=DailySabah|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-arrests-idUSKCN0Q82AC20150803|title=Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33759946|title=Ethiopia jails Muslims convicted of terror plot|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 October 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref> ===Kukhala mu tauni=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Ababa Railway Megenagna Area.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa|Railway in Addis Ababa]] is one of the main transports people use in the city in their day-to-day activities]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vinthu vikusintha chomene mu misumba. Mu Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakuluta mu misumba yinandi, ndipo nyengo ziŵiri zikulutilira kukura. Cakwamba, mu 1936-1941 mu nyengo iyo caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Mussolini, ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975 apo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ŵakasazgikira katatu. Mu 1936, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo chikazenga vinthu vyakovwira kuti misumba yikuruyikuru yikolerane. Ici pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy na ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro mu nyengo iyi. Nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukura yikaŵa kwamba mu 1967 m'paka mu 1975, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakasamukira mu matawuni kupenja nchito na umoyo uwemi. Mulimo uwu ukakhora chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya boma ya kusintha malo mu 1975, iyo yikawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵakati ŵafumako ku mizi na kuluta ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa chomene. Dango la kunozga malo likakhumbanga kusazgirako ulimi cifukwa cakuti vyakurya vikakuranga yayi pamoza na unandi wa ŵanthu mu nyengo ya 1970-1983. Ndondomeko iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mipingo yikuruyikuru ya ŵalimi. Dango ili likapangiska kuti vyakurya vyasazgikire, nangauli pali kukwesana pa cifukwa cake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakulutilira kukura ndipo kufuma mu 1975 m'paka mu 2000, ŵakasazgikira na 8.1%.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180313170039/http://worldbank.org/ Worldbank.org]. Retrieved 5 October 2008 {{nonspecific|date=November 2010}}</ref> {{Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia}} ====Rural and urban life==== {{Main article|Rural flight in Ethiopia}} [[File:Gonder from the Goha hotel.jpg|thumb|[[Gondar]] skyline]] Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba cifukwa ca kukhumba umoyo uwemi. Mu vyaru ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa ukuyana waka na kulimbana kuti munthu wapone. Pafupifupi 16% ya ŵanthu mu Ethiopia ŵakukhala na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pa zuŵa (2008). Ŵana ŵa vyaka 5 kukhilira pasi ŵakukwana 42%. Mbumba zinandi zakusuzgika (75%) zikugona pamoza na viŵeto, ndipo 40% ya ŵana ŵakugona pasi. Mbumba ya ŵanthu 6 panji 7 yikukhala mu nyumba ya mathipa ya mamita 30, ndipo muli vigaŵa viŵiri vyambura kukura.<ref name="Crawley">Crawley, Mike. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587 "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587|date=25 June 2012}}. April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008</ref>[[File:On The Road To Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia (2446794591).jpg|thumb|left|Rural area in the [[Simien Mountains National Park]]]] Wupu wa ŵalimi ukusuzgika na ukavu. Pakuti malo agha ngachoko chomene, ŵalimi ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti ghaleke kupambika makora. Chifukwa cha kunangika kwa malo agha, viŵeto vikuleka kupambika vyakurya, ndipo mkaka ukuchepa. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵakotcha vyakumera m'malo mwa kuviwezgera mu dongo, mbwenu vyakurya vikumara. Kuchepa kwa vyakurya kukupangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi, njara, kusoŵa chakurya na matenda. Ŵalimi ŵambura kupwelelera makora ŵakusuzgika kugwira nchito mu minda yawo ndipo vyakurya vikumara. Nangauli mu misumba vinthu vili makora comene, kweni mu Ethiopia mose muli ukavu na ukotoli uheni. Ndipouli, ukavu ku Ethiopia ukakhira kufuma pa 44% kufika pa 29.6% mu 2000-2011, kuyana na World Bank. Mu Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵanthu 55% ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu ŵachoko. Kweni sono, cifukwa cakuti nchito ya kuzenga yikukura comene mu misumba yikuruyikuru, comenecomene mu Addis Ababa. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za boma izo ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵakukhala. Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira nadi maji ghawemi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije malo ghakutozgera viswaswa. Ici cikupangiska kuti matenda ghasazgikire cifukwa ca maji ghaheni.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008">Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Macalester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html|date=11 February 2017}}. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</ref>[[File:Any Day, Adigrat (12582724894).jpg|thumb|Street scene in [[Adigrat]]]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhala makora mu misumba, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Addis Ababa ŵakukhala makora kuluska ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto. Mwakupambana na ŵana ŵa ku mizi, ŵana 69% ŵa mu matawuni ŵakusambira pulayimale, ndipo 35 peresenti ya ŵana aŵa ŵakusambira sekondare. Msumba wa Addis Ababa uli na yunivesite yake kweniso masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵalipo 82%. Mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma ghakovwira kuti suzgo ili limare. Kweni ghanandi mwa mabungwe agha ghali kutali chomene, ghakuchita vinthu mwambura kukolerana, ndipo ghakugwira ntchito mwakupambana. Wupu wa mawupu ghambura vya boma ku sub-Saharan Africa ukuyezga kwendera lumoza.<ref name="Accessed 5-10-08"/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Ethiopia}}{{Further|Child marriage in Ethiopia|Polygamy in Ethiopia}} [[File:Child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950]] Lipoti la Wupu wa vya Umoyo pa Caru Cose la mu 2006 likulongora kuti mu 2003, kukaŵa ŵadokotala 1,936 ndipo pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 2.6 pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti charu cha Ethiopia chili mu suzgo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu pa charu. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Ethiopia ni matenda agho ghakuthandazgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 44 miliyoni (pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose) ŵalije maji ghawemi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa ŵadokotala na manesi ndiposo malo gha cipatala. Umoyo wa ŵanthu mu misumba ni uwemi comene. Ŵana awo ŵakubabika, ŵana awo ŵakufwa, na awo ŵakufwa ni ŵachoko chomene mu matawuni kuluska mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba kuluska ku mizi, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu charu chose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na maji, kweni ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji ghanandi. Mu misumba, ŵanthu 81% ŵakugwiliskira nchito maji agha. Nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku misumba kuti ŵakakhalenge makora. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, wupu wa WHO ukati ku Ethiopia kukaŵa vipatala 119 (12 ku Addis Ababa) na maofesi gha munkhwala 412. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa mbachoko chomene, ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, 41 ŵakufwa. Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 2012, charu cha Ethiopia chikakwaniska kuchepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka 5. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chachepa chomene, kweni ŵanakazi ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵakusuzgika na masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo para ŵababa. HIV/AIDS mu Ethiopia yikaŵa pa 1.1% mu 2014, ndipo yikakhira chomene kufuma pa 4.5% vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika comene ni ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵanakazi, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa masambiro gha vyaumoyo, kuŵawovwira, kuŵamanya makora ŵanthu, ndiposo kuleka kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Boma la Ethiopia na mawupu gha vyaru vinandi nga ni World Health Organization (WHO), na United Nations, ŵakwambiska kampeni ndipo ŵakugwira nchito mwakukwana kuti ŵawovwire kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Ethiopia uŵe uwemi kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora za matenda gha AIDS na matenda ghanyake agho ghakuthandazgika.<ref>(Dugassa, 2005).</ref>[[File:Bracing for a short, sharp jab.jpg|thumb|An Ethiopian girl about to receive her [[measles]] vaccine]] Charu cha Ethiopia chili na ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa pa nthumbo. Nangauli Ethiopia wakakwaniska yayi kufiska chilato cha MDG cha kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵamama na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu mu 2015, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 8.1% mu 2000 kufika pa 41.8% mu 2014, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakugonana pambere ŵandababike chikakwera kufuma pa 29% kufika pa 98.1% mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Mazuŵa ghano, pa ŵana 100,000, ŵanakazi 420 ndiwo ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ku Ethiopia ndiwo ŵakubabikira mu vipatala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakubabikira mu vikaya. Ŵanakazi ŵacekuru awo ŵakulindizgika kuti ŵababe pa nyumba ndiwo ŵakuŵawovwira. "Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukuti para ŵanakazi ŵangababika mu maofesi gha munkhwala agho ghali na wovwiri wakukwana ndiposo awo ŵali kusambizgika makora, ŵangaleka kufwa na kulwara".<ref>(Dorman et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;622).</ref> [[File:Community Health Workers (5762479865).jpg|thumb|Community health care workers]] Cifukwa cakuti palije ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala, kweniso palije ndalama zakovwilira ŵantchito aŵa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakuchizga matenda. Chinthu chimoza icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita, kwali ŵali mu chisopa wuli panji ŵali na ndalama zinandi, nkhuswa viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji FGM). Mu 2004, boma la Ethiopia likakanizga kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala uwu. Kuguliska ŵanakazi ni kaluso ako kakuchitika pambere ŵandatorane ndipo kakusangika mu vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East.<ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030| title = Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: A functional analysis1| journal = American Ethnologist| volume = 2| issue = 4| pages = 617–33| year = 1975| last1 = Hayes | first1 = R.O. | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Bodman">Bodman, Herbert L. and Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity], Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41. {{ISBN|1-55587-578-5}}</ref>Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo.<ref name="Frayser">Frayser, Suzanne G. and Whitby, Thomas J. (1995) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide], Libraries Unlimited, p. 257 {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref>[[File:Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital - from Flickr 159817756.jpg|thumb|[[Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital]]]] Ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakukomeka, kweni ku ŵasungwana yayi. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo wa ku Ethiopia (Ethiopia's 2005 Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS)) wakalongora kuti pa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara matenda agha chili pa 74%. Mu vigaŵa vya Dire Dawa, Somalia, na Afar, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita nthena. Mu vigaŵa vya Oromo na Harari, ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuchita opareshoni iyi. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda iyi mbachoko chomene mu vigaŵa vya Tigray na Gambela. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ku Ethiopia, ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 35 na 39 ŵali na nthenda iyi pa ŵanthu 81 peresenti. Lipoti linyake la UNICEF la mu 2014 likulongora kuti pa ŵasungwana wose ŵa vyaka 14 kukhilira pasi, 24 pera ndiwo ŵakatoleka. Kweniso mu charu ichi ŵanthu ŵakukotora ŵanalume, ndipo pafupifupi 76% ya ŵanalume ŵa mu Ethiopia ŵakukotoreka. Boma la Ethiopia lili kusaina mapangano ghakupambanapambana agho ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na ŵana. Dango la caru ici likupeleka wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Ŵakuyezga kukhozga umoyo wa ŵanakazi mwa kumazga malango na maluso ghose agho ghakutondeska ŵanakazi kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwakuyana na wanangwa wawo. Ndondomeko ya Umoyo wa Maghanoghano iyo yikalembeka mu 2012, yikalongozga kuti paŵe ndondomeko yakovwira kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano uŵe makora mu Ethiopia. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti umoyo wa maghanoghano ukwenera kuŵa mu ndyali. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya umoyo wa maghanoghano ya ku caru cose yikwenda makora yayi. Mwachiyelezgero, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano chikasazgikira na 34.2% kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2017. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ŵakulongozga makora yayi, kweniso ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study|first1=Charlotte|last1=Hanlon|first2=Tigist|last2=Eshetu|first3=Daniel|last3=Alemayehu|first4=Abebaw|last4=Fekadu|first5=Maya|last5=Semrau|first6=Graham|last6=Thornicroft|first7=Fred|last7=Kigozi|first8=Debra Leigh|last8=Marais|first9=Inge|last9=Petersen|first10=Atalay|last10=Alem|date=8 June 2017|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|volume=11|pages = 38|doi=10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4|pmid=28603550|pmc=5465569}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Ethiopia}} {{See also|Higher education in Ethiopia}} [[File:Addis Abeba University (Sam Effron).jpg|thumb|Entrance of [[Addis Ababa University]]]] Charu cha Ethiopia chikaŵa na chisopa cha Orthodox cha Tewahedo kufuma mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Axum mu 330 C.E. Ŵaliska ndiwo ŵakasambizganga Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Etiyopiya visambizgo vyaunenesko. Para ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵamalizga masambiro ghawo, ŵakuŵa ŵasofi kweniso ŵakusambira chomene. Masambiro gha mazuŵa ghano ghakamba mu 1908 apo Fumu Menelik II yikajura sukulu yakwamba mu Addis Ababa. Kweniso, Themba Haile Selassie I likawovwira kuti paŵe yunivesite yakwamba, yunivesite ya Addis Ababa, iyo yikazengeka mu 1950. Sonosono apa, boma likunozga masukulu ghapachanya gha vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education in Ethiopia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ethiopia/Education |website=Britannica |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> [[File:Plants in a Laboratory for High School Science, Addis Ababa.jpg|thumb|Plants in a laboratory of [[Ethio-Parents' School]] in Addis Ababa]] Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikukolerana na ndondomeko ya kusazgirako masukulu, iyo yikuyana comene na umo vikaŵira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ndipo yikusazgapo kuti ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵalutilire kusambizgika mu viyowoyero vyawo. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ngambura kulipira ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusambira para ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 12. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Ethiopia ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, kufuma apo vyaka vinayi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Teferra|first1=Damtew|last2=Altbach|first2=Philip G.|title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34186-0|pages= 316–25}}</ref> [[File:Top floor of the first science museum in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science|Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science]] serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations]] Masambiro gha ku Ethiopia ghakulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya masambiro ndipo ndondomeko yake ni 4+4+2+2 system; masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo gha vyaka vinayi gha masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri. Wupu wakuwona vya masambiro (National Education Assessment and Examination Agency) ndiwo ukuchita viyezgelero vya boma. Kuyambira chaka cha 2018, pali mayeso awiri a boma: Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE), omwe amadziwikanso kuti Grade 10 national exam ndi Grade 12 national exam. Mazuŵa ghano, pali masukulu gha boma 30. Pambere chaka cha 1991 chindafike, ku Ethiopia kukaŵavya masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, kweni sono kuli masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya 61. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa masukulu ghapachanya na ghapachanya chikakwera chomene, kufuma pa 34,000 mu 1991 kufika pa 757,000 mu 2014. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Ethiopia ŵasambira makora. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale mu 1994-95, kweni mu 2008-09, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambiranga masukulu gha pulayimale chikakwera kufika pa 15.5 miliyoni. Mu 2013-14, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ku Ethiopia chikakwera chomene mu vigaŵa vyose. Pa caru cose, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵaciŵelengero ca ŵanalume cikaŵa 104.8%, ca ŵasungwana 97.8%, na 101.3%. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa 39% (ŵanalume 49.1% na ŵanakazi 28.9%). Lipoti la UNDP mu 2011 likulongora kuti ŵanthu 46.7% mu Ethiopia ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Lipoti lenelili likayowoyaso kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 27 kufika pa 39 peresenti kufuma mu 2004 m'paka mu 2011, ndipo cha ŵanalume kufuma pa 49 kufika pa 59 peresenti. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikakwera chomene, chikafika pa 49.1% (57.2% ŵanalume na 41.1% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Ethiopia}} [[File:Roasting Ethiopian coffee ceremony.jpg|thumb|170px|An Ethiopian woman roasting coffee beans in a [[coffee house]]. The coffee serving ceremony is the most important course in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=Ethiopian Coffee Guide: Buying and Brewing Tips|url=https://www.homegrounds.co/ethiopian-coffee/|access-date=11 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ChiSemiti, Chicushiti, na chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigray na Amhara, awo ŵakalongozganga ndyali kumasinda, ŵakupambana na ŵanthu ŵanyake chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo na umo ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku Kaffa, Sidamo, na Afar.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=27 August 1976|title=The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=194|issue=1114|pages=7–16|doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0061|pmid=11482|issn=0080-4649|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|bibcode=1976RSPSB.194....7L|s2cid=46723065}}</ref> Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa comene pa vyakucitika vya khofi. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, khofi wakupelekeka pa ungano wa mbumba, wa ŵabwezi, panji wa mu muzi. Pali mitundu yitatu ya kumwa khofi: yimoza yakuchemeka "awol", yachiŵiri "tona" (ቶና) na yachitatu "baraka" (ባርካ). Nthano ya khofi yikamba na Kaldi, muliska wa mbuzi wa ku Keffa Zone uyo wakawona kuti mbuzi yake yikamba kuŵa na nthenda ya nthenda ya kutenthema cifukwa ca kurya vivwati ivyo vikapangiska kuti yimbenge mwambura kujikora. Wakati waŵa na vipasi, ŵakamuphalira kuti wavipeleke ku ŵasembe ŵa ku nyumba ya ŵasofi. Wasembe munyake wakati Kaldi ni "muzga wa Dyabulosi". Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Kaldi wakaŵako mu 850 C.E., ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti ndiyo wakamba kulima khofi ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 900.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829|access-date=25 December 2021|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203175842/https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829|archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> ===Maluso=== {{main article|Ethiopian art}} [[File:Ethiopian scribes.jpg|thumb|Illustration showing two [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite]] scribes]] Vinthu vya ku Ethiopia vikakhwaskika chomene na vithuzithuzi vya Ŵakhristu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mipukutu, vithuzithuzi, mphinjika, vikozgo, na vinthu vinyake vya visulo nga ni mphumphu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, ilo likaŵa la boma kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Aksumite, ŵanthu ŵakaŵikangamo vinthu vyakuŵaja mu malibwe, nangauli palije vinthu vya Chikhristu ivyo vikusangika mu nyengo iyi. Apo Chikhristu chikambanga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantium ndiwo ŵakambiska visambizgo vyake. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵako pambere nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano yindize vikabwanganduka chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Adal mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya ku Ethiopia, kweni ŵakatumizgika na ŵapositole ŵa Katolika. Ŵanji ŵakamba kunjilirapo pa luso lwa ku Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. ===Kuzenga=== {{main article|Architecture of Ethiopia}} [[File:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|thumb|The Royal Enclosure at [[Fasil Ghebbi]], [[Gondar]]]] Panji nyumba zakutowa comene izo zikazengeka mu nyengo yakale zikazengeka mu nyengo ya Dʿmt. Kuzenga kwa Ashlar kukaŵa kwa mtundu unyake wa ku South Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakalutilira kuzenga mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Pa malibwe agha ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito libwe limoza. Dindi la Chijaro chautesi ilo likazengera mafumu gha ku Aksumite, likaŵa la mtundu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lalibela ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum, kweni malo ghanyake ghakaŵa na malibwe panji makuni ghakupambana. Mu nyengo ya Gondarine, vyakuzengeka vya ku Ethiopia vikaŵa vya Baroque, Arabic, Turkish na Gujarati. Chiyelezgero ni linga la ufumu la Fasil Ghebbi, ilo lili na vyakuvwara viŵiri ivi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema nyumba izi kuti Nyumba za Ufumu.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Andreu Martínez |last1=Alòs-Moner |title=Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314717}}</ref> ===Visambizgo=== {{main article|Ethiopian philosophy}} Visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene mu Africa kwamba kale comene, nangauli vikaŵa vyakupambana na visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na ku Patristic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa nga ni Zera Yacob (1599-1692) na Walda Heywat, uyo wakalemba buku lakuti Hatata mu 1667. ===Kulemba mabuku=== {{main article|Ethiopian literature}} [[File:Giyorgis MET DP367372.jpg|thumb|[[Giyorgis of Segla]], prolific religious author in the [[Late Middle Ages]]]] Mabuku gha mu Ethiopia ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Ŵaakshumi mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. Ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakulongosora vya cisopa. Mu malemba ghacifumu, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ciyowoyero ca Ge'ez na Cigiriki. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa, mu Ethiopia muli chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez, icho chikayowoyeka chomene pa nkhani za ndyali na masambiro. Nangauli pasono vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu caru ici, kweni mulimo wa kuvikilira vinthu uwu wafika paheni comene. Mabuku ghanandi gha ku Ethiopia ghakalembeka na mawoko (branna, panji ብራና mu Ciamharic). Pakunozga khuni ili, ŵakuwunjika mapepara gha vikumba na kughaphaka kuti ghaŵe ghakukolerana. Utali wa mupukutu uwu ukuthemba pa umo ukalembekera. Mwachiyelezgero, buku lapakompyuta ilo likusangika mu thumba lili na utali wa masentimita 45, ndipo ndilo lizito chomene. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakughanaghana kuti mu Ethiopia mukaŵa mipukutu yakale. Mazuŵa ghano napo, malemba ghakale agho ghakaŵa nga ni codex ghachalipo, ndipo ghakusangika pa mapepara gha vikumba.<ref name=":4" /> Buku linyake lakumanyikwa ilo ŵanthu ŵakulemba ni mupukutu uwo ukuŵavikilira. Vinyake mwa vyakurya ivi vikaŵa vya masalamusi. Mipukutu iyo yikulembeka na ŵaliska ŵambura kusankhika awo ŵakumanya vya kufumiska viŵanda na kuchizga. Para munthu wakunyamura mpukutu wa masentimita 30, kanandi wakuwupinda na kukhomeka pa chiliŵa cha nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana chomene na mipukutu iyo yikuyana na mabuku gha ku Ethiopia. Mu viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku ghakulembeka pa vilembo (ghakuchemeka sensul) agho ghakalembeka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 panji 1600. Mabuku agha kanandi ghakulongosora umoyo na nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵa chisopa..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Nosnitsin|first=Denis|date=2012|title=Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993|journal=Gazette du livre médiéval|volume=58|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.3406/galim.2012.1993}}</ref> ====Poetry==== [[File:Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin 2.jpg|thumb|150px|Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin in 1980s]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya Ethiopia. Ŵaluso ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya za vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale, kusuzgika kwa ŵanthu, ukavu na njara. Qene ni cigaŵa ico cikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu sumu za ku Ethiopia. Kuti munthu waŵe na vinjeru vyaunenesko wakwenera kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, limoza likuŵa na fundo zakupulikikwa makora ndipo linyake ndakusuzga chomene kulipulikiska. Ntheura, ici cikucemeka semena work (golide na sera).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html|access-date=18 December 2021|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin, Kebede Michael na Mengistu Lemma. ===Calendar=== {{Main|Ethiopian calendar|Oromo calendar}} [[File:Celebrate The Return of Axum Obelisk (Detail) (3172365788).jpg|thumb|Model commemorating the [[Obelisk of Axum|Obelisk of Aksum]]'s return to Ethiopia from Italy, showing the date of its departure and return according to the [[Ethiopian calendar]]]] Ku Ethiopia kuli makalendala ghanandi. Kalendala yakumanyikwa comene ni ya ku Etiyopiya, iyo yikucemekaso Ge'ez calendar, ndipo yikulembeka na cilembo ca Ge'ez, ico nchimoza mwa vilembo vyakale comene pa caru cose. Likuthemba pa kalendara yakale ya ku Alexandria panji ya ku Coptic, iyo nayo yikafuma ku kalendara ya ku Eguputo. Nga ni kalendara ya Ŵacoptic, kalendara ya Ŵaetiyopiya nayo yili na myezi 12 ya mazuŵa 30 na mazuŵa 5 panji 6. Miyezi ya ku Ethiopia yikwamba pa zuŵa limoza na ya ku Coptic, kweni mazina ghawo ghali kulembeka mu Chigeez Nga umo vikaŵira na kalendara ya Julian, zuŵa la nambara sikisi la epagomenal, ilo ni zuŵa lakwamba, likuŵikika pa 29 Ogasiti, myezi 6 pambere zuŵa lakwamba la Julian lindafike. Ntheura, zuŵa lakwamba la chaka cha Ethiopia, 1 Mäskäräm, kwa vyaka vya pakati pa 1901 na 2099 (kuphatikizapo), kanandi ni Seputembala 11 (Gregorian), kweni likuŵa pa Seputembala 12 mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha chaka cha Gregorian. Pa kalendara ya Gregorian, nyengo iyi yili kunthazi kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri na myezi yitatu cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵakupima zuŵa ilo Yesu wakababikira. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Oromo ndiwo ŵakambiska kalendara yinyake cha m'ma 300 B.C.E. Kalendala iyi yikuthemba pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona pa mwezi. Miyezi ya Oromo (nyenyezi/miyezi ya mwezi) ni Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (mwezi wakuzura), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).<ref>{{cite web|first=Lawrence R |last=Doyle |url=http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |title=The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted |work=tusker.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}} {{multiple image | align =right | total_width = 280 | image1 = Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea 1.jpg | image2 = Alicha 1.jpg | image3 = Kitfo with Ayibe..JPG |footer = [[Coffee]] which was found in Ethiopia is the country's most drank beverage (left) [[Injera]] with a mix of wot's or a bayinatu is one of the country's famous foods (center) [[kitfo]] meat diced whether cooked or raw is usually presented with injera, and other foods, it its one of the country's most iconic foods (right) }} {{see also|List of Ethiopian dishes and foods}} The best-known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various types of thick meat [[stew]]s, known as ''[[wat (food)|wat]]'' in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]] made of [[teff]] flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own hands—a tradition referred to as "[[Ethiopian cuisine#Gursha|gursha]]".Mu vyakurya vya ku Ethiopia mulije nyama ya nkhumba panji viŵeto vya mtundu uliwose, pakuti vyose ivi ni vyakukanizgika mu visopa vya Orthodox, Chikhristu, Chisilamu na Chiyuda. Chechebsa, Marqa, Chukko, Michirra na Dhanga ni vyakurya vyakumanyikwa chomene ku Oromo. Kitfo ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gurage ŵakutemwa comene. Kweniso, Doro Wot (ዶሮ ወጥ mu chiAmharic) na Tsebehi Derho (ጽብሒ ድርሆ mu chiTigrinya), ni vyakurya vinyake vyakumanyikwa chomene, ivyo vikufuma kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Tihlo (ጥሕሎ) ni mtundu wa cakurya ico cikupangika na ufu wa balere wakukaŵa. Tihlo sono yikumanyikwa chomene mu Amhara ndipo yikupharazgika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture of the people of Tigrai|url=http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html|publisher=Tigrai Online|access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> ===Holidays=== {{main article|Public holidays in Ethiopia}} [[File:Meskel-festival-in-Ethiopia 01.jpg|thumb|[[Meskel]] commemorates the discovery of [[True Cross]] by Roman queen [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]] in 326 CE]] Most holidays are belonged to the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]], and secondly of [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]]. Secular holidays espouse national or historical chronicles. Secular holidays are follows with date of celebration: * [[Adwa Victory Day]] (2 March) * International Workers' Day (1 May) * [[Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day]] (5 May) * [[Downfall of the Derg (holiday)|Downfall of the Derg]] (28 May) * [[Enkutatash]] (11 September or 12 September (leap year)) * [[Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day]] (8 December) Ethiopian Orthodox holidays are: * [[Ethiopian Christmas]] (7 January) * [[Timkat]] (19 January) * [[Good Friday]] * [[Easter]] * [[Meskel]] (27 September or 28 September (leap year)) Islamic holidays are: * [[Ramadan]] * [[Mawlid]] * [[Eid al-Fitr]] * [[Eid al-Adha]] ===Media=== {{main|Communications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia}} {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 280 | image1 =| image2 =| image3 = Teddy Afro.jpg |footer = Actress Mekdes Tsegaye (left), [[Tilahun Gessesse]] (center) and [[Teddy Afro]] (right) are three influential Ethiopians in the music and movie industries in Ethiopia}} [[File:Ethiopian Television.JPG|thumb|The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] headquarter in Addis Ababa]]The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the [[state media]]. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name="africanews.com"/> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission. [[Kana TV]] is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market |title=Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom |last=Jeffrey |first=James |work=Inter Press Service News Agency |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> It is mainly known for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into [[Amharic]]. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when [[EBS TV (Ethiopia)|EBS TV]] launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, [[Fana TV]] has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017. The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are [[Addis Fortune]], [[Capital Ethiopia]], [[Ethiopian Reporter]], Addis Zemen{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} (''Amharic'') and [[Ethiopian Herald]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm [[Ethio telecom]]. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806|title=Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again?|last=Gaffey|first=Conor|date=1 June 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2016|July}}, there are around 4.29&nbsp;million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/|title=Ethiopia Internet Users|date=1 July 2016|website=Internet Live Stats|publisher=Internet Live Stats}}</ref> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906|title=What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?|date=22 August 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<ref name=":3" /> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html|title=Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak|date=11 July 2016|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581|title=Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why|last=Sharkov|first=Damien|date=12 July 2016|work=Newsweek|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> ===Science and technology=== {{Main article|Science and technology in Ethiopia}} {{see also|List of Ethiopian scientists}} {{multiple image | align =right | image1 = Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg | width1 = 125 | caption1 = Pathobiologist [[Aklilu Lemma]]. In 1964, he discovered an [[Alternative medicine|alternative]] treatment for [[schistosomiasis]], known as snail fever.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aklilu Lemma|url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Right Livelihood|language=en}}</ref> | image2 = Zeresenay Alemseged (2013-01).JPG | width2 = 125 | caption2 = Paleoanthropologist [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized [[hominin]] called ''[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]]'' or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged|access-date=9 January 2022|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> }} Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in [[competitive programming]] in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas. The [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|Ethiopian Space Science and Technology]] is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70&nbsp;kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science And Technology|url=https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=MICE Ethiopia|language=en-US}}</ref> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are [[Kitaw Ejigu]], [[Mulugeta Bekele]], [[Aklilu Lemma]], [[Gebisa Ejeta]] and [[Melaku Worede]]. Ethiopia is known for use of [[traditional medicine]] since millennia. The first epidemic occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". The first traditional medicine was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though differ from ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs|url=https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/|access-date=31 January 2022|website=EthnoMed|language=en-US}}</ref> Others fields include conventional [[Mathematics in Ethiopia|mathematics]] used to measure astrology, calendar and unit of measurement. Ethiopia was ranked 126th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Ethiopia}} {{See also|Ethiopian Golden Age of music}} The [[music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<ref name="Abdullahi">{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170 |quote=Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognized by its own tunes and styles.}}</ref><ref name="Tekle">{{cite book |last=Tekle |first=Amare |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation |year=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197 |quote=Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations&nbsp;... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.}}</ref> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of [[polyphony]], ([[heterophony]], [[drone (music)|drone]], imitation, and [[counterpoint]]). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as ''[[tizita]]''. Saint [[Yared]], a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. He also composed ''[[Zema]]'', subdivided into three chants: Ge'ez, Ezel and Araray. Yared life thought to have been "failure and success" where his was poor performance in education. Yared then fired from the school and went to his uncle birthplace Murade Qal. There his saw caterpillar endeavours to reach a tree's peak. He epitomized to his real life and returned to the school with good spirit, later became prominent to political sphere. During the remaining of his lifetime, he was a friend of Aksumite Emperor Gebre Meskel and the exiled [[Nine Saints]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN|url=https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html|access-date=25 December 2021|website=www.styaredcuisine.com}}</ref> Modern music traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called [[Arba Lijoch]] arrived from [[Jerusalem]] to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aga|first=Mark T.|title=Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO|url=https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=allaboutethio.com|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoud Ahmed]] performing in 2005]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, sumu za ku Ethiopia zikamba kwambaso. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵakafuma, nga ni Tilahun Gessesse, Alemayehu Eshete, Bizunesh Bekele, Muluken Melesse na Mahmoud Ahmed. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kaluso ako ŵakachemanga tizita. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Derg, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵakanizga kuchita maseŵero mu caru ici ndipo kanandi ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta ku caru ca North America na Europe, ndipo ŵakasangananga na sumu za jazz na za funk. Mwaciyelezgero, Roha Band, Walias Band, na Ethio Stars. Pa nyengo iyi, Neway Debebe wakasuskanga boma la Derg.<ref name=":9" /> Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene ŵakaŵa Aster Aweke, Gigi na Teddy Afro. Sumu za ku Etiyopiya zikamba kuwoneka makora mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo. DJ Rophnan wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kupanga EDM pamanyuma pa kufumiska album yake yakwamba Reflection mu 2018.<ref name=":9" /> ===Vyakuonelela=== {{main article|Cinema of Ethiopia}} [[File:HagerFikirTheatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hager Fikir Theatre]] in April 2006]] Sinema yakwamba yikalongoreka mu 1898, pati pajumpha vyaka vitatu kufuma apo sinema yakwamba yikayowoyekera. Vinthu vya pa sinema ivyo vikalembeka na Federico Ciccodicola [it] uyo wakaŵa nduna ya ku Italy. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu gha nkhani za ŵanthu mu 1909. Au de Menilek ndiyo yikaŵa filimu yakwamba iyo yikalongozgeka na Charles Martel. Filimu yakwamba ya 16mm yakufipa na yituŵa yakuyowoya vya kuwuskika kwa Themba Zewditu, ndipo pamanyuma kuwuskika kwa Themba Haile Selassie. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, mafilimu gha ku Ethiopia ghakathandazgika chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa Haile Gerima, Salem Mekuria, Yemane Demissie, na Teshome Gabriel. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mafilimu ghakamba kusinthika ndipo ghakaŵa na chiyowoyero cha Chiamhari. Mafilimu agho ghakapanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose ni Selanchi, Difret, Lamb, Prince of Love na Lambadina. Mu nyengo yasono, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwimba, kusazgapo Selam Tesfaye, Fryat Yemane, Hanan Tarik, Mahder Assefa, Amleset Muchie na Ruth Negga.[[File:Abebe Bikila triumphant 1960.jpg|thumb|[[Abebe Bikila]] winning the [[1960 Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]] Italy, Rome in 1960: winning [[Ethiopia at the Olympics|Ethiopia's]] and Africa's first gold metal]] Yimoza mwa masambiro gha mafilimu ghakuzirwa chomene ni Gumma Film Awards agho ghakuchitikira mu Addis Ababa. Mphoto iyi yikamba kupelekeka mu 2014. Pa viphikiro vinyake, nga ni Addis International Film Festival na Ethiopian International Film Festival, ŵakuwoneska mafilimu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita maseŵero ghakusanguluska. Iwo ŵakakhazikiskika mu 2007 na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian International Film Festival |url=https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=ethiopianfilminitiative.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Addis International Film Festival {{!}} Human Rights Film Network |url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524004651/https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Ethiopia}} [[File:Genzebe_Dibaba_Istanbul_2012.jpg|thumb|left|[[Genzebe Dibaba]] wakuchimbira mtunda utali na pakati. Wakawina mendulo ya golide mu mpikisano wa mita 1500 pa mpikisano wa Olimpiki wa 2016 ku Rio.]] Maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Ethiopia ni maseŵero gha kuthamanga (makamaka kuthamanga mtunda utali) na bola. Ŵaseŵera ŵa ku Ethiopia ŵali kutora mendulo zinandi za golide pa maseŵero gha maseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali. Abebe Bikila wakazgoka wamaseŵera wakwamba kufuma ku chalo cha Sub-Saharan uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olympic apo wakatchova marathon pa maseŵero gha Olympic mu 1960 ku Rome mu nyengo ya 2:15:16.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012|title=50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures|last=Bloor|first=Steven|date=25 April 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph|title=Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH)|date=13 October 2019|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>[[Haile Gebrselassie,]] Kenenisa Bekele, na Tirunesh Dibaba, wose mbalwani ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Letesenbet Gidey ndiyo wali na mbiri ya pa caru cose pa kuthamanga mamita 5,000 na mamita 10,000. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Ethiopia ni Mamo Wolde, Miruts Yifter, Derartu Tulu, Meseret Defar, Birhane Adere, Tiki Gelana, Genzebe Dibaba, Tariku Bekele, Gelete Burka, na Yomif Kejelcha. Mu chaka cha 2012 na 2013, timu ya mpira ya ku Ethiopia (iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Walayia Antelopes) yikalemba mbiri pakunjira mu Africa Cup of Nations ya 2012 ndipo yikafika mu timu 10 zakumalizira za mpira wa ku Africa mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha FIFA World Cup ya 2014. Ŵaseŵera ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Adane Girma uyo wakaŵa kapitawo wa timu iyi na Saladin Said uyo wakaŵa na vilato vinandi. Charu cha Ethiopia chili na mitheto yitali chomene ya mpira wa basketball mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa.{{clear}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Ethiopia-related articles]] * [[Outline of Ethiopia]] * [[Music and politics in Ethiopia]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== ===Citations=== {{Reflist |refs = <!-- Not in use <ref name="Mengistu_2018_Zimb">{{cite news |title = Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial |date= 2 August 2018 |website = [[BBC News]] |publisher = BBC | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |access-date = 29 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |archive-date = 29 June 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> --> }} === General sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Abir |author=Abir, Mordechai |title = Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) |location = London, England |publisher=Longmans |year= 1968}} * {{cite book |ref=Beshah |author1=Beshah, Girma |author2=Aregay, Merid Wolde |title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) |location = Lisbon |publisher= Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |year=1964}} *{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000conn |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-081085952-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |year=1996 |title=Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/9622394 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–42 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055233|s2cid=155079488 }} * {{cite book |ref=Munro-Hay |author=Munro-Hay, Stuart |year=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=9780932415196 |language=en}} * {{cite book |ref=Valdes Vivo|author=Valdes Vivo, Raul |title=Ethiopia's Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiasrevolut0000vald|publisher=International Publishers |location = New York, NY |year= 1977|isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3}} {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Gwyn|last2=Miers|first2=Suzanne|last3=Miller|first3=Joseph|title=Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219|year=2007|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abyssinia | volume= 1 |last2= Gleichen |first2= Albert Edward Wilfred |author2-link= Lord Edward Gleichen |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= | pages = 82&ndash;95 |short= 1 }} * Deguefé, Taffara (2006). ''Minutes of an Ethiopian Century'', Shama Books, Addis Ababa, {{ISBN|99944-0-003-7}}. * Hugues Fontaine, ''Un Train en Afrique. African Train'', Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, {{ISBN|978-99944-867-1-7}}. English and French. [http://www.africantrain.org/ UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE] * {{Cite book|last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books|isbn=978-1-931253-28-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond |title=Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryeth00edmo |date=1991 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253206466}} * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford}} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56902-009-4}}. * {{Cite book|last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi0000marc |edition=updated |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7}} * Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). ''Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia'', Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp.&nbsp;5–16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180844/http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319 Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia] and WP [http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia] * {{Cite book|last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |url=https://archive.org/details/haileselassieswa0000mock |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York}} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. {{ISBN|0-902669-53-2}}. * [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]] (1968). ''[[In Ethiopia with a Mule]]''. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. ''N.B''.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. {{ISBN|0-7126-3044-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Rubenson|first=Sven|title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence|edition=4th|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai|location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Selassie I. |first=Haile |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |author-link=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}} * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). ''Encyclopaedia aethiopica'', Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). ''[[Encyclopaedia aethiopica]]'', Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. * {{Cite book |last=Zewde |first=Bahru |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 |edition=2nd |year=2001 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr}} * {{Country study}} * {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Ethiopia|s=Category:Ethiopia|v=no|voy=Ethiopia|species=no|m=no|mw=no|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 BBC Ethiopia Profile] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Ethiopia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia] from [[International Futures]]. * [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State] (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia) {{Ethiopia topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia}} {{Ethnic groups in Ethiopia}} {{Ethiopian diaspora}} {{Medieval Horn of Africa}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|9|N|38.7|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ethiopia| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] 5didx33447zjjir9cpvdsoqylf3l7sd 0 6922 122516 81394 2026-09-28T00:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geo-stub}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Ecuador | native_name = {{lang|es|República del Ecuador}}{{nbsp|2}}([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) | common_name = '''''Ecuador''''' | image_flag = Flag_of_Ecuador.svg | flag_type_article = Flag of Ecuador | image_coat = Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Ecuador|Coat of arms]] | image_map = ECU orthographic.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list | {{native phrase|es|Dios, patria y libertad}} | ''Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate'' ([[Latin]]) | "God, homeland and freedom" }} | national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Salve, Oh Patria]]|nolink=on}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Hail, Oh Homeland"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:Anthem of Ecuador.ogg]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref name=CIA/> | recognized_regional_languages = [[Kichwa language|Kichwa]] (Quechua), [[Shuar language|Shuar]] and others "are in official use for indigenous peoples"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuanex.net.ec/constitucion/titulo01.html|title=Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017035841/http://www.ecuanex.net.ec/constitucion/titulo01.html|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demonym = [[Ecuadorians|Ecuadorian]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 71.9% [[Mestizo]] (mixed [[White Ecuadorians|White]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Ecuador|Indigenous]]) | 7.4% [[Montubio]] (coastal [[Mestizo]]) | 7.2% [[Afro-Ecuadorians|Black]] | 7.0% [[Indigenous peoples of Ecuador|Indigenous]] | 6.1% [[White Ecuadorians|White]] | 0.4% Other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name=ethn/> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.7% [[Christianity]] |—68.8% [[Catholic Church in Ecuador|Roman Catholic]] |—16.8% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] |—1.1% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |12.9% [[Irreligion in Latin America|No religion]] |0.4% Other}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067057/religious-affiliation-in-ecuador/ | title=Religion affiliations in Ecuador 2020 }}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | capital = [[Quito]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/proyecciones-poblacionales/|title=Proyecciones Poblacionales|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018060046/https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/proyecciones-poblacionales/|archive-date=18 October 2013|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC)|url-status=live|version=(in Spanish)}}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|00|13|12|S|78|30|43|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Ecuador|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Guillermo Lasso]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Ecuador|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Alfredo Borrero]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 73rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_km2 = 283,561 | area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/#geography|title=Ecuador|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador#geography|archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> | percent_water = 5 | population_estimate = 17,289,554<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Ecuador|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 71st | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_census = 18,048,628<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/estadisticas/|title=Inicio|website=www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 69 | population_density_sq_mi = 180 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 148th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$229.815 billion<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, 30 November 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 68th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,763 <ref name = IMF/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 109th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $115.479 billion <ref name = IMF/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 63rd | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$6,413<ref name = IMF/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th | sovereignty_type = [[Ecuadorian War of Independence|Independence]] | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 10 August 1809 | established_event2 = from Spain | established_date2 = 24 May 1822 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|from [[Gran Colombia]]}} | established_date3 = 13 May 1830 | established_event4 = Recognized by Spain | established_date4 = 16 February 1840<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CzVyFvAq28C|title=Tratado de paz y amistad celebrado entre España y la República del Ecuador: en 16 de febrero de 1840|last=España|date=1 January 1841|publisher=en la Imprenta Nacional|via=Google Books|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116150032/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CzVyFvAq28C|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Liberal Revolution of 1895|Liberal Revolution]] | established_date5 = 5 June 1895 | established_event6 = [[2008 Constitution of Ecuador|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 28 September 2008 | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 47.3<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=EC |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.740 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 95th | currency = [[United States dollar]]^b | currency_code = USD | country_code = | time_zone = [[Time in Ecuador|ECT]]{{\}}[[Galápagos Time|GALT]] | utc_offset = −5{{\}}−6 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ecuador|+593]] | cctld = [[.ec]] | footnote_a = Including [[Galápagos Islands]]. | footnote_b = [[Ecuadorian sucre|Sucre]] until 2000, replaced by the US$ and [[Ecuadorian centavo coins]]. | today = }} '''Ecuador''' ntchalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa manjililo gha dazi gha nthunthu la kummwera kwa Amerika,icho chlil panga malile na chalo cha Colombia ku mpoto, [[Peru]] ku mafumilo gha dazi na kummwera,na nyanja ya Pacific ku manjililo gha dazi.Tauni ikulu ni [[Quito]]. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Countries of South America}} [[Category:Amelika wa Kummwela]] [[Category:Ecuador]] 96ruk40eogkpdp7qsg176morwq3hglk 0 6923 122524 122344 2026-09-28T00:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{Redirect|Erythrea|other uses|Erythrean (disambiguation)|and|Eritrea (disambiguation)|and|Eritrean (disambiguation)}} {{for|the Greek town|Eretria}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = State of Eritrea | common_name = Eritrea | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Eritrea.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Eritrea (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Eritrea AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_anthem = {{native name|ti|ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ}}<br />"[[Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Eritrea by US Navy Band.ogg|center]]}} | official_languages = ''None''<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.shaebia.org/constitution.html#CHAP1_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503234856/http://www.shaebia.org/constitution.html#CHAP1_ |archive-date=3 May 2011 |title=Constitution of the State of Eritrea |publisher=Shaebia.org |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] |[[Beja language|Beja]] |[[Tigre language|Tigre]] |[[Kunama language|Kunama]] |[[Saho language|Saho]] |[[Bilen language|Bilen]] |[[Nara language|Nara]] |[[Afar language|Afar]] |[[Italian language|Standard Italian]] }} | languages_type = [[Working language]]s | languages = {{unbulleted list|[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]|[[Arabic]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="MOI Eritrea">{{cite web |url=https://shabait.com/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/ |title=Eritrea at a Glance |date=1 October 2009 |publisher=Eritrea Ministry of Information |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>}} | demonym = {{Plainlist| * [[Eritreans|Eritrean]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 50% [[Tigrinya people|Tigrinya]] | 30% [[Tigre people|Tigre]] | 4% [[Saho people|Saho]] | 4% [[Afar people|Afar]] | 4% [[Kunama people|Kunama]] | 3% [[Bilen people|Bilen]] | 2% Beja | 2% [[Nara people|Nara]] | 1% [[Rashaida people|Rashaida]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Ciaethn">{{cite web | title = Eritrea | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/ER-summary.pdf | work = [[The World Factbook]] | publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | access-date = 10 June 2020 | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227144113/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/ER-summary.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Eritrea |date=2022-09-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121011902/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society |archive-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | capital = [[Asmara]] | coordinates = {{Coord|15|20|N|38|55|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Asmara]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[presidential republic]] under a [[totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref name="UNHRC">{{cite web|url= http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx| title = Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea | website= UNHRC website | date=8 June 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/eritrea |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Eritrea |chapter=Eritrea: Events of 2016 |date=12 January 2017 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="Eritrea’s Silent Totalitarianism - McGill Journal of Political Studies">{{cite web |url=https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/ |title=Eritrea's Silent Totalitarianism |first=Asma |last=Saad |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040952/https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/ |archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44771292 |title=Making peace with 'Africa's North Korea'|first=Fergal|last=Keane|work=BBC News|date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |title=The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/12/the-brutal-dictatorship-the-world-keeps-ignoring/ |access-date=20 May 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=12 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Eritrea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Isaias Afwerki]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Eritrea)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Eritrean War of Independence|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Ethiopia]] | established_event1 = [[Eritrean War of Independence]] | established_date1 = 1 September 1961 | established_event2 = ''[[De facto]]'' | established_date2 = 24 May 1991 | established_event3 = ''[[1993 Eritrean independence referendum|De jure]]'' | established_date3 = 24 May 1993 | area_rank = 97th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 117,600 | area_sq_mi = 45,400 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 14.1% | population_estimate = 6,274,796<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Eritrea|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 111th | GDP_PPP = $6.88 billion<ref name="IMFWEOER">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI#countrydata |title=The State of Eritrea |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2011 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,910<ref name="IMFWEOER"/> | GDP_nominal = $2.25 billion<ref name="IMFWEOER"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2011 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $626<ref name="IMFWEOER"/> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.459 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 180th | currency = [[Eritrean nakfa|Nakfa]] | currency_code = ERN | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +3 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+291]] | cctld = [[.er]] | footnotes = {{notelist}} | religion = See [[religion in Eritrea]] }} {{Contains special characters|Ethiopic|compact=yes}} '''Eritrea''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ertra.ogg|ˌ|ɛr|ᵻ|ˈ|t|r|iː|.|ə|,_|-|ˈ|t|r|eɪ|-}}),<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Eritrea}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite Merriam-Webster|Eritrea|access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-13_name_change_for_eritrea.pdf ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-13] International Organization for Standardization</ref> panji kuti '''Charu cha Eritrea''', ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha [[Horn of Africa]] ku [[East Africa]], na msumba wake ukuru ku [[Asmara]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Ethiopia]] kumwera, [[Sudan]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Djibouti]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea kuli mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja Yiswesi]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana pafupifupi 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), ndipo chikusazgapo Dahlak Archipelago na virwa vinandi vya Hanish. Vinthu ivyo vikukhalapo vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika ku Eritrea ni vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Eritrea chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 9 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 9 vyakupambanapambana, ndipo chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka chomene ni Chitigrinya, ndipo viyowoyero vinyake ni Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen, na Chiarabic. ChiTigrinya, Chiarabic, na Cingelezi ni viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya.<ref name="MOI Eritrea" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shabait.com/amp/2021/05/01/national-unity-eritreas-core-value-for-peace-and-stability/|title = National Unity: Eritrea's core value for peace and stability}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shabait.com/amp/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/|title = Eritrea at a Glance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/fd48fdd5dc073aa0a88273489a13921296394304.pdf |title=Eritrea Constitution |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=19 August 2021 }}</ref> Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya mu banja la Afroasiatic, panji viyowoyero vya ku Etiyopiya ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinyas ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakusopa Cikhristu panji Cisilamu, ndipo ŵanji ŵakusopa visopa vinyake. Ufumu wa Aksum, uwo ukaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo sono ni Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 panji 200 C.E.<ref name="Munro-Hay57">{{cite book |last=Munro-Hay |first=Stuart |date=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |page=57 |isbn=0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=24 June 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Paul B. Henze 2005">Henze, Paul B. (2005) ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'', {{ISBN|1-85065-522-7}}.</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mu nyengo za pakati, chigaŵa chikuru cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Medri Bahri. Charu cha Eritrea icho sono chikuchemeka Eritrea, chikaŵako chifukwa cha kukolerana kwa maufumu ghanyake (nga ni Medri Bahri na Aussa Sultanate). Nkhondo ya ku Italy yikati yamara mu 1942, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira charu cha Eritrea m'paka mu 1952. Kuyana na ivyo Wupu wa United Nations ukadumura mu 1952, charu cha Eritrea chikeneranga kujilamulira na nyumba ya malango ya ku Eritrea, kweni pa nkhani za vyaru vya kuwaro na kuvikilira charu, chikaŵa pasi pa Ethiopia kwa vyaka 10. Ndipouli, mu 1962, boma la Ethiopia likawuskapo boma la Eritrea na kupoka charu ichi. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipatura ku charu cha Eritrea likambiska gulu la Eritrean Liberation Front mu 1961 ndipo likarwa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira palokha ya Eritrea m'paka apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1991. Mu 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Charu cha Eritrea nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vindafike pa msinkhu wakulera ŵana. Boma ili lili na chipani chimoza ndipo palije maungano gha vyamalamulo panji gha pulezidenti.<ref name="gi">{{cite web |title=Eritrea |url=http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724164739/http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=2008-07-24 |work=Grassroots International}}</ref><ref name="Eritrea’s Silent Totalitarianism - McGill Journal of Political Studies" /> Isaias Afwerki wakuteŵetera nga ni purezidenti kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1993. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti boma la Eritrea lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose. Boma la Eritrea likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya. Ufulu wa vyalo ku Eritrea ngwakupeleŵera comene. Kufika mu 2022, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuluska wose pa charu chose. Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, na Intergovernmental Authority on Development, ndipo chili na wupu wa Arab League pamoza na Brazil na Venezuela.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/meast/arab-league-fast-facts/ |title=Arab League Fast Facts |work=CNN |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129203838/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/meast/arab-league-fast-facts/ |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> == Zina == Zina lakuti Eritrea lili kufuma ku zina lakale la Chigiriki lakuti Nyanja Yiswesi (Erythra Thalassa, kufuma ku lizgu lakuti ἐρυθρός erythros, "chiswesi"). Mu 1890, charu ichi chikachemeka kuti Italy Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea).<ref name="ConnellKillion2010">{{cite book|author1=Dan Connell|author2=Tom Killion|title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&pg=PA7|date=14 October 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7505-0|pages=7–}}</ref> Zina ili likalutilira mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Britain na Ethiopia, ndipo likakhazikiskikaso na referendum ya 1993 na dango la 1997.<ref>"Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea." [https://web.archive.org/web/20161104131633/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/eritrea-constitution/ The Constitution of Eritrea (eritrean-embassy.se)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104131633/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/eritrea-constitution/ |date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> == Mbili == {{main|History of Eritrea}} === Prehistory === Madame Buya ni zina la cisomba ico ŵasayansi ŵa ku Italy ŵakasanga ku Eritrea. Ŵanthu ŵakuti ni visomba vyakale chomene ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakasinthira kufuma ku vinyama vinyake, ndipo vikulongora kuti pakaŵa kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Viwangwa vyake vili na vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Ni viwangwa vyakale comene vya mtundu uwu ndipo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti chigaŵa cha Danakil Depression ku Eritrea ndicho chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exn.ca/hominids/pleistocenepark.cfm|title=Pleistocene Park|access-date=2 October 2006|date=8 September 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013050335/http://exn.ca/hominids/pleistocenepark.cfm|archive-date=13 October 1999|last1=Chang|first1=Gloria|website=Hunting Hominids|publisher=Discovery Channel Canada}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa chiwuvi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa pa nthowa yakufumira ku Africa iyo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 1999, gulu la ŵasayansi ŵa ku Eritrea, Canada, America, Netherlands, na France, ŵakasanga malo agho pakaŵa vinthu vya malibwe na vya obsidian vyaka vyakujumpha 125,000 kumwera kwa Massawa, mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo ivi pakusanga vyakurya vya mu nyanja nga ni visomba na oyisitara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exn.ca/hominids/outofafrica.cfm|access-date=2 October 2006|title=Out of Africa|date=10 September 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928035536/http://www.exn.ca/hominids/outofafrica.cfm|archive-date=28 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Zarins, Juris |year=1990|title=Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-american-schools-of-oriental-research_1990-11_280/page/n32 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=280 |issue=280|pages=31–65|jstor=1357309|doi=10.2307/1357309|s2cid=163491760}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1078208 | last1 = Diamond | first1 = J. | last2 = Bellwood | first2 = P. | title = Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-04-25_300_5619/page/597 | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5619 | pages = 597–603 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12714734|bibcode = 2003Sci...300..597D | citeseerx = 10.1.1.1013.4523 | s2cid = 13350469 }}</ref><ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book|last1=Blench|first1=R.|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|date=2006|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0759104662|pages=143–144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C}}</ref> === Antiquity === {{main|Gash Group|Land of Punt|Dʿmt}} [[File:Qohaito, Eritrea (33628113490).jpg|thumb|Viwunjiko vyamalibwe ivyo vikaŵa mu Qohaito]] [[File:Adulis.jpg|thumb|[[Adulis]] archeological site]] Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu Dambo la Barka ivyo vikalembeka mu 8000 B.C.E. vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mitundu yinandi ya ku Eritrea ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kukhala mu malo agha. Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu awo ŵakafukura vinthu mu Agordat na kufupi na Agordat ŵakasanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu charu cha Gash. Ŵakasanga vinthu vya dongo ivyo vikalembeka pakati pa 2500 na 1500 B.C.E. Pafupifupi mu 2000 B.C.E., vigaŵa vinyake vya Eritrea vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu charu cha Punt.<ref>Najovits, Simson (2004) ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', Algora Publishing, p. 258, {{ISBN|087586256X}}.</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|title= Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt |access-date= 26 April 2010 |work= The Independent|date= 26 April 2010 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html|author=Jarus, Owen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=NATHANIEL J. DOMINY1 |author2=SALIMA IKRAM |author3=GILLIAN L. MORITZ |author4=JOHN N. CHRISTENSEN |author5=PATRICK V. WHEATLEY |author6=JONATHAN W. CHIPMAN |title=Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes |url=http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html |publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730055118/http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Msumba uwu ukaŵa wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kupanga na kutumizga golide, vyakununkhira, makuni gha blackwood, ebony, mino gha zovu, na vinyama vyamuthondo. Chigaŵa ichi chikumanyikwa kufuma ku mabuku gha ku Eguputo ghakale agho ghakulongosora za maulendo gha malonda agho ghakaŵako, comenecomene ulendo wa ku Punt uwo ukacitika mu 1469 B.C.E. apo Hatshepsut wakambaso kwenda mu nthowa za malonda.<ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.231">Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.</ref><ref name=":210">{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/punt/|title=Punt|newspaper=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Pharmacographia|first1=Friedrich August|last1=Flückiger|first2=Daniel|last2=Hanbury|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108069304|date=2014-03-20|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTTeAgAAQBAJ&q=opone+punt&pg=PA136}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World|first=Michael|last=Wood|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520247246|date=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/155 155]|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich|url-access=registration|quote=opone punt.}}</ref> Ku Sembel ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Asmara. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni ya Ona ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵacekuru comene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku East Africa awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto na kulima. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti vikaŵako pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 400 B.C.E., ndipo vikaŵako nyengo yimoza na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵako pambere Aksumite wandababike.<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Peter R.|title=The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms|journal=Journal of Eritrean Studies|year=2002|volume=1|issue=1|pages=29–58|url=http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p|access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Avanzini">{{cite book|last1=Avanzini|first1=Alessandra|title=Profumi d'Arabia: atti del convegno|date=1997|publisher=L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER|isbn=978-8870629750|page=280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zOlYZmJiiAC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p|title=The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms|first=Peter R.|last=Schmidt|date=24 May 2002|journal=Journal of Eritrean Studies (Asmara)|volume=1|issue=1|pages=29–58|via=www.africabib.org}}</ref> ==== Kingdom of D'mt ==== {{main|Dʿmt}} [[File:Leaping Ibex, Ethiopia (2130266960).jpg|thumb|Nyali ya mafuta ya mkuŵa iyo yikasangika ku Matara, ya mu Ufumu wa Dʿmt (cha m'ma 100 B.C.E. panji kumasinda)]] Dʿmt ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukaŵako kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka 500 B.C.E. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Pakuti ku Yeha kukaŵa tempile likuru, malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Qohaito, uyo kanandi wakachemekanga msumba wa Koloe mu nyengo ya ku Nyanja ya Erythraean, kweniso Matara, ukaŵa msumba wakuzirwa wa ufumu wa Dʿmt kumwera kwa Eritrea. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na vyakumweramo maji, viŵiya vyakupwanthirapo, vyakumera, na kupanga vilwero. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Dʿmt wabwangandulika mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na maufumu ghachoko. Ivi vikalutilira m'paka mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ufumu wa Aksum ukamba kulamulira.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard K.P. (17 January 2003) {{cite web |url=http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm |title=Let's Look Across the Red Sea I |access-date=2006-01-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm |archive-date=9 January 2006}}, ''Addis Tribune''</ref> ==== Kingdom of Aksum ==== {{main|Kingdom of Aksum}} Ufumu wa Aksum ukaŵa ufumu wa malonda uwo ukaŵa ku Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Likaŵako kwamba cha m'ma 100-940 C.E., ndipo likakura kufuma mu nyengo ya Iron Age ya mu nyengo ya Akshumi m'ma 400 C.E. m'paka mu nyengo ya 100 C.E. Buku linyake (Liber Axumae) likuti msumba wakwamba wa Aksum, Mazaber, ukazengeka na Itiyopis, mwana wa Kush. Pamanyuma, likuru la caru ici likasamukira ku Axum, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Ufumu uwu ukamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Etiyopiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakazenga vigongwe vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakasoperangamo pambere Chikhristu chindafike. Yimoza mwa mizati iyi ni Obelisk of Aksum, iyo yili na mamita 27. Ku Ezana (fl. 320-360), pamanyuma pake Aksum wakazomera Cikristu.<ref name="Munro-Hay">{{cite book|last1=Munro-Hay|first1=Stuart C. |title=Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity|date=1991|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0748601066|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRzAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Chikhristu ndicho chikaŵa chisopa chakwamba mu charu cha Eritrea, ndipo nyumba yakale chomene ya ŵasembe mu charu ichi, Debre Sina, yikazengeka m'ma 400 C.E. Ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakuluska mu Africa na caru cose. Debre Libanos, nyumba yachiŵiri yakale comene, yikwenera kuti yikazengeka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 400 panji kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Pakwamba yikaŵa mu muzi wa Ham, kweni yikasamukira ku malo ghambura kufikako agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa jalawe. Mu chalichi lake muli Baibolo lakwengeka na visulo la Golden Gospel, ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Mecca, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa ntchimi Muhammad, ŵakachimbilira ku ufumu wa Qurayshi kuti ŵaleke kutambuzgika. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndiwo ŵakazenga moski wakwamba wa ku Africa, Mosque of the Companions, Massawa. Ufumu uwu ukuzunulika mu buku la Periplus of the Erythraean Sea kuti ukaŵa msika wakuzirwa wa mino gha zovu, agho ghakatumizgikanga ku vyaru vinyake. Pa nyengo iyi, msumba wa Aksum ukaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Zoskales, uyo nayo wakalamuliranga dowoko la Adulis. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Aksum ŵakaŵanga na ndalama zawo na kucitiska malonda.<ref name="Raffaele2007">{{cite journal |first=Paul |last=Raffaele |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/ark-covenant-200712.html?c=y&page=1 |title=Keepers of the Lost Ark?|journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=December 2007 |access-date= 5 April 2011}}</ref> === Middle Ages === ==== Medri Bahri ==== {{main|Medri Bahri|Habesh Eyalet|Sultanate of Aussa| Dankali Sultanate}} [[File:Medri Bahri.png|thumb|upright|left|Medri Bahri at its height in the 1520s]] Pamanyuma pakuti Aksum wabwangandulika, chigaŵa cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Medri Bahri, uwo ukawusikanga na Bahri Negus (panji Bahri Negash, kung'anamura "themba la nyanja"). Pakwamba malo agha ghakachemekanga Ma'ikele Bahri ("pakati pa nyanja na milonga", kung'anamura charu icho chili pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na mlonga wa Mereb).<ref>Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) ''Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 74.</ref> Chigaŵa chose cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Ma'ikele Bahri chikaŵa pasi pa Adal Sultanate mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. Pamanyuma, themba la ku Ethiopia zina lake Zara Yaqob likapoka charu ichi na kuchithya kuti Medri Bahri ("Charu cha mu Nyanja" mu Chitigrinya). Msumba uwu ukaŵa na msumba wa Debarwa. [[File:Bahta Hagos.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Bahta Hagos wakaŵa mulongozgi wakuzirwa wa ŵanthu ŵa Eritrea awo ŵakakanizganga kuwusika na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ŵa kumpoto kwa Ethiopia na Italy.]] Kuzakafika mu 1517, Ŵaotomu ŵakathereska msumba wa Medri Bahri. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chose cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea, kufuma ku Massawa m'paka ku Swakin mu Sudan. Chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Ottoman, icho chikachemekanga Habesh Eyalet. Msumba wa Massawa ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa chiphya ichi. Msumba uwu ukati wamba kuwoneka kuti ngwambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya vyachuma, likuru la boma likasamukira ku Jeddah. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakafika ku Eritrea wakaŵa Francisco Alvares wa ku Portugal. Mabuku ghake ghakulongosora za ufumu wa Tigray, ufumu wa Axum na Barnagais (fumu ya vyaru vya mumphepete mwa nyanja) Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea ndiyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵalutilire kukolerana na chigaŵa cha Tigray uko Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghachoko waka. Mu 1541 ŵasilikari ŵa Cristóvão da Gama ŵakafika ku Massawa, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Adal mu nkhondo ya Wayna Daga mu 1543.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pereira|first=Hugo|title=Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543|url=https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/6888/1/Uma%20for%C3%A7a%20Expedicion%C3%A1ria%20Portuguesa%20na%20Campanha%20da%20Eti%C3%B3pia...pdf}}</ref> Mu 1559, Ŵaturuki ŵakayezga kuti ŵapoke chigaŵa cha Medri Bahri, kweni ŵakakanizgika. Ŵakacimbizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa Bahri Negash na ŵasilikari ŵa ku mapiri. Mu 1578, ŵakayezga kuti ŵalute ku vigaŵa vya mapiri na wovwiri wa Bahri Negash Yisehaq, uyo wakasintha ŵabwezi chifukwa cha kulimbana na ŵamazaza. Muwusi wa ku Etiyopiya, Sarsa Dengel, wakacimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey mu 1588 cifukwa ca kuwukira kwawo vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Paumaliro, Ŵaotomu ŵakaŵachimbizga mu cigaŵa caumaliro ca vilimika vya m'ma 1500. Ndipouli, iwo ŵakalutilira kulamulira mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka apo charu cha Eritrea chikambira ku Italy m'ma 1800.<ref name="MB01"/><ref name="A10-4">Jonathan Miran [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=%22resistance+and+pushed+back+by+the+bahr+negash+and+highland+forces%22+%22the+Turks+remained+relatively+briefly+in+the+highlands%22&pg=PA38 Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa]. [[Indiana University Press]], 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91 Google Books</ref><ref name="A10-5">Jonathan Miran [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=allied+%22who+had+switched+alliances+due+to+power+struggles%22+%22partly+successful%2C+and+in+1589+they+were+apparently+compelled+to+withdraw+their+forces+to+the+coast.%22+abandoned+ambitions+plateau+coast&pg=PA39 Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa]. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91</ref> Mu 1734, mulongozgi wa Afar, Kedafu, wakambiska muwuso wa Mudaito mu Ethiopia, uwo pamanyuma ukakhwaska vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Denkel ku Eritrea. Caka ca m'ma 1500 cikaŵaso nyengo iyo Ŵaotomu ŵakiza mu caru ca ku Nyanja Yiswesi.<ref name="MB01">{{cite book|author=Okbazghi Yohannes|title=A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea|url=https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31|year=1991|publisher=University of Florida Press|isbn=978-0-8130-1044-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31 31–32]}}</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai (1968) ''The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769–1855''. London: Longmans. pp. 23–26.</ref><ref name="Pankhurstteb">{{cite book|last=Pankhurst|first=Richard|title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century|year=1997|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0932415196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ1CH3-RMe0C&pg=PA391}}</ref><ref name="Aesna">{{cite book |title=In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists |date=1978 |publisher=AESNA |page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idUtAQAAIAAJ|quote=Later in their history, the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea were part of the Sultanate of Aussa, which came into being towards the end of the sixteenth century.}}</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai (1968) ''The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769–1855''. London: Longmans, p. 23 n. 1.</ref> === Mbili yasono === ==== Italian Eritrea ==== {{main|Italian Eritrea}} [[File:Raheita Incident 1898.jpg|thumb|Ascaris wa ku Eritrea, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy, pa cimati ca mu 1898]] [[File:Cartolina dei Carabinieri Reali spedita dalla Colonia Eritrea dell'Asmara (1907).jpg|thumb|Kadi la Carabinieri lakufuma ku Italy ku Eritrea mu 1907]] [[File:Asmara - Piazza Roma - Banca d'Italia.jpg|thumb|Piazza Roma in Italian Asmara]] Vyaru ivyo sono ni Eritrea vikaŵa mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Africa. Mu 1869 panji 1870, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi wakaguliska malo agho ghakazingilizga nyanja ya Assab ku Rubattino Shipping Company. Malo agha ghakaŵanga malo ghakusungiramo malasha agho ghakaŵa mu nthowa za ngalaŵa izo zikaŵa mu Suez Canal. Mu nyengo iyo Themba Yohannes IV likafwa mu 1889, Gen. Oreste Baratieri wakakhalamo mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea, ndipo Italy yikapharazga kuti charu cha Eritrea, icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Italy, chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu phangano la Wuchale (It. Mu chaka chenechichi, Themba Menelik la Shewa, ilo likaŵa ufumu wa kumwera kwa Etiyopiya, likazomera kuti charu cha Italy chiŵe pasi pa maboma gha Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, na Serae. Nkhondo iyo wakathereska mathemba ghanyake na kukhomeka pa chitengo nga ni Fumu Menelek II (1889-1913) yikapangiska kuti phangano ili liŵe lakukhozga ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Abyssinia |volume=1 |page=94}}</ref> In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The [[Eritrean Railway]] was completed to Saati in 1888,<ref>Olivieri, Emilio (1888) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032531/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/la_ferrovia_massauasaati.htm La Ferrovia Massaua-Saati] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032531/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/la_ferrovia_massauasaati.htm |date=12 October 2013 }} (report on the construction of the Massawa–Saati Railway). ''Ferrovia Eritrea''. {{in lang|it}}</ref> and reached [[Asmara]] in the highlands in 1911.<ref name=f1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080203050814/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/contenuti.htm Eritrean Railway] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413211753/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/contenuti.htm |date=13 April 2009 }}" at ''Ferrovia Eritrea''. {{in lang|it}}</ref> Msewu wa Asmara-Massawa Cableway ndiwo ukaŵa utali comene pa caru cose, kweni pamanyuma pake ukabwangandulika na ŵa ku Britain mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Padera pa milimo yikuru ya kuzenga vinthu, maboma ghakaŵaso na ndalama zinandi mu vyakurya. Wakapelekaso wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni ya Asmara na Massawa, kweniso wakalemba ntchito ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea mu maofesi gha boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakalembeskeka ku usilikari mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri. Mwakusazgirapo, boma la Italy ku Eritrea likajura mafakitale ghanyake agho ghakapanganga mabotolo, mafuta gha kuphikira, makaroni, vyakuzenga, nyama, hona, vikumba, na vinthu vinyake vya mu nyumba. Mu 1939, ku malo agha kukaŵa mafakitale pafupifupi 2,198 ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ku mafakitala agha ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Eritrea. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy na Eritrea ŵakamba kukhala mu matawuni. Mu vyaka vinkhondi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi chikakwera kufuma pa 4,600 kufika pa 75,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shabait.com/2009/11/13/italian-administration-in-eritrea/ |title=Italian administration in Eritrea |date=13 November 2009 |publisher=Eritrea Ministry of Information |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Mu 1922, Benito Mussolini wakati waŵa na mazaza mu Italy, boma la ku Eritrea likasintha comene. Il Duce wakati wapharazga kuti Ufumu wa Italy wababika mu Meyi 1936, Eritrea wa ku Italy (wakasazgikira na vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Ethiopia) na Somaliland wa ku Italy vikasazgikana na Ethiopia uyo wakaŵa kuti wapokeka waka. Mu nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukakura chomene mwakuti ukaŵa nga ni "Ufumu uphya wa Ŵaroma". Boma la Italy likasankha Eritrea kuŵa malo ghakwendeskera vyamalonda ku Italy. Asmara yikapangika makora chomene mu 1935, ndipo yikamba kuwoneka nga ni "mzinda wa Art Deco" (mu 2017 yikapharazgika kuti ni "Mzinda wa UNESCO wa Charu Chose",) uwo uli na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, malo ghakutowa, na nyumba za ŵanthu wose, nga ni mafilimu, mashopu, mabanki, visopa, maofesi gha ŵanthu wose na gha ŵanthu ŵekha, mafakitale, na nyumba za ŵanthu (kuyana na mabuku gha UNESCO). Ŵataliyana ŵakapanga nyumba zakujumpha 400 mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyo yikaŵa kuti yindachitike. Mu nyumba izi mukaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru za ku Italy nga ni Fiat Tagliero Building na Cinema Impero. ==== British administration ==== Mu 1941, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakachimbizga Ŵaitaliya na kwamba kuwusa caru.<ref>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |title=Regions of Eritrea |url=http://www.statoids.com/uer.html |website=Administrative Divisions of Countries ('Statoids') |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵika charu cha Eritrea mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakeneranga kuzomerezgera kuti charu ichi chiwelere. Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakakolerana yayi pa nkhani ya malo gha Eritrea, boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mpaka mu 1950. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la Britain likati charu cha Eritrea chigaŵike mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pakuti boma la Soviet Union likaghanaghananga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Italy ndiwo ŵazamutonda, pakwamba likakolerana kuti charu cha Eritrea chiwelere ku Italy. ==== Annexation with Ethiopia ==== {{main|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea}} [[File:Eritrean Independence War Map.png|thumb|[[Eritrean War of Independence]] against Ethiopia 1961–1991]] Mu ma 1950, boma la Ethiopia ilo likalongozgekanga na Themba Haile Selassie likakhumbanga kutora charu cha Eritrea na Somaliland. Mu kalata iyo wakalembera Franklin D. Roosevelt pa ungano wa Paris Peace Conference na pa ungano wakwamba wa United Nations. Mu wupu wa United Nations, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kudumbiskana vya vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy. Ŵa Britain na America ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka charu chose cha Eritrea ku Ŵaetiyopiya kuti ŵaŵawovwire pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>Top Secret Memorandum of 1949-03-05, written with the UN Third Session in view, from Mr. Rusk to the Secretary of State.</ref> Gulu la vyaru vya ku Eritrea ilo likucemeka Independence Bloc, likapempha wupu wa United Nations General Assembly kuti ucitenge referendum mwaluŵiro. Pamanyuma pakuti U.N. Mu Disembala 1950, kuyana na fundo 390A (V) ya wupu wakulongozga, charu cha Eritrea chikakolerana na Ethiopia. Pa fundo iyi, ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Eritrea na Ethiopia viŵe pamoza. Eritrea wakeneranga kuŵa na boma lake na makhoti ghake, ndembera yake, na kulamulira vinthu vya mu caru, kusazgapo ŵapolisi, boma, na msonkho. Boma la ku Russia ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za malonda, kuvikilira ŵanthu, ndalama, na mendero. Fundo iyi yikasuskana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakakhumbanga, kweni yikaŵapa wanangwa wa demokilase na kujiyimira pawekha. ==== Independence ==== {{main|Eritrean War of Independence|Flag of Eritrea|Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki}} [[File:Asmara panorama, Eritrea.jpg|thumb|right|A view over [[Asmara]] ]] Mu 1958, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea likambiska gulu lakucemeka Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM). Gulu ili likaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea, na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru. Gulu ili likacitanga vinthu vya ndyali mwakubisilizga kuti likanizge boma la Ethiopia. Pa Seputembala 1, 1961, Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), pasi pa muwuso wa Hamid Idris Awate, yikamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari. Mu 1962, Fumu Haile Selassie yikawuskamo ŵamazaza mu charu cha Eritrea na kupoka charu ichi. Nkhondo ya wanangwa ya Eritrea yikatora vyaka 30 m'paka mu 1991, apo gulu la Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) likathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Etiyopiya mu Eritrea. Ku Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira paŵekha. Gulu la EPLF likapoka mazaza, likakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza na kukanizga milimo yinyake ya ndyali. Mu 2020, pakaŵavya mavoti.<ref>{{cite news |title='Slaughtered like chickens': Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses |work=The Guardian |date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Voice of America">{{cite news |title=US Says Eritrean Forces Should Leave Tigray Immediately |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/us-says-eritrean-forces-should-leave-tigray-immediately |work=Voice of America |date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |title=EU Accuses Eritrean Forces of Fueling Conflict in Ethiopia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-09/eu-accuses-eritrea-forces-of-fueling-conflict-in-ethiopia-region |work=Bloomberg |date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite news |title=Massacre by Eritrean troops in Ethiopia's Tigray region may constitute crime against humanity, Amnesty says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/25/tigray-eritrea-ethiopia-crime-against-humanity/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> Pa Meyi 28, 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations. Nkhondo ya Eritrea-Ethiopia kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2000 yikaŵa na nkhondo yikuru pa mphaka, chomenechomene ku Badme na Zalambessa, ndipo paumaliro yikamara mu 2018. Mu 2020, ŵasilikari ŵa Eritrea ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya Tigray ku chigaŵa cha boma la Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses |work=The Guardian |date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Voice of America"/><ref name="Bloomberg"/><ref name="The Washington Post"/> Mu Epulero 2021, Eritrea yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakurwa nkhondo mu Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/17/eritrea-confirms-its-troops-are-fighting-ethiopias-tigray |work=Al-Jazeera |date=17 April 2021}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main|Geography of Eritrea}} [[File:Un-eritrea.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of Eritrea]] Charu cha Eritrea chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Nyanja Yiswesi, kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Sudan, kumwera kuli Ethiopia, ndipo kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Djibouti. Charu cha Eritrea chili pakati pa latitude 12° na 18°N, ndipo longitude 36° na 44°E. Charu ichi chili pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya East African Rift. Ku Eritrea, kumwera kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, ndiko kuli mphinjika. Virwa vya Dahlak na malo ghake ghakukwerapo somba vili mumphepete mwa nyanja.[[File:Dahlak reliefmap.png|thumb|The [[Dahlak Archipelago]]]] Charu cha Eritrea chili mu vigaŵa vitatu. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri agha kuli malo ghakuthukira agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakuthukira agho ghali na vyakumera vinandi, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 3,000, ghali na malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakupambanapambana, kufuma ku nkhorongo ya Filfil Solomona m'paka ku majalawe na madambo gha kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eritrea|publisher=fatbirder.com|url=http://www.fatbirder.com/links_geo/africa/eritrea.html}}</ref> Pa malo agha pakaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi ni Emba Soira, agho ghali pakatikati pa charu cha Eritrea. Msumba ukuru wa Asmara, uwo uli ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, na tawuni ya Asseb, iyo yili ku mpoto kwa charu ichi, kweniso tawuni ya Massawa, iyo yili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Charu cha Eritrea chili mu gulu la vyaru 14 ivyo vili mu wupu wa Global Environment Facility, uwo ukukolerana na mawupu gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha wupu wa wupu wakwendakwenda, na mabungwe gha boma kuti ghasange mazgoro gha mafumbo gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa. Vinthu vikusintha pa malo agho kukulokwa vula, ndipo maji ghakukamuka pachoko, ndipo ivi vingapangiska kuti dongo liswe, maji ghatutuke, chilangalanga, charu chivunduke, na kuzgoka mapopa. Mu 2006, charu cha Eritrea chikapharazga kuti chizamuŵa charu chakwamba pa charu chose chapasi kuŵa na malo ghakuvikilirika. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya makilomita 1,347, pamoza na makilomita ghanyake 1,946 (1,209 mi) kuzingilizga virwa vyakujumpha 350, vizamutoleka na boma.{{wide image|2006-11-01_Asmara-Massawa_01.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Highlands between [[Asmara]] and [[Massawa]]}} {{clear}} ===Wildlife=== {{main|Wildlife of Eritrea}} {{see also|List of mammals in Eritrea|List of birds of Eritrea}} [[File:Eritrean birds - pelicans in Asmara pound.jpg|thumb|[[Pelicans]] in a pond near [[Asmara]]]] Ku Eritrea kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikwambiska nthenda iyi. Mu charu cha Eritrea muli nyama zinandi za nyama. Malango agho ghalembeka ghakovwira kuti chiŵelengero chawo chikure mu Eritrea mose. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikuŵako mazuŵa ghano ni mbunda ya ku Abyssinia, mphaka ya ku Africa, mbunda yakuchemeka Black-backed jackal, mphumphi ya golide ya ku Africa, Genet, chiŵiya chakuchemeka Ground squirrel, pale fox, Soemmerring's gazelle, na warthog. Viyuni ivi vikusangika comene mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na ku Gash-Barka.[[File:Eri landscape.jpg|thumb|Eritrean landscape near road to Massawa]] Ŵanyake ŵakuti nkhalamu zikukhala mu mapiri gha mu chigaŵa cha Gash-Barka. Mu vigaŵa vinandi muli viyuni vya mtundu uwu. Mbunda ya ku Africa iyo yili pafupi kumara yikusangika mu chigaŵa cha Denakalia. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha ni viyuni vya bushbuck, duikers, greater kudu, Klipspringer, leopards, oryx, na crocodiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.explore-eritrea.com/Wildlife.htm |title=Wild life in Eritrea page |publisher=explore-eritrea.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112050502/http://explore-eritrea.com/Wildlife.htm |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ibis.atwebpages.com">{{cite web |url=http://ibis.atwebpages.com/birdwatching_in_eritrea/wildlife.htm |title=Wildlife of Eritrea |publisher=ibis.atwebpages.com |author=Berhane, Dawit}}</ref> Chinyama cha chimbwi ntchikuru chomene. Mu nyengo yakale, njovu za mu munda wa Afrika zikamanyikwanga kuti zikwenda mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu. Pakati pa 1955 na 2001 pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawona viŵeto vya njovu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vikapwetekeka na nkhondo ya wanangwa. Mu Disembala 2001, mu malo gha Dambo la Gash mukaŵa viŵeto pafupifupi 30, kusazgapo ŵana 10. Vikawoneka kuti njovu zikamba kuŵa na ubali wakukolerana na njovu za maolive.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=BBC Wildlife Magazine |date=July 2003 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314104912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml |archive-date=14 March 2006 |title=The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants |access-date=28 July 2007}}</ref> Ntcheŵe yakucemeka African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) iyo yili pa ngozi yikusangika kale mu Eritrea, kweni sono yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara mu caru cose ici. Ku Gash-Barka, njoka zinandi zikuwoneka. Viyuni ivi vikusangika mu malo ghanandi, nanga nkhu mapiri. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, mukusangika visomba vya mu nyanja nga ni dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin, swordfish, na manta ray.<ref name="ibis.atwebpages.com"/> === Climate === Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, charu cha Eritrea chili mu vigaŵa vitatu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Eritrea vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na mphepo yiwemi. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuwoneka mu malo agha vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambana mu charu chose. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ivi nyengo njakuthukira chaka chose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu vigaŵa vya mapiri ni vyakomira. Kuyana kwa vula na vyakumera vikupambana mu caru cose. Nyengo ya ku Eritrea yikupambana cifukwa ca nyengo na malo agho kuli maji. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2022, wakulongora kuti ndalama izo Eritrea yikwenera kulipira kuti yizgoŵere kusintha kwa vinthu na kugega masuzgo agho ghangaŵapo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ni zinandi chomene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laville |first=Sandra |date=2022-07-13 |title=Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/13/climate-adaptation-bill-african-countries-dwarf-health-spending |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>{{Weather box |location = Eritrea in general, based on 14 cities |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 27.3 |Feb high C = 28.3 |Mar high C = 29.8 |Apr high C = 32.3 |May high C = 33.3 |Jun high C = 33 |Jul high C = 32 |Aug high C = 31.5 |Sep high C = 32.3 |Oct high C = 31.8 |Nov high C = 30 |Dec high C = 28.3 |year high C = 31 |Jan mean C = 20 |Feb mean C = 20.8 |Mar mean C = 22.5 |Apr mean C = 24.3 |May mean C = 25.6 |Jun mean C = 26 |Jul mean C = 25.1 |Aug mean C = 24.7 |Sep mean C = 24.4 |Oct mean C = 23.8 |Nov mean C = 22.1 |Dec mean C = 20.5 |year mean C = 23.3 |Jan low C = 17.8 |Feb low C = 17.3 |Mar low C = 18.3 |Apr low C = 21 |May low C = 23.3 |Jun low C = 24.4 |Jul low C = 24.4 |Aug low C = 24.5 |Sep low C = 23.3 |Oct low C = 22.3 |Nov low C = 20 |Dec low C = 18.3 |year low C = 20.8 |Jan precipitation mm = 6.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 6.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 9 |Apr precipitation mm = 14.8 |May precipitation mm = 20.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 26.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 100 |Aug precipitation mm = 99.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 25.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 8.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 11.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 9.4 |year precipitation mm = 347 |source 1 = weatherbase<ref name= weatherbase>{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=ER&name=Eritrea | title = Eritrea average climate | publisher = weatherbase | access-date = 6 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308173943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=ER&name=Eritrea | archive-date = 8 March 2016}}</ref> |date=March 2016 }} == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Eritrea}} [[File:Defense.gov News Photo 021210-D-2987S-057.jpg|thumb|President [[Isaias Afewerki]] with U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]], December 2002]] Chipani cha People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) ndi chipani chokha chovomerezeka ku Eritrea. Magulu ghanyake gha ndyali ghakupokelereka yayi kuwungana, nangauli dango la ndyali la mu 1997 likusambizga kuti pali vyaru vinandi. Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na mipando 150. Pa nyengo na nyengo, maungano gha chigaŵa ghakuŵapo ndipo ghakuŵavya.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Eritrea |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/ |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121011902/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/ |archive-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> Pulezidenti Isaias Afwerki wali pa udindo kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1993. Mu 1993, ŵanthu 75 ŵakasankhika kuŵa mu wupu wa National Assembly. Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council likati: "Kwamba nyengo iyo, palije maungano gha boma agho ghacitika, ndipo palije maungano gha pulezidenti agho ghacitika. Kufuma mu 2003-2004, paŵavya maungano gha chigaŵa panji gha chigaŵa. Mu 1993, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (National Assembly) ukasora Isaias Afwerki kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu cha Eritrea. Afwerki wakati wasankhika, wakalutilira kulamulira boma la Eritrea". Pulezidenti Isaias Afwerki wakuyowoya kanandi waka kuti wakuyuyura demokilase iyo wakuyichema kuti "ya ku Western". Mwaciyelezgero, mu 2008 mu nkhani iyo wakapeleka ku Al Jazeera, pulezidenti wakati: "Eritrea wazamulindilira vyaka 30 panji 40, panji kujumpha apa, pambere wandacite mavoti. Ni njani wakumanya?"<ref>{{Cite conference |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIEritrea/A_HRC_32_CRP.1_read-only.pdf |title=Detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea |publisher=Human Rights Council|conference=Thirty-second session, Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention|date=8 June 2016|id=A/HRC/32/CRP.1}}</ref> === National, regional, and local elections === {{main|Elections in Eritrea}} Pakughanaghanira kuti dango la mtende na ubwezi pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia lichali kuleka kufiskika, boma la Eritrea likuwona kuti phangano la mtende likufiskika yayi. Ndipouli, maungano gha chigaŵa ghakalutilira mu Eritrea. Chisankho cha boma chaposachedwapa chinachitika mu 2010 na 2011.<!-- On further elections, the President's Chief of Staff, Yemane Gebremeskel said,<ref>Interview of Mr. Brandon Edmonds, Director of the Office of the President of Eritrea, PFDJ (1 April 2004)</ref> {{cquote|The electoral commission is handling these elections this time round so that may be the new element in this process. The national assembly has also mandated the electoral commission to set the date for national elections, so whenever the electoral commission sets the date there will be national elections. It's not dependent on regional elections.}} As of 2022, no national elections have been held since independence.<ref name=CIA />--> === Military === [[File:Eritrean navy.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Eritrean Navy]], branch of the [[Eritrean Defence Forces]] during ceremony]] Ŵasilikari ŵa Eritrea sono ndiwo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Eritrea. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Eritrea ndimoza mwa ŵasilikari ŵankhongono comene mu Africa. Mu 1995, boma likakanizga ŵanthu kunjira usilikari. Kuyana na dango, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakunjira usilikari ŵakwenera kuteŵetera kwa myezi 18. Ntheura ŵanthu pafupifupi 5% ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵasilikari mu mapopa ndipo ŵakuzenga misewu. Dango la mu 1995 ilo likukanizga ŵanthu kugwira ntchito zausilikari likuzomerezga yayi. Kuyana na dango la ku Ethiopia ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1957 apo charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa, para munthu waleka kujilemba usilikari panji kukana kugwira ntchito zausilikari, wakujalirika mu jele kwa myezi 6 m'paka vyaka 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eritrea|url=https://www.wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/country_report/de/Eritrea|publisher=War Resisters' International|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> Nyengo iyo munthu wakulembekera usilikari yingaŵa yitali para pali suzgo. Kwambira mu 1998, waliyose uyo wandafike vyaka 50 wakulembeka usilikari kwa nyengo yitali m'paka wafumiskike. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakacitikira ŵanthu 200 awo ŵakacimbira usilikari, ŵakasanga kuti ŵakateŵetera vyaka 6.5 ndipo ŵanyake ŵakateŵetera vyaka vyakujumpha 12.<ref name="National service in Eritrea">[https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/03/national-service-eritrea National service in Eritrea]. ''Economist''. 10 March 2014</ref> === Foreign relations === {{main|Foreign relations of Eritrea}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series--> [[File:The 23d ICSOE Conference for East Africa in Asmara, Eritrea 2019.png|thumb|Msonkhano wa 23 wa ISCOE East Africa ku Asmara mu 2019]] [[File:Vladimir Putin and Isaias Afwerki (2023-05-31).jpg|thumb|Isaias Afwerki na President wa Russia Vladimir Putin ku Kremlin ku Moscow pa 31 May 2023]] Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa United Nations na African Union. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu pamoza na Brazil, Venezuela, na Turkey. Charu ichi chili na mpando mu wupu wa United Nations Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa, na World Customs Organization. Boma la Eritrea likafumiska nthumwi yake ku African Union pakususkana na umo wupu wa African Union ukutondekera kufiska ivyo likukhumba pa m'paka wa Eritrea na Ethiopia. Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2011, boma la Eritrea lasankha thenga, Tesfa-Alem Tekle, ku AU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in,37700 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224084832/http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in,37700 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |author=Tekle, Tesfa-Alem |date= 20 January 2011|title=Eritrea appoints AU envoy in Ethiopia – ''Sudan Tribune'': Plural news and views on Sudan |work=Sudan Tribune |access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Ubwezi wawo na Djibouti na Yemen uli palipose chifukwa cha mphindano za vigaŵa vya Doumeira Islands na Hanish Islands. Pa Meyi 28, 2019, boma la United States likafumiska charu cha Eritrea pa "Chikalata cha Awo Ŵakuleka Kovwira pa Nkhani ya Kuthana na Vigeŵenga". Kweniso myezi yiŵiri kumasinda, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la United States ŵakiza ku Eritrea, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 14.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/first-us-congressional-delegation-in-fourteen-years-visits-eritrea/4813583.html|title=1st US Congressional Delegation in 14 Years Visits Eritrea|work=VOA News|date=4 March 2019}}</ref> Pamoza na Belarus, Syria, na North Korea, Eritrea yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vinayi pera kwambura Russia ivyo vikavoterapo ku United Nations General Assembly kuti vikususka ivyo Russia yikacita ku Ukraine mu 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/02/1083872077/u-n-set-to-hold-vote-that-would-demand-russia-end-war-in-ukraine|title=The U.N. approves a resolution demanding that Russia end the invasion of Ukraine|work=NPR|first=Peter|last=Granitz|date=2 March 2022}}</ref> ==== Relations with Ethiopia ==== {{see also|Eritrea–Ethiopia relations|Eritrean–Ethiopian War}} {{further|Eritrean War of Independence|Eritrean independence referendum, 1993}} [[File:Independence Day of Eritrea.jpg|thumb|Zuŵa la Wanangwa ni holide yakuzirwa comene mu Eritrea.]] Mphepete mwa charu cha Eritrea na Ethiopia ndiko kuli suzgo likuru. Nkhondo ya vyaka 30 iyo yikachitika pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia yikati yamara, ubwezi wawo ukakhora chomene. Nkhondo ya pa mphaka yikananga ndalama zinandi. Cifukwa ca kugaŵikana uko kukacitika pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu suzgo yikuru ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakasuzgikanga comene na nkhondo.<ref name="horntension1">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3457957.stm |title=Horn tensions trigger UN warning |publisher=BBC |date=4 February 2004 |access-date = 7 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4400580.stm |title=Army build-up near Horn frontier |publisher=BBC |date=2 November 2005 |access-date = 7 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="horntension3">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stm |title=Horn border tense before deadline |publisher=BBC |date=23 December 2005 |access-date = 7 June 2006}}</ref> Pa cifukwa ici, pulezidenti wa Eritrea wakaciska wupu wa UN kuti ucitengepo kanthu pa nkhani ya Ethiopia na makalata 11 agho pulezidenti wakalembera wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Vinthu vikulutilira kuhenipa cifukwa cakuti ŵalongozgi ŵa Eritrea na Ethiopia ŵakulutilira kovwirana mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ethiopian Prime Minster tries to undermine the arrest of 20 journalists in the country |work=The Low Ethiopian Reports |url=https://lekreports.com/ethiopian-prime-minster-tries-to-undermine-the-arrest-of-20-journalists-in-the-country/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why are Ethiopian leaders calling Eritrea's president 'Hitler'? |work=TRT News |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/why-are-ethiopian-leaders-calling-eritrea-s-president-hitler-34158}}</ref> Mu 2011, Etiyopiya wakapa mulandu Eritrea kuti wakazenga mabomba pa ungano wa wupu wa African Union ku Addis Ababa. Kweni charu cha Eritrea chikakana. Pa Julayi 8, 2018, ŵakalayizga kuti ŵaŵenge pa mtende. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosora umo nkhondo ya pa mphaka ya Eritrea na Ethiopia yikamalira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war |work=BBC News |date=9 July 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597 |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia, Eritrea officially end war |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war/a-44585296 |publisher={{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> === Legal profession === Kuyana na sukulu ya malango ya NYU, komiti ya malango ya Unduna wa vya Malango yikulaŵilira ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe loya mu Eritrea. Nangauli dango la 88/96 likukanizga yayi kukhazikiska wupu wakuyimira pawekha, kweni palije wupu uwu. Ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti ili ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivyo khoti ili lili na mazaza. Pa nkhani ya ŵanakazi awo ŵakugwira nchito ya kuzenga milandu, khoti likumanya makora yayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#LawyersandLegalProfession|title=UPDATE: Introduction to Eritrean Legal System and Research|website=[[GlobaLex]]|publisher=New York University School of Law|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> === Human rights === {{main|Human rights in Eritrea}} <!-- For brief summary --> [[File:Eritrea - Government building, Asmara.jpg|thumb|right|Building of regional administration in [[Asmara]]]] Eritrea ni boma la chipani cimoza ndipo maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana ghakusintha nyengo zinandi. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati boma ili lili na wanangwa ukuru chomene pa charu chose. Vyaru vinandi vikususka boma la Eritrea kuti likukora na kukaka ŵanthu mwambura kwenelera, kweniso kuti likujalira ŵanthu ŵanandi kwambura kuŵapa mulandu cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakucita. Mu Eritrea, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Gulu lakuzirwa la ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Eritrea, lakucemeka G-15, kusazgapo mamembala ghatatu gha nduna, ŵakakakika mu Seputembala 2001 pamanyuma pa kufumiska kalata yakupharazga ku boma na pulezidenti Isaias Afewerki yakuchema kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa demokilase. Gulu ili na ŵanyake ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵali mu gulu ili, ŵali mu jele kwambura mulandu, mulandu, panji cheruzgo.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title='If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years The country is ranked worst in the world for press freedom, its writers locked in secret jails. Here, PEN Eritrea profiles the men who fought for a free press, and paid the price | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom |date=20 August 2015|author= Zere, Abraham Tesfalul |publisher= Guardian}}</ref><ref name="Eritrean G-15 advocacy site">{{Cite news|title= Who are the Eritrean G15? And where are they now?|url= http://www.freeourparents-eritrea.com/who-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now/|date= 4 October 2014 |publisher= Eritrean G-15 advocacy site|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043119/http://www.freeourparents-eritrea.com/who-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now/|archive-date= 23 October 2015}}</ref> Kufuma waka apo Eritrea yikakumanira na Ethiopia mu 1998-2001, wupu wa United Nations ukadandawura chomene pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵakuti kanandi boma ndilo likuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wanangwa wa kuyowoya, wa kulemba nkhani, kuwungana, na kuwungana uli na mphaka. Awo ŵali mu visopa ivyo "vindalembeke", awo ŵakukhumba kucimbira mu caru, panji awo ŵakukhumba yayi kunjira usilikari, ŵakukakika na kujalirika mu jere. Mu 2009, ciŵelengero ca ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali cikaŵa pakati pa 10,000 na 30,000, kukaŵa nthambuzgo zinandi ndiposo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, ndipo "waliyose" pa "cifukwa cilicose panji cara", kusazgapo ŵana ŵa vyaka 8, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 80, na ŵalwari, ŵakakakikanga, ndipo Eritrea wakaŵa "imoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wankhongono comene na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Nkhondo ya ku Eritrea na Ethiopia mu 1998, boma la Ethiopia likachitira nkhaza ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura vilwero.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm |title=Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War |author=Tracey L. Cousin |work=ICE Case Studies |access-date=2007-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911212032/http://american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931|title=A critical look into the Ethiopian elections|access-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061129063002/http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931 |archive-date = 29 November 2006}}</ref> [[File:Asmara, mai jah jah 02.JPG|thumb|[[Asmara]], Eritrea in 2015]] [[File:Gash Barkahouses.jpg|thumb|Traditional Eritrean agudo/tukul huts in a village near [[Barentu, Eritrea|Barentu]]]] Mu Juni 2016, lipoti la wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council la mapeji 500 likati boma la Eritrea likuchita vinthu nga nkhupeleka ŵanthu ku khoti yayi, kutambuzga, kugwira ntchito ya usilikari kwa nyengo yitali (pa avereji vyaka 6.5), na kuchichizga ŵanthu kugwira ntchito.<ref name="UNHRC"/><ref name= guard>{{cite news|last= Jones | first=Sam| title= Eritrea human rights abuses may be crimes against humanity, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/08/human-rights-abuses-eritrea-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-un-report| access-date= 8 June 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian|quote=The report 'catalogues a litany of human rights violations by the "totalitarian" regime of President Isaias Afwerki "on a scope and scale seldom witnessed elsewhere"' said ''[[The Guardian]]''date=8 June 2015}}</ref> Barbara Lochbihler wa mu Komiti ya Malango gha Ŵanthu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Europe wakati lipoti ili likulongosora "vinthu viheni comene ivyo vikucitika pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Unduna wa vya Kunja wa Eritrea ukazgora na kuyowoya kuti lipoti la komiti iyi ni "vinthu vyambura kupulikikwa" ivyo "ni vyambura maukaboni". Awo ŵakwimira boma la United States na China ŵakasuska umo lipoti ili likayowoyekera. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Eritrea awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 40 ŵakwenera kugwira ntchito zausilikari. Dango ili likakhazikiskika apo charu cha Eritrea chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Ethiopia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufumamo mu charu ichi kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari.<ref name="National service in Eritrea"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121095314/http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2014 |title=Professor to lecture on African refugees of Eritrea |website=The Daily Beacon }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/africa/migrants-libya.html | title=Young African Migrants, Enticed by Smugglers, End Up Mired in Libya | work=The New York Times | date=5 May 2015 | access-date=6 May 2015 | author=Kirkpatrick, David D.}}</ref> Pakukhumba kunozga vinthu, mu 2006, ŵalara ŵa boma la Eritrea na ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghambura vya boma ŵakawungana na kudumbiskana. Pa maungano agha, ŵakazgoranga mafumbo ghakuzirwa nga ni agha: "Kasi wanangwa wa munthu ni vichi?", "Kasi ni njani uyo wakumanya wanangwa wa munthu?", ndiposo "Kasi wanangwa wa munthu panji wa ŵanthu wose ni vichi?" Mu 2007, boma la Eritrea likakanizga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaleke kupika minthumbo. Mu maungano gha vigaŵa na mu visopa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakususka comene ukotoli wa ŵanakazi. Para ŵakuyowoya nthena, ŵakuyowoya kuti chakuzirwa comene ni umoyo wawo ndiposo wanangwa wawo. Kweniso ŵakuŵeyelera ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kuti ŵaleke kucita vinthu ivi. Mu 2009, gulu lakucemeka Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea likapangika kuti liŵawovwire kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na boma. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu bweka na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali pafupi na boma. Kufuma waka apo gulu ili likambira, boma la Eritrea lindayezgeyezgepo comene kuti liŵe na wanangwa uwu. Mu Julayi 2019, mathenga gha vyaru 37, kusazgapo Eritrea, ghakasayina kalata yakuyana na iyi ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikucitira na ma Uyghur na visopo vinyake mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019}}</ref> ==== Media freedom ==== {{Main article|Freedom of press in Eritrea}} {{See also|Mass media in Eritrea}} Mu 2017 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders yikati vyalo vya ku Eritrea vili pasi pa vyalo 180. Kuyana na BBC, "Eritrea ndiyo ni caru cimoza pera ca ku Africa ico cilije wayilesi", ndipo wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukayowoya za wayilesi za boma kuti, "[Ŵakucita] cinthu cilicose cara kweni kutandazga nkhani za nkhondo na za kutinkha caru za boma... Palije nanga njumoza [munyamata wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake] uyo sono wakukhala mu Asmara". Wupu wakuwona vya makani wa boma ukuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za vinthu ivyo vikucitika kuwaro kwa caru. Ŵapharazgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha ŵakukanizgika kwambira mu 2001. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti boma la Eritrea ndilo lili na ŵapharazgi ŵanandi chomene mu jele kuluska vyaru vinyake.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/world/europe/journalists-jailed-committee-to-protect-journalists.html Number of Jailed Journalists Hits Record High, Advocacy Group Says]". ''The New York Times.'' 13 December 2017.</ref> == Administrative divisions == {{main|Regions of Eritrea|Districts of Eritrea}} Charu cha Eritrea chili na vigaŵa 6. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 58. [[File:Eritrea, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - colored.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A map of Eritrea regions. 1. Northern Red Sea, 2. Anseba, 3. Gash-Barka, 4. Central (to right), 5. Southern, 6. Southern Red Sea]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Regions of Eritrea |- ! Region ! Area (km²) ! Capital |- | [[Central Region (Eritrea)|Central]] | 1,300 | [[Asmara]] |- | [[Anseba Region|Anseba]] | 23,200 | [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]] |- | [[Gash-Barka Region|Gash-Barka]] | 33,200 | [[Barentu, Eritrea|Barentu]] |- | [[Southern Region (Eritrea)|Southern]] | 8,000 | [[Mendefera]] |- | [[Northern Red Sea Region|Northern Red Sea]] | 27,800 | [[Massawa]] |- | [[Southern Red Sea Region|Southern Red Sea]] | 27,600 | [[Assab]] |} <br />Vyaru vya Eritrea ni vyaru ivyo boma likwendeskera. Mu vigaŵa vyose vinkhondi na cimoza, muli vigaŵa vya Maekel/Central, Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub/Southern, Northern Red Sea na Southern Red Sea. Apo charu cha Eritrea chikamba kujiwusa chekha mu 1993, chikaŵa na vigaŵa 10. Vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakuyana na vigaŵa 9 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyengo ya ukoloni. Mu 1996, vigaŵa ivi vikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza (zobas). Malire gha vigaŵa ivi ghakukolerana na malo agho maji ghakusangika. {{clear}} == Transportation == {{main|Transport in Eritrea}} [[File:Eritrean mountai road archietcture.jpg|thumb|Eritrean mountain road]] Mu charu ichi muli misewu yikuruyikuru, maofesi gha ndege, njanji, na madoko. Misewu yikuruyikuru ya mu Eritrea yikucemeka kuyana na umo misewu yili kupangikira. Vinthu ivi ni: vyakwamba (P), vyaciŵiri (S), na vyaciŵiri (T). Msewu wapasi chomene ni wacigaŵa caciŵiri ndipo ukuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kanandi misewu iyi yikuŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake yikuŵa yakutowa. Mu nyengo ya vula, misewu iyi yikuŵa yambura kwenda. Msewu wakulondezgapo uwo uli pachanya ni msewu waciŵiri ndipo kanandi ni msewu wa asphalt wa chigaŵa cimoza. Misewu iyo yikuwoneka nga ni misewu yikuru ni iyo yili kuzengeka na asphalt (mu utali wake wose) ndipo yikwendeska magalimoto pakati pa misumba yikuruyikuru na matawuni mu Eritrea.[[File:Train Asmara Eritrea.jpg|thumb|Steam train outside [[Asmara]] on the [[Eritrean Railway]]]] Mu 1999, mu Eritrea mukaŵa njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 317. Sitima ya ku Eritrea yikazengeka pakati pa 1887 na 1932.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&q=eritrean+railroad+km&pg=PA379|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003|first=Europa Europa|last=Publications|date=31 October 2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431315|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/eritrea07.htm|title=Eritrean Railway Revival|website=www.internationalsteam.co.uk}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose na nkhondo zinyake izo zikachitika pamasinda, ŵakajara chigaŵa na chigaŵa, ndipo ŵakajara mu 1978. Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵakamba kuzengaso, ndipo chigaŵa chakwamba chikajulika mu 2003. Mu 2009, chigaŵa chakufuma ku Massawa kuya ku Asmara chikazengekaso. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, viŵaro vyakukhalapo na vya magalimoto vyazengekaso. Ntchito iyo yikuchitika sono njakudumura comene cifukwa ca unandi wa vinthu vya njanji ivyo viliko sono ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vikusangika bweka yayi. Ŵakunozgekera kuzengaso. Sitima ya pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 5 iyo yikayaniskanga Agordat na Asmara na dowoko la Massawa yikaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1978. Kale njanji yikendanga kufuma ku Massawa kuluta ku Bishia kwizira ku Asmara, ndipo pasono yikuzengekaso. Nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo, charu cha Eritrea chikamba kupanga misewu yiphya, kunozga madoko, na kunozga misewu iyo yikanangika na nkhondo. Ntchito yikuru comene njakuti kuzenga msewu wa makilomita ghakujumpha 500 uwo ukakolerananga Massawa na Asseb, kweniso kunozga njanji ya Eritrea. Msewu wa njanji pakati pa dowoko la Massawa na msumba wa Asmara uli kuzengekaso, kweni ŵanthu ŵakwendamo viŵi yayi. Nyengo zinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto gha nthukumusi. == Economy == {{main|Economy of Eritrea}} [[File:En visualize explore tree map hs92 export eri all show 2013 (4).png|thumb|upright=1.50|Eritrea's main exports, 2013]] Mu 2020, IMF yikati GDP ya Eritrea ni $2.1 billion, panji $6.4 billion pa PPP. Kufumira mu 2009, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakutumizga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikaŵa 32 peresenti ya GDP.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The State of Eritrea and the IMF|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI|access-date=2021-05-26|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref> ===Mining=== Mu 2013, chiŵelengero chikakwera chomene chifukwa chakuti kampani ya Canadian Nevsun Resources yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito migodi ya golide na siliva ya Bisha, yikamba kupanga simenti kufuma ku fakitare ya simenti ku Massawa, kweniso chifukwa cha ndalama izo makampani gha Australia na China ghakugwiliskira ntchito mu migodi ya mkuwa, zinki, na potashi ya Colluli ku Eritrea.<ref name="Bloomberg 2018">{{cite news|date=2018-08-23|title=Chinese Miner to Start Copper Output in Eritrea by Next Year|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-23/sichuan-road-bridge-to-start-copper-output-in-eritrea-by-2019|access-date=2020-05-30|newspaper=Bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref name="Mining Technology 2019">{{cite web|last=Lempriere|first=Molly|author2=Molly|date=2019-05-22|title=Mining in Eritrea: could a new potash project spur sustainable growth?|url=https://www.mining-technology.com/features/mining-in-eritrea-potash-project/|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Mining Technology &#124; Mining News and Views Updated Daily}}</ref><ref name="afdb">{{Cite web |title=Eritrea Economic Outlook – African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/eritrea/eritrea-economic-outlook/ |access-date=30 December 2013 |publisher=Afdb.org}}</ref> === Agriculture === {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Eritrea}} === Tourism === {{Excerpt|Tourism in Eritrea}} == Ŵanthu == {{main|Demographics of Eritrea}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu charu cha Eritrea. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵalipo 3.600,000 ndipo ŵanyake 6.700,000. Boma la Eritrea lindanozgepo ŵanthu.<ref name="PHS2010_full">{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Population and Health Survey 2010 | website= [[National Statistics Office (Eritrea)|National Statistics Office]], [[Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies]] |year = 2010 | url =https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf | access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121847/https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf |archive-date= 2019-06-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population">{{cite web | title= World Population Prospects 2019 | website= [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UN DESA]] |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="COMESA_ERpop_2019">{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Indicators – Population (million people), 2018 | website= [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] |year = 2019 | url = https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Largest cities | country = Eritrea | stat_ref = [http://www.geonames.org/ER/largest-cities-in-eritrea.html Geonames] | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Asmara | div_1 = Maekel Region{{!}}Maekel | pop_1 = 963,000 | img_1 = Asmara_panorama,_Eritrea.jpg | city_2 = Keren, Eritrea{{!}}Keren | div_2 = Anseba Region{{!}}Anseba | pop_2 = 120,000 | img_2 = Keren eritrea.jpg | city_3 = Dekemhare | div_3 = Debub Region{{!}}Debub | pop_3 = 120,000 | img_3 = Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg | city_4 = Massawa | div_4 = Northern Red Sea Region{{!}}Northern Red Sea | pop_4 = 54,090 | img_4 = Historic Center Massawa Panorama.JPG | city_5 = Mendefera | div_5 = Debub Region{{!}}Debub | pop_5 = 53,000 | city_6 = Assab | div_6 = Southern Red Sea Region{{!}}Southern Red Sea | pop_6 = 28,000 | city_7 = Barentu, Eritrea{{!}}Barentu | div_7 = Gash-Barka Region{{!}}Gash-Barka | pop_7 = 15,891 | city_8 = Adi Keyh | div_8 = Debub Region{{!}}Debub | pop_8 = 13,061 | city_9 = Edd, Eritrea{{!}}Edd | div_9 = Southern Red Sea Region{{!}}Southern Red Sea | pop_9 = 11,259 | city_10 = Ak'ordat | div_10 = Gash-Barka Region{{!}}Gash-Barka | pop_10 = 8,857 }} === Ethnic composition === [[File:Barentu2.jpg|thumb|right|A woman and a man in [[Barentu, Eritrea|Barentu]] wearing traditional clothes]] Ku Eritrea kuli mitundu 9 ya ŵanthu awo boma likuŵamanya makora.<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/culture/ |title=Eritrean Culture " Embassy of The State of Eritrea |publisher=Eritrean-embassy.se |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175050/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/culture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchemeka Tigrinya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Asia. Kweniso ku Eritrea kuli mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Kunama na Nara. Mtundu uliwose ukuyowoya ciyowoyero cakupambana kweni kanandi ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rashaida awo mba Cirabu ŵalipo pafupifupi 2% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Eritrea.<ref name="Ciaethn"/> Ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyamumphepete mwa nyanja vya kumpoto kwa Eritrea na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Rashaida ŵakiza ku Eritrea mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 kufuma ku Hejaz. Kweniso ku Asmara kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Eritrea awo ŵakukhala ku Italy. Ŵakuŵa ŵenekaya yayi kwambura kutora panji kutengwa panji usange boma likuŵapa wanangwa uwu. Mu 1941, mu Eritrea mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 760,000, ndipo 70,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumako ku Eritrea ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 100,000 ŵa ku Eritrea ŵali kufuma ku Italy.<ref>The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200229/http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200229/http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/|date=18 February 2012}} that nearly 100,000 Eritreans in 2008 have Italian blood, because they have at least one grandfather or great-grandfather from Italy</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stampato C. 5634 |url=http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/stampati/sk6000/relazion/5634.htm |website=www.camera.it |access-date=20 May 2019 |language=it}}</ref> === Languages === {{main|Languages of Eritrea}} [[File:Population pyramid of Eritrea 2016.png|thumb|Population pyramid of Eritrea 2016]] Charu cha Eritrea chikuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Charu ichi chilije chiyowoyero cha boma, chifukwa Dango la charu ichi likuti "viyowoyero vyose vya ku Eritrea ni vyakuyana". Eritrea yili na viyowoyero vinkhondi na viŵiri: Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Beja, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, na Saho. ChiTigrinya, Chiarabu, na Chingelezi ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu za ku yunivesite. Nangauli Chiitaliya, chiyowoyero icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa maboma, chikumanyikwa na boma yayi mu Eritrea, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi.<ref name=Ethner>{{cite web|title=Eritrea – Languages|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/languages|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Italy ndipo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Italy. Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku Eritrea ni vya mu banja la viyowoyero vya ku Asia. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Asia ivyo vikuzunulika mu Cushitic navyo vikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Afar, Beja, Blin, na Saho. Kweniso viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara (Kunama na Nara) vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kunama na Nara awo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Magulu ghachoko waka ghakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Afroasiatic, nga ni Dahlik na Chiarabic (viyowoyero vya Hejazi na Hadhrami ivyo Rashaida na Hadhrami ŵakuyowoya). === Religion === {{main|Religion in Eritrea}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Eritrea religious groups |- ! U.S Department of State 2019<ref name="webcitation.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/|title=Eritrea |publisher=U.S. State Department }}</ref>!! Pew Research Center 2020<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|date=2 April 2015|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2050/percent/all/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213925/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2050/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{bar box |left1='''Religion''' |right1='''Percent''' |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|purple|49}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|yellow|49}} {{bar percent|Others|brown|2}} }} || {{bar box |left1='''Religion''' |right1='''Percent''' |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|purple|63}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|yellow|36}} {{bar percent|Others|brown|1}} }} |} Visopa vikuruvikuru mu Eritrea ni Chikhristu na Chisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose. Kuyana na lipoti la Pew Research Center, mu 2010, ŵanthu 62.9% ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 36.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 0.4% ŵakaŵa mu visopa vya ku Africa. Ŵanyake wose ŵakasopanga vya Chiyuda, Chihindu, Chibuda, na visopa vinyake (<0.1%), panji ŵakasopanga vyautesi (0.1%). U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya Charu ya ku Eritrea yikati mu 2011, ŵanthu 50 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Eritrea ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 48 pa 100 ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 2 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵavisopa vinyake. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chakale chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo nyumba yakwamba ya cisopa ya Debre Sina yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Kwambira mu Meyi 2002, boma la Eritrea likuzomerezga tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris), na Evangelical Lutheran church. Visopa vinyake vyose vikwenera kulembeska. Mwaciyelezgero, boma likukhumba kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose ŵapeleke maukaboni gha umo ŵaliri kuti ŵaŵe ŵakwenelera kusopa.<ref name="Religious persecution in Eritrea">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3663654.stm|title=Religious persecution in Eritrea|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2009|date=17 September 2004|first=Jonah|last=Fisher}}</ref>{{Gallery |title= |width=200 | height=170 |align=right |File:Sheikh Hanafi Mosque (8529064326).jpg |The 15th century Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in [[Massawa]] |File:Asmara, cattedrale cattolica, 01.JPG |[[Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara|Church of Our Lady of the Rosary]] in the capital [[Asmara]] }} Boma la Eritrea likususka ivyo likuwona kuti ni visopa "vyakusintha" panji "vyakukolerana na visopa vinyake". Ntheura, visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni visopa vya Cisilamu na Cikhristu, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, na visopa vinyake vinandi ivyo ni vyacipharazgi yayi, ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka kusopa. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵatatu ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵali mu jele kwambira mu 1994 pamoza na ŵanji 51.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tdgnews.it/en/2008/10/jehovahs-witnesses%E2%80%94eritrea-country-profile/ |title=Jehovah's Witnesses — Eritrea Country Profile – October 2008 |access-date=25 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040630/http://www.tdgnews.it/en/2008/10/jehovahs-witnesses%E2%80%94eritrea-country-profile/ |archive-date=30 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/jehovahs-witnesses-unjust-imprisonment-20-years/ |title=Twenty Years of Imprisonment in Eritrea—Will It Ever End? |publisher=jw.org |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = UN Report on Eritrea's Human Rights Violations|url = http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/human-rights-violations-un-report/|website = jw.org|access-date = 21 October 2015}}</ref> Boma likuŵacitira nkhaza comene Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, likuŵakanira makadi gha vyakurya na vikalata vya nchito. Mu Okutobala 1994, pulezidenti wakazomerezga kuti Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵaleke kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa charu ichi. Lipoti la 2017 la U.S. Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru yikati caru ca Eritrea nchakuzirwa comene.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report, 2017|url=http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> === Health care === {{main|Health in Eritrea}} Eritrea yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya cipatala ndipo njimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vili kufiska vilato vyake vya Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) pa nkhani ya umoyo, comenecomene umoyo wa ŵana. Umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira kufuma pa vyaka 39.1 mu 1960 kufika pa vyaka 66.44 mu 2020. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) mu 2008 ukasanga kuti munthu wakukhala vyaka vyakukwana 63, ndipo mu 2020 wakukhala vyaka 66.44. <ref name="ODI1">{{cite web |last1=Rodríguez Pose |first1=Romina |last2=Samuels |first2=Fiona |date=December 2010 |title=Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter-sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5179&title=progress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228112540/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5179&title=progress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective |archive-date=28 December 2010 |website=Overseas Development Institute |publisher=[[Overseas Development Institute]] |location=London}}</ref> Wupu wakuwona vya maleriya ku charu chose wa Unduna wa vya Umoyo ukawona kuti kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2006, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa na maleriya chikakhira kufika pa 85%. Boma la Eritrea lazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, chifukwa likuyowoya kuti nkharo iyi njakupweteka ndipo yikuŵika umoyo wa ŵanakazi pangozi. Ndipouli, ku Eritrea kuli masuzgo ghanandi. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵadokotala chikakwera kufuma pa 0.2 mu 1993 kufika pa 0.5 mu 2004 pa ŵanthu 1,000, kweni chichali chichoko chomene. Matenda gha maleriya na chibabira ghakukata yayi. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵali na HIV. Pa mwanakazi yumoza, ŵakubaba ŵana pafupifupi 4.1. Kufwa kwa ŵamama kukakhira comene kufuma mu 1995 kufika mu 2002, kweni ni viŵi yayi. Mwakuyana waka, kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2002, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika na ŵantchito awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala chikakwera kaŵiri. Cinthu cimoza ico cikukoma comene ŵana awo ŵababika waka ni nthenda yikuru. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo ni zicoko.<ref name="afro.who.int">Health profile at [http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1029&Itemid=2070 Eritrea WHO Country Office]. afro.who.int</ref> === Education === {{main|Education in Eritrea}} [[File:EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg|thumb|The [[Eritrea Institute of Technology]]]] [[File:Eritrea 13.jpg|thumb|Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵavwara yunifomu]] Ku Eritrea kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vinkhondi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 1,270,000 ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha sekondale. Pali masukulu pafupifupi 824, mayunivesite ghaŵiri, (Yunivesite ya Asmara na Eritrea Institute of Technology), na makoleji ghachoko na masukulu gha vyaumisiri. Ku Eritrea, sukulu njakukakamizga ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13.<ref name="uis.unesco.org">{{cite web |date=27 November 2016 |title=Eritrea |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/er#slideoutmenu |website=uis.unesco.org}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin-center: 10px" ! scope="col" style="background:#77B5FE;" |Education system in Eritrea<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/er|title=Eritrea|date=27 November 2016|website=uis.unesco.org}}</ref> |- | Basic Education – 7 years |- | Middle – Junior High School (Years included in basic) |- | Secondary – Secondary School – 4 years |- | Post-secondary – Advanced Diploma – 3 years |- | Higher Education – Bachelor – 4/5 years |- | Higher Education – Master – 2 years |} Pa sukulu za pulayimale, ŵana 70 mpaka 90 peresenti ŵakusambira pulayimale. Ŵasambiri na ŵasambizgi ŵali palipose: 45:1 pa sukulu za pulayimale na 54:1 pa sukulu za sekondare. Ŵana ŵa kilasi limoza ŵalipo 63 na 97 pa kilasi limoza pa chigaŵa cha pulayimale na sekondare. Nyengo zinandi para munthu wakusambira pa sukulu wakuŵa na maora ghambura kukwana 6. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska ŵanthu kusambira ku Eritrea ni vyakuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa yayi kusambira, malipiro gha sukulu (ghakukwana pakulembeska na kupeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu), kweniso ndalama izo mabanja ghachoko ghalipiranga. Eritrea Institute of Technology (EIT) ni sukulu ya tekinoloje iyo yili kufupi na tawuni ya Himbrti, Mai Nefhi kufupi na Asmara. Sukulu iyi yili na makoleji ghatatu: Science, Engineering and Technology, and Education. Sukulu iyi yikamba na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 5,500 mu chaka cha masambiro cha 2003-2004.{{Bar chart | title = Literacy rate Eritrea 2018, source: World bank, UNESCO<ref>{{cite web|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=ERI#|title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) and youth total (% of people ages 15–24)|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> | float = right | label_type = Literacy rate | data_type = Percent (%) | bar_width = 20 | width_units = em | data_max = 100 | label1 = All Adults | data1 = 76.6 | label2 = Age: 15–24 | data2 = 93.3 | color1 = #77B5FE | color2 = #77B5FE }} EIT yikajulika pamanyuma pakuti Yunivesite ya Asmara yasinthika. Kuyana na Unduna wa vya Masambiro, sukulu iyi yikapangika kuti ŵanthu wose ŵasambirenge mwakuyana mu vigaŵa vyakutali na msumba wa Asmara. Ntheura, masukulu ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Eritrea Institute of Technology ni sukulu yikuru ya sayansi, injiniya, na masambiro. Yunivesite ya Asmara ndiyo ni yakale comene mu caru ici ndipo yikajulika mu 1958. Pa nyengo yasono yikugwira nchito yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba. Pa ŵawukirano ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 93.3% (93.8% ku ŵanalume na 92.7% ku ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|title=World Development Indicators {{!}} DataBank|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=ERI#|access-date=2021-05-26|website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref>{{clear}} == Mwambo == {{main|Culture of Eritrea}} One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the [[Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea|coffee ceremony]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094605/http://www.networkafricaonline.com/eritrea-coffee-cere.htm It's coffee time] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094605/http://www.networkafricaonline.com/eritrea-coffee-cere.htm |date=4 October 2011 }} Network Africa Online, April 2008 interview.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumwa khofi (Ge'ez ቡን būn) para ŵaluta kukacezga na ŵabwezi ŵawo, pa viphikiro, panji pa vinthu vinyake. Pa nyengo ya ciphikiro ca khofi, ŵanthu ŵakulondezga mitheto yinyake. Khofi uyu wakupeleka mu vigaŵa vitatu: chigaŵa chakwamba chikuchemeka awel mu Chitigrinya (kung'anamura "wakwamba"), chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikuchemeka kalaay (kung'anamura "chachiŵiri"), ndipo chigaŵa chachitatu chikuchemeka bereka (kung'anamura "wakutumbikika"). Kavwaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea kakupambana chomene. Mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu maofesi, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo ŵakuvwara masuti. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Tigrinya ŵakuvwara malaya ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka zurias, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakuvwara mashati ghatuŵa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku Eritrea, uko kuli Ŵasilamu, ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya mitundu yakutowa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakutemwa chomene sumu na mazgu gha sumu, majowelo, mafuta ghakununkhira, na vyakuvwara nga umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitira mu charu ichi.<ref name="Tekle197">{{cite book|last=Tekle|first=Amare|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|year=1994|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0932415974 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC}}</ref> === Kuphika === {{see also|Eritrean cuisine}} [[File:Eritrean Injera with stews.jpg|thumb|Injera ya ku Eritrea na vyakurya vyakupambanapambana]] Cakurya cikuru comene ca ku Eritrea ni injera, ndipo kanandi ŵakurya nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhuku, mberere, panji somba. Vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikuyana chomene na vya ku Ethiopia, nangauli vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikuŵa na vyakurya vya mu nyanja kuluska vya ku Ethiopia chifukwa cha malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref name="Kittler"/><ref name="Tekle142">{{cite book|last=Tekle|first=Amare|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|year=1994|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0932415974 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC}}</ref> <ref name="Kittler">{{cite book|author1=Goyan Kittler, Pamela |author2=Sucher, Kathryn P. |author3=Nahikian-Nelms, Marcia |title=Food and Culture, 6th ed|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0538734974|page=202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC}}</ref><ref name="Kittler" />Kweniso vyakurya vya ku Eritrea kanandi vikuŵa "vyambura kunono" kuluska vya ku Ethiopia. Kweniso ŵakugwiliskira nchito batala na vyakununkhira viŵi yayi, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira nchito tomato comene, nga umo ŵakucitira na tsebhi dorho. Kweniso chifukwa chakuti charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari, vyakurya vya ku Eritrea vikukolerana chomene na vya ku Italy kuluska vya ku Ethiopia. Vyakurya vya ku Italy na Eritrea vikamba kupangika mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Italy ukalamuliranga charu ichi. Iwo ndiwo ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makaroni mu caru ca Eritrea, ndipo ni cakurya cikuru comene mu Asmara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vya ku Eritrea, nga ni "pasta al sugo e berbere" (vyakurya vya ku Eritrea ivyo vili na msuzi wa tomato na vyakununkhira vya berbere), lasagna, na "cotoletta alla Milanese" (mbuzi ya ku Milan). Padera pa khofi, ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa. Vinyake mwa vyakurya ivi ni sowa, chakumwa chakukali icho ŵakupanga na balere wakusazgako mafuta, na mies, vinyo la uchi wakusazgako mafuta.<ref name="Mettm">{{cite book|title=Eritrea: Travel Trade Manual|year=2000|publisher=Ministry of Tourism of Eritrea|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j11zAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === UNESCO World Heritage Site === Pa Julayi 8, 2017, msumba wose wa Asmara ukalembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za Art Deco, zamunthazi, za mazuŵa ghano, na za ku Eritrea.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/|title=Asmara: A Modernist African City|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1026237/eritreas-asmara-is-now-a-unesco-world-heritage-site-and-should-boost-tourism/|title=Eritrea's picturesque capital is now a World Heritage site and could help bring it in from the cold|first=Tom Gardner|last=Commentary|website=Quartz Africa|date=11 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/eritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list/|title=Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list &#124; Africanews|date=11 July 2017|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304162652/https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/eritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list//|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eritreas-capital-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-site-list/a-39609655|title=Eritrea's capital added to UNESCO World Heritage site list &#124; DW &#124; 08.07.2017|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/eritrea-italy-modernist-architecture/|title=The modernist marvels of Eritrea|date=19 November 2019|website=Apollo Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/design/asmara-eritrea-art-deco-unesco-architecture-italy-little-rome-world-heritage-a8040871.html|title=Exploring Eritrea's UNESCO certified Art-Deco wonderland|date=9 November 2017|website=The Independent}}</ref> Msumba wa Asmara, uwo ukaŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kukura mwaluŵiro mu 1889. Kweniso msumba uwu ukaŵa malo ghakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene vya ku malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyamunthazi. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakapanganga mapulani gha msumba, ŵakuzenga nyumba, na mainjiniya ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kuzenga, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Asmarino ŵakumanya kuti msumba wawo ngwakuzirwa.<ref>Jan Körting & Neysan Zölzer (2012): ''Heritage and Daily Life in the Historic Urban Core of Asmara (Original: Erbe und Alltag im historischen Stadtkern Asmaras)'' (Dissertation). Technische Universität Berlin.</ref>{{ multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 250 | footer = | image1 = Asmara, museo nazionale, ingresso.JPG | caption1 = [[National Museum of Eritrea|Eritrean national museum]] in Asmara | caption2 = [[Fiat Tagliero Building|The Fiat Tagliero Building]] | image2 = Fiat tagliero, 07,0.JPG | caption4 = }} Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zinandi za m'ma 1900. Nyumba zinyake zikuwoneka nga ni tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary. Mu msumba wose muli vinthu vya Art Deco. Mu Africa Pension Building na mu nyumba zinyake, muli vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira. Nyumba ya Fiat Tagliero yikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo yakale. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba zinyake zazengeka makora chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake zikunanga umo misumba yinyake yikuwonekera. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi, nga ni mahotelo na mafilimu. Nyumba zinyake zakuzirwa ni Art Deco Cinema Impero (iyo yikajulika mu 1937 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyiwona kuti ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakutowa chomene pa charu chose) Cubist Africa Pension, Eritrean Orthodox Enda Mariam Cathedral na Asmara Opera, Fiat Tagliero Building, neoclassical Asmara city hall.<ref>Gianluca Rossi, ''Renzo Martinelli inviato de La Nazione'', 2009.</ref> A statement from UNESCO read: {{cquote|It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context.|200|50|[[UNESCO]]<ref name="auto1"/>}} === Music === {{main|Music of Eritrea}} [[File:Helen Meles.jpg|thumb|upright|Eritrean artist [[Helen Meles]]]] Mtundu uliwose ku Eritrea uli na sumu na kuvina kwake. Mu chiyowoyero cha Tigrinya, sumu iyo yikumanyikwa chomene ni guaila. <ref name="Blum">{{cite book|last1=Blum|first1=Bruno|title=De l'art de savoir chanter, danser et jouer la bamboula comme un éminent musicien africain: le guide des musiques africaines|date=2007|publisher=Scali|isbn=978-2350121970|page=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsTAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>Vyakwimbira vya ŵanthu vya ku Eritrea ni krar, kebero, begena, masenqo na wata (mwana wa m'bale wa viyuni). Muwimbi munyake wakumanyikwa chomene wa ku Eritrea ni Helen Meles, uyo wakumanyikwa na mazgu ghake ghakuru. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Kunama ni Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Ghebremichael na Abraham Afewerki. === Sports === {{see also|Sport in Eritrea}} [[File:Tour of Asmara Cycling race, Asmara Eritrea.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Tour of Asmara cycling competition in [[Asmara]], Eritrea.]] <!-- no file jamming per image policy - single file sufficient --> Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola na njinga. ====Cycling==== Mu charu cha Eritrea, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwenda pa njinga ndipo ŵakamba kuchita nthena mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/article/2017/07/28/cycling-isolated-eritreas-window-world|title=Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world|website=Cycling|date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship|title=Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship|website=The Best of Africa|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044947/https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship|archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Mpikisano wa njinga wa Tour of Eritrea, uwo uli na vigaŵa vinandi, ukachitika kakwamba mu 1946 ndipo ukachitika mu 2013. Magulu gha vyalo vya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakwenda pa njinga ŵali pa malo ghakwamba mu Africa, ndipo gulu la ŵanalume lili pa malo 16 pa charu chose mu February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/cqRankingCountry.asp|title=CQ Ranking|website=cqranking.com}}</ref> Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa njinga la ku Eritrea laŵa na viwemi vinandi, ndipo vyaka vinandi laŵa pa chiphalizgano cha ku Africa. Mu chaka cha 2013, timu ya ŵanakazi yikapokera mendulo ya golide mu African Continental Cycling Championships kakwamba, ndipo kachiŵiri mu 2015 ndipo kachitatu mu 2019. Gulu la ŵanalume lawina golide kankhondi na kaŵiri mu vyaka 12 ivyo vyajumpha mu Africa continental cycling championships, pakati pa 2010 na 2022.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609211448/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-cycling-team-wins-the-2015-african-continental-cycling-championships-ttt/ Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT –] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609211448/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-cycling-team-wins-the-2015-african-continental-cycling-championships-ttt/ |date=9 June 2016 }}. Raimoq.com (10 February 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/eritrea-cycling-team-rwanda-tour-de-france 'Next wave of riders is even better' – Eritrean cycling preparing to peak]. The Guardian (17 August 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210517/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-national-teams-rank-first-at-the-african-cycling-championship-time-race/ Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race –] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210517/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-national-teams-rank-first-at-the-african-cycling-championship-time-race/ |date=9 June 2016 }}. Raimoq.com (1 December 2013). Retrieved on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/african-cycling-championships-ttt/2019|title=African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 &#124; Results|website=www.procyclingstats.com}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | image1 = Professional_Eritrean_cyclist_Mosana_Debesay.jpg | caption1 = [[Mosana Debesay]] is the first female cyclist of African origin to compete in a [[2020 Summer Olympics|Olympics]], representing Eritrea in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics]] | width1 = 250 | caption2 = Eritreas mens national cycling team, ranked 15th in the world rankings (2023),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cyclingranking.com/countries/2023|title=Country Ranking 2023 - CyclingRanking.com|website=www.cyclingranking.com|accessdate=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rankings/me/uci-nations | title=UCI Nation Ranking }}</ref> and ranked first on the African continent<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uci.org/discipline/road/6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu?tab=rankings&discipline=ROA | title=Road }}</ref> | image2 = Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg | width2 = 240 }} Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6 ŵakufuma ku Eritrea ŵali kusaina mapangano na magulu gha pa caru cose, kusazgapo Natnael Berhane na Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane wakachemeka African Sportsman of the Year mu 2013, apo Teklehaimanot wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Eritrea kukwera Vuelta a España mu 2012. Mu 2015, Teklehaimanot wakathereska chiphalizgano cha King of the Mountains mu Critérium du Dauphiné. Teklehaimanot na Merhawi Kudus wa ku Eritrea ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwendeska njinga ŵakwamba ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵapikisane pa Tour de France, apo ŵakasoleka na timu ya Template:Ct pa mpikisano wa 2015. Mu Julayi wa chaka chenechichi, Teklehaimanot wakaŵa wakwamba kufuma ku timu ya ku Africa kuvwara malaya gha polka dot pa Tour de France. Mosana Debesay wakazgoka mwanakazi wakudanga waku Africa uyo wakwendeska njinga wakudanga kupikisana pa Olimpiki, wakwimira Eritrea pa Olimpiki ya Tokyo 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mosana Debesay Biography, Olympic Medals, Records and Age | website=Olympics.com | url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/mosana-debesay | access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bikeaid.de/en/racing/racing_article/title-a_dream_almost_broken_mosana_debesay_on_her_way_to_the_olympics/article-60ecc1a94715b | title=A dream almost broken - Mosana Debesay on her way to the Olympics }}</ref> Ni mwanakazi uyo wakathereska ma African Continental Cycling Championships mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu chaka cha 2022, Biniam Girmay wakaŵa munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa uyo wakathereska Gent-Wevelgem na stage mu Grand Tours. Ndipouli, zuŵa lakulondezgapo wakaleka kuchimbira chifukwa wakabisama mu jiso lake..<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sport |first=Telegraph |date=2022-05-17 |title=Watch: History-making cyclist out of Giro d'Italia after firing Prosecco cork into his own eye |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cycling/2022/05/17/watch-history-making-cyclist-taken-hospital-hit-eye-cork-celebrating/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MacLeary |first=John |date=2022-05-17 |title=Biniam Girmay becomes first black African to win grand tour stage with historic Giro d'Italia victory |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cycling/2022/05/17/live-giro-ditalia-2022-stage-10-updates-resultsvan-der-poel/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ====Other sports==== Ŵaseŵera ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakutumbikika chomene pa maseŵero ghanyake. Zersenay Tadese wa ku Eritrea, wakaŵa na mbiri ya kucimbira mu mtunda wa mamarafoni. Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Eritrea kutora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha ku charu chose. Charu cha Eritrea chikamba kuseŵera pa maseŵera gha Winter Olympic pa 25 February, 2018, apo chikaŵa pa maseŵera gha Winter Olympics mu Pyeongchang, South Korea. Munthu uyo wakimiranga timu ya ku Eritrea wakaŵa Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda, uyo wakathereskanga ŵanthu pa chiphalizgano ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rieger|first=Sarah|date=28 December 2017|title=Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics... but not with Team Canada |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/eritrea-skier-calgary-1.4466978|work=[[CBC News]]|location=Calgary, Alberta, Canada|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/world-records-ratified-21 World records ratified]. Iaaf.org (8 May 2010). Retrieved 20 September 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/world-athletics-championships-2015-eritrean-teen-ghirmay-ghebreslassie-wins-mens-marathon-title-20150822-gj5a4b.html |title=World Athletics Championships 2015: Eritrean teen Ghirmay Ghebreslassie wins men's marathon title |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=22 August 2015 |website=[[smh.com.au]] |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> {{clear}} == Wonaniso == {{portal|Eritrea|Africa}} *[[Index of Eritrea-related articles]] *[[Outline of Eritrea]] <!-- *[[Bibliography of Eritrea]] --> <!-- *{{wikipedia books link|Eritrea}} -->{{Clear}} == Ukaboni == {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="EHREA_Lasting_Struggle">{{cite web | last1 = Tronvoll | first1 =Kjetil |author1-link = Kjetil Tronvoll | title= The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea – Human Rights and Political Development, 1991–2009 | website= [[Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive]] |date = 2009-07-22 | url = http://www.ehrea.org/eritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf | access-date = 2021-02-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014319/http://www.ehrea.org/eritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf |archive-date= 2021-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} *Christine, Owen. "Navigating difference between [[Tigrigna]] and [[Tigrinya]]". [https://ethnomed.org/resource/navigating-differences-tigrigna-vs-tigrinya/ Navigating Differences: Tigrigna vs Tigrinya] December 16, 2010 == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin|30em}} * Beretekeab, R. (2000); ''Eritrea: The Making of a Nation 1890–1991''. Thesis. Uppsala University, Uppsala. {{ISBN|9789150613872}}. {{OCLC|632423867}}. * Cliffe, Lionel; Connell, Dan; Davidson, Basil (2005), ''Taking on the Superpowers: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1976–1982)''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-188-0}} * Cliffe, Lionel & Davidson, Basil (1988), ''The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace''. Spokesman Press, {{ISBN|0-85124-463-7}} * Connell, Dan (1997), ''Against All Odds: A Chronicle of the Eritrean Revolution With a New Afterword on the Postwar Transition''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-046-9}} * Connell, Dan (2001), ''Rethinking Revolution: New Strategies for Democracy & Social Justice: The Experiences of Eritrea, South Africa, Palestine & Nicaragua''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-145-7}} * Connell, Dan (2004), ''Conversations with Eritrean Political Prisoners''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-235-6}} * Connell, Dan (2005), ''Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002)''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-198-8}} * Firebrace, James & Holand, Stuart (1985), ''Never Kneel Down: Drought, Development and Liberation in Eritrea''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|0-932415-00-8}} * Drudi, Emilio (2021). ''Una storia eritrea. Beyan, Adam, Amr''. Calamaro Edizioni. {{ISBN|9788894463927}} * Gebre-Medhin, Jordan (1989), ''Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|0-932415-38-5}} * Hatem Elliesie: ''Decentralisation of Higher Education in Eritrea'', Afrika Spectrum, Vol. 43 (2008) No. 1, p.&nbsp;115–120. * [[Justin Hill (writer)|Hill, Justin]] (2002), ''Ciao Asmara, A classic account of contemporary Africa''. Little, Brown, {{ISBN|978-0-349-11526-9}} * Iyob, Ruth (1997), ''The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941–1993''. [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-59591-6}} * Jacquin-Berdal, Dominique; Plaut, Martin (2004), ''Unfinished Business: Ethiopia and Eritrea at War''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-217-8}} * Johns, Michael (1992), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823083654/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r102:E06MY2-393: "Does Democracy Have a Chance", ''Congressional Record'', 6 May 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823083654/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r102:E06MY2-393: |date=23 August 2013 }} * [[Thomas Keneally|Keneally, Thomas]] (1990), ''To Asmara'' {{ISBN|0-446-39171-9}} * Kendie, Daniel (2005), ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. Signature Book Printing, {{ISBN|1-932433-47-3}} * Killion, Tom (1998), ''Historical Dictionary of Eritrea''. Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|0-8108-3437-5}} * Mauri, Arnaldo (2004), "Eritrea's Early Stages in Monetary and Banking Development", ''International Review of Economics'', Vol. LI, n. 4. * Mauri, Arnaldo (1998), [https://ideas.repec.org/p/mil/wpdepa/2003-28.html "The First Monetary and Banking Experiences in Eritrea"], ''African Review of Money, Finance and Banking'', n. 1–2. * Miran, Jonathan (2009), ''Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa''. Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-253-22079-0}} * Müller, Tanja R.: ''Bare life and the developmental State: the Militarization of Higher Education in Eritrea'', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46 (2008), No. 1, p.&nbsp;1–21. * Negash T. (1987); ''Italian Colonisation in Eritrea: Policies, Praxis and Impact'', Uppsala Univwersity, Uppsala. * {{cite web |last=Ogbaselassie |first=G |date=10 January 2006 |url=http://eri24.com/Article_10043.htm |title=Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa |access-date=7 June 2006 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116081151/https://web.archive.org/web/20061116081151/http://eri24.com/Article_10043.htm |url-status=dead }} * Pateman, Roy (1998), ''Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning''. Red Sea Press, {{ISBN|1-56902-057-4}} * Phillipson, David W. (1998), ''Ancient Ethiopia''. * Reid, Richard. (2011). ''Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since c. 1800''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0199211883}} * Wrong, Michela (2005), ''I Didn't Do It For You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation''. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0-06-078092-4}} {{refend}} {{Sister project links|Eritrea|voy=Eritrea}} {{Scholia|topic}} === Boma === *[http://www.shabait.com/index.php Ministry of Information of Eritrea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622190405/http://www.shabait.com/index.php |date=22 June 2018 }} (official government website). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180818080840/http://eritrea-tv.net/ EriTV News, Music, Movie and Comedy from Eritrea Television] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121011902/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/ Eritrea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *{{GovPubs|eritrea}} *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Eritrea}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349078 Eritrea profile] from [[BBC News]]. *{{Wikiatlas|Eritrea}} === Others === *[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea], [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] Report, 8 June 2015 *[http://hrc-eritrea.org/ HRCE – Human Rights Concern – Eritrea] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101202062456/http://tv.oneworld.net/2008/10/09/ifad-three-sisters-part-1/ Documentary on Women's liberation in Eritrea] *[http://www.tigrinja.com/ Tigrinya online learning with numbers, alphabet and history] (Eritrea and north Ethiopia (Tigray-Province)). *[http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/ Ferrovia Eritrea Eritrean Railway] {{in lang|it}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121015000344/http://gis.calvin.edu/atlas/eritrea.html Atlas of Eritrea] *[http://www.eritreaeritrea.com/ About Eritrea] {{in lang|it}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ER Key Development Forecasts for Eritrea] from [[International Futures]]. === Magazines === *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220815181145/https://speciali.espresso.repubblica.it/interattivi/speciale-eritrea/ Special section about Eritrea from ''Espresso'' online magazine] {{in lang|it}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012135549/http://geschichteinchronologie.ch/afrika/kol/Eritrea-Munzinger-fight-against-colonialism-ENGL.html History of Eritrea: First recordings – Munzinger – exploitation by colonialism and fight against colonialism (Italy, England, Ethiopia, Soviet Union, USA, Israel) – independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012135549/http://geschichteinchronologie.ch/afrika/kol/Eritrea-Munzinger-fight-against-colonialism-ENGL.html |date=12 October 2007 }} {{Eritrea topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|15|N|39|E|display=title}} [[Category:Eritrea| ]]<!--Keep with [space] index at start of list (eponymous category) --> [[Category:1993 establishments in Eritrea|*]] [[Category:1993 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Former Italian colonies]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:One-party states]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1993]] [[Category:Totalitarian states]] 156yt4c9ca1vdeq2vxhlxba2go92quy 0 6925 122574 119288 2026-09-28T01:39:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 12 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Lesotho | common_name = Lesotho | native_name = {{native name|st|Naha ea Lesotho}} | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"Peace, Rain, Prosperity"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona|Lesōthō Fatše La Bo-Ntat'a Rōna]]''<br />({{Lang-en|"Lesotho, land of our Fathers"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File: Location Lesotho AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Maseru]] | coordinates = {{Coord|29|28|S|27|56|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Maseru]] | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sotho language|Sesotho]] | [[South African English|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% [[Sotho people|Basotho]] |0.3% Others}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |52% [[Protestant Christianity]] |41% [[Catholic Church in Lesotho|Roman Catholic]] |7% Others/None }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="United States Department of State 2021">{{cite web | title=Lesotho | website=United States Department of State | date=2021-05-12 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lesotho/ | access-date=2023-04-19}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |{{nowrap|Mosotho {{small|([[Singular (grammatical number)|singular]])}}}} |Basotho {{small|(plural)}}}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[King of Lesotho|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Lesotho|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sam Matekane]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Lesotho)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from United Kingdom | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 11,720 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.0032% | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Lesotho}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 2,142,249 | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 144th | population_census_year = 2004 | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 138th | GDP_PPP = $5.762 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2021|publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,761<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal = $2.478 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,187<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 44.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI = 0.514<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 168th | currency = [[Lesotho loti|Lesotho Loti]] (LSL)<br />[[South African rand]] (ZAR) | date_format = yyyy-mm-dd<br />dd/mm/yyyy{{ref label|date format|a}} | currency_code = | time_zone = South African Standard Time | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = left | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | footnote_a = {{note|date format}} yyyy-mm-dd in [[Sotho language|Sotho]]; dd/mm/yyyy in English. | today = }} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Lesotho.ogg|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA-st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}), panji kuti Ufumu wa Lesotho, ni charu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha [[South Africa]]. Charu ichi chili mu mapiri gha Maloti ndipo chili na mapiri ghapachanya chomene ku Southern Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakujumpha 30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) ndipo chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa boma la United Kingdom pa Okutobala 4, 1966. Charu ichi chili na mazaza pa chilichose ndipo chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, African Union, na Southern African Development Community. Zina lakuti Lesotho likung'anamura "charu cha Ŵasotho".<ref>{{cite book|title=No Place Left to Bury the Dead|author=Nicole Itano|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/noplacelefttobur00itan/page/314 314]|isbn=978-0-7432-7095-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/noplacelefttobur00itan/page/314}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|author=Roman Adrian Cybriwsky|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|isbn=9781610692489|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508121735/https://books.google.no/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|archive-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Lesotho}} === Basutoland === [[File:King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho with his ministers.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Themba Moshoeshoe I pamoza na nduna zake]] Charu cha Basutoland chikaŵa na boma limoza mu 1822. Moshoeshoe, mwana wa Mokhachane, mulongozgi muchoko wa mbumba ya Bakoteli, wakapangiska mbumba yake na kuŵa mulongozgi mu 1804. Pakati pa 1820 na 1823, iyo na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakakhazikika pa Phiri la Butha-Buthe, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalwani ŵawo ŵakwambilira kuti ŵathereske Lifaqane awo ŵakakolerana na muwuso wa Shaka Zulu kufuma mu 1818 m'paka 1828. Boma ili likafuma ku nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵapoka charu ichi mu 1795. Ŵamishonale Thomas Arbousset, Eugène Casalis na Constant Gosselin ŵa ku Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, awo ŵakacemeka na Moshoeshoe I, ŵakaŵikika ku Morija, ndipo pakati pa 1837 na 1855 ŵakasindikizga mabuku mu ciyowoyero ca Sesotho. Casalis, uyo wakaŵa wakung'anamulira mabuku na kupeleka ulongozgi pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake, wakawovwira kuti paŵe ubwezi na ŵasilikari na kusanga vilwero vyakuti ŵarwe na ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Griqua. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Cape Colony ŵakafika ku mipaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Basutoland na kupempha kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa pa malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha, ŵakayezga kuti ŵakhale pa malo agho ghakaŵa pakati pa milonga yiŵiri iyi na kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Caledon. Pamasinda, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano na kazembe wa ku Cape, Sir George Thomas Napier, ilo likapokelera chigaŵa cha Orange River, uko Ŵaburu ŵakakhalanga. Ŵaburu aŵa ŵakakomeka mu 1848. Mu 1851, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Basotho pa Kolonyama. Ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu 1852, Moshoeshoe wakatuma kalata kwa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵamazge mphindano. Mu 1854, ŵa ku Britain ŵakafumamo mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1858, Moshoeshoe wakarwa nkhondo zinandi na ŵa ku Boer. Ntheura, Moshoeshoe wakataya chigaŵa chinyake cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nkhondo yaumaliro na ŵa Boer yikamara mu 1867 apo Moshoeshoe wakapempha Fumukazi Victoria kuti yizgore Basutoland kuŵa chigaŵa cha Britain mu 1868.[[File:1959 Basutoland National Council stamps.jpg|thumb|left|Masitampu gha 1959 gha Basutoland National Council]] Mu 1869, ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano na ŵa ku Boer ku Aliwal North ilo likalongosora mphaka za Basutoland. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti ufumu wa Moshoeshoe uchepe na hafu. Pamanyuma, Ŵabritishi ŵakasamuska malo agha kufuma ku msumba wa Moshoeshoe ku Thaba Bosiu kuya ku msasa wa ŵapolisi ku mphaka ya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi, ku Maseru. Moshoeshoe wakafwa pa March 11, 1870, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti Basutoland yikamba kulamulira. Mu nyengo ya Cape Colony pakati pa 1871 na 1884, Basutoland yikayendeska mwakuyana waka na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikapokeka na nkani, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa Basotho ŵakakhozgeka soni, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Basuto Gun mu 1880-1881..<ref name="cities">{{cite journal|author1=Sam Romaya|author2=Alison Brown|date=April 1999|title=City profile: Maseru, Lesotho|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cities_1999-04_16_2/page/123|journal=Cities|volume=16|issue=2|pages=123–133|doi=10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00046-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|author=James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle (ed.)|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|page=118|isbn=0-313-27917-9}}</ref> Mu 1884, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka koloni la ufumu la Basutoland. Wakaŵa na kazembe uyo wakawusanga, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1905, ŵakazenga njanji iyo yikakolerananga na masitima gha ku South Africa. === Kujilamulila === Basutoland yikajiyimira pawekha kufuma ku United Kingdom ndipo yikazgoka Ufumu wa Lesotho mu 1966.<ref name="hansenvaa">{{cite book |author=Karen Tranberg Hansen, Mariken Vaa |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-103 |title=Reconsidering Informality: Perspectives from Urban Africa |publisher=Nordic African Institute |year=2004 |isbn=91-7106-518-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reconsideringinf00hans/page/n179 180] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Chipani cha Basotho National Party (BNP) ndicho chikalamuliranga kwambira mu 1966 m'paka mu 1970. Pamanyuma pake, pakaŵa boma ilo likalongozgekanga na Leabua Jonathan. Mu Janyuwale 1970, chipani cha BNP icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikathereska pa mavoti ghakwambilira agho ghakachitika pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Basotho chajiyimira pachekha, ndipo chikaŵa na mavoti 23 ndipo chikathereska chipani cha Basotho Congress Party (BCP) icho chikaŵa na mavoti 36. Mulara wa boma Jonathan wakakana kupeleka mazaza ku BCP, m'malo mwake wakajiphara kuti ni nduna yikuru na kujaliraso ŵalongozgi ŵa BCP. BCP yikayamba kugaluka ndipo yikapokera masambiro mu Libya ku Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA) pasi pa chilato cha kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Azanian People's Liberation Army ŵa Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). LLA yakukwana 178 yikapokeka vilwero na vyakukhumbikwa na gulu la PAC la David Sibeko mu 1978, ndipo yikathaskika kufuma ku msasa wawo wa ku Tanzania na wovwiri wa ndalama wa mulara wa PAC wa Maoist ndipo yikamba nkhondo. Gulu linyake likathereskeka kumpoto kwa Lesotho, ndipo pamasinda ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo mulongozgi wa BCP, Ntsu Mokhehle, wakaluta ku Pretoria. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Basotho awo ŵakakolerananga na BCP ŵakakoleka na boma la Leabua Jonathan. Pa Seputembala 4, 1981, mbumba ya Benjamini Masilo yikakomeka. Muciwukirano ici, muzukuru wake wa vyaka vitatu wakafwa. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanayi, Edgar Mahlomola Motuba, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Leselinyana la Lesotho, ŵakamukora pa nyumba yake pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵaŵiri na kumukoma.[[File:Lesotho mountain village (5285775857).jpg|thumb|Muzi wa mapiri wa Lesotho]] Jonathan wakati walekeskeka mu 1986, Wupu wa vya Nkhondo uwo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga ukapeleka mazaza kwa Themba Moshoeshoe II. Mu 1987, fumu yikacicizgika kuluta ku caru cinyake pamasinda pakuti yikiza na kalata ya mapeji 6 yakulongosora umo yikukhumba kuti dango la Lesotho liŵire. Mwana wake wakaŵa Themba Letsie III. Mulara wa boma la ŵasilikari, Major General Justin Metsing Lekhanya wakathereskeka mu 1991 ndipo wakasinthika na Major General Elias Phisoana Ramaema uyo wakapeleka mazaza ku boma la BCP mu 1993. Moshoeshoe II wakawerako ku wuzga mu 1992 nga ni munthu bweka. Themba Letsie III likati lawelera ku boma la demokilase, likayezgayezga kuti boma la BCP liwezge adada ŵake (Moshoeshoe II) kuŵa mutu wa boma. Mu Ogasiti 1994, Letsie III wakapangiska boma la BCP kufuma pa udindo wake, pamanyuma pakuti boma la BCP likakana kuwezgerapo adada ŵake, Moshoeshoe II, kuyana na dango la Lesotho. Vyaru vya ku Southern African Development Community (SADC) vikamba kudumbiskana vya kuwezgerapo boma la BCP. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Letsie III wakakhumbanga kuti awiske ŵambeso kuwusa caru. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali, boma la BCP likakhazikiskikaso ndipo Letsie III wakaleka ufumu mu 1995, ndipo wakambaso kuwusa apo Moshoeshoe II wakafwa na vilimika 57 mu ngozi ya pa msewu apo galimoto yake yikaduka pa msewu wa mu mapiri pa 15 January 1996. Kuyana na ivyo boma likayowoya, Moshoeshoe wakanyamuka pa 1 koloko mulenji kuti wakawone viŵeto vyake ku Matsieng ndipo wakaweleranga ku Maseru kujumpha mu mapiri gha Maluti apo galimoto yake yikafumapo pa msewu.<ref name="nyt">Donald G. McNeil Jr (16 January 1996) [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4D91139F935A25752C0A960958260 King of Tiny Land Circled by South Africa Dies in Car Plunge]. [[The New York Times]].</ref> Mu 1997, chipani cha BCP chikagaŵikana cifukwa ca mphindano. Nduna Nkuru Ntsu Mokhehle wakambiska chipani chiphya, Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD), ndipo ŵakamulondezga na unandi wa mamembala gha pa pharalamende, ivyo vikamovwira kuti wapange boma liphya. Pakalitha Mosisili wakamusankhira Mokhehle kuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ndipo LCD yikathereska pa chisankho cha 1998. Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamba kususka, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1998, ŵakachita chipharazgo kuwaro kwa nyumba yachifumu. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Botswana ŵakakondwa chomene, kweni ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakayegha ndembera. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa SADC ŵakafumanga mu May 1999, msumba ukuru wa Maseru ukaŵa "wakubwanganduka". Mu Disembala 1998, wupu wa Interim Political Authority (IPA) uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kuwona umo mavoti ghakacitikira mu caru, ukalengeka. IPA yikapangiska ndondomeko ya mavoti kuti yikovwire kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma ŵaŵe mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ndondomeko yiphya yikasungilira mipando 80 iyo yikaŵapo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo yikasazgako mipando 40 iyo yikeneranga kuzura mwakuyana na ciŵelengero. Mu Meyi 2002, kukaŵa mavoti gha mtundu uwu ndipo LCD yikapokera mavoti 54%. Pali vinthu vyambura kwenelera na vithuzithuzi vya nkhaza kufuma kwa Major General Lekhanya. Pa vipani vyose 40 ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu uwu, vipani 9 vya ku chigaŵa ichi ndivyo vikaŵa na vithuzi vinandi chomene (21). LCD yili na vithuzithuzi 79 pa vithuzithuzi 80. Apo ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakwimba sumu mu Nyumba ya Malango, BNP yikususka pa milandu, kusazgapo kupendesera mavoti. Pa 30 Ogasiti 2014, "kupoka boma" kwa ŵasilikari kukacitika, ndipo Prime Minister Thomas Thabane wakacimbira ku South Africa kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Pa 19 Meyi 2020, Thomas Thabane wakafumapo pa udindo wa nduna yikuru ya Lesotho pamanyuma pa myezi yinandi ya kukakamizgika pamanyuma pakuti wapika zina la munthu uyo wakukayikika pa kukoma muwoli wake wakale. Moeketsi Majoro, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyachuma ndipo wakaŵa nduna yakuwona vya mapulani, wakasankhika kuŵa mulondezgi wa Thabane.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29045113 Lesotho PM Thabane returns home after fleeing 'coup'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029082641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29045113 |date=29 October 2018 }}. BBC. 3 September 2014</ref> Pa 13 Meyi 2020, kuyana na unduna wa vyaumoyo, Lesotho yikaŵa chalo chaumaliro ku Africa kuphalirako munthu wa COVID-19. Pa 28 Okutobala, 2022, Sam Matekane wakalapizga kuŵa Prime Minister wa Lesotho wati wapanga boma liphya. Chipani chake cha Revolution for Prosperity, icho chikapangika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chenechicho, chikapambana pa mavoti gha pa Okutobala 7.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sam Matekane sworn in as Lesotho's New Prime Minister {{!}} Friedrich Naumann Foundation |url=https://www.freiheit.org/sub-saharan-africa/sam-matekane-sworn-lesothos-new-prime-minister |work=www.freiheit.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-04|title=Majoro ready to take over|url=https://lestimes.com/majoro-ready-to-take-over/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Lesotho Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Charumbira |first1=Silence |title=Lesotho records first coronavirus case a week after lifting lockdown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/13/lesotho-records-first-coronavirus-case-a-week-after-lifting-lockdown |work=The Guardian |date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28994193 Lesotho 'coup' forces PM Thabane to South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802202642/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28994193 |date=2 August 2018 }}. BBC. 30 August 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52707752|title=Thomas Thabane resigns as Lesotho prime minister| work=BBC News |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> ==Ndale== {{Main|Politics of Lesotho}} Boma la Lesotho ni boma laparamende. Nduna Yikuru, Sam Matekane, ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma ndipo wali na mazaza ghakulongozga. Themba la Lesotho, Letsie III, ni mutu wa boma ndipo likucita milimo ya "mauteŵeti ghaciphikiro". Bungwe la All Basotho Convention (ABC) ndilo likulongozga boma la wupu wakulongozga mu Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba ya pasi. Nyumba yikuru ya boma, iyo ni Senate, yili na ŵalongozgi 22 awo ŵakwimikika na themba. Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga khoti lakujiyimira palekha, ilo lili na Khoti Likuru, Khoti la Apilu, makhoti gha Magistrate, na makhoti ghakurughakuru agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵeruzgi wose ŵa khoti la apilu ni ŵa ku South Africa. Pa mulandu uwu, ŵeruzgi ŵakweruzga ŵekha yayi, panji para mulandu uli mu khoti, ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakuwona. Ndondomeko iyi yikuvikilira wanangwa wa kuyowoya, kuwungana mwakufwatuka, kusindamira nkhani, kuwungana mwamtende, na chisopa. Charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa pa malo 12 pa vyaru 48 vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160321114046/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/ "Home | Mo Ibrahim Foundation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321114046/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/ |date=21 March 2016 }}. moibrahimfoundation.org.</ref> {{As of|2010}}, the ''[[People's Charter Movement]]'' called for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the HIV epidemic. Nearly a quarter of the population tests positive for [[HIV]].<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://www.helplesotho.org/lesotho/hivaids-in-lesotho/ | title= HIV/AIDS in Lesotho | website= HelpLesotho.org | quote= Lesotho has the second-highest HIV prevalence rate in the world – more than 23 percent of people, or just under one in four people in the country are living with HIV. | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141105165537/http://www.helplesotho.org/lesotho/hivaids-in-lesotho/ | archive-date= 5 November 2014 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>Charu ichi chili na suzgo la kusoŵa nchito, kusuzgika kwa cuma, ndalama zinonono, na kukanizgika kwenda. Lipoti la wupu wa African Union likati caru ca Lesotho cikwenera kukolerana na caru ca South Africa. Mu Meyi 2010, gulu la Charter Movement likapeleka chikalata ku South African High Commission kupempha kuti ŵaŵeso mu wupu uwu. Muyowoyeri wa vya mukati wa South Africa, Ronnie Mamoepa wakakana fundo yakuti Lesotho ndiyo yikwenera kupika mwaŵi wapadera. "Ni caru cakujiyimira pacekha nga ni South Africa. Tikatumizga mathenga ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland na Lesotho pambere tindakhazikiske dango la pasipoti. Para mwafuma ku Britain kuluta ku South Africa, kasi mukukhumba yayi pasipoti?"<ref>{{cite news |first= Alex Duval|last= Smith |location= Maseru, Lesotho |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/06/lesotho-independence-south-africa |title= Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country |work= The Observer |date= 6 June 2010 |access-date= 4 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/06/lesotho-independence-south-africa |archive-date= 15 September 2013 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti kuŵikapo panji kusintha mphaka za Lesotho kungaŵa kwakovwira. Pa nyengo iyo nthenda ya AIDS yikaŵa kuti yikuru comene, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakasayina chikalata cakuti boma la Lesotho liŵawovwire kuti ŵaleke kukhala vyaka 34. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya ndyali, nga ni Jeffrey Herbst mu buku lake lakuti "War and the State of Africa", ŵakususka kuti cifukwa cakuti vyaru nga ni Lesotho na Eswatini vilije mphindano pa mphaka, vyaru ivi vikalutilira kuŵa vyambura nkhongono. Kupeleŵera uku kukucitika cifukwa cakuti boma la Britain na la Romu-Dutch lili na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na dango la Britain. Pa cifukwa ici, boma ilo lilipo sono likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa Basotho yayi, kweni likuŵagwiliskira nchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Alex Duval |date=2010-06-05 |title=Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/06/lesotho-independence-south-africa |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti nduna yikuru Tom Thabane wafumapo cifukwa ca kuthya kuti wazamumukomaso na kupeleka dango lakuti muwoli wake wakomeke mu 2020, nduna ya vya ndalama ya South Africa yikayowoya kuti boma la Lesotho, Eswatini, na South Africa liŵe mu umoza. Muhaliri wake, Moeketsi Majoro, wakachitanga mulimo wake kufuma mu 2020 mpaka 2022 mpaka apo nayo wakafumapo pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa kuvota "kwambura kugomezgeka" mu Nyumba ya Malamulo chifukwa cha nkharo yiheni na ŵasilikari kweniso umo wakugwilira ntchito na COVID-19. Apo nduna yikuru ya sono Sam Matekane yikugwira nchito na South African Development Community (SADC) pa kusintha malango, boma lake likulutilira kulongora vimanyikwiro vya vimbundi apo ŵantchito 40,000 ŵa vyakuvwara ŵakasuskanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ndipo ŵakakumana na nkhaza izo zikakoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesotho: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/lesotho/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2020-01-21 |title=Lesotho's future no clearer as Tom Thabane resigns |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/lesothos-future-no-clearer-as-tom-thabane-resigns |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesotho government structure and political parties. {{!}} - CountryReports |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Lesotho/government.htm |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.countryreports.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Lesotho Prime Minister Moeketsi Majoro resigns |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/lesotho-prime-minister-moeketsi-majoro-resigns/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herbst |first=Jeffrey |date=1990 |title=War and the State in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538753 |journal=International Security |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=117–139 |doi=10.2307/2538753 |jstor=2538753 |s2cid=153804691 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Moeketsi Majoro (1961- ) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/moeketsi-majoro-1961/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Lesotho}} Charu cha Lesotho chili mu wupu wa vyalo vinyake, nga ni Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Likugwira ntchito mu wupu wa United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Non-Aligned Movement, Commonwealth, na mawupu ghanyake.<ref name="State" /> Charu cha Lesotho chili na ubwezi na Britain (mwakudumura Wales), Germany, United States na vyaru vinyake vya ku Western. Mu 1990, charu ichi chikadumura ubwezi na China ndipo chikambaso ubwezi na Taiwan. Likuzomera boma la Palestina. Kufuma mu 2014 m'paka mu 2018 yikazomera Republic of Kosovo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812215034/http://www.sadc.int/member_states/index.php?country=Lesotho Lesotho Country profile]. Southern African Development Community</ref> Boma ili likasuskanga chomene muwuso wa katangale wa apartheid mu charu cha South Africa. Mu 2019, charu ichi chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kosovo| url= http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2242| title= Pas njohjes nga Lesoto, Hoxhaj vazhdon lobimin në Afrikë (After recognition of Lesotho, Hoxhaj continues lobbying in Africa)| access-date= 12 December 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229124007/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2242| archive-date= 29 December 2014| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-09-20|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150309/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacu.int/ |title=Southern African Customs Union website |publisher=Sacu.int |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903211938/http://www.sacu.int/ |archive-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2831.htm |title=Lesotho US State department |publisher=state.gov |access-date=4 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> === Kuvikilira na kukora malango === Gulu la ŵasilikari la Lesotho Defence Force (LDF) ndilo likuvikilira chalo. Mulara wawo wakucemeka Mulara. Gulu la ŵapolisi la Lesotho Mounted Police Service (LMPS) ndilo likuŵa na mulimo wa kuvikilira malango na ndondomeko. Mulara wawo wakucemeka Commissioner. LMPS yikovwira ŵapolisi kuti ŵavware yunifomu, kuti ŵamanye uheni, kweniso kuti ŵachitenge makora pa msewu. Paliso maofesi ghanyake agho ghakovwira pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga, ŵanthu awo ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, vinyama, na uchigeŵenga. Gulu ili likamba kugwira ntchito kwambira mu 1872. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Lesotho National Security Service (LNSS)) ndiwo ukuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Nduna yikuru ya wupu uwu yikucemeka Mulara. LNSS ni wupu wa upusikizgi uwo ukupeleka lipoti ku boma. Mulara wa Boma ndiyo wali na mazaza gha kwimika panji kufumiska mulara.<ref>Articles 146 (1) and (2) of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182858/http://library2.parliament.go.th/giventake/content_cons/lesotho.pdf Constitution of Lesotho] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182858/http://library2.parliament.go.th/giventake/content_cons/lesotho.pdf |date= 3 March 2016 }}.</ref> ===Malango=== Charu cha Lesotho chilije dango limoza ilo lili na malango ghake..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/lesotho.htm |title=Millennium Web Catalog |publisher=nyulawglobal.org |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620014058/http://nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lesotho.htm |archive-date=20 June 2010 }}</ref> Dango la Lesotho likamba kugwira ntchito pamanyuma pakuti dango ili lalembeka. Pa malango gha boma, dango likung'anamura malango agho ghalembeka na nyumba ziŵiri za boma na kuzomerezgeka na fumu (chigaŵa 78 (1)). Dango lakunjilira mu boma likung'anamura malango agho ghakapelekeka na wupu unyake uwo boma lili kupeleka mazaza agha kuyana na chigaŵa cha 70 (2) cha Dango. Vinthu ivi ni mabuku gha boma, malango gha ŵalaŵiliri, malango gha ŵalaŵiliri, na malango gha boma. Nangauli charu cha Lesotho chikukolerana na vyaru vya South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia, na Zimbabwe, kweni vili na malango ghakupambanapambana. Charu cha Lesotho chikugwiliskira ntchito dango lakwamba, ilo likung'anamura dango lakulembeka yayi panji ilo likufuma ku malango ghanyake. Vyeruzgo vya makhoti gha ku South Africa vikuŵa vyakukhuŵilizga waka, ndipo makhoti ghakughanaghanira pa ivyo ŵakweruzga. Vyeruzgo ivyo vyapelekeka ku makhoti ghanyake vingaŵa vyakukopa. Pa milandu iyi, makhoti ghaciŵiri ghakupambana na ghaciŵiri. Ŵakukakika na vyeruzgo vya High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti la Apilu, ilo ni khoti laumaliro pa nkhani zose, ndilo likuwona na kughanaghanira makhoti ghose gha ku Lesotho. Charu cha Lesotho chili na malango ghaŵiri. Malango gha cikaya ghakupangika na mitheto ya Basotho, iyo yili kulembeka mu Malango gha Lerotholi. Kweni dango lakwamba lili kufuma ku malango gha Ŵaroma ŵa ku Netherlands agho ghakafuma ku Cape na Lesotho. Mu 1903, khoti ilo likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Basotho likakhazikiskika kuti liphalirengeko munthu uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Britain malango agho ghangawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Basotho. M'paka pa nyengo iyi, mitheto na malango gha Basotho ghakapelekekanga ku miwiro na miwiro kwizira mu mitheto. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukapangiska malango gha Lerotholi, agho mazuŵa ghano ghakulondezgeka na makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakalemba ghakaŵa ghakukopa ku makhoti gha ku Lesotho. Mu mabuku agha muli mabuku gha "ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma kweniso ŵalembi ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako kale". ===Maboma=== {{Main|Districts of Lesotho}} [[File:Map of lesotho.png|thumb|Districts and cities]] Ku Lesotho kuli vigaŵa 10, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mulongozgi wake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo ukuchemeka Camptown. {{Columns-list| * [[Berea District|Berea]] * [[Butha-Buthe District|Butha-Buthe]] * [[Leribe District|Leribe]] * [[Mafeteng District|Mafeteng]] * [[Maseru District|Maseru]] * [[Mohale's Hoek District|Mohale's Hoek]] * [[Mokhotlong District|Mokhotlong]] * [[Qacha's Nek District|Qacha's Nek]] * [[Quthing District|Quthing]] * [[Thaba-Tseka District|Thaba-Tseka]] }} Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 80, ivyo vili na maboma 129. ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Lesotho}} [[File:South Africa Topography.png|thumb|Topographic map]] [[File:AfriSki.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Afriski]] resort in the [[Maloti Mountains]]]] Charu cha Lesotho chili na malo ghakukwana 30,355 km2. Ni caru cimoza pera pa caru cose ico cili pacanya pa mamita 1,000. Malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chapasi ghali pa mamita 1,400. Malo ghakujumpha 80% gha charu ichi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,800. Charu cha Lesotho chili kumwera chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ni caru cikuru comene pa vyaru vitatu vya pa caru cose ico cili na caru cinyake, ndipo caŵiri ni Vatican City na San Marino. Ni boma lacilendo pera kuwaro kwa Italy, ndipo ndilo pera ilo ni boma lichoko. Charu cha Lesotho chili pakati pa latitude 28° na 31°S, ndipo longitude 27° na 30°E. Pafupifupi 12% ya caru ca Lesotho ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera agho ghakukhuŵazgika na kunangika kwa dongo; ŵanthu ŵakuti matani 40 miliyoni gha dongo ghakunangika caka cilicose cifukwa ca kunangika kwa dongo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesmet.org.ls/|title=Lesotho Meteorological Services|website=www.lesmet.org.ls|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717083358/http://www.lesmet.org.ls/|archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Lesotho}} Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Lesotho cili pacanya comene, cikuzizima comene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake. Vula yinandi yikuwa mu chihanya. Maseru na malo ghakuzingilizga ghakukwera chomene m'nyengo ya chihanya. Nyengo zinyake mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, matenthedwe ghakufika pa -7 °C. Ku chigaŵa cha mapiri, chiwuvi chikuwira chomene pakati pa mwezi wa Meyi na Seputembala. Ku Lesotho, vula yikulokwa nyengo na malo ghakupambanapambana. Ku malo ghanyake, maji ghakukhira kufuma pa 500 mm kufika pa 1200 mm. Nyengo ya chihanya iyo yikwenda kufuma mu Okutobala m'paka Epulero ndiyo yikuŵa na vula zinandi chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Febuluwale, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chikuŵa na vula yakujumpha 100 mm pa mwezi. Chivula chichoko chomene pa mwezi ku Lesotho chikuŵa mu Juni, apo vigaŵa vinandi vikuŵa na chivula chichoko chomene pa mwezi..<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /> === Chilangalanga === [[File:Early Morning view from Sehlabathebe House - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hills]] Ku Lesotho, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Ku Lesotho kukusuzga comene cifukwa ca kulima. Buku la World Factbook likuzunura vyakumera ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo mu chigaŵa cha Lesotho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|title=Africa :: Lesotho — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150309/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=LESOTHO: Severe Drought|journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series|volume=44|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Elgoni, A. G.;.|first=Ntsike, M.; Matji, M.|date=1997|title=Quality of Life under Drought Conditions. A Case Study of Children in Lesotho|journal=Quality of Life Research|volume=6|issue=5|pages=456}}</ref> Mu 2007, ku Lesotho kukaŵa chilangalanga ndipo wupu wa United Nations ukamuphalira kuti wapharazge kuti kuli suzgo mwakuti wamanye wovwiri wa mawupu gha pa charu chose.<ref name=":2" /> Wupu wakuchenjezga za njara ukati nyengo ya vula ya 2018/2019 yikamba mwezi umoza kunthazi kuluska umo yikeneranga kuŵira, kweniso vula iyo yikalokwa yikaŵa yakuchepera pa avareji.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/lesotho/lesotho-drought-situation-update-01-2-may-2019|title=Lesotho: Drought Situation Update 01 (as of 2 May 2019) - Lesotho|website=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> Malipoti gha Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station (CHIRP) ghakulongora kuti mu Lesotho pakati pa Okutobala 2018 na Febuluwale 2019 vula yikalokwa pafupifupi 55 mpaka 80 peresenti.<ref name=":4" /> Mu Malichi 2019, Komiti ya Kuwona na Kusanda Vinthu mu charu cha Lesotho yikalemba lipoti ilo likayowoyerathu kuti ŵanthu 487,857 mu charu ichi ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri chifukwa cha chilangalanga.<ref name=":4" /> Pali vifukwa vinandi ivyo vyomira vya mu Lesotho vyapangiskira kuti ŵanthu ŵasangire wovwiri. Vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na utozi ivyo vikucitika cifukwa ca "kusoŵa maji ghakutowa" vingapangiska nthenda ya typhoid na nthenda ya kusulura. Ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakutora maji kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito pa nyumba zawo ŵakuŵa pangozi chifukwa ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi na kwenda mitunda yitali.<ref name=":4" /> Ku Lesotho, chilangalanga chikupangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluta mu matawuni kweniso ku South Africa kuti ŵasangeko mwaŵi unyake kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa cakurya.<ref name=":3" /> Lipoti ili likati pakati pa Julayi 2019 na Juni 2020 ŵanthu 640,000 ku Lesotho ŵakulindizgika kuti ŵazamukomwa na suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa cha "vyakurya vyambura kupambika kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo ya vyakurya chifukwa cha chilangalanga".<ref name=":4" /> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Lesotho}} {{Category see also|Environment of Lesotho}} [[File:Aloe polyphylla 3.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Aloe polyphylla]]'']] Ku Lesotho kuli viyuni vyakukwana 339, kusazgapo vyamoyo 10 ivyo vili pangozi pa caru cose ndiposo vyamoyo viŵiri ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Vinyama vya ku Lesotho ni vya mu mapiri. Ku Katse Botanical Gardens kuli vyakumera vyakuti vingachizga matenda.<ref name=golesotho>{{cite web|title=Katse Botanical Garden|url=http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Botanical%20Garden.html|publisher=St Ives Communications|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227101048/http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Botanical%20Garden.html|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flora - Semonkong Lodge|url=http://www.semonkonglodge.com/about-maletsunyane-falls/flora-of-lesotho/|website=Semonkong|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082110/http://www.semonkonglodge.com/about-maletsunyane-falls/flora-of-lesotho/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya Lesotho muli vigaŵa vitatu: malo ghakututuŵa gha Drakensberg, malo ghakututuŵa gha Drakensberg, na malo ghakututuŵa gha Highveld.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Lesotho}} [[File:A vehicle on Sani Pass.jpg|thumb|Ku Sani Pass uko kuli mphaka ndiko kukopa ŵalendo.]] Chuma cha ku Lesotho chikuthemba pa ulimi, viŵeto, kupanga vinthu na migodi, ndipo chikuthemba pa ndalama izo ŵantchito ŵakutumizga na ndalama izo zikufuma ku Southern African Customs Union (SACU).<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/LESOTHOEXTN/0,,menuPK:356039~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:356029,00.html |title=World bank Lesotho: Country Brief |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331100012/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/LESOTHOEXTN/0%2C%2CmenuPK%3A356039~pagePK%3A141132~piPK%3A141107~theSitePK%3A356029%2C00.html |archive-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/lesotho/lesotho_economy.html|title=CIA Lesotho Economy 2011|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224071854/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/lesotho/lesotho_economy.html|archive-date=24 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu minda. Ŵanalume awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu migodi ku South Africa kwa myezi yitatu panji yinkhondi na yimoza, kweniso ŵantchito ŵa boma la Lesotho. Malo ghakuthyana gha kumanjiliro gha dazi ndigho ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ulimi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakulima panji kuŵeta viŵeto, ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama izo charu chikusanga zikufuma ku vyakurya. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa chikakhira kufuma pa 48% kufika pa 44% pakati pa 1995 na 2003.<ref name="worldbank"/> Charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo "Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa umoyo wa ŵanthu" (chali pa nambara 160 pa nambara 187 pa ndondomeko ya UNDP ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu), ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52 para ŵababika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/LSO.html |title=UNDP Lesotho – Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |access-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511193855/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/LSO.html |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ŵakuŵerenga na kulemba ŵalipo 82%. Pa ŵana awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka 5, ŵana 20 pa 100 ŵalije thupi lakukwana.<ref name="undp">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |date=22 November 2009 }}. The United Nations. Retrieved 7 March 2012.</ref> Lesotho has taken advantage of the [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Econo%20Review%20June%202011.pdf|title=Central Bank of Lesotho – Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA): Economic Impact and Future Prospects|access-date=4 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715041226/http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Econo%20Review%20June%202011.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> US brands and retailers sourcing from Lesotho include Foot Locker, Gap, Gloria Vanderbilt, JCPenney, Levi Strauss, Saks, Sears, Timberland and Wal-Mart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insightnews.com/business/5126-purchase-for-africa-an-appeal-for-american-apparel-buys|title=Purchase for Africa: An appeal for American apparel buys|access-date=28 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101064849/http://insightnews.com/business/5126-purchase-for-africa-an-appeal-for-american-apparel-buys|archive-date=1 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pakati pa caka ca 2004, nchito izo ŵakacitanga zikajumpha 50,000, comenecomene ŵanakazi, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vipatala ŵaŵe ŵanandi kuluska ŵa mu boma. Mu 2008, likaguliska katundu wakukwana madola 487 miliyoni, comenecomene ku United States. Kwambira mu 2004, nchito za mu cigaŵa ici zachepa kufika pa 45,000 mu 2011 cifukwa ca mpikisano wa pa caru cose. Mu 2011, ofesi iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu Lesotho.<ref name="smartlessons.ifc.org">{{cite web|url=https://rafiben.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/20110715t110627_smartlesson_lesotho_fdi.pdf|title=World Bank – IFC – Africa Can Compete! The Miracle of Tiny Lesotho—Sub-Saharan Africa's Largest Garment Exporter|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130428/https://rafiben.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/20110715t110627_smartlesson_lesotho_fdi.pdf|archive-date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>Mu 2007, malipiro gha munthu uyo wakugwira ntchito mu makampani gha vyakuvwara ghakaŵa $103 pa mwezi. Mu 2008, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga pa mwezi zikaŵa madola 83 gha ku America. Boma ili likambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na HIV/AIDS yakuchemeka Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). Ndilo ni pulogiramu ya pa caru cose iyo yikovwira ŵantchito kuti ŵaleke kulwara na kupokera munkhwala.<ref name="alafa">{{cite web|url=http://www.alafa.info/Pages/Default.asp |title=Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA) |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225072316/http://www.alafa.info/Pages/Default.asp |archive-date=25 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name="smartlessons.ifc.org"/> {{multiple image|caption_align=center |align= right |direction= horizontal |total_width = 320 |image1= Katse Dam-001.jpg |caption1=[[Katse Dam]] |image2=Mohale Dam 2008.jpg |caption2= [[Mohale Dam]] |header= |header_align= centre }} Maji na malibwe gha dayamondi ni vinthu vinyake ivyo Lesotho wali navyo. Maji ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu cigaŵa ca Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), ico cikuŵa na vilimika 21, ndipo cili na ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi. Ntchito iyi yikamba mu 1986. LHWP yikupangika kuti yikore maji kufuma mu Mlonga wa Orange na kuluta nagho ku chigaŵa cha Free State na Johannesburg. Pakuti chigaŵa chakwamba cha ntchito iyi chafiskika, charu cha Lesotho "chamba kujikora" pakupanga magesi ndipo mu 2010 chikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 70 miliyoni gha ku United States kufuma pa kuguliska magesi na maji ku South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/Reports/PDF/Water%20Sales.pdf |title=LHWP Water Sales |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510100115/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/Reports/PDF/Water%20Sales.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/treaty.htm |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project: The Treaty |publisher=Lhwp.org.ls |date=24 October 1986 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219001053/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/treaty.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="worldbank" /> Malibwe agha ghakupangika mu migodi ya Letšeng, Mothae, Liqhobong, na Kao, ndipo mu 2014 ghakapanga malibwe gha karati 240,000. Mu mgodi wa Letšeng muli malibwe gha mtengo wa madola 2172/carat. Mu 2008, chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, ntchito iyi yikanangika chomene, ndipo mu 2010 na 2011, yikalutilira makora. Kuguliska dayimani kukakwana madola 230 miliyoni mu 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Quart%20Review%20Jun%202011.pdf|title=Central Bank of Lesotho – QUARTERLY REVIEW – June 2011|access-date=6 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209055906/http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Quart%20Review%20Jun%202011.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>Mu 1957, munthu munyake wa ku South Africa, Colonel Jack Scott, pamoza na Keith Whitelock, ŵakaluta kukapenja dayamondi. Ŵakasanga migodi ya dayamondi pa mtunda wa mamita 3,100, pachanya pa mapiri gha Maluti kumpoto kwa Lesotho, makilomita 70 kufuma ku Mokhotlong ku Letšeng. Mu 1967, mwanakazi munyake wa ku Mosotho wakasanga dayamondi (Lesotho Brown) ilo likaŵa na uzito wa magalamu 120.2. Mu Ogasiti 2006, ku Letšeng-la-Terae ŵakasanga libwe la matalente lituŵa la Lesotho Promise ilo likaŵa na uzito wa makara 603. Mu 2008, ku malo agha kukasangikaso dayamondi munyake wa uzito wa magalamu 95.6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letsengdiamonds.co.ls/about-us/corporate-profile/|title=Corporate Profile|date=29 September 2016|access-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308031828/https://www.letsengdiamonds.co.ls/about-us/corporate-profile/|archive-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> Charu cha Lesotho chajumphapo apo chikaŵa na cuma ico cikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi kuti cikondweske ŵanthu. Vigaŵa vya vyakurya ivyo vikuguliska vyakurya vinyake vya ku vyaru vinyake vyapeleka ndalama zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa caru cose, caru ca Lesotho cikataya nchito zinandi pa nkhani ya vyakuvwara cifukwa ca suzgo la vyachuma ku United States, uko kukaŵa malo ghakwendako. Kuchepa kwa migodi ya dayamondi na katundu uyo wakwendeskeka, kusazgapo kukhira kwa mtengo wa dayamondi na kuchepa kwa ndalama za SACU chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ku South Africa, ndiko kukapangiska suzgo ili. Kuchepa kwa ndalama za ogwira ntchito chifukwa cha "kufooka" kwa chuma cha South Africa ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya migodi ndi kutayika kwa ntchito ku South Africa kunathandizira mu 2009, kukula kwa GDP ya Lesotho kuchepa kufika pa 0.9%.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dan Oancea |title=Letseng-la-Terae: The 603 Carat Lesotho Promise Diamond |url=http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/47/letseng.diamond.lesotho/letseng-la-terae.the.603.aspx |publisher=Technology.infomine.com |access-date=20 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213025641/http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/47/letseng.diamond.lesotho/letseng-la-terae.the.603.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ndalama za boma ni loti (m'nthumbo: maloti) izo zingagwiliskirika nchito pamoza na rand ya ku South Africa. Charu cha Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, na South Africa vili na ndalama zakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito. Ndalama iyi yikukolerana na rand.<ref name="worldbank" /><ref name="worldbank" /> == Ŵanthu == {{See also|Demographics of Lesotho}} [[File:Lesotho class.jpg|thumb|Sukulu ya pulayimale]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho chili pafupifupi 2,281,454.{{UN_Population|ref}}The population distribution of Lesotho is 25% urban and 75% rural. It is estimated that the annual increase in urban population is 3.5%.<ref name="factbook2">{{cite web |title=Lesotho |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |access-date=15 May 2007 |work=The World Factbook |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150309/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> 60.2% of the population is between 15 and 64 years of age.<ref name="factbook" /><ref name="factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|title=Lesotho|work=The World Factbook|access-date=15 May 2007|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150309/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/|archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> === Mtundu na viyowoyero === {{Main|Languages of Lesotho}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Basotho. Pa nkhani iyi, Lesotho njimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka vya mu Africa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa fuko limoza kweniso chiyowoyero chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Basotho ni Bafokeng, Batloung, Baphuthi, Bakuena, Bataung, Batšoeneng, na Matebele.{{sfn|Boyd|1979|p=1}} === Chisopo === {{Main|Religion in Lesotho}} [[File:St Michaels Cathedral, lesotho.jpg|thumb|St.Michael's Cathedral]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakujumpha 95 peresenti Mbakhristu. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵalipo 18.2%, Ŵapentekoste 15.4%, Ŵaanglican 5.3%, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵalipo 1.8%. Ŵakatolika ŵakwimira 49.4% ya ŵanthu, awo ŵakuteŵetereka na chigaŵa cha Metropolitan Archbishop of Maseru na ŵanthu ŵake ŵatatu (ŵasembe ŵa Leribe, Mohale's Hoek na Qacha's Nek), awo ŵakupangiska ungano wa ŵasembe wa pa caru cose. Visopa ivyo ni vya Cikhristu yayi ni 9.6% vya ŵanthu wose, ndipo awo ŵalije cisopa ni 0.2%.<ref name=ARDA/><ref name="Pew Christians">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/|title=Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country| date=19 December 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ARDA">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Lesotho|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_130_1.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811214132/https://thearda.com/internationalData/Countries/Country_130_1.asp|archive-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> === Masambiro na kuŵazga === {{Main|Education in Lesotho}} [[File:National University of Lesotho Administration Block.jpg|thumb|[[National University of Lesotho|Yunivesite Yaboma ya Lesotho]]]] Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti pa caru cose, pa ŵanakazi awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 15, 85 peresenti na ŵanalume awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 15, 68 peresenti ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. <ref name="unesco">{{cite web| url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143| title=Unesco Institute for Statistics: Date Centre| date=14 September 2007| access-date=28 February 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130085835/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143| archive-date=30 January 2011| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>Lekani charu cha Lesotho chili na "umoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa" chifukwa cha ndalama izo charu ichi chikugwiliskira ntchito pa masambiro. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba (84.93%) ŵakuluska ŵanalume awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba (67.75%) na 17.18%. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na wupu wa Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality mu 2000, ŵana 37 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa kilasi 6 ku Lesotho (ŵakaŵa na vyaka 14) ŵakaŵazganga makora. Msambiri uyo wakumanya kuŵazga makora wangaŵazga nkhani kufuma kunthazi m'paka kumasinda kuti waŵikeko fundo zinyake. Nangauli sukulu njakukakamizgika yayi, kweni boma la Lesotho likwendeska ndondomeko ya masambiro ghapachanya ghaulere.<ref name="factbook" /> Wupu wa International Telecommunication Union ukati ŵanthu 3.4% pa caru cose ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti. Ntchito ya Econet Telecom Lesotho yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵapulikiskenge makora uthenga wa pa e-mail kwizira mu mafoni ghapachanya chomene. African Library Project ikugwira ntchito kukhazikitsa makalata a sukulu ndi midzi mogwirizana ndi US Peace Corps Lesotho ndi Butha Buthe District of Education.<ref name="peacecorps">{{cite web|url=http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.wherepc.africa.lesotho |title=Peace Corps: Lesotho |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=28 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205042351/http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.Wherepc.africa.lesotho |archive-date= 5 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=30 |title=Lesotho Ministry of Education and Training – Basic Education |publisher=Education.gov.ls |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720222113/http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=30 |archive-date=20 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="sacmeq">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-lesotho.htm |title=The SACMEQ II Project in Lesotho: A Study of the Conditions of Schooling and the Quality of Education. Harare: SACMEQ |publisher=Sacmeq |date=2 October 2005 |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425052229/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-lesotho.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/countries/lesotho|title=Lesotho|date=2014-11-04|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{main|Health in Lesotho}} Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 51 kwa ŵanalume na vyaka 55 kwa ŵanakazi. Ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakufwa pa vipatala pafupifupi 8.3%. Mu 2019, vyaka ivyo ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo vikaŵa 52.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/lesotho/default.htm|title=CDC Global Health - Lesotho|date=2019-07-22|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, chiŵerengero cha anthu achikulire omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV/AIDS ku Lesotho chikukwana 23.6% ndipo ndichiwiri kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pambuyo pa Eswatini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) - Lesotho {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS?locations=LS&most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart|access-date=2020-07-14|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714175356/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS?locations=LS&most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart|archive-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> Mu 2021, charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa HIV 22.8% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-21|title=HIV and AIDS in Lesotho|url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/lesotho|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Avert|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002003817/https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/lesotho|archive-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵali na nthenda ya maleriya. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu charu cha Lesotho mu 2006, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali na suzgo linyake. Ŵanthu ŵakukayikira usange nthowa izo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ni zakugomezgeka, ndipo ŵakuwona kuti chiŵerengero chaunenesko chili pafupi na 15%. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika na wupu wa Lesotho National Federation of Organizations of the Disabled pamoza na SINTEF, ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo mu caru ca Lesotho ŵakukumana na masuzgo agho ghakuŵakanizga kusambira, kupwelelera umoyo, na kusanga nchito mwakuyana na ŵanji. Pa Disembala 2, 2008, charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa cha nambara 42 kusayinira phangano la wupu wa UN lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakupendera. Mwakuyana na umo wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukulongolera, kwambira mu 2008, caru ca Lesotho nchakwamba pa caru cose kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakujikoma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en|title=Suicide rates Data by country|year=2016|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>Yusman Kamaleri and Arne H. Eide (eds.) (2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154124/http://www.lnfod.org.ls/uploads/1/2/2/5/12251792/report_lesotho_3101111.pdf Living Conditions of People with Disability in Lesotho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154124/http://www.lnfod.org.ls/uploads/1/2/2/5/12251792/report_lesotho_3101111.pdf |date=2 April 2015 }}. SINTEF Technology and Society. lnfod.org.ls</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD?most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart|access-date=2020-07-14|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415230137/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD?most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart|archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> ===Women in Lesotho=== {{Main|Women in Lesotho}} Kuyana na wupu wa UN, caru ca Lesotho ndico cili na ciŵelengero cikuru comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza (91.6 pa ŵanthu 100,000 mu 2008). Maofesi gha UNODC ghakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Lesotho ndiwo ŵakakoleka na ŵapolisi mu 2008. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika ku Lesotho wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 61 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoyapo kuti ŵali kuchitikapo nkhaza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201559/https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm "Magnitude of sexual violence in Lesotho"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201559/https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm |date=29 October 2013 }}. confex.com.</ref> Mu kafukufuku uyo DHS yikachita mu 2009, ŵanalume 15.7% ŵakati mfumu wangachita makora kuti watimbe muwoli wake usange wakana kugonana nayo. Mu kafukufuku munyake, ŵasayansi ŵakuti "pakuti ku Lesotho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na HIV, ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kujisankhira ŵekha vyakuchita". Dango la 2006 lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵali mu nthengwa likupeleka wanangwa wakuyana ku ŵanakazi na ŵafumu ŵawo. Lipoti la 2020 la World Economic Forum la Gender Gap Report likuŵika Lesotho pa malo gha 88 pa charu chose pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, apo charu cha South Africa chili pa malo gha 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2020|publisher=World Economic Forum|pages=221, 315}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_rap_rat-crime-rape-rate "Countries Compared by Crime > Rape rate. International Statistics at NationMaster.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201093758/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_rap_rat-crime-rape-rate |date=1 December 2011 }}. nationmaster.com.</ref><ref name="unodc1">[http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls "Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210321/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls|date=29 October 2013}} [[United Nations]].</ref><ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR241/FR241%5BNEW_completeHHQst_3March2012%5D.pdf Lesotho. Demographic and Health Survey 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205745/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR241/FR241%5BNEW_completeHHQst_3March2012%5D.pdf |date=29 October 2013 }}. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Maseru, Lesotho. November 2010</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17209284 | volume=37 | issue=4 | title=Sexual violence in Lesotho| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-family-planning_2006-12_37_4/page/269 |year=2006 | journal=Stud Fam Plann | pages=269–80|author=L Brown | doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00105.x}}</ref><ref>Buhle Angelo Dube. [http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/lesotho.htm The Law and Legal Research in Lesotho] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620014058/http://nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lesotho.htm |date=20 June 2010 }}. nyulawglobal.org</ref> ==Mwambo== {{See also|Music of Lesotho|List of African writers by country#Lesotho}} [[File:Parade of Basotho women.jpg|thumb|Women wearing [[Basotho blanket]]s]] Vyakurya vya ku Lesotho ni vya ku Africa kweniso vya ku Britain. Cakurya cikuru ca ku Lesotho ni Motoho, cakurya ca sorghum. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni vyakurya vya mbuto, ivyo vikuŵa na mpunga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kumwa tiyi na moŵa. Charu cha Lesotho ntchakumanyikwa na moŵa wake wa ginger, ndipo pali mitundu yiŵiri ya moŵa uwu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu misewu ya ku Lesotho. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://foodspring.com/content/lesotho/ |title=Lesotho: British influence meets African tradition|work=foodspring |access-date=2014-04-01 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217042157/http://foodspring.com/content/lesotho/ |archive-date=17 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>Sishenyama yikuguliskika mwekha mu charu chose cha Lesotho pamoza na vyakurya vinyake nga ni kabichi, pap, na saladi ya nyungu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/lesotho/articles/explore-lesothos-bygone-trading-posts/ | title=Explore Lesotho's Bygone Trading Posts | date=27 April 2018 | access-date=13 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009175800/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/lesotho/articles/explore-lesothos-bygone-trading-posts/ | archive-date=9 October 2022 }}</ref> Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti Britain yikaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Lesotho vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mu charu ichi kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 m'paka m'ma 1900. Ŵali mu mizi ya Roma, Ramabantana, Ha Matela, Malealea na Semonkong. Kale, malo agha ŵakaguliskangamo mafuta, vyakurya, na nyama. Cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene mu nyengo iyo magalimoto ghakaŵa kuti ghandafike. Vikavwara vya fuko la Basotho vikuŵa nga ni bulangete. Mazuŵa ghano, bulangete la Basotho likupangika na salu za acrylic. Kampani yikuru iyo yikupanga mabulangete gha Basotho ni Aranda, iyo yili na fakitare ku South Africa. Chikondwelero cha Morija Arts & Cultural chikuchitika chaka chilichose mu tawuni ya Morija uko ŵamishonale ŵakafika mu 1833.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnic Food of Lesotho|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ethnic-food-lesotho-36010.html|website=USA Today|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310081024/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ethnic-food-lesotho-36010.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Viyelezgero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakale vikusangika mu mapiri gha ku Basutoland. Pali viyelezgero vinyake mu muzi wa Ha Matela.<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland | last = Walsham How | first = Marion | publisher = J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. | year = 1962 | location = Pretoria }}</ref> === Pony ya Basotho === Nkhumba ya Basotho njakuzirwa comene mu cikaya ca Lesotho. Kale, ŵakaŵakweleranga ku nkhondo, ndipo mazuŵa ghano ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ngolo na ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani ya kukwera pa mahaci. === Mafilimu na vyakupharazga === Ryan Coogler, uyo wakalongosora filimu ya Black Panther ya mu 2018, wakati wakalemba vya Lesotho pakulongosora vya Wakanda. Chifukwa cha filimu iyi, mabulangete gha Basotho "ghakamanyikwa chomene". Mu Novembala 2020, filimuyi This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku Lesotho iyo yikapelekeka ku Academy Award for Best International Feature Film na charu ichi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/global/oscars-lesotho-lemohang-jeremiah-mosese-this-is-not-a-burial-its-a-resurrection-international-feature-film-1234826821/ |title=Oscar Debutant Lesotho Selects 'This Is Not a Burial' for International Feature Film Race |work=Variety |first=Christopher |last=Vourlias |date=10 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/02/black-panthers-wakanda-explained.html|title=A Brief History of Wakanda, Black Panther's Fictional Utopia|first=Nate|last=Jones|date=15 February 2018|website=Vulture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/black-panther-has-not-real-effect-on-the-south-african-sale-of-basotho-blankts-2018-3|title=Black Panther made Basotho blankets world famous – but you wouldn't be able to tell that from local sales|website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> ==Wonaniso<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2018-02-17-black-panther-director-ryan-cooglers-a-fan-of-lesotho--isixhosa/|title=How 'Black Panther's' director fell in love with Lesotho & isiXhosa|website=TimesLIVE}}</ref>== {{portal|Africa}} *[[Index of Lesotho-related articles]] *[[Outline of Lesotho]] *[[Telephone numbers in Lesotho]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} *Vigaŵa vya kuwalo {{Sister project links|voy=Lesotho|collapsible=collapsed}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180408225354/http://gov.ls/ Government of Lesotho] * [http://www.lesotholii.org/ Published Judicial Opinions] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150309/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ Lesotho]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085124/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/lesotho.htm Lesotho] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Lesotho}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13728324 Lesotho profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Lesotho}} * {{osmrelation-inline|2093234}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LS Key Development Forecasts for Lesotho] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308042630/https://www.ilesotho.org/ Introduction of Lesotho] {{Lesotho topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Lesotho |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{SACU}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Monarchies|state=collapsed}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|-29.6|28.3|display=title}} [[Category:Lesotho| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Enclaved countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1966]] [[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Commonwealth monarchies]] [[Category:1966 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] 8a8oqpkooc3ddnlkg2isnyraa11rh50 0 6926 122575 118828 2026-09-28T01:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in West Africa}} {{About|charu chamu Afilika|ntchito zinyake|Liberia (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Liberia | common_name = Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Liberia.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_map = Liberia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" | national_anthem = "[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Liberia National Anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[Liberian English|English]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 20.3% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 13.4% [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]] | 10% [[Grebo people|Grebo]] | 8% [[Dan people|Dan]] | 7.9% [[Mano people|Mano]] | 6% [[Kru people|Kru]] | 5.1% [[Loma people|Lorma]] | 4.8% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 4.4% [[Gola people|Gola]] | 4% [[Krahn]] | 4% [[Vai people|Vai]] | 3.2% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 3% [[Gbandi]] | 1.3% [[Mende people|Mende]] | 1.2% [[Sapo people|Sapo]] | 0.8% [[Belle people|Belle]] | 0.3% [[Dey people|Dey]] | 0.6% other Liberian | 1.4% other African | 0.1% non-African }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2008<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ |title=Liberia |work=The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia |archive-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 86.2% [[Christianity in Liberia|Christianity]] | 11.7% [[Islam in Liberia|Islam]] | 1.4% [[Irreligion|No religion]] | 0.7% Other }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Liberia &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref> | demonym = Liberian | capital = [[Monrovia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|19|N|10|48|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Monrovia | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Liberia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[George Weah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Liberia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Jewel Taylor]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Liberia|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Bhofal Chambers]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Liberia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Sie-A-Nyene Yuoh]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Legislature of Liberia]]}} | upper_house = [[Senate of Liberia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Liberia|House of Representatives]] | area_rank = 102nd <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_sq_mi = 43,000.<ref name=CIA/> | percent_water = 13.514 | population_estimate = 5,358,483<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Liberia|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 121st | population_density_sq_mi = 92.0 | population_density_rank = 180th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$8.84 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 167th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,667<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 184th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$3.90 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 171st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }}$735<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Liberia|Formation]] and [[Independence]] from [[American Colonization Society]]<!--Note: Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" without first discussing it on the talk page--> | established_event1 = [[American Colonization Society]] settlement | established_date1 = January 7, 1822 | established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence|Independence declared]]<!--Note: As stated above, Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" without first discussing it on the talk page--> | established_date2 = July 26, 1847 | established_event3 = [[Republic of Maryland]] annexed | established_date3 = March 18, 1857 | established_event4 = Recognition by the United States | established_date4 = February 5, 1862 | established_event5 = [[United Nations]] membership | established_date5 = November 2, 1945 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = January 6, 1986 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LR&name_desc=false|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.481 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date= 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-9211264425|pages=343–346|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdr2020pdf.pdf|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 178th | currency = [[Liberian dollar]] (LRD) | currency_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = mm/dd/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+231]] | cctld = [[.lr]] | official_website = {{URL|https://www.emansion.gov.lr/}} Executive mansion <!-- https://eliberia.gov.lr/ is insecure as of July 29, 2022, restore when site is safely available --> | today = }} '''Liberia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Liberia.ogg|l|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪ|ɹ|i|ə}}), mwalamulo '''''Ripabuliki ya Laibeliya''''', ni chalo icho chili mumphepete mwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Sierra Leone]] kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Guinea]] kumpoto, [[Ivory Coast]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 111,369 km2. Nangauli chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni [[ChiZungu|Chingelezi]], kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 20. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Monrovia]]. Liberia yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo wupu wa [[American Colonization Society (ACS)]] ukagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵazamusanga wanangwa na vinthu vinandi mu Africa kuluska ku [[United States]].<ref name="AFP" />Pakati pa 1822 na 1861 apo Nkhondo ya ku America yikambanga, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa ŵakakwana 15,000. Pachoko na pachoko, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kumanyikwa kuti mba ku [[America]] na Liberia. Pa Julayi 26, 1847, charu cha Liberia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti ni charu ichi m'paka pa Febuluwale 5, 1862.<ref>Cooper, Helene, ''The House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood'' (United States: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 6</ref><ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107718.html Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture], Infoplease.com</ref> Liberia yikaŵa charu chakwambilira ku Africa kuŵa na wanangwa ndipo ndiyo yikaŵa charu chakwambilira na chakale chomene mu Africa. Pamoza na [[Ethiopia]], ni yimoza mwa vyaru viŵiri vya mu Africa ivyo vikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Liberia chikakhozgera nkhondo ya ku United States na [[Germany]], ndipo chikapokera ndalama zinandi za ku America izo zikawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vinthu vinandi. Pulezidenti [[William Tubman]] wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe pa nkhani ya vyachuma na ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Americo-Liberia]] awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na [[Grebo]] ŵakamba kuwukira malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Americo-Liberia]] ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuŵa ŵenekaya m'paka mu 1904.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/liberiacountryst00nels|title=Liberia, a country study|first1=Harold D.|last1=Nelson|first2=D. C. ) Foreign Area Studies|last2=American University (Washington|date=January 24, 1984|publisher=Washington, D.C. : The Studies : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Constitutional History">{{cite news |title=Constitutional history of Liberia |url=http://constitutionnet.org/country/liberia |access-date=July 1, 2020 |website=Constitutionnet.org}}</ref> Mu 1980, apo boma la William R. Pa nyengo iyi, [[boma la Americo-Liberia]] likamalizga kulamulira charu ichi. Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yacitika, pakaŵa boma la ŵasilikari la [[People's Redemption Council]]. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu 250,000 ŵafwe (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo. Mu 2003, pakaŵa phangano la mtende ilo likawovwira kuti paŵe maungano gha demokilase mu 2005.<ref name="veconomist" >{{cite news|title=Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730015-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-has-not-been-perfect-president-she-has-been-good-enough-praise|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=October 5, 2017}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|Mbili ya Liberia}} === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === [[Michael Omolewa]] ndiyo wakasimikizgira kuti ku [[West Africa]] kukaŵa vinthu vya ku [[Oldowan]] ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakaŵako.<ref name="Omolewa">{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Omolewa |date=1986 |title=Certificate history of Nigeria |url=https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0582585188 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414143441/https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vinthu vya ku Acheulean (ESA) ivyo vikulongora nyengo iyo vikaŵirako vili kulembeka makora mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa nyengo ya Middle Stone Age (MSA) vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyamabuchi mu nyengo ya Chibanian (~780-126 000 years ago) mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Sahelian. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵaŵe ŵacinyamata comene mu Africa. Kweni pali mphambano yikuru pa nkhani ya umo vyakumera vya mu nkhorongo vikuŵira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya malibwe ŵakalongora kuti vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya tekinoloje.<ref name="Scerri">{{cite journal |last1=Eleanor |first1=Scerri |date=1986 |title=T Certificate history of Nigeria |url=https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414143441/https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=406720584 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ivyo vili kulembeka vikulongora kuti vinthu vya ku West Africa ivyo vikapangika mu nyengo ya Stone Age (LSA) vikukolerana, ndipo vikulongora kuti mafakitale ghakupambanapambana ghakupanga vinthu ivi kufuma mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka kumpoto. Vinthu ivi vingaŵa vyakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri pa charu panji umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera kusangwa na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa nyengo ya Holocene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupangira vyakurya. Pakati pa vyaka pafupifupi 4.5 na 3.5 C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kupanga vyakurya, panyake chifukwa cha kukumana na ŵaliska na ŵalimi ŵa kumpoto. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakalutilira kukhala mu nkhorongo m'paka nyengo yikati yajumphapo.<ref name="Scerri" />[[File:Negroland and Guinea with the European Settlements, 1736.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A European map of West Africa and the [[Grain Coast]], 1736. It has the archaic mapping designation of [[Negroland]].]] === Kukura kwa mtundu wa '''ŵanthu ŵa''' Mande === Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Mande ŵakamba kufumako kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mitundu yinandi yichoko yikachimbilira kumwera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, na Kissi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kulembeka mu malo agha.<ref name=introprof>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn-Marcos |first1=Robin |last2=Kollehlon |first2=Konia T. |last3=Ngovo |first3=Bernard |last4=Russ |first4=Emily |editor-last=Ranar |editor-first=Donald A. |date=April 2005 |title=Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture |journal=Culture Profile |issue=19 |publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics |access-date=July 23, 2011|url=http://www.cal.org/co/liberians/liberian_050406_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625062344/http://www.cal.org/co/liberians/liberian_050406_1.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|pages=5–6}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa Ufumu wa Mali mu 1375 na Ufumu wa Songhai mu 1591. Apo vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu vikazgoka mapopa, ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. <ref name="introprof" />Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakiza na maluso ghanyake nga nkhunjilira katoni, kupanga salu, kusungunura visulo, kulima mpunga na sorghum, kweniso vinthu vinyake vya ndyali ivyo vikafuma ku maufumu gha Mali na Songhai. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mane ŵakapoka chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Vai awo ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Mali ŵakasamukira mu chigaŵa cha Grand Cape Mount County. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kru ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Vai, ndipo ŵakachita phangano na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Mane kuti ŵaleke kwizaso.<ref name="introprof" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakazenganga maboti ndipo ŵakaguliskanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa kufuma ku Cape Verde m'paka ku Gold Coast. === Chikoloni chakuchelezga chakwamba === Kwambira mu 1461 m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1600, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal, Netherlands, na Britain ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ku United States, pakaŵa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa na awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakhalenge mu Africa. Ŵakaŵasuskanga chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wawo wa ndyali, kweniso ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wa kusopa. Wupu wa American Colonization Society (ACS), uwo ukaŵako mu 1816, ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa Quaker kweniso awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga. ŴaQuaker ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵangaŵa na mwaŵi ukuru wa kufwatuka mu Africa kuluska mu U.S.<ref name=AFP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 "Background on conflict in Liberia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051143/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |date=February 14, 2007 }}, Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003</ref><ref name="Sale">Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). ''The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity'', Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. {{ISBN|0822319926}}</ref> Nangauli awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga, kweni ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti para ŵazga ŵaŵafumiska mu charu chawo, mbwenu ŵazga ŵaleke kugaluka. Mu 1822, wupu wa American Colonization Society ukamba kutuma ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ku Pepper Coast kuti ŵakakhazikiske malo agha. Pa ŵanthu 4,571 awo ŵakiza ku Liberia pakati pa 1820 na 1843, 1,819 pera ndiwo ŵakapona. Kuzakafika mu 1867, wupu wa ACS (na wupu unyake) ukawovwira ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku United States na ku Caribbean kuti ŵalute ku Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa aŵa na ŵana ŵawo ŵakatorana mu cikaya cawo ndipo ŵakacemekanga kuti Americo-Liberians. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakasambira ku America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na mitheto iyo yikakolerananga na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakagomezganga pa nkhani ya ndyali na Chikhristu.<ref>{{cite thesis|last = Wegmann|first = Andrew N. |date = May 5, 2010|title = Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824–1878 |type=MA thesis |publisher = Louisiana State University |url = https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/525/ |doi=10.31390/gradschool_theses.525 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>[[File:Mitchell Map Liberia colony 1839.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Mapu gha Liberia Colony mu ma 1830, agho ghakalembeka na ACS, kweniso ghakulongora Mississippi Colony na ma colony ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na boma.]] Wupu wa ACS, uwo ukawovwirika na ŵandyali ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku America nga ni Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, na James Monroe, ukagomezganga kuti "kuwelera kwawo" nkhuwemi kuluska kuti ŵazga ŵakhale mu United States. Wupu wakuyana waka uwo ukaŵa na boma ukambiska vyaru vinyake ku Mississippi mu Africa, Kentucky mu Africa, na Republic of Maryland, ivyo pamanyuma Liberia yikavitora. Ndipouli, mu 1862 Lincoln wakati Liberia "nkhukondwa waka", ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵalute ku Chiriquí, ku Panama. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, chomenechomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghakutali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na Grebo ndiwo ŵakawukira malo agha. Kanandi para munthu wasangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu thengere, wakacitanga nkhaza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakagomezganga kuti mbakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti ŵali na maluso ghanandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pakukhumba kuyezga charu cha South America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakamba kuvwara malaya nga ni masiketi na malaya gha ku msana. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa charu chawo m'paka mu 1904. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakaciska mawupu gha cisopa kuti ghaŵike maofesi na masukulu kuti ghaŵasambizge ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite journal|last1=MacDougall|first1=Clair|title=These Abandoned Buildings Are the Last Remnants of Liberia's Founding History|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/liberia-created-former-slaves-fading-into-history-180959503/|journal=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=July–August 2016|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> === Gulu la ndale === [[File:T. WILLIAMS (c1850) Residence of Joseph Roberts, President of the Republic of Liberia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Malo ghakukhalamo Joseph Jenkins Roberts, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Liberia, pakati pa 1848 na 1852.]] Pa Julayi 26, 1847, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba chikalata chakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ŵakalemba dango la boma. Likakhazikiska charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Liberia. Pa Ogasiti 24, charu cha Liberia chikapeleka ndembera yake ya vigaŵa 11. Boma la United Kingdom ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kuzomerezga kuti Liberia njambura mazaza. Boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti Liberia ni charu cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1862.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Revolutionary Summer of 1862 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/winter/summer-of-1862 |website=National Archives |access-date=September 20, 2020 |language=en |date=April 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frontline/World – Liberia – No More War – Liberia's Historic Ties to America PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/liberia/history.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Independent Lens – Iron Ladies of Liberia – Liberian History PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/history.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114425/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ironladies/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu chiphya ichi. Pakwamba, ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za ndyali na vyachuma mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1865, ŵakalemba dango lakuti ŵaleke kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake.<ref name="volume"> {{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Harry Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTYbAAAAYAAJ |title=Liberia, Volume I |last2=Stapf |first2=Otto |publisher=Hutchinson & Co |year=1906 |isbn=1143315057}}</ref> <!--How? --> [[File:(1896) Departure of colored emigrants for Liberia - The Illustrated American, March 21, 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaluta ku Liberia, 1896. Mu 1904, gulu la ACS likatuma ŵanthu ŵaumaliro ku Liberia.]] Kuzakafika mu 1877, True Whig Party yikaŵa chipani champhamvu comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya ndyali, vyachuma, na vya ndyali m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga maudindo mu chipani, ndipo para munthu wasankhika na chipani, vinthu vikendanga makora. Boma la United Kingdom, ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Sierra Leone kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, na la France, na ivyo likakhumbanga kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, vikachitiska kuti charu cha Liberia chileke kuŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi. Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa vyawo. Ku Liberia kukaŵa kwakusuzga kukopa ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito vinthu vyawo vyapasi na kuŵa na cuma cikuru. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikamba kunangika ku Liberia, ndipo boma likaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama. Pa Julayi 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks wakakumana na Fumukazi Victoria ku Windsor Castle ndipo wakayipa bulangete lakupangika na mawoko. Ricks wakati: "Nkhapulika kanandi waka kufuma apo nkhaŵa mwana kuti Fumukazi yikaŵa yiwemi comene ku ŵanthu ŵakwithu.<ref name="Ricks">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40500884 "How a former slave gave a quilt to Queen Victoria"]. BBC. July 11, 2017</ref> === Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900 === [[File:LiberiaKing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba, pulezidenti wa 17 wa Liberia (1920-1930), pamoza na ŵanthu ŵake pa makwelero gha Nyumba ya Mtende, ku The Hague (Netherlands), 1927.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa charu chose. Mu 1914, caru ca Germany cikaguliskanga vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya malonda gha ku Liberia. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma la Britain ku Sierra Leone na la France ku French Guinea na Ivory Coast ŵambe kwenjerwa cifukwa cakuti vinthu vikalutilira kuhenipa ku Germany.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |title=World War I: Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1851094202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA689 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225958/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA689 |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Nkhondo za caru cose na nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo ==== {{main|Liberia in World War I}}{{see also|Liberia in World War II}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa cambura kunjilirapo pa ndyali mpaka pa Ogasiti 4, 1917, apo cikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany. Pamanyuma, Liberia yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru 32 ivyo vikachitako ungano wa Versailles Peace Conference mu 1919, uwo ukamazga nkhondo na kukhazikiska League of Nations.<ref name=":1" /> Mu 1927, pa mavoti gha mu caru ici pakawonekaso kuti True Whig Party yikaŵa na mazaza, ndipo mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na ghanyake.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akwei |first=Ismail |date=2017-10-08 |title=Elections history in Africa's oldest democratic republic: Liberia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/10/08/elections-history-in-africa-s-oldest-democratic-republic-liberia |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> (Uyo wakatondeka wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 60 peresenti.)<ref name=":1" /> Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ku Liberia kuli wuzga wa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵakasanga kuti maboma ghakugwirako ntchito zachiwawa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu ichi. Pa cifukwa ca lipoti ili, Pulezidenti Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba na Wupu Wakulongozga Allen N. Yancy wakaleka nchito.<ref name=":1" /> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Liberia chikamba kusinthasintha na wovwiri wa ku America. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, boma la United States likanozga vinthu vinandi kuti likhozge nkhondo ya ku Africa na Europe. Wakapanga Freeport of Monrovia na Roberts International Airport mu ndondomeko ya Lend-Lease pambere wandanjire Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nkhondo yikati yamara, pulezidenti William Tubman wakachiska ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo mu ma 1950, Liberia yikaŵa na chuma chakujumpha vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Mu vyaru vinyake, wupu uwu ukaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations, ndipo ukasuskanga chomene muwuso wa apartheid wa ku South Africa. Liberia nayo wakawovwirapo pakupeleka ndalama ku wupu wa African Unity Organization.<ref> {{cite journal|last1 = Adogamh|first1 = Paul G.|date = July 2008|title = Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity and Development|journal = African Review of Integration|volume = 2|issue = 2|url = http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Newsletter/EA/Vol2%20No2/Adogamhe.pdf|access-date = July 20, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110925055350/http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Newsletter/EA/Vol2%20No2/Adogamhe.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2011|df = mdy-all}}</ref>[[File:Technical Liberia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Wakaŵa mulembi wa munthavi mu msumba wa Monrovia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru cose ya ku Liberia.]] === Kusintha kwa ndyali m'ma 1900 === Pa Epulero 12, 1980, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mubali Samuel Doe ŵakathereska pulezidenti William R. Tolbert Jr. Pamanyuma pake, Doe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakolerana nayo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nduna ya Tolbert na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma la Americo-Liberia kweniso ŵa True Whig Party.<ref name=global> {{cite web |author=Anjali Mitter Duva|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/uspolicy/ |title=Liberia and the United States: A Complex Relationship|publisher=PBS |year=2002 |access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakambiska wupu wakuchemeka People's Redemption Council (PRC) kuti uwuse caru. Wupu uwu ukaŵa wakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Ku Liberia kukaŵa dango liphya mu 1985, ndipo pamanyuma pake, Doe wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa Novembala 12, 1985, Thomas Quiwonkpa wakawuskapo boma, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakanjira mu siteshoni ya wayilesi.<ref name=notes> {{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915040235/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 15, 2010|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Liberia Comrades Turned Enemies|magazine=Time|date=November 25, 1985 |access-date=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Boma likalutilira kukaka ŵanthu, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵakoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gio na Mano mu chigaŵa cha Nimba. Gulu lakugaluka la National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), ilo likulongozgeka na Charles Taylor, likambiska chigaluka mu Disembala 1989 kwimikana na boma la Doe na wovwiri wa vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Burkina Faso na Ivory Coast. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Liberia. Kuzakafika mu Seputembala 1990, ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko waka kuwaro kwa msumba ukuru, ndipo mu mwezi wenewura ŵakamukora na kumukoma. Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghakupambanapambana. Wupu wa Economic Community Monitoring Group wa Economic Community of West African States, ukanozga gulu la ŵasilikari kuti liŵawovwire pa suzgo ili. Kufuma mu 1989 mpaka mu 1997, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 60,000 m'paka 80,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakafwa, ndipo mu 1996, ŵanthu ŵanyake pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo mu vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1995, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mtende. Mu muwuso wa Taylor, Liberia yikamanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni boma lakuyuyulika cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito malibwe gha ndopa na makuni ghambura kuzomerezgeka kuti yivikilire gulu la Revolutionary United Front mu Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikamba mu 1999 apo gulu la ŵakugaluka lakucemeka Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, ilo lili kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, likambiska kuwukira Taylor.<ref name=cbc> {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/ |title=Indepth: Liberia, Land of the free |newspaper=CBC News |date=July 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/ |archive-date=September 8, 2013 }}</ref> ===Vyaka vyamuma 2000=== Mu Malichi 2003, gulu laciŵiri la ŵakugaluka, la Movement for Democracy in Liberia, likamba kuwukira Taylor kufuma kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu Juni wa chaka chenechicho, ku Accra kukamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa magulu agha, ndipo mu mwezi wenewuwu, khoti lapadera la Sierra Leone likamupa mulandu Taylor chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma.<ref name="warrant"> {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2961390.stm|title=Arrest warrant for Liberian leader|work=BBC News|date=June 4, 2003|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2003, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Monrovia. Mu boma la Malawi, boma la Malawi likapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku boma la Malawi. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, ŵakacita phangano la mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ku Liberia ukamba kwiza mu Seputembala 2003 kuti uŵape civikiliro na kulaŵilira umoza wa mtende..<ref> {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/14/westafrica |title=Bryant takes power in Liberia |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 14, 2003 |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref>Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti maungano agho ghakacitika mu 2005, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka comene na ghakugomezgeka comene mu mbiri ya Liberia. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, nkhwantha ya vyachuma iyo wakasambira ku America, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama ndipo pamasinda wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba mwanakazi mu Africa. Pakunjira pa udindo wake, Sirleaf wakapempha kuti Taylor wafumiskike ku Nigeria na kumutumizga ku SCSL kuti wakeruzgike ku The Hague. Mu 2006, boma likakhazikiska komiti yakuwona vya unenesko na kuwezgerapo mphindano kuti yiwonenge ivyo vikambiska nkhondo iyi. Mu 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakapharazga kuti pa Julayi 26 paŵenge Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu. Mu Okutobala 2011, Leymah Gbowee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira mtende, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha mulimo wake wa kulongozga gulu la ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhumbanga mtende. Mu Novembala 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasankhikaso kuti wazakalamulire vyaka 6. Pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 2017 ku Liberia, George Weah, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero gha mpira, yumoza wa woseŵero ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Africa, wakapika mazaza pa 22 Janyuwale 2018. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na demokilase mu vyaka 74. Weah wakayowoya kuti kulimbana na vimbundi, kunozga chuma, kulimbana na kuleka kusambira na kulemba, na kusintha umoyo wa ŵanthu ni vilato vikuru vya muwuso wake.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=George Weah sworn in as Liberia's president|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42773165|agency=BBC|date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>{{clearleft}} ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{main|Geography of Liberia}} [[File:Topographic map of Liberia-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of Liberia]] Charu cha Liberia chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 9°N, na longitude 7° na 12°W. Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali chomene, ndipo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.<ref name="eowg">{{cite book |last=Bateman |first=Graham |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |author2=Victoria Egan |author3=Fiona Gold |author4=Philip Gardner |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |year=2000 |isbn=1566192919 |location=New York |page=161}}</ref> Makuni ghakututuka ghakutandazga mapiri, ndipo vyakumera vikuru vikupambana na vyakumera vinyake.<ref name="eowg"/> Mu charu cha Liberia, maji ghakwenda kufuma kumwera m'paka kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Cape Mount, kufupi na mphaka na Sierra Leone, ndiko kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene.<ref name="eowg" /> Malire gha kumpoto kwa charu cha Liberia ghali na Mlonga wa Mano, ndipo kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli Mlonga wa Cavalla. Mlonga ukuru comene wa ku Liberia ni St. Paulosi wakufuma pafupi na msumba wa Monrovia, mu mlonga wa St. John pa Buchanan, na Mlonga wa Cestos, wose awo ŵakuthira mu nyanja ya Atlantic. Mlonga utali comene mu caru ici ni Cavalla, uwo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 510.<ref name="eowg" /> Malo ghapacanya comene mu Liberia ni Phiri la Wuteve ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,440 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Liberia. Kweni Phiri la Nimba ilo lili pafupi na Yekepa, lili pachanya pa mamita 1,440 kweni lili mu charu cha Liberia yayi. Phiri ili lili pafupi na charu cha Guinea na Ivory Coast.<ref>Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing, p. 368.</ref> === Climate === {{See also|Climate change in Liberia}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map LBR present.svg|thumb|Liberia map of Köppen climate classification.]] Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kuli chithukivu chaka chose, ndipo kukulokwa chomene kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, kwamba Novembala m'paka Malichi, mphepo za kuuma na za fuvu izo zikufuma ku vyakumera vyakuchemeka harmattan, zikuwuska masuzgo ghanandi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha.<ref name="eowg"/> Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Liberia kukupangiska masuzgo ghanandi chifukwa charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi mu Africa, Liberia nayo wali na masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa kweniso masuzgo ghanyake. Chifukwa chakuti chili ku Africa, chikuŵa pangozi chifukwa cha vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamukhwaska chomene chuma cha Liberia, chomenechomene ulimi, somba, na makuni. Dziko la Liberia lakhala likugwira ntchito mwakhama pa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za pa caru cose na za pa malo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackmore|first=R.D.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1084383140|title=Lorna Doone|publisher=Ryerson Press|isbn=0665265034|oclc=1084383140}}</ref> ===Biodiversity and conservation=== {{Main|Wildlife of Liberia}} {{Further|Environmental issues in Liberia}} [[File:Liberia tropical forest.jpg|thumb|A Liberian tropical forest]] Nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja zikuzura na makuni gha mangrove agho ghakumera mchere. Nyengo yake ni ya ku equator, ndipo mu mwezi wa Meyi na Okutobala kukulokwa vula zinandi. Charu cha Liberia chili na nkhorongo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya nkhorongo ya ku Upper Guinea. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ndiwo ukapanganga mphira. Ku Liberia kuli vyaru vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Western Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.79/10, ndipo chili pa malo 116 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:U.S.DOC(1965) Liberia. Money Trees.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Loggers and logging truck, early 1960s]] Ku Liberia kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="mmg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29321143|title=Liberia in 'trees for cash' deal|first=Matt|last=McGrath|work=BBC News|date=September 23, 2014}}</ref> [[File:Choeropsis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Nkhumba zigwiti gwiti mphepete mwa nyanja vya mtundu wa Pygmy ni vinyake mwa vyamoyo ivyo vikuphyoka ku Liberia. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti mu caru muli viyuni vyambura kukwana 3,000 vya tuyuni utu.<ref name="Redlist">{{cite iucn |author=Ransom, C. |author2=Robinson, P.T. |author3=Collen, B. |date=2015 |title=''Choeropsis liberiensis'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T10032A18567171 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en |access-date=November 11, 2021}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.</ref>]] Vinyama ivyo vili pa ngozi ya kutayika vikuŵawukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵarye. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikupenja cakurya ku Liberia ni njovu, mphoyo, mphoyo, na vinyama vinyake. Kanandi nyama za ku nkhorongo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vya Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, nangauli boma likukanizga kuguliska nyama za ku nkhorongo. Mu Liberia ŵanthu ŵakurya chomene nyama za mu nkhorongo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2004, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Monrovia ŵakutemwa chomene nyama. Mu nyumba izo ŵakalyeranga nyama za mu thengere, ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuphika nyama za mu thengere "kanyengo kanyake". Kafukufuku uyu wakacitika mu nyengo ya nkhondo yaciŵiri ya caru cose, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵakurya comene nyama za mu nkhorongo.<ref name="Wynfred Russell">Wynfred Russell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/op-ed/commentaries-features/380-extinction-is-forever-a-crisis-that-is-liberia-s-endangered-wildlife "Extinction is forever: A crisis that is Liberia's endangered wildlife"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/op-ed/commentaries-features/380-extinction-is-forever-a-crisis-that-is-liberia-s-endangered-wildlife|date=March 3, 2016}}, [[Front Page Africa]], January 15, 2014.</ref> Nyama iyi yikusangika mu viŵeto vinyake, nga ni viŵeto vyamunyumba na vyamuthondo. Ici cikupangiska nthenda ya nagana. Ku viŵeto vya ng'ombe kuno na ku Ivory Coast, ivyo vikusazgapo Tbg gulu 1. Tbg na Glossina palpalis gambiense ni vyakumera ivyo vikusangika nyengo zose mu nkhorongo za kuno. Mu ma 1970, Mehlitz na Gibson ŵakachita kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na Tbg. Ntcheŵe yakucemeka paria nayo yikutolera TBG. Pa malo agha pakusangika kanandi waka mberere za mu mapopa. Mu chigaŵa ichi, ciŵiya cinyake ico cikucemeka Nycteris hispida cikulwara maleriya. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni kulima na kotcha makuni gha ku Liberia. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa UN ilo likalembeka mu 2004, likati ŵanthu 99% ku Liberia ŵakotcha makara na nkhuni kuti ŵaphikire na kotcha, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti makuni ghamare. Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Caru yaŵirako mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakukoma makuni kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu 2012, Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakazomerezga makampani kudumura makuni 58 pa 100 gha mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kususka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵaleka yayi. Mu Seputembala 2014, Liberia na Norway ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kudumura makuni ghose mu charu ichi. Ku Monrovia, suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakunanga vinthu. Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa vyachuma wa pa caru cose ukupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kusonkha na kumazga viswaswa vyose mu msumba wa Monrovia kwizira mu Banki ya Caru Cose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:22301640~menuPK:4754051~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html|title=IDA – Liberia: Digging Out Monrovia from the Waste of War|website=web.worldbank.org}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{main|Administrative divisions of Liberia}} {{Counties of Liberia Image Map}} [[File:Bomi lake.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kuwona nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Bomi]] Charu cha Liberia chili na vigaŵa 15, ndipo vigaŵa ivi navyo vili na vigaŵa 90. Vigaŵa vyakale chomene ni Grand Bassa na Montserrado, ivyo vyose vikapangika mu 1839 pambere Liberia yindaŵe na wanangwa. Gbarpolu ni chigaŵa chiphya chomene, icho chikapangika mu 2001.<ref name="census2008" /> Nimba ndiyo yikuru chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), apo Montserrado ndiyo njichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 737,069 sq mi (1,909.00 km2).<ref name="census2008"/> Montserrado ni chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,144,806. Vigaŵa vyose 15 vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵa vigaŵa ŵasankhike, kweni maungano agha ghaleka kuchitika kwambira mu 1985 cifukwa ca nkhondo na suzgo la ndalama.<ref name=polls>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7187906.stm |title=Liberia cannot afford local polls |newspaper=BBC News |date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> Kuyana na vigaŵa vya boma, mu charu ichi muli vigaŵa vya mizi na matawuni. Pasono mu Liberia mulije dango la malango panji malango ghakwendera fundo za boma. Maboma ghose agho ghalipo sono nga ni misumba, matawuni, na maboma gha vigaŵa, ghakaŵako cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Liberia. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Map no. ! boma ! Msmba ukulu ! Population<br />(2008 Census)<ref name="census2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf|title=2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results|year=2008|publisher=Government of the Republic of Liberia|access-date=October 14, 2008|archive-date=February 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213110308/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Malo<br />(mi²)<ref name="census2008"/> ! ! Year<br />created |- |align="center"| 1 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bomi County.svg}} [[Bomi County|Bomi]] |align="center"|[[Tubmanburg]] |align="center"|82,036 |align="center"|{{convert|749|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1984 |- |align="center"| 2 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bong County.svg}} [[Bong County|Bong]] |align="center"|[[Gbarnga]] |align="center"|328,919 |align="center"|{{convert|3386|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|12 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 3 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Gbarpolu County.svg}} [[Gbarpolu County|Gbarpolu]] |align="center"|[[Bopolu]] |align="center"|83,758 |align="center"|{{convert|3740|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2001 |- |align="center"| 4 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Bassa County.svg}} [[Grand Bassa County|Grand Bassa]] |align="center"|[[Buchanan, Liberia|Buchanan]] |align="center"|224,839 |align="center"|{{convert|3064|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|8 |align="center"|1839 |- |align="center"| 5 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Grand_Cape_Mount_County.jpg}} [[Grand Cape Mount County|Grand Cape Mount]] |align="center"|[[Robertsport]] |align="center"|129,055 |align="center"|{{convert|1993|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1844 |- |align="center"| 6 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Gedeh County.svg}} [[Grand Gedeh County|Grand Gedeh]] |align="center"|[[Zwedru]] |align="center"|126,146 |align="center"|{{convert|4047|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 7 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Grand Kru County.svg}} [[Grand Kru County|Grand Kru]] |align="center"|[[Barclayville]] |align="center"|57,106 |align="center"|{{convert|1503|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|18 |align="center"|1984 |- |align="center"| 8 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Lofa County.svg}} [[Lofa County|Lofa]] |align="center"|[[Voinjama]] |align="center"|270,114 |align="center"|{{convert|3854|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"| 9 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Margibi County.svg}} [[Margibi County|Margibi]] |align="center"|[[Kakata]] |align="center"|199,689 |align="center"|{{convert|1010|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1985 |- |align="center"|10 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Maryland County.svg}} [[Maryland County|Maryland]] |align="center"|[[Harper, Liberia|Harper]] |align="center"|136,404 |align="center"|{{convert|886|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1857 |- |align="center"|11 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Montserrado County.svg}} [[Montserrado County|Montserrado]] |align="center"|[[Bensonville]] |align="center"|1,144,806 |align="center"|{{convert|737|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1839 |- |align="center"|12 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Nimba County.svg}} [[Nimba County|Nimba]] |align="center"|[[Sanniquellie]] |align="center"|468,088 |align="center"|{{convert|4459|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1964 |- |align="center"|13 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Rivercess County.svg}} [[Rivercess County|Rivercess]] |align="center"|[[River Cess|Rivercess]] |align="center"|65,862 |align="center"|{{convert|2159|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|1985 |- |align="center"|14 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of River Gee County.svg}} [[River Gee County|River Gee]] |align="center"|[[Fish Town]] |align="center"|67,318 |align="center"|{{convert|1974|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2000 |- |align="center"|15 |align="left"| {{flagicon image|Flag of Sinoe County.svg}} [[Sinoe County|Sinoe]] |align="center"|[[Greenville, Liberia|Greenville]] |align="center"|104,932 |align="center"|{{convert|3913|mi2|abbr=on}} |align="center"|17 |align="center"|1843 |} == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Liberia}} [[File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf3.jpg|thumb|Wapampando wakale [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]]] Boma la Liberia lili nga ni boma la United States. Boma lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukulongozgeka na pulezidenti; wupu wakwimika malango, uwo uli na makhoti ghaŵiri; na wupu wakweruzga, uwo uli na Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghachoko waka.<ref name="CIA"/> Mulongozgi wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, kweniso ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Liberia. Ntchito zinyake za pulezidenti ni kusaina panji kukana malango, kugowokera ŵanthu, na kwimika ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna, ŵeruzgi, na ŵantchito ŵanyake. Pamoza na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza mwa mavoti ghanandi mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.<ref name="CIA"/> Nyumba ya Malango yikupanga Nyumba ya Malango. Nyumba ya Malango, yakuwusika na mulongozgi, yili na mamembara 73, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa vigaŵa 15 mwakuyana na kalembera wa caru cose, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mamembara ghaŵiri. Munthu waliyose wakuyimira chigaŵa chakusankhira mu chigaŵa icho chikusankhika na National Elections Commission ndipo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa chawo kwa vyaka 6. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose, ndipo wose pamoza ŵalipo 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakuŵa na vyaka 9 ndipo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa Senate, ndipo pakuŵavya pulezidenti wakuteŵetera. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Liberia lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa khoti ili ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakukhozgeka na Senate, ndipo ŵakuteŵetera m'paka ŵaŵe na vyaka 70. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti gha dera na ghapadera, makhoti gha ŵeruzgi na ŵeruzgi ŵa mtende. Boma ili likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu wose. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu charu ichi, mu vigaŵa ivi muchali makhoti ghakupambanapambana. Kufuma mu 1877 m'paka 1980, boma likalongozgekanga na True Whig Party. Mazuŵa ghano, pali vipani vya ndyali vyakujumpha 20 mu charu ichi. Maphwando ghanandi ghakusuzgika cifukwa ca kuleka kwendera ndondomeko. Mu 2005, aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chipani cha pulezidenti chileke kusanga vithuzithuzi vinandi mu wupu wakulongozga.<ref name="freedom">{{cite web |date=July 7, 2011 |title=Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4e16b8f91a.html |access-date=January 23, 2023 |work=[[Freedom House]] |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Armed Forces of Liberia}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Liberia (AFL) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likamba kumanyikwa kuti Liberian Frontier Force mu 1908. Pa nyengo yose iyo gulu ili likaŵirako, boma la United States likapelekanga vinthu vinandi na wovwiri. Mu nyengo ya 1941-89, ŵabali ŵa ku United States ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanyawo, ndipo nawo ŵakasambiranga nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa fundo ya UN Security Council 1509 mu Seputembala 2003, United Nations Mission ku Liberia yikafika kuti yilute na ŵasilikari ŵakufuma ku Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, na China kuti ŵakawovwire boma liphya la Liberia.<ref>Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013". Global Powers and Africa Programme. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/879851924?page=frame&url=http://www.saiia.org.za/doc_download/509-china-and-liberia-engagement-in-a-post-conflict-country-2003-2013&checksum=3b487fd41f9e71ad94de512cb76b15f4&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail= Occasional Paper No. 182]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== [[File:Secretary Kerry Listens as Liberian President Sirleaf Addresses the Post-2015 Development Panel Discussion in New York City (21582539498).jpg|left|thumb|Pulezidenti Sirleaf pamoza na Secretary of State wa United States John Kerry, Pulezidenti wa Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, na Prime Minister wa Britain David Cameron mu September 2015]] {{Further|Foreign relations of Liberia}} Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yayamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, caru ca China nchakuzirwa comene pa mulimo wa kuzengaso caru. Kumanyuma uku, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili pafupi na Liberia, Guinea na Sierra Leone, vikanenanga Liberia kuti vikovwira ŵakugaluka mu vyaru vyawo.<ref name="hrw">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/22/liberia-police-corruption-harms-rights-progress "Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress"], Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.</ref> ===Law enforcement and crime=== {{further|Crime in Liberia}} Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Liberia ndiwo ŵakuvikilira charu. Mu Okutobala 2007, boma ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 844 mu maofesi 33 mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na msumba wa Monrovia.<ref name="cdaMontserrado">{{cite news|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|title=Montserrado County Development Agenda|date=2008|publisher=Republic of Liberia|access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> Sukulu Yakusambizgira Ŵapolisi yili mu msumba wa Paynesville. Para ŵapolisi ŵakuchita vimbundi, ŵanthu ŵakuŵagomezga yayi. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende mu charu ni kuswa malango. Ku Liberia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka na kuyuzgika. Mu charu cha Liberia ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanakazi. Kucicizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacite uleŵi ni mulandu uwo ukuyowoyeka kanandi comene. Ŵasungwana ndiwo kanandi ŵakusuzgika, ndipo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya awo ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza mbanalume ŵakukhwima awo ŵakuŵamanya makora. Ku Liberia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha mbambura kuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|date=May 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=April 4, 2019}}</ref>Pa Julayi 20, 2012, ŵalara ŵa boma ku Liberia ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵalekeske nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1976-senate-passes-%E2%80%98no-same-sex-marriage%E2%80%99-bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805070510/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1976-senate-passes-%E2%80%98no-same-sex-marriage%E2%80%99-bill|url-status=dead|title="Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", ''Daily Observer'', 21 July 2012|archive-date=August 5, 2012|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref> ===Corruption=== {{Further|Corruption in Liberia}} Vimbundi vili palipose mu boma la Liberia. Apo Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakamba kuwusa mu 2006, wakayowoya kuti vimbundi ni "mulwani mukuru wa ŵanthu". Mu 2014, kazembe wa United States ku Liberia wakayowoya kuti vimbundi vikupweteka ŵanthu chifukwa cha "kupeleka ndalama zambura kwenelera pa vinthu na mauteŵeti agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakutondeka kugura".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402211033.html|title= "Liberia: Corruption Is Liberia's Problem, US Ambassador to Liberia Alarms", Al-Varney Rogers, allAfrica, 21 February 2014.|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=October 17, 2014}}</ref> Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya vimbundi ivyo vikwendera pa chiŵerengero chakufuma pa 10 (chakutowa chomene) m'paka pa 0 (chakunanga chomene). Ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe pa malo gha nambara 87 pa vyaru 178 pa charu chose, kweniso pa malo gha nambara 11 pa vyaru 47 mu Africa. Ivi vikulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha chomene kwambira mu 2007, apo charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 2.1 ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 150 pa vyaru 180. Para ŵakuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵanthu 89 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Liberia ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵali kupokerapo vimbundi.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb/2010/results |title=Global Corruption Barometer 2010 |work=Transparency International |date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> {{clearleft}} ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Liberia}} [[File:Liberia Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Kuŵikapo mtima kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ku Liberia. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ku Liberia kuli maboti 3,500 agho ghakukwera ndembera ya charu chose.<ref name="Schoenurl">{{cite web |first=John W.|last=Schoenurl|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072983|title=Liberian shipping draws scrutiny|work=NBC News|date=August 11, 2003}}</ref><ref name="About the Liberian Registry">{{cite web |url=http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx |title=About the Liberian Registry |publisher=Liberian Registry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110180209/http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2014 }}</ref>]] [[File:Liberia, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia, trends in the [[Human Development Index]] 1970–2010.]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Liberia.png|thumb|Real GDP per capita development, since 1950]] Banki Yikuru ya ku Liberia ndiyo yikupanga na kusunga ndalama za ku Liberia, ndalama yikuru ya ku Liberia (ndalama za ku United States nazo ni ndalama za boma mu Liberia).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Currency |url=https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency |website=Central Bank of Liberia |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> Liberia ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 15 pa 100 ŵali na nchito. GDP pa munthu yumoza yikafika pa US$496 mu 1980, apo yikaŵa yakuyana na ya ku Eguputo. Mu 2011, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa US$1.154 billion, apo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa US$297, iyo yikaŵa yachitatu pasi pa yose. Mbiri yikulongora kuti chuma cha ku Liberia chikuthemba chomene pa wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyaru vinyake, na katundu uyo wakusangika ku vyaru vinyake nga ni visulo, ghamusi, na makuni.<ref name="eowg"/> === Economic history === Mu 1979, chuma cha ku Liberia chikakura chomene ndipo pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira mu 1980, chikachepa chomene. Kuchepa uku kukakoleskeka comene na nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika mu 1989; GDP yikakhira na 90 peresenti pakati pa 1989 na 1995. Nkhondo yikati yamara mu 2003, ciŵelengero ca GDP cikakwera comene, ndipo cikafika pa 9.4% mu 2007. Mu 2009, suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose likapangiska kuti GDP yichepe kufika pa 4.6%, kweni viŵeto vya vyakurya vikakura comene cifukwa ca katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name=":0" /> Vinthu ivyo vikutondeska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora ni msika uchoko wa mu caru, vinthu vyambura kukwana, ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu, malonda ghambura kwenda makora na vyaru vyapafupi, kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu ndalama za caru. Liberia yikagwiliskiranga nchito dola ya United States kufuma mu 1943 mpaka mu 1982 ndipo yikulutilira kugwiliskira nchito dola ya U.S. pamoza na dola ya Liberia.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:rjgZxrEkytAJ:www.countrycompass.com/_docs/assessments/Liberia_Economic_Recovery_Assessment.pdf+Liberian+dollar+1982&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgB5jM-McEY_lEOfi7dtjUAbUY3FHNMS-1b7c1mewxokLnC7PucnxlcZgbC4H60-44s9Kyw4SlVD0s8pI0lznK8MH_FSOPkOAEW8OgbhuDeI2kiEZ81wf4E0kNLQHndpFSE3jFO|title=Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment|work=USAID|date=July 2008}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama mu 2003, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera comene mu 2008 cifukwa ca suzgo la vyakurya na magesi pa caru cose. Mu 2006, ngongoli ya ku Liberia yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.5 biliyoni, panji kuti 800% ya GDP. Chifukwa cha kuchepeskako ngongoli ya vyaru viŵiri, vinandi, na ya malonda kufuma mu 2007 m'paka mu 2010, ngongoli ya charu ichi yikakhira kufika pa $222.9 miliyoni mu 2011. Apo vyakurya vinandi vikafumanga mu vyaru vinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira ku nkhondo ya pawenenawene, chuma cha ku Liberia chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kusanga vyakununkhira. Charu ichi chikaguliskanga chomene malibwe gha daimondi gha ku Sierra Leone, ndipo mu 1999 chikaguliskanga malibwe gha daimondi ghakujumpha madola 300 miliyoni. Ivi vikapangiska kuti wupu wa United Nations ukanizge vyakunjizga dayamondi ku Liberia mu 2001, ndipo mu 2007 likamazga dango ili. Mu 2003, wupu wa United Nations ukaŵikaso vyeruzgo vinyake pa katundu wa makuni wa ku Liberia, uyo ukakwera kufuma pa madola 5 miliyoni mu 1997 kufika pa madola 100 miliyoni mu 2002. Vyakukanizgika ivi vikawuskikapo mu 2006. Chifukwa cha wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake na ndalama izo zikafuma ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ku Liberia kuli suzgo likuru la ndalama, ilo likafika pa 60 peresenti mu 2008. Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na wupu wakuwona vya malonda pa charu chose (WTO). Ku Liberia ndiko kuli ndalama zinandi chomene za vyaru vinyake kufuma ku ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Pamanyuma pakuti Sirleaf wavumbukwa mu 2006, charu cha Liberia chikachita mapangano gha ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi mu vyalo vya mafuta na mafuta gha makuni na mabungwe ghanandi, kusazgapo ArcelorMittal, BHP na Sime Darby. Makampani gha mafuta gha makuni gha maolive nga ni Sime Darby (Malaysia) na Golden Veroleum (U.S.A.) ghakususkika kuti ghakuparanya ŵanthu na kufumiska ŵanthu mu vikaya vyawo. Kwambira mu 1926, Firestone ndiyo wakaŵa na munda ukuru chomene wa mphira pa charu chose. Mu 2015, likagwiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8,000, comenecomene ŵa ku Liberia.<ref>Fred van der Kraaij, ''From the love of liberty to paradise lost'', p. 144, Leiden, African Studies Centre 2015, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/33835 pdf]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm|title=Firestone and Liberia – Company History|work=Firestone Natural Rubber Company|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612171553/http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm|archive-date=June 12, 2011}}</ref> === Chizindikiro cha sitima === Cifukwa ca kuŵa na ndembera yiwemi, Liberia ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndembera yikuru comene pa caru cose. Lili na ngaraŵa 3,500 izo zikuyegha ndembera yake, izo ni 11% ya ngaraŵa zose za pa caru cose.<ref name="Schoenurl"/><ref name="About the Liberian Registry"/> === Major industries === ==== Agriculture ==== {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Liberia}} ==== Mining ==== {{Excerpt|Mining industry of Liberia}} ==== Telecommunications ==== {{Main|Communications in Liberia}} Ku Liberia kuli manyuzipepara ghakuru 6, ndipo ŵanthu 65% ŵali na foni. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Liberia vikabwanganduka panji kupokeka mu nyengo ya nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya (1989-1996 na 1999-2003). Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba kweniso ŵakavu mbanandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito yayi TV na manyuzipepara.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051722/http://www.audiencescapes.org/country-profiles-liberia-country-overview-quantitative-survey-qualitative-analysis-research "Introduction to Communication and Development in Liberia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307051722/http://www.audiencescapes.org/country-profiles-liberia-country-overview-quantitative-survey-qualitative-analysis-research |date=March 7, 2014 }}, AudienceScapes. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</ref> ====Transportation==== {{Main|Transport in Liberia}} [[File:Downtown Monrovia 3348917715 67a2002529.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Misewu ya ku Monrovia, Malichi 2009]]{{Excerpt|Transportation in Liberia}} ====Magesi==== {{Further|Energy in Liberia}} Boma la Liberia Electricity Corporation ndilo likupeleka waka magesi ku ŵanthu wose, ndipo likwendeska waka magesi mu chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia.<ref name="Options">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf |title=Options for the Development of Liberia's Energy Sector|work=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|publisher=World Bank Group|date=2011}}</ref> Ntchito zinandi za magesi zikupelekeka na maboma ghacoko. Mu charu cha Liberia, mtengo wa magesi pa kWh yimoza ngukuru comene pa caru cose. Mu 2013, nchito ya kuzenga yikaŵa na nkhongono ya 20 MW, ndipo yikakhira comene pakuyaniska na 191 MW mu 1989. Mulimo wa kunozga na kusazgirako mapulaneti gha maji gha Mount Coffee, agho ghali na nkhongono ya 80 MW, ukamara mu 2018. Kuzenga magesi ghatatu gha mafuta gha mafuta ghakuthukira kukwenera kusazgirako nkhongono ya magesi na 38 MW. Mu 2013, charu cha Liberia chikamba kugura magesi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast na Guinea. Ku Liberia ŵamba kupenja mafuta gha mu nyanja. Boma likagaŵa maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja mu vigaŵa 17 ndipo likamba kuguliska pa lupiya vya vyalo ivi mu 2004, kweniso mu 2007 na 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040202005192/en/NOCAL-2004-Liberia-Offshore-Bid-Announcement|title=NOCAL 2004 Liberia Offshore Bid Round Announcement|work=Business Wire|date=February 2, 2004}}</ref><ref name=bidding>{{cite web |first=Natalie Obiko|last=Pearson|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=53828 |title=Liberia Opens Bidding for 10 Offshore Oil Blocks |work=RigZone |date=December 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp|title=Third Liberian Offshore Petroleum Licensing Round 2009|work=Deloitte Petroleum Services|publisher=Deloitte|date=August 27, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072748/https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp|archive-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref> Mu 2011, ŵakajura malo ghanyake 13 agho ghali kutali chomene na nyanja. Makampani ghanyake agho ghakapokera malaisensi ni Repsol YPF, Chevron Corporation, na Woodside Petroleum.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ansu |last=Konneh |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-30/chevron-liberia-sign-deepwater-offshore-exploration-agreement.html |title=Chevron, Liberia Sign Deepwater Offshore Exploration Agreement |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 30, 2010}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == [[File:Liberia-demography.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia's population from 1961 to 2013, in millions.<ref name="Data of FAO, year 2005">Data of [[FAO]], year 2005</ref> Liberia's population tripled in 40 years.<ref name="Data of FAO, year 2005"/>]] [[File:Pyramide Liberia.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Liberia's [[population pyramid]], 2005. 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816232627/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|archive-date=August 16, 2015|website=population.un.org|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>]] {{main|Demographics of Liberia}} {{See also|Liberian nationality law}} Ku Liberia, ŵanthu 4,694,608 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 1,118,241 ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia chili na ŵanthu 970,824.<ref name="census2008final">{{cite web |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf |title=2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County |author=Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services |date=May 2009 |work=2008 Population and Housing Census |publisher=Republic of Liberia |access-date=June 10, 2009 |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911055748/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Nimba ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chili na ŵanthu 462,026. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa ku Monrovia mbanandi chomene kuluska ŵa mu vigaŵa vyose. Pambere Census ya 2008 yindachitike, Census yaumaliro yikacitika mu 1984 ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa 2,101,628. Mu 1962, mu Liberia mukaŵa ŵanthu 1,016,443 ndipo mu 1974 ŵakakwana 1,503,368. Kufika mu 2006, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose. Mu 2010, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vya pasi pa 15 cikaŵa 43.5%.<ref name="WPP 2010"/> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in Liberia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Kpelle|darkgreen|20.3}} {{bar percent|Bassa|purple|13.4}} {{bar percent|Grebo|red|10}} {{bar percent|Gio|black|8}} {{bar percent|Mano|orange|7.9}} {{bar percent|Kru|darkblue|6}} {{bar percent|Lorma|lightgrey|5.1}} {{bar percent|Kissi|maroon|4.8}} {{bar percent|Gola|darkgray|4.4}} {{bar percent|Krahn|gray|4}} {{bar percent|Vai|tan|4}} {{bar percent|Mandinka|lime|3.2}} {{bar percent|Gbandi|Violet|3}} {{bar percent|Mende|darkgreen|1.3}} {{bar percent|Sapo|purple|1.2}} {{bar percent|Belle|red|0.8}} {{bar percent|Dey|black|0.3}} {{bar percent|Other Liberian|orange|0.6}} {{bar percent|Other African|darkblue|1.4}}{{bar percent|Non African|white|0.1}} }} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbanandi comene. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, 95 ŵalipo Mbakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 16 awo ŵakumanyikwa ni Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio panji Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo panji Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Dei panji Dewoin, Belleh, na Americo-Liberians panji ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo (ŵakuchemeka nthena chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo awo ŵakafwatuka ku ngalaŵa za ŵazga, ŵakafuma ku malo agho kukaŵa mlonga wa Congo). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kpelle ŵakukwana 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na West Indies, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Barbados (Bajan), ŵalipo 2.5%. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo, awo mbana ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Afro-Caribbean awo ŵakiza mu 1825, ŵalipo 2.5%. Magulu ghaŵiri ghaumaliro agha ghakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Dango la Liberia likuyowoya kuti munthu uyo wali na wanangwa wa kuŵa mwenekaya wa charu ichi ni "munthu wa mtundu unyake". Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵiza nga ni ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyamalonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakutorana chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia na ŵa ku Lebanon. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Liberia awo mbazungu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali kufuma ku Europe ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.<ref name="CIA"/> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Further|Languages of Liberia}} Chiyowoyero cha ku Liberia ni Chingelezi. Kufika mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 27. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoyaso viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya Cileberia.<ref name="pulitzer">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Jina |date=October 19, 2009 |title=Liberia: Ma Ellen talk plenty plenty Liberian English |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005210518/http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english |archive-date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |work=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting}}</ref> ===Misumba ikulu=== {{Largest cities of Liberia|class=info}} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Liberia}} {{bar box |float=right |titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Religion in Liberia]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in Liberia – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106235755/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|archive-date=November 6, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |left1=Religion |right1=percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|lightBlue|76.3}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|12.2}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|red|7.2}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians|Christian]]|blue|1.6}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|Lavender|1.4}} {{bar percent|Other faith|grey|1.3}} }} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu 85.6% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu 12.2%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti nga ni Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) na African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Chikhristu. Ŵanandi ŵa visopa ivi ŵakafuma ku America ndipo ŵakaluta ku Liberia. Pakwambilira, chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti chikakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku America na awo ŵakafuma ku America na Liberia. Nangauli Mbakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuchitako magulu ghachisisi gha chisopa, nga ni Poro na Sande. Ŵanakazi wose ŵa mu mpingo wa Sande ndiwo ŵakuchita ukotoli. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 12.2% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Liberia ŵali kugaŵikana pakati pa Ŵasuni, Ŵachihiya, Ŵaahmadiyya, Ŵasufi, na Ŵasilamu ŵambura kusopa. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 0.5% ŵakatenge ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, ndipo 1.5% ŵakatenge ŵalije chisopa. Ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵakaŵa Ŵabahai, Ŵahindu, Ŵasikh, panji Ŵabudha. Dango la ku Liberia likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo boma likuchindika wanangwa uwu. Nangauli Dango likukanizga kuti tchalitchi na boma vipatukane, kweni ku Liberia kuli Ŵakhristu. Ŵana ŵakusambirako Baibolo mu masukulu gha boma, kweni ŵapapi ŵangakana. Dango likukanizga kuguliska vinthu pa zuŵa la Sabata na pa maholide ghakuru gha Ŵakhristu. Boma likuchichizga yayi ŵamalonda panji masukulu kuti ŵaleke kusopa pa Chinkhondi.<ref name="irfr">{{cite web |date=November 17, 2010 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Liberia |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105613/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm |archive-date=November 23, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |work=United States Department of State}}</ref>{{clear}} ===Masambilo=== {{main|Education in Liberia}} [[File:Liberian students.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira na nyali mu chigaŵa cha Bong]] Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Liberia chikaŵa 60.8% (64.8% ku ŵanalume na 56.8% ku ŵanakazi). Mu vigaŵa vinyake, sukulu za pulayimare na sekondare ni zaulere ndipo munthu wakwenera kusambira kwambura kulipira para wakwaniska vyaka 6 m'paka 16. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana ŵakwenera kulipira ndalama kuti ŵasambire. Pa avereji, ŵana ŵakusambira vyaka 10. Masukulu na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu charu ichi ni viŵi yayi, kweniso palije ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakupika na maunivesite gha boma na ghapadera. Yunivesite ya Liberia ndiyo yikuru comene na yakale comene mu caru ici. Yunivesite iyi yikaŵa mu msumba wa Monrovia, ndipo yikajulika mu 1862. Mazuŵa ghano, lili na makoleji 6, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyadokotala na sukulu ya malango ya Louis Arthur Grimes. Mu 2009, Yunivesite ya Tubman ku Harper, Maryland County yikakhazikiskika kuŵa yunivesite yachiŵiri ya boma mu Liberia. Kwambira mu 2006, boma la Japan lajuliraso masukulu ghapachanya ku Buchanan, Sanniquellie, na Voinjama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf |title=Remarks by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf At Official Launch and Fundraising Program Of the Grand Bassa Community College |publisher=The Executive Mansion |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060217/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Peter A. |last=Fahn |url=http://www.micat.gov.lr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156:government-moves-ahead-with-education-decentralization-plans&catid=47:new-liberia&Itemid=91 |title=Government Moves Ahead With Education Decentralization Plans |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060405/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951 |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951 |title=July 26 Celebrations Kick Off in Lofa As President Sirleaf Arrives |work=The Executive Mansion |date=July 25, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kususka kwa ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Okutobala 2018, pulezidenti muphya George M. Weah wakawuskapo malipiro gha masambiro gha ku yunivesite ya boma ku Liberia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-25-liberias-weah-announces-free-tuition-for-undergrads|title=Liberia's Weah announces free tuition for undergrads|date=October 25, 2018|work=Mail & Guardian|access-date=March 20, 2018|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> ====Private universities==== * Yunivesite ya Cuttington yikakhazikiskika na Episcopal Church of the USA mu 1889 ku Suakoko, Bong County, nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wake wa umishonale wa kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Iyi ni yunivesite yakale comene mu caru ici. * Stella Maris Polytechnic, ni sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵambura nchito. Sukulu iyi yikambika mu 1988, ndipo yikwendeskeka na Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia. Sukulu iyi yili pa Capitol Hill ndipo yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 2,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smp.edu.lr/index.html|title=Stella Maris Polytechnic|date=2013|website=smp>edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330223158/http://smp.edu.lr/index.html|archive-date=March 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Adventist University of West Africa, malo gha masambiro gha ku sekondare agho ghali mu chigaŵa cha Margibi County, pa Roberts International Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://auwa.edu.lr/#|title=Adventist University of West Africa|website=auwa,edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327170818/http://auwa.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 27, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya United Methodist, yunivesite ya Chikhristu iyo yili ku Liberia, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, yikumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti UMU. Mu 2016, sukulu iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 9,118. Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1998..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://umu.edu.lr/|title=United Methodist University|date=2019|website=umu'edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191456/http://umu.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 20, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * African Methodist Episcopal University, yunivesite ya sukulu yapachanya iyo yikapangika mu 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ame.edu.lr/|title=African Methodist Episcopal University|website=ame.edu|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322030248/http://ame.edu.lr/|archive-date=March 22, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya Starz, ni yunivesite ya vya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yikakhazikiskika ku United States mu chaka cha 2007, ndipo yikalembeka mu boma la Monrovia, mu chaka cha 2009; na chilato cha kumazga suzgo la Information Technology (IT) ku Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starz University – Aim For Global Success |url=https://starzit.com/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> * St. Clements University College (Liberia), sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha iyo yikambika mu 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=St Clements University College – Liberia |url=http://www.stclements.edu/liberia/ |website=stclements.edu|access-date=November 7, 2021}}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Further|Health in Liberia}} [[File:Life expectancy in Liberia.svg|thumb|Umoyo wa ŵanthu]] Mu vipatala vya ku Liberia muli chipatala cha John F. Kennedy Medical Center mu Monrovia na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakulindilira kukhala vyaka 64,4 mu 2020. Mu 2010, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 990 ndipo mu 2017, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 1,072.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |title=The State of the World's Midwifery 2011: Liberia |work=United Nations Population Fund |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206210251/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal health gets a new boost in Liberia |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/7/feature-maternal-health-gets-a-new-boost-in-liberia |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref>Matenda ghanyake ghakwambukira ghakuthandazgika chomene, nga ni chikhoso cha TB, nthenda ya kusulura na maleriya. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na HIV chikaŵa 2% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15-49, apo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na TB chikaŵa 420 pa ŵanthu 100,000 mu 2008. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 58.2% na 66% ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi. Charu cha Liberia chikugura mpunga wakukwana 90 peresenti. Mu 2007, ŵana 20.4% ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 17% pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na malo ghawemi ghakusoperapo. Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya maofesi gha munthavi gha mu charu ichi ghakabwanganduka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira mu 2003. Mu 2009, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vyaumoyo zikaŵa madola 22 gha ku United States, panji kuti 10.6% ya GDP. Mu 2008, ku Liberia kukaŵa dokotala yumoza na manesi 27 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2014, nthenda ya Ebola yikathandazgikira ku Liberia kufuma ku Guinea. Pa Novembala 17, 2014, ŵanthu 2,812 ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na charu cha Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi. Pa Meyi 9, 2015, charu cha Liberia chikapharazgika kuti chilije Ebola, pamanyuma pa masabata 6 kwambura nthenda yiphya. Kuyana na lipoti la Overseas Development Institute, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo ni 64.1% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo.<ref>Marc DuBois and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928074929/https://www.odi.org/publications/9956-ebola-response-west-africa-exposing-politics-culture-international-aid The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid] London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> ==Mwambo== {{main|Culture of Liberia}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 1998.80.2 Helmet Mask for Sande Society.jpg|thumb|Vyakurya vya Bassa. Chisoti cha Sande Society (Ndoli Jowei), Liberia, m'ma 1900. Muziamu wa Brooklyn.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakakhalanga ku South America pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakavwaranga chisoti chakutowa na mizati ndipo ŵakachitanga nga mbazga ŵa ku South. Ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la Masonic Order of Liberia, ilo likachitanga ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kusona na kupangaso salu. Mu 1857 na 1858, ku Liberia kukaŵaso viphikiro vya viŵeto. Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakapanganga kofi ku Liberia wakaŵa Martha Ann Ricks, uyo wakapeleka cikozgo ca khuni la khofi ku Fumukazi Victoria mu 1892. Apo pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasamukiranga ku Executive Mansion, wakapanga chibenekelero mu ofesi yake. Ku Liberia kwajumpha vyaka 100 kufuma apo mabuku ghakambira kulembeka. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster na Wilton G. S. Sankawulo wali pakati pa ŵalembi ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia. Buku la Moore lakuti Murder in the Cassava Patch ndilo ndakumanyikwa comene mu Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |first=J. Kpanneh |last=Doe |url=http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html |title=Baa Salaka: Sacrificial Lamb – A Book Review & Commentary |work=The Perspective |date=October 31, 2000 |access-date=July 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909064724/http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html |archive-date=September 9, 2013}}</ref> === Kutora mitala === {{Further|Polygamy in Liberia}} Pa ŵanakazi ŵakutora ŵa ku Liberia, ciŵelengero ca awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ni ŵanakazi ŵatatu pa ŵatatu. Dango la cikaya likuzomerezga mwanalume kutora ŵanakazi ŵanayi.<ref>Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family", ''Culture and Customs of Liberia''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 97.</ref> === Kuphika === {{main|Liberian cuisine}} [[File:Beachside Barbeque (6831739276).jpg|thumb|Ku Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia, ŵanthu ŵakuphika nyama mumphepete mwa nyanja]] Mu vyakurya vinandi vya ku Liberia, muli mpunga. Vyakurya vinyake ni maniyu, somba, nthochi, vipasi, vipasi, kokosoni, okra, na mbatata. Vyakurya vyakunowa ivyo vili na vipasi vya habanero na scotch bonnet chili vikumanyikwa chomene. Kweniso ku Liberia kuli mitheto yinyake ya kuphika vyakurya yakufuma ku United States iyo njakupambana na mitundu yinyake ya ku West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gwydion.weebly.com/liberian-baking.html |title=The Baking Recipes of Liberia |work=Africa Aid |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> === Maseŵera === Maseŵera ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia ni bola, ndipo George Weah (woseŵera wakale wa bola ndipo sono ni purezidenti wa Liberia) ndiyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Mpaka pano ndi yekha wa ku Africa uyo wapika udindo wa FIFA World Player of the Year.<ref name="FIFA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073045/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=2187/ "Iconic Weah a true great"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=George Weah: Ex-AC Milan, Chelsea & Man City striker elected Liberia president |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41607141 |publisher=BBC |date=June 22, 2018}}</ref> Gulu la mpira la ku Liberia lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kaŵiri, mu 1996 na 2002. Maseŵero ghaciŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mu Liberia ni basketball. Gulu la basketball la ku Liberia lafika ku AfroBasket kaŵiri, mu 1983 na 2007. Ku Liberia, malo ghakucemeka Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex ni sitediyamu. Likunozga maseŵero gha FIFA World Cup qualifying match kusazgapo ma concert gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana na vyakuchitika vya ndyali vya ku chalo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liberia:Chaos Mars Grand Bassa and Nimba Clash |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201401211272.html|access-date=October 9, 2016|newspaper=All Africa|date=January 21, 2012}}</ref> ===Measurement system=== Charu cha Liberia chindambe kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko ya International System of Units. Mu 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act yikati metric system ni "ndondomeko ya vyakuyegha na vyakuyegha vyakuyegha vya United States trade and commerce", kweni mu practice system iyi yikugwiliskika nchito mwakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ma unit na mafakitale agho ghakukolerana na malango gha boma. Boma la Liberia laleka kugwiliskira ntchito mayuniti gha United States na kwamba kugwiliskira ntchito ma metric. Ndipouli, kusintha uku kukachitika pachokopachoko, ndipo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito mayuniti gha United States. Mu chaka cha 2018, nduna ya vya malonda na mafakitale ya ku Liberia yikati boma la charu ichi lajipeleka kuti likolerane na ndondomeko ya metric.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/business/govt-pledges-commitment-to-adopt-metric-system/|title=Gov't Pledges Commitment to Adopt Metric System|first=Robin|last=Dopoe|date=May 25, 2018|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004653/https://www.liberianobserver.com/business/govt-pledges-commitment-to-adopt-metric-system/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100114003713/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs| archive-date = January 14, 2010| url-status = dead| title = County Development Agendas| author = Government of Liberia| year = 2008| publisher = Government of the Republic of Liberia| access-date = May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110410125217/http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = April 10, 2011|title = Annual report|author = Shannon, Eugene H.|date = December 31, 2009|publisher = Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy|access-date = May 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name="ut"> {{cite web|url = http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf|title = Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia|author = Wilcox, Michael D., Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee|year = 2008|work = Presentation and Policy Brief|publisher = University of Tennessee|access-date = April 25, 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100624032539/http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf|archive-date = June 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html| title = CIA The World Factbook| year = 2010| work = Appendix G: Weights and Measures| publisher = US Central Intelligence Agency| access-date = April 24, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100424163417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html| archive-date = April 24, 2010}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Liberia|Africa|Countries}} * [[Outline of Liberia]] * [[Gender inequality in Liberia]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Cooper, Helene, ''House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood'' (Simon & Schuster, 2008, {{ISBN|0743266242}}) * {{cite book | title=Africa in World History, From Prehistory to the Present | url=https://archive.org/details/africainworldhis0000reyn | date=October 2003 | publisher=Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0130929075| edition=Paperback | author1=Gilbert, Erik |author2=Reynolds, Jonathan T }} * {{cite book | title=Too Late to Turn Back | year=1991 | publisher=Penguin | isbn=0140095942 | author=Greene, Barbara | url=https://archive.org/details/toolatetoturnbac00gree }} * {{cite book | title=Journey Without Maps | publisher=Vintage | year=1936 | isbn = 978-0099282235| author=Greene, Graham |title-link=Journey Without Maps }} * {{cite book | title=Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold | publisher=New York: Umbrage | year=2009 | isbn = 978-1884167737| author=Hetherington, Tim }} * {{cite book | title=Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today| publisher=Gotham Books | year=2004 | isbn=978-1592400447 | author=Huffman, Alan |url=https://archive.org/details/mississippiinafr00huff }} * {{cite book | url = https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/33835| title=Liberia : From the Love of Liberty to Paradise Lost| publisher=African Studies Centre, Leiden | year= 2015 | isbn = 978-9054481447| author= Kraaij, Fred | author2=van der}} * Lang, Victoria, ''To Liberia: Destiny's Timing'' (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, {{ISBN|1413718299}}). Novel of the journey of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia. * Maksik, Alexander, ''A Marker to Measure Drift'' (John Murray 2013; Paperback 2014; {{ISBN|978-1848548077}}). A novel about a young woman's experience of and escape from the Liberian civil war. * {{cite book | title=Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary: third Edition | publisher=Merriam Webster Inc. | location =Springfield | year=1997 | isbn=0877795460 | edition=Paperback | url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg1998merr }} * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]], ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'', Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp.&nbsp;85–110, [[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, ''The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation'', Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp.&nbsp;1–18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001. * {{cite book | title=Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State | date= 2001 | publisher=Reed Press | isbn=1594290121 | author=Pham, John-Peter | url=https://archive.org/details/liberiaportraito00pham }} * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Great Tales of Liberia''. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian culture. Editura Universității "Lucian Blaga", Sibiu, Romania, 2004. {{ISBN|978-9736518386}}. * Sankawulo, Wilton, ''Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey''. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. {{ISBN|0976356503}} * Shaw, Elma, ''Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia'' (a novel), with a foreword by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0980077407}}) * {{cite book | title=Liberia: The Heart of Darkness | date=2006 | publisher=Trafford Publishing | isbn = 1553692942 | author=Williams, Gabriel I. H. }} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024954/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017024954/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/LI.html |date=October 17, 2020 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210319020318/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia Liberia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085129/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/liberia.htm Liberia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Liberia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13729504 Liberia profile] from the [[BBC News]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022235/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/liberia Liberia profile] from the [[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden|African Studies Centre Leiden]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023751/http://countryportal.ascleiden.nl/ Country portal]. * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/liberia.html "Liberia Maps"], Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin. * {{wikiatlas|Liberia}} {{Liberia topics}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = International membership |list = {{African Union}} }} {{Navboxes |title = Languages |list = {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|30|N|9|30|W|display=title}} [[Category:Liberia| ]]<!--Please do not move this article from its correct and standard position at the head of its own category.--> [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1847]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:1847 establishments in Liberia| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:American colonization movement]] ecx0k7gu3qi1m5njwlqwn6kny0uh2ff 0 6933 122540 115463 2026-09-28T01:05:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{distinguish|Guinea|Equatorial Guinea|Western New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Guinea-Bissau | native_name = {{native name|pt|República da Guiné-Bissau}}<br>{{native name|ff|𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮}}<br>{{native name|mnk|ߖߌߣߍ ߺ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫}} | common_name = Guinea-Bissau | image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Guinea-Bissau.svg | coa_size = 80 | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = Location Guinea Bissau AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|pt|Unidade, Luta, Progresso|paren=off}}<br />"Unity, Struggle, Progress" | national_anthem = <br />{{native phrase|pt|[[Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]]|paren=off}}<br />"This is Our Beloved Homeland"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"></div> | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}}|[[Guinea-Bissau Creole]]|[[English language|English]] |[[French language|French]]|[[Arabic]]| |[[Balanta languages|Balanta]]|[[Hassaniya]]|[[Jola-Fonyi language|Jola-Fonyi]]|[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]|[[Manjak language|Mandjak]]|[[Mankanya language|Mankanya]]|[[Noon language|Noon]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | demonym = Bissau-Guinean<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu#pu |date=26 June 2015 }} ''The World Factbook 2013–14.'' Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><br>Guinea-Bissauan | capital = [[Bissau]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/|title= Africa :: GUINEA-BISSAU|date= 12 July 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 2 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/|archive-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 30% [[Balanta people|Balanta]] | 30% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 14% [[Manjak people|Manjak]] | 13% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 7% [[Papel people|Papel]] | 6% Unspecified }} | religion = {{unbulleted list|46.1% [[Islam]]|30.6% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]]|18.9% [[Christianity]]|4.4% [[Religion in Guinea-Bissau|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]]}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guinea-bissau/ |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=United States Department of State }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Religions in Guinea Bissau {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/guinea-bissau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Guinea-Bissau |date=22 September 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ |archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|11|52|N|15|36|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Nuno Gomes Nabiam]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]}} | area_rank = 134th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 36,125 | area_sq_mi = 13,948 | percent_water = 22.4 | population_estimate = 2,078,820<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Guinea-Bissau|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 150th | population_density_km2 = 46.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 121.4 | population_density_rank = 154th | GDP_PPP = $3.8 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=96&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Guinea-Bissau |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111151257/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=96&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=11 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,950<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal = $1.480 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $850<ref name=imf2/> | sovereignty_type = [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Portugal]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 24 September 1973 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 10 September 1974 | established_event3 = Independence | established_date3 = 5 July 1975 | Gini = 50.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.483 <!--number only--> | HDI_rank = 177th | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-15 |url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Guinea-Bissau|+245]] | cctld = [[.gw]] | iso3166code = GW | today = }} '''Guinea-Bissau''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Guinea-Bissau.ogg|ˌ|ɡ|ɪ|n|i|_|b|ᵻ|ˈ|s|aʊ}} ; {{lang-pt|Guiné-Bissau}}; <!--The script, named Adlam, actually exists as a functional script for the Fula. Do not remove.--> [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]: ''Gine-Bisawo''), mwalamulo '''Charu cha Guinea-Bissau''' ({{lang-pt|República da Guiné-Bissau|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw|}}), ni chalo icho chili ku West Africa ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) ndipo chili na ŵanthu 2,026,778. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Senegal ndipo kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwake ni Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau/overview |website=World Bank |access-date=26 January 2021 }}</ref> Nyengo yinyake caru ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Kaabu, kweniso cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Mali. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu uwu vikaŵako m'paka m'ma 1700, ndipo vinyake vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ŵaphwitikizi kufuma waka m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Portuguese Guinea.<ref name="nationsonline.org">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile – Nations Online Project |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea_bissau.htm |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.nationsonline.org}}</ref> Boma la Portugal likaŵa na mazaza ghacoko ndipo likaŵavya mazaza mpaka kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Nkhondo yaumaliro ya Ŵaputukezi iyo yikachitika mu 1915, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Papel awo ŵakakhalanga ku Bissau. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakathereskeka na msilikari wa ku Wolof zina lake Abdul Injai.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Joye L. |title=Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919 |journal= The Journal of African History|date=22 January 2009 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=463–479 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700023276 |s2cid=162344466 }}</ref> Virwa vya Bissagos, ivyo vili kufupi na Guinea-Bissau, vikathereskeka mu 1936, ndipo vikawovwira kuti Portugal yiŵe na mazaza pa virwa na charu chose. Ŵakati ŵajiyimira paŵekha mu 1973, ndipo mu 1974 ŵakazomera kuti boma ili lili na wanangwa, zina lakuti Bissau likasazgikaso ku zina la caru ici kuti ŵaleke kutimbanizga zina ili na la Guinea (uyo kale wakacemekanga French Guinea). Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili na mdauko wa masuzgo gha ndyali kufuma waka apo chikapokelera wanangwa, ndipo pali pulezidenti yumoza pera uyo wali kuteŵeterapo kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Purezidenti wamakono ndi Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yemwe adasankhidwa pa 29 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2020|title=Guinea-Bissau: Swearing-in of new President unlikely to bring stability, says UN representative|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/02/1057441|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UN News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guinea-Bissau – History|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Corbin |first1=Amy |last2=Tindall |first2=Ashley |title=Bijagós Archipelago |url=https://sacredland.org/bijagos-archipelago-guinea-bissau/ |website=Sacred Land Film Project |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Pafupifupi ŵanthu 2 pera pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi, ciyowoyero ca boma, ndipo 33 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca ku Guinea-Bissau, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndico cikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici, ndipo cikulongoraso umoza. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 54 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya Chikiliyo, ndipo ŵanthu 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Handem |first=Myrna |title=Portuguese, Creole, or Both: The Problematic of Language Choice in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The Social, Political and Economic Implications of Language Choice |date=2015 |degree=Ph. D. |publisher=Howard University}}</ref> Ŵanyake wose ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na visopa vinyake, nangauli palije gulu la chisopa ilo likulongozga ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="cia-religion">{{cite web |title=Africa: Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Pa caru cose pa caru pali vinthu vyambura kuzirwa comene ivyo vikucitikira waliyose. Guinea-Bissau ni membala wa wupu wa [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], [[Economic Community of West African States]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], na [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], ndipo wakaŵa mu gulu ilo pasono kulije [[Latin Union]]. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Guinea-Bissau|Portuguese Guinea}} === Pre-European contact === ==== People and society ==== Ŵasayansi ŵakutondeka kulongosora makora umo vinthu vikaŵira ku Guinea-Bissau. Mu 1000 AD, kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhanga vyakurya mu cigaŵa ici, pamanyuma pa vilimika vikwi vinandi kufuma apo ŵakambukira mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakununkhira ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito visulo.<ref>{{cite web | title=Early history | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau/History| newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica | access-date=24 May 2020 }}</ref> Mulimo wa ku Guinea-Bissau ukaŵa wakukhwaskana na vyaru vya ku Sudan. 18).<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Rodney |first=Walter Anthony |date=May 1966 |title=A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31255/1/Rodney_History_Upper_Guinea_Coast.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307115621/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31255/1/Rodney_History_Upper_Guinea_Coast.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-07 |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Eprints}}</ref> Malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakasanga ku Guinea Bissau ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na ivyo ŵakajambura mu mapiri gha Sahara, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵakavalo na ngamila, kweniso vinthu vyakale vya golide (p. 19). Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga comene na maboma gha ku Sudan. (p.19, 25) Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Jolas, Papels, Manjaks, Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos. <ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=Donald R |date=1987 |title=The Epic of Kalefa Saane as a guide to the Nature of Precolonial Senegambian Society-and Vice Versa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3171842.pdf |journal= History in Africa|volume=14 |pages=287–309 |doi=10.2307/3171842 |jstor=3171842 |s2cid=162851641 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>Pamasinda ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka na Fulani ŵakasamira ku malo agha. 20). Ŵanthu ŵa Mandinka ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300, chifukwa cha kuwukira na kukolerana kwa Senegambia na Ufumu wa Mali na General Tiramakhan Troare, uyo wakapangiska kuti Kaabu yiŵe chigaŵa cha Mali. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵakaŵako mu cigaŵa ici mu vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. <ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=1980 |title=Kaabu Oral History Project Proposal |url=https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/6326/Kaabu%20oral%20history%20project%20proposal_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Archives}}</ref>Ŵakaŵa ŵalovi, ŵalovi, na ŵamalonda awo ŵakasamukira ku Senegambia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakazomera ndipo ŵakamba "kulondezga visambizgo vya Mandinki". 6). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakafika mu cilimika ca m'ma 1200 C.E. ndipo ŵakakhalanga na viŵeto, kweni mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=History of Guinea Bissau |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau/History |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Ŵapapel ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Biombo, Balanta mu chigaŵa cha Oio, Manjaks mu chigaŵa cha Cacheu, Ŵamandinka ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Bafata, Biafada mu chigaŵa cha Quinara, Ŵajagos mu chigaŵa cha Bijagos, ndipo Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Gabu, nangauli Ŵamandinka na Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Oio. (p. 23). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵayowoye kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo. 6).<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Hair |first=P.E.H. |date=22 January 2009 |title=Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179482.pdf |journal= The Journal of African History|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=247–268 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007040 |jstor=179482 |s2cid=161528479 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjak, na Biafada ŵakaŵa na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balanta ŵakaŵavya ufumu uwo ukajintha pa katundu, mazaza, panji mazaza, kweni ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa vikaya na mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jola ŵakaŵa na mafumu, kweni ŵakaŵavya malango ghakudunjika ghakukhwaskana na mafumu. 64). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakalondezganga ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵalongozgi, ndipo ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakalondezganga fundo za mathemba. Ufumu wa Biafada ukaŵa na maufumu ghatatu agho ghakaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi. 65). Mafumu ghakaŵa na mitheto yakupambanapambana, maluso ghakupambanapambana, na vyakucitika vyakupambanapambana. 66, 67). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakawonanga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na ŵamazaza awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "meya", "ŵawusi", "ŵambasadara", na "ŵakaronga" (p. 68). Ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu gha mafumu, ŵalongozgi, ŵakuzirwa, na ŵanthu bweka (p. 73). Dango la caru likaŵa la themba ndipo dango ili likapelekekanga na themba na ŵeruzgi ŵake, ŵeruzgi awo wose ŵakafumanga ku ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa (p. 227). Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakupoka ufumu, panji maudindo ghanyake ghapacanya mu ufumu. 74–76). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyamtundu unyake. Ŵakavu ŵakavwaranga minjilira ya utheka, ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵakavwaranga vikumba vya mbuzi, mathemba na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakavwaranga malaya na mathalauza gha thonje. Ŵakaronga na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakavwaranga vingwe vyachisulo na mabelu kuti ŵapeleke malango. Ŵakaronga na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ng'oma yakucemeka bombalon iyo yikagwiranga nchito pa kudumbiskana na ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti nyumba izo ŵakazenganga zikaŵa ziwemi kuluska izo ŵakazenganga mafumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Pa malo agha pakaŵa mahachi gha mathemba na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito ng'ombe za ng'ombe kuti ŵendeskenge vinthu. 77, 78). Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjaks, na Biafadas ku Guinea Bissau ŵakamba kuŵa na nyumba zawoŵene. Ndipouli, Ŵabalanta ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana cifukwa Ŵabalanta ŵakaŵa na malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito zawo mwakugwiliskira nchito malipiro agho ŵakapokeranga cifukwa ca malo agho ŵakagwiranga nchito. Ŵanyake ŵakususkana na fundo ya Balanta, yakuti mulimo wakuzenga malo ukaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana kuti ŵagwire nchito, ndipo malo ghakaŵanga nga ni malipiro yayi. (p. 75).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balanta ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kulima, ntheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Beafada na Papels ŵakagomezganga chomene vyakurya vya ku Balanta. Kuleka kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukang'anamuranga kuti katundu wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada, ndipo m'malo mwake wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada. 69). Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga mu vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada ŵakaguliskanga chitowe na vipasi vya kola kufuma ku nkhorongo za kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Papel, Felupe, na Banhun ŵakaguliskanga vipasi vya kola, visulo, na vinthu vya visulo kufuma ku nkhorongo za ku savannah, ŵanthu ŵa ku coastal ŵakaguliskanga mchere na somba zakomira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakaguliskanga salu za thonje (p. 4). Vinthu ivi ŵakaguliskanga pa misika na pa viphikiro ivyo vikachitikanga sabata yiliyose. 69). Misika yikajulikanga mulenji ndipo yikamara namise kuti yiŵengeso sabata yakulondezgapo. Ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgikanga kwenda mu misika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhalanga mu misika kuti ŵavikilire mtende. 70). Misika na viphikiro vikaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵakukwana vikwi na vikwi awo ŵakaguranga na kuguliska vinthu kufuma kutali chomene, ndipo gulu ili likayowoya kuti, vigaŵa vinyake vya msika vikagaŵikiranga vinthu vinyake padera pa vinyo ilo likaguliskikanga palipose, kweni awo ŵakaguliskanga vinyo ŵakalongosoranga waka umo misika yikagwiliranga ntchito (p.70). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea Bissau ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito comene sitima za pa maji. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cingalaŵa cikagwiranga nchito, cikazunulika mu ntharika yinyake ya ku malo agha, iyo yikati: "Ndopa za mathemba na masozi gha awo ŵakuzenga cingalaŵa ni vinthu vyakupatulika, ndipo vikwenera yayi kukhwaska caru". 42–44). Vimphanyi vikaŵa vya ukuru wakupambanapambana, kufuma pa ivyo vikakwananga munthu yumoza kufika pa ivyo vikakwananga ŵanthu 60, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi vikamanyikwanga kuti vikakwananga kwenda pa nyanja. 42, 43). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Jolas ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti la munthu yumoza kuti ŵende mu minda yawo ya mpunga iyo yikazura maji, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti likuru kuti ŵayeghe ŵasilikari ŵawo para ŵakwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja. 42). Kuzenga maboti kukapambananga kuyana na chigaŵa icho munthu wakukhala. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agha. 43). John Hawkins wa ku Britain ndiyo wakalongosora umo ŵakendeskera boti ili. "Vinthu ivi vikapangika kufuma ku khuni limoza ndipo vikakura mamita 24 pa mamita 3. Pa gulu lililose pakaŵanga ŵanalume 20 panji 30, kweni awo ŵakendangapo ŵakaŵa munthu yumoza na ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakendanga na maboti ghatali agho ghakaŵanga na malupanga ghachoko waka". (p. 42). Ŵakapanga maboti ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakaŵa ghawemi chomene. "yakupangika kufuma ku khuni likuru la thonje, ndipo yitali mamita pafupifupi 70. Ŵakapangaso viŵiya vinyake ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakavitemanga kuti falsas, ndipo para vyasinthika, viŵiya ivi vikanyamuliranga ŵanalume 24 na vilwero vyawo, kweniso ŵakayidi na viŵeto para ŵakuwerako ku vyaru vinyake". (p. 42). Nthowa iyo Ŵabijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuŵaŵaja yikaŵa yakuti: Buku linyake la m'ma 1800, likuti boti ili likendanga mu nthowa yakupambana na zinyanja za ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ŵakaŵa ŵakukwera boti, ndipo ŵakakhalanga pasi mu boti, ndipo ŵakanyamukanga para ŵakukwera boti". (p. 43).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Kingdom of Bissau (1300–1915) ==== ===== Origins ===== Ufumu wa Bissau ukambika na mwana wa Themba la Quinara, uyo wakayamba kuwusa apo wakasamira ku Bissau na mudumbu wake uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo, ŵanakazi ŵake 6, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu ufumu wa awiske. Ŵanthu ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ŵakafuma kwa ŵadumbu ŵa Mecau na ŵawoli ŵake ŵankhondi na yumoza, awo ni Bottat, Bossuzu, Boiga, Bosafinte, Bodjukumo, Bosso, na Bossassun, ndipo ŵaumaliro aŵa ŵakufuma kwa ŵadumbu ŵa Mecau. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bossassun ndiwo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ufumu, ndipo iwo na ŵa Bodjukumo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ufumu. Ufumu wa Bissau ukaŵa na maboma ghanandi agho ghakaŵalondezganga nga ni Prabis, Antula, Safim, Quisset, Tor, na Biombo.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Nanque |first=Neemias Antonio |date=25 November 2016 |title=Revoltas e resistências dos Papéis da Guiné-Bissau contra o Colonialismo Português – 1886–1915 |url=https://repositorio.unilab.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/778/3/2016_mono_nnanque.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920143123/https://repositorio.unilab.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/778/3/2016_mono_nnanque.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-20 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Universidade de Integracao Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileiro}}</ref> ===== Society ===== Ufumu wa ku Bissau ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. 73–79). Themba la ku Bissau likaŵanga na mphumphu, ndipo likaŵanga na chimanyikwiro cha ufumu wake. 66). Para themba laŵikika pa chitengo, likaŵanga na kaluso ka kumukaka na kumutimba, pakuti themba likeneranga kumanya umo chilango chikaŵiranga pambere lindambe kulipeleka (p. 66). Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. 364). Nyumba za mu ufumu uwu zikazengeka na dongo, ndipo madenga ghakazengeka na mahamba gha makuni agho ghakazingilizga msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba izi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kusopa Ciuta m'paka apo Ŵayesuti ŵakafikira (p. 366). Ŵapapi ŵa Papels ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos awo ŵakalutanga ku Bissau kukapenja ŵazga (p. 204). Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa Papels ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos na wovwiri wa ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Lançados (p. 207).<ref name=":13" /> ===== Decline ===== Nkhondo iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa ufumu wa Bissau na ufumu wa Portugal, yikaŵavikilira, ndipo ŵakathereska Ŵaputukezi mu 1891, 1894, na 1904. 9). Kweni mu 1915, pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakarwanga kwa vyaka 30, Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakathereska Ufumu wa Bissau. Ŵakaphalirika na Teixeira Pinto, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, kweniso na Abdul Injai, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nkhondo.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Beafada Kingdoms ==== ===== Kingdom of Guinala ===== Themba la ku Guinala likaŵa likuru comene, ndipo likaŵanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalondezganga, pamoza na ŵacenje 50 awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyakukhora nga ni vya ng'ombe. (p. 365). Agha ghakaŵa agalu agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵawovwire ŵazga awo ŵakanjiranga mu nyumba za ŵanthu na kuŵakora. 365). Mu nyengo ya themba ili, ŵakaŵapo ŵalongozgi 7 awo ŵakavwaranga visulo ivyo ŵakaŵapelekanga nga ntchimanyikwiro cha udindo wawo. 365). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa maufumu ghanyake 6, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa maufumu agha ŵakakumananga mu wupu. Muwuso wa themba ukaŵa na kazembe uyo wakacemekanga kuti Pulezidenti (p. 365). Cisopa cawo cikaŵa kusopa vikozgo. Ŵangoza ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakacemekanga kuti 'Xina,' nangauli ŵanyake ŵakang'anamukira ku Chalichi la Katolika mu nyengo ya ku Europe (p. 366). Pa nyifwa ya themba, ŵanalume 12 awo ŵakavwara malaya ghatali gha mapapindo, ŵakalondezganga ŵakwimba awo ŵakalizganga sumu za citima, ndipo ŵakapharazganga nyifwa ya themba ku ŵanthu mu misewu. 366). Ŵakavwaranga malaya ghatuŵa zuŵa lose, ndipo ŵakacitanga kalikose yayi kweni kwenda mu misewu uku ŵali na citima. Ŵabwezi, ŵabali, na ŵateŵeti ŵa fumu yakufwa ŵakakumananga kuti ŵasankhe munthu uyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake (p. 366). Thupi la themba likageziskikanga, viwangwa vyake vikawochekanga panthazi pa cikozgo, vyoto vya viwangwa vyake vikasungikanga na kuŵikika pamoza na thupi lake kwa mwezi umoza, pamanyuma pake ŵanthu wose ŵa mu maufumu ŵakizanga na mafuta gha basamu, mure, amberere, musk, na mafuta ghanyake ghakununkhira kuti ŵaghaghawotche na kusumba pafupi na chitanda (p. 366). Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa 6 ŵakayeghanga thupi la munthu kuti ŵakasunge uku ŵavwara salu zituŵa, ŵakalondezgana na ŵakwimba awo ŵakalondezgana na sumu zachitima, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayimbanga sumu zachitima panji ŵakaliranga, ndipo fumu yikalondezgana nayo pa hachi uku yikuvwara salu zituŵa (p. 366). Pafupi na dindi, pakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵake, ŵateŵeti ŵake, mahaci, na ŵanthu awo wakaŵatemwanga, awo ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵakomeke na kusungika pamoza na iyo, kuti ŵateŵetere para ŵafwa. Ŵakafwanga para ŵakudumura minwe na malundi ghawo, ndipo ŵakaswanga viwangwa vyawo. Ŵateŵeti ŵakakhumbanga kuleka kuteŵetera themba pambere lindafwe, panji ŵakabisamanga para ŵawona kuti lizamupora yayi (p. 366).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ogilby |first=John |date=2019 |title=Africa Being n Accurate Descriptions f the Regions of Aegypt Barbary Lybia |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A70735.0001.001/1:8?rgn=div1;view=toc |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Early English Books}}</ref> ===== Kingdom of Biguba ===== Ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakakhalanga nga ni awo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Guinala. Awo ŵakawonanga umo ufumu uwu ukendanga ŵakayowoyanga kuti para fumu yafwa, mphumphu yikakhalanga mu mawoko gha mbumba yakukhora, ndipo ivi vikapangiskanga kuti paŵe nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo zikalutiliranga mpaka apo mulwani wakukhora wakapangiskanga ŵalwani ŵake kuti ŵapulikirenge. 367). Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalondezganga cisopa cimoza na ca ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu wa Guinala (p. 367). Ufumu wa Biguba ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵachoko chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Guinala, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi. 65). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu ufumu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵalayizga kuti ŵalutilirenge kuŵa ŵakugomezgeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndipo ŵakalondezganga visopa vya ku malo agha, kuvwara nga mbanthu ŵa ku malo agha, na kusuzgika chomene. 366).<ref name=":12" /> ==== Island States of the Bijagos ==== ===== Origins ===== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa icho kuli ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada, ndipo ŵakafumako ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga na kuluta ku virwa ivi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamira ku virwa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu. 25). Cirwa cilicose cikawusikanga na mafumu agho ghakalapa kuti ghaŵenge ghakugomezgeka kwa Fumu ya Isla do Po (p. 364). Virwa vyose vikaŵa na ŵanthu padera pa Chirwa cha Bolama icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Biafada, kweni mazaza gha Chirwa ichi ghakasintha kanandi waka (p. 7) (p. 5).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bancroft Davis |first=J.C. |date=2007 |title=Arbitral award between Portugal and United Kingdom, regarding the dispute about the sovereignty over the Island of Bulama, and over a part of the mainland opposite to it |url=https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_xxviii/131-140.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503193351/https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_xxviii/131-140.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-03 |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Legal}}</ref> ===== Society ===== Ŵakaŵanga ŵatali, ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa na cikanga ndiposo kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakamanyanga umo ŵangakwera maboti, umo ŵangakendera pa nyanja, na umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu mu nyanja, kweniso umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu pa mtunda. Ŵa Bijagos ŵakatemwanga kuwukira ngaraŵa za ku Europe izo zikendanga mu maji ghawo, kweniso awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka caru cawo (p. 364). Ngalaŵa za Bijago zikaŵa zapadera cifukwa zikaŵa zambura kusuzga kunyamura, ntheura para ŵafika mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakeneranga yayi kopa kuti ŵathereskekenge.<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakaŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanakazi ŵakalimanga minda, kuzenga nyumba, na kuwunjika vyakurya (p. 204). Ŵanalume ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga maboti na kurwa nkhondo mu virwa, ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja nga ni Jolas, Papels, na Balantas, ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalije themba, ntheura ŵakasuzganga virwa vinyake (p. 204). Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakusambira makora, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, na ŵasilikari, ndipo mu gulu ili ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakasankhanga ŵafumu ŵawo, ŵakasankhanga ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na lumbiri luwemi. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakathereskeka ŵakaŵa na ŵanakazi na maboti ghanandi, ndipo mwenecho wa maboti agha wakapikanga chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya vinthu vyose ivyo vikatoreka pa nkhondo. 205).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵasilikari ŵakasunkhizganga thupi lawo na mafuta gha golide, makara, na dongo lituŵa, ŵakaŵikanga mapapindo mu sisi lawo, na kulizga tumabango twa mahachi pa chifuŵa chawo. Ŵasembe ŵanakazi ŵakacitanga kuphwanya ciwuvi pa cingalaŵa, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku mtunda usiku. (p. 205). Ŵakafikanga pa mphepete mwa nyanja mwaluŵiro, ŵakazingiliranga mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakagoleranga moto mu nyumba, ndipo para ŵakumana na ŵalwani ŵakaŵakomanga, nangauli awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ŵakajipelekanga (p. 205). Ŵakapharazga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵengeko mu caru ca Portugal, ndipo Lemos Coelho, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Cape Verde, wakalongosora umo ŵazga ŵakukwana 1,000 ŵakakolelera mu maulendo 25 mu vilimika vicoko waka (p. 206). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland, ndipo ŵakasazgirako ŵasilikari na mabwato ghawo. 206). Maulendo agha ghakapangiska kuti fumu ya ku Guinala yitaye maufumu 6, ndipo yikachimbilira ku nkhorongo (p. 364). Ŵaputukezi ŵakasuzganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago chifukwa ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza. Ŵazga ŵakaŵanga ŵachoko chomene mu madoko, ndipo ŵakawonanga nga kuti zina lawo layuyuka. Ŵakapulikanga kuti para ŵakukoma ŵanthu, mbwenu ŵakuŵa na mtima wakujikuzga. 207).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika chomene ku ŵazga, chifukwa cha chirwa chawo ŵakaŵavikilira ku ŵalwani ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakizanga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake (p. 218). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbazga yayi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵagwiliskira nchito nga mbazga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakuti ŵana ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵawemi, kweni ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakaŵanga ŵazga ŵawemi yayi. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti mizimu yawo yingawelera ku Bijagos. 218, 219).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Kaabu Province of Imperial Mali (1200–1537) – Kaabu Empire (1537–1865) ==== [[File:African slave trade.png|thumbnail|300px|States in medieval Africa]] ===== Origins ===== Kaabu wakapangika nga ni chigaŵa cha Mali kwizira mu kuwukira kwa Senegambia na yumoza wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sundiata Keita wakuchemeka Tiramakhan Troare. Kuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, Tiramakhan wakaluta ku malo agha kuti wakawezgere mulandu uwo Themba la Ŵawolofu likapeleka kwa Sundiata, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Ŵawolofu ŵathereske Ŵawolofu, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakambukira ku Mlonga wa Gambia. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵasamire ku malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, cigaŵa cikuru ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa pasi pa Mali ndipo cikalongozgekanga na Farim Kaabu (Mulongozgi wa Kaabu). The decline of the Mali Empire in the 14th century lead to Kaabu becoming independent in the 16th century.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Nyanchos in Kaabu Empire |url=https://edrisamanneh.wordpress.com/nyanchos-in-kaabu-empire/ |website=Gambian History for Youth|date=9 September 2013 }}</ref> Ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa kufuma ku ufumu wawo. Ŵakafumiskapo Farim Kaabu na kuŵikapo Kaabu Mansaba. Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukaŵa Kansala, uwo lero ni Gabu, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea Bissau mu chigaŵa cha Geba (p. 4). Ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako Ŵapapepel, Ŵamanjak, na Ŵabiafadas ŵakapulikiranga na kupeleka msonkho ku Ŵamansaba. 367).<ref name=":12" /> ===== Society ===== Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Mali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalamuliranga ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakufumira ku Nyancho ( Ñaanco) awo ŵakafumira ku Tiramakhan Troare, ndipo kufuma ku matrilineal ŵakaluta ku Baleba uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska (p. 3). Mansaba wakapangika mu mzere wa anyina kwizira mwa munung'una wa Mansaba, uyo mwana wake wakaŵa wakulondezgapo (p. 3). Ŵanchito ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima na kupwelelera viŵeto vyawo. Ŵanchito ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi ukuru comene para ŵafika ku Mansaba (p. 6). Ŵanyamata ŵakendanga cifukwa ca uryezi na nkhondo pera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa pa mahachi ŵakumanya comene, mwakuti maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵapemphanga, ndipo kanandi ŵakaŵanga na maudindo ghakuru mu ŵasilikari ŵa mitundu yinyake. 369).<ref name=":12" /> Ŵasilikari ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaguliskike mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca malonda agho ŵakacitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (p. 6). Pakukhumba kuti Serer na Wolof ŵaleke kunjira mu vyaru vya kumpoto, kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kudumura malonda, iwo ŵakakolerana na vyaru vya pafupi, ndipo ŵakajivikilira makora kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi pa malonda (p. 7). Vinthu ivi vikawovwiranga kuti ŵaŵe na ntchindi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe na vyakurya vinandi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanyawo. 8). Umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ukeneranga kulutilira, ndipo apa ndipo ŵanthu bweka na ŵazga ŵakamba kuŵa ŵakovwira, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakendeskanga mahachi na kugwira ntchito zaulimi, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakalimanga, ŵanthu ŵa mawoko ŵakapanga vinthu vyakugwilira ntchito zaulimi na vyakugwilira mahachi, ndipo ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyamasalamusi na kuwukwa. 8). Maufumu agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, chiyowoyero chawo chikaŵa cha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ŵanthu ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ndyali ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, ndipo mitheto yawo yikaŵa ya Ŵamandinka. 11). 'Mandinkization' yikaŵa yikuru mu ufumu, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakamba kuŵa Mandinka, ndipo nthengwa za pakati pa Mandinka na mafuko ghanyake zikawovwira kuti ivi vichitike. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kuŵa 'Mandinkized' m'paka pa fundo yinyake. 12). Kuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu caru, kuŵa paubwezi na munthu munyake kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakamanyikwanga na ŵanyawo kwambura kupwelerako mtundu wawo, Soninke uyo wakacitanga Soninkeya ndiyo wakamanyikwanga na ŵanthu aŵa, Soninke wakang'anamuranga ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti vyamoyo vili na umoyo mu cigaŵa ico, ndipo mazgu agha ghakaŵagwiranga pamoza ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa aŵa kwambura kupwelerako za uko ŵakafuma panji uko ŵakakhalanga (p. 12). Cisopa cawo cikaŵa kusopa mathabwa na malibwe ndipo nyengo zose ŵakayowoyeskananga na ŵakuloska, wasembe mukuru wakakhalanga mu msumba ukuru wa ufumu (p. 368). Kaabu ndiyo yikaŵa ufumu wankhongono comene wa ku Western Mandinka panyengo iyo Mali yikawa (p. 13). Ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na maluso ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kulima vyakurya, kulera viŵeto, kuŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, panji kuŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito minthondwe kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵankhongono (p. 15). Awo ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira nchito maluso ghawo ŵakaŵa pa ngozi, ndipo kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ku North Africa, panji ku makhoti gha ku Africa uko kukaŵa kutali, kukaŵa pafupi kumara (p. 15). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaabu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito malonda gha ku Guinea Bissau na kumpoto kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. 3). Vinthu ivyo Kaabu wakaguliskanga ku Guinea Bissau vikaŵanga vya ndalama zinandi (p. 4). Ŵazga ndiwo ŵakaŵapangiskanga ndalama zinandi, ndipo malipoti ghakulongora kuti mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1600 na 1700, ŵazga 700 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi chaka chilichose, ntheura mu vyaka 100 ŵazga 70,000 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo Kaabu ndiyo wakawovwiranga chomene pa mulimo uwu. 5) Ŵaarabu (Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa) na ŵamalonda awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na malo agha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaguliskanga golide mu chigaŵa ichi. 367).<ref name=":12" /> ===== Decline ===== Pamanyuma pa vilimika 800 vya kuwusa na vilimika 47 vya Mansa, ufumu ukamba kuchepa cifukwa ca vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Mu virimika vya m'ma 18 na 19 maufumu gha Ŵasilamu ghakazingilizga caru ca Ŵapagani ici, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵa Imamate ŵa ku Futa Jallon ŵapharazge vya Jihad, na wovwiri wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa Soninke na Mandinka. Futa Jallon wakakhozgeka na Ŵafula awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵajiyimire paŵekha. 5, 6). Maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghakalimbana kwa vyaka vinandi ndipo Kaabu wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate kwa nyengo yitali. Ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Berekolong m'paka m'ma 1860, apo ŵakathereskeka pa Berekolong. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yaumaliro pakati pa Imamate na Kaabu mu 1867 iyo yikachemeka Nkhondo ya Kansala, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na General Alfa Molo Balde ŵakazingilizga viliŵa vya dongo vya Kansala kwa mazuŵa 11.<ref name=":10" /> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Fulani likaŵa na ŵasilikari 35,000 na ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi 12,000. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Timbo wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Fulani kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge, ndipo munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Jakhanke wakaphalira ŵa mtundu wa Nyancho kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge. Ŵandu ŵa ku Nyancho ŵakakwiya cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Fula ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa viliŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵakawona kuti nchakusuzga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira. Ŵandu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Fulani kukwera viliŵa kwa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni viliŵa vikaŵa pasi pawo. Mansaba Dianke Walli wakati wawona kuti watherenge, wakapeleka mwaŵi kwa Imamate kuti wathereske nkhondo, ndipo wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawotche msumba na moto, ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakavikiliranga msumba pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate. Kutayika kwa Kansala kukaŵa umaliro wa Kaabu, pamoza na kuwusa kwa Mandinka mu chigaŵa ichi na kuŵikika mu Imamate ya Futa Jallon (p. 3). Vyaru vya Mandinka vikalutilira kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mpaka apo vikagaŵikana na Ufumu wa Portugal (p. 7).<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last=Schoenmakers|first=Hans|date=2 December 2013|title=Old Men and New State Structures in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07329113.1987.10756396|journal=The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law|volume=19|issue=24–26|pages=99–138|doi=10.1080/07329113.1987.10756396|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> === European contact === ==== 15th–16th centuries ==== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuwona charu cha Guinea-Bissau cha m'ma 1400, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal. Mu 1455, Alvise Cadamosto wa ku Venice, Diogo Gomes wa ku Portugal, Duarte Pacheco Pareira wa ku Portugal, na Eustache de la Fosse wa ku Flanders. 7, 12, 13, 16). Kweniso malo agha ghakazunulikaso mu mabuku gha Gomes Eanes de Zurara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1450, Valentim Fernandes mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, na Jerome Münzer mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. (pp. 4, 9, 15). Chigaŵa ichi kufuma waka mu 1550 chikamanyikwanga na Ŵaphwitikizi kuti "The Guinea of Cape Verde", ndipo msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi ukaŵa ku Santiago (p. 138). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku Guinea-Bissau pa nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ŵa ku Cape Verde. 139). Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba mu 1440 (p. 151).<ref name=":4" /> Boma la Portugal likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa ŵazungu kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa vya ku mtunda, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵachiskanga kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa ivi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Lançado ŵakakana kupulikira mazgu agha (p. 140). Tangomão ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakakolerana na mitheto na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga za ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵacisulo. 141). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵa Lançado ni ŵa 'Grumete' awo ŵakaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuŵa ŵantchito ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵazga, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵantchito, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe. Grumetes wakalutilira kuŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados (p. 151). Ŵanandi mwa ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakafumanga ku vyaru vikavu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafumanga ku Cape Verde, ku Portugal. Ŵamalonda ŵanyake ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda na Ŵakhristu ŵaphya chifukwa cha kutinkhana na Ŵayuda ku Iberia. 148, 150). Ŵalara ŵa boma la Portugal ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado chifukwa chakuti ŵakasulako malango agho ghakaŵakanizganga kunjira mu chigaŵa kwambura kuzomerezgeka na themba, ŵakaguliskanga katundu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa izo zikaŵa mu madoko ghakuzomerezgeka pera, ŵalongozgi ŵa ngalaŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵanga na udindo wa awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵakakanizgikanga kuchezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha (p. 142). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, caru ca Portugal cikamba kulimbana na suzgo la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka Lançado. Malango ghakapelekeka kuti ghacepeskeko mwaŵi wa kugwiliskirika nchito panji kucita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Malango agha ghakaŵa ghambura kovwira ndipo ghakatondeska yayi malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka agho ghakacitikanga ku China (p. 144). Mu 1520, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado, ndipo malonda ghakalutilira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzenga misasa ku malo ghanyake. 145). Vifukwa ivyo ŵakachepeskera vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya cisopa na vya malonda, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, pakaŵavya malango ghaheni agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado (p. 145, 146). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakasazgikiranga ndipo cikaŵa ciwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalenge pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal, kweni ku malo agha kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain, Genoa, England, France, na Netherlands. 150). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa. Ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakendanga mu maboti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ku Europe. Pakuti maji ndigho ghakaŵanga nthowa yikuru ya kwendera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado na ŵa ku malo agha ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti ghacoko kuti ŵende mu milonga iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaguranga maboti kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe, ndipo kanandi ŵakazenganga ŵekha. Ku malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako maji, kukaŵanga malo ghakusungirako katundu, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵanga gha ku Cape Verde. Malo agho ghakaŵa kutali comene na milonga iyi, ghakaŵa na malo ghakuguliskirako vyakurya ivyo vikafumanga mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi (pp. 153–157). Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya ivi, ndipo ŵakasankha malo ghawemi ghakuti ŵakakhalengemo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi wa Lançado ŵakakondweskanga ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa vya Bissau, Cacheu, Guinala, na ku malo uko kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa ivyo kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mande awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru ŵakapelekanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni gamu, mino gha zovu, vikumba, viswaswa, utoto, ŵazga, na golide, ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakendanga navyo mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, na kuvitolera ku mphepete mwa nyanja kuti vipelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake (pp. 158–160). Boma la Lançados likawovwira kuti kuŵe malonda pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Upper Guinea, ndipo malonda ghakamba kufuma ku Gambia na kuluta ku Guinea-Bissau kukafika ku Cape Mount. 162, 163).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu vikaya vyose. Ŵazungu, Ŵabalanta, na Ŵabijaga ŵakamba kuŵatinkha.<ref name=":4" /> "Usange mukutemwa yayi kukhala kuno, mbwenu panji mungatemwa kukhala ku Balantas panji ku Bijagos".<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa paubwezi na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ndipo magulu ghose ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançados. Lançados ŵakadumbiskananga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo munthu waliyose uyo wakaguliskanga vinthu ku Europe mu charu cha themba la ku malo agha wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho (p. 164, 165). Kweniso, Lançados wakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya uko wakakhalanga, kweniso makhoti gha uko wakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mitheto ya ku malo agha kuti ŵajiwovwire, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vilapo na kupangana vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo cose (pp. 172, 173). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakamba kukayikira kuti ŵakukhumba kulondezga mitheto ya ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakamba kususkana na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 1580 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Buguendo, pafupi na Cacheu, ndipo mu 1583 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Guinala na Cacheu. Themba Chapala wa ku Cacheu ndiyo wakazenga linga ili mu 1589 (pp. 175–177).<ref name=":4" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Papels, Manjaks, na Biafadas ŵaleke kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. 177, 178). Mu 1591, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland. Ŵanalume ŵa mtundu wa Manjaks ŵa ku Cacheu ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Cacheu, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ivi vikapambananga na ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakacita mu 1583. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi ku ŵazga na vinthu vinyake. 179, 180). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakawelera ku malo ghawo kuti ŵajivikilire ku ŵalwani, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakukwana, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Cacheu na Guinala ŵakhalenge mu misasa, ntheura ŵakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ku malo agha. Ŵakaŵachimbizga yayi cifukwa katundu uyo ŵakizanga nayo wakakhumbikwanga comene ku ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. 180–184).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançados, awo ŵakasuzgikanga yayi nga umo vikaŵira kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. 242). Mu 1580 cifukwa ca kukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Iberia, caru ca Guinea Bissau na Cape Verde vikathereskeka na ŵalwani ŵa Spain. Ŵadokotala ŵa ku France, Netherlands, na England ŵakamba kulimbana na Ŵaphwitikizi, ndipo malonda ghakalutilira pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakamba kwenda malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku England, France, na Dutch, chomenechomene ku Cacheu, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaguliskanga vinthu. 244–253).<ref name=":4" /> ==== 17th–18th centuries ==== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Upper Guinea wakagaŵika pa vigaŵa viŵiri: 'Sierra Leone' na 'Rivers of Guinea' ndipo cigaŵa ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi. Mu 1637, phangano la Cape Verde-Guinea likaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu ivyo vikulongosora umo boma la chigaŵa ichi likachitiranga vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakuti: kufuma ku Santiago, pa vyaka vinayi, ngaraŵa 12 zikeneranga kutumizgika ku nyanja, kukanizgika kuguliska vinthu vinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi (Padera pa vilwero), kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea, kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea. 243, 244). Kuzirwa kwa msumba wa Santiago kukalongoreka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Mu 1608 na 1615 ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde ŵakapempha boma kuti likhazikiske dango la Santiago, kweni likaŵavya ntchito. Mu 1619 boma la Portugal likazomerezga dango lakwamba lakuti maboti ghakwenera kujumpha mu msumba wa Santiago. Mu 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu chigaŵa cha Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau. Boma la Portugal likeneranga kuwezgerapo mazaza agho likaŵa nagho mu chigaŵa ichi, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghaphyokapo pa nyengo ya wupu wa Iberia (pp. 254–261).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Collapse of the Iberian Union (1640) ==== Vinthu vikuru-vikuru ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakachitanga pamanyuma pa kudumulika kwa vyaru vya Iberia mu 1640 vikaŵa vya ku Bissau na Cacheu (p. 260). Charu cha Portugal chikamba kulimbana na Spain, ndipo Themba João IV likadumura kuti Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau yileke kuguliskana na Spain, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikeneranga kuluta ku Portugal, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikakanizgika kunjira mu madoko. Vinthu ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵika pa ngalaŵa za ku Spain vikaŵa vyakwamba kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado. Kwambira mu 1580 m'paka 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda mu chigaŵa ichi, ntheura malango gha Ŵaphwitikizi ghakususkana na Spain ghakaŵakhwaska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi na awo ŵakakolerananga na Spain. 261, 262).<ref name=":4" /> Mu 1641, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau, Guinala, Geba, na Cacheu ŵakapangana kuti ŵaŵenge ŵakugomezgeka kwa Themba la Portugal ndipo ŵakadandawura kuti Ŵasipanishi ŵakukana kuguliska vinthu chifukwa cha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi kuguliska vyakurya. Ŵakaŵaso na citima cifukwa ca njara iyo yikaŵako pakati pa 1639 na 1641 iyo yikaŵa cifukwa ca kulira kwa zombe. Mu 1641, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakambaso malonda gha ku Spain, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Lançados na Manjak ŵakakondwa nawo. Ŵanjak, awo ŵakalongozganga dowoko la Cacheu, ŵakawonanga katundu wa ku Europe kuti ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa. Ŵanjak ŵakawofya ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cacheu kuti ŵaŵakomenge usange Captain-Major Luis de Magalhães waleka kuzomerezga malonda (p. 263). Ku malo gha Cacheu kukaŵavya maji ghakukwana, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵa Manjak ŵaŵike dango lakuti ŵaleke kupeleka maji ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso, mu 1639 na 1641, njara yikakoma ŵazga awo ŵakavikiliranga malo agha. <ref name=":4" />Ŵazga ŵa Manjak ŵakazingilizga madoko para ŵawona ngalaŵa kuti ŵaguliske, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Captain-Major Luis de Magalhães wamazge dango ili. Boma la Spain likalutilira kukanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain, Bissau, Geba, na Cacheu kuti ŵaleke kuguliskana malonda, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Lançados, Manjak, Papel, na Biafada ŵakaŵawovwira. 263–265).<ref name=":4" /> Wupu uwo ukawungananga ku Ultramarino ndiwo ukasankha munthu uyo wakeneranga kuŵa Captain-Major, ndipo mu 1641, Luis de Magalhães wakafumapo pa udindo wake, ndipo wakasinthika na Gonçalo de Gamboa de Ayala, ndipo Paulo Barradas da Silva wakimikika kuŵa musungichuma. Ŵakapangiska kuti msumba wa Cacheu uŵe wa malibwe kuti uŵavikilire ku Ŵazungu na ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ayala wakathereska Themba la Mata, Mulongozgi wa Mompatas, Mulongozgi wa Baorilla, na kumazga ngalaŵa za Spain pa Cacheu. Ŵakapangana na themba Equendé wa ku Bissau kuti ŵambe kudumbiskana vya mtende. Ŵakati ŵanjira mu Bissau, ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa ziŵiri za ku Spain zikuŵavikilira. Suzgo linyake likaŵa lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza pa malo agha. Wakaŵawovwira kuti ŵasame ku malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni ku Geba na ku Farim kumpoto kwa Cacheu. 266–271). <ref name=":4" />Nangauli Ŵangelezi, Ŵafalansa, na Ŵacidachi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghose mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ŵakalutilira kusanga candulo na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku malo agha (p. 277). Boma la Portugal likaŵa lakusuzga kupangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakucita malonda, cifukwa vinthu ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi na ivyo Ŵaputukezi ŵakakhumbanga.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Slave trade ==== Wuzga wa ŵazga mu cigaŵa ici ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene yayi nga umo ukaŵira mu vigaŵa vinyake; kweni, cigaŵa ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene pa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Atlantic (p. 186). Pakwamba ŵazga ŵakatumizgikanga comene ku Cape Verde na ku Iberia, ndipo ku Madeira na Canary Islands kukaŵanga ŵazga ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Bissau. 187). Kufuma mu 1580 m'paka mu 1640, ŵazga ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Spain (p. 278). Pakaŵa nthowa zikuruzikuru zinkhondi izo ŵazga ŵakacitikiranga, nga ni cilango cifukwa ca kuswa dango, kujiguliska panji kuguliska ŵabali ŵawo mu nyengo ya njara, kukomeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ku Europe, uyo kale wakaŵa muzga wakuguliskika ku Ŵazungu na fumu yake, panji kuŵa muzga wa nkhondo (pp. 198, 199, 210, 211, 216). Ŵazga ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskikanga viŵi yayi, ndipo kanandi ŵazga ŵakaguranga ku ŵalongozgi panji ŵamalonda ŵa ku malo agha. 199, 200).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo nkhondo zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaguliskike. 204). Ŵa Bijagos nawo ŵakacitanga nthena, ndipo ŵakambanga kuwukira ŵanthu kuti ŵatore ŵazga. Ŵazga ŵa Bijagos ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Biafadas, Papels, Jolas, na Balantas. 204). Ŵazga ŵa Papels ŵakaluta ku Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos na wovwiri wa Lançados (p. 209). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndyali na nkhondo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu ufumu wa Kaabu, ŵazga ŵakambanga kuwukira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja (pp. 219–221). Ŵa Biafada ŵakasuskika cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskikanga ku Europe, ndipo magulu gha ŵazengezgani ghakaŵacimanga kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska wuzga. 217). Ŵabalantas na Ŵajola ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga yayi ndipo ŵakaŵatinkhanga (p. 208, 217). Ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka awo ŵakafuma ku Gambia ŵakaluta kumwera na kukakora ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Jolas. 208). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakaŵa kutali comene na caru, ndipo cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza, ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma, ŵakacitanga viwawa pa sitima, kweniso ŵakatemwanga kucimbira ku minda, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵatemwanga yayi nga mbazga. 218). Nkhondo za mafuko ghakupambanapambana zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kupindana kwa vyaru panji kupindana pa ndyali yayi, ndipo ni viŵi yayi kuti zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kutinkhana (p. 208). Nkhondo izi zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kukhumba vinthu vya ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakawonanga nkhondo izi nga ni kwiba na kupenja ŵanthu. 209). Ŵazga ŵakamba kupoka ŵazga kuti ŵasangirepo phindu. Mu 1600, themba la ku Bissau likamba kupoka ŵazga. (p. 210). Ŵazga ŵakaguliskikanga na kugaŵikana mu magulu. Ŵazga ŵakaguliskikanga na ŵanthu ŵa mu magulu ghapasi. "Ŵasambazi na ŵankhongono ŵali na mwaŵi wa kupoka ŵazga, cifukwa palije uyo wangaŵasuska. Iwo (ŵakaronga) ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo para ŵakukhumba kucita nthena, ŵakugwiliskira nchito mwaŵi wawo mwambura kusuzga, cifukwa ŵeneko ŵakukhwaskika yayi na uryezi wawo. Themba nalo likucita mwakuyana waka". (p. 228). Usange ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kufwatulika, pakuti awo ŵakaŵakora ŵakapokeranga ndalama, nanga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakaŵanga ŵakunozgeka kuwuwezga ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka na kupokera ndalama, ndipo kaluso aka kakalutilira m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka ŵakasuturikanga para ŵapokera ndalama. 229). Ŵazga awo ŵakacimbiranga ku wuzga ŵakasambizgikaso na Ŵazungu. Para ŵazga ŵakomeka, ŵakaŵafwaturanga para ŵamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵakuzirwa. 230). Ŵafumu na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerananga pakucita malonda, ndipo nyengo zose ŵakakolerananga umo malonda agha ghacitikirenge, uyo waŵenge muzga na uyo waleke kuŵa muzga, ndiposo mitengo ya ŵazga. 230, 233, 234). Fernão Guerreiro na Mateo de Anguiano ŵakati ŵafumba mafumu ghanandi pa nkhani ya kuguliska ŵazga, ŵakamanya kuti kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa uheni, kweni ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakachitanga nthena cifukwa cakuti Ŵazungu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vinyake yayi. 234). Ndipo ŵakalutilira kucita malonda agha mpaka mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, apo ŵakamalizga.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Summary ==== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|300px|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]] Nyengo yinyake caru ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Kaabu, uwo ukaŵa cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Mali mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu uwu vikalutilira kuwusa m'paka m'ma 1700. Cigaŵa cinyake ca caru ici cikaŵa ca Ŵaphwitikizi. Charu cha Portuguese Guinea chikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Slave Coast, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵa ku Africa kuluta ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>Gale Group. (2017). Guinea-Bissau. In M. S. Hill (Ed.), ''Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations'' (14th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 379–392). Gale.</ref><ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU">{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oxa#:~:text=HISTORY%20OF%20GUINEA%2DBISSAU&text=From%20the%20viewpoint%20of%20European,region%20is%20the%20Slave%20Coast. |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.historyworld.net}}</ref> Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi, ghakuyowoya za ulendo wa Alvise Cadamosto wa ku Venice mu 1455, ulendo wa Eustache de la Fosse wa ku Flanders na Diogo Cão mu 1479-1480. M'ma 1480, munthu wa ku Portugal uyu wakafika ku Mlonga wa Congo na ku vyaru vya Bakongo, ndipo wakayala vipasi vya Angola, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 4200 kufuma ku Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diogo Cão |url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/cao.html |website=win.tue.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208055908/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/cao.html |archive-date=8 February 2007 |access-date=7 February 2006}}</ref> [[File:Flag of the Casa da Guiné.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the Portuguese [[Company of Guinea]]]] Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha chifukwa cha malonda, kweni ŵakamba kupenjerezga malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Guinea, awo ŵanji mwa iwo ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca kuguliska ŵazga, ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda agha ndipo ŵakazomerezganga yayi kuti Ŵazungu ŵanjire mu caru ici. Ŵakaŵasunganga mu mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, uko ŵakacitiranga malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakalimbana na ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga nawo ŵakagomezganga yayi ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga ku Guinea, ŵakagwiranga waka nchito mu dowoko la Bissau na Cacheu. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala pa malo ghakupambanapambana mu milonga ya ku Bissau. Kwa kanyengo kacoko waka mu vilimika vya m'ma 1790, Ŵabritish ŵakayezga kukhazikika pa cirwa cinyake ku Bolama. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakaŵa ŵakukhora mu msumba wa Bissau ndipo ŵakawonanga nyanja iyo yikaŵa kufupi na iwo kuŵa chigaŵa chawo.<ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU"/>[[File:LG&CD - Guine Barro Jagudis 11.jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese Colonial War]] in [[Portuguese Guinea]], 1968]] Mu 1956, ŵasilikari ŵa chipani cha African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), icho chikaŵa pasi pa Amílcar Cabral, ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Portugal. Mwakupambana na ŵasilikari ŵanyake mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Portugal, gulu la PAIGC likamba kuwusa vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici mwaluŵiro, cifukwa ca malo agho ghakaŵa nga ni nkhorongo, kweniso cifukwa ca vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na mphaka na vyaru vinyake, kweniso cifukwa ca unandi wa vilwero vyakufuma ku Cuba, China, Soviet Union, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Kweniso, caru ca Cuba cikapangana kuti ciŵapenge ŵasilikari, ŵadokotala, na ŵantchito. Gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na vilwero vyakupambanapambana vyakulwera ndege kuti lijivikilire. Kufika mu 1973, gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Guinea, kweni mu Janyuwale 1973, gulu ili likathera apo Cabral wakakomeka.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/lumumba-50th-anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Victoria | last=Brittain | title=Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes | date=17 January 2011 | access-date=14 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117225438/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/lumumba-50th-anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations# | archive-date=17 January 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Independence (1973)=== [[File:Hastear da bandeira da Guiné Bissau após o arrear da de Portugal.jpg|thumb|[[PAIGC]] forces raise the [[flag of Guinea-Bissau]] in 1974.]] Charu ichi chikapika wanangwa pa 24 Seputembala 1973, ndipo sono chikukondwelera zuŵa ili nga ni zuŵa la wanangwa. Kuzomerezgeka kwa boma la Portugal kukaŵako pa caru cose pa 25 Epulero 1974 cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari ku Portugal, uko kukawuskapo boma la Estado Novo la ku Lisbon. Boma la Romania la Nicolae Ceaușescu likaŵa lakwamba kuzomerezga kuti Guinea-Bissau njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikacita phangano na chipani cha African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z0dpAAAAMAAJ&q=formal+recognition| title = Ion Rațiu, Foreign Affairs Publishing Company, 1975, ''Contemporary Romania: Her Place in World Affairs'', p. 90| isbn = 9780900380167| last1 = Ratiu| first1 = Ion| last2 = Rațiu| first2 = Ion| year = 1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kS1NAAAAYAAJ&q=bissau| title = RFE/RL, 1979. ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 4, Issues 15–27''| date = April 1979}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, sumu ya fuko la Guinea-Bissau yikacemekanga Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada, ndipo yikacemekangaso Cântico da Liberdade. Luís Cabral, munung'una wa Amílcar na uyo wakambiska PAIGC, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Guinea-Bissau.<ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU"/> Mulimo wa kujiyimira pawekha ukayamba na ŵanthu ŵawemi comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau na Guinea ŵakawelera ku caru cawo. Ndondomeko yakuti waliyose wasambirenge sukulu yikapangika. Mabuku ghakaŵanga ghawanangwa, ndipo sukulu zikawonekanga kuti zili na ŵasambizgi ŵanandi. Masambiro gha ŵasungwana, agho kale ghakaŵa kuti ghakumanyikwa yayi, ghakaciskika, ndipo kalendala ya sukulu iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi yikapelekeka. Mu 1980, cuma cikamba kunangika comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na boma ilo likaŵapo. Pa Novembala 14, 1980, João Bernardo Vieira, uyo wakamanyikwanga kuti "Nino Vieira", wakathereska Pulezidenti Luís Cabral. Ndondomeko ya boma yikalekeka kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska wupu wa ŵasilikari 9, uwo ukalongozgekanga na Vieira. Kufuma nyengo iyo, caru ici camba kuŵa na cuma cakulongozgeka na boma. Kucepeskako ndalama kwacitika cifukwa ca vinthu ivyo vikucitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na masambiro. M'paka mu 1984 caru cikaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵandyali. Mu 1994, kukacitika masankho ghakwamba gha vipani vinandi. Mu Meyi 1998, ŵasilikari ŵakagaluka ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kuŵe nkhondo mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau, ndipo mu Juni 1999 pulezidenti wakathereskeka. Mu 2000, kukaŵaso visora ndipo Kumba Ialá ndiyo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu Seputembala 2003, ŵasilikari ŵakawukira boma. Ŵasilikari ŵakamukora Ialá na kumupa mulandu wakuti "wakutondeka kumazga masuzgo". Mu Malici 2004, pamanyuma pa kucedwa kwa nyengo zinandi, kukacitika visankho vya nduna za boma. Mu Okutobala 2004, ŵasilikari ŵakagalukira boma pa nkhani ya malipiro agho likapeleka yayi, ndipo ŵakakoma mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed forces chief killed as soldiers mutiny over pay arrears |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/51624/guinea-bissau-armed-forces-chief-killed-soldiers-mutiny-over-pay-arrears |website=The New Humanitarian |access-date=28 October 2022 |date=7 October 2004}}</ref> ===From Vieira years to present=== Mu Juni 2005, kukacitika mavoti ghakwamba kufuma apo Ialá wakathereskeka. Ialá wakaweleraso nga ni nduna ya chipani cha PRS, ndipo wakati iyo ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa chalo, kweni chisankho chikathereskeka na Joao Bernardo Vieira, uyo wakathereskeka mu 1999. Vieira wakathereska Malam Bacai Sanhá mu visankho vya ku chigaŵa chachiŵiri. Sanhá pakwamba wakakananga kuti wakanizgike, ndipo wakati vinthu vyaupusikizgi vikacitika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, kusazgapo msumba wa Bissau. Nangauli pali malipoti ghakuti ŵasilikari ŵakanjizga vilwero mu caru pambere ŵandatoreke, kweniso kuti pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake pa nyengo ya kampeni, kusazgapo kuwukira maofesi gha boma na ŵanthu ŵambura kumanyikwa awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero, kweni ŵalonda ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mu 2005 vinthu vikaŵa makora. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana 67, ndipo likapoka vigaŵa 100 pa visankho ivyo vikacitika mu Novembala 2008. Mu Novembala 2008, nyumba ya Pulezidenti Vieira yikatoleka na ŵasilikari, awo ŵakakoma mulinda, kweni pulezidenti wakakhwaskika. Kweni pa 2 March 2009, Vieira wakakomeka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwezgera nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai, uyo wakakomeka pa bomba zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Nyifwa ya Vieira yikapangiska kuti paŵe vivulupi vinandi yayi, kweni pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vya vivulupi mu caru, mwakuyana na wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Swisspeace. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari mu caru ici ŵakacita phangano lakuti ŵacindikenge dango la malango la umo munthu wangaŵira na mazaza. Wapampando wa National Assembly Raimundo Pereira wakasoleka kuŵa wapampando wa kanyengo mpaka pa chisankho cha pa chalo pa 28 June 2009. Malam Bacai Sanhá wa chipani cha PAIGC ndiyo wakathereska Kumba Ialá uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa chipani cha PRS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dabo|first=Alberto|date=29 July 2009|title=Sanha wins Guinea-Bissau presidential election|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-41398320090729|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>[[File:Putin-Embalo meeting (2022-10-25) 02.jpg|thumb|Guinea-Bissau President [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, Russia, 25 October 2022]] Pa 9 Janyuwale 2012, Pulezidenti Sanhá wakafwa na matenda gha shuga, ndipo Pereira wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa kanyengo kachoko. Pa usiku wa pa 12 April 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici ŵakacitapo kanthu ndipo ŵakakora pulezidenti wa kanyengo na munthu munyake uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Mkulu wa boma wakale, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, adalamulira dzikoli munthawi yosinthira ndipo adayamba kukambirana ndi zipani zotsutsa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq-cyAdeGs3liZQlCd2mIxBvmQog?docId=CNG.a1b03f8f1a0eb41d95bf872bb307d7bf.681 |title=Fears grow for members of toppled G.Bissau government |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=14 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |author=Embalo, Allen Yero |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303160107/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq-cyAdeGs3liZQlCd2mIxBvmQog?docId=CNG.a1b03f8f1a0eb41d95bf872bb307d7bf.681 |archive-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/guinea-bissau-opposition-vows-reach-deal-junta |title=Guinea-Bissau opposition vows to reach deal with junta &#124; Radio Netherlands Worldwide |publisher=Rnw.nl |date=15 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012103639/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/guinea-bissau-opposition-vows-reach-deal-junta |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> José Mário Vaz wakaŵa pulezidenti wa ku Guinea-Bissau kufuma mu 2014 mpaka mu 2019. Wakati wamalizga uteŵeti wake, Vaz wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kusankhika kuti wamalizge uteŵeti wake wa vilimika vinkhondi. Komabe, adataya chisankho cha 2019 kwa Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yemwe adayamba kugwira ntchito mu February 2020. Embaló ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kusankhika kwambura wovwiri wa PAIGC.<ref name="aa.com.tr">{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/guinea-bissaus-leader-concedes-election-defeat/1658683|last=Tasamba| first=James| date = 29 November 2019|title = Guinea-Bissau's leader concedes election defeat|access-date = 14 June 2021|publisher = [[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-50965779|title = Guinea-Bissau: Former PM Embalo wins presidential election|date= 1 January 2020| access-date = 14 June 2021| website = BBC news}}</ref> Pa 1 February 2022, pakaŵa chiyezgo cha kupoka boma kuti wapoke Pulezidenti Umaro Sissoco Embaló..<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Fears of Guinea-Bissau coup attempt amid gunfire in capital|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/01/fears-of-guinea-bissau-coup-attempt-amid-gunfire-in-capital|access-date=1 February 2022|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Heavy gunfire heard near presidential palace in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/1/gunfire-heard-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau|access-date=1 February 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Gunfire near government house in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220201-gunfire-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau|access-date=1 February 2022|website=France 24}}</ref> Pa 2 February 2022, wayilesi ya boma yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakomeka na ŵalinda ŵaŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakomeka. Wupu wa African Union na ECOWAS wose ŵakasuska ivyo vikacitika. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 6 kufuma apo boma likakhumbanga kupoka boma, pa 7 Febuluwale 2022, nyumba ya Rádio Capital FM, iyo yikayuyuranga boma la Bissau-Guinea, yikapokeka. Aka kakaŵa kaŵiri kuti nyumba ya wayilesi iyi yikomeke mu vyaka viŵiri pera. Mulembi munyake wa nyuzipepara ya TV iyi wakayowoya kuti munyake uyo ŵakagwiranga nayo nchito wakamanya kuti limoza mwa magalimoto agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵara likaŵa la pulezidenti.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Guiné-Bissau vive 'clima de terror' |url=https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/762208/guine-bissau-vive-clima-de-terror |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Jornal SOL |language=pt}}</ref> ==Ndale== {{Main|Politics of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Palácio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_(2).jpg|thumb|The Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Fernanda_Nossa,_Guinea-Bissau,_photo_3.jpg|thumb|right|Public Order Police officer during a parade in Guinea-Bissau]] Charu cha Guinea-Bissau ni repubulika. Mu nyengo yakale, boma likaŵa na mazaza ghakuru. Boma la vyaru vyakupambanapambana likamba mu 1991. Pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma. Kufumira pa wanangwa mu 1974, mpaka apo Jose Mario Vaz wakamalizgira vyaka vinkhondi vya kuwusa kwake pa 24 June 2019, palije mulongozgi uyo wakakhalako vyaka vinkhondi vyose.<ref name="aa.com.tr"/> Pa wupu wa malango, wupu wa Asembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) uwo uli na nyumba yimoza uli na mamembara 100. Ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu kufuma mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵakateŵetere kwa vilimika vinayi. Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakucita ivyo pulezidenti wakhumba. Vipani viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ndyali ni PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) na PRS (Party for Social Renewal). Pali vipani vyakujumpha 20 ivyo vikupambana maghanoghano.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html#b Guinea-Bissau Political Parties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509121607/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html#b#b |date=9 May 2013 }}. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau}} Charu cha Guinea-Bissau ndicho chikambiska vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chiphwitikizi (Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)), icho chikuchemekaso Lusophone Commonwealth, ndipo ni wupu wa vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.<ref>{{cite web|title=CPLP – Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – Histórico – Como surgiu?|url=https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.cplp.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx|archive-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Further|Military of Guinea-Bissau}} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2019, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵalipo pafupifupi 4,400 ndipo ndalama izo ŵakupeleka pa nkhondo ni pacoko waka pa 2% ya GDP. Mu 2018, charu cha Guinea-Bissau chikasayinira phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Guinea-Bissau|Sectors of Guinea-Bissau}} {{Regions of Guinea-Bissau Image Map}} Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 8 (regiões) na chigaŵa chimoza (sector autónomo). Maofesi agha ghali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 37. Vigaŵa ivi ni ivi:<ref name="Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/guinea-bissau |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= *[[Bafatá Region|Bafatá]] *[[Biombo Region|Biombo]] *[[Bissau Region|Bissau]]{{efn|[[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous]] sector.}} *[[Bolama Region|Bolama]] *[[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]] *[[Gabu Region|Gabu]] *[[Oio Region|Oio]] *[[Quinara Region|Quinara]] *[[Tombali Region|Tombali]] }} {{notelist}} ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Lagoa_com_hipopótamos_01.jpg|thumb|230px|Rare salt water [[Hippopotamus]]es in [[Orango|Orango Island]]]] [[File:CaravelaIvybeach1p.jpg|thumb|230px|Caravela, Bissagos Islands]] [[File:20130611-DSC 9018 (9290631541) (2).jpg|thumb|230px|Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau]] Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili kumpoto kwa Senegal, kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kwake kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic. Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 13° kumpoto (chinyake chili kumwera kwa 11°), ndipo chapakati pa 11° na 15° kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021|title=Coordinates of Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.geodatos.net/en/coordinates/guinea-bissau|access-date=25 February 2021|website=GeoDatos}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru kuluska Taiwan na Belgium. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Monte Torin, agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa mamita 262. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakuthambalara, ndipo malo agha ghakukolerana na makuni gha mangrove agho ghali ku Guinea. Nyengo ya vula iyo yikuŵa nga ni nyengo ya vula yikupambana na nyengo ya cimphepo cakofya ico cikufuma ku Sahara. Virwa vya Bijagos vili kutali na caru. Charu ichi chili na vigaŵa viŵiri: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea na nkhorongo ya ku Guinea.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. 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Chiwerengero cha mvula ku Bissau ndi 2,024 mm (79.7 in), ngakhale kuti izi zimawerengedwa pafupifupi nyengo yamvula yomwe imagwa pakati pa June ndi September / October. Kufumira mu Disembala mpaka Epulero, mu caru ici mukuŵa cikhutu.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b Guinea-Bissau Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509093130/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b#b |date=9 May 2013 }}. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> [[File:Climate diagram of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.svg|centre|600px]] ===Environmental problems=== Masuzgo ghakuru gha malo ghakutowa ghakuŵa kudumulika kwa makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, kuliskika kwa viŵeto, na kukoma somba mwakutalulira. Guinea-Bissau wakaŵa na nkhorongo ya 5.7 pa nkhorongo 10 pa nkhorongo ya 2019.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main| Wildlife of Guinea-Bissau}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Guinea-Bissau|Mining industry of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Guinea-Bissau Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|left|A proportional representation of Guinea-Bissau exports, 2019]] [[File:Banco Centra Da Guine Bissau.JPG|thumb|left|Seat of the Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Posto_Galp_em_S%C3%A3o_Domingos,_Guin%C3%A9_(1).jpg|thumb|left|Petrol station in [[São Domingos (Guinea-Bissau)|São Domingos]]]] Pa caru cose, caru ca Guinea-Bissau nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zicoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zicoko comene. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ici mbakavu comene. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba chomene ulimi. Vyakurya ivyo ŵakuguliska ni somba, mtedza wa cashew, na mtedza wa groundnut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13443186 |website=BBC News |access-date=26 January 2021 |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Kwa nyengo yitali vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa ndyali ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora pa nkhani ya ndalama, umoyo wa ŵanthu uhenipe, kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora pa nkhani ya ndalama. Ku Guinea-Bissau, pakutora nyengo yitali kuti munthu walembeske bizinesi yake (233 mazuŵa panji pafupifupi masabata 33). Chalo cha Guinea-Bissau chamba kulongora umo chuma chikuyendera, pamanyuma pakuti vyaru vikuru-vikuru vya mu charu ichi vyasazga phangano la umo vinthu viŵirenge, ivyo vyapangiska kuti paŵe ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu charu ichi iyo yikukhozgeka na wupu wa IMF.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/country/gnb/index.htm Guinea-Bissau and the IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016083143/http://www.imf.org/external/country/GNB/index.htm# |date=16 October 2012 }}. Imf.org (13 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the [[CFA franc]] monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015835/http://www.uemoa.int/Pages/Home.aspx CFA Franc and Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015835/http://www.uemoa.int/Pages/Home.aspx# |date=26 October 2012 }}. Uemoa.int. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Nkhondo ya pa caru cose iyo yikacitika mu 1998 na 1999, na kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari mu Seputembala 2003, vikapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vicitike mu caru. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vicitike mu caru, ndipo ukavu ukalutilira. Pamanyuma pa visankho vya pa wupu wa malango mu Malichi 2004 na vya pulezidenti mu Julayi 2005, caru ici cikulutilira kusuzgika na vinthu vyambura urunji. Kwambira mu 2005, ŵamalonda ŵa munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo ŵa ku Latin America ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito caru ca Guinea-Bissau, pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya ku West Africa, kuti ŵaguliske cocaine ku Europe. Mulara wa wupu wa United Nations wakayowoya kuti caru ici cili pangozi ya kuzgoka "cigaŵa cakupanga munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo". Boma na ŵasilikari ŵakucita vinandi yayi kuti ŵalekeske malonda gha minkhwala yakutimbanizga wongo, agho ghakafika paheni comene pamasinda pa kuwukira mu 2012. Mwakuyana na magazini ya The Week, boma la Guinea-Bissau likulutilira kusuzgika cifukwa ca kuguliska munkhwala wa kokeni. Guinea-Bissau ndi membala wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web|title=OHADA.com • The business law portal in Africa|language=fr|url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php|website=[[OHADA|OHADA.com]]|publisher=Paul Bayzelon|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php|archive-date=26 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Guinea-Bissau drug trade 'rises since coup' | work=BBC News | date=31 July 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19060861 | access-date=5 October 2012 | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027005635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19060861# | archive-date=27 October 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/02/guinea-bissau-africas-most-famous-narco-state-goes-to-the-polls|title=Guinea-Bissau, Africa's most famous narco-state, goes to the polls|magazine=The Economist|date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="drugs">{{cite news | title=Route of Evil: How a tiny West African nation became a key smuggling hub for Colombian cocaine, and the price it is paying | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401676.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | last=Sullivan | first=Kevin | date=25 May 2008 | access-date=27 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120229/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401676.html# | archive-date=25 May 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121029230410/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1933291,00.html Guinea-Bissau:A narco-state?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029230410/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1933291,00.html# |date=29 October 2012 }}. ''Time''. (29 October 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guinea-Bissau |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2020 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau}}</ref> ==Ukhalilo== ===Demographics=== {{Main|Demographics of Guinea-Bissau}} {{multiple image | width1 = 175 | image1 = Population Guinea-Bissau 1950-2020.jpg | width2 = 150 | image2 = Pyramide Guinee-Bissau.PNG | footer = (Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1950 and 2020. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's [[population pyramid]], 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15.<ref name="WPP 2010"/> | alt1 = Population Guinea-Bissau 1950–2020 }} Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵalipo 2,060,721 mu 2021, ndipo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 518,000. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyambura kukwana 15 mu 2010 chikaŵa 41.3%, 55.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 65, ndipo 3.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka 65 panji kujumphirapo.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision |publisher=Esa.un.org |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau<ref name="Censo2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |title=Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau| df=dmy |page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113143028/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Fula people|Fula]]|darkgreen|28.5}} {{bar percent|[[Balanta people|Balanta]]|purple|22.5}} {{bar percent|[[Mandinka people|Mandinka]]|red|14.7}} {{bar percent|[[Papel people|Papel]]|black|9.1}} {{bar percent|[[Manjack people|Manjaca]]|orange|8.3}} {{bar percent|[[Beafada people|Beafada]]|darkblue|3.5}} {{bar percent|[[Mancanha people|Mancanha]]|red|3.1}} {{bar percent|{{ill|Bijagós people|pt|Bijagós|lt=Bijagós}}|maroon|2.1}} {{bar percent|{{ill|Felupe people|pt|Felupes|lt=Felupe}}|darkgray|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Mansoanca people|Mansoanca]]|gray|1.4}} {{bar percent|[[Balanta Mane people|Balanta Mane]]|tan|1}} {{bar percent|[[Nalu people|Nalu]]|lime|0.9}} {{bar percent|[[Saracule people|Saracule]]|Violet|0.5}} {{bar percent|[[Sosso people|Sosso]]|darkgreen|0.4}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|purple|2.2}} }} [[File:Geographic location of Guinea-Bissau and present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups.jpg|thumb|330px|Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵali na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, mitheto yakupambana, na kakhaliro kakupambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau-Guinea ŵangagaŵika mu mitundu iyi:<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau (09/03) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/guineabissau/31802.htm |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> *[[Fula people|Fula]] and the [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]-speaking people, who constitute the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast;<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> *[[Balanta people|Balanta]] and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions;<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> and *Manjaco na Mancanha, awo ŵakukhala pakati pa nyanja na kumpoto kwake.<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> Most of the remainder are ''[[mestizo|mestiços]]'' of mixed [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and African descent.<ref name="cciei.org">{{cite web |title=History & Geography – GUINEA BISSAU REPUBLIC |url=http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073951/http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berlin |first1=Ira |title=From Creole to African |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |date=1 April 1996 |volume=53 |issue=2 |page=266 |doi=10.2307/2947401 |jstor=2947401 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947401 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal mbacoko comene pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau-Guinea. Guinea-Bissau yikati yajiyimira payekha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku China. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal na Canton, ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Macau.<ref name="cciei.org"/> ===Major cities=== Main [[List of cities in Guinea-Bissau|cities in Guinea-Bissau]] include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html|title=Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053028/http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html#|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2" | Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population |- !2015 estimate !! Region |- |align=right | 1 || [[Bissau]] || align=right | 492,004 || [[Bissau Region|Bissau]] |- |align=right | 2 || [[Gabú]] || align=right | 48,670 || [[Gabú Region|Gabú]] |- |align=right | 3 || [[Bafatá]] || align=right | 37,985 || [[Bafatá Region|Bafatá]] |- |align=right | 4 || [[Bissorã]] || align=right | 29,468 || [[Oio Region|Oio]] |- |align=right | 5 || [[Bolama (town)|Bolama]] || align="right" | 16,216 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]] |- |align=right | 6 || [[Cacheu]] || align=right | 14,320 || [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]] |- |align=right | 7 || [[Bubaque]] || align=right | 12,922 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]] |- |align=right | 8 || [[Catió]]|| align=right | 11,498 || [[Tombali Region|Tombali]] |- |align=right | 9 || [[Mansôa]] || align=right | 9,198 || [[Oio Region|Oio]] |- |align=right | 10 || [[Buba]] || align=right | 8,993 || [[Quinara Region|Quinara]] |} ===Languages=== {{bar box |title=Languages in Guinea-Bissau<ref name="Censo2009"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|Portuguese Creole|green|90.4}} {{bar percent|Portuguese|darkgreen|32.1}} {{bar percent|Fula|#EFCC00|16.0}} {{bar percent|Balanta|#FFEF00|14.0}} {{bar percent|French|blue|7.1}} {{bar percent|Mandinka|#FFFF00|7.0}} {{bar percent|Manjak|#FCE883|5.0}} {{bar percent|Papel|#EEED09|3.0}} {{bar percent|English|red|2.9}} {{bar percent|Felupe|#FADA5E|1.0}} {{bar percent|Spanish|orange|0.5}} {{bar percent|Russian|darkblue|0.1}}{{bar percent|Other|gray|1.8}} }} {{Main|Languages of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Voter education for guinea bissau elections 2008.jpg|thumb|left|Voter education posters in [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|Kriol]] for [[Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008]], [[Biombo Region]]]] Nangauli ni caru cicoko, kweni ku Guinea-Bissau kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵali na mitheto na viyowoyero vyawo. Vili nthena cifukwa cakuti mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau muli ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi na ciyowoyero ca ku Portugal ico cikucemeka Kriol panji crioulo.<ref name="barbosa">{{cite thesis |last=Barbosa |first=José |title=Língua e desenvolvimento: O caso da Guiné-Bissau |date=2015 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa |url=http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18319/1/ulfl183078_tm.pdf |language=pt |trans-title=Language and Development: The case of Guinea-Bissau |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809055311/http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18319/1/ulfl183078_tm.pdf# |archive-date=9 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciphwitikizi cikayowoyekanga comene nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵavinjeru na ŵandyali ndiwo ŵakuyowoya. Cikaŵa ciyowoyero ca boma na ciyowoyero cakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ico cikafuma ku muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale na gha ku sekondare ghakusambizgika mu Ciphwitikizi, nangauli ŵana 67% pera ndiwo ŵakusambira. Vimanyikwiro vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi ŵalipo pafupifupi 11 panji 15 peresenti.<ref name="cciei.org"/> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009, ŵanthu 27.1% awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakayowoya Chiphwitikizi icho chikaŵa cha chiyowoyero chawo yayi.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Mendes |first=Etoal |title=Experiências de ensino bilíngue em Bubaque, Guiné-Bissau: línguas e saberes locais na educação escolar |date=2018 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/178453/001065976.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224112551/https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/178453/001065976.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-24 |url-status=live |hdl=10183/178453 |language=pt |trans-title=Bilingual teaching experiences in Bubaque, Guinea-Bissau: languages and local knowledge in school education}}</ref> Ŵanthu 44 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ciyowoyero ici cikulutilira kupharazgika ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya. Ndipouli, viyowoyero ivi vikupambana na viyowoyero vinyake chifukwa vikupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Portugal. Ku Guinea-Bissau kuli ciyowoyero ico cikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), na Nalu (0.1%), izo ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakuyowoya. Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi na Cisemesi ŵakuyowoyaso ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku Africa na ciyowoyero ca Kriol. Viyowoyero vya mu Africa vikugongowa yayi nanga vingaŵa kuti ni viwemi waka. Viyowoyero ivi vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ŵakolerane, ndipo vikuyowoyeka mu vikaya, ku ŵabwezi na ŵazengezgani, pa viphikiro na pa visopa, kweniso mu misumba na ku mizi. Ndipouli, pa viyowoyero vyose ivi, palije ico cikuyowoyeka comene mu Guinea-Bissau. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili na wanangwa wose wakuyowoya Chifurenchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's Official Website |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |website=Francophonie.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401162352/http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html# |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date= 22 June 2013}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Guinea-Bissau}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Guinea-Bissau (CIA, 2020 est.)<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|title= Guinea Bissau|website= [[The World Factbook]]|publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date= 14 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|archive-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1='''Religion''' |right1='''Percent''' |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in Guinea-Bissau|Islam]]|green|46.1}} {{bar percent|[[Folk religion]]s|red|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Guinea-Bissau|Christianity]]|blue|18.9}} {{bar percent|Other/unaffiliated|yellow|4.4}} }} Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu Guinea-Bissau, hafu ni Ŵasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakulondezga visopa vinyake panji Chikhristu. Kuyana na ivyo CIA World Factbook yikayowoya, ŵanthu 46.1% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 30.6% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake, 18.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 4.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake. Mu 2010, kafukufuku wa Pew Research wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 45.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu ndipo 19.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa Chikhristu, 30.9% ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha ŵanthu na 4.3 ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name=":0">{{cite report |chapter-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/religious-affiliation-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |title=Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=Pew Research Center |chapter=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation}}</ref><ref name="Pew Africa">{{cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf |title=Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=April 2010 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430133219/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=dead |page=20}}</ref>Kafukufuku wa Pew-Templeton wa mu 2015 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 45.1% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 30.9% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake, 19.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 4.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake yayi. ARDA yikayowoya kuti mu 2020 Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 44.7%. Kweniso likati ŵanthu 41.2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasopanga ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 13 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau: Major World Religions (1900–2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=100c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> [[File:Bafata1.jpg|thumb|Men in Islamic garb, [[Bafatá]], Guinea-Bissau]] Pa nkhani ya cisopa ca Ŵasilamu, lipoti la wupu wa Pew likati mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau mulije cisopa cakupambanapambana. Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chikapika ntchindi izi pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera kwa Sahara nga ni Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Nigeria, na Cameroon. Kafukufuku wa Pew uyu wakalongoraso kuti vyaru ivyo vikulongosora kuti vilije vimanyikwiro vya visopa vikusangika comene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Lipoti linyake la Pew, la mutu wakuti The Future of World Religions, likayowoyerathu kuti kwambira mu 2010 m'paka mu 2050, Ŵasilamu ŵazamusazgikira ku Guinea-Bissau. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku malo agha ŵali mu visopa vya Chisilamu na Chikhristu, ndipo ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya mu Afrika.<ref name=cia>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101228200903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html "Guinea-Bissau"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228200903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html# |date=28 December 2010 }}, ''CIA the World Factbook'', Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</ref><ref name=EB>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau/ "Guinea-Bissau"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416213709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau# |date=16 April 2009 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala kumwera na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chalichi la Katolika ndilo likuyowoya kuti ndilo lili na Ŵakristu ŵanandi. Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Vyamalango ya ku United States la mu 2021 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa visopa likuyowoya kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugomezga kuti visopa ivi vikukolerana, kweni ŵakwenjerwa na kusazgikira kwa chisopa chautesi mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2022, tchalitchi la Katolika mu chigaŵa cha Gabú, icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, likabwangandulika, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Ŵakhristu ŵambe kufipa mtima kuti Ŵasilamu ŵanjirenge mu charu ichi. Ndipouli, pakaŵavya vinthu vyanthena ivi ivyo vikacitika, ndipo pakaŵavya vinthu vyakuti vikukolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵankhaza.<ref>{{cite web |last=dimasaryo |date=8 July 2022 |title=Catholics in Guinea-Bissau unsettled by vandalism of a church |url=https://acninternational.org/guinea-bissau-vandalism-of-a-catholic-church/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=ACN International }}</ref> ===Health=== {{main|Health in Guinea-Bissau}} === Masambiro === {{main|Education in Guinea-Bissau}} {{ multiple image | direction =vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Universidade_Lus%C3%B3fona,_Bissau.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Ungdomsbiblioteket Bissau.jpg | caption2 = [[Universidade Lusófona]] of Bissau (up). Students at Biblioteca Jovem, Bairro da Ajuda, in Guinea-Bissau. (down) }} Ŵana ŵa vyaka 7 mpaka 13 ŵakwenera kusambira.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Education System |url=https://www.scholaro.com/pro/Countries/Guinea-Bissau/Education-System |website=www.scholaro.com |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Ŵana awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa vitatu na vinkhondi na chimoza ŵakusambizgika yayi sukulu. Pali vigaŵa vinkhondi vya masambiro: masambiro gha ku pulayimale, masambiro gha pulayimale, masambiro gha pa sekondare, masambiro gha pa sekondare, masambiro gha pa yunivesite na masambiro ghapachanya. Maphunziro oyambira akusinthidwa, ndipo tsopano amapanga gawo limodzi, lokhala ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi za maphunziro. Masambiro gha sekondale ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo pali vigaŵa viŵiri (vigaŵa 7 m'paka 9 na vigaŵa 10 m'paka 11). Maphunziro a ntchito mu mabungwe a boma sagwira ntchito, komabe sukulu zapadera zatsegulidwa, kuphatikizapo Centro de Formação São João Bosco (kuyambira 2004) ndi Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (kuyambira 2011).<ref name="barbosa" /> Masambiro ghapacanya ghakukwana yayi ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kuluta ku caru cinyake kuti ŵakasambire masambiro agha. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kuluta ku Portugal. Ma yunivesite ghanandi, kusazgapo Faculty of Law na Faculty of Medicine, ghakusangika mu matawuni ghakupambanapambana. Ŵana ŵakugwira nchito mwambura kwenelera. Ŵanyamata ndiwo ŵakulembeka comene kuluska ŵasungwana. Mu 1998, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 53.5%, ndipo ŵanalume 67.7% ndiwo ŵakalembeka kuluska ŵanakazi (40%). Masambiro gha pa sukulu ghakucitikira mu cikaya na kusambizga ŵanthu ŵalara. Mu 2011, ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba ŵakaŵa 55.3% (68.9% ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, 42.1% ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|work=The World Factbook|access-date=15 October 2014|title=Field Listing :: Literacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Conflicts=== Kanandi, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ku Guinea-Bissau yikukhala pamoza mwamtende, kweni para kwacitika nkhondo, yikwamba cifukwa ca kusanga malo ghakukhala.<ref name=D+C>{{cite news|title=Theatre sheds light on conflicts|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts|author1=Armando Mussa Sani |author2=Jasmina Barckhausen |work=D+C, development and cooperation|date=23 June 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183225/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts#|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mwambo== [[File:Gabumainstreet.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Guinea-Bissau's second largest city, [[Gabú]]]] [[File:Porto_de_Bissau_02,_container_ship_Windhoek.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Port of Bissau]] [[File:Guinea-bissau 20130609-DSC 8955-2.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Bridge in [[São Vicente, Guinea-Bissau|São Vicente]], [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]]]] [[File:Hotel_Ecolodge_Ponta_Anchaca_02.jpg|thumb|right|Hotels at [[Bissagos]] Islands]] [[File:Guinea-bissau-bissau-1.jpg|thumb|Carnival in Bissau]] [[File:Manecas Costa3.jpg|thumb|National singer Manecas Costa]] ===Media=== {{main|Media of Guinea-Bissau}} ===Music=== {{main|Music of Guinea-Bissau}} Nyimbo za ku Guinea-Bissau zikumanyikwa na sumu za gumbé, izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca vivulupi na vinthu vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kupulikiska sumu za gumba, nanga ni mu vyaru vya ku Africa.<ref>Lobeck, Katharina (21 May 2003) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bhw6 Manecas Costa Paraiso di Gumbe Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224004219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bhw6/# |date=24 February 2018 }}. BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Cikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau, ndipo cikagwiranga nchito pa kuvina mwaluŵiro comene. Mazgu gha sumu izi ghakulembeka mu ciyowoyero ca ku Guinea-Bissau, ciyowoyero ca ku Portugal, ndipo kanandi ghakuŵa ghakusekeska ndiposo ghakuyowoya nkhani izo zikucitika pa nyengo iyo. Lizgu lakuti gumbe nyengo zinyake likugwiriskirika nchito pa sumu zose za mu caru ici, nangauli lizgu ili likung'anamuraso sumu izo zikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici. Tina na tinga ni mitundu yinyake yakumanyikwa comene, ndipo sumu izo zikupulikikwa pa viphikiro na pa viphikiro vinyake, nga ni Balanta brosca na kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, na sumu za kundere izo zikupulikikwa pa virwa vya Bissagos.<ref>[http://ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com/w/page/35504203/Music%20of%20Guinea-Bissau Music of Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605091443/http://ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com/w/page/35504203/Music%20of%20Guinea-Bissau# |date=5 June 2013 }}. Ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Cuisine of Guinea-Bissau}} Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya soups na stews. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakutemwa kurya ni vibama, mbatata, chivwati, mphoza, matamatisi, na mphoza. Vyakunoweskera vyakurya, vipepere, na chilli, kusazgapo mbuto za Aframomum melegueta (pepara la ku Guinea).<ref>{{cite web|date=25 July 2012|title=Eat locally in Guinea Bissau|url=https://www.slowfood.com/eat-locally-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Slow Food International}}</ref> ===Mafilimu=== Flora Gomes ni mulembi wa mafilimu wakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Mu 1988 Gomes wakapanga filimu ya Mortu Nega (Death Denied) iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kupangika ku Guinea-Bissau, ndipo yikaŵa yaciŵiri kupangika ku Guinea-Bissau. (Filimu yakwamba yikaŵa ya N ⁇ tturudu, ya Umban u ⁇ Kest [fr] mu 1987.) Pa ungano wa FESPACO mu 1989, Mortu Nega wakapokera njombe ya Oumarou Ganda. Mu 1992, Gomes wakapangiska filimu ya Udju Azul di Yonta, iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Un Certain Regard pa 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes walikuteŵeterapo pa mabungwe gha mafilimu agho ghakuwonelera mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Babetida Sadjo wakababikira ku Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau.<ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061 ''Mortu Nega''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218194148/http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061# |date=18 December 2008 }}. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta|access-date=16 August 2009|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080938/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=rtbf>{{cite web |first = Patrick |last = de Lamalle |title = Babetida Sadjo, est-ce que vous l'avez vu ? |url = https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 |language = FR |date = 19 October 2018 |website = [[RTBF]] |access-date = 12 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210309001139/https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 |archive-date = 9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099 ''Udju Azul di Yonta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705080524/http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099# |date=5 July 2009 }}. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018 Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112451/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018# |date=8 February 2013 }}. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nha Fala/My Voice |url=http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm |date=2002 |website=spot.pcc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110801/http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> ===Sports=== Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola. Timu ya mpira ya ku Guinea-Bissau yikupwelelereka na Federação de Futebol da Guinea-Bissau. Iwo ni membala wa Confederation of African Football (CAF) na FIFA. {{Further|Quinara FC}} ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} *[[Outline of Guinea-Bissau]] *[[Index of Guinea-Bissau-related articles]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{CIA World Factbook}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} *Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", In : Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril 1998. – pp.&nbsp;53–60 *Forrest, Joshua B., ''Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau'' (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003) *Galli, Rosemary E, ''Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society'', (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987) *Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997) *Vigh, Henrik, ''Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau'', (Berghahn Books, 2006) {{refend}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Guinea-Bissau|voy=Guinea-Bissau}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090025/https://gb1.cc/ Exploring the Challenges and Richness of Guinea-Bissau: A Small West African Nation] from ''GB1'' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043287.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ Guinea-Bissau]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guineabissau.htm Guinea-Bissau] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau/ Guinea-Bissau] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Guinea-Bissau}} *{{wikiatlas|Guinea-Bissau}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GW Key Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' *{{Official website|https://www.gov.gw/}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192938/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Guinea-Bissau%20Constitution.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau] *[http://portuguese-american-journal.com/guinea-bissau-prime-ministers-fate-unknow-after-apparent-military-coup-west-africa/ Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister's fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa] – Portuguese American Journal *[http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/12/guinea-bissau-holds-first-post-coup-election/ Guinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup Election] '''Trade''' *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GNB/Year/2005/Summary Guinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade Statistics] '''News media''' *[http://allafrica.com/guineabissau/ news headline links] from [[AllAfrica.com]] '''Tourism''' *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} *Guinea-Bissau Turismo – [https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144637/http://www.gbissau.org/wp2013/en/ambients/rios-and-lagoons/ RIOS AND LAGOONS] '''Health''' *The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_GuineaBissau_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Guinea-Bissau Country Profile] '''GIS information''' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150804204354/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/master-thesis/ Master Thesis] about the developing [https://web.archive.org/web/20150802002536/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/management-and-integration-of-gi/ Geographical Information for Guinea-Bissau] {{coord|12|N|15|W|region:GW_dim:200000_type:country|display=title}} {{Guinea-Bissau topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Guinea-Bissau| ]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1974]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:1974 establishments in Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] eojulsphokmzwkbf01bwoygdupztx0k 0 6935 122530 118852 2026-09-28T00:58:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country on the west coast of Central Africa}} {{About|charu}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Gabonese Republic | native_name = {{native name|fr|République gabonaise|fontsize=100%}} | common_name = Gabon | image_flag = Flag of Gabon.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Gabon.svg | coa_size = 90 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Gabon AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Union, Travail, Justice"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Union, Work, Justice"}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|"[[La Concorde]]"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"The Concord"}} {{parabr}}{{center|[[File:La Concorde.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Libreville]] | coordinates = {{Coord|0|23|N|9|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = Regional languages | languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[English language|English]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |[[French language|French]] |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |[[Fang language|Fang]] |[[Mbete language|Mbete]] |[[Myene language|Myene]] |[[Nzebi language|Nzebi]] |[[Punu language|Punu]] |[[Teke language|Teke]] |[[Vili language|Vili]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Gabonese |Gabonaise}} | ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Fang people|Fang]] |[[Punu people|Punu]] |[[Nzebi people|Nzebi]] |[[Teke people|Teke]] |[[Myene people|Myene]] |[[Kota people (Gabon)|Kota]] |[[Vili people|Vili]] |[[Mbama people|Mbama]] |and 42 others}} | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Gabon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Gabon|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Rose Christiane Raponda]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Gabon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Alain Claude Billie By Nze]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Senate of Gabon|Senate President]] | leader_name4 = [[Lucie Milebou Aubusson]] | leader_title5 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Gabon|National Assembly President]] | leader_name5 = [[Faustin Boukoubi]] | leader_title6 = | leader_name6 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Gabon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Gabon)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Gabon)|National Assembly]] | area_km2 = 267,668 | area_sq_mi = 103,347 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = 76th | percent_water = 3.76% | population_estimate = 2,340,613<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Gabon|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 146th | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 7.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 20.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 216th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$39.0 billion<ref name="imfga">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 132nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$18,080<ref name=imfga/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase }} $22.2 billion<ref name=imfga/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 117th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$10,282<ref name=imfga/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 75th | sovereignty_type = Independence from | sovereignty_note = [[France]] | established_event1 = Republic established | established_date1 = 28 November 1958 | established_event2 = Granted | established_date2 = 16–17 August 1960 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 38 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GA |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010840/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GA |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.706 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 112th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+241]] | cctld = [[.ga]] | p1 = French Equatorial Africa | flag_p1 = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |75.6% [[Christianity in Gabon|Christianity]] |12.2% [[Islam in Gabon|Islam]] |5.9% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |5.7% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.6% Others }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/gabon#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Gabon &#124; PEW-GRF |publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org |date=2018-01-19 |accessdate=2022-02-14 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032935/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/gabon#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | today = }} '''Gabon''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|b|ɒ|n}}; {{IPA-fr|ɡabɔ̃}}; {{lang-snq|Ngabu}}), '''Charu cha Gabon''' ({{lang-fr|République gabonaise}}), ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa [[Central Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Equatorial Guinea]], kumpoto kwa [[Cameroon]], kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa [[Republic of the Congo]], kweniso kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Gulf of Guinea]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 270,000 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2.3 miliyoni. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli mapiri (Cristal Mountains na Chaillu Massif) kweniso chipalamba kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kufuma apo charu cha Gabon chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[France]] mu 1960, chakhala na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu.<ref name="HDI" /> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, boma ili likaŵa na vipani vinandi kweniso dango la ndyali ilo likakhumbanga kuti mavoti ghaŵe ghakupulikikwa makora. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni chipani cha Democratic Party (PDG) ndicho chikuluta panthazi. <ref name="HDI" />Kuyana na mafuta na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chachinayi pa vigaŵa vyose vya caru ici (pamasinda pa Mauritius, Seychelles na South Africa) kweniso chacinayi pa vigaŵa vyose vya Africa (pamasinda pa Seychelles, Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea na Botswana). Kufuma mu 2010 m'paka 2012, GDP yikakura na 6 peresenti pa chaka.<ref name="HDI" /> Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵalipo pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ndipo Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene. {{TOC limit}} == Mbili == {{main|Mbili ya Gabon|French Equatorial Africa}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵakatoleka malo na mafuko gha Bantu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, ufumu uwo ukayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Myeni, uwo ukachemekanga Ufumu wa Orungu, ukaŵa malo ghakuguliskirako ŵazga. Explorer [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] led his first mission to the Gabon-Congo area in 1875.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de | volume= 4 |last= Goldie |first= George Dashwood Taubman |author-link= George Taubman Goldie | pages = 464&ndash;465 |short= 1}}</ref> Wakazenga tawuni ya Franceville ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa kazembe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi apo Ŵafarisi ŵakamba kuwukira mu 1885. Mu 1910, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa pasi pa French Equatorial Africa, ndipo chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France m'paka mu 1958. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakanjira mu charu cha Gabon kuti ŵawuske boma la France ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Vichy. Pa Novembala 28, 1958, charu cha Gabon chikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha mu chigaŵa cha France, ndipo pa Ogasiti 17, 1960, chikaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/gabon/01_polity.php|title=Gabon|publisher=Archontology|language=English|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128073532/http://www.archontology.org/nations/gabon/01_polity.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13376333|title=Gabon country profile|date=24 September 2018|website=BBC News|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925030921/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13376333|archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Gabon, uyo wakasankhika mu 1961, wakaŵa Léon M'ba. Pamanyuma pakuti M'ba wiza pa mazaza, ŵapharazgi ŵakakanizgika, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuyowoya, wanangwa wa kuyowoya ukadumulika, magulu ghanyake gha ndyali ghakafumiskika pa mazaza. Apo M'ba wakawuskapo wupu wa National Assembly mu Janyuwale 1964 kuti waŵike boma la chipani chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kumugalura na kuwezgerapo demokilase. Mu maora 24 pera, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakiza kuti ŵawuskepo M'ba. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanandi, boma likapoka mazaza ndipo ŵakususka ŵakakakika. Apo M'Ba wakafwa mu 1967, Bongo ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Mu Malichi 1968, Bongo wakapharazga kuti charu cha Gabon chili na chipani chimoza. Wakacema ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Gabon, kwambura kupwelerako za ndyali. Bongo wakayezga kupanga gulu limoza lakuwoneseska kuti boma likwendeskenge ndondomeko ya chitukuko, pakugwiliskira nchito PDG kuti watimbanizge mphindano za vigaŵa na mafuko izo zikagaŵaniska ndyali za ku Gabon kumanyuma. Bongo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Febuluwale 1975; mu Epulero 1975, mulimo wa kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ukamara ndipo wakasinthika na mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru. Bongo wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti mu Disembala 1979 na Novembala 1986 kwa vyaka 7.<ref name="bn">{{citation-attribution|[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm Background note: Gabon] {{Webarchive|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604184355/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm |archive-date=2019-06-04 |date=4 June 2019 }} . [[U.S. Department of State]] (4 August 2010).}}</ref>[[File:1670 Ogilby Map of West Africa ( Gold Coast, Slave Coast, Ivory Coast ) - Geographicus - Guinea-ogilby-1670.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Mapu gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mu 1670]] [[File:Gabon campaign '1e Compagnie de Chars de Combat de la France Libre'.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Nkhondo ya ku Gabon yikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Free French Force ŵapoke charu cha Gabon ku ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy French, mu 1940]] Mu 1990, kusuzgika kwa vinthu vya cuma na kukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu ndyali kukapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito ŵalongoreke na kunyenyenkha nchito. Pakuzgora kudandawura kwa ŵantchito, Bongo wakadumbiskana nawo pa cigaŵa na cigaŵa, ndipo wakapeleka malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Iyo wakalayizga kuti wazamujura PDG na kunozga ungano wa ndyali mu Malichi/Epulero 1990 kuti ŵadumbiskane za ndyali za ku Gabon. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵandyali na mawupu ghanyake 74. Awo ŵakanjilirapo ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri, PDG na ŵabwezi ŵake, kweniso gulu la United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties (United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties), ilo lili na Morena Fundamental na Gabonese Progress Party.<ref name=bn/> Pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu Epulero 1990, ŵakazomerezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa ndyali, kusazgapo kukhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya ndyali (National Senate), kuleka kwendeska ndyali, wanangwa wa kuwungana, na kufumiska mabuku. Mu kuyezga kwendeska kusintha kwa ndyali kuya ku demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, Bongo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO ndipo wakapangiska boma lakwendera pasi ilo likulongozgeka na nduna yikuru Casimir Oye-Mba. Gulu la Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG) la ku Gabon, ndilo likacemekanga boma ilo likafuma, likaŵa licoko kuluska boma lakale ndipo likaŵa na ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vinyake vyakususka boma. RSDG yikalemba dango lakwamba mu Meyi 1990 ilo likapeleka malango ghakwendeskera wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wupu wakweruzga wakujiyimira pawekha ndipo likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza gha pulezidenti. Pamasinda, komiti ya malango na Nyumba ya Malango yikati yasanda fundo iyi, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Malichi 1991.<ref name=bn/> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na PDG pamanyuma pa ungano wa mu Epulero 1990, ndipo mu Seputembala 1990, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Mu September/October 1990, pakati pajumpha viyezgelero pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition, mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu vyaka pafupifupi 30 ghakacitika, ndipo PDG wakapokera wanandi.<ref name=bn/> [[File:Omar Bongo with George Bush May 26 2004-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Pulezidenti George W. Bush wakupokelera Pulezidenti Omar Bongo mu ofesi ya Oval Office, Meyi 2004]] Pamanyuma pakuti Pulezidenti Omar Bongo wasankhika mu Disembala 1993 na mavoti 51%, ŵakususka ŵakakana kuzomerezga ivyo vikacitika. Nkhondo na nkhaza zikapangiska kuti boma na ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma ŵafike pa phangano. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti mu Novembala 1994, paŵe mapangano gha ku Paris. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara, ndipo maungano gha boma na gha boma gha mu 1996 na 1997 ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusankhana mitundu. PDG ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti gha boma, ndipo misumba yinyake, kusazgapo Libreville, yikasora ma mayoro gha chipani chakususka pa mavoti gha mu 1997. Pakulimbana na ŵanthu ŵakususkana, Pulezidenti Omar Bongo wakakhumbanga kuwuskikaso mu Disembala 1998. Nangauli ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Bongo ŵakasuska kuti vikaŵa vyautesi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya charu chose ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyaunenesko "nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vinandi vyambura kwenelera". Masankhiro gha wupu wakulongozga agho ghakacitika mu 2001 na 2002 ghakaŵavya wanangwa ndipo ghakatambuzgika cifukwa ca suzgo lawo. Mu Novembala 2005, pulezidenti Omar Bongo wakasankhika kuti waŵepo kaŵiri. Wakathereskeka, ndipo ŵakususka ŵakuti vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera. Pakaŵa nkhaza zinandi wati wapharazga kuti watonda. Mu Disembala 2006, kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chifukwa cha mavoti ghambura kwenelera ghakalekeka na Khoti la Malango, ndipo mavoti ghaciŵiri agho ghakaŵako mu 2007 ghakapeleka Nyumba ya Malango iyo yikalongozgekanga na PDG.<ref name=bn/>[[File:Independence Celebration in Gabon.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Chikondwerero cha Siku la Ufulu ku Gabon]] Pa 8 Juni 2009, President Omar Bongo wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima mu chipatala cha Spain ku Barcelona. Mwakukolerana na dango ilo lasinthika, Rose Francine Rogombé, mulongozgi wa Senate, wakazgoka mulongozgi wa nyengo yeneyiyo pa 10 June 2009. Chisankho chakwamba mu mbiri ya charu cha Gabon icho chikaŵavya Omar Bongo, chikachitika pa 30 August, 2009. Mu nyengo iyo vikaŵa pafupi kuchitika, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga. Mwana wa Omar Bongo, mulongozgi wa chipani chakulongozga, Ali Bongo Ondimba, wakapharazgika kuti ndiyo watonda pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa masabata ghatatu na khoti la malango.<ref name=bn/> Khoti ili likawona kuti pali upusikizgi uwo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakwimira chipani chinyake ŵakayowoya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Port-Gentil ŵakaluta mu misewu, ndipo mashopu na nyumba zinyake zikawotcheka. Kuyana na malango, ŵanthu 4 ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya vivulupi. Ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵakatumika ku Port-Gentil kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo. Mu Juni 2010, ŵakachita mavoti ghacigaŵa. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa chipani cha Union Nationale (UN). Wupu wa UN uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaleka chipani ichi pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Omar Bongo. Pa malo 5 agho ghakaŵa pa chiphikiro ichi, PDG yikawinapo 3 ndipo UN yikawinapo 2; vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikati vyatonda. Mu Janyuwale 2019, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la Pulezidenti Ali Bongo. Mu Juni 2022, Gabon na Togo ŵakanjira mu Commonwealth of Nations.<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gabon-and-togo-join-commonwealth | title=Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations]] |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> == Ndale == {{main|Politics of Gabon}} Ndondomeko ya boma ya boma la pulezidenti yikukolerana na dango la mu 1961 (lakuweleramo mu 1975, na kulembekaso mu 1991, kweniso mu 2003). Pulezidenti wakusankhika na wanangwa wa ŵanthu wose kuti waŵe na vyaka 7. Mu 2003, boma likasintha malango gha boma. Pulezidenti wangimika na kufumiska nduna yikuru, ŵalara ŵa boma, na ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti likuru. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghanyake, nga nkhusisita Nyumba ya Malango, kukhazikiska dango lakukanizga nkhondo, kuchedweska malango, na kuchita ma referendum.<ref name=bn/>Boma la Gabon lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango. Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na ŵimiliri 120, awo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti ŵakhalenge vyaka 5. Wupu wa Senate uli na ŵanthu 102, awo ŵakusankhika na maboma na maungano gha vigaŵa. Wupu wa Senate ukapangika mu 1990-1991 ndipo ukapangika pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 1997. Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo wakulondezgapo pa mulongozgi wa boma.<ref name=bn/> Mu 1990, boma likasintha ndyali za ku Gabon. Pa ungano wa ndyali uwo ukacitika mu Malichi na Epulero, mu Meyi 1990 pakalembeka dango lakwendera. Pa malango agha pakaŵa malango ghakuyana na gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, wupu wa National Council of Democracy, uwo ukawoneleranga umo wanangwa uwu ukovwilira ŵanthu, wupu wa boma wakulongozga pa nkhani za vyachuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Pamanyuma pa kuzomerezgeka na wupu wa National Assembly, PDG Central Committee, na President, wupu uwu ukazomera dango ili mu March 1991. Mu 1990-91 pakaŵa maungano gha vyaru vinandi apo magulu gha visopa ghakaŵa kuti ghandazomerezgeke. Mu Janyuwale 1991, wupu wakulongozga ukazomerezga dango lakuti maboma gha visopa ghazomerezgeke.<ref name=bn/> Pamasinda pakuti pulezidenti Omar Bongo wasankhika mu 1993, mu mavoti agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 51 peresenti pera, masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu ghakacitiska kuti paŵe ungano wa ku Paris mu 1994. Maungano agha ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti paŵe maungano ghanyake. Pa maungano gha chigaŵa na gha malango, maungano agha ghakaŵako mu 1996-97. Mu 1997, ŵakasintha malango gha boma kuti paŵe wupu wa Senate na wupu wa vice president, kweniso kuti nyengo iyo pulezidenti wakugwilira ntchito yikwane vyaka 7. Mu Okutobala 2009, Pulezidenti Ali Bongo Ondimba wakamba kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe makora. Kuti watimbanizge vimbundi, wakawuskapo mauteŵeti 17 gha nduna, wakawuskapo wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, na kunozga maofesi ghanyake gha nduna. Mu Novembala 2009, Pulezidenti Bongo Ondimba wakapharazga chilato chiphya cha kusinthiska charu cha Gabon, icho wakachichema kuti "Gabon Emergent". Ndondomeko iyi yili na fundo zitatu: Green Gabon, Service Gabon, na Industrial Gabon. Chilato cha Kaboni Emergent nkhusintha vinthu mu vyaru vinyake kuti charu chileke kuthemba chomene mafuta, kumazga vimbundi, na kunozga ŵanthu. Mu ndondomeko iyi, ŵakanjizga makuni ghambura kupangika makora mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakalemba unandi wa ŵanthu mu boma lose, ŵakasintha zuŵa lakulutira ku ntchito kuti ŵaleke kupumura nyengo yitali, ndipo ŵakambiska kampani ya mafuta.<ref name=bn/> Pa January 25, 2011, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, André Mba Obame, wakapempha kuti waŵe pulezidenti, wakati charu chikwenera kulongozgeka na munthu uyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba nadi. Wakasora nduna 19 za boma lake, ndipo wose pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakagona ku ofesi ya UN. Pa Janyuwale 26, boma likalekeska chipani cha Mba Obame. Mulongozgi wa AU Jean Ping wakati vyakucita vya Mba Obame "vikupweteka wanangwa wa mabungwe ndipo vikupangiska kuti mtende, civikiliro na kukhazikika kwa Gabon viŵe pangozi". Nduna ya vya mukati Jean-François Ndongou yikati Mba Obame na ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga mbanthu ŵakwendera mphiska. Secretary-General wa UN, Ban Ki-moon, wakayowoya kuti wakuwona Ondimba kuŵa pulezidenti yekha wa Gabon. Chisankho cha pulezidenti mu 2016 chikaŵa chakususkana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti vikachitika "pafupi chomene". Ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma la Georgia, ndipo ŵakamba kususka boma. Ŵanthu pakati pa 50 na 100 ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ndipo 1,000 ŵakakakika. Ŵalendo ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika, kusazgapo unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakiza ku maungano. Khoti likuru comene mu caru ici likadumura kuti malo ghanyake ghakukayikiska ghaleke kusangikapo, ndipo mavoti ghakabwanganduka. Chisankho ichi chikapelekeka na munthu uyo wakaŵa pa udindo wa Ondimba. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakakondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B8-2017-0526&language=EN|title=Motion for a resolution on Gabon, repression of the opposition - B8-0526/2017|website=Europarl.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184124/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B8-2017-0526&language=EN|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Further|Foreign relations of Gabon}} [[File:Vladimir Putin with Julien Nkoghe Bekale & his spouse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Prime Minister wa Gabon Julien Nkoghe Bekale na President wa Russia Vladimir Putin pa Russia-Africa Summit ku Sochi ku Russia mu Okutobala 2019]] Kufuma waka apo charu cha Gabon chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu ichi chikulondezga fundo ya kuleka kuŵa ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵa charu chinyake. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa, boma ili likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe m'malo mwa kusintha, ndipo likukhumba kuti mabungwe gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghaŵe na mazaza pa vinthu. Wakawovwirapo pakunozga vinthu ku Chad, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), na Burundi. Mu Disembala 1999, mu charu cha Congo (Brazzaville) pakalembeka phangano la mtende pakati pa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu lakugaluka. Pulezidenti Bongo wakacitako mulimo wa mtende mu D.R.C., ndipo wakacitapo kanthu pakunozga suzgo mu Ivory Coast. [[File:US Navy 080107-N-4044H-049 Capt. John B. Nowell Jr., commodore, Africa Partnership Station (APS) is greeted by Gabonese Army as he arrives at a scheduled meeting with General Ntori Longo, chief of Gabonese Armed Services, about.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|U.S. Kapiteni wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gabon wakamuchemera ku nkhondo]] Gabon njumoza wa mawupu gha United Nations (UN) na mawupu ghanyake gha vyamahara na ghakukhwaskana nagho, na World Bank; IMF; African Union (AU); Central African Customs Union/Central African Economic and Monetary Community (UDEAC/CEMAC); EU/ACP association under the Lomé Convention; the Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA); the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC); the Non-Aligned Movement; and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS/CEEAC). Mu 1995, Gabon wakafumamo mu wupu wa OPEC, ndipo wakaweleramo mu 2016. Gabon wakasankhika kukhala mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council kwa mwezi wa January 2010 mpaka December 2011 ndipo wakachitanga milimo ya wupu uwu mu March 2010.<ref name=bn/> === Ŵankhondo === {{Further|Armed Forces of Gabon}} Wumba uwu uli na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5,000, ndipo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege, ŵasilikari ŵa ndembera, na ŵapolisi. Ŵalinda 1,800 ŵakuvikilira pulezidenti.<ref name=bn/> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Provinces of Gabon Image Map}} {{main|Subdivisions of Gabon}} Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 9 ivyo vili na madipatimenti 50. Pulezidenti wakwimika mabwana gha vigaŵa, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa.<ref name=bn/> Vigaŵa ivi ni ivi (vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vili pakati pa mabokosi): #[[Estuaire Province|Estuaire]] ([[Libreville]]) #[[Haut-Ogooué Province|Haut-Ogooué]] ([[Franceville]]) #[[Moyen-Ogooué Province|Moyen-Ogooué]] ([[Lambaréné]]) #[[Ngounié Province|Ngounié]] ([[Mouila]]) #[[Nyanga Province|Nyanga]] ([[Tchibanga]]) #[[Ogooué-Ivindo Province|Ogooué-Ivindo]] ([[Makokou]]) #[[Ogooué-Lolo Province|Ogooué-Lolo]] ([[Koulamoutou]]) #[[Ogooué-Maritime Province|Ogooué-Maritime]] ([[Port-Gentil]]) #[[Woleu-Ntem Province|Woleu-Ntem]] ([[Oyem]]) == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main| Makhalilo gha charu cha Gabon|Geology of Gabon}} {{MapLibrary|Gabon_sat.png|Gabon}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map GAB present.svg|thumb|Mapu gha nyengo gha Köppen ]] Charu ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Central Africa, pakati pa latitude 3°N na 4°S, na longitude 8° na 15°E. Charu cha Gabon chili na nkhorongo ya makuni ghakututuka, ndipo malo ghake 89.3% ghali na makuni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdfFAOSTAT|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 website|publisher=FAO|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015903/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdfFAOSTAT|archive-date=10 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pali vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ivyo vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 m'paka 300, mapiri (mapiri gha Cristal kumpoto kwa Libreville, Chaillu Massif pakatikati), na chipalamba kumanjiliro gha dazi. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali mu chigaŵa cha Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion cha World Wildlife Fund ndipo muli makuni gha mangrove gha ku Central Africa, kusazgapo mu mlonga wa Muni, mumphepete mwa mphaka na Equatorial Guinea. Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa charu, charu cha Gabon chili na malibwe gha Archean na Paleoproterozoic. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵako ni vyaka vyakujumpha mabiliyoni ghaŵiri. Malibwe ghanyake ghakusangika mu nyanja, mu nyanja, na mu vyaru vinyake. Pakuti charu cha Pangaea chikagaŵikana, chikaŵa na maji ghanandi chomene. Pali vigaŵa vya Oklo reactor, vyakumera vya nyukiliya pa caru capasi ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono vyaka mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ivyo vyajumpha. Malo agha ŵakaghasanga apo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga uranium mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 kuti ŵapeleke nkhongono za nyukiliya ku France. Mlonga wake ukuru ni Ogooué uwo uli na utali wa makilomita 1,200. Ili na malo ghatatu gha karst agho ghali na mphanji zinandi izo zili mu malibwe gha dolomite na limestone. Mu 2008, gulu linyake la ku National Geographic likaluta ku mphanji zinyake kuti likapende. Mu 2002, pulezidenti Omar Bongo Ondimba wakadumura kuti chigaŵa cha 10% cha charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha mapaki gha charu (apo pali mapaki 13). Wupu wa National Agency for National Parks ndiwo ukwendeska malo agha. Mu 2018, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa pa nambara 9.07/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 9 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Chuma == {{main|Economy of Gabon}} [[File:Gabon Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo Gabon wakuguliska, 2019]] [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Gabon.svg|thumb|Kusintha kwa GDP pa munthu yumoza wa ku Gabon, 1950~2018. Malipoti agha ghali na ndalama zakukwana madola gha pa caru cose mu 2011.]] Pafupifupi 46% ya ndalama za boma zikufuma ku mafuta, 43% ya GDP, na 81% ya katundu uyo wakuguliskika. Kufumiska mafuta kukakhira kufuma pa 370,000 pa zuŵa mu 1997. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mafuta gha ku Gabon ghazamumara mu 2025. Tikwamba kunozgekera umo vinthu vizamuŵira para mafuta ghamara. Malo gha mafuta gha Grondin ghakavumbukwa mu 1971 mu maji ghakukwera mamita 50 (mafiti 160) mu mtunda wa makilomita 40 (mailosi 25) kufupi na nyanja, ndipo ghakupanga kufuma ku malibwe gha mchenga gha Batanga gha nyengo ya Maastrichtian ghakupanga chipingo cha mchere icho chili pafupi makilomita ghaŵiri (mailosi 1.2) kumanyuma..<ref>Vidal, J., "Geology of Grondin Field, 1980", in ''Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978'', AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, pp. 577–590</ref> "Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi comene" pa njanji ya Trans-Gabon, kuchepeskeka kwa mtengo wa CFA franc mu 1994, ndiposo nyengo ya kunangika kwa mtengo wa mafuta, vikapangiska masuzgo gha ngongoli.<ref name=bn/> Maofesi gha International Monetary Fund (IMF) ghakususka boma la Gabon chifukwa cha kunjilirapo chomene pa vinthu vyambura kuzirwa (mu vyaka viwemi na viheni wuwo), kutora ngongoli zinandi kufuma ku banki yikuru, na kutondeka kufiska ndondomeko ya privatization na administrative reform. Mu Seputembala 2005, charu cha Gabon chikapangana na IMF kuti chiŵe maso kwa myezi 15. Mu Meyi 2007, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵaŵe na ndondomeko ya vyaka vitatu na IMF. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Omar Bongo na maungano, charu cha Gabon chikatondeka kufiska vilato vyake vya vyachuma mu 2009. Ndalama izo charu cha Gabon chikusanga chifukwa cha mafuta, zikovwira kuti munthu waliyose wasange ndalama zakukwana madola 8,600. "Kugaŵikana kwa ndalama" na "vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu" ni "vyakuwonekerathu".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2116.html#gb|title=The World Factbook|website=Cia.gov|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315024427/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#gb|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene ŵa mu Gabon ŵali na ndalama zakujumpha 90 peresenti, ndipo pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Gabon mbakavu.<ref name=bn/> Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa vyakumera. Pambere mafuta ghandasangike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Gabon ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukora makuni.<ref name="bn" /> Pa vigaŵa vinyake, makuni na manganese ndivyo vikupangiska ndalama zinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵali kusanga malo ghakuru chomene gha visulo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wa kusanga nchito mu vyaru vya migodi, ndalama izo ŵabali ŵawo ŵakuŵatumizga ku mizi zikovwira.<ref name="bn" /> Ŵanthu ŵakuwona vinthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakudandawura kuti mu charu cha Gabon mulije vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Vinthu ivyo vyapangiska kuti "makampani ghaphya ghaleke kukura" ni ivi:<ref name="bn" /> * the market is "small", about a million * dependent on imports from France * unable to capitalize on regional markets * entrepreneurial zeal not always present among the Gabonese * a "fairly regular" stream of oil "rent", even if it is diminishing Kuŵaso na ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya na vyakukwelera vikusuzgika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika. Vigaŵa vinyake vya kunozga vinthu na kupeleka mauteŵeti "vikulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵali na maudindo mu vyaru ivi". Pa kukhumbisiska kwa Banki ya Caru Cose na IMF, boma likamba mu ma 1990 ndondomeko ya kupanikizgira makampani gha boma na kusintha vinthu, kusazgapo kuchepeska nchito za boma na kukwezga malipiro. Boma layowoya kuti lichitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu visinthe mu charu.<ref name=bn/> == Ŵanthu == {{main|Demographics of Gabon}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" |+Population in Gabon{{UN_Population|ref}} ! Year ! Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.5 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.2 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Gabon}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} [[File:Crowd on Beach in Gabon.JPG|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa nyanja]] Muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.3 miliyoni.{{UN_Population|ref}} Vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga kale na ivyo vikachitikanga kunthazi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵachepeko pakati pa 1900 na 1940. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa.<ref name=HDI/> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Mu charu cha Gabon muli mafuko pafupifupi 40, kusazgapo Fang, Myènè, Punu-Échira, Nzebi-Adouma, Teke-Mbete, Mèmbè, Kota, Akélé.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon - The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/|access-date=4 April 2021|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318205257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea|url-status=live}}</ref> Pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchemeka Bungu na Baka. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cimoza pera mu Gabon. <ref name="bn" />Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 ŵa ku France ŵakukhala mu Gabon, kusazgapo ŵanthu 2,000 awo ŵali na caru cawo.<ref name="bn" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakusangika mu charu chose cha Gabon, ndipo ŵakuyowoyeskana na kutorana.<ref name="bn" /> === Malo gha ŵanthu === {{Further|List of cities in Gabon}} [[File:Front de mer.jpg|thumb|Libreville]] [[File:Park In Gabon.JPG|thumb|People in Libreville]] {| class="wikitable" |+'''Misumba ya Gaboni''' ! rowspan="2"| Rank || rowspan="2" | Msumba || colspan="2" | Population || rowspan="2" | Province |- ! 2003 census<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Gabon-Cities.html|title=Gabon: Provinces, Cities & Urban Places - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|website=Citypopulation.de|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724005941/http://citypopulation.de/Gabon-Cities.html|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || 2013 census<ref name="citypopulation.de"/> |- |align=right | 1. || [[Libreville]] || align=right | 538,195 || align=right | 703,940 || [[Estuaire Province|Estuaire]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Port-Gentil]] || align=right | 105,712 || align=right | 136,462 || [[Ogooué-Maritime]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Franceville]] || align=right | 103,840 || align=right | 110,568 || [[Haut-Ogooué]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Owendo]] || align=right | 51,661 || align=right | 79,300 || [[Estuaire Province|Estuaire]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Oyem]] || align=right | 35,241 || align=right | 60,685 || [[Woleu-Ntem]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Moanda]] || align=right | 42,703 || align=right | 59,154 || [[Haut-Ogooué]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Ntoum]] || align=right | 12,711 || align=right | 51,954 || [[Estuaire Province|Estuaire]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Lambaréné]] || align=right | 24,883 || align=right | 38,775 || [[Moyen-Ogooué]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Mouila]] || align=right | 21,074 || align=right | 36,061 || [[Ngounié]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Akanda]] || align=right | - || align=right | 34,548 || [[Akanda]] |} === Viyowoyelo === {{Further|Languages of Gabon}} Cifurenci ndiyo ni ciyowoyero cimoza pera ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi, ndipo ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Gabon ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo mwakuyana na fuko lawo, kweni chiŵelengero ici nchicoko kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 63.7% ŵa ku Gabon ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi.<ref name="recensement2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstat.ga/images/DSD/RESULTATS-GLOBAUX-RGPL2013-OK_DECEMBRE-2015.pdf|title=Résultats Globaux du Recensement Général de la Population et des Logements de 2013 du Gabon (RGPL-2013)|publisher=Direction Générale des Statistiques du Gabon|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913223158/http://www.dgstat.ga/images/DSD/RESULTATS-GLOBAUX-RGPL2013-OK_DECEMBRE-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === Chisopo === {{Further|Religion in Gabon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Religion in Gabon by the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (2015)<ref name="ARDA">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Gabon|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_86_1.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502123818/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_86_1.asp|archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> |label1 = [[Roman Catholic]] |value1 = 53.4 |color1 = Blue |label2 = Other [[Christianity|Christian]] |value2 = 25.7 |color2 = Darkorchid |label4 = [[Muslim]] |value4 = 10.4 |color4 = MediumSeaGreen |label3 = [[Animism]] |value3 = 3.2 |color3 = Gold |label5 = Other |value5 = 6.0 |color5 = Pink |label6 = None / No Answer |color6 = black |value6 = 1.4 }} Visopa ivyo vikuchitika mu Gabon ni Chikhristu (Chisopa cha Katolika na Chiprotesitanti), Chisilamu, na visopa vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.<ref name=report>{{citation-attribution|1=[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90098.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Gabon]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (September 14, 2007)}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya Chikhristu na visambizgo vya cisopa ca ku malo agha. Pafupifupi 79% ya ŵanthu (53% Mbakatolika) ŵakusopa visopa vinyake; 10% ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu (kanandi Ŵasuni); ndipo ŵanyake ŵakusopa visopa vinyake.<ref name=report/> === Umoyo === {{main|Health in Gabon}} Mu 1913, Albert Schweitzer wakambiska chipatala ku Lambaréné. Kuzakafika mu 1985, kukaŵa vipatala 28, malo gha munkhwala 87, na malo gha munkhwala 312. Mu 2004, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala pafupifupi 29, ndipo "ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵakaŵa na wovwiri wa munkhwala". Mu 2000, ŵanthu 70% ŵakaŵa na "maji ghawemi ghakumwa" ndipo 21% ŵakaŵa na "vyakuzenga vyakwenelera". Boma lili na pulogiramu ya munkhwala yakuchizgira nthenda nga ni vyoni, nthenda ya kugona, maleriya, filariasis, nthenda ya nthumbo, na TB. Ŵana ŵa vyaka viŵiri kukhilira pasi pa 1 ŵakaŵa na munkhwala wakulwera TB wakukwana 97% ndipo wa poliyo wakukwana 65%. Ŵanandi awo ŵakacira katemela wa DPT na wa nthomba ŵakaŵa 37% na 56%. Boma la Gabon likuguliska munthavi munthavi munthavi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika chikakhira kufuma pa 5.8 mu 1960 kufika pa 4.2 pa mama yumoza mu 2000. Kufumira mu 1998, pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakababika, ŵanakazi 520 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Mu 2005, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakafwanga para ŵababa ŵana 55.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 17.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakafwanga. Ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49. Mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 46,000 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,400 ŵakafwa na AIDS, kweni mu 2003 ŵakafwa 3,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2157rank.html?countryName=Gabon&countryCode=gb&regionCode=afr&rank=52#gb|title=COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS – DEATHS|work=CIA World Factbook|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521170527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2157rank.html?countryName=Gabon&countryCode=gb&regionCode=afr&rank=52#gb|archive-date=21 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Masambilo === {{main|Education in Gabon}} Boma ili lili na maofesi ghaŵiri: Unduna wa vya masambiro, uwo ukuwona vya masambiro gha ku sukulu za ŵana ŵa sukulu, na Unduna wa vya masambiro ghapachanya na vyakupangapanga. Dango la vya masambiro likuti ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 16 ŵakwenera kusambira. Ŵana ŵanyake ku Gabon ŵakwamba sukulu mu masukulu gha ŵana ŵachoko, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuluta ku sukulu za ŵana ŵachoko. Para ŵafika vyaka 6, ŵakuluta ku sukulu ya pulayimale yakuchemeka "École Primaire". Gulu laciŵiri ni "École Secondaire", ilo lili na vigaŵa 7. Ŵana ŵakwamba kumalizga sukulu para ŵafika vyaka 19. Awo ŵamalizga masambiro agha ŵangaluta ku masukulu ghapachanya, kusazgapo masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha bizinesi. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 82%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?view=chart|title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922184701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS%3Fview%3Dchart|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Boma likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha mafuta pakuzenga masukulu, kulipira malipiro gha ŵasambizgi, na kukhozgera masambiro, na ku mizi wuwo. Ŵasambizgi ŵakusuzgika chomene chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zakwendeskera sukulu. Mu 2002, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya chikaŵa 132%, ndipo mu 2000, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya chikaŵa 78%. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi chikukolerana na chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi. Mu 2001, ŵana 69 pa ŵana 100 awo ŵakamba sukulu za pulayimale "ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi" wa kufiska kilasi 5. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska masambiro ni "mauteŵeti ghaheni na mapulani ghaheni, kusowa kwa ŵalaŵiliri, ŵasambizgi ŵambura kusambizga makora", kweniso "masukulu ghakuzura na ŵanthu".<ref name=ilab>{{citation-attribution|1="Gabon". [http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''] {{webarchive |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201190837/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-01 |date=1 December 2006 }}. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2006). }}</ref> == Mwambo == {{main|Culture of Gabon}} [[File:TsogoMask.jpg|thumb|A Gabonese mask]] Charu ichi chikaŵa na mitheto ya pa mulomo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kusambira kuŵazga na kulemba. "Raconteurs" ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵasungilire mitheto nga ni mvett pakati pa Fangs na ingwala pakati pa Nzebis. Mu chihema ichi muli visalu vyakumanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni n'goltang (Fang) na vikozgo vya Kota. Gulu lililose likuŵa na visalu vyake. Ŵakuvigwiliskira nchito pa viphikiro nga ni nthengwa, kubabika na nyifwa. Awo ŵakulondezga maluso agha ŵakugwiliskira nchito "makuni ghachilendo na vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa". === Music === {{Further|Music of Gabon}} Muli mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu. Mu Gabon mukuŵa vyakusanguluska vya rock na hip hop vyakufuma ku United States na United Kingdom, kweniso rumba, makossa na soukous. Vyakwimbira vinyake vya ŵanthu ni obala, ngombi, balafon, na matambula.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://symbolhunt.com/gabon/national-instrument/|website=symbolhunt.com|title=national-instrument|date=28 December 2020 |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> === Media === {{Further|Media of Gabon}}Radio-Diffusion Télévision Gabonaise (RTG) iyo njakovwira boma ndipo yikupharazga mu Cifurenci na viyowoyero vinyake. Mu matawuni ghanyake, TV ya mitundu yakupambanapambana yikwambiskika. Mu 1981, wayilesi yinyake yakucemeka Africa No. 1 yikamba kugwira nchito. Boma la France na la Gabon pamoza na maboma ghanyake gha ku Europe ŵakwimirapo. Mu 2004, boma likaŵa na mawayilesi ghaŵiri ndipo ghanyake 7 ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵekha. Pakaŵa mawayilesi ghaŵiri gha boma na ghanayi gha boma. Mu 2003, pa ŵanthu 1,000, pakaŵa mawayilesi 488 na ma TV 308. Pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵaliwose, ŵanthu 11.5 ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito TV ya pa wayilesi. Mu 2003, pa ŵanthu 1,000, pakaŵa makompyuta 22.4 ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000, 26 ŵakaŵa na Intaneti. Wupu wakuwona vya mdauko wa charu cha Gabon ndiwo ukulemba nyuzipepara ya zuŵa na zuŵa, Gabon-Matin (iyo yikupharazgika mu vigaŵa 18,000 mu 2002). L'Union mu Libreville, nyuzipepara ya zuŵa na zuŵa iyo boma likulongozga, yikagaŵikanga pafupifupi 40,000 mu 2002. Kabuku ka sabata yiliyose ka Gabon d'Aujourd'hui kakupharazgika na Unduna wa vya Umoyo. Pafupifupi magazini 9 ghakusindikizgika na ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghakusindikizgika na ŵandyali. Mabuku agha ghakufumiskika mwaluŵiro yayi chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Dango la caru ca Gabon likuti ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuŵa na wanangwa wakusindikizga nkhani. Mabuku ghanyake ghakususka boma, ndipo mabuku ghanyake gha ku vyaru vinyake ghalipo. === Kuphika === {{Further|Gabonese cuisine}} Vyakurya vya ku Gabon vikukolerana na vya ku France, ndipo vyakurya vikuruvikuru vikusangika.<ref name="Foster">Foster, Dean (2002). [https://archive.org/details/globaletiquetteg00dean/page/177 ''The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa and the Middle East: Everything You Need to Know for Business and Travel Success''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611032634/https://books.google.com/books?id=ObyrcJ-Ksv8C&pg=PA177 |date=11 June 2016 }}. John Wiley & Sons. p. 177. {{ISBN|0471272825}}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Gabon}}Gulu la mpira la ku Gabon likuyimira dzikoli kuyambira 1962. Chikwata cha mpira cha U-23 chikapambana 2011 CAF U-23 Championship ndipo chikakwera ku Olimpiki ya London 2012. Gabon ndiyo yikapokeleranga nkhonya iyi pamoza na Equatorial Guinea. Chipani cha basketball cha dziko la Gabon, chomwe chili ndi dzina loti Les Panthères, chinamaliza 8th ku AfroBasket 2015. Dziko la Gabon lakhala likuchita nawo maseŵera a Olimpiki kuyambira mu 1972. Anthony Obame, uyo wakathereskeka pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2012, ndiyo wakapokera mendulo ya siliva pa maseŵero gha taekwondo. Ku Gabon, ŵanthu ŵakuloŵa somba za mu nyanja ndipo ni "malo ghawemi comene pa caru cose gha kukolera somba za mu nyanja ya Atlantic".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olander |first1=Doug |title=World's Best Tarpon Fishing Spots |url=https://www.sportfishingmag.com/tarpon-fishing-best-locations/ |website=sportfishingmag.com |date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Sport Fishing Magazine |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011305/https://www.sportfishingmag.com/tarpon-fishing-best-locations/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Vyamoyo vya Gabon == {{main|Wildlife of Gabon}} Mu charu cha Gabon muli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na chivikiliro. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi ni vyakupambanapambana chomene pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=OH1-F-ebDioC&pg=PA16 |title=La conservation des ecosystèmes forestiers du Gabon |last=Wilks |first=Chris |publisher=UICN |date=1990 |language=fr |page=16 |isbn=2-88032-988-4}}</ref> ===Vinyama vya Gabon=== Ku Gabon kuli viyuni vyakukwana 604, viyuni vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 98, vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 95 m'paka 160, na vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 198. Ku Gabon kuli viyuni vichoko waka, nga ni viyuni vya pangolin na viyuni vya gray-necked rockfowl. Charu ichi chili na vyamoyo vinandi chomene mu Africa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151002175347/http://wcs-gabon.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=27&func=startdown&id=89&lang=en%7B%7Bdead</ref> ni malo ghakuzirwa gha viyuni vya chimpanzee (ivyo mu 2003 vikaŵa pakati pa 27,000 na 64,000). "Gorilla and Chimpanzee Study Station" mukati mwa Lopé National Park. Kweniso ni malo agho kuli njovu zinandi za ku Africa. === Vyakumela vya Gabon === Mu charu cha Gabon muli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vyakujumpha 10,000 na makuni 400. Nkhorongo ya ku Gabon ndiyo njakukhoma comene mu Africa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici, nkhorongo yikumara comene. Mwakuyana waka, kupenja vinyama mwakupepuka kukuŵika umoyo wa vinyama pangozi. Maluŵa gha caru ca Gabon ni Delonix Regia. == Wonaniso == * [[Index of Gabon-related articles]] * [[Outline of Gabon]] * [[Lambaréné]] * [[Hôpital Albert Schweitzer]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mabuku == {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |title=Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil |last=Ghazvinian |first=John |year=2008 |publisher=Harcourt |location=Orlando |isbn=978-0-15-101138-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/untappedscramble00ghaz }} *{{cite book |title=A Workman Is Worthy of His Meat: Food and Colonialism in the Gabon Estuary |last=Rich |first=Jeremy |year=2007 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=978-0-8032-0741-7 }} *{{cite book |title=Poisoned Wells: The Dirty Politics of African Oil |last=Shaxson |first=Nicholas |year=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4039-7194-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/poisonedwellsdir00shax }} *{{cite book |title=Bradt Travel Guide: Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://archive.org/details/gabonsaotomeprin0000warn |last=Warne |first=Sophie |year=2003 |publisher=Chalfont St. Peter |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-84162-073-4 }} *{{cite book |title=The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neo-colonialism in the Republic of Gabon |url=https://archive.org/details/rentierstateinaf0000yate |last=Yates |first=Douglas A. |year=1996 |publisher=Africa World Press |location=Trenton, NJ |isbn=0-86543-520-0 }} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Gabon|voy=Gabon}} *{{Official website|http://www.gouvernement.ga/}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210318205257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea Gabon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Gabon}} *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376333 Gabon] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Gabon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GA Key Development Forecasts for Gabon] from [[International Futures]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514044931/http://www.stat-gabon.org/documents/PDF/Donnees%20stat/Compteannuaire/Ann09.pdf 2009 report (PDF)] from [[Direction générale de la statistique et des études économiques]] {{Gabon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Organisation of the Islamic Conference}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|1|S|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Gabon| ]]<!--The indexing for this category should be a blank space (" ") as this article is the topic's main article--> [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Former French colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] du27j1zlwyr2wqw4qp7xmabmiba0zgf 0 6938 122523 118856 2026-09-28T00:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{distinguish|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Western New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}} <!-- As long as "EQG" redirects to this article, this hatnote should be here. DO NOT DELETE. -->{{Redirect|EQG|the vehicle|Mercedes-Benz EQG|the toyline|My Little Pony: Equestria Girls}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use British English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Equatorial Guinea | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}|{{native name|fr|République de Guinée équatoriale}}|{{native name|pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|es|Unidad, Paz, Justicia}}<br />"Unity, Peace, Justice" | national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:GNQ orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> [[Ciudad de la Paz]] (''under construction'') | coordinates = {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Malabo]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| *[[Spanish language|Spanish]] *[[French language|French]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/#:~:text=Language%20in%20Equatorial%20Guinea,which%20is%20common%20on%20Bioko).|title = History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea}}</ref> *[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> }} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Fang language|Fang]] |[[Bube language|Bube]] |[[Annobonese Creole]] |[[Kombe language|Kombe]] |[[Kwasio language|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 85.7% [[Fang people|Fang]] | 6.5% [[Bubi people|Bubi]] | 3.6% [[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]] | 1.6% Annobon | 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]] | 1.1% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 1994<ref name=CIA>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea]. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |88.7% [[Christianity]] |5.0% [[Irreligious|No religion]] |4.0% [[Islam]] |1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|Other]]s }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[dictatorship]]<ref>{{cite report |title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report |url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf |website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea |access-date=8 August 2021 |section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process |page=15 |date=2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Equatorial Guinea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Equatorial Guinea|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Equatorial Guinea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuela Roka Botey]] | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 1,679,172<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 154th | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $27.959 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 148th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,127<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Equatorial Guinea |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=GQ |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $16.012 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 133rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $8,462<ref name="data.worldbank.org2">{{cite web |title=GDP per capita (current US$) - Equatorial Guinea |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GQ |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.596 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI1">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 145th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Including [[Equatoguinean Spanish]] (''Español ecuatoguineano''). | today = }} '''Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|Guinea Ecuatorial}};{{efn|{{IPA-es|giˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal|lang|Es-Guinea Ecuatorial.oga}}}} {{lang-fr|Guinée équatoriale}}; {{lang-pt|Guiné Equatorial}}), kweneso patali patali kumanyikwaso kuti '''Equatoguinea''', mwalamulo '''Charu cha Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|link=no|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}, {{lang-fr|link=no|République de Guinée équatoriale}}, {{lang-pt|link=no|República da Guiné Equatorial}}),{{efn|Local pronunciation: *{{lang-es|link=no|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}} {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal|-|Es-republica guinea ecuatorial.ogg}} *{{lang-fr|link=no|République de Guinée équatoriale}} {{IPA-fr|ʁepyblik d(ə) ɡine ekwatoˈʁjal|}} *{{lang-pt|link=no|República da Guiné Equatorial}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ ˌekwɐtuɾiˈal}}}} ni chalo icho chili ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa, na malo ghakukwana 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa Spain, ndipo pamanyuma pake ghakazgoka Guinea. Mu 2021, chalo ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,468,777, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mba Fang.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/equatorial-guinea-population/| title = Equatorial Guinea Population}}</ref> Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa viŵiri, chirwa na charu chikuru. Charu ichi chili na virwa vya Bioko (ivyo kale vikachemekanga Fernando Pó) mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea na Annobón, chirwa chichoko icho chili na majigha. Chirwa cha Bioko chili kumpoto comene kwa Equatorial Guinea ndipo ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, Malabo. Chirwa cha São Tomé na Príncipe icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi chili pakati pa Bioko na Annobón.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Appel|first=Hannah|title=The Licit Life of Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/licitlifeofcapit00appe|date=13 December 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1515/9781478004578|isbn=978-1-4780-0457-8|s2cid=242248625}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili kumpoto na charu cha Cameroon, kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Gabon. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli Bata, msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Equatorial Guinea, na Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa caru ici. Mu Rio Muni muli virwa vicoko comene nga ni Corisco, Elobey Grande, na Elobey Chico. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Francophonie, OPEC na CPLP.<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=mr&v=67 GDP – per capita (PPP) – Country Comparison]. Indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindafume ku Spain mu 1968, chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵalongozgi wose ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakucemeka ŵamazaza ŵankhaza. Kwambira m'ma 1990, Equatorial Guinea njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.<ref name="HDI2">{{cite web |title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103905/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pa charu chose chili pa nambara 43. Charu ichi chili pa nambala 144 pa 2019 Human Development Index, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana hafu ŵali na maji ghawemi ghakumwa ndipo ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) {{pipe}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name="Equatorial Guinea profile">{{cite web|title=Equatorial Guinea profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 |publisher=BBC |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921201513/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP – per capita (PPP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|date=24 April 2013}}, [[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> Charu ichi chili na chiyowoyero cha Cisipanishi pamoza na Cifurenci na Ciphwitikizi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1622890|title=Guiné Equatorial oficializa português – Portugal – DN|access-date=2020-11-11|date=2011-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819184519/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1622890|archive-date=19 August 2011|via=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160316/40485022377/guinea-ecuatorial-se-convierte-en-el-valedor-del-espanol-en-africa.html|title=Guinea Ecuatorial se convierte en el valedor del español en África|access-date=2020-11-11|website=La Vanguardia|date=16 March 2016|language=es}}</ref>Kweniso ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya (kanandi kuluska viyowoyero vinyake viŵiri vya boma).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf| title = Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes.}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalipo 85 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa Bubi, awo ŵakukhala ku Bioko ndiwo ni gulu laciŵiri likuru comene pa ŵanthu wose pa caru ici. Boma la Equatorial Guinea ndakuzomerezgeka yayi ndipo lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Worst of the Worst 2010. The World's Most Repressive Societies]. freedomhouse.org</ref> Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti Obiang ni yumoza wa ŵanthu awo "ŵakutinkha" wanangwa wa m'magazini. Kuguliska ŵanthu ni suzgo likuru ku U.S. Lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuguliska ŵanthu likuyowoya za Equatorial Guinea nga ni caru ico ŵanthu ŵakuguliskirako ŵanthu ŵankhongono na kugonana. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti charu cha Equatorial Guinea "chikufiska yayi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliskika, kweni chikuyezgayezga kuti chileke".<ref>"Equatorial Guinea". [https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/equatorial-guinea/ ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2020'']. U.S. Department of State (16 June 2020). This source is in the public domain.</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Equatorial Guinea}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Río Muni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama cha m'ma 2000 B.C.E. kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Nigeria na kumpoto cha Cameroon. Ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhazikika ku Equatorial Guinea ca m'ma 500 B.C..<ref>Clist (B.). 1990, Des derniers chasseurs aux premiers métallurgistes : sédentarisation et débuts de la métallurgie du fer (Cameroun, Gabon, Guinée-Equatoriale). In Lanfranchi (R.) & Schwartz (D.) éds. Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Paris : ORSTOM, Collection didactiques : 458–478</ref><ref>Clist (B.). 1998. Nouvelles données archéologiques sur l'histoire ancienne de la Guinée-Equatoriale. L'Anthropologie 102 (2) : 213–217</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kukhazikika pa cirwa ca Bioko ŵakaŵako mu 530. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobón awo ŵakukhala ku Angola, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska mu charu ichi. [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|left|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] rule in Equatorial Guinea lasted from the arrival of [[Fernão do Pó]] (Fernando Pó) in 1472 until the [[Treaty of El Pardo (1778)|1778 Treaty of El Pardo]]]] === Kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (1472-1778) === Munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona cirwa ca Bioko wakaŵa Fernando Pó, wa ku Portugal, uyo wakaluta ku India mu 1472. Wakacicema kuti Formosa, kung'anamura kuti "Cikutowa", kweni mwaluŵiro cikacemeka na munthu munyake wa ku Europe. Fernando Pó na Annobón ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Portugal mu 1474. Vipinda vyakwambilira vikapangika pa virwa ivi ca m'ma 1500 apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamanya makora kuti virwa ivi vikaŵa na dongo la vimalibwe na malo gha mapiri agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora ku matenda. Nangauli ku Portugal kukaŵa vyandulo vinandi, kweni mu 1507 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵakhazikiske munda wa mkaka pafupi na Concepción pa Fernando Pó. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgika comene cifukwa ca vula izo zikalokwa pa cirwa cikuru ici, kweniso cifukwa ca kuthukira comene kwa maji.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 5. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === Kuwusa kwa ku Spain kwakwambilira na kulekera Britain (1778-1844) === Mu 1778, Fumukazi Maria I ya ku Portugal na Themba Charles III la ku Spain, ŵakasayina phangano la El Pardo ilo likapeleka Bioko, virwa vichokovichoko, na wanangwa wa malonda ku nyanja ya Biafra pakati pa milonga ya Niger na Ogoue ku Spain. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos wakapoka Bioko ku Portugal pa 21 Okutobala 1778. Mubali uyu wakafwa na nthenda iyo yikamukora pa nyanja ya Bioko. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhira pa cirwa ca São Tomé, uko ŵakakakika na boma la Portugal pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakalwara. Cifukwa ca soka ili, Spain wakakayika usange wangagwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi pa malo agha. Ndipouli, nangauli ŵakasangana na masuzgo agha, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito cirwa ici kuti ŵaguliske ŵazga. Pakati pa 1778 na 1810, chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Río de la Plata, uwo ukaŵa ku Buenos Aires.<ref name="Fegley, Randall 1989 p. 6-7">Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 6–7. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> Pakukana kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi kuti Fernando Pó walutilire kukura, kufuma mu 1827 m'paka 1843, ŵa ku Spain ŵakachita lenti msasa ku Malabo pa Bioko ku United Kingdom. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mu 1827, ndipo mu 1843 ŵakawelera ku Sierra Leone. Cifukwa cakuti ku Spain kukaŵavya ŵazga mu 1817 cifukwa ca kukosera kwa ŵa ku Britain, boma la Spain likawona kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa. Phangano la Spain lakuti liguliske malo ghake ku Britain likamara mu 1841 cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 7–8. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === M'ma 1800 (1844–1900) === [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Mapu gha vyaru vya Spain mu 1897, pambere ŵandafike ku Paris (1900)]] Mu 1844, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera chilumba ichi ku Spain ndipo malo agha ghakachemekanga kuti "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Cifukwa ca nthenda zakwambukira, Spain wakathera ndalama zinandi yayi mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1862 nthenda ya yellow fever yikakoma ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhazikika pa cirwa ici. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kupanga minda mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Vipambi vya Fernando Pó vikendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mtundu wa Creole, awo pamasinda ŵakachemekanga Fernandinos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Britain, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵazga. Ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola, ŵa ku Portugal, ŵa ku Africa, na awo ŵakafuma ku Nigeria na Liberia nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba, ku Philippines, ku Spain, na ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakatolekera ku Africa cifukwa ca milandu ya ndyali panji vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 1870, ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ŵakamba kuwona makora kuti ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, ndipo mu 1884 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Basile. Henry Morton Stanley wakati Fernando Pó wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo Spain wakaleka kumucindika" cifukwa ca kukana kucita nthena. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuponoska, kweni Mary Kingsley, uyo wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici, wakayowoya kuti Fernando Pó wakaŵa "nthowa yakusuzga comene yakukomera" ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku virwa vya ku Portugal, ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira, na awo ŵakakhumbanga kulima minda. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Fernandino ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi, kweni pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi 9 pa 10 ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga makora pa malo ghakupandamo viŵeto apo ntchito ya kusanga ŵantchito yikalutilira pa nyanja ya Windward Coast, cifukwa ŵakakhalanga na mbumba zawo ndiposo ŵanyawo. Mbumba ya Fernandino yikaŵa yakovwira chomene pakuguliska vinthu pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Europe. Muzga munyake zina lake William Pratt uyo wakafuma ku West Indies kwizira ku Sierra Leone, wakayamba kulima cacao pa Fernando Pó.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=William Gervase |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1WGAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22William+Pratt%22+cocoa&pg=PA104 |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765-1914 |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60778-5 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> === Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 === {{Main|Spanish Guinea}} [[File:Eq Guinea 1900 ES.PNG|thumb|Malire pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 1900 pa malo agho ghakazgoka Guinea wa Spain, mpaka apo boma la Spain likapokera wanangwa mu 1968]] Spain wakaŵa kuti wandatore malo ghakuru gha mu nyanja ya Biafra agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuyana na phangano, ndipo Ŵafarisi ŵakalutilira kuthereska malo agha. Madrid wakawovwira waka ŵanthu nga ni Manuel Iradier awo ŵakasazgapo phangano lakuti charu cha Gabon na Cameroon vileke kuŵa pasi pa ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga ntchito iyi. Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni nkhondo ya ku Cuba na nkhondo ya ku Spain na America, vikawovwira kuti Madrid yiŵe yakutangwanika. Boma likapeleka wovwiri ucoko comene ku caru ca Spain cifukwa ca maghanoghano gha ŵanthu kweniso cifukwa ca kukhumba ŵantchito pa Fernando Pó. Paumaliro, phangano la Paris mu 1900, likapangiska kuti charu cha Spain chiŵe na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Rio Muni. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 26,000 km2 pa malo 300,000 agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Ubangi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pakuyaniska na agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵangaŵa nagho mwakuyana na ivyo ŵakayowoya na phangano la El Pardo. Kuyuyulika kwa maungano gha ku France na Spain, pamoza na soka la ku Cuba, vikapangiska kuti Pedro Gover y Tovar, mulongozgi wa gulu la ku Spain, wajipaye pa ulendo wa ku nyumba pa Okutobala 21, 1901. Iradier wakafwa mu 1911, ndipo pakajumpha vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandamanye ivyo wakachita. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 1904/1905, boma la Spain likapeleka malango ghakwendeskera malo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamba kulima minda yikuru ŵakizanga kufuma ku Spain. Mu 1914, pakaŵa phangano na charu cha Liberia lakuti ŵagulire ŵantchito ŵambura kukhumba ndalama zinandi. Kweni chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakachita, boma la Liberia likamalizga phangano ili pamasinda pa ivyo vikavumbukwa pa nkhani ya ntchito izo ŵantchito ŵa ku Liberia ŵakachitanga pa Fernando Pó mu lipoti la Christy Report ilo likapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa charu ichi Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba mu 1930.[[File:Corisco-Saliendo de misa-1910.jpg|thumb|[[Corisco]] MU 1910]] Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu caru cikaŵa kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi ŵakakana kugwira nchito pa malo agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakasuzgikanga comene na uloŵevu, matenda gha kugonana, nthomba, na matenda gha mu tulo. Ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuchita vinthu paŵekha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu charu ichi ŵakavikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bubi ku awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵapanda. Ŵasambiri ŵa Katolika ŵakamba kusopa chomene mu malo agha mu 1898 na 1910, ndipo ŵakachitanga viwukirano viŵiri. Mu 1917, mbumba ya Bubi yikaleka kuŵa na vilwero ndipo yikakhala na ŵamishonale. Kucepa kwa ŵantchito kukamara cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Cameroon, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakakhala pa cirwa ici kwa vilimika vinandi. Pakati pa 1926 na 1959, msumba wa Bioko na Rio Muni ukaŵa pamoza nga ni charu cha Spain. Chuma chawo chikajintha pa malo ghakurughakuru gha khofi na cacao, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku Liberia, Nigeria, na Cameroon. Pakati pa 1914 na 1930, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaluta ku Fernando Po kuyana na phangano la ntchito ilo likamara mu 1930. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵavya ŵantchito, ŵalimi ŵa mu Fernando Po ŵakaluta ku Rio Muni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang. Kuzakafika mu 1926, mu chigaŵa chose ichi mukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo mu 1929 chigaŵa chose ichi chikaŵa kuti 'chali pa mtende'.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/14636204.2013.790703|title=La última selva de España: Antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930|journal=Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies|volume=13|issue=3|page=315|year=2012|last1=Castillo-Rodríguez|first1=S.|s2cid=145077430}}</ref>[[File:Iberia- vuelo inaugural a Bata (Guinea) (1941) (5811105541).jpg|thumb|right|Ndege yakwamba ya Iberia kufuma ku Madrid kuluta ku Bata, 1941]] Nkhondo ya ku Spain yikakhwaska chomene malo agha. Ŵazungu 150 ŵa ku Spain, kusazgapo Kazembe Mukuru na Wachiŵiri wa Kazembe Mukuru wa Río Muni, ŵakambiska chipani cha Socialist icho chikachemekanga Popular Front mu chigaŵa ichi. Nkhondo yikati yamba, Francisco Franco wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canary Islands kuti ŵakawusire Equatorial Guinea. Mu Seputembala 1936 ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Spain ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Río Muni. Kuzakafika mu Novembala, gulu la Popular Front na awo ŵakalikolerana nalo ŵakathereskeka, ndipo Franco wakathereska Equatorial Guinea. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Juan Fontán Lobé, wakimikika kuŵa Kazembe Mukuru na Franco ndipo wakamba kulamulira makora malo agha. Mu Rio Muni mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ŵakajumpha 100,000 mu ma 1930, ndipo cikaŵa cipusu comene kuti ŵanthu ŵacimbire ku Cameroon panji Gabon. Kweniso, makampani ghakuzenga makuni ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo para ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima khofi ŵakasanganga nthowa yinyake yakulipira misonkho. Ntheura Fernando Pó wakalutilira kusuzgika na suzgo la ŵantchito. Ŵafarani ŵakazomerezga waka kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge nchito mu Cameroon kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti Fernando Pó waŵe chigaŵa cha vyakurya vyakunozga comene mu Africa pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref name="Clarence-Smith">Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1986) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220142411/http://es.scribd.com/doc/63545279/The-Cambridge-History-of-Africa-Volume-7-From-1905-to-1940-0521225051-1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898–1940"] in ''The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940'' Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220142411/http://es.scribd.com/doc/63545279/The-Cambridge-History-of-Africa-Volume-7-From-1905-to-1940-0521225051-1986|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> === Vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa Spain (1945-1968) === [[File:Centro Cultural de España en Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Cultural Centre of Spain) in Malabo]] [[File:Fraga na sinatura da independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Pa 12 Okutobala 1968, nduna ya ku Spain Manuel Fraga pamoza na pulezidenti muphya wa Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema ŵakasaina phangano lakuti Equatorial Guinea yilije mazaza]] Mu ndyali, mdauko wa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Spain pamanyuma pa nkhondo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu: m'paka mu 1959, apo ufumu wa Portugal ukakhumba kuti charu ichi chiŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Pakati pa 1960 na 1968, apo boma la Madrid likayezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Nyengo yakwamba yikaŵa yakulondezgapo ya ndyali izo zikaŵako kale; ndyali izi zikaŵa zakuyana comene na za ku Portugal na France, comenecomene pakugaŵa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ciŵelengero cikuru ico cikalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici panji awo ŵakaŵa ŵeneco yayi, na ciŵelengero cicoko comene (pamoza na ŵazungu) awo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa vyaru vyawo, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakabisama mu mawoko gha ŵawiskewo mu Cameroon na Gabon. Ŵakapanga magulu ghaŵiri: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), na Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana yayi pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakumanya fundo iyi, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kulimbikira kunozgekera kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1965, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵanga madola 466, agho ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ŵakacitapo kanthu kuti ŵamazge nthenda ya kugona na vyoni mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1967 unandi wa vipatala mu Equatorial Guinea ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska mu Spain, umo mukaŵa vipatala 167. Ndipouli, vinthu vikenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, ndipo nga umo vikaŵira mu Democratic Republic of Congo, paumaliro wa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapacanya ŵakaŵa waka na manambara ghaŵiri. Pa 9 Ogasiti, 1963, boma la Georgia likapeleka wanangwa ku chigaŵa ichi kweniso likakhozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura. Ici cikaŵa cakovwira cara, ndipo cifukwa ca kukhuŵara kwa UN, Madrid wakacicizgika kuti wasinthe vinthu. Mu 1965, wupu wa UN ukazomerezga kuti Spain wapokere wanangwa uwu. Mu 1966, wupu unyake wa UN ukendera charu ichi. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Spain ŵakapharazga kuti pa Okutobala 27, 1967, ŵazamucita ungano wa malango kuti ŵadumbiskane za dango liphya la Equatorial Guinea. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa ŵalendo 41 ŵa ku malo agha na ŵa ku Spain 25. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana pakati pa Fernandinos na Bubi, awo ŵakawopanga kuti ŵanandi ŵa Ŵafang ŵazamuleka kuŵa na wanangwa wawo, na Río Muni Fang, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasopenge. Pa ungano uwu, mulongozgi wa gulu la Fang, uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba, Francisco Macías Nguema wakayowoya nkhani yakukwesana iyo wakati Adolf Hitler "wakaponoska Africa". Pamanyuma pa maungano ghankhondi na ghatatu, ungano uwu ukamara cifukwa ca suzgo pakati pa "ŵakukolerana" na "ŵakupatukana" awo ŵakakhumbanga Fernando Pó. Macías wakakhumbanga kuluta ku UN kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora nkhani iyi, ndipo nkhani zake izo wakayowoya ku New York zikawovwira kuti Spain yisankhe zuŵa lakuti lipokere wanangwa kweniso kuti paŵe maungano gha chigaŵa. Mu Julayi 1968, ŵalongozgi wose ŵa cigaŵa ca Bubi ŵakaluta ku UN ku New York kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya caru cawo, kweni caru cose cikakhumba yayi kudumbiskana za umo caru cawo cikapambanirana. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene vyamunthazi mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Africa.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 55. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === Independence under Macías (1968–1979) === [[File:Don Francisco Macias.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francisco Macías Nguema]], wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Equatorial Guinea mu 1968, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza m'paka apo wakathereskekera na boma mu 1979.]] Ŵakapokera wanangwa uwu pa October 12, 1968, mu Malabo. Charu chiphya ichi chikazgoka Republic of Equatorial Guinea (pakaŵa pa Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu ichi). Macías wakazgoka pulezidenti mu caru ici mu nyengo ya maungano ghacoko waka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain (awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Franco) ŵakamovwira Macías pa vipharazgo cifukwa ca kugomezgeka kwake, kweni apo wakaŵa pa kampeni wakalongora kuti wakaŵa wambura kupusa kuluska umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga. Mu upharazgi wake wakaluta ku mizi ya ku Río Muni na kulayizga Fang kuti waŵapenge nyumba na ŵawoli ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain usange ŵamuvotera. Mu matawuni, wakajiwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi uyo wakaluska ŵa ku Spain pa UN, ndipo wakathereska pa cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti. Nyengo yichoko waka, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria ghakabisama pa chimwemwe icho ŵakaŵa nacho. Mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Ibo awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu charu ichi. Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukamba kwendeska ndege zakuwovwira ŵanthu ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni Macías wakawopa comene ndipo wakaleka kwendeska ndege izi. Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Biafra ŵakafwa na njara kwambura wovwiri wa ŵamitundu yose. Pamanyuma pakuti loya wa boma wakadandawura kuti ŵalara ŵa boma "ŵakuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera na kuŵacitira nkhaza", Macías wakalangura kuti ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakatenge ŵakukhumba kuwukira boma ŵakomeke pa Khisimasi 1969. Macias Nguema wakalutilira kukhozga mazaza ghake mwa kukanizga vyaru vinyake mu Julayi 1970 na kujizgora yekha pulezidenti mu 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egjustice.org/post/equatorial-guinea|title=Equatorial Guinea – EG Justice|website=www.egjustice.org|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417075119/http://www.egjustice.org/post/equatorial-guinea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/08/07/equatorial-guineas-president-said-to-be-retired-not-ousted/b21f82be-7401-4b7c-b6ea-1774dc0639e5/|title=Equatorial Guinea's President Said to Be Retired, Not Ousted|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Wakaleka kukolerana na Spain na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nangauli wakakananga visambizgo vya Marx, kweni Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa na ubwezi wapadera na vyaru vya Communist, chomenechomene China, Cuba, East Germany na USSR. Macias Nguema wakalemba phangano la malonda na Soviet Union. Ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakapelekaso ngongoli ku Equatorial Guinea. Phangano ili likapeleka mwaŵi ku Soviet Union kuti uŵe na pulogiramu yakuzenga misika ya somba kweniso kuti uŵe na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ku Luba. Paumaliro, boma la USSR likapeleka somba ku Equatorial Guinea. Kweniso charu cha China na Cuba vikawovwiranga Equatorial Guinea pa nkhani za ndalama, usilikari, na luso. Pa nkhondo ya ku Angola, USSR yikaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuluta ku luŵaza lwa ku Luba na Malabo International Airport. Mu 1974, wupu wa World Council of Churches ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeka kwambira mu 1968. Iwo ŵakati, cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu wose ŵakacimbilira ku caru cinyake, uku "ŵakayidi ŵakuzura comene ndipo ŵakuŵa nga ni misasa yikuru ya ŵakayidi". Pa ŵanthu 300,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵakafwa. Padera pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Bubi, Macias Nguema wakalangura kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezgekanga kuti ŵakususka boma ŵakomeke.<ref>{{cite news|last=Daniels|first=Anthony|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle|publisher=The Telegraph|date=29 August 2004|access-date=22 May 2014|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> === Obiang (1979–present) === [[File:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang and U.S. president [[Barack Obama|Obama]] with their wives in 2014]] Mwana wa mukuru wa Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang wakathereska amalume ŵake pa 3 Ogasiti, 1979, mu boma la ndopa; nkhondo ya mukati mwa chalo yikatora masabata ghaŵiri m'paka Macías Nguema wakatoleka. Wakeruzgika na kukomeka mwaluŵiro, ndipo Obiang ndiyo wakamusankhira kuŵa pulezidenti muwemi. Mu 1995, kampani yinyake ya ku America yakuchemeka Mobil, yikasanga mafuta mu Equatorial Guinea. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku mafuta gha mu charu ichi zikufika yayi ku ŵanthu, ndipo charu ichi chili pa nambara yichoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya UN. Ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 5, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50% ŵalije maji ghawemi ghakumwa. Pulezidenti Teodoro Obiang wakukayikirika kuti wakugwiliskira nchito cuma ca mafuta ca mu caru ici kuti wasange usambazi na ŵabwezi ŵake. Mu 2006, magazini ya Forbes yikati chuma chake chikaŵa madola 600 miliyoni. Mu 2011, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kuzenga msumba ukuru wa Oyala. Mu 2017, msumba uwu ukachemeka Ciudad de la Paz ("Mzinda wa Mtende"). Kufikira February 2016, Obiang ndiye wolamulira wachiwiri wautali kwambiri ku Africa pambuyo pa Paul Biya waku Cameroon. Equatorial Guinea yikasankhika kuŵa chiŵaro chambura kukhazikika mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu chaka cha 2018. Pa 7 March 2021, pakaŵa kuphulika kwa mabomba pa msasa wa ŵasilikari kufupi na msumba wa Bata ndipo ŵanthu 98 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanthu 600 ŵakapwetekeka na kupokera wovwiri ku chipatala. Mu Novembala 2022 Obiang wakasankhikaso mu 2022 Equatorial Guinea general election na 99.7% ya mavoti pakati pa milandu ya upusikizgi na opposition.<ref>[https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-11-21/obiang-obtiene-el-997-de-los-votos-en-las-elecciones-de-guinea-ecuatorial-entre-denuncias-de-fraude-masivo.html Obiang obtiene el 99,7% de los votos en las elecciones de Guinea Ecuatorial entre denuncias de fraude masivo] El País (21/11/2022)</ref><ref>[https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/internacional/2022/11/21/primeros-resultados-obiang-votos-guinea-ecuatorial-1613752.html Primeros resultados dan a Obiang casi el 100 % de votos en Guinea Ecuatorial] Heraldo (21/11/2022)</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Autobahnbau in Oyala.JPG|thumb|Highway construction in [[Ciudad de la Paz]] in 2010. Ciudad de la Paz will be the future [[Capital city|capital]] of Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential palace in malabo equatorial guinea.png|thumb|Presidential palace of Teodoro Obiang in Malabo]] Pulezidenti wa ku Equatorial Guinea ni Teodoro Obiang. Dango la Equatorial Guinea la mu 1982 likumupa mazaza ghakuru, kusazgapo kwimika na kufumiska mamembara gha boma, kupanga malango na dango, kusisita Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano na kuteŵetera nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Nduna Nkuru Francisco Pascual Obama Asue wakasankhika na Obiang ndipo wakugwira ntchito mwakuyana na mazaza agho wapurezidenti wali kumupa. [[File:Equatorial Guinea Map.png|thumb|left|Map of Equatorial Guinea made by [[CIA]] in 1992]] Mu vilimika 40 ivyo wali na mazaza, Obiang wakulekelera yayi ŵanthu ŵakususka. Nangauli charu ichi ntcha demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maungano agha ngautesi. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, boma la President Obiang likagwiliskira nchito mafuta kuti likhozge na kusazgirako usambazi wake. Kwambira mu Ogasiti 1979, ŵanthu 12 ŵayezga kutimbanizga boma.<ref name="HRW">{{cite web |author=Vines, Alex|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/84252/section/3|title=Well Oiled|website=Human Rights Watch|date=9 July 2009|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na ivyo BBC yikayowoya mu Malichi 2004, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikaŵa na mphindano pakati pa mwana wa Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, na ŵabali ŵake ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu mawupu ghakuvikilira chalo. Nkharo iyi yikwenera kuti yikupangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa mazaza chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa mafuta kufuma mu 1997. Mu 2004, ndege iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbalwani ŵakuguliskika yikakoreka ku Zimbabwe apo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo Obiang. Lipoti la mu Novembala 2004 likati Mark Thatcher ndiyo wakawovwira ndalama za boma la Equatorial Guinea mu 2004, ilo likachitika na Simon Mann. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongosora kuti wupu wa MI6 wa ku United Kingdom, wa CIA wa ku United States, na wa Spain ndiwo ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Ndipouli, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International ilo likafuma mu Juni 2005 lakukhwaskana na mulandu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakakhwaskika, likalongora kuti boma likutondeka kupeleka ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma. Simon Mann wakafumiskika mu jere pa Novembala 3, 2009 cifukwa ca vinthu vyacitemwa. Kwambira mu 2005, kampani yinyake ya vya usilikari yakucemeka Military Professional Resources Inc., yakufuma ku United States, yikugwira nchito mu Equatorial Guinea kusambizga ŵapolisi milimo yakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, Secretary of State wa United States Condoleezza Rice wakamuchema Obiang kuti "mubwezi muwemi" nangauli ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wupu wa United States wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Charu Chose ukachita phangano na Obiang, mu Epulero 2006, kuti uŵike thumba la vya umoyo mu charu ichi, ilo likufiska mapulojekiti mu vigaŵa vya umoyo, masambiro, nkhani za ŵanakazi, na vyalo. Mu 2006, Obiang wakasayina dango lakukanizga nthambuzgo ilo likakanizga mtundu uliwose wa nkhaza na nkharo yiheni mu Equatorial Guinea, ndipo mu 2007 wakalangura kuti ŵakayidi ŵasinthe na kuzenga jele la Black Beach. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wawo. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa Amnesty International, pamoza na mawupu ghanyake ghambura kwendera boma, ŵali kulembamo kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa chomene wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu jele, kusazgapo kutambuzgika, kutambuzgika, kufwa kwambura cifukwa ndiposo kukakika kwambura dango.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 Equatorial Guinea | Amnesty International]. Amnesty.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101024443/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 |date=1 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea | Human Rights Watch]. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Mu kafukufuku wawo waumaliro (2020), Transparency International yikapa Equatorial Guinea ma score 16 pa CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index). CPI yikupima vyaru kuyana na unandi wa vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika. Pa vyaru 180, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa pa nambara 174. Freedom House, wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ukati Obiang njumoza wa "ŵakaronga ŵankhongono chomene pa charu chose", ndipo wakadandawura kuti boma la United States likupokelera boma lake na kugura mafuta kwa ilo. Obiang wakasankhikaso kuti wateŵetere nyengo yinyakeso mu 2009 mu mavoti agho wupu wa African Union ukawona kuti "ghakukolerana na malango gha mavoti". Obiang wakasankhaso Nduna Nkuru Ignacio Milam Tang mu 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/equatorialGuineaNews/idAFLDE60B26H20100112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323123726/http://af.reuters.com/article/equatorialGuineaNews/idAFLDE60B26H20100112|archive-date=23 March 2010|title=UPDATE 1-Tang renamed as Equatorial Guinea PM {{pipe}} News by Country {{pipe}} Reuters|publisher=Af.reuters.com|date=12 January 2010|access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref>[[File:Teodoro Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|upright|According to the BBC, President [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo|Obiang Nguema]] "has been described by rights organisations as one of Africa's most brutal dictators."<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 Equatorial Guinea country profile]". BBC News. 8 May 2018.</ref>]] Mu Novembala 2011, ŵakazomerezga dango liphya. Ŵanthu ŵakavota pa fundo iyi nangauli ŵakamanya yayi umo yikalembekera. Kuyana na dango liphya la boma, pulezidenti wakeneranga kuŵa na vyaka 7 pa nyengo yiŵiri. Dango liphya likayowoyangaso kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndipo likati paŵe ŵanthu 70 mu wupu wa Senate. Cakuzizika nchakuti, pa kusintha kwa nduna za boma, ŵakapharazga kuti paŵenge ŵaŵiri awo ŵazamuteŵetera nga mbapharazgi. Mu Okutobala 2012, pa nyengo ya kuyankhulana na Christiane Amanpour pa CNN, Obiang wakafumbika usange wafumengepo pa umaliro wa nyengo ya sono (2009~2016) pakuti dango liphya likukanizga unandi wa nyengo ku viŵiri ndipo wasankhika kanayi. Obiang wakazgora kuti wakana kufumapo chifukwa dango liphya ili likugwira ntchito yayi ndipo nyengo ya ma mandamu ghaŵiri yikwamba kugwira ntchito mu 2016. Pa May 26, 2013, ŵakachita mavoti gha mu nyumba ya mafumu, nyumba ya mafumu, na nyumba ya ŵalara ŵa boma. Nga umo vikaŵira na mavoti ghose ghakale, mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakukanizgika na ŵakususka ndipo nawo ŵakathereskeka na chipani cha Obiang. Pa nyengo ya visankho, chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachitiska mavoti gha mukati mwa boma agho pamasinda ghakalekeka cifukwa palije yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakutemweka na pulezidenti uyo wakalongozganga pa mavoti gha mukati. Paumaliro, chipani icho chili na mazaza na ŵabwezi ŵa boma ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵacitepo kanthu cifukwa ca ŵanthu yayi kweni cifukwa ca cipani. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa nyengo ya maungano gha chipani icho chili na mazaza gha kuwusa chileke kupeleka mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi. Chisankho cha mwezi wa Mailo chaka cha 2013 chikaŵa na viphikiro vinandi, kusazgapo chiphokwero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na chipani cha MPP (Movement of Popular Protest). MPP yikapempha kuti pa Meyi 15 paŵe ungano wa mtende ku Plaza de la Mujer. Mubali Enrique Nsolo Nzo, uyo wakulongozga gulu la MPP, wakakakika ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakamuphalira kuti wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga vinthu mu charu na kuwuskapo pulezidenti. Ndipouli, nangauli wakayowoya mwakuchichizgika ndiposo na vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵakamuyuzga, Nsolo wakati ŵakanozga vyakususka mwamtendere ndipo ŵakasanga vizomerezgo vyose vyakukhumbikwa kuti ŵachitire nthena. Kweniso wakayowoya kuti wali ku chigaŵa cha chipani chilichose yayi. Malo gha Plaza de la Mujer mu Malabo ghakaŵa na ŵapolisi kwambira pa Meyi 13 ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo ŵakughakora chomene. Boma la Equatorial Guinea likambiska ndondomeko ya censorship iyo yikatimbanizga mawebusayiti gha Facebook na mawebusayiti ghanyake agho ghakususka boma. Ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi wa kuchepeska pa Intaneti pa webusayiti ya boma. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, chipani ca CPDS cikatumizga uthenga wakuti ŵalutilirenge kususka ivyo vikucitika pa June 25. Nduna ya vya mukati Clemente Engonga wakakana kuzomerezga chiphikiro ichi chifukwa chakuti chingapangiska kuti charu chileke kukhazikika ndipo CPDS yikadumura kuti yilute panthazi, yikuyowoya kuti ni wanangwa wawo. Pa usiku wa Juni 24, ofesi yikuru ya CPDS ku Malabo yikazingilizgika na ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru kuti ŵaleke kufumiska awo ŵakaŵa mukati. Ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa CPDS ŵakakakika mu Malabo ndipo ŵanji mu Bata ŵakakanizgika kukwera ndege zinandi zakuya ku Malabo. Mu 2016 Obiang wakasankhika kwa nyengo yinyake ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, mu mavoti agho, kuyana na Freedom House, ghakaŵa na nkhaza za ŵapolisi, kukakika na kutambuzgika kwa magulu gha ŵakususka. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2022, chipani cha Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea cha President Obiang chili ndi mipando yonse 100 mu Chamber of Deputies ndi onse omwe ali mu Senate. Ŵalwani ŵalipo yayi mu caru ici ndipo ŵakufuma ku Spain ndipo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Social Democratic Convergence for Social Democracy. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakuŵa pasi pa boma; mawayilesi gha palekha gha Asonga, nga mbumba ya pulezidenti.<ref name="mondediplo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://mondediplo.com/2021/11/11equatorialguinea|title = Equatorial Guinea, one dictatorship to the next|date = November 2021}}</ref> === Armed forces === [[File:Antonov An-72P, Equatorial Guinea - Air Force AN1593110.jpg|thumb|An [[Antonov An-72]]P of the [[Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea]] on lift off]] Ŵasilikari ŵa Equatorial Guinea ŵalipo pafupifupi 2,500. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵalipo pafupifupi 1,400, ŵapolisi ŵalipo 400, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo 200, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo pafupifupi 120. Paliso gulu la ŵasilikari, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ni gulu liphya la ŵasilikari awo ŵakusambizgika na kucitiska masambiro agho ghakovwira ŵasilikari ŵa France ku Equatorial Guinea. == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Equatorial Guinea}} Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa. Charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Río Muni, icho chili kumpoto na Cameroon, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera na Gabon. Bioko, msumba ukuru wa Malabo, uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kufuma ku Cameroon. Chirwa cha Annobón chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 350 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cape Lopez ku Gabon. Cirwa ca Corisco na virwa viŵiri vya Elobey vili mu nyanja ya Corisco Bay, pa mphaka ya Río Muni na Gabon. Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pakati pa latitude 4°N na 2°S, ndipo longitude 5° na 12°E. Nangauli lili na zina lakuti Annobón, kweni charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu. === Climate === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map GNQ present.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Köppen climate classification of Equatorial Guinea]] Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na mphepo zakotcha chomene. Kufuma mu Juni m'paka Ogasiti, mu Río Muni maji ghakututuka ndipo mu Bioko maji ghakututuka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, vinthu vikusintha. Zuŵa lililose pa Annobón kukuŵa vula panji chibuwu, ndipo zuŵa ili kulije mabingu. Ku Malabo, ku Bioko, kutenthera kwake kukufuma pa 16 °C kufika pa 33 °C, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Moka, kutenthera kwapachanya nkhufika pa 21 °C pera. Ku Río Muni, muhanya wose kukuzizima chomene. Ku Malabo kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 1,930 mm (76 inchi) kufika pa 10,920 mm (430 inchi) ku Ureka, Bioko, kweni ku Río Muni kukomira chomene.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Equatorial-Guinea-CLIMATE.html Nations Encyclopedia]. Nations Encyclopedia (10 April 2011). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> === Ecology === Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli vyaru vinandi. Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili mukati mwa Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion padera pa malo gha mangrove gha ku Central Africa agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja, comenecomene mu mlonga wa Muni. Chigaŵa cha makuni gha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cross-Sanaga-Bioko chikusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha Bioko na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Cameroon na Nigeria. Charu chose cha São Tomé, Príncipe, na Annobón chili na nkhorongo.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. 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M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Ecology of Equatorial Guinea"> File:Annobon Island Equatorial Guinea.jpg|[[Annobon]] File:Islotes Horacio 1.JPG|[[Islote Horacio]] File:Dschungel bei Oyala.JPG|Near [[Ciudad de la Paz]] File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|[[Monte Alén National Park]] File:The Great Bioko mountain.jpg|[[Pico Basilé]] </gallery> ==== Wildlife ==== {{Main|Wildlife of Equatorial Guinea}} Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ŵabulumembe, viyuni vyakupambanapambana nga ni chimpanzees, minkhwe, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, antilope, zovu, mphoyo, ng'ona, na njoka zinandi, kusazgapo viyuni vya pythons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea|title=Equatorial Guinea – Plant and animal life|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Wildlife of Equatorial Guinea"> File:Dissotis sp Bioko201310.jpg|[[Dissotis]] File:Soja en Mongomo.png|[[Soybean]] File:Rhampholeon spectrum 63850438.jpg|[[Spectral pygmy chameleon]] File:Yellow-billed Turacos in Equatorial Guinea 2006.jpg|[[Yellow-billed turaco]] File:Gorilla 019.jpg|[[Western gorilla]] </gallery> === Administrative divisions === {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}} {{Main|Subdivisions of Equatorial Guinea}} Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa 8.<ref name=statoids>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=http://www.statoids.com/ugq.html |title=Provinces of Equatorial Guinea |website=Statoids |date=22 March 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdge-guineaecuatorial.com/gobierno-inicia-actividades-djibloho/ |title=El Gobierno inicia sus actividades en Djibloho |language=es |publisher=[[PDGE]] |date=7 February 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Chigaŵa chiphya chomene ni Djibloho, icho chikapangika mu 2017 ndipo chili na likuru lake ku Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=9945 |title=La Presidencia de la República sanciona dos nuevas leyes |language=es |date=23 June 2017 |publisher=Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625100844/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=9945 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38911573 |title=Equatorial Guinea government moves to new city in rainforest |date=8 February 2017 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivi ni ivi: (Nambara zikuyana na izo zili pa mapu; misumba yikuru ya vigaŵa ivi yili mu mizere):<ref name=statoids /> # [[Annobón]] ([[San Antonio de Palé]]) # [[Bioko Norte]] ([[Malabo]]) # [[Bioko Sur]] ([[Luba, Equatorial Guinea|Luba]]) # [[Centro Sur]] ([[Evinayong]]) # [[Djibloho]] ([[Ciudad de la Paz]]) # [[Kié-Ntem]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) # [[Litoral (Equatorial Guinea)|Litoral]] ([[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]) # [[Wele-Nzas]] ([[Mongomo]]) Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 19 na matawuni 37.<ref>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=http://www.statoids.com/ygq.html |title=Districts of Equatorial Guinea |website=Statoids |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Equatorial Guinea Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of Equatorial Guinea exports, 2019]] Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindaŵe na wanangwa, chikaguliskanga makoko, khofi, na makuni, chomenechomene ku Spain, kweniso ku Germany na Britain. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1985, caru ici cikaŵa caciŵiri mu Africa kuleka kuyowoya Cifurenchi, ndipo cikaŵa na ndalama ya CFA. Ndalama ya ku Spain, iyo ni ekwele, yikaŵa peseta.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.equatorialguinea.org/information1387/information.htm|title=Equatorial Guinea|publisher=equatorialguinea.org|access-date=3 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991003081314/http://www.equatorialguinea.org/information1387/information.htm|archive-date=3 October 1999}}</ref> [[File:Gepetrol HQ Malabo 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gepetrol Tower in Malabo, 2013]] Mu 1996, boma likasanga mafuta ghanandi ndipo pamasinda likagwiliskira nchito mafuta agha. Mu 2004, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa yacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ici cikupanga mafuta gha mathondi na ghatatu pa zuŵa. Makampani gha mafuta agho ghakucita nchito mu Equatorial Guinea ni ExxonMobil, Marathon Oil, Kosmos Energy na Chevron. Makuni, kulima, na somba ni vyakuzirwa comene pa GDP. Ku malo agha kulimilira vyakurya. Vyaru vikamba kunangika cifukwa ca muwuso uheni wa ŵamazaza. Vyaru ni vyaru ivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga nchito, ndipo 57% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakugwirako nchito. Mu Julayi 2004, ŵa United States Senate ŵakalemba lipoti lakuyowoya za banki ya Riggs Bank, iyo yikaŵa ku Washington ndipo yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo Equatorial Guinea yikasanganga kufuma ku mafuta. Lipoti la Senate likulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana 35 miliyoni zafuma kwa Obiang, mbumba yake, na ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Pulezidenti wakukana kuti wali na mulandu. Riggs Bank mu February 2005 wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $9 million pa banki ya Pinochet, kweni ku Equatorial Guinea kukaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2010, Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikakura comene pa caka pa GDP (Gross Domestic Product), na 17%.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/123]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/123}}</ref> Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mu wupu wa Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea nayo njumoza wa vyaru vya Central African Monetary and Economic Union (CEMAC). Boma la Equatorial Guinea likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakupulikira fundo ya EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), ndipo likuyezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakuyowoya vya ndalama izo likusanga kufuma ku mafuta. Charu ichi chikaŵa na wanangwa uwu pa Febuluwale 22, 2008. Ndipouli, apo Equatorial Guinea yikapempha kuti yikhozge nyengo yakumalizgira EITI, Komiti ya EITI yikakolerana nayo yayi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100513205556/http://www.eitransparency.org/EquatorialGuinea Equatorial Guinea | EITI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513205556/http://www.eitransparency.org/EquatorialGuinea |date=13 May 2010 }}. Eitransparency.org (27 September 2007). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Wupu wa World Bank ukati mu charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndimo muli ndalama zinandi chomene izo munthu waliyose wakusangirapo. Nangauli charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ndalama zinandi chomene, kweni pali ukavu ukuru chifukwa cha kupambana kwa usambazi. Chiŵelengero chake cha 65.0 ndicho ntchapacanya comene pa caru cose. Chuma cha Equatorial Guinea chikwenera kukura pafupifupi 2.6% mu 2021, kughanaghana uku kuli kufuma pa kumalizgika kwa projekiti yikuru ya gasi na kuwuka kwa chuma cha pa charu chose mu hafu yachiŵiri ya chaka. Kweni boma likulindizga kuti mu 2022 lizamuweleraso ku suzgo la ndalama. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2016, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 21,517. Ndipouli, ni cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kuyana comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama yimoza pa zuŵa. Charu ichi chili pa nambara 145 pa nambara 189 pa United Nations Human Development Index mu 2019. Ma hydrocarbons ghakukwana 97% ya vyakurya ivyo boma likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2020, charu ichi chili mu suzgo la kunangika kwa vinthu kwa chaka cha nambara 8.<ref name="mondediplo.com"/> == Transportation == [[File:Aerial view of Malabo Airport.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Malabo International Airport]] (''Aeropuerto de Malabo'' in Spanish), in [[Punta Europa (Ecuatorial Guinea)|Punta Europa]], island of [[Bioko]]]] {{Main|Transport in Equatorial Guinea}} Chifukwa chakuti mu charu ichi muli makampani ghanandi gha mafuta, ndege izo zikwenda pa charu chose zikuwuluka ku Malabo International Airport. Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ma eyapoti ghatatu, Malabo International Airport, Bata Airport na Annobón Airport yiphya pa cirwa ca Annobón. Malabo International Airport ndiyo ni malo ghekha ghakukwelera ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Gulu lililose la ndege ilo lili kulembeka mu Equatorial Guinea lili pa chigaŵa cha awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto ŵakufumako ku misumba ya ku Europe kuluta ku msumba uwu.<ref>(source?)</ref> == Ŵanthu == [[File:Equatorial Guinea population.svg|thumb|left|Evolution of the Equatoguinean population between 1960 and 2017. Population in thousands of inhabitants.]] {{Main|Demographics of Equatorial Guinea}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" |+Population in Equatorial Guinea{{UN Population|ref}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNData app: Ecuatorial Guinea population 2020|url=http://data.un.org/en/iso/gq.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=UN Data|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811193236/http://data.un.org/en/iso/gq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Year ! Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.2 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.6 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.4 |} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea mba fuko la [[Bantu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Well Oiled: Oil and Human Rights in Equatorial Guinea|first=Alex|last=Vines|page=9|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=2009|isbn=978-1-56432-516-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnlkA-QBizAC&pg=PA9|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Ŵafang, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku chirwa cha Bioko kwambira m'ma 1900, ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ŵalipo 80 peresenti ndipo ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 67. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Río Muni ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Ntumu, ndipo awo ŵakukhala kumwera ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Okah. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu cha Cameroon na Gabon. Nangauli viyowoyero ivi vikupulikikwa makora, kweni vikupambana chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi, awo ŵalipo 15 pa 100 pa caru cose, ndiwo ŵakukhala pa cirwa ca Bioko. Mzere wakupatula pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang na ŵa mtundu wa "Beach" (m'nthaka) ukaŵa muzi wa Niefang (m'paka wa Fang), kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Bata. Mtundu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakuchemeka Ndowe panji "Playeros" (Ŵanthu ŵa pa Mlonga wa Nyanja mu Cisipanishi): Combes, Bujebas, Balengues, na Bengas awo ŵakukhala mu virwa vikuruvikuru na vichokovichoko, na Fernandinos, ŵa mtundu wa Krio awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Bioko, wose pamoza ŵakukwana 5 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain panji Portugal, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa) nawo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Equatorial Guinean children of [[Bubi people|Bubi]] descent]] Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Cameroon, Nigeria, na Gabon ŵiza mu caru ici. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002), ŵanthu 7% ŵa pa chirwa cha Bioko ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Igbo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0002mina|first=James|last=Minahan|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0-313-32109-4|page=330}}</ref> Mu Equatorial Guinea mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya koko na kofi. Ŵafrika ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakafuma ku Liberia, Angola, na Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia mba ku China, kweni ku India kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Ku Equatorial Guinea nako ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Britain, France, na Germany ŵakuluta ku caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Israel na Morocco nawo ŵakukhala na kugwira nchito kuno. Kufumiska mafuta kufuma mu ma 1990 kwakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Malabo ŵaŵe ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakati ŵafumako ku Spain. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 100,000 ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaluta ku Cameroon, Gabon, na Nigeria cifukwa ca muwuso wa ucigeŵenga wa Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakukhala ku Latin America, United States, Portugal, na France. === Languages === [[File:Malabo (16511251451).jpg|thumb|left|Floral inscription with the name of the country in Spanish in [[Malabo]]]] {{Main|Equatoguinean Spanish|Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española}} Kufuma waka apo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikapokera wanangwa mu 1968, chiyowoyero chikuru cha ku Equatorial Guinea ni Chisipanishi. Mu 1970, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Macías, Cisipanishi cikasinthika na ciyowoyero ca Fang, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kweni mu 1979, Macías wakati waleka kuwusa, ŵakamulekeska. Cisipanishi cikaŵa ciyowoyero cimoza pera mpaka mu 1998, apo Cifurenci cikasazgikaso, cifukwa pakwamba cikaŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Central Africa (CEMAC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_09/gil_otero/p05.htm|title=5. Guinea Ecuatorial - Centro Virtual Cervantes|language=es|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=CIA /> Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chachitatu mu charu ichi mu 2010. Chisipanishi ndicho ntchiyowoyero cha boma kwambira mu 1844. Likuyowoyeka pa sukulu na mu maofesi gha boma. Ŵanthu 67.6% ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi, comenecomene awo ŵakukhala mu Malabo, msumba ukuru wa charu ici. Cifurenci cikaŵa cipharazgo ca boma cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa cigaŵa ca caru ca France, ndipo cikayowoyeka pa malo ghanyake yayi, kweni mu matawuni ghapafupi. Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira vikumanyikwa kuti ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya "vikaya vyawo". 1/1998 (Janyuwale 21). Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ni Fang, Bube, Benga, Ndowe, Balengue, Bujeba, Bissio, Gumu, Igbo, Pichinglis, Fa d'Ambô na Baseke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu.<ref name="GEpress_noticia134en">[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo]. Guineaecuatorialpress.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref>[[File:Lenguas de Guinea Ecuatorial.png|thumb|African languages of Equatorial Guinea and its environment.]] Chiyowoyero cha Chiphwitikizi cha Fa d'Ambô chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chigaŵa cha Annobón, Malabo (likulu la charu ichi), kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Equatorial Guinea. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Bioko ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi, comenecomene mu msumba wa Bioko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Annobón ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵa Katolika ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobonese ŵakayezga kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa CPLP. Boma likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku wa Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) mu Annobón. Buku ili likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku São Tomé na Príncipe, Cape Verde, na Guinea-Bissau ŵakayowoyanga Chiphwitikizi. Chifukwa cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea, mu 2010 boma likasintha ndime 4 ya Dango la Equatorial Guinea. Boma ili likakhumbanga kuti liŵe na mawupu ghakwendakwenda, malonda, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|access-date=15 November 2010|language=es|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 November 2010|archive-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kweniso likuzomerezga kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa charu cha Portugal na ŵanthu ŵa ku Brazil, São Tomé na Príncipe, na Cape Verde awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu wa CPLP ni umo yingachitira na mapulogiramu gha visambizgo na kusinthana na ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Kuti munthu waŵe na CPLP wakwenera kusambira Ciphwitikizi. Kweniso, caru ici cikaphalirika kuti cikwenera kusintha vinthu vya ndyali kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vinthu mwaurunji ndiposo mwamahara. Nyumba ya malango yikadumbiskana za dango ili mu Okutobala 2011. Mu Febuluwale 2012, nduna ya vyalo ya Equatorial Guinea yikasayina phangano na IILP lakukhwaskana na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi mu caru ici.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt |trans-title=Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt |trans-title=Protocol on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}} This note contains a link to the text of the protocol in PDF format.</ref> Mu Julayi 2012, CPLP yikakana kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu uwu, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti yikulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Boma likazomerezga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali, likakanizga ŵanthu kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa, ndipo likamba kudumbiskana na ŵandyali wose.<ref name="sol">{{cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial |trans-title=Teacher formation and television programs introduce Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354 |publisher=Sol |language=pt |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="expr">{{cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/cplp-vai-ajudar-guine-equatorial-a-assimilar-valores=f890337|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010185700/http://expresso.sapo.pt/internacional/cplp-vai-ajudar-guine-equatorial-a-assimilar-valores=f890337|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=CPLP vai ajudar Guiné-Equatorial a "assimilar valores"|language=pt|publisher=Expresso|date=20 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref> AKweniso, IILP yikasanga malo kufuma ku boma gha kuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Ciphwitikizi mu Bata na Malabo. Pa ungano wake wa nambara 10 uwo ukacitikira ku Dili mu Julayi 2014, Equatorial Guinea yikazomerezgeka kuŵa ciŵaro ca CPLP. Kuwuskako cilango ca nyifwa na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa pakutolera dango ili.<ref name="CPLP_NewsID1635">{{cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1635|title=Nota informativa: Missão da CPLP à Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=3 May 2011|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> === Religion === {{bar box |title = Religion in Equatorial Guinea |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Equatorial Guinea|Roman Catholic]]|Blue|88}} {{bar percent|Other (indigenous beliefs / [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]])|Gray|5}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantism|Protestant]]|green|5}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Equatorial Guinea|Muslim]]|Green|2}} }} [[File:Santa Isabel Malabo 20131224 140204.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Isabel Cathedral in Malabo]] Chisopa cikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni Cikhristu, ico cikupharazgika na ŵanthu 93 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Katolika (88%), ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵali mu chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti (5%). Ŵanyake 5 peresenti ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Animism, Bahá'í, na visopa vinyake, ndipo cisopa ca Animism kanandi cikusazgikana na Cikatolika.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matt |first=Phillips |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144596621 |title=The Africa Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent |last2=Andrew |first2=David |last3=Bainbridge |first3=James |last4=Bewer |first4=Tim |last5=Bindloss |first5=Joe |last6=Carillet |first6=Jean-Bernard |last7=Clammer |first7=Paul |last8=Cornwell |first8=Jane |last9=Crossan |first9=Rob |collaboration=Authors |date=September 2007 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |others=Coordinated by Matt Phillips |isbn=978-1-74104-602-1 |location=[[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]], Australia |pages=116 |oclc=144596621}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=280736#wrapper|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2017|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044051/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=280736#wrapper}}</ref> === Health === {{Main|Health in Equatorial Guinea}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Equatorial Guinea likawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya. Ŵakucita ndondomeko ya kupopera viŵeto mu nyumba kaŵiri pa caka, kuŵika munkhwala wakusazgapo artemisinin (ACTs), kuŵika munkhwala wakovwira ŵanakazi ŵanthumbo (IPTp), na kuŵika vyakumera vinandi mu nyumba zawo ivyo vikuŵa na minkhwala yakukoma viŵeto. Ŵakachepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa pa vifukwa vyose, kufuma pa 152 kufika pa 55 pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo. Mu Juni 2014, ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵakakoleka na nthenda ya poliyo.<ref name="EquatorialGuinea">{{cite news|title=Detection of poliovirus in São Paulo airport sewage: WHO|url=http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO|access-date=23 June 2014|publisher=Brazil News.Net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO|archive-date=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Marked Increase in Child Survival after Four Years of Intensive Malaria Control]. Ajtmh.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> === Education === {{Further|Education in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes (Malabo) (6510104101).jpg|thumb|Ministry of Education, Science and Sports (''Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes'' in Spanish)]] Charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 95.3% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaŵa ŵalembi. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Francisco Macias, sukulu zikapokelereka yayi, ndipo ŵana ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Obiang, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikakhira kufuma pa 73% kufika pa 13%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira chikakwera kufuma pa 65,000 mu 1986 kufika pa 100,000 mu 1994. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 14 ŵakusambira kwambura kulipira.<ref name="web.archive.org" /><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/|title=Literacy - The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401014237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/|archive-date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=CIA /> Boma la Equatorial Guinea lakolerana na Hess Corporation na The Academy for Educational Development (AED) kukhazikiska pulogiramu ya ndalama zakukwana madola 20 miliyoni kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za pulayimale ŵasambizge ŵana nthowa zamasono zakulera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120025210/http://www.aed.org/News/Stories/equatorial_guinea_partnership.cfm HESS and AED Partner to Improve Education in Equatorial Guinea]. AED.org</ref> Pasono pali masukulu 51 agho ghakusambizga makora ŵana. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu vya cuma na ndyali ndiposo ndondomeko za boma, mabungwe ghanandi ghakovwira ŵanthu kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ghakaŵako. Charu ichi chili na yunivesite yimoza yakuchemeka Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), iyo yili ku Malabo, ndipo ku Bata, ku charu chikuru kuli sukulu ya vyachipatala. Mu 2009, yunivesite iyi yikapanga ŵadokotala ŵakwamba 110. Sukulu ya Bata Medical School yikovwirika na boma la Cuba ndipo pali ŵasambizgi na ŵadokotala ŵa ku Cuba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223151/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Equatorial-Guinea-Minister-Seeks-Strong-Ties-With-US-89956902.html Equatorial Guinea Minister Seeks Strong Ties With U.S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223151/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Equatorial-Guinea-Minister-Seeks-Strong-Ties-With-US-89956902.html |date=11 May 2011 }}. Voanews.com (4 April 2010). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Malabo a 13-oct-01.jpg|thumb|The port of [[Malabo]]]] Mu Juni 1984, ŵakachita ungano wakwamba wa Hispanic-African Cultural Congress kuti ŵamanye umo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chiliri. Ungano uwu ndiwo ukaŵa malo ghakukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Africa.<ref name="web.archive.org" /> === Tourism === [[File:Sipopo (16517963802).jpg|thumb|left|Hotel in [[Sipopo]]]] Pasono Equatorial Guinea yilije malo agho ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage List. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinyake ivyo vili kulembeka mu buku la Memory of the World Programme la UNESCO panji vinthu vinyake vyambura kuwoneka ivyo vili mu UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/equatorial-guinea-GQ Equatorial Guinea – intangible heritage – Culture Sector]. UNESCO. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/ Memory of the World | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]. Unesco.org. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/?action=listtentative&pattern=Equatorial+Guinea&state=&theme=&criteria_restrication=&date_start=&date_end=&order= Tentative Lists]. unesco.org</ref> Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ŵalendo ni malo ghakusoperapo gha Malabo, chigaŵa chakumwera kwa chirwa cha Bioko uko mungakwera maji gha Iladyi na kuluta ku malo ghakutali kuti mukawonenge visomba ivyo vikubisamamo. === Media and communications === {{Main|Media in Equatorial Guinea|Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:UNED-GQ IMG 6269 (6510136445).jpg|thumb|right|Edition of the television magazine ''Malabeando'' at the Cultural Centre of Spain in Malabo]] Vipharazgi vikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni mawayilesi ghatatu gha FM. BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale na Africa No. 1 ku Malabo. Paliso wayilesi yinyake yakuchemeka Radio Macuto, mazgu gha ŵanthu ŵambura mazgu. Radio Macuto ni wayilesi ya pa intaneti ndipo yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca kulemba nkhani izo zikususka boma la Obiang na kuchiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatoguinea kuti ŵayowoyenge mwakufwatuka na kucita ndyali. Paliso mawayilesi ghanyake ghankhondi agho ghakupharazga pa wayilesi. TV Nacional, ndiyo yikwendeskeka na boma.<ref name=CIA /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm#media|title=Country Profile: Equatorial Guinea: Media|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2008}}</ref>Mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha pa caru cose gha RTVGE ghakwendeskeka na mapulaneti gha pa mlengalenga mu Africa, Europe, na America, kweniso pa caru cose capasi pa Intaneti. Pali manyuzipepara ghaŵiri na magazini ghaŵiri. Pa vyaru 179, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pa nambara 161 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka na wupu wa Reporters Without Borders. Wupu uwu ukuti TV iyi yikulondezga malango gha unduna wa vya makani. Makampani ghanandi ghakupharazga ghakujighanaghanira ŵekha, ndipo dango likukanizga ŵanthu kususka ŵanthu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma na wayilesi yikuru ya boma ŵakuwusika na mwana wa pulezidenti, Teodor Obiang. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi mafoni gha pa foni, ndipo pa ŵanthu 100, pali mafoni ghaŵiri pera.<ref name=CIA /> <ref name="Lyngsat_TVGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/gq/TVGE-Internacional.html|title=TVGE Internacional|publisher=LyngSat|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>Pali telefoni yimoza ya GSM iyo yikugwira ntchito mu Malabo, Bata, na misumba yinyake ya ku Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_gq.shtml|title=GSMWorld Providers: Equatorial Guinea|publisher=GSM World|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414201455/http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_gq.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2008}}</ref>Kufumira mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa na foni.<ref name=CIA /> Kamupani ya foni yekha mu Equatorial Guinea ni Orange. Mu Disembala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 42,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. === Music === {{Further|Music of Equatorial Guinea}} Mu Equatorial Guinea muli sumu zinandi yayi zakutchuka. Mitundu yinyake ya mu Africa nga ni soukous na makossa njakutchuka, kweniso reggae na rock and roll. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba gitala la ku Spain ndilo ndakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. === Cinema === Mu 2014, filimu ya South Africa-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ya Where the Road Runs Out yikapangika mu charu ichi. Paliso filimu ya The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores, iyo yindawonekere pa caru cose. Buku ili likulongosora vya Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel, uyo ni mulembi wa ku Equatorial Guinea. Iyi ni filimu yakwamba kususka boma la Obiang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elescritordeunpais.com/|title=The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores|website=elescritordeunpais.com}}</ref> === Sports === {{category see also|Sport in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Estadio de Bata (15896733814).jpg|thumb|[[Estadio de Bata]] in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]]] Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikasoleka kuti yichitenge nawo Africa Cup of Nations mu 2012 pamoza na Gabon, ndipo yikamba kuchitako mu 2015. Charu ichi chikasoleka kuti chichitenge maseŵero gha mpira wa ku Africa gha ŵanakazi mu 2008, ndipo ŵakathereska. Ŵanakazi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakachita maseŵera gha ku Germany mu 2011. Mu Juni 2016, Equatorial Guinea yikasoleka kuti ndiyo yizakachitenge maseŵera gha 12 gha Africa mu 2019. Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ŵanthu ŵakutchova njuga, nga ni Eric Moussambani, uyo wakuchemeka "Eric the Eel", na Paula Barila Bolopa, uyo wakuchemeka "Paula the Crawler". Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha basketball.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scafidi|first1=Oscar|title=Equatorial Guinea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1engCgAAQBAJ|access-date=10 September 2021|date=1 November 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|isbn=978-1-78477-136-2|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/swimming/937133.stm|title='Paula the Crawler' sets record|work=BBC News|date=22 September 2000|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html|archive-date=20 April 2005|title=London 2012 Olympics: how Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani inspired a generation in swimming pool at Sydney Games|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=O'Mahony|first=Jennifer|date=27 July 2012|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa|<!--Middle Africa-->|<!--African Union-->|<!--ECCAS-->|<!--Equatorial Guinea-->}} * [[Outline of Equatorial Guinea]] * [[Agriculture in Equatorial Guinea]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist|35em}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * {{CIA World Factbook}} * [[Max Liniger-Goumaz]], ''Small Is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea'' (French 1986, translated 1989) {{ISBN|0-389-20861-2}}. * [[Robert Klitgaard]]. 1990. ''Tropical Gangsters''. New York: Basic Books. (World Bank economist tries to assist pre-oil Equatorial Guinea) {{ISBN|0-465-08760-4}}. * [[D.L. Claret]]. ''Cien años de evangelización en Guinea Ecuatorial (1883–1983) / One Hundred Years of Evangelism in Equatorial Guinea'' (1983, Barcelona: Claretian Missionaries). * [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]], ''The Wonga Coup: Guns, Thugs and a Ruthless Determination to Create Mayhem in an Oil-Rich Corner of Africa'' (2006, PublicAffairs) {{ISBN|1-58648-371-4}}. ==Further reading== * Lewis, Marvin. ''An Introduction to the Literature of Equatorial Guinea: Between Colonialism and Dictatorship.'' (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jbdZqm-cyJsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=Cs-o9V2lRJ&sig=WrG_B2M5Li1u3brpWyArts2sdYI online] * McSherry, Brendan. "The Political Economy of Oil in Equatorial Guinea." ''African Studies Quarterly'' 8.3 (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/download/76306751/McSherry-Vol8Issue3.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Sundiata, Ibrahim K. ''Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability'' (Routledge, 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ugScDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=v6mV9KgPd2&sig=lpeZx6911PwriznbMqKStejdYvc online] * Ugarte, Michael. ''Africans in Europe: The culture of exile and emigration from Equatorial Guinea to Spain'' (University of Illinois Press, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rJoxnTZzBCUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=Eo6wQlyt6X&sig=fmDH2eM2vpU8RTKjcU_ANF5iw5g online]. * Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré. ''Spain's African Colonial Legacies: Morocco and Equatorial Guinea Compared'' (Brill, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58252 online review] {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|v=no|q=no|b=no|voy=Equatorial Guinea|n=Category:Equatorial Guinea|c=Category:Equatorial Guinea|s=Category:Equatorial Guinea|d=Q983}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea}} * {{wikiatlas|Equatorial Guinea}} * [https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/ Official Government of Equatorial Guinea website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503234753/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php?lang=en Guinea in Figures&nbsp;– Official Web Page of the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503234753/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php?lang=en |date=3 May 2021 }} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13317174 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084803/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm Equatorial Guinea] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. {{Equatorial Guinea topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)}} {{OPEC}} }} {{coord|1|30|N|10|00|E|type:country|display=inline,title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Equatorial Guinea| ]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1968]] [[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] 12zazky5nmnictbo0w7i1njsbs7bg3f 0 6941 122627 119291 2026-09-28T02:29:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in North Africa}} {{about|the country in North Africa}} {{For| the instrument|Maraca}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Morocco | common_name = Morocco | native_name = {{native name list|name1=المملكة المغربية|tag1=ar|name2=ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|tag2=zgh}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco (large stroke).svg<!-- Flag of Morocco.svg--> | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|الله، الوطن، الملك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{native phrase|zgh| ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ|italics=off|nolink=on}} | national_anthem = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|النشيد الوطني&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{native phrase|zgh|{{lower|0.1em|ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|National Anthem]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_caption = Location of Morocco in northwest [[Africa]]<br />Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco<br />Lighter green: [[Western Sahara]], a [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|territory]] claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco {{nowrap|as its [[Southern Provinces]]}}{{NoteTag|Solve the [[Political status of Western Sahara|status issue]] under the leadership of United Nations' [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]]<ref>{{cite web |title=MANDATE |url = https://minurso.unmissions.org/mandate |website=UNITED NATIONS |date=26 October 2016 }}</ref>}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{small|{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|display=inline}}}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Amazigh]]}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Moroccan Arabic]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]| [[Berber languages|Berber]]|[[French language|French]]{{NoteTag|[[French language in Morocco]] is also used in official government documents and by the business community, although it has no official status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..."<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |title=Morocco |work=World Factbook |date=12 January 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name=FR>{{cite web |title = Présentation du Maroc |url = https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |website=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language = fr }}</ref>}}}} | languages2_type = Foreign languages | languages2 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_elt-journal_1994-10_48_4/page/295 |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |date=October 1994 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 67% [[Arabs]] * 31% [[Berbers]] * 2% [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawis]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11 |title=The Report: Morocco 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-54-5 |language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.6% [[Islam in Morocco|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shia]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|Others]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Baháʼís]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Christians]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Jews]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA/><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |website= The Association of Religion Data Archives |publisher= World Religion Database}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Moroccan]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Constitutional monarchy#Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy|semi-constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co., Inc. |quote=First published in the Official Bulletin on July 30, 2011 |year=2012 |location=Getzville |translator-last=Ruchti |translator-first=Jefri J. |language=en}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|King]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|House of Councillors]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Morocco)|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [['Alawi dynasty]] {{small|(current dynasty)}} | established_date2 = 1631 | established_event3 = [[French protectorate in Morocco|Protectorate established]] | established_date3 = 30 March 1912 | established_event4 = [[History of Morocco#Independent Morocco (since 1956)|Independence]] | established_date4 = 7 April 1956 | area_km2 = 446,300 | area_footnote = {{nowrap|<br />{{raise|0.15em|or {{cvt|710,850|km2|sqmi}}{{ref label|Territory|a|}}}}}} | area_rank = 39th or 57th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 274,460 sq mi<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->{{nowrap|<br />{{raise|0.15em|or 172,413 {{ref label|Territory|b|}}}}}} | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.056 {{small|(250 km{{sup|2}})}}}} | population_estimate = 37,984,655<ref name=HCPclock>{{cite web | title = Horloge de la population | language = fr | url = https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | year = 2022 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 18 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230520093947/https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | archive-date = 20 May 2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 39th | population_census = 33,848,242<ref name=HCP>{{cite web | title = Résultats RGPH 2014 | language = fr | url = http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-date = 9 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200509042714/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 50.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$359.671&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October |title=World Economic Outlook Database: October 2022 Edition |publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]] }}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 55th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$9,808<ref name=imf/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$142.874&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 60th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$3,896<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 123th | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url= https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/africa-s-development-dynamics-2018_9789264302501-en#page18 |title = Africa's Development Dynamics 2018:Growth, Jobs and Inequalities |publisher=AUC/OECD |access-date=18 December 2020 |page=179 |year=2018 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.683<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 123th | currency = [[Moroccan dirham]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = <!--Morocco defines its time zone as Greenwich Mean Time + 1 hour, please do not add "Central European Time" or "West Africa Time" without an official source.--> | utc_offset = +1<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Décret royal n° 455-67 du 23 safar 1387 (2 juin 1967) portant loi relatif à l'heure légale |url=http://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10117-D%C3%A9cret-royal-n-455-67-du-23-safar-1387-2-juin-19.aspx?KeyPath=594/596/608/714/10117 |journal=Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc |issue=2854 |via=Banque de Données Juridiques}}</ref><br />UTC+0 (during [[Ramadan]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changements d'heure pour ramadan, quels impacts ? |url=https://telquel.ma/2018/05/14/changements-dheure-pour-ramadan-quels-impacts_1593439?fbrefresh=7 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=TelQuel |language=fr}}</ref> | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = [[.ma]]<br />المغرب. <!--Unused: | footnote_? = {{note|French}} 13.5% fluent, 19.5% partially fluent.<ref>"[http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/La_francophonie_dans_le_monde_2006-2007.pdf La Francophonie dans le monde]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121224074425/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/La_francophonie_dans_le_monde_2006-2007.pdf Archive]) ''[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]''. p.&nbsp;16. Retrieved 15 October 2012.</ref>-->| official_website = [https://maroc.ma/ maroc.ma] | footnote_a = {{note|Territory}} The area {{convert|446550|km2|abbr=on}} excludes all disputed territories, while {{convert|710850|km2|abbr=on}} includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of [[Western Sahara]] (claimed as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] by the [[Polisario Front]]). Morocco also claims [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], making up about {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} more claimed territory. | footnote_b = | population_rank = | today = }}'''Morocco''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}),{{NoteTag|{{lang-ar|المغرب|al-maḡrib|the place where the sun sets; the west}}; {{lang-zgh|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|lmeɣrib}}; {{lang-fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA-fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}.<!--It is important to keep the French name in the lede, even though it is not official, due to its de facto importance in government-->}} mwalamulo, '''Ufumu wa Morocco''', {{NoteTag|{{lang-ar|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-mamlaka al-maḡribiyya|the Western kingdom}}; {{lang-zgh|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|tageldit n lmeɣrib}}; {{lang-fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}.}}ni chalo icho chili mu [[chigaŵa cha Maghreb]] kumpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha [[Mauritania]] chili kumwera kwa [[Western Sahara]]. Morocco nayo wakukhumba malo gha [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], kweniso virwa vichoko ivyo vikulongozgeka na [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |title = Ceuta, Melilla profile |year=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 November 2018 |language=en-GB }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 446,300 km2 panji 710,850 km2{{ref label|Territory|b|}}, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 37 miliyoni. Chisopa chake ni [[Chisilamu]], ndipo viyowoyero vyake ni [[Chiarabic]] na [[Chiberber]]. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakusazgako mitheto ya ku [[Arab]], [[Berber]], [[Africa]] na [[Europe]]. Msumba ukuru wa [[Rabat]] ni [[Casablanca]].<ref name="Abun-Nasr1987">{{cite book |author=Jamil M. Abun-Nasr |title = A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC |date = 20 August 1987 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) – Morocco {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2?locations=MA|access-date=15 February 2022|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki vyaka vyakujumpha 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ufumu wakwamba wa Morocco ukaŵako mu 788. Kufuma apo, ufumu uwu ukawusika na mafumu ghanandi, ndipo ukafika pachanya chomene mu 11 na 12 C.E., mu nyengo ya Almoravid na Almohad.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Hall |first1 = John G. |author2 = Chelsea Publishing House |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BhMuc6NacxgC&q=Since+the+foundation+of+the+first+Moroccan+state+by+Idris+I+in+788+AD,+the+country+has+been+ruled+by+a+series+of+independent+dynasties,+reaching+its+zenith+under+Almoravid+and+Almohad+rule,+when+it+spanned+parts+of+Iberia+and+northwestern+Africa.&pg=PA5 |title = North Africa |year = 2002 |publisher = Infobase Publishing |isbn = 978-0-7910-5746-9 }}</ref> Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500 C.E., caru ca Morocco cikasuzgika cifukwa cakuti caru ca Portugal cikapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Marinid na Saadi ŵakakananga kuwusika na ŵamitundu yinyake, ndipo Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa charu cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chikapona ku muwuso wa Ottoman. Mu 1631, muwuso wa 'Alawi, uwo ukuwusa caru mpaka lero, ukayamba kuwusa ndipo mu vilimika viŵiri vyakulondezgapo, ukakura comene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti charu cha Morocco chili pafupi na mulomo wa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhumba kumanya vinandi vya charu ichi. Mu 1912, France na Spain ŵakagaŵa charu ichi mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Morocco, ndipo mu 1956, charu ichi chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Kufuma apo charu cha Morocco chikapokera wanangwa wake, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Charu ichi chili na cuma cikuru cacinkhondi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikuŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Rosa |date = March 2009 |title = The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean |journal = Mediterranean Politics |volume=14 |issue=1|pages=99–105 |doi = 10.1080/13629390902747491 |issn=1362-9395 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Charu cha Morocco chili na boma lachifumu ilo ŵanthu ŵakulikhumba. Boma la Morocco likuwusika na fumu na nduna yikuru, ndipo nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga.<ref>[https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf#:~:text=The%202011%20Moroccan%20Constitution%20establishes%20a%20Constitutional%20Court.1,of%20the%20members%20of%20the%20Chamber%20of%20Councillors.2 Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf#:~:text=The%202011%20Moroccan%20Constitution%20establishes%20a%20Constitutional%20Court.1,of%20the%20members%20of%20the%20Chamber%20of%20Councillors.2 |date=21 July 2021 }}. ''International Commission of Jurists''.</ref> Themba lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana gha kuwusa na kwendeska malango, comenecomene pa nkhani za ŵasilikari, ndyali za caru cinyake, na za cisopa. Morocco yikuphalira boma la Sahara kuti ndilo likulamulira chigaŵa cha Western Sahara, ndipo yikucichema kuti Southern Provinces. Mu 1975, Spain wakati wazomera kuti malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Morocco na Mauritania, nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamba. Mu 1979, charu cha Mauritania chikapoka malo agha, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira. Mu 1991, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwombera lumoza, kweni nkhani ya muwuso yikaŵa kuti yindamalizgike. Mazuŵa ghano, caru ca Morocco cili na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ici. == Zina == Zina la ku Morocco lakuti al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah (المملكة المغربية) likung'anamulika kuti 'Ufumu wa Kumadzulo.' M'mbiri yakale, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā [ar] (المغرب الأقصى, 'Chigaŵa chakutali chomene kumanjiliro gha dazi [kwa Chisilamu]' icho chikung'anamura chigaŵa chakufuma ku Tiaret m'paka ku Atlantic) mwakupambana na vigaŵa vya al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ [ar] (المغرب الأوسط, 'Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumanjiliro gha dazi': Tripoli to Béjaïa) na al-Maghrib al-Adná [ar] (المغرب الأدنى, 'Chigaŵa chakufupi chomene kumanjiliro gha dazi': Alexandria to Tripoli). Charu cha Morocco chikumanyikwaso na mazina ghakupambanapambana agho ghakung'anamura chiharo cha Sharifi cha muwuso wa Alawi, nga ni al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah (الإيالة الشريفة) panji al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah (الإمبراطورية الشريفة).<ref>{{Cite book |last=ملين |first=نبيل |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/994641823 |title=فكرة الدستور في المغرب : وثائق ونصوص (19012011) |year=2017 |isbn=978-9954-28-764-4 |language=ar |oclc=994641823}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912 |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |journal=European Judaism |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209 |s2cid=203553804 |issn=0014-3006}}</ref> Lizgu lakuti Morocco lili kufuma ku zina la msumba wa Marrakesh, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Almoravid, Almohad, na Saadian. Zina lakuti Marrakech likufuma ku lizgu lakuti amur n Yakuš, ilo likung'anamura "chigaŵa, chigaŵa, layizgo, chivikiliro". Lizgu lakuti amur n Ṛebbi, apo Rebbi ni lizgu linyake la Ciuta (lakufuma ku lizgu la Ciarabu lakuti رَبِّي (rabbī) "Fumu yane") likung'anamura "kuvikilirika na Ciuta".<ref>{{cite book |last=Azdoud |first=Driss |date=2011 |title=Dictionnaire berbère-français |page=65 |language=fr}}</ref>Zina la mazuŵa ghano la Marrakech mu Chiberberi ni Mṛṛakc. Mu Cithuruki, caru ca Morocco cikucemeka Fas, zina ilo lili kufuma ku msumba wakale wa Fes. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Chisilamu, nga umo vikaŵira mu mabuku gha Chiarabu gha ku Eguputo na Middle East pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vindakwane, zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya vya Morocco likaŵa Murrakush (مراكش). Zina ili lichali kugwiliskirika nchito mazuŵa ghano mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Chiperesiya, Chiurdu, na Chipunjabi. Zina lakuti Morocco ilo lili mu Chingelezi, lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Marruecos ilo lili mu Cisipanishi. Zina la Cisipanishi ili ndilo likapangiska kuti mu chiyowoyero cha ku Tuscany ŵalembe lizgu lakuti Morrocco. == Mbili == {{main|History of Morocco}} === Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale === [[File:Ptolemy of Mauretania Louvre Ma1887.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Ptolemy of Mauretania]] was the last [[Berbers|Berber]] to rule the [[Kingdom of Mauretania]] prior to [[Roman Empire|Roman]] conquest.]] Chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Morocco chili na ŵanthu kwamba mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki. Buku linyake likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kale chomene. Mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki, caru ca Maghreb cikaŵa cakupambika comene kuluska umo ciliri mazuŵa ghano. Vyaka vikwi makumi ghaŵiri na viŵiri ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aterian ŵakalongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Iberomaurusian. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka ku Iberomaurusian "Mechta-Afalou" ŵakayananga na awo ŵakakomeka ku Europe. Chikhalidwe cha Iberomaurusian chinaloŵa m'malo mwa Chikhalidwe cha Beaker ku Morocco. Ŵasayansi ŵati ŵasanda DNA ya mitochondrial, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber na Saami ŵa ku Scandinavia ŵakukolerana chomene. Ukaboni uwu ukukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Franco-Cantabrian kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ŵakasamukira kumpoto kwa Europe. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nyengo yakale, Ŵafenikiya ŵakaguguzira kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Morocco mu charu cha Mediterranean, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Mogador wakaŵa msumba wa Ŵafenikiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E.<ref>Moscati, Sabatino (2001) ''The Phoenicians'', Tauris, {{ISBN|1-85043-533-2}}</ref>[[File:Volubilis Longshot II.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Vinthu vya Ŵaroma ivyo vikaŵa ku Volubilis.]] Pamasinda, caru ca Morocco cikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Northwest Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Carthage, ndiposo cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Carthage. Ufumu wakwambilira wa ku Morocco uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha ukaŵa wa ku Mauretania, pasi pa Themba Baga. Ufumu wakale uwu (wambura kutimbanizgika na Mauritania) ukaŵa wakutowa mu 225 B.C.E. panji kumasinda. Mu 33 B.C.E., Mauretania wakaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Themba Claudius likapoka charu cha Mauretania mu 44 C.E., ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ŵaroma icho chikalamuliranga na kazembe wa ufumu. Mu nyengo ya "masoka gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E"., vigaŵa vinyake vya Mauretania vikathereskeka na Ŵaberi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakalamuliranga waka misumba yichoko waka ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nga ni Septum (Ceuta) mu Mauretania Tingitana na Cherchell mu Mauretania Caesariensis. Mu 429 C.E., apo Ŵandalyos ŵakaparanya chigaŵa ichi, ufumu wa Roma ukataya vinthu ivyo ukaŵa navyo mu Mauretania. Mu ma 530 C.E., Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Byzantium, ukambaso kulamulira msumba wa Septum na wa Tingi. === Maziko ndi nyengo yoyambirira ya Chisilamu === {{Main|Idrisid dynasty}} [[File:Idrisids coin minted at Al Aliyah Morocco 840 CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ndalama ya Idrisid mu Fes, 840 AD.]] Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kuthereska vyaru vya Maghreb pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ufumu wa Umayyad ukaŵathereska kukwambilira kwa vyaka ivi. Likawovwira kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiarabic na Chisilamu vifike mu chigaŵa ichi. Nangauli Morocco wakaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu ukuru wa Chisilamu, kweni pakwamba yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya, ndipo ŵakazembe awo ŵakimikikanga na Kairouan ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu.<ref>Abun-Nasr 1987, p.33</ref> Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chiisilamu, kweni ŵakasungilira malango ghawo. Kweniso ŵakapelekanga msonkho ku boma liphya la Cisilamu. Ufumu wakwamba wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha mu chigaŵa cha Morocco, ukaŵa wa Nekor, uwo ukaŵa mu mapiri gha Rif. Wali kukhazikiskika na Salih I ibn Mansur mu 710, nga ni ufumu wa Umayyad. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaberi mu 739, Ŵaberi ŵakapanga vyaru vinyake vyakujiyimira nga ni Miknasa wa Sijilmasa na Barghawata.[[File:29610-Fez (28134041211) (qarawiyyin crop).jpg|thumb|Msumba wa al-Qarawiyyin, uwo ukazengeka mu Fes mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vyauzimu, wa mabuku, na wa vinjeru.]] Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Idris ibn Abdallah wakachimbilira ku Morocco apo Ŵababasi ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko lake ku Iraq. Wakakhorweska mafuko gha Ŵaberi ŵa ku Awraba kuti ghaleke kugomezgeka ku ŵachihalifa ŵa Abbasid ku Baghdad ndipo wakambiska ufumu wa Idrisid mu 788. Ŵa Idrisidi ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Fes kuŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ndipo Morocco ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako Ŵasilamu ndiposo ufumu ukuru wa mu chigaŵa. Mu 927, ufumu wa Fatimid na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Miknasa ŵakawuskapo ufumu wa Idrisid. Miknasa wakati wapatura ubwezi na Ŵafatemidi mu 932, ŵakathereskeka na Maghrawa wa Sijilmasa mu 980. === Maufumu na mafumu gha Ŵaberi === {{Main|Almoravid dynasty|Almohad Caliphate|Marinid Sultanate}} [[File:Empire almohade.PNG|thumb|right|Ufumu wa Almohad ukakura comene mu 1212.]] Kwambira mu ma 1100, ufumu unyake wa Ŵaberi ukawuka.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PT861|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |last1=Ramirez-Faria |first1=Carlos |date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/|title=Almoravides|encyclopedia=Universalis Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty|title=Marīnid dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Sanhaja Almoravid na wa Masmuda Almohad, Morocco ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vya Maghreb, al-Andalus, na Western Mediterranean. Kwambira mu ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Banu Hilal ŵakasamukira mu charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, Ŵamarini ŵa ku Berber ku Zenata ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ku Morocco ndipo ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵachitenge nga umo ŵakachitiranga Ŵalmohad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Wattasid ndiwo ŵakaŵalondezga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, nkhondo ya Reconquista yikamara ndipo Ŵasilamu ŵanandi na Ŵayuda ŵakachimbilira ku Morocco. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵalutilire kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Atlantic. === Nyengo yakwambilira === {{Main|Saadi Sultanate|'Alawi dynasty}} [[File:Porto April 2019-7.jpg|thumb|left|Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵako apo Fumu Henry the Navigator yikapoka msumba wa Ceuta.]] Mu 1549, chigaŵa ichi chikathereskeka na mafumu ghachiarabu agho ghakayowoya kuti ghakafuma kwa ntchimi ya Chisilamu, Muhammad. Ku mpoto kwa Morocco kukaŵa nkhondo ya ku Spain, ndipo ŵabwezi ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta kumanjiliro gha dazi. [[File:Palais El Badii - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Vyakukhalapo vya Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Badii' ya Saadi Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur ya m'ma 1500]] Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Saadi, charu ichi chikamara muwuso wa Aviz ku Portugal pa Nkhondo ya Alcácer Quibir mu 1578. Ufumu wa Ahmad al-Mansur ukapangiska kuti ufumu wa Sultanate uŵe na usambazi unandi kweniso uchindami. Mu 1591, ufumu wa Songhay ukathereskeka chomene chifukwa cha ulendo ukuru wa ku Africa. Ndipouli, kukaŵa kwakusuzga comene kuti ŵateŵetere mu vigaŵa vyose vya mu Sahara. Al-Mansur wakati wafwa, caru cikagaŵika pakati pa ŵana ŵake. Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa ndyali na kulimbana mu nyengo ya kuchepa kwa muwuso wa Saadi, Morocco wakakoleranaso na Alawi (panji Alaouite) Sultan al-Rashid mu 1660s, uyo wakatora Fez mu 1666 na Marrakesh mu 1668.<ref name="Abun-Nasr1987" />{{Rp|230}}<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |publisher=Fayard |year=2012}}</ref>{{Rp|225}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alawi ŵakakhozga malo ghawo, ndipo nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa ucoko kuluska maufumu ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ukaŵa usambazi comene. Pakususkana na mafuko gha ku malo agha, Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672-1727) wakamba kupanga boma limoza. Na gulu lake la Jaysh d'Ahl al-Rif (Riffian Army) wakambaso kuwukira Tanger kufuma ku ŵa ku England awo ŵakaleka msumba uwu mu 1684 na kufumiska ŵa ku Spain mu Larache mu 1689. Mu 1769, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaleka Mazagão, malo ghawo ghaumaliro mu Morocco. Ndipouli, Ŵasipanya ŵakathereska Melilla mu 1775. Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kuzomerezga kuti United States ni caru cakujiyimira mu 1777. Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku America yikambanga, ŵankhondo ŵa ku Barbary ŵakamba kuwukira sitima za ŵamalonda za ku America. Pa Disembala 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed III wa ku Morocco wakapharazga kuti ngalaŵa za ŵamalonda za ku America zizamuŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma la Morocco ndipo zizamwenda makora. Phangano la Ubwezi la Morocco na America, ilo likalembeka mu 1786, ndilo ni phangano lakale comene la ubwezi la United States.<ref>Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History |access-date=17 December 2007 |work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> ===French and Spanish protectorates: 1912 to 1956=== {{main|French protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Protectorate in Morocco}} [[File:La Paz de Wad-Ras.jpg|thumb|Phangano la Wad Ras pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Spain na Morocco (1859-1860) likapangiska kuti ndalama za boma la Morocco zileke kugwira ntchito, ndipo Makhzen ŵakakanizgika kutora ngongoli ku Britain.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=25|oclc=855022840}}</ref>]] Apo caru ca Europe cikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura comene vyaru vya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa cifukwa ca umo vikanjiliranga. Mu 1830, caru ca France cikalongora kuti cikukhumba comene Morocco, cifukwa ca mphaka ya caru cake ca Algeria, kweniso cifukwa ca malo agho caru ici cili nagho. Mu 1860, pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya Ceuta. Spain ndiyo yikathereska msumba uwu, ndipo yikapoka msumba unyake wa Ceuta. Mu 1884, Spain wakapanga malo ghakulondezgana na nyanja ku Morocco.<ref>{{cite book |title=Morocco since 1830: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/moroccosince18300000penn|isbn=978-0814766774 |last=Pennell |first=C. R. |year=2000 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/moroccosince18300000penn/page/40 40]}}</ref> [[File:Louis Comfort Tiffany - Market day outside the walls of Tangiers, Morocco.jpg|thumb|left|Mu 1873 mu tawuni ya Tangier mukaŵa Ŵasilamu 40,000, Ŵaciyurope 31,000 na Ŵayuda 15,000.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19572.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501181723/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19572.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Tangier(s) |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>]] Mu 1904, caru ca France na Spain vikagaŵikana malo mu Morocco. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukati wamanya kuti France ndiyo yikulongozga caru ca Germany, ufumu uwu ukacita wofi comene. Nkhani iyi yikamara pa ungano wa ku Algeciras mu 1906. Nkhondo ya ku Agadir iyo yikacitika mu 1911, yikanangiska vinthu pakati pa maboma gha ku Europe. Phangano la Fez ilo likachitika mu 1912, likapangiska kuti Morocco waŵe pasi pa boma la France. Spain wakalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu phangano lenelili, Spain wakajilambika kuti ndiyo wavikilirenge vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu Morocco. Ŵanyake ŵakagura malo ghakurughakuru gha vyakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakanozga vyakusungiramo vinthu na kunozga migodi. Magulu agho ghakaŵa na vilato ivi ghakalutilira kukhuŵilizga caru ca France kuti cikhozge mazaza ghake pa Morocco. Mulara wa boma la France, kazembe mukuru Hubert Lyautey, wakatemwanga comene mitheto ya ku Morocco ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe na sukulu za mazuŵa ghano. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco (Goumiers panji ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari) ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku France mu Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kweniso mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru ya ku Spain na pamanyuma pake. Muzga wakamara mu 1925.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html Morocco: Date of the abolishment of slavery in Morocco; whether descendants of ex-slaves are singled out in any way; and fate of the Palace household and grounds staff when King Mohamed V was in exile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203121733/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad6164.html |date=3 February 2014 }}'', 13 August 1999, MAR32476.E</ref>[[File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Mapu agho ghakulongora umo charu cha France chikapokelera charu cha Morocco kufuma mu 1907 m'paka 1934]] Pakati pa 1921 na 1926, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka mu mapiri gha Rif, ndipo Abd el-Krim ndiyo wakadangiliranga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakagwiliskira nchito mabomba na gasi kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti charu cha Rif chiŵe na wanangwa. Ŵakaleka ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 13,000 pa nkhondo ya Annual mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1921 pera. Paumaliro, mu 1927, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na Spain ŵakaŵakoma. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain na France ŵakakomeka ŵanthu 52,000 ndipo ŵa ku Riffi 10,000 ŵakafwa. Mu 1943, chipani cha Istiqlal (Independence Party) chikapangika kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujiyimira pawekha, na wovwiri wa United States. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakagwiliskira nchito mawupu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire kumazga muwuso wa ŵakoloni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stenner |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082294927 |title=Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |location=Stanford, California |pages=15 |oclc=1082294927}}</ref> Chipani cha Istiqlal ndicho chikalongozganga gulu ili. Mu 1953, boma la France likati lafumiska Sultan Mohammed V ku Madagascar na kumupa ufumu Mohammed Ben Aarafa. Nkhaza zikuru comene zikacitikira mu msumba wa Oujda, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Europe. Mu 1955, France likazomerezga kuti Mohammed V wawelere ku Morocco, ndipo chaka chakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kudumbiskana kuti charu cha Morocco chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu Malichi 1956, charu cha Morocco chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, caru ca Spain cikapeleka malo ghake ghakulongozga kumpoto kwa Morocco ku caru ciphya ici, kweni cikalutilira kuŵa na malo ghaŵiri (Ceuta na Melilla) agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Sultan Mohammed wakaŵa fumu mu 1957. ===Post-independence=== [[File:وثيقة الاستقلال 11 يناير 1944.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Proclamation of Independence of Morocco]] of 1944.]] Pa nyifwa ya Mohammed V, Hassan II wakaŵa fumu ya Morocco pa 3 March 1961. Mu 1963, boma la Morocco likachita mavoti ghakwamba. Ndipouli, Hassan wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo wakalekeska ntchito ya Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1965. Mu 1971, pakaŵa ciyezgo cakuti ŵathereske fumu na kukhazikiska boma. Komiti ya unenesko iyo yikapangika mu 2005 kuti yamanye umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga pa nyengo iyo wakalamuliranga, yikati pali milandu pafupifupi 10,000, kusazgapo nyifwa mu jele na kusunkhunyika. Ŵanthu 592 ŵakakomeka mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hassan, kuyana na komiti ya unenesko. Mu 1969, chigaŵa cha Ifni icho chikaŵa kumwera kwa Spain chikawezgeka kwa Morocco. Gulu la Polisario likapangika mu 1973, na cilato ca kuzenga boma lakujiyimira mu Sahara. Pa Novembala 6, 1975, Themba Hassan likapempha ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵambukire ku Sahara. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 ŵakaŵapo pa "Maseŵera Ghakutowa".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14123260 |title=Morocco profile – Timeline |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, caru ca Spain cikazomera kufumamo mu caru ca Spanish Sahara, ico cikeneranga kuzgoka Western Sahara, na kucitolera ku caru ca Morocco na Mauritania, nangauli Algeria yikaŵasuska. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco ŵakanjira mu caru ici. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na Algeria ŵakakumana ku Western Sahara. Morocco na Mauritania ŵakagaŵikana Western Sahara. Nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na ŵasilikari ŵa Polisario yikalutilira kwa vilimika vinandi. Nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali yikatimbanizga ndalama za Morocco. Mu 1983, Hassan wakawuskapo mavoti agho ghakeneranga kucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali na suzgo la vya cuma. Mu 1984, Morocco wakafumamo mu wupu wa African Unity pakususkana na umo SADR yikazomerezgekera. Gulu la Polisario likati likakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵa ku Morocco pakati pa 1982 na 1985. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria ŵakuti ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Sahara ku Algeria nchakukwana 165,000. Mu 1988, boma la Algeria likambaso kukolerana na charu ichi. Mu 1991, wupu wa United Nations ukadumura vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira caru ca Western Sahara, kweni malo agha ghacali pa ngozi. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, pakaŵa mphindano zinandi pa nkhani ya kufumiska ŵanthu ku malo agha, kweni ŵakaleka yayi. Mu ma 1990, boma la Morocco likasintha vinthu ndipo mu 1997 likaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri zakulongozga.[[File:Les Marocains manifestent pour des réformes (5630977929).jpg|thumb|Protestors in [[Casablanca]] demand that authorities honor their promises of political reform.]] Themba Hassan II likafwa mu 1999 ndipo mwana wake, Mohammed VI ndiyo wakatorapo malo ghake. Iyo ni munthu wakusintha vinthu mwamahara, ndipo wacitiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Morocco's king pardons satirist |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3376601.stm |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2004}}</ref> Mu 2002, Mohammed VI wakaluta ku Western Sahara. Mu 2007, Morocco wakavumbura ndondomeko ya wupu wa United Nations yakupeleka wanangwa ku Western Sahara. Gulu la Polisario likakana ndondomeko iyi ndipo likapeleka fundo yake. Morocco na Polisario ŵakadumbiskana na UN mu msumba wa New York kweni ŵakakolerana yayi. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakanjira mu msasa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ku Western Sahara. Mu 2002, Morocco na Spain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵepo pa nkhani ya Perejil. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakatora cirwa ico kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo yayi pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco ŵafika na kuŵika mahema na ndembera. Mu 2005, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumba kuti ŵanjire mu vigaŵa vya Melilla na Ceuta. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakafumiskika ku Morocco. Mu 2006, pulezidenti wa Spain, Zapatero, wakaluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Spain. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa Spain mu vilimika 25 kuti walute ku malo agha. Chaka chakulondezgapo, fumu ya Spain, Juan Carlos I, yikiza ku Ceuta na Melilla, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska chomene Morocco. Mu 2011-2012 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalongoreka mu Rabat na mu misumba yinyake kuti ŵapemphe kusintha ndyali na dango liphya ilo lingakanizga mazaza gha fumu. Mu Julayi 2011, Themba likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na dango liphya ilo likayowoya kuti liŵawovwire kumazga vivulupi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya Arab Spring. Nangauli Mohammed VI wakachitanga vyakusintha, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu Meyi 2012, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku ungano wa ŵamalonda ku Casablanca. Awo ŵakanjira pa ungano uwu ŵakasuska boma chifukwa cha kutondeka kusintha vinthu. == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main|Geography of Morocco}} [[File:Atlas Mountains snow cover.jpg|thumb|[[Toubkal]], the highest peak in Northwest Africa, at {{convert|4167|m|abbr=on|0}}]] [[File:Panorama Djebel el Kest.jpg|thumb|A section of the [[Anti-Atlas]] near [[Tafraout]]]] [[File:Morocco Atlas 01.jpg|thumb|upright|An old [[Cedrus atlantica|Atlas cedar]] tree in the Atlas range]] Morocco wali na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic iyo yikuluta ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Spain kumpoto (mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean na mphaka na malo ghatatu gha ku Spain, Ceuta, Melilla, na Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera). Pakuti Morocco ndiyo wakwendeska chigaŵa chikuru cha Western Sahara, mphaka yake ya kumwera yili na Mauritania. Malire gha charu ichi ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose ghali pakati pa latitude 27° na 36°N, na longitude 1° na 14°W. Para tikusazgako Sahara, Morocco yili pakati pa 21° na 36°N, na 1° na 17°W (Chingwe cha Ras Nouadhibou chili kumwera kwa 21° na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 17°).<ref name="ISO3166">{{cite web |date=15 May 2008 |title=English country names and code elements |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191154/http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=24 May 2008 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> Charu cha Morocco chili kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka ku mapiri na ku mapopa gha Sahara. Charu cha Morocco chili kumpoto kwa Africa, chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya North Atlantic na Mediterranean Sea, pakati pa Algeria na Western Sahara. Ni cimoza mwa vyaru vitatu (pamoza na Spain na France) ivyo vili na nyanja za Atlantic na Mediterranean.<ref name="ISO3166" /> Chigaŵa chikuru cha Morocco chili na mapiri. Mapiri gha Atlas ghali pakatikati na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mapiri gha Rif ghali kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi mba Ŵaberi. Na makilomita 446,550 (172,414 sq mi), Morocco kwambura Western Sahara ni chalo cikuru ca makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri na cinayi pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Morocco, nangauli mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi yili kujara kufuma mu 1994.<ref name="ISO3166" /> Charu cha Spain icho chili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, icho chili pafupi na Morocco, chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, virwa vya Chafarinas, na Perejil. Ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, virwa vya Canary ni vya Spain, apo kumpoto kwa Madeira ni vya Portugal. Kumpoto, Morocco wali na mphaka na Strait of Gibraltar, uko ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa nyanja za Atlantic na Mediterranean. Mapiri gha Rif ghakutambazga chigaŵa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani kufuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi mpaka kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Atlas ghakuthandazga charu ichi kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chili mu mapopa gha Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa mapiri agha, apo kumwera kuli Western Sahara, malo agho ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na Spain ndipo ghakaŵako mu 1975 (wonani Green March). Morocco wakuti Western Sahara nchigaŵa cake ndipo wakucichema kuti Southern Provinces. Msumba ukuru wa Morocco ni Rabat, ndipo msumba ukuru chomene ni Casablanca. Mu tawuni zinyake izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 pa kalembera wa ku Morocco wa mu 2014, mukaŵa Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Salé na Tangier. Morocco wakwimira mu ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 geographical coding standard na chimanyikwiro MA. Kode iyi ndiyo yikapangiska kuti paŵe chigaŵa cha pa Intaneti cha.ma.<ref name="ISO3166"/> ===Climate=== [[File:Morocco Köppen.svg|thumb|Köppen climate types in Morocco]] Kuyana na malo agho kuli charu ichi, charu cha Morocco chili na vyaru vya "nyengo yakuzizima ya chihanya" (Csa) na "nyengo yakuzizima ya mu mapopa" (BWh). Mapiri ghapakati na maji ghakuzizima gha ku Canary, agho ghali kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic, ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera mu Morocco. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Morocco, mu nyengo ya chihanya vinthu vikuŵa makora yayi. Nyengo iyi yikuyana waka na ya ku Southern California. Mu mapiri gha Rif, Middle, na High Atlas, muli nyengo zakupambanapambana: ku Mediterranean mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikwenda makora chomene. Mu vidika, dongo lakututuŵa na vula zinandi vikupangiska kuti makuni ghakututuŵa ghaŵeko. Nkhorongo za mabingu zili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rif na Middle Atlas. Ku malo ghapachanya chomene, malo agha ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Alps. Kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Atlas, kufupi na mphaka ya Algeria, nyengo yikuŵa yakomira comene, ndipo cihanya cikuŵa citali ndiposo cakotcha. Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene kutenthema na kuthukira mu mapiri chifukwa cha chisi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Morocco uko kuli kotcha chomene, kuli mapopa ghanandi gha Sahara, agho ghali na dambo na majalawe. Mwakupambana na chigaŵa cha Sahara kumwera, vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ni vyakututuŵa comene mu vigaŵa vya pakati na kumpoto kwa caru ici, ndipo ni malo agho kulimilira ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Chifukwa chakuti kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuli nyanja ya Atlantic, chili pafupi na Europe, kweniso kuli mapiri gha Rif na Atlas. Ici cikupangiska Morocco kuŵa caru ca mphambano. Malo gha nkhorongo ghakukwana pafupifupi 12 peresenti ya caru, ndipo malo ghakupwanthira ghakukwana 18 peresenti. Pa caru cose ca Morocco, pafupifupi 5% ya malo agha ghakuseŵereskeka.[[File:Merzouga sahara.jpg|thumb|Landscape of the [[Erg Chebbi]]]] [[File:Djebel Toubkal 01.jpg|thumb|[[Atlas Mountains]]]] Kwambura kupambaniska na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa caru ici (malo agho ghakaŵa pambere Sahara yindambe na mapopa), caru ca Morocco cili na mtende na malo ghakupambanapambana. Ntheura Morocco wali na malo agha: * '''Mediterranean:''' Chigaŵa ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilimwe chimakhala chotentha kwambiri komanso chouma, kutentha kwake kumakhala pakati pa 29 ° C (84.2 ° F) ndi 32 ° C (89.6 ° F). Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, ndipo zuŵa lililose ŵakuzizima chomene. Ku chigaŵa ichi kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 600 m'paka 800 m'paka 350 m'paka 500 m'paka kumafumiro gha dazi. Matawuni ghakuzirwa agho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi ni Tanger, Tetouan, Al Hoceima, Nador na Safi. * '''Sub-Mediterranean:'''Likukhwaska misumba iyo yili na malo gha ku Meditereniyani, kweni nyengo zinyake yikukhwaskika na malo ghanyake chifukwa chakuti yili pachanya chomene, panji chifukwa chakuti yili pafupi na Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ntheura pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikukhwaska nyengo.: :* ''Oceanic:'' Mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, mu chigaŵa cha Essaouira, nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana pafupifupi 21 °C. Nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikupambana pakati pa 400 na 700 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa agho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi ni Rabat, Casablanca, Kénitra, Salé na Essaouira. :* ''Continental:''Para nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikupambana chomene na nyengo yakuzizima, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikupambana chomene na nyengo yakuzizima. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, zuŵa lililose kutentha kwake kukufika pa 40 °C (104.0 °F), kweni kanandi kukuŵa pakati pa 32 °C (89.6 °F) na 36 °C (96.8 °F). Ndipouli, para dazi lanjira, nkhongono zikukwera. Kawirikawiri kutentha kwa usiku kumakhala pansi pa 20 ° C (68.0 ° F), ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kochepa kwambiri monga 10 ° C (50.0 ° F) pakati pa chilimwe. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu nyengo ya December na February, nyengo zinyake kuzizipizga kukuchepera. Nyengo zinyake kukuwa chiwuvi. Mwachiyelezgero, mu nyengo ya chiwuvi mu 2005, mu msumba wa Fès mukaŵa chithukivu cha −8 °C. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yili pakati pa 500 na 900 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Fès, Meknès, Chefchaouen, Beni-Mellal na Taza. * '''Continental:''' Chigaŵa ichi chili kumpoto na pakati pa charu ndipo nyengo ya chihanya yikotcha chomene. Kweni mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Ndipo para mphepo yakuzizima yakufuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi yikwiza ku Morocco, kwa mazuŵa ghacoko waka, nyengo zinyake kuzizima kwake kukuchepera -5°C. Kanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chikuru. Vimaji vikulokwa pakati pa 400 na 800 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Khenifra, Imilchil, Midelt na Azilal. * '''Alpine:''' Vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mapiri gha Middle Atlas na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha High Atlas. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, m'paka mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yitali, yakuzizima, na ya chiwuvi. Vimaji vikulokwa pakati pa 400 na 1200 mm. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, maji ghakuthukira chomene yayi, ndipo ghakuzizima chomene. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, maji ghakujumpha 8 °C. Ku chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghanandi ghakuchitira chiŵembu nga ni Oukaimeden na Mischliefen. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Ifrane, Azrou na Boulmane. * '''Semi-arid:''' Nyengo iyi yikusangika kumwera kwa caru na ku vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, uko kukulokwa maji ghacoko comene. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa ivi mukuŵa vyakumera vya ku Meditereniyani, nga ni vula izo zikulokwa kweniso malo agho kuli moto. Mu misumba iyi muli Agadir, Marrakesh, na Oujda. Kumwera kwa Agadir na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Jerada kufupi na mphaka za Algeria, malo ghakomira na gha mu mapopa ghakwamba kuŵa ghakutowa. Chifukwa chakuti charu cha Morocco chili pafupi na mapopa gha Sahara na Nyanja ya North ya Atlantic, pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakuzizima. Ndipouli, nyengo zinyake vinthu ivi vikulutilira yayi kujumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri panji ghankhondi. Vyaru panji vigaŵa ivyo vikuyana waka na Morocco ni Portugal, Spain, Algeria, na California, ku United States. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamuŵakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Pakuti charu ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo nyengo yake njakutentha kweniso njakomira, vingapangiska kuti vinthu vyambuke makora. Kuchokera ku 2019 Climate Change Performance Index, Morocco inali yachiwiri pokonzekera pambuyo pa Sweden .<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=MOROCCO: Ranked second worldwide in climate change control|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-ranked-second-worldwide-in-climate-change-control/|date=30 April 2020|website=Afrik 21|language=en-US|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ===Biodiversity=== [[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|thumb|An adult male [[Barbary macaque]] carrying his offspring, a behaviour rarely found in other primates.]] [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|thumb|The [[Barbary lion]]]] Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya mu vyaru vya Morocco ni vinandi. Chigaŵa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo pali vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. Viyuni vyakupambanapambana vikupambana. Viyuni vya ku Morocco vili na vyamoyo 454, ndipo vinkhondi mwa vyamoyo ivi vikwiza na ŵanthu.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Nkhalamu za ku Barbary, izo zikupwetekeka chomene mu thengere, zikufuma ku Morocco. Nkhalamu ya Barbary yaumaliro iyo yikaŵa mu thengere yikakomeka mu mapiri gha Atlas mu 1922. Viyuni vinyake viŵiri ivyo vikurya nyama mu kumpoto kwa Africa, ni nkhalamira ya ku Atlas na nyalubwe wa ku Barbary. Viyuni vinyake vya ku West Africa vikaŵa mu mlonga wa Draa m'paka mu ma 1900.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Nyama ya Barbary macaque, iyo yikukhala ku Morocco na Algeria, nayo yili pafupi kumara cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakumazga malonda ghake, ŵanthu ŵakwenda mu matawuni ghanandi, makuni na malo ghakurughakuru ghakusakazika.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Kuguliska vinyama na vyakumera kuti viŵe chakurya, vinyama vyakukhala navyo, munkhwala, vinthu vyakukumbukirapo, na vyakujambura vithuzi ni vyakuzara chomene mu Morocco. Kuguliska viŵeto uku kulije malango ndipo kukupangiska kuti vinyama vyamuthengere vichepeko. Chifukwa chakuti kumpoto kwa Morocco kuli kufupi na Europe, vyamoyo nga ni viyuni vya cacti, visomba, vikumba vya vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa, na viyuni vyakuzirwa chomene (viyuni vya nkhonyo na viyuni vya nkhonyo) vikukoreka mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu ichi na kutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Ku Morocco kuli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana: vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean conifer na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean acacia-argania dry forests and succulent thickets, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean Mediterranean woodlands and forests, na vyakumera vya ku North Sahara steppe and woodlands. Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa cha 6.74/10, ndipo chili pa malo 66 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. 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M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ndale == {{main|Politics of Morocco}} [[File:King Mohammed VI (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[King of Morocco]], [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]].]] Ku Morocco kukaŵa muwuso wankhongono chomene kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2014. Lipoti la 2014 la Freedom of the Press likati "Ndilo Lambura Ufulu". Kweni ivi vyasintha, ndipo charu cha Morocco chalembeka kuti ni charu cha "hybrid regime" na Democracy Index kwambira mu 2015; apo lipoti la Freedom of the Press mu 2017 likalutizga kuwona kuti nyuzipepara ya ku Morocco yikalutilira kuŵa "yambura wanangwa", kweni yikati "nkhwa wanangwa yayi" chifukwa cha "Net Freedom" na "Freedom in the World". Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Malichi 1998, boma la wupu wakulongozga likapangika na mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition Abderrahmane Youssoufi ndipo likapangika na nduna izo zikafuma ku vipani vya opposition. Boma la Prime Minister Youssoufi likaŵa boma lakwamba ilo likapangika kufuma ku vyaru vyakwimikana na boma, ndipo likaŵa mwaŵi wakwamba kuti maboma gha Socialists, Center-of-left, na Nationalist ghaŵepo mu boma mpaka mu Okutobala 2002. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu mdauko wa ndyali wa mazuŵa ghano mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu kuti ŵakususka ŵambe kuwusa. Boma ili likulongozgeka na Aziz Akhannouch. Ndondomeko ya malango ya Morocco yikulongosora za muwuso wa ufumu uwo uli na Nyumba ya Malamulo na makhoti ghakujiyimira. Mu 2011, Themba la Morocco likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, apo nduna yikuru yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi.<ref>Schemm, Paul (17 June 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623180751/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110617/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_morocco_king King declares Morocco a constitutional monarchy]. Associated Press.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html Moroccan king in referendum win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053618/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0702/breaking8.html |date=24 October 2012 }}. ''The Irish Times''. 2 July 2011.</ref> Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti themba liŵe na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. Wakulongozga wupu wa nduna; wakusora nduna yikuru kufuma mu chipani icho capokera vithuzithuzi vinandi pa ma parliamentary election, ndipo pa ulongozgi wa wupu uwu, wakusora mamembala gha boma. Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1996 yikatenge themba lingamazga nduna yiliyose, ndipo para lakumana na ŵalongozgi ŵa Nyumba za Ufumu, lingamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo, kulekeska malango gha boma, kuchema ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge mavoti, panji kulamulira na dango. Ici cikacitika mu 1965. Themba ndilo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. ===Legislative branch=== [[File:Parliament of morocco.jpg|thumb|The legislature's building in Rabat.]] Kufuma waka apo boma likasinthira malango mu 1996, wupu wakulongozga uli na nyumba ziŵiri. Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ya Morocco (Majlis an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Représentants) yili na mamembara 325 agho ghakusankhika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, 295 ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vinandi ndipo 30 mu vyaru vyose. Nyumba ya Malango (Majlis al-Mustasharin) yili na mamembara 270, agho ghakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri. Maluso gha Nyumba ya Malamulo, nangauli ghakaŵa ghakukanizgika, ghakathandazgika mu 1992 na 1996 kweniso mu 2011 ndipo ghakusazgapo nkhani za bajeti, kuzomerezga malango, kufumba ma minisitara, na kukhazikiska makomiti gha ad hoc ghakufufuza ivyo boma likucita. Nyumba ya mafumu yingawuskapo boma mwa kususka. Pa 8 September, 2021 pakachitika chisankho chapulezidenti. Kuvota pa mavoti agha kukaŵa 50.35% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka. === Ŵankhondo === [[File:FREMM Mohammed VI - Lorient 2013-05.JPG|thumb|''Mohammed VI'', a [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]] of the [[Royal Moroccan Navy]].]] [[File:Lion120051.jpg|thumb|US Marines and Moroccan soldiers during exercise African Lion in [[Tan-Tan]].]] {{main|Royal Moroccan Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Morocco lili na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu (Royal Armed Forces). Vinthu vya mukati mwa charu vikuŵa makora, ndipo nkhaza za ndyali zikuchitika viŵi yayi (pakuleka kuphulika kwa bomba ku Casablanca mu 2003 uko kukakoma ŵanthu 45).<ref>Migdalovitz, Carol (3 February 2010). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120125150908/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS21579_20100203.pdf Morocco: Current Issues] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125150908/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS21579_20100203.pdf |date=25 January 2012}}'', Congressional Research Service.</ref> Wupu wa UN uli na ŵalaŵiliri ŵachoko waka mu Western Sahara, uko kuli ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco. Gulu la Saharawi Polisario lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5,000 mu Western Sahara ndipo likulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco kwambira mu ma 1970. ===Foreign relations=== {{main|Foreign relations of Morocco}} Charu cha Morocco chili mu wupu wa United Nations ndipo chili mu wupu wa African Union (AU), Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Movement of Non-Aligned and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN_SAD). Vinthu vikupambana comene pakati pa vyaru vya ku Africa, vyaru vya ku Arab, na vyaru vya ku Western. Morocco wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kuti wasangepo candulo pa vya cuma na ndyali. France na Spain ndiwo ŵakwendera lumoza malonda, kweniso ndiwo ŵali na ngongoli zinandi na ndalama za ku vyaru vinyake mu Morocco. Pa ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu Morocco, ciŵelengero ca caru ca Europe ni 73.5%, apo ca caru ca Arabia ni 19.3%. Vyaru vinandi vya ku Persian Gulf na Maghreb vikunjilirapo comene pa milimo yikuru ya kuzenga mu Morocco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memrieconomicblog.org/bin/content.cgi?article=190 |title= GCC Countries Invest Heavily in Morocco |access-date=23 October 2009}}</ref> [[File:Ceuta-melilla.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Morocco claims sovereignty over Spanish enclaves of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]].]] Morocco yikaŵa chalo cimoza pera cha mu Africa icho cikaŵa ciŵaro ca African Union yayi cifukwa ca kufumamo kwake pa 12 Novembala 1984 cifukwa ca kupokelereka kwa Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic mu 1982 na African Union (iyo yikacemekanga Organisation of African Unity) nga ni ciŵaro cakufikapo kwambura kunozga referendum ya kujisankhirathu mu chigaŵa ca Western Sahara. Morocco wakawelera ku AU pa 30 January 2017.<ref name="worldbulletin">{{cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/todays-news/183967/morocco-rejoins-african-union |title=Morocco rejoins African Union |publisher=Worldbulletin |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38795676 |title=Morocco to rejoin African Union despite Western Sahara dispute |access-date=31 January 2017 |publisher=bbc.com|work=BBC News |date=30 January 2017}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2021, charu cha Algeria chikadumura ubwezi wake na Morocco. Mu 2002, pakaŵa mphindano na Spain pa cirwa cicoko ca Perejil. Vyaru ivi vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani ndipo vili kuzingilizgika na Morocco. Boma la George W. Bush likapa Morocco udindo wa kuŵa mubwezi wake wa pa caru cose. Boma la Bush mu 2004. Charu cha Morocco ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga muwuso wa United States (mu 1777). Charu cha Morocco chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera comene ku vyaru vyapafupi. ===Western Sahara status=== {{main|Legal status of Western Sahara}} [[File:Westernsaharamap.png|thumb|left|Morocco annexed Western Sahara in 1975. The [[Polisario Front]] control the territory east of the [[Moroccan Wall|Moroccan ''berm'' (wall)]].]] Chifukwa cha nkhondo ya ku Western Sahara, malo gha Saguia el-Hamra na Río de Oro ghakukayikira. Nkhondo ya ku Western Sahara yikapangiska kuti gulu la Polisario, gulu lakuwukira boma la Sahara, limaranenge na Morocco na Mauritania pakati pa 1976 na 1991. Wupu wa United Nations, MINURSO, uli na mulimo wa kunozga referendum ya usange malo agha ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha panji kughawona kuŵa chigaŵa cha Morocco. Chigaŵa chinyake cha chigaŵa ichi, ni malo ghambura ŵanthu ndipo Polisario Front ndiyo yikuwusa. Malo ghake ghakulongozgera ghali ku Tindouf, Algeria. Kuzakafika mu 2006, pakaŵavya boma la UN ilo likazomera kuti Morocco ndiyo yili na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Western Sahara. Mu 2020, United States pasi pa muwuso wa Trump yikaŵa chalo chakwambilira cha ku Western icho chikakhozgera mazaza gha Morocco pa chigaŵa cha Western Sahara, pa phangano lakuti Morocco yikambeso kukolerana na Israel. Mu 2006, boma la Morocco likasachizga kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga, kwizira mu wupu wa Royal Advisory Council for Sahara Affairs (CORCAS). Ntchito iyi yikapelekeka ku wupu wa United Nations Security Council pakati pa Epulero 2007. Ŵabwezi ŵa Morocco nga ni United States, France, na Spain ŵakakondwa comene na fundo iyi. Wupu wakuvikilira wamuchema vyaru kuti viyambiske kudumbiskana mwakudunjika na kwambura fundo kuti vifike pa nthowa yakuzomerezgana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minurso/reports.shtml|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara |date=13 April 2007|access-date=18 May 2007 |work=UN Security Council}}</ref>{{Clear}} === Administrative divisions === [[File:Administrative Regions of Morocco.jpg|thumb|The administrative regions of Morocco]] Morocco wali kugaŵika vigaŵa 12, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 62 na vigaŵa 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yma.html|title=Morocco Prefectures|website=www.statoids.com}}</ref> '''Regions''' # [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]] # [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] # [[Fès-Meknès]] # [[Rabat-Salé-Kénitra]] # [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]] # [[Casablanca-Settat]] # [[Marrakesh-Safi]] # [[Drâa-Tafilalet]] # [[Souss-Massa]] # [[Guelmim-Oued Noun]] # [[Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra]] # [[Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab]] === Human rights === {{See also|Human rights in Morocco|LGBT rights in Morocco}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 m'paka m'ma 1980, mu muwuso wa Hassan II, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni comene mu Africa na caru cose. Boma likakanizganga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ivyo boma likusankha, ndipo likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hassan II, m'paka apo likamalira mu 1990. Vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanyawo vikachemekanga kuti "Vyaka vya Plomb" (Les Années de Plomb). Kuti ŵamanye uheni uwo ukacitikanga mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Themba Hassan II (1961-1999), boma la Themba Mohammed likakhazikiska Komiti ya Mtende na Kuphemana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230433/http://www.ictj.com/mena/morocco.asp ''ICTJ Activity in Morocco''] – [[International Center for Transitional Justice]] (ICTJ) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230433/http://www.ictj.com/mena/morocco.asp|date=28 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2005/morocco1105/6.htm#_Toc119468378|title=Morocco's Truth Commission: Honoring Past Victims during an Uncertain Present: V. Constraints on the ERC|website=hrw.org|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031020038/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/morocco1105/6.htm#_Toc119468378|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuyana na lipoti lapachaka la Human Rights Watch mu 2016, boma la Morocco likakanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya vyamtende, kuwungana na kuwungana kwizira mu malango ghanandi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakulutilira kweruzga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma panji themba (panji banja lacifumu). Kweniso pali maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti caru ca Sahara ciŵe cakukolerana na boma kweniso awo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Polisario ku Western Sahara. Morocco wakususkika kuti wakusunga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti Sahara yikhale yekha nga ni ŵakayidi ŵa njuŵi. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kweniso kugonana pambere munthu wandatorane ni kwaukazuzi mu Morocco, ndipo munthu wangakakika kwa myezi 6 m'paka vyaka vitatu. Ntchakuzomerezgeka yayi kusopa chisopa chinyake padera pa Chisilamu (Ndime 220 ya Dango la Maroko), ndipo mulandu uwu ukulangika na jele vyaka 15. Kucitira nkhaza ŵanakazi na kuŵatimbanizga vya kugonana kwaŵa mulandu. Ŵangaŵa na cilango ca mwezi umoza mpaka vilimika vinkhondi, kweniso ndalama zakukwana madola 200 mpaka 1,000. Mu Meyi 2020, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakakhala mu Spain chifukwa cha suzgo la COVID-19. Boma la Spain likati likudumbiskana na boma la Morocco vya kuwezga ŵantchito awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake mu caru cawo kwizira mu "ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-05-24/coronavirus-moroccans-spain-head-home|title=Moroccans trapped in Spain for 2 months due to coronavirus head home at last|access-date=24 May 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|date=24 May 2020}}</ref> == Chuma == {{main|Economy of Morocco}} [[File:CasablancaFAR.jpg|thumb|left|Boulevard des FAR (Forces Armées Royales)]] Chuma cha Morocco chikuwoneka kuti ntchawanangwa ndipo chikulongozgeka na dango la kupempha na kupeleka. Kwambira mu 1993, caru ici cikulondezga ndondomeko ya kusaska vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma. Charu cha Morocco chazgoka chigaŵa chikuru mu vyakusanguluska vya mu Africa, ndipo ni caru ca nambara 5 mu vyakusanguluska vya mu Africa. Charu cha Morocco ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba mu Africa kuŵa na umoyo uwemi kuyana na Economist Intelligence Unit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, in the years since that first-place ranking was given, Morocco has slipped into fourth place behind [[Egypt]]. [[File:Map of Morocco's exports as of 2017.svg|thumb|Map of Morocco's exports as of 2017]] Boma likasintha vinthu ndipo kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu charu ichi chikakwera chomene pa chaka. Pa chaka cha 2012, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoyerathu kuti caru ca Morocco cizamukulirako na 4%, ndipo mu 2013 cizamukulirako na 4.2%. Vigaŵa vya uteŵeti vikupanga pafupifupi hafu ya GDP, ndipo vigaŵa vya migodi, vyakuzenga, na vyakupangira, vikupanga vigaŵa vinyake vinayi. Vigaŵa ivyo vikakura comene ni vyakusanguluska, vyamafoni, vyakupangapanga, na vyakuvwara. ===Tourism=== {{main|Tourism in Morocco}} [[File:Koutbia.jpg|thumb|The [[Koutoubia Mosque]] in Marrakech.]] Ulendo ni cimoza mwa vyaru vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ca Morocco. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwendakwenda awo ŵakutemwa chomene vyakumera, mitheto, na mbiri ya charu ichi. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 13 miliyoni ŵakiza ku Morocco. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ku Morocco kuŵe ndalama zinandi. Boma la Morocco likuŵika ndalama zinandi pa vyaulendo, mu 2010 boma likamba ntchito ya Vision 2020 iyo yikukhumba kuti Morocco yiŵe yimoza mwa vyalo 20 vyakwendakwenda chomene pa charu chose na kusazgirako kaŵiri chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza kufuma ku vyaru vyakupambanapambana kufika pa 20 miliyoni kufika mu 2020, na chigomezgo kuti pa nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakwendakwenda chizamukwera kufika pa 20% ya GDP. Maboma ghakupharazga kuti charu cha Morocco ntchiwemi kukendera, kweni ntchiwemi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku Morocco mba ku Europe, ndipo pafupifupi 20% ya awo ŵakuluta ku Morocco mba ku France. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakuluta ku charu ichi mu Epulero na Ogasiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourisme.gov.ma/en/tourism-figures/dashboards|title=Dashboards|website=Kingdom of Morocco, Ministry of Tourism|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329175651/https://www.tourisme.gov.ma/en/tourism-figures/dashboards}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha chifukwa cha malo agho ghalipo. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Morocco cili pafupi na Spain, ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku virwa vya kumwera kwa Spain ŵakuluta ku caru ici kwa zuŵa limoza panji ghatatu. Kufuma waka apo maulendo gha ndege ghakambira pakati pa Morocco na Algeria, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakuluta ku Morocco kukagura vinthu na kukawona ŵabali na ŵabwezi ŵawo. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa dirhamu na kukwera kwa mitengo ya mahotelo ku Spain, malo agha ghalije ndalama zinandi. Morocco wali na misewu yiwemi chomene na njanji izo zikovwira kuti misumba yikuru na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo viŵe na virwa. Makampani gha ndege ghakurughakuru ghakupeleka ndege zakudura ku charu ichi.[[File:Fes (5364214781).jpg|thumb|View of the medina (old city) of [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]].]] Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Morocco nga ni misumba yakale. Makampani ghakwendakwenda ghakugwiliskira nchito malo ghakale gha ku Morocco agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, Ŵaroma, na Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga. Agadir ni malo ghakurughakuru agho ŵanthu ŵakugona usiku. Ku malo agha ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona mapiri gha Atlas. Malo ghanyake ghakucezgera agho ghali kumpoto kwa Morocco ngakumanyikwa comene. Casablanca ni dowoko likuru la maulendo gha mu nyanja mu Morocco, ndipo lili na msika wakunozgekera makora wa ŵalendo mu Morocco. Munda wa Majorelle uwo uli ku Marrakech ndiwo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukawona. Mu 1980, Yves Saint-Laurent na Pierre Bergé ŵakagura. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhozga chomene msumba uwu kuti uŵe wakutowa ku ŵalendo. Kufumira mu 2006, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu mapiri gha Atlas na Rif ndigho ghakwendakwenda mwaluŵiro comene mu Morocco. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakwenda na kwenda kufuma kuumaliro wa Malichi m'paka pakati pa Novembala. Boma likuŵika ndalama zinandi pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwenda. Kweniso ŵakucita vyakusanguluska mu mapopa kuti ŵacimbanenge na vyaru vya ku Tunisia.<ref name=Shackley>{{cite book |title=Atlas of Travel And Tourism Development |last=Shackley |first=Myra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWOw_U8WpZUC |year=2006 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-6348-9 |pages=43–44}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== {{main|Agriculture in Morocco}} {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Morocco}} ===Infrastructure=== [[File:Al Boraq RGV2N2 at Tanger Ville.jpg|thumb|left|Al Boraq RGV2N2 high-speed trainset at Tanger Ville railway station in November 2018]] Kuyana na lipoti la Global Competitiveness Report la 2019, Morocco wali pa nambara 32 pa caru cose pa nkhani ya misewu, nambara 16 pa nyanja, nambara 45 pa mlengalenga na nambara 64 pa njanji. Ici cikupangiska Morocco kuŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Boma likuŵika mtima comene pa kupanga vinthu vyamahara, nga ni madoko, viŵanja vya ndege, na njanji. Kuti boma la Morocco lipulikiske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba, likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 15 biliyoni kufuma mu 2010 m'paka mu 2015 pakunozga vinthu vya mu charu ichi. Morocco wali na misewu yiwemi comene pa caru cose. Mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, boma la Japan lazenga misewu ya makilomita pafupifupi 1,770 iyo yikukolerana na misumba yikuruyikuru. Unduna wa Vyakovwira Ŵanthu ku Morocco, wa Vyakwendeskera Vinthu, na Maji, ukukhumba kuzengaso misewu yinyake ya makilomita 3380 na misewu yinyake ya makilomita 2100 m'paka mu 2030, pa mtengo wa madola mabiliyoni 9.6. Ntchito iyi yikovwira kuti vigaŵa vya kumwera, chomenechomene misumba ya Laayoune na Dakhla, viŵe paubwezi na vigaŵa vinyake vya Morocco. Mu 2014, Morocco wakamba kuzenga njanji yakwamba ya mu Africa iyo yikudumura tawuni ya Tangiers na Casablanca. Wakajulika mu 2018 na fumu pamanyuma pakunozga na kuzenga kwa vyaka 10 na kampani ya sitima ya ONCF. Ni cigaŵa cakwamba ca cigaŵa ca sitima ya pa liŵiro likuru mu Morocco. Pasono ŵakunozgekera kusazgirako msewu uwu m'paka ku Marrakesh. Kweniso ku Morocco kuli dowoko likuru comene mu Africa na Mediterranean lakucemeka Tanger-Med, ilo lili pa nambara 18 pa caru cose na katundu wakukwana makontena ghakujumpha 9 miliyoni. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Tangiers Free Economic Zone, ndipo ni malo ghakwendeskera vinthu ku Africa na vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmpa.ma/en/activites-services/activite-conteneurs/|title=Tanger Med Port Authority – Containers Activity|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902203857/https://www.tmpa.ma/en/activites-services/activite-conteneurs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Energy=== {{main|Energy in Morocco}} [[File:Isofoton Marruecos.JPG|thumb|[[Solar cell]] panels in eastern Morocco]] Mu 2008, mafuta ghakukwana 56% gha magesi gha ku Morocco ghakafuma ku malasha. Ndipouli, pakuti vyaru vya Morocco vikukhumba nkhongono zinandi pa chaka kufuma mu 2012 m'paka 2050, dango liphya likukhozga ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi kuti ŵapenje nthowa zakupambanapambana zakupangira nkhongono. Boma la Morocco layambiska mulimo wa kuzenga malo ghakupangira magesi ghakufuma ku nkhongono za dazi.<ref name="english.nuqudy.com">{{cite web |title=Natural Gas to Fuel Morocco. Nuqudy.com (2012-04-12) |url=http://english.nuqudy.com/North_Africa/Natural_Gas_to_Fuel-1576 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630022606/http://english.nuqudy.com/North_Africa/Natural_Gas_to_Fuel-1576 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> Morocco wamba kuzenga mapulagi ghakurughakuru gha magesi gha dazi kuti ghaleke kugwiliskira nchito mafuta ghakusunkhunyika, kweniso kuti ghapeleke magesi ku Europe. Pa 17 April, 2022, Rabat- wupu wa Morocco wakuwona vya nkhongono ya dazi (Masen) na unduna wa vya nkhongono na chitukuko chakukhazikika ukati wazakambiska chigaŵa chakwamba cha projekiti yikuru ya Nor II, iyo ni projekiti ya nkhongono ya dazi ya malo ghanandi na nkhongono yakujumpha 400 megawatts (MN). ===Narcotics=== [[File:Cannabis Fields in Ketama Tidighine mountain, Morocco.jpg|thumb|Munda wa cannabis pa phiri la Ketama Tidighine, Morocco]] Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima munkhwala wa cannabis mu chigaŵa cha Rif. Mu 2004, kuyana na lipoti la UN World Drugs Report, kulima na kusinthiska cannabis kukaŵa 0.57% ya GDP ya Morocco mu 2002. Kuyana na lipoti la Unduna wa Vyamukati mwa France la mu 2006, 80% ya thovu la cannabis (hashish) ilo likugwiliskirika nchito mu Europe likufuma ku chigaŵa cha Rif ku Morocco, uko kuli mapiri ghanandi kumpoto kwa Morocco, kweniso malo ghakutowa comene agho ghakuthandazgikira kufuma ku mlonga wa Melwiyya na Ras Kebdana kumafumiro gha dazi mpaka ku Tanger na Cape Spartel kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso chigaŵa ichi chili kufuma ku nyanja ya Mediterranean kumwera, uko kuli Mlonga wa Wergha. Kweniso, Morocco ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda kufuma ku South America kuluta ku Western Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html#mo |title=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=20 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229044611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html#mo |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> === Water supply and sanitation === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Morocco}} Mu Morocco, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maofesi ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo makampani ghapachanya gha mu tawuni yikuru ya Casablanca, Rabat, na misumba yinyake yiŵiri. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukupeleka maji ghanandi ku mawupu agho ghakuzunurika, ukupeleka maji mu matawuni ghachoko waka pafupifupi 500, kweniso ukupeleka maji ghakwenda makora mu matawuni 60. Mu vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha, vinthu vyasintha comene pa nkhani ya maji na malo ghakutowa. Vyakusuzga vinyake ni vyakuti maji ghakwenda makora yayi (pa maji ghakwenda makora 13 peresenti pera), nyumba zikwenda makora yayi mu vikaya vikavu chomene, kweniso vyakumera vikwenda makora yayi (20 peresenti ya vyakumera vikwenda makora yayi). Mu 2005, ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe pulogiramu ya kuzenga maji ghakwenda makora mu misumba iyo yikukhumba kumazga maji ghakubinkha 60 pa 100 gha mu misumba yose. Nkhani ya kusoŵa maji ku ŵanthu ŵakavu mu matawuni yikuyowoyeka mu ndondomeko ya National Human Development Initiative, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura kuzengeka makora ŵapokere katundu wa malo na kulekerathu kulipira ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka maji. == Sayansi na tekinoloji == {{Main|Science and technology in Morocco}} Boma la Morocco likuchita vinthu vinyake kuti lisambizge makora ŵanthu na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵasambirenge makora. Mu Meyi 2009, nduna yikuru ya Morocco, Abbas El Fassi, yikapharazga vya wovwiri ukuru ku sayansi pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research. Cilato cake cikaŵa cakuti maunivesite ghaŵe na wanangwa ukuru wa kusama ku boma mwakuti ghapulikiske makora ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakucita kafukufuku ndiposo kuti ghaŵe na mwaŵi wakukhozga ubwezi wawo na wupu wa ŵekha. Iyo wakapharazga kuti ndalama zakugwilira nchito mu sayansi na vyakupangapanga zizamukulirakulira kufuma pa 620,000 USD mu 2008 kufika pa 8.5 million USD (69 million Moroccan dirhams) mu 2009, mwakuti zakovwire kunozga na kuzenga ma laboratories, masukulu ghakusambizga ŵasayansi mu vya ndalama, pulogiramu ya masambiro gha masambiro gha ku yunivesite na vyakukhuŵirizga mabungwe agho ghakukhumba kupeleka ndalama zakugwilira nchito, nga nkhuŵapa mwaŵi wa kusanga ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito pakupanga vinthu viphya. Dziko la Morocco lili pa nambala 77 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kuchokera pa 74 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndondomeko ya ku Morocco ya Kupanga Vinthu Viphya yikambiskika pa ungano wakwamba wa ku Morocco uwo ukacitika mu Juni 2009. Ndondomeko ya Maroko ya Kupanga Vinthu Viphya yikayowoya kuti mu 2014, paŵe mapatenti 1,000 gha ku Morocco na kupanga makampani ghaphya gha 200. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakapempha mapatenti 197, apo vyaka viŵiri kumasinda ŵakaŵa 152. Mu 2011, Unduna wa vya Makampani, Malonda na Maluso Ghaphya ukayambiska gulu la ku Morocco la Kupanga Vinthu Viphya, mwakukolerana na ofesi ya ku Morocco yakuwona vya malonda. Fundo iyi njakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kusazgapo ŵasayansi, ŵamalonda, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵasambizgi, ŵawovwirepo pakupanga mapulojekiti ghaphya. Unduna wa vya Masambiro ghapacanya na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi ukuwovwira kafukufuku wa vyakupangapanga vyapacanya na kuzenga matawuni ghaphya gha Fez, Rabat na Marrakesh. Boma likuciska maboma kuti ghacitenge vinthu viphya pamoza na ŵanthu. Chiyelezgero chimoza ni Ofesi ya ku Morocco yakuwona vya Phosphate (Office chérifien des phosphates), iyo yikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana DH 4.7 biliyoni (pafupifupi USD 479 miliyoni) pa mulimo wakuzenga msumba wa King Mohammed VI Green City, kuzingilizga Yunivesite ya Mohammed VI iyo yili pakati pa Casablanca na Marrakesh.<ref name="Agenor">{{Cite book |last1=Zou'bi |first1=Moneef |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title=Arab States. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last2=Mohamed-Nour |first2=Samia |last3=El-Kharraz |first3=Jauad |last4=Hassan |first4=Nazar |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |location=Paris |pages=431–469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Morocco: Growth Strategy for 2025 in an Evolving International Environment|last1=Agénor|first1=P.R.|last2=El-Aynaoui|first2=K.|publisher=Policy Centre of the Office chérifien des phosphates|year=2015|location=Rabat}}</ref> Mu 2015, ku Morocco kukaŵa mapariki ghatatu. Kufuma waka apo paki yakwamba yikambira ku Rabat mu 2005, paki yachiŵiri yikambira ku Casablanca, ndipo mu 2015, paki yachitatu yikambira ku Tanger. Mu malo agha, mukuŵa makampani ghaphya na ghachoko na gha pakati, agho ghakusanga nchito mu vyakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti (ICT), vyakupanga vinthu vyamahara (green technologies) na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2012, wupu wa Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology ukawona vigaŵa vinandi ivyo Morocco wali na mwaŵi wa kupambanako na vyaru vinyake kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso, kusazgapo migodi, somba, vyakurya na vyakupangapanga. Kweniso likulongosora vyaru vinyake ivyo ni vyakuzirwa, nga ni vyamagetsi, ndipo vikovwira chomene vyamagetsi nga ni photovoltaic, thermal solar energy, mphepo na biomass. Pa Meyi 20, 2015, pati pajumpha chaka chimoza kufuma apo likambira ntchito yake, Wupu Wakulongozga pa Nkhani za Masambiro, Kusambizga na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi ukapeleka lipoti kwa themba. Lipoti ili likati masambiro ghaŵe ghakuyana waka, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambirenge. Pakuti kuwongolera masambiro kukwendera lumoza na kukhozga kafukufuku na vyakupangiska vinthu, lipoti ili likayowoyeraso kuti paŵe ndondomeko yikuru yakupanga vinthu vyakupangiska vinthu viphya mu vyaru vyose.<ref name="Agenor" /> == Ŵanthu == {{main|Demographics of Morocco|Moroccans}} {{Historical populations | style="width:180px;"|percentages=pagr |title = Populations (in thousands)<!-- milliers=thousands; millions=millions --> |source = {{lower|0.4em|<ref>{{cite web |title=Population du Maroc par année civile (en milliers et au milieu de l'année) par milieu de résidence : 1960 – 2050 |url=http://www.hcp.ma/Population-du-Maroc-par-annee-civile-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-l-annee-par-milieu-de-residence-1960-2050_a677.html |publisher=Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227092030/http://www.hcp.ma/Population-du-Maroc-par-annee-civile-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-l-annee-par-milieu-de-residence-1960-2050_a677.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |1950 |8986 |1960 |12329 |1970 |16040 |1980 |20072 |1990 |24950 |2000 |28951 |2010 |32108 |2020 |35952 }} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵalipo 37,076,584 (2021 est.). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo 44% m'paka 67%. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Ŵaharati na Ŵanawa (panji Gnaoua), awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵazga ŵa ku West Africa, kweniso Ŵamorisco, Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakachimbizgika ku Spain na Portugal mu ma 1700. Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu wa mu 2014, mu Morocco mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 84,000 awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku France, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Algeria. Paliso ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakugwira nchito ku makampani gha ku Europe. Pambere Maroko wandaŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kweniso pambere charu cha Morocco chindapoke wanangwa wake, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu 250,000 ŵa ku Spain. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalanga ku Morocco ŵakukwana 265,000 mu 1948, kweni sono ŵakukwana 2,500. Morocco yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵali ku France. Kweniso ku Spain kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco (ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000), Netherlands (360,000), na Belgium (300,000). Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Italy, Canada, United States, na Israel, uko Ŵayuda ŵa ku Morocco ndiwo ni fuko laciŵiri likuru comene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2016/2.ShnatonPopulation/st02_08x.pdf|title=Table 2.8 – Jews, by country of origin and age|date=2015|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Morocco}} Mu 2010, bungwe la Pew Forum likati visopa vyose mu charu ichi ni vya Chisilamu ndipo visopa vyose ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi ni vya Chisilamu. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ciisilamu, pafupifupi wose Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa ca Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu ŵa Cihiya ŵalipo 0.1%. Ndipouli, ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 pa 100 awo ŵakafumbika ŵakajiwonanga kuti Mbakhristu yayi. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu chaka cha 2021 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 67.8% ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na chisopa, 29.1% ŵakaŵa na chisopa, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa. Kafukufuku uyo Gallup International wakachita mu 2015, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 93% ku Morocco ŵakujiwona kuti ŵakusopa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious |url=https://www.gallup-international.bg/en/33531/losing-our-religion-two-thirds-of-people-still-claim-to-be-religious/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=Gallup International |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411115246/https://www.gallup-international.bg/en/33531/losing-our-religion-two-thirds-of-people-still-claim-to-be-religious/ |archive-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> [[File:Inside of a mosque in Fes (5364764412).jpg|thumb|The interior of a mosque in [[Fes]]]] Pambere Maroko wandaŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain na France). Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵakaluta ku Spain panji France mu 1956. Ŵakhristu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene Ŵakatolika na Ŵaprotesitanti, ŵalipo pafupifupi 40,000. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukhala mu matawuni gha Casablanca, Tangier, na Rabat. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa Chikhristu ŵakuyowoya kuti pakati pa 2005 na 2010 pakaŵa Ŵakhristu 5,000 awo ŵakang'anamukira ku Chikhristu. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Cikhristu ŵakuwona kuti mu caru cose muli Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 8,000, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mwakukhazikika yayi cifukwa ca kopa boma na kutambuzgika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵakusopa mwakubisilizga) ŵalipo pakati pa 8,000 na 50,000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2013/may/christian-converts-in-morocco-fear-fatwa-calling-for-their.html |url-access=subscription |title=Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution |newspaper=Morning Star News |via=Christianity Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret|title='House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News|date=23 March 2015|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134538/https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret|archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-religion/christians-want-marriages-recognized-in-morocco-idUSKCN1J4231|title=Christians want marriages recognized in Morocco|date=8 June 2018|publisher=reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/africa/pope-francis-morocco-christians.html|title=Pope Francis' Visit to Morocco Raises Hopes for Its Christians|date=29 March 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam| first=Nat |last= Carnes|year= 2012| isbn= 9781475903423| page =253|publisher=University of Cambridge Press|quote=. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/22/morocco-s-hidden-christians-to-push-for-religious-freedom/|title=Morocco's 'hidden' Christians to push for religious freedom|date=30 January 2017|publisher=AfricanNews|quote=There are no official statistics, but leaders say there are about 50,000 Moroccan Christians, most of them from the Protestant Evangelical tradition.}}</ref> Ŵayuda ŵa ku Casablanca ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 2,500, ndipo ŵa ku Rabat na Marrakesh ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 100. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalako ŵakambininikira mu caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici mbacekuru, ndipo ciŵelengero ca ŵawukirano cikumara. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í, awo ŵakukhala mu misumba, ŵalipo 350 m'paka 400.<ref name="irfr2011">{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 – Morocco |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Jews of Morocco |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/morocco |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810080356/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/morocco |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Sergio DellaPergola, [http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=16432 World Jewish population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032451/http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=16432 |date=3 December 2013 }}, 2012, p. 62.</ref> ===Languages=== {{main|Languages of Morocco}} [[File:Morocco - Linguistic map.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Linguistic map of Morocco]] Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Morocco ni Chiarabic na Chiberberber. Chiyowoyero cha ku Morocco icho chikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi chikuchemeka Darija. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 89.8% ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu. Chiyowoyero ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu (Tarifit, Tashelhit, na Central Atlas Tamazight). Mu 2008, Frédéric Deroche wakati ŵanthu 12 miliyoni ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberi. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2004, ŵanthu 28.1% ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberi. Chifalansa chikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene mu maboma, mu vyakupharazga, mu makampani ghakuru na gha pakati, mu malonda gha pa charu chose na vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chifalansa. Cifurenci cikusambizgika nga ni ciyowoyero cakukhumbikwa mu masukulu ghose. Mu 2010, ku Morocco kukaŵa ŵanthu 10,366,000 awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci, panji kuti 32 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le dénombrement des francophones|url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052949/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=FR/> Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2004, ŵanthu 2.19 miliyoni ku Morocco ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero chinyake padera pa Chifurenchi. Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi cikuluska comene Cifurenci pa nkhani ya ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici, kweni cikuŵa ciyowoyero cacilendo cakwamba, cifukwa ici nchakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵawukirano na ŵantchito. Kuyana na Ethnologue, mu 2016, ŵanthu 1,536,590 (panji kuti pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu) mu Morocco ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi kumpoto kwa Morocco na mu caru ico kale cikacemekanga Sahara. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2018 na Instituto Cervantes wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 1.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Morocco ŵakayowoyanga makora Cisipanishi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto kwa Morocco chikupokera mawayilesi gha Cisipanishi, mawayilesi gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi. Nkhwantha za visopa zikati zawona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi na Chiarabu, ŵakamba kusopa mu viyowoyero vinyake.<ref name="Rouchdy71">{{cite book |author=Rouchdy, Aleya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZvxjoU948C&pg=PA71 |title=Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7007-1379-0 |page=71}}</ref> ===Education=== {{main|Education in Morocco}} [[File:Al Akhawayn Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Al Akhawayn University]] in [[Ifrane]].]] Masambiro gha ku Morocco ngambura kulipira ndipo ngakukhumbikwa m'paka ku pulayimale. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 72%. Mu Seputembala 2006, UNESCO yikapeleka chawanangwa ku Morocco pamoza na vyaru vinyake nga ni Cuba, Pakistan, India na Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccisabroad.org/program.php?link=morocco_ifrane_summer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226185538/http://ccisabroad.org/program.php?link=morocco_ifrane_summer |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=CCIS Ifrane Morocco Summer Study Abroad Program |publisher=Ccisabroad.org |date=1 April 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Morocco population +15 1980 to 2015.png|thumb|UIS Literacy Rate Morocco population above 15 years of age 1980–2015]] Yunivesite ya al-Qarawiyin, iyo yikazengeka na Fatima al-Fihri mu msumba wa Fez mu 859 nga ni madrasa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyiwona kuti ni "yunivesite yakale chomene pa charu chose". Morocco nayo yili na masukulu gha masambiro ghapachanya, nga ni: Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, l'Institut national des postes et télécommunications [fr; ar], École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de Mecanique (ENSEM), EMI, ISCAE, INSEA, National School of Mineral Industry, École Hassania des Travaux Publics, Les Écoles nationales de commerce et de management, École supérieure de technologie de Casablanca.<ref>''The Guinness Book Of Records'', 1998, p. 242, {{ISBN|0-553-57895-2}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Classement meilleurs école d'études supérieures au Maroc |url=http://etudes-superieures.ma/meilleur-etablissement-superieur-au-maroc/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Etudes superieures au Maroc |language=en-US}}</ref> === Health === {{main|Health in Morocco}}Vyaru vinandi vya pa caru capasi, kusazgapo Morocco, vikuyezgayezga kumazga matenda. Umoyo wa ŵana, wa ŵamama, na matenda ni vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo. Morocco ni caru cakusuzgikira nchito ico cacitapo vinandi kuti viŵe makora. Ndipouli, caru ca Morocco cili na masuzgo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umoyo. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka, mu 2005, ŵanthu 16 pera pa ŵanthu 100 wose ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na ndopa. Ku Morocco, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa para ŵababa waka.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Morocco {{!}} The Global Youth Wellbeing Index |url=https://www.youthindex.org/country/morocco |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=www.youthindex.org |language=en}}</ref> Boma la Morocco likuŵika ndondomeko ya kulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu kuti liwonenge na kuwunganya vinthu. Masukulu gha ku Morocco ghakusambizga ŵanthu mwakukwana vya utozi. Mu 2005, boma la Morocco likazomerezga kusintha vinthu viŵiri kuti paŵe wovwiri wa munkhwala. Ndondomeko yakwamba yikaŵa yakuti ŵapharazgi ŵa boma na ŵantchito ŵa boma ŵaŵikengepo inshuwalansi ya munkhwala. Ndondomeko yaciŵiri yikapangiska kuti paŵe thumba la wovwiri ku ŵakavu. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵapokerenge wovwiri wa munkhwala uwemi. Kufwa kwa ŵana kwachepa comene kwambira mu 1960 apo ŵanthu 144 ŵakafwanga pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo. Mu 2000, ŵanthu 42 ŵakafwanga pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi chikakhira na 60 peresenti pakati pa 1990 na 2011.<ref name=":3" /> Wupu wa World Bank ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda agha. Mu 2014, charu cha Morocco chikapanga pulani yakovwira kuti ŵamama na ŵana ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Ndondomeko ya ku Morocco yikamba pa 13 November 2013 ku Rabat na nduna ya vyaumoyo ya ku Morocco, El Houssaine Louardi, na Ala Alwan, mulara wa WHO ku Eastern Mediterranean Region. Morocco wachita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵana na ya ŵamama. Kuyana na ivyo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya, chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa chikakhira na 67% pakati pa 1990 na 2010. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 5.9% ya GDP. Kwambira mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa nkhani ya vyaumoyo zachepa. Ndipouli, kufuma mu 2000, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zakwera comene. Mu 2015, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa $435.29 pa munthu yumoza. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 74.3 ŵakafwanga, ŵanalume 73.3, ŵanakazi 75.4, ndipo pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 6.3, ŵantchito ŵa munesi na ŵasungwana 8.9. Mu 2017, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa pa nambara 16 pa vyaru 29 pa Global Youth Wellbeing Index. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Morocco ŵakujipweteka ŵekha pachokopachoko kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose, ndipo ŵakukumana na masuzgo pafupifupi 4 pa caka.<ref name=":3" /> == Mwambo == {{main|Culture of Morocco}} [[File:Kasbahs in Aït Benhaddou.JPG|thumb|Kasbah wa ku Aït Benhaddou, uyo wakazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.]] Morocco ni caru ca mitheto na civilisation. Mu mdauko wa Morocco, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi (Ŵafoinike, Ŵayuda na Ŵaarabu), kumwera (Ŵafrika ŵa ku Sub-Sahara) na kumpoto (Ŵaroma, Ŵandaluzi). Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakakhwaska comene umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Kufuma waka apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, vyakujambula na vyakuŵaja, sumu zakutchuka, vyakusanguluska, na mafilimu vikukura comene. Malo ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska gha ku Morocco (ghakaŵako mu 1956) ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska vya ku Morocco na France. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, mu caru cose mukucitika viphikiro vya sumu na vyakusanguluska. Cigaŵa cilicose cili na mikhaliro yake, ntheura cikovwira kuti cikaya cawo ciŵe cakutowa ndiposo kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Chinyake mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa chomene ivyo Morocco wakuchita nkhusungilira vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu caru ici. Kuyana na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu, caru ca Morocco cikuŵa cakukhorweska comene pakusazgapo cikaya cake ca Ciberber, Ciyuda, na Cirabu na vinthu vinyake nga ni Cifurenci na Cisipanishi, kweniso mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2005/12/2008410151243996817.html|title=Morocco town's Hollywood connection|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html|title=Return to Morocco|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924061207/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/boujloud-morocco-unique-halloween-20141013161059822274.html|title=Boujloud: Morocco's unique Halloween|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{main|Moroccan architecture}} {{excerpt|Moroccan architecture|file=1}} ===Literature=== {{main|Moroccan literature}} [[File:Sebastiano del Piombo Portrait of a Humanist.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leo Africanus]]]] Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakulembeka chomene mu Chiarabic, Chiberber, Chihebere, na Chifurenchi. Makamaka mu ufumu wa Almoravid na Almohad, mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na mabuku gha ku Al-Andalus, ndipo ghakaŵa na vilembo vyakuzirwa nga zajal, muwashshah, na maqama. Mabuku gha Chisilamu nga ni Koran na mabuku ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni Al-Shifa gha Qadi Ayyad ghakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Yunivesite ya al-Qarawiyyin ku Fes yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa ghakusambizgirako mabuku agho ghakakopanga ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Maimonides, Ibn al-Khatib, na Ibn Khaldun.<ref name=":0" /> Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa cakutowa comene. Ŵa Almohad ŵakazenga Mosque wa Kutubiyya ku Marrakesh, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25,000, kweni ukaŵa wakumanyikwa na mabuku, mipukutu, malaibulale, na mashopu gha mabuku. Caliph Abu Yakub wakatemwanga comene mabuku. Wakazenga layibulare yikuru, iyo pamanyuma yikatolekera ku Casbah na kuzgoka layibulare ya ŵanthu wose. Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakamba mu ma 1930. Pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikawovwira kuti mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano ghaŵeko mu Morocco. Ku Morocco, uko kukaŵa boma la France na Spain, ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kusinthana na kupanga mabuku. Miwiro yitatu ya ŵalembi yikapangiska mabuku gha ku Morocco gha m'ma 1900.<ref name=":0">Mohammed Benjelloun Touimi, Abdelkbir Khatibi and Mohamed Kably, ''Ecrivains marocains, du protectorat à 1965'', 1974 éditions Sindbad, Paris and Hassan El Ouazzani, ''La littérature marocaine contemporaine de 1929 à 1999'' (2002, ed. Union des écrivains du Maroc and Dar Attaqafa)</ref> Cakwamba cikaŵa muwiro uwo ukakhalako na kulemba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa boma la Britain (Protectorate) (1912-1956), ndipo munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo wakawovwira ni Mohammed Ben Brahim (1897-1955). Mbadwo wachiŵiri ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene pakusintha kuti uŵe wakujiyimira pawekha pamoza na ŵalembi nga ni Abdelkrim Ghallab (1919~2006), Allal al-Fassi (1910~1974) na Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi (1900~1963). Muwiro wacitatu ni wa ŵalembi ŵa m'ma 1960. Kufuma apo, mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa na ŵalembi nga ni Mohamed Choukri, Driss Chraïbi, Mohamed Zafzaf na Driss El Khouri. Awo ŵakalemba mabuku agha ndiwo ŵakakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakalembanga mabuku, ŵamasalmo, na ŵalembi ŵa maseŵero. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo na ghakusanguluskira ndipo cikakopanga ŵalembi nga ni Paul Bowles, Tennessee Williams na William S. Burroughs. Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru nga ni Mohamed Zafzaf na Mohamed Choukri, awo ŵakalembanga mu Chiarabu, kweniso Driss Chraïbi na Tahar Ben Jelloun awo ŵakalembanga mu Chifurenchi. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Morocco ni Abdellatif Laabi, Abdelkrim Ghallab, Fouad Laroui, Mohammed Berrada na Leila Abouzeid. Orature (mabuku ghakulembeka na mulomo) ntchigaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene mu mitheto ya ku Morocco. ===Music=== {{main|Music of Morocco}} Sumu za ku Morocco zikufuma ku vigaŵa vya ku Arabia, Berber, na ku sub-Saharan. Magulu gha chaabi agho ghakukolerana na sumu za rock ghali palipose, nga umo viliri na sumu za trance izo zili kufuma ku sumu za Cisilamu. Ku Morocco ndiko kuli sumu za ku Andalusia izo zikusangika mu vyaru vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa. Vikuwoneka kuti sumu iyi yikamba kulizgika na Ŵamor ku Cordoba. Sumu iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Contemporary Andalusian Music and art.[[File:Musicians Jilala music in Morocco, 1900.png|thumb|A group of [[Jilala]] musicians in 1900]] Aita ni sumu ya Ŵabedouin iyo ŵakwimba mu mizi. Chaabi ("popular") ni sumu iyo yili na mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo yili kufuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana ya sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Pakwamba, Chaabi ŵakamwimbanga mu misika, kweni sono ŵakumuwonaso pa viphikiro panji pa maungano. Vyakwimba vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikuŵa vyakumanyikwa comene mu Morocco, nga ni fusion, rock, country, metal, na hip hop. Mu 1980, charu cha Morocco chikapokelera sumu za Eurovision Song Contest. ===Media=== {{main|Media of Morocco|Cinema of Morocco}} Sinema ya ku Morocco yili na mdauko utali comene, ndipo yikwamba mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100 kufuma apo Louis Lumière wakawoneskera filimu ya Le chevrier Marocain ("Mucemi wa mbuzi wa ku Morocco") mu 1897. Pakati pa nyengo iyi na 1944, mafilimu ghanandi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa mu charu ichi, comenecomene mu Ouarzazate. Mu 1944, wupu wakuwona vya mafilimu wa ku Morocco (Moroccan Cinematographic Center, CCM) ndiwo ukambiska filimu iyi. Kweniso ŵakajura mastudio mu Rabat. Mu 1952, Othello wa Orson Welles wakatora Palme d'Or pa Cannes Film Festival pasi pa ndembera ya Morocco. Ndipouli, ŵakwimba ŵakayimba yayi sumu ya fuko la Morocco, cifukwa pakaŵavya uyo wakamanya umo yikuzunulikira.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wellesnet.com/filming_othello.htm|title=Wellesnet: Filming Othello|website=www.wellesnet.com}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Mohammed Ousfour wakalenga filimu yakwamba ya ku Morocco, Le fils maudit ("Mwana Wakutembeka"). Mu 1968, ŵakacitiska ungano wakwamba wa Mediterranean Film Festival mu Tanger. Pa nyengo yasono, ungano uwu ukuchitikira ku Tetouan. Mu 1982, ŵakachitaso chiphikiro chakwamba cha mafilimu ku Rabat. Mu 2001, Chiphikiro chakwamba cha Mafilimu ku Marrakech (FIFM) chikachitikaso ku Marrakech. ===Cuisine=== {{main|Moroccan cuisine}} [[File:Couscous of Fes.JPG|thumb|Moroccan [[Couscous]].]] Vyakurya vya ku Morocco ni vyakupambanapambana chomene pa charu chose. Ici nchifukwa cakuti caru ca Morocco cikukolerana na caru cinyake. Vyakurya vya ku Morocco vikusazga vyakurya vya ku Moorish, Europe, na Mediterranean. Vyakununkhira vikusangika chomene mu vyakurya vya ku Morocco. Nangauli vyakununkhira vikwiza mu Morocco kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni viŵiya vinandi nga ni safuroni wakufuma ku Tiliouine, minthi na maolive ghakufuma ku Meknes, na malalanje na mandimu ghakufuma ku Fez, vikufuma mu charu ichi. Nkhuku ni nyama iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu Morocco. Mu Morocco, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya nyama ya ng'ombe. Cakurya cikuru comene ca ku Morocco ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya ni couscous, cakurya cakuzirwa comene.<ref>[http://maroccankitchenrecipes.blogspot.com/2014/05/moroccan-couscous.html "Moroccan Couscous Recipe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531091005/http://maroccankitchenrecipes.blogspot.com/2014/05/moroccan-couscous.html |date=31 May 2014 }}. [http://maroccankitchenrecipes.blogspot.com/ Maroccan Kitchen Recipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104957/http://maroccankitchenrecipes.blogspot.com/ |date=31 May 2014 }} (Website). Retrieved 1 April 2014.</ref> Nyama ya ng'ombe ni nyama yakufipirwa iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu Morocco. Nkhuku nayo yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Tagines, pakumanya kuti yimoza mwa tagines yakumanyikwa comene ni Tagine ya Nkhuku, mbatata na maolive. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakurya mberere, kweni pakuti mberere za ku Northwest Africa zikusunga mafuta ghanandi mu michira yawo, mberere za ku Morocco zikunowa yayi nga umo ziliri mberere za ku Western. Viyuni navyo vikusangika comene, ndipo vyakurya vya mu nyanja vikusangika comene mu vyakurya vya ku Morocco. Kweniso pali nyama zakomira zakomira na zakomira nga ni kliia/khlia na "g'did" izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunozga tagine panji mu "el ghraif" panji kuti "el ghraif", cikhuku ca ku Morocco. Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Morocco ni Couscous, Pastilla, Tajine, Tanjia, na Harira. Nangauli cakumanyuma ici ni supu, kweni cikuwoneka nga ni cakurya cacekha ndipo cikupelekeka nga ni cakurya ici panji pamoza na vikondwelero, comenecomene mu mwezi wa Ramadan. Kulyera nyama ya nkhumba nkhukanizgika mwakuyana na Sharia, malango gha cisopa ca Cisilamu. Cakurya cikuru comene pa zuŵa ni cingwa. Mu Morocco, chingwa chikupangika na tirigu wakuchemeka khobz. Mu Morocco mose muli vyakurya vinandi, ndipo chingwa chiphya ni chakukhumbikwa chomene mu msumba uliwose. Chakurya icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene ni chingwa cha tirigu panji cha ufu. Paliso vingwa vinyake vyambura nthukumusi. Cakunwa ico cikumanyikwa comene ni "atai", tiyi wambura nthukumusi uwo uli na mahamba gha minthi na vinyake. Mu Morocco, tiyi njakuzirwa comene ndipo yikuwoneka nga ni luso. Ŵakumwapo pa nyengo ya cakurya pera yayi, kweni zuŵa lose. Ŵalendo ndiwo ŵakurya, ndipo ntchiheni kukana. === Maseŵera === {{main|Sport in Morocco}} [[File:Morocco vs Algeria, June 04 2011-10.jpg|thumb|Moroccan football fans]] Mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola, comenecomene ŵawukirano awo ŵakukhala mu misumba. Mu 1986, Morocco yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca Ŵaarabu na ca ku Africa kuti ciŵe mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca FIFA World Cup. Pakwamba Morocco ndiyo yikeneranga kuchitiska Africa Cup of Nations mu 2015, kweni yikakana pa nyengo iyo yikanozgekera chifukwa cha wofi kuti ku Africa kukwambirenge nthenda ya Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30004279|title=Africa Cup of Nations: Morocco will not host finals over Ebola fears|newspaper=BBC Sport|date=11 November 2014}}</ref>Morocco wakayezgapo kankhondi kuti wakachitire FIFA World Cup kweni wakataya kankhondi ku United States, France, Germany, South Africa na Canada-Mexico-United States. Mu chaka cha 2022, Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa timu yakwamba ya ku Africa na Arabia kufika ku semifinal ndipo yikamalizga pa malo ghachinayi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/872480/morocco-to-stage-the-2015-african-nations-cup?cc=5901 |title=Morocco to stage the 2015 African Nations Cup – ESPN Soccernet |publisher=ESPN FC |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011957/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/872480/morocco-to-stage-the-2015-african-nations-cup?cc=5901 }}</ref> Pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Morocco ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha kucimbira. Nawal El Moutawakel wakathereska pa 400 metres hurdles. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kufuma ku chalo cha Arab panji Islamic uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide ku Olimpiki. Saïd Aïdouita ndiyo wakathereska pa mtunda wa mamita 5000 pa maseŵero agha. Hicham El Guerrouj wakatora mendulo za golide kwa Morocco pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha mu chihanya cha 2004 pa mamita 1500 na 5000 ndipo wali na ma world records ghanandi pa mtunda wa kilomita. Maseŵero gha ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mu Morocco ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu awo ŵakwera pa mahachi, m'paka apo maseŵero gha ku Europe nga ni bola, polo, kuskamba, na tenisi ghakambira mu ma 1800. Tennis na gofu vyazara comene. Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵali kucitako maseŵero gha pa caru cose, ndipo caru ici cikaŵa na timu yake yakwamba ya Davis Cup mu 1999. Charu cha Morocco chikaŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kuchita maseŵero gha basketball. Mpira wa rugby ukiza ku Morocco mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, comenecomene na Ŵacifurenci awo ŵakakhalira mu caru ici. Ntheura, maseŵera gha rugby gha ku Morocco ghakakolerana na gha ku France pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi vya ku Maghreb, mpira wa rugby wa ku Morocco ukafumanga ku vyaru vya ku Europe. Ku Morocco, maseŵero gha nkhonya ghakumanyikwa chomene. Badr Hari wa ku Morocco-Dutch, heavyweight kickboxer and martial artist, ndi wakale wa K-1 heavyweight champion ndipo K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Morocco|Africa}} * [[Index of Morocco-related articles]] * [[Outline of Morocco]] == Vyakulemba == {{NoteFoot}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO Publishing | page numbers = 431–467 | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 }} {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * Pennell, C. R. ''Morocco Since 1830: A History'', New York University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|9780814766774}} * Pennell, C. R. ''Morocco: From Empire to Independence'', Oneworld Publications, 2013. {{ISBN|9781780744551}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=TYXrAQAAQBAJ preview]) * Stenner, David. ''Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State'' (Stanford UP, 2019). [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54410 online review] * Terrasse, Henri. ''History of Morocco'', Éd. Atlantides, 1952. ; In French * [[Bernard Lugan]], ''Histoire du Maroc'', Éd. Perrin, 2000. {{ISBN|2-262-01644-5}} * Michel Abitbol, ''Histoire du Maroc'', Éd. Perrin, 2009. {{ISBN|9782262023881}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Morocco|voy=Morocco}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180919194826/http://www.maroc.ma/en Official website of the government of Morocco] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620134424/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/ Official bulletins of the government of Morocco] * [http://www.parlement.ma/ Parliament of Morocco] * [https://www.visitmorocco.com/en Official website of the Moroccan National Tourist Office] * [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20190408194812/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement population.pdf Census results of 1994 and 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |date=24 July 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ Morocco]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|Morocco}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Morocco}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14121438 Morocco profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Morocco}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MA Key Development Forecasts for Morocco] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231847/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=6 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Morocco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231847/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=6 |date=11 September 2015 }} * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MAR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Morocco] {{Morocco topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries and territories of Africa}} {{Countries and territories of North Africa}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Countries and territories of the Middle East}} {{Arab League}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |state=collapsed}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{La Francophonie |collapsed}} {{Monarchies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|32|-6|scale:5000000_type:country_region:MA|display=title}} [[Category:Morocco| ]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1956 establishments in Morocco]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Maghrebi countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]] pprj67bl5p19naoz18eamzyl54gcq49 0 6942 122655 122392 2026-09-28T02:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country in West Africa}} {{Requested move notice|1=Naijer|2=Talk:Niger#Requested move 26 Lupya 2026}} {{About|the country|other uses|Niger (disambiguation)|the state in Nigeria|Niger State}} {{pp-move-indef}}{{Not to be confused with|Nigeria}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Niger | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Niger}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = Niger (orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Fraternity, Work, Progress"}}}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"The Honour of the Fatherland"}} | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[National language]]s<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[Buduma language|Buduma]]}} {{hlist |[[Fula language|Fulfulde]] |[[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]]}} {{hlist |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]}} {{hlist |[[Zarma language|Zarma]] | [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] |[[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] |[[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] |[[Tebu languages|Tebu]]}} | religion_ref = <ref name="census" /> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity]] * 0.2% [[Animism]] * 0.1% [[Irreligion]] }} | demonym = Nigerien<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|32|N|2|05|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Niger|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohamed Bazoum]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Niger|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Niger|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Seyni Oumarou]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 21st | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = 25,396,840<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_density_km2 = 12.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 31.2 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.9 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 144th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,443<ref name="IMF.WEO.US">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022|date=April 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.6 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 145th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $561<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 185th | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] | established_event1 = Republic proclaimed | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Declared | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.400 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2020 trends">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26442-5 |pages=275 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 189th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web |title=Africa: Niger - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 May 2021 |date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society |archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] & [[Songhai proper|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Arab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger|Other]] }} }} '''Naijer''', '''Niger''' panji '''ŵa Niger'''<ref name="nameISO" /><ref name="nameUNGEGN" /> <ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition''. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref>( {{IPA-fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}),{{efn|{{lang-ar|النيجر}}, {{lang-ff|Niiser}} {{lang-ha|Nijar}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Niger'''<ref name="nameISO">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |title=ISO 3166 |publisher=ISO Online Browsing Platform |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NE |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nameUNGEGN">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Statisticsc Division |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144249/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-fr|République du Niger}}, {{lang-ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}), ni caru ico cili mu West Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Libya]] kumpoto, [[Chad]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Nigeria]] kumwera, [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]] kumwera, Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Algeria]] kumpoto. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.{{UN_Population|ref}} Vyaru vyakujumpha 80 pa 100 vya ku Africa vili mu chipalamba cha Sahara. Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Msumba wa Niamey uli kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger. Niger njimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nations |first=United |date=2023-07-11 |title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi |language=en}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mapopa, nyengo zinyake vikaŵanga na njara na mapopa. Chuma cha ŵanthu ŵakuzengeka pa ulimi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukaguliska vyakurya. Charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghachitukuko chifukwa cha malo ghambura maji, mapopa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga viŵi yayi, ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakulera yayi.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana iyo yikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na vigaŵa vinyake ŵakakhaliranga, kweniso umo ŵakakhaliranga mu caru cimoza. Kwamba kale, caru ca Niger cikupambana na vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo caru ca Nigeria cikapokelera wanangwa wake, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakalamuliranga. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakawukira boma, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu Niger mukaŵa vipani vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. ==Zina== Zina ili likufuma ku mlonga wa Niger uwo ukwenda mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Tuareg lakuti n'eghirren, ilo likung'anamura 'maji ghakwenda.'<ref>{{cite book | title =Atlas A-Z | publisher =Dorling Kindersley | year =2004 | location =New York City | page =289 }}</ref> Kuyowoyekera kwake ni /niːˈʒɛər/ mu Chifalansa, apo mu Chingelezi chikuyowoyeka /ˈnaɪdʒər/. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Niger}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:1997 278-10 Sahara glyph.jpg|thumb|Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, ibex, and other animals in the southern Sahara near Tiguidit, Niger]] Viŵiya vyamalibwe, vinyake vikaŵako kale comene mu 280,000 B.C.E., vikasangika ku Adrar Bous, Bilma na Djado kumpoto kwa Agadez Region.<ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) ''Bradt Travel Guide - Niger'', pgs. 15–22</ref> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukolerana na visopa vya Aterian na Mousterian ivyo vikaŵako mu nyengo ya Middle Paleolithic, ivyo vikaŵako ku mpoto kwa Africa cha m'ma 90,000 B.C.E.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb|journal = Journal of Human Evolution|date = 1 March 2013|pages = 194–210|volume = 64|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010|first1 = Harold L.|last1 = Dibble|first2 = Vera|last2 = Aldeias|first3 = Zenobia|last3 = Jacobs|first4 = Deborah I.|last4 = Olszewski|first5 = Zeljko|last5 = Rezek|first6 = Sam C.|last6 = Lin|first7 = Esteban|last7 = Alvarez-Fernández|first8 = Carolyn C.|last8 = Barshay-Szmidt|first9 = Emily|last9 = Hallett-Desguez|pmid=23399349}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/> Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga nga mbalovi. Mu nyengo yakale, nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Sahara yikaŵanga yakuthukira kweniso yakupambika vyakurya vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyichema kuti "Chipalamba cha Green Sahara".<ref>Gwin, Peter. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 "Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903071614/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/green-sahara/gwin-text/1 |date=3 September 2010 }}, ''National Geographic'', September 2008.</ref><ref>[[Roland Oliver|Oliver, Roland]] (1999), ''The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century'' (Series: History of Civilization), London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson|Phoenix Press]], revised edition, pg 39.</ref> Nyengo ya Neolithic yikamba mu 10,000 BC; nyengo iyi yikasintha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo ŵakazengera viŵiya vya dongo (nga umo vikaŵira ku Tagalagal, Temet na Tin Ouffadene), kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusunga ŵakufwa mu vibumira vya malibwe.<ref name="Bradt"/> Nyengo yikati yasintha pakati pa 4000 na 2800 B.C.E., caru ca Sahara cikamba kufota pacoko na pacoko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima, kulima tirigu, na viŵiya vya dongo. Vinthu vya visulo na mkuŵa vikaŵako mu nyengo iyi. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Azawagh, Takedda, Marendet na Termit Massif.<ref>Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968.</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Grébénart | first=Danilo | year=1993 | url=http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | title=Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez | journal=Le Saharien (Paris) | volume=125 | issue=2 | pages=28–33 | access-date=12 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093526/https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!752653!0#focus | archive-date=24 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref> [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3432&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Iron in Africa: Revisiting the History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025192915/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D3432%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=25 October 2008 }} – Unesco (2002)</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kiffian (pafupifupi 8000-6000 B.C.) na ŵa ku Tenerian (pafupifupi 5000-2500 B.C.), awo ŵakakhalanga ku Adrar Bous na Gobero, uko ŵasanga viwangwa vya ŵanthu, ŵakakura comene mu nyengo iyi.<ref name="auto">[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811115708/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5593387 |date=11 August 2014 }}. By Randolph E. Schmid. Associated Press /ABC News.</ref><ref name="Clark & DGG">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=J. Desmond|last2=Gifford-Gonzalez|first2=Diane|title=Adrar Bous: archaeology of a central Saharan granitic ring complex in Niger|date=2008|publisher=Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren}}</ref><ref name="scidaily">{{cite web | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | title = Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara' | publisher = Science Daily | date = 15 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080816060031/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080815101317.htm | archive-date = 16 August 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | title = Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period | first = John Noble | last = Wilford | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 14 August 2008 | access-date = 15 August 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123154828/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/science/15sahara.html | archive-date = 23 January 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sereno PC, ((Garcea EAA)), Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, ((Saliège J-F)), Maga A|title=Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2008|volume=3|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995|display-authors=etal|pmid=18701936|pmc=2515196|pages=e2995|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2995S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukura mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya ulimi na malaro. Chikhalidwe cha nyengo iyi ndi Chikhalidwe cha Bura (circa 200 - 1300 AD) chotchedwa Bura archeological site. komwe manda odzaza ndi zitsulo ndi ziboliboli za ceramic adapezeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|title=Site archéologique de Bura|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210180203/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5045/|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>Mu nyengo ya Neolithic, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga vithuzithuzi vya mu malibwe ku Sahara. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa mu mapiri gha Aïr, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, Iferouane, Mammanet na Dabous.<ref>{{citation|url=https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|publisher=British Museum|title=African Rock Art - Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702080140/https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/niger/|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|publisher=ICOMOS|author=Caulson, David|title=Sub-Zone 3: Niger|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212111121/https://www.icomos.org/studies/rockart-sahara-northafrica/07sous-zone3.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shillington">Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). ''History of Africa, Second Edition''. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32.</ref> ===Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger=== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., cigaŵa ico lero ni Niger cikaŵa cigaŵa ca malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakendanga kufuma kumpoto, ndipo ŵakendanga na ngamila mu chipalamba.<ref>Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In ''UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3.'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|92-3-601709-6}}.</ref><ref name=Masonen>Masonen, P: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html |date=8 October 2006 }}"</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusamukira ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa na ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika. Ŵarabu ŵakawukira caru ca North Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasamire kumwera. Mu nyengo iyi, mu Sahel mukaŵa maufumu ghanandi. Nkhani yakulondezgapo yikulongosora umo maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵira. ====Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)==== {{Main|Mali Empire}} Ufumu wa Mali ukaŵa ufumu wa Mandinka uwo ukayambika na Sundiata Keita (r. 1230 ⁇ 1255) mu 1230 ndipo ukakhalako mpaka 1600. Nga umo vyayowoyekera mu buku la Sundiata, Mali yikaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Sosso, uwo ukafumako ku ufumu wa Ghana. Kufuma apo, Mali wakathereska Sosso pa nkhondo ya Kirina mu 1235 na Ghana mu 1240.<ref name="oxfordre1">{{cite web| url = https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| title = Mali Empire| author = Sirio Canós-Donnay| publisher = Oxford Research Encyclopedias| date = February 2019| doi = 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.266| isbn = 978-0-19-027773-4| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190730024800/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266| archive-date = 30 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = Ancient Origins| date = 1 March 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Kufumira ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pafupi na mphaka ya Guinea na Mali, ufumu uwu ukakuranga mu nyengo ya mathemba ghakulondezgana ndipo ukafika pa mphepete mwa msewu wa malonda wa Trans-Sahara, ndipo ukafika pa mtunda ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mansa Musa (r. 1312–1337). Pa nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinyake ivyo sono ni chigaŵa cha Tillabéri mu Niger vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵamali. Mansa Musa, uyo wakaŵa Musilamu, wakacita haji mu 1324-1325, ndipo wakawovwira kuti Chisilamu chisanuzgike mu ufumu wake. "Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kulondezga visambizgo vyawo vya chisopa chautesi m'malo mwa kusopa chisopa chautesi".<ref name="oxfordre1"/><ref name="ancient1">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| title = Mali Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729130448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Mali_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu ukamba "kuwelera pasi" mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa mafumu, mathemba ghambura nkhongono, kwendeska malonda gha ku [[Europe]] ku mphepete mwa nyanja, na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg na Songhai.<ref name="ancient1"/> Ufumu wa ku Mali ukalutilira m'paka m'ma 1600. ==== Songhai Empire (1000s–1591) ==== [[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|left|Map of the Songhai Empire, overlaid over modern boundaries]] {{Main|Songhai Empire}} Ufumu wa Songhai ukacemeka kuyana na mtundu wawo, Songhai panji Sonrai, ndipo ukaŵa mu Mali, mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Niger. Songhai wakamba kukhala mu cigaŵa ici mu virimika vya m'ma 700 na vya m'ma 800; ndipo mu virimika vya m'ma 1000, Gao (uyo kale ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Gao) ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu.<ref name="boubou-hama">Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, ''Les royaumes Haoussa'', pp. 104–112</ref><ref name=countrystudy>{{cite book|editor1-last=Metz|editor1-first=Helen Chapin|title=Nigeria: A Country Study|date=1991|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|location=Washington, DC|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012936/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/9.htm|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1000 mpaka 1325, ufumu wa Songhai ukaŵa pa mtende na ufumu wa Mali, uwo ukaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1325 Songhai wakathereskeka na Mali mpaka apo yikapokereraso wanangwa wake mu 1375. Mu nyengo ya themba Sonni Ali (r. 1464 ⁇ 1492) Songhai wakatora ndondomeko yakusazgikira iyo yikatora malo ghapachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493 ⁇ 1528); pa nyengo iyi ufumu ukakura kufuma ku Niger-bend heartland, kusazgapo kumafumiro gha dazi uko vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikawa pasi pa muwuso wake, kusazgapo Agadez uyo wakathereskeka mu 1496.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| title = Songhai Empire| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729123752/https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/| archive-date = 29 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.africankingdoms.com African Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ |date=19 May 2019 }} African kingdoms – The Songhai Empire</ref> Ufumu uwu ukatondeka kulimbana na kuwukira kwa ufumu wa Saadi wa ku Morocco ndipo ukathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Tondibi mu 1591; pamanyuma ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghachokochoko.<ref name=countrystudy/> ====Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)==== [[File:1997 277-9A Agadez mosque cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Agadez Mosque|The Grand Mosque of Agadez]]]] {{Main|Sultanate of Aïr}} Mu 1449 kumpoto kwa Niger, Sultanate of Aïr wakapangika na Sultan Ilisawan, uyo wakakhalanga ku Agadez. Pakwamba, msumba uwu ukaŵa waka malo ghakusungirako malonda gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa na ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Mu 1515, Aïr wakathereskeka na Songhai, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu uwu mpaka apo ukamalira mu 1591.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ufumu uwu "ukwenera kuti ukayamba kuchepa" cifukwa ca nkhondo za pakati pa mafuko. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakati ŵafika pa malo agha, msumba wa Agadez ukaŵa mu mahami ndipo Ŵafalansa ndiwo ŵakamba kuwupoka.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)==== {{Main|Kanem–Bornu Empire|Sultanate of Damagaram}} Ku mafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Nyanja ya Chad. Mzinda uwu ukasangika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. ndipo ukaŵa ku Njimi, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi. Ufumu uwu ukakuranga pachokopachoko, kusazgapo nyengo ya muwuso wa Sayfawa uwo ukamba mu 1075 pasi pa Mai (mfumu) Hummay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|page=239|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2">{{cite web| url = https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| title = Kingdom of Kanem| publisher = World History Encyclopedia| author = Cartwright, Mark| date = 23 April 2019| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190508165923/https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Kanem/| archive-date = 8 May 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> Ufumu uwu ukafika pachanya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwa Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210 ⁇ 1259), ndipo ukakura "wakusambazga" chifukwa cha kuwusa kwake kwa ma Trans-Saharan malonda; vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, kusazgapo Bilma na Kaouar, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Kanem mu nyengo iyi. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakiza na cisopo ca Cisilamu mu caru ici mu virimika vya m'ma 1100, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusopa cisopo ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bulala ŵakasuzga Kanem kuti wafumire kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad, uko kukamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bornu. Ufumu uwu ukawusanga mu tawuni ya Ngazargamu, iyo sono ni mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryder|first=A.F.C.|title=General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|pages=258–65|editor=D.T. Niane}}</ref><ref name="ancient2"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Islam in Africa|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543|author-link=Nehemia Levtzion|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543/page/81 81]}}</ref> Bornu "wakakura comene" mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mai Idris Alooma (wakababika ca mu 1575-1610) ndipo wakathereskaso vigaŵa vinandi vya Kanem, lekani ufumu uwu ukacemekanga kuti 'Kanem ⁇ Bornu'. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1600 na vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa ku Bornu ukaŵa kuti 'ukumara,' ndipo ukaweleraso ku Nyanja ya Chad.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient2"/> Mu 1730/40, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri likaluta kukakhala ku Kanem ndipo likambiska ufumu wa Damagaram, uwo ukaŵa ku Zinder. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Borno m'paka apo Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane wakawusira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sokoto ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵakaŵathereska mu 1899.<ref name="Bradt"/> ====The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)==== [[File:Photo1906 Zinder overview.jpg|thumb|Overlooking the town of [[Zinder]] and the Sultan's Palace from the French fort (1906). The arrival of the French spelled an end for precolonial states like the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] which carried on only as ceremonial "chiefs" appointed by the colonial government.]] {{Main|Hausa Kingdoms|Dosso Kingdom|Dendi Kingdom}} Pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na Nyanja ya Chad kukaŵa uthemba wa Hausa, uwo ukazingilizga cigaŵa ca Hausaland ico pamanyuma cikazgoka mphaka ya Niger na Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ni ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku mpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakupambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400.<ref name="ancient3">{{cite web |author=Cartwright, Mark |date=9 May 2019 |title=Hausaland |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226173321/https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| title = Hausa States| publisher = BBC| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml| archive-date = 15 September 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> Ŵakazomera chisopa cha Chisilamu kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo nyengo zinyake visopa ivi vikaŵanga pamoza na visopa vinyake, ndipo vikapangiska kuti visopa ivi viŵe vyakupambana. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hausa nga ni Azna, ghakaleka kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. (Chigaŵa cha Dogondoutchi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo).<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa ghakukolerana yayi, kweni ghakaŵanga na maufumu ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵanga ghakupambana. Ŵakaŵanga na gulu la ŵakaronga ndipo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakenderanga. Mathemba gha Ŵahausa ghakasankhikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu caru ndipo ghakaŵanga na mazaza ghakufumiskapo. Maufumu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikapangika na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵa Bawo.<ref name="ancient3"/><ref name=countrystudy/> Bawo wakaŵa mwana yekha wa Daurama na Bayajidda (Abu Yazid kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya mdauko) awo ŵakafuma ku Baghdad. Maufumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ku Hausa ghakaŵa Daura, Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina na Biram.<ref name="boubou-hama"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> Nkhani iyi yikulongosoraso kuti Bawo wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi na mwanakazi munyake, ndipo ndiwo ŵakambiska mtundu wa 'Banza (wambura kuzomerezgeka) Bakwai': Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Ilorin na Kwararafa. Boma linyake lichoko chomene ilo likaŵa la Konni, likaŵa la Birni-N'Konni.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The [[Fulani]] (also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s.<ref name=countrystudy/><ref name="ancient3"/> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakakondwa yayi na chisopa cha Chisilamu icho chikaŵako pa malo agha. Munthu munyake wakusambira chomene wa mtundu wa Fulani, zina lake Usman Dan Fodio (wakafuma ku Gobir) wakati mu 1804 wakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="Bradt"/><ref name=fisher1975>H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975) {{ISBN|0-521-20413-5}} pp. 134–6</ref> Wati wathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Hausaland (kweni ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti ngwambura kukolerana na ufumu wake yayi), mu 1809 wakapharazga ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Hausa ŵakapona cifukwa cakuti ŵakacimbilira kumwera, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Katsina awo ŵakasamira ku Maradi, kumwera kwa Niger. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikasuzga Caliphate ndipo nyengo ya nkhondo yikamba, vyaru vinyake (nga ni Katsina na Gobir) vikalutilira kujiyimira paŵekha, apo kunyake vikapangika vyaru viphya (nga ni Sultanate of Tessaoua). Ufumu wa Caliphate ukalutilira kukhalako mpaka apo "wakatimbanizgika comene" cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr, uyo wakakhalanga ku Chad, ndipo paumaliro ukawira mu mawoko gha Ŵabritish mu 1903, ndipo pamasinda caru cake cikagaŵikana pakati pa Britain na France. Maufumu ghanyake ghacoko mu nyengo iyi ni ufumu wa Dosso, uwo ukaŵako mu 1750, uwo ukalimbana na muwuso wa Hausa na Sokoto.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ===Colonial (1900–58)=== {{Main|Senegambia and Niger|Upper Senegal and Niger|French West Africa|Colony of Niger}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakaluta ku malo agho ghakachemeka Niger, nga ni Mungo Park (mu 1805 ⁇ 06), Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822 ⁇ 25), Heinrich Barth (1850 ⁇ 55; na James Richardson na Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865 ⁇ 67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869 ⁇ 74) na Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890 ⁇ 92). Vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikaŵa kale na virwa vinyake mu Africa, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, vikamba kughanaghanira vyakumukati mwa caru ici. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa na zina lakuti 'Chisulo cha ku Africa' ndipo yikamara na ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Berlin mu 1885. Pa ungano uwu, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana vikalongosora umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwenera kugaŵikana. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca France cikapoka cigaŵa ico cikaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger (cigaŵa ico lero ni Mali na Niger). Kufuma apo, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa nadi caru ici. Mu 1897, msilikari wa ku France Marius Gabriel Cazemajou wakatumika ku Niger; iyo wakafika ku Sultanate of Damagaram mu 1898 ndipo wakakhala ku Zinder ku khoti la Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga ⁇ . Wakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti Daga wakawopanga kuti wangakolerana na mulongozgi wa nkhondo Rabih az-Zubayr wa ku Chad. Mu 1899-1900, France yikanozga maulendo ghatatu ghakuluta ku vyaru vya ku Africa. Maulendo agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamitundu kufuma ku French Congo, Foureau-Lamy kufuma ku Algeria na Voulet kufuma ku Timbuktu. Ŵasilikari ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakumana ku Kousséri (kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cameroon) ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Rabih az-Zubayr pa nkhondo ya ku Kousséri. Gulu la Voulet-Chanoine "likasuzgika na nkhaza", ndipo "likamanyikwanga chomene" chifukwa cha kupoka vinthu, kupoka, kukolelera na kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger. Pa 8 May 1899, pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kukana kwa fumukazi Sarraounia, kapitawo Voulet na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakakoma ŵanthu wose ŵa mu muzi wa Birni-N'Konni, ndipo ici cikaŵa "cinthu cakofya comene mu mbiri ya French colonial". Macitiro gha Voulet na Chanoine ghakapangiska "mbuwu" ndipo Paris wakeneranga kunjilirapo; apo Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb wakakumana na gulu ili pafupi na Tessaoua kuti waŵafumiskeko udindo, wakakomeka. Lt. Paul Joalland, uyo kale wakaŵa mulara wa Klobb, na Lt. Paumaliro Octave Meynier ndiyo wakambiska gulu ili, pamasinda pa kugaluka uko kukakoma Voulet na Chanoine. Boma la ŵasilikari la Niger likapangika mu Disembala 1904 ku Upper Senegal na Niger (pamanyuma ku Burkina Faso, Mali na Niger) ndipo likuru lake likaŵa Niamey. Mpaka wa ku Britain na Nigeria ukamara mu 1910, pakuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa kuti vyakolerana kale mu mapangano gha pakati pa 1898 na 1906. Msumba wa boma ili ukasamuskikira ku Zinder mu 1912 apo boma la Niger likapatukana na la Upper Senegal na la Niger, ndipo likasamuskikira ku Niamey mu 1922 apo Niger yikazgoka boma la Ŵafalansa ku West Africa. Malire gha Niger ghakaŵikika mu vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo ghakaŵikika pa malo ghake mu ma 1930. Mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Niger vikapelekeka ku Niger mu 1926-1927, ndipo apo boma la Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) likamara mu 1932-1947, vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi vikasazgikira ku Niger. Ŵafalansa ŵakagwiliskira nchito muwuso wambura kulongosoka, kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, uku ŵakuzomera kuwusa kwa Ŵafalansa. Zarma wa ku ufumu wa Dosso wakazomera kuwusika na Ŵafalansa, ndipo wakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito nga mbalwani kuti ŵarwe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa na ŵanyakhe awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na iwo. Ŵakawona kuti boma la France likukhumba kuwukira, nga ni kuwukira kwa Kobkitanda mu chigaŵa cha Dosso (1905 ⁇ 06), uko wakalongozgekanga na Alfa Saibou, na kuwukira kwa Karma mu chigodobu cha Niger (December 1905 ⁇ March 1906) uko wakalongozgekanga na Oumarou Karma.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary">{{cite book |author1=Decalo, Sameul |author2=Idrissa, Abdourahmane |title=Historical Dictionary of Niger |date=1 June 2012 |isbn=9780810870901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153320/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''UNESCO General History of Africa'', Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) {{ISBN|0-520-06703-7}} pp. 70–3</ref> Nangauli Ŵafalansa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga waka kumwera, kweni ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na Ŵatuwareg ku mpoto. Ŵakafika ku Agadez mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaocen, ndipo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa nyengo iyi, Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Senussi. Ŵafalansa ŵakakhazikiska boma la ŵanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo "kuwelera pasi na kulekeka" kwa cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa caru ici kukalutilira, ndipo kukaŵaso njara. Nangauli charu ichi chikaŵa "chambura kukhazikika", kweni vinthu vikasintha mu Niger mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Vinthu vyakuti viwovwire ŵanthu kusanga cakurya vikapangika pamanyuma pa njara zikuru izo zikaŵako mu 1913, 1920, na 1931.<ref name="Bradt"/><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, apo caru ca France cikaŵa mu mawoko gha Nazi, Charles de Gaulle wakalemba chikalata chakucemeka kuti Brazzaville Declaration, ico cikayowoya kuti ufumu wa France uzamumalizgika na boma la France. Boma la France, ilo likaŵako kufuma mu 1946 m'paka mu 1958, likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa charu cha France. Pa nyengo iyi ndipo chipani cha Nigerien Progressive Party (Parti Progressiste Nigérien, panji PPN, icho pakwamba chikaŵa chigaŵa cha African Democratic Rally, panji Rassemblement Démocratique Africain  ⁇  RDA) chikapangika pasi pa ulongozgi wa msambizgi wakale Hamani Diori, nga ni chipani cha Movement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba (MSA), icho chikalongozgekanga na Djibo Bakary. Pamanyuma pa Dango la Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Loi Cadre) la pa 23 Julayi 1956 na kukhazikiskika kwa boma la Fifth French Republic pa 4 Disembala 1958, charu cha Niger chikamba kuŵa na mazaza ghekha mu French Community. Pa Disembala 18, 1958, boma la Niger likapangika ndipo Hamani Diori ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ili. Mu 1959 boma likakanizga MSA cifukwa ca kutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Pa 11 July 1960, Niger yikasankha kuti yifumemo mu French Community ndipo yikamba kujiyimira payekha pa 3 August, 1960 nyengo ya pakati pa usiku. Ntheura Diori wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi.<ref>Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569.</ref><ref name="djibo03">Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60.</ref> ===Post-colonial (1960–)=== ====Diori years (1960–74)==== [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F028554-0009, Niger, Staatsbesuch Bundespräsident Lübke.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|200px|right|Pulezidenti Hamani Diori na Pulezidenti wa ku Germany Heinrich Lübke ŵakutawuzga wumba pa ulendo wa boma ku Niamey, 1969. Muwuso wa Diori ukaŵa wa chipani chimoza pera ndipo ukaŵa na "ubwezi uwemi" na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.]] Kwa vyaka 14 vyakwambilira vya ufumu wa Niger, boma likaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa Hamani Diori.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|title=Encyclopedia Britannica - Hamni Diori|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903003241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> M'ma 1960 ŵanthu ŵakasambira vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, kweniso vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya chuma na mafakitale.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Diori wakazomerezga kuti ku France kuŵe migodi ya uranium ku Arlit ndipo wakawovwira France pa nkhondo ya ku Algeria.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Mdauko wa vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ukaŵa "uwemi", kupaturako Dahomey (Benin), cifukwa ca mphindano ya mphaka. Mu nyengo yose iyi, boma la Niger likaŵa na chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Diori wakapona pa chiŵembu icho chikachitika mu 1963 na chiyezgo cha kumukoma mu 1965; viŵembu vinandi ivi vikachitikanga na gulu la Djibo Bakary la MSA-Sawaba ilo likambiska chigaluka mu 1964.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Jon Abbink |author2=Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven |title=Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history |year=2003 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=90-04-12624-4 |chapter=''Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger (1964-64)'' |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010044/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu ma 1970, masuzgo gha vyachuma, njara, na milandu ya vimbundi na kuleka kunozga makora vyakurya, vikapangiska kuti boma liwukirepo ndipo boma la Diori likathereskeka.. ====First military regime (1974–1991)==== Wupu uwu ukapangika na Col. Seyni Kountché na gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Conseil Militaire Supreme, ndipo Kountché wakalutilira kuwusa caru mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1987.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574 |date=22 October 2014 }}. ''Perspective monde'', 15 avril 1974</ref> Nangauli boma la Diori likafwatura ŵakayidi awo ŵakakhalanga mu jele chifukwa cha ndyali, kweni wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu "ukalutilira kunangika". Pakaŵaso viyezgo vya kupoka boma (mu 1975, 1976 na 1984) ivyo vikatimbanizgika, ndipo awo ŵakavipangiska ŵakalangika.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Kountché wakakhumbanga kupanga "bungwe lakukhozga ŵanthu", ilo likasanganga ndalama zinandi kufuma ku migodi ya uranium ku Agadez Region. Makampani gha boma ghakapangika, nyumba zinandi zikapangika (kuzenga misewu, masukulu, na malo ghakusungirako umoyo), ndipo pakaŵaso vimbundi mu mawupu gha boma, ivyo Kountché wakaleka yayi kulanga. M'ma 1980, Kountché wakamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, ndipo boma likamba kucepeskako mazaza gha ŵasilikari, na kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe nga ni ŵanthu. Chuma chikamba kukwera chomene apo mitengo ya uranium yikakhira, ndipo boma la IMF likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura vinthu vyawo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakane. Mu 1985, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakagaluka ku Tchintabaraden. Kountché wakafwa mu Novembala 1987 cifukwa ca kansa ya mu wongo, ndipo wakasinthika na mulongozgi wake wa ŵasilikari, Col. Ali Saibou uyo wakazomelezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Supreme Military Council pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi. Saibou wakawuskapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitikanga mu nyengo ya Kountché (nga ni polisi ya cisisi na kuŵika malango pa vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu nyuzipepara), ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu ndyali iyo yikalongozgekanga na gulu limoza (Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement, panji MNSD). Boma lakwamba likaŵa la Ŵaroma, ndipo lachiŵiri likaŵa la Ŵaroma. General Saibou wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Second Republic pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho cha pulezidenti pa 10 December 1989. Mulimo wa Pulezidenti Saibou wa kuwongolera kusintha vinthu mu ndyali watondeka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamalonda na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakukhumba kuti paŵe demokilase ya vipani vinandi. Pa 9 February, 1990, ku Niamey kukaŵa chiwawa icho chikapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵatatu ŵakomeke, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na vyaru vinyake viŵachichizge kuti ŵasinthe vinthu. Kuumaliro wa 1990, boma la Saibou likazomera ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Pa nyengo iyi, masuzgo ghakambaso mu chigaŵa cha Agadez apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg likalukira tawuni ya Tchintabaraden (uyo ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska kuwukira kwa mtundu wa Tuareg), ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵakome ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. (Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka, kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 70 panji 1,000).<ref name="H-Dictionary"/>[[File:Ali Saibou cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ali Saibou, President 1987–93, helped oversee the transition from military to civilian rule]] ====National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)==== Msonkhano wa National Sovereign wa mu 1991 unabweretsa demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Kwambira pa Julayi 29 mpaka pa Novembala 3, pa ungano wa caru cose uwu pakawungana ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose kuti ŵapeleke ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viŵirenge mu caru. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Prof. André Salifou ndipo wakapangiska pulani ya boma lakusintha vinthu; ilo likaŵikika mu Novembala 1991 kuti lilongozge vinthu vya boma mpaka apo maboma gha Third Republic ghakaŵikira mu Epulero 1993. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa National Sovereign Conference, boma la nyengo yichoko waka likalemba dango la chalo ilo likasintha dango la chipani chimoza ilo likaŵako mu 1989, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango yikazomerezgeka pa 26 Disembala 1992. Pamanyuma pa ichi, chisankho cha pulezidenti chikachitika ndipo Mahamane Ousmane wakaba pulezidenti wakwamba wa Third Republic pa 27 March 1993.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref name="auto1">Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p685 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Ousmane, boma likasintha kankhondi na kankhondi, ndipo mu 1995 kukaŵa mavoti gha wupu wa malango. Nkhaza mu Agadez Region zikalutilira mu nyengo iyi, ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Niger lisayinire phangano la mtende na ŵakugaluka ŵa Tuareg mu 1992. Kweni phangano ili likaŵa lawaka chifukwa cha kususkana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ŵakakwiya na ivyo boma la Niger likacita ku vigaŵa vyawo. Iwo ŵakatenge boma la Niger likutondeka kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Mu Epulero 1995, boma likasazga phangano la mtende na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg, ndipo likazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo kale ŵakagalukiranga boma ŵaŵapokelere mu gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo na wovwiri wa caru ca France, ŵakawovwire ŵanyake kuti ŵambeso umoyo uwemi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Publications|first1=USA International Business|title=Niger Foreign Policy and Government Guide|date=2007|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=9781433036873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwInUH18i8wC&q=The+niger+agreed+to+absorb+some+of+the+former+rebels+into+the+military+and%2C+with+French+assistance%2C+to+help+others+return+to+a+productive+civilian+life.&pg=PA28|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Second military regime and third military regime (1996–1999)==== Cifukwa cakuti boma likaŵa kuti lindambe kwendera fundo zake, ŵasilikari ŵakacitapo kanthu; pa Janyuwale 27, 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara wakadangilira kuwukira uko kukawuskapo Pulezidenti Ousmane na kumazga muwuso wa Third Republic.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803195752/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1 |date=3 August 2018 }} New York Times, 28 January 1996</ref><ref name=Obit>Kaye Whiteman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095159/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990412/ai_n14221141 "Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara"], ''The Independent'' (London), 12 April 1999.</ref> Maïnassara wakalongozga wupu wa Conseil de Salut National (National Salvation Council) uwo ukapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo ya myezi 6, apo ŵakanozga dango la chalo ndipo likapelekeka pa 12 May 1996. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pakaŵaso upharazgi wapadera. Maïnassara wakanjira mu kampeni nga ni munthu wakujiyimira payekha ndipo wakathereska chisankho pa 8 Julayi 1996, chisankho ichi chikawonekanga kuti ntchiheni, chifukwa komiti ya chisankho yikasinthika pa kampeni. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Maïnassara wakambiska pulogiramu ya privatization yakuzomerezgeka na IMF na World Bank iyo yikaŵapangiska kuŵa ŵasambazi ŵanji awo ŵakamulondezganga, kweni wupu wa ŵamalonda ukakana. Pamanyuma pa mavoti ghaupusikizgi mu 1999, gulu lakuwukira boma likati lilekerethu kukolerana na boma la Maïnassara. Mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa (panji kuti wakakhumbanga kucimbira mu caru), Maïnassara wakakomeka pa 9 Epulero 1999 pa Airport ya Niamey.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|title=Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|access-date=9 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415001633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké wakayamba kuwusa, ndipo wakapangiska National Reconciliation Council kuti yilongozge pa kulemba dango la chalo la French-style semi-presidential. Ndondomeko iyi yikapelekeka pa Ogasiti 9, 1999, ndipo pamasinda pa Okutobala na Novembala pakachitika visankho vya pulezidenti na vya nduna. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ŵakayowoya kuti visankho vikachitika mwawanangwa. Pamanyuma pake Wanké wakaleka nchito ya boma.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fifth Republic (1999–2009)==== [[File:Nigerien MNJ fighter technical gun.JPG|thumb|A [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] rebel fighter in northern Niger during the Second Tuareg Rebellion, 2008]] Wati wawina masankho mu Novembala 1999, Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakalapa pa 22 Disembala 1999 nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Fifth Republic. Mamadou wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali, kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora pa nkhani ya ndyali.<ref>{{citation|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|publisher=UN News|title=UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute|date=13 July 2019|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108193311/https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Fabio Spadi (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, ''Leiden Journal of International Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186 |date=29 September 2006 }} 18: 777–794</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2002, ku Niamey, Diffa, na Nguigmi kukacitika vivulupi mu misasa ya ŵasilikari, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka boma likamazga vivulupi. Pa Julayi 24, 2004, kukacitika masankho gha boma kuti ŵasankhe ŵimiliri awo ŵakimikika na boma. Chisankho ichi chikalondezgana na chisankho cha pulezidenti, apo Mamadou wakasankhikaso kwa nyengo yachiŵiri, ntheura wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo ichi kuwina visankho vyakulondezgana kwambura kuwuskika na ŵasilikari.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf |date=22 June 2007 }}, democratie.francophonie.org {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Wupu wakulongozga na wupu wa malango vikalutilira kuyana na umo vikaŵira mu nyengo yakwamba ya pulezidenti: Hama Amadou wakasoleka kuŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Mahamane Ousmane, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CDS, wakasoleka kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa malango (parliament) na ŵanyake. Mu 2007, ubale pakati pa Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou na nduna yake "wakatimbanizgika", ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Juni 2007 wasinthike na Seyni Oumarou pamasinda pa voti ya kuwoneseska kuti palije chigomezgo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakakhumbanga kuti nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yilute panthazi mwa kusintha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu kuwusa nyengo yitali. Awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti boma likhale kwa nyengo yitali, ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "Tazartche" (kufuma ku lizgu la Chihausa ilo likung'anamura "kukhala nyengo yitali"), kweni ŵakasuskika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka kuti "anti-Tazartche" ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulimbana na boma kweniso ŵakususka boma. Ku mpoto kwa caru ici kukawuka viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg mu 2007. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka ndipo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵambura kugomezgeka. Vuto la "kukhazikika" kwa chitetezo m'chigawochi likuganiziridwa kuti ndilo linapangitsa kuti gulu la Al-Qaeda mu Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) likhazikike m'dzikoli.<ref name="H-Dictionary"/> ====Fourth military regime (2009–2010)==== Mu 2009, pulezidenti Tandja Mamadou wakanozga vyakuti wapange referendum kuti wawuskepo muwuso wake, kweni vipani vinyake vikakolerana navyo yayi. Pamanyuma Mamadou wakasintha na kukhazikiska dango liphya, ilo Khoti la Vyamalango likati ndambura kuzomerezgeka, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Mamadou wasankhepo Khoti ili na kupoka mazaza ghapadera.<ref name=Reutersjune26>[https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 Niger president rules by decree after court snub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629050556/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626 |date=29 June 2009 }}. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm Emergency powers for Niger leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116071655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm |date=16 November 2018 }}. BBC. 26 June 2009.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakakana kupulika fundo iyi, ndipo dango la chalo likapokeka na ŵanthu 92.5% ndipo ŵanthu 68% ŵakaluta ku mavoti, kuyana na ivyo vikawoneka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa chalo cha 6 na boma la pulezidenti, na boma la kanyengo ka vyaka vitatu la Tandja Mamadou. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu caru muŵe vivulupi pa ndyali na pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Febuluwale 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakakhazikiska boma la Salou Djibo, chifukwa chakuti Tandja wakakhumbanga kusazgirako nyengo iyo wakhalenge mu boma. Wupu wakulongozgeka na Djibo, ukacita ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa vinthu, ndipo ukasora dango la chalo, na kupanga mavoti mu 2011. ====Seventh Republic (2010–)==== Pamanyuma pa kupika dango la chalo mu chaka cha 2010 na kusankhika kwa pulezidenti chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Mahamadou Issoufou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa chalo cha 7th Republic; ndipo wakasankhikaso mu chaka cha 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN |date=4 March 2020 }}, Reuters, 22 March 2016.</ref><ref name="H-Dictionary"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe muwuso wa mulongozgi yumoza, uwo ukalekeka chaka chimoza kumanyuma. Mu 2011, boma likakhumba kumupoka, kweni likamutondeska ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakakakika. Nyengo iyo Issoufou wakaŵa paudindo yikamanyikwa na masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha nkhondo iyo yikachitikanga ku Libya na kumpoto kwa Mali, uchigaluka uwo ukachitikanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger na al-Qaeda na Islamic State, uchigaluka wa Boko Haram uwo ukachitikanga ku Nigeria uwo ukafika na kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, na kugwiliskira ntchito charu cha Niger nga ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakujumphamo kuti ŵalute ku charu chinyake. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na America ŵakovwira Niger kulimbana na masuzgo agha..<ref>{{cite web|title=France ready to strike extremists on Libya border|url=http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|website=Asian Defense News|date=6 January 2015|publisher=6 January 2015|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031907/http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Disembala 27, 2020, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta ku mavoti pamanyuma pakuti Issoufou wapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo, na kunozga nthowa kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Pakaŵavya uyo wakasangika na voti yinandi, kweni Mohamed Bazoum ndiyo wakasanga 39.33%. Kuyana na dango la chalo, pa 20 February 2021, pakachitika chisankho chachiŵiri, ndipo Bazoum wakapokera 55.75% ya mavoti ndipo uyo wakususka (ndipo kale wakaŵa pulezidenti) Mahamane Ousmane wakapokera 44.25%, kuyana na ivyo komiti ya chisankho yikayowoya. Pa 31 Malichi 2021, ŵasilikari ŵa Niger ŵakathereska chiŵembu cha ŵasilikari ku Niamey. Ŵanthu ŵakapulika kuphulika kwa futi mu nyumba ya pulezidenti. Cinthu ici cikacitika mazuŵa ghaŵiri pambere Mohamed Bazoum, uyo wakaŵa kuti wasankhika waka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici, wandambe mulimo wake. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa 2 April, 2021, Bazoum wakalambikwa kuŵa pulezidenti wa Niger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup |title=Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger's president amid tensions |work=Aljazeera |first=Giacomo |last=Zandonini |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Niger}} [[File:Ng-map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|A map of Niger]] {{MapLibrary|Niger sat.png|Niger}} Charu ichi chili ku West Africa ndipo chili pakati pa Sahara na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria na Benin, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burkina Faso na Mali, kumpoto kwa Algeria na Libya, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 24°N, kweniso pakati pa 0° na 16°E. Munda wake ngwakuti 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) ndipo 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) ni maji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ni caru cikuru comene kuluska ca France, ndipo nchigaŵa ca nambara 21 pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru 7, ndipo chili na utali wa makilomita 5,697. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli charu cha Nigeria icho chili na mtunda wa makilomita 1,497. Charu cha Chad chili kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,175. Charu cha Algeria chili kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo cha Mali chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 821. Charu cha Niger chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso pa 628 km (390 mi) na Benin pa 266 km (165 mi) na kumpoto-mpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya pa 354 km (220 mi). Malo gha pasi chomene ni pa Mlonga wa Niger, ndipo ghakukwera mamita 200. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès mu mapiri gha Aïr. ===Climate=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NER present.svg|thumb|Map of Köppen climate classification]] Ku malo ghanyake, nyengo ya kotcha na ya chipalamba yikupangiska kuti moto uŵeko kanandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramo|first1=Ruben|last2=Roteta|first2=Ekhi|last3=Bistinas|first3=Ioannis|last4=Wees|first4=Dave van|last5=Bastarrika|first5=Aitor|last6=Chuvieco|first6=Emilio|last7=Werf|first7=Guido R. van der|date=2021-03-02|title=African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=9|doi=10.1073/pnas.2011160118|pmc=7936338|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33619088|bibcode=2021PNAS..11811160R |hdl=10810/50523 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli malo ghakuzizima agho ghakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Niger. Malo agha ghakaŵa mapopa, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa mapiri, kumpoto kukaŵa mapiri. ===Biodiversity=== {{Further|Wildlife of Niger}} [[File:Elephant dust bath park w niger.jpg|thumb|An elephant in the [[W National Park]] ]] Charu cha Niger chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: Savanna ya Sahelian Acacia, Savanna ya West Sudan, Savanna ya Lake Chad, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, na West Saharan montane xeric woodlands. Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli mapopa na malo ghanyake ghambura mapopa. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni viyuni nga ni viyuni vya addax antelope, oryx, gazelle, ndipo ku mapiri kuli mberere za mtundu wa Barbary. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli malo ghakucemeka Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve. Kumwera kwa caru ici kuli vigaŵa ivyo ni vyakupambanapambana. W National Park, iyo yili ku mphaka ya Burkina Faso na Benin, njimoza mwa "malo ghakuzirwa comene" ku vyamoyo vyamuthengere ku West Africa. Malo agha ghakucemeka WAP (W ⁇ Arli ⁇ Pendjari) Complex. Ku malo agha kuli nkharamu za ku West Africa, ndipo kuli nkharamu ya Northwest African cheetah. Vinyama vinyake vyamuthengere ni njovu, njati, mphoyo, mphoyo za mu thengere, na mphoyo za ku mphepete. Giraffe wa ku West Africa wakusangika kumpoto uko wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni umo ŵalimi ŵakunanga vinthu chifukwa cha kukwera kwa unandi wa ŵanthu, kuska vyakurya mwambura kuzomerezgeka, moto wa mu nkhorongo mu vigaŵa vinyake, na umo ŵanthu ŵakunjilira mu malo agho ghakuphulika na maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger kuti ŵalimenge mpunga. Vigeŵenga ivyo vili kuzengeka pa Mlonga wa Niger mu vyaru vya Mali na Guinea, kweniso mu Niger, ndivyo vyapangiska kuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger ghaleke kwenda makora, ndipo ivi vikukhwaska comene malo agho tikukhala. Cinyake ico cikupangiska kuti viŵeto viluwenge ni "kuŵavya ŵantchito ŵakukwana" kuti ŵavikilire viŵeto mu malo ghakusungirako viŵeto. Mulimi wakuŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo kufuma waka mu 1983 kuti ŵapange vyakurya vinandi na makuni, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na mphepo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hertsgaard|first=Mark|date=2009-11-19|title=Regreening Africa|language=en-US|journal=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/regreening-africa/|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> == Boma na ndyali == {{Main|Politics of Niger|Government of Niger}} Pa Okutobala 31, 2010, boma liphya la Niger likazomerezgeka. Likawuskaso ndondomeko ya kuwusa ya pulezidenti ya mu 1999 (Fifth Republic) apo pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kwa vilimika vinkhondi, ndipo nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti ndiyo yikucita mulimo wa kuwusa. Pa 26 May 2009, Pulezidenti Tandja wakathura nyumba ya malango pamanyuma pakuti khoti la malango la boma la boma la [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] likanizga ndondomeko ya kupanga referendum pa nkhani ya kuzakazomerezga kuti waŵepo paudindo kachitatu. Mwakuyana na dango la boma, mu myezi yitatu yikeneranga kufika nyengo yakuti ŵasole nyumba ya malango yiphya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa Tandja, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti wamalizge mazaza ghake agho ghakaŵa gha nyengo yichoko waka, na awo ŵakamususkanga, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake para nyengo yake yachiŵiri yamara mu Disembala 2009. Wonani 2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis. Ŵasilikari ŵakapoka boma, ndipo Pulezidenti Tandja ŵakamujalira mu jele, ŵakamupusikizgira kuti wali na vimbundi. Ŵasilikari ŵakasunga layizgo lawo lakuti ŵazamuwezgerapo demokarase mu caru. Pakacitikaso mavoti na referendum pa nkhani ya malango gha caru cose. Chisankho cha pulezidenti chidachitika pa 31 January 2011, kweni pakuti pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, chisankho chachiŵiri chikachitika pa 12 March 2011. Mahamadou Issoufou wa ku chipani cha Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pakaŵaso kusora ŵaboma.<ref>Ahmad, Romoke W. [http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html "West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053302/http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030287.html |date=29 June 2011}}, ''Daily Trust'' (republished at AllAfrica.com), 3 February 2011.</ref><ref>Saidou, Djibril. [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html "Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204008/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-04/niger-s-presidential-election-heads-to-march-runoff.html |date=28 June 2011}}, ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', 4 February 2011.</ref><ref>Look, Anne. [http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html "Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207212122/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Niger-Politicians-Forge-Alliances-Before-March-Election-116159734.html |date=7 February 2012}}, ''Voice of America'', 14 February 2011.</ref> ===Foreign relations=== [[File:Drapeau Niger ambassade Paris.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Niger's flag waving at the embassy in Paris]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Niger}} Boma la Niger likulongozga ndyali ya pa caru cose yayi ndipo likuŵa paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyaru vya Chisilamu, na vyaru ivyo vikukolerana navyo yayi. Wupu uwu uli mu UN na mabungwe ghanyake ndipo mu 1980-1981 ukaŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya chivikiliro wa UN. Niger yili paubwezi wapadera na caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweniso yili paubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga ni umoza wa vyaru vya Africa na Western African Monetary Union. Charu ichi chili ku Niger Basin Authority na Lake Chad Basin Commission, Economic Community of West African States, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger vikukolerana na vigaŵa vya Mali na Burkina Faso pasi pa Liptako-Gourma Authority. Mu 2005, Khoti la Vyamalango la pa Charu Chose likadumura nkhani ya mphindano ya mphaka pakati pa charu cha Benin na charu cha Niger. Nkhani iyi yikakhwaska chomene chirwa cha Lété icho chili mu mlonga wa Niger. ===Military=== {{Further|Niger Armed Forces}} Ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Forces armées nigériennes) ni ŵasilikari ŵa Niger, pasi pa pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Vili na ŵasilikari ŵa Niger (Armée de Terre), ŵasilikari ŵa Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, nga ni National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) na National Guard (Garde nationale). Ŵasilikari wose ŵaŵiri ŵakusambizgika nkhondo ndipo ŵakugwira nchito zinyake za nkhondo. Mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵakucita milimo ya ŵapolisi. Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 12,900, kusazgapo 3,700 gendarmes, 3,200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, na 6,000 army personnel. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵali kuchitapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vingapangiska kuti boma liwe, ndipo ivyo vyachitika sonosono apa ni vya mu 2010. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Niger ŵakukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na United States. Mu 2013, ku Niamey kukaŵa malo agho kukaŵanga ndege za ku U.S. ===Judicial system=== {{Main|Judiciary of Niger}} Khoti ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 1999 apo boma lachinayi la Niger likapangika. Ndondomeko ya malango ya Disembala 1992 yikasinthika pa 12 May 1996 ndipo pa 18 July 1999 yikasinthikaso na kuŵa umo yiliri sono. Ndondomeko iyi yikukolerana na dango la Code Napoléon, ilo likapangika mu Niger mu nyengo ya French colonial rule na Constitution ya 1960 ya Niger. Khoti la Appeal Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na ivyo vikacitika na ivyo vili mu dango, ndipo Khoti Likuru Chomene la Supreme Court likusanda nkhani zakukhwaskana na dango na ivyo vili mu dango. Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango (HCJ) ndilo likweruzga milandu ya ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likuŵaso na makhoti gha milandu ya ŵanthu, makhoti gha mitheto, makhoti gha ŵasilikari, na makhoti ghanyake. Makhoti gha ŵasilikari ghakupika wanangwa wakuyana waka na makhoti gha milandu yaŵanthu. Kweni makhoti gha mitheto ghalije wanangwa uwu. Khoti la ŵasilikari lingeruzga ŵanthu bweka yayi.<ref name="USHRR2008">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175359/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119017.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Niger] in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the [[Public Domain]]. Portions of it may be used here verbatim.</ref><ref name=Sory>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html#Syst%E8me%20judiciaire Niger:Système judiciaire] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html |date=26 November 2008}}. NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009</ref> ===Law enforcement=== {{Main|Law enforcement in Niger}} Boma la Niger ndilo likwendeska nkhani za malango. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku [[Spain]] ndiwo ŵakulaŵilira kuti malango gha m'mizinda ghakulondezgeka. Kuwaro kwa misumba yikuru na ku mizi, mulimo uwu ukupelekeka ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. ===Government finance=== Ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyamalonda ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake (vyamalonda vya migodi, mafuta, na vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika ku vyaru vinyake) kweniso ku misonkho iyo boma likutolera. Kale, wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ukaŵanga ukuru comene pa bajeti. Mu chaka cha 2013, boma la Niger likapeleka bajeti yambura kusuzga ya 1,279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) iyo yikulongosoreka kuti yikovwira kuti ndalama na ndalama viŵe pa mtende na kuchepeska bajeti na 11% kufuma mu chaka chamanyuma. Bajeti ya chaka cha 2014 yikaŵa ya CFA 1.867 trillion, iyo yikatumizgika ku: ngongole ya boma (76,703,692,000 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (210,979,633,960 CFA), ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (128,988,777,711 CFA); ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito: 308,379,641,366 CFA) na ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/ |date=5 August 2020}}. ''Niger Express'', 28 November 2013.</ref> ====Foreign aid==== Kuzirwa kwa wovwiri wa ku caru ca Niger kukulongoreka na fundo yakuti pafupifupi 45% ya bajeti ya boma ya cilimika ca 2002, kusazgapo 80% ya bajeti ya ndalama, yikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri.<ref name=ussd2009>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm Background Notes for Niger: January 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232128/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |date=24 May 2019}} Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain.</ref> Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikupeleka ndalama ku Niger ni France, European Union, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha United Nations (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, World Food Program, na United Nations Population Fund). Vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupereka ndalama ni United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, na Saudi Arabia. Nangauli wupu wa USAID ulije ofesi ku Niger, kweni boma la United States ndilo likupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Niger. Boma la U.S. likovwiraso comene pa nkhani ya vyakurya na HIV/AIDS. ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Niger administrative divisions.svg|thumb|upright=2.25|Administrative divisions of Niger]] {{Main|Regions of Niger|Departments of Niger|Communes of Niger}} Charu cha Niger chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 7 na chigaŵa chimoza. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu madipatimenti 36. Mazuŵa ghano, vigaŵa vyose 36 vya ku France vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu chaka cha 2006 mukaŵa makomomu 265, kusazgapo makomomu gha mu misumba (Urban Communes: nga ni vigaŵa vya misumba yikuruyikuru), makomomu gha ku mizi (Rural Communes), mu vigaŵa ivyo muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka na mapositi gha mu boma (Administrative Posts) mu vigaŵa vya mapopa panji vigaŵa vya ŵasilikari. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mungasangika vikaya na malo ghakukhalako ŵanthu, apo mu vigaŵa vya mu misumba mungasangika vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 2002, vigaŵa vya Niger vikasinthika mazina pakulondezga ndondomeko ya kusankhana vinthu ivyo vikamba mu 1998. Pakwamba, Niger yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa 7, vigaŵa 36, na vigaŵa vinyake. Maofesi agha ghakaŵanga na ŵalaraŵalara awo ŵakasankhika na boma. Maofesi agha muzamughasintha kuti ghaŵe na makomiti agho ghazamusankhika mwademocracy pa vigaŵa vyose. Madera agho ghakaŵako pambere chaka cha 2002 chindafike (ghakazgoka vigaŵa) ni: * [[Agadez Region]] * [[Diffa Region]] * [[Dosso Region]] * [[Maradi Region]] * [[Tahoua Region]] * [[Tillabéri Region]] * [[Zinder Region]] * [[Niamey]] {{smaller|(capital district)}} ===Largest cities and towns=== {{Further|List of cities in Niger}} {{Largest cities | country = Niger | stat_ref = According to the 2012 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html|title=Niger|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Niamey | div_1 = Niamey <!-- Capital District --> | pop_1 = 978,029 | img_1 = Niamey from the sky.jpg | city_2 = Maradi, Niger{{!}}Maradi | div_2 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_2 = 267,249 | img_2 = Village maradi niger.jpg | city_3 = Zinder | div_3 = Zinder Region{{!}}Zinder | pop_3 = 235,605 | img_3 = Zinder (6328886864).jpg | city_4 = Tahoua | div_4 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_4 = 117,826 | img_4 = Femmes rurales et taches ménageres.jpg | city_5 = Agadez | div_5 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_5 = 110,497 | city_6 = Arlit | div_6 = Agadez Region{{!}}Agadez | pop_6 = 78,651 | city_7 = Birni-N'Konni | div_7 = Tahoua Region{{!}}Tahoua | pop_7 = 63,169 | city_8 = Dosso, Niger{{!}}Dosso | div_8 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_8 = 58,671 | city_9 = Gaya, Niger{{!}}Gaya | div_9 = Dosso Region{{!}}Dosso | pop_9 = 45,465 | city_10 = Tessaoua | div_10 = Maradi Region{{!}}Maradi | pop_10 = 43,409 }} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Niger}} [[File:Niger Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Niger exports, 2019]] [[File:Niamey night.jpg|thumb|[[Niamey]], Niger's capital and economic hub]] Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika mu Niger ni vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa comene, viŵeto, na uranium, vinthu ivyo vikusangika comene mu caru. Vinthu ivi ni njara, mapopa ghasazgikira, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira na 2.9 peresenti, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukhumba chomene uranium pa caru cose. Charu cha Niger chili na ndalama yimoza pera, ya CFA franc, ndipo chili na banki yimoza ya ku West Africa, ya Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), pamoza na vyaru vinyake 7 vya ku West African Monetary Union. Niger nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani ya malango gha vyamalonda mu Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa | url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php | access-date = 22 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>[[File:Echangeur a Niamey la Nuit.jpg|thumb|Niamey at night]] Mu Disembala 2000, chalo cha Niger chikapokera ndalama zakuwombolera ngongoli za vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli yikuru chomene (HIPC) kufuma ku wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Kuwombora ngongoli uko kwapelekeka mu ndondomeko ya HIPC kukuchepeska ngongoli izo Niger yikugwiliskira nchito pa chaka, ndipo ndalama zikuluwika pa vinthu nga ni vyaumoyo, masambiro gha pulayimale, kulimbana na HIV/AIDS, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku mizi, na vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti ukavu uchepeko. Msika wa Dolé Mu Disembala 2005, boma la Niger likapokera ndalama zakukwana madola 86 miliyoni kufuma ku IMF. Pafupifupi hafu ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kukura kwa caru kunthazi kungazengeka pa kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, golide, malasha, na visulo vinyake. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, mitengo ya uranium yikukwera. Mu 2005, ku Nigeria kukaŵa njara na zombe, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ŵakasoŵa cakurya. == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Niger}} [[File:1997 275-15 young Wodaabe women.jpg|thumb|[[Fula people|Fulani]] women with traditional [[face tattoo|facial tattoos]] ]] Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵakaŵa 25,252,722{{UN_Population|ref}}. Mu 1960, mu Niger mukaŵa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira mwaluŵiro chomene.<ref name="ins-demographics">{{in lang|fr}} ''Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011''. [http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf Structure de la population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726234159/http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf |date=26 July 2014}} (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |title=Niger Population |publisher=Worldometers |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814061458/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kukura kwa unandi wa ŵanthu uku, nkhukuru comene pa caru cose ndipo boma na mawupu ghanyake ghakufipa mtima comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mbachinyamata, ndipo 49.2% ŵali na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 2.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65. Kafukufuku wa mu 2005 [which?] likati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800,000 (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) mu Niger ŵali mu wuzga.<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219150212/https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 |date=19 February 2009}}". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm |date=6 August 2017}}". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113131049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Cities of Niger ! rowspan="2"| Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population !! rowspan="2" | Region |- ! 2001 Census<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|title=Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321050141/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/|archive-date=21 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2012 Census<ref name="auto2"/> |- |align=right | 1. || [[Niamey]] || align=right | 690,286 || align=right | 978,029 || [[Niamey]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]] || align=right | 148,017 || align=right | 267,249 || [[Maradi Region]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Zinder]] || align=right | 170,575 || align=right | 235,605 || [[Zinder Region]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Tahoua]] || align=right | 73,002 || align=right | 117,826 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Agadez]] || align=right | 77,060 || align=right | 110,497 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Arlit]] || align=right | 68,835 || align=right | 78,651 || [[Agadez Region]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Birni N'Konni]] || align=right | 44,663 || align=right | 63,169 || [[Tahoua Region]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]] || align=right | 43,561 || align=right | 58,671 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]] || align=right | 28,385 || align=right | 45,465 || [[Dosso Region]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Tessaoua]] || align=right | 31,667 || align=right | 43,409 || [[Maradi Region]] |} ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in Niger (2001 Census)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|title=DEMOGRAPHIE|website=www.stat-niger.org|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235514/http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Hausa|darkgreen|55.4}} {{bar percent|Zarma & Songhai|purple|21}} {{bar percent|Tuareg|red|9.3}} {{bar percent|Fula|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|Kanuri|orange|4.7}} {{bar percent|Toubou|green|0.4}} {{bar percent|Arab|darkblue|0.4}} {{bar percent|Gurma|white|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other|darkred|0.1}} }} {{Main|Hausa people|Zarma people|Tuareg people|Fula people|Kanuri people|Tubu people|Diffa Arabs|Gurma people}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Niger nako kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Mu 2001, mitundu ya ku Niger yikaŵa: Hausa (55.4%), Zarma & Songhay (21%), Tuareg (9.3%), Fula (French: Peuls; Fula: Fulɓe) (8.5%), Kanuri Manga (4.7%), Tubu (0.4%), Arab (0.4%), Gourmantche (0.4%), ŵanyake (0.1%). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zarma na Songhay ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Dosso, Tillabéri, na Niamey, ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausa ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Zinder, Maradi, na Tahoua, ŵanthu ŵa ku Kanuri Manga ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Diffa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuareg ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Agadez kumpoto kwa Niger.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="ins-demographics" /> === Viyowoyero === {{Main| Languages of Niger}} Cifrenchi, ico cikapokeka kufuma ku nyengo ya ufumu, ndico ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambira comene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweniso ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Niger ni membala wa wupu wa Organisation internationale de la Francophonie kwambira mu 1970. Charu cha Niger chili na viyowoyero 10 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Chiarabu, Chibuduma, Chifulfulde, Chigurmanchéma, Chihausa, Chikanuri, Chizarma na Chi Songhay, Chi Tamasheq, Chi Tassawaq, Chi Tebu. Ciyowoyero cilicose cikayowoyekanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko ilo cikakolerananga nalo.<ref>Ethologue. [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages Niger languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114820/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages |date=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>Présidence de la République du Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ Le Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ |date=27 July 2018}}</ref> Viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka comene ni Hausa na Zarma-Songhai, ndipo ni viyowoyero vyakwamba panji viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Niger}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Niger |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent<ref name="census" /> |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Islam|darkgreen|99.3}} {{bar percent|Christianity|purple|0.3}} {{bar percent|Animism|blue|0.2}} {{bar percent|Irreligious|black|0.1}} }} Charu cha Niger ntchambura kukolerana na chisopa ndipo boma na chisopa vikupambana. Ufulu wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na Ndime 30 ya dango la boma lenelili. Chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. ndipo ndicho chikusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger umo ŵakwenera kukhalira. Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa chakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 99.3% mu chigaŵa ichi ndiwo ŵakasopanga kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012. Visopa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ku Niger ni Chikhristu, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.3%, na Chikhristu (chikhristu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi), icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 0.2%. Ŵamishonale ndiwo ŵakambiska cisopa ca Cikhristu mu caru ici mu nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafalansa. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe na ku West Africa nawo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vyasonosono apa, ku Niger kwambaso kutambuzgika ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca cisopa. Wupu wa Ŵakhristu wakucemeka Open Doors, ukati mu caru ca Niger, kuŵa Mkhristu ni suzgo likuru comene, ndipo ico cikulongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakusuzgika comene mu caru ici. Kuyana na ŵimiliri ŵa magulu gha Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ku Niger, ubwezi pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ngwakuzika comene.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti vyamoyo ni vyamoyo. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, Ŵasilamu ŵakafika yayi ku vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa caru ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ku mizi ŵakang'anamuka mtima viŵi yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, visopa vya Ŵabori na Ŵatubwi na Ŵawudabe ŵakucita viphikiro na maluso gha Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ni awo ŵakuyowoya chiHausa, Maouri (panji Azna, lizgu la chiHausa ilo likung'anamura "ŵambura kusopa Chiuta") ku Dogondoutci, kumwera na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi, na awo ŵakuyowoya chiKanuri, chakuchemeka Manga, kufupi na Zinder, ndipo wose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chiHausa Maguzawa, ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chisilamu chindaŵeko. Kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kuli vigaŵa vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boudouma na Songhay. Mu virimika 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo Mbasilamu ŵakuleka kutemwana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Decalo79" /> ====Islam==== {{Main|Islam in Niger}} Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Niger mba Sunni, 7% mba Shi'a, 5% mba Ahmadiyya ndipo 20% mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name="pew">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |access-date=2 June 2014 |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216213927/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm|date=16 December 2019}}. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Chisilamu chikamba mu vigaŵa ivyo lero ni Niger mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Songhai ukakuranga kumanjiliro gha dazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb na Eguputo ŵakendanga kuzingilira virwa vya Sahara. Ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaluta kumpoto, ndipo ŵakathereska vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵambe kuchita vinthu vinyake. [[File:Niger, Filingué (25), street scene with mosque.jpg|thumb|Small mosque in [[Filingue|Filingué]] ]] Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya Zarma na Hausa vikakhwaskika comene na gulu la Ŵafula la m'ma 1700 na 1900, comene-comene gulu la Sokoto Caliphate (mu caru ico lero ni Nigeria). Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵakucita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Niger, ndipo kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tijaniya, nangauli kuli magulu gha Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka agho ghakukolerana na visambizgo vya Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Hammallism na Nyassist.<ref name=Decalo79>Decalo, James. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey&nbsp;– London, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}. pp. 156–7, 193–4.</ref> Mu virimika 30 ivyo vyajumpha, mu msumba wa Maradi, mukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa cisopo ca Salafi. Magulu ghacoko agha, agho ghakukolerana na magulu ghanyake gha ku Jos, Nigeria, ghakamanyikwa comene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1990 pa nyengo ya viwawa vya cisopo.<ref>Ben Amara, Ramzi. [http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012116/http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php |date=28 December 2016 }}. Research Summary (n.d.)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 Summary for Shedrack Best's ''Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement'', 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 |date=13 January 2009 }}; conflict-prevention.net.</ref> Nangauli vili nthena, kweni Niger ni boma ilo likusopa yayi, ndipo likulongozgeka na dango. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakutemwana comene, ndipo visopa vya Cisilamu ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, vikulekelera visopa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo palije kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska moŵa, nga ni uwo ukupangika mu Niger. ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Niger}} [[File:Niger primary school MCC3500.jpg|thumb|A primary classroom in Niger]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kuŵazga mu charu cha Niger ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili pasi chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="ilab">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm "Niger"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm|date=5 December 2008}}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Ku Niger, sukulu ya pulayimale njakukhumbikwa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za pulayimale yayi.<ref name="ilab" /> Mu 1997, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 29.3 peresenti, ndipo mu 1996, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu iyi cikaŵa 24.5 peresenti.<ref name="ilab" /> Pa ŵana 100 awo ŵamalizga sukulu ya pulayimare, pafupifupi 60 ni ŵasepuka, cifukwa ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kwa vilimika vicoko waka. Kanandi ŵana ŵakugwira nchito m'malo mwa kuluta ku sukulu, comene-comene pa nyengo ya kuseŵa panji kuvuna. Kanandi ŵana ŵa ku mpoto kwa caru ici ŵakuluta ku sukulu yayi.<ref name=ilab/> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Niger}} Ŵana awo ŵakufwa ku Niger (ŵana awo ŵakufwa na vyaka vyapakati pa 1 na 4) mbanandi chomene (248 pa 1,000) cifukwa ca suzgo la ulwari na kurya vyakurya vyambura kwenelera kwa ŵana ŵanandi mu caru ici. Kuyana na wupu wa Save the Children, pa caru cose capasi ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa ku Niger.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Green |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |title=U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says |publisher=CNN |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209065002/http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:HOPITAL DE REFERENCE DE MARADI.jpg|thumb|Maradi Reference Hospital]] Niger nayo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi (6,49 awo ŵakubabika na mwanakazi yumoza kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2017). Ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu (49,7%) ŵa ku Niger ŵaŵe na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi mu 2020. Pa vyaru vyose, charu cha Niger ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi. Pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, 820 ŵakufwa. Mu 2006, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu na manesi 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|title=Niger|access-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142319/http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, maji ghakumwa ghakusoŵa, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa mizi na mizi. Niger yili pa malo gha pasi chomene pa UN Human Development Index. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 92 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi mu chigaŵa cha Tillabéri, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakusoŵa maji ghakumwa, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, apo nyengo zinyake maji ghakukhira chomene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene|url=https://www.unicef.org/niger/water-sanitation-and-hygiene|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delivering water and sanitation services in Niger: challenges and results|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/delivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results|access-date=2021-05-26|website=blogs.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu 30,000 awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Téra, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Niamey, kufupi na mphaka ya Burkina Faso, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakukwana.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger - OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/niger/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.oecd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Development Projects : Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project - P093806|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093806|access-date=2021-05-26|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger, wa Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), ukazenga migodi 10 na malo ghakupwanthirapo maji mu 2018 kuti upeleke maji ghakumwa ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Téra na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, maji ghakamara, ndipo ŵakakhumba kumalizga mulimo wa kunozga maji.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger: EIB finances drinking water supply project (EUR 21m)|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2018-099-la-bei-finance-un-projet-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-au-niger-21-meur|access-date=2021-05-26|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> Na wovwiri wa ndalama izo boma la Netherlands likapeleka, wupu wa European Investment Bank (EIB) na wupu wakuwona vya maji ku Niger ŵakuteŵetera lumoza kuti ŵasange nthowa zakumazgira suzgo la maji. Banki ya pa caru cose yikati Niger njimoza mwa vyaru 18 vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa ivyo vikusuzgika comene. Banki ya ku Europe yikasunganga ndalama ku vigaŵa ivi. Banki ya European Investment Bank na Niger Water Authority ŵakuwona nthowa ziŵiri zakumazgira suzgo la maji ku Téra. Nthowa yakwamba njakuti ŵanozge thanki la maji ilo lili kufupi na tawuni. Nthowa yinyake njakuti maji gha mu Mlonga wa Niger, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 100 kumafumiro gha dazi, ghatore na kugwiliskira nchito. Misumba iyo yili pakati pa Téra na Mlonga wa Niger nayo yiŵenge na maji ghakunyang'amira. Banki ya European Investment Bank yizamuwonaso umo ŵangaponoskera ndalama zawo pa nkhani ya magesi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Niger}} [[File:Zinder sultans horsemen festival.jpg|thumb|Horsemen at the traditional [[Ramadan]] festival at the [[Sultanate of Damagaram|Sultan's]] Palace in the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city of [[Zinder]] ]] [[File:Ancient home zinder niger.jpg|thumb|A traditional home in [[Zinder]] ]] Chikhalidwe cha ku Niger chikupambana chomene, ndipo uwu mbukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakakolerana na Ŵafalansa. Charu icho lero ni Niger chikapangika kufuma ku vigaŵa vinayi vya mitheto iyo yikaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kukhazikiskana: Zarma na Songhai ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Niger kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi; chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Hausaland, icho chikaŵa na vigaŵa ivyo vikalimbananga na Sokoto Caliphate, ndipo chikazingilizga mphaka ya kumwera na Nigeria; chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Chad na Kaouar kumanjiliro gha dazi, uko kukaŵanga ŵalimi ŵa Kanuri na ŵaliska ŵa Toubou awo kale ŵakaŵa mu Ufumu wa Kanem ⁇ Bornu; ndiposo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri gha Aïr na Sahara kumpoto. Wose aŵa, pamoza na mafuko ghanyake ghacoko nga ni Wodaabe Fula, ŵakiza na mitheto yawo ku Niger. Nangauli maboma ghakupambana-pambana ghayezgayezga kuti ghaŵe na mitheto yakuyana, kweni ivi vikucitika pacoko waka, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger ŵali na mitheto yawo na yawo, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger nga ni Hausa, Tuareg na Kanuri ŵali mu mitundu yikuru iyo yikunjira mu caru caŵene. M'ma 1990, boma la Niamey na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Zarma ndiwo ŵakendeskanga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vigaŵa vya ku mphaka kwa Hausa pakati pa Birni-N'Konni na Maine-Soroa, kanandi ŵakutolera kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Hausaland mu Nigeria kuluska Niamey. Pakati pa 1996 na 2003, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ndiwo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya pulayimare, ndipo 36 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, ndipo 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Masambiro ghakusazgikira ghakucitika mu madrasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |title=At a glance: Niger |access-date=22 June 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref> ===Festivals and cultural events=== ====Guérewol festival==== {{Main|Guérewol}} [[File:1997 274-5 Gerewol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba Guérewol ŵakwimba dansi la Guérewol, mu 1997.]] Chikondwerero cha Guérewol ndi mwambo wachikhalidwe wa Wodaabe womwe umachitika ku Abalak m'chigawo cha Tahoua kapena In'Gall m'chigawo cha Agadez. Ni mwambo wa cilimika cilicose uwo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Wodaabe (Fula) ŵa ku Niger ŵakucita. Pa ciphikiro ici, ŵawukirano ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakutowa comene na kujitozga kuti ŵajitozge kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵakwimba sumu na kuvina, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhumba kutorana nawo ŵaŵatemwenge. Ciphikiro ca Guérewol cikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo cikaŵa mu mafilimu na mu magazini ghakumanyikwa comene nga ni National Geographic. ====Cure Salée festival==== {{Main|Cure Salee}} "La Cure salée" (Chingelezi: Salt Cure) ni chiphikiro icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose ku In'Gall mu chigaŵa cha Agadez. Kwa mazuŵa ghatatu, pa ciphikiro ici pakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakwenda pa ngamila, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakuŵa viphalizgano vya ngamila na mahaci, kwimba sumu, kuvina, na kuphalirana nkhani. ===Media=== {{Main|Media of Niger}} Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, ku Niger kukaŵa nkhani zinandi. Pambere boma la Third Republic lindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupulikizga waka nkhani za mu nyuzipepara izo zikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma. Sono mu Niamey muli manyuzipepara ghanandi na magazini; ghanyake, nga ni Le Sahel, ghakulembeka na boma, apo ghanyake ghakususka boma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213180757/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html|url-status=dead|title=Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database|archivedate=13 December 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf Medias Status Report: Niger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf |date=4 March 2009 }}. Summary document written for the African Media Partners Network. Guy-Michel Boluvi, Les Echos du Sahel Niamey, January 2001.</ref> Wayilesi ndiyo njakuzirwa comene, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵalije ndalama zakugulira TV, ndipo cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵazga na kuŵazga, mabuku ghakulembeka ghakutondeka kuŵa cakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Padera pa wayilesi ya boma ya ORTN, pali wayilesi zinayi za boma izo zikupanga wayilesi zakukwana 100. Zitatu mwa izo - Anfani Group, Sarounia na Tenere - ni masiteshoni gha FM gha malonda mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kweniso pali ma wayilesi ghakujumpha 80 agho ghakupharazga mu vigaŵa vyose 7 vya mu charu ichi. Wupu wa Comite de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP) ndiwo ukwendeska ma wayilesi agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa CPRP ŵakughanaghana kuti ma wayilesi agho ghakupharazga ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ghakupharazga ku ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.6 miliyoni, panji kuti 73% ya ŵanthu wose (2005). Padera pa ma wayilesi gha ku Niger, ma wayilesi gha ku Hausa gha BBC ghakupulikizgikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu caru ici, comene kumwera, kufupi na mphaka na Nigeria. Radio France Internationale nayo yikupharazga mu ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci kwizira mu wayilesi ya Satellite. Tenere FM nayo yili na wayilesi ya pa caru cose ya zina leneilo. Nangauli mu caru cose muli wanangwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani mu caru ici ŵakuyowoya kuti kanandi ŵakucicizgika na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma likupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera makina gha ORTN ku boma, ndipo likupeleka ndalama izi kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likulipira pa ndalama za magesi, kweniso kwizira mu ndalama izo boma likupeleka. Bungwe la Conseil Supérieur de Communications ndilo likulongozga ntchito iyi. Bungwe ili likakhazikiskika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo kufuma mu 2007, Daouda Diallo ndiyo wakulilongozga. Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka boma kufuma mu chaka cha 1996 kuti likugwiliskira nchito malango na ŵapolisi kuti likhizge ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma.<ref name=cpj2006>[http://cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php Attacks on the press: Niger 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920053522/http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php |date=20 September 2011 }}. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009.</ref><ref>[http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211134003/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5 |date=11 February 2009 }}. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007.</ref><ref name="issa04">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131109234423/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39 Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075744/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39|date=10 May 2011}}. Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004.</ref><ref name="ussd9506">U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices&nbsp;– Niger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html 1993–1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html|date=16 June 2009}} to [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421204423/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm|date=21 April 2020}}.</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Niger}} * [[Outline of Niger]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Refbegin}} * Decalo, Samuel. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger'', 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8108-3136-8}})&nbsp;– a comprehensive collection of Niger topics * [[CIA World Factbook]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ entry on Niger]) * [[US State Department]] {{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |title=Niger |publisher=State.gov |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194527/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm |url-status=live }} ''Note: This article contains material from the State Department website.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html Unicef Niger statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html |date=30 November 2009 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929053656/http://www.nsu.newschool.edu/internationalaffairs/papers/thiam.pdf Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger] {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{sisterlinks|voy=yes}} * {{Official website|http://www.presidence.ne}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085340/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/niger.htm Niger] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Niger}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Niger}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NE Key Development Forecasts for Niger] from [[International Futures]] '''Trade''' * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NER/Year/2012/Summary 2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics] {{Niger topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|16|N|8|E|display=title}} [[Category:Niger| ]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1960 disestablishments in France]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 0950ymm94dbk9h0v0yie9hozrg3gnbd 0 6943 122645 121934 2026-09-28T02:39:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{Redirect|Namibian}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Use South African English|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%; |title = Name in national languages | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:78%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data1 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[German language|German]]: | data2 = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, German |publisher=Government of Namibia. |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105727/https://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2019 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]]: | data3 = {{lang|naq|Namibiab Republiki dib}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Herero language|Otjiherero]]: | data4 = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 }} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Ovambo language|Oshiwambo]]: | data5 = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]]: | data6 = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]: | data7 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Lozi language|siLozi]]: | data8 = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" <div class="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> </div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Oshiwambo]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[!Kung language|!Kung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 49.5% [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] | 9.2% [[Kavango people|Kavango]] | 8.0% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Coloured]] {{small|(including [[Baster]])}} | 7.0% [[Herero people|Herero]] | 7.0% [[Damara (people)|Damara]] | 7.0% [[White Namibians|White]] | 4.7% [[Nama people|Nama]] | 3.5% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 3.0% [[San people|San]] | 0.6% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] | 0.5% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2014 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Christianity]] |—43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Lutheranism]] |—22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Catholicism]] |—17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglicanism]] |—4.4% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |10.2% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |0.3% others}} | religion_year = 2013 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 | publisher=The Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and ICF International | date=September 2014 | url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf | access-date=5 July 2021 | page=30}} Only people between 15 and 49 years of age were surveyed.</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Namibian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Dual" /> | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name4 = [[Natangwe Ithete]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from [[South Africa]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Constitution]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = Independence | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34th | area_sq_mi = 318,696 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 2,777,232<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Namibia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 141th | population_density_km2 = 3.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 6.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 235th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $30.2 billion<ref name="imfna">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=728,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 146th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,439<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 116th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.4 billion<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 146th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,100<ref name=imfna/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 110th | Gini = 59.1 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.615 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = decrease <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 139th | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|b|i|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|n|æ|ˈ|-}}),<ref>{{citation|last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title= Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher= Longman |isbn= 978-1405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title= Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0521152532}}</ref> officially the '''Republic of Namibia''', is a country in [[Southern Africa]]. Its western border is the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It shares land borders with [[Zambia]] and [[Angola]] to the north, [[Botswana]] to the east and [[South Africa]] to the south and east. Although [[Kazungula|it does not]] border [[Zimbabwe]], less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the [[Namibian War of Independence]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Windhoek]]. Namibia is a member state of the [[United Nations]] (UN), the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), the [[African Union]] (AU) and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html |title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past |author=Peter Shadbolt |website=CNN |date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] and [[Nama people]]. Around the 14th century, [[immigration|immigrating]] [[Bantu peoples]] arrived as part of the [[Bantu expansion]]. Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority. Today Namibia is one of the [[List of countries and territories by population density|least densely populated]] countries in the world. It has a population of 2.55&nbsp;million people and is a stable [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[parliamentary democracy]]. Agriculture, [[Tourism in Namibia|tourism]] and the [[Mining in Namibia|mining industry]]&nbsp;– including mining for gem diamonds, [[Uranium mining|uranium]], [[Gold mining|gold]], [[Silver mining|silver]] and [[base metal]]s&nbsp;– form the basis of its [[Economy of Namibia|economy]], while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. In 1884, the [[German Empire]] established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as [[German South West Africa]]. Between 1904 and 1908, it perpetrated a [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|genocide against the Herero and Nama people]]. German rule ended in 1915 with a defeat by South African forces. In 1920, after the end of [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations mandate|mandated]] administration of the colony to South Africa. As mandatory power, South Africa imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules. From 1948, with the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] elected to power, this included South Africa applying [[apartheid]] to what was then known as [[South West Africa]]. In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted in the UN assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but the country of South Africa maintained {{lang|la|de facto}} rule. In 1973, the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation ([[SWAPO]]) as the official representative of the Namibian people. Following continued guerrilla warfare, Namibia obtained independence in 1990. However, [[Walvis Bay]] and the [[Penguin Islands]] remained under South African control until 1994. ==History== {{Main|History of Namibia}} ===Etymology=== The name of the country is derived from the [[Namib]] desert, the oldest desert in the world.<ref name=at1315>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1315}}</ref> The name ''Namib'' itself is of [[nama language|Nama]] origin and means "vast place". That word for the country was chosen by [[Mburumba Kerina]], who originally proposed the name the "Republic of Namib".<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.namibian.com.na/127811/archive-read/The-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina |title=The Man Who Named Namibia- Mburumba Kerina|work=The Namibian| access-date =15 June 2021}}</ref> Before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as [[German South-West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika''), then as [[South West Africa]], reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and South Africans. ===Pre-colonial period=== The dry lands of Namibia have been inhabited since prehistoric times by the [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]], and [[Nama people|Nama]]. For thousands of years, the [[Khoisan]] peoples of Southern Africa maintained a [[nomad]]ic life, the [[Khoikhoi]] as pastoralists and the San people as [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Around the 14th century, immigrating [[Bantu people]] began to arrive during the [[Bantu expansion]] from central Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Belda|first=Pascal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcsUr8BkqAUC&q=The+dry+lands+of+Namibia+have+been+inhabited+since+early+times+by+San,+Damara,+and+Nama.+Around+the+14th+century,+immigrating+Bantu+people+began+to+arrive+during+the+Bantu+expansion+from+central+Africa.&pg=PA14|title=Namibia|date=May 2007|publisher=MTH Multimedia S.L.|isbn=978-84-935202-1-2|language=en}}</ref> From the late 18th century onward, [[Oorlam people]] from Cape Colony crossed the [[Orange River]] and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.<ref name="KDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015021238/http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well,<ref name="Dierks">{{cite web |last=Dierks |first=Klaus |author-link=Klaus Dierks |title=Warmbad becomes two hundred years |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |website=Klausdierks.com |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821172028/http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=177}} On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the [[OvaHerero people|OvaHerero]] at Windhoek, [[Gobabis]], and [[Okahandja]], who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the [[German Empire]] deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero.{{sfn|Vedder|1997|p=659}} In 1878, the [[Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]], then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore [[Penguin Islands]]; these became an integral part of the new [[Union of South Africa]] at its creation in 1910. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators [[Diogo Cão]] in 1485<ref>{{Cite web|last=Observador|title=Padrão português com 500 anos foi roubado da Namíbia no século XIX. Vai ser devolvido|url=https://observador.pt/2019/05/17/padrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Observador|language=pt-PT}}</ref> and [[Bartolomeu Dias]] in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area. Like most of the interior of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At that time traders and settlers came principally from Germany and Sweden. In 1870, [[Finland|Finnish]] missionaries came to the northern part of Namibia to spread the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran religion]] among the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] and [[Kavango people]].<ref name="finnish-mission"/> In the late 19th century, [[Dorsland Trek]]kers crossed the area on their way from the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey. ===German rule=== {{see also|German South West Africa|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under [[Otto von Bismarck]] to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as [[German South West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=German South West Africa|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa|access-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> The [[Palgrave Commission]] by the British governor in Cape Town determined that only the natural deep-water harbour of Walvis Bay was worth occupying and thus annexed it to the Cape province of British South Africa. In 1897, a [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|rinderpest epidemic]] caused massive cattle die-offs of an estimated 95% of cattle in southern & central Namibia. In response the German colonizers set up a veterinary [[Cordon sanitaire (medicine)|cordon]] fence known as the [[Red Line (Namibia)|Red Line]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1864–1871 (p. 7–14) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 1907 this fence then broadly defined the boundaries for the first Police Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lechler |first1=Marie |last2=McNamee |first2=Lachlan |date=December 2018 |title=Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1865 (p. 8) |doi=10.1177/0010414018758760 |s2cid=158335936 |issn=0010-4140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> From 1904 to 1907, the [[Herero people|Herero]] and the [[Nama people|Namaqua]] [[Herero Wars|took up arms]] against brutal German colonialism. In a calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, government officials ordered the extinction of the natives in the [[Herero and Namaqua genocide|OvaHerero and Namaqua genocide]]. In what has been called the "first genocide of the 20th century",<ref>{{cite web |author=David Olusoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/18/pope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia |title=Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide |work=The Guardian |date=18 April 2015 |access-date=26 November 2015|author-link=David Olusoga }}</ref> the Germans systematically killed 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Herero (about 80% of the population).<ref>Drechsler, Horst (1980). The actual number of deaths in the limited number of battles with the Germany Schutztruppe (expeditionary force) were limited; most of the deaths occurred after fighting had ended. The German military governor [[Lothar von Trotha]] issued an explicit extermination order, and many Herero died of disease and abuse in detention camps after being taken from their land. A substantial minority of Herero crossed the Kalahari desert into the British colony of Bechuanaland (modern-day Botswana), where a small community continues to live in western Botswana near to border with Namibia. ''Let us die fighting'', originally published (1966) under the title ''Südwestafrika unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft''. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</ref><ref name="Adhikari" /> The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation, and discrimination in a system that in many ways foreshadowed the [[apartheid]] established by South Africa in 1948. Most Africans were confined to so-called native territories, which under South African rule after 1949 were turned into "homelands" ([[Bantustans]]). Some historians have speculated that the German genocide in Namibia was a model for the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Madley" /> The memory of genocide remains relevant to ethnic identity in independent Namibia and to relations with Germany.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Reinhart |last1=Kößler |first2=Henning |last2=Melber |chapter=Völkermord und Gedenken: Der Genozid an den Herero und Nama in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1908 |lang=de |trans-title=Genocide and memory: the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, 1904–08 |title=Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust |year=2004 |pages=37–75 |isbn=9783593372822 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b5iRhydlHUC&pg=PA37 }}</ref> The German minister for aid development apologised for the Namibian genocide in 2004, however, the German government distanced itself from this apology.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Meldrum |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum |work=The Guardian |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=Völkermord an Herero und Nama: Abkommen zwischen Deutschland und Namibia |work=bpb |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} ===South African mandate=== {{see also|South West Africa}}[[File:Kirche denkmal nam.jpg|thumb|German church and monument to colonists in Windhoek, Namibia.]]During World War I, South African troops under General [[Louis Botha]] [[South West Africa campaign|occupied the territory]] and deposed the German colonial administration. The end of the war and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] resulted in South West Africa remaining a possession of South Africa, at first as a [[League of Nations mandate]], until 1990.<ref name=Rajagopal>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Balakrishnan|title=International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja|url-access=limited|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja/page/n66 50]–68|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521016711}}</ref> The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated for an Allied annexation of former German and Ottoman territories and a proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves.<ref name=Rajagopal/> It permitted the South African government to administer South West Africa until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination.<ref name=Louis>{{cite book|last=Louis|first=William Roger|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|url=https://archive.org/details/endsofbritishimp0000loui|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/endsofbritishimp0000loui/page/251 251]–261|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Company, Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1845113476}}</ref> South Africa interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and made no attempt to prepare South West Africa for future autonomy.<ref name=Louis/>{{multiple image | image1 = Witbooi Hendrik.jpg | width1 = 130 | image2 = SamuelMaharero.jpg | width2 = 140 | footer = [[Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)|Hendrik Witbooi]] (left) and [[Samuel Maharero]] (right) were prominent leaders against German colonial rule. }} As a result of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|Conference on International Organization]] in 1945, the League of Nations was formally superseded by the [[United Nations]] (UN) and former League mandates by a trusteeship system. Article 77 of the [[United Nations Charter]] stated that UN trusteeship "shall apply...to territories now held under mandate"; furthermore, it would "be a matter of subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing territories will be brought under the trusteeship system and under what terms".<ref name=Vandenbosch>{{cite book|last=Vandenbosch|first=Amry|title=South Africa and the World: The Foreign Policy of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand|url-access=registration|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand/page/207 207–224]|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0813164946}}</ref> The UN requested all former League of Nations mandates be surrendered to its [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]] in anticipation of their independence.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> South Africa declined to do so and instead requested permission from the UN to formally annex South West Africa, for which it received considerable criticism.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> When the UN General Assembly rejected this proposal, South Africa dismissed its opinion and began solidifying control of the territory.<ref name=Vandenbosch/> The UN Generally Assembly and Security Council responded by referring the issue to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), which held a number of discussions on the legality of South African rule between 1949 and 1966.<ref name=First>{{cite book|last=First|first=Ruth|editor1-last=Segal|editor1-first=Ronald|title=South West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/southwestafrica0000firs_r3z3|year=1963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southwestafrica0000firs_r3z3/page/169 169]–193|publisher=Penguin Books, Incorporated|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0844620619}}</ref> [[File:Namibia homelands 78.jpeg|thumb|Map depicting the [[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]] (in tan) and tribal homelands (in red) as they existed in 1978. Self-governing tribal homelands appear as tan with red stripes.]] South Africa began imposing ''[[apartheid]],'' its codified system of racial segregation and discrimination, on South West Africa during the late 1940s.<ref name="Crawford1">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Neta|title=Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention|url=https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw|url-access=limited|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw/page/n350 333]–336|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521002790}}</ref> Black South West Africans were subject to [[pass laws]], curfews, and a host of residential regulations that restricted their movement.<ref name="Crawford1" /> Development was concentrated in the southern region of the territory adjacent to South Africa, known as the "[[Police Zone (South West Africa)|Police Zone]]", where most of the major settlements and commercial economic activity were located.<ref name="Devils">{{cite book|title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni|url-access=limited|last1=Herbstein|first1=Denis|last2=Evenson|first2=John|publisher=Zed Books Ltd|year=1989|isbn=978-0862328962|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni/page/n26 14]–23}}</ref> Outside the Police Zone, indigenous peoples were restricted to theoretically self-governing [[Bantustan#Bantustans in South West Africa|tribal homelands]].<ref name="Devils" /> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accelerated [[decolonisation of Africa]] and mounting pressure on the remaining colonial powers to grant their colonies self-determination resulted in the formation of nascent nationalist parties in South West Africa.<ref name="Müller">{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Johann Alexander|title=The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle|year=2012|pages=36–41|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel, Switzerland|isbn=978-3905758290}}</ref> Movements such as the [[South West African National Union]] (SWANU) and the [[South West African People's Organisation]] advocated for the formal termination of South Africa's mandate and independence for the territory.<ref name="Müller" /> In 1966, following the ICJ's controversial ruling that it had no legal standing to consider the question of South African rule, SWAPO launched an armed insurgency that escalated into part of a wider regional conflict known as the [[South African Border War]].<ref name="Caprivi">{{cite book|last=Kangumu|first=Bennett|title=Contesting Caprivi: A History of Colonial Isolation and Regional Nationalism in Namibia|year=2011|pages=143–153|publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library|location=Basel|isbn=978-3905758221}}</ref>[[File:Foreign Observer identification badge in the 1989 Namibian election.jpg|thumb|Foreign Observer identification badge issued during the 1989 Namibian election]]In 1971 Namibian contract workers led a [[1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike|general strike against the contract system]] and in support of independence.<ref name="Moorsom1979">{{cite journal |last1=Moorsom |first1=Richard |date=April 1979 |title=Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia |journal=Development and Change |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=205–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x}}</ref> Some of the striking workers would later join SWAPO's [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia|PLAN]]<ref name="Devils2">{{cite book |last1=Herbstein |first1=Denis |url=https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929 |title=The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia |last2=Evenson |first2=John |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |year=1989 |isbn=978-0862328962 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929/page/n26 14]–23 |url-access=limited}}</ref> as part of the South African Border War. ===Independence=== As SWAPO's insurgency intensified, South Africa's case for annexation in the international community continued to decline.<ref name=Dobell>{{cite book|last=Dobell|first=Lauren|title=Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means|year=1998|pages=27–39|publisher=P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland|location=Basel|isbn=978-3908193029}}</ref> The UN declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of South West Africa's indigenous inhabitants, and had thus disavowed its own mandate.<ref name=Yusuf>{{cite book|last=Yusuf|first=Abdulqawi|title=African Yearbook of International Law, Volume I|year=1994|pages=16–34|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=978-0-7923-2718-9}}</ref> On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed ''Namibia''.<ref name=Yusuf/> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 269]], adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal.<ref name=Yusuf/><ref name="MAA">{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Abbott|author2=Helmoed-Romer Heitman|author3=Paul Hannon|title=Modern African Wars (3): South-West Africa|pages=5–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Aj997IO9gC|isbn=978-1-85532-122-9|year=1991|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In recognition of this landmark decision, SWAPO's armed wing was renamed the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]] (PLAN).<ref name=Camp>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Christian|title=National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa: A Historical Ethnography of SWAPO's Exile Camps|date=October 2015|pages=73–89|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107099340}}</ref> Namibia became one of several flashpoints for [[Cold War]] proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the latter years of the PLAN insurgency.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geraint|title=My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics|year=2014|pages=73–86|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=978-1845196271}}</ref> The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training.<ref name="Betram">{{cite book|last=Bertram|first=Christoph|title=Prospects of Soviet Power in the 1980s|year=1980|pages=51–54|publisher=Palgrave Books|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1349052592}}</ref> As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other sympathetic states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition.<ref name=Vanneman>{{cite book|last=Vanneman|first=Peter|title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann|url-access=registration|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/41 41–57]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford|isbn=978-0817989026}}</ref> SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975.<ref name="Dreyer">{{cite book|title=Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-90|url=https://archive.org/details/namibiasoutherna0000drey|last=Dreyer|first=Ronald|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul International|year=1994|isbn=978-0710304711|pages=[https://archive.org/details/namibiasoutherna0000drey/page/73 73]–87, 100–116, 192}}</ref> This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States.<ref name="Devils"/> For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally.<ref name=Shultz>{{cite book|last=Shultz|first=Richard|title=Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121|url-access=registration|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121 121–123, 140–145]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0817987114}}</ref> [[File:SADF-Operations 4.jpg|thumb|left|South African troops patrol the border region for PLAN insurgents, 1980s.]] Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the [[Tripartite Accord (Angola)|Tripartite Accord]], under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States.<ref name=SACP>{{cite book |last1=Sechaba |first1=Tsepo |last2=Ellis |first2=Stephen |title=Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W1-AJK-648 |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W1-AJK-648/page/184 184]–187 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn= 978-0253210623}}</ref> South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.<ref name="James">{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990|last=James III|first=W. Martin|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2011|orig-date=1992|isbn=978-1-4128-1506-2|pages=207–214, 239–245}}</ref> PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group]] (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees.<ref name="Sitkowski">{{cite book |last=Sitkowski |first=Andrzej |title=UN peacekeeping: myth and reality |url=https://archive.org/details/unpeacekeepingmy0000sitk |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unpeacekeepingmy0000sitk/page/80 80]–86 |isbn=978-0-275-99214-9}}</ref> The ceasefire was broken after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989.<ref name="Clairborne">{{cite news|title=SWAPO Incursion into Namibia Seen as Major Blunder by Nujoma |last=Clairborne |first=John |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/04/07/swapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma/7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington DC |date=7 April 1989 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG.<ref name="Sitkowski"/><ref name=Demob>{{cite book |last1=Colletta |first1=Nat |last2=Kostner |first2=Markus |last3=Wiederhofer |first3=Indo |title=Case Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda |year=1996 |pages=127–142 |publisher=[[World Bank]]|location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0821336748}}</ref> [[File:South Africa Border War Map.png|thumb|South African-occupied [[South West Africa]] (1915–1990) and maximum extent of [[South African Border War|South African]] and [[UNITA]] operations in Angola and Zambia during the [[South African Border War]].]] By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes.<ref name="Dreyer"/> Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first [[Namibian parliamentary election, 1989|parliamentary elections]] held under a [[universal franchise]].<ref name="NYT1989">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/world/namibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html|title=Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control|work=The New York Times|date=15 November 1989|access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref> The United Nations plan included oversight by [[Election monitoring|foreign election observers]] in an effort to ensure a [[Election#Difficulties with elections|free and fair election]]. SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the [[Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia|Constituent Assembly]] with 57% of the popular vote.<ref name="NYT1989"/> This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own.<ref name="NYT1989"/> The Namibian Constitution was adopted in February 1990. It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990.<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/namibia-gains-independence Namibia gains Independence] – South African History Online</ref><ref name="finnish-mission"/> [[Sam Nujoma]] was sworn in as the first [[President of Namibia]] at a ceremony attended by [[Nelson Mandela]] of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dierks | first=Klaus | author-link=Klaus Dierks | url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm |title=7. The Period after Namibian Independence | publisher=Klausdierks.com |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF|website=United Nations}}</ref> ===After independence=== Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. [[Multiparty democracy]] was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and [[Elections in Namibia|national elections]] held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the [[SWAPO]] has won every election since independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Country report: Spotlight on Namibia |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Secretariat |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705012456/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> The transition from the 15-year rule of President [[Sam Nujoma|Nujoma]] to his successor [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] in 2005 went smoothly.<ref name="IRIN">{{cite news |title=IRIN country profile Namibia |agency=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |url=http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173041/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF |archive-date=17 February 2010 |access-date=12 July 2010|date=March 2007}}</ref> Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation. It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war. The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country. In 1998, [[Namibia Defence Force]] (NDF) troops were sent to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] as part of a [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) contingent. In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern [[Caprivi Strip]].<ref name="IRIN"/> The [[Caprivi conflict]] was initiated by the [[Caprivi Liberation Army]] (CLA), a [[Rebellion|rebel]] group led by [[Mishake Muyongo]]. It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society. In December 2014, Prime Minister [[Hage Geingob]], the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the [[2014 Namibian general election|presidential elections]], taking 87% of the vote. His predecessor, President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]], also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30285987|title = Namibian presidential election won by Swapo's Hage Geingob|work = BBC News|date = December 2014}}</ref> In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was [[2019 Namibian general election|re-elected]] for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50618516|title = Namibia's President Hage Geingob wins re-election|work = BBC News|date = December 2019}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Namibia}} [[File:Namib Desert Namibia(2).jpg|thumb|Sand dunes in the [[Namib]], Namibia]] [[File:Namibia Natural Earth 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Shaded relief map of Namibia]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg|350 px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Namibia]] At {{convert|825615|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area|publisher=CIA World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes [[17th parallel south|17°]] and [[29th parallel south|29°S]] (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[26th meridian east|26°E]]. Being situated between the [[Namib]] and the [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] deserts, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Land degradation causes poverty |last=Brandt |first=Edgar |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |date=21 September 2012 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html}}</ref> The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic [[Abiotic component|abiotic conditions]] and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the Namib, the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], the [[Bushveld]], and the Kalahari Desert. The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [[Skeleton Coast]] to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the [[Orange River]] to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [[Königstein, Namibia|Königstein]] elevation {{convert|2606|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web |url=http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |title=Landsat.usgs.gov |publisher=Landsat.usgs.gov |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907062948/http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline. It varies between {{convert|100|and|200|km|mi|-1}} in width. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the [[Kaokoveld]] in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<ref name=at1315/> The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over {{convert|2000|m|ft|-3}}. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1316}}</ref> The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around {{convert|400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.<ref name="Cowling, S. 2001">Cowling, S. 2001. {{WWF ecoregion|id=at1322|name=Succulent Karoo}}</ref> The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. The [[Succulent Karoo]] is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them [[Endemism|endemic]]; approximately 10 percent of the world's [[succulents]] are found in the Karoo.<ref>Van Jaarsveld, E. J. 1987. The succulent riches of South Africa and Namibia. Aloc, 24: 45–92</ref><ref>Smith et al 1993</ref> The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Africa: including parts of Botswana, northeastern Namibia, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa |id=at0709}}</ref> Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_540.html |title=NASA&nbsp;– Namibia's Coastal Desert |publisher=nasa.gov |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/namibia/ |title=An Introduction to Namibia |publisher=geographia.com |access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref> Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |title=NACOMA&nbsp;– Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project |publisher=nacoma.org.na |access-date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721154939/http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.<ref name=Sparks/> [[File:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|[[Fish River Canyon]]]] The [[Caprivi Strip]] extends east from the northeastern corner of the country. ===Climate=== [[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia is primarily a large desert and semi-desert plateau.]] Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt. Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above {{cvt|500|mm|in|0}}] through Semi-Arid [between {{cvt|300 and 500|mm|in|0}}] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from {{cvt|150 to 300|mm|in|0}}] (these three regions are inland from the western [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|escarpment]]) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than {{cvt|100|mm|in|0}}]. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, [[Warmbad, Namibia|Warmbad]] for instance, are maxima above {{cvt|40|C|F}} recorded.<ref>"Paper and digital Climate Section". Namibia Meteorological Services</ref> Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] cuts the country about in half. The winter (June&nbsp;– August) is generally dry. Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Real Namibia |title=The Rainy Season |url=http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |access-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094745/http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Humidity is low, and average [[rain]]fall varies from almost zero in the [[Skeleton Coast|coastal desert]] to more than {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.<ref name="EBClimate">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Namibia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402283/Namibia/43996 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> In the summer of 2006/07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.<ref name="Olszewski1">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]] |title=Climate change forces us to recognise new normals |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513062850/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |date=13 May 2009}}</ref> In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|last=AfricaNews|date=2019-05-06|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> and extended it by additional 6 months in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Namibian|first=The|title=State of drought emergency extended|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Namibian|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing [[Benguela Current]] of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ({{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.<ref name="EBClimate"/> In Winter, occasionally a condition known as ''{{lang|de|[[Bergwind]]}}'' (German for "mountain wind") or ''{{lang|af|Oosweer}}'' ([[Afrikaans]] for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.<ref name="Olszewski2">{{Cite news |last=Olszewski |first=John |newspaper=Namibia Economist |title=Understanding Weather&nbsp;– not predicting it |url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207061033/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |date=25 June 2010}}</ref> The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]] temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F).<ref name="EBClimate"/> ''Efundja'', the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |title=Debilitating floods hit northern and central Namibia |last=Adams |first=Gerry |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=United Nations Radio |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185613/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's [[Cuvelai-Etosha Basin]], and fill the ''oshanas'' ([[Oshiwambo]]: flood plains) there. The worst floods {{As of|2012|alt=so far}} occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=79689&no_cache=1 |title=Heaviest floods ever in Namibia |last=van den Bosch |first=Servaas |date=29 March 2011 |work=[[The Namibian]]}}</ref> ===Water sources=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Namibia is the driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about {{cvt|350|mm|in|0}} per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as {{cvt|50|mm|in|0}} and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |title=Groundwater in Namibia |website=Integrated Water Resource Management |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php |archive-date=29 July 2016 }}</ref> More than 100,000 [[borehole]]s have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Groundwater in Namibia |url=http://www.namhydro.com/downloads.html |editor1=Greg Christelis |name-list-style=amp |editor2=Wilhelm Struckmeier |via=Namibian Hydrogeological Association |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-86976-571-5 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404091336/http://namhydro.com/downloads.html |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[aquifer]] called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.<ref name=aqui>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18875385 |title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |publisher=BBC World |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Experts estimate that Namibia has {{convert|7,720|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of underground water.<ref name=afr>{{cite web|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17775211 |title='Huge' water resource exists under Africa |publisher=BBC World Service |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=aqmap/> According to [[African Folder,]] a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water but also boosts productivity by 6% per year. All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration. Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Namibia Is Recycling Drinking Water From Toilet To Tap |url=https://africanfolder.com/how-namibia-is-recycling-drinking-water-from-toilet-to-tap/|website=African Folder|last=Jayeoba |first=Deborah|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> ===Communal Wildlife Conservancies=== [[File:SAC Namibia-bushveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Quivertree]] Forest, [[Bushveld]]]] {{Main|Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia}} Mu vyaru vichoko waka pa caru cose capasi, dango la boma la Namibia likuyowoyapo comene za kuvikilira na kuvikilira vinthu vyakuthupi. Ndime ya 95 yikuti, "Boma likulimbikira kukhozga na kusungilira umoyo uwemi wa ŵanthu pakutolera ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikulondezga fundo izi: kusungilira vyamoyo, vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia, kweniso kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Namibia kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi ŵasange chandulo sono na munthazi". Mu 1993, boma liphya la Namibia likapokera ndalama kufuma ku wupu wa United States Agency for International Development (USAID) kwizira mu pulogiramu yawo ya Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE). Unduna wa vya Munda na Ulendo, na wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku mawupu nga ni USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, na Canadian Ambassador's Fund, wose pamoza ŵakuzenga ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kulongozga vinthu vyakuthupi (CBNRM). Cholinga chachikulu cha polojekitiyi ndikuthandizira kusamalira zachilengedwe mwa kupereka ufulu kwa anthu ammudzi kuti azisamalira zachilengedwe ndi zokopa alendo.<ref name=UNEP/> == Government and politics == [[File:Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Tintenpalast]], the centre of Namibia's government}}]] {{Main|Politics of Namibia|Elections in Namibia}} Namibia ni chalo icho chili na nduna yimoza. Pulezidenti wa ku Namibia wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi ndipo ni mulongozgi wa boma. Wose awo ŵali mu wupu wa boma ŵakuŵa na udindo ku wupu wa malango.{{refn|Article 41 of the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia.<ref name=CN/>}}<ref name="ECN">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|title=How to Register as a Voter|publisher=Electoral Commission of Namibia|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014311/http://www.ecn.na/web/ecn/elections|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Namibia]] outlines the following as the organs of the country's government:<ref name="Bösl">{{Cite book |last1=Shivute |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Shivute |editor1-last=Bösl |editor1-first=Anton |editor2-last=Horn |editor2-first=Nico |chapter-url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_15058-544-2-30.pdf |chapter=Foreword |page=10 |title=The Independence of the Judiciary in Namibia |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Education Namibia]] |series= Publications sponsored by [[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]] |isbn=978-99916-0-807-5 |year=2008 }}</ref> *Executive: executive power is exercised by the President and the [[Cabinet of Namibia|Government]]. *Legislature: Namibia has a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] with the [[National Assembly of Namibia|National Assembly]] as [[lower house]], and the [[National Council of Namibia|National Council]] as the [[upper house]].<ref name="parliament153">{{cite web|title=National Council|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153&Itemid=1264|website=Parliament.gov.na|language=en|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> *[[Judiciary]]: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state. While the constitution envisaged a [[multi-party system]] for Namibia's government, the [[SWAPO]] party has been [[Dominant-party system|dominant]] since independence in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |title=SWAPO:Dominant party? |publisher=Swapoparty.org |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222946/http://www.swapoparty.org/throw_out_nyamu_motion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Namibia}} [[File:Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi (2019-10-24).jpg|thumb|Namibian President [[Hage Geingob]] with African leaders and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Russia–Africa Summit]] in Sochi, 24 October 2019]] Boma la Namibia likulondezga ndondomeko ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo likulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivyo vikawovwira pa nkhondo ya wanangwa, kusazgapo Cuba. Boma la Namibia lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka kweniso ndarama zakusuzga, ntheura likukhumba kukhozga ubali wake na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nga ni membala wa wupu wa Southern African Development Community, caru ca Namibia cikukhumba kuti ciŵe cakukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Pa 23 Epulero 1990, caru ici cikaŵa ciŵaro ca nambara 160 ca UN. Pa zuŵa ilo likapokelera wanangwa wake, likaŵa chalo cha nambara 50 mu Commonwealth of Nations. ===Military=== {{Main|Namibian Defence Force}} Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2020, The Global Firepower Index (GFP) yikayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Namibia ŵali pa malo gha 126 pa vyaru 137. Pa vyaru 34 vya mu Africa, Namibia nayo yili pa malo gha 28. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo wa kuvikilira caru zikaŵa N$5,885 miliyoni (kuyana na ndalama izo zikaŵapo mu cilimika cakwambilira, zikakhira na 1.2%). Pafupifupi madola 6 biliyoni gha ku Namibia (US$411 miliyoni mu 2021) Unduna wa Chivikiliro ukupokela ndalama zinayi kufuma ku boma pa unduna uliwose. Ku Namibia kulije ŵalwani mu cigaŵa ici, nangauli kuli kukwesana pa nkhani ya mphaka na mapulani gha kuzenga. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikulongosora kuti mulimo wa ŵasilikari ni "kuvikilira caru na vinthu vya caru". Namibia yikapanga gulu la ŵasilikari (NDF), ilo likapangika na ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuzgikanga na nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika 23: gulu la ŵasilikari la People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) na South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). Ŵabritishi ŵakanozga pulani ya umo ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakeneranga kukolerana, ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa NDF, awo ŵakaŵa na likuru la ŵasilikari na magulu ghankhondi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kenya awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na gulu la United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG) ŵakakhala ku Namibia kwa myezi yitatu kuti ŵasambizge ŵasilikari ŵa NDF kweniso kuti ŵakhazikiske mtende ku mpoto kwa charu ichi. Kuyana na ivyo Unduna wa Vyankhondo wa ku Namibia ukayowoya, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakukwana 7,500 ndiwo ŵanjirenge usilikari. Mkulu wa Nkhondo ya Namibia ndi Air Vice Marshal Martin Kambulu Pinehas (kuyambira pa 1 April 2020). Mu 2017, charu cha Namibia chikasayinira phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Namibia_14_regions-numbered.svg|340px|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Regions of Namibia]]]] {{Main|Administrative divisions of Namibia}} Charu cha Namibia chili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 14, ivyo navyo vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 121. Kugaŵikana kwa Namibia kukupangika na ma komiti agho ghakupanga mphaka ndipo ghakupokelereka panji kukanizgika na wupu wa National Assembly. Kufuma apo boma ili likambira, makomiti ghanayi ghakupanga mphaka ya vigaŵa ghakapeleka mulimo wawo, ndipo laumaliro likaŵa mu 2013 ndipo likalongozgekanga na Mweruzgi Alfred Siboleka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakusoleka mwakudunjika na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyawo. Boma la ku Namibia lingaŵa na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri (mabungwe gha chigaŵa chakwamba na chigaŵa chachiŵiri), maboma gha tawuni panji gha muzi.<ref name=alan>{{cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |archive-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear|left}} ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Namibia}} Namibia njimoza mwa vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vili na wanangwa ndiposo vya demokarasi, ndipo boma lake likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ndipouli, nkhani zikuru zikusazgapo vimbundi vya mu boma na unandi wa ŵakayidi. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakuzomerezgeka yayi kwenda mwakufwatuka. Dango ili likwendera yayi, kweni kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika mu Namibia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera yayi panji kutinkhana na ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Namibia na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, nga ni Mulongozgi wa Boma la Namibia, John Walters, na mwanakazi wakwamba, Monica Geingos, ŵakukhumba kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kulekerethu ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana na wanangwa wawo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Namibia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Sodomy law's days numbered - Geingos | last=Beukes | first=Jemima | date=14 June 2019 | newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]] | url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/sodomy-laws-days-numbered-geingos2019-06-13}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2018, vikalembeka kuti 32% ya ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakasuzgika na nkhaza na nkhaza za mu nyumba izo ŵakachitikanga na ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo, ndipo 29.5% ya ŵanalume ŵakagomezganga kuti nkhaza izo ŵakachitiranga ŵawoli panji ŵabwezi ŵawo zikaŵa zakwenelera. Ndondomeko ya boma la Namibia yikupanga wanangwa, wanangwa na wanangwa wakuyana kwa ŵanakazi mu Namibia ndipo gulu la SWAPO, ilo liri pa mazaza mu Namibia, lakhazikiska ndondomeko yakuti ŵanakazi wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakuyana mu boma.<ref>{{cite news | title=Namibia's 'zebra' politics could make it stand out from the global herd | last=O'Riordan | first=Alexander | date=8 July 2014 | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/08/namibia-gender-equality-zebra-politics}}</ref><ref name="USDOS">Human Rights In Namibia (November 2021). [https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/namibia/#:~:text=Significant%20human%20rights%20issues%20included,or%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20government. 2021 Country Report on Human Rights: Namibia]. state.gov</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Namibia}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950]] [[File:Downtown Windhoek, Independence Avenue.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Windhoek]]]] Namibia's economy is tied closely to [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]]'s due to their shared history.<ref name="Intelligence1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref><ref name="Department1">{{cite web |url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |title=Namibia |publisher=UCB Libraries GovPubs |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The largest economic sectors are mining (10.4% of the gross domestic product in 2009), agriculture (5.0%), manufacturing (13.5%), and tourism (14.5%).<ref name=usds>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5472.htm |title=Background Note:Namibia |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] |date=26 October 2010|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Namibia has a highly developed banking sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking. The [[Bank of Namibia]] (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank. There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bon.com.na|title=Bank of Namibia (BoN)|access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laufs |first=Johannes |date=2011 |title=Document: Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic Development Framework |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600}}</ref> According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the [[Namibia Statistics Agency]], the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2013 |url=http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |title=Namibia Labour Force Survey 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019214139/http://www.microdata.nsa.org.na/index.php/catalog/9 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency }}</ref> "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiralled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including people who have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36.7% in 2004. This estimate considers people in the [[Informal sector|informal economy]] as employed. Labour and Social Welfare Minister [[Immanuel Ngatjizeko]] praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously",<ref>Duddy, Jo-Mare (4 February 2010) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 "Half of all Namibians unemployed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115959/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62453&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2592 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> but its methodology has also received criticism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201111180890.html |title=Mwinga speaks out on his findings |last=Ndjebela |first=Toivo |date=18 November 2011 |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]}}</ref> In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. In early 2010 the Government [[tender board]] announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia".<ref>Mongudhi, Tileni (3 February 2010 ) [http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 "Tender Board tightens rules to protect jobs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120324/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=62400&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=2597 |date=2 October 2013 }}. ''The Namibian''</ref> In 2013, global business and financial news provider, [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of [[Morocco]] (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snapshot of Namibia Country Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220022104/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the [[World Bank]], and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |title=Namibia |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926174152/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[cost of living in Namibia]] is relatively high because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported. Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xpatulator.com/outside.cfm?lid=142|title=Namibia, Windhoek Cost of Living|website=Apatulator.com|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018162413/http://www.xpatulator.com/outside.cfm?lid=142|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> [[Taxation in Namibia]] includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual. All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets. The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services.<ref>PAYE12 Volume 18 published by The Ministry of Finance in Namibia</ref> [[File:Sandstorm while driving from Swakopmund to Walfish Bay, 2005.jpg|thumb|The [[B2 road (Namibia)|B2]] between [[Swakopmund]] and [[Walvis Bay]], Namibia]] Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, and [[Rail transport in Namibia|railways]] (narrow-gauge). It seeks to become a regional transportation hub; it has an important seaport and several landlocked neighbours. The Central Plateau already serves as a [[transportation corridor]] from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports.<ref name="World Almanac 2004" /> ===Agriculture=== {{Main|Agriculture in Namibia}} [[File:Schildburgsdorf.jpg|thumb|Welcoming sign of the ''Burgsdorf'' farm in [[Hardap Region|Hardap]]]] Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Namibia ŵakuthemba ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni nanga ni sono ŵakukhumbikwira kunjizga vyakurya vinyake mu charu. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici cikujumpha ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vikavu comene vya mu Africa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu mizi ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Ku Namibia ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵambura kupokera ndalama zakukwana, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi. Ntheura, pa mdauko uwu, pali ŵanthu awo ŵakuthemba yayi chuma kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chili na vyakurya vyakukwana 1 peresenti yayi, kweni ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵali mu ulimi..<ref name="World Almanac 2004">World Almanac. 2004.</ref> Pafupifupi hafu ya minda ya ku Namibia yili mu mawoko gha ŵalimi pafupifupi 4,000. Mu 2004, boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 180,000 ku boma la Namibia kuti lipeleke ndalama zakovwilira pa mulimo wa kunozga malo. Germany yapeleka ndalama zakukwana €1.1billion mu 2021 kwa vyaka 30 kuti yilute ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kweni ndalama izi zilute ku vinthu vyakuzenga, vyaumoyo, na masambiro, kuti zikagwirenge ntchito pa vinthu vya malo yayi. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika mu caru vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura comene mu caru ca Namibia ni malo ghakusungirako vinyama. Vinthu ivi ni vyakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi, awo kanandi ŵakusoŵa nchito. ===Mining and electricity=== {{main|Mining in Namibia}} Munda wa migodi ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku charu cha Namibia. Namibia ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghakununkhira mu Africa, ndipo pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikupanga uranium, ico cikaŵa cacinayi. Pali ndalama zinandi izo zaŵikika mu migodi ya uranium ndipo Namibia wakunozgekera kuti yiŵe charu chikuru icho chikufumiska uranium mu 2015. Ndipouli, mu chaka cha 2019, charu cha Namibia chikalutilira kupanga matani 750 gha uranium pa chaka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vyakurya vinandi yayi pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mining.com/web/70-years-of-global-uranium-production-by-country/ |title=70 years of global uranium production by country |first=Govind |last=Bhutada |date=September 23, 2021 |publisher=Visual Capitalist Elements |via=Mining.Com}}</ref> Pakuti ku Namibia kuli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi, ndiko kukusangika malibwe gha mtengo wapatali comene. Nangauli charu cha Namibia chikumanyikwa kuti chili na malibwe gha dayamondi na uranium, kweni ŵanthu ŵakufumiskamo vinthu vinyake nga ni tungsten, golide, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, mkuŵa, na zinc. Mu nyanja ya Atlantic muli mafuta ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵaghanaghanenge kughagura kunthazi. Kuyana na buku la "The Diamond Investigation", ilo likuyowoya za malonda gha dayamondi pa caru cose, kufuma mu 1978, De Beers, kampani yikuru comene ya dayamondi, yikaguranga dayamondi zinandi za ku Namibia, ndipo yikalutilira kucita nthena, cifukwa cakuti "ufumu uliwose uwo uzamwiza ku muwuso uzamukhumbikwira ndalama izi kuti uŵe na umoyo". Vuto la magetsi m'nyumba ndi 220 V AC. Magesi ghakufumira ku malo ghakupangira magesi agho ghakupanga mphepo na maji. Nthowa zinyake zakupangira magesi nazo zikovwira. Mu 2010, boma la Namibia likakhumba kuzenga malo ghakugwilira nchito ya nyukiliya mu 2018. Ŵakapangaso ndondomeko yakuti pa malo agha paŵikikikenge vyakununkhira vya uranium.<ref name=Saveorsink>{{cite news|title=Uranium: Saving or sinking Namibia? |last=Weidlich |first=Brigitte |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113120601/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/uranium-saving-or-sinking-namibia |archive-date=13 January 2011 }}</ref> ===Diamonds=== Nangauli malibwe ghanandi gha dayamondi ghakufuma ku Africa, kweni ku Namibia kulije nkhondo, kupoka, na kukoma ŵanthu nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikuchitika chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, umo chuma chiliri, masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho, umo vinthu viliri pa ndyali, kweniso chifukwa cha umo vinthu viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=South African Security|title=Diamonds Without Blood: A Look at Namibia|author=Nathan Munier|date=1 March 2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=21–41|doi=10.1080/19392206.2016.1132903|s2cid=147267236}}</ref> ===Oil and natural gas=== Vikuwoneka kuti mu 2022, visimi viŵiri vya ku Orange vingaŵa na mafuta ghakukwana 2 biliyoni na 3 biliyoni. Ndalama izo ŵakulindizga kuti ŵazakasange zingawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mu charu cha Namibia na kovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora.<ref name="bra1">{{cite news |last1=Brandt |first1=Edgar |title=Namibia: Orange Basin potential shoots up to billions of barrels |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202204080598.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |agency=allafrica.com |publisher=AllAfrica, New Era |date=8 April 2022}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Namibia}} [[File:Equus burchelli 4.jpg|thumb|An example of Namibian wildlife, the [[plains zebra]], is one focus of tourism.]] Ntchito zaulendo zikovwira comene (14.5%) pa GDP ya Namibia, ndipo zikupangiska nchito zinandi (18.2% za nchito zose) mwakudunjika panji mwakudunjika yayi, kweniso zikovwira ŵalendo ŵakujumpha miliyoni pa caka. Caru ici nchakudokeka comene mu Africa ndipo cikumanyikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwona malo agho kuli vinyama na vinyama. Ku malo agha kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuwona malo ghakupambanapambana ŵakugona. Kusanga vyakurya na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia ni vigaŵa vikuru na vyakukhora vya ndalama za ku Namibia. Mu 2000, vyakurya ivi vikawovwira kuti kuŵe na vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa pa ulendo wa ku Namibia. Kweniso, maseŵero ghanyake ghakofya nga ni kujumpha mu maji, kuduka kufuma pasi, na kukwera galimoto ya 4x4 ghakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo mu misumba yinandi muli makampani agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu. Malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ni Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan na matawuni gha Swakopmund, Walvis Bay na Lüderitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |title=Namibia top tourist destinations |publisher=Namibiatourism.com.na |access-date=26 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227102320/http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/namibia-top-attractions/ |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Windhoek ni malo ghakuzirwa chomene ku Namibia chifukwa cha malo agho ghakusangika kweniso chifukwa chakuti yili pafupi na Hosea Kutako International Airport. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, omwe adapangidwa ndi Millennium Challenge Corporation ku Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% ya alendo onse omwe adapita ku Namibia mu 2012 ⁇ 13 adapita ku Windhoek. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na mawupu agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Namibia Wildlife Resorts na Namibia Tourism Board kweniso mabungwe agho ghakwendakwenda nga ni Hospitality Association of Namibia ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Windhoek. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Windhoek Country Club Resort na malo ghanyake ghakukhala ŵanthu nga ni Hilton Hotels and Resorts. Wupu wakuwona vya maulendo ku Namibia, wakuchemeka kuti Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), ukakhazikiskika na dango la chalo cha Namibia la 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Chilato chake nchakuti boma liŵikenge malango ghakwendeskera vyamwendekero ndiposo kuti Namibia yiŵe malo ghakwendera vyamwendekero. Ku Namibia kuli mabungwe ghanandi agho ghakwendakwenda, nga ni Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (bungwe ilo likwimira mabungwe ghose agho ghakwendakwenda), Hospitality Association of Namibia, Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia na Tour and Safari Association of Namibia. ===Water supply and sanitation=== {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}} Ku Namibia, maji ghakukwana ghakupelekeka na kampani ya NamWater, iyo yikuguliska maji ku matawuni agho ghakuguliska maji kwizira mu magesi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, Dipatimenti Yakupeleka Maji ku Vigaŵa vya ku Mizi mu Unduna wa vya Vyakurya, Vyakumwa na Vyamuthengere ndiyo yikupanga maji ghakumwa. Mu 2011, wupu wa UN ukawona kuti kufuma waka apo charu cha Namibia chikamba kujiwusa mu 1990, maji ghakwenda makora chomene. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira nchito maji agha cifukwa cakuti ghalije nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti malo ghakusungiramo maji ghali kutali comene na ku mizi. Lekani ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakutemwa visimi vya mu mphepete mwa nyanja m'malo mwa visimi vya maji ivyo vili kutali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|title = Red alert on sanitation and safe drinking water|last = Smith|first = Jana–Mari|date = 12 July 2011|work = [[The Namibian]]|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531123557/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/july/article/red-alert-on-sanitation-and-safe-drinking-water/|archive-date = 31 May 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakucitira kuti ŵaŵe na maji ghawemi, mu Namibia mulije maji ghawemi. Pa sukulu izi pali masukulu 298 agho ghalije vimbuzi. Pafupifupi ŵana 50 pa 100 awo ŵakufwa, ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusoŵa maji ghawemi, malo ghawemi ghakusungira vyakurya, panji cifukwa ca kulwaralwara; ndipo 23 pa 100 ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kusulura pera. Wupu wa UN ukayowoya kuti mu caru ici muli "kusoŵa maji". Ku vigaŵa vinandi, nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa na ŵanthu ŵapakati ndizo zikukhalanga makora yayi. Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵekha ni vyakudura comene ku ŵanthu wose mu matawuni cifukwa ca maji agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito na ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvizenga. Pa vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu 13 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵali na maji ghawemi, apo mu 1990 ŵanthu 8 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Namibia ŵakugwiliskira nchito "vipinda vyamumphepete", ivyo ni mathumba gha pulasitiki agho ŵakugwiliskira nchito para ŵakukhumba kukazuzga, ndipo para ŵaghagwiliskira nchito ŵakughataya mu thengere. Kugwiliskira nchito malo ghambura kuvunduka pafupi na malo ghakukhalamo kuti munthu wanjiremo na kukhalamo ni suzgo likuru ku ŵanthu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|title=More than 1 million Namibians defecate in open|last=Tjihenuna|first=Theresia|date=2 April 2014|work=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103151/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=11284&page_type=story_detail&category_id=1|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Population Density (2011).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Population density in Namibia by regions (census 2011)]] Pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na wanangwa wakujiwusa, Namibia ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kufuma pa Mongolia. Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakaŵapo pafupifupi 3.08 pa km2. Kuyana na UN, mu 2015 mwanakazi yumoza wakababanga ŵana 3.47.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators|title=World Development Indicators (WDI) {{!}} Data Catalog|website=datacatalog.worldbank.org|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Namibia ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Bantu, comenecomene ŵa fuko la Ovambo, ilo ni hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Namibia, ndipo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mitundu yinyake ni Herero na Himba, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero cakuyana na ici, na Damara, awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Khoekhoe nga ni Nama. Padera pa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, paliso magulu ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan (nga ni Nama na San), awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Africa. Kweniso mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakacimbira ku Angola. Paliso magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵanthu ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵakucemeka kuti "Coloureds" na "Basters", ndipo wose pamoza ŵali na ciŵelengero ca 8.0% (ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuluska ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana). Ku Namibia kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku China, ndipo mu 2006 ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 40,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690 |title=China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration |author=Malia Politzer |publisher=Migration Information Source |date=August 2008 |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>[[File:Himba Woman and Family.JPG|thumb|[[Himba people]] in northern Namibia]] Ŵazungu (ŵakufuma ku Afrika, Germany, Britain na Portugal) ŵali pakati pa 4.0 na 7.0% mwa ŵanthu wose. Nangauli ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu aŵa cikakhira pamasinda pa kupokera wanangwa cifukwa ca kufumako ku vyaru vinyake ndiposo cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ŵana awo ŵakubabika, kweni ŵacali kuŵa ŵaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, mu viŵelengero vyawo na viŵelengero vyawo, mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara (pamanyuma pa South Africa).<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Namibia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ |year=2009 |access-date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia |archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa. Ŵazungu ŵanandi (pafupifupi 30,000) ŵali kufuma ku ŵa German awo ŵakakhalanga ku Namibia pambere ŵandambe kuwukira caru ca South Africa pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo ŵali na masukulu na masukulu gha ku Germany. Pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Angola, uko kale kukaŵa caru ca Portugal. Mu 1960, ku South-West Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu 526,004, ndipo 73,464 ŵakaŵa ŵazungu (14 peresenti).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first= Lalita Prasad |title = The United Nations and Namibia |publisher=East African Publishing House |year = 1980}}</ref> [[File:Toutrek.jpg|thumb|[[Afrikaner]] children in Namibia]] ===Censuses=== Ku Namibia, pakuŵa kalembera wa ŵanthu para pajumpha vilimika khumi. Ŵakati ŵaŵa na wanangwa, ŵakalemba ŵanthu na nyumba zawo mu 1991. Ŵakalembaso mu 2001, 2011, na 2023 (ŵakacedwa vyaka viŵiri cifukwa ca nthenda ya COVID-19 kweniso cifukwa ca suzgo la ndalama). Nthowa yakupimira ni kupenda ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu Namibia pa zuŵa ilo ŵakalembeka, kulikose uko ŵakukhala. Nthowa iyi yikucemeka de facto. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kalembera iyi, caru ici cagaŵika mu vigaŵa 4,042. Malo agha ghakupambana yayi na mphaka za malo ghakusankhirapo kuti ŵasange fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na mavoti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 2,113,077. Pakati pa 2001 na 2011 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikakwera chaka chilichose chikaŵa 1.4%, kuyana na 2.6% mu vyaka 10 vyakumasinda.<ref name=snapshot>{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201303280355.html?page=2 |title=Census gives snapshot of Namibia's population |last=Duddy |first=Jo Maré |date=28 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli matawuni 13, agho ghakulamulirwa na ma municipalities na matawuni 26, agho ghakulamulirwa na town councils.<ref name=EW15>{{Cite news | title=Know Your Local Authority | publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research | newspaper=Election Watch | year = 2015 | issue=3 | page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hartman | first=Adam | title=Town regrading a 'sad move' | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=27 Aug 2010 | page=1 | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=69963&page=archive-read | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023725/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2010/august/article/town-regrading-a-sad-move/ | archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref> Windhoek, uwo ni msumba ukuru, ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene mu Namibia. {{Largest cities | country = Namibia | stat_ref = According to the 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Namibia.html |title=Namibia |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Windhoek | div_1 = Khomas Region{{!}}Khomas | pop_1 = 325,858 | img_1 = Klein-Windhoek 01.jpg | city_2 = Rundu | div_2 = Kavango Region{{!}}Kavango | pop_2 = 63,431 | img_2 = Rundu, Namibia, Okavango-River, Angola (2018).jpg | city_3 = Walvis Bay | div_3 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_3 = 62,096 | img_3 = Walvis Bay aerial.jpg | city_4 = Swakopmund | div_4 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo | pop_4 = 44,725 | img_4 = Mole, Jetty and Lighthouse Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg | city_5 = Oshakati | div_5 = Oshana Region{{!}}Oshana | pop_5 = 36,541 | city_6 = Rehoboth, Namibia{{!}}Rehoboth | div_6 = Hardap Region{{!}}Hardap | pop_6 = 28,843 | city_7 = Katima Mulilo | div_7 = Zambezi Region{{!}}Zambezi | pop_7 = 28,362 | city_8 = Otjiwarongo | div_8 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_8 = 28,249 | city_9 = Ondangwa | div_9 = Oshana Region {{!}}Oshana | pop_9 = 22,822 | city_10 = Okahandja | div_10 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa | pop_10 = 22,639 }} ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Namibia}} [[File:Swakopmund ev-luth Kirche 1.jpg|thumb|right|Lutheran church in [[Swakopmund]]]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Namibia Mbakhristu, ndipo pafupifupi 75 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Mapulotesitanti, ndipo 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ni Malutere. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Lutheran ndiwo mbachoko chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ŵa ku Finland awo ŵakambiska visopa ivi mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵakayamba nchito ya kupharazga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵakhristu ŵanandi mba Lutheran, kweni paliso Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ŵa Methodist, ŵa Anglican, ŵa African Methodist Episcopal, ŵa Dutch Reformed, ŵa Latter-day Saints, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Nama, ndipo ŵalipo pafupifupi 9,000. Ku Namibia kuli Ŵayuda ŵacoko waka pafupifupi 100.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/namibia.html |title=Namibia: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Namibia}} {{bar box |title=Languages in Namibia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Oshiwambo|darkgreen|48.9}} {{bar percent|Khoekhoegowab|purple|11.3}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|red|10.4}} {{bar percent|Otjiherero|black|8.6}} {{bar percent|RuKwangali|orange|8.5}} {{bar percent|siLozi|green|4.8}} {{bar percent|English|blue|3.4}} {{bar percent|German|teal|0.9}} {{bar percent|San|darkred|0.8}} {{bar percent|Setswana|gray|0.3}} {{bar percent|Other African|tan|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other European|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Asian|violet|0.1}} }} M'paka mu 1990, Cingelezi, Cijeremani, na Cifrikaans zikaŵa viyowoyero vya boma. Pambere caru ca Namibia cindafumeko ku South Africa, gulu la SWAPO likagomezganga kuti caru ici cikwenera kuŵa na ciyowoyero cimoza, ndipo likapambananga na caru ca South Africa (co cikapeleka mazaza ku viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyose 11 vya mu caru ici), ico cikati "nthowa ya kusankhana mitundu na viyowoyero yikamanyikwa makora". Mwantheura, wupu wa SWAPO ukasora Cingelezi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma, nangauli ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ndondomeko iyi yikugwira nchito pa nchito za boma, masambiro na pa wayilesi, comenecomene pa wayilesi ya boma ya NBC.<ref name=kriger>{{cite book |last1=Kriger |first1=Robert & Ethel |title=Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefinition, Restitution. |date=1996 |publisher=Rodopi Bv Editions |isbn=978-9042000513 |pages=66–67}}</ref> Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu vyaru ivi vyazomerezgeka kusambizgika mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Masukulu ghapadera ghakwenera kulondezga fundo zakuyana waka na za boma, ndipo "Chingelezi" ni sambiro lakucicizgika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu za chiyowoyero chimoza. Kuyana na census ya mu 2011, viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ni Oshiwambo (chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu nyumba 49%), Khoekhoegowab (11.3%), Afrikaans (10.4%), RuKwangali (9%), na Otjiherero (9%). Ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya ni ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans, ico cikuyowoyeka mu caru ici. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri, Cingelezi na Ciafrikaans, vikuyowoyeka pa caru cose. Kuyana na census ya mu chaka cha 2011, viyowoyelo vyose ivyo vikuyowoyeka ni 48.9% Oshiwambo, 11.3% Khoekhoegowab, 10.4% Afrikaans, 8.6% Otjiherero, 8.5% RuKwangali, 4.8% siLozi, 3.4% English, 1.2% Other African languages, 0.9% German, 0.8% San, 0.7% Other European languages, 0.3% Setswana, and 0.1% Asian languages. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Afrikaans panji Cigerman. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vyakujumpha 100 kufuma apo boma la Germany likamalira kulamulira caru ici, ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani cikulutilira kuŵa cakovwira comene pa malonda. Afrikaans yikuyowoyeka na 60% ya ŵazungu, German na 32%, English na 7% ndipo Portuguese na 4 ⁇ 5%. Pakuti charu ichi chili pafupi chomene na Angola, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Catherine | last=Sasman | date=15 August 2011 | url= https://www.namibian.com.na/83964/archive-read/Portuguese-to-be-introduced-in-schools | title=Portuguese to be introduced in schools | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222082932/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=85817&no_cache=1 | archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Namibia}} {{See also|HIV/AIDS in Namibia}} Mu 2017 ŵanthu ŵakakhala na umoyo vyaka 64, ndipo ichi ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2012, boma la Namibia likambiska pulogiramu ya National Health Extension Program. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,800 (2015), ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambizgika umo ŵangapwelelera umoyo wawo kwa myezi 6. Mu pulogiramu iyi mukaŵaso ntchito ya kovwira ŵalwari, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupwelelera maji, kupwelelera umoyo wawo, kupima HIV, na kupwelelera ŵanthu awo ŵali na majeremusi. Namibia yikukumana na nthenda zakwambukira yayi. Kafukufuku wa Demographic and Health (2013) wakulongosora ivyo ŵasanga pa nkhani ya kuthamanga kwa ndopa, kuthamanga kwa ndopa, nthenda ya shuga, na kunenepa chomene:<ref>{{cite web |title=Going the extra mile to deliver health care |url=https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |publisher=unicef |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093332/https://www.unicef.org/namibia/Health_Worker_HIS_print.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Among eligible respondents age 35–64, more than 4 in 10 women (44 percent) and men (45 percent) have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure. * Forty-nine percent of women and 61 percent of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure. * Forty-three percent of women and 34 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition. * Only 29 percent of women and 20 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control. * Six percent of women and 7 percent of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication. An additional 7 percent of women and 6 percent of men are prediabetic. * Sixty-seven percent of women and 74 percent of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose. * Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25.0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose.<ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web |title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Health and Social Services |date=September 2014 |access-date=16 February 2022}}}}</ref> [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Estimated percentage of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|website=UNAIDS|access-date=4 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305203900/http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] Nthenda ya HIV yikulutilira kuŵa suzgo likuru ku Namibia nangauli Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri pa vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu wachita vinandi pa nkhani ya kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda iyi. Mu 2001, ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS, ndipo ciŵelengero ca awo ŵakafwa mu 2003 cikaŵa 16,000. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, nthenda iyi mu Namibia "yikuwoneka kuti yikumara". Pakuti nthenda ya HIV/AIDS yacepeska ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito, ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi cikusazgikira. Boma ndilo likwenera kusambizga ŵana aŵa, kuŵapa cakurya, nyumba na vyakuvwara. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo, uyo wali na kachilombo ka HIV wakamara mu 2013 ndipo ukaŵa kachinayi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na umoyo wawo mu charu chose cha Namibia. DHS yikayowoya vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuchitika para ŵanthu ŵali na HIV: * Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised.&nbsp;HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8.0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11.9 percent). The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics. For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11.7 percentage points each). The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5.2 percentage points versus 2.1 percentage points). * HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16.9 percent for women and 10.9 percent for men. HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16.7 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively). * HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30.9 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively). It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2.5–6.4 percent for women and 2.0–3.4 percent for men). * Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30.9 percent and 15.9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6.9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6.6 percent). * In 76.4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10.1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13.5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not).<ref name=":3" /> Mu 2015, Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Wovwiri ku Ŵana na UNAIDS ukalemba lipoti la umo matenda gha HIV ghakuthandazgikira mu ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15 kufika 49, ndipo likati ŵanthu pafupifupi 210,000 ŵakukhala na HIV. Suzgo ya maleriya yikuwoneka kuti yikusazgikira cifukwa ca nthenda ya AIDS. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ku Namibia, para munthu wali na HIV, wakulwaraso maleriya pafupifupi 14.5 peresenti. Kweniso para munthu wali na HIV, wakufwa na maleriya pafupifupi pa nyengo yimoza. Mu 2002 mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵadokotala 598 pera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |title=WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region |publisher=Afro.who.int |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107105806/http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/namibia.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> ==Mwambo== ===Sport=== {{Main|Sport in Namibia|Rugby union in Namibia}} [[File:Namibia Rugby Team.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia rugby team]]]] Maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Namibia ni mpira. Timu ya mpira ya ku Namibia yikaluta ku Africa mu 1998, 2008 na 2019, kweni yichali yayi ku World Cup. Timu ya rugby ya ku Namibia ndiyo yikwenda makora comene pa nkhonyo zose, ndipo yalutapo pa nkhonyo zinkhondi na yimoza ya caru cose. Mu 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 na 2019 Namibia yikaŵapo pa mpikisano wa Rugby World Cup. Charu cha India chikupanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, nga ni maseŵero gha Cricket World Cup 2003, ICC T20 World Cup 2021 na ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022. Mu Disembala 2017, Namibia Cricket yikafika pa final ya Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge kwa nyengo yakwamba.<ref name="NCYR">{{cite web |author=Helge Schütz |date=19 December 2017 |title=Namibia Cricket Year Review |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051115/https://www.namibian.com.na/62702/read/Namibia-Cricket-Year-Review |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2018 ku Zimbabwe kukachitika chiphikiro cha ICC World Cricket League Division 2 icho chikachitikanga na Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada na Oman. Kweniso Namibia yikafika pa malo ghakwenelera kuti yilute ku ICC T20 World Cup 2021 ndipo yikaluta ku Super 12. Munthu wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Frankie Fredericks, uyo wakucimbilira mtunda wa mamita 100 na 200. Wakawina mendulo zinayi za siliva pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki (1992, 1996) ndipo wali na mendulo zinandi pa maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Trevor Dodds ndiyo wakawina mpikisano wa Greater Greensboro Open mu 1998, ndipo uwu ukaŵa mpikisano umoza mwa mipikisano 15 iyo wakachitapo pa umoyo wake. Mu 1998, wakaŵa pa nambara 78 pa caru cose. Dan Craven wakayimira Namibia pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2016 mu mpikisano wa pa msewu na mpikisano wa munthu payekha. Boxer Julius Indongo ni mulongozgi wa WBA, IBF, na IBO mu gulu la light welterweight. Munthu munyake wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Namibia ni Jacques Burger, uyo kale wakaseŵeranga rugby. Burger wakaseŵera mu timu ya Saracens na Aurillac ku Europe, kweniso wakaseŵera mu timu ya caru cose ya Spain maulendo 41. ===Media=== {{see also|Media of Namibia}} Nangauli caru ca Namibia cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka, kweni pali vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Pali ma TV ghaŵiri, mawayilesi 19 (kwambura kupenderako mawayilesi gha ŵanthu wose), na manyuzipepara 5 gha zuŵa na zuŵa, kweniso magazini ghanandi gha sabata yiliyose. Kweniso pali nkhani zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku South Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa Intaneti ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghakupulintira. Boma la Namibia lili na wupu wakulemba nkhani wakucemeka NAMPA. Ŵapharazgi pafupifupi 300 ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici. Nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Namibia yikaŵa Windhoeker Anzeiger ya ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani, iyo yikamba mu 1898. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Germany, manyuzipepara ghakalongosoranga comene ivyo vikacitikanga nadi ndiposo maghanoghano gha ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cigerman. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaŵayuyuranga panji ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbakofya. Mu nyengo ya boma la South Africa, ŵanthu ŵacisungu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, ndipo boma la Pretoria likalutilira kuŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani za nyuzipepara za ku South West Africa. Ŵapharazgi ŵa nyuzipepara ŵakawonekanga nga kuti ŵakutimbanizga wupu uwo ukaŵako, ndipo kanandi ŵakawofyanga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name="Rothe">Rothe, Andreas (2010): Media System and News Selection in Namibia. p. 14–96</ref><ref>von Nahmen, Carsten (2001): Deutschsprachige Medien in Namibia</ref><ref name=Links>Links, Frederico (2006): ''We write what we like: The role of independent print media and independent reporting in Namibia''</ref> Manyuzipepara gha mazuŵa ghano ni The Namibian (Chingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake), Die Republikein (Chiafrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (Chijeremani) na Namibian Sun (Chingelezi) kweniso New Era (Chingelezi). Kupatulapo nyuzipepara yikuru ya The Namibian, iyo yili na ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga, nyuzipepara zinyake izo zili mu gulu la Democratic Media Holdings. Ŵapharazgi ŵanyake awo ŵakulembeka mu manyuzipepara ni: Informanté, la TrustCo, Windhoek Observer, Namibia Economist, na Namib Times. Mu magazini ya Current Affairs muli mabuku nga ni Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine na Prime FOCUS. Magazini ya Sister Namibia ndiyo yikugwira nchito kwa nyengo yitali mu Namibia, ndipo magazini ya Namibia Sport ndiyo yikupharazga vya maseŵero pa caru cose. Kweniso, mabuku ghakusindikizgika ghakulembeka na gulu la chipani, nyuzipepara za ŵana ŵa sukulu, na mabuku ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu. Wayilesi yikamba mu 1969, ndipo TV yikamba mu 1981. Mulimo wa pa wayilesi na wa pa wayilesi lero ukucitika na wupu wa boma wa Namibia Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). Wupu uwu ukupeleka wayilesi ya TV na wayilesi ya "National Radio" mu Cingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake 9. Masiteshoni gha pa wayilesi ghakukwana 9 ghakupharazga comene Cingelezi, kupaturako Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) na Kosmos 94.1 (Afrikaans). TV ya One Africa yakhala ikulimbana ndi NBC kuyambira m'ma 2000.<ref name=Rothe/><ref name="oneafricabackground">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928202233/http://www.oneafrica.tv/node/2 One Africa Television]. oneafrica.tv. 25 May 2010</ref> Kuyana na vyaru vyapafupi, ku Namibia kuli wanangwa wakuyowoya na ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, caru ici cikaŵanga pa malo ghapacanya pa mapulogiramu gha Reporters Without Borders ghakulongosora vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakulemba nkhani. Mu 2010, cikaŵa pa malo gha 21. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vyakupharazga ku Africa wakulongora kuti vinthu vili makora. Ndipouli, nga ni umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, mu Namibia ŵimiliri ŵa boma na ŵamalonda ŵakulutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya nkhani za nyuzipepara. Mu 2009, boma la Namibia likaŵa pa malo gha 36 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoyapo. Mu 2013 yikaŵa pa malo 19, mu 2014 yikaŵa pa malo 22 ndipo mu 2019 yikaŵa pa malo 23. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti sono ni charu icho chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakuyowoya. Ŵapharazgi na manyuzipepara ku Namibia ŵakwimikika na chaputara cha ku Namibia cha Media Institute of Southern Africa na Editors' Forum of Namibia. Mu 2009, boma likasora munthu wakujiyimira payekha kuti waŵavikilire.<ref name=Rothe/> ===Education=== [[File:42817 06.JPG|thumb|Secondary school students]] {{Main|Education in Namibia}} {{See also|List of schools in Namibia}} Ku Namibia kuli masambiro gha mahala gha pulayimale na gha sekondale. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 1 kufika ku 7 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la pulayimale, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa giredi 8 kufika ku 12 ni awo ŵali mu kilasi la sekondare. Mu 1998, ku Namibia kukaŵa ŵana 400,325 ŵa sukulu za pulayimale na 115,237 ŵa sukulu za sekondare. Mu 1999, chiŵerengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵasambizgi chikaŵa 32:1, ndipo pafupifupi 8% ya GDP yikagwiranga nchito pa masambiro. Mulimo wakunozga visambizgo, kafukufuku wa masambiro, na kusambizga ŵasambizgi ukuchitika na National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) ku Okahandja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nied.edu.na/ |title=National Institute for Educational Development |publisher=Nied.edu.na |access-date=26 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512213852/http://www.nied.edu.na/ |archive-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Pa vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, caru ca Namibia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na CIA World Factbook, mu 2018 ŵanthu 91.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Masukulu ghanandi ku Namibia ghakupharazgika na boma, kweni ghanyake ni ghapadera. Masukulu agha ghakukolerana na masambiro gha mu caru ici. Pali masukulu ghanayi ghakusambizga ŵasambizgi, masukulu ghatatu gha vya ulimi, na masukulu gha polisi. Masukulu agha ni: University of Namibia (UNAM), International University of Management (IUM) na Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST). Namibia yikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Index of Namibia-related articles]] *[[Outline of Namibia]] == Ukaboni == ===Notes=== {{Reflist |refs = <ref name=Adhikari>{{cite journal |last = Adhikari |first= Mohamed |title = 'Streams of Blood And Streams of Money': New Perspectives on the Annihilation of the Herero and Nama Peoples of Namibia, 1904–1908 |journal=Kronos |jstor=41056613 |year = 2008 |volume=34|issue=34|pages=303–320}}</ref> <ref name=aqmap>{{cite journal |vauthors = MacDonald AM, Bonsor HC, Dochartaigh BÉ, Taylor RG |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009 |title = Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa |journal=Environ. Res. Lett. |volume=7 |page=024009 |year=2012 |issue=2 |bibcode=2012ERL.....7b4009M |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.4081 |s2cid=154336728 }}</ref> <ref name="finnish-mission">{{cite web|url=https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/|title=Namibia 30 vuotta – Suomalaisilla oli merkittävä rooli Namibian itsenäistymisessä|publisher=[[Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission]]|date=20 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2023|language=fi}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=Gerwarth>{{cite journal |last = Gerwarth |first = Robert |title = L'Antichambre de l'Holocauste? A propos du Debat sur les Violences Coloniales et la Guerre d'Extermination Nazie |language = fr |journal=Vingtième Siècle|year= 2008 |volume=99|pages=143–159 |JSTOR = 20475396 |doi=10.3917/ving.099.0143 |last2=Malinowski |first2=Stephan|issue=3 }} says most scholars think it did not influence the Nazis.</ref> --> <ref name=Humavindu>{{cite journal |last1 = Humavindu |first1 = Michael N. |last2 = Barnes |first2 = Jonothan I. |title= Trophy Hunting in the Namibian Economy: An Assessment. Environmental Economics Unit, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |journal= South African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=33|issue=2|pages= 65–70 |date=October 2003 }}</ref> <ref name=Korenromp>{{cite journal |pmid=16229771|last1=Korenromp |first1= E.L. |last2=Williams |first2= B.G. |last3=de Vlas |first3= S.J. |last4=Gouws |first4= E. |last5=Gilks |first5= C.F. |last6=Ghys |first6= P.D. |last7=Nahlen |first7= B.L. |year=2005 |title=Malaria Attributable to the HIV-1 Epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume= 11|issue= 9|pages= 1410–1419 |doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337|pmc=3310631}}</ref> <ref name=Lange>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10640-004-4045-z |last = Lange |first = Glenn-marie |title= Wealth, Natural Capital, and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia|url=https://archive.org/details/environmental-and-resource-economics_2004-11_29_3/page/257 |journal= Environmental & Resource Economics|year=2004|volume=29 |issue = 3 |pages=257–83 |s2cid = 155085174 }}</ref> <ref name=Madley>{{cite journal |last = Madley |first = Benjamin |title = From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe |url = https://archive.org/details/european-history-quarterly_2005-07_35_3/page/429 |journal=European History Quarterly |year=2005 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=429–464 |doi=10.1177/0265691405054218 |s2cid = 144290873 }} says it influenced Nazis.</ref> <ref name=Sparks>{{cite journal |title=Namibia's Coastal and Marine Development Potential |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1984-10_83_333/page/477 |volume=83 |issue=333|page=477 |journal=African Affairs |last=Sparks |first=Donald L. |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097645 |year=1984 }}</ref> <ref name="Stefanova">Stefanova, Kristina (August 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110052258/http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm Protecting Namibia's Natural Resources]. usinfo.state.gov</ref> <ref name=UNEP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 Nature in Local Hands: The Case for Namibia's Conservancies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190527/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/7600 |date=13 November 2012 }}. UNEP, UNDP, WRI, and World Bank. 2005.</ref> }} === Literature === ; Works cited {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last = Vedder |first = Heinrich |author-link = Heinrich Vedder |title = Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 |trans-title = The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890 |language = de |year = 1997 |edition = 7th |publisher = Namibia Scientific Society |location = Windhoek |isbn = 978-0-949995-33-9 }} * {{cite book |last1 = Olusoga |first1 = David |author1-link = David Olusoga |last2 = Erichsen |first2 = Casper W. |title = The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide |url = https://archive.org/details/kaisersholocaust0000unse |year = 2010 |publisher = Farber and Farber |location = London, England |isbn = 978-0-571-23142-3 }} * {{cite journal |last = Besenyo |first = Molnar |url = http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |title = UN peacekeeping in Namibia |journal = Tradecraft Review |publisher = Military National Security Service |location = Budapest, Hungary |year = 2013 |issue = 2013/1. Special Issue |pages = 93–109 |access-date = 8 November 2014 |archive-date = 17 December 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{refend}} ; General references {{refbegin}} * Christy, S. A. (2007). ''Namibian Travel Photography''. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''The independence of the judiciary in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. * [[:fr:Jean-Claude Fritz|Fritz, Jean-Claude]]. ''La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée'', Paris: [[L'Harmattan]], 1991. * ''World Almanac''. 2004. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Spoken Wikipedia|Namibia spoken word.ogg|date=2009-08-31}} {{Sister project links|voy=Namibia|collapsible=collapsed}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Vigilant Wikipedians will delete excessive or inappropriate links * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link * * to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) * * and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Namibia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 3 March 2016) * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * {{Wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal (archived 3 December 2012) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] (archived 10 December 2008) {{Namibia topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Namibia |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Former German colonies}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Portalbar|Africa}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|22|S|17|E|type:country_region:NA|display=title}} [[Category:Namibia| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1990]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former German colonies]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 4vu99aijpj1odlqqgygl4g2jn35z0va 0 6944 122629 121653 2026-09-28T02:31:14Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Southeastern Africa}} {{about|the modern country since 1990|the former country from 1975 to 1990|People's Republic of Mozambique}} {{about|the country in Africa|other uses}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{resize|88%|{{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Beloved Homeland"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File: Location Mozambique AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = [[Maputo]] | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | regional_languages = [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Changana language|Changana]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = indigenous | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99% [[Black people|Black African]]{{efn|Includes [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], and other African ethnic groups.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.2% Other}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Citation |title=Mozambique |date=2022-09-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143927/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Mozambican | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="SpL">{{cite ssrn |last1=Neto |first1=Octávio Amorim |last2=Lobo |first2=Marina Costa |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url= http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |journal= Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher= University of California San Diego |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date= 19 August 2008 |access-date= 20 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title= Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |journal =French Politics|volume=3 |issue=3 |pages= 323–351 |doi= 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |s2cid=73642272 |quote= Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized. |doi-access=free }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Filipe Nyusi]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Adriano Maleiane]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Assembly President]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Assembly of the Republic]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Mozambique|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Independence]] from [[National Salvation Junta|Portugal]] | established_date1 = 25 June 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 374|Admitted to the]] United Nations | established_date2 = 16 September 1975 | established_event3 = [[Mozambican Civil War]] | established_date3 = 1977–1992 | established_event4 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35th | area_sq_mi = 309,496 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 31,693,239<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mozambique|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 46th | population_density_km2 = 28.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 74.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$48.0 billion<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 121st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,457<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 187th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$17.8 billion<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 128th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $542<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 185th | Gini = 54.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.446 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 185th | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{url|www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = {{notelist}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |55.8% [[Christianity in Mozambique|Christianity]] |26.1% [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faith]]s |17.5% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islam]] |0.5% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |0.3% Other{{efn|Includes [[Judaism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha’i]].}} }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=156c#IRFDEMOG|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> | today = }} '''Mozambique''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k}}; {{lang-pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA-pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{lang-ny|Mozambiki}}; {{lang-sw|Msumbiji}}; {{lang-ts|Muzambhiki}}), mwaboma '''Charu cha Mozambiki''' ({{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}), ni chalo icho chili kumwera kwa Africa icho chili na mphaka na [[Indian Ocean]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto, [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] na [[Zambia]] kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Zimbabwe]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Eswatini]] na [[South Africa]] kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili kutali na [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], na [[Madagascar]]. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Maputo]]. Kumpoto kwa Mozambiki kuli mphepo za mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vinthu vyakofya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 1100, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa misumba ghanandi gha ku dowoko. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Egypt]], [[Arabia]], [[Persia]], na India ŵakendanga mu misumba agha.<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Mu 1498 apo Vasco da Gama wakaluta ku [[Spain]], Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vyakujumpha 400 kufuma apo charu cha [[Portugal]] chikambira kulamulira, charu cha Mozambique chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1975. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri pera kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa, pakaŵa nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikamara mu 1977 m'paka 1992. Mu 1994, Mozambiki wakacita viwoneskero vyakwambilira vya vyaru vinandi ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, chalo ici nchakukhora comene, nangauli nchali na ŵanthu awo ŵakuwukira boma. Charu cha Mozambique chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chikuthemba pa somba, chomenechomene viyuni vyakututuŵa, viyuni vya mu viŵaya, na viyuni vya mu viŵaya. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura. Charu cha South Africa chikulutilira kuŵa munyawo wa Mozambique pa malonda.<ref>[https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-and-portugal-sign-eur-400-million-guarantee-agreement-underpin-lusophone-compact-54541 African Development Bank and Portugal sign EUR 400 million guarantee agreement to underpin Lusophone Compact, © 2022 African Development Bank, Amba Mpoke-Bigg, Retrieved 06.09.2022]</ref> Kwambira mu 2001, GDP ya Mozambique yikukura chomene, kweni ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kukura comene pa caru cose, ndipo yili pasi pa GDP pa munthu yumoza, kukura kwa ŵanthu, upusikizgi, na unandi wa umoyo.<ref name="CIA">{{CIA World Factbook|article=Mozambique|year=2007|access-date=22 May 2007}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 30 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Bantu. Kweni chiyowoyero cha ku Mozambique ntchiyowoyero cha Chiphwitikizi, icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu misumba. Viyowoyero vyakuzirwa comene ni Chitsonga, Makhuwa, Sena, Chichewa, na Chiswahili. Pa mabuku agha, pali viyowoyero 46 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.7 - Languages of Mozambique |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Mozambiki ni Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa. Charu cha Mozambique chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Movement of Non-Aligned, Southern African Development Community, ndipo chili na wupu wa La Francophonie. ==Kwiza kwa zina== Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathya charu ichi Moçambique, kufuma ku zina lakuti Mussa Bin Bique panji Musa Al Big panji Mossa Al Bique panji Mussa Ben Mbiki panji Mussa Ibn Malik, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Arabia. Msumba uwu ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa charu cha Portugal m'paka mu 1898, apo ukasamukira kumwera ku Lourenço Marques (uno ni Maputo).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Mozambique}} [[File:Mozambique (3912235854).jpg|thumb|Nyanja ya Mozambique]] === Kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Further|Bantu expansion}} Kwambira m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean m'paka ku Mozambique. Kwambira mu ma 800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo ŵakazenga misumba ghanandi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba agha ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ndipo ŵakasambizganga chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba ndiwo ŵakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Ku Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, na Chirwa cha Mozambique vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Misumba agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lyaya |first1=Edwinus Chrisantus |title=Metallurgy in Tanzania |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304036090 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> === Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Swahili === [[File:Slaves ruvuma.jpg|thumb|Ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga Ŵachiarabu na Ŵaswahili pamoza na ŵakayidi ŵawo pa Mlonga wa Ruvuma]] Kwambira m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean m'paka ku Mozambique. Kwambira mu ma 800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo ŵakazenga misumba ghanandi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba agha ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ndipo ŵakasambizganga chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba ndiwo ŵakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Ku Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, na Chirwa cha Mozambique vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Misumba agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.<ref>Newitt, Malyn. "Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of an East African Coastal City" 2004.</ref> === Mozambique wa ku Portugal (1498-1975) === {{Further|Portuguese Mozambique}} [[File:Mozambique n2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Umo Chirwa cha Mozambique chiliri, msumba ukuru wa kumpoto kwa Mozambique uwo ukuzunulika mu mbiri ya caru ici]] [[File:Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|[[Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte]]]] [[File:Fortaleza de São Sebastião-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|[[Fort São Sebastião]]]] Chirwa cha Mozambiki, icho charu ichi chili na zina lake, ni chirwa chichoko cha korali icho chili pa mulomo wa Mossuril Bay pa nyanja ya Nacala kumpoto kwa Mozambiki. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafikanga ku Mozambique mu 1498, kukaŵa kale ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja na pa virwa vinyake. Kwambira cha m'ma 1500, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwendera mu nyanja za ku Europe. Apo Vasco da Gama wakazingilizga Cape of Good Hope mu 1498, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kuchita malonda, ndyali, na vinthu vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1530 C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaguliskanga na kupenja golide ŵakaluta mu vyaru vya mukati, ndipo ŵakazenga misasa ya ŵasilikari ku Sena na Tete pa mlonga wa Zambezi. Ku chigaŵa chapakati cha Mozambiki, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuzomerezga na kukhozga malonda ghawo na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakapelekanga charu ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ndipo mu charu cha Mozambiki mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka prazeiros. Muzga uyo wakaŵa ku Mozambique wakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakamba na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arab, awo ŵakatumanga ŵazga aŵa ku misumba na minda ya ku Middle East. Pakulutilira na malonda agha, ŵazga ŵakapelekekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakathereskanga mafuko gha ŵalwani ŵawo na kuguliska ŵazga ŵawo ku ŵazga ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakakhalanga na mazaza gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Portugal na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Nangauli pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵekha ndiwo ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa ivi, kweni chifukwa cha kutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kutemwana chomene.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Isaacman |first1=Allen |title=Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age |url=https://archive.org/details/armingslavesfrom0000unse |last2=Peterson |first2=Derek |date=2006 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13485-8 |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Christopher Leslie |pages=[https://archive.org/details/armingslavesfrom0000unse/page/95 95]–119 |chapter=Making the Chikunda: Military Slavery and Ethnicity in Southern Africa, 1750–1900 |doi=10.12987/yale/9780300109009.003.0005 |editor2-last=Morgan |editor2-first=Philip D.}}</ref><ref name="EBmoz">{{cite book |last1=Sheldon |first1=Kathleen Eddy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |last2=Penvenne |first2=Jeanne Marie |language=en |chapter=Mozambique: Arrival of the Portuguese |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>[[File:Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg|thumb|Chilumba cha Mozambique, msumba wakale wa kumpoto kwa Mozambique na Central Avenue ku Lourenço Marques, sono Maputo, ca. 1905]] Nangauli Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska malonda ghanandi gha mu nyanja kufuma ku Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu pakati pa 1500 na 1700, kweni apo Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu ŵakathereska msumba wakuzirwa wa Portugal wa Fort Jesus pa Cirwa ca Mombasa (uno mu Kenya) mu 1698, vinthu vikamba kusintha. Cifukwa ca ici, ndalama zikanjiramo yayi mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo Lisbon wakajipeleka comene pa malonda na India na vyaru vya ku Far East. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Mazrui na Oman ŵakapoka malo ghanandi agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene, kweni ŵanyake ŵakapona. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, maboma ghanyake gha ku Europe, chomenechomene gha Britain (British South Africa Company) na France (Madagascar), ghakamba kuchita malonda na ndyali za mu chigaŵa ichi. Kalasi la kusindikizga mabuku na kuŵika malemba mu Ciphwitikizi, 1930 Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha Mozambiki na kupeleka ku makampani ghakurughakuru nga ni Mozambique Company, Zambezia Company, na Niassa Company, agho ghakaŵa na ndalama za ku Britain nga ni Solomon Joel. Nangauli mu Mozambiki mukaŵa dango lakulekeska wuzga, kweni kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, makampani gha vyamalonda ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakucicizgika. Kampani ya Zambezia, iyo yikaŵa yakovwira comene, yikatora malo ghacoko waka gha ŵanthu ŵa ku prazeiro na kuzenga malo gha ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire katundu wawo. Makampani agha ghakazenga misewu na madoko kuti ŵagulire katundu wawo, kusazgapo njanji iyo yikakolerananga na charu cha Zimbabwe na dowoko la Beira ku Mozambique. Cifukwa ca kuleka kucita makora vinthu na kusintha kwa boma la Oliveira Salazar, la Estado Novo, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵalutilire kulamulira chuma cha Ufumu wa Portugal, makampani agha ghakaŵaso na wanangwa wakucita vinthu vinyake. Ivi ndivyo vikacitika mu 1942 na kampani ya Mozambique Company, iyo yikalutilira kugwira nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi na malonda nga ni wupu. Mu 1951, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Portugal ku Africa vikazgoka vigaŵa vya ku Portugal.<ref name="The Cambridge history of Africa">[https://books.google.com/books?id=zywkdNMeltkC&pg=PA495&dq=chartered+companies+mozambique#PPA496,M1 The Cambridge history of Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214003714/https://books.google.com/books?id=zywkdNMeltkC&pg=PA495&dq=chartered+companies+mozambique#PPA496,M1|date=14 December 2019}}, The Cambridge history of Africa, John Donnelly Fage, A. D. Roberts, Roland Anthony Oliver, Edition: Cambridge University Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-521-22505-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-22505-2}}</ref><ref name="The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975">[https://books.google.com/books?id=LA28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=chartered+companies+mozambique The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123044105/https://books.google.com/books?id=LA28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=chartered+companies+mozambique|date=23 November 2019}}, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism, W. G. Clarence-Smith, Edition: Manchester University Press ND, 1985, {{ISBN|0-7190-1719-X}}, 9780719017193</ref><ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090928143505/http%3A//digitarq%2Edgarq%2Egov%2Ept/default%2Easpx?page%3DregShow%26ID%3D1117748%26searchMode%3Dlf Agência Geral do Ultramar]. dgarq.gov.pt</ref> Ku Mueda, pa June 16, 1960, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Makonde ŵambe kulimbana kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. ===Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1975)=== {{Main|Mozambican War of Independence}} [[File:Sempreatentos...aoperigo!.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal pa Nkhondo ya ku Portugal, ŵanyake ŵakanyamura katundu wa FN FAL na G3]] Apo visambizgo vya Chikomyunizimu na vyakwimikana na ufumu vikasazgikira mu Africa mose, magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakasangika kuti ghakhozge wanangwa wa Mozambique. Magulu agha ghakatenge chifukwa chakuti boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique awo ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵasange chandulo na ndondomeko iyi, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵalutilire kukolerana na mafuko ghawo. Kuyana na ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakayowoya, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ŵalije mwaŵi panji ndalama zinandi zakukwana kuti ŵasambizgike makora ntchito na kusintha umoyo wawo wa vyachuma na wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na maukaboni, Ŵapwitikizi ŵazungu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene ndiposo ŵakumanya vinandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakuzgora ku gulu la ŵasilikari, boma la Portugal likamba kusintha vinthu mu ma 1960 na kuuyambiro wa ma 1970. Gulu lakucemeka Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) likambiska nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Portugal mu Seputembala 1964. Nkhondo iyi pamoza na zinyake ziŵiri izo zikacitika kale mu vyaru vinyake vya Portugal nga ni Angola na Guinea, yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nkhondo ya ku Portugal (1961-1974). Kuyana na umo ŵasilikari ŵakawoneranga vinthu, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kulamulira malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na mafuko agho ghakaŵa kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Pakuzgora ku FRELIMO, boma la Portugal likamba kuŵika mtima comene pa kulenga vinthu vyakukondweska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na kuti vinthu visinthe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HegjL_5tD6o |title=CD do Diário de Notícias – Parte 08 |via=YouTube |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317125157/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HegjL_5tD6o |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kujiyimira (1975) === FRELIMO yikapoka mazaza pa cigaŵa ici pamanyuma pa vilimika 10 vya nkhondo, kweniso apo caru ca Portugal cikawelera ku demokilase pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa boma la Estado Novo mu April 1974 na kupoka boma pa Novembala 25, 1975. Mu caka cimoza, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakukwana 250,000 ŵakafumako ku Mozambique. Ŵanyake ŵakacimbizgika na boma la caru ici, ŵanyake ŵakafumamo mu caru ici kuti ŵaleke kukomeka na boma la ku Mozambique. Dango likapelekeka na Armando Guebuza wa chipani cha FRELIMO, uyo wakaŵa wambura kumanyikwa chomene. Ŵakati ŵatondeka kusanga ndalama, ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku Portugal kwambura ndalama.<ref>Couto, Mia (April 2004). [http://mondediplo.com/2004/04/15mozambique Carnation revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502222825/https://mondediplo.com/2004/04/15mozambique |date=2 May 2019 }}. ''Le Monde diplomatique''</ref> === Nkhondo Yachikaya ku Mozambique (1977-1992) === {{Main|People's Republic of Mozambique|Mozambican Civil War}} [[File:Land mine victim 2 (4364914733).jpg|thumb|left|Munthu uyo wakadumulika mabomba ku Mozambique]] Boma liphya la Pulezidenti Samora Machel likakhazikiska boma la chipani cimoza lakujintha pa fundo za Marx. Wakapokera wovwiri wa ŵasilikari na wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku Cuba na Soviet Union, ndipo wakamba kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ili. Pakati pa 1977 na 1992, caru ici cikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikacitika pakati pa gulu lakulimbana na boma la Mozambique (RENAMO) na boma la Frelimo. Nkhondo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu vyaka vyakwambilira apo Mozambique yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga, ndipo yikaŵa pamoza na vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Rhodesia na South Africa. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku Mozambique, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zinandi yayi pakupanga vinthu vinyake, ndipo likagwiliskiranga ntchito maboma gha ŵanthu ŵekha. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, boma la FRELIMO likatondeka kulamulira vinthu mu misumba agho ghakaŵa kutali na msumba. Vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na RENAMO vikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakujumpha 50 pa vigaŵa vyose vya ku mizi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Suzgo likakura comene apo boma likadumulizga ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya cipatala. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Boma likakoma ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi apo likakhumbanga kuti liwusenge caru cose, ndipo likatuma ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "misasa yakusambizgirako ŵanthu" uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwira.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF Table 14.1C Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources and Calculations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011172148/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF|date=11 October 2017}}. hawaii.edu</ref>[[File:RhodesiaAllies1975.png|thumb|Umo vinthu vikaŵira mu caru mu 1975; vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na FRELIMO vili pa lalanje.]] Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, RENAMO yikapeleka fundo yakuti vyaru vya kumpoto na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vipatuke na kuzgoka Rombesia, kweni FRELIMO yikakana. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ku Mozambique ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 1.7 miliyoni ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi. Boma la FRELIMO likapelekaso malo ghakubisamamo na wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Africa (African National Congress) na Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe African National Union), apo maboma gha Rhodesia na South Africa ghakawovwira RENAMO mu nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 600,000 ŵakafwa na njara. Pa 19 Okutobala 1986, Machel wakaweranga ku Zambia kufuma ku ungano wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu ndege ya Pulezidenti ya Tupolev Tu-134 apo ndege iyi yikawa mu mapiri gha Lebombo kufupi na Mbuzini mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga ku South Africa. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakapona, kweni Pulezidenti Machel na ŵanyake 33 ŵakafwa, kusazgapo ŵantchito ŵa boma la Mozambique. Wupu wa United Nations uwo ukafumanga ku Soviet, ukalemba lipoti ilo likati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndiwo ŵakananga ivyo iwo ŵakamanyanga. Ŵalara ŵa boma la Soviet Union ŵakayowoya kuti ndege iyi ŵakayisintha mwadala na mboniwoni yautesi iyo yikapelekeka na boma la South Africa.<ref name="TRC">{{cite web |title=Special Investigation into the death of President Samora Machel |work=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] Report, vol.2, chapter 6a |url=http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap6a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413084020/http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap6a.htm |archive-date=13 April 2006 |access-date=18 June 2006}}</ref> Joaquim Chissano uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Machel, wakasintha vinthu vinandi mu charu ichi, ndipo wakamba kusintha vinthu nga nkhufumako ku visambizgo vya Marxist kuya ku vya capitalism. Ndondomeko yiphya ya boma iyo yikaŵako mu 1990 yikati pali maboma ghanandi, chuma cha msika, kweniso mavoti gha wanangwa. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Okutobala 1992 apo ŵakacita phangano la mtende la Rome General Peace Accords. Mu Mozambique mukaŵaso mtende, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa United Nations ndiwo ŵakalongozganga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516080313/http://popp.gmu.edu/resource-bk/mission/onumoz.html UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN MOZAMBIQUE]. popp.gmu.edu</ref><ref name="BilateralRelationsFactSheet">{{citation-attribution|{{Cite web |title=Mozambique (07/02) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/mozambique/26477.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011103/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/mozambique/26477.htm |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=1 July 2018 |work=U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets/Background Notes |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}}}</ref> === Nyengo ya demokilase (1993~pano) === [[File:Helicopter over flooded Central Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Helikopita ya ku America yikuwuluka pa mlonga wa Limpopo uwo ukazura na maji mu chaka cha 2000 ku Mozambique]] Mu 1994, ku Mozambique kukaŵa maungano gha vyaru ivyo vikazomerezga kuti maungano agha ngawanangwa kweniso ngaurunji. FRELIMO wakatonda, mwakulongozgeka na Joaquim Chissano, apo RENAMO, mwakulongozgeka na Afonso Dhlakama, wakathereska ŵalwani ŵake. Mu 1995, Mozambiki wakanjira mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations, ndipo pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa yekha mu wupu uwu uwo ukaŵa kuti undaŵepo mu ufumu wa Britain. Kuzakafika pakati pa 1995, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni awo ŵakapenja ciphokwero mu vyaru vyapafupi ŵakawelera ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 4 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo ŵakawelera ku vikaya vyawo. Mu Disembala 1999, ku Mozambique kukaŵa mavoti ghaciŵiri kufuma apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru yikambira. Wupu wa RENAMO ukadandawura kuti FRELIMO ngwakupusika ndipo ukati uzamuweleraso ku nkhondo, kweni ukagongowa pamanyuma pakuti wakaluta ku Khoti Likuru Chomene. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2000, chimphepo chikuru chikachitiska kuti maji ghatutuke, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa FRELIMO ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara Carlos Cardoso, uyo wakacitanga kafukufuku pa nkhani iyi, wakakomeka, ndipo palije uyo wakalongosora cifukwa ico wakafwira.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2002|title=Attacks on the Press 2001: Mozambique|url=https://cpj.org/2002/03/attacks-on-the-press-2001-mozambique/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301040145/https://cpj.org/2002/03/attacks-on-the-press-2001-mozambique/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2001, Chissano wakadandawura chomene na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakhalapo nyengo yitali kuluska iyo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wakuyowoya vya Frederick Chiluba, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaghanaghananga vya nyengo yachitatu, kweniso Robert Mugabe, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na nyengo yachinayi. Chisankho cha purezidenti na cha National Assembly chikachitika pa 1 na 2 Disembala 2004. Wapampando wa FRELIMO Armando Guebuza wakathereska na mavoti 64% ndipo Dhlakama wakapokera 32% ya mavoti. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 160 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo mabungwe ghanyake gha RENAMO na ghanyake ghacoko ghakasanga vithuzithuzi 90 ivyo vikakhalapo. Guebuza wakimikika kuŵa purezidenti wa Mozambique pa 2 February 2005 ndipo wakagwira ma mandamu ghaŵiri gha vyaka vinkhondi. Uyo wakamulondezga, Filipe Nyusi, wakaŵa purezidenti wachinayi wa Mozambique pa 15 January 2015. Kufuma mu 2013 m'paka mu 2019, gulu la RENAMO likawukira chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Pa Seputembala 5, 2014, Guebuza na Dhlakama ŵakasayina phangano lakukanizga nkhondo, ilo likamazga nkhondo na kuzomerezga magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghaŵike mtima pa maungano gha boma agho ghachitikenge mu Okutobala 2014. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa maungano ghakuru, pakawuka suzgo linyake la ndyali. RENAMO wakakana kuzomerezga kuti mavoti gha mavoti ngaunenesko ndipo wakapempha kuti waŵe na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, Nampula, Niassa, Tete, Zambezia, Sofala, na Manica, uko ŵakayowoya kuti ŵali na mazaza ghanandi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12,000 ŵakachimbilira ku Malawi. Wupu wa UNHCR, wa Doctors Without Borders, na wa Human Rights Watch, ukati ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawotcha mizi na kukoma ŵanthu na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Mu Okutobala 2019, purezidenti Filipe Nyusi wakasankhikaso pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 184, RENAMO vithuzithuzi 60 ndipo chipani cha MDM chikapokera vithuzithuzi 6 ivyo vikakhalako mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi maucimi agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa upusikizgi. FRELIMO yikasanga wanandi wa vigaŵa viŵiri mwa vigaŵa vitatu mu nyumba ya malango ico cikamovwira kuti wasinthe dango la boma kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵakususka. Kuyambira 2017, dzikoli lakumana ndi kuwukira kwa magulu achisilamu.<ref>{{cite web | title='Jihadists behead' Mozambique villagers | website=BBC News | date=29 May 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44289512 | access-date=11 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613065006/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44289512 | archive-date=13 June 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Religious unrest in Mozambique – in pictures | website=the Guardian | date=30 August 2019 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/aug/30/religious-unrest-in-mozambique-in-pictures | access-date=11 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111170314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/aug/30/religious-unrest-in-mozambique-in-pictures | archive-date=11 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mozambique country profile | website=BBC News | date=19 March 2019 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13890416 | access-date=11 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110063053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13890416 | archive-date=10 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2020, ŵakugaluka ŵa ISIL ŵakakora na kutora kanyengo kachoko waka Chirwa cha Vamizi mu Nyanja ya Indian. Mu Malichi 2021, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyakeso 35,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo apo ŵakugaluka ŵa Chisilamu ŵakatora msumba wa Palma. Mu Disembala 2021, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo pamanyuma pa kutikitira kwa nkhondo ya jihadist mu Niassa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thousands flee Niassa as jihadist attacks spread to other parts of Mozambique|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Africa/News/thousands-flee-niassa-as-jihadist-attacks-spread-to-other-parts-of-mozambique-20211231|access-date=2021-12-31|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Mozambique}} [[File:Mozambique sat.png|thumb|upright|Satellite image]] Mu charu ichi muli vyaru vinandi chomene. Charu cha Mozambique chili kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chili na vyaru nga ni Eswatini kumwera, South Africa kumwera kwa mpoto, Zimbabwe kumanjiliro gha dazi, Zambia na Malawi kumpoto kwa mpoto, Tanzania kumpoto na Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Mozambique chili pakati pa 10° na 27° kumwera, kweniso 30° na 41° kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili kugaŵika vigaŵa viŵiri na Mlonga wa Zambezi. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, mumphepete mwa nyanja muli tumapiri. Malo gha mapiri ghatali ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi; ghakuphatikizapo mapiri gha Niassa, Namuli panji Shire, Angonia, Tete na Makonde, agho ghali na makuni gha miombo. Kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, malo ghapasi ghali na mapiri gha Mashonaland na Lebombo. Mu caru ici muli milonga yikuruyikuru yinkhondi na yinyake yichoko. Mu charu ichi muli nyanja zinayi: Niassa (panji Malawi), Chiuta, Cahora Bassa, na Shirwa. misumba ghakuru ni Maputo, Beira, Nampula, Tete, Quelimane, Chimoio, Pemba, Inhambane, Xai-Xai na Lichinga.<gallery mode="packed" caption="Geography of Mozambique"> File:Ghost mountain mkuze sunset.jpg|[[Lebombo Mountains]] File:Gorongosa - Gogogo peak. (4403966914).jpg|[[Gorongosa National Park]] File:Beach cleaning.jpg|[[Island of Mozambique]] File:Mt Binga Mozambique.JPG|[[Monte Binga]] File:Ponta do Ouro in the morning.jpg|[[Ponta do Ouro]] </gallery> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Mozambique}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map MOZ present.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mozambique map of Köppen climate classification zones]] Ku Mozambique kuli mphepo yakotcha ndipo nyengo zake ni ziŵiri: nyengo ya vula kufuma mu Okutobala m'paka Malichi na nyengo ya chilangalanga kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala. Kweni nyengo yikupambana kuyana na malo agho munthu wakukhala. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa chomene ndipo kumpoto na kumwera kukulokwa pachoko. Mvula ya chaka chilichose yikuthika kufuma pa 500 mpaka 900 mm (19.7 m'paka 35.4 inchi) kuyana na chigaŵa, ndipo pafupifupi 590 mm (23.2 inchi). Nyengo ya chivula yikwiza chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, ku Maputo kukuzizima chomene, ndipo mu Febuluwale kukuzizima chomene. Mu 2019 Mozambique yikaŵa na vula ya chimphepo yakuchemeka Idai na Kenneth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |title=Amid a Cyclone's Floods and Destruction, Mozambique Finds Shards of Hope |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/20/world/africa/mozambique-cyclone-idai-aid.html?action=click&module=Well&pgtype=Homepage&section=World |access-date=20 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420212249/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/20/world/africa/mozambique-cyclone-idai-aid.html%3Faction%3Dclick%26module%3DWell%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26section%3DWorld |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Mozambique}} {{See also|Category:Flora of Mozambique|List of marine molluscs of Mozambique|List of non-marine molluscs of Mozambique}} Mu Mozambique muli viyuni 740 ivyo vili na mitundu 20 iyo yili pangozi kweniso mitundu yiŵiri iyo yikusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vyakumera 13, malo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo, na malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 6.93/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. 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M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ndale == {{Main|Politics of Mozambique}} [[File:Filipe Nyusi.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Filipe Nyusi]]]] [[File:Conselho Municipal de Maputo frente.jpg|thumb|left|Maputo City Hall]] Dango la Mozambique likuti pulezidenti wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndiposo chimanyikwiro cha umoza wa charu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 119 |url=https://cdn.accf-francophonie.org/2019/03/mozambique_const-en.pdf |website=Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique}}</ref> Wakusankhika mwadunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi mwa kuvota kwaciŵiri; usange palije uyo wakupokera mavoti ghakujumpha hafu mu cigaŵa cakwamba, cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti cizamucitika umo ŵekha awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi mu cigaŵa cakwamba ndiwo ŵazamunjira. Nduna yikuru yikusoleka na pulezidenti. Wakuwungana na kulongozga wupu wa nduna (cabinet), wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa pulezidenti, wakovwira pulezidenti kuwusa caru, na kwendeska milimo ya ŵalaŵiliri ŵanyake. Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na mamembara 250. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na Khoti Likuru Chomene, makhoti gha vigaŵa, na gha boma. Boma la Mozambique lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka awo ŵakugwira nchito ya kuvikilira caru, awo ni mawumba gha Mozambique Defence Armed Forces. === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Main|Foreign relations of Mozambique}} [[File:Embassy of Mozambique, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|upright|Kazembe wa Mozambique ku Washington, D.C.]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku boma ili kufuma waka apo likambiranga nkhondo ya kufwatuka, kweni ndyali za charu ichi zikulutilira kusintha. Ndime ziŵiri za ndyali za Mozambique ni kusungilira ubwezi uwemi na ŵazengezgani ŵake ndiposo kusungilira na kusazgirako ubwezi na ŵanyawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1980, ndyali ya Mozambique yikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia na South Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Mozambiki wakazomerezga yayi kuti Rhodesia yende pa nyanja, boma la Ian Smith likamba kulimbana nayo. Nangauli boma la Zimbabwe likati lasintha mu 1980, likawuskapo suzgo ili, kweni boma la South Africa likalutilira kusuzga Mozambique. Mozambiki nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku nkhondo. Phangano la Nkomati ilo likachitika mu 1984, likati latondeka kumazga wovwiri wa RENAMO ku South Africa, likajura nthowa zakwamba pakati pa maboma gha Mozambique na South Africa. Ndondomeko iyi yikalutilira apo boma la South Africa likamazga muwuso wa apartheid. Nangauli nyengo zinyake vinthu vikusuzga ku Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, na Tanzania, kweni Mozambique yikulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivi.<ref name="BilateralRelationsFactSheet" /> Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Mozambique wakapokera wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Western, comenecomene ku Scandinavia. Soviet Union na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga Mozambiki pa nkhani za cuma, nkhondo, na ndyali. Ivi vikamba kusintha mu 1983; mu 1984 Mozambique wakanjira mu Banki ya Caru Cose na International Monetary Fund. Mwaluŵiro wovwiri wa vyaru vya Scandinavia nga ni Sweden, Norway, Denmark, na Iceland, ukasinthira wovwiri wa Soviet. Finland na Netherlands vikuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya wovwiri. Charu cha Italy nacho chili na mazaza mu Mozambique cifukwa ca mulimo uwo cikacita pa mtende. Ubwezi na caru ca Portugal, ico kale cikaŵa na mazaza pa caru ici, ukuŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Portugal ŵakovwira comene pa cuma ca Mozambique.<ref name="BilateralRelationsFactSheet" /> [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets members of Indian Community in Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister wa India Narendra Modi wakumana na banthu ŵa India mu Mozambique, 7 July 2016.]] Mozambique njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikwendera lumoza yayi na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili ku Africa. Mozambique nayo wali mu wupu wa African Union na Southern African Development Community. Mu 1994, boma la Iran likazgoka ciŵaro ca wupu wa Islamic Conference, kuti likhozgere ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kweniso kuti likondweske Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa mu caru ici. Mwakuyana waka, mu 1995, Mozambique nayo wakajibatika ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Cingelezi. Pa nyengo iyo, ndiyo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu Commonwealth kweni vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Ufumu wa Britain yayi. Mu chaka chenechichi, Mozambique yikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska na kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Wupu Wakulongozga wa vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref name="BilateralRelationsFactSheet" /> === Human rights === {{Main article|Human rights in Mozambique}} {{See also|Human trafficking in Mozambique}} Mu 2015, boma likazomerezga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndipouli, kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ku Mozambique nkhukuru.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2016 |title=Mozambique's enduring discrimination leaves gay men untreated for HIV |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/mar/29/mozambiques-enduring-discrimation-leaves-gay-men-untreated-for-hiv |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817102833/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/mar/29/mozambiques-enduring-discrimation-leaves-gay-men-untreated-for-hiv |archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> == Administrative divisions == {{Main|Provinces of Mozambique|Districts of Mozambique|Postos of Mozambique}} Charu cha Mozambique chili na vigaŵa 10 (provincias) na msumba ukuru umoza (cidade capital). Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 129. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 405 (postos administrativos) na vigaŵa viŵiri (localidades). Pali "municipios" 53. {| border="0" |style="vertical-align:middle;"| #[[Niassa Province|Niassa]] #[[Cabo Delgado Province|Cabo Delgado]] #[[Nampula Province|Nampula]] #[[Tete Province|Tete]] #[[Zambezia Province|Zambezia]] #[[Manica Province|Manica]] #[[Sofala Province|Sofala]] #[[Gaza Province|Gaza]] #[[Inhambane Province|Inhambane]] #[[Maputo]] (city) #[[Maputo Province|Maputo]] | style="width:230px; vertical-align:middle;"| [[File:Mozambique, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - colored 2018.svg|170px|Map of Mozambique with the province highlighted]] |}{{Largest cities | country = Mozambique | stat_ref = According to the 2017 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Mozambique-Cities.html |title=Mozambique |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=19 August 2021 }}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Province | div_link = | city_1 = Maputo | div_1 = Maputo City{{!}}Maputo | pop_1 = 1,080,277 | img_1 = Maputo seen from southeast - October 2006.jpg | city_2 = Matola | div_2 = Maputo Province{{!}}Maputo | pop_2 = 1,032,197 | img_2 = Antigo edifício do Conselho Municipal da Matola.jpg | city_3 = Nampula | div_3 = Nampula Province{{!}}Nampula | pop_3 = 663,212 | img_3 = Nampula_Airport.jpg | city_4 = Beira, Mozambique{{!}}Beira | div_4 = Sofala Province{{!}}Sofala | pop_4 = 592,090 | img_4 = Beira center 2000.jpg | city_5 = Chimoio | div_5 = Manica Province{{!}}Manica | pop_5 = 363,336 | city_6 = Tete, Mozambique{{!}}Tete | div_6 = Tete Province{{!}}Tete | pop_6 = 307,338 | city_7 = Quelimane | div_7 = Zambezia Province{{!}}Zambézia | pop_7 = 246,915 | city_8 = Lichinga | div_8 = Niassa Province{{!}}Niassa | pop_8 = 242,204 | city_9 = Mocuba | div_9 = Zambezia Province{{!}}Zambézia | pop_9 = ''240,000'' | city_10 = Nacala | div_10 = Nampula Province{{!}}Nampula | pop_10 = 225,034 | city_11 = Gurúè | div_11 = Zambezia Province{{!}}Zambézia | pop_11 = ''210,000'' | city_12 = Pemba, Mozambique{{!}}Pemba | div_12 = Cabo Delgado Province{{!}}Cabo Delgado | pop_12 = 201,846 | city_13 = Xai-Xai | div_13 = Gaza Province{{!}}Gaza | pop_13 = 132,884 | city_14 = Maxixe, Mozambique{{!}}Maxixe | div_14 = Inhambane Province{{!}}Inhambane | pop_14 = 123,868 | city_15 = Angoche | div_15 = Nampula Province{{!}}Nampula | pop_15 = 89,998 | city_16 = Inhambane | div_16 = Inhambane Province{{!}}Inhambane | pop_16 = 82,119 | city_17 = Cuamba | div_17 = Niassa Province{{!}}Niassa | pop_17 = 79,013 | city_18 = Montepuez | div_18 = Cabo Delgado Province{{!}}Cabo Delgado | pop_18 = 76,139 | city_19 = Dondo, Mozambique{{!}}Dondo | div_19 = Sofala Province{{!}}Sofala | pop_19 = 70,817 | city_20 = Moçambique (city){{!}}Moçambique | div_20 = Nampula Province{{!}}Nampula | pop_20 = 65,712 }} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Mozambique}}[[File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Mozambique.svg|thumb|Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mozambique, since 1960]] [[File:Mozambique Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|A proportional representation of Mozambique's exports]] Charu cha Mozambique nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kutukuka pa caru cose, nangauli pakati pa 1994 na 2006, GDP yikakuranga pafupifupi 8%. Wupu wa vya ndalama wa IMF ukuti Mozambique ni caru cikavu ico cili na ngongoli zinandi. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakati mu vilimika vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama izo ŵakasanga zikwenda makora yayi. Ndalama ya boma ya Mozambique ni metical (kufuma mu Disembala 2022, US$1 yikukolerana na 64 meticals). Ndalama za US dollar, South African rand, na euro vikupokelereka na kugwiliskirika nchito mu bizinesi. Malipiro ghapachanya agho boma likuzomerezga ni $60 pa mwezi. Charu cha Mozambique chili mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community (SADC). Pulogiramu ya SADC yakuyowoya za malonda gha mwawanangwa yikovwira kuti caru ca kumwera kwa Africa ciŵe cakupambana na vyaru vinyake mwa kuwuskapo ndondo na mphindano zinyake. Mu 2007, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoya kuti caru ca Mozambique cikukura comene. Kafukufuku uyo ŵakacita pamoza na maboma gha awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu mu 2007 wakati: "Mozambiki wakuwoneka kuti ni caru ico cakovwira comene".<ref name=BilateralRelationsFactSheet/> ===Rebounding growth=== Ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake na kusintha vinthu mu charu ichi ŵakukura chomene. Vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pakati pa 1996 na 2006, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi chikakwera pa 8%, ndipo pakati pa 2006 na 2011, chikakwera pa 67%. Kuti vinthu viŵe makora kunthazi, pakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, na kuwezgerapo ulimi, mendero, na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2013, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi. Ndipouli, mu 2012, malo ghakujumpha 90% gha mu Mozambique ghakaŵa ghambura kulima. Mu 2013, nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC yikati kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakambaso kuwelera ku Mozambique chifukwa cha uchumi uwo ukukura mu charu ichi.<ref>Akwagyiram, Alexis (5 April 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22025864 Portugal's unemployed heading to Mozambique 'paradise'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129050736/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22025864 |date=29 November 2017 }}. ''BBC News Africa''. Retrieved 6 April 2013</ref> ===Economic reforms=== Makampani ghakujumpha 1,200 agho ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma ghakaŵa gha boma. Ŵakanozgekera vyakuti maboma ghaŵike vinthu vyawo mu mawoko gha ŵeneco na/panji kulekeska makampani ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha boma, nga ni telecommunications, energy, ports, na railways. Nyengo zinandi boma likasankhanga munthu wakwendeskera vyaru vinyake para likukhumba kupanga kampani yinyake. Kweniso, msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka, ndipo msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka na kunozgekaso. Mu 1999, boma likakhazikiska msonkho wakusazgirako mtengo wa vinthu. ===Corruption=== [[File:Mozambique - traditional sailboat.jpg|thumb|Traditional sailboat in [[Ilha de Moçambique]]]] Chuma cha Mozambique chakhuŵara na vimbundi vinandi. Mu Julayi 2011, boma likapeleka malango ghaphya ghakususkana na vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiba ndalama za boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikazomerezgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma la Mozambique likadumura kuti ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakale ŵakaŵa ŵarunji cifukwa ca vimbundi. Pa vyaru 178, charu cha Mozambique chili pa nambara 116 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na vimbundi. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa USAID ilo likalembeka mu 2005, likati: "Ukaboni wakuti vimbundi vili palipose mu Mozambique ukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge wofi". Mu 2012, boma la chigaŵa cha Inhambane likavumbura kuti Calisto Alberto Tomo, uyo ni mulara wa Dipatimenti ya Vyakumara Minkhwala, wakaswa ndalama za boma. Ŵakasanga kuti wakakolerana na Recalda Guambe, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa mabuku mu ofesi ya Anti-Drug Office, kuti ŵibire ndalama zakukwana 260,000 meticais pakati pa 2008 na 2010. Boma la Mozambique lachitapo kanthu kuti limazge vimbundi, ndipo vinthu vyamba kwenda makora. Mu 2012, boma la Mozambique likapeleka malango ghanandi ghakovwira kuti vimbundi vileke.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozambique Corruption Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/mozambique/show-all.aspx|website=Business Anti-Corruption Profile|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715001747/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/mozambique/show-all.aspx|archive-date=15 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Natural resources=== {{main|Mineral industry of Mozambique}} Mu 2010 na 2011, Anadarko Petroleum na Eni ŵakasanga malo gha gesi gha Mamba South, agho ghali na gasi wakujumpha 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) mu Rovuma Basin, kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado. Para vyaŵa nthena, Mozambiki wangaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikupanga gasi. Mu Janyuwale 2017, boma likasankha makampani ghatatu kuti ghapange migodi ya gasi ku Rovuma. GL Africa Energy (UK) ndiyo yikapokera thirakiti limoza. Likukhumba kuzenga na kwendeska sitima ya gasi ya 250 MW. Ntchito iyi yikeneranga kwamba mu 2018. Pa nyengo yasono, boma la Mozambique likukhumba kuti mu 2024, likambe kutumizga LNG pa caru cose. Mu 2019, vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu malo gha Rovuma Basin, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti The Mozambique LNG Project, vikakhozga ndalama zakukwana madola 19 biliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa ŵaguliskayi kuti ŵagulire LNG iyi. Ntchito yikuru ya kuzenga na ntchito zinyake izo zikukolerana nayo, yikapelekeka ku kampani ya TotalEnergies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mzlng.totalenergies.co.mz/en/about-mozambique-liquefied-natural-gas-project |title=About the project |website=Mozambique LNG |date=2023|access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Mozambique}} [[File:La plage aux dunes de Dovela - 2012-04-28 - 75154574.jpg|thumb| European tourists on the beach, in [[Inhambane Province|Inhambane]], Mozambique]] [[File:Vilaculos beach Mozambique 2.jpg|thumb|Vilanculos beach Mozambique]] Charu ichi chili na malo ghanandi ghakutowa, vyamoyo vyamuthengere, na malo ghakusangwa na ŵanthu. Charu cha Mozambique chili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kukura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozambique – Economy|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205083321/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Carrying goods on head in Mozambique.jpg|thumb|Carrying goods on head in Mozambique]] Mphepete mwa nyanja za kumpoto uko kuli maji ghakutowa ni malo ghakutowa comene, comenecomene ku virwa vya Quirimbas na Bazaruto. Chigaŵa cha Inhambane chikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili mu nyanja. Pali malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vyamoyo, kusazgapo malo gha Gorongosa National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=mozambique capital and currency|url=https://seedtracker.org/c40prd/mozambique-capital-and-currency-d2ea86|access-date=28 January 2021|website=seedtracker.org|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201191256/https://seedtracker.org/c40prd/mozambique-capital-and-currency-d2ea86|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Mozambique|Rail transport in Mozambique}} [[File:Steam locomotive Inhambane.jpg|thumb|Steam locomotive at Inhambane, 2009]] [[File:LAM Boeing 737-200Adv C9-BAK JNB 2005-12-2.png|thumb|right|National Mozambican airline, [[LAM Mozambique Airlines|LAM Mozambique]]]] Pali misewu ya makilomita ghakujumpha 30,000, kweni yinandi njambura kujintha. Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, magalimoto ghakwendera kumazere. Ku Maputo kuli chiŵanja cha ndege cha mitundu yose, viŵanja vinyake vya ndege 21 vyambura kujima, na malo ghakujumpha 100 ghakwambukirapo ndege. Pali misewu ya maji yakukwana makilomita 3,750. Pali misewu ya njanji iyo yikwendera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na kukolerana na Malawi, Zimbabwe na South Africa. Njanji za ku Mozambique zikenda kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100 kufuma ku vipata vitatu ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Misewu iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa comene pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Mozambique, ndipo RENAMO ndiyo yikayiparanya. Wupu wa boma, uwo ukuchemeka Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (Mozambique Ports and Railways), ndiwo ukulaŵilira misewu ya njanji na maboti agho ghakukolerana nayo. Mzere uliwose uli na nthowa yake yakucitira vinthu. Mu 2005 pakaŵa njanji ya makilomita 3,123, iyo yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 2,983 wa 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), ndipo yikaŵa yakukolerana na njanji za mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Msewu wa njanji ya Beira ̇ Bulawayo na Sena, uwo uli pakatikati pa msumba uwu, ukujintha dowoko la Beira ku vyaru vya Malawi, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Kumpoto kwa malo agha, ngalaŵa ya Nacala yikukolerana na njanji ya Nacala na Malawi, ndipo kumwera kwa ngalaŵa ya Maputo yikukolerana na njanji ya Limpopo, njanji ya Goba na njanji ya Ressano Garcia na Zimbabwe, Eswatini na South Africa. Maofesi agha ghakukolerana waka na vyaru vinyake. Mu Ogasiti 2010, boma la Mozambique na la Botswana ghakasazga chikalata chakulongosolera umo ŵagwilirenge ntchito ya kupanga njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 1,100 kujumpha mu Zimbabwe. Gulu liphya la matayala ilo likagwiranga nchito ku Indian Golden Rock likagwiliskiranga nchito vyakukolerana vya pakati na mabureki gha mphepo.<ref>''[[Railway Gazette International]]'', August 2008, p.483</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/06/23/stories/2008062350501700.htm|title=Golden Rock workshop exports locos to Mozambique|work=Business Line|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206072435/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/06/23/stories/2008062350501700.htm|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === [[File:Daily struggle for water (5400691444).jpg|thumb|Woman fetching water during the dry season from a polluted source in Machaze District of the Central Manica Province]] Ku Mozambique, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije maji ghakumwa (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 51 peresenti), ndipo ŵakusoŵa vyakumwa vyakwenelera (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 25 peresenti). Mu 2007, boma likanozga vyakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakhalenge na maji ghawemi. Mu misumba, maji ghakupelekeka na ŵantchito ŵacoko na ŵantchito ŵa boma. Kwamba mu 1998, Mozambique wakasintha ndondomeko ya maji gha mu misumba mwa kupanga wupu wakuwona vya maji (CRA), kampani yakuwona vya ndalama (FIPAG) na kampani yakuchemeka Aguas de Moçambique.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP LEGAL RESOURCE CENTER |url=https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/library/delegated-management-urban-water-supply-services-mozambique-summary-case-stuy-fipag-and-cra |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP LEGAL RESOURCE CENTER |language=en}}</ref> Pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa vigaŵa vya msumba uwu na misumba yinyake yinayi iyo yikaŵa na maji. Ndipouli, PPP yikamara mu 2008 apo mapangano ghakulongozga misumba yinayi ghakajumpha ndipo mu 2010, munthu munyake wa ku charu chinyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito mu msumba uwu wakafumamo chifukwa cha suzgo. Nangauli boma likuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji mu misumba, kweni pasono lilije ndondomeko yakukhwaskana na mauto ghakutowa. Awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ŵakupeleka ndalama zakukwana 87.4% ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka. == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Mozambique}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique|title=Mozambique|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407022951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Thousands |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|5,959 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1960 ||style="text-align:right;"|7,185 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1970 ||style="text-align:right;"|9,023 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1980 ||style="text-align:right;"|11,630 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1990 ||style="text-align:right;"|12,987 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|17,712 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2010 ||style="text-align:right;"|23,532 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|31,255 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2023 ||style="text-align:right;"|32,514 |} Vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Zambezia na Nampula ndivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Makua pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Magulu ghanyake ni Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, na Nguni (mwakusazgapo Ŵazulu). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵalipo 97.8%, ndipo ŵanyake wose mba ku Portugal, ku Europe na ku Africa (mestizo) kweniso ku India. Ku Mozambique kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ŵa ku India. Pa nyengo iyo Portugal yikalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi mu 1975 apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti mu Mozambique muli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakujumpha 7,000. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2011, wakalongora kuti pa mwanakazi yumoza, pakaŵa ŵana 5.9, ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa ŵana 6.6, ndipo mu misumba pakaŵa ŵana 4.5.<ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR266/FR266.pdf Moçambique Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819223303/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR266/FR266.pdf |date=19 August 2013 }}. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Ministério da Saúde Maputo, Moçambique (March 2013)</ref><ref name="ISN">{{Cite news|title=China, Mozambique: old friends, new business|date=13 August 2007|periodical=International Relations and Security Network Update|access-date=3 November 2007|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=53470&lng=en|last=Horta|first=Loro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407032726/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?id=53470&lng=en|archive-date=7 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Mozambique}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;" |- ! style="background:#f99;" colspan="3"|Language most spoken at home, 2017 Census <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163503/http://197.249.4.187/imismoz/censos/censo2007/CensoHTML/00/quadros/00quadro23.html "Quadro 23. População de 5 anos e mais por idade, segundo área de residência, sexo e língua que fala com mais frequência em casa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163503/http://197.249.4.187/imismoz/censos/censo2007/CensoHTML/00/quadros/00quadro23.html |date=16 December 2018 }}'', [http://www.ine.gov.mz Instituto Nacional de Estatística] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202021739/http://www.ine.gov.mz/ |date=2 December 1998 }}, Maputo Moçambique, 2007</ref> |- |[[Emakhuwa]] || style="text-align:right;"| 5,813,083 || style="text-align:right;"| 26.13% |- | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || style="text-align:right;"| 3,686,890 || style="text-align:right;"| 16.58% |- | [[Xichangana]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,919,217 || style="text-align:right;"| 8.63% |- | [[Cinyanja]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,790,831 || style="text-align:right;"| 8.05% |- | [[Cisena]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,578,164 || style="text-align:right;"| 7.09% |- | [[Elomwe]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,574,237 || style="text-align:right;"| 7.08% |- | [[Chuwabo language|Echuwabo]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,050,696 || style="text-align:right;"| 4.72% |- | [[Tswa language|Xitswa]] || style="text-align:right;"| 836,644 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.76% |- | [[Cindau]] || style="text-align:right;"| 836,038 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.76% |- | Other [[Languages of Mozambique|Mozambican languages]] || style="text-align:right;"| 2,633,088 || style="text-align:right;"| 11.84% |- | Other foreign languages || style="text-align:right;"| 112,385 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.51% |- | None || style="text-align:right;"| 4,173 || style="text-align:right;"| 0.02% |- | Unknown || style="text-align:right;"| 407,927 || style="text-align:right;"| 1.83% |- |''' Total''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''22,243,373''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''100.00%''' |} [[File:Mz etnies.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Ethnic map of Mozambique]] Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu 50.3% ŵakuyowoya. Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi vikupambana chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuvipulikiska yayi. Padera pa chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa charu ichi, Chiswahili chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa chichoko cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufupi na mphaka ya Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Swahili, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Makonde. Makonde na Yao ŵali mu gulu lapadera, ndipo chiyowoyero cha Yao chikukolerana chomene na chiyowoyero cha Mwera ku Rondo Plateau, Tanzania. Mu viyowoyero ivi, mazgu ghakwambira ghakuŵa nga ni vilembo vyakwambilira ivyo vyalembeka pambere lizgu lindanjire. Ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi kweniso ku sirya linyake la Nyanja. Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu gulu la eMakhuwa vikupambana chomene na ivi. Vili na lizgu lakuti k- ilo likwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel. Pali chiyowoyero cha eMakhuwa, pamoza na chiyowoyero cha eLomwe na eChuwabo, kweniso chigaŵa chichoko cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha eKoti. Mu chigaŵa icho chili musi mwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Sena, icho chili mu gulu limoza na Nyanja. Chigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ChiShona chili pakati pa mphaka ya Zimbabwe na nyanja. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyana waka na Chishona, kweni chikuyana yayi na chiyowoyero cha Chishona, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuchiwona kuti ntchakupambana. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli viyowoyero vya Tsonga. ChiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mumphepete mwa nyanja na mu charu, ndipo chiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa cha Limpopo River. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusangikaso mu charu cha South Africa. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ni GiTonga, BiTonga, na CiCopi panji Chopi, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa mlomo wa Limpopo, kweniso XiRonga panji Ronga, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kufupi na Maputo. Viyowoyero vya mu gulu ili, mwakuyana na mazgu ghachoko waka, vikuyana waka na vya Cizulu, kweni ni viyowoyero vya mu gulu limoza yayi. Ku Mozambique kuli vigaŵa vichoko ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciswazi na Cizulu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India, China, na Arabia ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref name="r1">''Relatório do I Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas''. NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1989.</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Mozambique}} {{multiple image |align= right |direction= vertical |width= 190 |image1=Cathedral_of_maputo_05.jpg |caption1= [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Maputo]] |image2= Mesquita Maputo.jpg |caption2= A mosque in downtown Maputo |image3= |header= |header_align= centre }} Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2007, ŵakasanga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 59.2% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Mozambique, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 18.9%, ŵanthu 7.3% ŵali na vigomezgo vinyake, chomenechomene vya kusopa vinyama, ndipo 13.9% ŵalije vigomezgo. Kafukufuku munyake wa boma uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakalongora kuti Chikatolika chikusangika pa ŵanthu 30.5%, Ŵasilamu 19.3%, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chiprotesitanti 44%. Kuyana na lipoti la 2018 la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, ŵanthu 28 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Katolika, 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbasilamu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni), 15 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chikhristu, 12 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chiprotesitanti, 7 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake, ndipo 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa. Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kukhazikiska ma diocese 12 (Beira, Chimoio, Gurué, Inhambane, Lichinga, Maputo, Nacala, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane, Tete, na Xai-Xai; ma archdioceses ni Beira, Maputo na Nampula). Mu Diocese ya Chimoio, ŵanthu 5.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo mu Diocese ya Quelimane (Anuario catolico de Mozambique) ŵanthu 32.50%. Pa visopa vikuruvikuru vya Chiprotesitanti pali Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique, Assembleias de Deus, Seventh-day Adventists, Anglican Church of Southern Africa, Igreja do Evangelho Completo de Deus, Igreja Metodista Unida, Igreja Presbyteriana de Moçambique, Igrejas de Cristo na Assemblée Evangélica de Deus. Mulimo wa cisopa ca Methodist mu Mozambique ukamba mu 1890. Erwin Richards wakamba umishonale wa Methodist ku Chicuque mu chigaŵa cha Inhambane. Mu 1990, mpingo wa Igreja Metodista Unida em Moçambique (United Methodist Church in Mozambique) ukakondwelera vilimika 100 kufuma apo ŵa Methodist ŵakambira kuwungana mu Mozambique. Pulezidenti Chissano wakawonga mulimo wa UMC ku ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakiza pa ciphikiro ici. Kwamba mu 1998, mpingo wa United Methodist Church ku Mozambique waŵa ukuru katatu. Mu vyaru ivi muli mipingo yakujumpha 180. Chaka chilichose, ŵaliska ŵaphya ŵakwimikika. Chaka chilichose pa Ungano wa Caka na Caka (umpoto na kumwera) pakuŵa mipingo yiphya. Tchalitchi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro likukura comene. Gulu ili likamba kutuma ŵamishonale ku Mozambique mu 1999, ndipo mu Epulero 2015, likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,943. Chisopa cha Bahá'í chili mu Mozambiki kwamba mu ma 1950, kweni mu nyengo yira chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi chifukwa cha mazaza gha Tchalitchi la Katolika. Apo boma likamba kujiyimira palekha mu 1975, ŵapayiniya ŵaphya ŵakamba kwiza. Kuzakafika mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵakaŵa Ŵabaha'i. Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto kwa caru ici. Ŵakuŵa mu magulu gha "tariqa" panji magulu gha ŵabali. Kweniso pali mawupu ghaŵiri gha ku Mozambique: Consejo Islâmico de Mozambique na Congresso Islâmico de Mozambique. Paliso mawupu ghanyake gha ku Pakistan na India, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha Chisilamu. Ku Maputo kuli cigaŵa cicoko comene ca Ciyuda, kweni cikukura comene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/392973/in-mozambique-a-very-small-jewish-community-thrives/|title=In Mozambique, A Jewish Community Thrives|last1=JosephFebruary 1|first1=Anne|last2=Images|first2=2018Getty|website=The Forward|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210063439/https://forward.com/culture/392973/in-mozambique-a-very-small-jewish-community-thrives/|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Further|Health in Mozambique}} [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Mosambik 2016.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Population pyramid 2016]] [[File:Number of patients on Anti Retroviral Treatment in Mozambique 2003-2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The increase in the number of HIV positive Mozambicans on [[Antiretroviral drug|Antiretroviral treatment]], 2003–14]] Ŵanakazi ŵakubaba ŵana pafupifupi 5.5. Ndalama za boma zakwendeskera vyaumoyo zikaŵa 2.7 peresenti ya GDP mu 2004, apo ndalama za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zikaŵa 1.3 peresenti mu caka ceneci. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo wake zikaŵa 42 US$ (PPP) mu 2004. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ku caru ici kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2005, ŵana 100 pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakafwanga. Mu 2010, pa ŵana 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵanakazi 550 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Pa ciŵelengero ici, mu 2008 kukaŵa 598.8 ndipo mu 1990 kukaŵa 385. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi chikuŵa 147. Ku Mozambique, pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵanakazi ŵatatu ndiwo ŵakuŵa ŵasungwana, ndipo mwanakazi yumoza pa ŵanakazi 37 waliyose wakufwa.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State of the World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024306/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|archive-date=25 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2011, pa ŵanthu wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, 11,5% ŵakaŵa na HIV. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Mozambique  Maputo na vigaŵa vya Gaza kweniso mu msumba wa Maputo  chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa chikujumpha kaŵiri unandi wa ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, boma likati ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakaŵa na HIV, ndipo 600,000 ŵakakhumbikwiranga munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Kuzakafika mu Disembala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 240,000 ndiwo ŵakalwaranga nthenda iyi. ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Mozambique}} Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu masukulu ghose gha ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakukhumbikwa na dango kuti ŵasambire sukulu mpaka ku pulayimale. Kweni ŵana ŵanandi ŵakuluta yayi ku pulayimale chifukwa chakuti ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda ya mbumba zawo. Mu 2007, ŵana pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandafike ku sukulu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa ŵakafumanga mu mbumba zakukhalamo. Ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ŵakakwera kufuma pa 3 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 4.1 miliyoni mu 2006 apo awo ŵakalembeskanga ŵakakwera kufuma pa 31,000 kufika pa 90,000. Para ŵafika mu kilasi la nambara 7, ŵakusambira ŵakwenera kufiska viyezgelero vya sukulu kuti ŵanjire sukulu ya sekondare. Malo gha ku yunivesite ya ku Mozambique ngakukwana yayi, ntheura ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakuluta ku yunivesite yayi. Ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito ya kusambizga ŵana panji ŵalije nchito. Kweniso pali masukulu ghanyake agho ghakupeleka masambiro ghakusazgikira gha vyaulimi, maluso, panji masambiro gha vya masambiro. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mozambique chafwatuka ku Portugal mu 1975, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kunjira masukulu gha ku Portugal. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 56.1% (70.8% ŵanalume na 42.8% ŵanakazi). Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 58.8% (73.3% ŵanalume na 45.4% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en#|title=Education|last=UIS|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Mozambique school.jpg|Pupils in front of their school in [[Nampula]] File:Mozambique classroom.jpg|School children in the classroom </gallery> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Mozambique}} [[File:Mozambique - mask.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman with traditional mask in Mozambique]] [[File:Museu Da Ilha De Mocambique (33387901932).jpg|thumb|[[Island of Mozambique]], 2016]]Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Mozambique cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Portugal, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cimoza (Ciphwitikizi) kweniso ŵakasopanga mu cisopa cimoza (Roman Catholicism). Kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique mba Bantu, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku Portugal. ===Maluso=== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Makonde ŵakumanyikwa na vyakuŵaja vyawo vya makuni na visalu vyawo. Pali mitundu yiŵiri ya vithuzithuzi vya makuni: shetani, (viŵanda viheni), ivyo kanandi vikuŵa vyakuŵaja mu makuni gha ebony, vikuru, na vyakuŵaja makora na vimanyikwiro na visko vyambura kuwoneka makora. Vinthu ivi ŵakuvichema kuti "makuni gha mbumba" cifukwa vikuyowoya vya miwiro yinandi. Mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa ŵakoloni, luso lwa ku Mozambique lukawoneseskanga nkhaza izo ŵakoloni ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1975, luso lwamasono lukaŵa na nyengo yiphya. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakumanyikwa comene na kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi ku Mozambique ni Malangatana Ngwenya na Alberto Chissano. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 na 1990 vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga pa nkhani za ndyali, nkhondo zaŵene, kusuzgika, njara, na kulimbana. Mu Mozambiki mose, kuvina ni kaluso kakuru comene. Pali mitundu yinandi ya kuvina kufuma ku fuko limoza kuya ku linyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chopi ŵakucita maseŵero gha nkhondo uku ŵavwara vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Makua ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakupambanapambana na visalu apo ŵakuvina mu muzi kwa maora ghanandi. Ŵanakazi ŵa kumpoto kwa charu ichi ŵakwimba sumu ya tufo, kuti ŵakondwelere maholide gha Chisilamu.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Fitzpatrick | first = Mary | title = Mozambique | publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] | year = 2007 | page = 33 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DVvRHCBtS9sC | isbn = 978-1-74059-188-1 | access-date = 20 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905143708/https://books.google.com/books?id=DVvRHCBtS9sC | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{See also|Portuguese cuisine|Cuisine of Mozambique|African cuisine}} Pakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵakhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 500, cakurya ca ku Mozambique cikukhwaskika comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakiza na vyakurya nga ni maniyu (mphukira ya ku Brazil) na mtcheŵe (nthcheŵe za ku Brazil, nangauli ku Mozambique ndiko kukaŵa vyakurya vikuru comene), kweniso pãozinho. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vyakununkhira nga ni makuni gha bay, chili, coriander, anyezi, anyezi, paprika, chizi, vinyo, kweniso mbuto, mphoza, mbatata, mpunga, mpunga, na mkaka. ===Media=== [[File:Radio Moçambique (4106248049).jpg|thumb|right|Headquarters of Rádio Moçambique in [[KaMpfumo]] district of [[Maputo]] (photo 2009)]] Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Mozambiki ŵakulongozgeka na boma. Manyuzipepara ghakusindikizgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha mtengo wake kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanyake mwa manyuzipepara agho ghakupharazgika comene ni Noticias na Diário de Moçambique, kweniso Domingo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusangika ku Maputo. Ndalama zinandi na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo pa nkhani za malonda zikupelekeka ku manyuzipepara agho ghakukolerana na boma.<ref name="salgado">{{cite book |last=Salgado |first=Susana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC3jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=The Internet and Democracy Building in Lusophone African Countries |publisher=Ashgate |year=2014 |isbn=9781409472933 |page=79 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002207/https://books.google.com/books?id=WC3jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi ndigho ghakovwira comene pa nkhani ya vyakupharazga mu caru ici cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵakucitira. Ma wayilesi gha boma ghakumanyikwa comene kuluska ma wayilesi gha ŵanthu. Ici cikulongoreka makora na wayilesi ya boma ya Rádio Moçambique, iyo njakutchuka comene mu caru ici. Likakhazikiskika pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Mozambique yikapokera wanangwa. Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakuwonelera ni STV, TIM, na TVM Televisão Moçambique. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi ya satellite ŵakuwonelera ma TV ghanandi gha mu Africa, Asia, Brazil, na Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berg|first=Jerome S.|title=Broadcasting on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux9fZj6izuEC&pg=PA221|publisher=McFarland|page=221|isbn=978-0786469024|date=24 October 2008|access-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002208/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux9fZj6izuEC&pg=PA221|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="salgado" /><ref name="salgado" /> === Sumo === Sumu za ku Mozambique zili na vilato vinandi. Vyakwimbira vikupangika na mawoko. Vyakwimbira vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakwimba ni viŵiya vya makuni na vikumba vya nyama; lupembe, cakwimbira ca makuni cakufuma ku masengwe gha vinyama; na marimba, mtundu unyake wa xylophone uwo uli ku Mozambique na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa. Chiŵiya cha marimba ntchakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chopi awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. ===National holidays=== {{Further|Public holidays in Mozambique}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Siku !! National holiday designation !! Vyakulemba |- | 1 January || Universal fraternity day || New year |- | 3 February || Mozambican heroes day || In tribute to [[Eduardo Mondlane]] |- | 7 April || Mozambican women day || In tribute to [[Josina Machel]] |- | 1 May || International workers day || [[Workers' Day]] |- | 25 June || National Independence day || Independence proclamation in 1975 (from Portugal) |- | 7 September || Victory Day || In tribute to the [[Lusaka Accord]] signed in 1974 |- | 25 September || National Liberation Armed Forces Day || In tribute to the [[Mozambican War of Independence|start of the armed fight for national liberation]] |- | 4 October || Peace and Reconciliation || In tribute to the General Peace Agreement signed in Rome in 1992 |- | 25 December || Family Day || Christians also celebrate Christmas |} === Maseŵera === Mpira (Portuguese: futebol) ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Mozambique. Gulu la charu ichi ni timu ya ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi na basketball. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha, ndipo chiŵelengero chiwemi chomene cha timu iyi chikaŵa chachinayi pa FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup mu 2011. Gulu la mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja la azimayi linamaliza 2nd ku 2018 ′′ 2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. Mpikisano wa cricket wa ku Mozambique ndiwo ukusewera mu chalo ichi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mozambique defeat hosts Uganda in Olympic qualifier of women's beach volleyball|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/sports-details/SN/11488/mozambique-defeat-hosts-uganda-in-olympic-qualifier-of-women-s-beach-volleyball.html|access-date=7 January 2021 |work=India Blooms News Service |date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mozambique – Cultural institutions|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique/Cultural-institutions|access-date=21 January 2021|work=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=26 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026053343/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique/Cultural-institutions|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} *[[Index of Mozambique-related articles]] *[[Outline of Mozambique]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} ==Wonani vinandi== {{Refbegin}} *Abrahamsson, Hans, ''Mozambique: The Troubled Transition, from Socialist Construction to Free Market Capitalism'' London: Zed Books, 1995 *Bowen, Merle L., "The State against the Peasantry: Rural struggles in colonial and postcolonial Mozambique", Charlottesville & London, University Press of Virginia, 2000 *Cahen, Michel, ''Les bandits: un historien au Mozambique'', Paris: Gulbenkian, 1994 *Fialho Feliciano, José, "Antropologia económca dos Thonga do sul de Moçambique", Maputo, Arquivo Histórico de Moçamique, 1998 *Gengenbach, Heidi, "Binding Memories: Women as Makers and Tellers of History in Magude, Mozambique". Columbia University Press, 2004. [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/geh01/main.html Entire Text Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326060841/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/geh01/main.html |date=26 March 2009 }} *Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-2-9}} *Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Seven: "The Struggle for Mozambique: The Founding of FRELIMO in Tanzania," pp.&nbsp;206–225, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}} * Morier-Genoud, Eric, Cahen, Michel and do Rosário, Domingos M. (eds), ''The War Within New Perspectives on the Civil War in Mozambique, 1976–1992'' (Oxford: James Currey, 2018) * Morier-Genoud, Eric, "Mozambique since 1989: Shaping democracy after Socialism" in A.R.Mustapha & L.Whitfield (eds), ''Turning Points in African Democracy'', Oxford: James Currey, 2008, pp.&nbsp;153–166. *Newitt, Malyn, ''A History of Mozambique'' Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|1-85065-172-8}} *Pitcher, Anne, ''Transforming Mozambique: The politics of privatisation, 1975–2000'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 *Varia, "Religion in Mozambique", ''LFM: Social sciences & Missions'' No. 17, December 2005 {{Refend}} ==Mabuku== * [[Mia Couto]], [[Sleepwalking Land]], 2006 * [[Laurent Gaudé]], ''Dans la nuit Mozambique'', [[Actes Sud]], 2007, {{ISBN|9782742767816}} * Michèle Manceaux, ''Les Femmes du Mozambique'', [[Mercure de France]], 1975 == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Mozambique|d=Q1029}} '''Boma:''' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140719103603/http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/ Republic of Mozambique] Official Government Portal '''Vyakulemba vinyake:''' *[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/946981468287772139/Mozambique-then-and-now-an-atlas-of-socio-economic-statistics-1997-2007 Social Atlas] from [[World Bank]] *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13890416 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143927/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/ Mozambique]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035559/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mozambique.htm Mozambique] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Mozambique}} *{{wikiatlas|Mozambique}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MZ Key Development Forecasts for Mozambique] from [[International Futures]] '''Malo gha vyakuona:''' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110921074338/http://www.niassareserve.org/ Niassa Reserve] Niassa National Reserve official website '''Umoyo:''' The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Mozambique_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Mozambique Country Profile] {{Mozambique}} {{Mozambique topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Indian Ocean}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} 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in Africa]] on6dmhtqe9dizxpzv5im2rcl2y9hkkp 0 6945 122656 122395 2026-09-28T02:46:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{Requested move notice|1=Naijeriya|2=Talk:Nigeria#Requested move 26 Lupya 2026}} {{about|charu}}{{Redirect|Naijá|the language sometimes referred to by the same name|Nigerian Pidgin}}{{distinguish|text=the neighbouring country [[Niger]]}} {{Coord|8|N|10|E|region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Naijeriya | common_name = Nigeria | native_name = {{smalldiv|{{unbulleted list|{{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya}} |{{native name|ig|Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà}}|{{native name|yo|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Nigeria.svg | flag_size = 130 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress" | national_anthem = "[[Arise, O Compatriots]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Former national anthem of Nigeria (1978–2024).oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Nigeria AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Abuja]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|4|N|7|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lagos]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | languages_type = [[National languages]] | languages = {{hlist|[[Hausa language|Hausa]]|[[Igbo language|Igbo]]|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]}} | languages2_type = [[Regional languages]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng |title=Languages of Nigeria |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> | languages2 = Over [[Languages of Nigeria|525 languages]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2014|location=Oxford}}</ref> | demonym = [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] | government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Nigeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Bola Tinubu]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Kashim Shettima]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of Nigeria|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Ahmed Lawan]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Femi Gbajabiamila]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Nigeria|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Olukayode Ariwoola]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Nigeria|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[British Empire|United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1900 | established_event2 = [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]] | established_date2 = 1 January 1900 | established_event3 = [[Colonial Nigeria|Unification of Nigeria]] | established_date3 = 1 January 1914 | established_event4 = [[Federation of Nigeria|Declared independent as a sovereign state]] | established_date4 = 1 October 1960 | established_event5 = [[Nigerian First Republic|Became a republic]] | established_date5 = 1 October 1963 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Nigeria|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 29 May 1999 | area_km2 = 923,769 | area_rank = 31st | area_sq_mi = 356,667 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4 | population_estimate = 230,842,743<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Nigeria|access-date=4 March 2023|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 6th | population_density_km2 = 218 | population_density_sq_mi = 565 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 42nd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.360 trillion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |title= World Economic Outlook database: October 2022 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 27th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$6,122<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 141st | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$574.271 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 31st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,584<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 145th | Gini = 35.1 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty and Inequality Index |url=https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092 |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.535 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 163rd | currency = [[Nigerian naira|Naira]] (₦) | currency_code = NGN | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +01:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |author=Akinbode, Ayomide |title=Why Nigeria changed from Right-Hand Drive to Left-Hand Drive in 1972 |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive/ |website=www.thehistoryville.com |quote=The terms 'right- and left-hand drive' refer to the position of the driver in the vehicle and are the reverse of the terms 'right- and left-hand traffic'. |date=2 April 2019 |accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Nigeria|+234]] | cctld = [[.ng]] | today = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Africa: Nigeria">{{cite web |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=2020-06-21 |title=Africa: Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 30% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 15.5% [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] * 15.2% [[Igbo people|Igbo]] * 6% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 2.4% [[Tiv people|Tiv]] * 2.4% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 1.8% [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] * 1.8% [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] * 24.9% [[List of ethnic groups in Nigeria|Other]] }} | religion = <!--There's a consensus against including religious figures due to lack of actual official data from the government, and different estimates from different sources keep leading to editwars.--> | religion_year = | religion_ref = |latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}} '''Naijeriya''', mwalamulo '''''Wupu wa Charu cha Nigeria''''', ntcharu icho chili ku [[West Africa]]. Charu ichi chili pakati pa [[nyanja ya Sahel]] kumpoto na [[Gulf of Guinea]] kumwera. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), ndipo chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 230 million. Charu cha Nigeria chili kumpoto na [[Niger]], kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Chad]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Cameroon]], ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Benin]]. Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 na [[chigaŵa cha Federal Capital Territory]]. Msumba ukuru comene wa ku Nigeria ni [[Lagos]], uwo ni msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose ndiposo waciŵiri mu [[Africa]]. Ku Nigeria kukaŵa vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kuwusa. Boma la mazuŵa ghano ili likaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo [[Britain]] likakolerana na charu cha Nigeria. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska maboma gha ku Nigeria ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira mwauryarya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe |first=Nwando |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe |isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref>Pa Okutobala 1, 1960, charu cha Nigeria chikaŵa paubwezi. Kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1970, charu ichi chikaŵa na nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Chisankho cha 2015 chikaŵa chakwamba kuti [[purezidenti]] uyo walipo watondeke kuwuskika.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Nigeria's Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Ku Nigeria kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mafuko ghakujumpha 250.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnicity in Nigeria|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/|date=5 April 2007|publisher=PBS|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World|url=http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|date=16 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|archive-date=15 May 2012|access-date=4 July 2019|last=Pereltsvaig|first=Asya}}</ref>Mtundu ukuru chomene ni wa [[Hausa]] kumpoto, Yoruba kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Igbo kumafumiro gha dazi. Chiyowoyero cha boma ni [[Cingelezi]], ico cikusoleka kuti paŵe umoza wa viyowoyero pa caru cose. Dango la Nigeria likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo mu charu ichi ndimo muli Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi.<ref>{{cite web|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Charu cha Nigeria chili kugaŵika pakati pa Ŵasilamu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na Ŵakhristu awo ŵakukhala kumwera.<ref name="USEN">{{cite web|title=Nigeria Fact Sheet|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|publisher=United States Embassy in Nigeria|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nigeria ni boma la ku Africa ndipo lili na mazaza ghapakati na ghapachanya pa nkhani za caru cose. Charu cha Nigeria chili na chuma chikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo ni cha nambara 31 pa charu chose. Boma la Nigeria likucemeka kuti [[Giant of Africa]] cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu na cuma cake. Ndipouli, charu ichi chili pasi chomene pa vyaru ivyo vili na vimbundi chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/perceptions-corruption-nigeria-remain-high-according-ngo|title=Perceptions of Corruption in Nigeria Remain High, According to NGO|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|first=John |last=Campbell|date=29 January 2020|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2020/1016/A-light-shines-on-Nigerian-corruption|title=A light shines on Nigerian corruption|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=16 October 2020|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Nigeria ni chalo icho chili kukhazikiska African Union ndipo chili mu wupu wa [[United Nations]], [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[NAM]], [[Economic Community of West African States]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] na [[OPEC]]. Kweniso nchigaŵa ca [[MINT]], ndipo nchimoza mwa vyaru 11 ivyo vikulondezgapo. == Kwiza kwa zina == Zina lakuti Nigeria lili kufuma ku zina la [[Mlonga wa Niger]]. Zina ili likapangika pa Janyuwale 8, 1897, na mulembi wa nyuzipepara wa ku [[Britain]], [[Flora Shaw]]. Charu cha Niger icho chili pafupi na charu ichi, chili na zina ili. Zina lakuti [[Niger]], ilo pakwamba likang'anamuranga chigaŵa chapakati pera cha Mlonga wa Niger, likamanyikwa makora yayi. Lizgu ili likwenera kuti lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti egerew n-igerewen ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Tuareg]] ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu chigaŵa chapakati cha mlonga uwo ukazingilizga Timbuktu pambere ŵandambe kulamulira charu cha [[Europe]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800.<ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger |title=''Online Etymological Dictionary'' |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya Nigeria|Nyengo ya mbili ya Nigeria}} === Mbili yakale (pambere 1500) === {{Further|Early history of Nigeria|History of Nigeria before 1500}} [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|Chakuŵaja cha [[Nok]], terracotta]] Ku Kainji, ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kupanga visulo m'ma 2 [[B.C.E]]. Mu nyengo ya Neolithic kukafika mu [[nyengo ya Iron Age]], ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mkuŵa yayi. Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti sayansi iyi yikamba kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Dambo la Nayelo, nangauli nyengo ya Iron Age mu dambo la Mlonga wa Niger na mu nkhorongo zikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 800 pambere ŵandambe kupanga visulo mu chipalamba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ku Nigeria ŵakakhalanga pakati pa 1500 B.C.E. na 200 C.E. Mu malo agha mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vyakutowa chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakavipanganga ku Africa<ref name="PB 2014">Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref><ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ Exploring the Nok Enigma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112232/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/ |date=4 March 2016 }}", ''Antiquity'' 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>B.E.B. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 1.4, December 1959.</ref><ref name="archaeology">{{Cite book|last1=Kleiner|first1= Fred S.|first2=Christin J. |last2=Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|edition=13, revised|year=2009|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=Nok+terracotta+earliest|isbn=978-0-495-57367-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm |title=Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref>ndipo wakawotcha visulo mu 550 B.C. panji vyaka vinandi kumasinda.<ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|last=Eggert|first=Manfred|publisher=Africa Magna Verlag Press|year=2014|editor-last=Breunig|editor-first=P|location=Frankfurt, Germany|pages=51–59|chapter=Early iron in West and Central Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|last=Eggert|first=Manfred|publisher=Africa Magna Verlag Press|year=2014|isbn=9783937248462|editor-last=Breunig|editor-first=P|location=Frankfurt, Germany|pages=53–54|chapter=Early iron in West and Central Africa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&q=Nok+Breunig&pg=PA38}}</ref>Ukaboni wa kusongonora visulo ukusangikaso ku malo ghanyake mu chigaŵa cha Nsukka kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria. Buku la Kano Chronicle likulongosora mbiri yakale ya tawuni ya Kano iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Hausa Sahelian, m'ma 999, kweniso misumba yinyake yikuru ya Hausa (panji Hausa Bakwai) ya Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, na Gobir. Apo chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikachemekanga kuti Sudan panji Bilad Al Sudan. Pakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu charu cha Sahara, ndipo awo ŵakayowoyanga [[Chiarabu]] ŵakaŵachemanga kuti Al-Sudan (kung'anamura "Ŵachikuda"). Ŵasayansi ŵa mdauko wa Ŵarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵakuyowoyapo vya [[ufumu wa Kanem-Bornu]]. Ufumu wa Nri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Igbo ukakhazikika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 ndipo ukalutilira m'paka apo ukafwira mu mawoko gha Ŵanung'una mu 1911.<ref name="Juang3">{{cite book|last=Juang|first=Richard M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA597|title=Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=597}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hrbek|first=Ivan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA254|title=Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=1992|isbn=978-0-85255-093-9|page=254}}</ref> Nri wakawusikanga na Eze Nri, ndipo msumba wa Nri ndiwo ukuwoneka kuti ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Igbo. Nri na Aguleri, uko kuli nthano ya kulenga ya [[Ŵaigbo]], ni vigaŵa vya fuko la Umeuri. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba iyi ŵali kufuma ku fuko la Eri. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵakavipanganga na minofu vikafuma ku Igbo-Ukwu, msumba uwo ukaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Nri.<ref name="Juang3" /> Ufumu wa Yoruba wa Ife na Oyo, uwo ukaŵa kumwera kwa Nigeria, ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1400. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Ife ni vya m'ma 900 C.E. Vinthu ivi ni vithuzithuzi vya terracotta na vya mkuŵa. === Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere ŵandambe kuwusa (1500–1850) === {{Further|Mbiri ya Nigeria (1500-1800)}} [[File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha msumba wa Benin icho munthu munyake wa ku Netherlands wakalemba mu 1668. Charu cha Benin chikwenera kuti chili na viliŵa vyakupambanapambana.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda na ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref name="diverse-slavery">{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=April A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&pg=PA54|title=Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-1-57607-682-8|pages=44–54|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>Ku Calabar uko kukaŵa dowoko la ku Biafra (uko sono kukuchemeka Bonny) ndiko kukaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakuguliskako ŵazga ku West Africa. Maboti ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga ku Nigeria ghakaŵa ku Badagry, Lagos, Benin, na Bonny Island, ku Biafra. Ŵanandi awo ŵakatolekera ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵatoranga na kuluta nawo ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu misewu ya ŵazga mu charu chose cha Nigeria. Maufumu ghanyake agho ghakatemwanga chomene kuguliska ŵazga agho ghakachitanga malonda agha ghakakolerananga na Ufumu wa Benin wa ku Edo kumwera, Ufumu wa Oyo kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na ufumu wa Aro kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref name="diverse-slavery" /><ref name="slave-trade">{{cite book |last1=Falola |first1=Toyin |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo |title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria |last2=Genova |first2=Ann |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-6316-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo/page/n373 328] |access-date=29 March 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Boma la Benin likaŵa na mazaza pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na m'ma 1800, boma la Oyo likaŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene.[[File:Queen Mother Pendant Mask- Iyoba MET DP231460.jpg|upright|thumb|Chisoti cha ku Benin, icho chili na minofu ya zovu, nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu Nigeria. Ufumu wa Benin, m'ma 1500|left]]Kumpoto, nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa misumba ya Hausa na ufumu wa Bornu yikapangiska kuti Ŵafulani ŵanjire mu chigaŵa ichi. Kufika pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakendanga mu chipalamba cha Saheli kumpoto kwa Sudan na viŵeto vyawo. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Usman dan Fodio wakadangilira nkhondo yakususkana na maufumu gha Hausa. Ufumu uwu, uwo chiyowoyero chake chikaŵa Chiarabic, ukakura mwaluŵiro apo iyo na mphapu yake ŵakalongozganga. Ufumu uwu ukakolerananga kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan, ndipo ukambukira kumwera na kuthereska vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Oyo (uno ni Kwara). Chigaŵa icho ufumu uwu ukalamuliranga chikaŵa kumpoto na pakati pa Nigeria. Fumu yikatumanga mafumu kuti ghazakalamulire vigaŵa ivyo yikapoka na kukhozgera chisopa cha Cisilamu. Kuzakafika mu ma 1890, ŵazga ŵanandi comene pa caru, pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri, ŵakaŵa mu vigaŵa vya ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵazga, chomenechomene pa ulimi. Mu 1903, ufumu wa Sokoto ukagaŵikana mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya ku Europe.<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." ''Journal of Modern Education Review'' 4.6 (2014): 457–465. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060148/https://tweb.cjcu.edu.tw/journal_abstract/2014_10_02_12_32_45.99.pdf#page=63 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060148/https://tweb.cjcu.edu.tw/journal_abstract/2014_10_02_12_32_45.99.pdf#page=63 |date=15 April 2021 }}</ref> Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malango (kukanizgika kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic mu 1807) kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma (kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe pa ndyali na pa umoyo wa ŵanthu), ŵamazaza ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulima chomene vyakurya nga ni makuni gha maolive. Makampani gha ku Europe ghakagwiranga nchito ya kuguliska ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka mu 1807 apo boma la Britain likakanizga. Para boma lakanizga kuguliska ŵazga, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuguliska ŵazga. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain la ku West Africa likakhumbanga kukora ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja. Ŵazga awo ŵakaponoskeka ŵakaŵatolera ku Freetown, malo agho ghakaŵa ku West Africa, agho Litanenti John Clarkson ndiyo wakazenga. === Ukoloni wa Britain (1850-1960) === {{Main|Nigeria wakulongozgeka na ŵakoloni}} Boma la Britain likachitapo kanthu pa nkhondo ya ufumu wa Lagos mwa kuwukira boma la Lagos mu 1851, kuwuskapo Oba Kosoko uyo wakatemwanga chomene malonda gha ŵazga, kovwira kuti ŵaŵe na boma la Oba Akitoye na kusazga phangano pakati pa Britain na Lagos pa 1 January 1852. Mu Ogasiti 1861, boma la Britain likapoka msumba wa Lagos kuŵa wake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazgirako uteŵeti wawo ndipo ŵakalutanga ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa ku Africa wa mpingo wa Anglican.<ref>[[Derek R. Peterson|Peterson, Derek R.]], ed., ''Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic'' (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref> [[File:Flag of Lagos Colony (1888–1906).svg|thumb|Ndembera ya Chikoloni cha Lagos]] Mu 1885, pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, ŵamitundu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya kuti Britain njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili na mazaza ku West Africa. Chaka chakulondezgapo, likapeleka katundu wake ku kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Royal Niger Company, iyo yikalongozgekanga na Sir George Taubman Goldie. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kampani iyi yikatonda kuthereska maufumu gha kumwera agho ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Niger. Boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Niger chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa maboma agha. Mu 1900, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo likakhazikiska boma la Southern Nigeria Protectorate. Kuzakafika mu 1902, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kunozgekera kuti ŵalute kumpoto ku Sokoto. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikapeleka mulimo kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Frederick Lugard, kuti wafiske ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Lugard wakagwiliskira nchito mphindano pakati pa ma emirs ghanandi agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa caliphate na boma la Sokoto kuti waleke kuvikilira msumba uwu. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakasendeleranga ku msumba wa Sokoto, Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I wakanozga vyakuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵavikilire msumba uwu. Mwaluŵiro ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari aŵa, ndipo ŵakatuma Attahiru I na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi kuti ŵakambe ulendo wa ku Mahdist. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Bornu ukamara ndipo ufumu wa Borno uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Britain ukamba kulamulira.[[File:Emir of Kano-1911.jpg|thumb|[[Emir wa Kano]] pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake, 1911|left]]Mu 1903, Ŵabritishi ŵati ŵathereska nkhondo ya ku Kano, ŵakaŵawovwira kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Sokoto na vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu wa Bornu. Pa Malichi 13, 1903, pa msika ukuru wa Sokoto, mulara waumaliro wa ufumu wa Caliphate wakazomera kuwusika na Britain. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakimika Muhammadu Attahiru II kuŵa kalifa. Lugard wakawuskapo ufumu wa Caliphate kweni wakasungilira zina lakuti sultan. Cinthu ici cikacemeka "Sokoto Sultanate Council". Mu Juni 1903, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Attahiru. Kuzakafika mu 1906, ŵanthu ŵakaleka kuwukira boma la Britain. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵa ku Britain ŵakakolerana na boma la Southern Nigeria Protectorate na Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakamba kutemwa caru cawo ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa.[[File:Stamp Cameroons 2d-600px.jpg|thumb|Sitampu ya 1953 iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II]]Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakakhazikiska masukulu gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵakalondezganga yayi visambizgo vya Chisilamu, ndipo boma likakhozgeranga yayi kuti Ŵakhristu ŵambe kupharazga ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya kumwera ŵakaluta ku Britain kuti ŵakasambire masambiro ghapacanya. Apo caru cikaŵa cakupatura wanangwa wake mu 1960, pakaŵa mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa vigaŵa ivyo visambizgo vikusangika. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuleka kupulikira, kweni ŵakulutilira kupulikira m'paka sono. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo kumpoto na kumwera vikuŵira. Mwaciyelezgero, kumpoto kwa Nigeria, ŵazga ŵakazomerezgeka yayi m'paka mu 1936, apo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nigeria, ŵazga ŵakazomerezgeka yayi pamanyuma pa muwuso wa ŵazga.<ref>{{cite web|title=The end of slavery|work=The Story of Africa|publisher=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="slave-trade" /> === Repabuliki Yakwamba, Nkhondo ya Ŵeneco na Nkhondo za Boma (1960-1977) === {{Main|Charu Chakwamba cha Nigeria||Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria}}Boma likalutilira kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, kumpoto na kumwera, kweniso ku Lagos. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya kumwera ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain kweniso ŵa ku Europe chifukwa cha umo vinthu vikaŵira mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, ''A History of Nigeria'' (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> [[File:Tafawa Balewa.jpg|thumb|Cikozgo ca Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] Boma la Nigeria likamba kujilongozga lekha mu 1954, ndipo likamba kujiyimira palokha pa 1 Okutobala 1960. Mu Novembala 1960, Azikiwe wakanjira mu malo gha kazembe mukuru uyo wakaŵa mu koloni. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Nigeria likapokera wanangwa wake, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Nigeria ŵakaŵa na mitheto yakupambana. Ndondomeko ya boma ya ku Westminster yikalutilira, ntheura mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakaŵa ghacilendo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818121408/https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2021 |title=The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria |date=1963}}</ref> Boma laparamende likaŵa na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa kuŵa nduna yikuru na Nnamdi Azikiwe kuŵa pulezidenti. Boma ilo likambiska boma ili likaŵa la vipani vyakukolerana: Northern People's Congress ilo likalongozgekanga na Sir Ahmadu Bello, chipani icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, na National Council of Nigeria na Cameroons, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Chipani ichi chikaŵa cha Action Group, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba. Mu 1961, pakaŵaso suzgo la ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakasankha kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Cameroon apo ŵa ku Northern Cameroon ŵakasankha kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Nigeria. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru kuluska cha kumwera. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nyengo ya maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Nkhondo yakwamba yikacitika mu Janyuwale 1966 ndipo yikalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna (wa fuko la Igbo), Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu (wa kumpoto wa kumafumiro gha dazi) na Adewale Ademoyega (mu Yoruba wakufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi). Awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka boma ŵakacita makora kukoma Sir Ahmadu Bello na Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Northern Region kweniso Prime Minister Samuel Akintola wa Western Region, kweni awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka boma ŵakafwilirapo kuti ŵapange boma likuru. Pulezidenti wa Senate Nwafor Orizu wapeleka mazaza gha boma ku Army, pasi pa muwuso wa mulara munyake wa boma la Igbo, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Pamasinda, boma likapoka mazaza gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Northern, ndipo Yakubu Gowon wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Nkhondo yikakura pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera; Ŵaigbo mu misumba ya kumpoto ŵakatambuzgika ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>Falola and Heaton, ''A History of Nigeria'' (2008) pp 158–59.</ref>[[File:Biafra independent state map-en.svg|thumb|Republic of Biafra mu Juni 1967, apo yikapharazga kuti njambura kukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya Nigeria|left]] Mu Meyi 1967, Kazembe wa chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu wakapharazga kuti chigaŵa ichi ntchakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku wupu wa Biafra, nga ni boma lakucemeka Republic of Biafra, cifukwa ca kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Igbos na awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti nkhondo ya ku Nigeria yambe, ndipo yikamba apo boma la Nigeria likapoka charu cha Biafra pa Julayi 6, 1967, ku Garkem. Nkhondo iyo yikatora myezi 30, yikaŵa ya nyengo yitali, ndipo yikaŵa kuti yindapangiske kuti Biafra yende makora, kweniso yikaŵa kuti yindapelekenge vinthu vyakukhumbikwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 1 na 3 miliyoni. Ku France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, na vyaru vinyake, nkhondo iyi yikacitika mwakubisika. Britain na Soviet Union ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga boma la Nigeria. Boma la Congo, pasi pa muwuso wa pulezidenti Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, likambapo kale kulimbana na boma la Biafra, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku boma la Nigeria na kutumizga ŵasilikari ŵanandi kuti ŵarwe na ŵasilikari aŵa.<ref>Stearns, Jason K. ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'' (2011), p. 115</ref><ref>Wrong, Michela. ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo'' (2000), p. 266</ref>[[File:Yakubu Gowon (cropped).jpg|thumb|Yakubu Gowon mu 2007]] Nkhondo yikati yamara, mu ma 1970, ku Nigeria kukaŵa kunotha kwa mafuta. Nangauli boma la ŵasilikari likaŵa na ndalama zinandi, kweni likawovwira yayi ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge makora, kovwira mabizinesi ghachoko na ghapakati, panji kupanga vinthu vinyake. Pakuti ndalama izo ŵakasanganga kufuma ku mafuta zikakhozga ndalama izo boma likapelekanga ku vyaru vinyake, boma likamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Apo mafuta ghakaŵanga ghanandi, boma la Nigeria likamba kuthemba chomene mafuta na malonda gha vyakurya vyamtundu unyake.<ref>Watts, Michael (1987) ''State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria'', Institute of International Studies, University of California, {{ISBN|0-87725-166-5}}.</ref> Mu Julayi 1975, ŵasilikari ŵa Shehu Musa Yar'Adua na Joseph Garba ŵakawuskapo Gowon, uyo wakachimbilira ku Britain. Awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira boma ŵakakhumbanga kusintha muwuso wa Gowon na kuŵa na ŵasilikari ŵatatu. Ŵakaphalira Jenerale Murtala Muhammed kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo Jenerale Olusegun Obasanjo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo, ndipo Jenerale Theophilus Danjuma wakaŵa wacitatu. Wose pamoza, ŵakawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunjira mu boma, ŵakambiska wupu wakuwona vya vimbundi, ŵakawuskapo ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵaphya, ndipo ŵakambiska "Operation Deadwood". Colonel Buka Suka Dimka wakayezga kutimbanizga boma mu Febuluwale 1976, apo Jenerale Murtala Muhammed wakakomeka. Dimka wakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwiranga, ndipo boma lake likathera. Pamanyuma pa chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, Jenerale Olusegun Obasanjo wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Pakuŵa mutu wa boma, Obasanjo wakalayizga kuti walutilirenge na ndondomeko ya Murtala. Pakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto kwa Nigeria ŵangasuzgika, Obasanjo wakatora Jenerale Shehu Yar'Adua kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo.<ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> === Republic Yachiŵiri na kupoka boma (1977-1992) === {{Main|Charu Chachiŵiri cha Nigeria}} [[File:Shehu Shagari 1980-10-07.jpg|thumb|Shehu Shagari wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa Nigeria kufuma mu 1979 mpaka 1983.]] Mu 1977, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na mulimo wa kulemba dango liphya, ilo likalembeka pa Seputembala 21, 1978. Ŵasilikari ŵakanozga mwakupwelelera kuti ŵambeso kulamulira ŵanthu. Mu 1979, vyaru vinkhondi vikathereskeka pa viphikiro ivyo Alhaji Shehu Shagari wa National Party of Nigeria (NPN) wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Maboma ghose ghankhondi agha ghakapika mazaza mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Pa 1 Okutobala 1979, Shehu Shagari wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wakudanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa chalo cha Nigeria. Obasanjo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Shagari, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba mu mbiri ya Nigeria kuleka mazaza. Boma la Shagari likamba kuwoneka kuti ndakuzura na vimbundi. Mu 1983, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu wakuwona vya mafuta ku Nigeria ŵakamba kuwona kuti "maji gha mu caru ici ghakwamba kunangika". Mu Ogasiti 1983 Shagari na NPN ŵakawelera ku mazaza mu kuwina kwa charu chose, na vithuzithuzi vinandi mu National Assembly na kuwusa maboma gha vigaŵa 12. Kweni pa nyengo iyi kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika. Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa, nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya boma la Republic lakwamba. Nkhondo ya kuwukira boma ya ŵasilikari ya mu 1983 yikacitika pa Zuŵa la Caka Ciphya. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ndiwo ŵakalongozga kuti boma lipasuke na kwimika Mulara Mukuru Muhammadu Buhari kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Nkhondo ya boma ya Muhammadu Buhari pamanyuma pa kuwuskika kwa boma mu 1984 yikawonekanga kuŵa yiweme.<ref>"Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3{{nbsp}}March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</ref> === Charu Chachitatu na kupoka boma (1992-1998) === {{Main|Charu chachitatu cha Nigeria}} [[File:Ambassador Bob Dewar with Ernest Shonekan (3509232597) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ernest Shonekan, interim [[Head of State of Nigeria]] from August to November 1993]] Mu 1985, Ibrahim Babangida wakawuskapo Buhari mu boma. Mu 1986, Babangida wakambiska Nigerian Political Bureau iyo yikapeleka fundo zakwendeskera chalo ku Third Nigerian Republic. Mu 1989, Babangida wakamba kupanga mapulani gha kusintha chalo ku chalo cha Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida wakapona apo boma la Nigeria likayezga kutimbanizga boma mu 1990, ndipo wakalekera papo yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵawelere ku demokilase mu 1992. Wakazomerezga kuti maboma gha vyaru viŵiri ghaŵepo, ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya vyaru viŵiri pamoza na Social Democratic Party na National Republican Convention pambere vyalo viŵiri ivi vindasankhike mu 1992. Wakachiska ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Nigeria kuti ŵanjire chipani chilichose, icho Mulara Bola Ige wakati ni "mawoko ghaŵiri gha wavyoni". Boma la vyaru viŵiri likaŵa fundo ya Political Bureau. Pamanyuma pa kupenda ŵanthu, wupu wa National Electoral Commission (NEC) ukati pa 24 January 1992, mavoti gha Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti munthu waliyose uyo wakukhumba kunjira usilikari wakeneranga kuzomera mauteŵeti ghose agho boma likukhumba. Pa Juni 12, 1993, kukacitika mavoti gha pulezidenti. Chiwerengero cha mavoti, ngakhale kuti sichikudziwika ndi National Electoral Commission, chikuwonetsa kuti a Moshood Abiola ndi Baba Gana Kingibe ochokera ku Social Democratic Party adagonjetsa Bashir Tofa ndi Sylvester Ugoh ochokera ku National Republican Convention ndi mavoti opitilira 2.3 miliyoni. Ndipouli, Babangida wakawuskapo mavoti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kususka. Mu Ogasiti 1993, Babangida wakasunga layizgo lake lakuti wapelekenge mazaza ku boma la ŵanthu bweka, kweni pambere wandasankhe Ernest Shonekan kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma la kanyengo. Boma la Babangida likuwoneka kuti ndakuzura na vimbundi ndipo ndilo likupangiska vimbundi mu Nigeria.<ref>Diamond, Larry; [[Kirk-Greene, Anthony]]; [[Oyeleye Oyediran]] (1997) ''Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida'', Vantage Publishers, {{ISBN|978-2458-54-6}}.</ref> Boma la Shonekan, ilo likaŵa la nyengo yifupi comene mu mdauko wa ndyali wa caru ici, likathereskeka mu 1993 na boma la Sani Abacha. Mu 1995, boma likadumura kuti Ken Saro-Wiwa uyo wakumanya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wakomeke pa mulandu wa kukoma ŵalara ŵanayi ŵa Ogoni. Milandu yakulimbana na Royal Dutch Shell na Brian Anderson, mulara wa kampani ya Shell ku Nigeria, yikamara mu khoti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.|url=http://wiwavshell.org/|work=Center for Constitutional Rights}}</ref>Mu 1999, ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola mamiliyoni ghanandi pa akaunti za Abacha. Mu 1998, muwuso wa boma ili ukamara apo muwusi uyu wakafwira mu nyumba iyi. Wakaba ndalama mu mabanki gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe ndipo wakathereska awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵamukome. Muwukirano wake, Jenerale Abdulsalami Abubakar, wakazomera dango liphya pa 5 Meyi 1999, ilo likapelekanga mavoti gha vyaru vinandi. === Republic Yachinayi (1999-paka sono) === {{Main|Charu Chachinayi cha Nigeria}} [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] wakaŵa purezidenti wa Nigeria kufuma mu 1999 mpaka 2007.]] Dada Abacha wakafwa mu 1998 pa "phwando" linyake. Muhaliri wake, Abdulsalami Abubakar, wakazomera dango pa Meyi 5, 1999, ilo likalembeka vyaka 10 kumasinda. Pa Meyi 29, 1999, Abubakar wakapeleka mazaza kwa uyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha 1999, General Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo wakaŵa mu jere mu nyengo ya muwusi wa nkhaza Abacha. Kusankhika kwa Obasanjo kukapharazga kwamba kwa Repubulika lachinayi la Nigeria, ilo likukhalilira mpaka lero (2023). Ici cikamara vilimika 39 vya demokilase, kuwukira boma na kuwukira boma. Ndondomeko ya malango gha boma ya mu 1999, iyo yili na vyaru vyakuyana waka 37, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku America iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵatatu kufuma ku chigaŵa chilichose, ndiposo vyaru 13 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa chisankho cha pulezidenti, yikwenera kuwoneka nga yikaŵa yiwemi chomene chifukwa cha mitundu na visopa ivyo vikupambana mu charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, munthu waliyose uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti wakuŵikapo mtima kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa mtundu wake pera yayi, kweniso wa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Nigeria. Nangauli mavoti agho ghakapeleka mazaza kwa Obasanjo na kumuzomerezga kuti wazakaŵepo kachiŵiri pa mavoti gha 2003 ghakaŵa ghambura wanangwa ndiposo ghambura urunji, kweni Nigeria yikasintha chomene vinthu mu nyengo ya Obasanjo. Fundo yakuti nyumba ya malango yikatondeska pulezidenti kuti waleke kuwusa kwa nyengo yacitatu nangauli wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari, mbukaboni wakuti parliamentarism yikakhora comene mu Nigeria kwambira mu 2000. Mu Okutobala 2005, Nigeria na ŵakukongozga ŵa Paris Club ŵakafika pa phangano lakuti Nigeria yigowokere ngongoli yake pa mtengo wa 60%. Boma la Nigeria likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zinyake izo likasanganga kufuma ku mafuta kuti lilipire ndalama zakukwana 40 peresenti. Mu Epulero 2006, charu cha Nigeria chikaŵa chakwamba ku Africa kulipira ngongoli yake ya madola mabiliyoni 30. Pa mavoti gha mu 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua wa People's Democratic Party wakiza ku mazaza. Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana, uwo ukawoneleranga ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha ku Nigeria kuti viwovwire kuti paŵe wanangwa na urunji, ukasuska maungano agha. Pulezidenti Olusegun Obasanjo uyo wafumapo wakazomera upusikizgi na "vinthu vinyake viheni" ivyo vikacitika pa mavoti, kweni wakati ivyo vikacitika vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Mu nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka pa TV mu 2007, wakasazgirapo kuti usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakakondwa yayi na muwuso wa munthu uyo wakamusankhira, ŵakeneranga kuzakavotaso mu vilimika vinayi.<ref>{{cite news|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=24 April 2007|title=Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2064068,00.html|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> Umoyo wa Yar'Adua ukati wanangika, ici cikaŵa cambura nchito.[[File:Goodluck Jonathan 2014.jpg|thumb|202x202px|[[Goodluck Jonathan]], purezidenti 2010-2015|left]] Yar'Adua wakafwa pa 5 May 2010, ndipo Vice President Goodluck Jonathan wakaŵa kuti walapa myezi yitatu kumasinda kuti watore malo gha Yar'Adua, uyo wakalwara comene ndipo wakapokera munkhwala ku caru cinyake. Mu 2011, Jonathan ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho chapulezidenti ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵa pa charu chose ŵakalemba kuti, mwakupambana na ivyo vikachitika kale, mavoti ghakaŵa ghawemi ndipo pakaŵavya nkhaza panji upusikizgi. Mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa mu boma, Jonathan wakawovwira kuti Ebola yimare kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Muwuso wa Jonathan ukakhozga mafilimu agho ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghaŵe ghakwendakwenda makora. Ku chigaŵa chinyake, chiwawa cha Boko Haram, icho chikatora ŵasungwana 200 ku Chibok mu 2014, chikulongora kuti boma la Nigeria lilije nkhongono (ŵasungwana 100 ŵa iwo ŵachali kubura mu 2022). Ndipouli, pa vyose ivi, udindo wa Jonathan ukuyana waka na uheni wa ndalama za boma. Ubuli ukaŵa wakukwana chomene pa chisankho cha 2015 apo "munthu wakutowa" Muhammadu Buhari wakanjira mu malo mwa Jonathan uyo wakakhumbanga kuwuskika. Ili ndilo (kufika mu 2022) chiyelezgero chimoza pera mu Republic yachinayi apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakakana kusankhaso pulezidenti uyo walipo. Chipani cha Jonathan, PDP, chatayika mphamvu pambuyo pa zaka 16 za boma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vanguard |date=2015-04-01 |title=Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Channels Television}}</ref>[[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|[[Muhammadu Buhari]] wakaŵa purezidenti wa 15 wa Nigeria, uyo wakawusa kwambira 2015 mpaka 2023.]] Pamaso pa chisankho cha 2015, chipani chikuru cha opposition - Action Congress of Nigeria, Congress for Progressive Change, All Nigeria Peoples Party (chipani cha All Progressives Grand Alliance), na chipani chiphya cha PDP (chipani cha ma governors gha chipani cha People's Democratic Party) - chikasazgikana na kupanga All Progressives Congress. Munthu uyo ŵakamusankhanga, Muhammadu Buhari, uyo wakachitapo mavoti mu 2003, 2007, na 2011, wakathereska pa mavoti ghakujumpha mamiliyoni ghaŵiri. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitika ŵakatenge vikaŵa vyaurunji.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins|newspaper=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 April 2015|title=Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|magazine=The Nation|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2015|title=Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Channels Television}}</ref> Pa chisankho cha 2019 cha purezidenti, Buhari adasankhidwanso kachiwiri paudindo wake pogonjetsa mdani wake wapamtima Atiku Abubakar. Ku Nigeria, chifukwa cha gulu la ku America la Black Lives Matter, mu 2020 ŵanthu ŵaciwukirano ŵakasuska ivyo ŵapolisi ŵakacita. Gulu la Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) likadandawura comene. Boma likawuskamo ŵasilikari aŵa ndipo likaŵalayizga kuti lizamunozga vinthu. Ndipouli, pa ungano wa mu Okutobala 2020, ŵasilikari ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu 2022, apo gulu la Boko Haram, ilo likawofya ŵanthu kumpoto kwa Nigeria kwa vyaka vinandi, likamara. Ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa Boko Haram ŵakajipeleka. Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu Republic yachinayi, ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵazamukumana pa mavoti gha February 2023: Bola Tinubu wa chipani cha neoliberal All Progressives, Atiku Abubakar wa People's Democratic Party na Peter Obi wa Labour Party. Kweniso, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu nyengo ya Repubulika lacinayi kuti palije mulara wa ŵasilikari panji uyo wakweruzga ŵasilikari uyo wali kwimikika kuŵa pulezidenti. Peter Obi, yemwe kale anali kazembe wopambana wa Anambra State, akutsogola kwambiri pakufufuza malingaliro (kuyambira Okutobala 2022). Wakutemwa comene ŵanthu ŵaciwukirano awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo wakukhala ku South East. Pa 27 February 2023, mazuŵa ghaŵiri pamanyuma pa chisankho, ma results ghakafumiskika na Electoral Commission INEC ghakulongora kuti chipani cha Labour Party na munthu wake Peter Obi, yayi, kweni mulwani wake Bola Tinubu ndiyo watonda. Wupu wakuwona vya mavoti wa EU ukayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kujima. Ŵankhungu awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakawotcha panji kuparanya mabokosi gha mavoti ghanandi. Ku malo ghanyake, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga mavoti. Ma servers agho ghakapelekanga ma results gha mavoti ghakaŵa kuti ghandagwirenge nchito kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Kweniso vikaŵa vyambura machitiko kuti ŵapharazge pa foni. Ndipouli, makomiti ghakusora ghakafumiska mavoti agho ghakapambananga na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga. Pulezidenti wakale Obasanjo wakalongosora mwakudumura ivyo vikachitika pa chisankho cha pa 25 February mu uthenga wa pa vidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinubu Campaign demands arrest of Dino, Momodu, Pastor Enenche |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/polls-tinubu-campaign-demands-arrest-of-dino-momodu-pastor-enenche/ |archive-date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Vanguard Nigeria}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Malo gha Nigeria|Nkhaka ya Nigeria}} [[File:Nigeria Topography.png|thumb|Malo gha Nigeria]] Charu cha Nigeria chili mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa Gulf of Guinea ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi). Malire ake ndi makilomita 4,047, ndipo amagawana malire ndi Benin (773 km kapena 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km kapena 930 mi), Chad (87 km kapena 54 mi), ndi Cameroon (kuphatikiza Ambazonia) 1,690 km kapena 1,050 mi. Mphepete mwa nyanja yake ni mtunda wa makilomita 853. Charu cha Nigeria chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 14°N, ndipo longitude 2° na 15°E. Malo ghapacanya comene mu Nigeria ni Chappal Waddi pa mamita 2,419 (7,936 ft). Mlonga ukuru ni Niger na Benue, ndipo ukukumana na kunjira mu Niger Delta. Ili ni limoza mwa milonga yikuru comene pa caru cose ndipo kuli vyakumera vinandi vya mu Central Africa. Chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha ku Nigeria ni chipalamba cha milonga ya Niger na Benue (iyo yikukumana na kuzgoka Y).<ref name="encarta22">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nigeria |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031111170137/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |archive-date=11 November 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger kuli mapiri ghatali. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Benue kuli tumapiri na tumapiri uto tukupangiska Mambilla Plateau. Malo agha ghali pafupi na mphaka ya charu cha Cameroon. === Nyengo === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NGA present.svg|thumb|alt=|Mapu gha nyengo ya ku Nigeria]] Charu cha Nigeria chili na malo ghakupambanapambana. Kumwera kwenikweni kuli nkhalango zamvula, ndipo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene. Kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa cha Obudu. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ghakusangika kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ku mumphepete mwa nyanja kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.<ref name="gai42">{{cite web |title=The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria |url=http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=13 August 2007 |work=Geographical Alliance of Iowa |publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]]}}</ref> Chigaŵa icho chili pafupi na mphaka na Cameroon, kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja, chili na nkhorongo zinandi ndipo chili mu chigaŵa cha nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cross-Sanaga-Bioko. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo mukukhala viyuni vya mtundu wa drill, ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha pera kweniso ku Cameroon. Malo agho ghali kufupi na Calabar, mu chigaŵa cha Cross River State, nagho ghali mu nkhorongo iyi. Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Nigeria pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na wa Cross River chataya nkhorongo zake zinandi chifukwa cha kukura kwa vinthu na kukorako chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Vinthu vyose ivyo vili pakati pa kumwera na kumpoto ni nkhorongo. Vikuŵa kuti pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghanandi yayi, kweni ghakujumpha 500 m'paka 1,500. Vigaŵa vitatu vya savannah ni Guinea, Sudan, na Sahel. Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea yili na utheka utali uwo uli na makuni. Charu cha Sudan nacho chili nga ni malo agha, kweni chili na utheka na makuni ghafupi. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, muli utheka na mchenga. Mu cigaŵa ca Sahel, vula yikujumpha 500 mm pa caka, ndipo mapopa gha Sahara ghakwamba kunjira. Ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli Nyanja ya Chad. === Kuwona maji === [[File:Megachad en disappearance of lake chad.jpg|thumb|Kuchepa kwa Nyanja ya Chad kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria, na kuyelezgera ukuru wa virwa vya Britain]] Nigeria wali kugaŵika vigaŵa viŵiri: Nyanja ya Chad na Niger. Chigaŵa cha Niger chili na maji ghakukwana 63% gha charu ichi. Mlonga ukuru wa Niger ni Benue, uwo ukwenda kujumpha mu Cameroon na kunjira mu Chad. Malo agha ghakuthika na maji kufuma kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Malo gha Bauchi ghakupambana na mabwiwi gha maji gha Niger/Benue na Komadugu Yobe. Mapiri gha kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria ghali ku chigaŵa cha Chad Basin, uko mlonga wa El Beid ndiwo uli mphaka na Cameroon, kufuma ku mapiri gha Mandara m'paka ku Nyanja ya Chad. Mlonga wa Komadugu Yobe ndiwo ukupangiska malo ghakuchemeka Hadejia-Nguru na nyanja za Ox-bow kuzingilizga nyanja ya Nguru mu nyengo ya vula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gbolagade |first=Lameed |title=Species diversity and richness of wild birds in Dagona Waterfowl Sanctuary, Nigeria |work=African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology |year=2011 |edition=5 |pages=855–866 |language=en |issn=1996-0786}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-02 |title=Chad Basin National Park |url=http://cbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/sectors.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082125/http://cbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/sectors.php |archive-date=2013-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-22 }}</ref> Mlonga unyake uwo uli kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Ngadda na Yedseram. Mlonga uwo uli kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ngukuru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN |url=http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105554/http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> Kweniso ku Nigeria kuli milonga yinandi mumphepete mwa nyanja. Nyanja ya Chad, iyo yili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria, yili na mbiri yakusuzga comene mu vilimika ivi. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, malo agha ghachepa comene, ndipo ici cingaŵa cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakumwa maji kufuma mu malo agha kuti ŵamwepo. ===Makuni na mauteka=== [[File:The Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria 01.jpg|thumb| Malo gha Mambilla Plateau agho ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria.]] Ku Nigeria kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vitatu: nkhorongo (uko kuli makuni ghanandi), viŵaya (uko kuli makuni ghanandi yayi, ndipo pakati pa makuni pali vyakumera na maluŵa), na mapiri (uko kuli vyakumera vinandi yayi, kweni chomenechomene mu mapiri kufupi na mphaka ya Cameroon). Malo gha nkhorongo na gha savani ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vitatu. Malo ghanyake agho ghali kumwera kwa nkhorongo iyi, comenecomene kuzingilizga Mlonga wa Niger na Cross River, ghali na vivwati vya mangrove. Kumpoto kwa malo agha kuli chipalamba cha maji ghawemi, icho chili na vyakumera vyakupambana na vyakumera vya mangrove, ndipo kumpoto kwa malo agha kuli nkhorongo. Vigaŵa vitatu vya savannah vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, iyo yili na utheka utali uwo uli na makuni ghanandi, ndipo yikusangika mu vyaru vinandi.<ref name="gai4">{{cite web |title=The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria |url=http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |archive-date=2010-03-28 |access-date=2007-08-13 |work=Geographical Alliance of Iowa |publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]]}}</ref> === Nkhani za Umoyo === {{Further|Deforestation in Nigeria|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}[[File:Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg|alt=Nigerian deforrestation 1981 - 2020|thumb|Kutowa kwa nkhalango ku Nigeria 1981 ∼2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fashae |first=Olutoyin |date=2017 |title=Geospatial Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover over Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321953126 |journal=Bulletin of Geography |issue=13 |pages=17–27}}</ref>]] Ku Nigeria, suzgo likuru comene ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viswaswa, kusazgapo maji ghaheni. Mu misumba yikuru-yikuru nga ni Lagos na misumba yinyake yikuru-yikuru ya ku Nigeria, suzgo la kunozga vyakusakazika likusazgikira cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma, unandi wa ŵanthu, kweniso cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakutondeka kunozga vyakusakazga vyakusakazika. Suzgo ili likuŵapo chifukwa cha umoyo wambura kukhazikika wa ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Kubwa ku Federal Capital Territory, uko ŵakutemwa kuwuskamo viswaswa mwambura kupambaniska. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa cikuru ca kunangika kwa vinthu mu misumba yikuru ya mu caru ici nchakuti ŵanthu ŵakucita mapulani mwambura kwenelera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ŵanthu mbaukavu, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vyawo ghakumanya yayi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pa nkhani iyi, vikunanga malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogbonna |first1=D.N. |last2=Ekweozor |first2=I.K.E. |last3=Igwe |first3=F.U. |year=2002 |title=Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria |url=https://archive.org/details/ambio_2002-02_31_1/page/55 |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0055:wmatfe]2.0.co;2 |jstor=4315211}}</ref> Wupu wa United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ukati mu 2005, caru ca Nigeria ndico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene kuti makuni ghamare. Mu caka ici, mu caru ici mukaŵa makuni ghakukwana 12,2%, panji kuti mahekitala 11,089,000. Pakati pa 1990 na 2000, caru ca Nigeria cikaluza makuni ghakukwana mahekitala 409,700 pa caka. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, nkhorongo ya ku Nigeria yikamara pa 35.7% panji kuti mahekitala pafupifupi 6,145,000. Charu cha Nigeria chili na chiŵelengero cha 6.2/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasangika na dongo ilo lili na sulefure kufuma ku migodi ya golide ku Zamfara. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani iyi, kweni ŵakuwona kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakafwa na ulwari wa kulwara na ulozi. Chigaŵa cha Delta ku Nigeria, uko kuli makampani ghakurughakuru gha mafuta, kuli mafuta ghanandi agho ghatutuka na masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakuchitiska nkhondo. Malo ghakusangirapo mafuta ghambura kuzomerezgeka, agho ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusintha mafuta ghakubisika kuŵa petulo na mafuta gha dizilo, ghakuwoneka kuti "ngaheni, ngaheni ndiposo ghakupeleka ndalama zinandi". Kaŵirikaŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwona umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya chivikiliro na vyendendendeko (nga ni umo vikuŵira para sulfure yikufumamo yayi mu mafuta agho ŵakugwiliskira ntchito). Kweniso para munthu wakusazgako mafuta gha mafuta ghakufumira mu mafuta ghakuru, agho ghakuŵa nga ni mafuta ghapusu, ghakuŵa nga ni mafuta ghakupwantha. Malo ghakupangira mafuta ghambura kuzomerezgeka na dango ghalije nthowa izi ndipo "ghakuponya" mafuta agho ghakusangika. Kweni para mafuta ghamara (methane kuya ku butane, isobutane) ghakuŵa na ngozi yakuti ghangaphulika. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 125 ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vyakupangira mafuta ku Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onukwue |first=Alexander |date=2022-04-25 |title=Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people |url=https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> == Ndyali == {{Main|Ndyali za Nigeria}} === Boma === [[File:National_Assembly_Building,_Abuja,_Nigeria.jpg|thumb|[[National Assembly (Nigeria)|Nigerian National Assembly]], Abuja]]Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 ndipo msumba ukuru ni Abuja. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakufiska mazaza. Mulongozgi wa boma wakuŵa mutu wa boma na wa boma. Mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakulongozgeka na wupu wa Senate na House of Representatives, uwo ukuŵa na nyumba ziŵiri, zina lake National Assembly. Bungwe la Senate lili na mipando 109, ndipo lili na mamembala ghatatu kufuma ku chigaŵa chilichose na yumoza kufuma ku msumba wa Abuja. Nyumba ya Malango yili na vithuzithuzi 360, ndipo chiŵelengero cha vithuzithuzi pa chigaŵa chilichose chikuthemba pa unandi wa ŵanthu. Pulezidenti wa Nigeria wakusankhika mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri. Kuti munthu wasankhike mu cigaŵa cakwamba, wakwenera kupokera mavoti ghanandi ndiposo mavoti ghakujumpha 25% mu vigaŵa 24 pa 36.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Patrick Obahiagbon: Labour Party won't get 25% of votes in 24 states |url=https://www.thecable.ng/patrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref>Usange palije uyo wakufiska chilato ichi, ŵakuvota kachiŵiri pakati pa uyo wakulongozga na uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti ŵakuŵa na munthu munyake uyo wakuyana yayi na iwo pa nkhani ya fuko na chisopa: Mkhristu wa ku South wakusankha munthu wa ku North uyo ni Musulumani. Palije dango ilo likukanizga ivi, kweni ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma kufuma waka apo boma la France likambira ŵakulondezga dango ili. Ndipouli, fundo iyi yakuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa na mafuko ghakupambanapambana ndiwo ŵalongozgenge ŵanyawo yikasuskika pa Chisankho cha 2023, apo Bola Ahmed Tinubu, uyo wakaŵa Musulumani, wakasankha Musulumani munyake, Senator Kashim Shettima kuti waŵe mulongozgi. Ŵalara ŵa boma, nga ni pulezidenti, ŵakusankhika kwa vyaka vinayi. === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Vigaŵa vya Nigeria}} [[File:Political map of Nigeria.svg|thumb|alt=|Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions|upright=1.4]]Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 na chigaŵa chimoza cha Federal Capital Territory. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza: Kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, kumpoto kwa pakati, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa kumwera.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2012 |title=Constitution amendment: What the people want |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/ |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2012 |title=Constitutional review: Nigeria needs broader representation |url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778:constitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203:youth-speak&Itemid=730 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511123924/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203%3Ayouth-speak&Itemid=730 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Mu Nigeria muli misumba yinkhondi iyo muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni (kufuma ku yikuru kuluta ku yichoko): Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City na Port Harcourt. Msumba wa Lagos ndiwo ni ukuru comene mu Africa, uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 12 miliyoni. Kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli misumba yinandi chomene. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti mu 2015, mu Nigeria mukaŵa misumba 20 iyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000. === Vipani === Mu chaka cha 2022, Nyumba ya Mafumu na Nyumba ya ŵimiliri mu Nigeria yikulongozgeka na magulu ghatatu: * [[Chipani cha Democratic People's Party (Nigeria)|Chipani cha Democratic People's Party]] ndicho chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose mu vyaka 16 vyakwambilira vya Repubulika Yachinayi. Likukhumba kuwezgerapo nkharo yake yiheni iyo yikaŵapo mu nyengo ya Jonathan pambere paŵavye mavoti gha 2015. Uyo wakulongozga, Abubakar, wakuwoneka kuti wakukumana na maboma gha chigaŵa cha chipani chake (makamaka Governor Wike) m'malo mwa ŵalwani ŵake ŵa ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iroanusi |first=QueenEsther |date=2022-08-09 |title=2023: How rift between Wike, Atiku started - Lawmaker |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/547684-2023-how-rift-between-wike-atiku-started-lawmaker.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Atiku Abubakar response to Governor Nyesom Wike and im team wey pull out of PDP Presidential Campaign Council |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cp948vln8r4o |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> * [[Chipani cha All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|Wupu wa All Progressives Congress]] ni wupu wa vipani vichoko ivyo vikususkana na pulezidenti Jonathan. Chipani cha Progressive chikapeleka Muhammadu Buhari ku mpando wa president mu 2015 ndipo chakhala chipani chakulongozga kwambira nyengo iyo. Na nduna zakumanyikwa comene za boma, Fashola (Public Works) na Amaechi (Transport), ŵanthu ŵakulondezga fundo za boma ŵakujiwona kuti mbankhongono. * Pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Labour ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. === Malango === {{Main|Malango gha Nigeria}} Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku Nigeria ndiyo njakwenelera. Ku Nigeria kuli malango ghanayi ghakupambanapambana, nga ni malango gha Chingelezi, common law, common law, na Sharia law: * Dango la ku England mu Nigeria lili na malango gha ku Britain agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ukoloni. * Dango lakwendera lumoza ni malango gha boma agho ghalembeka mu charu icho munthu wali kukhalamo. (Ndondomeko iyi yikusangika comene mu vyaru vya Anglo-Saxon; kweni mu caru ca Europe, malango gha boma agho ghali kulembekeka makora, ndiposo agho ghakusangika mwakupepuka, ndigho ghakulongozga, nga ni umo viliri mu Code Napoléon mu France). * Malango gha cikaya ghakafuma ku malango na maluso gha cikaya, kusazgapo maungano gha kumazga mphindano agho ghakaŵako pambere caru ca Yoruba cindaŵeko. * Dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga ntchito ku Northern Nigeria, uko chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho chikulongozga. Ŵasilamu ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito chiyowoyero ichi mu chigaŵa cha Lagos, Oyo, Kwara, Ogun, na Osun. Malamulo gha visopo gha visopo ghakupambana mu vyaru vyose ndipo ghakupambana pa mulandu wa kusopa (nga nkhumwa na kupeleka moŵa). Mu charu ichi muli makhoti gha milandu, ndipo khoti likuru chomene ni Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |title=Africa :: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (United States) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021 }}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Main|Foreign relations of Nigeria}} [[File:MinForeignAffairs.jpg|alt=|thumb|Unduna wa Vyachilendo, [[Abuja]]]] Apo charu cha Nigeria chikapokera wanangwa mu 1960, chikaŵika mtima comene pa umoza wa Africa. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kughanaghanira chomene vya charu ichi ni ubwezi uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Nigeria na Israyeli mu ma 1960. Israyeli ndiyo wakawovwira na kulaŵilira mulimo wa kuzenga Nyumba za Ufumu. Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya Nigeria yikayezgeka mu ma 1970 apo caru cikafumamo mu nkhondo ya cikaya. Gulu ili likawovwiranga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga maboma gha ŵazungu ku Southern Africa. Nigeria yikakhozgera African National Congress mwa kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakusuzga pa boma la South Africa. Nigeria yikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wakucemeka Organisation for African Unity (uyo sono ni African Union). Nigeria ndiyo yikambiska vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo ndiyo yikendeskanga vyaru vya ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) na ECOMOG (makamaka pa nyengo ya nkhondo za ku Liberia na Sierra Leone). Chifukwa cha maghanoghano agha, Nigeria yikatuma ŵasilikari ku Congo mwaluŵiro, kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukayowoyera, pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chafwatuka. Nigeria yikagwiraso nchito zinandi za Pan-African na pro-self-government mu ma 1970, kusazgapo kuvikilira MPLA ya Angola, SWAPO mu Namibia, na kovwira ŵakususkana na maboma gha banthu ba ku Portugal Mozambique, na Rhodesia. Nigeria yikulutilira kuŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Kuumaliro wa Novembala 2006, likanozga ungano wa Africa-South America Summit ku Abuja kuti likhozge ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku ungano uwu ŵakachema kuti "South-South" pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nigeria nayo wali mu wupu wa International Criminal Court na Commonwealth of Nations. Ŵakaŵachimbizga mu 1995 apo boma la Abacha likaŵalongozganga. [[File:President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Goodluck_Ebele_Jonathan,_President_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Purezidenti wakale wa Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan (pakati) ndi Purezidenti wa [[United States]] [[Barack Obama]] na First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] mu Ogasiti 2014]] Kufuma waka mu ma 1970, Nigeria yikulutilira kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi pa nkhani ya mafuta. Charu ichi chikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene cifukwa cakuti nyengo zinyake chikuŵa na mphindano na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku United States. Kwambira mu 2000, malonda gha pakati pa China na Nigeria ghakusazgikira comene. Kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2016, malonda gha vyaru viŵiri ivi ghakwera pa madola 10,384 miliyoni. Ndipouli, umo vinthu viliri pakati pa China na Nigeria vyazgoka nkhani yikuru ya ndyali. Fundo iyi yikulongora kuti vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku China vikupanga pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya malonda ghose agho ghakuchitika pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Ivi vyapangiska kuti malonda ghaleke kwenda makora, cifukwa Nigeria yikuguliska vinthu vinandi comene kuluska ivyo yikuguliska ku China. Ntheura, chuma cha ku Nigeria chikuthemba chomene vinthu vyakukhora ivyo vikunjira mu charu ichi, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti makampani gha ku Nigeria ghasuzgike. Pakulutilira na ndyali yake ya ku Africa, Nigeria yikamba kupanga ndalama yimoza ya ku West Africa yakucemeka Eco. Kweni pa Disembala 21, 2019, Pulezidenti wa Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara, Emmanuel Macron, na vyaru vinyake vinandi vya UEMOA vikapharazga kuti ŵasinthenge waka zina la CFA franc m'malo mwa kusintha ndalama nga umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba. Kufumira mu 2020, ndalama za Eco zalekeskeka kufika mu 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Elliot |date=2020-09-29 |title=West Africa's new currency could now be delayed by five years |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/west-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> === Chitetezo === {{Main|Nigerian Armed Forces}} [[File:ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg|thumb|Futi yakulimbana na ndege ya ŵasilikari ŵa Nigeria]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Nigeria ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Nigeria. Gulu ili lili na magulu ghatatu: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria, Navy, na Air Force. Pulezidenti wa Nigeria wakuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo wakuchita milimo yake kwizira mu Unduna wa vya Vyankhondo. Mulongozgi wa AFN ni Chief of the Defence Staff, uyo wali pasi pa Minister of Defence wa Nigeria. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 223,000. Kuyaniska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria (kumazere) na ŵa ku Belgium (kumalyero) kuyana na ŵanthu na ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito mu 2022 Boma la Nigeria lili na ŵasilikari 143,000 mu ŵasilikari (asilikari 100,000, ŵasilikari 25,000, ŵasilikari 18,000) na ŵasilikari 80,000 ŵa "gendarmerie & paramilitary" mu 2020, kuyana na International Institute for Strategic Studies. Kuyaniska na ici, Poland wali na ŵasilikari 114,500 mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari na "ŵasilikari" ndipo Germany wali na ŵasilikari 183,500, mwakuyana na buku lenelili. Boma la Nigeria likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana 0.4 peresenti ya ndalama izo likagwiliskira nchito mu 2017. Mu chaka cha 2022, boma la Nigeria lili na bajeti ya ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri na mabiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States. Mulara wa mawupu ghakuvikilira kufuma mu Janyuwale 2021 ni Jenerale Lucky Irabor, nkhwantha ya nkhondo yakulimbana na uchigeŵenga. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, Lt. General Faruk Yahaya, Air Staff Air Marshal Isiaka Oladayo Amao na Navy Staff Vice Admiral Awwal Zubairu Gambo nawo ŵalipo.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) |title=The Military Balance 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781032279008 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> === Nkhani za kukhazikika === ==== Police and millitant violence ==== Kulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa visambizgo vyautesi, na vigeŵenga, kukusazgikira cifukwa cakuti ŵapolisi ŵakuŵawukira. Bungwe la Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker likati ŵanthu 1,086 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa Boko Haram na 290 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha nkhaza za ŵapolisi mu myezi 12 yakwambilira kufuma apo likambira mu Meyi 2011. Mu myezi 12 kufuma mu Okutobala 2021, ŵanthu 2,193 ŵakafwa na nkhaza za ŵapolisi ndipo 498 ŵakafwa na Boko Haram na ISWAP, kuyana na NST. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca urunji wawo. Chigaŵa cha Niger Delta chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuzgikanga na nkhondo mu 2016. Pakuzgora, boma liphya la Buhari likagwiliskira nchito nthowa ziŵiri za kukanizga ŵanthu na kuyowoyeskana. Paumaliro wa 2016, boma la Nigeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana naira 4.5 biliyoni (US$144 miliyoni) ku magulu agha kuti ghavikilire mafuta. Ŵanandi ŵakuzomera. Phangano ili likasazgikaso mu Ogasiti 2022, kweni pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa magulu agha. Awo ŵakwimira boma ŵakuyowoya za "nkhondo" - kwimikana. Ŵanthu ŵakopa kuti magulu agha, nangauli ghali na mazina ghapachanya, ghaleka kuŵa na udindo pa chigaŵa chawo na mafuko ghawo, ndipo ghazgokera ku vyakusanguluska na kujiwovwira. Mulimonsemo, mapaipi mu Niger Delta si "otetezedwa" moyenera - kuipitsa kwa Niger Delta ndi mafuta obedwa ndi mafuta olemera omwe amapangidwa mosaloledwa akupitilirabe osatsekedwa pambuyo pa 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=Niger Delta Avengers group says ends ceasefire in Nigeria oil hub - website |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref> ==== Kuwukira boma kwa Boko Haram ==== [[File:BokoHaram deaths by state.jpg|thumb|Kuwukira kwa Boko Haram, 2011 mpaka lero (kufikira Okutobala 2022), chiŵerengero chilichonse chikuyimira imfa 1,000.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Security Tracker |url=https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> ]] Gulu la Boko Haram ndilo likucitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeke kufuma mu 2010. Kufuma apo, kuyana na Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41,600 ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi (kufika mu Okutobala 2022). Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kufumamo mu vyaru vyapafupi. Maboma agho ghakhwaskika na Boko Haram ghakakolerana mu Febuluwale 2015 kuti ghaŵike gulu la ŵanthu 8,700 kuti ŵarwe na Boko Haram. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2015, gulu la Boko Haram likaŵa kuti lafumiskikapo mu misumba yose iyo likaŵa pasi pa mazaza ghake kweniso pafupifupi mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Mu 2016, gulu la Boko Haram likagaŵikana ndipo mu 2022, ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵakajipeleka. Gulu lakugaŵikana la ISWAP (Islamic State in West Africa) lichalipo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2022-03-24 |title=Over 40,000 terrorists surrender to troops – DHQ |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== Nkhondo pakati pa ŵaliska na ŵalimi ==== Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria, nkhondo yikambaso pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵa Hausa na Fulani na ŵalimi ŵa Chikhristu, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba na Benue. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nkhondo izi zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Nkhondo za pa caru ndiposo za pa vinthu vyakuthupi zikuŵa zinandi cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapopa kumpoto kwa Nigeria, kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu ndiposo suzgo la vya cuma. Padera pa masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵakukumana nagho na magulu gha Boko Haram na ISWAP, Ŵakhristu ŵakudandawuraso kuti ŵaliska ŵa Fulani, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbasilamu, ŵakuŵatambuzga chomene ŵalimi awo Mbakhristu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezgeka nawo ŵakukoleka na magulu gha vigeŵenga. Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe, mu Okutobala 2022, bishopu Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, wa Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, wakayaniska umo vinthu viliri ku Ŵakhristu mu caru cake na "ciŵembu ca Jihad ico cili na mazina ghanandi: uchigeŵenga, kukora ŵanthu, kukoma ŵaliska, vigeŵenga, magulu ghanyake gha ŵasilikari". Kuyana na Aid to the Church in Need, ŵasembe 4 ŵa Katolika ŵakakomeka mu Nigeria mu 2022 pera, ndipo ŵasembe 23 na munthu yumoza wa ku seminare ŵakakoleka mu chaka ichi, panji ŵakakoleka kale kweni ŵakakhala mu wuzga mu 2022. Ŵasembe ŵanandi awo ŵakakoleka ŵakafwatulika, kweni ŵatatu ŵakakomeka ndipo mu Novembala 2022, ŵatatu ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kusoŵa, kusazgapo Dada John Bako Shekwolo, uyo ŵakakoleka mu Malichi, 2019. Ŵasembe ŵanyake ŵanayi ŵakakoleka mu 2022, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafumiskika. Ŵasembe awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa Dada Vitus Borogo, Dada Joseph Bako, Dada John Mark Cheitnum, na Dada Christopher Odia. Wupu uwu, uwo uli na milimo yinandi ku Nigeria, ukadandawura comene cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikucitika. Pa ungano wa pa Intaneti, mu Juni 2022, bishopu Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, wa ku Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, wakalongosora masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵakukumana nagho mu charu ichi. "Kwa vilimika 14 ivyo vyajumpha, caru cikulondezgapo na Boko Haram, comene comene kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo tikagwiranga nchito iyi, tikaŵa na suzgo la vigeŵenga ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Apo tikadumbiskananga nkhani iyi, tikadumbiskana nkhani ya kukora ŵanthu na kupempha chiwombolero. Apo tikusuzgika na suzgo ili, tikusuzgikaso na ŵaliska ŵa Fulani". Pakuyowoya za kukoma na kukora ŵasembe ku Nigeria, bishopu uyu wakati: "Waliyose wali na wofi. Tose, ŵasembe, ŵanthu bweka, waliyose. Ŵanthu ŵakopa, ndipo nchakwenelera nadi. Ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano, ndipo nchakwenelera nadi. Para vinthu vili nthena, palije uyo wangaŵa wakuvikilirika. Usange mwafuma mu nyumba yinu, nanga pangaŵa muhanya, m'paka muwelere, mulije chivikiliro". Mu Juni 2022, mu msumba wa St. Louis, mu Georgia, mukachitika ngozi ya kukoma ŵanthu. Tchalitchi la Francis Xavier, ku Owo. Boma likati ISWAP ndiyo yikakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika kuti ŵaliska ŵa Fulani ndiwo ŵakakomeka..<ref>{{Cite web |last=ACN |date=2022-06-07 |title=ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria |url=https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Chuma cha Nigeria}} [[File:GDP-per-capita West-Africa 2019.jpg|thumb|GDP pa munthu mu West Africa, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log Gross National Income per capita 2019 - Maps - Global Data Lab |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/maps/lgnic/NGA/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=globaldatalab.org}}</ref>|300x300px]] [[File:Nigeria Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku Nigeria, 2019|300x300px]]Charu cha Nigeria chili na chuma chikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo ni cha nambara 31 pa charu chose. GDP (PPP) pa munthu waliyose ni US$9,148 (kufika mu 2022), iyo njichoko chomene kuluska South Africa, Egypt panji Morocco, kweni njichoko chomene kuluska Ghana panji Ivory Coast. Pambere caka ca 1999 cindafike, vinthu vikasuzganga comene cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵasilikari, vimbundi, na uheni. Kuwezgerapo demokilase na kusintha kwa vinthu vya cuma kwawovwira kuti Nigeria yambe kucita makora vinthu pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Pamasinda pa 2015, chuma cha ku Nigeria chikasintha. Padera pa mafuta na gasi, Nigeria yikuguliska vyakununkhira na simenti, vinthu vya polypropylene (pulasitiki), vinthu vyakovwira munthu kuŵa wakutowa. Nigeria ndiyo yikulongozga mu vyamalonda, vyakurya, na vyakusanguluska mu Africa. Lipoti la Banki ya Charu chose la 2017 pa malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa likaŵika chalo ichi pa malo ghachinayi, kuseri kwa Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, na Sao Tome, kweni mu 2021, Nigeria yikaba mu gulu la World Logistics Passport, gulu la banthu bakugwira nchito kuti ŵasazgireko malonda pa charu chose. Nigeria yikupanga cithuzi cimoza pa vithuzi vinkhondi na cimoza vya Britain. Pamanyuma pa mafuta, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutumira ku caru cawo ni izo ŵakutumira ku caru cawo. Charu cha Nigeria chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni malasha, bauxite, tantalite, golide, tini, njere ya visulo, malibwe gha malibwe, niobium, lead, na zinc. Nangauli ku Nigeria kuli vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi ivi, kweni nchito ya migodi yili kwamba waka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekene |first=Mfon Abel |date=2020-03-12 |title=Natural resources in Nigeria and their locations |url=https://www.makemoney.ng/natural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=MakeMoney.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Ulimi === {{Further|Ulimi mu Nigeria}} [[File:Palm nuts put out to dry.jpg|thumb|Vikuyu vya ku Nigeria vyatoleka kuti viwomire]] Mu 2021, pafupifupi 23.4% ya GDP ya Nigeria yikupangika na ulimi, nkhalango na somba. Nigeria ndiyo yikupanga chomene maniyu pa caru cose. Vyakumera vinyake vikuru ni chimanga, mpunga, mphoza, mpunga wa yamsisi, na chimanga. Cacao ndiyo yikuguliskika comene mu vyaru vinyake. Charu cha Nigeria nacho chili pakati pa vyaru 20 ivyo vikuguliska mphira wakuthupi pa charu chose. Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene ya ku Nigeria yindambe ndiposo pambere mafuta ghandambe kunjira mu caru ici, caru ici cikaŵa cakurya cakukwana. Kale, vyakurya ndivyo vikasanganga ndalama zinandi mu Nigeria. Ku Nigeria, kulimi kuli kumara cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu. Chaka chilichose charu ichi chikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 6.7 pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1970, boma la Nigeria likamba kugwiliskira ntchito vyakurya vyambura kukhazikika. Chiŵelengero cha mpunga ku Nigeria chikakwera na 10% kufuma mu 2017/18 kufika mu 2021/22 kufika pa matani 5 miliyoni pa chaka, kweni chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti chikwaniske. Ntheura, mpunga uwo ukatoleka ku vyaru vinyake ukakhala waka pa mtunda wa matani 2 pa chaka. Mu Ogasiti 2019, Nigeria yikajara mphaka yake na Benin na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi kuti yikanizge kusaska mpunga mu charu ichi. Mpaka sono, Nigeria likaguliskanga mpunga wambura kuyuyulika, kweni likatoranga mpunga wambura kuyulika, uwo ni cakurya cikuru comene mu caru ici. Para mulimo uwu wamara mu 2022, malo agha, agho ngakuru comene kumwera kwa Sahara, ghazamovwira ŵanthu 250,000 na kupanga mphunga zakukwana makilogiramu 50 pa chaka.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lagos today: Like Tinubu like Sanwo-Olu |url=https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> === Mafuta ghakufula === {{Further|Makampani gha mafuta mu Nigeria|Mndandanda wa vyaru kuyana na katundu wa mafuta}} Nigeria ndiyo yikupangiska mafuta ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi pa caru cose. Mafuta ghakovwira comene pa cuma ca ku Nigeria, ndipo ghakupanga 40% ya GDP na 80% ya ndalama za boma. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu chigaŵa cha Niger Delta, icho ni chigaŵa chikuru cha mafuta, ŵakususka mulimo wa kupanga mafuta. Malo gha mafuta gha Niger Delta Nembe Creek ghakasangika mu 1973 ndipo ghakupanga malibwe gha mchenga gha mu Miocene mu malo agho ghakusangika pa mtunda wa makilomita 2 mpaka 4. Mu Juni 2013, kampani ya Shell yikapharazga kuti yikunozgaso umo yikugwilira ntchito mu Nigeria. Nangauli makampani ghanandi gha mafuta gha pa charu chose ghakachitanga ntchito mu charu ichi kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni mu 2014 ghakaŵa kuti ghaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama izi. Mu Ogasiti 2014, kampani ya Shell yikati yikumalizga kugura malo ghanayi gha mafuta ku Nigeria. Ku Nigeria kuli malo gha mafuta 159 na visimi 1,481 ivyo vikugwira nchito kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Mafuta. Chigaŵa chakupambika chomene mu charu ichi ni Niger Delta Basin, icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mafuta ghanandi agho ghakusangika ku Nigeria ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ndipo mu 1990, mafuta agha ghakaŵa 62.1% ya mafuta ghose gha ku Nigeria. Ivi vikupambana comene na malo ghakuru 16 agho ghakapanga mafuta gha 37.9% mu Nigeria. Mafuta ghakaŵa katundu uyo wakunjira mu Nigeria m'paka mu 2021, ndipo ghakaŵa 24 peresenti ya katundu uyo wakunjira mu charu ichi. Pakuti caru ca Europe cikusuzgika na nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana vya kwendeska gasi kufuma ku Nigeria kuya ku Morocco panji Algeria. Kweni mu Meyi 2022, pakaŵavya icho chikachitika.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria's president launches new gas pipeline project |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco closer to activating the gas pipeline with Nigeria |url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Atalayar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-us}}</ref> === Kupanga na luso === {{Further|Automotive industry in Nigeria|Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria}} [[File:Nigeria EduSat-1.jpg|thumb|Nigeria EduSat-1, satellite yakwamba yakuzengeka na Nigeria na Federal University of Technology Akure]] Nigeria yili na makampani gha kupanga vinthu nga ni vikumba na vyakuvwara (ku Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, na Lagos), pulasitiki na vyakurya. Ogun wakuwoneka kuti ni msumba ukuru wa mafakitale wa Nigeria, chifukwa mafakitale ghanandi ghali mu Ogun ndipo makampani ghanandi ghakusamukira kwenekuko. Msumba wa Aba, uwo uli kumwera kwa charu ichi, ukumanyikwa na vinthu vya mawoko na skapato. Nigeria yili na msika wa magalimoto 720,000 pa caka, kweni magalimoto ghambura kukwana 20% ghakupangika mu caru. Mu 2016 (chaka chaumaliro icho tikasangirapo maukaboni), Nigeria ndiyo yikapanganga simenti yikuru chomene kumwera kwa Sahara. Aliko Dangote, munthu musambazi comene wa ku Nigeria, wakaŵa musambazi cifukwa ca kupanga simenti na vyakurya vinyake. Kuyana na umo iyo wakughanaghanira, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited yikupanga matani 1.3 miliyoni gha nchero pa caka. Ivi vikayananga na chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya vyakufumiska vya UK mu 2021. Kweni vikuwoneka kuti mafakitale gha Katsina, Jos na Osogbo ghaleka kugwira ntchito. Mu Juni 2019, Nigeria EduSat-1 yikatumika kufuma ku International Space Station. Iyi yikaŵa satelayiti yakwamba kuzenga ku Nigeria, ndipo yikati yaŵa na satelayiti zinandi za ku Nigeria izo zikapangika na vyaru vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha Nigeria chili na ma pharmaceutical production capacity pafupifupi 60 peresenti mu Africa, makampani ghakurughakuru gha pharmaceutical ghali ku Lagos. Kampani yakupanga munkhwala iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ni Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Nigeria yili na makompyuta ghanandi nga ni Zinox, makompyuta ghakwambilira gha ku Nigeria, kweniso makompyuta ghanyake nga ni mapiritsi. Kufika mu Januwale 2022, Nigeria ndiyo yikupanga makampani 5 pa 7 gha unicorn mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Nigeria produces five of seven unicorns in Africa |url=https://guardian.ng/technology/nigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Abdulwali |date=2019-09-19 |title=Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Onyesi |first=Chika |date=2021-10-06 |title='Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity' |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2014-04-28 |title=Nigeria to revive steel rolling mills – Official {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited |url=https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Emzor |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Okonji, Emma |date=24 October 2013 |title=Zinox Introduces Tablet Range of Computers, Plans Commercial Launch |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027075729/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014 |work=This Day |publisher=This Day Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2013 |title=Ogun State's rising investment profile |url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140314202910/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=Daily NewsWatch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2013 |title=Industrial hub: Why more companies are moving to Ogun |newspaper=Vanguard Nigeria |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun/ |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2012 |title=Ogun State: Nigeria's new Industrial hub |url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=Online Nigeria News |archive-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129151508/http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Naijalitz">{{cite web |title=Nigeria now generates 13,000mw of power, says Minister – Chukwuma |url=https://naijalitz.com/nigeria-now-generates-13000mw-of-power-says-minister/ |access-date=28 October 2020 |publisher=Naijalitz – No 1 Entertainment Portal }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Polycarp |first=Nwafor |date=18 May 2017 |title=Nigeria to launch Africa's 1st nanosatellite |work=Vanguard |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/ |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> === Mauthenga gha pa Intaneti na Mauteŵeti === [[File:Wikidata for Libraries and Librarians in Nigeria 69.jpg|thumb|Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Nigeria ŵakunozga database ya [[Wikidata]]]] Boma la Nigeria lili na mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama zinandi chomene, nga ni mabanki gha mu charu ichi na gha pa charu chose, makampani ghakwendeska katundu, makampani ghakuchitiska malonda, makampani gha inshuwalansi, na mabungwe ghanyake. Chifukwa chakuti Nigeria yili pakatikati pa Africa, vyakuthupi vikovwira comene pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Boma la Buhari likamba kunozga vinthu vya mu charu ichi mu 2015. Ŵakuzenga misewu yiphya na kunozga misewu yinandi, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti boma likupeleka ndalama zinandi. Chinthu chinyake icho chikulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha ni Second Niger Bridge kufupi na Onitsha, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 2022. Msika wa tumafoni wa ku Nigeria ndiwo ukukura mwaluŵiro comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵamalonda ŵakumanyikwa comene (nga ni MTN, 9mobile, Airtel na Globacom) ŵali na malo ghakuru comene na ghakovwira comene mu caru ici. Chigaŵa cha ICT ku Nigeria chikukura chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na 10% ya GDP ya charu mu 2018 pakuyaniska na 1% mu 2001. Msumba wa Lagos ukuwoneka kuti ni umoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha vya sayansi mu Africa. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika na wupu wa GSM Association, ŵanalume ŵakukwana 92% na ŵanakazi 88% mu Nigeria ŵakaŵa na foni. Pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakupambanapambana, kusazgapo kweni kuti zikumalira waka pa kukakika mwambura kuzomerezgeka, kudumura mawebusayiti, kutora pasipoti, na kukanizga ŵanthu kugura maakaunti gha ku banki, boma la Nigeria likulanga ŵanthu chifukwa cha kujilongora pa intaneti na kukanizga wanangwa wa pa intaneti.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Emmanuel |date=2019-11-28 |title=Everything you need to know about Nigeria's Social Media Bill and what you can do about it |url=https://techpoint.africa/2019/11/28/nigerias-social-media-bill/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Techpoint Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ulendo === {{Main|Ulendo ku Nigeria}} [[File:Òwú Waterfalls.jpg|thumb|Chipopoma cha Òwú, icho ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta]] Ulendo wa ku Nigeria ukwendera chomene vinthu vyachilendo chifukwa cha mitundu yinandi iyo yili mu charu ichi. Ku Abuja kuli mapaki ghanandi na malo ghanyake. Malo ghakuru chomene, agho ni Millennium Park, ghakalembeka na Manfredi Nicoletti ndipo ghakajulika mu Disembala 2003. Pambuyo pa ntchito ya kukonzanso yomwe idakwaniritsidwa ndi boma la Bwanamkubwa Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos pang'onopang'ono ikukhala malo ofunikira alendo. Sono msumba wa Lagos ukucita vinthu vinyake kuti uŵe msumba wa caru cose. Chikondwerero cha Eyo cha 2009 (chikondwerero chapachaka chochokera ku Iperu Remo, Ogun State) chinali sitepe yopita ku mzinda wa dziko. Mazuŵa ghano, msumba wa Lagos ukumanyikwa na ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa bizinesi. Ku Lagos kukaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ku Lagos kuli maji gha mchenga agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, nga ni Elegushi Beach na Alpha Beach. Lagos nayo wali na malo ghanandi ghakusungirako ŵanthu, kusazgapo Inagbe Grand Beach Resort na ghanyake ghanandi agho ghali kufupi na msumba uwu. Lagos yili na mahotelo ghakupambanapambana kufuma ku mahotelo gha nyenyezi zitatu mpaka nyenyezi zinkhondi, pamoza na mahotelo gha ku malo agha nga ni Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel na ma franchises gha vyalo vinandi nga ni Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, na Four Points by Sheraton. Malo ghanyake agho mungasanga ni Tafawa Balewa Square, tawuni ya Festac, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park, na Cathedral Church of Christ.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Anthony|last1=Appiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2|first2=Henry Louis|last2=Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=53}}</ref> === Magesi === {{Main|Energy in Nigeria}} [[File:Abuja road.jpg|thumb|Kamupani ya magesi ku Abuja]]Mu 2011, Nigeria yikagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 108 Mtoe. Nkhongono zinandi zikufuma ku vyakumera vya viŵeto na vyakuseluska, ivyo vikupangiska kuti pakhale vyakumera vyakudura 83%. Vinyake vyose vikufuma ku mafuta (16%) na maji (1%). Kufuma waka apo charu cha Nigeria chikapokera wanangwa, chikuyezgayezga kupanga vyakupangira nkhongono za nyukiliya. Kwambira mu 2004, Nigeria yili na malo ghakucitira kafukufuku gha ku China pa Yunivesite ya Ahmadu Bello ndipo yapempha wovwiri ku International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) kuti lipange mapulani ghakukwana 4,000 MWe gha nyukiliya m'paka mu 2027 kuyana na pulogiramu ya caru ya kugwiliskira nchito nyukiliya pakupanga magesi. Mu 2007, Pulezidenti Umaru Yar'Adua wakachiska charu ichi kuti chigwiliskirenge ntchito nkhongono za nyukiliya. Mu 2017, charu cha Nigeria chikalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Mu Epulero 2015, Nigeria yikamba kudumbiskana na kampani ya Russia yakuchemeka Rosatom kuti yikambiske kupanga, kuzenga na kwendeska vyalo vinayi vya nyukiliya m'paka mu 2035. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Nigeria chikasankha malo ghaŵiri ghakupangira majini agha. Boma la Nigeria na la Rosatom ŵakayowoyapo yayi uko malo agha ghali, kweni ŵakugomezga kuti malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Akwa Ibom na Kogi. Pa malo agha pali kupangaso malo ghaŵiri. Mu 2017, ŵakalembeska mapangano gha kuzenga chingalaŵa cha Itu..<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> == Vyakuzenga == === Misewu === [[File:Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg|thumb|Mlatho wacitatu wa ku Niger]] Ku Nigeria kuli misewu yikuru comene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Msewu uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 200,000, ndipo makilomita 60,000 mwa mtunda uwu ghali na asphalt. Misewu na misewu yikuruyikuru ya ku Nigeria yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 peresenti. Likupeleka N2.4 trillion ($6.4 billion) ku GDP mu 2020. Makilomita 35,000 gha misewu iyi ghali pasi pa boma. Mu boma lachiwiri la a Buhari, bajeti yakusungirako na kupangira misewu ya makilomita 35,000 iyi yikasazgikira kaŵiri kufuma pa 295 billion naira ($819 million) mu 2018 kufika pa 563 billion naira ($1.3 billion) mu 2022. Uyo wakuwona vya bajeti iyi (kufika mu Seputembala 2022) ni nduna Fashola, yumoza wa ŵandyali ŵakuchindikika chomene mu Nigeria. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, misewu yikuruyikuru iyo yikwendeska vyaru vyakuzirwa nga ni Lagos-Ibadan, Lagos-Badagry na Enugu-Onitsha yikasintha. Msewu unyake wose ni nkhani ya boma, ntheura uli na kawonekero kakupambana na ka boma ako muli. Boma la Lagos, Anambra, na Rivers, ilo ndakukhora pa nkhani ya vyachuma, likutondeka chomene. Misewu yinandi yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 na 1990. Chifukwa chakuti misewu iyi yikuwoneka makora yayi kweniso yili na vinthu viheni chomene. Ntchipusu yayi kwenda. Kanandi mu nyengo ya vula, misewu yinyake yikuŵa yakusuzga kuyendamo chifukwa cha vibulunga. Kanandi vigeŵenga vikugwiliskira nchito uheni uwu.<ref>{{cite web |title=UPDATED: Motorists List Nigeria's Most Dangerous Roads, Say Bandits Built Dens Along Them {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/12/16/updated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Babangida |first=Mohammed |date=2022-05-18 |title=Bandits abduct motorists on Abuja - Kaduna highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Njanji === Msewu wa njanji uwu uli kunozgekaso chomene ndipo uli na mapulojekiti nga ni Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway. === Kwenda mu ndege === {{Main|List of airports in Nigeria}} [[File:Untitled (Aviogenex) Boeing 737-200; YU-ANU@ZRH;23.12.1995 (6172558774).jpg|thumb|Ndege ya Boeing 737-200 ya Chanchangi Airlines]] Gulu la ndege la boma la Nigeria Airways likaŵa na ngongoli zinandi mu 2003 ndipo likagulika na British Virgin Group; kwambira pa 28 Juni 2005 likwenda pasi pa zina lakuti Virgin Nigeria Airways. Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2008, Virgin Group yikapharazga kuti yikufumamo mu ndege iyi, ndipo kufuma mu Seputembala 2009 ndege iyi yikugwira ntchito nga ni Nigerian Eagle Airlines. Ndege yikuru comene ya ku Nigeria ni Arik Air, iyo yikaŵa mu 2004. Lili na ndege zakujumpha 20 ndipo likwendeskanga maulendo gha pa charu chose. Makampani opanga ndege ku Nigeria adapanga ma naira 198.62 biliyoni (€ 400 miliyoni) mu 2019, zomwe zikuyimira gawo la 0.14 peresenti ya GDP. Ndilo likakura chomene mu Nigeria mu 2019. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa sitima chikakwera kufuma pa 9,358,166 mu 2020 kufika pa 15,886,955 mu 2021, ndipo ichi chikukwana 69 peresenti. Kufuma mu 2020 m'paka mu 2021, chiŵelengero cha ndege chikakwera na 46 peresenti. Chiŵelengero cha katundu chikaŵa matani 191 mu 2020 kweni chikakwera kufika matani 391 mu 2021. Mu Disembala 2021, Anambra International Cargo Airport yikamba kugwira ntchito. Mu Epulero 2022, chipatala chachiŵiri cha ku chipatala cha ndege cha Murtala Muhammed International Airport chizamunjira mu ntchito. Ntchito iyi yingawovwira kuti chiŵanja cha ndege ichi chiŵe na ŵanthu 14 miliyoni pa chaka..<ref>{{cite web |title=Lagos Airport's Terminal 2 opens – the Nigerian president wants concessions 'fast tracked' |url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/lagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation |language=en}}</ref> Ku Nigeria kuli ma [[eyapoti]] 54. * [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]] ku Lagos, * [[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport]] ku Abuja, * [[Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport]] ku Kano, * [[Akanu Ibiam International Airport]] ku Enugu na * [[Port Harcourt International Airport]] ku Port Harcourt. == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Nigeria}} {{See also|Social class in Nigeria}} [[File:Population density map of Nigerian states - English.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Unandi wa ŵanthu (ŵanthu pa kilomita yimoza) ku Nigeria|alt=]] Wupu wa United Nations ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria mu 2021 ŵakaŵa 213,401,323, ndipo 51.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku mizi ndipo 48.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa mu matawuni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 42.5% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 14 panji kujumphirako, 19.6% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, 30.7% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 25 na 54, 4.0% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 55 na 64, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 65 na 65. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 18.4. Nigeria ni caru ca nambara sikisi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakubabika chikaŵa 35.2 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakufwa chikaŵa 9.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kufuma mu 1990 kufika mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Nigeria chikakwera na 57 miliyoni. Charu cha Nigeria ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu 17 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵalipo mu 2017.<ref name="auto12">{{cite web |title=Human Development Data (1990–2017) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/data |access-date=17 October 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Europe, North America, na Australia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kusamira ku United States. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵali kujoyinako gulu la "Egbe Omo Yoruba", ilo ni wupu wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba ku North America. Msumba ukuru comene wa Nigeria ni Lagos. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lagos ŵakukura kufuma pa 300,000 mu 1950 kufika pa 13.4 miliyoni mu 2017. {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population in Nigeria<ref name="IEApop2011">[http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] Population 1971–2008 IEA [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf|date=6 January 2012}} pp. 83–85</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Human Development Data (1990–2017) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/data |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1971 ||style="text-align:right;"|55 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|125 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2017 ||style="text-align:right;"|191 |- |} Ku Nigeria kuli mafuko ghakujumpha 250, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Mtundu ukuru chomene ni wa Hausa, Yoruba, na Igbo, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 60 peresenti, apo ŵa Edo, Ijaw, Fulɓe, Kanuri, Urhobo-Isoko, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gbagyi, Jukun, Igala, Idoma, Ogoni, na Tiv ŵalipo 35 na 40 peresenti. Chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria chikumanyikwa na mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Atyap, Berom, Goemai, Igala, Kofyar, Pyem, na Tiv. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Britain, America, India, China (pafupifupi 50,000), Zimbabwe, Japan, Greece, Syria, na Lebanon. Ŵalendo awo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi panji kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name="felix2">{{cite news|last=Onuah|first=Felix|date=29 December 2006|title=Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details|agency=Reuters|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015018/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm|archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132 |title=Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-472-06980-4 |page=132}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simpson |first=Sarah |date=August 2008 |title=Why white Zimbabwean farmers plan to stay in Nigeria |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html |access-date=7 June 2011 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref><ref name="Major Urban Areas: Population">{{cite web |title=Major Urban Areas: Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=The World Fact Book |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> === Viyowoyero === {{Main|Viyowoyero vya ku Nigeria}} [[File:Nigeria linguistical map 1979.svg|thumb|upright=1.45|right|Mapu gha viyowoyero vya ku Nigeria]] Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 525 ku Nigeria, ndipo viyowoyero 8 pa viyowoyero ivi vili kumara. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Chiyowoyero cha boma cha ku Nigeria, Chingelezi, chikasankhika kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso ŵakukolerana mu viyowoyero vyawo chifukwa cha umo charu cha Britain chikakhalira mu 1960. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyapafupi na charu ichi ŵali kusintha chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi icho chikuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Nigeria ni viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa: viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni Niger-Congo, nga ni Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Ijaw, Fulfulde, Ogoni, na Edo. Chiyowoyero cha Kanuri chikayowoyeka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene ku Borno na Yobe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi pa nkhani ya masambiro, bizinesi, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu misumba ya mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Pa viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Nigeria, chiyowoyero cha Hausa ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakukhala ku mizi, viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu charu ichi ni viyowoyero vya ku mizi. Viyowoyero vinyake vikuruvikuru nga ni Chiyoruba na Chiigbo, vili kufuma ku viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Chingelezi cha Pidgin cha ku Nigeria, icho kanandi chikuchemeka waka kuti "Pidgin" panji "Broken" (Chingelezi chakuphwanyika), ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa cha Niger Delta ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adegbija |first=Efurosibina E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55 |title=Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59221-173-9 |location=Last paragraph |page=55 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> === Chisopo === {{Main|Religion in Nigeria}}{{Multi image | image1 = Catedral Nacional em Abuja, Nigéria.jpg | image2 = Abuja Central mosque.jpg | direction = vertical | caption1 = [[National Christian Centre|National Church of Nigeria, Abuja]] | caption2 = [[Abuja National Mosque]] | total_width = 250 }} Ŵanthu ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kugaŵikana pafupifupi mwakuyana waka mu visopa vya Cisilamu na Cikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vya mu Africa. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakhristu ku Nigeria chikukhilira pasi cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakubabika para ŵakuyaniskika na Ŵasilamu. Nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, uko Chisilamu na Chikhristu ni visopa vikuru comene. Lipoti la mu 2012 pa nkhani ya chisopa na umoyo wa ŵanthu ilo likalembeka na Pew Research Center likati mu 2010, ŵanthu 49.3% ku Nigeria ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 48.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 1.9% ŵakaŵa ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vinyake (nga ni Bori ku North) panji ŵambura kukolerana na visopa vinyake. Ndipouli, lipoti la Pew Research Center ilo likafuma mu 2015, likati ŵanthu Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 50 peresenti, ndipo mu 2060, Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 60 peresenti ya ŵanthu mu charu ichi. Mu 2010, pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika ku Association of Religion Data Archives, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu 48.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuŵa maso chomene na ivyo ŵakuyowoya chifukwa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu.<ref name="Regional Distribution of Christians2">{{cite web |date=19 December 2011 |title=Regional Distribution of Christians |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/ |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/Regional|title=Distribution of Christians}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Pewforum.org}}</ref> Chisilamu chikusangika chomene kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nigeria (Hausa, Nupe, Fulani na ŵanyake), ndipo ŵanthu 99% mbasilamu. Ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba ŵali na visopa vinandi. Chikhristu cha Chiprotesitanti na Chikhristu cha ku malo agha chikuchitika chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo Chikhristu cha Katolika cha ku Romu ndicho chikuwoneka chomene ku South Eastern Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera nga ni Ibibio, Efik, Ijo, na Ogoni ŵakugomezga Chikatolika na Chiprotesitanti. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Igbos (ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi) na Ibibio (kumwera) ŵalipo 98 peresenti Mbakhristu, ndipo 2 peresenti ŵakuchita visopa vyawo. Chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mafuko ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbakhristu ndipo ŵakulondezga visopa vyaunenesko..<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2004 |title=The Middle Belt: History and politics |url=http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202021/http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=Nasarawastate.org}}</ref> ==== Chongo ==== Kwambira mu 2010, gulu la Boko Haram likuwukira kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Mu vyaka 12 vyakulondezgapo, kuyana na "Nigeria Security Tracker" ya Council on Foreign Relations, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41,600 ŵakafwa cifukwa ca gulu ili (kufika mu Okutobala 2022). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira kumwera panji ku misumba yikuruyikuru, nga ni Maiduguri. Gulu la Boko Haram likakhwaskaso matchalitchi. Kweni fundo yakuti "Ŵasilamu ŵakususkana na Ŵakhristu" njambura kupulikikwa. Nangauli gulu la Boko Haram likuŵatinkha Ŵakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufwa Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti cifukwa cakuti gulu la Boko Haram likakoma Ŵasilamu ŵanandi comene, likamba kupatukana mu 2016. Malipoti gha Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) ghakulongora kuti (kwambira mu Malichi 2022) kuti kuukira kwa Boko Haram ku matchalitchi kwachepa, apo kuukira kwa masisiteri kwasazgikira. Ciŵelengero cicoko ca Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakomeka na Boko Haram cikulongora kuti ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kucimbira. Gulu la Boko Haram lakhala likuchepa kufuma mu Malichi 2022. Kufuma mu 2021, gulu la Islamic State in West Africa (ISWAP) likuwoneka kuti ndakuzirwa chomene kuluska Boko Haram. Mwachiyelezgero, ISWAP ndiyo yikapangiska kuti mpingo wa Owo ukomeke pa Pentekoste mu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-08-16 |title=Arrest of Owo church massacre suspects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/08/arrest-of-owo-church-massacre-suspects/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Ochogwu |date=2022-08-11 |title=Owo Church massacre: Two more ISWAP terrorists arrested, identities revealed |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/08/11/owo-church-massacre-two-more-iswap-terrorists-arrested-identities-revealed/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Further|Umoyo mu Nigeria}} [[File:Paediatric ward, General hospital, Ilorin.jpg|thumb|Ŵana ku chipatala cha Ilorin.]] Kupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo mu Nigeria ni udindo wa maboma ghatatu mu chalo ichi pamoza na maboma gha wanangwa. Boma la Nigeria likamba kunozgaso ndyali zake kufuma waka apo likacitira ndondomeko ya ku Bamako mu 1987, iyo yikakhozga nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasangenge munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mwaŵi wa kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala mu vigaŵa vyawo. Ndondomeko yikuru yikasazgikira ku vigaŵa vyose vya wovwiri wa munkhwala, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa nkhani ya wovwiri wa munkhwala. Viŵelengero vya HIV/AIDS ku Nigeria ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Botswana na South Africa. Kufumira mu caka ca 2019, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakukoma HIV pa ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu ŵa vyaka 15-49 cikaŵa 1.5 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakukhala vyaka 54,7, ndipo ŵanthu 71% na 39% ŵali na maji ghawemi kweniso malo ghawemi ghakukhala. Kufika mu 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa ni 74.2 pa ŵana 1,000. Mu 2012, Yunivesite ya Nigeria yikambiska pulogiramu yiphya ya kupeleka viwangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda ya leukemia, lymphoma, panji sickle cell disease. Nigeria yikaŵa caru caciŵiri mu Africa kucita opareshoni iyi. Mu chaka cha 2014, nthenda ya Ebola yikati yayamba, charu cha Nigeria ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kumazga nthenda iyi mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Boma la Nigeria likusuzgika comene na suzgo la ŵadokotala cifukwa cakuti ŵadokotala ŵanandi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakuluta ku North America na Europe. Mu 1995, ku United States pera kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵakukwana 21,000 ŵa ku Nigeria. Boma lili na chilato chakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵalutilire kugwira ntchito.<ref>{{cite web |last = Anekwe |first = Mike Chinedu |title = BRAIN DRAIN: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1) |publisher =[[Niger Delta Congress]] |date = April 2003 |url = http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm |access-date = 7 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110527134510/http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm |archive-date = 27 May 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Masambilo ku Nigeria}} [[File:Abisogun Leigh Science Building, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University.jpg|thumb|Abisogun Leigh Science Building, ya Yunivesite ya Lagos State's Faculty of Science]] Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo ukuwona vya masambiro mu Nigeria. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakulongozga masukulu gha boma na gha boma. Masukulu agha ghakupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri: sukulu za ŵana ŵa sukulu, pulayimale, sekondare, na masukulu ghapachanya. Pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa mafuta mu ma 1970, masambiro gha visukulu vikuru vikuru ghakaŵa makora mwakuti ghafike ku vigaŵa vyose vya Nigeria. Boma la Nigeria likupeleka masambiro kwawanangwa, kweni palije dango lakuti munthu waliyose wakwenera kusambira sukulu. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, vyaka vitatu vya sukulu ya sekondare, vyaka vitatu vya sukulu ya sekondare, na vyaka vinayi, vinkhondi, panji vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku yunivesite agho ghakovwira munthu kuti waŵe na digiri. Boma ndilo likulongozga masambiro gha pa yunivesite. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Nigeria ghali na maunivesite (ghaweni na ghapadera), ma polytechnics, ma monotechnics, na makoleji gha masambiro. Mu charu ichi muli masukulu ghakusambizga masukulu ghapachanya 138, ndipo 40 ghali mu mawoko gha boma, 39 ghali mu mawoko gha boma, ndipo 59 ghali mu mawoko gha ŵekha. Dziko la Nigeria lili pa nambala 114 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2022, kufuma pa nambala 118 mu 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> === Chiwawa === {{Main|Viwawa mu Nigeria}} [[File:Nigerian_female_police.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Wapolisi wa ku Nigeria pa chikondwelero cha Eyo ku Lagos]]Ku Nigeria kuli vigeŵenga vinandi ivyo vikwendeska malonda gha minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha ku Nigeria panji "masukulu ghakusambizga vya chisopa" ghakuchitako vinthu vyaupusikizgi na nkhaza za ndyali kweniso ghakwendeska vimbundi mu Nigeria. Pakuti mabungwe agha ghakukolerana chomene na ŵandyali na ŵasilikari, ghakupeleka mwaŵi ku ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵamanye vinandi. Mwaciyelezgero, wupu wa Supreme Vikings Confraternity ukuyowoya kuti ŵanthu 12 ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Rivers State ŵali mu gulu la cisopo. Mu vigaŵa vya pasi, muli "ŵasepuka ŵa mu chigaŵa", magulu gha vigeŵenga agho ghakucita vinthu vinandi mu Lagos. Ku Lagos, ŵanthu 273 na ŵapolisi 84 ŵakakomeka kufuma mu Ogasiti 2000 m'paka Meyi 2001. Ku Gulf of Guinea kuli ŵankhungu, ndipo ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Chifukwa chakuti ku Nigeria ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukopeka, ŵanthu 28 pa ŵanthu 30 awo ŵakakoleka pakati pa Janyuwale na Juni 2013 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Nigeria. Pa caru cose, Nigeria njakumanyikwa cifukwa ca upusikizgi wa ku banki uwo ukucemeka 419, mtundu wa upusikizgi wa kulipira ndalama zakwendakwenda (wakucemeka kuyana na cipaturo 419 ca Dango la Nkhaza la Nigeria) pamoza na "upusikizgi wa ku Nigeria", mtundu wa upusikizgi uwo ukucitika na ŵanthu na magulu gha vigeŵenga. Vinthu ivi ni banki ya ku Nigeria iyo yikukolerana nayo (malango ghakukanizga ivi) kweniso munthu munyake uyo wakuti wali na ndalama izo wakukhumba kutorako ku banki iyi. Munthu uyo wapika ndalama wakughanaghana kuti wangapokera ndalama izo ŵamutuma ndipo waŵenge nazo. Mu malo mwake, ŵakutora ndalama, panji ŵakukanizga kulipira ndalama zinandi (izo zikuwoneka nga ni zichoko pakuyaniska na usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵangasanga). Mu 2003, wupu wakuwona vya vigeŵenga wa ku Nigeria (Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) ukapangika kuti uwovwire pa nkhani iyi na zinyake.<ref>{{cite web |title=EFCC recovers and returns $4.48m to 86 year old Hong Kong woman |url=http://www.efccnigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=686&Itemid=2 |website=[[Economic and Financial Crimes Commission]] |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061007150402/http://www.efccnigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=686&Itemid=2 |archive-date=7 October 2006 |date=13 October 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ukavu === {{Main|Ukavu mu Nigeria}} Kuyana na International Monetary Fund, 32% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakukhala mu ukavu (kufika mu 2017), ŵakukhala na ndalama zakukwana US$2.15 pa zuŵa. Banki ya Charu chose yikati mu Malichi 2022 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu ku Nigeria chikakwera na 5 million kufika pa 95.1 million mu nyengo ya Covid. Ntheura, ŵanthu 40 pa ŵanthu 100 wose ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.90 nga umo Banki ya Caru Cose yikulongolera. Ndalama izo IMF na World Bank ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa caru cose, zikugwiliskira nchito nkhongono zakugulira za dola ya ku America yayi. Ntheura, nthowa iyi njakususkana. Mwaciyelezgero, nangauli ku Nigeria kuli malo ghakusangika ŵanthu ŵambura nchito, kweni fundo yakuti ŵanalume 92% na ŵanakazi 88% mu Nigeria ŵali na foni njakusuzga kuyilondezga na unandi wa ukavu uwo walembeka na IMF na World Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Perspective {{!}} The official U.S. poverty rate is based on a hopelessly out-of-date metric |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa Munthu === {{Main|Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Nigeria}} [[File:Protesters at the endSARS protest in Lagos, Nigeria 19.jpg|thumb|Kumazga SARS ni gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na nkhaza za ŵapolisi ku Nigeria.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutondeka kulondezga malango gha boma. Kuyana na U.S. Dipatimenti ya Boma, masuzgo ghakuru gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni kugwiliskira nchito nkongono zinandi na mawupu gha kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kulangika cifukwa ca kuyuzgika na mawupu gha kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kukakika mwambura kwenelera, kukakika kwa nyengo yitali, vimbundi vya ŵeruzgi na mazaza gha ŵalara ŵa boma pa wupu wa vyeruzgi, kukaka, kutambuzgika na vinthu vinyake vyakofya, vyambura urunji panji vyakukhozga soni ŵanthu awo ŵali mu jele, ŵakukakika na ŵakukayikira; vinthu vyakofya na vyakofya mu jele na malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu; kusuzga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mahule na kugwira nchito mwankhongono, nkhaza za mu cikaya na kukoma ŵanthu, kugwira nchito kwa ŵana, kuyuzga ŵana na kuŵagwiliskira nchito uheni, nkhaza za mu mbumba, kusankhana chifukwa ca mtundu, cigaŵa na cisopa. Boma la Nigeria ndilo likukolerana na phangano lakumazga nkhanza zose izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi. Kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana ni nkhani yikuru ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Nthengwa zacicicizgo zikucitika comene. Nthengwa za ŵana zichali zakutchuka ku Northern Nigeria; 39% ya ŵasungwana ŵakutengwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 15, nangauli dango lakukanizga nthengwa za ŵana ŵasungwana ŵa vyaka vyakukwana 18 likakhazikiskika mu 2008. Ku Northern Nigeria ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Kujilambika kwa muwoli kwa mfumu wake ndiposo nkhaza za pa nyumba ni vyakuzara. Ŵanakazi ŵalije wanangwa wa kupoka malo. Mu 2015, pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakababika, 814 ŵakafwanga. Nangauli mu 2015 boma likakanizga kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitikenge viŵaro vya mu viŵaro vyawo. Ku Nigeria, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni ŵali na nthenda iyi, comenecomene cifukwa ca kusoŵa munkhwala. Nthengwa zaciwukirano zingapangiska kuti munthu waŵe na nthenda iyi. Ŵanakazi ŵakukumana na suzgo likuru comene pa ndyali mu Nigeria, cifukwa cakuti ŵakusuzgika na kusankhana mitundu ndipo ŵakukhozga suzgo lawo mu vigaŵa vya cikaya, vya cuma, na vyandyali. Mu 1979, ŵanakazi wose mu caru ici ŵakafwatuka. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ku Nigeria, uko kuli muwuso wa ŵafumu, ŵakulutilira kupika mazaza na ŵafumu ŵawo. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakugwira nchito zinandi mu vipatala. Ŵanakazi ŵacoko comene mu boma kufuma apo ŵakafwatukira ku Britain. Ŵanakazi ŵali kucepa comene mu mauteŵeti ghose gha mu boma, ndipo ŵachali na maudindo ghacoko comene. Kweni mazuŵa ghano, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakusambira comene, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakucita vinthu vinyake kuti ŵateŵetere makora mu boma. Kuyana na dango la Sharia ilo likugwira ntchito ku Ŵasilamu mu vyaru 12 vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi, ŵanthu awo ŵakumwa moŵa, kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, ŵambura kugomezgeka, na kwiba ŵakulangika chomene. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, ŵanthu 98% ku Nigeria ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwenera yayi kuzomera kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Mu vyaka 23 ivyo vyajumpha (kufika mu Seputembala 2022), ŵantchito ŵa pa yunivesite ku Nigeria ŵakanjiramo mu sitiroko maulendo 17. Pa cifukwa ici, sukulu ya cihanya ya mu 2022 yikanikika mu caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2022-09-06 |title=Nigeria: students abandoned as teachers' strike drags on |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/06/nigeria-students-abandoned-as-teachers-strike-drags-on/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Chikhalidwe cha Nigeria}} === Nkhani za mabuku === {{Main|Nigerian literature}} [[File:Chinua Achebe, 1966 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|Chinua Achebe, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Booker Prize mu 2007 na Peace Prize of the German book trade mu 2002]] Mabuku ghanandi gha ku Nigeria ghakulembeka mu Chingelezi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakulipulikiska. Ndipouli, mabuku gha mu viyowoyero vya Yoruba, Hausa na Igbo (ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakukhala chomene mu Nigeria) ghalipo. Na Wole Soyinka, Nigeria yingapeleka uyo wapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. Chinua Achebe wakapokera chawanangwa cha Booker mu 2007 ndipo Ben Okri mu 1991. Mu 2002, Achebe wakapokera chawanangwa cha German Book Trade. Lola Shoneyin wali kupokera vyawanangwa vinandi cifukwa ca buku lake lakuti The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives (novel). === Music === {{Main|Sumu za ku Nigeria}} Ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 nga ni Fela Kuti ŵakasazga sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na za ku America kuti ŵapange sumu za Afrobeat. Sumu ya JuJu, iyo ni sumu ya viwoneskero iyo yikusazgikana na sumu za ku Yoruba ndipo yikumanyikwa na Themba Sunny Adé, yikufuma ku Nigeria. Nyimbo za Fuji, mtundu wa Yoruba percussion, zinalengeka na kutchuka na Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. Sumu ya Afan yikapangika na kuthandazgika na mulembi na wakwimba Umuobuarie Igberaese. Muzika wa Kennis ndiwo ukayambiska gulu la Afrobeats ku Nigeria. Kennis Music yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikapangiska kuti sumu za ku Nigeria zisinthe chomene. Mu Novembala 2008, nyimbo za ku Nigeria (na za ku Africa) zikapokera mahara gha pa charu chose apo MTV yikapeleka mashopu ghakwamba gha mashopu gha mashopu gha ku Africa ku Abuja.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 November 2008|title=AP/CNN: MTV launches first-ever African music award show|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html|access-date=26 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102925/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html|archive-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> === Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Nigeria}} {{Quote box | quote = Top five [[List of highest-grossing Nigerian films|highest grossing Nigerian films]]: * ''[[Omo Ghetto: The Saga]]'' (₦636 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 9th 15th April 2021 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{cite web | url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 | title=Top 20 Films Report 9th-15th April 2021 | publisher=CEAN | location=Nigeria | accessdate=10 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090341/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 | archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> * ''[[The Wedding Party (2016 film)|The Wedding Party]]'' (₦452 million)<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html |title=Wedding Party 1' named highest-grossing Nollywood movie of the decade | newspaper=Premium Times | date=7 January 2020 | first=Jayne | last=Augoye| access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref> * ''[[The Wedding Party 2]]'' (₦433 million)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/ |title='The Wedding Party 2 -Destination Dubai" costs N300m–Producer|date=31 January 2018|accessdate=3 July 2021}}</ref> * ''[[Chief Daddy]]'' (₦387 million)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|title=Top 20 films 27th December 2019 2nd January 2020 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=www.ceanigeria.com|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203124604/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> * ''[[King of Thieves (2022 film)|King of Thieves]]'' (2022, ₦321 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 24th 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|title=Top 20 films 24th - 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=www.ceanigeria.com|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112052704/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|archive-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> }} Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nollywood. Mu India pera ndimo muli mafilimu ghakurughakuru. Ma studio gha mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghali ku Lagos, Kano, na Enugu, ndipo ghakupanga ndalama zinandi mu misumba iyi. Mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ndigho ni ghapacanya comene mu Africa pa nkhani ya mtengo na unandi wa mafilimu agho ghakupangika pa caka. Nangauli mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghapangika kwamba m'ma 1960, kweni makampani gha mafilimu gha mu charu ichi ghakovwira chomene chifukwa cha kupanga mafilimu na kupanga vinthu vinyake. Mu 2009, filimu ya The Figurine yikapangiska kuti ŵapharazgi ŵamanye vinandi vya sinema ya ku Nigeria. Filimu iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska chomene ku Nigeria, kweniso yikayowoyeka pa viphikiro vya pa charu chose. Filimu ya Ijé ya Chineze Anyaene ya mu 2010, yikapambana na The Figurine kuŵa filimu ya ku Nigeria iyo yikasanga ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 2016, filimu iyi yikaŵa The Wedding Party, yakulembeka na Kemi Adetiba. Kuumaliro wa 2013, makampani gha mafilimu ghakapanga ndalama zakukwana ₹1.72 trillion (US$4.1 billion). Mu 2014, makampani agha ghakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana mabiliyoni 853.9 (US$5.1 billion), ndipo ghakaŵa ghacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi pamanyuma pa United States na India. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskiranga mafilimu zikure. T.B. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, yakufuma ku Nigeria, njimoza mwa mawayilesi agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwonelera mu Africa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Manasa|first=Makweembo|date=11 February 2010|title=TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet in Our Midst?|work=Zambian Watchdog|url=http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710080804/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/|archive-date=10 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Festival === {{Main|Festivals in Nigeria}}{{Multi image | image1 = Eyo Iga Jump.jpg | image2 = Global Hausa Culture.jpg | caption2 = [[Durbar festival|From the yearly Kano Durbar festival]] | direction = vertical | caption1 = [[Eyo festival|An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping]] | total_width = 270 }} Ku Nigeria kuli viphikiro vinandi, ndipo vinyake vikaŵako pambere visopa vikuruvikuru vindafike mu charu ichi. Kanandi vikondwelero vikuruvikuru vya Chisilamu na Chikhristu vikukondwelereka mu nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutemwa. Bungwe la Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation lakhala likugwira ntchito ndi maboma kuti liwongolere zikondwerero zachikhalidwe zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri pazachuma cha zokopa alendo.<ref name="Oxford20102">{{cite book | title=The Report: Nigeria 2010 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-14-9 |page=243 |chapter=Patchwork of Celebration |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFONkYzHco8C&pg=PA243}}</ref> === Kuphika === Vyakurya vya ku Nigeria, nga ni vyakurya vya ku West Africa, vikumanyikwa na unandi wake. Vyakununkhira vinandi, vyakumera, na vyakununkhira vikugwiliskirika nchito pamoza na mafuta gha makuni gha maolive panji mafuta gha phesulu kuti vipangiske soseji zakunowa comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Kanandi Suya wakuguliskika mu matawuni, comenecomene usiku.<ref>Anthonio, H.O. and Isoun, M. (1982), ''Nigerian Cookbook'', Macmillan, Lagos, {{ISBN|0-333-32698-9}}.</ref> === Fashion === {{Main|Fashion in Nigeria}} Makampani gha mafashoni mu Nigeria ghakovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyambura kujitozga, kweni ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya mu nyengo iyo. Charu cha Nigeria chikumanyikwa cifukwa ca vyakuvwara na vyakuvwara ivyo vili mu mafashoni pera yayi, kweniso cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vyakuvwara. Wupu wa Euromonitor ukati msika wa mafashoni wa ku Sub-Saharan uli na ndalama zakukwana madola 31 biliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakumanyikwa na vinthu vinandi vya mafashoni na vyakuvwara ivyo ni vyakubisika yayi. Ŵakafumiskaso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mafashoni awo ŵali kupanga nthowa zinandi na bizinesi zinandi.<ref>{{cite web |last=None |date=2019-06-11 |title=The state of Nigeria's Fashion Industry |url=https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=www.stearsng.com}}</ref> === Sports === {{Main|Sports in Nigeria}} [[File:NIG-ARG_(2).jpg|thumb|[[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]] Mpira wa makara ndiwo ni maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Nigeria. Gulu la mpira wa ku Nigeria, ilo likumanyikwa kuti "Super Eagles", lafika pa World Cup kankhondi na kamoza mu 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, na 2018. Mu Epulero 1994, Super Eagles yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 5 mu FIFA World Rankings, malo ghapachanya chomene agho timu ya mpira wa ku Africa yikasanga. Ŵakatora nkhonya ya Africa mu 1980, 1994, na 2013, ndipo ŵakakondweleraso nkhonya ya U-17 na U-20 World Cup. Ŵakawina mendulo ya golide mu mpira pa maseŵera gha Olympic a 1996 (uko ŵakathereska Argentina) ndipo ŵakazgoka timu yakwamba ya mpira ya ku Africa kuwina golide mu maseŵera gha Olympic. [[File:NIG-ARG_(9).jpg|thumb|Wolondezga bola ku Nigeria pa 2018 FIFA World Cup ku Russia]] Nigeria nayo wakuchitako maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, cricket na track and field. Ku Nigeria, maseŵero gha nkhonya nagho ngakuzirwa. Gulu la mpira la ku Nigeria ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kuthereska timu ya ku United States. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, charu cha Nigeria chikakhumba kunjira mu maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 2012 apo chikathereska vyaru vinyake nga ni Greece na Lithuania. Ku Nigeria kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball mu vyaru vya America, Europe na Asia. Ŵaseŵero aŵa ni Hakeem Olajuwon, uyo wali ku Basketball Hall of Famer, ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa mu NBA. Mpikisano wa mpira wa ku Nigeria wafika pa malo ghakuru chomene mu Africa. Maseŵera agha ghakaŵa pa TV ya Kwese ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawonelera. Boma la Nigeria likalemba mbiri pakutola timu yakwamba ya banthu ŵa banthu ŵaŵili kufuma ku Africa kuti yikwane pa maseŵero gha Olympic gha nyengo yakuzizima. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990, Scrabble yikaŵa maseŵero gha boma mu Nigeria. Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2017, mu charu ichi mukaŵa magulu ghakujumpha 100 agho ghakaŵa na ŵasepuka pafupifupi 4,000. Mu chaka cha 2018, wupu wa Nigeria Curling Federation ukakhazikiskika kuti uŵike maseŵero gha Curling mu charu ichi. Pa 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship ku Norway, Nigeria yikathereska France na 8-5 pakutonda chiphalizgano chakwamba. Nigeria yikaŵa na timu za ŵanakazi na ŵanalume mu mpira wa beach volleyball izo zikathereskana pa 2018-2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. Wupu wa U21 wa chalo ichi wafika pa chigaŵa cha 2019 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships. Ku Nigeria ndiko kukababikira maseŵero agha. Ni maseŵero agho ghakucitikira mu magulu agho ghakucitika mwa kuponya bola pa mukwawu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Loofball |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/new/loofball.htm |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Nigeria}} * [[Index of Nigeria-related articles]] * [[Outline of Nigeria]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Wonani vinandi == * {{cite web|language=en|title=Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You Think|website=Newsweek|date=15 January 2020|first=Sam |last=Hill|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/black-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW?ocid=spartanntp}} * Dibua, Jeremiah I. ''Modernization and the crisis of development in Africa: the Nigerian experience'' (Routledge, 2017). * Ekundare, Olufemi R. ''An Economic History of Nigeria 1860-1960'' (Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973). * Falola, Toyin; and Adam Paddock. ''Environment and Economics in Nigeria'' (2012). * Falola, Toyin and Ann Genova. ''Historical Dictionary of Nigeria'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009) * Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton. ''A History of Nigeria'' (2008) * Shillington, Kevin. ''Encyclopedia of African History''. (U of Michigan Press, 2005) p.&nbsp;1401. * Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. ''Nigeria: a country study'' (U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1992) [https://www.loc.gov/item/92009026/ online free], comprehensive historical and current coverage; not copyright. * Jones, Cunliffe-Peter. ''My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).'' * Achebe, Chinua. ''The Trouble with Nigeria. (Fourth Dimension, 1983)'' == Vyakuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Nigeria}} * {{Official website|http://www.nigeria.gov.ng}} * {{Wikiatlas|Nigeria}} * {{OSM relation|192787}} * [https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257 Know More about Nigeria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria Nigeria]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. <!--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Occasionally_acceptable_links 2. 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[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] 9yzk9qcq91slqqd99nc4dk8n2pj6772 0 6951 122676 122365 2026-09-28T03:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 38 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa}} {{Redirect|Ruanda}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Featured article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Rwanda | common_name = Rwanda | native_name = {{nowrap|{{native name|rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|fr|République du Rwanda}}<br />{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Rwanda}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Rwanda.svg | alt_flag = The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner | image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg | alt_coat = The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" <br />(English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism")<br />(French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme")<br />(Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo") | national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|[[Rwanda Nziza]]|italic=no}}"<br />({{Lang-en|"Beautiful Rwanda"}})<br /><div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg | alt_map = | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=black |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Kigali]] | coordinates = {{Coord|1|56|38|S|30|3|34|E|type:city(1,100,000)_region:RW-01|display=inline}} | largest_city = Kigali | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kinyarwanda]] | <!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |[[French language|French]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |99% [[Banyarwanda]]|—85% [[Hutu]] |—14% [[Tutsi]] |—1% [[Twa]]|1% Others<ref name="UN">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country|url=http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml|website=United Nations|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224221744/http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = {{hlist|Rwandan|Rwandese}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under an [[authoritarian government]]<ref name="Thomson2018">{{cite book | author = Susan Thomson | date = 1 January 2018 | title = [[Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace]] | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb1TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189]– | isbn = 978-0-300-19739-6 | oclc = 1002129858}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matfess |first1=Hilary |title=Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men |journal=African Studies Review |date=2015 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.1017/asr.2015.43|s2cid=143013060 }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Kagame]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Édouard Ngirente]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Rwanda)|Senate]] | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Rwanda|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Rwanda]] | established_date1 = 15th century | established_event2 = Part of [[German East Africa]] | established_date2 = 1897–1916 | established_event3 = Part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]] | established_date3 = 1916–1962 | established_event4 = [[Rwandan Revolution]] | established_date4 = 1959–1961 | established_event5 = [[Republic of Rwanda|Republic declared]] | established_date5 = 1 July 1961 | established_event6 = Independence from [[Belgium]] | established_date6 = 1 July 1962 | established_event7 = Admitted to the [[United Nations|UN]] | established_date7 = 18 September 1962 | established_event8 = [[Constitution of Rwanda|Current constitution]] | established_date8 = 26 May 2003 | area_km2 = 26,338 | area_rank = 144th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,169 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 5.3 | population_estimate = | population_census = 13,246,394{{sfn|National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda|2014|p=3}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 76th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 470 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,217 | population_density_rank = 22nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.5 billion <ref name="IMFWEORW">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,836<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 170th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.1 billion<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 148th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $912<ref name="IMFWEORW"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 172th | Gini = 43.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank (XII)}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.534 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 165th | currency = [[Rwandan franc]] | currency_code = RWF | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+250]] | cctld = [[.rw]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.8% [[Christianity]] |3.0% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |2.2% [[Islam in Rwanda|Islam]] |1.0% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Rwanda &#124; PEW-GRF|website=globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001751/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|archive-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>}} }} '''Rwanda''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Rwanda pronunciation.ogg|r|u|ˈ|ɑː|n|d|ə|,_|-|ˈ|æ|n|-}}; {{lang-rw|u Rwanda}} {{IPA-rw|u.ɾɡwaː.nda||Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg}}), mwalamulo, '''Charu cha Rwanda''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Rwanda: Welcome to Rwanda|url=https://www.gov.rw/|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/|url-status=live}}</ref>ntcharu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha [[Great Rift Valley]] ku Central Africa, uko chigaŵa cha [[African Great Lakes]] chikukumana na kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Charu cha Rwanda chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Equator]], ndipo chili kufupi na [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Charu ichi chili pachanya chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "charu cha tumapiri 1,000". Mu charu ichi muli mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chaka chilichose kukuŵa nyengo ziŵiri za vula na nyengo ziŵiri za chilangalanga. Charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Kigali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakalondezganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzgoka mafuko, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka maufumu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ufumu unyake uwo ukalongozgekanga na [[Themba Gihanga]], ukakolerana na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu cha Rwanda. Ufumu wa Rwanda ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza kwambira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo mafumu gha Ŵatutsi ghakatimbanizganga ŵanyawo, na kuŵika mazaza ghawo paŵekha, kweniso ŵakakanizganga Ŵahutu. Mu 1897, caru ca [[Germany]] cikamba kulamulira caru ca Rwanda, ico cikaŵa cigaŵa ca German East Africa. Vyaru vyose viŵiri vya ku Europe vikawusa kwizira mwa fumu ya ku Rwanda ndipo vikalutilira kovwira Ŵatutsi. Mu 1959, Ŵahutu ŵakagaluka. Ŵakakoma Ŵatutsi ŵanandi ndipo ŵakambiska boma lakujiyimira paŵekha la Ŵahutu mu 1962, ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Grégoire Kayibanda. Mu 1973, ŵasilikari ŵakamuwuskapo Kayibanda na kwiza na Juvénal Habyarimana ku boma. Mu 1990, gulu la Tutsi lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) likambiska nkhondo. Habyarimana wakakomeka mu Epulero 1994. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda iyo yikatora mazuŵa 100, yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano. Gulu la RPF likamalizga kukoma ŵanthu mwa nkhondo mu Julayi 1994. Nangauli vimbundi vikuru yayi mu charu cha Rwanda pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, kweni charu ichi chili na vimbundi vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi mbawukirano ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakufuma ku fuko limoza pera, Ŵarwanda. Ndipouli, mu gulu ili muli magulu ghatatu: Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakukhala mu nkhorongo ndipo kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda. Vyaru vya ku Rwanda vikuthemba pa ulimi. Mu Rwanda, khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura mwaluŵiro comene ndipo sono ndiyo yikupangiska ndalama zinandi mu caru ici. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, COMESA, OIF na East African Community. == Mbili == {{Main|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda ŵakamba kukhala mu nyengo ya chiwuvi chaumaliro, mu nyengo ya Neolithic, kuzingilizga chaka cha 8000 B.C.E., panji mu nyengo ya nyengo ya chinyezi iyo yikalondezganga, kuzingilizga chaka cha 3000 B.C.E. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika viswaswa mu nyengo ya malibwe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha mu nyengo ya Iron Age.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=45}}Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Rwanda mazuŵa ghano. Pakati pa 700 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaluta ku Rwanda, ndipo ŵakamba kulima makuni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ŵakataya malo ghanandi agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵali na vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Fundo yinyake njakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakendanga pachokopachoko ndipo ŵakendanga mwakukhazikika. Kuyana na fundo iyi, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi yikaŵako pamanyuma ndipo yikaŵa ya mtundu yayi kweni ya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=69}}{{sfn|Shyaka|pp=10–11}} [[File:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|thumb|left|A reconstruction of the ancient King's Palace at [[Nyanza, Rwanda|Nyanza]]]] Mtundu wakwambilira wa ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi ukaŵa mbumba (ubwoko). Ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanandi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Kwambira mu ma 1500, mafuko ghakamba kuzgoka maufumu. Ufumu unyake, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Themba Gihanga, ukapanga vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na ufumu wa Rwanda. Kuzakafika mu 1700, mu caru ico sono cikucemeka Rwanda mukaŵa maufumu pafupifupi 8. Limoza mwa maufumu agha ni Ufumu wa Rwanda, uwo ukawusikanga na mbumba ya Tutsi Nyiginya. Ufumu uwu ukafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo Themba Kigeli Rwabugiri likawusanga. Rwabugiri wakathereska vigaŵa vichoko waka, wakasazgirako ufumu wake kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto, ndipo wakambiska vyakusintha mu boma. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ubuhake, umo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakapelekanga viŵeto ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu panji Tutsi kuti ŵaŵateŵetere. Cifukwa ca kusintha kwa Rwabugiri, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakakhalanga makora kuluska mu nyengo iyo Ufumu ukaŵa kuti undaŵeko, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakayamba kuvina mu nyumba ya ufumu, kweni unandi wawo ukalutilira kuchepa.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=6}} Pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ufumu wa Germany ukazomerezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Mu 1894, Gustav Adolf von Götzen wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kwambuka charu chose cha Rwanda. Mu 1897, caru ca Germany cikamba kukhala mu caru ca Rwanda cifukwa ca kukolerana na fumu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na mazaza pa caru ici. Ŵachijeremani ŵakasintha yayi umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga themba na ŵamazaza awo ŵakaŵapo kale. Ŵalongozgi ŵa charu cha Belgium ŵakanjilira mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi mu 1916, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ndipo mu 1922, ŵakamba kuwusa vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi nga ni gulu la vyaru ivyo vikacemekanga Ruanda-Urundi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany na Belgium, ŵakati ŵamba kugalukira boma la Britain, ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ŵahutu na Ŵahutu mbakupambana. Mu 1935, caru ca Belgium cikamba kupanga makadi ghakumanyikwa nagho munthu waliyose uyo ni Mututsi, Muhutu, Twa, panji munthu uyo wali na cikaya. Nangauli kale Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi chomene ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa Ŵatutsi, kweni makadi agha ghakatondeskanga ŵanthu kusama.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=56–57}} [[File:Juvénal Habyarimana (1980).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]], president from 1973 to 1994|alt=Photograph of President Juvénal Habyarimana arriving with entourage at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA on 25 September 1980.]] Belgium yikalutilira kuwusa Ruanda-Urundi (uko Rwanda ukaŵa kumpoto kwake) nga ni cigaŵa ca UN pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.{{sfn|United Nations (II)}}{{sfn|United Nations (III)}}Vinthu vikasintha chomene pakati pa Ŵatutsi, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu 1961, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Ŵahutu, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Charu cha Rwanda chikapatukana na charu cha Burundi ndipo chikaŵa pa mtende pa Julayi 1, 1962. Kufuma apo, pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi, ndipo Ŵakututsi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakaŵawukira kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana wakatora mazaza mwa kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusankhana mitundu, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndipo nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakachitiranga zikakwera. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Twa ŵakalutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 1990 boma likaŵachimbizga mu nkhorongo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakakwera kufuma pa 1.6 miliyoni mu 1934 kufika pa 7.1 miliyoni mu 1989, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe mpikisano wa malo.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=4}} [[File:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|thumb|left|Human skulls at the [[Nyamata]] Genocide Memorial]] Mu 1990, gulu lakugaluka lakucemeka Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likapoka caru ca kumpoto kwa Rwanda kufuma ku Uganda, ndipo likambiska nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Wupu uwu ukasuska boma la Ŵahutu cifukwa ca kutondeka kusinthiska vinthu na kumazga masuzgo gha ŵanthu aŵa. Pa nkhondo iyi, palije chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na mazaza, kweni mu 1992 mazaza gha Habyarimana ghakachepa. Kulekeska nkhondo kukamara pa 6 Epulero 1994 apo ndege ya Habyarimana yikadumulika kufupi na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kigali, ndipo wakafwa. Kuwiskira pasi ndege iyi ndiko kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakomeke. Mu mazuŵa pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu pakati pa 500,000 na 1,000,000 ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyuyura ŵakakomeka na boma la kanyengo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Twa nawo ŵakakomeka, nangauli ŵakakomeka mwakudunjika yayi.{{sfn|UNPO|2008|loc=History}} Gulu la Tutsi la RPF likambaso nkhondo, ndipo likamba kuwusa charu chose mu mwezi wa Julayi. Vyaru vinandi vikaleka kovwirapo pa nkhondo iyi, cifukwa vyaru vikuruvikuru vikakhumbanga yayi kukhozga ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Apo RPF yikamba kuwusa, Ŵahutu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakacimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Zaire, cifukwa ca kopa kuwezgera nduzga. Mu charu cha Rwanda, pakaŵa mtende na urunji, ndipo khoti la International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) likakhazikiskika. Kufuma mu 2000, chuma cha ku Rwanda, unandi wa ŵalendo, na Human Development Index vikukura mwaluŵiro; pakati pa 2006 na 2011 ukavu ukakhira kufuma pa 57% kufika pa 45%, apo umoyo ukafuma pa 46.6 mu 2000 kufika pa 65.4 mu 2021.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} == Ndale na boma == {{Main|Politics of Rwanda|Foreign relations of Rwanda|Rwanda Defence Force}} [[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]]|alt=Photograph of Paul Kagame, taken in Busan, South Korea, in 2014]] Pulezidenti wa Rwanda ni mutu wa boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo kupanga ndondomeko pamoza na Kabinete ya Rwanda,{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} kugwiliskira nchito mazaza gha lusungu, kulongozga ŵasilikari, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano, kusaina malango gha pulezidenti, na kupharazga nkhondo panji suzgo. Pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vilivyose, pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu, ndipo wakwimika nduna yikuru na mamembara ghanyake ghose gha nduna{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}}. Pulezidenti wa sono ni Paul Kagame, uyo wakamba kuwusa apo Pasteur Bizimungu, uyo wakaŵapo pambere iyo wandawuse, wakafumapo mu 2000. Pamanyuma, Kagame wakathereska mavoti mu 2003 na 2010. Nangauli mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakususka kuti pa mavoti agha "pakaŵa nkhaza zinandi za ndyali na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya". Ndime 101 ya dango la chalo iyi yikaŵa kuti yikukanizga kuti pulezidenti wangakhalanga nyengo ziŵiri pera, kweni ivi vikasinthika mu 2015 apo pakaŵa fundo ya ŵanthu wose. Kwizira mu kusintha kwa dango ili, Kagame wangalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2034. Kagame wakasankhika kachitatu mu 2017 na mavoti 98.79%.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} Ndondomeko iyi yikapokelereka mu 2003, ndipo yikanjira mu malo mwa ndondomeko iyo yikaŵa mu malo mwa 1994. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo. Ndipouli, dango likukanizga kuti ŵandyali ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Ndime 54 yikati "magulu gha ndyali ghakukanizgika kujendera mtundu, mtundu, fuko, mbumba, chigaŵa, kugonana, cisopa panji cigaŵa cinyake ico cingapangiska kusankhana". Kweniso boma la Russia laŵika malango ghakukanizga ŵanthu kusopa vikozgo. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, malango agha ghakupangiska kuti caru ca Rwanda ciŵe na boma la chipani cimoza, cifukwa "pakujibisa kuti cikukhumba kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, boma likukana ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka fundo za boma". Bungwe la Amnesty International nalo likususka; mu lipoti lake la mu 2014/15, likati malango agho ghakukanizga kuwukira panji kutimbanizga mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ghakugwiliskirika nchito kuti ŵanthu ŵakakike "pakuti ŵakulondezga wanangwa wawo wa kuwungana panji kuyowoya maghanoghano ghawo".{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} Nyumba ya Malamulo yili na vipinda viŵiri. Likupanga malango ndipo lili na mazaza ghakuwonera milimo ya pulezidenti na nduna. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu 80 ndipo waliyose wakuŵa na vyaka vinkhondi. Viŵalo 24 vya mu wupu uwu ni vya ŵanakazi, ndipo ŵakusankhika pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma; viŵalo vinyake vitatu ni vya ŵawukirano na ŵanthu ŵakupendera. Kufumila pa mavoti gha 2018, banthu bakusoleka mu chalo ichi bakukhalapo ŵanakazi 49, kufuma pa 51 mu chaka cha 2013. Nyumba yikuru ya malango ni Senate, iyo yili na ŵanthu 26, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyimilira ŵakusoleka na maboma ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa ciŵelengero ca ŵapharazgi 30 pa 100. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakuteŵetera vyaka 8.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 82}} (Wonaniso [[Gender equality in Rwanda]].)[[File:RwandaParliament.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies building]]|alt=Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground]] Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku Rwanda yikukolerana comene na malango gha boma la Germany na Belgium kweniso malango gha cikaya. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nangauli pulezidenti na Senate ndiwo ŵakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch wawonga boma la Rwanda chifukwa cha ivyo likucita pakupeleka urunji, kusazgapo kuwuskapo cilango ca nyifwa, kweni ukuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa boma ŵakunjilirapo pa vyeruzgo, nga ni kwimika ŵeruzgi cifukwa ca ndyali, kugwiliskira nchito uheni mazaza gha ŵeruzgi, na kuŵasuzga kuti ŵeruzgi ŵachitenge vinthu vinyake. Pa malango gha boma pali mitundu yiŵiri ya makhoti: ghacilendo na ghapadera. Makhoti ghakurughakuru ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti Likuru Chomene, na makhoti gha vigaŵa, apo makhoti ghakupambanapambana ni makhoti gha ŵasilikari kweniso makhoti gha malonda agho ghakaŵako mu 2011 kuti ghapwelelere milandu ya malonda. Pakati pa 2004 na 2012, makhoti gha Gacaca ghakaŵako. Khoti la Gacaca, ilo ni khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi na vikaya, likaŵasopo kuti lichitiske luŵiro milandu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukayikira kuti ŵakakomeka. Khoti ili likawuskapo milandu yinandi ya kukoma ŵanthu, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti likulondezga yayi malango. Mu 2014, wupu wa Transparency International ukawona kuti charu cha Rwanda ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 47 vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ndipo ntchakutowa chomene pa vyaru 55 pa vyaru 175.{{sfn|Transparency International|2014}}{{sfn|Agutamba|2014}} Ndondomeko ya boma yikupanga ombudsman, uyo wali na mulimo wa kukanizga na kulimbana na vimbundi. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalara ŵa boma (nga ni pulezidenti) ŵapharazge vya usambazi wawo kwa ombudsman na ku ŵanthu. Nangauli vili nthena, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha ndyali mu charu chose ichi, kusazgapo kukakika mwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanyake, kuwofyeka panji kofya ŵanthu, kuzgoreka mulandu chifukwa cha ndyali, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga mwa mtende.<ref name=Roth>{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Kenneth |title=Rwanda Events of 2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/rwanda |website=Human Rights Watch |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Gulu la Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) ndilo likulamulira chomene mu charu ichi kwambira mu 1994. RPF yasungilira mazaza gha pulezidenti na pharalamende mu mavoti gha charu chose, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mavoti gha chipani ichi chikuluta 70%. Gulu la RPF likuwoneka nga ni chipani icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ndiwo ŵakulongozga, kweni likupokelera wovwiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose, ndipo likuzomerezgeka kuti likovwira kuti paŵe mtende, kukhazikika, na kukura kwa chuma. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Freedom House wa mu 2015, boma likukanizga wanangwa wa magulu ghakwimikana na boma cifukwa cakuti RPF "yikatondeska vyaru viphya kujilembeska na kukora ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kunjira mu mavoti". Bungwe la Amnesty International likuyowoyaso kuti RPF yikulongozga Rwanda "kwambura wakususka".{{sfn|Amnesty International|2015|p=310}} Charu cha Rwanda chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Francophonie, East African Community, na Commonwealth of Nations. Kwa vilimika vinandi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Habyarimana, caru ici cikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France, kweniso na Belgium, caru ico kale cikaŵa pasi pa caru ici. Ndipouli, pasi pa muwuso wa RPF, caru ca Rwanda cikukhumba kukolerana comene na vyaru vyapafupi mu East African Community ndiposo caru ca ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi. Vyaru ivi vikamba kwendera lumoza na boma la France mu 2006 pamanyuma pakuti khoti la ku France lazenga mulandu ŵalara ŵa boma la Rwanda. Ubale na Democratic Republic of the Congo ukaŵa wakusuzga cifukwa cakuti Rwanda yikaŵapo pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Mu 2010, wupu wa United Nations ukafumiska lipoti ilo likaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda kuti ŵakachitanga viheni vikuruvikuru na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Ubwezi wawo ukakhora comene mu 2012, apo boma la Kinshasa likayowoya kuti caru ca Rwanda cikovwira gulu lakugaluka la M23, ilo lili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Kuzakafika mu 2015, mtende waŵaso ndipo vinthu vikwenda makora. Ubwezi wa Rwanda na Uganda ukaŵa wakusuzga mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya mu 1999 pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru viŵiri apo ŵakakhozgeranga magulu gha ŵakugaluka mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, kweni ukakhora chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2010. Mu chaka cha 2019, ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi ukasuzgika, ndipo Rwanda yikajara mphaka zake na Uganda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake|title=Why a Closed Border Has Uganda, Rwanda at Loggerheads|first=David|last=Malingha|publisher=Bloomberg|date=8 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420234647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/why-a-closed-border-has-uganda-rwanda-at-loggerheads-quicktake|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border|title=Uganda, Rwanda Hold Talks On Security Concerns, Reopening Border|first1=Saul|last1=Butera|first2=Fred|last2=Ojambo|publisher=Bloomberg|date=21 February 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/uganda-rwanda-hold-talks-on-security-concerns-reopening-border|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kugawikana kwa boma == {{Further|Decentralization in Rwanda|}} [[File:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|Provinces of Rwanda|alt=Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries]] Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵandambe kulamulira charu ichi, boma la Rwanda likaŵa na ndondomeko ya ndyali.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko yakukwana, kweni boma lakwamba likakhazikiskanga ndondomeko yakukolerana ya "maufumu ghakupambanapambana". Mu nyengo ya themba, mulongozgi uyo wakasankhika ndiyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa icho chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵaŵiri awo ŵakimikika na mulongozgi wa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga vigaŵa; mulara yumoza wakapika mazaza pa malo apo munyake wakalaŵiliranga viŵeto. Themba (mwami) likaŵa na vigaŵa, vigaŵa, tumapiri, na vigaŵa. Kufumira mu 2003, malango gha charu cha Rwanda ghakagaŵa vigaŵa (intara), vigaŵa (uturere), misumba, misumba, vigaŵa (imirenge), maselo (utugari), na mizi (imidugudu); vigaŵa vikuruvikuru, na mphaka zawo, vikupangika na pharalamende. Mu Janyuwale 2006, charu cha Rwanda chikasinthika ndipo chigaŵa chimoza chikaŵa na vigaŵa 12, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikaŵa na vigaŵa 30. {{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}}Malire agho ghalipo sono, agho ghakalembeka mu 2006, ghakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ndondomeko yakale na kukoma ŵanthu. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na vigaŵa 12 vikaŵa na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Malo agha ni Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, na Municipality of Kigali mu pakati.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} Vigaŵa vinkhondi ivi vikovwira kuti boma na vigaŵa vyawo viŵe paubwezi. Ndondomeko ya Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework iyo yikapangika na Unduna wa Vyaru yikuphalira vigaŵa kuti viŵe na mulimo wa "kurongozga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na muwuso mu vigaŵa, kweniso kulaŵilira na kupima". Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe, uyo wakusankhika na pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate. Vigaŵa ivi ni ivyo vikulaŵilira mulimo wa kupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma na kukhozga chuma. Ŵakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa, ndipo vigaŵa ivi ndivyo vikupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma. Vigaŵa na vigaŵa vikuŵa na makonsili agho ghakuwusika na ŵanthu, ndipo ghakulongozgeka na komiti iyo yikusankhika na makonsili agha. Vipinda na vikaya ni vigaŵa vichoko comene vya ndyali, ndipo vikovwira ŵanthu na vigaŵa. Ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵakukhala mu cigaŵa ici ŵali mu wupu wa vigaŵa vyawo, uwo ukuŵa na wupu wakulamulira. Msumba wa Kigali ni boma la chigaŵa, ilo likulaŵilira ndondomeko ya vinthu vya mu msumba.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Topography of Rwanda]] Pa malo ghakukwana 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), Rwanda ni chalo cha 149 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cacinayi pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa pamanyuma pa Gambia, Eswatini, na Djibouti. Charu ichi chili nga ni Burundi, Haiti, na Albania. Charu chose chili pachanya chomene. Malo ghachoko chomene ni Mlonga wa Rusizi. Charu cha Rwanda chili ku Central/Eastern Africa, ndipo chili na mphaka na Democratic Republic of Congo kumanjiliro gha dazi, Uganda kumpoto, Tanzania kumafumiro gha dazi, na Burundi kumwera. Charu ichi chili ku malo ghapacanya comene ndipo kulije maji. Msumba ukuru wa Kigali uli pafupi na pakati pa charu cha Rwanda.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2010}} Malo agho ghakukolerana na maji gha mu Congo na Nile ghakwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu Rwanda, ndipo pafupifupi 80% ya malo gha mu charu ichi ghakukhira mu Nile na 20% mu Congo kwizira mu Mlonga wa Rusizi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Mlonga utali comene wa mu caru ici ni Nyabarongo, uwo ukufuma kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukuyerera kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi pambere undapange Kagera. Mlonga wa Nyabarongo-Kagera ukuthira mu Nyanja ya Victoria, ndipo uko ukufuma mu nkhorongo ya Nyungwe ndiko kukumanyikwa uko Nile yikufuma. Ku Rwanda kuli nyanja zinandi, ndipo yikuru comene ni Nyanja ya Kivu. Nyanja iyi yikukhala pasi pa Albertine Rift mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda, ndipo njimoza mwa nyanja zakunyang'amira chomene pa charu chapasi. Maziŵa ghanyake ghakuru ni Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, na Ihema. Mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda muli mapiri, ndipo nyengo zinyake charu ichi chikuchemeka "Pays des mille collines" mu Chifurenchi. Chigaŵa ichi chili ku mapiri gha Albertine Rift Mountains, agho ghakukolerana na chigaŵa cha East African Rift, icho chikwenda kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera kufupi na mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda. Vipiri vikuruvikuru vikusangika mu Virunga volcano chain ku northwest; ichi chikusazgapo Phiri la Karisimbi, malo ghakuru chomene mu Rwanda, pa mamita 4,507. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chili mukati mwa nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500 m'paka 2,500. Pakati pa caru pali mapiri ghanandi, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici kuli mapiri gha savanna, mapiri na vyakumera.{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=18}} === Nyengo === [[File:RwandaVolcanoAndLake cropped2.jpg|thumb|Lake and volcano in the [[Virunga Mountains]]|alt=Photograph of a lake with one of the Virunga mountains behind, partially in cloud]] Charu cha Rwanda chili na mphepo yakuzizima chomene, ndipo chifukwa chakuti chili pa mtunda utali chomene, mphepo yake njakukhoma chomene. Mu msumba wa Kigali, uwo uli pakatikati pa charu ichi, zuŵa lililose kutentha kwake kukuŵa pakati pa 15 na 28 °C.{{sfn|Strategic Foresight Group|2013|p=29}} Mu vyaru vinandi, matenthedwe ghakupambana. Mu chaka muli nyengo ziŵiri za vula, yakwamba yikwamba mu Febuluwale m'paka Juni ndipo yachiŵiri yikumalira mu Seputembala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo iyi yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yikuru yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, ndipo kanandi kukuŵavya vula. Vikuŵa vyakupambana mu vigaŵa vya charu ichi. Pakuti charu chikusintha, nyengo ya vula yikusintha. Lipoti linyake la wupu unyake likati kusintha kwa nyengo kwachepeska mazuŵa agho kukulokwa vula pa chaka, kweniso kwachitiska kuti vula zinandi zilokenge. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵasuzgikenge, ndipo vyakhwaska vipasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Rwanda chikusintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo pa vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha, matenthedwe ghakukwera pakati pa 0.7°C na 0.9°C.{{sfn|Strategic Foresight Group|2013|p=29}} === Vyamoyo === {{Main|Wildlife of Rwanda}} [[File:Mountain gorilla from Susa Group in Karisimbi thicket of Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|left|thumb|[[Volcanoes National Park]] is the home of the largest population of [[Mountain Gorillas]] in the world.]] Mu nyengo yakale, nkhorongo ya mu mapiri yikaŵa pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ca Rwanda. Sono vyakumera vikusangika mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵatatu pera. Nkhorongo yikuru comene ya Nyungwe, yili na mitundu 200 ya makuni, makuni gha orchids na begonias. Vyakumera mu Virwa vya Volcanoes National Park ni vikhuni vya nkhonyo na vyakumera. Kweni ku Akagera kuli nkhorongo iyo kuli makuni ghanandi gha akasiya. Ku Akagera kuli vyakumera vinandi ivyo ni vichoko panji vili pangozi ya kumara, nga ni Markhamia lutea na Eulophia guineensis.{{sfn|REMA (Chapter 5)|2009|p=3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf |title=Climate Change Adaption in Rwanda |publisher=USAID |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207011141/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2022}}</ref> Viyuni vikuruvikuru vinandi vikusangika mu malo agha. Ku Akagera kuli viyuni vya ku savana nga ni zirafu na zovu, ndipo ku Volcanoes kuli viyuni vya ku mapiri ivyo vikukhala pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vitatu. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe yili na mitundu 13 ya vinyama vyakuchemeka primates, kusazgapo vinyama vya chimpanzee na vinyama vinyake vyakuchemeka Ruwenzori colobus.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=140}} [[File:Talk - Flickr - askmeaks.jpg|upright|thumb|Giraffe in Akagera National Park]] Nkhalamu za ku Rwanda zikamara mu 1994, apo malo ghakusungirako nkharamu ghakazgoka misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Juni 2015, malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako nkharamu ku South Africa ghakapeleka nkharamu zinkhondi na ziŵiri ku malo ghakusungirako nkharamu gha Akagera National Park. Pakwamba nkhalamu zikaŵa mu malo ghakuzingilizgika na mpanda, ndipo pamanyuma zikakakika na kufumiskika mu ciŵaya mwezi umoza pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|The New Times|2015}} Mu 2017, nkhumba zakufipa 18 izo zili pa ngozi zikiza ku Rwanda kufuma ku South Africa. Viyuni ivi vikasintha makora chomene mwakuti mu 2019, vikoko vinyake vinkhondi vyamalibwe vikapelekeka ku malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ku Europe. Mwakuyana waka, ciŵelengero ca viyuni ivi cikukura comene mu Rwanda. Mu chaka cha 2021, Rwanda yikapokera viyuni 30 vyakuchemeka white rhinos kufuma ku South Africa na chilato chakuti Akagera yiŵe malo ghakukhora ghakubabira viyuni ivi. Ku Rwanda kuli viyuni vyamtundu wa 670 ndipo vyamoyo ivi vikupambana mu vyaru vya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, iyo yili kumanjiliro gha dazi, yili na mitundu ya viyuni yakujumpha 280, ndipo 26 mwa mitundu iyi yikusangika ku Albertine Rift. Kweni ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Rwanda kuli viyuni vinandi nga ni gonolek wakuŵa na mutu wakufipa. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti mu charu ichi muli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni ivi. Mu charu cha Rwanda muli vigaŵa vitatu: nkhorongo ya Albertine Rift, nkhorongo ya Victoria Basin, na nkhorongo ya Ruwenzori-Virunga. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 3.85/10 pa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa 139 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Graphical depiction of Rwanda's product exports.]] Chuma cha charu cha Rwanda chikapwetekeka comene pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakomekeranga mu 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, vinthu vikaphyoreka, ndipo vyakurya vikasoŵa. Ici cikapangiska kuti GDP yichepe comene ndipo cikapangiska kuti caru ici cileke kukopa ndalama za boma na za caru cinyake. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, chuma cha pa caru cose caŵaso cakukhora comene, ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikukwana $909.9 mu 2022, pakuyaniska na $127 mu 1994. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliskira vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ni China, Germany, na United States. Chuma chikuyang'aniridwa ndi Central National Bank of Rwanda ndipo ndalama zake ndi franc yaku Rwanda; mu Disembala 2019, mtengo wosinthira unali ma franc 910 ku dola imodzi yaku United States. Mu 2007, caru ca Rwanda cikanjira mu wupu wa East African Community, ndipo cazomerezga ndondomeko ya umoza wa ndalama pakati pa vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikanjilira mu wupu uwu. Charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vichoko waka, ndipo ŵalimi ŵa mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakulima. Pafupifupi 90% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda, ndipo vyakurya vikaŵa 32.5% ya GDP mu 2014. Ŵalimi ŵakutemwa kulima malo ghacoko waka. Kwamba m'ma 1980, viŵeto vikukura yayi kweniso vyakurya vikusangika viŵi yayi, cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Nangauli charu cha Rwanda chili na vyakurya vinandi, kweni kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukwera yayi. Kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vinthu vyasintha chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From genocide to growth: Rwanda's remarkable economic turnaround – GE63 |url=https://ge63.com/rwanda-economic-growth |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Transporting bananas.jpg|thumb|Rwanda produced 2.6 million tonnes of banana in 2019, its largest cash crop.<ref name="Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO">{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Rwanda production in 2019, by FAO|publisher=The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref>]] Vyakumera vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi ni matoke (banana) iyo yikukwana chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, mbatata, nyungu, mbatata, maniyu, tirigu na chimanga. Khofi na tiyi ni vyakurya vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakukhala mu minda ya khofi. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Rwanda cikuthemba comene pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake, ntchipusu yayi kuti mitengo ya vyakurya ivi yisinthe. Viŵeto ivyo vikuŵako mu Rwanda ni ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, nkhumba, nkhuku, na mpheta. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya Kigali muli minda yinandi ya viŵeto, kweni viŵeto vinandi vikuŵa vyachilendo. Kucepa kwa malo na maji, vyakurya vyambura kukwana na vya mtundu uheni, kweniso nthenda zakwambukira nyengo na nyengo kwambura wovwiri wakukwana wa ŵadokotala ni vinthu vikuru ivyo vikupangiska kuti mulimo wa vyakurya uleke kwenda makora. Nangauli somba zikulengeskeka mu nyanja za mu caru ici, kweni zinandi zikumara, ndipo zikwiza na somba zamoyo. Makampani gha vyamalonda ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ghakapanga 14.8% ya GDP mu 2014. Vinthu ivi ni simenti, vyakurya, vyakumwa, sopo, vyakuvwara, skapato, vinthu vya pulasitiki, vyakuvwara na hona. Makampani gha migodi gha ku Rwanda ndigho ghakovwira chomene, ndipo mu 2008 ghakapanga ndalama zakukwana madola 93 miliyoni. Vinthu ivi ni cassiterite, wolframite, golide, na coltan, ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga vinthu vya magesi na mawoko nga ni mafoni.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}}{{sfn|Delawala|2001}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu charu cha Rwanda mukaŵa suzgo la ndalama chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ngongoli, wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, na ndalama. Mu 2010, ntchito iyi yikalutilira makora ndipo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya ndalama ni mabanki na vyamalonda, malonda gha pa wumba na ghakurughakuru, mahotelo na malo ghakurya, mendero, kusungirako vinthu, kwendeska mawoko, ma inshuwalansi, katundu, maofesi gha bizinesi na maboma, kusazgapo masambiro na umoyo. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu vyaru ivi. Mu 2007, ndiyo yikamba kusanga ndalama zinandi mu vyaru ivi. Nangauli charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka, kweni charu ichi chikuwoneka kuti ntchakukhora. Mu 2013, ŵanthu 864,000 ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha vyakusanguluska zikaŵa madola 303 miliyoni. Cinthu cikuru comene ico cikovwira kuti ndalama izi ziŵe zinandi ni ivyo vikusangika mu malo ghakucemeka Volcanoes National Park. Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ni Nkhorongo ya Nyungwe, uko kuli tumalumba, Ruwenzori colobus, na vinyama vinyake vyakuduka mudera, malo ghakusungirako vyakumera gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu, na Akagera, malo ghacilendo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi.{{sfn|RDB (II)}} === Wayilesi na nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana === {{Main|Telecommunications in Rwanda}} Ma wayilesi na mawayilesi ghakurughakuru ni gha boma, ndipo manyuzipepara ghanandi nga boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵali na wayilesi; mu nyengo ya kusakaza ŵanthu mu 1994, wayilesi ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines yikapharazganga mu caru cose, ndipo yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke kwizira mu upharazgi wakususkana na Ŵakututsi. Mu 2015, wayilesi ya boma ya Radio Rwanda ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije TV, ndipo nyumba zinandi zilije TV. Boma likamba kugwiliskira ntchito wayilesi ya digito mu 2014, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, pa charu chose pakaŵa mawayilesi 7. Ŵapharazgi ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi, ndipo nyuzipepara zikujikora kuti boma lileke kuŵasuzga. Nangauli vili nthena, mabuku gha mu Cikirwanda, Cingelezi, na Cifurenci agho ghakususka boma ghalipo comene mu Kigali. Malango ghakusazgikira pambere mavoti gha pulezidenti wa ku Rwanda gha 2010 ghandambe, ndipo nyuzipepara ziŵiri zakujiyimira paŵekha, Umuseso na Umuvugizi, yikakanizgika na wupu wa High Media Council kwa myezi 6.{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders|2010}} Gulu lakale chomene la mafoni mu charu ichi, la Rwandatel, likaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo 80% yikaŵa ya kampani ya ku Libya yakuchemeka LAP Green. Kampani iyi yikaguliskika mu 2013 na Liquid Telecom, kampani iyo yikupanga ma telecommunications na fiber optic networks mu East na Southern Africa. Kufumira mu 2015, Liquid Telecom yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 30,968, ndipo MTN Rwanda nayo yikupereka ma telefoni ghakukhazikika ku ŵanthu 15,497. Mafoni gha pa nyumba ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene na maboma, mabanki, mawupu ghambura vya boma, na maofesi gha ŵimiliri. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni mu charu ichi chikaŵa 72.6%, kufuma pa 41.6% mu 2011. MTN Rwanda ndiyo yikulongozga na ŵanthu 3,957,986, ndipo yikulondezgeka na Tigo na ŵanthu 2,887,328, na Bharti Airtel na ŵanthu 1,336,679. Rwandatel nayo wakendeskanga foni, kweni wupu wakuwona vya msonkho ukawuskapo layisensi yake mu Epulero 2011, cifukwa cakuti kampani iyi yikatondeka kufiska ivyo yikapangana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti mbacoko, kweni ŵakukura mwaluŵiro. Mu 2015, pa ŵanthu 100, ŵanthu 12,8 ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito Intaneti. Mu 2011, ŵakamalizga kupanga telefoni ya makilomita 2,300 (ma kilomita 1,400) ya fiber-optic. Netiweki iyi yikukolerana na SEACOM, chingwe cha pasi pa nyanja icho chikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vyaru vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu caru ca Rwanda, misewu iyi yikwenda mu misewu yikuruyikuru iyo yikukolerana na misumba gha mu caru cose. Mtundu wa MTN nawo ukupeleka Intaneti kwambura waya mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Kigali. Mu Okutobala 2019, Mara Corporation wakambiska foni yakwamba ya ku Africa ku Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN|title=Rwanda launches first 'Made in Africa' smartphones|date=10 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009161807/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-telecoms-idUSKBN1WM1TN|url-status=live}}</ref> === Vyakuzenga === {{Main|Transport in Rwanda|Energy in Rwanda|Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda}}[[File:WaterPumpRwanda.jpg|thumb|right|Rural water pump|alt=Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Rwanda likaŵika pakwamba ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange maji. Ndalama izi, pamoza na wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasange maji ghawemi{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}}. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 74 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi, kufuma pa 55 pa 100 mu 2005. Vinthu vya mu charu ichi vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga maji mu misumba na mu mizi. Ku malo agho kulije makina agha, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mapampu gha pa woko na visimi. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, maji ghakukhira comene kuluska 750 millimeters pa caka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viŵi yayi maji gha vula. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi vinthu vyakutowa. Wupu wa United Nations ukuti mu 2006, ŵanthu 34 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba kweniso 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ŵakaŵa na vinthu vyakutowa. Msumba wa Kigali ngumoza mwa misumba yakutowa comene mu Africa. Maboma ghakwendera fundo zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi waka mu misumba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu misumba na mu mizi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakusoperapo.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} Kufikira m'ma 2000s, magetsi a ku Rwanda anali opangidwa pafupifupi kuchokera ku magwero a hydroelectric; malo opangira magetsi pa Nyanja ya Burera ndi Ruhondo amapereka 90% ya magetsi a dziko. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 1990, maji gha mu nyanja ziŵiri izi ghakakhira chomene chifukwa cha kuthuta kwa vula na vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 2004 kuŵe suzgo la ndalama ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaleka ntchito. Pakuŵa cakukhumbikwa ca mwaluŵiro, boma likaŵika mageneretara gha dizilo kumpoto kwa Kigali; mu 2006 agha ghakapanga 56% ya magesi gha mu caru, kweni ghakaŵa ghakudura comene. Boma likakhazikiska nthowa zinandi zakumazgira suzgo ili, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo malo ghakututuŵa gha Rugezi, agho ghakupereka maji ku Burera na Ruhondo, na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya kupokera gasi wa methane kufuma mu Nyanja ya Kivu, iyo pakwamba yikwenera kusazgirako nkhongono za mu caru na 40%. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 18 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na magesi, kweni mu 2009 ŵakaŵa 10.8%. Ndondomeko ya boma ya vyachuma na kuchepeska ukavu ya 2013-18 yikukhumba kuti mu 2017 ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵaŵe na magesi.{{sfn|Baringanire|Malik|Banerjee|2014|p=1}}[[File:Rwanda electricity production.svg|thumb|Rwanda electricity production by source|upright=1.3]] Boma la Rwanda laŵikapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu vyakwendeskera mendero kwambira waka apo ŵanthu ŵakakomekera mu 1994, na wovwiri wa United States, European Union, Japan, na vyaru vinyake. Mtundu wa magalimoto uwo ulipo ni misewu iyo yili pakati pa Kigali na misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru. Charu cha Rwanda chikukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya East African Community, nga ni Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi na Kenya, kweniso na misumba ya Goma na Bukavu ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo. Mtundu ukuru comene wa kwendeska ŵanthu mu caru ici ni basi, izo zikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mabasi ghanyake, chomenechomene mu Kigali, ghakuŵa na magalimoto ghambura kutumphuskika, ndipo ghanyake ghakuŵa na magalimoto gha taxi. Mabasi ghakurughakuru ghanandi ghakukwana yayi, ndipo ghakwenda mu charu chose. Mu 2013, ku Rwanda kukaŵa magalimoto 9,609 agho ghakalembeskeka pa galimoto, ndipo magalimoto 579 pera. Pali mabasi agho ghakwendeska ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Charu ichi chili na chiŵanja cha ndege ku Kigali icho chikwendako ku vyaru vinandi, ndipo nthowa zakwendako chomene ni izo zikuluta ku Nairobi na Entebbe.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} Mu 2017, mulimo wa kuzenga ndege ya Bugesera International Airport, kumwera kwa Kigali, ukayamba. Gulu la ndege ilo likwendeska ndege mu charu ichi ni RwandAir. Kufumira mu 2015 chalo ichi chilije njanji, kweni pali pulojekiti iyo yikuchitika, pamoza na Burundi na Tanzania, ya kusazgirako Tanzania Central Line mu Rwanda; vyaru vitatu ivi vyachema mabungwe ghapachanya kuti ghaŵe na chilato cha kupanga mgwirizano wa boma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa nyanja ya Kivu palije maji ghakwendeskera sitima pakati pa misumba iyo yili pa dowoko, nangauli pali nthowa zinyake izo boma likupeleka. Unduna wa vya Vipatala ukuwonaso usange vingachitika kuti charu cha Rwanda chikolerane na Nyanja ya Victoria pa mlonga wa Akagera.{{sfn|MININFRA|2013|p=43}} == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Rwanda|Youth in Rwanda}} Kufika mu 2015, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵalipo 11,262,564, apo mu 2022 ŵalipo 13,246,394. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, ŵanthu 10,515,973 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mbawukirano. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 43.3% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi, ndipo 53.4% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 64. Buku la CIA World Factbook likuti mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40.2 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababikanga, ndipo ŵanthu 14.9 ŵakufwa. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 67,67 (69,27 kwa ŵanakazi na 67,11 kwa ŵanalume). Chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu charu ichi chili pa 95.9 pa ŵanakazi 100.{{sfn|CIA (I)}} [[File:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Rural children|alt=Photograph depicting seven rural children, with a straw house and farmland in the background, taken in the Volcanoes National Park in 2005]] Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 445 pa kilomita yimoza. Ŵakulemba mdauko nga ni Gérard Prunier ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka mu 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu misumba ghachoko waka muli malo ghakukhala ŵanthu. Malo ghekha agho muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu charu ichi ni malo agho kale ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha Umutara, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kuli malo ghakuchemeka Akagera National Park. Msumba ukuru chomene wa Kigali uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukwera mwaluŵiro ŵakusuzga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, msumba ukuru waciŵiri ni Gisenyi, uwo uli pafupi na Nyanja ya Kivu na msumba wa Goma ku Congo, ndipo uli na ŵanthu 126,000. misumba ghanyake ghakuru ni Ruhengeri, Butare, na Muhanga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6% mu 1990 kufika pa 16.6% mu 2006; kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira pachoko waka kufika pa 14.8%. Charu cha Rwanda chili na ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero na mitheto yakuyana waka, ndipo ichi chikupambana na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ivyo vili na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵali na magulu ghatatu, Ŵahutu, Ŵatutsi, na Ŵatwa. Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuyowoya kuti mu 2009, Ŵahutu ŵakaŵa 84% ya ŵanthu wose mu charu ichi, Ŵatutsi 15%, na Ŵatwa 1%. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa mbana ŵachoko awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Rwanda. Kweni ŵasayansi ŵakukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi ŵakaŵirako. Nkhwantha ya vya ŵanthu, Jean Hiernaux, yikati Ŵakututsi mbanthu ŵakupambana na mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵakutemwa kuŵa na "mitu, visko, na mphuno ziheni". Mu caru ca Rwanda pambere caru ici cindaŵeko, Ŵakututsi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵamazaza, ndipo mafumu na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakafuma mwa iwo. Boma la sono likukana kupambaniska pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵatutsi. Kafukufuku wa mu 2002 wakaŵa wakwamba kwambira mu 1933 kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵaleke kupika magulu ghatatu.{{sfn|Agence France-Presse|2002}} === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Rwanda}} [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumb|right|Children in a Rwandan primary school, using laptops supplied by the [[One Laptop Per Child]] programme]] Pambere chaka cha 2012 chindafike, boma la Rwanda likapeleka masambiro ghaulere mu masukulu gha boma kwa vyaka 9.{{sfn|MINEDUC|2010|p=2}} Mu 2012, ŵakamba kusazgirako vyaka ivi kufika pa 12. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakulongora kuti nangauli sukulu za pulayimale zikunjilirapo chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumalizga yayi. Nangauli sukulu njambura kulipira, kweni ŵapapi ŵakwenera kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵana ŵawo kuti ŵasambire makora. Kweni boma likati ndalama izi zikwenera yayi kuŵa chifukwa chakuti ŵana ŵaleke kusambira. Mu vyaru vinandi muli masukulu ghapadera, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na tchalitchi, agho ghakusambizga vinthu vyakuyana waka kweni ghakulipira ndalama. Kwambira mu 1994 m'paka mu 2009, masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵanga mu Cifurenci panji Cingelezi. Mu caru ici muli masukulu ghanandi gha masambiro ghapacanya. Mu chaka cha 2013, Yunivesite ya ku Rwanda (UR) yikapangika kufuma ku yunivesite ya ku Rwanda iyo yikaŵa ya boma.{{sfn|Koenig|2014}}{{sfn|MacGregor|2014}}{{sfn|Rutayisire|2013}}Mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya ku Rwanda chikaŵa 7.9%, kufuma pa 3.6% mu 2006. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba awo ŵali na vyaka 15 panji kujumphirako chikaŵa 71%, kufuma pa 38 peresenti mu 1978 na 58 peresenti mu 1991.{{sfn|World Bank (I)}} === Umoyo === {{main|Healthcare in Rwanda|Health in Rwanda}} [[File:Butaro Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|[[Butaro Hospital]] at [[Burera]], Northern Province |alt=Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway]] Umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ukaŵa wambura kupwelelera chomene pambere nkhondo ya 1994 yindayambe kweniso pamanyuma pake. Mu 1998, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵankhondi waliwose wakafwa pambere wandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi.{{sfn|Bowdler|2010}} Pulezidenti Kagame wapanga umoyo kuŵa cimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko ya Vision 2020, kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo kufika pa 6.5% ya GDP mu 2013, pakuyaniska na 1.9% mu 1996. Boma lili kupeleka ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha. Mabungwe agha ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi mu 1999, ndipo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ghakaŵa kuti ghasangika pa caru cose. Pakwamba, ndalama izo ŵakalipiranga zikaŵa madola ghaŵiri pa chaka. Kweni kufuma mu 2011, ndalama izi zikusintha, ndipo ŵakavu ŵakulipira yayi. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito iyi chikajumpha 90%. Boma la Rwanda lili kukhazikiskaso masukulu gha masambiro, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyaumoyo ya Kigali Health Institute (KHI). Mu 2005, Pulezidenti Kagame nayo wakambiska pulogiramu yakucemeka The Presidents' Malaria Initiative. Cigaŵa ici cikaŵa na cilato ca kupeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene kuti nthenda ya maleriya yileke kuwira mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi comene mu Rwanda. [[File:Life expectancy development in Rwanda.svg|thumb|Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Rwanda caŵa na vinthu vinandi ivyo vikovwira kuti umoyo uŵe makora. Kufuma mu 2005 m'paka mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, kufuma pa 55.2 kufika pa 64.0, ŵana ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakufwa ŵakukwana vyaka 5, kufuma pa 106.4 kufika pa 52.0 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo. Ŵapharazgi ŵa pa caru cose na mawupu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵakulongosora umo caru ici cikucitira pa nkhani ya cipwelelerero. Magazini ya The Atlantic yikalemba nkhani ya mutu wakuti, "Kuŵaso na Umoyo Uwemi ku Rwanda". Magazini yinyake yikulongosora umo umoyo wa ŵanthu wasinthira mu vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha. Ndipouli, nangauli vinthu vyasintha, kweni matenda ghakwambukira ndigho ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu mu caru ici. Wupu wa United States Agency for International Development, ukati pali "mavuto ghakuru" agho ghakukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuwona vya matenda ku America ukati awo ŵakuluta ku Rwanda ŵakwenera kumwa munkhwala uwo ungaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya. Ku Rwanda nako kulije ŵadokotala, ndipo pali ŵadokotala, ŵasilikari, na ŵasungwana 0.84 pera pa ŵanthu 1,000. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) yikulaŵilira umo caru cikwendera pa nkhani ya vyaumoyo pakukwaniska vilato vya Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 na 6. Lipoti la UNDP la pakati pa chaka cha 2015 likati charu ichi chikukwaniska yayi chilato cha nambara 4 pa nkhani ya kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko, nangauli chiŵerengero ichi "chakhira chomene".{{sfn|UNDP (IV)|2015}} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Rwanda}} [[File:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|Roman Catholic church in [[Rwamagana]]|alt=Photograph depicting the Roman Catholic parish church in Rwamagana, Eastern Province, including the main entrance, façade, the separate bell tower, and dirt forecourt]] Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Rwanda ntcha Chiprotesitanti, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugomezga chisopa cha Chikhristu, ndipo pachoko na pachoko, Chisilamu. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2012, Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa 43.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti 37.7%, Ŵadventista 11.8%, na Ŵasilamu 2.0%. Visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga ni vyaunenesko, nangauli ni vya 0.1% pera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuwona kuti Ciuta wa Cikristu wakuyana waka na Ciuta wa ku Rwanda, Imana.{{sfn|Wiredu|Abraham|Irele|Menkiti|2006|pp=236–237}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Rwanda}} Chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chikinyarwanda, icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu wose (98%). Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vya ku Europe mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni vikaŵa Chijeremani, nangauli chikasambizgikanga yayi panji kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, ndipo kufuma apo Chifurenchi, icho chikambiskika na Belgium mu 1916 ndipo chikalutilira kuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma na chakutemweka chomene mu 1962. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chidachi. Kuwelera kwa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Rwanda awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 kukawovwira kuti chiyowoyero cha mu charu ichi chiŵe makora. Viyowoyero vya boma ni Kinyarwanda, Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, na Chiswahili. Chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa charu chose, ndipo Chingelezi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene pa masambiro gha sekondare na masambiro ghapachanya. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya CiSwahili, ciyowoyero ca ku East Africa, comenecomene awo ŵakawerako ku Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, na Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2015, chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili chikamba kusambizgika pa sukulu za sekondare. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Nkombo ku Rwanda ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Mashi, icho chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha Kinyarwanda. Chifalansa chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka kujumpha 6% kuyana na kalembera wa 2012 na Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Mu 2009, ŵanthu 15% ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi, nangauli lipoti lenelili likati ŵanthu 68% ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RW/languages|title=''Ethnologue'' report for Rwanda}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in Rwanda|LGBT rights in Rwanda}} Homosexuality is generally considered a [[taboo]] topic, and there is no significant public discussion of this issue in any region of the country. Some lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Rwandans have reported being harassed and blackmailed.{{sfn|Gmünder|2007|page=1216}}<ref name="Spartacus International Gay Guide 2007">Spartacus International Gay Guide, p. 1216. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007.</ref><ref name="globalgayz">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Rwanda/view/RWA/gay-rwanda-2008|title=Gay Rwanda 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064516/http://www.globalgayz.com/africa/rwanda/gay-rwanda-2008|archive-date=2012-07-17|date=2009-01-01}}</ref>Ku Rwanda, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhukanizgika yayi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, kweni palije malango ghakuŵavikilira. Boma likuzomerezga yayi nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, cifukwa dango la boma likuti "nthengwa za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pera ndizo zikuzomerezgeka". Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa Human Rights Watch walemba kuti boma la Rwanda likukora na kukaka ŵana ŵa mu misewu, ŵamalonda ŵa mu misewu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana, ŵanthu ŵambura pakukhala, na ŵakupempheska, kweniso ŵakusuzga ŵanthu mu nyumba zakubisamamo na malo ghanyake nga ni msasa wa ŵasilikari wa Kami, Kwa Gacinya na jele la Gikondo.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite journal |date=2020-01-27 |title="As Long as We Live on the Streets, They Will Beat Us": Rwanda's Abusive Detention of Children |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/01/27/long-we-live-streets-they-will-beat-us/rwandas-abusive-detention-children |access-date=2022-10-10 |language=en}}</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda IntoreDancers.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional Rwandan ''[[intore]]'' dancers|alt=Photograph depicting two male dancers with straw wigs, neck garments, spears and sticks]] Sumu na kuvina ni vyakuzirwa pa viphikiro, viphikiro, maungano, na vyakusanguluska vya ku Rwanda. Sumu iyi yikumanyikwa comene ndipo yili na vigaŵa vitatu: umushagiriro, panji sumu ya ng'ombe, iyo yikucitika na ŵanakazi; intore, panji sumu ya vinkhara, iyo yikucitika na ŵanalume; na kuvina kwa matambulara, uko kanandi kukucitikaso na ŵanalume. Gulu lakumanyikwa comene la kuvina ni la National Ballet. Gulu ili likakhazikiskika na Pulezidenti Habyarimana mu 1974, ndipo likucita maseŵero mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake. Sumu zikupharazgika na mulomo, ndipo mitundu yake yikupambana. Viŵiya vyakuchemeka drums vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene; ŵanthu awo ŵakimbanga viŵiya vyacifumu ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu nyumba ya themba (Mwami). Ŵanthu awo ŵakulizga viŵiya ŵakwimba pamoza mu magulu ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ŵakuŵa pakati pa 7 na 9. Mu caru ici muli sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa, Congo, na America. Mtundu wakumanyikwa comene ni wa hip hop, uwo ukusanganya dancehall, rap, ragga, R&B na dance-pop.{{sfn|Mbabazi|2008}} [[File:Igiseke.jpg|thumb|upright|Rwandan woven [[agaseke]] basket|alt=Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern]] Vinthu vya maluso na vyakuchita vya mawoko vikuchitika mu charu chose, nangauli vinandi vikapangika kuti viwovwire ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusangika chomene ni viŵiya na mabakule. Imigongo ni luso lapadera la viŵeto vya ng'ombe, ilo likupangika kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rwanda. Viŵeto ivi ŵakuvisakaniza na dongo la mitundu yakupambanapambana na kupenta mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni vyakupangira viŵiya na kujoba makuni. Nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵakukhala ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu ivyo vikuŵa mu malo agha. Boma likamba ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ivi na vinthu vinyake vya mazuŵa ghano, nga ni visulo vyamalibwe. Mu charu cha Rwanda mulije mabuku ghakale chomene, kweni ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kulemba na kuyowoya. Vinthu vinandi vya mu caru ici ivyo vikukolerana na makhaliro gha ŵanthu na mbiri yawo, vyalembeka mu miwiro yose. Munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu mabuku gha ku Rwanda wakaŵa Alexis Kagame (1912-1981), uyo wakalemba na kusindikizga mabuku ghakulongosora maluso gha ŵanthu. Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda yikapangiska kuti paŵe mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakawona ivyo vikachitika, mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba nga ni Benjamin Sehene. Mavidiyo ghanandi ghakulongosora vya kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ku Rwanda ghapangika, nga ni Hotel Rwanda, 100 Days, Shake Hands with the Devil, Sometimes in April, na Shooting Dogs. Pa chaka pali maholide ghakukwana 14, ndipo nyengo zinyake boma likusazgirako ghanyake. Sabata yakulondezgapo pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukirako Ŵanandi pa Epulero 7 yikucemeka sabata ya citima. Nkhondo iyo RPF yikathereska Ŵahutu yikukondwelereka pa Julayi 4. Pa Chisulo chaumaliro cha mwezi uliwose pakuŵa umuganda, zuŵa lakwamba la mulimo wakovwira ŵanthu, kufuma pa 8 m'paka 11 koloko mulenji. Pa zuŵa ili, ŵanthu wose ŵakwenelera ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 65 ŵakuchita milimo ya mu msumba nga nkhujura misewu panji kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika. Maulendo ghanandi ghakujalika pa nyengo ya umuganda, ndipo magalimoto ghakwendera waka yayi.{{sfn|Rwanda Governance Board}} === Cuisine === {{Main|Cuisine of Rwanda}} [[File:Ugali and cabbage.jpg|right|thumb|A plate of ''[[ugali]]'' and [[cabbage]]]] Vyakurya vya ku Rwanda vikufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu charu ichi, nga ni nthochi, mapamba (ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti ibitoke), mphangwe, mbatata, nyungu, na manioc. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Rwanda ŵakurya nyama kamoza pera pa mwezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi na nyanja ŵakutemwa chomene somba za tilapia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene batata, awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakiza nawo ku Rwanda kufuma ku Germany na Belgium. Ugali, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Ubugari (panji umutsima) ngwakumanyikwa chomene. Isombe yikupangika na makuni gha cassava ndipo yingapelekeka pamoza na somba zakomira, mpunga, ugali, mbatata na vinyake. Pa nyengo ya cakurya ca mise kanandi ŵanthu ŵakurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya nyama za mbuzi para ŵakurya mise. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mbuzi, kuziphaka na kuziphika, kweniso kuziphika na mabhanana. Mu charu chose ichi, ŵanthu ŵakumwa chomene mkaka, chomenechomene uyo uli nga ni yoghurt. Vyakumwa vinyake ni mowa wakuchemeka Ikigage uwo ukupangika kufuma ku sorgo na urwagwa, uwo ukupangika kufuma ku nthochi, na chakumwa chakuchemeka Umutobe icho ni muto wa nthochi. Vyakumwa ivi vikumanyikwa chomene pa viphikiro na viphikiro. Kampani yikuru iyo yikupanga vyakumwa mu Rwanda ni Bralirwa, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu ma 1950, ndipo yikugwira nchito na Heineken. Bralirwa yikupanga vyakurya vya The Coca-Cola Company, nga ni Coca-Cola, Fanta, na Sprite, na vyakurya vinandi nga ni Primus, Mützig, Amstel, na Turbo King. Mu 2009, ofesi yiphya yakuzenga moŵa yakuchemeka Brasseries des Mille Collines (BMC) yikajulika. Mu caru ici, muli vyakupangira moŵa vyakucemeka East African Breweries, ivyo vikuguliska moŵa nga ni Guinness, Tusker, na Bell, kweniso whisky na moŵa.{{sfn|Kezio-Musoke|2014}} === Sport === {{Main|Sport in Rwanda}} [[File:MTB cycling 2012 Olympics M cross-country RWA Adrien Niyonshuti.jpg|thumb|left|[[Adrien Niyonshuti]], "one of the most famous people in Rwanda",{{sfn|CyclingNews.com|2012}} competing in the [[cross-country mountain biking]] event at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] Boma la Rwanda, kwizira mu ndondomeko yake ya chitukuko cha maseŵero, likukwezga maseŵero nga ni nthowa yakukhora ya "kutukula na kuzenga mtende", ndipo boma lacita phangano la kukhozga kugwiliskira nchito maseŵero pa vilato vyakupambanapambana vya chitukuko, kusazgapo masambiro. Maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Rwanda ni bola, bola ya volleyball, basketball, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana na maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakawerako ku Kenya uko ŵakasambira maseŵero agha. Njinga, iyo kanandi yikuwoneka nga ni nthowa yakwendeskera vinthu mu Rwanda, yikukweleraso ku ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni maseŵero; ndipo timu ya Rwanda yili kulembeka buku lakuti, Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team na filimu yakuti, Rising from Ashes.{{sfn|Robbins|2013}}{{sfn|Willgoss|2014}} [[File:GCS Drone Shot-YT.jpg|thumb|The Gahanga Cricket Stadium]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Olimpiki kwambira mu 1984, ndipo ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakuchitako maseŵero gha Paralympic kwambira mu 2004. Charu ichi chikatumizga ŵanthu 7 ku maseŵera gha ku London mu 2012, ndipo ŵakamwimira pa maseŵera gha ku London, kusambira, kukwera njinga ya mu mapiri na judo. Charu ichi chikusangikaso pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth Games kufuma apo chikaŵamo mu 2009. Gulu la basketball la dziko lino lakhala likukula kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, ndipo timu ya amuna yakhala ikuyenerera gawo lomaliza la African Basketball Championship kanayi motsatizana kuyambira 2007. Charu ichi chikaŵa na mwaŵi yayi wa kuchitiska maseŵera agha. Chikwata cha mpira cha Rwanda chawonekera pa African Cup of Nations kamodzi, mu 2004 mtundu wa mpikisano, koma mwapang'onopang'ono chinalephera kupitirira gawo la magulu. Gulu ili likutondeka kujowina pa chiphalizgano ichi kufuma apo, ndipo likutondeka kujowina pa World Cup. Mpikisano wapamwamba kwambiri wa mpira ku Rwanda ndi Rwanda National Football League; kuyambira 2015, timu yolamulira ndi APR FC ya Kigali, yomwe yapambana 13 mwa mipikisano 17 yapitayi. Magulu gha ku Rwanda ghakulondezga chiphalizgano cha Kagame Interclub Cup cha magulu gha ku Central na East Africa, icho chikulembeka kufuma mu 2002 na Pulezidenti Kagame.{{sfn|CECAFA}} == Unenesko == {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Index of Rwanda-related articles]] * [[Outline of Rwanda]]{{clear}} == Ukaboni wakuyowoyeka == {{reflist|20em}} == Ukaboni unandi == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=g0FC40EQujwC}} }} * {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=26 August 2011 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |author-link=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105120930/http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |author1=African Development Bank (AfDB) |author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5 |location=Paris |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}}| ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}} }} * {{cite news |author=Agence Africaine de Presse |date=24 July 2015 |title=Rwanda, DR Congo open trade talks |location=Dakar |url=http://www.apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003092331/http://apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse |date=16 August 2002 |title=Ethnic origins ignored in Rwanda's first census since genocide |author-link=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203195050/http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aglietti |first=Stephanie |date=11 September 2014 |title=Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope |agency=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |work=[[Yahoo Sports]] |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017171700/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=9 August 2015 |title=BNR 'defeats' speculators but exchange rate woes continue |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-08-09/191405/ |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053526/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-08-09/191405/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=4 December 2014 |title=Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010195947/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2007 |title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence |author-link=Al Jazeera |location=Doha |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2015 |title=Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World's Human Rights |author-link=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000012015ENGLISH.PDF |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314213122/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000012015ENGLISH.PDF 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|url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archive-date=22 December 2004 |access-date=16 November 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|WWF|2001}} }} * {{cite news |author=Xinhua News Agency |date=26 August 2015 |title=Rwanda deplores French decision on case of genocide suspect |author-link=Xinhua News Agency |location=Beijing |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302133257/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |url-status=live }} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO 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[[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 Rwanda profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{cite web|title=Rwanda Convention Bureau|url=https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/}} * {{GovPubs|Rwanda}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Rwanda}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|171496}} '''Tourism''': * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250803051901/https://visitrwanda.com/ Rwanda Tourism] (official Rwanda Tourism Board site) {{Rwanda topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Former German colonies}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|1|57|S|29|52|E|type:country_region:RW|display=title}} [[Category:Rwanda| ]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]] 5cktu454tnsjb6g9nrr4jgisoxyhixl 0 6954 122687 119333 2026-09-28T03:11:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country on the southwest coast of West Africa}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox country | common_name = Sierra Leone | coordinates = {{Coord|08|30|00|N|12|06|00|W|type:adm1st_region:SL-W|display=inline,title}} | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Sierra Leone | image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg | alt_flag = [[Flag of Sierra Leone|Flag]] | image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_anthem = "[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sierra Leone's national anthem.ogg]]}} | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Justice" | image_map = Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | capital = [[Freetown]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<!-- DO NOT add [[Bengali language]] here. Please start a conversation at the talk page to reach a consensus before adding Bengali language to this parameter. --> | religion_ref = <ref name=religions /> | demonym = Sierra Leonean | languages_type = Spoken and national languages<ref>{{cite web |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2015 |title=Liberia |website=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=18th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |35.5% [[Mende people|Mende]] |33.2% [[Temne people|Temne]] |6.4% [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] |4.4% [[Kono people|Kono]] |3.4% [[Fula people of Sierra Leone|Fula]] |2.9% [[Susu people|Susu]] |2.9% [[Loko people|Loko]] |2.8% [[Koranko people|Koranko]] |2.6% [[Sherbro people|Sherbro]] |2.4% [[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]] |1.3% [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Statistics Sierra Leone| df=dmy }}</ref> | religion = [[Islam in Sierra Leone|Islam]] (78.5%)<br /> [[Christianity in Sierra Leone|Christianity]] (20.4%)<br /> Others (1.1%) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Sierra Leone|President]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Julius Maada Bio]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Sierra Leone|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]}} | leader_title3 = [[Chief Minister of Sierra Leone|Chief Minister]] | leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Jacob Jusu Saffa]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Big shake-up in Sierra Leone's cabinet |url=https://politicosl.com/articles/big-shake-sierra-leones-cabinet |first=Alpha|last=Abu|date=4 May 2021 |website=Politico SL |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Abass Bundu|Abass Chernor Bundu]]}} | legislature = [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Sierra Leone (1961–1971)|Dominion]] | established_date1 = 27 April 1961 | established_event2 = [[Republic]] | established_date2 = 19 April 1971 | area_km2 = 71,740 | area_rank = 117th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 27,699 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 8,908,040<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sierra Leone|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 100th | population_density_km2 = 112 | population_density_rank = 114th^a | population_density_sq_mi = 291 | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}}$16.4 &nbsp;billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 152nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}}$1,972<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 185th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$4.1 &nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 170th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$494<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 193th | Gini = 35.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SL |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Sierra Leone |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> | HDI = 0.477 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 181st | currency = [[Sierra Leonean leone|Leone]] | currency_code = SLL | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = GMT | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = +232 | cctld = [[.sl]] | footnote_a = Rank based on 2007 figure | religion_year = 2020 | national_languages = [[Krio language|Krio]] }} <!-- DO NOT make the lead longer; it is already too long. (December 2017) --> '''Sierra Leone''',{{NoteTag|[{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Sierra Leone.ogg|s|i|ˌ|ɛr|ə|_|l|i|ˈ|oʊ|n|(|i|)}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|s|i|ˌ|ɛər|ə|_|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|s|ɪər|ə|_|-}},<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Sierra Leone|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> ({{lang-kri|Salone}})].<ref name="Salone">{{citation|title=Salone Definition|url=https://glosbe.com/kri/en/Salone}}</ref>}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Sierra Leone''', ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli Liberia, ndipo kumpoto kwake kuli charu cha [[Guinea]]. Malo ghose agho ghakukwana 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi),<ref name="Sierra Leone">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563681/Sierra_Leone.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228134322/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563681/Sierra_Leone.html|archive-date=28 February 2008|title=Sierra Leone (country) |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedia|access-date=19 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku Sierra Leone kuli mphepo yakotcha, ndipo kuli malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa 7,092,113.<ref name =Census2015>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Statistics Sierra Leone| df=dmy }}</ref> Msumba wa [[Freetown]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru chomene. Charu chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vili mu vigaŵa 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://necsl.org/index_files/2017_Press_Releases/Completed_RegistrationPressRelease2017.pdf|title=National Electoral Commission – Press Release|date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202122/http://necsl.org/index_files/2017_Press_Releases/Completed_RegistrationPressRelease2017.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/news/Sierra-Leone-unveils-new-geographical-map/979180-4041036-4x8dfaz/index.html|title=Sierra Leone unveils new geographical map|work=Africa Review|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221142807/http://www.africareview.com/news/Sierra-Leone-unveils-new-geographical-map/979180-4041036-4x8dfaz/index.html|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sierra Leone ni charu icho chili na dango lakuyana na malango ndipo chili na nyumba yimoza ya maparamendi. Pulezidenti wa sono ni J[[ulius Maada Bio]]. Sierra Leone ni caru ico cikulondezga yayi visambizgo vya boma. Ŵasilamu ŵalipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sierra Leone ŵakutemwa kusopa mwakufwatuka, ndipo ichi ntchimanyikwiro cha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.<ref>United Nations (5 July 2013), [https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/07/443992-inter-religious-cooperation-can-be-vital-asset-rebuilding-sierra-leone-un "Inter-religious cooperation can be vital asset for rebuilding Sierra Leone – UN expert"]. [https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/07/443992-inter-religious-cooperation-can-be-vital-asset-rebuilding-sierra-leone-un Archived]. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref><ref>OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (May 12, 2021) [https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/ 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sierra Leone]. [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]. Retrieved October 25, 2021.</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni Sierra Leone, nga umo charu ichi na mphaka zake vikumanyikwira mazuŵa ghano, chikazengeka na ufumu wa [[Britain]] mu vigaŵa viŵiri: chakwamba, Sierra Leone Colony mu 1808 (pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakawelera kwawo chifukwa cha kulekeska wuzga); chachiŵiri, Protectorate mu 1896 (pakuti ufumu ukakhumbikwiranga kuwusa chomene mu charu chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884-1885). Lekani charu ichi chikachemekanga Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate panji British Sierra Leone.<ref>Hargreaves, J. D. (December 20, 2011), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-historical-journal/article/abs/iv-the-establishment-of-the-sierra-leone-protectorate-and-the-insurrection-of-18981/3AF7D282B682C6DF80D06C0ED396E68A "The Establishment of the Sierra Leone Protectorate and the Insurrection of 1898"]. ''[[The Historical Journal|Cambridge Historical Journal]]'' Vol. 12(1). Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref><ref>UNITED NATIONS INTEGRATED PEACEBUILDING OFFICE IN SIERRA LEONE. [https://unipsil.unmissions.org/about-sierra-leone-history ABOUT SIERRA LEONE: HISTORY.] [https://unipsil.unmissions.org/about-sierra-leone-history Archived]. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref> Sierra Leone yikamba kujiyimira pawekha pa 27 Epulero, 1961, ndipo yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Commonwealth pa zuŵa lenelili. Milton Margai wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Sierra Leone.<ref name="Humphrey">Humphrey J. Fisher (1969), "Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967". ''[[Journal of Modern African Studies|The Journal of Modern African Studies]]'' Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1969), pp. 611–636 (26 pages). Published By: [[Cambridge University Press]]. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/elections-and-coups-in-sierra-leone-1967/F7F447FA2BE820E80298249E540C2DC4 Archived]. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</ref> Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, Sierra Leone yikaŵa na masuzgo gha ndyali, kusinthika kwa vinthu, vivulupi, kweniso masuzgo gha vya ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba pa 27 May 1961. Chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) cha Margai chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipo wakasankhikaso kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu 1971, pakaŵa dango liphya ilo likawovwira kuti Sierra Leone waŵe charu cha demokilase. Stevens wakasunga udindo uwu kwa virimika 14 (m'paka 1985) mu boma la chipani cimoza ilo likaŵa na fundo zakususkana na malango gha mu 1978. Ndipouli, Joseph Saidu Momoh, uyo wakasankhika na Stevens, wakalayizga kuti wazamuwezgera caru ku ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. <ref name="Kandeh">Kandeh, J. D. (September, 1998), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/524828 "Transition without Rupture: Sierra Leone's Transfer Election of 1996"]. ''[[African Studies Review]]'' Flight. 41, No. 2 (September 1998), pp. 91–111. [[Cambridge University Press]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/524828 Archived]. Retrieved October 25, 2021.</ref>Mu chaka chenechichi, pakawuka nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikatora vyaka 11. Mu 1992, pati pajumpha waka cilimika cimoza nkhondo yati yayamba, Pulezidenti Momoh wakawuskika pa udindo mu boma na kugalukira boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mulara wa ŵasilikari, Julius Maada Bio, wakawuskapo Strasser pa udindo wake cifukwa wakatondeka kusintha vinthu mwaluŵiro. Bio wakaweleraso ku boma la demokilase mu 1996 kwizira mu maungano gha chalo.<ref name="Kandeh" /> Kuuyambiro wa 1996, nangauli caru cikaŵa mu nkhondo ya cikaya, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakaŵa na cilindizga ciwemi cakuti ŵazakawelere ku boma la demokilase. Paumaliro, fundo yakuti, "Visola pambere mtende undaŵeko" ndiyo yikaluska. Mu 1996, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ndiyo wakathereska mavoti ndipo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Sierra Leone uyo wakasankhika na maboma ghanandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku maungano mwakukolerana. Mu 1997, Kabbah wakawuskika pa udindo mu boma na mulara wa ŵasilikari wa Sierra Leone, Johnny Paul Koroma. Kabbah wakaluta ku charu cha Guinea. Wakawezgekeramo mu uteŵeti wake pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza cifukwa ca kunjilirapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa ECOMOG. Mulimo wa Kabbah ukaŵa wakwamba kwa Sierra Leone yiphya, iyo yikaŵa na umaliro wa nkhondo ya pa cikaya mu 2002, kughanaghanira comene za kukhozga umoza na kuphemana, kugomezga boma, mtende na kukhazikika, kusintha ubwezi na vyaru vinandi, na kuwuskapo ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone.<ref name="University">University of Central Arkansas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220525095205/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/ 41. Sierra Leone (1961-Present)]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220525095205/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/ Archived]. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</ref><ref>Davis, Dickie (20 November 2017), [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531215354/https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/1375921/12-the-british-experience-in-africa-and-oman/ "The British Experience in Africa and Oman"]. ''The Journal of Complex Operations''. [[National Defense University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531215354/https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/1375921/12-the-british-experience-in-africa-and-oman/ Archived]. Retrieved October 29, 2021.</ref> Ku Sierra Leone kuli mafuko pafupifupi 18. Pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵaŵiri ŵali mu mtundu wa Creole. Chingelezi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu na mu boma. Chiyowoyero cha Krio ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone njakuzura na vinthu vyakuthupi, comenecomene dayamondi, golide, bauxite na aluminiyamu. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Mano River Union, Commonwealth of Nations, IMF, World Bank, WTO, African Development Bank, na Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Ku Sierra Leone ndiko kuli yunivesite yakwamba ya ku Western ku sub-Saharan Africa: Fourah Bay College (iyo yikambika mu 1827).<ref>Nwauwa, Apollos O. (2003), Book review: "The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone by Daniel J. Paracka Jr. New York: Routledge". ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', Vol. 49(4). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/498200 Archived]. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</ref> ==Zina== Zina la charu ichi lili kufuma ku mapiri gha Lion Mountains agho ghali kufupi na Freetown. Mu 1462, Pedro de Sintra, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Portugal, wakambiska chigaŵa ichi, ndipo wakachichema kuti Sierra Leoa..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reignministries.org/5-things-know-sierra-leone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326125346/https://reignministries.org/5-things-know-sierra-leone/ |archive-date=26 March 2020 |title=5 Thing to Know About Sierra Leone |website=reignministries.org |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Sierra Leone}} === Mbiri yakwambilira === [[File:Prehistoric pottery shards, Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|Vigaŵa vya dongo lakale kufuma ku Kamabai Rock Shelter]] [[File:The slave fort on Bunce Island, at the mouth of the Sierra Leone River in West Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Cirwa ca Bunce, 1805, mu nyengo iyo fakitare ya ŵazga yikendeskekanga na John na Alexander Anderson]] [[File: slaves sierra leone.jpg|thumb|Cithuzithuzi ca mu 1835 ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakiza ku Sierra Leone]] [[File: Freetown, Sierra Leone ca 1856.jpg|thumb|Msumba wa Freetown mu 1856]] [[File:Houses at Sierra-Leone (May 1853, X, p.55) - Copy.jpg|thumb|Nyumba za ku Sierra Leone (Meyi 1853, X, p. 55)<ref name="Juvenile1853">{{cite journal|title=Houses at Sierra-Leone|journal=The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons|date=May 1853|volume=X|page=55|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>]] Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵasanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakukhalapo vyaka 2,500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo, ndipo mu 1000 C.E., ŵalimi ŵakamba kulima mumphepete mwa nyanja. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nyengo yikasintha comene, ndipo mphaka pakati pa malo ghakupambanapambana zikasintha.<ref name="brooks"/> Nkhorongo ya Sierra Leone na malo ghake ghakubinkha ghakawonekanga kuti munthu wangakanjiramo yayi. Malo agha ghakavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵake ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka na maufumu ghanyake gha ku Africa, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza gha Ufumu wa Mali. Chisilamu chikapharazgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Susu, na awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref name="rainforest">[[#Utting|Utting]] (1931), p. 8.</ref><ref name="brooks">[[Christopher Fyfe|Fyfe, Christopher]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014052/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2789148 "Weighing the Probabilities"], Review: ''Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630'', By George E. Brooks. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. ({{ISBN|0-8133-1263-9}}).</ref><ref name="protected from influence">[[#Utting|Utting]] (1931), p. 33.</ref> <!--Expand this section to tell about the culture of indigenous peoples and how and why they became Muslim. Also, describe paramount chiefs, the tribal organisation as they influenced colonial and early national history--> === Kuguliska vinthu ku Europe === Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakamba kufika ku Sierra Leone. Mu 1462, Pedro de Sintra, uyo wakafumanga ku Portugal, wakalemba mapu gha mapiri agho ghali kuzingilizga Freetown Harbour. Mu Cisipanishi, zina ili ŵali kung'anamura kuti Sierra Leone, ndipo pamasinda ŵakasintha zina ili na kulemba mwakubudika. Nangauli Pulofesa C. Magbaily Fyle, ivi vingaŵa kuti vikaŵa viheni waka. Pulofesa Fyle wakati, pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakachemanga chigaŵa ichi kuti Serra Lyoa pambere chaka cha 1462 chindafike. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti uyo wakalemba zina la Sierra Leone tikumanya yayi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Sintra wakendera, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwiza ku dowoko ili. Kuzakafika mu 1495, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵazenga malo ghakukhora gha malonda mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe nga ni Netherlands, England, na France nawo ŵakamba kwiza ku Sierra Leone na kukhazikiska malo ghakuguliskirako. Mwaluŵiro, malo agha ghakamba kuguliska ŵazga, awo ŵakiza na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapelekanga ndalama za renti, msonkho, na malonda kwa fumu ya mu cigaŵa. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nga ni ŵimiliri. Sir Francis Drake wakafika ku Sierra Leone pa Julayi 22, 1580. Chirwa cha Bunce, icho chili mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Sierra Leone, ndicho ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku Europe. Kufikira apo dango la malonda gha ŵazga likakhazikiskikira mu 1807, cirwa ici cikendeskekanga na kampani ya ku London yakucemeka Grant, Oswald & Company, iyo yikakhalanga pa cirwa ici mu 1748.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bury the Chains|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Hochschild|publisher=Mariner Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-618-10469-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/burychainsprophe00hoch/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/burychainsprophe00hoch/page/25}}</ref><ref name="Sibthorpe">{{Cite book |last =Sibthorpe |first =A. B. C. |title =The History of Sierra Leone |page=7|publisher=Routledge |isbn =978-0-7146-1769-5 |year =1970}}</ref><ref> Christopher Fyfe, ''A History of Sierra Leone'', Introduction.</ref> === Ŵakavu ŵa ku London === Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na America ŵakakhumbanga kuvikilirika na boma la Britain. Pakaŵa vikwi na vikwi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black Loyalists, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakanjira usilikari wa Britain pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira kuti ŵakateŵetere ku Britain. Buku la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Negro likulongosora za ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga ku United States. Awo ŵakakolerananga na wuzga ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵakavu ŵa mtundu wa Black kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska vigeŵenga vinandi ku London. Nangauli mu muzi uwu mukaŵa ŵanakazi ŵanandi, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵanalume pera. Edward Long, uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa ŵazga, wakasuskanga nthengwa za ŵanalume ŵazungu na ŵanakazi ŵazungu. Ndipouli, pa ulendo wa pakati pa Plymouth, England, na Sierra Leone, ŵanakazi na ŵawoli 70 ŵa ku Europe ŵakaluta nawo. Ŵanandi ku London ŵakaghanaghananga kuti para ŵangaluta ku Sierra Leone mbwenu ŵazamuleka ukavu. Nkhwantha yinyake yakuchemeka Henry Smeathman ndiyo yikalemba ndondomeko iyi ndipo yikakondweska ŵanthu nga ni Granville Sharp. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵalara ŵa boma nawo ŵakamba kunjilirapo pa ndondomeko iyi, nangauli ŵakakondwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakavu ŵakeneranga kusamira kunyake. William Pitt Muwukirano, nduna yikuru ndiposo mulongozgi wa chipani cha Tory, wakakhumbanga comene kuti ndondomeko iyi yikwendere makora cifukwa wakawonanga kuti ni nthowa yakuwezgera ŵakavu ku Africa, cifukwa "ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbikwa kuti ŵatumizgike ku malo ghanyake, mwakuti ŵaleke kutangwanika comene mu misewu ya London".<ref name="Siva2021">{{cite journal|first1=Michael|last1=Siva|title=Why Did the Black Poor of London Not Support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme?|journal=History Matters Journal|volume=1|issue=2|date=Winter 2021|pages=25–47}}</ref> === Chigaŵa cha Ufulu === Mu Janyuwale 1787, sitima ya Atlantic na ya Belisarius zikanyamuka kuluta ku Sierra Leone, kweni nyengo yiheni yikapangiska kuti ŵalute ku Plymouth. Ŵanyake 24 ŵakafumiskika, ndipo ŵanyake 23 ŵakacimbira. Paumaliro, mu Epulero 1787, ŵanthu 411 ŵakaluta ku Sierra Leone. Pa ulendo wa pakati pa Plymouth na Sierra Leone, ŵanthu 96 ŵakafwa.<ref name=Siva2021/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |title=&#124; Black Loyalist Heritage Society |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222047/http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |title=Gustavus Vassa: Olaudah Equiano |publisher=Plymouth City Council |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013064927/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sierraleone.htm|title=Economic History of Sierra Leone|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200704/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sierraleone.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1787, boma la Britain likakhazikiska malo ghanyake mu Sierra Leone agho ghakachemekanga "Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa". Pa Meyi 15, 1787, ŵanthu pafupifupi 400 ŵa mitundu yinyake na 60 ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakafika ku Sierra Leone. Ŵakati ŵakhazikiska tawuni ya Granville, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakafwa chifukwa cha matenda na nkhondo izo ŵakachitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Temne). Apo ngaraŵa zikafumanga mu Seputembala, unandi wawo ukaŵa "ŵanthu 276, ŵanalume ŵaŵisi 212, ŵanakazi ŵaŵisi 30, ŵanalume ŵazungu 5 na ŵanakazi ŵazungu 29". Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalako ŵakacicizga mulongozgi munyake wa ku Africa kuti waŵapoke caru, kweni iyo wakawezgera, wakawukira cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa na ŵanthu 64 pera. Ŵamalonda ŵambura mahara ŵakakoranga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na kuŵaguliska nga mbazga. Ŵanthu 64 awo ŵakakhalako ŵakakhazikiska tawuni yaciŵiri ya Granville.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Pham |first = John-Peter |title = Child Soldiers, Adult Interests: The Global Dimensions of the Sierra Leonean Tragedy |publisher = Nova Publishers |year = 2005 |pages = 4–8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnPFKpwoIkIC&pg=PA4 |isbn = 978-1-59454-671-6 |access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>Michael Sivapragasam, ''Why Did Black Londoners Not Join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?'' London: Open University, 2013.</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nova Scotia === {{Main|Nova Scotian Settlers}} Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku America, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3,000 awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhalanga ku Nova Scotia. Ŵakazenga tawuni ya Birchtown, kweni ŵakasuzgika na nyengo yakuzizima ya ku mpoto kweniso kusankhana mitundu. Thomas Peters wakapempha boma la Britain kuti liŵawovwire; pamoza na John Clarkson, uyo wakawovwirapo pa nkhani ya kuswa malango, ŵakakhazikiska kampani ya Sierra Leone Company kuti yikawovwire ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black Loyalists awo ŵakakhumbanga kuluta ku West Africa. Mu 1792 ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,200 ŵakufuma ku Nova Scotia ŵakambuka Nyanja ya Atlantic kuti ŵakazenge cigaŵa caciŵiri ca Sierra Leone. Ku Sierra Leone ŵakacemekanga kuti New Scotian Settlers, New Scotians, panji Settlers. Pakwamba Clarkson wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalapo mu tawuni ya Granville ŵanjire mu tawuni yiphya iyi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakazenga msumba wa Freetown mwakuyana na umo ŵakachitiranga kumwera kwa America. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Freetown ŵakalutilira kusopa ŵa Methodist. Mu ma 1790, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi, kusazgapo ŵanakazi, ŵakavota kakwamba. Mu 1792, mu Britain, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakamba kuŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Sierra Leone ŵakaŵa na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakasankhanga ŵimiliri ŵa ndyali ŵa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa chakhumi,' awo ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mu Nova Scotia mukaŵavya ndondomeko iyi. Pakwamba, chikaŵa chakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe mu Freetown. Boma likapeleka yayi vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakukhalamo ŵakasuzgikanga comene na malonda gha ŵazga na uheni wa kuzgoka ŵazga.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Fyfe |first = Christopher |title = Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s|publisher = Edinburgh University Press |year = 1992}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jamaica na Ŵafrika Awo Ŵakafwatuka === Wupu wa Sierra Leone Company, uwo ukendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku London, ukakana kuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kuti ŵatore malo agha. Mu 1799, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakagaluka. Boma la Jamaica likathereska ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma ili, ndipo likaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 500 awo ŵakafuma ku Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) na kuluta ku Nova Scotia mu 1800. Pakulongozgeka na Koloneli Montague James, mbumba iyi yikawovwira ŵasilikari kuti ŵamazge chigaluka. Pa 1 Janyuwale, 1808, Thomas Ludlam, kazembe wa Sierra Leone Company na munthu wakulongozga pa nkhani ya kufumiska vigeŵenga, wakapeleka chikalata cha kampani iyi. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kwendeska koloni kwa vilimika 16. Boma la Britain likambaso kuzenga kampani ya Sierra Leone Company kuti yiŵe wupu wakuwona vya ku Africa. Ŵabali ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakakhumbanga kukhuŵilizga ŵamalonda ŵa ku Sierra Leone, kweniso awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito mu kampani ya Macauley & Babington Company. Pa nyengo yeneyira (panyuma pakuti malonda gha ŵazga ghalekeskeka mu 1807), ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy ŵakaluta na ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ku Freetown. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵaguliskanga ndalama zakukwana madola 20 pa munthu yumoza. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafwatuka ŵakaŵacitiranga nkhaza comene cifukwa ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbanthu ŵawo. Ŵakati ŵafumako ku vyaru vyawo na mitheto yawo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakacicizgika kuzgoŵerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Western. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa ŵakacicizgika kusintha zina lawo na kulizunura ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Western. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakakondwa chomene na kusintha uku chifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti ntchigaŵa cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga nawo, kweni ŵanyake ŵakakondwa yayi na kusintha uku ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kulutilira kuŵa ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukondwa mwakuti ŵakaleka Sierra Leone na kuwelera ku vikaya vyawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafwatuka, ŵakasintha mitheto yawo kuti yikolerane na ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Nova Scotia, Maroons, na ŵa ku Europe. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga ŵakendanga makora na kuthandazga Chikhristu mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nova Scotia na Maroons. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, kweni comene ŵakaŵa ŵa ku mizi ya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa na ku Liberia awo ŵakaŵa ŵakufwatuka ku wuzga, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Caribbean, chomenechomene ŵa ku Jamaica, nawo ŵakaluta ku Freetown. Ŵanthu aŵa pamoza ndiwo ŵakapangiska mtundu wa Krio na chiyowoyero cha Cireole chakuchemeka English (Krio), icho ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu ichi.<ref name=Thayer>{{cite book|last=Thayer|first=James Steel |year=1991 |title=A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone|pages= 215–230}} https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116</ref><ref name=Browne-Davies>{{cite book|last= Browne-Davies|first=Nigel |year=2014 |title=A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people}} Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014 https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people</ref><ref name=Walker>{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7}}, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).</ref><ref name="Taylor">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Bankole Kamara |title=Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |date=February 2014 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=9789987160389 |page=68}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Chikoloni (1800-1961) === {{Main|Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate}} [[File: Bai Bureh.jpg|thumb|upright=0.99|Bai Bureh, Mulongozgi wa Temne wa Nkhondo ya msonkho ya mu 1898 yakususkana na boma la Britain]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi m'ma 1800, ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakiza mu charu ichi mu 1807. Para ŵafika ku Sierra Leone, waliyose ŵakapelekanga nambara yake ya kulembeska, ndipo uthenga wakukhwaskana na umo waliri ukalembekanga mu buku la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafwatuka. Kanandi mabuku agha ghakaŵanga gha ŵanthu yayi ndipo ghakaŵanga na malemba ghambura kwenelera. Kweniso, mphambano pakati pa Register of Liberated Africans of 1808 na List of Captured Negroes of 1812 (iyo yikayananga na chikalata cha 1808) yikulongora kuti pakaŵa mphambano pakati pa mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka; ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakoleka ŵakasankha kusintha mazina ghawo kuti ghaŵe gha Chingelezi. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Freetown yikaŵa malo ghakukhala kazembe wa Britain uyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa cha Gold Coast (lero ni Ghana) na Gambia. Sierra Leone ndiyo yikaŵa likuru la masambiro mu Britain West Africa. Mu 1827, ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska koleji ya Fourah Bay, iyo yikatora ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi. Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100, yunivesite iyi ndiyo yikaŵa ya ku Europe pera ku Africa. Samuel Ajayi Crowther wakaŵa musambiri wakwamba ku Fourah Bay. Nyengo yichoko waka, kholeji la Fourah Bay likakopa ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kusambira masambiro ghapachanya ku British West Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast na ŵanyake ŵanandi, comenecomene awo ŵakasambiranga vya cisopa na masambiro. Msumba wa Freetown ukuchemeka "Athens wa ku Africa" chifukwa cha masukulu ghanandi ghawemi agho ghakaŵa mu msumba uwu.<ref>Nwauwa, Apollos O. (2003) Book review: "The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone by Daniel J. Paracka Jr. New York: Routledge". ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', Vol 49(4). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/498200 Archived]. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</ref>[[File: Bai Bureh (1898).jpg|thumb|Mulongozgi wa Temne, Bai Bureh, wakuwoneka apa mu 1898 wati wajipeleka, wakukhala mwakufwasa mu munjilira wake wa cikaya na thumba mu mawoko, apo msilikari wa Sierra Leone West African Frontier Force wakwimilira pafupi nayo ]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakenderananga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Krio awo ŵakakhalanga ku Freetown. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Krios awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi, ŵakaŵa na maudindo ghanandi mu boma la ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakaŵanga na maudindo ghapacanya. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin wa mu 1884-1885, ŵa ku Britain ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵakwenera kuwusa vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu kuti ŵafiske ivyo ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakavizunura kuti "kuwusa makora". Mu 1896, charu ichi chikamba kulamulira vigaŵa ivi na kuvizgora vigaŵa vya Sierra Leone. Ntheura, Ŵanung'una ŵakamba kusazgirako mazaza ghawo mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵakalembapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵateŵeterenge mu maofesi agha. Pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakatoranga Sierra Leone, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi ŵakasuskanga "msonkho wa nyumba" uwo ŵakakolerana nawo. Ku mpoto, kwambira mu 1820 m'paka mu 1906, kukaŵa mulongozgi wa Limba zina lake Almamy Suluku uyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa chake kwa vyaka vinandi, wakarwa kuti wavikilire chigaŵa chake, uku wakuchita vinthu mwauryarya kuti wapusike ŵalongozgi ŵa boma apo wakatumanga ŵasilikari kuti ŵawovwire Bai Bureh, mulongozgi wakuzirwa wa Temne mu Kasseh uyo wakarwa na "msonkho wa nyumba" wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru. Nkhondo iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Nkhondo ya Msonkho. Munthu munyake wakumanyikwa mu mbiri ya Sierra Leone ni Bai Sherbro (c. 1830–1912). Bai Sherbro wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakakhalanga pa cirwa ca Bonthe, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Nga ni Bai Bureh, nayo wakalimbana na ŵa ku Britain. Sherbro wakatumaso ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawovwire Bai Bureh pakurwa nkhondo na ŵa ku Britain. Sherbro wakaŵa wankhongono comene ndipo Ŵanandi ŵakamopanga comene. Bai Sherbro ŵakamukora ndipo pamoza na Bai Bureh, ŵakaluta ku Gold Coast (uko sono ni Ghana). Nyagua (c. 1842-1906), uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti "Traking King", wakaŵa fumu yankhongono iyo yikapoka vigaŵa vinandi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza kuti ŵamuvikilire. Nyagua nayo wakalimbana na Ŵanandi. Pakumanya kuti wakaŵa na nkhongono yayi, wakacita uryarya. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵakawovwire Bai Bureh kulimbana na Ŵabritani. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵa ku Britain ŵakapoka msumba wa Nyagua, ndipo nayo ŵakamujalira ku Gold Coast. Madam Yoko (c. 1849-1906) wakaŵa mwanakazi wa maluso ndiposo wakujiŵikamo. Wakagwiliskira nchito luso lake la kuyowoyeskana makora na ŵanthu kuti waŵakhorweske kuti ŵamupe mazaza gha Kpaa Mende. Wakagwiliskira ntchito vyamaseŵera kuti wayowoye na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi awo ŵakagomezganga yayi kuti wali paubwezi na Ŵanandi. Cifukwa cakuti Madam Yoko wakawovwira ŵa ku Britain, ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakagaluka, ndipo Yoko wakabisama mu nyumba za ŵapolisi. Chifukwa cha kugomezgeka kwake, Fumukazi Victoria yikamupa mendulo ya siliva. M'paka mu 1906, Madam Yoko ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi mu ufumu uphya wa Britain. Vikuwoneka kuti wakajikoma apo wakaŵa na vilimika 55, panji cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakwake ŵakamovwira yayi.[[File:SierraLeoneP016.tiff|thumb|Mlonga wa Moa, Sierra Leone. Ŵabali Lisk-Carew, ku Freetown, Sierra Leone]] Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasuzgikanga chomene chifukwa chakuti Ŵamboni ŵa ku Britain ŵakakanizganga ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ivi. Ŵakapanga ŵalongozgi kuti ŵaŵe ŵamazaza, m'malo mwa kucita nawo mwakudumura nga umo ŵakacitiranga kale. Ŵakalutilira yayi kukolerana na ŵabwezi ŵawo, nga ni Bai Bureh, uyo pamasinda ŵakamuzunura kuti ndiyo wakambiska nkhondo ya msonkho.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal |title = Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War |last = Abraham |first = Arthur |journal = [[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |issn = 0361-7882 |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |year = 1974 |pages = 99–106 |doi = 10.2307/216556 |jstor = 216556}}</ref> [[File: British Expeditionary Force in Freetown, 1919.jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵa ku West Africa ku Freetown, 1914-1916. Mazgu gha pa kapepara aka ghakuti: "Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakunozgekera kunjira mu Freetown kuti ŵarwe na ŵa German Cameroons, ndipo chiŵiya chikuru cha nkhondo iyi chikaŵa dowoko la Duala. Ŵalwani ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa".]] Mu 1898, Koloneli Frederic Cardew, kazembe wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, wakaŵika msonkho uphya pa nyumba ndipo wakapempha ŵalongozgi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito ŵanthu ŵawo pakunozga misewu. Kanandi misonkho yikaŵanga yikuru kuluska mtengo wa nyumba izo ŵakakhalanga, ndipo ŵalongozgi 24 ŵakalemba chikalata ku Cardew, kulongora kuti ivi vikaŵa vyakupweteka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ŵakakhalanga yayi. Ŵakakananga kupeleka msonkho, ŵakamba kukayikira awo ŵakaŵalongozganga, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya msonkho ya mu 1898. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakamba kuwombera. Gulu la kumwera ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mende, likamba kurwa nkhondo pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi. Kwa myezi yinandi, ŵasilikari ŵa Bureh ŵakaluska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, kweni wose ŵakafwa. Bureh wakajipeleka pa Novembala 11, 1898, kuti wamazge kuparanyika kwa malo na nyumba za ŵanthu ŵake. Nangauli boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaleke kuŵachitira nkhaza, kweni Cardew wakalutilira kutuma mulongozgi na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵaŵiri ku caru ca Gold Coast. Bureh wakazomerezgeka kuwelera mu 1905, apo wakambiraso kuwusa Kasseh. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Temne na Mende ŵakati ŵathereskeka mu nkhondo ya Hut Tax, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Colonial, kweni nyengo zinyake kukaŵanga vivulupi na vivulupi. Mu 1955 na 1956, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhwaskika na vivulupi.<ref>Killson, Martin (1966), ''Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 60; also pp. 106, 107, 110, 111, 186–188 on other riots and strikes.</ref>[[File: The Royal Navy during the Second World War A24465.jpg|thumb|Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakiza kwa kazembe wa Sierra Leone, Sir Hubert Stevenson.]] Mu 1928, ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamara.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |title=House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda |publisher=Publications.parliament.UK |date=6 March 2006 |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035235/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>Cinthu cinyake ico cikacitika mu 1935, nchakuti De Beers wakapeleka wanangwa wa kunozga vinthu vyakuthupi ku Sierra Leone Selection Trust. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti boma ili liŵepo kwa vyaka 98. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska dayamondi na vinthu vinyake vyakuthupi. Mu 1924, boma la Britain likagaŵa charu cha Sierra Leone kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri. Malo agha ghakaŵa Freetown na chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1947, ŵanthu ŵakamba kudumbiskana chomene nkhani za ndyali pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma ili ndiwo ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵanozge nthowa iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Krio, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Isaac Wallace-Johnson, ŵakasuska fundo izi, cifukwa mphanyi zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Krio ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Mu 1951, Lamina Sankoh (wakubabika Etheldred Jones) wakakolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵakusambira ŵa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Sir Milton Margai, Siaka Stevens, Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, John Karefa-Smart, Kande Bureh, Sir Albert Margai, Amadu Wurie na Sir Banja Tejan-Sie ŵakakolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono mu vigaŵa ivi kuti ŵapange chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party panji SLPP nga ni chipani cha vigaŵa ivi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa SLPP, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Sir Milton Margai, ŵakadumbiskana na ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Krio awo ŵakakhalanga ku Freetown kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa. Cifukwa ca ndyali za Milton Margai, ŵanthu ŵakusambira comene ŵa mu caru ca Protectorate ŵakakolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵacikulu comene ŵa mu caru ici. Pamasinda, Margai wakagwiliskira nchito maluso agha kuti wapusike ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vyautesi na ŵanthu ŵa Krio kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira pawekha. Mu Novembala 1951, Margai wakawoneseska kuti palembeke dango liphya, ilo likakolerana na maboma ghaŵiri, la Colonial na Protectorate. Mu 1953, boma la Sierra Leone likapika mazaza gha ŵalara ŵa boma ndipo Margai wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru ya boma. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango yikawovwira kuti Sierra Leone yiŵe na boma laparamende. Mu Meyi 1957, ku Sierra Leone kukachitika chisankho chakwamba. Gulu la SLPP ndilo likaŵa la ndyali lakutchuka chomene mu Sierra Leone kweniso likaŵa na ŵakaronga ŵankhongono mu vigaŵa. === Ungano wa 1960 === Pa Epulero 20, 1960, Milton Margai wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu 24 ŵa ku Sierra Leone pa ungano wa malango uwo ukachitikira ku London pamoza na Queen Elizabeth II na Secretary of Colonial Affairs Iain Macleod.<ref name="Murtala Mohammed Kamara">{{cite web |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/printer_200517413.shtml |title=Sierra Leone was ripe for Independence: Exclusive interview with Reginald Boltman |publisher=News.sl |date=28 February 2011 |author=Murtala Mohammed Kamara |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126085732/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/printer_200517413.shtml |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Momoh">{{cite web|last=Momoh |first=John |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201105040814.html |title=Sierra Leone: Viewpoint – Celebrating a New Nation! |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Paumaliro wa kudumbiskana ku London pa 4 Meyi 1960, United Kingdom yikazomera kupeleka wanangwa ku Sierra Leone pa 27 Epulero 1961.<ref name="Murtala Mohammed Kamara"/><ref name="Momoh"/> === Kujiyimira pawekha (1961) na Margai Administration (1961~1964) === Pa Epulero 27, 1961, Milton Margai wakalongozga Sierra Leone kuti wapoke wanangwa kufuma ku Britain ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya charu ichi. Sierra Leone yikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango na nduna yikuru, ndipo yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga malango ghake, kweni nga ni vyaru nga ni Canada na Australia, Sierra Leone yikaŵa "Dominion" ndipo Fumukazi Elizabeth yikaŵa Fumukazi ya Dominion ya Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kargbo|first1=Michael S.|title=British Foreign Policy and the Conflict in Sierra Leone, 1991–2001|date=2006|publisher=Peter Lang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfW5ACrYksQC&pg=PA70|pages=70|isbn=9783039103324|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fyle|first=Magbaily C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone|date=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-5339-3|pages=XVII–XXII|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakiza mu misewu kuti ŵakondwe. Charu cha Sierra Leone chikaŵa na boma laparamendi ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations. Mulongozgi wa chipani cha All People's Congress (APC), Siaka Stevens, pamoza na Isaac Wallace-Johnson, uyo nayo wakususka boma la SLPP, ŵakakakika na kuŵikika mu jele ku Freetown, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake 16 awo ŵakapika mulandu wa kunanga viphikiro vya wanangwa. Mu Meyi 1962, ku Sierra Leone kukachitika chisankho chakwamba. Chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) chikapokera vithuzi vinandi mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Milton Margai wakasankhikaso kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu nyengo iyo Margai wakaŵa na mazaza, ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakamutemwanga chomene. Wakacitanga vimbundi yayi nesi kujilongora kuti wali na nkhongono. Iyo wakambiska boma lakwendera dango na kugaŵikana kwa maufumu, na maboma gha vyaru vinandi na mawupu ghakwimira ŵanthu. Margai wakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano ghake kuti walongozge Sierra Leone. Wakimika ŵalara ŵa boma kuti ŵimilire mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Margai wakagwiliskiranga ntchito ndyali, kugaŵana mazaza pakati pa magulu gha ndyali na magulu gha vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu; comenecomene ŵakaronga ŵankhongono mu vigaŵa, awo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa boma lake. === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Milton Margai na Albert Margai (1964-1967) === Milton Margai wakati wafwa mwamabuci mu 1964, nyumba ya boma yikamusankha kuti waŵe nduna yikuru. Ulongozgi wa Sir Albert ukasuskika na nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro John Karefa-Smart, uyo wakadandawura kuti Sir Albert ndiyo wakeneranga kulongozga SLPP. Karefa-Smart wakalongozga chipani chichoko chomene mukati mwa chipani cha SLPP pakususkana na Albert Margai pakuŵa Prime Minister. Ndipouli, Karefa-Smart wakatondeka kusanga wovwiri ukuru mukati mwa SLPP mu kuyezga kwake kufumiska Albert Margai nga ni mulongozgi wa SLPP na Prime Minister. Ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa SLPP ŵakakolerana na Albert Margai kuluska Karefa-Smart. Mwaluŵiro Albert Margai wakati walapa kuŵa Nduna Yikuru, wakachimbizga ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa boma awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu boma la mukuru wake, Sir Milton. Sir Albert wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, ndipo wakapangiska malango ghanandi kuti wakanizge chipani cha All People's Congress.<ref name="Murtala Mohammed Kamara"/><ref name="Momoh"/> Sir Albert wakasuskanga fundo yakuti ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵaŵe na mazaza gha kuwusa, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa mukuru wake Milton. Ntheura, ŵakamba kuwona kuti Sir Albert ni munthu uyo wangatimbanizga maboma gha mu caru cose. Margai wakasora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Creole yayi kuti ŵateŵeterenge boma mu Freetown. Ntheura, ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ŵakamutemwanga yayi Albert Margai. Margai ŵakamupusikizgira kuti wakutemwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wake wa Mende. Mu 1967, mu Freetown mukawuka vivulupi chifukwa cha ivyo Margai wakachitanga. Sir Albert ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa vimbundi kweniso wa kutemwera mtundu wa Mende. Sir Albert Margai wakatora mazaza ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Mende ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Kweniso wakayezga kusintha Sierra Leone kufuma ku boma la demokilase kuya ku boma la chipani cimoza. Nangauli wakaŵa na wovwiri wose wa ŵasilikari ŵa caru ici, kweni wakacema kuti paŵe maungano ghakufwatuka na ghakugomezgeka.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |title=End of The Exception |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,941075,00.html |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629005010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941075,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |archive-date=29 June 2011 |date=31 March 1967 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–616|doi=10.1177/0022002714545332|year = 2016|last1 = Harkness|first1 = Kristen A.|hdl=10023/9391|s2cid=54538341|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === 1967 Masankhiro gha Wupu Wakulongozga na vimbundi vya ŵasilikari (1967~1968) === Chipani cha APC, pamoza na mulongozgi wake Siaka Stevens, chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kuluska chipani cha SLPP mu 1967 pa mavoti gha mavoti gha mavoti. Stevens wakalapa kuŵa nduna yikuru pa March 21, 1967. Pakati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka kufuma apo wakambira kuwusa, Stevens wakawuskika pa udindo mu boma mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Wakaŵa mubwezi wa Albert Margai, uyo wakamusankha mu 1964. Lansana wakamujalira Stevens mu nyumba yake ku Freetown ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti nduna yikuru yilindilire pambere ŵandyali ŵa fuko ili ŵandaŵepo pa maungano. Pamanyuma pake Steven wakafwatuka ndipo wakafumamo mu caru ici na kuluta ku caru ca Guinea. Ndipouli, pa March 23, 1967, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sierra Leone Army awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Brigadier General Andrew Juxon-Smith, ŵakachita chipani chakususkana na Mulara Lansana. Ŵakapoka boma, ŵakakora Lansana, na kukanizga dango la boma. Gulu ili likambiska National Reformation Council (NRC), ndipo Andrew Juxon-Smith ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake kweniso mulongozgi wa boma. Pa 18 Epulero 1968 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa pasi mu gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone awo ŵakajichemanga kuti Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Brigadier General John Amadu Bangura, ŵakawuskapo boma la NRC. Boma la ACRM likakaka ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu NRC. Ŵakawezgerapo malango gha boma na kuwezgera mazaza kwa Stevens, uyo paumaliro wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Mu 1970, Stevens wakakaka Bangura na kumupa mulandu wa uryarya. Wakasangika na mulandu na kweruzgika kuti wakomeke, nangauli wakaŵa Bangura uyo wakacitiska kuti Stevens wawelere ku mazaza. Brigadier Lansana na Hinga Norman, ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakacitako nkhondo yakwamba (1967), ŵakafumiskika mu usilikari ndipo ŵakakakika. Norman wakaŵa msilikari wa kazembe mukuru, Sir Henry Lightfoot-Boston. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Lansana wakeruzgika ndipo ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa upusikizgi, ndipo ŵakamuphalira kuti wakomeke mu 1975.<ref name="Humphrey" /> === Boma la chipani cimoza na kwamba kwa "Republic" (1968-1991) === [[File: All People's Congress political rally Sierra Leone 1968.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Msonkhano wa ndale wa APC kumpoto kwa tawuni ya Kabala kunja kwa nyumba ya othandizira chipani cha SLPP mu 1968]] Mu 1968, Stevens wakambaso kuwusa nga ni nduna yikuru, pamanyuma pa vimbundi vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakamugomezganga comene cifukwa cakuti wakacitanga ndyali. Stevens wakacitanga kampeni ya kuwunjika mafuko ghose pamoza mwakuyana na fundo za cisopa. Mu vyaka 10 vyakwambilira apo wakaŵa na mazaza, Stevens wakambiraso kudumbiskana vinthu vinyake ivyo wakavichema kuti "ndondomeko zambura ntchito" izo ŵakamuteŵeterapo, Albert Margai wa SLPP na Juxon-Smith wa NRC. Maboma ghanyake gha SLPP na NRC ghakayowoya kuti ghapangiska kuti caru ciŵe mu suzgo.<ref name="Humphrey" /> Stevens wakambaso kunozga malo ghakupangira mafuta, hotelo ya Cape Sierra iyo yikaŵa ya boma, na fakitare ya simenti. Wakakanaso mulimo wa Juxon-Smith wa kuzenga tchalitchi na mosque pa malo gha Victoria Park (lero ghakumanyikwa kuti Freetown Amusement Park) kwambira mu 2017. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Stevens wakamba kovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵende makora pakati pa vigaŵa ivi na msumba wa Freetown. Ŵakazenga misewu na vipatala mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo ŵalongozgi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa na mazaza chomene mu Freetown. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵakayezga kumugalukira, Stevens wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo ubwezi wake na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamukhozganga ukakhora. Ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti wakawuskapo chipani cha SLPP mu ndyali mwa kugwiliskira nchito nkhaza na kucitiska wofi. Kuti ŵasilikari ŵalutilire kumovwira, Stevens wakasankha John Amadu Bangura kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu lawelera ku boma, mavoti ghacigaŵa ghakacitika (kwamba mu 1968), ndipo boma la APC likimikika. Kweni pakaŵavya mtende. Mu Novembala 1968, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vikapangiska Stevens kuti wapharazge kuti mu charu chose muli suzgo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone ŵakakhuŵara chomene na ivyo Stevens wakachitanga kweniso umo wakachitiranga na ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone, kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakalimbana nayo. Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Bangura, uyo wakawezgerapo Stevens kuŵa nduna yikuru, wakawonekanga kuti ndiyo yekha wangawusa Stevens. Gulu la ŵasilikari likaŵa lakujipeleka comene kwa Bangura, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe wakofya comene kwa Stevens. Mu Janyuwale 1970, Bangura ŵakamukora na kumupa mulandu wa kuwukira boma la Stevens. Bangura wakati wapika mulandu kwa myezi yicoko waka, ŵakamusanga na mulandu ndipo ŵakamuphalira kuti wakomeke. Pa Malichi 29, 1970, Brigadier Bangura wakakomeka mu Freetown. Bangura wakati wakomeka, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakagomezgeka kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakakomeka, ŵakagalukira boma la Stevens mu Freetown na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakakakika na kweruzgika na khoti la ku Freetown chifukwa cha kunjilirapo pa kuwukira pulezidenti. Pakati pa ŵasilikari awo ŵakakakika pakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakamanyikwanga viŵi yayi, Foday Sankoh, uyo wakaŵa wakugomezgeka kwa Bangura, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakambiska gulu la Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Kaboni Sankoh wakasangika na mulandu ndipo wakakakika vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri mu jele la Pademba Road mu Freetown. Mu Epulero 1971, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likazomerezga kuti Stevens waŵe pulezidenti. Mu ma 1972 by-elections, chipani cha opposition SLPP chikadandaula kuti chipani cha APC na chipani cha militia vikamuwopsya na kumukanizga. Masuzgo agha ghakaŵa ghakofya comene mwakuti SLPP yikasuskanga mavoti gha mu 1973; ntheura APC yikasanga vithuzithuzi 84 pa vithuzithuzi 85. Mu 1974, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakakhumbanga kuwuskapo pulezidenti Stevens, kweni ŵakatondeka ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakakomeka. Pakati pa 1974, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea ŵakaŵikika mu charu ichi kuti ŵawovwirepo pa mazaza ghake, pakuti Stevens wakaŵa mubwezi wa pulezidenti wa ku Guinea, Ahmed Sékou Touré. Mu Malichi 1976, Stevens wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo yaciŵiri. Pa 19 Julayi, 1975, ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 14, kusazgapo David Lansana, nduna yakale ya boma Mohamed Sorie Forna (wiske wa mulembi Aminatta Forna), Brigadier General Ibrahim Bash Taqi na Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara ŵakakomeka pamanyuma pakususka kuti ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la pulezidenti Stevens. In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone politics. The demonstration was quickly put down by the army and Stevens' own personal Special Security Division (SSD), a heavily armed paramilitary force he had created to protect him and maintain his hold on power.<ref>Tam-Baryoh, David, [http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/1669 "Politicized security forces or tribalized national politics; which is which?"] ''Newstime Africa''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901024455/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/1669 |date=1 September 2012 }}. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref> SSD officers were loyal to Stevens and were deployed across the country to clamp down on any rebellion or protest against Stevens' government. [[Sierra Leonean parliamentary election, 1977|A general election]] was called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the APC won 74 seats and the SLPP 15. In 1978, the APC-dominant parliament approved a new constitution making the country a one-party state. The 1978 constitution made the APC the only legal political party in Sierra Leone.<ref name=Gberie>Gberie, Lansana (1998). ''[http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/30/ War and state collapse: The case of Sierra Leone]'' (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University</ref> Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kususka boma mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, kweni ŵasilikari na gulu la Stevens la SSD ŵakaŵakoma. Stevens wakususkika cifukwa ca maluso ghake gha ucigaluka na vimbundi vya mu boma, kweni wakawovwira kuti caru ciŵe cakukhora ndiposo kuti cileke kunjira mu nkhondo. Wakambiska maboma ghanandi agho ghachali kugwira ntchito m'paka sono. Stevens wakachepeskaso mphatukano wa mafuko mu boma mwa kunjizga ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana mu boma lake la APC. Siaka Stevens wakafumapo pa ndyali mu Novembala 1985 wati waŵa na mazaza vyaka 18. Pa ungano waumaliro wa ŵimiliri wa chipani ichi, uwo ukachitikira ku Freetown mu Novembala 1985, chipani ichi chikimika munthu munyake kuti wanjire mu malo gha Stevens. Munthu uyo wakasankhika wakaŵa Major General Joseph Saidu Momoh, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Jenerale Momoh wakaŵa wakugomezgeka kwa Stevens, uyo wakamusankha. Nga ni Stevens, Momoh nayo wakaŵa wa fuko la Limba. Pakuŵa uyo wakaŵa yekha, Momoh wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kwambura kususkika ndipo wakalapizga kuŵa pulezidenti wachiŵiri wa Sierra Leone pa Novembala 28, 1985 ku Freetown. Mu Meyi 1986, pakaŵa chisankho cha chipani chimoza pakati pa ŵa APC. Pulezidenti Momoh wakasora mulara wa ŵasilikari na mubwezi wake, Major General Mohamed Tarawalie kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Jenerale Tarawalie nayo wakaŵa wakugomezgeka comene ndipo wakawovwiranga comene Momoh. Pulezidenti Momoh wakimika James Bambay Kamara kuŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa Sierra Leone. Bambay Kamara nayo wakaŵa wakugomezgeka comene kwa Momoh. Momoh wakapatukana na pulezidenti wakale Siaka Stevens mwa kunjizga gulu lankhongono la SSD mu polisi ya Sierra Leone nga ni gulu lapadera la ŵasilikari. Pa nyengo ya Pulezidenti Stevens, gulu la SSD likaŵa lankhongono comene ndipo likagwiliskiranga nchito nkhongono zake kuti liŵe na mazaza. Ŵapolisi ŵa Sierra Leone awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bambay Kamara ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Pulezidenti Momoh. Chifukwa cha kukolerana na ŵasilikari kweniso kususka vimbundi, pulezidenti Momoh wakamba kukhozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa visko viphya mu nduna ziphya za APC pasi pa purezidenti Momoh na kuwelera kwa visko vinandi vya kale kufuma mu boma la Stevens, mwaluŵiro ŵanthu ŵakamba kumususka kuti Momoh wakalutilira waka kuwusa kwa Stevens. Vyaka vichoko waka vyakulondezgapo mu muwuso wa Momoh vikaŵa na vimbundi, ndipo Momoh wakawuskapo vimbundi ivi mwa kufumiska nduna zinandi. Kuti walongore kuti wakulimbana na vimbundi, Pulezidenti Momoh wakapharazga za "Ndondomeko ya Makhaliro ya Ŵalongozgi ŵa Ndyali na Ŵateŵeti ŵa Boma". Pamanyuma pa kuyezga kuwuskapo pulezidenti Momoh mu Malichi 1987, ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakakakika, kusazgapo Francis Minah, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, uyo wakawuskika pa udindo wake, wakasangika na mulandu wa kunozga chiwukirano, ndipo wakakomeka na kukakika mu 1989, pamoza na ŵanyake ŵankhondi. === Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone (1991-2002) na boma la NPRC (1992-1996) === {{Further|Sierra Leone Civil War}} [[File: School destroyed by Sierra Leone Civil War.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Sukulu yinyake ku Koindu yikanangika pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba; masukulu ghakwambilira 1,270 ghakanangika pa nyengo ya nkhondo.<ref name="ilab"/>]] Mu Okutobala 1990, cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika comene na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru na ŵakuwaro kuti ŵanozge ndyali na vya cuma, pulezidenti Momoh wakimika komiti ya kunozgaso malango gha boma kuti yilanje malango gha boma la chipani cimoza. Pakugwiliskira nchito ulongozgi wa komiti iyi, dango la boma ilo likakhazikiskaso ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi likapokelereka na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya APC. Pakaŵa kukayika kukuru kuti pulezidenti Momoh wakakhumbanga yayi kusintha vinthu pa ndyali, cifukwa boma la APC likalutilira kusuzgika na mazaza. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikaŵa mukati mu charu cha Liberia ndiyo yikapangiska kuti ku Sierra Leone kuŵe nkhondo. Charles Taylor uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa National Patriotic Front of Liberia, vikayowoyeka kuti wakawovwira kupanga Revolutionary United Front (RUF) pasi pa muwuso wa Foday Saybana Sankoh, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Sankoh wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wakale wa ku Britain uyo wakasambizgikaso nkhondo ku Libya. Cakulinga ca Taylor cikaŵa cakuti RUF yikome ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu Sierra Leone. Pa 29 Epulero 1992, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵawukirano ŵa ku Sierra Leone Army, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari 7 ŵa ku Sierra Leone, Lt. Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, Lt. Solomon "SAJ" Musa, Captain Komba Mondeh, Lt. Tom Nyuma, Captain Julius Maada Bio na Captain Komba Kambo, ŵakachitiska chivundungwele cha ŵasilikari icho chikapangiska kuti pulezidenti Momoh wapelekeleke ku Guinea. Wupu wa NPRC ukayimiska mwaluŵiro dango la boma, kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali, kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya na wa manyuzipepara, ndipo ukakhazikiska dango lakuti ŵasilikari ŵaŵikenge mu jele kwambura mulandu panji kweruzgika. SAJ Musa, mubwezi wa Strasser wa pa ubonda, wakazgoka wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na mulongozgi wa boma la NPRC. Strasser wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma muwukirano comene pa caru cose apo wakayamba kuwusa mazuŵa ghatatu pera kufuma apo wakafiskira vilimika 25. Boma la NPRC likakhazikiska National Supreme Council of State nga ni boma la ŵasilikari na mazaza ghaumaliro pa vinthu vyose ndipo likaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa NPRC ŵankhongono comene, kusazgapo Strasser na ŵasilikari ŵakwambilira awo ŵakathereska pulezidenti Momoh.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web |title=SIERRA LEONE NOW: Attempts To Launder Maada Bio's Battered Image Fail... We Were Not Supreme Council Members – Civilians In NPRC Deny Involvement In Atrocities |url=http://salonenow.blogspot.com/2011/08/attempts-to-launder-maada-bios-battered.html#!/2011/08/attempts-to-launder-maada-bios-battered.html |access-date=20 March 2014 |publisher=Salonenow.blogspot.com}}</ref> Yumoza wa ŵasilikari ŵakuzirwa comene ŵa NPRC Junta, Lt. Sahr Sandy, mubwezi wakugomezgeka wa Strasser, wakakomeka na Major S.I.M. Turay, uyo wakaŵa wakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti Momoh. Gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na vilwero vikuru vikapenja munthu uyo wakakoma Mulara Sandy. Ndipouli, wakukayikiska comene ni Major S.I.M. Turay wakabisama na kucimbira mu caru ca Guinea, cifukwa wakawopanga umoyo wake. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti Momoh ŵakakakika, kusazgapo Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya na Major Yayah Turay. Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Lt. Sandy, ŵakamusunga pa dindi la boma ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa NPRC ŵakaluta ku dindi ili. Boma la NPRC likalutilira kukolerana na wupu wa ECOWAS ndipo likakhozga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ECOMOG awo ŵakakhalanga ku Sierra Leone. Pa 28 Disembala 1992, boma likayezga kupoka boma kwa boma la NPRC la Strasser, pakukhumba kufwatura Colonel Yahya Kanu, Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya na uyo kale wakaŵa Inspector General wa ŵapolisi Bambay Kamara, ŵakakanizgika. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura ŵakamanyikwa kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska chiŵembu ici. Ŵasilikari 17 ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chiŵembu ichi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka ni Colonel Kahota Dumbuya, Major Yayah Kanu na Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanandi ŵa boma la Momoh awo ŵakaŵa mu jele la Pa Demba Road, kusazgapo uyo kale wakaŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi Bambay Kamara, nawo ŵakakomeka. Pa 5 Julayi 1994 SAJ Musa, uyo wakaŵa wakutemweka comene pakati pa ŵanthu, comenecomene mu Freetown, wakakakika na kutumizgika ku caru cinyake pamasinda pakuti wakasoleka kuti wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Strasser. Strasser wakasintha Musa kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa NPRC na Captain Bio, uyo nyengo yeneyiyo Strasser wakamukwezga kuŵa brigadier. Ntchito ya NPRC yikaŵa yambura ntchito chifukwa boma la Momoh likathereskeka. Kuzakafika mu 1994, ŵasilikari ŵa RUF ŵakamba kuwusa chigaŵa chikuru cha chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi icho chikaŵa na malibwe gha dayamondi ghanandi. Pakuzgora, NPRC yikagwiriska nchito Executive Outcomes, kampani ya ŵasilikari ya ku South Africa, kuti yigeziske ŵasilikari ŵakugwilira nchito ŵankhondo ŵakukwana mahandiredi ghanandi. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa RUF mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa kufupi na mphaka za Sierra Leone. Chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa NPRC, Lt. Sahr Sandy na Lt. Solomon Musa ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kumuvikilira, utsogoleri wa Strasser mukati mwa NPRC ukaŵa wambura nkhongono. Pa 16 January 1996, pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi pa mazaza, Strasser wakakakika mu nyumba ya boma iyo yikapangika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa NPRC awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Brigadier Bio ku likuru la Defence ku Freetown. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Strasser wakatolekera ku Conakry, ku Guinea. Mu nkhani yake yakwamba ya pa wumba pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira mu 1996, Brigadier Bio wakayowoya kuti wovwiri wake wa kuwezgerapo Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/How+Sierra+Leone+fell+into+the+hands+of+young+soldiers.-a0254314002 |title=How Sierra Leone fell into the hands of young soldiers|publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Kabbah: boma, "kuwuka kwa boma liphya", AFRC na umaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni (1996~2007) === Bio wakafiska ivyo wakalayizga kuti wazamuwusa ŵanthu. Pambere mavoti ghandambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone na ŵanyakhe ŵa pa caru cose ŵakadumbiskana usange chalo ici cikwenera kumazga nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikalutilira kwa nyengo yitali, panji usange cikwenera kucita mavoti na kuwezgeraso muwuso ku boma la ŵanthu na ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa 1995 wa National Consultative Conference ku Bintumani Hotel ku Freetown, wakucemeka "Bintumani I", uwo ukaŵa upharazgi wa Strasser, ungano unyake wa National Consultative Conference ku Bintumani Hotel ku Freetown, wakucemeka "Bintumani II", ukambiska na boma la Bio ilo likakhwaska ŵanyakhe ŵa ku charu na ŵanyakhe ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, mu kuyezga kusanga nthowa yakufumiskirapo masuzgo agho ghakuwira chalo. "Mtende pambere mavoti ghandambe na mavoti pambere mtende undafike" ghakazgoka nkhani yikuru ya kudumbiskana ndipo nkhani iyi yikamba kudumbiskana pa caru cose. Paumaliro, ŵakadumbiskana na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo boma la Bio na UN, ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti apo ŵakuyezgayezga kusanga nthowa ya mtende yakumazgira nkhondo, ŵakwenera kuchitiska mavoti mwaluŵiro. Bio wakapeleka mazaza kwa Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wa SLPP, pamanyuma pa mavoti agho ghakacitika kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 1996 agho Kabbah wakathereska. Pulezidenti Kabbah wakatora mazaza na cilato cakuti wamalizge nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Wakati wapokera mazaza, Pulezidenti Kabbah mwaluŵiro wakamba kudumbiskana na RUF ndipo wakacemera mulongozgi wawo Foday Sankoh kuti wazakadumbiskane za mtende.<ref name="University"/> Pa 25 Meyi 1997, ŵasilikari 17 mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Corporal Tamba Gborie, ŵakugomezgeka kwa Major Johnny Paul Koroma uyo wakaŵa mu jele, ŵakambiska boma la nkhondo ilo likatuma Pulezidenti Kabbah ku ukapolo ku Guinea ndipo ŵakambiska wupu wa Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). Kaboni Gborie wakaluta mwaluŵiro ku ofesi yikuru ya Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services ku New England, Freetown, kuti wakapharazge vya boma ilo likapoka mazaza na kucenjezga ŵasilikari wose ŵa mu caru kuti ŵize kuzakavikilira. Mwaluŵiro ŵasilikari ŵakamufumiska Koroma mu jere na kumwimika kuŵa pulezidenti wawo na mulongozgi wa boma. Koroma wakayimiska dango la chalo, wakakanizga viwoneskero, wakajarapo mawayilesi ghose gha palekha mu chalo ichi ndipo wakacemera RUF kuti wanjire mu boma liphya la junta, na mulongozgi wake Foday Sankoh kuŵa Vice-Chairman wa boma liphya la AFRC-RUF. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghachoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa RUF ŵakiza mu msumba wa Freetown. Gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sierra Leone, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Samuel Hinga Norman, ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka kwa Pulezidenti Kabbah. Pakati pajumpha myezi yinkhondi na umoza, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na boma la Nigeria ŵakawuskapo boma ili. Pa 19 Okutobala 1998, ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone 24 (mwakusazgapo Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba na Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay) ŵakakomeka na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma ku Freetown. Mu Okutobala 1999, wupu wa United Nations ukazomera kutuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵakhazikiske mtende na kufumiska vilwero ku ŵakugaluka. Gulu lakwamba la ŵasilikari 6,000 likamba kwiza mu Disembala, ndipo mu Febuluwale 2000, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomerezga kusazgirako ŵasilikari aŵa kufika pa 11,000. Kweni mu Meyi, apo pafupifupi ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakafumako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuvikilira RUF ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Sierra Leone, ŵasilikari ŵa Sankoh ŵakakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa UN, ndipo ŵasilikari 500 ŵakakoleka nga mbanthu awo ŵakakanizgika. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo zinandi pakati pa RUF na boma apo ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakambiska ntchito ya Khukri kuti ŵamalizge nkhondo iyi. Ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska comene, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku India na Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Vinthu vikafika paheni comene mu caru ici mwakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakatumika kuti ŵafumiske ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakaleka mulimo wawo ndipo ŵakamba nkhondo kuti ŵathereske ŵakugaluka. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti nkhondo yimare. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain, pamoza na ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵandyali, ŵakakhalapo kuti ŵasambizge ŵasilikari, kunozga vinthu vya mu caru, na kupeleka wovwiri wa ndalama na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakuwona kuti Tony Blair, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakanjilirapo, ni munthu wankhongono. Kufuma mu 1991 m'paka mu 2001, ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya pawenenawene ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Guinea na Liberia. Mu 2001, ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakugaluka ŵakakhalanga na kwamba kuwuskamo vilwero vya ŵasilikari aŵa. Mu Janyuwale 2002, nkhondo yikamara. Mu Meyi 2002, Kabbah wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu 2004, mulimo wa kufumiska vilwero ukaŵa kuti wamara. Kweniso mu 2004, khoti lakuvikilirika na wupu wa UN likamba kweruzga ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya nkhondo. Mu Disembala 2005, ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakafumamo mu Sierra Leone. === Chisankho cha 2007 ndi kubwereranso kwa APC === Mu Ogasiti 2007, ku Sierra Leone kukachitika chisankho cha pulezidenti na chaparamendi. Ndipouli, palije uyo wakatora mazaza gha 50% pamoza na kura yimoza iyo yikaŵa mu dango la boma. Chisankho chachiwiri chinachitika mu Seputembala 2007, ndipo Ernest Bai Koroma, woyimira chipani chachikulu chotsutsa cha APC, adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti. Koroma wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti kachiŵiri mu Novembala 2012. === Kulimbana na nthenda ya Ebola (2014~2016) === Mu 2014, ku Sierra Leone kukabuka nthenda ya Ebola iyo yikatimbanizga vinthu mu charu chose. Kuumaliro wa 2014, ku Sierra Leone kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000 ndipo ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi. Kweniso nthenda iyi yikapangiska kuti mu Seputembala 2014, ŵanthu ŵaŵikike mu charu chose kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Nthenda iyi yikamba chifukwa cha Ebola iyo yikathandazgika chomene ku West Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Sierra Leone chikaleka kuseŵera maseŵera gha mpira chifukwa cha Ebola. Pa Malichi 16, 2016, wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) ukati Sierra Leone njambura Ebola.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/sierraleone-node/sierraleonesicherheit/203500#content_6|title=Auswärtiges Amt – Sierra Leone: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise|last=Amt|first=Auswärtiges|work=Auswärtiges Amt DE|access-date=16 March 2018|language=de}}</ref><ref name="internationalsos.com">[https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=397&language_id=ENG Sierra Leone]. Internationalsos.com. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone launches three-day, door-to-door Ebola prevention campaign|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_75963.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=24 September 2014|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907112713/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_75963.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="internationalsos.com" /> ===14 August 2017 mudslides=== {{main|2017 Sierra Leone mudslides}} Pa August 14, 2017, mu msumba wa Freetown na kufupi na msumba uwu mukachitika chivundungwele. ===2018 General election=== {{main|2018 Sierra Leonean general election}} Mu 2018, ku Sierra Leone kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Pa maungano gha ku malo gha boma, palije uyo wakafika pa 55%, ndipo maungano ghaciŵiri ghakacitika.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-15|title=7 March 2018 Election in Sierra Leone by numbers|url=http://necsl2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Election-Figures_1403.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070525/http://necsl2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Election-Figures_1403.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2018|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Sierra Leone}} [[File:UNsierraleone.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of Sierra Leone]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SLE present.svg|thumb|Sierra Leone map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Sierra Leone chili kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Guinea kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, Liberia kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na Atlantic Ocean kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Sierra Leone yili na malo ghakukwana 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi), ndipo yili kugaŵika mu malo ghakukwana 71,620 km2 (27,653 sq mi) na maji ghakukwana 120 km2 (46 sq mi). Charu ichi chili na vigaŵa vinayi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sierra Leone, phiri ili lili na mapiri ghatali, ndipo Phiri la Bintumani lili na m'paka mamita 1,948. Chigaŵa chakunena cha mlonga wa Moa chili kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi. Pakati pa charu ichi pali malo gha chipalamba agho ghali na makuni, vivwati, na malo ghakurya. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili kugawika na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund kuŵa chigaŵa cha nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, apo chigaŵa chakumwera chili na makuni ghakututuŵa na minda. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Sierra Leone yili na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 400 kufuma ku Atlantic Coastline, ndipo yili na vinthu vinandi vya mu nyanja. Ku mumphepete mwa nyanja kuli vyakumera vya mangrove. Msumba ukuru wa Freetown uli mumphepete mwa nyanja pafupi na dowoko la Sierra Leone. Nyengo ya mu charu ichi njakotcha, ndipo nyengo ziŵiri zikupangiska kuti kulimilirenge: nyengo ya vula kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Novembala, kweniso nyengo ya chihanya kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Meyi, apo mphepo yakuzizima yikuputa kufuma ku mapopa gha Sahara. Pa avereji, mu charu muli kutentha kwapakati pa 26 °C na 36 °C.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Blinker |first =Linda |date =September 2006 |title =Country Environment Profile (CEP) Sierra Leone |publisher =Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff |location =Freetown, Sierra Leone |url =http://www.sliip.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=46 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130927112254/http://www.sliip.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=46 |url-status =dead |archive-date =27 September 2013 |page =12 |access-date =2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =LeVert |first =Suzanne |title =Cultures of the World: Sierra Leone |pages =[https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/8 8–9] |publisher =Marshall Cavendish |isbn =978-0-7614-2334-8 |year =2006 |url =https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/8 }}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{See also|Wildlife of Sierra Leone}} Ku Sierra Leone kuli vyaru vinayi: nkhorongo za ku Guinea, nkhorongo za ku Western Guinea, nkhorongo za ku Guinea, na makuni gha mangrove. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ndivyo vikupangiska kuti charu cha Sierra Leone chiheni chomene panji kuti vikupangiska kuti charu chiheni chomene, ni vyakurya vyambura kukhazikika, kusamalira makora yayi dongo na maji, kudumulizga makuni, kusisita vyakumera, kurya nkhuni, kweniso kulimilira chomene viŵeto na kuzenga misumba. Kutowa kwa makuni, cifukwa ca makuni gha malonda ndiposo cifukwa ca vyakurya, ni suzgo likuru comene ndipo kukupangiska kuti caru ciŵe na uheni ukuru. Kuzenga migodi, kudumura na kotcha malo kuti ghazgoke malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kwapangiska kuti makuni ghachepe chomene mu Sierra Leone kwambira m'ma 1980. Charu ichi chili na nkhorongo zinandi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa makuni. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakopa kuti makuni ghanandi ghachali kukomeka mu malo ghakuchemeka Tama-Tonkoli Forest Reserve kumpoto. Awo ŵakuguliska makuni ŵasazgirako ntchito yawo ku Nimini, District ya Kono, Eastern Province; Jui, Western Rural District, Western Area; Loma Mountains National Park, Koinadougu, Northern Province; ndipo ŵali na mapulani ghakwamba kugwira ntchito mu Kambui Forest reserve mu Kenema District, Eastern Province. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 2.76/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Mu Sierra Leone, ŵanthu ŵakuloŵa comene somba. Ntcheŵe yakucemeka Lycaon pictus ya ku Africa yikanangika comene mwakuti yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara mu Sierra Leone. M'paka mu 2002, Sierra Leone yikaŵavya ndondomeko yakwendeskera nkhorongo chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, makuni agho ghakuparanyika ghasazgikira na 7.3%. Mu 2003, mu Sierra Leone mukaŵa malo ghakuvikilirika 55. Mu caru ici muli vyakumera vinandi, vinyama 147, viyuni 626, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa 67, vinyama vyakukhala pasi na pasi 35, na somba 99. Wupu wa Environmental Justice Foundation ukulongora kuti mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, unandi wa maboti agho ghakuloŵa mwambura kuzomerezgeka mu maji gha ku Sierra Leone wawonjezeka comene. Ŵalwani ŵa visomba ŵamba kukora visomba vinandi chomene. Vinthu vyafika paheni comene cifukwa cakuti somba ndizo zikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici kusanga ndalama. Mu Juni 2005, wupu wa Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) na BirdLife International ŵakakolerana kuti ŵawovwirepo pa ntchito ya kunozga nkhorongo ya Gola Forest ku Sierra Leone.<ref>[[BBC News]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7136606.stm ''Sierra Leone sets up forest park''], 10 December 2007 </ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Environmental Justice Foundation |url=http://www.ejfoundation.org/page370.html |title=Sierra Leone |date=17 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010165129/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page370.html |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="rainforests.mongabay.com">Butler, Rhett (2005). [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20sierraleone.htm ''Sierra Leone: Environmental Profile''], mongabay.com</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Sierra Leone}} {{multiple image |width=230 |perrow=1/1 |image1= |caption1=[[Julius Maada Wonie Bio]], current president of Sierra Leone (12 May 2018 - present) |image2= |caption2=Official seal of the President of the Republic of Sierra Leone }} Sierra Leone ni charu icho chili na boma ilo likusankhika na ŵanthu. Ndondomeko ya boma ya Sierra Leone yikukolerana na Dango la Sierra Leone la 1991. Sierra Leone yili na boma likuru ilo likulamulira ndipo boma lakunjilirapo ndambura nkhongono. Boma la Sierra Leone, ilo likulongozgeka na pulezidenti, lili na mazaza ghanandi. Pulezidenti ni munthu wankhongono comene mu Sierra Leone. Kuyana na Dango la mu 1991, boma la Britain ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu. Boma likuru comene lili na pulezidenti na mamembara gha boma lake, kweniso ŵeruzgi. Pulezidenti ni mulara wa boma, mulara wa boma, ndiposo mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Pulezidenti wakusora na kulongozga nduna izo zikwenera kuzomerezgeka na Nyumba ya Malango. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti waŵepo nyengo ziŵiri. Pulezidenti ndiyo wali na mazaza ghakuru chomene mu boma la Sierra Leone. Kuti munthu wasankhike kuŵa pulezidenti wa Sierra Leone, wakwenera kusanga mavoti pafupifupi 55 peresenti. Usange palije uyo wapokera 55%, paŵenge chigaŵa chachiŵiri pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri. Pulezidenti wa sono wa Sierra Leone ni Julius Maada Bio, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari. Bio wakathereska Samura Kamara wa chipani cha All People's Congress (APC) mu chisankho cha purezidenti cha 2018. Bio wakasintha pulezidenti Ernest Bai Koroma pamanyuma pakuti Bio wakalapizga pa 4 April 2018 na Chief Justice Abdulai Cham. Bio ni mulongozgi wa chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party, chipani icho chili na mazaza mu Sierra Leone. Pamanyuma pa pulezidenti pakuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, uyo ni mulara waciŵiri mu boma la Sierra Leone. Nga umo Dango la Sierra Leone likulongolera, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuŵa pulezidenti wa Sierra Leone para pulezidenti wafwa, wafumapo, panji wafumiskika.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/04/africa/sierra-leone-presidential-election-intl/index.html|title=Sierra Leone declares former junta head president|first=Bukola |last=Adebayo|work=CNN|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> === Parliament === Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Sierra Leone njimoza pera, ndipo yili na mipando 146. Chigaŵa chilichose mwa vigaŵa 14 vya charu ichi chili na ŵimiliri mu nyumba ya malango. Nyumba ya malango ya Sierra Leone yikulongozgeka na Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, uyo ni mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipo wakusankhika na ŵanthu awo ŵalipo. Mulara wa sono wa nyumba ya malango ya Sierra Leone ni Abass Bundu, uyo wakasankhika na mamembala gha nyumba ya malango pa 21 January 2014. Ŵabali awo ŵalipo sono mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Sierra Leone ŵakasankhika pa mavoti gha mu 2012. Pasono chipani cha APC chili na vithuzithuzi 68 pa vithuzithuzi 132 ivyo vili mu nyumba ya malango ndipo chipani cha Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) chili na vithuzithuzi 49 pa vithuzithuzi 132. Maphwando awiri opambana kwambiri ku Sierra Leone, APC ndi SLPP, pamodzi adagonjetsa mipando yonse yosankhidwa ku Nyumba Yamalamulo mu chisankho cha nyumba yamalamulo ku Sierra Leone cha 2012. Kuti munthu waŵe mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, wakwenera kuŵa mwenekaya wa Sierra Leone, wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 21, wakwenera kuyowoya, kuŵazga na kulemba Cingelezi mwakuti waŵe na mwaŵi wakucitako milimo ya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo; ndipo wakwenera kuŵa na mulandu yayi. Kufuma apo Sierra Leone yikapokera wanangwa mu 1961, vyaru ivi vili na vipani vikuruvikuru viŵiri: SLPP na APC. Pakaŵaso magulu ghacoko waka agho ghakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sierra Leone National Election Commission Bulletin |date=September–December 2011 |url=http://www.nec-sierraleone.org/Bulletin.html |access-date=25 February 2012 }}</ref> === Judiciary === {{main|Judiciary of Sierra Leone}} [[File: Freetown Court 1984.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Sierra Leone [[Supreme Court of Sierra Leone|Supreme Court]] in the capital [[Freetown]], the highest and most powerful court in the country]] Boma la Sierra Leone lili na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakulongozgeka na Chief Justice of Sierra Leone. Makhoti ghanyake ni Khoti Likuru la Vyamalango, Khoti la Apilu, makhoti gha ŵeruzgi, na makhoti gha ku mizi. Pulezidenti wakusora na kuzomerezga ŵeruzgi ŵa makhoti ghose ghatatu. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na mazaza pa milandu yose ya ŵanthu wose ndiposo ya milandu ya milandu mu caru cose. Mulara wa milandu wa sono wa Sierra Leone ni Desmond Babatunde Edwards === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Sierra Leone}} Unduna wa Vyalo vya ku Sierra Leone na Wupu Wakovwira Ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru Vinyake ndiwo ukuwona vya ndyali za ku Sierra Leone. Charu cha Sierra Leone chili paubwezi na vyaru nga ni China, Russia, Libya, Iran, na Cuba. Sierra Leone wali na ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vya ku Western Europe, na United States. Kufuma waka apo boma la United Kingdom likakanira nkhondo ya pawenenawene mu 2000, likawovwira chomene charu ichi. Boma la pulezidenti wakale Siaka Stevens likakhumbanga kukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mu wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Sierra Leone, pamoza na Liberia, Ivory Coast na Guinea, ni vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Ntchito yake yikuru njakuti yikhazikiske mapulojekiti ghakovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora mu vyaru vinayi ivi. Sierra Leone nayo njumoza wa wupu wa United Nations na wupu unyake, African Union, African Development Bank (AFDB), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), na Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Sierra Leone njumoza wa ŵeruzgi ŵa International Criminal Court awo ŵali kukolerana kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵavikilirikenge (kulingana na ndime 98).<ref name=foreign>{{cite encyclopedia |year =2007 |title =Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations |encyclopedia =Sierra Leone Encyclopedia |url =http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_2mfa.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182542/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_2mfa.htm |archive-date =23 February 2009 |access-date =7 October 2008 |url-status =dead |df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date =October 2008 |title =Background Note: Sierra Leone |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url =https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm |access-date =7 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year =2006 |title =Welcome to the Mano River Union Website |publisher =Mano River Union |url =http://www.manoriverunion.org/ |access-date =7 October 2008 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080706124624/http://www.manoriverunion.org/ |archive-date =6 July 2008 |url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ambassade de la Fédération de Russie en République de Guinée|title=Russia and Sierra Leone diplomatic relations|url=http://guinea.mid.ru/web/guinee-fr/actualites-de-l-ambassade/-/asset_publisher/u42vl5IwZdlL/content/55th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-russia-and-sierra-leone?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fguinea.mid.ru%2Fweb%2Fguinee-fr%2Factualites-de-l-ambassade%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_u42vl5IwZdlL%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1|website=mid.ru|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816063823/https://guinea.mid.ru/web/guinee-fr/actualites-de-l-ambassade/-/asset_publisher/u42vl5IwZdlL/content/55th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-russia-and-sierra-leone?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fguinea.mid.ru%2Fweb%2Fguinee-fr%2Factualites-de-l-ambassade%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_u42vl5IwZdlL%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Military of Sierra Leone}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone, ilo likucemeka Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), ni gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone ilo likuvikilira vigaŵa vya Sierra Leone na kuvikilira vyandulo vya Sierra Leone. Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likapangika pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1961, kufuma ku British Royal West African Frontier Force. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone lili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 15,500, ndipo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene ŵa Sierra Leone. Pulezidenti wa Sierra Leone ndiyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari, ndipo nduna ya vya kuvikilira ndiyo yikulaŵilira vya kuvikilira caru na kupanga ŵasilikari. Nduna ya vya kuvikilira ya Sierra Leone ni Major Alfred Paolo Conteh. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone lili na Chief of the Defence Staff, uyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakuŵa na udindo wa kwendeska na kwendeska ŵasilikari ŵa Sierra Leone. Brigadier General Alfred Nelson-Williams uyo wakasankhika na President Koroma wakasintha Major General Edward Sam M'boma pa 12 September 2008 pakuŵa Chief of Defence Staff wa Army. Apo Sierra Leone yikapokera wanangwa mu 1961, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Sierra Leone Military Force ŵakapangika kufuma ku Sierra Leone Battalion of the West African Frontier Force. Mu 1968, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwusa, ndipo ŵakaŵika wupu wa National Reformation Council. Pa 19 Epulero 1971, apo Sierra Leone yikazgoka charu, Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces yikasintha zina kuŵa Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF).<ref name="Kaplan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tv9yAAAAMAAJ&dq=Royal+Sierra+Leone+Military+Force&pg=PA337 ''Area Handbook for Sierra Leone''], Irving Kaplan, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, page 337</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_6rslaf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070308/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_6rslaf.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |title=Partners: Sierra Leone Armed Forces |publisher=Daco-sl.org |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wupu wa RSLMF ukalutilira kuŵa na gulu limoza m'paka mu 1979, apo boma la Sierra Leone likakhazikiska mawumba gha ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. Mu 1995, likuru la ŵasilikari likakhazikiskika, ndipo gulu la ŵasilikari la Sierra Leone Air Wing likapangika. Gulu la RSLMF likasinthika zina kuŵa Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL). === Law enforcement === Boma la Sierra Leone likulongozgeka na ŵapolisi awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhazikiskika na Britain mu 1894. Likovwira kugega vigeŵenga, kuvikilira umoyo wa ŵanthu na katundu wawo, kusanga na kweruzga ŵakuswa malango, kukhazikiska bata na mtende, kuvikilira umoyo na chivikiliro, kweniso kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵeruzgike makora. Wapolisi wa ku Sierra Leone ni Inspector General of Police, uyo ni mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Sierra Leone. Chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 14 vya Sierra Leone chili na mulara wa ŵapolisi uyo ni mulara wa chigaŵa. Ŵapolisi aŵa ŵakuteŵetera ku ofesi ya ŵapolisi ya ku Freetown. Mulaŵiliri wa ŵapolisi sono ni Brima Acha Kamara, uyo wakasankhika na pulezidenti wakale Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Sierra Leone}} Male [[LGBT rights in Sierra Leone|same-sex sexual activity]] is illegal under Section 61 of the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], and imprisonment for life is possible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181908/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2012 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults |publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |editor= Lucas Paoli Itaborahy |date=May 2012 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Ŵapolisi ŵakusuzga comene ŵanthu. Ŵalwani ŵakomeka na ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi mu jele (mu jele la Pademba Road, ŵakayidi 30 na msilikari yumoza ŵakafwa). Pa nyengo ya COVID-19, ŵapolisi ŵakawukira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIERRA LEONE 2020|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/west-and-central-africa/sierra-leone/report-sierra-leone/|website=Amnesty International|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone}} [[File:Districts in Sierra Leone 2018.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The 14 districts and 2 areas of Sierra Leone]] Chigaŵa cha Sierra Leone chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi: chigaŵa cha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa cha kumwera, chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Vigaŵa vinayi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 14. Vigaŵa vya vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 186, ivyo kanandi vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵakuchindikika, awo boma la Britain likaŵamanya mu 1896. Ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵali na mazaza comene, comenecomene mu mizi na matawuni ghacoko. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko wose ŵakaŵa na mafuko agho ghakamanyikwanga pa nyengo iyo. Kanandi ŵalongozgi ndiwo "ŵakupeleka misonkho, ŵeruzgi, na kugaŵa malo, agho ngakukhumbikwa chomene ku mizi". Mu vigaŵa vya boma, vigaŵa vikulamulirika nga ni malo. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na wupu wa chigaŵa uwo ukusankhika mwakudunjika.<ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 6–7">{{Cite book |last =Renner-Thomas |first = Ade |title = Land Tenure in Sierra Leone: The Law, Dualism and the Making of a Land Policy |publisher =AuthorHouse |year =2010 |pages = 6–7 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RiIpW6vWVPoC&pg=PA5|isbn=978-1-4490-5866-1|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = ActionAid launches Perception survey as new local councils struggle to survive |publisher = ActionAid |url = http://www.actionaid.org/tanzania/index.aspx?PageID=3925 |access-date = 26 February 2011 |archive-date = 25 September 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152420/http://www.actionaid.org/tanzania/index.aspx?PageID=3925 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Pafupifupi, pali maboma 19: maboma 13 gha vigaŵa, limoza pa vigaŵa 12 na limoza pa vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu matawuni agha muli Freetown, ilo ni boma la Western Area Urban District, kweniso Bo, Bonthe, Kenema, Koidu, na Makeni.<ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 6–7"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-west-africa/sierra-leone/|website=Commonwealth Local Government Forum|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone Human Development Report 2007 – Empowering Local Government for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction – The District Focus Approach to Development |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/sierraleone_nhdr_20071.pdf|website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> Nangauli makonsili gha vigaŵa ghakulongozgeka na maboma gha vigaŵa, kweni maboma agha ghakwendeskeka na Unduna wa Vyaru na Wupu Wakulongozga. {|class="wikitable" style="float:left;" !District!!Capital|!!Area (km²)||Province||Population<br /> (2004 census)<ref name=SSL>{{cite web |title =Final Results 2004 population and housing census |publisher=Statistics Sierra Leone |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Census/ssl_final_results.pdf|page=3|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><!--These are the official figures please do not change without discussion-->||Population<br /> (2015 census)<ref name=census2015>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.sl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015-Census-Provisional-Result.pdf |title=Provisional Results |work=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census |date=March 2016 |publisher=Statistics Sierra Leone}}</ref> |- |[[Bombali District]] ||[[Makeni]]||align="right"|7,985||rowspan="5"|[[Northern Province, Sierra Leone|Northern<br /> Province]]||align="right"|408,390||align="right"|606,183<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6636 |title=Bombali – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- ||[[Koinadugu District]] ||[[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]]||align="right"|12,121||align="right"|265,758||align="right"|408,097<ref name="Port Loko">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6644 |title=Port Loko |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Port Loko District]] ||[[Port Loko]]||align="right"|5,719||align="right"|453,746||align="right"|614,063<ref name="Port Loko"/> |- |[[Tonkolili District]] ||[[Magburaka]]||align="right"|7,003||align="right"|347,197||align="right"|530,776<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6647 |title=Tonkolili – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Kambia District]] ||[[Kambia, Sierra Leone|Kambia]]||align="right"|3,108||align="right"|270,462||align="right"|343,686<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6639 |title=Kambia – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Kenema District]] ||[[Kenema]]||align="right"|6,053||rowspan="3"|[[Eastern Province, Sierra Leone|Eastern<br /> Province]]||align="right"|497,948||align="right"|609,873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6640 |title=Kenema – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Kono District]] ||[[Koidu|Koidu Town]] ||align="right"|5,641||align="right"|335,401||align="right"|505,767<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6638 |title=Kailahun – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Kailahun District]] ||[[Kailahun]] ||align="right"|3,859||align="right"|358,190||align="right"|525,372<ref name="World Gazetteer"/> |- |[[Bo District]] ||[[Bo, Sierra Leone|Bo]] ||align="right"|5,219||rowspan="4"|[[Southern Province, Sierra Leone|Southern<br /> Province]]||align="right"|463,668||align="right"|574,201<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6635 |title=Bo – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |- |[[Bonthe District]] ||[[Mattru Jong]] ||align="right"|3,468||align="right"|139,687||align="right"|200,730<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6637 |title=Bonthe |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121216134834/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6637 |archive-date=16 December 2012 }}</ref> |- |[[Pujehun District]] ||[[Pujehun]] ||align="right"|4,105||align="right"|228,392 ||align="right"|345,577 |- |[[Moyamba District]] ||[[Moyamba]] ||align="right"|6,902||align="right"|260,910 ||align="right"|318,064 |- |[[Western Area Urban District]] ||[[Freetown]] ||align="right"|13||rowspan="2"|[[Western Area|Western<br /> Area]]||align="right"|772,873||align="right"|1,050,301 |- |[[Western Area Rural District]] ||[[Waterloo, Sierra Leone|Waterloo]] ||align="right"|544||align="right"|174,249||align="right"|442,951 |} {{Clear}} == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Sierra Leone}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Sierra Leone.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development]] [[File:Sierra Leone Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sierra Leone exports, 2019]] Kuzakafika m'ma 1990, vinthu vikamba kunangika chomene mu vyaru ivi. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vinthu vinandi vya mu charu ichi vikamara chifukwa cha nkhondo. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo yikamalira mu Janyuwale 2002, wovwiri ukuru wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake wawovwira kuti Sierra Leone yambe kunozgeka. Kuti vinthu viŵeko makora pa charu, boma likwenera kulimbana na vimbundi. Cinthu cimoza ico cikulongora kuti caru ici cizamuŵa cakukondwa ni umo boma likwendeskera makora vyakupangira dayamondi. Pali ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura nchito, comenecomene ŵawukirano na awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakutondeka kufiska makora ndondomeko ya kunozga vinthu mu boma, ndipo ndondomeko ya kupanikizgira vinthu ku boma nayo yikucepa. Ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni leone. Banki yikuru ni Banki ya Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone yili na ndondomeko ya kusintha ndalama, ndipo ndalama za caru cinyake zingasinthika pa banki yiliyose, maofesi gha visulo vya visulo na mu mahotelo ghanandi. Ku Sierra Leone, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makadi gha ngongoli bweka yayi, nangauli ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu mahotelo na malo ghanyake ghakurya. Mu Freetown muli mashini ghapachanya agho ghakupokelera makadi gha Visa. === Agriculture === {{Further|Agriculture in Sierra Leone}} [[File:Sierra Leone rice farmer.jpg|thumb|A farmer with his rice harvest in Sierra Leone. Two-thirds of Sierra Leone's population are directly involved in [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name = "future">{{cite web |title = Settling for a future in Sierra Leone |publisher = New Agriculture |date = November 2007 |url = http://www.new-ag.info/focus/focusItem.php?a=291 |access-date = 20 February 2011 |archive-date = 4 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804200645/http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=291 |url-status = dead }}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakukwana vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu. Mu 2007, vyakurya vikaŵa 58 peresenti ya GDP. Vyaru ni vyeneivyo vikugwilira nchito ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Mpunga ndiwo ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene mu Sierra Leone, ndipo ŵalimi 85 pa 100 ŵali na mpunga mu nyengo ya vula, ndipo munthu yumoza wakurya makilogiramu 76 pa caka.<ref name="rice facts">{{Cite book |title =Rice today, Volume 3:Rice facts |publisher =International Rice Research|year =2004|page =48 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3PZjte6EADYC&q=rice+sierra+leone&pg=PA48}}</ref><ref name = "tour">{{Cite book |last=König|first=Dirk |title =Linking Agriculture to Tourism in Sierra Leone – a Preliminary Research |publisher =GRIN Verlag|year =2008|page =67 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ChOkCqPu_QMC&q=agriculture+economy+sierra+leone&pg=PA65|isbn=978-3-638-94680-3}}</ref><ref name = "deep rice">{{Cite book |last=Catling|first=David|title = Rice in deep water|publisher =Int. Rice Res. Inst.|year =1992|page = 372 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&q=rice+sierra+leone&pg=PA372|isbn=978-971-22-0005-2}}</ref><ref name="AFEC">{{Cite book |first=OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|last= African Development Bank|title =African Economic Outlook 2009: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2|publisher=OECD Publishing|year =2009|pages =561–562|isbn=978-92-64-07618-1}}</ref> === Mining === {{Further|Mining in Sierra Leone}} Charu cha Sierra Leone chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru 10 ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene. Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo vikusangika pa caru capasi ni vyakununkhira. Charu cha Sierra Leone ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi. Nangauli charu ichi chili na dayamondi zinandi, kweni kanandi chikuŵa na suzgo la kupanga na kutumizga dayamondi. Sierra Leone yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca malibwe gha ndopa agho ghakasangika na kuguliskika ku mabungwe gha malibwe gha ndopa mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Mu ma 1970, na kukwambilira kwa ma 1980, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi pa charu chifukwa cha kunangika kwa migodi kweniso vimbundi ivyo vikachitikanga na ŵalara ŵa boma.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN targets 'blood diamonds' trade|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3117421.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 April 2011|date=1 August 2003}}</ref> {|class="wikitable infobox" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align:right;" |+ style="font-size: 115%;" |Percentage of GDP by sector (2007)<ref name="AFEC"/> |- ! scope="col" |Rank ! scope="col" |Sector ! scope="col" |Percentage<br /> of GDP |- ! scope="row" |1 |Agriculture |58.5 |- ! scope="row" |2 |Other services |10.4 |- ! scope="row" |3 |Trade and tourism |9.5 |- ! scope="row" |4 |Wholesale and retail trade |9.0 |- ! scope="row" |5 |Mining and quarrying |4.5 |- ! scope="row" |6 |Government Services |4.0 |- ! scope="row" |7 |Manufacturing and handicrafts |2.0 |- ! scope="row" |8 |Construction |1.7 |- ! scope="row" |9 |Electricity and water |0.4 |} Malibwe gha daimondi gha ku Sierra Leone ghakupangika pa chaka pa ndalama zakukwana madola 250 miliyoni na 300 miliyoni. Vinyake mwa ndalama izi ŵakuvipeleka mwakubisilizga, ndipo vingaŵa kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuguliska ndarama panji kupeleka ndalama. Kufuma waka pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, vyakurya ivyo vikutolekera ku vyaru vinyake vyasintha comene. Mu Okutobala 2000, wupu wa UN ukazomerezga vyakupimira ma diamondi agho ghakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2001, boma likapangiska kabungwe kakuwona vya kusambizga ŵanthu vya migodi (DACDF), ako kakuwezgera chigaŵa cha misonkho iyo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku migodi. Ndalama iyi yikapangika kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵagulire malibwe gha dayamondi. Ku Sierra Leone kuli malibwe ghanandi chomene gha rutile, agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pa kupanga utoto. === Transport infrastructure === {{Main|Transport in Sierra Leone}} [[File:Kenema-Kailahun Road.jpg|thumb|The road from [[Kenema]] to [[Kailahun District]]]] Ku Sierra Leone kuli nthowa zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu. Mu Sierra Leone muli misewu ya makilomita 11,300 (7,000 miles), ndipo misewu ya makilomita 904 (562 mi) njakukhoma. Misewu yikuruyikuru ya ku Sierra Leone yikukolerana na ya ku Conakry, Guinea, na Monrovia, Liberia. Sierra Leone yili na dowoko likuru chomene pa charu cha Africa, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵende pa dowoko la Queen Elizabeth II Quay mu chigaŵa cha Cline Town, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Freetown. Mu Sierra Leone muli misewu ya maji ya makilomita 800, ndipo 600 mwa misewu iyi njakwenda chaka chose. Matawuni ghakurughakuru agho ghali na dowoko ni Bonthe, Freetown, Sherbro Island, na Pepel. Ku Sierra Leone kuli ma eyapoti 10 gha chigaŵa na ya charu chose. Ndege ya Freetown International Airport, iyo yili mu tawuni ya Lungi kumpoto kwa Sierra Leone, ndiyo yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone. Awo ŵakwenda ŵakwambuka mlonga uwu kuluta ku Aberdeen Helicopters mu Freetown na ndege, boti, panji ndege. Kweniso pali ndege zakufumira ku chiŵanja cha ndege kuluta ku misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru ya mu charu ichi. Malo agha ghali na misewu yitali yakujumpha mamita 3,047. Malo ghanyake gha ndege ghali na misewu yambura kujintha, ndipo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghali na misewu ya mamita 914 m'paka 1,523 mu utali. Sierra Leone wali pa ndandanda wa vyaru ivyo vikukanizgika kupeleka vyakupharazga ku ndege. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti palije ndege iyo yili kulembeka mu charu cha Sierra Leone iyo yingachita uteŵeti uliwose mu charu cha Europe. Ici nchifukwa cakuti malango ghakwendeskera vinthu ghakwenda makora yayi. Kufumira mu Malichi 2023, chiŵanja chimoza pera cha vyaru vya pasi pose mu charu ichi chikaŵa na ndege zakuluta ku Istanbul, Paris, Brussels na misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku West Africa. Mu Seputembala 2014 kukaŵa vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikakanizgika kwenda nga ni Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili, na Port Loko chifukwa cha Ebola.<ref>[http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200526223.shtml Sierra Leone News : Africell Presents Second Consignment of Food to all Quarantined Homes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141855/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200526223.shtml|date=6 October 2014}}. News.sl. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</ref> === Energy in Sierra Leone === [[File:Sierra Leone electricity production.svg|thumb|Sierra Leone electricity production by source|300px]] ==== Overview ==== Mu 2016, ŵanthu pafupifupi 12% mu Sierra Leone ŵakaŵa na magesi. Pa ŵanthu 12 aŵa, 10 ŵakaŵa mu msumba wa Freetown, ndipo ŵanthu 90 awo ŵakakhalako ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi gha 2 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni na malasha kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti para ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi pa moto uwu, ŵakuŵa na matenda. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongosora umo matenda gha nthenda ya kupumura ghakugwilira ntchito pa nyumba. Ŵakasanga kuti pa ŵana awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyoto vya nkhuni, 64% ŵakaŵa na ARI, ndipo awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyoto vya makara ŵakaŵa 44%. Kugwiliskira nchito malasha na nkhuni kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kughanaghanira comene vya cilengiwa, cifukwa vyose vikuyana yayi na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira vya kusanga nkhongono zakukwana. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu ŵakususkana comene na awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri na mawupu gha boma nga ni Unduna wa vya Magesi na Maji na Dipatimenti ya Vipinda. Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kuti nkhongono ya dazi na nkhongono ya maji viŵe vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku Sierra Leone chifukwa cha vilato vya Wupu wa United Nations pa nkhani ya vyamunthazi. Pakuti ku Sierra Leone kuli mphepo yakotcha, vula yikuru yikulokwa chaka chilichose, kweniso kuli milonga yinandi, nchiwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge nchito nkhongono za dazi na za maji.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/sierraleone/docs/focusareadocs/undp_sle_energyprofile.pdf|title=NATIONAL ENERGY PROFILE OF SIERRA LEONE [JUNE, 2012]|website=www.undp.org|access-date=16 December 2018|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083545/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/sierraleone/docs/focusareadocs/undp_sle_energyprofile.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Eldred Tunde|last2=Nakai|first2=Satoshi|date=19 June 2012|title=Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Women and Children in Western Sierra Leone due to Smoke from Wood and Charcoal Stoves|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=6|pages=2252–2265|doi=10.3390/ijerph9062252|pmid=22829802|pmc=3397376|issn=1660-4601|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Munro|first1=Paul|last2=van der Horst|first2=Greg|last3=Healy|first3=Stephen|date=June 2017|title=Energy justice for all? Rethinking Sustainable Development Goal 7 through struggles over traditional energy practices in Sierra Leone|journal=Energy Policy|volume=105|pages=635–641|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.038|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> ==== Solar energy ==== Sierra Leone pamoza na Dipatimenti ya vya Vyakusazgirako Vyaru ya ku UK (DFID), ŵali na cilato cakuti mu 2025, ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici ŵazakaŵe na magesi gha dazi. Chilato chikuru ichi chagaŵika mu vigaŵa vichoko. Cakwamba nchakuti mu 2016, nyumba 50,000 zizakapike nkhongono ya dazi. Caciŵiri, kuzakapeleka nkhongono ya dazi ku nyumba 250,000 mu 2017, ndipo caumaliro kuzakapeleka nkhongono ya dazi ku ŵanthu 1,000,000 mu 2020. Ndondomeko iyi yikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Energy Africa Access Campaign iyo yikukhumba kupeleka magesi ku vyaru 14 vya mu Africa m'paka mu 2030. Pambere ndondomeko iyi yindakhazikiskike, boma la Sierra Leone likaŵa na nkhongono yichoko pa nkhani ya magesi gha dazi. Chifukwa chimoza ntchakuti ŵakaŵavya malango ghakwendeskera vinthu. Kuti viwovwire kukwaniska chilato cha Energy Africa, charu cha Sierra Leone chazomera kuwuskapo msonkho pa vinthu ivyo vikupangika na nkhongono ya dazi. Kusintha uku kukovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nkhongono ya dazi. Ŵakuwona kuti para palije msonkho na misonkho, mtengo wa vinthu vya zuŵa ungakhira na 30 panji 40 peresenti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Energy Africa Access Campaign Policy Compact Sierra Leone Final Report |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5aec17b7ed915d42f7c6beab/Energy_Africa_Access_Campaign_-_Policy_Compact_Sierra_Leone_Final_Report.pdf |access-date=2018-12-16 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}</ref> ==== Hydroelectric power ==== Mu 2012, Sierra Leone wakaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 3. Yachiŵiri ni ya Dodo iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo yaumaliro ni ya Bumbuna. Kweniso pali vyalo vinandi ivyo vingazenga magesi pa mlonga wa Sewa, Pampana, Seli, Moa, na Little Scarcies. Pa milimo yose iyi, iyo yili kumalizgika na iyo yikwenera kucitika, damu la Bumbuna ndilo lichali likuru comene pa maofesi gha maji mu Sierra Leone. Malo agha ghali pafupi na Mlonga wa Seli na Freetown, ndipo ghakupanga magesi pafupifupi 50 megawati. Mu 2017, ŵakakhumbanga kusazgirako nkhongono ya sitima iyi kufika pa ma megawati 400. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti chiziŵa cha Bumbuna chingachepeska ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakugura mafuta kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kale, nchito iyi yikapokera ndalama zakujumpha madola 200 miliyoni kufuma ku Banki ya Caru Cose, Banki ya vya Vyakusazgirako ya ku Africa, na kampani ya ku Italy yakucemeka Salini Impregilo.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=The endgame of the Bumbuna hydroelectric plant project |url=https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bumbuna-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=2018-12-16 |website=Centre for Public Impact (CPI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927165841/https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bumbuna-hydroelectric-plant/ |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Sierra Leone|Languages of Sierra Leone}} [[File:Sierra-Leone-demography.png|thumb|Sierra Leone's total population, from 1961 to 2013]] Mu 2019 Sierra Leone yikaŵa na ŵanthu 7,813,215 ndipo yikakuranga 2.216% pa chaka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi mbawukirano, ndipo ŵanthu 41.7% ŵali na vyaka vyakukwana 15. Chifukwa cha kusamukira ku misumba, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti matawuni agha ghakusazgikira na 2.9% pa chaka.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/ |access-date=15 September 2011 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 5">{{Cite book |last =Renner-Thomas |first = Ade |title = Land Tenure in Sierra Leone: The Law, Dualism and the Making of a Land Policy |publisher =AuthorHouse |year =2010 |page = 5 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RiIpW6vWVPoC&pg=PA5|isbn=978-1-4490-5866-1|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Mu Sierra Leone, ŵanthu ŵakupambana chomene. Chigaŵa cha Western Area Urban District, icho chikusazgapo Freetown, msumba ukuru na ukuru chomene, chili na ŵanthu 1,224 pa km2. Chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha Koinadugu chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, ŵanthu 21.4 pa km2. Cingelezi ni ciyowoyero ca boma, ndipo cikuyowoyeka mu masukulu, mu boma na mu vyakupharazga. Chiyowoyero cha Krio (chakufuma ku Chingelezi na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Africa, kweniso chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone) ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vigaŵa vyose vya Sierra Leone. Pakuti chiyowoyero cha Krio chikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 peresenti, chikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakoleranenge. Pamanyuma pa wovwiri wa gulu la United Nations Peacekeeping Force la ku Bangladesh mu Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone, boma la Ahmad Tejan Kabbah likati chibengali ni chiyowoyero chakuzirwa mu Disembala 2002. Kuyana na lipoti la World Refugee Survey 2008, ilo Komiti ya ku United States yakuwona vya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵiza mu charu ichi yikalemba, ku Sierra Leone kukaŵa ŵanthu 8,700 awo ŵakachimbilira ku charu ichi. Mu 2007, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakufuma ku Liberia ŵakawelera ku Liberia. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalako mu Sierra Leone, pafupifupi wose ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Liberia.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228132236/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>{{Largest cities | name = Largest cities of Sierra Leone | country = Sierra Leone | stat_ref = Government of Sierra Leone 2004 Census<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Results 2004 population and housing census | publisher = Government of Sierra Leone| year = 2006 | url =http://www.sierra-leone.org/Census/ssl_final_results.pdf| access-date = 26 February 2011}}</ref><!--These are the official figures; please do not change without discussion--> | list_by_pop = List of cities in Sierra Leone | div_name = District | city_1 = Freetown | div_1 = Western Area Urban District | pop_1 = 853,651 | img_1 = Freetown-aerialview.jpg | city_2 = Bo, Sierra Leone {{!}} Bo| div_2 =Bo District|pop_2 = 149,957 |img_2=Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg | city_3 = Kenema| div_3 =Kenema District |pop_3 = 128,402|img_3=Kenema.jpg | city_4 = Makeni| div_4 = Bombali District|pop_4 = 82,940 | city_5 = Koidu {{!}} Koidu Town| div_5 = Kono District|pop_5 = 80,025|img_4=KoiduStreet.jpg | city_6 = Lunsar| div_6 = Port Loko District|pop_6 = 24,450 | city_7 = Port Loko| div_7 =Port Loko District |pop_7 = 23,195 | city_8 = Pandebu-Tokpombu |div_8 = Kenema District|pop_8 = 20,219 | city_9 = Kabala, Sierra Leone {{!}} Kabala| div_9 =Koinadugu District |pop_9 = 19,074 | city_10 =Waterloo, Sierra Leone {{!}} Waterloo| div_10 = Western Area Urban District|pop_10 = 18,579 }} Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu misumba yikuruyikuru yinkhondi ŵali kupendeka mu 2004. Chiŵelengero cha Freetown chikulongora chigaŵa cha Western Urban Area (Greater Freetown). Viŵelengero vinyake ni ivyo vyafuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Magburaka wakwenera kuŵikika pa ndondomeko iyi, kweni pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa mabuku agha. Buku linyake likuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵalipo 14,915, apo linyake likuti ŵalipo 85,313. "Pandebu-Tokpombu" panji ni tawuni ya Torgbonbu, iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu 10,716 pa kalembera wa 2004. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu 12,139. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2004, mu tawuni ya Waterloo mukaŵa ŵanthu 34,079.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://population-of.com/en/Sierra-Leone/02/Magburaka |title=Population of Magburaka |publisher=Population-of.com |access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exaf.eu/exaf/page.php?pid=210 |title=Exaf |publisher=Exaf.EU |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161721/http://www.exaf.eu/exaf/page.php?pid=210 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Clear}} === Chisopo === {{main|Religion in Sierra Leone}} {{bar box |float=right |titlebar=#ddd |title=[[Religion in Sierra Leone]] (2020)<ref name=religions>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sierra-leone#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 | title=Religions in Sierra Leone &#124; PEW-GRF | access-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152154/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sierra-leone#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 | archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> |left1=Religion |right1=percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|78.5}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|20.4}} {{bar percent|Other faiths|black|1.1}} }} [[File: Pendemdu Mosque and Church.JPG|thumb|A mosque and a church in Sierra Leone]] Ku Sierra Leone kulije visopa. Chisilamu na Chikhristu ni visopa vikuruvikuru mu caru ici. Dango la Sierra Leone likuti ŵanthu ŵaŵenge na wanangwa wakusopa, ndipo boma likuwuvikilira. Boma la Sierra Leone likukanizgika na dango kwamba chisopa cha boma, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu na Chikhristu ŵakutemwa kulomba pa nyengo ya viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana mu Sierra Leone, nangauli Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵanandi. Ku Sierra Leone, ŵanthu 77% mbasilamu, 22% Mbakhristu, ndipo 1% ŵakusopa chisopa cha ku Africa. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center wa mu 2020, 78.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone mba Chisilamu (kanandi Ŵasuni), 20.4% mba Chikhristu (kanandi Ŵaprotesitanti) ndipo 1.1% ŵali mu chisopa cha ku Africa. Wupu wa Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone ukati ŵanthu 77% ku Sierra Leone Mbakhristu, 21% Mbasilamu, ndipo 2% Mbalondezgi ŵa visopa vya ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone mba Chislamu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Mende na Temne. Charu cha Sierra Leone chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa kusopa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603015-sierra-leone-bucks-west-african-trend-celebrating-its-religious-tolerance-all|title=All things happily to all men|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Religions of Sierra Leone|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-religions-are-practised-in-sierra-leone.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=WorldAtlas|date=4 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/849-sierra-leone-hailed-for-religious-tolerance|title=Sierra Leone Hailed for Religious Tolerance|date=March 3, 2016|website=AYV Newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401123817/http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/849-sierra-leone-hailed-for-religious-tolerance|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maholide ghanandi gha Cisilamu na Cikhristu ni maholide gha caru, ndipo nkhondo za cisopa zikucitika viŵi yayi. Ku Sierra Leone kuli wupu wa Inter-Religious Council, uwo uli na ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vya Chikhristu na Chisilamu, ndipo ukovwira kuti mu charu chose muŵe mtende.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/2009_5743.html |title=Media Centre – In Sierra Leone, partnerships with religious leaders help combat child mortality |publisher=UNICEF |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014727/https://www.unicef.org/wcaro/2009_5743.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religionsforpeaceinternational.org/what-we-do/stop-war/conflict-transformation |title=Conflict Transformation |publisher=Religions for Peace International |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228053733/http://www.religionsforpeaceinternational.org/what-we-do/stop-war/conflict-transformation |archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/emergency/ircsl.stm |title=Interreligious Community Advocates for Peace in Sierra Leone with photos |publisher=Gbgm-umc.org |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717070939/http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/emergency/ircsl.stm |archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> Maholide gha Chisilamu gha Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha na Maulid-un-Nabi (Zuŵa lakubabikira nchimi ya Chisilamu Muhammad) ghakuwoneka nga ni maholide gha chalo mu Sierra Leone. Maholide gha Chikhristu gha Khisimasi, Boxing Day, Good Friday na Easter nagho ni maholide gha charu cha Sierra Leone. Pa nkhani za ndyali, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sierra Leone ŵakuvotera munthu munyake, kwali ni Muslamu panji Mkhristu. Ŵalongozgi wose ŵa boma la Sierra Leone ŵakaŵa Ŵakristu padera pa Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, uyo wakaŵa Musilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni. Masisiteri ghanandi na masukulu gha Cisilamu mu Sierra Leone ghali na visopa vya Cisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵalipo pafupifupi 10 peresenti. Mu Sierra Leone muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ahmadiyya, chomenechomene mu tawuni ya Bo, iyo yili kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu Sierra Leone mose muli masisiteri 500 gha Ahmadiyya. Mu Sierra Leone mulije chisopa cha Chishiya, ndipo mu charu ichi mulije Ŵasilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵa chisopa cha Sunni na Ahmadiyya ŵakulombera lumoza mu mzikiti umoza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sierraleone365.com/feature-stories/ahmadiyya-movement-goes-mainstream-in-sierra-leone|title=Ahmadiyya Movement Goes Mainstream in Sierra Leone|last=Bah|first=Hadi|website=sierraleone365.com|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425100138/http://sierraleone365.com/feature-stories/ahmadiyya-movement-goes-mainstream-in-sierra-leone|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160101131640/http://ahmadiyyatimes.blogspot.com/2010/03/bo-ahmadiya-muslim-secondary-school.html Sierra Leone: Bo Ahmadiya Muslim Secondary School Golden Jubilee, Former Principal and Secretary-General Honoured]. ''Ahmadiyya Times'' (23 March 2010)</ref> Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Sierra Leone ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Maliki. Sukulu ya Maliki ndiyo yikuluska mu vyaru vyose vya Sierra Leone. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa Ahmadiyya mu Sierra Leone ŵakulondezga fundo za Maliki. Wupu wa Islamic Supreme Council wa Sierra Leone ni wupu wa chisopa cha Chisilamu ku Sierra Leone. Sheikh Muhammad Taha Jalloh ni purezidenti wa Supreme Islamic Council ya Sierra Leone. Wupu wa United Council of Imams, ni wupu wa cisopa wa Islamic mu Sierra Leone, uwo uli na ŵaliska wose ŵa masisiteri mu Sierra Leone. Mulongozgi wa United Council of Imam ni Sheikh Alhaji Muhammad Habib Sheriff. Masisiteri ghaŵiri ghakuru chomene mu Sierra Leone ni Freetown Central Mosque na Gaddafi Central Mosque (ghakazengeka na Muammar Gaddafi), ghose ghali mu msumba wa Freetown. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone Mbaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵa mpingo wa Wesleyan ndiwo mbanandi comene.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5794273&ct=6470237&notoc=1 |title=United Methodists elect bishop for Sierra Leone |publisher=UMC.org |date=22 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506164251/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5794273&ct=6470237&notoc=1 |archive-date=6 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/methodist-church-sierra-leone |title=Methodist Church Sierra Leone — World Council of Churches |publisher=Oikoumene.org |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xpointumc.org/missions/report-of-sierra-leone/ |title=Crosspoint United Methodist Church – Welcome » Sierra Leone |publisher=Xpointumc.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927081948/http://www.xpointumc.org/missions/report-of-sierra-leone/ |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efsl.evang.org/about-efsl/our-history |title=The History of the Evangelical Fellowship of Sierra Leone |publisher=Efsl.evang.org |date=24 August 1959 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003048/http://www.efsl.evang.org/about-efsl/our-history |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tectsl.org/ |title=The Evangelical College of Theology Sierra Leone |publisher=Tectsl.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121028/http://tectsl.org/ |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Matchalitchi ghanyake gha Cikhristu gha Ciphwitikizi agho ghalipo comene mu caru ici ni Presbyterians, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists Anglicans, Lutherans, na Pentecostals. Wupu wa Council of Churches ni wupu wa cisopa wa Cikhristu uwo uli na matchalitchi gha Ciphwitikizi mu Sierra Leone. Sonosono apa, matchalitchi gha Pentekoste ghakusazgikira, comenecomene mu Freetown. Mu Seputembala 2017, muliska Wachikhristu wa ku Sierra Leone wakuchemeka Victor Ajisafe wakakakika na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele pamanyuma pakuti wakayowoya mazgu ghakwimikana na Chisilamu na Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Sierra Leone. Ajisafe wakwenera kuti wakakwiya comene cifukwa Mufti Menk, muliska wa cisopa ca Ciislamu wa ku Zimbabwe, wakaluta ku Sierra Leone na kupharazga ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Magulu ghanandi gha Chikhristu mu Sierra Leone, kusazgapo Wupu wa Matchalitchi, ghakakanizga nkhani ya Ajisafe yakususkana na Chisilamu na Ŵasilamu. Boma la Sierra Leone likajara tchalitchi la Ajisafe ndipo likalekeskaso kusopa. Nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti mu Sierra Leone muŵe masuzgo gha visopa, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone awo Mbasilamu, ŵakakhumbanga kuti Ajisafe wawelere ku Nigeria. Muliska uyu apo wakaŵa mu jele wakaphepiska ku Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Sierra Leone na ku boma la Sierra Leone. Wakati wakhala mu jele mazuŵa ghanandi, Ajisafe ŵakamufumiska, ndipo ŵakamuwezgera layisensi ya mpingo wake. Ŵaprotesitanti awo ŵali mu visopa vinyake ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu ku Sierra Leone mbakatolika. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova na ŵa Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ndiwo Mbakhristu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Sierra Leone. Mu msumba wa Freetown mukukhala Ŵakhristu ŵa Orthodox.<ref>Tsolakidou, Stella, [http://world.greekreporter.com/2013/01/30/troubled-orthodox-mission-in-sierra-leone/ "Troubled Orthodox Mission in Sierra Leone"]. GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/sierra-leone |title=Sierra Leone – LDS Statistics and Church Facts &#124; Total Church Membership |publisher=churchofjesuschrist.org |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Gerry |last=Avant |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765616902/Historic-milestone-Sierra-Leone-stake-marks-LDS-Churchs-3000th.html?pg=all |title=Historic milestone: Sierra Leone stake marks LDS Church's 3,000th |newspaper=Deseret News |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114817/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765616902/Historic-milestone-Sierra-Leone-stake-marks-LDS-Churchs-3000th.html?pg=all |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/offices/sierra-leone/ |title=Visitors & Tours: Jehovahs Witnesses Office in Sierra Leone |publisher=Jw.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005142744/http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/offices/sierra-leone/ |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=11887 |title=Sierra Leone: in wake of brutal war, churches full: News Headlines |publisher=Catholic Culture |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicchurchsl.org/ |title=catholicchurchsl.org |publisher=catholicchurchsl.org |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504130803/http://www.catholicchurchsl.org/ |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ethnic groups === {{Further|Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone}} [[File: Sierra Leone ethnic groups.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The distribution of [[Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone|major ethnic groups within Sierra Leone]]]] {|class="wikitable infobox" style="margin-right:0; margin-left:1em;" |- |'''Ethnic groups<br />of Sierra Leone'''<ref name =Census2015/> |- |[[Temne people|Temne]] | 32.5% |- |[[Mende people|Mende]] | 30.2% |- |[[Fula people (Sierra Leone)|Fula]] | 12.4% |- |[[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] | 4.4% |- |[[Kono people|kono]] | 3.4% |- |[[Susu people|Susu]] | 2.9% |- |[[Loko people|Loko]] | 2.9% |- |[[Koranko people|Koranko]] | 2.8% |- |[[Sherbro people|Sherbro]] | 2.6% |- |[[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]] | 2.4% |- |[[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio]] | 1.3% |- |} Mu Sierra Leone muli mitundu pafupifupi 16 ndipo yimoza yili na chiyowoyero chake. Yikulu chomene na yakukhora chomene ni Temne, iyo yili na 35.5% ndipo Mende, iyo yili pafupi na 33.2%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Temne mbasilamu, 85%; ndipo Ŵakhristu mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mende nawo mbasilamu pafupifupi 70%, nangauli ŵali na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewpeople.com/national-news/politics/item/1764-sierra-leone-the-temnes-and-the-politics-of-the-all-peoples%E2%80%99-congress-apc |title=Sierra Leone: The Temnes and the Politics of the All Peoples' Congress (APC) |publisher=Thenewpeople.com |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mende awo ŵakugomezga kuti mbana ŵa mtundu wa Mane, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Liberia. Ŵakamba kwiza ku Sierra Leone mwakuzika kweniso mwamtende mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵatemne ŵakafuma ku Futa Jallon, uko sono ni Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Limba ndiwo ŵali pa nambara yacitatu pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Limba ŵakukhala ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵalije mitheto yakulongora kuti ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakakhalanga ku Sierra Leone pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Limba ŵakukhala ku Northern Sierra Leone, chomenechomene ku Bombali, Kambia na Koinadugu District. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Limba ŵalipo 60 peresenti Mbakhristu ndipo 40 peresenti Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Limba ŵakukolerana comene na ŵa ku Temne. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Sierra Leone chikapokera wanangwa wake, Ŵalimba ŵakulongozga ndyali pamoza na Ŵamende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Limba ŵakukolerana na chipani cha All People's Congress (APC). Pulezidenti wakwamba na wachiŵiri wa Sierra Leone, Siaka Stevens na Joseph Saidu Momoh, wose ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Limba. Alfred Paolo Conteh, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya kuvikilira Sierra Leone, ni wa fuko la Limba. Gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ni Ŵafula, awo ŵalipo 3.8%. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kufuma ku Fula awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Fouta Djalon ku Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fula ŵalipo 99 peresenti awo Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Fula mbazamalonda, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Chifukwa cha malonda ghawo, Ŵafula ŵakusangika pafupifupi mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ni Mandingo (awo ŵakuchemekaso kuti Mandinka). Iwo mbana ŵa ŵamalonda kufuma ku Guinea awo ŵakasamira ku Sierra Leone mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Kono, awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Kono ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanyake mwa iwo ni Kono, ndipo ŵali kufuma ku Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole panji Krio (ŵeneawo ni ŵazga ŵa ku Africa, West Indies, na Free African Slaves awo ŵakakhalanga mu Freetown pakati pa 1787 na 1885) ŵali pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 3%. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ndiwo ŵakalongozganga chomene boma la Sierra Leone kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Freetown. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ndiwo ŵakamba kusambizgika ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Oku mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria, awo ŵakafuma ku maufumu gha ku Southwest Nigeria ndipo ŵakasamira ku Sierra Leone nga mbanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Okun ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Fourah Bay, Fula Town, na Aberdeen. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mitundu iyi ni Ŵakurankoko, awo ŵali na mbumba ya ku Mandingo ndipo ni Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kufika ku Sierra Leone kufuma ku Guinea mu 1600 ndipo ŵakakhazikika kumpoto, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Koinadugu. Ŵakurankolo ni ŵalimi; ŵalongozgi pakati pawo ŵali na maudindo ghanandi mu ŵasilikari. Loko kumpoto ni ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Sierra Leone, awo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakakhala mu Sierra Leone kufuma nyengo ya kukumana kwa Europe. Nga ni Temne, Ŵagineya Bissau, na Guinea Conakry, awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Sierra Leone. Ŵasusu na Yalunka awo ŵakukolerana nawo mbamalonda. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangika kumpoto chomene ku Kambia na chigaŵa cha Koinadugu kufupi na mphaka na Guinea. Iwo ni Ŵasulumane wose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jonkeka, Jonkeka , Djissa, Djilima, panji kuti Jankeka, ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Guinea. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Jankeka na Jankeka ŵakukhala ku Northern Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kissi ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sierra Leone. Ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Koindu na vigaŵa vya kunthazi kwa chigaŵa cha Kailahun. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Vai na Kru ŵakusangika chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ku chigaŵa cha Bonthe kumwera kuli Sherbro. Ŵakufuma ku Sierra Leone, ŵakukhala pa Chirwa cha Sherbro kufuma apo chikaŵikika. Ŵakuŵa ŵalimi na ŵalovi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuŵako mu chigaŵa cha Bontee. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Sierra Leone mba fuko la ku Lebanon, awo mbana ŵa ŵamalonda awo ŵakamba kwiza ku Lebanon mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. ===Gender equality=== ==== Household ==== Nangauli mu Sierra Leone ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu pafupifupi 50 pa ŵanthu 100, kweni 28 pera pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakulongozga mbumba. Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, masambiro ngakukhumbikwa comene kuti munthu waŵe na nchito yiwemi na nyumba. Mu vigaŵa vya mizi ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusambira, ndipo ŵanalume pera ndiwo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya. Mu Sierra Leone, ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakuŵa mitu ya mbumba, ndipo ŵakuŵa ŵambura kutengwa nangauli nthengwa yawo yingasintha. Ndipouli, mbumba ya ŵanakazi yikusintha kuyana na umo nthengwa yawo yiliri. Mwanakazi wangaŵa mutu wa mbumba pekha usange waŵenge wambura kutengwa umoyo wake wose. Kweni para mwanakazi watora, wakuŵa na mazaza yayi pa nyumba. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵangaŵa mutu wa mbumba usange ŵafumu ŵawo ŵafwa panji ŵapatika. Pa nkhani ya ntchito, ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti mbumba ndiyo yivikilirenge mbumba. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupokera malipiro ghanandi kuluska ŵanalume (15.2).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Fatou Taqi |first=Fatou, Marian, Alimatu |author2=Marian Vinnie-Wilson |author3=Alimatu Vandi |date=2015 |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census Thematic Report on Gender |url=https://www.statistics.sl/images/StatisticsSL/Documents/Census/2015/sl_2015_phc_thematic_report_on_gender.pdf}}</ref> ==== War ==== Ku Sierra Leone, ŵana awo ŵakakanizgika kurwa nkhondo ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano na maghanoghano. Ndipouli, uheni wa nkhondo na umo ŵangamazgira vikuthemba pa mtundu wa ŵana. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose ŵakacitikanga nkhaza zinandi. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakacizgika comene, ŵakamba kusuzgika maghanoghano na kwenjerwa comene. Kweni ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakafipanga mtima comene na vinthu ivi. Ŵanalume nawo ŵakusuzgika chomene maghanoghano para munthu uyo wakuŵapwelelera wafwa.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|date=2011-07-01|title=Sierra Leone's Child Soldiers: War Exposures and Mental Health Problems by Gender|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|volume=49|issue=1|pages=21–28|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.021|pmid=21700152|pmc=3124662|issn=1054-139X|last1=Betancourt|first1=Theresa S.|last2=Borisova|first2=Ivelina I.|last3=de la Soudière|first3=Marie|last4=Williamson|first4=John}}</ref> ==== Female economy ==== Ŵanakazi ŵakutambuzgika para ŵakukhumba wovwiri wa ndalama, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, na wovwiri wakukhwaskana na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu. Ntchakusuzga kugega suzgo la vyachuma mu Sierra Leone cifukwa cakuti ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakupanga hafu ya ŵanthu wose mu caru ici. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanakazi ŵakutondeka kusambira masambiro ghapacanya, ndiwo ŵakumanya makora yayi umo ŵangapokera makalata gha bizinesi, kulembeska mazina ghawo, panji kupanga mapangano. Kuleka kuŵa na ndalama zakukwana kuti ŵambe bizinesi yiphya ni suzgo likuru comene ku ŵanakazi. Chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa vinthu vya tekinoloje, comenecomene mu Sierra Leone mose, nchakusuzga kovwira bizinesi kuti yendenge makora.<ref name=":4" /> === Education === {{Main|Education in Sierra Leone}} [[File:Classroom at a seconday school in Pendembu Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|left|A secondary school class in [[Pendembu]], [[Kailahun District]]]] Ku Sierra Leone, dango likuti ŵana wose ŵasambirenge vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza vya pulayimale (P1-P6) na vyaka vitatu vya sekondare. Kweni chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa masukulu na ŵasambizgi, sukulu izi zingachitika yayi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene ya ku Sierra Leone yikapangiska kuti masukulu gha pulayimare 1,270 ghasakazgike, ndipo mu 2001, ŵana 67 pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakaŵa ku sukulu ŵakaluta yayi ku sukulu. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikwenda makora chomene, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwamba chikukwera kaŵiri kufuma mu 2001 m'paka mu 2005, kweniso sukulu zinandi zili kuzengekaso kufuma apo nkhondo yikamalira. Ŵana ŵa sukulu za pulayimale kanandi ŵakuŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 12. Masukulu gha boma ghakupeleka masambiro ghapachanya kwambura kulipira. Charu ichi chili na ma yunivesite ghatatu: Fourah Bay College, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1827 (yunivesite yakale chomene ku West Africa), University of Makeni (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 2005 nga The Fatima Institute, yunivesite iyi yikapika udindo wa yunivesite mu Ogasiti 2009, ndipo yikatora zina la University of Makeni, panji UNIMAK), na Njala University, iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Bo. Yunivesite ya Njala yikamba mu 1910 ndipo yikazgoka yunivesite mu 2005. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici muli masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵasambizgi na masukulu gha cisopa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |date =July 2007 |title =Njala University College (Nuc) |location =Sierra Leone |encyclopedia =Sierra Leone Encyclopedia |url =http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_7njala.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070311011418/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_7njala.htm |archive-date =11 March 2007 |access-date =25 June 2008 |url-status =dead |df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ilab">{{cite web |year=2002 |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102020941/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm |archive-date=2 November 2013 |work=2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor |publisher=[[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]]}} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref><ref name="ilab" /><ref>{{Cite book |editor=Jones-Parry, Rupert |title = Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007 |publisher=Nexus Strategic Partnerships Ltd |year = 2006 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ID5XqeV4q10C&pg=PT326 |isbn = 978-0-9549629-1-3 |access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref> == Umoyo == {{main|Health in Sierra Leone}}Wupu wa CIA ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakukhala vyaka 57,39. Ŵanandi ŵakulwara nthenda ya HIV/AIDS pa charu chose, ndipo ŵali na nthenda ya 1.6%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo mulije ŵadokotala panji vipatala. Nangauli mu mizi yinyake ŵanthu ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala kwambura kulipiliska, kweni ŵadokotala ŵakupokera malipiro ghacoko comene ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakulipiska ndalama. Israyeli wakapeleka makina ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kurya chomene. Kuyana na lipoti la Overseas Development Institute, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo ni 85.7% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo.<ref>DuBois, Marc, and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928074929/https://www.odi.org/publications/9956-ebola-response-west-africa-exposing-politics-culture-international-aid "The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid"]. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref><ref name="Cashman2015">{{cite news |last1=Cashman |first1=Greer Fay |title=Envoys from five countries present credentials to president |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Envoys-from-five-countries-present-credentials-to-president-431856 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=3 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wealth, but no health |author=Anne Jung |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/sierra-leones-health-services-do-not-deliver-official-promises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015195910/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/sierra-leones-health-services-do-not-deliver-official-promises |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=17 June 2014 }}</ref> === Emergency medical response === Pakuti pakwamba pakaŵavya wupu wakupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala, wupu wa First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone (FRCSL) ukapangika mu Juni 2019 ku Makeni kuti uwovwire kuti pa charu chose paŵe maungano gha wovwiri wa munkhwala. Wose awo ŵakambiska wupu uwu ni Sierra Leone Red Cross Society (bungwe lakwamba), LFR International (uyo wakapangiska wupu uwu), University of Makeni, Agency for Rural Community Transformation, na Holy Spirit Hospital. Wupu uwu ukapangika pamoza na ungano waciŵiri na ciŵiri wa wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose uwo ukati wovwiri wa munthazi ngwakuzirwa comene kuti ŵanthu wose ŵapone. Pakati pa Juni na Julayi 2019, FRCSL yikasambizga ŵanthu 1,000 ŵa ku Makeni kuti ŵaŵe ŵantchito ŵakwamba ndipo yikapeleka chiŵiya chakovwira chakwamba kwa waliyose uyo wakusambira.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/|title=Sierra Leone's road accident First Responder Coalition to save thousands of lives|last=Thomas|first=Abdul Rashid|date=2019-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705101916/https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-05-2019-world-health-assembly-update|title=World Health Assembly Update, 25 May 2019|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/in-makeni-five-national-and-international|title=Makeni: Coalition of First Responders formed|last=Vanguard|first=The Patriotic|date=2019-07-04|website=The Patriotic Vanguard|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> ===Endemic and infectious diseases=== Ku Sierra Leone kuli nthenda zinandi, nga ni yellow fever, cholera, Ebola, lassa fever, na meningitis. Ku Sierra Leone kuli nthenda ya yellow fever na maleriya.<ref name="PHChand">{{cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=The Primary Health Care Hand Book Policing |url=http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217052144/http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml |archive-date=17 February 2008 |access-date=24 January 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Health & Sanitation |format=doc |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Maternal and child health === Ku Sierra Leone ndiko kuli ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu. Pa ŵana 100 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo, mama yumoza wakufwa cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo para wababika. Pa kafukufuku uyo UNICEF yikachita mu 2012, ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanakazi 94 pa 100 ŵali mu Sierra Leone ŵakukomeka. Mu 2014, Sierra Leone yikaŵa pa nambara 11 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene ŵakufwa. Cimoza mwa masuzgo agho ŵanakazi ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakukumana nagho para ŵababa kwa nyengo yitali ndiposo para ŵaleka kubaba. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakusuzgika cifukwa ca suzgo ili. Chipatala cha ŵanakazi cha AWC-Aberdeen ku Freetown, ndicho chili pa chipatala chachiŵiri mu Sierra Leone, ndipo chaka chilichose chikubaba ŵana 3,000. Ŵanakazi awo ŵali na nthenda iyi ŵakuchita opareshoni kwaulere. Wupu uwu ukupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala wakovwira ŵanakazi na ŵana, ndipo ukuwovwirika na mawupu ghambura phindu nga ni Freedom from Fistula, The Aminata Maternal Foundation, na UNFPA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfpa.org/news/fistula-camp-helps-women-and-girls-sierra-leone-regain-their-dignity|title=Fistula camp helps women and girls in Sierra Leone regain their dignity|website=www.unfpa.org}}</ref> === Mental health === Ku Sierra Leone kulije wovwiri wa munkhwala wakovwira ŵalwari ŵa maghanoghano. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulwara matenda agha ŵakuyezga kujichizga ŵekha na wovwiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuchizga ŵalwari. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru na Caru (1991-2002), ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakacitanga nkhaza ndipo ŵana ŵanandi ŵakacicizgika kurwa nkhondo. Ici cikaŵapweteka comene, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 (mu 2009) ŵakaŵa na suzgo la maghanoghano. Ŵana ŵanandi awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵamba kumwa minkhwala yakutimbanizga wongo kuti ŵaleke kukumbuka.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lisk|first=Radcliffe|title=Sierra Leone|journal=Practical Neurology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=3|pages=198–201|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.120089|pmid=17515600|s2cid=219201682}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-4 |title=''Unreported World 2009'' series, ep.4: ''Sierra Leone: Insanity of War'' |publisher=Channel4.com |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> === Potable water supply === {{Main|Water supply in Sierra Leone}} Ku Sierra Leone, maji ghakukhala pachoko waka. Nangauli boma na mawupu ghanandi ghakupambanapambana ghayezgayezga kuti ŵanthu ŵafike ku malo agha, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora yayi kufuma apo nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone yikamalira mu 2002.<ref name="JMP water">WHO/UNICEF [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] (updated March 2010) {{cite web |title=Estimates for the use of Improved Drinking-Water Sources, Sierra Leone |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226083443/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2011 |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti chizenga chiphya ku Orugu, icho China yikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama mu 2009, chizamovwira kuti maji ghaŵe ghanandi yayi. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa pa charu chose uyo wakachitika mu 2006, 84% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba na 32% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakaŵa na maji ghakumwa mu nyumba zawo. Awo ŵakasanganga maji mu vigaŵa vya kumadera gha mizi ŵakasanganga malo ghakukhala waka. 68% ya ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana awo ŵakasanganga yayi maji gha pa mtunda (50%), (9%) na (9%) ŵakasanganga vyakumera vyambura kutetezgeka (9%). Mu 2004, boma likapeleka ndondomeko ya maji gha ku malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa msumba wa Freetown.[[File: Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone Ebola Map August 8 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A situation map of the [[2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak|Ebola outbreak]] as of 8 August 2014]] === 2014 Ebola outbreak === {{Further|Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone}} Ebola yikulopwa comene mu Africa uko kuli masuzgo gha umoyo na vyachuma. Mu 2014, ku West Africa kukaŵa nthenda ya Ebola. Kufika pa Okutobala 19, 2014, kukaŵa ŵanthu 3,706 ŵakufwa na nthenda ya ebola ku Sierra Leone, ndipo ŵanthu 1,259 ŵakafwa, kusazgapo dokotala munyake uyo wakayezga kuwoneseska nthenda iyi, Sheik Umar Khan. Kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti 2014, Guinea yikajara mphaka zake na Sierra Leone kuti yikhozge kuthereska nthenda iyi.<ref name="IMFebola">{{cite news|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/225466201|title=The economic impact of Ebola may kill more people than the virus itself|date=6 September 2014|access-date=8 September 2014|publisher=Big News Network.com}}.</ref> == Culture == === Polygamy === {{Further|Polygamy in Sierra Leone}} Mu 2019, ŵanakazi 30% na ŵanalume 14% ŵakaŵa mu vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Sierra Leone. "Ŵanakazi awo ŵali na muwoli yumoza panji ŵanandi ŵakakhalira waka kuchepa, kufuma pa 37% mu 2008 na 35% mu 2013 kufika pa 30% mu 2019".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2020 |title=Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2019 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-FR365-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm |journal=The DHS Program|last1=Statssl |first1=Statistics Sierra Leone- }}</ref> === Food and customs === {{Further|Sierra Leonean cuisine}} [[File: Sierra Leone rice farming.jpg|thumb|Rice farming in Rolako]] Mpunga ndiwo ukalyanga chomene ku Sierra Leone ndipo ukwenera kurya pa nyengo ya chakurya chilichose. Mu misewu ya matawuni na misumba ya ku Sierra Leone, mungaŵa vyakurya vyakupambanapambana nga ni mango ghaphya, malalanje, ananasi, mabango, ŵabango, ŵangozi, mbatata, manicure na chithuzi cha oseveni, matumba gha matumba gha popcorn panji mbatata, chingwa, mbolo, panji nyama yakotcha. Poyo ni chakumwa chakutchuka cha ku Sierra Leone. Ni vinyo la phamuli lakutowa, ilo likunozgeka kupangika mwakupepuka, ndipo likusangika mu mabara mu matawuni na vikaya mu charu chose. Mabara gha Poyo ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakudumbiskana mwakujumphizga vya ndyali, mpira, basketball, vyakusanguluska na nkhani zinyake.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albala|first=Ken|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313376276|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA165|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> === Media === {{Main|Media of Sierra Leone}} [[File:Radio listener in Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|A radio listener in [[Kailahun]]]] Mu Sierra Leone, nkhani zayamba na kupangika kwa makina ghakudindiskira ghaŵiri mu Africa kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1900. Mu 1860s, charu ichi chikaŵa malo ghakusindikizgira nkhani ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Mu 1934, boma la Sierra Leone likamba kuteŵetera pa TV na TV. Mu April 2010, SLBS yikapambana na siteshoni ya United Nations peacekeeping radio station ku Sierra Leone kuti yipange Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation, iyo njakovwira chomene pa charu chose. Ndondomeko ya boma ya Sierra Leone yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyenge makora na kusindikizga.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomson Reuters Foundation |url=http://www.trust.org/item/20131024140514-sg47u/ |title=Sierra Leone – Editorial criticizing president prompts multiple proceedings |publisher=Trust.org |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402160721/http://www.trust.org/item/20131024140514-sg47u/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to-a-rat/2013/10/21/168d8172-3a53-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131025175049/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to-a-rat/2013/10/21/168d8172-3a53-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 October 2013 | title=Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing pres… | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=25 October 2013 | access-date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenslade |first=Roy|author-link=Roy Greenslade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/oct/25/press-freedom-sierraleone |title=Editor arrested for comparing Sierra Leone president to a rat &#124; Media |journal=The Guardian |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/21/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to/ |title=Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing president to a rat |publisher=Fox News |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra-Leone-intensifies-media-crackdown/-/979180/2043834/-/u0oloaz/-/index.html |title=Sierra Leone intensifies media crackdown – News|first=Kemo|last=Cham |publisher=africareview.com |date=21 October 2013|access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035744/http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra-Leone-intensifies-media-crackdown/-/979180/2043834/-/u0oloaz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201310250762.html |title=Sierra Leone: In Sierra Leone, Journalists Held On Libel, Sedition Charges |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> Ŵanthu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa vya ndyali ŵakuwona nkhani zinyake kuŵa zakubendera.<ref>{{cite web |last =Wilson |first =Harry |year =2005 |title =Press Freedoms and Human Rights:2005 Year End Press Freedom Brief |publisher =Commonwealth Press Union |url =http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html |access-date =20 April 2008 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071124131843/http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html |archive-date =24 November 2007 |url-status =dead |df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Annual06">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Sierra Leone – Annual report 2006 |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614032911/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |access-date=20 April 2008 |publisher=Reporters without Borders:For Press Freedom |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu 1980, boma likapeleka dango lakuti manyuzipepara ghose ghalembeke na Wupu wa Vyaru vya Kupharazga na kulipira ndalama zinandi zakweruzgira. Mu 2006, Pulezidenti Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wakajipeleka kusintha malango agho ghakwendeska nkhani na vyapa media kuti ŵafumiske ndondomeko ya wanangwa wa wanthu. Mu Sierra Leone, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵazga yayi nkhani za manyuzipepara, chomenechomene za kuwaro kwa Freetown na misumba yinyake yikuru, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuŵerenga na kulemba mu charu. Mu 2007 mu charu mukaŵa nyuzipepara 15 za zuŵa lililose, kweniso izo zikupharazgika sabata yiliyose.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date =June 2007 |title =Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone:A comprehensive baseline study |work=[[BBC World Service]] |url =http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/media_report_2007.pdf |access-date =19 April 2007}}</ref>[[File: Isata Mahoi radio editor and actress.jpg|thumb|Isata Mahoi wakulongoreka kuti wakunozga mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi mu Talking Drum studio Freetown; wakugwiraso nchito ya kuvina mu opera wa pa wayilesi ya Sierra Leone Atunda Ayenda]] Rediyo ndiyo yikupharazgika comene na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sierra Leone, ndipo ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵali na wayilesi ndipo 72 pa 100 ŵaliose ŵakupulikira wayilesi zuŵa lililose.<ref name="BBC"/> Malo agha ghakupambana pakati pa vigaŵa vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi ndicho chili na malo ghakuru chomene ndipo chigaŵa chakumpoto ni Kailahun. United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) yikaŵa siteshoni yakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo yikapharazganga mu viyowoyero vinandi. Mu 2008, ntchito ya UN Radio yikapangika na kujumphiskika na SLBS kuti yikhazikike na Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). Kunja kwa likulu Freetown na misumba yikuru yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulaŵilira yayi TV, nangauli Bo, Kenema na Makeni ŵakugwiranga ntchito na ma relay ghawo gha ntchito yikuru ya SLBC. Mu Sierra Leone muli malo ghatatu gha pa caru gha pa caru ghakusungirako ma TV gha pa caru cose, limoza ni boma la SLBC ndipo ghanyake ghaŵiri ni malo gha pa caru ca Freetown, Star TV agho ghakusungilira mwenecho wa nyuzipepara ya Standard-Times na AYV - Africa Young Voices. Malo ghanandi gha pa caru capasi ghakusungiramo ma TV ghakusungilirako ndalama. Malo ghaŵiri gha pa caru cilicose gha pa caru (ABC na AIT) ghakasungikiranga nchito yayi. Mu 2007, GTV yikayambiska uteŵeti wa kulipira pa malo gha pa charu cose nga ni gulu la TV ya ku Africa yose. Ku Sierra Leone kulije internet kweni yikukura chomene, chomenechomene kufuma apo pakambiska ntchito za foni ya 3G/4G mu charu chose. Pali ŵapeleka maofesi ghanandi gha pa Intaneti (ISP) mu charu ichi. === Arts === {{Further|Art in Sierra Leone|Music of Sierra Leone}} Vinthu vya ku Sierra Leone vikusazga maluso gha ku Africa na gha ku Western.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Banham|first = Martin|title = A history of theatre in Africa|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2004|page = 171|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RZXtk9bCZ-8C&pg=PA171|isbn = 978-0-521-80813-2|access-date = 17 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =Conteh |first = Prince Sorie |title = Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: interreligious encounters and dialogue|publisher =Cambria Press |year =2009|pages = 23–24|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HpAuyiMRTDcC&pg=PA23|isbn=978-1-60497-596-3|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1 =Manson |first1 =Katrina |first2=James |last2=Knight |title = Sierra Leone|publisher = Bradt Travel Guides|year =2009|pages = 42–45|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VxRcEzkFs-wC&pg=PA43|isbn=978-1-84162-222-4|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> <gallery> File: Temne. Ode-Lay Mask Brooklyn Museum.jpg|Odelay mask by [[Temne people]]. [[Brooklyn Museum]]. File: Sierra Leone Koindu dance.jpg|The [[Koindu]] dance </gallery> === Vyamasebero === {{Main|Sport in Sierra Leone}} [[File:Sierra Leone National Stadium.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[National Stadium (Sierra Leone)|National Stadium]] in [[Freetown]].]] Mpira wa mpira wa Association ndi masewera otchuka kwambiri ku Sierra Leone. Ana, achinyamata ndi achikulire amawoneka kawirikawiri kusewera mpira wamisewu ku Sierra Leone . Pali mipira ya mpira wa achinyamata ndi achinyamata yomwe imakonzedwa mdziko lonselo, ndipo pali masukulu osiyanasiyana oyambira ndi apakati omwe ali ndi magulu a mpira ku Sierra Leone konse. Gulu la mpira wa Sierra Leone, ilo likucemeka kuti Leone Stars, likwimira charu mu vyakumenyana vya pa caru cose. Likasankha yayi kuti liŵe na malo gha kuzakawonelera nkhonya za caru vya caru cose vya Africa. Ŵanandi mwa ŵasepuka ŵa Sierra Leone National Premier League ŵakamba kuseŵera ku Europe. Ŵasepuka ŵanandi ŵa Sierra Leone ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu charu chose cha Sierra Leone ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵamanya makora. Ŵasepa ŵanyake ŵa Sierra Leone mba Mohamed Kallon, Mohamed Bangura, Rodney Strasser, Kei Kamara, Ibrahim Teteh Bangura, Mustapha Dumbuya, Christian Caulker, Alhassan Bangura, Sheriff Suma, Osman Kakayaru, Mohamed Kamara, Umaru Bangura na Julius Woobay. The Sierra Leone National Premier League ni ligi yikuru chomene ya mpira wa ku Sierra Leone ndipo yikulongozgeka na Sierra Leone Football Association. Makirabu 14 gha mu charu chose ghakumanyikwa kuti ni Sierra Leone Premier League. Makirabhu ghaŵiri ghakuru na ghakuchita makora chomene gha mpira ni East End Lions na Mighty Blackpool. East End Lion na MightyBlackpool ŵakulondezga chomene ndipo para ŵakuseŵera, sitediyamu ya mu Freetown yikuguliskika ndipo ŵanthu ŵa makirabu ghose ghaŵiri ŵakukumana pambere maseŵera ghachitike. Ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa ku Sierra Leone, ŵana na ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakulondezga matchalitchi gha ku Europe, chomenechomene English Premier League, Italian Serie A, Spanish La Liga, German Bundesliga na French Ligue 1. Gulu la cricket la Sierra Leone likuyimira Sierra Leone mu mpikisano wa cricket wa pa charu chose ndipo lili pakati pa ŵabwezi ŵaŵiri ku West Africa. Likawungana na International Cricket Council mu 2002. Mu 2009, gulu la Sierra Leone Under-19 likaŵa lachiŵiri pa African Under-19 Championship ku Zambia, ndipo likaluta ku World Cup ya Under-19 pamoza na magulu ghanyake 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/403002.html |title=Cricinfo article Uganda and Sierra Leone Win Through |publisher=Cricinfo.com |date=5 May 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Ndipouli, gulu ili likaŵa kuti lindakwaniske kusanga vhiza vya ku Canada kuti lizakaŵepo pa mpikisano uwu, uwo ukachitikira ku Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/423890.html |title=Visa Issues End Sierra Leone's World Cup Dream |publisher=Cricinfo article |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Sierra Leone ndiyo ni caru cacokwamba ca ku Africa kunjira mu International Floorball Federation. ==Tourism== {{main|Tourism in Sierra Leone}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Freetown, Sierra Leone. Nangauli nchito iyi yikakhwaskika comene pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru, kweni yasintha comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Msumba uwu uli na vinandi vyakuti ukasangire ŵalendo. Pa chilumba cha Freetown pali maboma ghanandi. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Lumley-Aberdeen yikwenda kufuma ku Cape Sierra Leone m'paka ku Lumley. Paliso malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene nga ni Mlonga Nambara 2, Laka Beach, Tokeh Beach, Bureh Beach, na Mama Beach. Ku malo ghakuvikilirako viyuni gha Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, uko kuli nkhorongo yikuru ya viyuni vya mu chigaŵa ichi, makilomita ghachoko waka kufuma pakati pa msumba wa Freetown, kuli viyuni vinandi vya viyuni ivi. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ghakaŵa Freetown Cotton Tree, ilo lili ku Central Freetown, ndipo ni malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa charu chose ndipo ghakaŵa pakwamba apo msumba uwu ukapangikanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku malo gha Aberdenn-Lumley uko kuli umoyo wa usiku.<ref>Sylvester Gasopan Goba (August 2014) [https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf Sierra Leone Tourism: sector overview]. [[International Growth Centre]]. [https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf Archived]. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> {{multiple image |align = center |total_width = 1000 |image1 = |caption1 = Lumley Beach, Freetown - is popular for its white sandy beach as well as its nightlife |image2 = |caption2 = The Place - Tokeh Beach, Freetown, - offers a variety of services to tourists spending hours or days around the beach area |image3 = |caption3 = Tokeh Beach, Freetown - is a popular tourist destination |image4 = |caption4 = Chimpanzees at the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary in the Western Area National Park, few kilometres away from Freetown }} == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Sierra Leone|Africa}} * [[Outline of Sierra Leone]] == Vyalulemba == {{notelist}} {{NoteFoot}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * {{cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Reed |first2=Tristan |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |title=Chiefs: Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_2014-04_122_2/page/319 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=April 2014 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=319–368 |doi=10.1086/674988 |s2cid=15212378 }} * Harris, David (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5RxmwC6aNwC ''Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia''], I.B. Tauris. * Imodale Caulker-Burnett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5j61GUfpX5YC&pg=PA19 ''The Caulkers of Sierra Leone: The Story of a Ruling Family and Their Times''] (Xlibris, 2010){{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} * {{Cite book |last=Keen |first=David |year=2005 |title=Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEz1PCvILHUC |location=Oxford |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-883-6 |access-date=17 June 2014}} * {{Cite book |last=Kup |first=Alexander Peter |year=1961 |title= A History of Sierra Leone, 1400–1787 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge|isbn= 978-0-7864-1814-5}} * {{cite book |author=Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission |year=2004 |title=TRC Report |url=http://www.sierraleonetrc.org/index.php/view-the-final-report/download-table-of-contents |location=Accra, Ghana |publisher=Graphic Packaging Ltd./GPL Press |isbn=9988-8097-6-X |access-date=14 May 2016}} * {{Cite book |last=Sillinger |first=Brett |title= Sierra Leone: Current Issues and Background|year= 2003|publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location= New York|isbn= 978-1-59033-662-5}} * {{Cite book |ref=Utting |last=Utting |first=Francis A. |year=1971 |orig-year=1931 |title=The Story of Sierra Leone |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofsierraleo0000utti |url-access=registration |location=Hallendale, Florida |publisher=New World Book Manufacturing |isbn= 978-0-8369-6704-3}} === Fiction and memoir === * Massucco W. [http://bluindaco.org/en/documentary/life-does-not-lose-its-value-documentary-film/ ''Life does not lose its value/La Vita non perde valore''], documentary, Bluindaco Productions, 2012. [[La vita non perde valore|Link: ''La vita non perde valore'']]. * Bonnet, Laurent. [http://www.franceinter.fr/player/reecouter?play=296145 ''Salone, a novel en Terre Krio''], Vents d'Ailleurs, 2012 * [[Ishmael Beah|Beah, Ishmael]]. ''A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier'' (2007). Sarah Crichton Books: New York. [[A Long Way Gone|Link: ''A Long Way Gone'']]. * [[Delia Jarrett-Macauley|Jarrett-Macauley, Delia]], ''Moses, Citizen & Me'' – novel, [[Granta Books]] (2005), {{ISBN|186207741X}}. Winner of the [[Orwell Prize]] 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192616/http://tylertopics.com/writing/books/historic-preservation-book-2-4-2/ ''The Peace Corps, Sierra Leone, and Me''] ==== Secondary sources ==== * {{Cite book|author= Levinson, Robby|title= Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|year= 1998|publisher= Oryx Press|location= Phoenix|isbn= 978-1-57356-019-1|url= https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Sierra Leone|voy=Sierra Leone}} ; Government * [https://statehouse.gov.sl/ The Republic of Sierra Leone] official government site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905110758/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/SL.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905110758/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/SL.html |date=5 September 2015 }} * [http://www.slminerals.org/ Ministry of Mineral Resources] official government minerals site * [http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/spip.php?article4158 thepatrioticvanguard.com ''The Patriotic Vanguard''] – official government newspaper ;General information * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1061561.stm Country Profile], [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210403133725/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/ Sierra Leone]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085717/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/sierraleone.htm Sierra Leone], ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Sierra_Leone}} * {{wikiatlas|Sierra Leone}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192777}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SL Key Development Forecasts for Sierra Leone], [[International Futures]] ;News media * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905131237/http://www.news.sl/ ''Awareness Times''], Newspaper * [http://www.thenewpeople.com/ ''The New People''], Newspaper * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302122028/http://allafrica.com/sierraleone/ News headline links], [[AllAfrica.com]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131013/http://www.my-sierra-leone-life.com/ Sierra Leone News & Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131013/http://www.my-sierra-leone-life.com/ |date=19 September 2015 }}, Current Sierra Leone News & Blog ;Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SLE/Year/2002/Summary Sierra Leone 2002 Summary Trade Statistics] ; Tourism * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191020073756/https://sierraleonenationaltouristboard.com/ Sierra Leone National Tourist Board], Official Government site ; Telecommunication * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100313072928/http://www.alosmart.com/Sierra-Leone-calling-card-191.asp Sierra Leone], telecom ; Other * [http://fosalone.org/ Friends of Sierra Leone] * [http://www.schoolsforsalone.org/ Schools for Salone], non-profit dedicated to rebuilding schools * [http://www.enciss-sl.org/ ENCISS] civil society and governance * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510101125/http://auradicals.com/ The Auradicals Club], Student Club in Fourah Bay College * [http://www.sierra-leone.org/ Sierra Leone Web] * [http://sweetsalonefilm.blogspot.nl/ ''Sweet Salone''], 2008 film on new music in Sierra Leone * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184018/http://www.sc-sl.org/ War Crimes Trials in Sierra Leone] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714041603/http://www.hurrarc.org/ Hurrarc – Human Rights Respect Awareness Raising Campaigners], Sierra Leone NGO * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010165129/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page370.html Environmental Justice Foundation's report on pirate fishing in Sierra Leone] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140629064622/http://www.storiesfromlakkabeach.com/ ''Stories from Lakka Beach''], 2011 documentary about life in a post-conflict beach town {{Sierra Leone topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Sierra Leone |list = {{Countries of Africa|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|8|29|4|N|13|14|4|W|display=inline}} <span style="colour:darkblue;">(Freetown)</span>''' }} {{Navboxes |title = International membership |list = {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Navboxes |title = Languages |list = {{English dialects by continent}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sierra Leone| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1961 establishments in Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1961]] [[Category:West African countries]] gh5nrwephdajvegjsuvrl09cbbllrpo 0 6955 122684 122366 2026-09-28T03:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country on the coast of West Africa}} {{distinguish|Sinegal}} {{About|charu|dambo|Mlonga wa Senegal}} {{nkhaniiwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Senegal | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Sénégal}} | common_name = Senegal | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|Senegal pa gilini}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"One People, One Goal, One Faith"}} | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|"[[Le Lion rouge|Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons]]"}}<br />{{small|"Everyone, strum your [[Kora (instrument)|koras]], strike the [[balafon]]s"}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[French Language|French]] | languages_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Information from the University of Pennsylvania's Center for African Studies estimates that about 90% of the Senegalese population understands or speaks Wolof as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>}} |French |Pulaar |Arabic{{Efn|name=ArabicStatus|Arabic is taught as a second language for religious reasons within the Senegalese educational system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>}} }} | languages2_type = National languages | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Wolof language|Wolof]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Diola language|Diola]]|[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]|[[Malinke language|Malinke]]{{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Article 1 of the 2001 Constitution of Senegal, which states that the national languages are Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninke and Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en|website=Constitute Project |language=en}}</ref>}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| 36.7% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] |30.5% [[Fula people|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer people|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola people|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] |5.4% Other }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=":0a">{{Citation |title=Senegal |date=2022-08-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ubl | 96.6% [[Islam in Senegal|Islam]] |3.3% [[Christianity in Senegal|Christianity]] |0.1% Other/None}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016c | title=Religions in Senegal &#124; PEW-GRF }}</ref> | demonym = Senegalese | capital = [[Dakar]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]<ref name = cia/> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Senegal|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Macky Sall]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Senegal|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961)|Amadou Ba]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Senegal|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Amadou Mame Diop]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 86th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_km2 = 196,712 | area_sq_mi = 76,000 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = 17,196,308<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SN |title=Population, total - Senegal |website=[[World Bank]] Data}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 72nd | population_census_rank = 73rd | population_census = 16,624,000<ref name = cia2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |title=Senegal |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2016 | population_density_km2 = 68.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 208.5 | population_density_rank = 134th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$72.703 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 106th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $4,113<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 156th | GDP_nominal_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$27.542 billion<ref name=imf2/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/countries-by-gdp/ |title=GDP Ranked by Country 2021 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }}$1,558<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 157th | established_event1 = Republic established | established_date1 = 25 November 1958 | sovereignty_type = [[History of Senegal|Independence]] | established_event2 = from France{{efn|With [[French Sudan]], as the [[Mali Federation]].}} | established_date2 = 4 April 1960 | established_event3 = Withdrawal from<br />the [[Mali Federation]] | established_date3 = 20 August 1960 | established_event4 = from France{{efn|As the [[French Sudan|Sudanese Republic]], with Senegal as the Mali Federation.}} | established_date4 = 20 June 1960 | established_event5 = as Senegal | established_date5 = 22 September 1960 | established_event6 = dissolution of the [[Senegambia Confederation]] | established_date6 = 30 September 1989 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.511 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | religion_year = 2020 | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg | today = }} '''Senegal''' ({{Audio|En-us-Senegal.ogg|/ˌsɛnᵻˈɡɔːl/}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |title=Definition of Senegal |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal |title=Define Senegal |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> kuzunula mwaboma, '''Charu cha Sengegal''',{{efn|({{lang-fr|link=no|République du Sénégal}}; [[Wolof language|Wolof]]: ''Réewum Senegaal''; [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Renndaandi Senegaali); [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: جمهورية السنغال ''Cumhûriyye es-Sinigâl'')}} ni caru ca ku [[West Africa]], mumphepete mwa [[nyanja ya Atlantic]]. Charu cha Senegal chili kumpoto na [[Mauritania]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Mali]], kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Charu cha Senegal chili pafupi na charu cha [[Gambia]], ndipo chili mumphepete mwa [[Mlonga wa Gambia]]. Charu cha Senegal chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Cape Verde]]. Msumba wa [[Dakar]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa vyachuma na ndyali mu Senegal. Charu cha Senegal ndicho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi comene mu caru ca Old World, panji [[Afro-Eurasia]].<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner – 2009, Senegal – Page 8</ref> Zina ili likwiza cifukwa ca [[mlonga wa Senegal]], uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto. Nyengo yake ni ya ku [[Sahelian]], kweni nyengo zinyake kukuŵa vula. Charu cha Senegal chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 197,000 ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵalipo 17 miliyoni.{{UN Population|ref}} Boma ili lili na boma la pulezidenti; kufuma waka apo likambira mu 1960, charu ichi ntchakukhora chomene mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Senegal chili na ngongoli zinandi, ndipo chili pa nambara 170. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito zaulimi na vyakurya. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora pa nkhani ya masambiro. Charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa [[African Union]], [[United Nations]], [[Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)]], Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], na Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Pa caru cose, Senegal ni caru ico cikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mpikisano wa [[Paris-Dakar Rally]].<ref name=":0b">{{cite web |title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |last=Hammerschlag |first=Annika |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Senegal chili na ngongoli zinandi, ndipo chili pa nambara 170. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito zaulimi na vyakurya. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora pa nkhani ya masambiro. Charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Pa caru cose, Senegal ni caru ico cikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mpikisano wa Paris-Dakar Rally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guivaudon |first=Guillaume |date=2021-12-13 |title=The best destinations for family holidays |url=https://www.littleguestcollection.com/en/magazine/best-destinations-family-holidays |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Little Guest |language=en}}</ref> == Zina == Charu cha Senegal chili na zina la Mlonga wa Senegal. Zina la mlonga uwu likwenera kuti lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi ilo likung'anamura zina la [[mlonga wa Zenaga]]. Kweniso lingaŵa zina la chiuta mukuru mu cisopa ca Serer (Rog Sene) na ogal, kung'anamura maji mu ciyowoyero ca Serer. Kweniso vingachitika kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiwolophu lakuti "Sunuu Gaal", ilo likung'anamura "bwato lithu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Beetle |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Culture Trip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|History of Senegal}} === Vyaka vyakwambilira na vyakumanyuma === Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu chigaŵa ichi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi mu nyengo yakale chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., kukaŵa maufumu ghanyake: Takrur mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Namandiru na Jolof Empire mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E. na 14 C.E. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Senegal kukaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Chisilamu chikamba kwizira mwa Toucouleur na Soninke awo ŵakakolerana na ufumu wa Almoravid wa ku Maghreb. Gulu ili likasuskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Serer.<ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref><ref>[[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], ''La civilisation Sereer, Pangool,'' p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, chigaŵa ichi chikakhwaskika na maufumu gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa ca Senegambia, pakati pa 1300 na 1900, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza ca ŵanthu ŵatatu cikaŵa ŵazga.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 "Slavery"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Jolof ukaŵa wankhongono chomene, ndipo ukakolerana na maufumu gha Cayor, Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro, na Bambouk. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikakolerana mwakujipeleka.<ref name=charles/><ref>Ham, Anthony. ''West Africa.'' Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. {{ISBN|1-74104-821-4}}</ref>Ufumu uwu ukazengeka na Ndiadiane Ndiaye, uyo wakaŵa Serer na Toucouleur, ndipo wakakolerana na mitundu yinandi, kweni ukamara mu 1549 apo Amari Ngone Sobel Fall wakatimba na kukoma Lele Fouli Fak. === Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni === {{Main|Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)|French conquest of Senegal}} [[File:AMH-8133-KB Floor plan of the fort on Goeree.jpg|thumb|left|Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa ufumu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwukira charu cha Senegal, ndipo ukamba na Dinis Dias mu 1444 apo wakafika pa chirwa cha Gorée.]] Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Senegal, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo ŵa ku France. Kwambira mu 15th century, maboma gha ku Europe nga ni Portugal, Netherlands, na Great Britain, ghakakolerana pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu 1677, caru ca France cikamba kugura ŵazga pa cirwa ca Gorée, kufupi na Dakar, ico cikagwiranga nchito nga ni malo ghakulugulira ŵazga ku mafumu agho ghakatimbananga.<ref name="h-net.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |title=Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223164258/http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=dead |publisher=h-net.org |access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>''Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest'' (1958 ed.), p. 123.</ref> Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza na Cikristu ku Senegal na ku Casamance mu ma 1800. Mu ma 1850, ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kuthandazgikira mu charu cha Senegal, pamanyuma pakuti ŵamazga wuzga na kwamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito vigeŵenga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kuwukira na kupoka maufumu ghose, kupaturako Siné na Saloum, pasi pa muwusi Louis Faidherbe.<ref name=charles>Charles, Eunice A. '' Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890.'' African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p. 3</ref><ref>Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. X {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref> [[File:Marchands d'esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|Ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku France ku Gorée, m'ma 1700]] Yoro Dyao wakaŵa mulara wa chigaŵa cha Foss-Galodjina ndipo wakimikika pa Wâlo (Ouâlo) na Louis Faidherbe, uko wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulongozgi kufuma mu 1861 mpaka 1914. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal awo ŵakasuskanga ŵanyawo na kuchepeskako malonda ghawo gha ŵazga ŵakalongozgekanga na Lat-Dior, Damel wa ku Cayor, na Maad a Sinig wa ku Siné. Mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Senegal ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Australia, pambere Ŵaustralia ŵandatore Damaseko. Ivyo vikachitikanga ku France na Britain vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Pa Novembala 25, 1958, Senegal yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha mu French Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|date=15 July 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Senegal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062010/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|archive-date=27 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> === Kujilamulila === [[File:Mali Federation in its region.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Wupu wa Mali uwo ukaŵako nyengo yicoko waka]]Mu Janyuwale 1959, Senegal na French Sudan vikasazgikana na kupanga Mali Federation, iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira paŵekha pa 20 Juni 1960, cifukwa ca phangano la kusinthiska mazaza na France ilo likalembeka pa 4 Epulero 1960. Chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndyali, wupu uwu ukabwanganduka pa 20 Ogasiti 1960 apo Senegal na French Sudan (ŵakazgoreka Republic of Mali) waliyose wakapharazga wanangwa wake. Mu Ogasiti 1960, Léopold Sédar Senghor, mulembi, wandale, na munthu wa boma wakumanyikwa pa caru cose, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Senegal. Senghor, uyo wakaŵa wakutemwa caru ca Africa, wakawoneseskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵacitenge vinthu mwamahara.<ref>''A Critical bibliography of French literature: in three parts. The Twentieth.'' Edited by David Clark Cabeen, Richard A. Brooks, Douglas W. Alden</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti Mali yaparanyika, pulezidenti Senghor na nduna yikuru Mamadou Dia ŵakalongozganga pamoza mu nyumba za malango. Mu Disembala 1962, mphindano zawo za ndyali zikapangiska kuti Prime Minister Dia wapange boma. Chiwukirano ichi chikathereskeka kwambura kuthiska ndopa ndipo Dia ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu jele. Boma la Senegal likapeleka dango liphya ilo likakhozga mazaza gha pulezidenti. Senghor wakalekeleranga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga kuluska umo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakacitira mu ma 1960. Ndipouli, kwa nyengo yicoko waka, boma likakanizga ŵanthu kucita ndyali. Chipani cha Senghor, Senegalese Progressive Union (sono ni Socialist Party of Senegal), ndicho chikaŵa chipani pera icho chikazomerezgeka na dango kufuma mu 1965 m'paka mu 1975. Mu caka caumaliro, Senghor wakazomerezga kuti paŵe vipani viŵiri vyakususka ivyo vikamba kugwira nchito mu 1976 - chipani ca Marxist (African Independence Party) na chipani ca liberal (Senegal Democratic Party). Mu ma 1960 na kuuyambiro kwa ma 1970, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kuswa mphaka za Senegal. Pakuzgora, Senegal wakapempha wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu 1963, 1965, 1969 (pakuzgora kuponyera mabomba ku Portugal), 1971 na 1972. === 1980 mpaka pano === Mu 1980, Pulezidenti Senghor wakaleka ndyali. Chaka chakulondezgapo, mu 1981 wakapeleka mazaza kwa Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma, wakathereskeka pa viphikiro vya mu 1983. Senghor wakasamira ku France, uko wakafwira na vilimika 95. Mu ma 1980, Boubacar Lam wakasanga mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal iyo yikapangika na Yoro Dyâo, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Tuculor, pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe.<ref name="AfrAm">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Jane |title=A Companion to African-American Studies |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=463 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODmpx1fgJNIC&pg=PA463|isbn=978-1-4051-5466-6}}</ref> Pa Febuluwale 1, 1982, Senegal yikakolerana na Gambia na kupanga wupu wa Senegambia Confederation. Ndipouli, wupu uwu ukamara mu 1989. Nangauli pakaŵa maungano gha mtende, kweni gulu la ku mpoto ilo likukhumba kujipatura ku boma (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance panji MFDC) mu chigaŵa cha Casamance, likulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma kwambira mu 1982. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa ndipo Pulezidenti Macky Sall wakachezga na ŵakugaluka ku Rome mu Disembala 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa "][[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]]<span>: Senegal: Casamance, In-depth Developments since 2005"</span> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa|date=4 March 2016}}, ''Conflict Encyclopedia''</ref> Abdou Diouf wakaŵa purezidenti pakati pa 1981 na 2000. Wakakhwimiska ŵanthu kuti ŵachiteko ndyali, kuchepeska umo boma likwendeskera vinthu vyachuma, kweniso kusazgirako ndyali za Senegal, comenecomene na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikukura. Nyengo zinyake vinthu vya ndyali vikapangiska kuti pa misewu paŵe vivulupi, mphindano pa mphaka, kweniso kuti mu chigaŵa cha Casamance kumwera muŵe vivulupi. Ndipouli, Senegal yikalutilira kukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Abdou Diouf wakaŵa pulezidenti nyengo zinayi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Gulf, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500 ŵa ku Senegal ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya Khafji na pa kampeni ya kuwombora Kuwait. Mu 1999, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, Abdoulaye Wade, wakathereska Diouf pa mavoti agho ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakawona kuti ngawanangwa. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Senegal likaŵa kuti laŵa na mazaza ghaŵiri, ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kufuma ku chipani chimoza kuluta ku chinyake. Pa Disembala 30, 2004, pulezidenti Wade wakapharazga kuti wazamusayinira phangano la mtende na gulu lakujipatura mu chigaŵa cha Casamance. Ndipouli, ivi vicali kunthazi. Mu 2005, pakaŵa ungano unyake wa awo ŵakadumbiskana nkhani iyi, kweni m'paka sono ŵandafikepo pa fundo. Mu Malichi 2012, pulezidenti wa sono Abdoulaye Wade wakatondeka pa chisankho cha pulezidenti ndipo Macky Sall wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Senegal. Pulezidenti Macky Sall wakasankhikaso mu mavoti gha 2019. Mulimo wa pulezidenti ukakhira kufuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kuya pa vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kuyambira pa 3 March 2021, Senegal yakhala ikugwedezeka ndi ziwonetsero zambiri poyankha kumangidwa kwa Ousmane Sonko chifukwa chogwidwa ndi nkhanza komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mliri wa COVID-19. Mu Juni 2023, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchita nkhaza chomene, ndipo wupu wa Amnesty International ukati ŵanthu 23 ŵakafwa, ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa chifukwa cha kuphulika na ŵapolisi panji awo ŵakakolerananga nawo.<ref name="police violence">{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |title=‘The State Killed My Brother’: Senegal in Uproar After Deadly Protests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=New York Times |date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230612142936/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |archive-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Senegal}} [[File:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Macky Sall, Pulezidenti wa Senegal (2012-paka sono)]] [[File:Abdoulaye Wade in 16-05-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Abdoulaye Wade, Pulezidenti wa Senegal (2000~2012)]] Pulezidenti wakwamba, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], wakaŵa mulembi na mulembi, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Africa uyo wakasankhika kuŵa mu wupu wa French Academy. Pulezidenti waciŵiri wa Senegal, Abdou Diouf, pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa Organisation de la Francophonie. Pulezidenti wacitatu wakaŵa Abdoulaye Wade, loya. Pulezidenti wa sono ni Macky Sall, uyo wakasankhika mu Malichi 2012 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu February 2019.<ref>{{citation|website=BBC News|date=28 February 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|title=Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711}}</ref> Mu Senegal muli vyaru vyakujumpha 80. Nyumba ya mafumu njimoza ndipo yili na mipando 150. Ku Senegal nako kuli ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha. Makhoti ghapacanya comene agho ghakuwona vya bizinesi ni khoti la malango na la urunji.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Senegal |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |year=2009 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> ===Political culture=== Pasono, Senegal yili na ndyali za demokilase, yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vyacita makora comene kusintha kwa demokilase mu Africa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti. Ŵa Marabout, ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vya visopo vyakupambanapambana mu Senegal, nawo ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali mu caru ici, comenecomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Wade. Mu 2009, Freedom House yikasintha malo gha Senegal kufuma ku "Free" kuya ku "Partly Free", chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa mazaza mu boma. Mu 2014, charu ichi chikaŵaso na wanangwa wakusopa. Mu 2008, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 12 pa Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Ndondomeko ya Ibrahim Index yikulongora umo maboma gha mu Africa ghakwendeskera vinthu (paka mu 2008 ghakaŵa mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa pera). Apo vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa vikasazgikako mu 2009, malo agho Senegal yikaŵa nagho mu 2008 ghakawerako na kufika pa nambara 15 (Tunisia, Eguputo, na Morocco ghakaŵa panthazi pa Senegal). Mu 2012, pa vyaru 52 vya mu Africa, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa pa nambara 16 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Pa February 22, 2011, Senegal yikadumura ubwezi na Iran, yikati yikapeleka vilwero ku ŵakugaluka ivyo vikakoma ŵasilikari ŵa Senegal mu nkhondo ya ku Casamance. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2012 chikaŵa chakususka chifukwa cha kusoleka kwa pulezidenti Wade, pakuti ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti wangaŵa wakwenelera yayi kwimilira. Mu Juni 2011, magulu gha ŵawukirano ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo M23 na Y'en a Marre, ghakawuka. Paumaliro, Macky Sall wa Alliance for the Republic ndiyo wakathereska, ndipo Wade wakapeleka mazaza kwa Sall. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni ŵa EU, ŵakalumba kusintha uku. Pa Seputembala 19, 2012, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga kuti wupu wa Senate uleke kugwira ntchito kuti usunge ndalama zakukwana madola 15 miliyoni. Mu Ogasiti 2017, chipani icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatonda pa chisankho cha pa nyumba ya malango. Wupu wakulongozga wa Pulezidenti Macky Sall watora vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 165. Mu 2019 purezidenti Macky Sall wakathereskeka mwambura kusuzgika mu chigaŵa chakwamba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results |title=Senegal's President Macky Sall easily wins re-election, opposition will not contest vote |work=France24 |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Regions of Senegal|Departments of Senegal|Arrondissements of Senegal|Communes of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal, administrative divisions in colour 2.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Vigaŵa vya Senegal]] Charu cha Senegal chili na vigaŵa 14, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chikuwusika na Conseil Régional (Wupu wa vigaŵa) uwo ukusankhika mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 45, vigaŵa 113, ndipo palije na chimoza icho chili na ntchito ya boma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 List of current local elected officials] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 |date=19 August 2007 }} from Union des ''Associations d' Elus Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal''. See also the law creating current local government structures: {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf Code des collectivités locales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }}, Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.</ref> Misumba yikuruyikuru ya vigaŵa vikuchemeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vyawo: {{Div col}} * [[Dakar Region|Dakar]] * [[Diourbel Region|Diourbel]] * [[Fatick Region|Fatick]] * [[Kaffrine Region|Kaffrine]] * [[Kaolack Region|Kaolack]] * [[Kédougou Region|Kédougou]] * [[Kolda Region|Kolda]] * [[Louga Region|Louga]] * [[Matam Region|Matam]] * [[Saint-Louis Region|Saint-Louis]] * [[Sédhiou Region|Sédhiou]] * [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] * [[Thiès Region|Thiès]] * [[Ziguinchor Region|Ziguinchor]] {{Div col end}} ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Senegal}} Charu cha Senegal chili na maudindo ghakuru mu mawupu gha vyaru vinandi ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa UN Security Council mu 1988-89 na 2015-2016. Mu 1997, wakasankhika kuŵa mu Komiti ya UN ya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu. Cifukwa cakuti Senegal njabwezi la vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, comenecomene France na United States, yikukhumba comene kuti vyaru vyakutukuka viwovwire vyaru vya caru cacitatu. Charu cha Senegal chili paubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinyake. Nangauli vinthu vyendamo makora pa nkhani zinyake na Mauritania (kuvikilira mphaka, kunozga vyakurya, kunjizga ndyali mu vyaru vinyake), kweni ŵanthu pafupifupi 35,000 ŵa ku Mauritania (pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 awo ŵakachimbizgika mu charu chawo mu 1989) ŵachali mu Senegal. Charu cha Senegal chili paubwezi uwemi na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha pa caru cose, kusazgapo wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Union (AU), na wupu wa Sahel-Saharan States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html|title=Mauritanian refugees refuse to leave Senegal|date=8 May 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === [[File:Landmine warning sign near Ziguinchor, Senegal.jpg|thumb|Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Casamance, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabomba ghakwimira boma.]] Gulu la nkhondo la Senegal lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 17,000. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Senegal ŵakusambizgika, kupika vilwero, na wovwiri kufuma ku France na United States, kweniso ku Germany. Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵakunjilirapo yayi pa ndyali, vyawovwira kuti charu cha Senegal chiŵe chakukhora. Senegal yikawovwirapo pa ntchito zinandi zakusungilira mtende. Sonosono apa, mu 2000, Senegal yikatumizga gulu ku Democratic Republic of Congo kuti likateŵetere mu gulu la United Nations MONUC, ndipo yikakolerana kutumizga gulu linyake ku Sierra Leone. Mu 2015, Senegal yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504|date=4 May 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> ===Malango=== Charu cha Senegal ni charu cha ŵanthu yayi, nga umo Dango likulongosolera. Pakukhumba kumazga vimbundi, boma likapanga ofesi yakuwona vya vimbundi (OFNAC) na komiti yakuwona vya kuwezgerapo na kuwezgerapo vinthu ivyo vyazunulika mwambura kuzomerezgeka. Kuyana na Business Anti-Corruption Portal, Pulezidenti Sall wakalenga OFNAC kuti yisinthe Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non Transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). Ŵanyake ŵakuti OFNAC ni nthowa yiwemi comene yakumazgira vimbundi kuluska CNLCC iyo yikaŵako mu nyengo ya pulezidenti wakale Wade. Ntchito ya OFNAC nkhulimbana na vimbundi, kunanga ndalama za boma na upusikizgi. Ofnac wali na mazaza ghakupeleka mulandu (kuchita kafukufuku payekha). Wupu wa OFNAC uli na ŵanthu 12 awo ŵakwimikika na dango. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika mu Senegal. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, ŵanthu 96 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Senegal ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Anthu a gulu la LGBTQ ku Senegal akuti akumva kuti alibe chitetezo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/|title='Fighting for survival', Senegal's gay community is on its own|website=news.trust.org|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Senegal mapu gha Köppen climate classification]] [[File:Casamance landscape.jpg|thumb|Malo gha Casamance]] Charu cha Senegal chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 12° na 17°N, kweniso longitude 11° na 18°W. Charu cha Senegal chili na nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi, Mauritania kumpoto, Mali kumafumiro gha dazi, na Guinea na Guinea-Bissau kumwera.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Charu cha Senegal chili na vyakumera vya mchenga vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahel. Pano paliso malo ghapachanya chomene mu Senegal, Baunez ridge agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 2.7 kumwera kwa Nepen Diakha pa mamita 648. Malire gha kumpoto ni Mlonga wa Senegal. Msumba ukuru wa Dakar uli ku Cap-Vert peninsula, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Virwa vya Cape Verde vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kufuma ku Senegal, kweni Cape-Vert ("Cape Green") ni malo agho ghakumanyikwa na nyanja. Malo agha ghali musi mwa "Les Mammelles", ndipo ni mtunda wa mamita 105.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Ku Senegal kuli vigaŵa vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, Sahelian Acacia, Western Sudan, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 7.11/10, ndipo chili pa malo 56 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Geography of Senegal#Climate}} [[File:Ngor Beach.jpg|thumb|Mphepete mwa nyanja ku N'Gor ]] Charu cha Senegal chili na mphepo zakotcha chomene, ndipo chaka chose chikuŵa na chithukivu. Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga (Disembala m'paka Epulero) kukufuma mphepo yakuzizima. Ku Dakar kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 600 mm pa chaka, kufuma mu Juni m'paka Okutobala, ndipo pa nyengo iyi kutentha kwa msumba ukuŵa pa 30 °C (86.0 °F) m'paka pa 24.2 °C (75.6 °F)..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senegal.climatemps.com/ |title=Dakar, Senegal Climate Information&nbsp;– ClimateTemp.info, Making Sense of Average Monthly Weather & Temperature Data with Detailed Climate Graphs That Portray Average Rainfall & Sunshine Hours |publisher=ClimaTemps.com |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712103459/http://www.senegal.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mu charu muli mphepo zinandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja (Mwachiyelezgero, mu chigaŵa cha Kaolack na Tambacounda mu mwezi wa Meyi, zuŵa lililose mu charu muli mphepo zinandi chomene. Ku Tambacounda, uko kuli chigaŵa chakutali chomene, chomenechomene pa mphaka ya Mali uko chipalamba chikwamba, matenthedwe ghakufika pa 54 °C. Chigaŵa chakumpoto chomene cha charu ichi chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene. Charu cha Senegal chili na dazi kweniso maji ngakomira.{{excerpt|Climate change in Senegal|paragraphs=1-2|hat=no}} <!-- this takes the first and second paragraph of the lead of the sub-article and repeats it here--> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Senegal}}{{Excerpt|Economy of Senegal|hat=no|files=no}} [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg|thumb|Umo vinthu viliri mu Senegal na Gambia kwambira mu 1950]] === Malonda na ma kamupani === [[File:Senegal Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|Chiŵelengero cha malonda gha ku Senegal, 2019]] Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, migodi, simenti, vyakurya vyakupangika na ŵanthu, vyakumera, vyakuvwara, mafuta, na vyakusanguluska. Vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni somba, vyakumera, katoni, salu, phere, na calcium phosphate. Msika ukuru chomene wa vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake ni Mali (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), na India (8.3%).<ref name="peacecorps.gov" /> Pakuŵa ciŵaro ca wupu wa West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal yikuyezgayezga kuti yikolerane na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa African Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law. Mu 1996, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa na Intaneti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora chomene pa nkhani ya umanyi. Pa caru ici, nchito ya ŵantu ŵekha ndiyo yikupangiska 82 peresenti ya GDP. Kweni suzgo linyake ndakuti, mu misumba ya ku Senegal muli masuzgo ghakuru nga ni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito, kusankhana kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ucigeŵenga wa ŵawukirano, na kumwa minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Charu cha Senegal ndicho chikupokera wovwiri ukuru wa vyaru vinyake. Ŵanyake mwa awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ni United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan, France, na China. Ŵateŵeti ŵakujipeleka ŵakujumpha 4,000 ŵa Peace Corps ŵateŵetera mu Senegal kwambira mu 1963.<ref name="peacecorps.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.peacecorps.gov/senegal/ |title=Peace Corps Senegal |publisher=peacecorps.gov |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> === Ulimi === {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Senegal}} === Kukola somba === [[File:Yoff Beach (Dakar), Senegal 2013 (8750149526).jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in Dakar]]Senegal yili na malo gha somba gha mamayilo 12 (22 km; 14 mi) agho ghakuswa nyengo zose mu vyaka vyasonosono apa (kwambira mu 2014). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti somba za mu charu ichi zikukoma matani 300,000 pa chaka chifukwa cha ulovi wambura kuzomerezgeka. Boma la Senegal likayezga kukanizga somba zambura kuzomerezgeka izo zikuriskika na ngaraŵa zakukolera somba. Mu Janyuwale 2014, boma la Senegal likakora boti la Oleg Naydenov kufupi na mphaka ya ku Guinea-Bissau.<ref>'Russia says factory ship was seized on Greenpeace's orders; Trawler held by Senegal over alleged illegal fishing' by John Vidal The Guardian (UK newspaper) 10 January 2014 page 23</ref> === Magesi === {{Excerpt|Energy in Senegal}} == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal population.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Senegal's population from 1960 to 2017]] Mu charu cha Senegal muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 16.9 miliyoni,{{UN_Population|ref}} ndipo ŵanthu 42 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 77 pa kilomita yimoza (200/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati, ndipo mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2. === Ŵanakazi === {{Main|Women in Senegal}} Charu cha Senegal chikatumizga chikalata ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Kweniso charu cha Senegal chili kusayina chikalata cha African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights, icho chikaŵa pa ungano wa African Union mu 2003. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵakususka boma cifukwa ca kuleka kufiska ndondomeko, malango na malemba ghanyake agho ghalembeka kuti ghawovwire kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Ethnic groups in Senegal}} Mu Senegal muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Wolof ndiwo mtundu ukuru chomene mu Senegal, ndipo uli na ŵanthu 36%. Ŵafula na Toucouleur (ŵakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Halpulaar'en, kung'anamura kuti "ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku pulara") (30%) ndiwo ni mtundu ukuru chomene. (Wonaniso cigaŵa ca Bedick.) Ku Senegal kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France). Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu Senegal, nga mba ku Lebanoni, Mauritania, na Morocco, ŵakukhala mu misumba na mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Mbour. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lebanon ŵakugwira nchito mu malonda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lebanon ŵakufuma ku tawuni ya Turo, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti "Little West Africa" ndipo yili na msewu ukuru wakuchemeka "Avenue du Senegal".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W6-AAM-771|last=Leichtman|first=Mara|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0253015990|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W6-AAM-771/page/26 26], 31, 51, 54, 86}}</ref> Charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku France awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake pakati pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose na Senegal. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France ŵakagura nyumba mu msumba wa Dakar panji mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru. Kweniso mu matawuni mukukhala ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Vietnam, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku China awo ŵakuguliska malonda. Kweniso ku Senegal kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Mauritania awo ŵakuchimbilira ku vyaru vinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, Senegal yili na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo ŵakujumpha 23,800 mu 2007. Ŵanthu ŵanandi (20,200) ŵakufuma ku Mauritania. Ŵanthu awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakukhala ku N'dioum, Dodel, na ku mizi yinyake mu dambo la Mlonga wa Senegal.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528032724/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=28 May 2010 }}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Senegal}} Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma, ico cikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu wose awo ŵakhala vyaka vinandi mu masukulu, ndipo ciyowoyero ici ndico cikusambizgika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci ŵazamuŵa 26 peresenti mu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francophonie.org/|title=Portail de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)|website=Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vikamba kuchita malonda mu Senegal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca France cikamba kulamulira comene Senegal, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci cikure comene. Cifurenci cikaŵa ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka mu 1960 apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cawo, kweni comenecomene ku Dakar, ciyowoyero ca Wolof ndicho cikayowoyeka comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Fula na Toucouleur ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chipula. Chiyowoyero cha Serer chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose (nga ni Pulezidenti Sall, uyo muwoli wake ni Serer). Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Casamance ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Jola. Pa caru cose ca Senegal pali viyowoyero 39. Viyowoyero vinyake ni Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, Soninke, na Wolof. Cingelezi cikusambizgika nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ndiposo mu masukulu ghanandi gha ku sekondare.<ref name=warwick>{{citation|website=The Warwick ELT|title= The Status of English and Other Languages in Senegal|author=Oumar Moussa Djigo|date=31 December 2016 |url=https://thewarwickeltezine.wordpress.com/2016/12/31/77/|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> Ku Dakar kuli masukulu gha viyowoyero viŵiri agho 50% ya masambiro ghake ghakuŵa mu Cingelezi. Sukulu ya Senegalese American Bilingual School (SABS), Yavuz Selim, na The West African College of the Atlantic (WACA) zikusambizga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi makora mu mapulogiramu gha vyaka vinayi. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu vyasayansi na mu vyamalonda, kusazgapo ŵa Modou-Modou. Chiphwitikizi cha Creole, icho ŵanthu ŵakuchichema kuti Chiphwitikizi, ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu chigaŵa cha Ziguinchor, mu chigaŵa cha Casamance. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi chakuchemeka Creole. Chiphwitikizi chikamba kusambizgika mu sukulu za sekondare mu 1961 ku Dakar na pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi, Léopold Sédar Senghor. Pasono sukulu iyi yikuchitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Senegal kweniso mu masukulu ghapachanya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu Casamance chifukwa cha umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm | title=A Língua Portuguesa no Senegal | date=12–25 April 2006 | access-date=10 December 2014 | author=José Horta | publisher=Instituto Camões | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000233/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>[[File:Dakar Roofs - Beach & Ocean (5651584098).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Yoff Commune, Dakar]] Ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana nga ni Chibambara (vikwi 70,000), Chimooré (vikwi 37,000), Chi Kabuverdiano (vikwi 34,000), Chikrio (vikwi 6,100), Chivietnamese (vikwi 2,500), na Chiphwitikizi (vikwi 1,700), ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi mu msumba wa Dakar.<ref name=warwick /> Nangauli ciyowoyero ca ku Senegal ni Cifurenci pera, kweni ciyowoyero ca ku Senegal ico cikucemeka kuti Wolof, cikovwira kuti ciyowoyeke makora mu caru. Vigaŵa vya Senegal nga ni Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies na Ziguinchor ni vigaŵa vya International Association of Francophoneregions. ===Misumba ikulu=== {{See also|List of cities in Senegal}} Msumba ukuru wa Dakar ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene mu Senegal, uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni.<ref name="ANSD-population">{{cite web | url = http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf | title = Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal | author=Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie | publisher=Government of Senegal | language = fr | year = 2005 | access-date =18 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625002308/http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 25 June 2008}}</ref> The second most populous city is [[Touba, Senegal|Touba]], a ''[[de jure]] communaute rurale'' (rural community), with over half a million people.<ref name="ANSD-population"/> {{Largest cities | country = Senegal | stat_ref = Kuyana na kalembera wa 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal |work=City Population |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/cities/ }}</ref> | div_name = Region | city_1 = Dakar | div_1 = Dakar Region{{!}}Dakar | pop_1 = 2,646,503 | img_1 = Dakar - Panorama urbain.jpg | city_2 = Touba | div_2 = Diourbel Region{{!}}Diourbel | pop_2 = 753,315 | img_2 = | city_3 = Pikine | div_3 = Thiès Region{{!}}Thiès | pop_3 = 317,763 | img_3 = Pikine.gif | city_4 = Kaolack | div_4 = Kaolack Region{{!}}Kaolack | pop_4 = 233,708 | img_4 = MedinaBaayMosque.jpg | city_5 = M'Bour{{!}}M'bour | div_5 = Thiès Region{{!}}Thiès | pop_5 = 232,777 | city_6 = Rufisque | div_6 = Dakar Region{{!}}Dakar | pop_6 = 221,066 | city_7 = Ziguinchor | div_7 = Ziguinchor Region{{!}}Ziguinchor | pop_7 = 205,294 | city_8 = Diourbel | div_8 = Diourbel Region{{!}}Diourbel | pop_8 = 133,705 | city_9 = Tambacounda | div_9 = Tambacounda Region{{!}}Tambacounda | pop_9 = 107,293 | city_10 = Louga | div_10 = Louga Region{{!}}Louga | pop_10 = 104,349 }} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Senegal}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Chisopo ku Senegal (PEW estimate, 2020)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | title=Religions in Senegal &#124; PEW-GRF }}</ref> |label1 = [[Islam]] |value1 = 96.6 |color1 = Green |label2 = [[Christianity]] (mostly Catholicism) |value2 = 3.3 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3= Other |color3= Orange |value3= 0.1 }} Charu cha Senegal chili na visopa vinandi, kweni chisopa chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chisilamu, ndipo ŵanthu 96.6% ndiwo ŵakugomezga chisopa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa caru cose ndiwo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Serer ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Serer.<ref>Conklin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930''. Stanford University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8047-2999-9}}. p. 27.</ref><ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International</ref> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2012, ŵanthu 55% ŵa ku Senegal mba Sunni ŵa chisopa cha Maliki. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu ku Senegal ŵakukolerana na gulu limoza ilo likuchemeka kuti tariqas, ilo likulongozgeka na khalifa (xaliifa mu Chiwofu, kufuma ku chiarabu cha khalīfa), uyo kanandi ni muzukuru wa uyo wakajintha gulu ili. Ma Tariqa gha Sufi ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru na ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Senegal ni Tijaniyya, agho magulu ghakurughakuru gha mu Senegal ghali mu matawuni gha Tivaouane na Kaolack ndipo ghali na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, na Murīdiyya (Murid), awo ŵali mu tawuni ya Touba ndipo ŵali na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi mu Senegal.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |access-date=4 September 2013 |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> [[File:Dakar cathedrale.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Dakar|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] in [[Dakar]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Halpulaar (awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Pulaar), awo ni Ŵafula, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Sahel kufuma ku Chad m'paka ku Senegal, kweniso ŵa mtundu wa Toucouleurs, ŵalipo 23.8 peresenti.<ref name=cia/> Mbunenesko kuti ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuŵa Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Toucouleurs, panji Halpulaar awo ŵakakhalanga ku Senegal River Valley kumpoto, ŵakang'anamukira ku Chisilamu vyaka pafupifupi 1,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Wolof ŵakatonda, kweni Ŵaseri ŵakaŵatinkha. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Dambo la Senegal ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandazgoke Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer ndiwo ŵakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa ŵakasuska chisopa cha Chisilamu kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Serer Mbakhristu panji Ŵasilamu, kweni ŵakang'anamukira ku Chisilamu sonosono ndipo ŵakachita mwakujipeleka yayi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Bressers|author2=Walter A. Rosenbaum|title=Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance Across Social Scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvAGAeQNo7oC&pg=PA151|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97802-0|pages=151–}}</ref> Kusambizgika kwa visambizgo vya mu Baibolo (ivyo mu Chiwofu vikuchemeka daara) mu nyengo ya ukoloni kukakura chomene chifukwa cha mulimo wa Tidjâniyya. Mu vikaya vya Ŵamuridi, awo ŵakuŵika comene mahara pa mulimo kuluska pa mabuku gha mu Baibolo, lizgu lakuti daara kanandi likung'anamura magulu agho ghakuteŵetera mulongozgi wa cisopa. Magulu ghanyake gha Chisilamu ni gulu lakale chomene la Qādiriyya na la Laayeen la ku Senegal, ilo ndakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebu. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵana ŵanandi ŵa ku Senegal ŵakusambira pa daaras kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ŵakumanya makora Koran. Ŵanyake ŵakulutilira kusambira vya cisopa pa macouncil (majlis) panji ku masukulu gha Cirabu ghaŵene na ku masukulu gha Cifurenci na Cirabu agho ghali na ndalama za boma. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa Katolika ŵakusangika chomene mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja nga ni Serer, Jola, Mankanya, na Balant, kweniso ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Senegal. Ŵalendo ndiwo ŵakuluta ku matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti, kweni mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti agho ghakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Senegal ghakafuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ku Dakar, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon, Cape Verde, Europe, na America, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal, ŵakuchita mitheto ya Chikatolika na Chiprotesitanti. Nangauli visopa vinandi mu Senegal ni vya Ciislamu, kweni pulezidenti wakwamba wa caru ici, Léopold Sédar Senghor, wakaŵa wa cisopa ca Serer. Chisopa cha Serer chikusazgapo kugomezga kuti kuli chiuta mukuru uyo wakuchemeka Roog (Koox pakati pa Cangin), kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga kwa Serer, kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, na viphikiro vya kuwukwa nga ni chiphikiro cha chaka chilichose cha Xooy (panji Khoy) icho chikuchitiskika na Serer Saltigues (ŵasembe na ŵasembe ŵanakazi). Vikondwelero vya Ŵasilamu vya ku Senegambia (Senegal na Gambia) nga ni Tobaski, Gamo, Koriteh, Weri Kor, na vinyake, vyose ni mazgu ghakufuma ku cisopa ca Serer. Yikaŵa viphikiro vyakale vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer ivyo vikafuma mu chisopa cha Serer, mu Chisilamu yayi.<ref name="N.Diouf">Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le [[Kingdom of Sine|royaume du Sine]] par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10)</ref> Chiphikiro cha Boukout nchimoza mwa viphikiro vya cisopa ca Jola. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa fuko la Bani Israel awo ŵakukhala mu chipalamba cha Senegal ŵakugomezga kuti ŵali kufuma ku mtundu wa Chiyuda. Gulu la Mahayana la cisopa ca Cibuda mu Senegal likuciskika na cigaŵa cicoko comene ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Vietnam awo ŵali ku caru ici. Cikhristu ca Bahá'í mu Senegal cikamba pamanyuma pakuti 'Abdu'l-Bahá, mwana wa uyo wakambiska cisopa ici, wakayowoya kuti ku Africa ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenera kuluta. Ŵabaha'i ŵakwamba kufika mu cigaŵa ca French West Africa ico cikazgoka Senegal ŵakafika mu 1953. Ungano wauzimu wakwamba wa Bahá'í mu Senegal ukasankhika mu 1966 mu Dakar. Mu 1975, ŵa Baha'i ŵakasora wupu wakwamba wa ku Senegal. Kuyana na lipoti la 2005 la wupu wakuwona vya chisopa (Association of Religion Data Archives), ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵalipo 22,000.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work=QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2005|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|access-date=4 July 2009|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Senegal}} [[File:Life expectancy in Senegal.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy]] Mu 2016, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵakhalenge para ŵababa vikaŵa 66,8 (64,7 kwa ŵanalume, 68,7 kwa ŵanakazi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204256/http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2014|title=Senegal Statistical Factsheet|website=Factsheet of Health Statistics 2018}}</ref> Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 2.4 peresenti ya GDP mu 2004, apo ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 3.5 peresenti. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo wake zikaŵa $72 (PPP) mu 2004. Kufumira mu 2005 m'paka mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubaba chikaŵa pakati pa 5 na 5.3, ndipo mu misumba chikaŵa 4.1 ndipo ku mizi 6.3, nga umo ukawoneranga kafukufuku wa boma (6.4 mu 1986 na 5.7 mu 1997). Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 kukaŵa ŵadokotala 6 pa ŵanthu 100,000.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2009&nbsp;– Senegal |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715090901/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org}}</ref> Mu 1950, ŵana 157 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo ndiwo ŵakafwanga ku Senegal. Kweni kufuma nyengo iyo, chiŵerengero ichi chakhalako kankhondi pa ŵanthu 1,000 mu 2018. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa na maleriya. Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013 likati, pa ŵanakazi wose mu Senegal, 26 pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kupokera nthumbo. Mu Malichi 2020, nthenda ya COVID-19 yikamba mu Senegal, ndipo yikapangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵeko nyengo yakufikira panyumba. Mu Julayi 2021, ku Senegal kukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi. Mu Juni 2021, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wose ku Senegal ukambiska sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), webusayiti iyo wupu uwu ukugomezga kuti yingawovwira kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu uŵe uwemi. Webusayiti iyi njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Mubali Mohammad Abdallah Dionne, uyo ni nduna ya boma, wakukhumba kuti viŵe vya digito. Iyo wakukhumba kuti wovwiri wa munkhwala mu Senegal uŵe wakovwira kweniso wakukhazikika. Senegal yikukhumba kuti mu vyaka viŵiri kufuma apo yikambira ntchito ya SunuCMU, ŵanthu 75 pa 100 ŵafike pa sukulu iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/health-care-in-senegal/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{main|Education in Senegal}} [[File:Senegal students.jpg|thumb|Students in Senegal]] Ndime 21 na 22 za Dango ilo likapelekeka mu Janyuwale 2001 zikovwira kuti ŵana wose ŵasambire. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 16 ŵakusambira kwambura kulipira. Unduna wa vya Ntchito ukati masukulu gha boma ghangakwaniska yayi kusambizga ŵana awo ŵakukhumba kusambira sukulu.<ref name="ilab">"Senegal". [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'']. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf|date=9 January 2014}}</ref>Chiphwitikizi chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha sekondare, chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde. Ku Zinguichor na Dakar kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga, comenecomene ŵanakazi. Mu 2005, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu iyi chikaŵa 69 peresenti. Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 5.4 peresenti ya GDP ya 2002-2005. Charu cha Senegal chili pa malo 105 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa malo 96 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|archive-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> ==Mwambo== Charu cha Senegal nchakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ghakuyowoya nkhani. Ntchito ya kuzenga njoka iyi yikwenda kufuma ku muwiro na muwiro ndipo yikukhumba kuti munthu wasambire vinandi pa nkhani ya mbumba, mbiri, na sumu. Ŵagriot ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa.<ref name="ross">Eric S. Ross, Culture and Customs of Senegal, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2008 {{ISBN|0-313-34036-6}}</ref> Chipilala cha African Renaissance Monument, icho ŵakazenga mu 2010 ku Dakar, ndicho ntchakutowa chomene mu Africa. Ku Dakar nako kuli chiphikiro cha mafilimu chakuchemeka Recidak. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakukondwelera chiphikiro cha Eid al-Fitr. Nangauli mu tawuni ya Dakar muli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukondweleraso Khisimasi iyo Ŵakhristu ŵakuchita.<ref name=":0b" /> ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Senegalese cuisine}} Pakuti Senegal yili pafupi na Nyanja ya Atlantic, somba njakuzirwa comene. Nkhuku, mwana wa mberere, phere, mazira, na nyama ya ng'ombe vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyakurya vya ku Senegal, kweni nkhumba yayi, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici mba Cisilamu. Mu vyakurya vinandi vya ku Senegal, mukusangika vyakumera vyakuchemeka peanuts, couscous, mpunga utuŵa, mbatata, mankhwaŵa, viŵiya vyamawoko ghafipa, na vyakurya vinyake. Kanandi nyama na mphangwe ŵakuviphika panji kuviphika mu vyakumera na vyakununkhira, ndipo ŵakuviŵika pa mpunga panji couscous. Majusi ghakutowa ghakufuma ku bisap, ginger, buy, mango, panji vipambi vinyake panji makuni ghamuthengere. Vyakurya vyakunowa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakuphika ni vyakunowa chomene. Kanandi ŵakurya na vipambi viphya ndipo kanandi ŵakumwa khofi panji tiyi. ===Music=== {{Further|Music of Senegal}} [[File:Solo cissokho DSC 0448.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Kora (instrument)|Kora]] player from Senegal]] Senegal yikumanyikwa mu Africa yose chifukwa cha sumu zake, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa mbalax, iyo yikamba kufuma ku Serer percussive tradition chomene chomene Njuup. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kwimba viŵeya. Kanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito sabala pa viphikiro vyapadera nga ni maukwati. Vyakwimbira vinyake ni tama, ndipo vikugwiliskirika nchito mu mitundu yinandi. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Senegal awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Ismael Lô, Cheikh Lô, Orchestra Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon Thione Seck, Viviane, Fallou Dieng Titi, Seckou Keita na Pape Diouf. ===Cinema=== {{main|Cinema of Senegal}} ===Media=== {{main|Media of Senegal}} ===Hospitality=== Mu cikaya ca ku Senegal, kupokelera ŵalendo nkhwakuzirwa comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti nkhwakuzirwa comene. Lizgu la Chiwolophu ilo likung'anamura kupokelera ŵalendo ni "teranga" ndipo likukolerana chomene na kujikuzga kwa Senegal mwakuti timu ya charu ichi yikuchemeka kuti nkhalamu za ku Teranga.<ref name="ross"/> === Maseŵera === [[File:Lutte sénégalaise Bercy 2013 - Mame Balla-Pape Mor Lô - 32.jpg|thumb|Senegalese Wrestling|left]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakuchita maseŵero ghanandi. Maseŵero ghakucemeka kuti wrestling na football ngakutchuka comene mu caru ici. Boma la Senegal ndilo lizamuchitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha ŵawukirano mu chaka cha 2026 ku Dakar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2018|title=Senegal to be 1st African Olympic host at 2022 Youth Games|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html|title=Senegal first African nation to host an Olympic event|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> Ku Senegal, maseŵero ghakucemeka wrestling ngakumanyikwa comene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha. Kanandi maseŵero agha ghakovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi kuti ŵaleke ukavu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal|title=Wrestling As a Solution to Poverty in Senegal|last1=Skelton|first1=Rose|last2=Werman|first2=Marco|date=9 June 2011|publisher=PRI|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> [[File:Senegal fans Russia 2018.jpg|thumb|Senegalese football fans at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Senegal. Mu 2022, timu ya chalo ichi yikathereska chalo cha Egypt pakutola chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations kwa nyengo yakwamba. Ŵakaŵa ŵamoza mwa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi pera ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Charu cha Senegal chikapokera mpikisano wa 2018 FIFA World Cup ku Russia, na 2022 FIFA World Cup ku Qatar. Kwamba kale, charu cha Senegal ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa. Gulu la ŵanalume likachita makora chomene kuluska charu chilichose cha ku Africa pa 2014 FIBA World Cup, apo ŵakafika ku play-off kakwamba. Gulu la ŵanakazi likapokera mendulo 19 pa maseŵero 20 gha ku Africa. Apo chalo ichi chikapokeleranga chiphalizgano cha FIFA Women's AfroBasket cha 2019, ŵanthu 15,000 ŵakiza ku Dakar Arena. Senegal yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kuchita maseŵero gha basketball. Mu 2016, NBA yikapharazga za kukhazikiska Elite's Academy mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Senegal. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiskanga chiphalizgano cha Paris-Dakar kufuma mu 1979 m'paka mu 2007. Rally ya Dakar yikaŵa mpikisano wa njinga ya moto uwo ukafumanga ku Paris, France, kuya ku Dakar, Senegal. Awo ŵakacitanga maseŵero agha ŵakendanga mu magalimoto ghakupambanapambana. Mpikisano uwu ukachitika mu 2007, kweni mu 2008, mpikisano uwu ukafumiskika zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti boma la Mauritania lalekeska. Kweniso ku Senegal kukachitika chiphalizgano cha Ocean X-Prix cha Extreme E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport|title=Dakar rally cancelled at last minute over terrorist threat|last=Hamilos|first=Paul|date=4 January 2008|website=The Guardian|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Senegal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Senegal]] * [[Index of Senegal-related articles]] == Mazgo ghakulongosoleka == {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Babou, Cheikh Anta, ''Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913'', (Ohio University Press, 2007) * Behrman, Lucy C, ''Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal'', (iUniverse.com, 1999) * Buggenhage, Beth A, ''Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame'', (Indiana University Press, 2012) * Bugul, Ken, ''The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman'', (University of Virginia Press, 2008) * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Senegal (colony) | volume= 24 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 640&ndash;644 |short= 1}} * Foley, Ellen E, ''Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal'', (Rutgers University Press, 2010) * Gellar, Sheldon, ''Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) * Glover, John, ''Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order'', (University of Rochester Press, 2007) * Kane, Katharina, ''Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal'', (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009) * Kueniza, Michelle, ''Education and Democracy in Senegal'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) * Mbacké, Khadim, ''Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal'', (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005) * Streissguth, Thomas, ''Senegal in Pictures'', (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009) * Various, ''Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal'', (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009) * Various, ''New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) * Various, ''Senegal: Essays in Statecraft'', (Codesria, 2003) * Various, ''Street Children in Senegal'', (GYAN France, 2006) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Senegal}} * {{Official website|https://www.sec.gouv.sn/}} {{in lang|fr}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Senegal}} * {{wikiatlas|Senegal}} ; Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SEN/Year/2012/Summary Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] {{-}} {{Senegal topics}} {{Navboxes | list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{G15}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Senegal| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Senegal]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] lgn8hhdwaq165z5rcad7z4k840ymy6a 0 6956 122691 119283 2026-09-28T03:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Wupu wa Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br />{{lang|ar|علم أي امة}}<br />"Every nation has its own flag"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{Legend|#336733|Territory controlled}} {{Legend|#49c946|Territory claimed but not controlled ([[Somaliland]])}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Arabic]]<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> | national_languages = | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[State Religion|official]])<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Somalis|Somali]]<ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]] | leader_title3 = [[House of People|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Aden Madobe]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Somalia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of the People (Somalia)|House of the People]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Somalia|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Italy]] and the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date1 = 1887 | established_event2 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date2 = 1889 | established_event3 = [[Independence Day (Somalia)|Independence]] and union with the [[State of Somaliland]] | established_date3 = 1 July 1960 | established_event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 141|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date4 = 20 September 1960 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Somalia|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 1 August 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43rd <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 12,693,796<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Somalia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 78th | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|archive-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 199th | GDP_PPP = [[United States dollar|US$]]20.641 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 155th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = [[United States dollar|US$]]1,322<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Somalia {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=SO |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 222nd | GDP_nominal = [[United States dollar|US$]]7.62 billion<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/somalia |title=Somalia , 2021 |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515105409/https://data.worldbank.org/country/somalia |archive-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[United States dollar|US$]]544<ref name="IMFWEOSO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=726&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 211th | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.361 | HDI_year = <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->2021 | HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does not calculate the HDI of Somalia. Data taken from Radboud University's Global Data Lab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/SOM/?levels=1&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |title=Subnational HDI – Somalia |publisher=Global Data Lab |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>}} | HDI_rank = 192nd | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Somalia|+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Somalis|Somali]] 85% * [[Demographics of Somalia|Other]] 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} '''Somalia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|,_|s|oʊ|-}} {{respell|sə|MAH|lee|ə|,_|soh|-}};<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2 }}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Somalia}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|Somalia}}</ref> {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPA-so|sɔːmɑːlijæ|}}, [[Osmanya script]]: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; {{lang-ar|الصومال|aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}}} mwaboma, '''Charu cha Somalia'''<ref name="provisional">The ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf Provisional Constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }},</ref> ({{Lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}; {{Lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية}}), ni chalo icho chili ku [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Ethiopia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Djibouti]] kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Gulf of Aden]] kumpoto, [[Indian Ocean]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Kenya]] kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Somalia chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja utali comene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na mapiri ghatali, vipalamba, na mapiri.<ref name="factbook"/> Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa mphepo zakotcha, ndipo vula zikulokwa mwambura kwenelera. Ku Somalia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Mogadishu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera. Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici Mbacisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbacisilamu.<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 1">{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center.<ref>John Kenrick 1855) ''Phoenicia'', B. Fellowes, p. 199.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Casson|first1=Lionel|title=Ancient Trade and Society|date=1984|publisher=Mich.|isbn=0-8143-1740-5|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> It is among the most probable locations of the ancient [[Land of Punt]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Charnan Simon|title=Explorers of the Ancient World|year=1990|publisher=Childrens Press|isbn=0-516-03053-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/explorersofancie00simo/page/26 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/explorersofancie00simo|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Christine El Mahdy (2005) ''Egypt : 3000 Years of Civilization Brought to Life'', Raincoast Books, p. 297, {{ISBN|1-55192-879-5}}.</ref> Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha mu chigaŵa ichi, nga ni Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, na Geledi Sultanate.<ref>Stefan Goodwin (2006) ''Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent'', Lexington Books, p. 48, {{ISBN|0-7391-0731-3}}.</ref> Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mafumu gha ku Somalia nga ni Isaaq Sultanate na Majeerteen Sultanate ghakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Italy na Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵakaviŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pa nyengo iyi, mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, Ŵaderivi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ŵakalimbana na Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, na British Somaliland kwa vyaka 20. Ŵataliya ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati, na kumwera, ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Majeerteen na Hobyo. Mu 1960, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikakolerana na kuzgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Somalia.<ref name="Illustrated Library 1967 338.2">''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.</ref> Siad Barre wa Supreme Revolutionary Council wakatora mazaza mu 1969 ndipo wakambiska boma la Somali Democratic Republic, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga nkhondo ya kujithemba ya Somaliland kumpoto kwa chalo. SRC yikamara mu 1991, apo Nkhondo ya ku Somalia yikambanga. Charu cha Somaliland chikulutilira kulamulira kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Kufuma mu nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinandi vikamba kulondezga malango gha mu charu na chisopa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika. Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2000, ndipo boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2004.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Nytsnnpm">{{cite news|author=Jeffrey Gettleman|date=23 June 2011|title=Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Mu 2006, na wovwiri wa boma la Ethiopia, boma la TFG likapoka mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa charu kufuma ku Islamic Courts Union (ICU). Gulu la ICU pamasinda likapambana mu magulu ghakuru, kusazgapo ma jihadists al-Shabaab, agho ghakarwa nkhondo na TFG na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa AMISOM kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chigaŵa. Kuzakafika pakatikati pa 2012, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakataya vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵakathereska, ndipo ŵakamba kupenja malo ghakukhazikika gha demokilase. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵachali na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati na kumwera, ndipo ŵakulongozga mu vigaŵa ivyo boma likuwusa, ndipo msumba wa Jilib ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Al-Shabab |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202020617/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |archive-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia|website=www.aa.com.tr |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875|access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2012, boma la Somalia likapanga dango liphya lakwamba. Mu mwezi wenewura, boma la Somalia likapangika ndipo nyengo yakuzengaso yikamba mu Mogadishu, nangauli al-Shabaab kanandi waka wakawukiranga ŵanthu. Charu cha Somalia chili na GDP yichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chili mu gulu la vyaru vyakutalulira. Mu 2019, charu cha Somalia chikaŵa na chiŵelengero chichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi, ŵanthu 69 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu. Kufika mu 2020, chalo cha Somalia chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika. Boma ili lili na chuma chakuthupi yayi, ndipo likuthemba chomene pa viŵeto, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, na Organization of Islamic Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=https://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|access-date=27 August 2021|website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Somalia}} ===Prehistory=== <!-- Paleolithic & Neolithic are prehistoric --> [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Neolithic rock art at the [[Laas Geel]] complex depicting a long-horned cow.]] Charu cha Somalia ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kukhalamo ŵanthu chifukwa cha malo agho chikaŵa. Ŵalwani awo ŵakafumanga mu Africa, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga kuno pambere ŵandafume. Mu nyengo ya malibwe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Doian na Hargeisan ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Robertshaw|title=A History of African Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105|year=1990|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=978-0-435-08041-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105 105]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gutherz|first1=Xavier|last2=Diaz|first2=Amélie|last3=Ménard|first3=Clément|last4=Bon|first4=François|last5=Douze|first5=Katja|last6=Léa|first6=Vanessa|last7=Lesur|first7=Joséphine|last8=Sordoillet|first8=Dominique|date=Sep 2014|title=The Hargeisan revisited: Lithic industries from shelter 7 of Laas Geel, Somaliland and the transition between the Middle and Late Stone Age in the Horn of Africa|journal=Quaternary International|language=en|volume=343|pages=69–84|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038|bibcode=2014QuInt.343...69G}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201|title=The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Stone Age Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Somalilands and Eastern Parts of Abyssinia|date=2013-03-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-63536-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Phillipson|first=D. W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRDYAW4wXOYC&q=Eburran+industry&pg=PA125|title=African Archaeology|date=2005-05-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54002-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Delson|first1=Eric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C|title=Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition|last2=Tattersall|first2=Ian|last3=Couvering|first3=John Van|last4=Brooks|first4=Alison S.|date=2004-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-58228-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Petraglia|first1=Michael D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6o4XLIKN0UC&q=hargesian+culture&pg=PA199|title=The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics|last2=Rose|first2=Jeffrey I.|date=2009-11-27|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2719-1|language=en}}</ref> Ukaboni wakale comene wa maluso gha kusungika mu malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu caru ca Horn of Africa ngwakufuma ku malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu Somalia agho ghakaŵako m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Mu 1909, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti vinthu ivi vikafuma ku malo gha ku Jalelo. Ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Asia ŵakiza mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho mbumba iyi yikakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Diamond | first1 = J | last2 = Bellwood | first2 = P | year = 2003 | title = Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-04-25_300_5619/page/597 | journal = Science | volume = 300| issue = 5619| pages = 597–603| doi = 10.1126/science.1078208 | pmid = 12714734 | bibcode = 2003Sci...300..597D | s2cid = 13350469 }}</ref> Malo gha Laas Geel agho ghali kufupi na tawuni ya Hargeisa, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia, ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 5,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu malo ghanyake gha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Dhambalin, muli vithuzithuzi vinyake ivyo vikulongora mulwani uyo wakwera hachi. Vinthu vya mu jalawe ivi vikalembeka mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1,000 na 3,000 B.C.E. Kweniso pakati pa matawuni gha Las Khorey na El Ayo kumpoto kwa Somalia kuli Karinhegane, uko kuli vithuzithuzi vinandi vya vinyama. Pa cithuzithuzi cilicose pali malemba agho ghali kulembeka pasi pake, ndipo ghose ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 2,500.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East African Handbook|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|isbn=0-8442-8983-3|page=640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Ismail Mohamed|title=Somalia Today: General Information|year=1970|publisher=Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> ===Antiquity and classical era=== {{Main|Somali Architecture|Sesea}} Vinthu vyakale nga ni mapiramidi, ma mausoleum, misumba iyo yili kubwanganduka, na viliŵa vya malibwe nga ni linga la Wargaade, mbukaboni wakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga makora ku Somali. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Eguputo na Greece kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ivyo vikukhozgera fundo yakuti ku Somalia panji ku vigaŵa vinyake kukaŵa charu cha Punt.<ref name="Nthos">{{cite book |last=Njoku |first=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-37857-7 |pages=29–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abdel Monem A. H. Sayed |editor=Zahi A. Hawass |title=Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology|year=2003|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-674-8|pages=432–433|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1E13DorsFMEC}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Punt, awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵakaguliskanga mure, vyakununkhira, golide, eboni, ng'ombe za masengwe ghafupi, njovu, na lubani na Ŵaeguputo, Ŵafoinike, Ŵababuloni, Ŵahindi, Ŵachinayi, na Ŵaroma. Pa visimi vya mu tempile la Deir el-Bahari, pakalembeka vya ulendo wa ku Eguputo wa ku Punt uwo wakacita Fumukazi Hatshepsut. Mu 2015, ŵasayansi ŵakasanda minthumbo ya vikoko vya ku Punt ivyo ŵakiza navyo ku Eguputo nga ntchawanangwa. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Macrobian, awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wankhongono uwo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha Somalia. Ŵakaŵa na mbiri ya kukhala nyengo yitali na kuŵa ŵasambazi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa. Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo mu 525 B.C.E., likatuma mathenga ku Macrobiya kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya Macrobiya, iyo yikasankhika cifukwa ca msinkhu wake na kutowa kwake, yikamuzgora na kumuphalira munthu munyake wa ku Peresiya kuti waŵikenge uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, mbwenu ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake. Kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kuzenga na usambazi wawo wa golide. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ngamila zikaŵako mu nyengo ya pakati pa 2 na 3 B.C.E. Kufuma kura, yikathandazgikira ku Eguputo na ku Maghreb. Mu nyengo yakale, misumba ya Barbara iyo yikumanyikwaso na mazina ghakuti, Sesia of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon, na Sarapion, yikaŵa na malonda ghanandi, ndipo yikakolerananga na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataean Kingdom, na Roman Empire. Ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ngaraŵa yakale ya ku Somalia yakucemeka beden pakunyamura katundu wawo.[[File:Beden.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Beden]] is a fast, ancient Somali single or double-masted maritime ship.]] Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Nabataean na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ku Aden kuti ŵaleke kunanga vinthu vyawo, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia ŵakakolerana na Ŵaroma kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ngaraŵa za ku India kuti zileke kwenda mu misumba ya ku Arabia kuti ŵavikilire ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Arabia pa malonda agho ghakacitikanga pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na ya Meditereniyani. Ndipouli, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakalutilira kuguliska vinthu mu misumba ya ku dowoko la Somali, iyo yikaŵa kutali na Ŵaroma. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakayeghanga sinamoni yinandi kufuma ku Ceylon na Spice Islands kuluta nayo ku Somalia na Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti uko kukafuma sinamoni na vyakununkhira vinyake kukaŵa kwakubisika chomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia. Phangano ilo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Ŵaarabu ŵakachita likakhozga mtengo wa sinamoni wa ku India na China ku North Africa, ku Near East, na ku Europe, ndipo likapangiska kuti malonda gha sinamoni ghaŵe na phindu, comenecomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakendeskanga vinthu vinandi pa nyanja na pa mtunda.<ref name="EHW">{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|p=229}}.</ref> ===Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages=== {{Main|Somali aristocratic and court titles|Ifat Sultanate|Walashma dynasty|Sultanate of Mogadishu|Adal Sultanate|Ajuran Sultanate|}} [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Silk Road]] extending from China to southern Europe, Arabia, Somalia, Egypt, Persia, India, and Java.]] Chisilamu chikapharazgika mu chigaŵa ichi na Ŵasilamu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Mecca awo ŵakachimbiranga ku khoti pa nyengo ya Hejira wakwamba. Iyi ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakuluska zose mu Africa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., Al-Yaqubi wakalemba kuti Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Somalia. Wakayowoyaso kuti msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Adal. Leo Africanus wakati Ufumu wa Adal ukawusikanga na mafumu gha ku Somalia ndipo ufumu wake ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinia. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaluta ku Somaliland. Mu 1332, Themba la Adal ilo likaŵa ku Zeila, likakomeka pa nkhondo iyo yikaŵa na cilato ca kukanizga Amda Seyon I, themba la ku Abyssinia, kunjira mu msumba uwu. Mu 1410, Themba Dawit I likakoma Sa'ad ad-Din II, themba la Ifat. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, msumba ukuru wa Adal ukasamukira ku tawuni ya Dakkar, uko Sabr ad-Din II, mwana mulara wa Sa'ad ad-Din II, wakambiska msasa uphya wati wawerako ku Yemen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |title=Bradt Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-371-9|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref name="Lewispd">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0-85255-280-7|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17}}</ref> <br />[[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ajuran Sultanate]] maintained commercial ties with the [[Ming dynasty]] and other kingdoms.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, likuru la Adal likasamuskikaso, ndipo pa nyengo iyi likaluta kumwera ku Harar. Kufuma ku msumba uphya uwu, Adal wakanozga ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"; wose ŵakang'anamuranga "mwankhongono") awo ŵakanjira mu ufumu wa Abyssinia. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ndipo yikucemeka kuti Kupoka Abisinia (Futuh al-Habash). Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, Imam Ahmad ndiyo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ivyo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukapeleka, ndipo wakavitora ku Zeila na kuviŵika pa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nkhondo iyi yikulongora kuti vilwero vya nkhondo nga ni mathipa, futi, na mivi vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ajuran, misumba ya Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, Hobyo na madoko ghawo ghakakura chomene ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake. Vasco da Gama, uyo wakajumpha mu Mogadishu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, wakati msumba uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene ndipo ukaŵa na nyumba zakudikanya kweniso nyumba zikuruzikuru. Ŵanthu ŵa Harla, awo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵatali chomene ŵa ku Hamitic awo ŵakakhalanga ku Somalia, Tchertcher, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Horn, nawo ŵakazenga malaro ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Duarte Barbosa wakalemba kuti ngaraŵa zinandi izo zikafumanga ku Ufumu wa Cambaya ku India, zikalutanga ku Mogadishu na salu na vyakununkhira. Barbosa wakayowoyaso za unandi wa nyama, tirigu, balere, mahachi, na vipasi ivyo vikusangika mu misika ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mogadishu, msumba uwo ukaŵa na makampani gha vyakuvwara, pamoza na Merca na Barawa, ukaŵa malo ghakwendakwenda gha ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili ŵakufuma ku Mombasa na Malindi. Ŵamalonda Ŵachiyuda ŵakufuma ku Hormuz ŵakizanga na vyakuvwara vyawo vya ku India na vipambi ku Somali kuti ŵazakapeleke tirigu na nkhuni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska malaya, ambergris, na porcelain. Viyuni vya girafu, zebra, na vyakununkhira vikatolekera ku Ufumu wa Ming ku China, uko ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ŵakamba kuchita malonda pakati pa East Asia na Horn. Ŵamalonda ŵa Chihindu ŵakufuma ku Surat na ŵa ku Southeast Africa ŵakufuma ku Pate, ŵakakhumbanga kujumphizga chigaŵa cha ku India icho Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵakanizganga (pamanyuma pake, ku Oman), ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito malo gha ku Merca na Barawa ku Somalia (uko kukaŵavya ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru viŵiri ivi) kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu vyawo mwakufwasa kweniso kwambura suzgo.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward A. Alpers|title=East Africa and the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNHvb6nSN-AC&pg=PA79|year=2009|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-453-8|page=21}}</ref> ===Early modern era and the scramble for Africa=== {{Main|Geledi sultanate|Majeerteen Sultanate|Sultanate of Hobyo|l2 = Isaaq Sultanate|Dervish movement (Somali)}} {{see also|Italian Somaliland|British Somaliland}} Mu nyengo yakwambilira, maufumu agho ghakalondezganga Ufumu wa Adal na Ajuran ghakamba kukura mu Somalia. Ŵakaŵa Hiraab Imamate, Geledi Sultanate (Gobroon dynasty), Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), na Hobyo Sultanate (Obbia). Iwo ŵakalutilira kuzenga vipata na kwenda pa nyanja nga umo vikaŵira mu maufumu ghanyake gha ku Somalia. Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, uyo wakaŵa wachitatu kufuma mu nyumba ya Gobroon, ndiyo wakamba muwuso wa ufumu wa Gobroon. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereska nkhondo ya Bardheere Jihad, iyo yikawezgerapo bata mu cigaŵa ici na kuwezgerapo malonda gha njovu ku East Africa. Kweniso wakaŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵanthu ŵa mu maufumu ghapafupi na kutali nga ni Oman, Witu, na Yemen. Mwana wa Sultan Ibrahim, Ahmed Yusuf, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ku East Africa. Mu Somalland, ufumu wa Isaaq ukapangika mu 1750. Ufumu wa Isaaq ukaŵa ufumu wa Somalia uwo ukalamuliranga vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha fuko la Isaaq, ilo likafuma ku fuko la Banu Hashim, mu malo agho sono ni Somaliland na Ethiopia. Ufumu wa Rer Guled ndiwo ukalamuliranga ufumu uwu. Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa charu cha Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Toljecle|url=https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html |access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.tashiwanaag.com}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya, pambere muwuso wa Guled undafike, mbumba ya Isaaq yikalongozgekanga na muwuso wa Tolje'lo. Pakaŵa mafumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha Tolje'lo, kwambira na Boqor Harun (Lang-so) uyo wakawusa ufumu wa Isaaq kwa vyaka vinandi kwambira mu 13th century. Mulongozgi waumaliro wa ŵa Tolje'lo, Garad Dhuh Barar, wakathereskeka na mbumba za Isaaq. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tolje'lo awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono ŵakambininika ndipo ŵakabisama ku ŵanthu ŵa Habr Awal awo ŵacali kukhala nawo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6MfB4XvREbI| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-08-15}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-07|title=Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland |url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Hubaal Media|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa {{!}} Somalidiasporanews.com|url=http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/|access-date=2021-01-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogies of the Somal|date=1896|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode (London)|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). {{!}} Togdheer News Network|url=http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/|access-date=2021-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Garesadihafun.jpg|thumb|left|One of the forts of the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] in [[Hafun]].]] [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mogadishu under Italian rule|Mogadishu]], capital of [[Italian Somaliland]], with the [[Mogadiscio Cathedral|Catholic Cathedral]] at the center and the Arch monument in honor of [[Umberto I of Italy|King Umberto I of Italy]].]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore charu cha Africa. Mu caka ici, caru ca Britain cikamba kulamulira cigaŵa cinyake ca Somalia, ico cili mumphepete mwa Africa, kufupi na South Yemen. Pakwamba, cigaŵa ici cikaŵa pasi pa ofesi ya ku India, ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa India. Mu 1898, London ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ici. Mu 1889, boma la Italy likakhazikiska boma la Italy ku Somalia, ndipo pamasinda likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Gulu la Dervish likathereska ufumu wa Britain maulendo ghanayi ndipo likapangiska kuti uwelere ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵa Darawiish ŵakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Italy, Britain, Abyssinia kanandi waka, chomenechomene mu 1903, apo Suleiman Aden Galaydh ndiyo wakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Cagaarweyne. Paumaliro, mu 1920, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari aŵa. Nkhondo ya fascism yikamba mu ma 1920 ndipo yikapangiska kuti Italy yisinthe nthowa zake, chifukwa chakuti ma sultanates gha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi gha charu ichi ghakeneranga kunjizgika mu chigaŵa cha La Grande Somalia ("Greater Somalia") mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya Fascist Italy. Apo Kazembe Cesare Maria De Vecchi wakizanga pa Disembala 15, 1923, vinthu vikamba kusintha mu chigaŵa ichi. Malo ghaumaliro agho Italy ghakapoka ku Somalia ghakaŵa Oltre Giuba, mu cigaŵa ca Jubaland, mu 1925. Ŵa Italiya ŵakamba kuzenga vipatala, minda, na masukulu. Mu 1935, boma la Fascist la Italy, pasi pa muwuso wa Benito Mussolini, likawukira Abyssinia (Ethiopia) na cilato cakuti liŵawukire. Wupu wa League of Nations ukasuska nkhondo iyi, kweni pakaŵavya ico cikacitikapo kuti ulekeske panji kufwatura Ethiopia. Mu 1936, chalo cha Italy cha Somalia chikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Italy East Africa, pamoza na Eritrea na Ethiopia. Pa 3 Ogasiti 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy, kusazgapo maboma gha Somalia, ŵakambuka kufuma ku Ethiopia kuti ŵanjire mu British Somaliland, ndipo pa 14 Ogasiti, ŵakakwaniska kutora Berbera ku British. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, kusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵakamba nkhondo mu Janyuwale 1941 kufuma ku Kenya kuti ŵafwature Somaliland na Ethiopia. Kuzakafika mu Febuluwale, chigaŵa chikuru cha Somaliland cha ku Italy chikaŵa kuti chazengeka, ndipo mu Malichi, chigaŵa cha British Somaliland chikazengeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Britain awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu Somaliland ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa, West Africa, na East Africa. Ŵakawovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdulahi Hassan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko la Isaaq, Dhulbahante, na Warsangali ndiwo ŵakawovwirapo. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga ku Somalia chikamba kuchepa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ndipo mu 1960 chikaŵa pasi pa 10,000.<ref name="Tripodi1999">{{cite book |author=Paolo Tripodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ |title=The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-22393-9 |page=68}}</ref> ===Independence (1960–1969)=== {{Main|State of Somaliland|Somali Republic|Greater Somalia|Somali Youth League}} [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|upright|An avenue in downtown [[Mogadishu]] in 1963.]] Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, Britain yikalutilira kulamulira chigaŵa cha British Somaliland na Italian Somaliland. Mu 1945, pa ungano wa ku Potsdam, wupu wa United Nations ukapeleka ku Italy mazaza ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Italian Somaliland nga ni malo ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Somaliland, pa fundo iyo yikayowoyeka na wupu wa Somali Youth League (SYL) na mawupu ghanyake gha ndyali gha ku Somalia, nga ni Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) na Somali National League (SNL) kuti Somalia yisange wanangwa mu vyaka 10. Charu cha British Somaliland chikaŵa pasi pa Britain m'paka mu 1960. Pakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵa na mazaza gha wupu wa UN, nduna iyi yikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia kuti ŵasambire vya ndyali za ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ivi vikaŵa vyandulo ivyo charu cha British Somaliland, icho chikeneranga kuŵa mu boma liphya la Somalia, chikaŵavya. Nangauli mu ma 1950, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, kweni boma la Britain likalutilira yayi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa vyakupambana comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndiposo vya ndyali.<ref>[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed. (1992) [http://countrystudies.us/somalia ''Somalia: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyira, mu 1948, cifukwa ca kukakamizgika na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo ici cikakwiyiska comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera Haud (malo ghakuŵeta gha ku Somalia agho ghakwenera kuti ghakavikilirika na mapangano gha Britain na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia mu 1884 na 1886) na cigaŵa ca Somali ku Ethiopia. Nangauli Britain yikaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵalutilire kujilamulira ŵekha, kweni Etiyopiya nayo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghake. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu 1956 Britain yilute ku Somalia kuti yikagure malo agho yikagaŵako. Kweniso boma la Britain likapelekaso boma la Northern Frontier District (NFD) ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Kenya. Ivi vikacitika nangauli pakaŵa maungano gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Somalia ŵakukhumba kuŵa ku cigaŵa ca Somalia. Mu 1958, ku Djibouti (uko kale kukachemekanga French Somaliland) kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso upusikizgi ukuru comene, ndipo Ŵacifurenci ŵakacimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia pambere ŵanthu ŵandafike ku mavoti. Ŵanandi awo ŵakazomera yayi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakakolerana na fundo ya umo boma la Somalia lingakhalira pamoza, nga umo Mahmoud Harbi, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa boma wakacitira. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Harbi wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege. Mu 1977, Djibouti wakafwatuka ku France, ndipo Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wa ku Somalia uyo wakachitanga kampeni kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵavomerepo pa referendum ya mu 1976, wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Djibouti. Pa Julayi 1, 1960, mazuŵa ghankhondi kufuma apo chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa boma la British Somaliland chikapokera wanangwa wake, chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikana na chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Somaliland. Boma likapangika na Abdullahi Issa na Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal pamoza na mamembala ghanyake gha boma la wupu wakulongozga, na Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, ndipo Abdirashid Ali Shermarke nga nd nd nd nd nd nduna yikuru (panyuma kuti waŵe purezidenti kufuma 1967 mpaka 1969). Pa 20 Julayi 1961 ndipo kwizira mu referendum, chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia pasi pa Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somaliland Protectorate ŵakakhumba yayi kutora chigaŵa mu referendum, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Somaliland awo ŵakakhumba kutora chigaŵa mu referendum ŵakavotera kukana dango liphya, ilo likanozgeka mu 1960. Mu 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal wakaŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo Shermarke ndiyo wakamusankha. Egal wakazgoka purezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Pa Okutobala 15, 1969, apo wakalutanga ku tawuni ya Las Anod, pulezidenti wa ku Somalia, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, wakakomeka na yumoza wa ŵavikiliri ŵake. Kufwa kwake kukalondezgana mwaluŵiro na kuzgoka kwa boma kwa ŵasilikari pa 21 Okutobala 1969 (zuŵa lakulondezgapo nyifwa yake), umo ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora mazaza kwambura kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakugaluka. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa boma.<ref>Moshe Y. Sachs (1988) ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Vol. 2, Worldmark Press, p. 290, {{ISBN|0-471-62406-3}}.</ref> ===Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)=== {{Main|Somali Democratic Republic|1969 Somali coup d'état}} [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Major General [[Mohamed Siad Barre]], Chairman of the [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]], meeting with President of Romania [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]].]] Pamanyuma pa Barre, Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) iyo yikapoka mazaza pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa Pulezidenti Sharmarke yikalongozgekanga na Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye na Chief of Police Jama Korshel. Kediye wakaŵa na zina lakuti "Wiske wa Nkhondo", ndipo Barre wakazgoka mulongozgi wa SRC. Kufuma apo, SRC yikasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Somali Democratic Republic, yikawuskapo nyumba ya malango na Khoti Likuru Chomene, ndipo yikalekeska ntchito ya dango. Gulu la ŵasilikari likakhazikiska mapulogiramu ghakurughakuru ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye kuŵazga na kulemba. Padera pa ndondomeko ya kukanizga vyalo na vyaru, boma liphya la Somalia likaŵika mtima pa kukolerana kwa visopa na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu chaka chenechicho, Barre wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 1976, SRC ya Barre yikagaŵikana ndipo yikakhazikiska chipani cha Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), boma la chipani chimoza ilo likajintha pa socialism ya sayansi na visambizgo vya Chisilamu. SRSP yikaŵa nthowa yakuyezgera visambizgo vya boma na visambizgo vya chisopa cha boma mwa kusintha visambizgo vya Marxist ku vinthu vya mu caru. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima chomene pa fundo za Chisilamu za chitukuko, kuyana, na urunji, izo boma likayowoya kuti ni fundo yikuru ya chisopa cha sayansi, kweniso likayowoyanga chomene vya kujikora, umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito, na kuwusa ŵanthu. Nangauli SRSP yikakhozgeranga ndalama za ŵanthu ŵekha mu vigaŵa vichoko waka, kweni boma ili likaŵa lachikomyunizimu.<ref name="Pjdlfw">de la Fosse Wiles, Peter John (1982) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy''], Taylor & Francis, p. 279 {{ISBN|0-7099-2709-6}}.</ref> Mu Julayi 1977, Nkhondo ya Ogaden yikamba pamanyuma pakuti boma la Barre likagwiliskira ntchito chilato cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti likhazikiske chigaŵa cha Ogaden icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Mu sabata yakwamba ya nkhondo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora chigaŵa cha kumwera na chapakati cha Ogaden. Kufika mu Seputembala 1977, Somalia yikaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Ogaden ndipo yikapoka misumba yakuzirwa nga ni Jijiga. Pamanyuma pa kukanizgika kwa Harar, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵawovwire boma la Ethiopia. Kuzakafika mu 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakacimbizgika mu Ogaden. Boma la Barre likakhuka chomene apo likapokera wovwiri wa Soviet Union. Paumaliro, boma la United States, ilo likakolerana na boma la Somalia kwa nyengo yitali, likakolerana na boma la Soviet Union. Paumaliro, ubwezi uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Somalia na Soviet Union, kweniso pakati pa iyo na United States, ukawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 1979, boma likapeleka dango liphya lakuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu. Ndipouli, boma la Barre likalutilira kulamulira. Mu Okutobala 1980, SRSP yikamara, ndipo Supreme Revolutionary Council yikakhazikiskikaso. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Barre likamba kutchuka yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu cha ŵasilikari. Boma la Somalia likalutilira kuchepa mu ma 1980 apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikamaranga. Boma likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Ethiopia. Pakati pa magulu agha pakaŵa chipani cha Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Somali National Movement (SNM) na Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), pamoza na chipani cha Democratic Movement (SDM), Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) na Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). ===Somalia Civil War=== {{Main|Somali Civil War|History of Somalia (1991–2006)|Isaaq genocide|Somaliland War of Independence}} [[File:Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide.jpg|thumb|Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the [[Isaaq genocide]] found from a mass grave site located in [[Berbera]], [[Somaliland]].]] [[File:Isaaq genocide map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the sites related to the [[Isaaq genocide]]]] Apo boma la Barre likalutilira kunangika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umoyo wa ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, magulu ghakwimikana na boma la Ethiopia ghakawuka. Barre wakazgora na kuŵalangura kuti ŵalangire awo ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵakugaluka, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa kumpoto. Kulimbana uku kukusazgapo kuponya mabomba mu misumba, na malo gha Hargeisa kumpoto kwa charu cha Somalia, malo ghakukhazikika gha Somali National Movement (SNM), pakati pa malo agho ghakapwetekeka mu 1988. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgekanga na Jenerale Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, mukweni wa Barre. Mu 1990, mu msumba wa Mogadishu, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuwungana pa wumba wa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha ŵatatu panji ŵanayi. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafuta, magalimoto ghakaŵa mu mizere yitali pa malo ghakuŵikapo mafuta. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama, mtengo wa tchizi (tchizi wakomira wa ku Italy, uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa chomene pa nyengo iyo) ukakwera kufika pa madola 5 pa kilogalamu. Mtengo wa khat, uyo ŵakamuguliskanga zuŵa lililose kufuma ku Kenya, nawo ukaŵa madola ghankhondi gha ku America. Ndalama za mapepara zikaŵa za mtengo ucoko comene mwakuti pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zinandi kuti munthu wapeleke cakurya. Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa msika wakufipa, chifukwa mabanki ghakasuzgikanga kusanga ndalama zakwendakwenda. Usiku, msumba wa Mogadishu ukaŵa mu mdima. Ŵanthu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha ŵakalondezgekanga. Ŵakaŵa na malango ghakusuzga ghakwendeskera ndalama za caru cinyake. Nangauli ŵalendo ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuluta ku caru cinyake, kweni ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kutorapo vithuzi vya malo ghanandi. Muhanya ku Mogadishu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawonekanga bweka yayi. Ndipouli, pa ivyo boma likayowoya kuti likucita usiku, ŵanthu "ŵakazgeŵa" mu nyumba zawo. Mu 1991, boma la Barre likathereskeka na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakususkana na boma la Ethiopia la Derg na Libya. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa Somali National Movement na ŵalara ŵa mafuko gha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Britain chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Nangauli charu ichi ntchakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ntchakukhora pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, kweni palije boma la ku vyaru vinyake ilo likuchimanya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1367554.stm |title=Somaliland citizens ask to be recognized as a state |work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 June 2001 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1361394.stm |title=Somaliland votes for independence |work=[[BBC News]] |date=31 May 2001 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>[[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Prior to the civil war, Mogadishu was known as the "White pearl of the Indian Ocean".<ref>Al J. Venter (1975) ''Africa Today'', p. 152, {{ISBN|0-86954-023-8}}</ref>]] Pamanyuma, magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakamba kuphalizgana kuti ghaŵe na mazaza mu boma ilo likaŵa pasi pa Barre. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, magulu gha nkhondo agho ghakalongozgekanga na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa USC, Jenerale Mohamed Farah Aidid na Ali Mahdi Mohamed, ŵakasangana apo waliyose wakakhumbanga kuwusa msumba ukuru. Mu 1991, ku Djibouti kukachitika ungano wa mitundu yose wakukhwaskana na Somalia. Aidid wakakana ungano wakwamba cifukwa ca kususka. Cifukwa ca kuzomerezgeka kwa Muhammad na ungano wa ku Djibouti, pamanyuma pake wupu wa vyaru vyose ukamuzomera kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia. Djibouti, Egypt, Saudi Arabia na Italy vikaŵa pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikazomera boma la Muhammad. Wakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinyake vya msumba ukuru yayi. Mu malo mwake, ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga na ŵalongozgi ŵa magulu ghanyake kumwera kwa Somalia na vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Djibouti, pakaŵa mapangano ghaŵiri ghambura kukwaniliskika ghakukhwaskana na kuwezgerapo mtende na kufumiska vilwero, agho ghakasayinika na ŵandyali 15. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990, cifukwa cakuti boma la Somalia likaŵavya muwuso, likamba kucemeka kuti "mboma lakutondeka". Ken Menkhaus, uyo wakusanda vya ndyali, wakati vinthu vikulongora kuti mu ma 1980, charu ichi chikaŵa kuti chamba kale kuŵa na masuzgo. Rotberg nayo wakayowoya kuti boma likaleka kuwusa pambere Barre wandawuskike. Hoehne (2009), Branwen (2009) na Verhoeven (2009) nawo ŵakagwiliskira nchito Somalia mu nyengo iyi nga ni ciyerezgero ca kususka vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya nkhani ya "kutondeka kwa boma".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories|first1=Tobias|last1=Hagmann|first2=Markus V.|last2=Hoehne|journal=Journal of International Development|volume=21|issue=1|pages=42–57|year=2009|doi=10.1002/jid.1482}};{{cite journal |title=The global political economy of social crisis: Towards a critique of the 'failed state' ideology|first=Branwen|last=Gruffydd Jones|journal=Review of International Political Economy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=180–205|year=2008|doi=10.1080/09692290701869688|s2cid=154286071}}; {{cite journal |title=The self-fulfilling prophecy of failed states: Somalia, state collapse and the Global War on Terror|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|first=Harry|last=Verhoeven|volume=3|issue=2|pages=405–425|year=2009|doi=10.1080/17531050903273719|s2cid=154281885}}</ref> ===Transitional institutions=== {{Main|Transitional National Government|Transitional Federal Institutions|Transitional Federal Government|Transitional Federal Parliament}} Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu mwezi wa Epulero/Meyi 2000 pa ungano wa Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) uwo ukachitikira ku Arta, Djibouti. Abdiqasim Salad Hassan wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa boma liphya la Transitional National Government (TNG), boma la kanyengo kachoko ilo likapangika kuti lilongozge Somalia ku boma lake lachitatu. Suzgo izo TNG yikaŵa nazo mukati zikapangiska kuti Prime Minister wasinthike kanayi mu vyaka vitatu, ndipo wupu uwu ukaleka kugwira ntchito mu Disembala 2003. Mulimo wake ukamalira penepapo. Pa 10 Okutobala 2004, ŵa malango ŵakasora Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed kuŵa purezidenti wakudanga wa Transitional Federal Government (TFG), wakulondezgapo wa Transitional National Government. TFG yikaŵa boma laciŵiri la nyengo yicoko ilo likakhumbanga kuwezgerapo maboma gha chalo ku Somalia pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa boma la Siad Barre mu 1991 na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikati yacitika. Boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) ndilo likaŵa boma la Somalia ilo likamanyikwa pa caru cose mpaka pa Ogasiti 20, 2012, apo nyengo yake ya kuwusa yikamara. Likakhazikiskika nga ni yimoza mwa maboma gha Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) nga umo likulongosolera mu Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) ilo likapokeka mu Novembala 2004 na Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). Boma la Transitional Federal likaŵa na wupu wakulongozga, ndipo TFP ndiyo yikaŵa wupu wakulongozga. Boma likalongozgekanga na pulezidenti wa Somalia, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma. Ndipouli, likang'anamuraso vigaŵa vyose vitatu.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm2">{{cite news|date=21 August 2012|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> === Islamic Courts Union === {{See also|Islamic Courts Union}} [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map showing the ICU at the peak of its influence.]] Mu 2006, Islamic Courts Union (ICU), yikamba kuwusa chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kwa myezi 6 na kukhazikiska dango la Sharia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa UN ŵakuti nyengo iyi yikaŵa 'nyengo ya golide' mu mbiri ya ndyali za ku Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Mourns a 'Golden Era' as Crisis Worsens {{!}} Africa Faith and Justice Network|url=https://afjn.org/somalia-mourns-a-golden-era-as-crisis-worsens/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=afjn.org|date=11 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2007-11-20|title=As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html|access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref> === Transitional Federal Government === {{See also|Somalia War (2006–2009)|Battle of Mogadishu (2006)}} Boma la Transitional Federal likayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghake, ndipo, na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia, ŵasilikari ŵa African Union na wovwiri wa ndege wa United States, ŵakafumiska ICU na kukhozga muwuso wake. Pa 8 January 2007, Mulongozgi wa TFG, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, wakanjira mu Mogadishu na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kakwamba kufuma apo wakasankhikira. Boma likasamukira ku Villa Somalia mu msumba wa Baidoa. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo boma la Siad Barre likathereskeka mu 1991, kuti boma la Britain liŵe na mazaza pa caru cose.<ref name="Gosppsdott">{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558:somalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55:somalia&Itemid=79|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131640/http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558%3Asomalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55%3Asomalia&Itemid=79|archive-date=14 May 2011|title=Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term|publisher=Garoweonline.com|date=12 January 2011|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Al Shabaab insurgency === {{See also|Al-Shabaab (militant group)}} Al-Shabaab ŵakasuska kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia mu Somalia ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma la TFG. Mu 2007 na 2008, gulu la Al-Shabaab likapambana nkhondo, ndipo likapoka misumba yikuruyikuru na virwa vya ku Somalia. Mu Janyuwale 2009, Al-Shabaab na magulu ghanyake ghakacicizga ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵawelere, ndipo ŵakasida ŵasilikari ŵa African Union awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakukwana yayi kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Transitional Federal Government. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama na ŵanthu, kukanizgika kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivyo vikapangiska kuti ciŵe cakusuzga kuwezgerapo ŵasilikari ŵa boma, kweniso cifukwa cakuti caru cose cikaŵa cambura kupwelelera, Yusuf wakawona kuti nchakukhumbikwa kutuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi kufuma ku Puntland kuluta ku Mogadishu kuti ŵakawovwire nkhondo yakwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ku cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa caru ici. Boma la chigaŵa ichi ndilo likawovwira pa ntchito iyi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Puntland na ŵantchito ŵa boma ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi. Pa 29 Disembala, 2008, Yusuf wakapharazga panthazi pa pharalamende yakukolerana mu Baidoa kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa Pulezidenti wa Somalia. Mu kayowoyero kake, ako kakapharazgika pa wayilesi ya caru cose, Yusuf wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na citima cifukwa ca kutondeka kumazga nkhondo iyo yacitika mu caru ici kwa vilimika 17, nga umo boma lake likalangulira. Wakasuskaso wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana cifukwa ca kutondeka kovwira boma, ndipo wakati speaker wa nyumba ya ma parliament ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake kuyana na chitupa cha Transitional Federal Government.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a790e984-d590-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html "Somali President Yusuf resigns"], Reuters (FT.com), 29 December 2008.</ref> ===End of transitional period=== {{See also|Hizbul Islam|Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a|Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia|Somali Civil War (2009–present)|2009 timeline of the War in Somalia}} [[File:Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed.jpg|thumb|[[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] ]] Pakati pa Meyi 31 na Juni 9, 2008, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Somalia na Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) ŵakanjilirapo pa maungano gha mtende mu Djibouti agho ghakacitikanga na Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah uyo wakaŵa thenga lapadera la United Nations ku Somalia. Ungano uwu ukamara na phangano lakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵafumemo mu charu ichi. Nyumba ya malango yikasazgikira ku malo 550 kuti yikhazikiske mamembala gha ARS, agho ghakasora Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed kuŵa pulezidenti.<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:Somali Civil War Map on the 5th October 2024.svg|alt=SVG map showing relative control of the central government, Somaliland, and other actors|thumb|Political and military situation in Somalia as of September 2024]] Na wovwiri wa gulu licoko waka la ŵasilikari ŵan African Union, TFG yikamba kucitapo kanthu mu Febuluwale 2009 kuti yambe kuwusa chigaŵa ca kumwera kwa caru ici. Kuti yikhozge muwuso wake, TFG yikapangiska mgwirizano na Islamic Courts Union, mamembala ghanyake gha Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, na Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, gulu la ma Sufi. Kweniso, Al-Shabaab na Hezbol Islam, magulu ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha Islamist agho ghakwimikana, ghakamba kurwa nkhondo pakati pawo mu 2009. Mu Malichi 2009, boma la TFG likapharazga kuti lizamuwezgerapo dango la Sharia kuŵa dango lakuzomerezgeka. Ndipouli, nkhondo yikalutilira kumwera na pakati pa caru ici. Mu myezi yichoko waka, boma la TFG likamba kulamulira vigaŵa 70 pa vigaŵa 70 vya kumwera na pakati kwa Somalia, ndipo likaluza vigaŵa vyakujumpha 80 pa vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikaŵa na mphindano. Mu Okutobala 2011, ntchito yakukolerana, Operation Linda Nchi pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia na Kenya na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinandi yikamba kwimikana na Al-Shabaab kumwera kwa Somalia. Kufika mu Seputembala 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia, Kenya, na Raskamboni ŵakakwaniska kupoka msumba wa Kismayo, uwo ukaŵa msumba waumaliro wa Al-Shabaab. Mu Julayi 2012, maofesi ghatatu gha wupu wa European Union ghakamba kugwira ntchito na Somalia: EUTM Somalia, EU Naval Force Somalia Operation Atalanta kufupi na Horn of Africa, na EUCAP Nestor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |title=Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute |publisher=Global Governance Institute |date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402205646/http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref>[[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|left|Structure of the [[Federal Parliament of Somalia]].]] Monga chigawo cha "Roadmap for the End of Transition", ndondomeko yandale yomwe inapereka njira zomveka zomwe zimatsogolera ku mapangidwe a mabungwe osatha a demokalase ku Somalia, ulamuliro wa Federal Transitional Government unatha pa 20 August 2012. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yikamba kulamulira.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm2"/> === Federal government === Boma la Somalia, ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulamulira kwamuyirayira mu charu ichi kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira. Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Somalia likambiska ntchito ya Indian Ocean pa malo agho ŵakugaluka ŵakukhala.<ref>{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|access-date=6 September 2014|agency=Raxanreeb|date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906202740/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Somalia}} Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Ethiopia, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Nyanja ya Somalia na Guardafui Channel, ndipo kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kenya. Charu cha Somalia chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 637,657. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli makilomita ghakujumpha 3,333, ndipo ni mtunda utali chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Ŵanyake ŵakuti chili nga ni "nambara 7". Ku chigaŵa chakutali cha kumpoto, mapiri gha Ogo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ghali pa mtunda wakupambanapambana na nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu chaka chose. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ku malo agha kuli visulo vinandi. Charu cha Somalia chili kutali na vyaru vya Seychelles na Nyanja ya Somalia, ndipo chili kutali na Socotra na Mlonga wa Guardafui.<ref name="ClimateSom">{{cite news|url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm|publisher=countrystudies.us|title=Somalia – Climate|date=14 May 2009}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Administrative divisions of Somalia|States and regions of Somalia}} Boma la Somalia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 13 na vigaŵa 5 (gobollada, singular gobol). Vigaŵa ivi ni:<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:A map of Somalia regions.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of Somalia's regions.|alt=]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Regions of Somalia |- ! Region ! Area (km²) ! Population ! Capital |- | [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] | 70,088 | 719,512 | [[Bosaso]] |- | [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]] | 26,180 | 392,697 | [[Garowe]] |- | [[Mudug]] | 72,933 | 717,863 | [[Galkayo]] |- | [[Galguduud]] | 46,126 | 569,434 | [[Dusmareb]] |- | [[Hiran, Somalia|Hiran]] | 31,510 | 520,685 | [[Beledweyne]] |- | [[Middle Shabelle]] | 22,663 | 516,036 | [[Jowhar]] |- | [[Banaadir]] | 370 | 1,650,227 | [[Mogadishu]] |- | [[Lower Shabelle]] | 25,285 | 1,202,219 | [[Barawa]] |- | [[Bakool]] | 26,962 | 367,226 | [[Xuddur]] |- | [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] | 35,156 | 792,182 | [[Baidoa]] |- | [[Gedo]] | 60,389 | 508,405 | [[Garbahaarreey]] |- | [[Middle Juba]] | 9,836 | 362,921 | [[Bu'aale]] |- | [[Lower Juba]] | 42,876 | 489,307 | [[Kismayo]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Claimed regions |- ! Claimed region ! Area (km²) ! Population ! Capital |- | [[Awdal]] | 21,374 | 673,263 | [[Borama]] |- | [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] | 28,836 | 1,242,003 | [[Hargeisa]] |- | [[Togdheer]] | 38,663 | 721,363 | [[Burao]] |- | [[Sanaag]] | 53,374 | 544,123 | [[Erigavo]] |- | [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] | 25,036 | 327,428 | [[Las Anod]] |} Kumpoto kwa Somalia pasono kuli vigaŵa viŵiri, Puntland (iyo yikujiwona kuti ni boma lakujiyimira palekha) na Somaliland (iyo yikujiyimira yekha kweni njambura kuzomerezgeka). Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Somalia, Galmudug ni chigaŵa chinyake icho chili kumwera kwa Puntland. Chigaŵa cha Jubaland, icho chili kumwera kwa charu ichi, ndicho ntchigaŵa chachinayi mu charu ichi. Mu 2014, boma liphya la Southwestern Somalia nalo likapangika. Mu Epulero 2015, ŵakaŵaso na ungano wa umo ŵangapangira chigaŵa chiphya cha Central Regions. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yili na mulimo wa kusankha chiŵelengero na mphaka za vyaru vya ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia – Harmonized Draft Constitution|url=http://dastuurkeenna.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/120708-Harmonized-Draft-Constitution-Eng-Tran-_incl-errata-changes.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021519/http://dastuurkeenna.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/120708-Harmonized-Draft-Constitution-Eng-Tran-_incl-errata-changes.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2013|publisher=Federal Government of Somalia|access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Location=== [[File:Almadow Overview.JPG|thumb|The [[Cal Madow]] mountain range in Somaliland features the nation's highest peak, [[Shimbiris]].]] {{wide image|COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bedding van de rivier Balada in de omgeving van Bender Gasem TMnr 60027146.jpg |300px|[[Baalade]] Valley near Bendergazim photographed by French explorer & diplomat Georges Revoil in 1881}} Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Kenya, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Guardafui Channel na Indian Ocean, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Ethiopia. Charu ichi chikuyowoya kuti chili na mphaka na Djibouti kwizira mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 2°S na 12°N, kweniso longitude 41° na 52°E. Charu ichi chili pa malo ghawemi chomene pa mulomo wa Bab el-Mandeb, uko kukunjira Nyanja Yiswesi na Suez Canal.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Waters=== {{Main|Islands of Somalia}} Chilumba cha Somalia chili na mtunda wa makilomita 3,333. Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, na mapiri ghatali. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 637,657 square kilometres (246,201 sq mi) agho ghali na maji 10,320 square kilometres (3,980 sq mi). Malire gha charu cha Somalia ghakukwana makilomita 2,340 (1,450 mi); makilomita 58 (36 mi) mwa agha ghali na Djibouti, makilomita 682 (424 mi) na Kenya, na makilomita 1,626 (1,010 mi) na Ethiopia. Malo agha ghakusazgapo maji gha mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 370. Chirwa cha Somalia chili na virwa vinandi na virwa vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Virwa ivi ni Bajuni Islands na Saad ad-Din Archipelago.[[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jubba River]]]] ===Habitat=== Mu charu cha Somalia muli vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, nkhorongo za ku nyanja za ku Inhambane, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za ku Hobyo, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku East Africa. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuli mapopa ghanandi agho ghakumara yayi. Cikaŵa na usani wa makilomita 12 kumanjiliro gha dazi na makilomita ghaŵiri kumafumiro gha dazi. Para vula yalokwa, makuni na utheka vikusintha na kuŵa vyakumera. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli vyakumera vya ku Ethiopia. Cal Madow ni phiri ilo lili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Chilumbachi chili pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Bosaso mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Erigavo, chili ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Somalia, Shimbiris, lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita 2,416 (7,927 ft). Mapiri gha Karkaar agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi, nagho ghali mukati mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Mu vigaŵa vyapakati, mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na mapiri ghakunyang'amira na maji ghakukhoma. Ndipo chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ogo chikunjira mu Haud, malo ghakuŵeta viŵeto. Ku Somalia kuli milonga yiŵiri pera, Jubba na Shabele, iyo yikwamba mu mapiri gha ku Ethiopia. Milonga iyi yikwenda kumwera, ndipo Jubba wakunjira mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku Kismaayo. Nyengo yinyake, mlonga wa Shabele ukafikanga ku nyanja kufupi na Merca, kweni sono ukufika kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mogadishu. Pamanyuma pake, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyakumera na malo ghakomira pambere ghandaleke kuwoneka mu mapopa gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Jilib, kufupi na Mlonga wa Jubba.<ref name="Hadden"/> ===Environment=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Somalia's [[coral reef]]s, ecological parks and protected areas]] Charu cha Somalia chili na vyakumera vinandi chomene. Wupu wakwamba wakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa ukaŵa wa Ecoterra Somalia na Somali Ecological Society. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora chilengiwa na kwambiska mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa. Kwambira mu 1971, boma la Siad Barre likamba kulima makuni ghanandi mu caru cose kuti likanizge makuni ghanandi gha mchenga agho ghakaŵa pafupi kubira mu matawuni, misewu, na minda. Kuzakafika mu 1988, mahekitala 265 pa mahekitala 336 agho ghakeneranga kuzengeka ghakaŵa kuti ghazengeka. Mu 1986, Ecoterra International yikakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya vinyama na vyakumera (Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre), uwo ukaŵa na cilato ca kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangapwelelera vyamoyo. Mu 1989, boma la Somalia likadumura kuti likolerane na CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|left|The coast south of Mogadishu]]<!-- one beach file --> Pamanyuma, Fatima Jibrell, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira malo ku Somalia, wakambiska upharazgi wakovwira kuti makuni ghakale gha makuni gha akasiya agho ghali kumpoto kwa Somalia ghaleke kunangika. Makuni agha, agho ghakukhala vyaka 500, ghakadumulikanga kuti ghapangire makara agho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu caru ca Arabia, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Bedouin ŵakagomezganga kuti khuni la akasiya ndakupatulika.<ref name="Gilbert">Geoffrey Gilbert (2004) ''World poverty'', ABC-CLIO, p. 111, {{ISBN|1-85109-552-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm |title=Goldman Prize |publisher=Horn Relief |date=22 April 2002 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712071037/http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm |archive-date=12 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name="IWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214204154/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=397 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2007 |title=International Women's Day – 8 March 2006 – Fatima Jibrell |publisher=Unep.org |date=8 March 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 }}</ref> Ndipouli, nangauli ng'anjo njakudura yayi ndipo yikukhorweska munthu, kweni kanandi yikupangiska kuti makuni ghaphye na kuzgoka mapopa. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, Jibrell pamoza na wupu wa Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (Horn Relief; sono Adeso), uwo wakambiska na kulongozga, ŵakasambizga ŵawukirano ŵanyake kuti ŵasambizge ŵanthu za uheni uwo ungaŵapo para munthu wapanga malasha. Mu 1999, wupu wa Horn Relief ukalongozga ungano wa mtende mu chigaŵa cha Puntland, kumpoto kwa Somalia, kuti ŵamazge nkhondo za makara. Chifukwa cha ivyo Jibrell wakachitanga, boma la Puntland likakanizga ŵanthu kuguliska makala mu 2000. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma likakanizga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vichepeko na 80 peresenti. Mu 2002, Jibrell wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka Goldman Environmental Prize chifukwa cha kulimbana na kunangika kwa chilengiwa. Mu 2008, wakapokera chawanangwa cha National Geographic Society/Buffett Foundation Award for Leadership in Conservation. Pamanyuma pa tsunami uyo wakacitika mu Disembala 2004, pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ya ku Somalia yikambanga kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, mtunda utali na wakutali comene wa ku Somalia ukaŵa malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa. Mafunde ghakuru agho ghakatimba kumpoto kwa Somalia pamanyuma pa tsunami, ghakwenera kuti ghakatumphuska matani ghanandi gha vyakuponthora vya nyukiliya na vyakofya ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵikika mu charu ichi na makampani gha ku vyaru vinyake. Gulu la European Green Party likati lawona ivyo vikachitika, likapeleka ku ŵapharazgi na ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe mu Strasbourg, tumakope twa mapangano agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghaŵiri gha ku Europe, kampani ya ku Italy ya ku Switzerland yakucemeka Achair Partners, na kampani ya ku Italy yakucemeka Progresso, pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa pulezidenti wa Somalia, Ali Mahdi Mohamed, kuti ŵapokere matani 10 gha viswaswa vya poyizoni mu mtengo wa madola 80 miliyoni (panthazi pake pafupifupi mapaundi 60 miliyoni). Lipoti la United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala kufupi na tawuni ya Hobyo na Benadir, ku mpoto kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ŵakusuzgika na matenda gha radiation sickness. UNEP yikusazgirapo kuti vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Somalia ni vyakofya comene ku malo agha kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name="Toxic">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece|title=Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste washed ashore by tsunami|work=The Times|date=4 March 2005|access-date=25 February 2009|location=London|author=Jonathan Clayton}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Somalia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Somalia map of Köppen climate classification.]] {{See also|Climate change in Somalia}} Cifukwa cakuti Somalia yili pafupi na equator, nyengo yikusintha yayi. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuwa vula. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30°C mpaka 40°F. Mwaciyelezgero, mu mwezi wa Epulero, mu Mogadishu, muhanya wakuzizima comene ni 28 mpaka 32 °C. Ku Berbera, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa kotcha chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, kukuŵa kotcha chomene. Pa caru cose, zuŵa lililose para maji ghamara ghakuŵa pakati pa 15 na 30 °C. Nyengo yikuru chomene yili kumpoto kwa Somalia, uko mu Julayi mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nyengo zinyake kuzizima kwake kukujumpha 45 °C. Ku chigaŵa ichi, chithukivu chikuŵa pa 40 peresenti namise mpaka 85 peresenti usiku. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pa latitude iyi, ku Somalia nyengo njakomira comene kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa caru. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukulokwa maji ghachoko chomene pa chaka. Ndipouli, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kukulokwa vula yinandi comene, pafupifupi 510 m'paka 610 mm pa caka. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso maji ghakututuka chaka chose, kweni mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso moto. Pali nyengo zinayi zikuruzikuru izo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vilimenge na kulima. Kufuma mu Disembala m'paka mu Malichi, nyengo ya Jilal ndiyo njakusuzga comene. Nyengo yikuru ya vula, yakucemeka Gu, yikwamba mu Epulero mpaka Juni. Nyengo iyi yikulongora kuti nyengo ya mphepo ya kumwera kwa charu ichi yikwiza, ndipo yikovwira kuti malo gha viŵeto ghaŵe ghawemi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa chapakati. Kufuma mu Julayi m'paka Seputembala, nyengo yachiŵiri ya chilangalanga yikuchemeka Xagaa. Nyengo ya chivula iyo yikuŵa yifupi comene ni Dayr, ndipo yikumalira mu Okutobala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo ya tangambili iyo yili pakati pa nyengo ziŵiri izi (Okutobala-Novembala na Malichi-Meyi) njakutenthera ndiposo njakuthukira.<ref name="Hadden"/><ref name="Hadden" /> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Somalia}} [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|left|A camel in the northern mountains.]] Ku Somalia kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa cha malo na nyengo. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vichalipo ni cheetah, nkhalamu, giraffe, babuini, serval, njovu, nkhumba za mu thengere, mbuzi, ibex, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, mbunda ya ku Somalia, mbunda ya ku Reedbuck na Grévy, njovu ya shrew, rock hyrax, golden mole na antilope. Kweniso kuli ngamila zinandi. Ku Somalia kuli viyuni vya mitundu pafupifupi 727. Pa vyamoyo ivi, vinkhondi na viŵiri ni vyamoyo vya pa caru cose, cimoza ni vyamoyo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakanjizga, ndipo cimoza ni vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika bweka yayi. Pa caru cose pali vyamoyo 14 ivyo vili pangozi. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni nkhunda ya ku Somalia, Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Lesser Hoopoe-Lark, Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark, Mirafra ashi, Ash's Bushlark, Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark, Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark, Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae), na Warsangli Linnet. Malo agha ndigho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵera somba za mu nyanja nga ni tuna. Pa malo agha pali somba zinandi na vyakumera vinyake. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata OC (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis OC (Platycephalidae), na Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Pali vyamoyo pafupifupi 235 vya mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumpoto. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu Somalia ni Hughes' saw-scaled viper, Southern Somali garter snake, racer (Platyceps messanai), diadem snake (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), the Somali sand boa, the angled worm lizard, a spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx macfadyeni), Lanza's agama, a gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), the Somali semaphore gecko, and a sand lizard (Mesalina or Eremias). Njoka yakuchemeka colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) na njoka yakuchemeka Haacke-Greer's skink (Haackgreerius miopus) ni vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi.<ref>Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (e Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 8 December 2013</ref> ==Ndale na boma== {{Main|Politics of Somalia}} [[File:Jawari.png|thumb|upright|[[Mohamed Osman Jawari]], Former Speaker of the [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]]]]<!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below --> Boma la Somalia ni boma la demokilase. Purezidenti wa Somalia ndiye mutu wa boma ndi mkulu wa asilikali a Somalia ndipo amasankha Prime Minister kuti achite ntchito ngati mutu wa boma. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia ni nyumba ya mafumu ya chalo cha Somalia. Wupu Wakulongozga uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, ni Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga (low house) na Senate (upper house). Nyumba ya malango yikusora pulezidenti, pulezidenti wa nyumba ya malango, na madirector. Kweniso lili na mazaza ghakuzomerezga malango na kuŵika veto. Boma la Somalia likulongosoreka na Dango lakwamba la boma la Somalia. Pa 1 Ogasiti 2012 wupu wa National Constitutional Assembly ku Mogadishu ndiwo ukalemba chikalata ichi. Likovwira kuti boma la Germany liŵe na mazaza. Makhoti gha mu vyaru ivi ghali na makhoti ghatatu: Khoti la Malango, makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Wupu wa Judicial Service Commission uwo uli na ŵanthu 9, ndiwo ukusora munthu waliyose wa mu wupu uwu. Dango la Somalia lili kufuma ku malango ghatatu: malango gha boma, malango gha Chisilamu, na malango gha mitheto. Pamanyuma pakuti Somalia yabwanganduka mu 1991, pakaŵavya kukolerana pakati pa boma la Somaliland, ilo likati ni caru, na boma la Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Somalia-Somaliland: A Halting Embrace of Dialogue|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/somalia-somaliland-halting-embrace-dialogue|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Crisis Group|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=Russia Digs into Somaliland-Somalia Feud as Envoy Calls for Resumption of Talks – East African Business Week|language=en-GB|work=East African Business Week|url=https://www.busiweek.com/russia-digs-into-somaliland-somalia-feud-as-envoy-calls-for-resumption-of-talks/|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531055428/https://www.busiweek.com/russia-digs-into-somaliland-somalia-feud-as-envoy-calls-for-resumption-of-talks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Somalia}} [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|alt=|thumb|President of Somalia [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] opening the new terminal of Aden Abdulle International Airport in Mogadishu, Somalia. (25 January 2015)]] Boma la Somalia likwendeskeka na pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa boma, nduna yikuru iyo ni mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo ofesi ya munthavi ya boma ndiyo yikwendeska vinthu vya mu charu ichi.<ref name="Frspc">{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia – Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003021031/http://somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> [[File:Mogturkemb.jpg|thumb|[[Turkey|Turkish]] embassy in Mogadishu]] Kuyana na ndime 54 ya dango la chalo, kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na vyakukhumbikwa pakati pa boma la Somalia na vyaru ivyo vili mu boma la Somalia vikudumbiskana na kukolerana na boma la Somalia na vyaru ivyo vili mu boma la Somalia, padera pa nkhani zakukhwaskana na vyaru vya kuwaro, kuvikilira chalo, wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, na ndyali. Ndime 53 yikulongosoraso kuti boma la Germany likudumbiskana na boma la Germany pa nkhani zikuruzikuru zakukhwaskana na mapangano gha caru cose, kusazgapo nkhani zakukhwaskana na malonda gha ku caru cinyake, vya ndalama na mapangano. Boma la Germany likuŵa paubwezi na maboma ghanyake gha caru cose. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Djibouti, Ethiopia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Turkey, Italy, United Kingdom, Denmark, France, United States, People's Republic of China, Japan, Russian Federation na South Korea. Kuonjezera apo, Somalia ili na maofesi gha vyaru vinyake. Paliso maboma na mawupu gha vyaru vinyake mu Mogadishu, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. Charu cha Somalia chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union na Arab League. Mu 1969, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization. Maboma ghanyake agho ghali mu wupu uwu ni African Development Bank, Group of 77, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Non-Aligned Movement, World Federation of Trade Unions na World Meteorological Organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member states|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/states/|publisher=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|access-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209072808/http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/states/|archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|Somali Armed Forces}} [[File:2015 03 25 SNA PASSOUT-5 (16739095620).jpg|thumb|Instructors from the [[European Union Training Mission in Somalia]] (EUTM) take Somali soldiers through training drills at Jazeera Training Camp in Mogadishu.]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Somalia (SAF) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia. Ŵakulongozgeka na pulezidenti uyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo ŵali na mazaza kuti ŵavikilire muwuso wa caru, wanangwa wawo, na malo ghawo. Pakwamba, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo, ŵapolisi, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Pakati pajumpha nyengo kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Nkhondo ya mukati mu caru yikacitika mu 1991, ndipo yikapangiska kuti gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia lileke kugwira nchito. Mu 2004, ndondomeko ya kuzenga ŵasilikari yikanjira m'malo na kukhazikiska boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Gulu la ŵasilikari la Somalia sono likulaŵilirika na Unduna wa vya Vyankhondo wa boma la Somalia, ilo likapangika pakati pa 2012. Mu Janyuwale 2013, boma la Somalia likambaso kuzenga ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Mogadishu, ndipo likasintha zina la ofesi iyi kuŵa National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA). Boma la Somaliland na la Puntland lili na mawupu gha ŵapolisi na ŵaboma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia Re-Opens its National Intelligence & Security Agency|url=http://www.waltainfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6968:somalia-re-opens-its-national-intelligence-a-security-agency&catid=70:international-news&Itemid=309|access-date=1 September 2013|newspaper=Walta Info|date=10 January 2013}}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Somalia}} Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo ŵakuŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na dango. Pa Okutobala 3, 2020, mulaŵiliri wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakadandawura chifukwa cha boma la Somalia kuleka kufiska ivyo likukhumba. Kuyana na ivyo mulaŵiliri wa kafukufuku uyu wakasanga, boma la Somalia likuleka kufiska ivyo likakhumbanga kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, umoyo wa ŵanthu na mitheto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-expert-somalia-backtracking-human-rights-commitments |title= UN Expert: Somalia Backtracking on Human Rights Commitments |access-date= 3 October 2020 |website= Voice of America – English}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Somalia}} [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|[[Air Somalia]] Tupolev [[Tupolev Tu-154|Tu-154]] in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. Somalia today has several private airlines]] [[File:Somalia Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Somalia exports, 2019]] Kuyana na CIA na Central Bank of Somalia, nangauli ku Somalia kuli vivulupi, kweni chalo ichi chili na chuma chakukhora yayi, ndipo chikuthemba pa viŵeto, makampani ghakwendeska ndalama na ma telefoni. Cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa maukaboni gha boma ndiposo nkhondo iyo yikacitika sonosono apa, nchakusuzga kumanya ukuru wa cuma panji umo cikukulira. Mu 1994, wupu wa CIA ukati caru cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 3.3 biliyoni. Mu 2001, ndalama izi zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.1 biliyoni. Kufika mu 2009, CIA yikati GDP yikakura kufika pa $5.731 biliyoni, ndipo yikaghanaghananga kuti yikurenge pa 2.6%. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa British Chambers of Commerce wa mu 2007, nchito ya ŵanthu ŵekha yikakura, comenecomene mu nchito ya mauteŵeti. Mwakupambana na nyengo iyo nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yindacitike, apo maofesi ghanandi gha boma na vyamalonda vikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma, maboma ghakaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu vyamalonda. Munthu munyake wakusanda vya cuma, zina lake Peter Leeson, wakati cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu caru ici ni dango la cikaya la ku Somalia.<ref name="Petletbet">{{cite web |title=Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse |url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> [[File:2016 04 Eid Preparions-11 (27469932863).jpg|thumb|Shoppers in Hamarwayne market in Mogadishu]] Kuyana na banki ya ku Somalia, GDP ya munthu yumoza mu charu ichi mu 2012 yikaŵa $226, ndipo yikakhira pachoko kufuma mu 1990. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 43% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera dola limoza pa zuŵa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 24% ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndipo 54% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Chuma cha ku Somalia chikupangika na vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano kweniso vya kale. Ku Somalia ndiko kuli ngamila zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na banki yikuru ya ku Somalia, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80 pa 100 ŵali na viŵeto vya mbuzi, mberere, ngamila na ng'ombe. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakusangaso vyakumera vinyake kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Cbsef2">{{cite web |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance |url=http://www.somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |archive-date=24 January 2009 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=Somalbanca.org}}</ref> === Agriculture === {{See also|Agriculture in Somalia}} Vyaru ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene mu Somalia. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwire nchito. Viŵeto vikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe pafupifupi 40 peresenti, ndipo vyakufumira ku vyaru vinyake vikupangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vipelekeke ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni somba, makara, na nthochi. Kuyana na banki yikuru ya ku Somalia, katundu uyo wakunjira mu caru ici wakukwana madola 460 miliyoni pa caka. Vinthu ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, ivyo vikukwana pafupifupi madola 270 miliyoni pa caka, vikuluska ivyo vikaguliskikanga pambere nkhondo yindambe. Boma la Somalia lili na suzgo la ndalama pafupifupi madola 190 miliyoni pa chaka, kweni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakutumizga ku vyaru vinyake zikuluska ndalama izi. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ŵakulimbana na boma la Australia chifukwa chakuti lili pafupi na chirwa cha Arabia. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya ku Gulf vyamba kupanga ndalama mu caru ici, ndipo Saudi Arabia yikuzenga malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ndipo United Arab Emirates yikugura malo ghakurughakuru. Charu cha Somalia ndicho chikupanga lubani na mure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |title=Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513155643/http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref>[[File:Bosaso port.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Bosaso]]]] Makampani gha vyakurya agho ghakupanga vyakurya, ghakupanga 10% ya GDP ya Somalia. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya malonda na vyamakampani ku Somalia, makampani gha ndege ghakujumpha 6 ghakupeleka maulendo gha ndege ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air na Hajara. Mu 2008, boma la Puntland likasaina phangano la madola mamiliyoni ghanandi na Lootah Group wa ku Dubai, gulu la vyamalonda ilo likugwira ntchito ku Middle East na Africa. Mwakuyana na phangano ili, cigaŵa cakwamba ca ndalama izi cili na ndalama zakukwana 170 million Dhs. Wupu wa Bosaso Airport Company ndiwo uzamunozga chiŵanja cha ndege ichi kuti chikolerane na fundo za pa charu chose. Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe mu 1991, makampani 53 gha boma ghakurughakuru, gha pakati na ghakurughakuru ghakaleka kugwira nchito. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakugwiliskira nchito, maofesi ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghajulika ndipo ghanyake ghapangika. Vinthu ivi ni vyakusungiramo somba na vyakusungiramo nyama mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, kweniso mafakitale pafupifupi 25 mu msumba wa Mogadishu, agho ghakupanga makaroni, maji gha mafuta, vyakununkhira, mathumba gha pulasitiki, salu, vikumba na vikumba vya nyama, munkhwala wakugeziskira na sopo, aluminiyamu, matiresi na makuseŵe gha visulo, maboti ghakuloŵera somba, kupakira vinthu, na kupanga malibwe. Mu 2004, mu tawuni iyi mukajulikaso fakitare ya Coca-Cola ya mtengo wa madola 8.3 miliyoni. Makampani ghanyake gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni General Motors na Dole Fruit, nagho ghakasanga ndalama mu vyaru ivi.<ref>Little, Peter D. (2003) ''Somalia: Economy without State''. Indiana University Press, p. 4, {{ISBN|0-85255-865-1}}.</ref> ===Monetary and payment system=== {{Main|Central Bank of Somalia|Somali shilling}} [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard (100 shillings)]] Banki ya ku Somalia ndiyo yikulaŵilira ndalama mu Somalia. Pa nkhani ya ndalama, iyo wakugwira nchito ya kupanga na kufiska ndondomeko ya ndalama. Cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezga ndalama za ku Somalia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito dola ya ku America. Nangauli ndalama za ku Somalia zikwenda pa dollar, kweni ndalama izi zikukwera chomene, comenecomene pa malonda gha ndalama zicoko. Kuyana na banki iyi, vinthu ivi vizamumara para iyo wayamba kulamulira ndalama na kunjira mu malo mwa ndalama za boma. Nangauli boma la Somalia likaŵavya boma lakulamulira ndalama kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 15 kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mu 1991 m'paka apo boma la Somalia likambiraso kulamulira mu 2009, kweni ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito zikwenda makora chomene. Makampani ghakupeleka ndalama agha (hawalas) ghazgoka makampani ghakurughakuru mu Somalia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni pa chaka. Ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵali mu wupu wa Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), wupu uwo ukwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga ndalama mu charu ichi. Kampani yikuru comene ya ku Somalia ni Dahabshiil, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2,000 mu vyaru 144.<ref name="Towhamrec">{{cite news|url=http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730|title=Decades of community service recognised with award|newspaper=Tower Hamlets Recorder|date=13 April 2007|access-date=3 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>[[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|left|500 [[Somali shilling]] banknote]] As the reconstituted Central Bank of Somalia fully assumes its monetary policy responsibilities, some of the existing money transfer companies are expected in the near future to seek licenses so as to develop into full-fledged commercial banks. This will serve to expand the national payments system to include formal cheques, which in turn is expected to reinforce the efficacy of the use of monetary policy in domestic [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] management.<ref name="Paysys">{{cite web |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system |url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122232449/http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=Somalbanca.org}}</ref> Chifukwa chakuti vinthu vikenda makora mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakamba kuwelera ku caru cawo kuti ŵazakasange ndalama. Ndalama za ku Somalia zikukwera comene cifukwa ca ndalama za ku caru cinyake. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2014, ndalama izi zikaŵa kuti zakwera pafupifupi 60 peresenti pakuyaniska na dola ya ku United States. Shilling ya ku Somalia ndiyo yikaŵa yakukhora comene pa ndalama zakupambanapambana zakukwana 175 izo Bloomberg yikaguliskanga. Somalia Stock Exchange (SSE) ni msika wa ku Somalia. Bungwe ili likakhazikiskika mu 2012 na Idd Mohamed wa ku Somalia, uyo ni nthumi yachilendo na wachiŵiri wa nthumi ya United Nations. Boma la Somalia likakhazikiska SSE kuti likopere ndalama kufuma ku makampani gha ku Somalia na gha pa caru cose kuti liŵawovwire kunozga vinthu mu Somalia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|access-date=5 December 2013|work=Reuters|date=8 August 2012|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930100728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Energy and natural resources=== {{Main|Mineral industry of Somalia|Oil exploration in Puntland}} Banki ya Caru Cose yikupharazga kuti sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugura magesi mu vyaru ivi. Mu vyaru ivi muli kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Somali Energy Company, iyo yikugwira ntchito ya kupanga, kutumizga na kupeleka magesi. Mu 2010, caru ici cikapanga magesi 310 miliyoni na kugwiliskira nchito magesi 288.3 miliyoni, ndipo cikaŵa pa malo 170 na 177, kuyana na CIA.<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Oil exploration in Puntland|Oil blocks]] in Puntland]] Boma la Somalia lili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi nga ni uranium, iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, mkuwa, mchere na gasi. Wupu wa CIA ukati pali magesi ghakukwana mabiliyoni 5,663. Palije ukaboni wakuti ku Somalia kuli mafuta ghanandi. Wupu wa CIA ukuti m'paka mu 2011, mu charu ichi mulije mafuta ghakukwana, apo wupu wa UNCTAD ukuti mafuta ghanandi agho ghalipo mu Somalia ghali kumpoto kwa charu ichi, mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland. Gulu la mafuta ilo lili na katundu mu Sydney, Range Resources, likati chigaŵa cha Puntland kumpoto kwa charu ichi chili na mafuta ghakukwana mabarali 5 biliyoni (790×106 m3) m'paka 10 biliyoni (1.6×109 m3), pakuyaniska na mabarali 6.7 biliyoni gha mafuta gha mu Sudan. Chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika, boma likakhazikiska wupu wa Somalia Petroleum Corporation. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, ŵasayansi ŵa UN ŵakasanga kuti ku Somalia kuli usambazi ukuru wa uranium na vinthu vinyake vyakununkhira. Ŵasayansi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakujumpha 25 peresenti ya malo ghakukwana matani 800,000 gha uranium agho ghakasangika pa charu chose. Mu 1984, IUREP Orientation Phase Mission ku Somalia yikati caru ici cikaŵa na matani 5,000 gha uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), matani 11,000 gha uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) mu calcrete deposits, kweniso matani 0150,000 gha uranium speculative resources (SR) mu sandstone na calcrete deposits. Somalia yikazgoka caru cikuru ico cikupanga uranium, ndipo makampani gha ku America, UAE, Italy na Brazil ghakakwesananga kuti ghapoke. Natural Link Resources yili na chigaŵa mu chigaŵa chapakati, ndipo Kilimanjaro Capital yili na chigaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), icho chikusazgapo kupenja uranium. Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company ni kampani ya vya magesi iyo yili ku Mogadishu. Wakawovwira makampani ghanayi ghakuru gha ku Somalia gha malonda, vya ndalama, kuvikilira na kwendera mauthenga gha pa foni. Pakwamba, kampani iyi yikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni ndipo yikambiska ntchito ya Somalia Peace Dividend Project. Kuyana na Banki yikuru ya Somalia, apo chalo ichi chikuluta ku nthowa yakuzengaso, chuma cha chalo ichi chikulindizgika kuti chizamukwaniska waka ivyo vikaŵako pambere nkhondo yindambe, kweniso kuti chizamukulirakulira chifukwa cha vinthu vyakuthupi vyambura kugwiliskirika nchito.<ref name="Cbsef2"/> ===Telecommunications and media=== {{Main|Communications in Somalia|Media of Somalia}} [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hormuud Telecom]] building in Mogadishu]] Nkhondo yikati yayamba, makampani ghanyake ghakwendeska mawupu ghakamba kupanga mawupu agha. Makampani agha ghakupokera ndalama kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na wovwiri wakufuma ku China, South Korea na Europe. Ŵalendo ŵangatumizga ndalama (nga umo ŵakuchitira na Dahabshiil) na mabanki ghanyake pa mafoni, kweniso ŵangasanga Intaneti. Pamanyuma pa kukolerana na makampani ghanyake nga ni Sprint, ITT na Telenor, makampani agha sono ghakupeleka mauthenga ghapachanya kweniso ghakudura chomene mu Africa. Makampani agha ghakwendeskaso ma telefoni mu misumba yose ya ku Somalia. Pasono pali ma telefoni pafupifupi 25 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito telefoni kuluska mu vyaru vinyake. Makampani gha telecommunication gha ku Somalia ghakumanyikwa ni Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom na Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom yekha ndiyo wakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi madola 40 miliyoni pa caka. Nangauli pali mphindano, kweni mu 2005, ŵabwezi ŵa vyamaseŵera aŵa ŵakasazga phangano lakuti ŵaŵikengepo mtengo wa vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska, kuŵawovwira kuti ŵalutilire kukhozga na kusazgirako maunyoro ghawo, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kuthera pa mphindano. Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama mu vyakupharazga ni cimanyikwiro cakuti cuma ca Somalia cikulutilira kukura nangauli mu vigaŵa vinyake muli nkhondo.<ref name="Telfirm">{{cite news|author=Abdinasir Mohamed|author2=Sarah Childress|date=11 May 2010|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984|title=Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Televizioni ya boma ya Somalia ndiyo yikupharazga pa TV. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 20, siteshoni iyi yikambaso pa Epulero 4, 2011. Wupu wa Radio Mogadishu nawo ukupeleka mauthenga kufuma ku msumba uwu. TV ya ku Somaliland na Puntland TV na Radio zikufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Kweniso, ku Somalia kuli mawayilesi ghanandi na mawayilesi. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Horn Cable Television na Universal TV. Manyuzipepara gha Xog Doon, Xog Ogaal, na Horyaal Sports ghakupharazga mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso pali manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakulemba nkhani za mu charu ichi, nga ni Garowe Online, Wardheernews, na Puntland Post. Chigaŵa cha pa Intaneti (country code top-level domain, ccTLD) cha Somalia ni.so. Pa Novembala 1, 2010 yikambaso kugwira ntchito. Boma la Japan ndilo likulemba makalata agha. Pa Malichi 22, 2012, nduna za boma la Somalia nazo zikakolerana na dango lakuyowoya vya mawupu. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mawupu gha pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kwimba na kwimba. Mu Novembala 2013, pamanyuma pa Memorandum of Understanding iyo yikalembeka na Emirates Post mu Epulero chaka chenechichi, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mafoni ukazengaso ofesi ya ku Somalia Postal Service (Somali Post). Mu Okutobala 2014, ofesi iyi yikambaso kupeleka makalata kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndondomeko ya kutumizga makalata iyi yikunozgekera mu vigaŵa vyose 18 vya mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weekly Statement: Progress of the Somali Government|url=http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|access-date=12 October 2014|agency=Diplomat News Network|date=11 October 2014|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014202435/http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Somalia}} [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Ancient cave paintings at the [[Laas Geel]], Hargeisa]] Ku Somalia kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta, nga ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, milyango ya nyanja, vimaji, mapiri, na malo ghakutowa. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Ulendo. Vigaŵa vya Puntland na Somaliland vili na maofesi ghawo ghakwendakwenda. Bungwe la Tourism Association la ku Somalia (SOMTA) likupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.<ref name="SOMTA">{{cite web|title=Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)|url=http://somta.so/|publisher=Somali Tourism Association|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2015, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vinyama wa ku South West State ukati ukukhumba kukhazikiska malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama. Boma la United States likucenjezga ŵalendo kuti ŵaleke kuluta ku Somalia. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuwona ni mphanji za Laas Geel izo zili na vinthu vyakuzengeka kufuma ku miyala; mapiri gha Cal Madow, Golis Mountains, na Ogo Mountains; maji gha Iskushuban na Lamadaya; Hargeisa National Park, Jilib National Park, Kismayo National Park, na Lag Badana National Park. ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Somalia|List of airports in Somalia}} [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Aden Adde International Airport]]]] Misewu ya ku Somalia yili na utali wa makilomita 22,100. Mu 2000, misewu ya makilomita 2,608 yikaŵa ya pawaro ndipo makilomita 19,492 yikaŵa yambura pawaro. Msewu wa makilomita 750 (470 mi) ukukumana na matawuni ghakuru gha kumpoto kwa charu, nga ni Bosaso, Galkayo na Garowe, na matawuni gha kumwera. Boma la Somalia Civil Aviation Authority (SOMCAA) ni boma la Somalia ilo likuwona vya ndege. Pamanyuma pa nyengo yitali yakulamulirika na wupu wa Civil Aviation Caretaker Authority for Somalia (CACAS), wupu wa SOMCAA ukwenera kuwusa malo gha mu Somalia m'paka pa 31 Disembala 2013. Ku Somalia kuli ma eyapoti 62, ndipo 7 mwa ma eyapoti agha ghali na misewu. Pa malo agha, ghanayi ghali na misewu ya mamita ghakujumpha 3,047 (9,997 ft); ghaŵiri ghali pakati pa mamita 2,438 na 3,047 (7,999 na 9,997 ft) ndipo limoza lili na mamita 1,524 m'paka 2,437 (5,000 m'paka 7,995 ft). Pali ma eyapoti 55 agho ghalije malo ghakukwelera. Yimoza yili na mtunda wa mamita ghakujumpha 3,047; zinayi zili pakati pa mamita 2,438 na 3,047 mu utali; makumi ghaŵiri ghali na mtunda wa mamita 1,524 mpaka 2,437; makumi ghaŵiri na ghanayi ghali na mtunda wa mamita 914 mpaka 1,523; ndipo ghankhondi na limoza ghali pasi pa mamita 914. Malo ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu chalo ichi ni Aden Adde International Airport mu Mogadishu, Hargeisa International Airport mu Hargeisa, Kismayo Airport mu Kismayo, Baidoa Airport mu Baidoa, na Bender Qassim International Airport mu Bosaso. Ndege ya Somali Airlines yikakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1964. Gulu ili likamara kugwira nchito mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Ndipouli, boma la Somalia ilo likambaso kuwusa likamba kunozgekera mu 2012 kuti ndege iyi yikwambireso kugwira ntchito, ndipo ndege yakwamba ya Somali Airlines yikeneranga kupelekeka kuumaliro wa Disembala 2013. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya malonda na vyamalonda wa ku Somalia, malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito chifukwa cha kujara kwa ndege iyi ghazuzgika na ndege zinyake za ku Somalia. Makampani gha ndege ghakujumpha ghankhondi na limoza ghakupeleka maulendo gha ndege ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air na Hajara. Pakuti ku Somalia kuli nyanja yitali chomene pa charu chose, kuli maboma ghanandi. Malo ghakwendeskera vinthu pa nyanja ghali mu misumba ya Mogadishu, Bosaso, Berbera, Kismaayo na Merca. Paliso sitima yinyake ya pa nyanja. Wakapangika mu 2008, ndipo wakwendeska katundu.<ref name="factbook"/> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Somalia}} {{see also|List of cities in Somalia by population}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Ku Somalia kulije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka ghakukhwaskana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni mu 2021; unandi wa ŵanthu kuyana na kalembera wa 1975 ukaŵa 3.3 miliyoni. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014 na wupu wa United Nations Population Fund, wakalongora kuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 12,316,895. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 85 pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mba fuko la Chisomali. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vigaŵa vya viŵeto, maufumu, mafumu, na misumba. Nkhondo ya mukati mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵafumemo mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Bravanese, Bantus, Bajuni, Ŵaetiyopiya (makamaka Ŵaoromo), Ŵayemeni, Ŵaindiya, Ŵaperesiya, Ŵaitaliya, na Ŵabritani. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantus, ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Somalia, ndipo mbana ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakatoleka ku Africa na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia. Mu 1940, ku Italian Somaliland kukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Somalia ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha.[[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Population per age group]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku Western, nga ni United States (mwakudumura mu chigaŵa cha Minnesota) na United Kingdom (mwakudumura mu London), Sweden, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, na Italy. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakunjilirapo comene pa ndyali na vinthu vya mu caru ici. Purezidenti wa Somalia, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, wakaŵa wa ku Somalia ndipo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kukhala ku America. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Somalia ŵakukura na 1,75% pa caka, ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakubabika 40.87. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu Somalia ni ŵana 6.08 pa mwanakazi yumoza (kuyana na kafukufuku wa mu 2014), ndipo ni chachinayi pa charu chose, kuyana na CIA World Factbook. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha mbawukirano, ndipo ŵali na vyaka 17.7; ŵanthu 44% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 0 na 14, 52.4% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 64, ndipo 2.3% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 65 na kujumpha apa. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuyana waka. Palije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka ghakulongora kuti mu Somalia muli misumba yinandi. Ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru ndipo ŵakukwaniska 4.79% pa chaka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghachoko ŵali kusama kufuma ku mizi kuluta ku misumba kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira, comenecomene ku Mogadishu na Kismaayo. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 37.7% mu charu ichi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni.<ref name="factbook"/> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Somalia}} Viyowoyero vya boma mu Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Chiyowoyero cha ku Somalia ndicho ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakuyowoya. Chiyowoyero ichi chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Cushitic vya mu banja la viyowoyero vya Afro-Asia. ChiSomali ndicho ntchiyowoyero chakumanyikwa chomene pa viyowoyero vyose vya ku Kushiti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasambirapo viyowoyero ivi pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecarme|Maury|1987|p=22}}.</ref><ref>I. M. Lewis (1998) ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho'', Red Sea Press, p. 11, {{ISBN|1-56902-104-X}}.</ref><ref name="Frspc" /><ref name="factbook" /> [[File:Kaddare Alphabet Chart.jpg|thumb|The [[Kaddare alphabet|Kaddare]] writing script]] Viyowoyero vya ku Somalia vili kugaŵika mu magulu ghatatu: Northern, Benadir na Maay. Chiyowoyero cha Northern Somali (panji Northern-Central Somali) ndicho chili pakwamba kulemba chiyowoyero ichi. Chinenero cha Benadir (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti ChiSomali cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja) chimayankhulidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Benadir, kuchokera ku Adale mpaka kumwera kwa Merca kuphatikizapo Mogadishu, komanso m'dera lakumbuyo. Viyowoyero vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vili na mazgu ghanyake agho mulije mu Chisomali. Chiyowoyero cha Maay chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Digil na Mirifle (Rahanweyn) awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Somalia. Chinenero cha Benadiri ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi, mwakupambana na chiyowoyero cha Northern Somali icho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somaliland. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Chisomali. Pa vilembo ivi, vilembo vya Chisamariya ndivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, ndipo ndivyo vikulembeka mu boma la Somalia kufuma waka apo Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵikapo mu Okutobala 1972. Chilembo ichi chikapangika na nkhwantha ya chiSomali Shire Jama Ahmed chomenechomene pa chiSomali, ndipo chikugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vyose vya chiLatin cha Chingelezi padera pa p, v na z. Padera pa cilembo ca ciLatini ca Ahmed, vilembo vinyake ivyo vyalembeka kwa vilimika vinandi kuti ŵalembe ciyowoyero ca Cisobali ni cilembo ca Ciarabu na ca Wadaad. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Osmanya, Borama, na Kaddare. Padera pa Chisomali, Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somalia. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici cifukwa ca kukolerana na caru ca Ŵaarabu kwa vyaka vinandi, kweniso cifukwa ca nkhani za mu mabuku gha Cirabu, kweniso kusambizgika vya cisopa.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya na kusambizga Cingelezi. Chiyowoyero ichi chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu chigaŵa cha British Somaliland ndipo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu pa charu chose, sono chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somalia. Chingelezi ndicho chikusambizgika pa ma yunivesite ghanandi mu Somalia, ndipo ni chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakuchita mu Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://somalia.savethechildren.net/|title=Somalia {{!}} Save the Children|website=somalia.savethechildren.net|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ri.org/reach/africa/somalia|title=Somalia|website=Relief International|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.care-international.org/where-we-work/somalia|title=Where We Work {{!}} Care International|website=www.care-international.org|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drc.ngo/where-we-work/east-africa/somalia|title=Somalia {{!}} DRC|website=drc.ngo|language=da-DK|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802100739/https://drc.ngo/where-we-work/east-africa/somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chiitaliya chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Italian Somaliland kweniso mu nyengo ya muwuso wa boma, kweni chikamba kuchepa chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mazgu agha, kusazgapo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵanthu ŵakusambira.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko ni Bravanese, chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuyowoya mu Swahili. ===Urban areas=== {{Largest cities of Somalia}} ===Religion=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Religion in Somalia]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion|right1=Percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in Somalia|Islam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Other|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Religion in Somalia}} [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mosque of Islamic Solidarity]] in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region]] Kuyana na wupu wa Pew Research Center, ŵanthu 99.8 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Somalia Mbacisilamu.<ref name="Pew"/>Ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni na cha Shafi'i. Chisopa cha Sufism, icho ntchisopa cha chisopa cha Chisilamu, nacho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa kusopa. Ndondomeko ya boma la Somalia yikulongosora kuti cisopa ca Cisilamu ni cisopa ca boma la Somalia, ndipo dango la Cisilamu la Sharia ndilo likulongozga malango gha caru. Kweniso likusambizga kuti palije dango ilo lingaŵa lakususkana na fundo za Sharia. Chisopa cha Cisilamu cikanjira mu cigaŵa ici mwaluŵiro comene, apo gulu la Ŵasilamu awo ŵakatambuzgikanga ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu mphinjika ya Africa cifukwa ca kuciskika na nchimi ya Cisilamu, Muhammad.<ref>Rafiq Zakaria (1991) ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: Penguin Books, pp. 403–4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref> Ntheura, cisopa ca Ciisilamu cikwenera kuti cikamba mu Somalia pambere cisopa ici cindajinthe misisi mu caru ici. Kweniso, mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵali kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kusintha chomene masambiro gha Cisilamu mu caru ca Horn of Africa, Arabia, na kunyake. Pakati pa ŵasambizgi aŵa pakaŵa Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i wa ku Zeila, uyo wakalembako buku lakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya chisopa cha Chisilamu. Chikhristu ntchisopa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ku Somalia, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene kuluska 0.1% mu 2010. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mu Somalia muli Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 1,000. Mu caru cose ici, muli Diocese ya Mogadishu, iyo yikati mu 2004, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵa Katolika pafupifupi 100. Mu 1913, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa boma la Britain, mu vigaŵa vya Somali, mukaŵavya Ŵakhristu. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, mu Somaliland mukaŵavya ŵapharazgi ŵa Katolika. Mu ma 1970, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Marx ku Somalia, masukulu agho ghakaŵa gha matchalitchi ghakajalika ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakaŵatuma kukwawo. Kwamba mu 1989, mu caru ici mulije bishopu mulara, ndipo tchalitchi likuru la ku Mogadishu likaparanyika comene pa nyengo ya nkhondo. Mu Disembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Malango na Vyachisopa ukafumiskaso dango lakukanizga vikondwelero vya Chikhristu mu charu ichi. Kuyana na lipoti la Pew Research Center, mu 2010 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Somalia ndiwo ŵakalondezganga visopa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasambira mitheto iyi ku ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵa ku Southeast Africa. Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, mu 2010 ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Somalia ŵakaŵa ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda, Cihindu, Cibuddha, panji ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name="Pew"/> ===Health=== {{Main|Healthcare in Somalia|Child marriage in Somalia}} [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.svg|thumb|right|Life expectancy in Somalia, 1950 to 2019]] Mpaka apo boma la Somalia likamalira mu 1991, nduna ya vyaumoyo ndiyo yikalongozganga ndyali. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa munthavi ŵakaŵa na mazaza, kweni vyose vikendanga makora. Boma la Siad Barre, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Somalia, likalekeska ntchito ya udokotala mu 1972. Ndalama zinandi izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikapelekeka ku ŵasilikari. Ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo ya ku Somalia yikaparanyika comene mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Nga umo vikaŵira na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vya boma kale, ŵapharazgi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵanjira mu malo mwa boma ndipo ŵanjira m'malo mwa boma. Pa nyengo iyi, maofesi ghanandi gha munthavi, maofesi gha munthavi, vipatala, na madokotala ghapangika mu Somalia. Ndalama zakwendeskera maofesi agha ni zicoko comene, ni $5.72 pa ulendo umoza mu vipatala (pa ŵanthu awo ŵalipo 95 peresenti) na $1.89-$3.97 pa ulendo umoza wa pa cipatala na $7.83-$13.95 pa zuŵa mu vipatala vyakwambilira na vyapacanya. Para tingayaniska nyengo ya 2005 na 2010 na vyaka 50 pambere nkhondo yindambe (1985 na 1990), umoyo ukaŵa utali comene kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Mwakuyana waka, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa chaka chimoza awo ŵali kupokera munkhwala wakulwera nthenda ya nthomba chikakwera kufuma pa 30% mu 1985 kufika pa 40% mu 2000 m'paka mu 2005, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵali kupokera munkhwala wakulwera nthenda ya chikhoso cha TB chikakwera pafupifupi 20% kufuma pa 31% kufika pa 50% mu nyengo yeneyiyi.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/><ref name="Uhdrsom01" /><ref name="Wbunses">World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-2004. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.</ref><ref name="Uhdrsom01">UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. New York: UNDP.</ref><ref name="Udasom">{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Somalia |title=UNdata – Somalia |publisher=United Nations |date=20 September 1960 |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/choice/country/som/cost/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626140831/http://www.who.int/choice/country/som/cost/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2006 |title=Estimates of Unit Costs for Patient Services for Somalia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=6 December 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵachoko chikakhira kufuma pa 16 pa ŵanthu 1,000 kufika pa 0.3, ndipo pa nyengo yeneyiyi chikachepa na 15%.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-1999. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.</ref> Pakati pa 2005 na 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa 1,000 chikakhira kufuma pa 152 kufika pa 109.6.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Udasom"/> Kufwa kwa ŵanakazi pa ŵana 100,000 kukakhira kufuma pa 1,600 pambere nkhondo yindambe mu 1985 m'paka 1990 kufika pa 1,100 mu 2000 m'paka 2005.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>UNDP (2006). Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵadokotala pa ŵanthu 100,000 nacho chikakwera kufuma pa 3.4 kufika pa 4 mu nyengo yeneyiyi, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakutowa chikakwera kufuma pa 18% kufika pa 26%.<ref name="Uhdrsom01" /><ref name="Wbunses" /><ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/> Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations Population Fund ukulongosolera, ku Somalia kuli ŵamama 429 awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya wovwiri wa ŵanakazi. Pasono mu caru ici muli maofesi gha ŵabwezi 8, ndipo ghaŵiri mwa maofesi agha nga ŵanthu ŵekha. Mapulogiramu gha kusambizga ŵabwezi ghakutora myezi 12 m'paka 18. Ŵasambiri awo ŵanjira sukulu iyi ŵakukwana 100 peresenti, ndipo mu 2009 ŵakaŵa 180. Boma ndilo likulongozga ntchito iyi, ndipo munthu wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi. Kweniso pali kulembeska ŵabwezi awo ŵali na malayisensi. Kweniso, ŵamama awo ŵakovwira ŵanakazi awo ŵababa ŵana mu caru ici ŵakwimira wupu wa ŵamama awo ŵali na mamembara 350.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> [[File:Somali boy receives a polio vaccination.jpg|thumb|A Somali boy receiving a [[Polio vaccine|polio]] vaccination.]] Kuyana na ivyo wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukayowoya mu 2005, ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana 97.9% ŵa ku Somalia ŵakakomekanga na nthumbo. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge nthena.<ref>Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) ''Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide'', Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref><ref>Goldenstein, Rachel. "Female Genital Cutting: Nursing Implications". ''Journal of Transcultural Nursing''. 25.1 (2014): 95–101. Web. 19 February 2014.</ref> Kufika mu 2013, wupu wa UNICEF pamoza na boma la Somalia, ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵasungwana ŵa vyaka 1 m'paka 14 mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Puntland na Somaliland chachepa kufika pa 25%. Ŵanalume pafupifupi 93% mu Somalia nawo ŵakukotoleka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |title=Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, and Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference|publisher= Center for International Development at Harvard University |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Charu cha Somalia chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi awo ŵali na HIV. Ici nchifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia mba Cisilamu ndipo ŵakulondezga malango gha Cisilamu. Nangauli mu 1987 (mu chaka icho ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakasangika na HIV mu Somalia) ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima, kweni lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2012 likuti kwamba mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵakukwana 0.7% m'paka 1%. Nangauli sono wovwiri wa vyaumoyo wa ŵanthu wose uli ku chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵekha, kweni boma likuwoneseska kuti wovwiri wa vyaumoyo wa ŵanthu wose uweleremo. Nduna ya vyaumoyo ni Qamar Adan Ali. Chigaŵa cha Puntland chili na Unduna wa vya Umoyo, ndipo chigaŵa cha Somaliland chili na Unduna wa vya Umoyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somalilandgov.com/govt-ministries/|title=Somaliland – Government Ministries |publisher=Somalilandgov.com |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni East Bardera Mothers and Children's Hospital, Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital, Edna Adan Maternity Hospital na West Bardera Maternity Unit. ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Somalia}}<!-- northwest; northeast and south-central below --> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu 1991, makomiti ghakusambizga ŵanthu agho ghakaŵako mu masukulu 94 pa 100 mu Somalia, ndigho ghakamba kwendeska masukulu. Pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi pa nkhani ya masambiro mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi na ku ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo, masambiro ghawemi, masambiro gha ku masukulu ghakovwira, masambiro gha pa sukulu, ndondomeko na ndondomeko za masambiro, mauteŵeti, na ndalama. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, ŵakucita ndondomeko za masambiro izo zikovwira kuti masambiro ghamare makora. Mu chigaŵa cha Puntland, dango ili likusazgapo ndondomeko ya masambiro iyo yikukolerana na fundo za pa caru cose, nga umo viliri mu Covenant on the Rights of the Child (CRC) na Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Viyelezgero vinyake ivyo vikulongora umo boma la chigaŵa ili likuchitira pa nkhani ya masambiro ni malango agho ghakovwira ŵana ŵasungwana kuti ŵasambire makora, kovwirapo pa ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana kuti ŵambe kusambira makora, kweniso kuti ŵapapi na awo ŵakuŵapwelelera ŵafike ku nyumba zawo kweniso ku malo ghakusambizgirako ŵana ŵa vyaka 0 m'paka 5, kweniso kukhozga ŵasambizgi kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito ku mizi yakutali. Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo uli na udindo wa masambiro mu Somalia, ndipo ukuwona vya masukulu gha ku pulayimale, sekondare, ma technical na ma vocational, kweniso masukulu gha masukulu gha ku pulayimale na ma technical na masukulu gha ku sukulu. Pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka ku sukulu. Vigaŵa vya Puntland na Somaliland vili na maofesi ghawo gha vya masambiro. Mu 2006, Puntland yikaŵa chigaŵa chachiŵiri mu Somalia pamanyuma pa Somaliland kukhazikiska masukulu ghapachanya ghaulere, ndipo ŵasambizgi sono ŵakupokera malipiro ghawo ku boma la Puntland. Kufuma mu 2005/2006 m'paka mu 2006/2007, mu Puntland mukaŵa masukulu ghanandi, ndipo ghakaŵapo 137. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa masukulu 504 ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵanyake 762 ŵakasazgikira. Ŵana ŵasungwana ndiwo ŵakaluta panthazi chomene pa ŵana ŵanalume mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalembeskanga mu sukulu izi mu chigaŵa cha Bari, icho chili kumpoto chomene kwa charu ichi. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakasambiranga mu matawuni ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakasambizganga mu matawuni.<ref name="Basic education survey">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Mid-year Review Education Program |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205150949/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Puntland Ministry of Education and UNICEF Somalia}}</ref>[[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|[[Mogadishu University]]'s main campus in Mogadishu.]] Pasono masambiro ghapacanya mu Somalia ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha. Masukulu ghakupambanapambana mu chalo ichi, kusazgapo Yunivesite ya Mogadishu, ghalembeka pakati pa masukulu ghapachanya gha 100 mu Africa nangauli vinthu vili makora yayi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ni viwemi chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kusambira.<ref name="Somtroap">{{cite web |title=Somalia: The Resilience of a People |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112218/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> Maunivesite ghanyake agho ghakusambizga masambiro ghapachanya kumwera ni Benadir University, Somalia National University, Kismaayo University na University of Gedo. Ku Puntland, masambiro ghapachanya ghakupika na Yunivesite ya Puntland State na East Africa University. Ku Somaliland, sukulu iyi yikupelekeka na Yunivesite ya Amoud, Yunivesite ya Hargeisa, Yunivesite ya Technology ya Somaliland na Yunivesite ya Burao. Sukulu za Qur'anic (izo zikumanyikwaso kuti dugsi quran panji mal'aamad quran) zikulutilira kuŵa nthowa yakusambizgira visopa mu Somalia. Ŵakusambizga ŵana visambizgo vya Cisilamu, ndipo ŵakuŵa na udindo wa cisopa na wa mtende mu caru ici. Ŵakumanyikwa kuti ni masukulu ghakusambizga vya cisopa na makhaliro ghawemi agho ghakukhazikika comene pa malo agha. Ndondomeko ya Qur'an, iyo yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi chomene pakuyaniska na vigaŵa vinyake vya masambiro, kanandi ndiyo njekha yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakusama. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakacitika mu 1993, wakalongora kuti pa ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa Koran, pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵasungwana. Pakukhumba kumazga suzgo la visambizgo vya cisopa, boma la Somalia likambiska Unduna wa vya Chisopa na Nkhani za Cisilamu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ginie/somalia/pdf/koran.pdf|title=Koranic School Project|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516185157/http://www.pitt.edu/~ginie/somalia/pdf/koran.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Somalia}} ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Somali cuisine}} [[File:Somali food.jpg|thumb|Various types of popular [[Somali cuisine|Somali dishes]]]] Vyakurya vya ku Somalia vikupambana mu vigaŵa na vigaŵa. Ndico cifukwa cakuti mu Somalia muli malonda ghanandi. Nangauli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kweni pali cinthu cimoza ico cikukolerana na vyakurya vya mu vyaru ivi. Ntheura, palije vyakurya vya nyama ya nkhumba, palije moŵa, palije cakurya ico cikufwa yekha, ndipo palije ndopa izo zikuŵikika. Kanandi cakurya ca Qaddo panji ca mise cikuŵa cakunowa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya mpunga wakuchemeka 'bariis.' Vyakununkhira nga ni kumini, cardamom, cloves, sinamoni, na salvia, vikusazgirako vyakununkhira ku vyakurya ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakurya cakurya ca mise para pajumpha maora 9. Mu nyengo ya Ramadan, chakurya cha mise kanandi chikupelekeka pamanyuma pa malurombo gha Tarawih; nyengo zinyake mpaka 11 koloko mise. 'Xalwo' (halva) ni cakumwa cakunowa ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya pa viphikiro vyapadera nga ni Eid panji ukwati. Yikuŵako kufuma ku chiŵiya cha chimanga, shuga, makhadamomu, nutmeg, na ghee. Nyengo zinyake ŵakusazgako phere kuti liŵe liwemi.<ref>Barlin Ali (2007) ''Somali Cuisine'', AuthorHouse, p. 79, {{ISBN|1-4259-7706-5}}.</ref> Para ŵanthu ŵarya, ŵakutemwa kununkhira na vyakununkhira vya lubani (lubaan) panji vyakununkhira (cuunsi). ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Somalia}} Charu cha Somalia chili na sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Sumu zinandi za ku Somalia zikuŵa na sumu za pentatonic. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito tuvizingo tuchoko waka pa octave, mwakupambana na tuvizingo tuchokotuchoko (tuŵiri) nga ni major scale. Pakudanga kupulika, sumu za ku Somalia zingawoneka nga ni za ku vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni Ethiopia, Sudan panji Arabia, kweni paumaliro zikumanyikwa na sumu zake na masitayelo ghake. Sumu za ku Somalia kanandi zikulembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mazgu (midho), awo ŵakulemba sumu (laxan) na ŵakwimba (codka panji "mazgu").<ref>{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}}.</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Somalia}} Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakasambira mabuku ghanandi gha Chisilamu kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu 1972, apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Chilatini, ŵalembi ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakalemba mabuku ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Pa ŵalembi aŵa, Nuruddin Farah ndiyo wakumanyikwa comene. Mabuku nga ni From a Crooked Rib na Links ghakuwoneka nga ni mabuku ghakuzirwa, ndipo ghakamovwira kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lettre-ulysses-award.org/authors03/farah.html |title=Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage – Nuruddin Farah |publisher=Lettre-ulysses-award.org |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Faarax M.J. Munthu munyake wa ku Somalia uyo wakamanyikwa na buku ili wakati: "Kumanya yayi ni mulwani wa chitemwa". ===Sports=== [[File:Bile Abdi (482x321).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abdi Bile]], Somalia's most decorated athlete and holder of the most national records.|alt=]] {{Main|Sports in Somalia}} Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Somalia. Mpikisano waku Somalia ndi League ndi Somalia Cup, pomwe timu ya mpira waku Somalia imasewera padziko lonse lapansi. Mu caru ici mukucitikaso maseŵero gha basketball. FIFA Africa Championship 1981 yikachitikira ku Mogadishu kwambira pa 15 mpaka 23 December 1981. Gulu ili likuchitaso maseŵera gha basketball pa Pan Arab Games. Mu 2013, timu ya chalo cha Somalia ya bandy yikapangika ku Borlänge. Mu vyaru vya martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys na Mohamed Deq Abdulle ŵa timu ya taekwondo ya chalo cha Indonesia ŵakatora mendulo ya siliva na malo ghachinayi, pa 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup ku Tongeren. Komiti ya Olimpiki ya ku Somalia yili kunozga pulogiramu yapadera kuti yikovwire kuti maseŵero gha munthazi ghamare makora. Kweniso, Mohamed Jama wali kuwina maudindo gha pa charu chose na Europe mu K-1 na Thai Boxing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=Malta Independent|date=10 February 2010}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Somali architecture}} [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|The [[Citadel]] of [[Gondershe]]]] Nyumba zakuzenga za ku Somalia ni nyumba zakuzenga izo zili na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni misumba yakuzengeka na malibwe, nyumba zachifumu, vigongwe, vigongwe, masisiteri, mausoleya, tempile, vigongwe, vikhuni, malibwe ghakunyang'amira, malibwe ghakurughakuru, ma menhirs, dolmens, ma malaro, ma tumulus, ma stele, ma cistern, ma aqueducts, na majini. Mu nyumba iyi muli vinthu vya mu nyengo yakale, vyaka vyapakati, na vyaka vyakwambilira. Kale ku Somalia, ŵanthu ŵakasunganga vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni mapiramidi. Nyumba zikazengekanga na malibwe ghakuyana na agho ŵakazenganga ku Eguputo. Paliso viyelezgero vya maluŵaza na viliŵa vikuruvikuru vya malibwe ivyo vikazingilizga malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakati ŵamba kugomezga chisopa cha Chiisilamu, ŵakakhwaskika na vinthu vya ku Arabia na Peresiya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kuzenga nyumba mu malibwe ghakukhoma na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na malibwe agha. Nyumba zinandi izo ŵakazenganga, nga ni masisiteri, ŵakazenganga pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba zakale.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|p=102}}.</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Somalia|Africa|Countries}} * [[Outline of Somalia]] * [[Index of Somalia-related articles]]{{-}} ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} ==Mabuku== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last= Abdullahi |first= Mohamed Diriye |year= 2001 |title= Culture and Customs of Somalia |location= Westport,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]] |isbn= 978-0-313-31333-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri }} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |year= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr|location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Somalia'', in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), "Banking Systems of Africa", Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.&nbsp;209–217.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 Banking Development in Somalia] * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |chapter= From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism |title= ''In Lowell W. Barrington, ed.,'' After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States ''(pp.&nbsp;107–137)'' |location= Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * Shay, Shaul. ''Somalia in Transition Since 2006.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014. * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author3-link= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World |url= https://archive.org/details/escapefromviolen0000zolb |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{cite book |author1=A. Rosati|author2=A. Tewolde|author3=C. Mosconi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169|title=Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide|date=2007|publisher=Wageningen Academic Pub|isbn=978-90-8686-034-0|page=169}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Somalia|voy=Somalia}} * {{wikiatlas|Somalia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408021606/http://www.somaligov.net/ Federal Government of Somalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408021606/http://www.somaligov.net/ |date=8 April 2015 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250822103819/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ Somalia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|somalia}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Somalia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094503 Somalia profile] from [[BBC News]] {{Somalia}} {{Somalia topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Somali Plate}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Arab League}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} <!-- lowest per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - country subcat under regional parent categories --> [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Somalia]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Somali is an official language]] 96bhsvp5l4co885ixxyrnlty6tw88fs 0 6961 122705 122370 2026-09-28T03:21:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{about|the African country}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Togolese Republic | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo (3-2).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | coa_size = 70 | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|nolink=yes|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|italics=off}}<br />"Work, Liberty, Homeland" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|nolink=on|italic=no}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Land of our ancestors"}})<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Togo AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=the [[African Union]]|region_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = {{hlist|[[French language|French]]|}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Arabic]] |[[English language|English]] |[[French language|French]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Ewe language|Ewe]] |[[Gbe languages|Gbe]] |[[Gur languages|Gur]] |[[Kwa languages|Kwa]] |[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] |[[Talni language|Talensi]] |[[Wasa dialect|Wasa]] |[[Aguna language|Aguna]] |[[Adja language|Aja]] |[[Ngangam language|Ngangam]] |[[Ntcham language|Ntcham]] |[[Tammari language|Tammari]] |[[Tem language|Tem]] |[[Ifè language|Ifè]] |[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Demographics of Togo|West African]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> |[[Aja people|Aja]], [[Ewe people|Ewe]] and [[Gen language|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye people|Kabye]] and [[Tem people|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan people|Akan]] and [[Gurma people|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo people|Kposo]] and [[Kebu language|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ifè language|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Other West African groups (1.7%)}} [[Demographics of Togo|Other]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |47.8% [[Christianity]] |33.0% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |18.4% [[Islam]] |0.5% [[Baháʼí Faith]] |0.3% [[Religion in Togo|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2020 | demonym = [[Demographics of Togo|Togolese]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of presidents of Togo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Togo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[France]] | established_event1 = Independence granted | established_date1 = 27 April 1960 | area_km2 = 56,785 | area_rank = 123rd | area_sq_mi = 21,925 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_estimate = 8,703,961<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 101th | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $22.7 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 151st | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $2,612<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $8.41 billion<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 157th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita ={{increase}} $916<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 170th | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.539 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 162nd | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Such as [[Ewe language|Ewe]], [[Gin language|Mina]] and [[Adja language|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tem people|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese. | footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. | footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}}), mwalamulo, '''Charu cha Togo''' ({{lang-fr|République togolaise}}), ni caru ico cili ku [[West Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kufupi na Ghana, Benin, na Burkina Faso.<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Islamic Development Bank]] |language=en}}</ref> Charu ichi ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo chili kumwera m'paka ku Nyanja ya Guinea, uko kuli msumba wa Lomé.<ref name="Republic of Togo" /> Charu ichi ntchichoko, chili na malo ghakukwana 56,785 square kilometres (22,000 square miles) ndipo chili <ref>{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref>na ŵanthu pafupifupi 8 million, ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 115 km (71 mi) pakati pa Ghana na Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} Pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1000 na 1500 ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana ndiwo ŵakakhala mu cigaŵa ico lero ni Togo. Pakati pa virimika vya m'ma 1500 na 1700, cigaŵa ca ku nyanja ici cikaŵa pakwamba pakuguliska ŵazga ku Europe, ndipo ici cikacitiska kuti Togo na cigaŵa ca ku nyanja ici ŵacemeke kuti "Cicirwa ca Ŵazga". Mu 1884, caru ca Germany cikapharazga kuti caru ca Togoland ni cigaŵa ico cili pasi pa boma. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca Togo cikapika ku France. Charu cha Togo chikamba kujiwusa chekha kufuma ku France mu 1960.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> Mu 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵamuwuse, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma la chipani chimoza. Mu 1993, Eyadéma wakaluta ku mavoti agho ghakaŵa na vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo wakathereskeka katatu. Pa nyengo iyo Eyadéma wakafwanga, wakaŵa "mulongozgi uyo wakakhala kwa nyengo yitali comene mu caru ca Africa", pakuti wakaŵa pulezidenti kwa vilimika 38.<ref name="Obituary">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"]. (5 February 2005). [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref>Mu 2005, mwana wake Faure Gnassingbé wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Togo ni caru ca ku mpoto<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> kwa Sahara, ndipo cuma cake cikuthemba comene pa ulimi.<ref name="icye.org"/> Ciyowoyero ico cikuyowoyeka mu caru ici ni Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake, comenecomene viyowoyero vya mtundu wa Gbe. 47.8% ya ŵanthu ŵakugomezga Chikhristu, ndipo ndicho ntchisopa chikuru mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Togo |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>Charu cha Togo chili ku United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, Commonwealth, na Economic Community of West African States. == Mbili == {{Main|History of Togo}} Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyanga kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na visulo. Zina lakuti Togo likung'anamulika kufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Ewe kuti "kumanyuma kwa mlonga". Pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1100 na 1600, mafuko ghanyake ghakanjira mu cigaŵa ici: ŴaEwe kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo ŴaMina na Ŵaguni kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Munda wa ŵazga ku Atlantic ukamba mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ndipo kwa vilimika 200 vyakulondezgapo, cigaŵa ici cikaŵa cigaŵa cakupharazgako ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga. Ici cikapangiska kuti caru ca Togo na vigaŵa vyapafupi na ico citumbikike na zina lakuti "Munda wa ŵazga". [[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]] Mu 1884, themba Mlapa III na boma la Germany ŵakasaina phangano ku Togoville lakuti ŵajilamulirenge ku malo ghanyake gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo pamasinda ŵakamba kulamuliraso vyaru vinyake. Mipaka ya caru ici yikamanyikwa pamanyuma pakuti Ŵagiriki na Ŵasiriya ŵapoka caru ca Germany na kukolerana na France na Britain. Mu 1905, caru ici cikazgoka cigaŵa ca Germany ndipo cikacemekanga Togoland. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima kotoni, khofi, na cacao na kupeleka msonkho. Ŵakazenga njanji na dowoko la Lomé kuti ŵaguliske vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵajeremani ndiwo ŵakamba kulima cacao, khofi, na thonje, ndipo ŵakapanga nyumba zinandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Togoland cikatoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na France. Nkhondo ya ku Togoland yikakhwaska kuti Ŵafalansa na Ŵabritani ŵapoke charu cha Germany cha Togoland pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathereskeka mu Ogasiti 1914, ndipo boma ili likajipeleka pa Ogasiti 26, 1914. Pa Disembala 7, 1916, boma la Togoland likamara ndipo likapatulika mu vigaŵa vya Britain na France, ivyo vikaŵa British Togoland na French Togoland. Pa Julayi 20, 1922, boma la Great Britain likapika mazaza na wupu wa League of Nations kuti liwusenge chigaŵa chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Togo, ndipo la France likapika mazaza kuti liwusenge chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1945, caru ici cikapika wanangwa wa kutuma ŵanthu ŵatatu ku nyumba ya malango ya France. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vyaru ivi vikazgoka vigaŵa vya UN Trust Territories. Mu 1957, ŵanthu ŵa ku British Togoland ŵakakolerana kuti Gold Coast yiŵe cigaŵa ca Ghana. Mu 1959, caru ca French Togoland cikamba kuŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ico cikaŵa pasi pa France, kweni France yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya kuvikilira caru, vyaru vyaŵene, na ndalama. Pa 27 Epulero 1960, boma la Togo likapharazga kuti ni Republic. Pa visankho vyakwamba vya pulezidenti mu 1961, Sylvanus Olympio ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba, ndipo wakapoka vitiviti vyose ivyo ŵakususka ŵakakana. Pa 9 April 1961, Constitution ya Togoles Republic yikapelekeka, iyo yikati wupu wakulongozga ni National Assembly of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|title=Togo|date=2019-04-26|website=Ujamaa Live|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190520/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu Disembala 1961, ŵarongozgi ŵa vipani vya ŵakususka ŵakakakika cifukwa ŵakayimbika mulandu wakuti ŵakanozga vyakutimbana na boma. Ŵakatumizga dango lakumazga magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakususka. Olympio wakayezgayezga kuti waleke kugomezga comene caru ca France mwa kukolerana na caru ca United States, United Kingdom, na West Germany. Wakakana ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa ku France awo ŵakafumiskika ku nkhondo ya ku Algeria ŵakakhumbanga, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe msilikari wa ku Togo. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵamuwukire pa 13 January 1963 apo ŵakamukoma na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakulongozgeka na Sergeant Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Mu Togo, boma likalangura kuti vinthu viŵe vyamabuci. Ŵasilikari ŵakapeleka mazaza ku boma la nyengo yicoko ilo likalongozgekanga na Nicolas Grunitzky. Mu Meyi 1963, Grunitzky wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵaphya ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa paubwezi na France. Cakulinga cake cikaŵa cakuti wathaske mphatukano pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera, walembe dango liphya la cikaya, na kukhazikiska cipani ca vipani vinandi. Pa Janyuwale 13, 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé wakathereska Grunitzky na kuwusa.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Wakapanga phwando la Rally of the Togolese People Party, wakukanizga vipani vinyake vya ndyali ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza mu Novembala 1969. Wakasolekaso mu 1979 na 1986. Mu 1983, boma likamba kucitako vinthu vyakupambanapambana ndipo mu 1991 ŵakazomerezga magulu ghanyake gha ndyali. Mu 1993, EU yikalekeska ubwezi uwu, ndipo yikati Eyadema wakasankhikaso mu 1993, 1998 na 2003, kuti wakakhumba kupoka mazaza. Mu Epulero 2004, ku Brussels, kukadumbiskana pakati pa wupu wa European Union na wupu wa Togo pa nkhani ya kwambiraso kukolerana.[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 octobre 2017 04.jpg|thumb|left|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year rule of the Gnassingbé family]] Eyadéma Gnassingbé wakafwa pa 5 February 2005. Ŵasilikari ŵakati ŵimika mwana wake Faure Gnassingbé kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru, caru cose cikasuska, kweni ku France yayi. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa awo "ŵakasankhika mwakuyana na demokilase", nga ni Abdoulaye Wade wa ku Senegal na Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria, ŵakakolerana nayo fundo iyi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu African Union muŵe mphindano. Gnassingbé wakafumapo pa udindo na kuluta ku mavoti, ndipo pamanyuma pa myezi yiŵiri wakathereska. Ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo vikacitika vikaŵa vyaupusikizgi. Vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu 2005 vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukayikira ivyo boma likuchita pa nkhani ya demokalase. Boma ili likakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora na wupu wa European Union. Wupu uwu ukaleka kovwira wupu wa European Union mu 1993 chifukwa cha nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na UN, ŵanthu pafupifupi 400 ŵakakomeka pa nkondo iyo yikacitika pa nyengo ya kusora pulezidenti. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 ŵa ku Togo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi. Gnassingbé wakasankhikaso mu 2010 na 2015. Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma. Wupu wa UN ukayowoyerathu kuti boma la Gambia likwenera kuleka kuwusa. Wupu wa UN ukayowoyeraso kuti Gnassingbé waleke kuwusa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Faure Gnassingbé wakaluta ku chiphara cha pulezidenti wa Togo. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka, iyo ndiyo wakawina ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuvoteranga chomene. Ici cikamovwira kuti wathereske uyo wakamususkanga comene, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma, Agbeyome Kodjo, uyo wakaŵa na 18%. Pa 4 Meyi 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo, wakasangika wakufwa mu ofesi yake. Zuŵa ilo Madjoulba wakafwira likaŵa pamanyuma pakuti Faure Gnassingbé wasankhika. Ŵapolisi ŵali kwamba kupenjerezga nkhani iyi ndipo ŵali kufumba mafumbo ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhwaskika na nyifwa yake. Togo yikamba kuwungana na Commonwealth mu Juni 2022. Pambere ŵandazomerezge kuti ŵanjire mu wupu wa Commonwealth, nduna ya vyakuwaro, Robert Dussey, yikayowoya kuti yikukhazga kuti wupu uwu uzamupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu ku vyaru vinyake, na kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Togo kuti ŵasambirenge Chingelezi kweniso kuti ŵasambirenge vinthu vinyake.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Lawson |first=Alice |date=2022-06-24 |title=Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/togo-sees-commonwealth-entry-pivot-english-speaking-world-2022-06-24/ |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Togo}} [[File:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|thumb|upright|President since 2005 [[Faure Gnassingbé]]]] [[File:Gnassingbé Eyadema, 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] wakawusa kwambira mu 1967 mpaka apo wakafwira mu 2005.]] Pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo wakulongozga ŵasilikari kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Iyo wali na mazaza ghakupanga malango na kugumura nyumba ya malango. Pulezidenti na boma ndiwo ŵali na mazaza ghakulongozga. Mulongozgi wa boma ni nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti Gnassingbé Eyadéma, uyo wakalamuliranga Togo mu muwuso wa chipani chimoza, wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima pa 5 February 2005. Kuyana na dango la chalo cha Togo, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, uyo ni mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ici, pakulindilira kuti mu mazuŵa 60 ghacoko waka, kuŵe mavoti. Natchaba wakaŵa ku caru cinyake, ndipo wakaweranga na ndege ya Air France kufuma ku Paris. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo, awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), ŵakajara mphaka za caru, ndipo ndege yikakhira mu caru ca Benin. Pakugwiliskira nchito nkhongono za ŵanthu, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikati yiwuskemo dango la malango ilo likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mavoti mu mazuŵa 60 ndipo yikayowoya kuti mwana wa Eyadema, Faure Gnassingbé, ndiyo waŵenge pulezidenti ndipo waŵenge pa udindo nyengo yose iyo adada ŵake ŵakhalako. Faure wakalayira pa 7 February 2005, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamususka. Wupu wa African Union ukayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakawukira boma. Wupu wa United Nations nawo ukaŵachichizganga. Ku Togo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma ili, ntheura pakaŵa vivulupi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. Mu misumba na matawuni, comene-comene ya kumwera kwa caru ici, mukaŵa viwawa. Mu tawuni ya Aného, ŵapharazgi ŵakayowoya za kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa 25 February, Gnassingbé wakafumapo pa udindo wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakazomera kusankhika kuti wazakaŵe pulezidenti mu April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Pa 24 Epulero 2005, Gnassingbé wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Togo, ndipo wakapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 60 peresenti. Munthu uyo wakalimbana nayo comene pa mpikisano uwu wakaŵa Emmanuel Bob-Akitani wa gulu la Union des Forces du Change (UFC). Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pakaŵa kuswa malango cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya wupu wa European Union panji wupu unyake wakucita mulimo uwu. Nyumba ya malango yikasankha kuti Bonfoh Abbass, uyo ni mulongozgi wa chalo, ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi wa chalo mpaka apo wazamuŵikika. Pa 3 Meyi 2005, Faure Gnassingbé wakazomelezgeka kuŵa pulezidenti ndipo wupu wa European Union ukayimiska wovwiri ku Togo kuti wovwire awo ŵakususka boma, mwakupambana na wupu wa African Union na wupu wa United States ivyo vikayowoya kuti visola vikachitika "mwakwenelera". Pulezidenti wa ku Nigeria, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, wakayezga kudumbiskana pakati pa boma na ŵalwani kuti ŵaŵe na boma lakukolerana, ndipo wakakana apo komiti ya AU yikasankha pulezidenti wakale wa ku Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, kuti waŵe nthumwi yapadera ya AU ku Togo. Mu Juni, Pulezidenti Gnassingbé wakasora Edem Kodjo kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu Okutobala 2007, pamanyuma pa kujowoleka, visankho vikacitika mu nthowa ya kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku mpoto awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na ku mizi ŵakhalenge ku mpoto uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wupu wa Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) uwo ukakhozgekanga na pulezidenti wa Togo, ndiwo ukakhwaskika comene, ndipo UFC yikaŵa yaciŵiri, ndipo vipani vinyake vikaŵavya mazaza. Ŵakatenge RPT yikunanga mavoti ndipo ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵakayilondezganga. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Europe, ndipo pakaŵaso mavoti ghambura kuzomerezgeka, ndipo ghanandi ghakaŵanga mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Pa 3 Disembala 2007 Komlan Mally wa RPT adasankhidwa kukhala nduna yayikulu kulowa m'malo mwa Agboyibor. Pa Seputembala 5, 2008, Mally wakaleka nchito ya kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Togo. Faure Gnassingbé wakathereskeka mu March 2010 pa chisankho cha pulezidenti, wakatora 61% ya voti kwimikana na Jean-Pierre Fabre wa UFC, uyo wakawovwirika na gulu la chipani cha FRAC (Republican Front for Change). Ŵakuwona vya visankho ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa "upusikizgi" na masuzgo ghanyake, ndipo ŵalwani ŵakakana kuzomerezga ivyo vikachitika.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm |title=Togo opposition vows to challenge election result |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306 |title=Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll |work=Reuters |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira Faure Gnassingbé pamanyuma pa mavoti. Mu mwezi wa May 2010, mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition Gilchrist Olympio wakapharazga kuti wazamunjira mu mgwirizano wa kugaŵana mazaza na boma, ndondomeko ya umoza iyo yikupereka UFC na maudindo 8 gha nduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087 |title=Togo opposition 'to join coalition government' |publisher=BBC |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024 |title=Togo profile |publisher=BBC |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Juni 2012, vinthu vyasintha pa nkhani ya mavoti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kugalukira boma. Ŵakachita ivi kuti ŵaŵike dango la mu 1992 ilo likayowoyerathu kuti muwuso wa munthu ukwenera kuŵa na nyengo yichoko waka. Mu Julayi 2012, nduna yikuru ya ku Malaŵi, Gilbert Houngbo, yikamba kuleka nchito. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, nduna ya vya malonda, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, yikasoleka kuti yilongozge boma liphya. Mu mwezi wenewuwo, nyumba ya mulongozgi wakususka Jean-Pierre Fabre yikatimbanizgika na ŵapolisi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakumanaso kuti ŵakane ivyo boma likacitanga. Mu April 2015, pulezidenti Faure Gnassingbé wakasankhika kuti waŵeso pa udindo kachitatu. Mu Febuluwale 2020, Faure Gnassingbé wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo yachinayi. Ŵakususka ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti wakacita uryarya na vinthu vinyake vyambura urunji. Mbumba ya Gnassingbé ndiyo yili kuwusa Togo kwambira mu 1967, ndipo ndiyo yili na mazaza ghatali comene mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/regions/africa/togos-dynasty-lives-on-4111/ |title=Togo's dynasty lives on |work=IPS |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 }}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Regions of Togo|Prefectures of Togo}} {{stack|{{Regions of Togo Image Map}}}} Charu cha Togo chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 5, ivyo navyo vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 30. Kufumira kumpoto kuya kumwera, vigaŵa ivi ni Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux na Maritime. === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Togo}} Nangauli caru ca Togo cikukolerana yayi na vyaru vinyake, kweni cikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, comenecomene France na Germany. Charu cha Togo chikukolerana na vyaru vya China, North Korea, na Cuba. Mu 1987, caru ici cikambaso kucezga na caru ca Israyeli. Boma la Togo likulondezga ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Wupu uwu ukulimbikira comene pa nkhani za mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na mu wupu wa African Union. Mu 2017, caru ca Togo cikasayinapo phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito vilwero vya nyukiliya. Boma la Togo na la Gabon ŵakamba kukolerana na vyaru vya Commonwealth pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Commonwealth uwo ukacitikira ku Kigali, Rwanda mu 2022. Pakuŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu Commonwealth, nduna ya vyakuwaro, Robert Dussey, yikati caru ici cikakhumbanga kuti ciŵe paubwezi na vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Cingelezi.<ref name=":2" /> === Military === {{Main|Togolese Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la FAT (Forces armées togolaises, "magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Togo"), ni gulu la ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa pa mlengalenga, na ŵasilikari. Vyakugulira nkhondo vyose ivyo vikacitika mu cilimika ca 2005, vikaŵa 1.6% ca GDP ya caru. Ŵasilikari ŵalipo mu Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, na Dapaong. Mkulu wa General Staff ndi Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, yemwe adayamba kugwira ntchito pa 19 May 2009. Ŵasilikari ŵali na ndege za Alpha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27460%3Atogolese-air-force-acquires-cn235&catid=35%3AAerospace&Itemid=107|title=Togolese Air Force acquires CN235|publisher=defenceweb.co.za|access-date=5 July 2015|date=29 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="fat_organisation">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|title=Organisation des Forces Armées|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316193353/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|archive-date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fat_tetedefat">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|title=Un Nouveau Chef à la Tête des FAT|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140008/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cia" /> === Human rights === {{Main|Human rights in Togo}} Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakucemeka Freedom House, ukayowoya kuti caru ca Togo "nchambura wanangwa" kwambira mu 1972 mpaka mu 1998 ndiposo kwambira mu 2002 mpaka mu 2006, ndipo kufuma mu 1999 mpaka mu 2001 ndiposo kwambira mu 2007, caru ici cikucemeka kuti "nchambura wanangwa". Kuyana na U.S. Lipoti la Unduna wa vya Malango la mu 2010, likati masuzgo gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni agha: "ŵankhondo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zawo mwakujumphizga, kusazgapo kuŵachitira nkhaza, ivyo vikupangiska ŵanthu kufwa na kupwetekeka; ŵaboma ŵakutondeka kuŵalanga; mu jele muli masuzgo ghakofya, ndipo umoyo wa ŵanthu uli pangozi; ŵanthu ŵakukakika na kuŵikika mu jele mwambura kwenelera; ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu jele kwa nyengo yitali pambere ŵanderuzgike; ŵamazaza ŵakukhwaska ŵeruzgi; wanangwa wakuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye na ŵanyawo, kuwungana, na kwenda mwakufwatuka; vimbundi; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanakazi na ŵanalume; kuchitira nkhaza ŵana, kusazgapo kuŵachitira nkhaza ŵanakazi, kweniso kuŵachitira nkhaza ŵana; kusuzga ŵanthu, chomenechomene ŵanakazi na ŵana; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakupendera; kusankhana pakati pa ŵaboma na ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo; kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV; na kugwiliskira ŵanthu ntchito ya Ku Togo, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika na dango, ndipo chilango chake nkhukakhala mu jele kwa vilimika vitatu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Itaborahy |first=Lucas Paoli |date=May 2013 |publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085454/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Togo}} {{ multiple images |align=right |image1=Ghana Topography.png |caption1 =Ghana-Togo [[topography]]−[[topographic map]] |image2=To-map.png |caption2=Map of Togo |total_width=330 }} Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 56,785 km2. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Nyanja ya Benin kumwera; Ghana kumanjiliro gha dazi; Benin kumafumiro gha dazi; ndipo kumpoto, chili na mphaka na Burkina Faso. Kumpoto kwa equator, kuli pakati pa 6° na 11°N, ndipo pakati pa 0° na 2°E. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Togo iyo yili mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea, njitali makilomita 56 ndipo yili na madambo gha mchenga. Kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli malo gha mapiri, kweni pakati paco pali mapiri. Kumwera kwa caru ca Togo kuli mapiri na makuni agho ghakukwana ku nyanja na madambo. Phiri litali chomene mu charu ichi ni Mont Agou, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 986 kufuma pasi pa nyanja. Mlonga utali comene ni Mono River uwo uli na utali wa 400 km (250 miles). Likufuma kumpoto kuluta kumwera. Nyengo ya ku malo agha njakuzizima comene ndipo nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana comene na ya ku malo ghanyake. Ku Togo kuli malo ghatatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea,<ref>{{cite web |title=Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na nkhorongo ya ku Sudan. Cirwa ca Togo cili na malo gha mathipa na makuni gha mangrove. Mu 2019, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambala 92 pa vyaru 172. Pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pa nambala iyi, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambala 5.88 pa 10. Pafupifupi mapaki ghankhondi na malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghali kupangika: Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve, Fazao Malfakassa National Park, Fosse aux Lions National Park, Koutammakou, na Kéran National Park.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. 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M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="icye.org" /> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Togo}} {{see also|List of companies based in Togo}} [[File:Togo Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Togo exports, 2019]] Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikusazgapo vyakurya vyakupambanapambana nga ni khofi, mbuto ya kakawo, na mtedza, ndipo vyose pamoza vikupanga ndalama zakukwana pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Cotton ni mbuto iyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Munda uwu uli na malo ghakukwana 11.3 peresenti ndipo unandi wake ngwakuzenga. Vipambi vinyake ni cassava, mpunga wa jasmine, mbuto ya chimanga na chiwuvi. Vinyake mwa vigaŵa ivi ni vyakupangira moŵa na vyakuvwara. "Kukwera kwa mitengo ya katundu" wa ku Togo pamoza na "nkharo ya ndyali" ya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vikaŵa na "mawuzi" pa chuma. Charu ichi chili mu gulu la vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa cigaŵa cikuru ca malonda mu caru ici. Mulimo wa boma uwo ukamara kwa vilimika khumi, ndipo ukacitikanga na Banki ya pa Caru Cose na wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF), wa kusintha vinthu mu ndyali, kukhozga ndalama, na kupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe pa mtende pakati pa ndalama izo munthu wakusangapo na izo wakurya, watimbanizgika. Mu 1992 na 1993, vinthu vikahenipa mu caru cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali, kusazgapo vigeŵenga na maboma, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu yiŵe yakusuzga, kukhizga msonkho, na kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu caru. Likutumizga ku caru cinyake makina, vinthu vyakupangira mafuta, na vyakurya. Vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikupanga vinthu ivi ni France (21.1%), Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) na China (4.1%). Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakuluta navyo ku vyaru vinyake ni kakawo, khofi, vinthu ivyo ŵakuluta navyo ku vyaru vinyake, phosphates, na thonje. "Ŵabwezi ŵithu ŵalara chomene pa nkhani ya kutumizga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake" ni Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) na Mali (7.4%).[[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Fishermen]] Pa nkhani ya kusintha vinthu mu vyaru vinyake, vyaru ivi vyaluta panthazi pa nkhani ya kulekeska ntchito zaukaboni, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya malonda na ntchito za pa dowoko. Ndondomeko ya kucitiska malonda gha viŵeto kuŵa ghaŵekha mu vigaŵa vya viŵeto vya thonje, vyamafoni, na vya maji ya maji, yili kumara. Pa Janyuwale 12, 1994, ndalama ya ku Europe yikakhira pa mtengo wake na 50%, ndipo ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu viwelere pa malo ghakwenelera. Kuti vinthu viŵe makora, boma likwenera kuŵa lakufwatuka pa nkhani ya ndalama izo likupeleka (kuti likwaniskenge kulipira ndalama izo zikukhumbikwa pa vinthu vya boma) kweniso likwenera kuchepeska ŵasilikari awo boma ili likuthemba kuti liŵe na nkhongono. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo ya kakawo, GDP yikakhira na 1 peresenti mu 1998, ndipo yikambaso kukura mu 1999. Charu cha Togo chili mu wupu wakucemeka Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Kulima ndiko kuli nga ni msana wa chuma. Kuŵavya ndalama zakugulira vinthu vyakumwa na vyakununkhira kwapangiska kuti ulimi uchepe. Mu 2012, ulimi ukapangiska kuti GDP yiŵe 28.2 peresenti ndipo mu 2010, ukaŵa na ntchito 49 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito. Charu ichi chikukwaniska yekha kupanga vyakurya. Kuŵeta ng'ombe ndiko kukupangiska kuti viŵeto viŵe vinandi.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Togo |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ |access-date=March 17, 2023 |series=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Togo's Agriculture Back on Track, and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way|author=Joelle Businger|url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/getting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way}}</ref> Mu 2012, migodi yikapanga 33.9% ya GDP ndipo mu 2010 yikagwiliskiranga nchito 12% ya ŵanthu. Ku Togo ndiko kuli phosphates zinayi izo zikusangika comene pa caru cose. Vikufumiska matani 2.1 miliyoni pa cilimika. Ku malo agha kuli malibwe gha kalama, malibwe gha marble, na mchere. Makampani ghakuzenga ghakupanga 20.4% ya ndalama izo charu cha Togo chikusanga. Malibwe ghanyake gha malibwe ghakovwira kuti ku Togo kupangike simenti.<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo|title=Togo {{!}} Location, History, Population, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Togo}} ===Road=== Ku Togo kuli misewu ya makilomita 7,520 (4,670 mi) kwambira mu 2000, ndipo palije data ya 2023. Charu ichi chili na misewu yiŵiri yikuru, N1 na N2, iyo yikusazga Lomé na msumba wa Dapaong, ndipo yikufumako kumpoto kukafika ku Burkina Faso kufuma apo yikuluta kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Mali, na kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Niger. N1 ni mseu utali comene mu Togo, ndipo utali wake ni 613 km. N2 yikusazga Lomé na Aneho. Msewu wa N2 ni Highway RNIE1, panji Trans ⁇ West African Coastal Highway, kufuma ku Aneho kuya ku Cotonou mu Benin. Misewu yinyake ni misewu ya mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru cose ici, iyo yikwendaso mu vyaru vyapafupi. Msewu wa Trans ⁇ West African Coastal Highway ukujumpha mu charu cha Togo, ndipo ukufika ku Benin na Nigeria kumafumiro gha dazi, kweniso ku Ghana na Ivory Coast kumanjiliro gha dazi. Para mulimo wa kuzenga mu vigaŵa vya Liberia na Sierra Leone wamalizgika, msewu uwu uzamulutilira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri vya Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ===Railways=== [[File:Railways in Togo.svg|thumb|Railway network of Togo]] Ku Togo kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 568 mu chaka cha 2008, ndipo mu chaka cha 2023, njanji iyi yizamuweleraso yayi. Sitima iyi yikwenda pa mtunda wa 1000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (narrow gauge) Sitima iyi yikwendeka na Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Togolais (SNCT), iyo yikapangika chifukwa cha kusinthika na kusinthika zina la Réseau des Chemins de Fer du Togo kufuma 1997 mpaka 1998. Pakati pa Hahotoé na doko la Kpémé, Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB) yikagwiliskiranga nchito sitima za phosphate.<ref name="JWR0506">{{cite book |title=Jane's World Railways 2005-2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710627100 |date=2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=0-7106-2710-6 |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ken |edition=47th |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780710627100/page/464 464] |language=English}}</ref> [[File:Togo Eisenbahn 086 1990-02.jpg|thumb|A train from [[Lomé]] to [[Kpalimé]], at an intermediate station]] The following are the railway networks present in the country: *[[Lomé–Aného railway]] *[[Lomé–Blitta railway]] *[[Lomé–Kpalimé railway]] *Hahotoé–Kpémé railway (operated by CTMB)<ref name="JWR0506"/> ===Air=== [[File:2014-06-16 17-21-49 Togo Maritime - Station Météo.JPG|thumb|[[Lomé–Tokoin International Airport]]]] Ku Togo kuli ma eyapoti ghakukwana 8, ndipo ghaŵiri ni gha pa caru cose ndipo ghacinkhondi na limoza ni gha pa caru cose. Ndege zikuruzikuru za mu chalo ichi ni za Lomé-Tokoin International Airport, izo zikugwira nchito mu msumba wa Lomé, na za Niamtougou International Airport mu Niamtougou, izo zikugwira nchito kumpoto kwa chalo ichi. ===Water=== [[File:Déplacement de containers au port.jpg|thumb|Port of Lomé]] Ku Togo, pakuyowoya za maji, pali makilomita 50 pera agho ghangafikako, chomene pa Mlonga wa Mono, kuyana na vula, mu 2011. Ku Togo kuli dowoko limoza pera ilo likutumizgirako katundu wa makontena, ndipo ni dowoko la Lomé. == Chiwerengero cha anthu == {{Main|Demographics of Togo}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.4 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|5.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Togo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Mu Novembala 2010 ku Togo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6,191,155, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵakujumpha kaŵiri awo ŵakaŵapo pa census yakwamba. Mu 2022, ku Togo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 8,680,832. Kuŵerengeska uko kukacitika mu 1981, kukalongora kuti mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵantu 2,719,567. Msumba wake, Lomé, ukakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 375,499 mu 1981 kufika pa 837,437 mu 2010. Para ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Golfe nawo ŵakusazgikako, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Lomé ŵakaŵa 1,477,660 mu 2010.<ref name="ReferenceA">[RGPH4 Recensement Général de la Population 2010]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref><ref name="Données de Recensement">[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43&Itemid=96 Données de Recensement]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref> Misumba yinyake ya ku Togo yikaŵa Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) na Tsévié (54,474). Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵakukwana{{UN_Population|Togo}} ({{As of|{{UN_Population|Year}}|lc=y}}), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Données de Recensement"/> {{Largest cities | country = Togo | stat_ref = Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo|work=City Population |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/en/togo/cities/ }}</ref> | div_name = Region | city_1 = Lomé | div_1 = Maritime Region{{!}}Maritime | pop_1 = 1,477,658 | img_1 = Quartier des administrations (Lomé, Togo).jpg | city_2 = Sokodé | div_2 = Centrale Region, Togo{{!}}Centrale | pop_2 = 117,811 | img_2 = Sokodé-centre-ville.jpg | city_3 = Kara, Togo{{!}}Kara | div_3 = Kara Region{{!}}Kara | pop_3 = 94,878 | img_3 = Kara, Togo - panoramio - Milos58.jpg | city_4 = Kpalimé | div_4 = Plateaux Region, Togo{{!}}Plateaux | pop_4 = 75,084 | img_4 = Kpalime.jpg | city_5 = Atakpamé | div_5 = Plateaux Region, Togo{{!}}Plateaux | pop_5 = 69,261 | city_6 = Dapaong | div_6 = Savanes Region, Togo{{!}}Savanes | pop_6 = 58,071 | city_7 = Tsévié | div_7 = Maritime Region{{!}}Maritime | pop_7 = 54,474 | city_8 = Anié | div_8 = Plateaux Region, Togo{{!}}Plateaux | pop_8 = 37,398 | city_9 = Notsé | div_9 = Plateaux Region, Togo{{!}}Plateaux | pop_9 = 35,039 | city_10 = Cinkassé | div_10 = Savanes Region, Togo{{!}}Savanes | pop_10 = 26,926 }} === Ethnic groups === [[File:Togo-benin 1985-079 hg.jpg|thumb|People in the 1980s]] Ku Togo, kuli mafuko ghakupambanapambana ghakukwana 40, ndipo fuko likuru ni la Ŵa-Ewe, awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi ndipo ŵakupanga 32 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu mphepete mwa nyanja kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵalipo 21 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose. Kweniso ku mpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kotokoli panji Tem na Tchamba, ndipo ku mpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kabye (22%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ouatchi [fr] ŵalipo 14 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵa Ewes na ŵa Ouatchis mbanthu ŵamoza, kweni Ŵafalansa awo ŵakasanda magulu ghose ghaŵiri, ŵakughanaghana kuti ni ŵanthu ŵakupambana. Mitundu yinyake ni Ŵamina, Ŵamosi, Ŵamoba na Ŵabassar, Ŵachokossi ŵa ku Mango (pafupifupi 8%).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world geography |author1=Khan, M. Ali |author2=Sherieff, A. |author3=Balakishan, A. |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-773-2 |page=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUwr1BpOCooC&pg=PA255}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in Togo }} {{Pie chart | thumb = left | caption = Religion in Togo (Arda 2020 estimate)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c|title=Religions in Togo &#124; Arda|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> | label1 = [[Christianity]] | value1 = 47.84 | color1 = Blue | label3 = [[Islam]] | value3 = 18.36 | color3 = Green | label2 = [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] | value2 = 33.43 | color2 = Beige | label4 = [[Irreligion|No religion]] | value4 = 0.23 | color4 = Grey | label5 = Other | value5 = 1.14 | color5 = Black | value6 = | color6 = Yellow | value7 = | color7 = }}[[File:Kpalime.jpg|thumb|left|Church in [[Kpalime]]]] Kuyana na lipoti la boma la US la 2012 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa kusopa, mu 2004, Yunivesite ya Lomé yikati ŵanthu 33 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vili kulengeka, 28 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakatolika, 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu ŵa Sunni, 9 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakuprotesitanti, ndipo 5 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vinyake. Pa ŵanthu 5 awo ŵakakhalapo, pakaŵaso ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵa cisopa cilicose yayi. Lipoti ili likayowoya kuti "Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi" ŵakulutilira kulondezga visambizgo vya cisopa ca ku malo agha.<ref name="Togo 2012">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208418.pdf |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=2009-2017 Archive for the U.S. Department of State |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2023, The World Factbook yikati 42.3% ya ŵanthu ni Ŵakhristu ndipo 14% ni Ŵasilamu, ndipo 36.9% mbalondezgi ŵa visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ni Ŵahindu, Ŵayuda, na ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vinyake, ndipo 6.2% mbambura kusopa..<ref name="cia.gov" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_d4z5|date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_d4z5/page/74 74]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/togo/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25]</ref> Cikhristu cikamba kuthandazgika pakati pa virimika vya m'ma 1400, pamanyuma pakuti ŵamishonale ŵa Cikatoriki ŵafika. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵakambiska Ciphulotesitanti apo ŵamishonale 100 ŵa gulu la Bremen Missionary Society ŵakatumika ku vigaŵa vya Togo na Ghana ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Togo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Brema", ilo likung'anamura "Bremen". Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Germany ŵakafumamo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mpingo wa Ewe Evangelical Church uŵe wakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 2022, Freedom House yikati wanangwa wa kusopa mu Togo ni 3 pa 4, ndipo yikati wanangwa wa kusopa ukuvikilirika na dango la boma kweniso ŵanthu wose ŵakuwuchindika. Boma likuzomerezga visopa vya Cisilamu, Cikatolika, na Ciphulotesitanti. Kulembeka kwa ma ID kwajumpha nyengo yitali, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 900 ŵakakhumbikwiranga ma ID mu 2021. === Viyowoyelo === {{main|Languages of Togo}} Kuyana na buku la Ethnologue, mu caru ici mukuyowoyeka viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana 39, ndipo vinyake mwa viyowoyero ivi vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 100,000. Pa viyowoyero 39 ivi, ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci ndico cikayowoyeka pa caru cose. Viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi vikapika mazaza mu 1975 kuti viŵe viyowoyero vya mu charu ichi. Viyowoyero ivi ni Ewé (Template:Lang-ee) na Kabiyé. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci yayi, kweni cikuyowoyeka mu visambizgo, mu nyumba za malango, mu ma TV, mu maofesi gha boma, na mu malonda. Ciyowoyero ca Ewe cikayowoyekanga comene kumwera. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya kumpoto kwa caru ici, ciyowoyero ca Tem cikayowoyekanga pakugwiliskira nchito malonda. Kuyana na ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku Togo, viyowoyero ivi ni viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka pa sukulu na mu manyuzipepara. Ŵanyake ni Gen, Aja, Moba, Ntcham, na Ife. Boma la Togo likati lazomera kuŵa mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Commonwealth, likawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Togo ŵasambirenge Chingelezi.<ref name=":2" /> === Umoyo === Wupu wa Human Rights Measurement Initiative ukati Togo yikufiska 73.1% ya ivyo yikwenera kufiska pa nkhani ya wanangwa wakuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Pa nkhani ya kulera ŵana, caru ca Togo cikukwaniska 93.8% ya ivyo cikulindizga kuyana na ndalama izo cikusanga. Pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa umoyo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵalara, caru ici cikukwaniska 88.2% ya ivyo vikulindizgika kuyana na unandi wa ndalama izo munthu wakusanga. Pa nkhani ya kulera ŵana, caru ici cili mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kulera makora cifukwa cikukwaniska 37.3 peresenti ya ivyo cikwenera kufiska kuyana na ndalama izo zilipo. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa vyaumoyo ku Togo zikaŵa 5.2% za GDP, ndipo caru ici cikukhala pa malo gha 45 pa caru cose. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi ŵalipo pafupifupi 43.7 pa ŵana 1,000 mu 2016. Mu 2016, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhala na umoyo kwa vyaka vinandi ukaŵa 62.3 pa ŵanalume, ndipo wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhala na umoyo kwa vyaka vinandi ukaŵa 67.7. Kuyana na lipoti la UNICEF la mu 2013, ŵanakazi 4 pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose ku Togo ŵali kukotoleka. Ku Togo, pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakababika mu 2015, ŵanthu 368 ndiwo ŵakafwanga, apo mu 2010 ŵakafwanga 350 ndipo mu 1990 ŵakafwanga 539.7. Ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵa vyaka 5 awo ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ni 100, ndipo ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵa vyaka 5 awo ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ni 32. Ku Togo, pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo, ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakubaba ndipo pa ŵanakazi 67 awo ŵakubaba, yumoza ndiyo wakufwa.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="cia.gov" /> Mu 2016, ku Togo kukaŵa ŵanthu 4100 (2400-6100) awo ŵakasangika na HIV ndipo 5100 (3100-7700) awo ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu 2016, pakaŵa ŵanthu 100,000 (73,000-130,000) awo ŵakaŵa na HIV, ndipo pa ŵanthu aŵa, 51% (37-67%) ŵakalutanga ku cipatala. Pa ŵanakazi awo ŵakaŵa na nthumbo ndipo ŵakaŵa na HIV, 86% (59% - > 95%) ŵakalutanga ku cipatala panji ku cipatala kuti ŵaleke kuphalizgana nthenda iyi na ŵana ŵawo. Pafupifupi ŵana < 1000 (< 500- 1400) ndiwo ŵakasangika na HIV cifukwa cakuti yikathandazgika kufuma kwa mama kuluta kwa mwana. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na HIV, pafupifupi 42% (30- 55%) ŵakaŵa na HIV yayi. AFD yikugwira nchito kuti yikhozge umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu Lomé, tawuni ya mumphepete mwa nyanja iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 miliyoni, mwa kunozga vinthu vyakovwira kuti ŵakhalenge makora. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kunozga malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa agho ghakukolerana na malango gha caru cose.<ref name=":111">{{Cite web|last=Bank |first=European Investment |date=2023-02-23 |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean Oceans Initiative |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/the-clean-oceans-initiative |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref> === Masambilo === Ku Togo, masambiro ni ghakukhumbikwa kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Mu 1996, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeskeka mu sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 119.6%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeskeka mu sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 81.3%. Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskeka pa sukulu iyi chikaŵa 94%. Masambiro gha mu caru ici "ghakusuzgika cifukwa ca kusoŵa ŵasambizgi, masambiro ghaheni comene mu mizi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuweleraso ku sukulu na kuleka sukulu".<ref name="ilab">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm "Togo"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm|date=2 February 2008}}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Togo|Music of Togo}} [[File:Togo Taberma house 04.jpg|thumb|Taberma houses]] Chikhalidwe chake chikusonyeza zikhalidwe za mafuko, zikuluzikulu mwa izo ndi Ewe, Mina, Tem, Tchamba ndi Kabre. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga maluso na vigomezgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Vikozgo vya Ewe vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakasopanga viŵeto ivi. Ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi na vinthu vinyake vyakukopa m'malo mwa vikozgo vya ku Afrika ivyo vikaŵa palipose. Ŵakuŵaja makuni ŵa ku Kloto ŵali na "maunyoro gha nthengwa": Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakukolerana na mphete izo ŵajambura ku khuni limoza. Vinthu ivyo ŵakajambura ku Kloto vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakacitiranga vinthu mu nyengo yakale. Pali vizwazwa ivyo ŵakuvwara pa chiŵegha ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa viphikiro vya ku Assahoun. Mulembi Sokey Edorh wakalemba vinthu ivyo vikulongora "malo ghambura maji, agho ghakuputwa na mphepo yiheni", ndipo mu malo agha muli vimanyikwiro vya ŵanthu na vinyama. Paul Ahyi, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mapulasitiki, wakacitanga "zota", ndipo vinthu vinandi ivyo wakacita vikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku Lomé. Maseŵero gha basketball ni "maseŵero ghaciŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene" ku Togo. Timu ya Togo yikaŵa na timu ya beach volleyball iyo yikachita mpikisano wa 2018 ⁇ 2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanalume. Vinthu ivi ni wayilesi, TV, na mabuku. Wupu wa nkhani wa Agence Togolaise de Presse [fr] ukayamba mu 1975. Bungwe la nyuzipepara la Union des Journalistes Indépendants du Togo likukhala ku Lomé.<ref name="Europ2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003 |publisher=[[Europa Publications]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781857431315 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |page=1106+ |chapter=Togo: Directory |issn=0065-3896 |ref={{harvid|Europa|2003}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |accessdate=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Kayi Lawson |title= Le basketball, une discipline en quêtes de moyen et de vocations au Togo|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-basketball-une-discipline-en-qu%C3%AAtes-de-moyen-et-de-vocations-au-togo/5907971.html |accessdate=7 August 2021 |work=VOA Afrique |date=28 May 2021|language=French}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Togo]] *[[Horses in Togo]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * Bullock, A L C, ''Germany's Colonial Demands'' (Oxford University Press, 1939). * Gründer, Horst, ''Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien'', 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995). * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'' ([[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], 2001). * Packer, George, ''The Village of Waiting'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988). * Piot, Charles, ''Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War'' (University of Chicago Press, 2010). * Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, ''German Colonization, Past and Future - the Truth about the German Colonies'' (George Allen & Unwin, 1926). * Sebald, Peter, ''Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen'' (Berlin, 1987). * Seely, Jennifer, ''The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). * Zurstrassen, Bettina, ''"Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884-1914'' (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931). {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|wikt=Togo|n=Category:Togo|q=no|s=Portal:Togo|b=no|voy=Togo|v=no}} '''Government''' * [https://www.republicoftogo.com/ Republic of Togo] official site {{in lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202912/http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/ National Assembly of Togo] official site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/togo.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{in lang|fr}} '''General''' * [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2003/08/01/togo/ Country Profile] from [[New Internationalist]] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo Togo] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Togo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/togo.htm Togo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Togo}} * {{wikiatlas|Togo}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TG Key Development Forecasts for Togo] from [[International Futures]] '''Malonda''' * [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TGO/Year/2012/Summary Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] {{Togo topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Togo| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Togo]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former German colonies]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] 93bgfmdlit9777jtth46zunm7d3jsfy 0 6964 122742 119332 2026-09-28T03:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{redirect|ZWE|other uses|Zimbabwe (disambiguation)|and|ZWE (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Zimbabwe | common_name = Zimbabwe | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = 15 other official names<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe 2013, as amended to 2017 |url=https://constitutions.unwomen.org/en/countries/africa/zimbabwe?provisioncategory=1567c632948f4e7fbda031acfcb07d6d |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=constitutions.unwomen.org}}</ref> | {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Shona language|Shona]]: | data1 = {{lang|sn|Nyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]: | data2 = {{lang|nd|Ilizwe leZimbabwe}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Chewa language|Chewa]]: | data3 = {{lang|ny|Dziko la Zimbabwe}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Chibarwe]]: | data4 = {{lang|bwg|Nyika ye Zimbabwe}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]]: | data5 = {{lang|kck|Hango yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]]: | data6 = {{lang|st|Zimbabwe Nù}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Nambya language|Nambya]]: | data7 = {{lang|nmq|Inyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Ndau dialect|Ndau]]: | data8 = {{lang|ndc|Nyika yeZimbabwe}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Tsonga language|Shangani]]: | data9 = {{lang|ts|Tiko ra Zimbabwe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow| label10 = [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]]: | data10 = {{lang|st|Naha ya Zimbabwe}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow| label11 = [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]: | data11 = {{lang|st|Cisi ca Zimbabwe}} | rowclass12 = mergedrow| label12 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data12 = {{lang|ve|Shango ḽa Zimbabwe}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow| label13 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data13 = {{lang|xh|Ilizwe lase-Zimbabwe}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg | coa_size = 105 | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Work"<ref name="BEAVERCT">{{cite journal |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AFwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340,2548451&dq=zimbabwe+unity-freedom-work&hl=en |title=Zimbabwe |journal= The Beaver County Times |date= 13 September 1981 |access-date= 2 November 2011}}</ref> | national_anthem = "[[National Anthem of Zimbabwe|Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe]]"<ref name="CIA-WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |title=The World Factbook – Zimbabwe |date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><div style= "padding-top:0.5em;">{{center| }}</div> | image_map = Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | capital = [[Harare]] | coordinates = {{Coord|17|49|45|S|31|03|08|E|type:city_region:ZW}} | largest_city = Harare | official_languages = [[Languages of Zimbabwe|16 languages]]:<ref name="language">{{cite web |publisher=Government of Zimbabwe |via=Kubatana.net |url= http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf |title=Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft) |date=January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> {{hlist |[[Shona language|Shona]] | [[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] | [[Chibarwe]] | [[Zimbabwean English|English]] | [[Kalanga language|Kalanga]] |"[[Khoisan languages|Koisan]]" (presumably [[Tsoa language|Tsoa]]) | [[Nambya language|Nambya]] | [[Ndau language|Ndau]] | [[Shangani language|Shangani]] |"[[Zimbabwean sign languages|sign language]]" |[[Sotho language|Sotho]] | [[Tonga language (Zambia)|Tonga]] | [[Tswana language|Tswana]] | [[Venda language|Venda]] | [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | [[Chewa language|Chewa]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 99.38% [[Black African]] (mainly [[Shona people|Shona]] and [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]]) | {{nowrap|0.22% [[White people in Zimbabwe|White African]]}} | 0.18% [[Coloured]] | 0.08% [[Asian people|Asian]] | 0.02% Other | 0.01% Not stated }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 Census<ref name="zimstat.co.zw" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |84.1% [[Christianity in Zimbabwe|Christianity]] |—69.2% [[Protestantism]] |—14.9% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |10.2% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |4.5% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.2% Others }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref name="2017survey">{{cite web |url=https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Inter%20Censal%20Demography%20Survey%202017%20Report.pdf |title=Inter Censal Demography Survey 2017 Report |publisher=Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency |date=2017}}</ref> | demonym = Zimbabwean<br />Zimbo<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VzXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title= Developments in English | work =International Association of University Professors of English Conference|date= 31 October 2014 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |via= Google Books|isbn= 9781107038509 }}</ref> (colloquial) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Zimbabwe|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Zimbabwe|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Constantino Chiwenga]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold |from the [[United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Declared]] | established_date1 = 11 November 1965 | established_event2 = [[Rhodesia|Republic]] | established_date2 = 2 March 1970 | established_event3 = [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] | established_date3 = 1 June 1979 | established_event4 = [[Lancaster House Agreement|Independence recognised]] | established_date4 = 18 April 1980 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Zimbabwe|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 15 May 2013 | area_km2 = 390,757 | area_rank = 60th | area_sq_mi = 150,871 | percent_water = 1 | population_estimate = 15,418,674<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Zimbabwe|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_census = 15,178,979<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census - Preliminary Report - Zimbabwe Data Portal |url=https://zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org/anjlptc/2022-population-and-housing-census-preliminary-report |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 73rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 39 | population_density_sq_mi = 57 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $42.4 billion<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=698,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TMG_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 24, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 131st | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,627<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $29.9 billion<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 110th | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,851<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 154th | Gini = 50.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title= GINI Index |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 16 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.593 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 146th | currency = [[Zimbabwean_dollar (2019–present)|Zimbabwean dollar]]<br />[[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ($) ([[ISO 4217|USD]])<ref name=Reuters.currency>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zimbabwe-adopts-new-inflation-rate-based-us-dollar-local-currency-2023-03-03/ |title=Zimbabwe adopts new inflation rate based on U.S. dollar, local currency |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=Reuters |location=Harare}}</ref><br />[[South African rand]];<ref name=Reuters.currency /> Other currencies{{notetag|After the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009, [[Euro]], [[United States dollar]], [[Pound sterling]], [[South African rand]], [[Botswana pula]], [[Australian dollar]], [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]], [[Indian rupee]] and [[Japanese yen]] are used as legal tender.}} | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]<ref name= TimeZone>{{cite web |url= http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |title= Zimbabwe Time |website= Greenwich Mean Time |publisher= Greenwich 2000|access-date= 17 November 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182003/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |archive-date= 19 July 2011 |df= dmy-all}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+263]] | cctld = [[.zw]] | today = }} '''Zimbabwe''' ntcharu icho chili pakati pa [[milonga ya Zambezi]] na [[Limpopo]], kumwera na [[South Africa]], kumwera na [[Botswana]], kumpoto na [[Zambia]]. Msumba ukuru chomene wa [[Harare]], ndipo waciŵiri ni [[Bulawayo, Zimbabwe|Bulawayo]]. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 miliyoni<ref name=macro>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZWE/zimbabwe/population |title=Zimbabwe Population 1950-2021 |website=macrotrends.net |access-date=29 June 2021 }}</ref>. Mtundu ukuru chomene mu Zimbabwe ni wa Shona, uwo uli na ŵanthu 82% pa charu chose. Ku Zimbabwe kuli viyowoyero 16, ndipo viyowoyero vikuru ni [[Cingelezi]], [[Cishona]], na [[Ndebele]].<ref name="language" /> Kwamba mu ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu (awo ŵakaŵa mtundu wa Shona) ndiwo ŵakazenga msumba wa [[Great Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":3" /> Mu ma 1000 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa umoza mwa misumba yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikaguliskanga vinthu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, msumba uwu ukaŵa kuti walekeka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott |url=https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-built-great-zimbabwe-and-why-breeanna-elliott |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=TED-Ed |language=en}}</ref>Kufuma apo, ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukapangika, ndipo pamanyuma pake ufumu wa Rozvi na Mutapa.<ref name=":3" /> [[Kampani ya British South Africa|British South Africa Company]] ya [[Cecil Rhodes]] yikamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha [[Rhodesia]] mu 1890 apo ŵakathereska Mashonaland ndipo pamanyuma mu 1893 ŵakathereska Matabeleland pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele ŵakakana. Mu 1923, boma la [[South Rhodesia]] likamba kulamulirika na boma la Britain. Mu 1965, boma la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa likapharazga kuti ni Rhodesia. Boma ili likaŵa kutali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo likaŵa na nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ya vyaka 15 na ŵasilikari ŵa mitundu yinyake. Kufuma apo, charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa mu wupu wa [[Commonwealth of Nations]], ndipo chikafumamo mu 2002 chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha vyaru vinyake. Mugabe wakazgoka nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe mu 1980, apo chipani chake cha ZANU-PF chikaluska pa chisankho chikuru pamanyuma pa umaliro wa muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe kufuma mu 1987 mpaka apo wakafumako mu 2017. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe, wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose ndipo ndiwo ukachitanga viheni vinandi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2015&dlid=252745|title=Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report|year=2015|access-date=6 May 2016|publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]]}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2000 mpaka mu 2009, chuma chikamba kunangika na kukhuŵara chomene pambere chindawelere nyuma apo ndalama zinyake padera pa dola ya ku Zimbabwe zikazomerezgekanga. Pa 15 Novembala 2017, pamanyuma pa chaka chimoza cha viwawa vyakususkana na boma lake kweniso chuma cha Zimbabwe icho chikukhilira pasi, Mugabe wakajalirika mu nyumba na ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi mu boma, ndipo Mugabe wakafumapo pati pajumpha mazuŵa 6. Emmerson Mnangagwa ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe. Charu cha Zimbabwe chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Southern African Development Community, African Union, na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. == Kwiza kwa zina == {{further|Rhodesia (name)}} Zina lakuti "Zimbabwe" likufuma ku lizgu la ChiShona ilo likung'anamura Great Zimbabwe, msumba wa ku Middle Ages (Masvingo) uwo uli kumwera kwa charu ichi. Pali vigomezgo viŵiri vyakukhwaskana na umo lizgu ili likambira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti lizgu lakuti "Zimbabwe" lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti dzimba-dza-mabwe, ilo lili kung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Chishona la Karanga kuti "nyumba za malibwe"..<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.somalipress.com/zimbabwe-overview/zimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html|title= Zimbabwe – big house of stone|publisher= Somali Press|access-date= 14 December 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184153/http://www.somalipress.com/zimbabwe-overview/zimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html|archive-date= 3 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Shona Class 5 revisited: a case against *ri as Class 5 nominal prefix|journal= Zambezia|year= 1994|volume= 21|pages= 51–80|author= Lafon, Michel|url= http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol21n1/juz021001005.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Mediated monuments and national identity|author= Vale, Lawrence J.|doi= 10.1080/136023699373774|journal= Journal of Architecture|volume= 4|year= 1999|pages= 391–408|issue= 4}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Karanga ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Great Zimbabwe, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Masvingo. Munthu munyake uyo wakusanda vinthu vyakale, zina lake Peter Garlake, wakati lizgu lakuti "Zimbabwe" likung'anamura lizgu lakuti dzimba-hwe.<ref>{{cite book|last= Garlake|first= Peter|author-link= Peter Garlake|title= Great Zimbabwe: New Aspects of Archaeology|url= https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl|url-access= limited|year= 1973|publisher= Thames & Hudson|location= London, UK|isbn= 978-0-8128-1599-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/greatzimbabwe0000garl/page/13 13]}}</ref> Kale, charu cha Zimbabwe chikachemekanga [[Southern Rhodesia]] (1898), [[Rhodesia]] (1965), na [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] (1979). Mu 1960 munthu munyake wakuchemeka Michael Mawema ndiyo wakambiska zina lakuti "Zimbabwe".<ref name=ndlovugatsheni113114/>Lizgu lakuti "Rhodesia", ilo lili kufuma ku zina la [[Cecil Rhodes]], uyo wakambiska kuti ku Britain kukhalenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaliwonanga kuti ndakwenelera yayi.<ref name=fontein119120>{{cite book|title= The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage|url= https://archive.org/details/silenceofgreatzi0000font|last= Fontein|first= Joost|location= London|publisher= [[University College London|University College London Press]]|date= September 2006|edition= First|isbn= 978-1844721238|pages= [https://archive.org/details/silenceofgreatzi0000font/page/119 119]–20}}</ref> Mawema wakati mu 1960, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakachita ungano kuti ŵasankhe zina linyake la charu ichi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa charu cha Matabeleland ŵakayowoyaso kuti "Matopos", kung'anamura mapiri gha Matopos kumwera kwa Bulawayo.<ref name=ndlovugatsheni113114>{{cite book|title= Do "Zimbabweans" Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State|last= Ndlovu-Gatsheni|first= Sabelo J.|location= Bern|publisher= [[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang AG]]|year= 2009|edition= First|isbn= 978-3-03911-941-7|pages= 113–14}}</ref> It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used—a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland"<ref name="ndlovugatsheni113114" /> — but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement.<ref name=fontein119120/>Mu 2001, Eddison Zvobgo, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu, wakayowoya kuti Mawema wakazunura zina ili pa ungano wa ndyali. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zina ili pa nyengo ya kampeni yaciŵiri ya Chimurenga yakwimikana na boma la Rhodesia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia ya 1964-1979. Gulu likuru mu kampu iyi likaŵa la Zimbabwe African National Union (lakuwusika na Robert Mugabe kwambira mu 1975), na Zimbabwe African People's Union (lakuwusika na Joshua Nkomo kwambira apo likakhazikiskikira mu 1960s). Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ivyo vikajiyimira mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], charu cha Zimbabwe nacho chilije mtundu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ChiShona, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵalipo pa chiŵerengero ichi ŵalipo 80 peresenti. Dango ili likuzomerezga viyowoyero 16, kweni viŵiri pera ndivyo vikuyowoyeka pa charu chose, chiShona na Chingelezi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira Chishona mu masukulu. Kweniso mu charu cha Zimbabwe mulije mulongozgi uyo ni Mushona yayi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Mlambo|first=Alois S.|date=2013|title=Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, Nationalism and State-building|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43941319|journal=Africa Spectrum|volume=48|issue=1|pages=49–70|doi=10.1177/000203971304800103|jstor=43941319|s2cid=127302759|issn=0002-0397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=From a kingdom to a nation: A Shona awakening |url=https://tradmag.ca/season-1/government/from-a-kingdom-to-a-nation-a-shona-awakening-2/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Trad Magazine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174617/https://tradmag.ca/season-1/government/from-a-kingdom-to-a-nation-a-shona-awakening-2/ |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Zimbabwe}} === Nyengo ya pambere charu chindambe kulamulira === {{further|Bantu expansion}} [[File:Tower, Great Zimbabwe1.jpg|thumb|upright|Towers of [[Great Zimbabwe]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu charu cha Zimbabwe vyaka 500,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San, awo ŵakasunga mivi na vithuzithuzi vya mu mphanji. Pafupifupi vyaka 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵalimi ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakafika mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa|title=Pre-colonial history of SA|website=South African History Online|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702192857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pre-colonial-history-sa|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe|title=Zimbabwe|website=South African History Online|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107164147/http://www.sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe|archive-date=7 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Shona ŵakamba kuŵako mu chigaŵa chapakati cha mlonga wa Limpopo mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. pambere ŵandalute ku malo gha mapiri gha ku Zimbabwe. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa pakatikati pa vyaru vinyake vya Shona, kwamba mu ma 1000 C.E. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda na ŵamalonda ŵa ku India, ndipo ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mapungubwe. Ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵambe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 13 m'paka mu 15 C.E. Vinthu ivi vikuwoneka mu malo agho ghakaŵa ku Great Zimbabwe, kufupi na Masvingo, kweniso mu malo ghanyake ghachoko. Pa malo agha pakaŵa nyumba zakuzengeka na malibwe ghakukhoma. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaguliskana vinthu mu Zimbabwe apo ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe ŵakafikanga kufuma ku Portugal. Vyaru ivi vikaguliskanga golide, njovu, na mkuŵa na kugura salu na gilasi.<ref name="autogenerated241">{{cite book|title= Historical Archaeology |url= https://archive.org/details/historicalarchae0000unse_l8k7 |last= Hall|first= Martin|author2= Stephen W. Silliman|year= 2005|publisher= Wiley Blackwell|isbn= 978-1-4051-0751-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalarchae0000unse_l8k7/page/241 241]–44}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 1220, ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa kuti wajumpha wa Mapungubwe. Boma la Shona likasazgirako na kusazgirako maofesi gha malibwe gha ku Mapungubwe, agho ghachalipo m'paka sono pa malo agho ghakaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe. Kufuma mu 1450 m'paka mu 1760, Ufumu wa Mutapa ukawusa chigaŵa chikuru cha Zimbabwe, kweniso vigaŵa vinyake vya Mozambiki. Charu ichi chikachemekangaso Ufumu wa Mutapa, panji Mwene Mutapa panji Monomotapa kweniso "Munhumutapa". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza pa ufumu uwu ndipo ŵakambiska nkhondo zinandi izo zikapangiska kuti ufumu wawo uparanyike kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1700.<ref name="autogenerated241" /> Pakuzgora ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu ichi, boma liphya la Ŵashona likawuka. Pakuthemba pa umo ŵasilikari, ŵandyali, na chisopa ŵakendera kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozwi (kung'anamura "ŵakuparanya") ŵakachimbizga Ŵapwitikizi mu charu cha Zimbabwe mu 1683. Mu 1821, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Khumalo, zina lake Mzilikazi, wakawukira Themba Shaka na kukhazikiska mtundu wake wa Ndebele. Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵakaluta kumpoto ku Transvaal, ndipo ŵakasakaza vinthu vinandi chomene. Mu 1836, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal ŵakaŵachimbizga kumpoto chomene na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Tswana Barolong na ŵa Griqua. Kuzakafika mu 1838, Ŵandebele ŵakathereska Ufumu wa Rozwi pamoza na vyaru vinyake vichoko vya Shona.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book|last= Nelson|first= Harold|title= Zimbabwe: A Country Study |pages= 1–317|publisher= The Studies | year= 1983}}</ref> [[File:Harris - Ndebelekraal.png|thumb|A Matabele [[kraal]], as depicted by [[William Cornwallis Harris]], 1836]] Mu 1840, Mzilikazi na fuko lake ŵakati ŵafumako ku vyaru vyawo ku South Africa, ŵakakhazikika kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zimbabwe. Pamanyuma, Mzilikazi wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari lakuyana na la Shaka. Mubali Mzilikazi wakafwa mu 1868; pamanyuma pa kulimbana na mwana wake Lobengula. === Nyengo ya Chikoloni na Rhodesia (1888~1964) === {{Main|Company rule in Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia|Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland}} [[File:Hoisting the flag at Fort Salisbury.png|thumb|The [[Union Jack]] was raised over [[Harare|Fort Salisbury]] on 13 September 1890.]] Mu ma 1880, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza na kampani ya Cecil Rhodes yakuchemeka British South Africa Company (iyo yikalembeka mu 1889). Mu 1888, Themba Lobengula la ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele, likapeleka wanangwa wa kunozga migodi ku charu cha Rhodes. Iyo wakapeleka mwaŵi uwu kuti wakhuŵilizge boma la Britain kuti lipeleke wanangwa wa kuwusa Matabeleland na vyaru vinyake nga ni Mashonaland. Rhodes wakagwiliskira ntchito chikalata ichi mu 1890 kuti walongosore makora chifukwa icho wakatumira gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakavikilirikanga na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain (British South Africa Police - BSAP) awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vinandi. Mu 1893 na 1894, ŵasilikari ŵa BSAP ŵakathereska Ŵandebele mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Matabele. Rhodes wakapemphaso kuti waŵape wanangwa wakuchita vinthu nga umo ŵakachitiranga ku Limpopo na Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Kuyana na fundo izo zikaŵa mu mapangano agha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo Ŵanung'una ŵakalutilira kulamulira ŵantchito, visulo vyakuzirwa, na vinthu vinyake.<ref name="bsac">Bryce, James (2008). ''Impressions of South Africa''. p. 170; {{ISBN|055430032X}}.</ref> [[File:Battle of the Shangani.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battle of the Shangani]] on 25 October 1893]] Mu 1895, BSAC yikapeleka zina lakuti "Rhodesia" ku malo agha. Mu 1898, "Southern Rhodesia" likazgoka zina la chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto, icho chikaŵa na boma lapadera, pamanyuma chikachemeka Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia). Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵabali ŵa ku Rhodes ŵakachitira nkhondo ya Jameson (Disembala 1895 m'paka Janyuwale 1896) pa charu cha South Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵakagalukira ŵalongozgi ŵatuŵa. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Matabele ya 1896-1897 yikamara mu Matabeleland mpaka mu 1896, apo Mlimo wakakomeka na Frederick Russell Burnham. Mu 1896 na 1897, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵakagalukira boma la boma la Shona. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka uku, boma la Rhodes likathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Ndebele na Shona ndipo likanozga vyaru kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakhalengepo. Pa Seputembala 12, 1923, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukakolerana na charu cha Southern Rhodesia.<ref>Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia."</ref><ref>Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council came into effect</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">''Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia'' by Vera Gowlland-Debbas</ref><ref>Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645</ref>Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokelereka, pa Okutobala 1, 1923, dango lakwamba la Southern Rhodesia likamba kugwira ntchito. Kuyana na dango liphya ili, charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakateŵeteranga ku United Kingdom pa Nkhondo za Caru Cose ziŵiri izo zikacitika kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Kuyana na unandi wa ŵazungu, caru ca Southern Rhodesia cikapeleka ndalama zinandi comene pa munthu yumoza pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose kuluska cigaŵa cilicose ca ufumu uwu, kusazgapo Britain. Mu 1930, dango la kugaŵa malo likakanizga ŵanthu ŵafipa kuŵa na malo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyana, ntheura nyengo zinandi ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga vya kusintha kwa malo. Mu 1953, cifukwa ca kugaluka kwa vyaru vya ku Africa, Britain wakakolerana na vyaru viŵiri vya Rhodesia pamoza na Nyasaland (Malawi) mu Central African Federation. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamba kutinkhana chomene, chomenechomene ku Nyasaland. Apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kulamulira ku Northern Rhodesia na Nyasaland, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutilira kulamulira. Pamanyuma pa wanangwa wa Zambia (kufumila mu Okutobala 1964), boma la Rhodesian Front la Ian Smith mu Salisbury likathereska zina lakuti "Southern" mu 1964 (para Northern Rhodesia yikasintha zina lake kuŵa Zambia, lizgu lakuti Southern pambere zina la Rhodesia lindambe kuzunulika likamba kuŵa lakukhumbikwa yayi ndipo charu chikamba kumanyikwa kuti Rhodesia pamanyuma). Smith wakakana fundo ya Britain yakuti "kuŵa na wanangwa yayi pambere ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵandambe kulamulira". Uwu ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba uwo ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Britain ŵakacita kufuma waka mu 1776.<ref name="moorcraft"> {{cite journal |url= http://www.historytoday.com/paul-moorcraft/rhodesias-war-independence |title= Rhodesia's War of Independence|date= 31 August 1990 |journal= History Today|volume= 40 | issue= 9 |first= Paul|last= Moorcraft |quote= [P]er head of (white) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom. ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force (supposedly the most disaffected service) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence.}} </ref> === Kupharazga wanangwa na nkhondo ya mukati (1965-1980) === {{Main|Rhodesia|Rhodesian Bush War|Zimbabwe Rhodesia|Lancaster House Agreement}} [[File:Udi2-rho.jpg|thumb|[[Ian Smith]] signing the [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience]] Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukawona kuti dango la Rhodesia likaŵa la kugaluka, kweni ukathereska yayi boma ili. Boma la Britain likapempha wupu wa United Nations kuti uŵike vyeruzgo pa caru ca Rhodesia cifukwa ca kudumbiskana na boma la Smith mu 1966 na 1968. Mu Disembala 1966, wupu uwu ukachita ivyo ukayowoya, ndipo ukakanizga boma la Georgia kuti licitenge malonda.<ref name="eafp">Hastedt, Glenn P. (2004) ''Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy'', Infobase Publishing, p. 537; {{ISBN|143810989X}}.</ref> Mu 1968, ŵakawovwiraso pa nkhani iyi. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamba apo gulu la Joshua Nkomo la Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) na la Robert Mugabe la Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), ilo likakhozgeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Chikomyunizimu na vyaru vya mu Africa, likamba nkhondo ya kuwukira boma la Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. ZAPU yikakhozgeka na Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact na vyaru vinyake nga ni Cuba, ndipo yikamba kulondezga fundo za Marxist-Leninist. Mu 1970, Smith wakapharazga kuti Rhodesia ni charu cha ŵanthu wose, kweni charu chose chikamukana. Nyengo yeneyiyo, nkhondo ya mukati mu Rhodesia yikakura comene, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakeneranga kudumbiskana na ŵasilikari ŵa cikomyunizimu.[[File:Lancaster-House-Agreement.png|thumb|right|Bishop [[Abel Muzorewa]] signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|British Foreign Secretary]] [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]].]] Mu Malichi 1978, Smith wakakolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa mu Africa, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bishop Abel Muzorewa, awo ŵakapeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵazungu ŵakhalenge makora mu malo agha. Paumaliro wa ndondomeko iyi, mu Epulero 1979, pakaŵa mavoti ndipo United African National Council (UANC) ndiyo yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinandi mu nyumba ya malango. Pa 1 Juni 1979, Muzorewa, mulongozgi wa UANC, wakaŵa nduna yikuru ndipo zina la chalo likasinthika kuŵa Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Pa ndondomeko iyi, Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, ŵantchito ŵa boma, makhoti, na pa vigaŵa vitatu vya nyumba za malango. Pa Juni 12, wupu wa United States Senate ukazomerezga kuti caru ca Rhodesia cileke kusuzgika na vinthu vya cuma. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa vigaŵa vya Commonwealth uwo ukacitikira ku Lusaka, Zambia, kwambira pa Ogasiti 1 m'paka 7, 1979, boma la Britain likacemera Muzorewa, Mugabe, na Nkomo kuti ŵize ku ungano wa malango ku Lancaster House. Chilato cha ungano uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵadumbiskane na kukolerana pa fundo zakukhwaskana na dango la boma lakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso kuti paŵe maungano gha boma agho ghazamuwoneseskeka na Britain. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs wa ku United Kingdom. Pa Disembala 21, 1979, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vyose ŵakakolerana pa phangano la Lancaster House, ndipo nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamara.<ref name="lancaster">Preston, Matthew (2004). ''Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective.'' p. 25; {{ISBN|1850435790}}.</ref><ref>Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." ''International Affairs'' 56#3 (1980): 405–419. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2617389 online]</ref> Pa Disembala 11, 1979, Nyumba ya Maungano ya Rhodesia yikavota na mavoti 90 kuti yilute ku malo gha Britain (Ian Smith nayo wakazomera). Kufuma apo, boma likapokelera fundo iyi. Christopher Soames, uyo wakaŵa kazembe muphya, wakati wiza pa Disembala 12, 1979, Britain yikamba kulamulira charu cha Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Britain wakawuskapo vyeruzgo pa Disembala 12 ndipo United Nations pa Disembala 16. Pa viwoneskero vya mu Febuluwale 1980, Mugabe na chipani cha ZANU ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Themba Charles, ilo likaŵa mwimiliri wa Britain, likapeleka wanangwa ku caru ciphya ca Zimbabwe pa ciphikiro ico cikacitikira mu Harare mu Epulero 1980.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian |date=2008 |title=Bitter Harvest |url=https://archive.org/details/bitterharvestzim0000smit |location=London |publisher=John Blake Publishing Ltd |page=[https://archive.org/details/bitterharvestzim0000smit/page/367 367] |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |author-link=Ian Smith }}</ref> === Nyengo ya kujithemba (1980-paka sono) === [[File:Zimbabwe, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Trends in Zimbabwe's [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]], {{Nowrap|1970–2010}}]] Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zimbabwe wati wapokera wanangwa wakaŵa [[Canaan Banan]]<nowiki/>a, uyo pakwamba wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Mugabe wakaŵa nduna yikuru na mulara wa boma. Mu 1980, Samora Machel wakaphalira Mugabe kuti Zimbabwe ni "Jewel of Africa" kweni wakasazgirapo kuti: "Mungayifipiskanga yayi!".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again|first=Boris|last=Johnson|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 November 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/04/10/the-jewel-of-africa/|title=The Jewel of Africa|first=Doris|last=Lessing|date=10 April 2003|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years/2724325.html|title=What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa?|first=Irwin|last=Chifera}}</ref> Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabeleland ŵakamba kulimbana na ivyo Ŵashona ŵakawonanga kuti ni kuwukira boma. Nkhondo ya ku Matabele yikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo ilo likuchemeka Gukurahundi (Shona:'mvula yakwamba iyo yikugeziska duru pambere vula ya mu chihanya yindize'). Gulu la Cinkhondi, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakasambizgika na North Korea ndipo ŵakaphalirika na Mugabe, ŵakanjira mu Matabeleland na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakovwira "ŵakupambana maghanoghano". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Gukurahundi iyo yikatora vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 3,750 na 80,000. Ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika mu misasa ya ŵasilikari. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1987 pamanyuma pakuti Nkomo na Mugabe ŵafika pa phangano la umoza ilo likasazga vipani vyawo na kupanga Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU-PF).<ref name="meredith6273">{{cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62 |title=Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe |date=September 2007 |publisher=[[Perseus Books Group|PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1-58648-558-0 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62 62–73] |author-link=Martin Meredith |orig-year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124818/http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html|archive-date=23 November 2008 | title= Chronology of Zimbabwe |publisher=badley.info|access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1831470.stm|title=Timeline: Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|access-date=9 December 2008 |date=15 October 2009}}</ref> Pa mavoti gha mu Malichi 1990, Mugabe na chipani chake cha ZANU-PF ŵakathereskaso ŵanyawo, ndipo ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 117.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|title=Zimbabwe: 1990 General Elections|access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=EISA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015007/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902092508/http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html|archive-date=2 September 2009 |title=Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe|last=Moyo |first=Jonathon N. |publisher=University of Zimbabwe |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵamalonda, na ŵantchito ŵanyake kanandi ŵakalongoranga kuti ŵakukondwa yayi na ivyo Mugabe na ZANU-PF ŵakachitanga. Mu 1996, ŵantchito ŵa boma, ŵasilikari, na ŵadokotala ŵakaleka ntchito cifukwa ca suzgo la malipiro. Kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu ukamba kunangika comene. Mu 1997, ŵanthu pafupifupi 25% ŵakaŵa na HIV. Mu 1997, boma la ZANU-PF likambaso kudandawura chomene pa nkhani ya kugaŵa malo. Nangauli pakaŵa pulogiramu ya kunozga malo kufuma mu ma 1980, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghakukwana 0.6 peresenti. Mu 2000, boma likalutilira na ndondomeko yake ya kusintha malo mwaluŵiro. Ndondomeko iyi yikasazgapo kutora malo mwakucicizgika kuti ŵanthu ŵazakagaŵireso malo ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Kuwombokwa kwa malo gha vyakurya, chilangalanga, na kuchepa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na wovwiri unyake, vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vyakunjilira ku vyaru vinyake vichepe chomene. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵalimi ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakujumpha 58,000 ŵamba kunozgaso vyakurya vinyake ivyo vikumara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/africa/in-zimbabwe-land-takeover-a-golden-lining.html?pagewanted=all|title=In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining|work=The New York Times|date=20 July 2012|access-date=21 July 2012|author=Polgreen, Lydia}}</ref> Pulezidenti Mugabe na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha ZANU-PF ŵakasangana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana. Mu 2002, caru ici cikafumiskika mu wupu wa Commonwealth cifukwa ca kupoka minda mwambura kucenjera ndiposo kunanga mavoti. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ŵalara ŵa boma la Zimbabwe ŵakaleka kujipeleka ku Commonwealth. Mu 2001, boma la United States likakhazikiska dango lakuti Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). Phangano ili likamba kugwira ntchito mu 2002 ndipo likakanizga boma la Zimbabwe kupeleka ngongoli. Bill Frist ndiyo wakalemba dango ili, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako ni Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, Russ Feingold, na Jesse Helms. Kwizira mu cipaturo 4C ca ZDERA ("Multilateral Financing Restriction"), Secretary of the Treasury wakulangulika kuti walongozge U.S. Ŵalaŵiliri ŵa mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose agho ghali kulembeka mu cipaturo 3 "ŵakususka na kuvota kwimikana na-- (1) kunjizga ngongoli yiliyose, ngongoli, panji cisimikizgo ku boma la Zimbabwe; panji (2) kulekeska panji kucepeskako ngongoli iyo boma la Zimbabwe lili nayo ku United States panji ku mabungwe ghanyake gha vya ndalama". Kuzakafika mu 2003, chuma cha charu ichi chikaŵa kuti chathika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 25 pa ŵanthu 11 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachimbira. Ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanayi ŵa mu Zimbabwe ŵakakhalanga na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pera pa zuŵa. Pamanyuma pa mavoti mu 2005, boma likambiska "Operation Murambatsvina", mulimo wa kukanizga misika yambura kuzomerezgeka na mizi iyo yikaŵa mu misumba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4188702.stm|title=Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story|date=30 August 2005 |publisher=BBC|access-date=19 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/driving-out-the-filth-in-zimbabwe/|title=Driving out the filth in Zimbabwe|date=31 January 2007}}</ref> Boma la Zimbabwe likuyowoya kuti mulimo uwu ni nthowa yakupelekera nyumba ziwemi ku ŵanthu, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakususka nga ni Amnesty International ŵakuti ŵamazaza ŵandalongosorepo ivyo ŵakugomezga.<ref name="muram">{{cite web|url=http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010190256/http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006|archive-date=10 October 2006 |title=Zimbabwe: Housing policy built on foundation of failures and lies – Amnesty International|date=9 August 2006 |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>[[File:Food insecurity in Zimbabwe.svg|thumb|Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008]] Pa Malichi 29, 2008, Zimbabwe yikachita chisankho cha pulezidenti pamoza na chisankho cha pa nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti gha mavoti agha ŵakasungapo kwa masabata ghaŵiri, pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T) ndiyo yili na mpando umoza mu nyumba ya malango.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kenneth Ingham |author2=Clyde William Sanger |author3=Kenneth Bradley |title=Zimbabwe - 2008 elections and aftermath &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe/2008-elections-and-aftermath |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116000541/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe/2008-elections-and-aftermath |archive-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> Pa Julayi 10, 2008, Russia na China ŵakakanira ivyo United Nations yikachita ku Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/11/unitednations.zimbabwe|title=China and Russia veto Zimbabwe sanctions|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=11 July 2008|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 June 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Boma la United States ndilo likalemba chikalata ichi, icho mphanyi chikaŵa chakukanizga boma la Mugabe kugura vilwero. Ndipouli, vyaru 9 pa vyaru 15 ivyo vili mu wupu wa UN Security Council vikasuska, kusazgapo Vietnam, South Africa, na Libya, ivyo vikati Zimbabwe ni 'ciyezgo yayi ku mtende na civikiliro ca caru cose.' Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2008, masuzgo gha ku Zimbabwe ghakafika paheni chomene pa nkhani ya umoyo, umoyo wa ŵanthu (pakawuka nthenda ya kolera mu Disembala) na vinthu vinyake. Mu nyengo iyi, mawupu ghambura vya boma ghakatora malo gha boma pakupeleka vyakurya ku Zimbabwe. Mu Seputembala 2008, pakaŵa phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza pakati pa Tsvangirai na Pulezidenti Mugabe, ilo likazomerezga Mugabe kuŵa nduna yikuru. Chifukwa cha mphindano pakati pa ŵaliska ŵa vipani vyawo, phangano ili likafiskika yayi m'paka pa Febuluwale 13, 2009. Kufika mu Disembala 2010, Mugabe wakawofyanga kuti wazamupoka makampani ghose agho ghakhalako mu Zimbabwe kwambura kuti "malango gha ku Western" ghalekeskeka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/12/18/Mugabe-wants-sanctions-removed/UPI-84591292686762|title=Mugabe wants sanctions removed|work=United Press International|date=18 December 2010|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>[[File:Mugabe - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Zimbabwean President [[Robert Mugabe]] attended the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011.]] Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011 na wupu wa Freedom House, wakalongora kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ukwenda makora chomene kufuma apo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Ofesi ya Wupu wa United Nations yakuwona vya wovwiri wa ŵanthu (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) yikati: "Vinthu vikwenda makora chomene mu Zimbabwe kufuma mu 2009, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali mu suzgo". Pa 17 January 2013, Mubali John Nkomo wakafwa na kansa ku St Anne's Hospital, Harare, wali na vyaka 78. Dango liphya ilo likapokelereka mu 2013 ku Zimbabwe likuchepeska mazaza gha pulezidenti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zimbabweans start voting to adopt new constitution|url=https://www.reuters.com-archive-classified.eu/article/2013/03/16/us-zimbabwe-referendum-idUSBRE92F03G20130316|work=Reuters|access-date=16 March 2013|author=Dzirutwe, MacDonald |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Mugabe wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti mu mavoti gha mu Julayi 2013 mu Zimbabwe agho The Economist yikati "ghakaŵa ghakupusika" ndipo Daily Telegraph yikati "ghakaŵa ghakubisika". Gulu la Movement for Democratic Change likati kuli upusikizgi ukuru ndipo likayezga kupempha wovwiri ku khoti. Mu nyengo yakuzizika pa ungano wa ZANU-PF mu Disembala 2014, President Robert Mugabe mwangozi wakaleka kuti opposition ndiyo yikaluska pa kafukufuku wa 2008 na 73%. Boma la Mugabe la ZANU-PF likati lathereska pa chisankho, likambaso kulamulira na chipani chimoza, likasazgirako maofesi gha boma, ndipo kuyana na magazini ya The Economist, likamba "kuchita vinthu viheni chomene". Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2017 na Institute for Security Studies (ISS) wakati chifukwa cha kunangika kwa boma na vyachuma, "boma likukhozga vimbundi kuti liwezge suzgo la kutondeka kupeleka ndalama ku maboma ghake". Pa 22 Okutobala 2015, pulezidenti Robert Mugabe wakapokera chawanangwa cha Confucius Peace Prize, icho chili nga ni chawanangwa cha Nobel Peace Prize ku China chifukwa cha kujipeleka kwake pa ndyali na vyachuma. Mu Julayi 2016, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitikanga mu charu chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma.<ref name="Economist072016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701779-imf-ready-throw-mugabe-regime-lifeline-bad-idea-bailing-out|title=Bailing out bandits|date=9 July 2016|newspaper=The Economist|issue=8997|volume=420|pages=43–44|issn=0013-0613|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36724874 |title=Zimbabwe 'shut down' over economic collapse |access-date=7 July 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/mugabe-at-war-with-militias-that-keep-him-in-power-kbldr7v8l|title=Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power|last1=Raath|first1=Jan|last2=Graham|first2=Stuart|date=25 July 2016|newspaper=The Times|access-date=25 July 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>Mu Novembala 2017, ŵasilikari ŵakalongozga chipani cha coup d'état pamanyuma pa kufumiska mulara wa boma Emmerson Mnangagwa, ndipo ŵakaŵika Mugabe mu jele. Gulu la ŵasilikari likakana kuti ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vya kuwukira boma.<ref name="cnn_turmoil">{{cite news |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/ |title= Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup |first1=David |last1=McKenzie |first2=Brent |last2=Swails |first3=Angela |last3=Dewan |work=CNN |access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian_confined">{{cite news |date=15 November 2017|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live |title= Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control |work=The Guardian |access-date= 15 November 2017}}</ref>Pa Novembala 19, 2017, ZANU-PF yikachimbizga Robert Mugabe pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ndipo yikimika muwusi mulara Emmerson Mnangagwa mu malo ghake. Pa Novembala 21, 2017, Mugabe wakapeleka chipika chake pambere ndondomeko yakususka yindamalizgike. Nangauli mu malango gha Zimbabwe Mugabe wakwenera kulondezgeka na Vice-president Phelekezela Mphoko, uyo wakukolerana na Grace Mugabe, kweni mulara wa ZANU-PF, Lovemore Matuke wakaphalira wupu wa Reuters kuti Mnangagwa ndiyo wazamwimikika kuŵa president. Pa 30 Julayi 2018 Zimbabwe yikachita mavoti, ndipo chipani cha ZANU-PF icho chikulongozgeka na Mnangagwa ndicho chikaluska. Nelson Chamisa uyo wakalongozganga chipani chikuru chakususkana na boma cha MDC Alliance wakasuska ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti chifukwa cha upusikizgi, ndipo pamasinda wakapeleka mulandu ku khoti la Constitution Court of Zimbabwe. Khoti likakhozga kuti Mnangagwa watonda, ndipo ndiyo waŵenge pulezidenti muphya pamanyuma pa Mugabe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/zim-concourt-dismisses-mdcs-challenge-confirms-mnangagwa-winner/|title=Zim ConCourt dismisses MDC's challenge, confirms Mnangagwa winner – SABC News – Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|website=www.sabcnews.com|date=24 August 2018 |access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-election-court-idUSKCN1L90W2|title=Top Zimbabwe court confirms Mnangagwa's presidential election victory|date=25 August 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=17 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2017 webusayiti ya Zimbabwe News, pakupenda mtengo wa nyengo ya Mugabe pakugwiliskira nchito maukaboni ghakupambanapambana, yikati pa nyengo iyo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1980, caru cikakuranga pa ciŵelengero ca pafupifupi 5 peresenti pa caka. Usange vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu ichi kwa vyaka 37, mu 2016 Zimbabwe yizamuŵa na GDP ya madola 52 biliyoni. M'malo mwake yikaŵa na GDP ya US$14 biliyoni pera, ndipo yikakhumba ndalama zakukwana US$38 biliyoni. Mu 1980, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cikakura comene mu Africa, pafupifupi 3.5 peresenti pa caka, ndipo cikasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vilimika 21. Ŵanandi aŵa ŵaŵenge kuti ŵakalutilira kukura, mphanyi ŵakaŵa 31 miliyoni. Kweni mu 2018, ŵalipo pafupifupi 13 miliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti pali mphambano chifukwa cha njara na matenda, kweniso chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana. Kufuma mu 1980, ŵanthu ŵakufwa na nkhaza izo zikuchitika chifukwa cha ndyali ŵakujumpha 200,000. Boma la Mugabe ndilo lapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵafwe mu vilimika 37. Wupu wa World Food Programme ukuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵali pafupi kufwa na njara cifukwa ca chilangalanga ico cacitika mu caru ici. Mu chaka cha 2018, President Mnangagwa wakapharazga kuti boma lake lizamukhumba kuwelera ku Commonwealth, ndipo kufuma mu chaka cha 2023, lizamupanga upharazgi wakumanya unenesko pambere wandapemphe Secretary General kuti wapeleke ulongozgi. Pa 6 September 2019, pulezidenti wakale Robert Mugabe wakafwa ku Singapore, wali na vyaka 95.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe dies – DW – 09/06/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwe-ex-president-robert-mugabe-dies-at-95/a-50321834 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{main|Geography of Zimbabwe}} [[File:ZmbziRvr.jpg|thumb|The [[Zambezi River]] in the [[Mana Pools National Park]]]] [[File:Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 15° na 23°S, kweniso longitude 25° na 34°E. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa charu cha Botswana, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa Mozambique. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 150 kufuma ku Namibia. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili pachanya chomene, ndipo chili na malo ghatali chomene (high veld) agho ghakutambazga kufuma kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kuya kumpoto. Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chili na mapiri, ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa na malo ghakutowa nga ni Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba na Chirinda Forest pa Phiri la Selinda. Pafupifupi vigaŵa 20 pa vigaŵa 20 vya charu ichi vili pasi pa mamita 900. Victoria Falls, yimoza mwa majigha ghakuru comene pa caru, yili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndipo yili mu mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide|year=2018|editor-last=Helicon|via=Credo Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://victoriafallstourism.org/|title=Victoria Falls|date=2019|website=Victoria Falls Tourism|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> === Geology === {{main|Geology of Zimbabwe}} Mu nyengo ya geological, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya kuswa kwa charu cha Gondwana (ivyo vikumanyikwa kuti Africa na Africa), kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha Plio-Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=A E |display-authors=etal|date=2009|title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting|url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf|journal=Geological Society of South Africa|volume=112|issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65 |bibcode=2009SAJG..112...65M }}</ref> ===Nyengo=== Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na mphepo ya subtropical iyo yikupambana chomene. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi kukufipa chomene, ndipo ku chigaŵa chinyake cha pakati pa charu ichi kukuzizima. Dambo la Zambezi likumanyikwa na kuthukira comene, ndipo ku Eastern Highlands kanandi kukuzizima comene ndipo kukulokwa comene. Nyengo ya vula mu charu ichi yikwamba kuumaliro wa Okutobala m'paka Malichi. Mu charu cha Zimbabwe mukusuzgika na chilangalanga. Mu 2019, njovu zakukwana 55 zikafwa cifukwa ca chilangalanga. Vivula vikuru vikuchitika viŵi yayi.<ref name="Baughan, M. 2005">Baughan, M. (2005). Continent in the Balance: Zimbabwe-Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers; {{ISBN|1590848101}}.</ref> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{main|Wildlife of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Curled trunk.jpg|thumb|An elephant at a water hole in [[Hwange National Park]]]] Zimbabwe yili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Kalahari acacia ̇baikiaea, South Africa bushveld, Southern miombo, Zambezian Baikiaea, Zambezian na mopane, Zambezian halophytics, na Eastern Zimbabwe.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na makuni ghanandi, kweni mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya kumafumiro gha dazi muli nkhorongo na makuni ghanandi. Makuni ghanyake agho ghakusangika ku Eastern Highlands ni teak, mahogany, khuni likuru la mkama, nkhorongo ya Newtonia, makuni ghakurughakuru, makuni ghamsinjiro ghatuŵa, chirinda, knobthorn, na ghanyake ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vya pasi vya caru ici muli makuni ghanandi gha five, mopane, combretum, na baobab. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na makuni gha miombo. Pa maluŵa na makuni ghanyake agho ghalipo, pali hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotis, cassia, tree wisteria, na dombeya. Ku Zimbabwe kuli vyamoyo vyakukwana mitundu yakujumpha 350. Paliso njoka na vyakumera vinandi, viyuni vyakujumpha 500, na somba 131. ===Environmental issues=== Nyengo yinyake, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Zimbabwe vikaŵa na makuni ghanandi. Pakuti makuni ghakumalira mu malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukoma vinyama, vikoko vya mu nkhorongo vyachepa. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti makuni ghasakazikenge na kupasuka chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu, kusazgikira kwa mizi, na kugwiliskira ntchito mafuta, ni vyakuti vikupangiska kuti makuni ghasakazikenge. Ŵalimi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kotcha vyakumera kuti ŵasunge ndudu. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 6.31/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. 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M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Zimbabwe|Elections in Zimbabwe|Foreign relations of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Harare parlament 24032005.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament of Zimbabwe]] in Harare]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na boma la pulezidenti. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara mu 2013 apo boma likapeleka malango ghaphya. Mu 2005, boma likasintha malango gha boma la Georgia, ndipo likambaso kuŵa na nyumba yikuru yakucemeka Senate. Nyumba ya Malamulo ndiyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma. Mu 1987, Mugabe wakasintha malango gha boma, wakawuskapo mazaza gha pulezidenti na gha nduna yikuru kuti paŵe boma la pulezidenti. Chipani chake cha ZANU-PF chakhala chikupambana pa mavoti ghose kwambira apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mu 1990, chipani cha ZUM cha Edgar Tekere, icho chikaŵa pa malo ghachiŵiri, chikapokera mavoti 20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html|title=Tekere says Mugabe 'insecure' in new book|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227185709/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html|archive-date=27 December 2007}}</ref><ref>Mugabe, Robert. (2007). ''Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite'', Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed, page(s) needed--></ref> === Ndale === Pa nyengo ya maungano gha pa caru cose gha mu 1995, vyaru vinandi ivyo vikususkana na boma, kusazgapo chipani ca ZUM, vikakana maungano agha.<ref name="Frankel">{{Cite web|last=Frankel |first=Matthew |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-26-la-oe-frankel-burma-20100526-story.html |title=Myanmar boycott is misguided |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223213933/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-26-la-oe-frankel-burma-20100526-story.html |archive-date=23 February 2021 |url-status=live |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Apo ŵakususka ŵakaweleraso ku mavoti mu 2000, ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 57, ndipo vikaŵa vichoko na vithuzithuzi 5 pera pakuyaniska na vya ZANU-PF. Mu 2002, ŵakaŵaso na mavoti gha pulezidenti pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoya kuti pa mavoti pakaŵa mavoti ghambura kwenelera. Chisankho cha Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Zimbabwe mu 2005 chikachitika pa 31 March, ndipo maboma gha Movement for Democratic Change na Jonathan Moyo ghakaphalira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵakachitanga ukhuluku, upusikizgi, kweniso kuti ŵakopa ŵanthu. Moyo wakachitako mavoti nangauli ŵakamupa mulandu ndipo wakapokera mpando wa mphala ya malango.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Makgetlaneng |first=Sehlare |title=ZIMBABWE'S 2005 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS: Lessons for the Movement for Democratic Change |url=https://www.eisa.org/pdf/JAE4.2Makgetlaneng.pdf |journal=Africa Institute of South Africa |pages=124}}</ref> [[File:Election campaign March 2005.jpg|thumb|Supporters of the [[Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]] in 2005]]Mu 2005, chipani cha MDC chikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Movement for Democratic Change Mutambara (MDC-M), chakulongozgeka na Arthur Mutambara icho chikapangana pa viphikiro vya Senate, na Movement for Democratic Change Tsvangirai (MDC-T) chakulongozgeka na Morgan Tsvangirai icho chikakana kupangana pa viphikiro ivi. Makampu ghaŵiri gha MDC ghakaŵa na ungano wawo mu 2006 ndipo Tsvangirai wakasankhika kulongozga MDC-T, iyo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene kuluska gulu linyake. Mu 2008, pa mavoti gha boma, pakaŵa chigaŵa cha Mugabe na Tsvangirai. Chipani cha MDC-T chikakanizga mavoti agha, pakughanaghana kuti boma la Mugabe likachitiska upusikizgi. Pa June 27, 2008, ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakuwuskira ŵanyawo. Pa 22 Juni, chifukwa cha kuleka urunji kwa ndondomeko iyi na kukana kunjilirapo pa "ntchito ya nkhaza, yautesi", Tsvangirai wakafumapo pa chigamulo cha pulezidenti, komiti ya vyakusankha yikachitiska chigamulo ichi, ndipo pulezidenti Mugabe wakapokera wanandi chomene. Chipani cha MDC-T chikapokapo yayi mavoti gha Senate, apo chipani cha MDC-M chikapokera mavoti ghankhondi mu Senate. Chipani cha MDC-M chikadodoliskika na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaleka kuwungana. Pa 28 Epulero 2008, Tsvangirai na Mutambara ŵakapharazga pa ungano wa ŵapharazgi mu Johannesburg kuti magulu ghaŵiri gha MDC ghakolerananga, ndipo MDC yikaŵa na wanandi mu nyumba ya malango.<ref name="SABCre">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,168544,00.html |title=Zimbabwe's MDC factions reunite |access-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502155226/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0%2C2172%2C168544%2C00.html |archive-date= 2 May 2008 }}, SABC News, 28 April 2008.</ref><ref name="Reunites">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7371823.stm|title=Opposition reunites in Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|date=28 April 2008|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Tsvangirai wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wangalutilira yayi kuŵa pulezidenti usange palije wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba ya malango. Pakati pa Seputembala 2008, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali na ŵalongozgi ŵa South Africa na Mozambique, Mugabe na Tsvangirai ŵakasayina phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza umo Mugabe wakasungiliranga mazaza pa ŵasilikari. Vyaru ivyo vyapeleka ndalama vikulindilira dankha, ndipo vikukhumba kuwona kuti vinthu vyasintha nadi pambere vindaŵikeko ndalama zakovwilira kuzenga, izo vikwenera kuti vyatora vilimika vinkhondi. Pa 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai wakapika udindo wa nduna yikuru na Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Services|first=Msnbc com News|date=2009-02-11|title=Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe's PM|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29134750/ns/world_news-africa/t/tsvangirai-sworn-zimbabwes-pm/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=msnbc.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe PM - CNN.com|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/02/11/zimbabwe/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2008, boma la Zimbabwe likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 7.3 miliyoni gha ku United States izo zikafuma ku The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Wimiliri wa wupu uwu wakakana kuyowoya umo ndalama zikagwilira nchito, kweni wakalemba kuti zikaŵa zawakawaka yayi, ndipo boma likatondeka kupulikira ivyo likapempha. Mu February 2013, mulongozgi wa vyakusankha wa Zimbabwe, Simpson Mtambanengwe, wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha ulwari. Iyo wakaleka mulimo uwu pambere pacali myezi yichoko waka kuti paŵe maungano gha malango na maungano gha boma. Boma la Zimbabwe likususkika na boma la Zimbabwe ilo likapoka mazaza mu Novembala 2017. Emmerson Mnangagwa wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pamanyuma pa chipani ichi ndipo wakasankhika na 50.8% ya mavoti mu 2018 Zimbabwean general election. Boma likupokera mazgu ghambura kwenelera kufuma ku ŵanthu chifukwa chakuti nyengo zose likujara Intaneti pa nyengo ya viwawa nga ni ivyo vikunozgekera pa Julayi 31. 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shiangala|first=Mike|date=2020-07-31|title=Zimbabwe to allegedly shutdown the Internet on 31st July|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/zimbabwe-to-allegedly-shutdown-the-internet-on-31st-july/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Smatt Geeks Media|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810180309/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/zimbabwe-to-allegedly-shutdown-the-internet-on-31st-july/|archive-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Zimbabwe Defence Forces}} [[File:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.svg|thumb|The flag of the [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]]]] Gulu la Zimbabwe Defence Forces likakhazikiskika pakukolerana magulu ghatatu gha chigaluka - Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), na Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) - pamanyuma pa Chimurenga wachiŵiri na wanangwa wa Zimbabwe mu 1980. Mu nyengo ya umoza, gulu la nkhondo la Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) na Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) likapangika nga ni maboma ghakupambanapambana agho ghakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Solomon Mujuru na Air Marshal Norman Walsh, uyo wakafumapo mu ntchito mu 1982 ndipo wakasinthika na Air Marshal Azim Daudpota uyo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai mu 1985. Mu 2003, Jenerale Constantine Chiwenga, wakakwezgeka na kusankhika Mulara wa mawumba gha Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Mulara Mukuru P. V. Sibanda ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake pakuŵa Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Gulu la ZNA lili na ŵasilikari 30,000. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakuŵapo 5,139.<ref name="Airforce of Zimbabwe">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/AFZ0.html|title=Zimbabwe Defence Forces News|publisher=ZDF News|access-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> Wapolisi wa Republic of Zimbabwe (wakusazgapo Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) ndi chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe Defence Forces ndipo wali na ŵanthu 25,000. Pakwamba kwa 1980, ŵaliska ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia. Mu cilimika cakwamba, ŵakalondezganga ndondomeko yakuti uyo wacitenge makora comene ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi wa gulu. Usange wakaŵa wa ZANLA, munthu uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo ndiyo wakaŵa na maluso ghapachanya pa ZIPRA. Ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Pakwamba, ZNA yikaŵa na magulu ghanayi gha ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakovwira ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵaluso ŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, apo ŵasilikari ŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakaŵikika mu gulu la ŵasilikari 1, 3 na 4. Brigade ya Cinkhondi yikapangika mu 1981 ndipo yikamara mu 1988 pamanyuma pakulongosora za nkhaza na kukoma ŵanthu pa nyengo iyo brigade iyi yikawusanga Matabeleland mu malo agho ghakachemekanga Gukurahundi. Gulu ili likapangikaso mu 2006, ndipo mulara wake, Brigadier General John Mupande wakalumba "mbiri yake".<ref name="Herald Reporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/News_5th_Gets_Comm.html|publisher=Zimbabwe Defence Forces News|title=5th Brigade gets new commander|date=22 February 2006|access-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> ===Ufulu wamunthu=== {{Main|Human rights in Zimbabwe}} {{See also|Child marriage in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Demonstration against Mugabe.JPG|thumb|right|A demonstration in [[London]] against [[Robert Mugabe]]. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm|title=Police baton charge Harare protesters|date=3 December 2008|work=ABC News|access-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206011656/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm|archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>]] Pali malipoti ghanandi ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Zimbabwe mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe na chipani cha ZANU-PF. Kuyana na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu nga ni Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch, boma la Zimbabwe likuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa kukhala, kurya, kwenda na kukhala mwakufwatuka, kuwungana mwakufwatuka, na kuvikilirika na dango. Mu 2009, Gregory Stanton, pulezidenti wa International Association of Genocide Scholars, wakayowoya kuti pakaŵa "ukaboni wakuti boma la Mugabe likaŵa na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha ŵanthu ndipo pakaŵa ukaboni wakukwana wa kuswa malango gha ŵanthu kuti Mugabe weruzgike panthazi pa khoti la International Criminal Court". Ku Zimbabwe, ŵanalume awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume ŵekhaŵekha mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Kwambira mu 1995, boma likulimbana na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo. Pulezidenti Mugabe wakususka ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha chifukwa cha masuzgo ghanandi agho Zimbabwe yili nagho ndipo wakuwona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ni ŵanthu "ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ku Africa" ndiposo kuti mbambura nkharo. Nyengo zinandi ŵapolisi ŵakuwukira awo ŵakuwukira boma, nga umo ŵakacitira pa ungano wa MDC uwo ukacitika pa Malichi 11, 2007, kweniso pa ungano unyake uwo ukacitika pa nyengo ya ungano wa 2008. Secretary General wa UN Ban Ki-moon, European Union, na United States ŵakususka comene ivyo ŵapolisi ŵakucita. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakudandawura chifukwa cha wanangwa wa Fox Southwest. Boma la Zimbabwe likususkika kuti likukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Gulu ili likuyuyulika kanandi waka kuti likugwiliskira nchito wupu wa Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. Manyuzipepara agho ghakatenge ghakususka boma, nga ni Daily News, ghakajalika pamanyuma pakuti mabomba ghaphulika mu maofesi ghawo ndipo boma likakana kuwezgerapo layisensi yawo. BBC News, Sky News, na CNN ŵakakanizgika kujambura panji kulemba nkhani kufuma ku Zimbabwe. Mu 2009, boma likawuskapo dango lakuti BBC na CNN vileke kulemba nkhani. Sky News yikulutilira kulemba ivyo vikucitika mu Zimbabwe kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni South Africa.<ref name="networks">{{cite news|author=Nkosi, Milton|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_4400000/newsid_4401700/4401767.stm|title=Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC?|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2005|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080623173259/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe |archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016 }}, zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008.</ref> Pa 24 Julayi 2020, ofesi ya United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) yikayowoya kuti yikudandawura na ivyo boma la Zimbabwe likuyowoya kuti likagwiliskira ntchito suzgo la COVID-19 kuti likanizge wanangwa wa kuyowoya na kuwungana mu msewu. Liz Throssell, muyowoyeri wa OHCHR, wakati ŵanthu ŵali na wanangwa wa kususka vimbundi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Zimbabwe ŵakagwiliskira nchito nkongono kuti ŵaparanye na kukora ŵasilikari na ŵantchito ŵa munkhwala, awo ŵakasuskanga mwamtende kuti ŵapike malipiro ghawemi ndiposo kuti ŵagwirenge makora nchito. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa chipani cakususkana na nyuzipepara ŵakakakika na kukakika cifukwa ca kucitako viyezgelero. Pa 5 August 2020, kampeni ya #ZimbabweanLivesMatter pa Twitter yikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose na ŵandyali kuti ŵamanye umo wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukusinthira mu charu ichi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Emmerson Mnangagwa liŵe na suzgo. Kampeni iyi yikacitika cifukwa ca kukakika, kukomeka na kutambuzgika kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzganga ŵandyali, kweniso kukakika kwa mupharazgi Hopewell Chin'ono na mulembi wa buku la Booker Prize, Tsitsi Dangarembga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/05/zimbabweanlivesmatter-celebrities-join-campaign-against-human-rights-abuses|title=#ZimbabweanLivesMatter: celebrities join campaign against human rights abuses|access-date=5 August 2020|website=The Guardian|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Provinces of Zimbabwe|Districts of Zimbabwe|Wards of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Administrative Divisions of Zimbabwe.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|[[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe]]]] Charu cha Zimbabwe chili na boma lakugaŵikana ndipo chili na vigaŵa 8 na misumba yiŵiri. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo boma likuwusamo.<ref name="CIA-WF"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Province !! Capital |- | [[Bulawayo]] || [[Bulawayo]] |- | [[Harare]] || [[Harare]] |- | [[Manicaland]] || [[Mutare]] |- | [[Mashonaland Central]] || [[Bindura]] |- | [[Mashonaland East]] || [[Marondera]] |- | [[Mashonaland West]] || [[Chinhoyi]] |- | [[Masvingo Province|Masvingo]] || [[Masvingo|Masvingo city]] |- | [[Matabeleland North]] || [[Lupane District]] |- | [[Matabeleland South]] || [[Gwanda]] |- | [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] || [[Gweru]] |} Mazina gha vigaŵa vinandi ghakafuma ku chigaŵa cha Mashonaland na Matabeleland pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi: Mashonaland yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikakoleka na British South Africa Company Pioneer Column, ndipo Matabeleland yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikapokeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Matabele. Ichi chikukolerana na chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona na Matabele ŵakakhalanga pambere charu chindambe kuwusa. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na kazembe uyo wakuchemeka na pulezidenti. Boma la cigaŵa likulongozgeka na mulaŵiliri wa cigaŵa, uyo wakusankhika na Commission of Public Service. Maofesi ghanyake gha boma gha vigaŵa vyawo ghakuchita milimo yinyake. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 59 na vigaŵa 1,200 (ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka maboma). Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, uyo wakusankhika na Public Service Commission. Paliso wupu wa Rural District Council, uwo ukusora mulara wa boma. Wupu wa Rural District Council ukupangika na ŵanthu ŵakusoleka, mulaŵiliri wa chigaŵa, na mwimiliri wa ŵalongozgi (ŵalongozgi awo ŵakwimikika mwakuyana na dango la cikaya) mu chigaŵa. Maofesi ghanyake gha boma gha mu vigaŵa ghakuchita milimo iyi. Pa chigaŵa ichi pali Komiti Yakupanga Vipinda, iyo yikusazgapo mulongozgi wa chigaŵa uyo wakusankhika, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa (ŵalongozgi awo ŵakulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi) na ŵimiliri ŵa Komiti Yakupanga Vipinda. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu mizi, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na komiti ya chitukuko ya mizi na mulongozgi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf|title=Traditional Leaders Act (Chapter 29:17)|publisher=Parliament of Zimbabwe|access-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033010/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> == Sanctions == Kwambira mu 2000, charu cha Zimbabwe chili pasi pa vyeruzgo vyakufuma ku United States na European Union ivyo vyakhwaska ndyali ya mu charu ichi kweniso ubwezi wa charu ichi na vyaru vya ku Western. Mu 2002, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa, ndipo pambere maungano agha ghandambe, wupu wa EU ukatuma ŵanthu kuti ŵakawonelere. Mu Febuluwale 2002, EU yikaŵika malango ghakukanizga Zimbabwe. Ŵalara ŵa boma pafupifupi 20 ŵakakanizgika kunjira mu Europe, ndipo ndalama za EU zikamara. Pambere mavoti ghandambe, boma la Zimbabwe likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 128 miliyoni kufuma mu 2002 m'paka mu 2007, kweni ŵakazikanizga. Ndipouli, EU yikathera waka kupeleka ndalama ku boma, kweni yikalutilira kutuma ndalama kwizira mu mawupu gha wovwiri na mawupu gha boma yayi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, ŵa EU na Zimbabwe ŵakamazga mphindano zawo ndipo vyeruzgo vinandi vya EU vikafumiskika. Mubali Mugabe na muwoli wake ndiwo ŵakakhalapo pa ndondomeko iyi, apo ŵamazaza ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakafumiskikapo. Ndipouli, EU yikatondeka kupeleka ndalama ku Zimbabwe. Ntheura, boma likupeleka ndalama kwizira mu mawupu ghambura vya boma nga ni umo vikaŵira na chimphepo cha Idai icho chikachitika pa Malichi 4, 2019. Boma la United States nalo likakanizga Zimbabwe. Pali mitundu yiŵiri ya vyeruzgo vya United States pa Zimbabwe. Cakwamba ni Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZIDERA) ndipo caciŵiri ni Targeted Sanctions Program. ZIDERA wakapempha vinthu vinandi. Cakwamba nchakuti Zimbabwe yikwenera kuchindika wanangwa wa ŵanthu, caciŵiri Zimbabwe yikwenera kuleka kunjilirapo pa vinthu vya mu Democratic Republic of Congo, cacitatu Zimbabwe yikwenera kuleka kupoka minda ya ŵazungu. Usange palije cimoza mwa vinthu ivi ico cikupulikikwa, boma la United States lizamukanizga IMF na World Bank kupeleka ndalama ku Zimbabwe. ZIDERA yiphya yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2018 na fundo yakuti, Welerani ku Demokalase panji kuzamuŵavya ubwezi, pakwenera kuŵa mavoti ghakufwatuka, wayilesi yakufwatuka na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, Zimbabwe yikwenera kufiska ivyo khoti la SADC likadumura. Ndondomeko ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2003, ndipo yikulongosora makampani gha ku Zimbabwe na ŵanthu awo ŵakukanizgika kuchita malonda na makampani gha ku America. Malango gha pa Zimbabwe ghalipo kwa virimika vyakujumpha 20. Mu Malichi 2021 boma la US likakhazikiskaso malango ghakwendeskera Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=https://www.europeansanctions.com/region/zimbabwe/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=EU Sanctions |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Zimbabwe}}[[File:GDP per capita development in Southern Africa.svg|thumb|Historical GDP per capita development in southern African countries, since 1950]] [[File:Zimbabwe Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Zimbabwe exports, 2019]] Vinthu vikuru ivyo Zimbabwe yikuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni visulo, golide, na ulimi. Charu cha Zimbabwe ndico nchigaŵa cikuru comene ico South Africa yikuguliskirana vinthu. Malipiro gha msonkho na msonkho ni ghapacanya comene ku makampani gha ŵeneco, apo mabungwe gha boma ghakovwira comene. Malamulo gha boma ghakuŵa ghakudura comene ku makampani; kwamba panji kujara bizinesi kukucitika mwakucedwa ndiposo kwakudura. Ulendo nawo ukuwovwira comene pa vya cuma, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa ukuchepa. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force ukalemba lipoti mu Juni 2007, ndipo ukati vyamoyo vinandi vya ku Zimbabwe vyafwa kufuma mu 2000 chifukwa cha kupenja vinyama mwakubisilizga. Lipoti ili likucenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca kuthereska makuni. Vinthu vya sayansi na vyakupharazga vikukura comene. Lipoti la kampani ya Opera mu 2011 likati charu cha Zimbabwe ndicho chikukura luŵiro chomene mu Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191225071548/https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/zimbabwe-ranked-fastest-growing-internet-market/1007/ Zimbabwe Ranked Fastest growing Internet Market]. Biztechafrica.com (10 August 2011); retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200116235301/https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/why-ict-critical-illiterate-africa/4841/ Why ICT is critical in 'illiterate' Africa|BiztechAfrica Business, Telecom, Technology & IT News Africa]. Biztechafrica.com (3 December 2012); retrieved 4 July 2013.</ref>[[File:2010 market Harare Zimbabwe 5866074969.jpg|thumb|A market in [[Mbare, Harare]]]] Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2002, boma la Zimbabwe lalekeska ngongoli izo likapeleka ku mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose, kwizira mu dango la ku United States lakucemeka Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (ZDERA). Chigaŵa cha 4C chikuphalira Secretary of the Treasury kuti waphalire mabungwe gha vya ndalama gha pa caru cose kuti ghatondeke kupeleka ngongoli ku boma la Zimbabwe. Kuyana na umo boma la United States likuyowoyera, vyeruzgo ivi vikukhwaska waka mabizinesi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri agho ghali mu mawoko gha ŵalara ŵa boma panji agho ghakwendeskeka na iwo. GDP pa munthu yumoza (uno), pakuyaniska na vyaru vyapafupi (pacharu chose = 100) Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Zimbabwe yikalutilira kukura (5% pa chaka) kweniso mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 (4,3% pa chaka). Kufumira mu 2000, ciŵelengero ca ndalama cikakhira na 5 peresenti mu 2000, 8 peresenti mu 2001, 12 peresenti mu 2002 na 18 peresenti mu 2003. Pakuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikachitako nkhondo mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2002, ndalama zinandi zikamara. Kwamba mu 1999 m'paka mu 2009, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na chuma chambura kukura chomene, ndipo chaka chilichose GDP yikakhiranga na 6.1%. Vinthu vikasintha chomene chifukwa cha vimbundi na vimbundi ivyo vikachitika mu boma kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵakachimbizga ŵalimi ŵatuŵa ŵakujumpha 4,000 mu 2000.<ref name="CNN-2000-04-18">{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/04/18/zimbabwe.land.03 |title=Zimbabwe President Mugabe labels white farmers 'enemies' |access-date=20 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014621/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/04/18/zimbabwe.land.03 |archive-date=29 June 2006 |website=CNN.com |date=18 April 2000 |location=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref><ref name="Time-2002-02-18">Robinson, Simon (18 February 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191018164842/http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,203620,00.html "A Tale of Two Countries"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''; accessed 4 May 2016.</ref><ref name="USAToday-2002-06-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/25/zimbabwe.htm|title=Zimbabwe forbids white farmers to harvest|work=USA Today|date=24 June 2002|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2002-08-15">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm|title=White farmers under siege in Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2002|access-date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106120323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm |archive-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Boma la Zimbabwe na ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana nalo ŵakukhozgera kuti ndyali za ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ndizo zikananga chuma cha charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2005, nkhongono zakugulira za ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe zikaŵa kuti zachepa chomene. Mu 2005, boma, ilo likalongozgekanga na Gideon Gono, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa banki yikuru, likamba kupempha kuti ŵalimi ŵazgoke. Mu caru ici mukaŵa viŵeto vya viŵeto 400 mpaka 500, kweni malo ghanandi agho ghakapokeka ghakaŵa ghambura vyakurya. Kuzakafika mu 2016, pa minda 4,500 iyo yikaŵa mu charu ichi, yikaŵa na minda pafupifupi 300 iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanichi. Mafamu agho ghakafumako ghakaŵa ghakutali comene, panji ŵeneco ŵakalipira kuti ŵaŵavikilire, panji ŵakakolerana na boma. Mu Janyuwale 2007, boma likapeleka ndalama zakugulira munda kwa nyengo yitali ku ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵazungu. Kweni nyengo yeneyiyo, boma likalutilira kukhumba kuti ŵalimi wose ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵapokera kale ulongozgi wakuti ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo, ŵafumemo mu malo ghawo. Mugabe wakalongosora za maboma gha vyaru vinyake na kuyowoya kuti "kuswa malango" ndiko kukapangiska kuti chuma cha Zimbabwe chikhale pasi, kweniso kuti ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵalije nchito. Kuyana na lipoti la Central Statistical Office, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera kufuma pa 32% mu 1998 kufika pa 11,200,000% mu Ogasiti 2008. Ici cikaŵa cilongolero ca suzgo la kukhuŵara kwa ndalama, ndipo banki yikapeleka ndalama ziphya zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 100. Mu Janyuwale 2009, pakuyezgayezga kuti ŵaleke kunjira ndyali, Patrick Chinamasa, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama, wakapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵazomerezgekenge kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinyake zakukhora pakuchita bizinesi. Mu April 2009, ndalama ya ku Zimbabwe yikamara kugwira ntchito mu mwezi umoza. Mu 2016, charu cha Zimbabwe chikapeleka ndalama za United States dollar na ndalama zinyake nga ni rand (South Africa), pula (Botswana), euro, na pound sterling (UK). Mu Febuluwale 2019, Governor wa Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe John Mangudya wakambiska ndalama yiphya ya Real Time Gross Settlement dollar, mu chilato cha kumazga masuzgo gha vyachuma na ndalama mu Zimbabwe. Mu 2009, boma la Zimbabwe likati lakhazikiska boma la umoza na kwamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi m'malo mwa dola ya Zimbabwe, chuma cha charu ichi chikambaso kwenda makora. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, GDP yikakura na 8-9% pa caka. Mu Novembala 2010, wupu wakuwona vya ndalama pa charu chose (IMF) ukati chuma cha charu cha Zimbabwe "chikukura chomene chaka chachiŵiri".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6A70C320101108|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111042949/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6A70C320101108|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2010|title=Zimbabwe economy buoyant, more reform needed: IMF|date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112194941/http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884|archive-date=12 November 2010|publisher=talkzimbabwe.co|title=Zimbabwe economy growing: IMF|date=9 November 2010}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2011, wupu wa pan-African investment bank IMARA ukalemba lipoti lakukondweska pa nkhani ya ndalama izo Zimbabwe yikuguliska. Mu Janyuwale 2013, unduna wa vya ndalama ukati ŵali na ndalama zakukwana madola 217 pera. Kufika mu 2014, Zimbabwe yikaweleraso ku mlingo uwo ukaŵa mu ma 1990, kweni pakati pa 2012 na 2016, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi. Kukwera kwa ndalama kunali 42% mu 2018; mu June 2019, chiwerengero cha kukwera kwa ndalama chinafika 175%, zomwe zinayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu m'dziko lonselo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marima |first1=Tendai |date=19 August 2019 |title=In Zimbabwe, An Economic Crisis With 175% Inflation Drives Discontent |language=en |website=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752329758/in-zimbabwe-an-economic-crisis-with-175-inflation-drives-discontent |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> === Malibwe ghakudula === Vinthu vikwenda makora mu migodi iyi, ndipo mabungwe gha Anglo American plc, Zimplats, na Impala Platinum, ndigho ghakusanga platinamu unandi chomene pa charu chose. Zimplats, kampani yikuru chomene ya platinamu mu charu ichi, yaluta panthazi na ndalama zakukwana madola 500 miliyoni, ndipo yikulutilira na pulojekiti yinyake ya madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri, nangauli Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti kampani iyi yiŵe ya boma. Malibwe agha ŵakaghasanga mu 2006, ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100. Vinthu ivi vingawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu charu, kweni pafupifupi ndalama zose izo zikufuma mu vyaru ivi zili kutayika mu mathumba gha ŵasilikari na ŵandyali ŵa ZANU-PF. Kuyana na unandi wa dayamondi izo zilipo, malo gha Marange ni ghanyake mwa malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu. Mu Okutobala 2014, kampani ya Metallon Corporation ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene ku Zimbabwe.<ref name="Metallon">Marawanyika, Godfrey, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-17/biggest-zimbabwe-gold-miner-to-decide-on-london-listing-by-march Biggest Zimbabwe Gold Miner to Rule on London Trade by March], Bloomberg News, 17 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</ref> {{Further|topic=tin from the|Kamativi mine}} ===Ulimi=== Mulimo wa kulima mu caru ca Zimbabwe ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake ndipo ukupeleka nchito 400,000. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya boma ya kunozga malo yikananga comene nchito iyi, ndipo Zimbabwe yikazgoka caru ico cikuguliska vyakurya vinandi. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 2000 na 2016, vyakurya ivyo vikupambika tirigu vikakhira kufuma pa matani 250,000 kufika pa matani 60,000, ndipo tirigu wakakhira kufuma pa matani 200,000 kufika pa matani 500,000. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakora panji kupoka minda yawo ya khofi, ndipo pamasinda ŵakayima. Vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, wupu wa International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, wawovwira ŵalimi ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵambe kulima makora. Para ŵalimi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito fundo zitatu izi: kusuzga chomene dongo, kulima vyakumera vyakudinya, na kulima vyakumera vyakututuŵa, mbwenu dongo likwenda makora, kunangika yayi, na kunangika.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}} ICRISAT {{!}}{{!}} Impact|url=http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-27.htm|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.icrisat.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223030349/http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-27.htm|archive-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakulima mu charu cha Zimbabwe chikakwera kufuma pa 5,000 kufika pa 150,000. Vipambi vya vyamuminda vikakwera pakati pa 15 na 100 peresentPakati pa 2005 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakulima mu charu cha Zimbabwe chikakwera kufuma pa 5,000 kufika pa 150,000. Vipambi vya vyamuminda vikakwera pakati pa 15 na 100 peresenti mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu 2012, boma likati mbuto ya mbuto iyi njakukhumbikwa chomene. Mvurwi, cigaŵa ca ku Mashonaland Central Province, nyengo yinyake cikaŵa mu "cigaŵa ca vyakurya vinandi" mu Zimbabwe, na dongo liwemi. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 30 ivyo vyajumpha, malo agha ndigho ghakhwaskika comene na ndondomeko ya kunozga malo. ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Victoria Falls aerial view September 2003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Victoria Falls]], the end of the upper [[Zambezi]] and the beginning of the middle Zambezi]] Kufuma waka apo ŵakaŵikirapo ndondomeko ya kunozga malo mu 2000, vyalo vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu Zimbabwe vikamba kuchepa. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo chikafika pa 2.6 miliyoni. Mu chaka cha 2016, ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ku Zimbabwe zikaŵanga $1.1 billion (USD), panji pafupifupi 8.1% ya GDP ya Zimbabwe. Ntchito za mu vyaru vya maulendo na vyakusanguluska, pamoza na vyaru ivyo vikovwira na maulendo na vyakusanguluska, vikaŵa 5.2% ya nchito za mu vyaru vyose. Pakati pa 2000 na 2007, ndege zinandi zikafumamo mu Zimbabwe. Kampani ya Qantas ya ku Australia, Lufthansa ya ku Germany, na Austrian Airlines ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kufumamo ndipo mu 2007 British Airways yikayimiska maulendo ghose ghakuluta ku Harare. Ndege ya ku Zimbabwe, iyo yikendanga mu vyaru vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake ku Europe na Asia, yikamara kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2012. Mu 2017, ndege zinandi zikuruzikuru zikambaso kwendera charu cha Zimbabwe. Ku Zimbabwe kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta. Maji gha Victoria Falls, agho ghali pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ghali kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe. Pambere vinthu vindasinthe, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutanga ku malo agha kufuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni sono Zambia ndiyo yikusangirapo chandulo chomene. Victoria Falls National Park nayo yili mu cigaŵa ici ndipo njimoza mwa malo ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ghali mu Zimbabwe. Malo gha ku Eastern Highlands ni mapiri agho ghali pafupi na mphaka na Mozambique. Phiri la Nyangani ilo lili pachanya chomene ku Zimbabwe lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,593 (8,507 ft). Malo agha ndigho ghali pa mapiri agha, ndipo kufuma pa mapiri agha, munthu wangawona malo ghakutali chomene. Charu cha Zimbabwe ntchakuzizwiska chomene mu Africa chifukwa chili na misumba yinandi yakale na yakale iyo yikazengeka na malibwe ghakukhoma. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni malo ghakupatulika gha Great Zimbabwe agho ghali ku Masvingo. Vinyake ivyo vilipo ni Khami, Dhlo-Dhlo na Naletale. Mapiri gha Matobo ni malo gha granite kopjes na makuni agho ghakwamba makilomita 35 kumwera kwa Bulawayo kumwera kwa Zimbabwe. Mapiri agha ghakaŵako vyaka vyakujumpha mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ivyo vyajumpha apo malibwe gha granite ghakafumanga pa malo agha. Mzilikazi, uyo wakambiska mtundu wa Ndebele, ndiyo wakapeleka zina ili ku malo agha. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku malo agha cifukwa ca umo malo agha ghakaŵirako kale comene kweniso vyamoyo vya mu malo agha. Cecil Rhodes na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nga ni Leander Starr Jameson ŵali kusungika mu mapiri agha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html|title=Zimbabwe: The Spirit of Matobo|work=zimbabwe.safari.co.za|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101100547/http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html |archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe}} Mu Zimbabwe muli vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vili na maji na vyakutoweskera ŵanthu. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (World Health Organization) ukati mu chaka cha 2012, 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ghakumwa, ndipo 40% pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na maji ghakumwa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kusanga maji ghawemi na malo ghakutowa. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti maji gha mu Zimbabwe ghaŵe ghakwenelera mu nyengo zakunthazi. Vinthu vikuruvikuru vitatu ni suzgo la ndalama mu charu ichi.<ref name="wsp1">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe, Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and beyond |url=http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130142528/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=4 May 2016 |website=wsp.org |publisher=[[AMCOW]] (collaboratively published report)}}</ref><ref name="hrw2">{{cite book|url=http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf |title=Troubled Water: Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |website=hrw.org |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-62313-0800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830213700/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> === Sayansi na vyakupangapanga === {{Main|Science and technology in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|thumb|Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), figure 20.6.]] Boma la Zimbabwe lili na vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa pa caru cose ndipo likulimbikira comene pa nkhani ya kafukufuku..<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228806e.pdf|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe|editor-last=Lemarchand|editor-first=Guillermo A.|editor-last2=Schneegans|editor-first2=Susan|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100034-8|location=Paris|pages=Volume 2. GO–SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=535–555}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na masambiro ghakupulikikwa makora, ndipo munthu yumoza pa ŵanthu 11 waliyose wali na digiri ya sekondare. Pakuti charu ichi chili na vinjeru vinandi kweniso vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, charu cha Zimbabwe chili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kukura.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Charu cha Zimbabwe chili pa nambala 113 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 122 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuti Zimbabwe yikure makora, yikwenera kumazga masuzgo ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, caru ici cikusoŵerwa ŵasayansi awo ŵakukhumbikwa kuti ŵacite vinthu viphya. Nangauli pali vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga viwovwire kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Zimbabwe, kweni masukulu ghapachanya na mabungwe gha kafukufuku ghalije ndalama na ŵanthu ŵakukwana kuti ŵachite kafukufuku. Masuzgo gha vyachuma ghapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa pa yunivesite na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru (vyakuzenga, vyakupangira vinthu, na vinyake) ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukondwa na ntchito yawo. Mu 2012, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 22% ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakamalizga masambiro ghawo ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, pakaŵa ŵasayansi 200 mu boma, ndipo pa ŵanthu aŵa, 25 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Chiŵelengero ichi ntchakukwana kaŵiri kuluska cha pa charu chose (91 mu 2013) kweni ni hafu ya chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita kafukufuku mu South Africa (818 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni). Boma la Zimbabwe lazenga webusayiti ya Zimbabwe Human Capital kuti lipelekenge mauthenga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe pa nkhani ya ntchito na ndalama.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[File:Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005-2014.svg|thumb|Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded.]] Nangauli ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakulongozga pa kafukufuku na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake, kweni mu ndondomeko ya nyengo yapakati ya 2011 na 2015, pakaŵavya ndondomeko yakukhwaskana na kusambizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Kuchepa kwa madokotala gha sayansi na injiniya kufuma ku yunivesite ya Zimbabwe mu 2013 kukulongora kuti ŵakutondeka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Kweniso ndondomeko ya vyakuzenga ya 2018, iyo yikucemeka kuti Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation, njambura vilato vyakukhwaskana na kusazgirako unandi wa ŵasayansi na mainjiniya, panji ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa mulimo wa kupanga vinthu. Kweniso, cifukwa ca kuleka kwenderana na kukolerana pakati pa mawupu gha boma, vyakuzirwa vya kafukufuku vikusazgikira comene ndipo ndondomeko izo zilipo sono zikufiskika makora yayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ndondomeko Yachiŵiri ya vya Sayansi na Maluso ya mu charu ichi yikamba mu Juni 2012, pamanyuma pakuti yapangika na wovwiri wa UNESCO. Likutora malo gha ndondomeko yakale iyo yikaŵako mu 2002. Ndondomeko ya mu 2012 yikulaŵiska comene pa sayansi ya vyamoyo, sayansi ya vya mlengalenga, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga (nanotechnology), masisitemu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, vyamahara ivyo vicali kunthazi, na nthowa za sayansi zakumazgira masuzgo gha mu malo agho tikukhala. Ndondomeko Yachiŵiri ya Sayansi na Maluso gha Miphanyi yikukhozgera kuti boma lipelekenge ndalama zakukwana 1% ya GDP pa kafukufuku na vyakupangiska, ndipo 60% ya masambiro gha pa yunivesite ghaŵikenge pa kusambizga ŵanthu vya sayansi na vyakupangiska.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2014, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa mabuku 21 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni mu manyuzipepara gha pa charu chose. Ivi vikapangiska kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiŵe pa nambara 6 pa vyaru 15 vya SADC, pamanyuma pa Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) na South Africa (175) na Seychelles (364). Pa ŵanthu 100 miliyoni mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, ŵanthu 20 ŵakalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya sayansi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Zimbabwe}} === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === [[File:Tonga wall baskets producer from Zimbabwe.JPG|alt=Tonga Woman|thumb|upright|A Tonga woman pleating a basket]] Kuyana na lipoti la ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2012, ŵanthu 99.7% ŵa mu charu ichi mba ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Ŵashona ndipo ŵalipo 82 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵali kufuma ku mafuko ghanyake agho ghakasama na kutorana na Ŵazulu. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ŵali kufumamo mu charu ichi ndipo ŵanandi ŵaluta ku South Africa. Mtundu unyake ni Venda, Tonga, Tsonga, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa na Lozi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ni ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Britain, kweni paliso ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, Greece, Portugal, France, na Netherlands. Mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakwana 278,000, panji kuti 4.3% ya ŵanthu wose. Pa kalembera wa mu 2012, ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵakaŵa 28,782 (pafupifupi 0.22% ya ŵanthu wose), chiŵelengero icho chikaŵa pachanya chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku United Kingdom (pakati pa 200,000 na 500,000 ŵa ku Britain ŵali kufuma ku Rhodesia panji Zimbabwe), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Canada, Australia na New Zealand. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵalipo 0.5% ndipo mitundu yinyake ya ku Asia, chomenechomene ya ku India na China, ŵalipo 0.5%.<ref>Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's white farmers start anew in Mozambique |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/10/zimbabwe-white-farmers-start-anew-mozambique-151027095006428.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Business Zimbabwe's land reform: Zambia's gain, a cautionary tale for South Africa? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-land-reform-zambias-gain-a-cautionary-tale-for-south-africa/a-47095154 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=16 January 2019}}</ref> ===Misumba ikulu ikulu=== {{Largest cities | country = Zimbabwe | stat_ref = According to the 2012 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Zimbabwe-Cities.html |title=Zimbabwe |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> | div_name = Province | city_1 = Harare | div_1 = Harare<!-- Independent City --> | pop_1 = 1,485,231 | img_1 = Harare from the Kopje.jpg | city_2 = Bulawayo | div_2 = Bulawayo<!-- Independent City --> | pop_2 = 653,337 | img_2 = Bulawayo CBD.jpg | city_3 = Chitungwiza | div_3 = Harare | pop_3 = 356,840 | img_3 = | city_4 = Mutare | div_4 = Manicaland Province{{!}}Manicaland | pop_4 = 186,208 | img_4 = Mutare aerial.jpg | city_5 = Epworth, Zimbabwe{{!}}Epworth | div_5 = Harare | pop_5 = 167,462 | city_6 = Gweru | div_6 = Midlands Province{{!}}Midlands | pop_6 = 154,825 | city_7 = Kwekwe | div_7 = Midlands Province{{!}}Midlands | pop_7 = 100,900 | city_8 = Kadoma, Zimbabwe{{!}}Kadoma | div_8 = Mashonaland West Province{{!}}Mashonaland West | pop_8 = 91,633 | city_9 = Masvingo | div_9 = Masvingo Province{{!}}Masvingo | pop_9 = 87,886 | city_10 = Chinhoyi | div_10 = Mashonaland West Province{{!}}Mashonaland West | pop_10 = 68,273 }} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Zimbabwe}} Mu charu cha Zimbabwe muli viyowoyero 16 ndipo mu dango la charu ichi, pali dango lakuti viyowoyero vinyake ndivyo viŵenge vyakuzomerezgeka. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene pa masukulu na mu makhoti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakuchemeka Shona na Ndebele. 78% ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cishona, ndipo 20% ŵakuyowoya Cindebele. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ni Venda, Tsonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau na Nambya. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi ni 2.5%, comenecomene awo mbazungu ndiposo awo mbakufuma ku mitundu yinyake. ChiShona chili na maluso ghanandi agho ghakalembeka mu buku lakwamba la ChiShona, la Feso ilo likalembeka na Solomon Mutswairo, ilo likafuma mu 1956. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi mu matawuni kweni ku mizi ŵakuyowoya viŵi yayi. Nkhani za pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi zikupharazgika mu Chishona, Chisindebele na Chingelezi. Mu Zimbabwe muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi, comenecomene mu vigaŵa ivyo vili kufupi na mphaka na Mozambique kweniso mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Kwamba mu 2017, kusambizga Chiphwitikizi kwaŵikika mu masambiro gha sekondare mu Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário no Zimbabué|url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-no-ensino-secundario-no-zimbabue|access-date=2020-07-21|website=SAPO 24|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe: Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário do país - África - Angola Press - ANGOP|url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/africa/2017/0/3/Zimbabwe-Portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-ensino-secundario-pais,7e5aad04-47b2-4b4f-aee8-c8351c5ae23f.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.angop.ao|language=PT-PT|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105712/http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/africa/2017/0/3/Zimbabwe-Portugues-vai-ser-introduzido-ensino-secundario-pais,7e5aad04-47b2-4b4f-aee8-c8351c5ae23f.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Chisopa=== {{Main|Religion in Zimbabwe}} [[File:2013_Harare_Zimbabwe_8638132278.jpg|thumb|left|[[Catholic]] church in [[Harare]]]] Kuyana na kafukufuku wa 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey wakuchitika na Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 84% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe Mbakhristu, 10% ŵalije chisopa, ndipo 0.7% Mba Chisilamu.<ref name="2017survey" /><ref name="pewzimb">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |title=Table: Religious Composition by Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101254/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead |website=pewforum.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2012}}</ref><ref name="US_state">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe – International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51503.htm |access-date=3 December 2007 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |quote=An estimated 1% of the total population is Muslim.}}</ref> Ŵanthu 62 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku matchalitchi nyengo zose. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 69% ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵali mu chisopa cha Protestant, ndipo 8% ŵali mu chisopa cha Roman Catholic. Makhaliro gha Cikristu gha Pentekoste, comenecomene, ghakura comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa ndipo ghakuŵa na ncito yikuru comene mu umoyo wa ŵantu, wa ŵanthu na wa ndyali. Matchalitchi ghakurughakuru gha Cikhristu ni Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, na Methodist. Nga ni umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, Cikristu cingaŵa cakusazgikana na vigomezgo vyacikaya. Chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, icho chikaŵako kale pambere charu cha Zimbabwe chindaŵeko na ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga visopa vyawo, chikulutilira kuŵa chakuzirwa mu chisopa cha ku Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoko |first=Tabona |title=Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being |url=https://archive.org/details/karangaindigenou0000shok |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-754-65881-8 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moyo |first=Method |title=Traditional Religion and Its Impact on the Practices of Apostolic and Zionist Churches in Zimbabwe |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-346-21835-3}}</ref> Kusopa ŵasekuru ni cisopa ico cikupambana na Cikhristu, ico cikusazgapo kuŵeyelera kwauzimu. Mu viphikiro vinandi, mbira dzavadzimu, kung'anamura "tumazgu twa ŵasekuru", ni ciŵiya ico cikukolerana na ma lamelophone ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu Africa. ===Umoyo=== {{See also|Health in Zimbabwe|HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean cholera outbreak}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] [[File:MOP 50.jpg|thumb|Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, [[Mutoko]] (2005)]] Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana ŵakamba kujiyimira ŵekha, ŵakamba kulwara matenda agho ghakaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu vyaka vinkhondi vyakwambilira pamanyuma pa kujiwombora, vinthu vikenda makora chomene pa nkhani ya katemera, wovwiri wa munkhwala, na munkhwala wakukanizga nthumbo. Ntheura, pa caru cose, caru ca Zimbabwe cikuwoneka kuti cikucita makora comene pa nkhani ya umoyo. Nyengo zinyake ku Zimbabwe kukaŵanga matenda ghakofya. Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikasuzgika cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, na suzgo la vyachuma kufuma mu 2000. Mu 2006, Zimbabwe yikaŵa na umoyo wambura kukhumbikwa chomene pa charu chose, kuyana na umo UN yikulongolera kuti ŵanalume ŵakhalanga vyaka 44, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵakakhalanga vyaka 43.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42013720|title=Zimbabwe in 10 numbers|date=18 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=18 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/health.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division|access-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> Cakucitika cikuru comene ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kusuzgika comene ni nthenda ya HIV na AIDS. Ŵana awo ŵakafwanga na nthenda iyi ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6% m'ma 1990 kufika pa 12.3% mu 2004. Pa vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵana awo ŵakababikanga ŵakaŵa 3.6 (2002), 3.8 (2006) na 3.8 (2012). Mu 2014, pa ŵana 100,000 awo ŵakababika, 614 ndiwo ŵakafwanga pa nthumbo. Ŵana awo ŵakafwanga na ŵana ŵambura kukwaniska vyaka vinkhondi pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakafwanga na ŵana 75 mu 2014 (94 mu 2009). Mu 2016, pakaŵavya ŵabwezi 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo, ndipo pa ŵanakazi ŵakutora, pa ŵanakazi 42 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakafwanga. Mu 2006, wupu wa ŵadokotala ku Zimbabwe ukachiska Mugabe kuti wawovwire ŵadokotala awo ŵakusuzgika. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV ku Zimbabwe chikaŵa 14 peresenti pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15-49. Wupu wa UNESCO ukayowoya kuti ŵanakazi awo ŵali na nthumbo ŵali na HIV, ndipo ŵakakhira kufuma pa 26% mu 2002 kufika pa 21% mu 2004. Kuzakafika mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha HIV/AIDS chikakhira kufika pa 13.5% pakuyaniska na 40% mu 1998. Kuumaliro wa Novembala 2008, maofesi ghanyake gha vipatala vikuruvikuru vitatu vya ku Zimbabwe ghakaleka kugwira ntchito, pamoza na sukulu ya vya munkhwala ya Zimbabwe Medical School. Vipatala ivyo vikaŵa kuti vichali kugwira ntchito vikatondeka kusanga munkhwala. Vinthu vikasintha comene pamanyuma pa boma la umoza na kukhazikiska ndalama zinandi mu mwezi wa Febuluwale mu 2009, nangauli suzgo la ndyali na la vya cuma nalo likapangiska kuti ŵadokotala na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya munkhwala ŵafumeko mu vyaru vinyake.<ref name="Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760088.stm|title=Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500|date=2 December 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>[[File:2008 Zimbabwe Cholera Outbreak Combined.svg|thumb|Map showing the spread of [[cholera]] in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources]] Mu Ogasiti 2008, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa nthenda ya kolera. Kuzakafika mu Disembala 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakoleka na nthenda iyi mu vigaŵa vyose vya Zimbabwe kupaturako cimoza.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm |title=PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Milliband">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012829/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe"], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 December 2008.</ref>Pa Disembala 4, 2008, boma la Zimbabwe likati nthenda iyi njakofya chomene pa charu chose ndipo likapempha wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Pa Malichi 9, 2009, wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose ukati ŵanthu 4,011 ŵali kufwa na nthenda iyi kufuma apo yikambira. Ku Harare, ŵalara ŵa tawuni ŵakapeleka malaro ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka na kolera.<ref name="rain">{{cite news|url=http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206151846/http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-date=6 December 2008|title=Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain|date=30 November 2008|work=Reuters|url-status=dead|access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> ===Msambilo=== {{Main|Education in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Saint-Georges-College.jpg|thumb|[[St. George's College, Harare]] was established in 1896 by a French [[Jesuit]].]] Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba. Mu 2013, chiŵelengero ichi chikafika pa 90.70%. Chiŵelengero ichi ntchichoko chomene pakuyaniska na 92 peresenti iyo yikalembeka mu 2010 na United Nations Development Programme na 97.0 peresenti iyo yikalembeka mu 2002 apo palembeka 80.4 peresenti mu 1992.<ref>{{cite report|title=Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 Report|publisher=Zimstat|year=2013|url=http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRINAfrica">{{Cite web|url=http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947 |title=Zimbabwe: Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094256/http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |website=irinnews.org |publisher=[[OCHA]] |date=23 July 2010 |location=Epworth, Zimbabwe}}</ref><ref name="AllAfrica">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007150032.html |title=Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race |website=AllAfrica.com |date=14 July 2010 |last=Nyathi |first=Kitsepile}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi ŵakupeleka ŵana ŵawo ku masukulu ghakujiyimira paŵekha. Mu 1980, masukulu ghakazgoka ghawanangwa, kweni kwambira mu 1988, boma likusazgirako ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakulipira pa sukulu. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu Zimbabwe ndiyo yikwendeska masukulu gha boma, kweni ndalama izo masukulu ghakujiyimira ghakupokera zikufuma ku boma. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro yikati ŵasambizgi 20,000 ŵali kufumamo mu Zimbabwe kwambira mu 2007 ndipo hafu ya ŵana ŵa mu Zimbabwe ŵandafike pa sukulu. Kusambira kukasuzgika comene cifukwa ca suzgo la cuma ilo likaŵako mu 2000, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵakamba kugwentha cifukwa ca malipiro ghacoko, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakatondekanga kuŵika maghanoghano ghawo pa ivyo ŵakasambiranga cifukwa ca njara, kweniso mtengo wa yunifomu ukakwera comene. Ŵasambizgi nawo ŵakaŵa cimoza mwa vilato vikuru vya kuyuzgika kwa Mugabe cifukwa wakaghanaghananga kuti mbakugomezgeka yayi.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2007 |title=BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe's schools |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6566919.stm |access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> Mu charu ichi, masambiro ghakwamba ghakwenda vyaka viŵiri, vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya masambiro ghakwamba na vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya masambiro gha sekondare. Chaka cha masambiro ku Zimbabwe chikufuma mu Janyuwale mpaka Disembala, ndipo pali masambiro ghatatu agho ghakupambana mwezi umoza. Masambiro gha cigaŵa ghacitikanga mu Novembala mu nyengo ya cigaŵa cacitatu. Ku Zimbabwe kuli maunivesite 7 gha boma kweniso maunivesite ghanayi agho ghakukolerana na matchalitchi. Yunivesite ya Zimbabwe, iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kweniso yikuru chomene, yikazengeka mu 1952 ndipo yikaŵa mu tawuni ya Mount Pleasant ku Harare. Ŵanyake awo ŵakasambirako ku yunivesite ya Zimbabwe ni Welshman Ncube, Peter Moyo, Tendai Biti, Chenjerai Hove na Arthur Mutambara. Ŵandyali ŵanandi mu boma la Zimbabwe ŵali kusambira masambiro gha ku yunivesite ya ku United States panji ku vyaru vinyake. National University of Science and Technology ni yunivesite yaciŵiri yikuru comene ya ku Zimbabwe iyo yili ku Bulawayo. Wakapangika mu 1991. Yunivesite ya National University of Science and Technology yikuyezgayezga kuti yiŵe yunivesite yakumanyikwa mu Zimbabwe na kumwera kwa Africa. Africa University ni yunivesite ya United Methodist ku Manicaland iyo yikukopa ŵana ŵa sukulu kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa 36. === Kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi === {{Further|Child marriage in Zimbabwe|Polygamy in Zimbabwe|Human trafficking in Zimbabwe|Abortion in Zimbabwe}} Ŵanakazi ku Zimbabwe ŵakutondeka pa vigaŵa vinandi nga ni vya vyachuma, ndyali, na vya umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://www.zw.one.un.org/togetherwedeliver/zundaf/gender-equality|title=Gender Equality {{!}} UN in Zimbabwe|website=www.zw.one.un.org|language=en|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814054632/http://www.zw.one.un.org/togetherwedeliver/zundaf/gender-equality|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lipoti la wupu wa UN ilo likafuma mu 2014, likati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakusuzgika chomene chifukwa cha mitheto yawo, nkharo yawo, na chisopa chawo. Ŵanakazi ŵakuwona vinthu mwambura kwenelera, ndipo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikuŵakhuŵazga kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito za ndalama. Dango la Zimbabwe lili na fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka, kweni maukaboni ghakulongora kuti dango ili likugwiriskika makora yayi ndipo likugwira ntchito mwakuchedwa. Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ukachita kafukufuku kuti umanye umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito makora fundo zakovwira pa nkhani ya nkhaza za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ŵakasanga kuti nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana zikusazgikira mu vigaŵa ivyo vyaŵa na masoka (vivula, chilangalanga, na matenda) kweni palije uyo wangamanya unandi wake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska ŵanthu kumazga nkhaza izi ni masuzgo gha vyachuma agho ghakutondeska ŵanthu kuzomerezga nkhaza za kugonana. Kweniso, maboma agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kumanya makora nkhani izi kweniso kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na vigeŵenga, ghalije ndalama zakukwana ndipo ghakutondeka kufiska milimo yawo. Wupu wa United Nations nawo ukaŵakhozga kuti ŵaleke kuchita vinthu ivi. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuwoneka nga mbambura kuzirwa, ŵakuŵawona nga ni vinthu vyambura kuzirwa, ndipo ŵakuŵawona kuti mbakuzirwa yayi mu mbiri na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakugomezga kuti ŵana ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakuzirwa chomene kuluska ŵana ŵanakazi. Mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu khoti ghakuti "vakadzi ngavanyarare", ghakung'anamura kuti "ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kukhala chete". Kuyuzgika kwa ŵanakazi mu Zimbabwe, ndiposo maluso gha cikaya agho ghakuŵakanizga kuŵa ŵantchito, kwapangiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵafwe na kujipeleka kuti ŵalute panthazi pa nchito mwakuti ŵafiske mulimo wawo wa kuŵa ŵawoli, ŵamama, na ŵantchito..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Chabaya|first1=O.|last2=Rembe|first2=S.|last3=Wadesango|first3=N.|date=1 January 2009|title=The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/44152|journal=South African Journal of Education|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.15700/saje.v29n2a259|issn=2076-3433|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Manyonganise|first=Molly|date=2015|title=Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu|journal=Verbum et Ecclesia|volume=36|issue=2|pages=1–7|doi=10.4102/VE.V36I2.1438|issn=2074-7705|doi-access=free}}</ref>Ŵanakazi ŵakusambizgika kuti ŵaleke kukana para ŵafumu ŵawo ŵakukhumba kugonana nawo, nangauli ŵakumanya kuti ŵali na HIV cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezgeka. Cifukwa ca kucita nthena, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵali na nthenda ya HIV pa ciŵelengero ca 16.1% ndipo ŵalipo 62% pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/zimbabwe |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=www.unaids.org |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakukumana na masuzgo pa umoyo wawo wa nchito, ndipo ivi vikukhwaska masambiro ghawo, luso lawo, na umo ŵakukulira. Mu 2009, magazini ya South African Journal of Education yikati nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kupika maudindo, kweni palije uyo wakapempha ntchito. Ŵanakazi aŵa ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbakuyana yayi na ŵanalume ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti mulimo wawo wa kuŵa muwoli na mama ngwakuzirwa chomene kuluska milimo yinyake yose. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakafumbika pa kafukufuku uyu ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera, agho ghangaŵa ghakukolerana na maudindo ghawo mu gulu kweniso maghanoghano gha ŵanakazi. Mu 2016, wupu wa FAO ukasanga kuti ŵanakazi 60 pera ndiwo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito zinandi za ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na masambiro ghacoko, nga ni 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya viŵeto, kweni ŵakagwiranga nchito pa 16.7% na 21% pera mu maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo na mu vyaru vyawo. Mu vigaŵa vya boma, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana 14% mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Zimbabwe na 33% mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe, nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume chikaŵa 0.95 pa mwanakazi yumoza. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, wupu wa UN ukuwovwira kuti ŵanakazi ŵalutilire kuŵa na maudindo ghapachanya, nga ni ŵalongozgi ŵa masukulu. Kwizira mu ndondomeko izi, caru ca Zimbabwe caŵa na mwaŵi wa kumazga mphambano ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa nkhani ya sukulu: Ŵanalume 50.5% ŵakuŵazga masukulu gha sekondare pakuyaniska na ŵanakazi 49.5%. Ku Zimbabwe ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na nkhaza za pa nyumba na za kugonana. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/zimbabwe-women-domestic-violence-election-gender-equality-rights-rape-mugabe-emmerson-a8539616.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/zimbabwe-women-domestic-violence-election-gender-equality-rights-rape-mugabe-emmerson-a8539616.html|archive-date=7 May 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Why the world must pay attention to violence against women and girls in Zimbabwe|work=The Independent|access-date=26 November 2018|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref>Pakuti ŵanthu wose yayi awo ŵakukoleka ŵakuyowoyeka, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka cikuŵa cikuru comene. Pa nyengo ya 2010 m'paka 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakachichizgikanga kuti ŵatoleke chikakwera na 42%. Pa nkhaza zose izo zikucitikira ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi mu Zimbabwe, 78 peresenti zikucitikira ŵafumu ŵawo, ŵadada ŵawo, panji ŵanyawo ŵa mu nthengwa. <ref name=":6" />Malipoti gha UNICEF ghakulongora kuti msungwana yumoza pa ŵasungwana ŵatatu waliyose uyo wakukura mu Zimbabwe wakusuzgika pambere wandakwaniske vyaka 18. <ref name=":6" />Ŵasungwana kanandi ŵakucimbira na ŵanalume ŵalara msinkhu para mwaŵi wawo wakusambira ulije. Ŵapolisi ŵakutemwa yayi kupenja ŵanalume awo ŵakuchita nkhaza pa nyumba panji ŵasungwana awo ŵakuchimbira na ŵanalume ŵalara msinkhu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti nkhaza ni nthowa yakulongolera nkhongono na citemwa. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Women's Lawyers Association ni wupu uwo ukovwira kuti malango gha boma gha 2013 ghalondezgeke. Wupu uwu ukupeleka mapulogiramu agho ghakovwira ŵanakazi kumanya makora wanangwa wawo na kuŵapa mwaŵi wa kulimbana na nkhaza za pa nyumba na za kugonana.<ref name=":6" /> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Zimbabwe}} Mu charu cha Zimbabwe muli mitheto yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵakugomezga chomene vinthu ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ŵali na vikozgo vinandi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofmbiramusic00berl|url-access=registration|quote=zimbabwe shona.|title=The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe|last=Berliner|first=Paul|date=June 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226043791|language=en}}</ref> Pa 18 Epulero, 1980, charu cha Zimbabwe chikamba kujithemba.<ref name="indepday">{{cite book|last=Owomoyela|first=Oyekan|year=2002|title=Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77 77]|isbn=978-0-313-31583-1|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom/page/77}}</ref>Maholide agha ghakuchitikira ku National Sports Stadium panji Rufaro Stadium ku Harare. Ungano wakwamba wa kujithemba ukacitika mu 1980 pa Zimbabwe Grounds. Pa viphikiro ivi, ŵakufumiska nkhunda kuti ŵalongore mtende. Moto wa wanangwa ukuŵala na pulezidenti pamanyuma pa viphikiro vya mbumba ya pulezidenti na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe. Kweniso pulezidenti wakuyowoya nkhani ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe iyo yikuŵa pa TV ku awo ŵangakwaniska yayi kwiza ku sitediyamu. Mu charu cha Zimbabwe mukuŵaso chiphikiro cha kutowa cha Miss Heritage Zimbabwe icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose kwambira mu 2012. ===Maluso=== {{Main|Zimbabwean art}} {{see also|Music of Zimbabwe}} [[File:Reconciliation Amos Supuni Woerden.jpg|thumb|upright|"Reconciliation", a [[stone sculpture]] by [[Amos Supuni]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, matumba, vyakuvwara, majuda, na vyakuŵaja. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa chomene ni makapu na vitanda ivyo vikuŵa mu khuni limoza. Vikozgo vya Ŵashona, ivyo vili na mbiri yitali, vikamba kusintha mu nyengo yasono pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 ndipo vikamba kutchuka pa charu chose. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuvwara vikuŵa vya viyuni na ŵanthu. Vinthu ivi ŵakuvivwara na malibwe nga ni soapstone, kweniso malibwe ghanyake nga ni serpentine na verdite. Vinthu vya ku Zimbabwe vingasangika mu vyaru nga ni Singapore, China na Canada. Cikozgo ca Dominic Benhura mu Singapore Botanic Gardens. Vinthu vyakuŵaja vya Ŵashona vilipo m'paka sono, ndipo ivyo ŵakuŵaja mazuŵa ghano vikukolerana na mitheto ya ku Africa na ku Europe. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ku Zimbabwe ni Nicholas, Nesbert na Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi na Locardia Ndandarika. Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakuŵaja vyakuvwara ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakhwaska ŵanthu ŵaphya, comenecomene ŵa ku America ŵa mitundu yakufipa. Ŵalembi ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa mu Zimbabwe na kunyake. Charles Mungoshi wakumanyikwa chomene mu Zimbabwe chifukwa cha kulemba nkhani za mu Chingelezi na Chishona, ndipo mabuku ghake ghakuguliskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Catherine Buckle wali kuzomerezgeka pa caru cose na mabuku ghake ghaŵiri African Tears na Beyond Tears agho ghakulongosora masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho cifukwa ca kusintha kwa malo mu 2000. Mulara wa boma wakwamba wa Rhodesia, Ian Smith, wakalemba mabuku ghaŵiri, The Great Betrayal na Bitter Harvest. Buku la The House of Hunger la Dambudzo Marechera likapokera chawanangwa ku UK mu 1979 ndipo buku lakwamba la Doris Lessing la The Grass Is Singing, mabuku ghanayi ghakwambilira gha Children of Violence, kweniso buku la nkhani zicoko waka la African Stories ghakalembeka ku Rhodesia. Mu 2013, buku la NoViolet Bulawayo lakuti We Need New Names likaŵa pa chigaŵa cha mphotho ya Booker. Buku ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga na kusama chifukwa cha nkhaza izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Gukurahundi. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ni Henry Mudzengerere na Nicolas Mukomberanwa. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikuyowoyeka kanandi waka mu luso lwa ku Zimbabwe njakuti ŵanthu ŵakusintha na kuŵa vinyama. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku Zimbabwe nga ni Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mtukudzi, Bhundu Boys; Stella Chiweshe, Alick Macheso na Audius Mtawarira ŵamanyikwa pa caru cose. Ŵazungu awo mbacoko ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha, ndipo pali magulu ghanandi agho ghakucita maseŵero agha.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/African-theatre-art/Southern-and-South-Africa|title=African theatre – Southern and South Africa {{!}} art|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=19 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> ===Vyakuphika=== [[File:Goat Offal.JPG|thumb|A meal of ''sadza'' ''(right)'', greens, and goat [[offal]]. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakurya vyakurya vichoko waka. "Mealie meal", iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti cornmeal, yikugwiliskirika nchito pakunozga sadza panji isitshwala, kweniso porridge yakucemeka bota panji ilambazi. Sadza wakupangika mwa kusanganiska tirigu na maji kuti wapangike. Para wakuphika kwa maminiti ghacoko waka, wakusazgako tirigu munyake kuti wakukore. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakurya nyama iyi pa nyengo ya chakurya cha muhanya panji chakurya cha mise. Sadza wakulyeka pamoza na mkaka wakukaŵa, uwo ukumanyikwa na zina lakuti "lacto" (mukaka wakakora), panji sardine wakomira wa ku Tanganyika. Bota ni chiŵiya chichoko chomene, icho chikuphika kwambura kusazgako tirigu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/culture/sadza_text.html | publisher=Zambuko.com |title=Sadza ne Nyama: A Shona Staple Dish |access-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> Kanandi munthu wakurya Bota pa cakurya ca mulenji. Para ŵanthu ŵakumalizga masambiro ghawo, para ŵakutora panji kutengwa, kweniso pa viphikiro vinyake vya mbumba, kanandi ŵakukoma mbuzi panji ng'ombe. Viyuni vyambura kupangika Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika mbachoko chomene (10%) mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa vyakurya vya ku Afrika. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene ni nyama yakuŵaŵa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephanie Hanes|title=Biltong: much more than just a snack|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=20 September 2006|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0920/p13s01-lifo.html|access-date=3 October 2006}}</ref> Ŵakupeleka chakurya cha Boerewors pamoza na sadza. Ni soseji yitali, iyo kanandi yikuŵa na vyakununkhira vinandi. Pakuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku England. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya chiŵiya mulenji, kweniso ŵakumwa tiyi pa 10 koloko. Ŵakulya cakurya ca mise, ndipo kanandi ŵakurya vyakurya ivyo vyakhalapo pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Para ŵamara kurya, kanandi pa 4 koloko ŵakuŵa na tiyi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakumwa tiyi para ŵamara kurya. Mu vyakurya vya ku Zimbabwe muli mpunga, makaroni, na mbatata. Chakurya icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mpunga uwo ŵakuphika na batala wa mapayipi. Para munthu wakuphika mbuto iyi wakuŵa na mphangwe, mbuto yakuchemeka nzungu, mbuto yakuchemeka ng'ombe yakubiliŵira, mbuto yakuchemeka nyemba, na mbuto yakuchemeka nyimo. Mutakura nayo wangaŵa viŵiya ivyo vili pachanya apa. === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Canada wins Zimbabwe in Rio Olympics 07.jpg|thumb|[[Zimbabwe women's national football team]] at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016 Olympic Games]]]] Mpira (uno ukuchemekaso kuti soccer) ndiwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Zimbabwe. Gulu la Warriors lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kankhondi (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), ndipo lapambana mpikisano wa South Africa kankhondi (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) na East Africa cup kamoza (1985). Gulu ili lili pa malo 68 mu 2022. Mpira wa rugby ni maseŵero ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe. Gulu la chalo likayimilira chalo mu viphalizgano viŵiri vya Rugby World Cup mu 1987 na 1991. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha cricket mbazungu. Ni yimoza mwa vyaru 12 ivyo vikuseŵera maseŵero gha Test cricket ndipo ni chiŵaro cha ICC. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe ni Andy Flower, Heath Streak na Brendan Taylor. Zimbabwe yikasanga mendulo 8 pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, yimoza pa maseŵero gha hockey na timu ya ŵanakazi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 1980 ku Moscow, na 7 ya Kirsty Coventry, zitatu pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2004 na zinayi pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha 2008. Dziko la Zimbabwe lachita bwino pa maseŵera a Commonwealth Games ndi All-Africa Games pa kusambira ndipo Coventry watenga mendulo 11 za golide mu maseŵera ghakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |title=2004 Olympic Games swimming results |access-date=22 July 2007 |publisher=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509051921/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |archive-date=9 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |title=Montreal 2005 Results|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070128064425/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |archive-date = 28 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php|title=12th FINA World Championships|access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070606111744/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php |archive-date = 6 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/bsp/statistics/results.stm |title=BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics|access-date=29 August 2007 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Zimbabwe yikwimila pa Wimbledon na Davis Cup mu tennis, chomenechomene na banja la Black, ilo lili na Wayne Black, Byron Black na Cara Black. Nick Price wa ku Zimbabwe wakaŵa na malo gha nambara yimoza pa maseŵero gha gofu pa caru cose kwa nyengo yitali kuluska woseŵero waliyose wa ku Africa. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ghakuchitika mu Zimbabwe ni basketball, volleyball, netball, na water polo, kweniso squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking na kuphalizgana pa mahachi. Ndipouli, mitundu yinandi ya maseŵero agha yikuŵa na ŵimiliri pa caru cose yayi, kweni yikuŵa pa caru cose. Ŵaseŵero ŵa mpira wa rugby ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakuseŵera ku vyaru vinyake ni Masimbaashe Motongo na Judah Mazive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/hull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|title=From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200610/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Hull-FC-Masimbaashe-Matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|title=Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England|newspaper=Zimbabwe Today|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154539/http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Ŵasepuka ŵakale bakusazgapo sono CEO wa SANZAAR Andy Marinos uyo wakawonekera ku South Africa pa Super League World Nines ndipo wakawonekeranga ku Sydney Bulldogs kweniso uyo wakababika ku Zimbabwe uyo wakababika ku Scotland Scott Gray, uyo wakachitako ku Brisbane Broncos. Charu cha Zimbabwe chawina mu karate apo Samson Muripo wa ku Zimbabwe wakaba chiphalizgano cha Kyokushin world champion ku Osaka, Japan mu 2009. Muripo ni nkhwantha ya Kyokushi Karate pa charu chose ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakuda wakwamba wa ku Africa kuŵa nkhwantha ya Kyokushin Karate pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The making of Samson Muripo {{!}} The Standard|date=22 October 2017|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2017/10/22/making-samson-muripo/|access-date=2021-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Media=== Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Zimbabwe sono ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, chifukwa boma likaŵakanizga chomene kupharazga pakati pa 2002 na 2008. Dango la Zimbabwe likulayizga wanangwa wa vyakupharazga. Kufuma waka apo ŵakaŵikirapo nduna yiphya ya vya mdauko mu 2013, ŵapharazgi ŵakusuzgika viŵi yayi na ndyali ndipo khoti likuru chomene la charu ichi lazomerezga kuti malango ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na vya mdauko ghakususkana na dango. Mu Julayi 2009, BBC na CNN ŵakambaso kwendeska mauthenga mu Zimbabwe. Unduna wa vya Mtima, Uthenga na Kupharazga wa ku Zimbabwe ukati, "boma la Zimbabwe likakanizgapo yayi kuti BBC yichitenge vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na dango mu Zimbabwe". BBC yikakondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika, yikati: "Tili ŵakukondwa kuti tikwaniskaso kugwira ntchito mu Zimbabwe". Mu 2010, boma la Zimbabwe Media Commission likakhazikiskika. Mu Meyi 2010, wupu uwu ukazomerezga nyuzipepara zitatu za ŵanthu ŵekha, kusazgapo nyuzipepara yakuchemeka Daily News. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati fundo izi ni "vinthu vikuru comene". Mu Juni 2010, NewsDay yikaŵa nyuzipepara yakwamba yakujiyimira payekha mu Zimbabwe mu vyaka 7. Mu 2012, ZBC yikamazga wanangwa wake wa kupharazga na kupeleka malayisensi ku mawayilesi ghaŵiri. Kufuma waka apo dango la 2002 la Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act likakhazikiskikira, boma likajara manyuzipepara ghanandi, kusazgapo Daily News.<ref name="rwb" /><ref name="cgmg">Ruzengwe, Blessing (17 March 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060301060504/http://cgmg.jour.city.ac.uk/news.php?story=249 "The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga"], ''The London Globe'' via ''[[Metrovox]]''.</ref>Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵali kwambiska mawupu gha nyuzipepara mu vyaru vya ŵazengezgani na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti Intaneti njambura kukanizgika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakuzomerezgeka kusanga nkhani pa Intaneti izo ŵalembi ŵa nyuzipepara awo ŵali ku wuzga ŵakulemba. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukati mu Zimbabwe ŵanthu ŵakwendera chomene nkhani za mu manyuzipepara. Manyuzipepara agho ghakusindikizgika comene ni The Herald na The Chronicle agho ghakusindikizgika mu Harare na Bulawayo. Kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa yayi kuyowoya vya nkhani mu manyuzipepara. Mu lipoti lake la mu 2021, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukalemba vyalo vya Zimbabwe pa 130 pa vyalo 180, ndipo ukalemba kuti "mauthenga ghafika pa malo ghakwenelera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujikora yayi, kweni ŵapharazgi ŵachali kukomeka".<ref name="rwb">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/zimbabwe |title=Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reports Without Borders |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>Boma la Zimbabwe likukanizgaso mawayilesi ghanandi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni CBC, Sky News, Channel 4, American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, na Fox News. Mabungwe gha nkhani na manyuzipepara ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku South Africa nagho ghakanizgika kunjira mu caru ici. ===National symbols=== [[File:Zimbabwe Bird.svg|thumb|upright|Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design]] Mbalame ya ku Zimbabwe yikuwoneka pa ndembera za charu cha Zimbabwe na Rhodesia, kweniso pa ndalama za ku Rhodesia. Panyake ni nombo panji nombo ya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1985-05_18_3/page/68|journal=African Arts|year=1985|volume=18|pages=68–73, 99–100|author=Huffman, Thomas N.|jstor=3336358|issue=3|doi=10.2307/3336358}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|year=2001|volume=56|pages=105–106|author=Sinclair, Paul |jstor=3889033|issue=173/174|doi=10.2307/3889033}}</ref> Mu msumba wakale wa Great Zimbabwe mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vya viyuni vyakutowa chomene.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Zimbabwe|url=http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809145423/http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html|archive-date=9 August 2007|author=Landow, George P.|publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Malibwe agho ghakukolerana ni malo agho ghakusangika mu charu chose cha Zimbabwe. Malibwe agha ghakukolerana makora kwambura kukhozgeka na vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangika para miyala yakukhoma iyo yili pafupi na malo agha yikusongonoka. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵalongosora ndipo ŵali kuŵalongosora pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe na za ku Rhodesia. Malibwe agha ghakusangika pa ndalama za ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti Banknote Rocks. Malibwe agha ghakupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakukolerana na malibwe ghatatu panji kujumpha apa. Vinthu ivi vikusangika kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kufuma kumpoto kwa South Africa m'paka ku Sudan. Vinthu vyakuzizwiska chomene mu charu cha Zimbabwe vili ku Matobo National Park ku Matabeleland. Nyimbo ya fuko la Zimbabwe ni "Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe" (Shona: Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe; Template:Lang-nd). Sumu iyi yikamba kwimbika mu Malichi 1994 pamanyuma pa chiphambano cha pa charu chose kuti yisinthe Ishe Komborera Africa kuŵa sumu ya ku Zimbabwe. Sumu iyo yikaluska yikaŵa sumu yakulembeka na Pulofesa Solomon Mutswairo ndipo yikapangika na Fred Changundega. Baibolo ili lang'anamulika mu viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru vya ku Zimbabwe.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[Index of Zimbabwe-related articles]] * [[Outline of Zimbabwe]] == Ukaboni == ===Vinyake vyakuona=== {{reflist|group=note}} === Mazgo === {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} === Vinyake === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Parsons |last=Parsons |first=Neil |year=1993 |title=A New History of Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |location=London, England |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-84195319-2 }} * {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 | author = | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers = | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO }} {{refend}} == Wonani vinadi == * {{cite news |title='Hungry kids collapse as looters take millions': life in today's Zimbabwe |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=10 August 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/10/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-battle-to-survive}} * {{Citation |last=Barclay |first=Philip |title=Zimbabwe: Years of Hope and Despair |year=2010}}. * Bourne, Richard. ''Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?'' (2011); 302 pages. * {{Citation |editor1-first=JoAnn |editor1-last=McGregor |editor2-first=Ranka |editor2-last=Primorac |title=Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival |publisher= [[Berghahn Books]] |year=2010}}, 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse. * [[Martin Meredith|Meredith, Martin]]. ''Mugabe: Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe's Future'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003STCO04/ excerpt and text search]. * {{Citation |first1=Peter |last1=Orner |author1-link=Peter Orner |first2=Annie |last2=Holmes |title=Hope Deferred: Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives |year=2011 |publisher=Voice of witness |url= http://www.voiceofwitness.org/hope-deferred/}}. * Smith, Ian Douglas. ''Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857826043/ excerpt and text search]. * David Coltart. The struggle continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd: South Africa, 2016. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Zimbabwe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171223174502/http://www.zim.gov.zw/ Official Government of Zimbabwe Web Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223174502/http://www.zim.gov.zw/ |date=23 December 2017 }} * [https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/ Parliament of Zimbabwe] * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Zimbabwe}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249 Zimbabwe profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Zimbabwe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ Zimbabwe]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024133532/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/zimbabwe.htm Zimbabwe] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZW Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe] from [[International Futures]] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZWE/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe] {{Zimbabwean topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Geography of Zimbabwe}} {{Languages of Zimbabwe}} {{Africa}} {{G15}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Territories of the British Empire}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|19|S|30|E|type:country_region:ZW|display=title}} [[Category:Zimbabwe| ]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Southeast African countries]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1980]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 4eg287fkaftx1qtfjaix2h78qsduhw5 0 6968 122531 122346 2026-09-28T00:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in West Africa}} {{About|charu chiphya|chakumanyuma|The Gambia (1965–1970)}} {{Redirect|Gambia|the river|Gambia River}} {{pp-move}} {{nkhaniiwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Gambia | common_name = The Gambia | image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the Gambia|Flag]] | religion_year = 2019 | image_coat = Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Gambia|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = "Progress, Peace, and Prosperity" | national_anthem = "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Malo gha Gambia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa | image_map2 = | capital = [[Banjul]] | largest_settlement_type = metropolitan area | largest_settlement = [[Serekunda]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<!-- Until official sources state otherwise, this should not be changed. See the Talk page. --> | languages_type = [[National language]]s | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}}|[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]] |[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] |[[Wolof language|Wolof]] |[[Serer language|Serer]] |[[Jola languages|Jola]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[Balanta languages|Balanta]] |[[Hassaniya Arabic]] |[[Jola-Fonyi language|Jola-Fonyi]] |[[Mandjak language|Mandjak]] |[[Mankanya language|Mankanya]] |[[Noon language|Noon]] |[[Cangin languages|Cangin]] |[[Dyula language|Dyula]] |[[Fula language|Fula]] |[[Karon language|Karon]] |[[Kassonke language|Kassonke]] |[[Soninke language|Soninke]] |[[Gambian Sign Language]] |[[French language|French]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 34.4% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 24.1% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 14.8% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] | 10.5% [[Jola people|Jola]] | 8.2% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] | 3.1% [[Serer people|Serer]] | 1.9% [[Manjago people|Manjago]] | 1.3% [[Bambara people|Bambara]] | 0.5% [[Oku people (Sierra Leone)|Aku]] | 1.5% other<ref name=2013Census>{{cite web |url=https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |title=2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The Republic of The Gambia |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |access-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 Census | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/|title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The|website=CIA|language=en|access-date=2020-06-03|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/|archive-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> | demonym = Gambian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Gambia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Adama Barrow]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of the Gambia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad B.S. Jallow]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of the Gambia|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Fabakary Jatta]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Gambia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = from the United Kingdom | established_date1 = 18 February 1965 | established_event2 = dissolution of the [[Senegambia Confederation]] | established_date2 = 30 September 1989 | area_km2 = 11,300<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography|title=Gambia, The|date=28 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography|archive-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> | area_rank = 159th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4,007 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 11.5 | population_estimate = 2,413,403<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Gambia The|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 144th | population_density_km2 = 176.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 425.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 74th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$6.7 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 166th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita ={{increase}} $2,640<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$2.1 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 185th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita ={{increase}} $846<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180th | Gini = 35.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=Gini>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232414/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.500<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name=UNHDR>{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 174th | currency = [[Gambian dalasi]] | currency_code = GMD | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | DST_note = {{smaller|''Daylight saving time is not observed''}} | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+220]] | iso3166code = GM | cctld = [[.gm]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|28|N|16|36|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 96.4% [[Islam in the Gambia|Islam]] | 3.5% [[Christianity in the Gambia|Christianity]] | 0.1% Others }} | today = | p1 = | flag_p1 = Flag of The Gambia.svg | p2 = }} '''Charu cha Gambiya,''' panji kuti '''Gambia''',{{efn|[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]: ''Kambiya'' {{lang|nqo|ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ}}, {{lang-wo|Gámbi}}, {{lang-ff|Gammbi}}, {{lang-srr|Gambi}}, {{lang-ar|غامبيا}}}} pa[[chizungu]], '''''Republic of The Gambia''''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states|title=Member States|first=United|last=Nations|website=United Nations}}</ref> ni chalo icho chili ku [[Western Africa]]. Ni caru cicoko comene pa vyaru vyose vya<ref name=Hoare>Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-7534-5569-2}}.</ref> mu Africa, ndipo cili kuzingilizgika na Senegal. Charu cha Gambia chili mumphepete mwa [[Mlonga wa Gambia]], uwo ukujumpha pakati pa charu ichi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul|title=Banjul &#124; national capital, The Gambia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> na kuthira mu [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]]. Ili na malo ghakukwana 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) ndipo ŵanthu 1,857,181 ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Banjul ni msumba ukuru wa charu cha Gambia, ndipo ni msumba ukuru chomene mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/gambia|title=Population of Cities in Gambia 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> Mu 1455, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa cha Gambia, kweni ŵakaŵavya malonda. Mu 1765, charu cha Gambia chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa [[Britain]].<ref>Hughes, Arnold (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia''. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. {{ISBN|0810862603}}.</ref> Mu 1965, charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiwusa chekha pasi pa muwuso wa [[Dawda Jawara]]. [[Adama Barrow]] wakazgoka purezidenti wachitatu wa Gambia mu Janyuwale 2017, wati watonda Jammeh pa chisankho cha Disembala 2016.<ref name=Wiseman>Wiseman, John A. (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA456 Africa South of the Sahara 2004 (33rd edition): The Gambia: Recent History], Europa Publications Ltd. p. 456.</ref> Jammeh wakazomera vifukwa ivi, pambere wandaleke uteŵeti wake, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la ndyali na kunjilirapo kwa [[ŵasilikari]] ŵa [[wupu wa Economic Community of West African States]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure|title=Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule|last=Maclean|first=Ruth|date=21 January 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516194615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Agrees>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html|title=Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down|date=20 January 2017|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html|archive-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | last =Ramsay | first =Stuart | title =Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile | language =en | publisher =Sky News | date =22 January 2017 | url =https://uk.news.yahoo.com/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-preparing-leave-country-205300165.html | access-date =23 January 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170123004834/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-preparing-leave-country-205300165.html | archive-date =23 January 2017 | url-status =live | df =dmy-all }} </ref> Charu cha Gambia chili mu wupu wa Economic Community of West African States kufuma apo ukapangika mu 1975 ndipo chili mu wupu wa Commonwealth. Chuma cha mu Gambia chikuthemba pa ulimi, kuloŵa somba, na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 48.6% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ukavu ukaŵa ukuru comene, pafupifupi 70 peresenti.<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite web |title=The Gambia overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gambia/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705183902/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gambia/overview |archive-date=5 July 2018 |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=World Bank |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Zina== Zina lakuti "Gambia" lili kufuma ku lizgu la [[Mandinka]] lakuti Kambra/Kambaa, ilo likung'anamura [[Mlonga wa Gambia]] (panji panji kufuma ku lizgu la [[Serer Gamba]], mtundu wapadera wa calabash uwo ŵakumenya para mulara wa Serer wafwa). Apo charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira mu 1965, chikachemekanga Gambia. Mu 1970, charu ichi chikazgoka Republic of Gambia. Boma la Yahya Jammeh likasintha zina la boma ili kuŵa Islamic Republic of Gambia mu Disembala 2015. Pa 29 January 2017 Pulezidenti Adama Barrow wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Republic of Gambia.<ref name=abr>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html|title=Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name|last=Adegun|first=Aanu|date=29 January 2017|newspaper=Naij|language=en-US|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129123855/https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html|archive-date=29 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html|title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms|date=28 January 2017|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131012508/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Charu cha Gambia ntchimoza mwa vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na zina la Chingelezi ilo lili na chilembo chakumanyikwa (chinyake ni Bahamas), padera pa vyaru ivyo zina lake lili mu unandi (Netherlands, Philippines) panji lili na boma ([[United Kingdom]], [[Czech Republic]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |date=2012-06-07 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |access-date=2023-02-23 |quote=[A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World and the US Department of State, only two countries, The Bahamas and The Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article.}}</ref> Kweniso boma la charu ichi na mawupu ghanyake gha pa charu chose ghakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu agha. Pakwamba ŵakalemba mazgu agha cifukwa ca zina la cigaŵa ici lakuti "Mlonga wa Gambia". Mu 1964, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa, nduna yikuru Dawda Jawara yikalembera kalata komiti yakuwona vya mazina gha vyaru ku Britain, na kupempha kuti zina lakuti Gambia likhalilirenge na lizgu ilo likung'anamura zina la charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfa Shaban |first1=Abdur Rahman |title=Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia// |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Africa News |date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411013024/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zina la Gambia. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of the Gambia}} === Vyaka vya m'ma 900-1600: Ŵasilamu na Ŵapwitikizi === Ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu ndiwo ŵakalemba nkhani yakwamba yakukhwaskana na charu cha Gambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 900 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵasambizgi ŵakakhazikika mu malo ghanandi gha ku [[West Africa]]. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa na nthowa zakwendeskera malonda mu Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakendeskanga malonda ghakurughakuru. [[File:Wassu Stone Cirles shaunamullally 02.jpg|thumb|left|Makhwiro gha malibwe gha ku Senegambia (megalites) agho ghakutora nyengo kufuma ku Senegal kuya ku Gambia ndipo UNESCO yikuyowoya kuti "ndigho ghakukwana chomene pa charu chose".]] Kuzakafika mu 11 panji 12 C.E., mathemba gha maufumu nga ni Takrur (ufumu uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Senegal), Ghana wakale, na Gao, ghakazgoka Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵakimika Ŵasilamu awo ŵakamanyanga Ciarabu kuti ŵateŵeterenge mu nyumba zawo.<ref>Easton P (1999) [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/581121468329358898/Education-and-Koranic-literacy-in-West-Africa "Education and Koranic Literacy in West Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220150050/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/581121468329358898/Education-and-Koranic-literacy-in-West-Africa |date=20 December 2016 }}. IK Notes on Indigenous Knowledge and Practices, n° 11, World Bank Group. pp. 1–4</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, chigaŵa chikuru cha Gambia chikaŵa mu ufumu wa Mali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakafika pa malo agha pa nyanja. === Boma la Chingelezi na la France === Mu 1588, António, Prior wa ku Crato, uyo wakakhumbanga kukhala pa ufumu wa Portugal, wakaguliska wanangwa wa malonda pa Mlonga wa Gambia ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku England. Makalata agho Fumukazi Elizabeth I yikalemba ghakakhozga fundo iyi. Mu 1618, Themba James I la ku England likazomerezga kampani yinyake ya ku England kuti yikaguliskenge vinthu ku Gambia na ku Gold Coast (uko sono ni Ghana). Pakati pa 1651 na 1661, vigaŵa vinyake vya charu cha Gambia Chirwa cha Andrew mu Mlonga wa Gambia kusazgapo Fort Jakob, na St. Chirwa cha Mary (lero ni Banjul) na Fort Jillifree ‡ vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Courland na Semigallia (lero ni Latvia), ndipo vikagulika na Karonga Jacob Kettler.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yevstratyev|first=O|date=2018|title=Chronological Dating of the Duchy of Courland's Colonial Policy|url=https://www.lvi.lu.lv/lv/LVIZ_2018_files/3_numurs/O_Yevstratyev_Chronological_LVIZ_2018_3.pdf|journal=Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls|volume=3|pages=34–72|doi=10.22364/lviz.108.02|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074148/https://www.lvi.lu.lv/lv/LVIZ_2018_files/3_numurs/O_Yevstratyev_Chronological_LVIZ_2018_3.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mu 1664, England yikapoka malo agha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na m'ma 1800, ufumu wa Britain na wa France ukalutilira kulimbana kuti uŵe na mazaza pa ndyali na malonda mu vigaŵa vya Senegal na Gambia. Ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Gambia apo ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Augustus Keppel ŵakafika ku charu ichi mu 1758. Mu 1783, pa phangano lakwamba la Versailles, Britain likapoka Mlonga wa Gambia, kweni France likalutilira kuŵa na malo ghacoko waka ku Albreda kumpoto kwa mlonga uwu. Paumaliro, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1856. === Ukapolo (Vyaka vya m'ma 1700-1900) === Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵakakoleka wuzga mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka 300 ivyo ŵakaguliskiranga ŵazga. Tikumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga pa nkhondo izo zikachitika pambere malonda gha ŵazga ghandambe. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaguliskika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanyake ŵakakoleka pa nkhondo za mafuko, ŵanyake ŵakaguliskika cifukwa ca ngongoli zambura kulipika, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakakoleka waka.<ref>Park, Mungo ''Travels in the Interior of Africa'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5305 v. II, Chapter XXII – War and Slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924192512/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5305 |date=24 September 2009 }}.</ref> [[File:James Island and Fort Gambia.jpg|thumb|Mapu gha James Island na Fort Gambia]] Pakwamba, ŵamalonda ŵakatumanga ŵanthu ku Europe kuti ŵakagwirenge ntchito ya ŵateŵeti m'paka mu ma 1800, apo ntchito yikakura ku West Indies na North America. Mu 1807, boma la Britain likalekeska malonda gha ŵazga mu ufumu wake wose. Kweniso likayezgayezga kumazga malonda gha ŵazga mu Gambia, kweni vikatondeka. Ngalaŵa za ŵazga izo zikaŵa mu nyanja ya Atlantic zikaweleraso ku Gambia, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵafumiska pa cirwa ca MacCarthy uko ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵakambe umoyo uphya. Mu 1816, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazenga msumba wa Bathurst (uno ni Banjul). ===Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)=== [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-25-4.jpg|thumb|right|Kazembe wa Britain, George Chardin Denton (1901-1911), na chipani cake, 1905]] {{Further|Gambia Colony and Protectorate}} Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, nyengo zinyake Banjul wakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe wa Britain ku Sierra Leone. Mu 1888, charu cha Gambia chikazgoka chikaya. Mu 1889, boma la Britain na la France ŵakakolerana kuti malo agha ghaŵe na mphaka. Mu 1891, ŵalara ŵa boma la England na France ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakachita. Gambia wakazgoka ufumu wa Britain, ndipo ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 1901, charu cha Gambia chikaŵa na wupu wakulongozga na wakwimika malango. Mu 1906, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka, ndipo pamanyuma pa nkhondo yichoko waka pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanthu ŵa ku Gambia, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira. Mu 1919, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana pakati pa Traveling Commissioner J. K. McCallum na mwanakazi wa Wolof Fatou Khan ŵakakwiyiska boma. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakarwa nkhondo pamoza na ŵanyawo. Nangauli ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakarwa nkhondo mu Burma, kweni ŵanyake ŵakafwira kufupi na kukwawo. Ku Banjul kukaŵa ndege za ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha comene. Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu 1962, boma la United Kingdom likapeleka wanangwa wakujiwusa yekha.<ref name="Biz">{{Cite book |title=Gambia Business Law Handbook |publisher=International Business Publication |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4387-6988-2 |volume=1: Strategic Information and Basic Laws}}</ref>[[File:Gambia 1953 stamps crop 6.jpg|thumb|Sitampu iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II, 1953]] === Pamasinda pa kujiyimira (1965-pano) === ==== Ufumu wa ufumu na demokilase ya boma ==== Charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa 18 February 1965, ndipo chikaŵa na ufumu wa wupu wakulongozga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, boma likacita pharazgo lakuti caru ici ciŵe caru cakucemeka republic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuzomera kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha malango gha charu ichi. Pa Epulero 24, 1970, charu cha Gambia chikazgoka charu cha Commonwealth. Mulara wa boma Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Pulezidenti Dawda Jawara wakasankhikaso kankhondi.<ref name=ucdp>UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia</ref> ==== Kuyezga kupoka boma mu 1981 ==== Pa Julayi 29, 1981, boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kuyezga kupoka boma kukacitika apo purezidenti Jawara wakaluta ku London ndipo kukacitika na wupu wa National Revolutionary Council, uwo ukaŵa na Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) wa Kukoi Samba Sanyang na ŵantchito ŵa Field Force, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu vyalo vya nkhondo. Pulezidenti Jawara wakapempha wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ku Senegal, uyo wakatuma ŵasilikari 400 ku Gambia pa Julayi 31. Pa Ogasiti 6, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Senegal pafupifupi 2,700 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵanjira, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka. Ŵanthu pakati pa 500 na 800 ŵakakomeka pa nyengo ya kuwukira boma na nkhaza izo zikaŵako.<ref name=ucdp/> Mu 1982, pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, Senegal na Gambia ŵakasazga phangano la kuwungana. Cholinga cha mgwirizano wa Senegambia chinali kugwirizanitsa magulu a nkhondo a mayiko awiriwa ndi kugwirizanitsa chuma chawo ndi ndalama zawo. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri pera, Gambia wakafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1989. ==== 1994 Yahya Jammeh coup; kubwerera ku demokalase ya chisankho ==== Mu 1994, wupu wa Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) ukawuskapo boma la Jawara na kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma. Mulara Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh, mulongozgi wa AFPRC, wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Jammeh wakaŵa na vilimika 29 pera apo boma likagalukira. Boma la AFPRC likapharazga ndondomeko yakuwelera ku boma la demokilase. Wupu wakuwona vya mavoti (Independent Electoral Commission) (PIEC) ukakhazikiskika mu 1996 kuti ucitenge mavoti gha pa caru cose ndipo ukasinthika kuŵa wupu wakuwona vya mavoti (Independent Electoral Commission) (IEC) mu 1997 ndipo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ndiposo wa kucita mavoti na ma referendum. Kuumaliro wa 2001 na kukwambilira kwa 2002, ku Gambia kukachitika maungano gha purezidenti, gha ŵalara ŵa boma, na gha chigaŵa. Pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh, uyo wakasankhika kuti walutilire pa udindo uwo wakaŵa nawo pa nyengo ya vimbundi, wakalapa pa 21 December 2001. Gulu la Jammeh la Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) likalutilira kuŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu Nyumba ya Malango, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti chipani cikuru ca United Democratic Party (UDP) ico cikususka boma, cikakana mavoti. (Kweni kufuma nyengo yira, boma ili likuchitako mavoti.) Pa 2 Okutobala 2013, nduna ya vyalo ya Gambia yikapharazga kuti Gambia wafumengepo mu Commonwealth mwaluŵiro, ndipo ivi vyamalizga vyaka 48 ivyo wakaŵa mu wupu uwu. Boma la Gambia likati "likadumura kuti Gambia waŵengepo yayi mu wupu unyake wa vyaru viphya na kuŵapo yayi mu wupu unyake wa vyaru viphya". Pa Disembala 11, 2015, Pulezidenti Jammeh wakapharazga kuti Gambia ni charu cha Chisilamu, ndipo wakati ni charu icho chili kutali na ufumu wa Chisilamu. Pulezidenti Jammeh wakadumbiskana na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha opposition Adamu Barrow kufuma ku Independent Coalition of Parties na Mamma Kandeh kufuma ku chipani cha Gambia Democratic Congress mu mavoti gha December 2016. Boma la Gambia likadumura kuti Ousainou Darboe uyo ni mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka na wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakhale mu jele vyaka vitatu mu Julayi 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/07/gambia-prison-sentences-for-opposition-leaders-continues-downward-spiral-for-human-rights/ |title=Gambia: Prison sentences for opposition leaders continues downward spiral for human rights |date=20 July 2016 |work=Amnesty International |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026164743/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/07/gambia-prison-sentences-for-opposition-leaders-continues-downward-spiral-for-human-rights/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==== Kuthereskeka kwa Jammeh mu 2016 ==== Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pa 1 Disembala 2016, komiti ya zisankho idalengeza kuti Adama Barrow ndiye wopambana pa chisankho cha purezidenti. Jammeh, uyo wakawusa kwa virimika 22, wakadankha kuphara kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wati watondeka pa mavoti gha mu 2016 pambere wandayowoye kuti mavoti ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito na kuchemera mavoti ghaphya. Pa 20 January 2017, Jammeh wakapharazga kuti wazomera kufumapo ndipo wafumenge mu chalo.<ref name=Agrees/> ==== Since 2017 ==== Mu Janyuwale 2017, Pulezidenti Barrow wakawuskamo zina lakuti "Islamic" mu zina la Gambia. Pa 14 February 2017, charu cha Gambia chikamba kuwelera ku Commonwealth ndipo chikapeleka chikalata chake kwa Secretary General Patricia Scotland pa 22 January 2018. Boris Johnson, uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Foreign wa ku Britain wakwamba kuchezgera charu cha Gambia kwambira apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1965, wakapharazga kuti boma la Britain lakondwa kuti Gambia wawelere ku Commonwealth. Charu cha Gambia chikawelera ku Commonwealth pa 8 February 2018. Pa 28 February 2018, Jaha Dukureh, uyo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi wakasankhika kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha mulimo wake wa kulimbana na kuswa viŵaro vya ŵanakazi. Pa 4 Disembala 2021, Adama Barrow wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha purezidenti. Pa Disembala 20, 2022, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanayi ŵakakakika. Ŵasilikari ŵa Gambia ŵakukana kuti pakaŵavya uyo wakayezga kutimbanizga boma.<ref name="BBC-2022">{{Cite news|date=2022-12-21|title=Gambia coup attempt foiled – government|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64055295|access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of the Gambia}} [[File:Ga-map.png|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Mapu gha Gambia]] [[File:GambiaKololiBeach043 (11904193013).jpg|thumb|Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Kololi]] Gambia ni caru cicoko comene ico mphaka zake zikuyana waka na Mlonga wa Gambia. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 13 na 14°N, na longitude 13 na 17°W. Charu cha Gambia chili na usani wa makilomita 50 pa malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo pafupifupi 1,300 (11,5%) gha charu cha Gambia ghali na maji. Ni caru cicoko comene pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na malo agha, Gambia ni mucoko comene pakuyaniska na cirwa ca Jamaica. Charu cha Senegal chili kuzingilizga charu cha Gambia kufuma ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 80 pa nyanja ya Atlantic. Malire agho ghalipo sono ghakaŵako mu 1889, pamanyuma pa phangano pakati pa Britain na France. Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana pakati pa ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Britain mu Paris, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kupeleka kwa ŵa ku Britain makilomita pafupifupi 320 (200 mi) gha Mlonga wa Gambia. Kwamba na kuŵika mphaka mu 1891, pakajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 15 kufuma apo ungano wa ku Paris ukachitikira. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti Ŵanung'una ŵa Britain ŵambe kulamulira malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 16 kumpoto na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Gambia. Mu charu cha Gambia muli vyakumera vitatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku West Sudan, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.56/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa 120 pa vyaru 172.<ref name=FLII>{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== Ku Gambia, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Nyengo ya vula yikuŵa yitali yayi, ndipo yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kweni kufuma mu Juni m'paka Meyi, maji ghakukhoma chomene. Nyengo ya ku Gambia yikuyana comene na ya ku Senegal, Mali, na kumpoto kwa Guinea.<ref name=hayward> {{cite book | last = Hayward | first = Derek |author2=J. S. Oguntoyinbo | title = Climatology of West Africa | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 1987 | location = Lanham, Maryland | page = 189 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0RooGyB2f60C&pg=PA189 | isbn = 978-0-389-20721-4 }} </ref> {{Weather box |width=auto |location = Banjul |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 37.2 |Feb record high C = 38.9 |Mar record high C = 40.6 |Apr record high C = 41.1 |May record high C = 41.1 |Jun record high C = 37.8 |Jul record high C = 33.9 |Aug record high C = 33.3 |Sep record high C = 34.4 |Oct record high C = 37.2 |Nov record high C = 35.6 |Dec record high C = 35.6 |year record high C = 41.1 |Jan high C = 31.7 |Feb high C = 33.5 |Mar high C = 33.9 |Apr high C = 33.0 |May high C = 31.9 |Jun high C = 31.9 |Jul high C = 30.8 |Aug high C = 30.2 |Sep high C = 31.0 |Oct high C = 31.8 |Nov high C = 32.7 |Dec high C = 31.9 |year high C = 32.0 |Jan low C = 15.7 |Feb low C = 16.6 |Mar low C = 17.9 |Apr low C = 18.8 |May low C = 20.3 |Jun low C = 22.9 |Jul low C = 23.6 |Aug low C = 23.3 |Sep low C = 22.6 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 18.8 |Dec low C = 16.2 |year low C = 19.9 |Jan record low C = 7.2 |Feb record low C = 10.0 |Mar record low C = 11.7 |Apr record low C = 12.2 |May record low C = 13.9 |Jun record low C = 18.3 |Jul record low C = 20.0 |Aug record low C = 20.0 |Sep record low C = 17.2 |Oct record low C = 16.1 |Nov record low C = 12.2 |Dec record low C = 8.9 |year record low C = 7.2 |Jan rain mm = 0.5 |Feb rain mm = 0.0 |Mar rain mm = 0.0 |Apr rain mm = 0.0 |May rain mm = 1.3 |Jun rain mm = 62.7 |Jul rain mm = 232.4 |Aug rain mm = 346.8 |Sep rain mm = 255.1 |Oct rain mm = 75.8 |Nov rain mm = 1.6 |Dec rain mm = 0.7 |year rain mm = 976.9 |rain colour=green |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 0 |Apr rain days = 0 |May rain days = 0 |Jun rain days = 5 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 19 |Sep rain days = 16 |Oct rain days = 6 |Nov rain days = 0 |Dec rain days = 0 |year rain days = 60 |Jan humidity = 47 |Feb humidity = 47 |Mar humidity = 50 |Apr humidity = 58 |May humidity = 67 |Jun humidity = 73 |Jul humidity = 81 |Aug humidity = 85 |Sep humidity = 84 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 69 |Dec humidity = 55 |year humidity = 67 |Jan sun = 207.7 |Feb sun = 237.3 |Mar sun = 266.6 |Apr sun = 252.0 |May sun = 229.4 |Jun sun = 201.0 |Jul sun = 182.9 |Aug sun = 189.1 |Sep sun = 183.0 |Oct sun = 217.0 |Nov sun = 246.0 |Dec sun = 210.8 |Jand sun = 6.7 |Febd sun = 8.4 |Mard sun = 8.6 |Aprd sun = 8.4 |Mayd sun = 7.4 |Jund sun = 6.7 |Juld sun = 5.9 |Augd sun = 6.1 |Sepd sun = 6.1 |Octd sun = 7.0 |Novd sun = 8.2 |Decd sun = 6.8 |yeard sun = 7.2 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name= WMO>{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=140 | title = World Weather Information Service – Banjul | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, humidity, and sun)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_617010_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Banjul-Yundum (Flugh.) / Gambia | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==Boma na ndale== {{Main|Politics of the Gambia}} {{multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg | width1 = 128 | caption1 = Sir [[Dawda Jawara]]<br /><small>1st [[President of the Gambia|President]] (1970–1994)</small><br /><small>[[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] (1962–1970)</small> | image2 = Yahya Jammeh.jpg | width2 = 128 | caption2 = [[Yahya Jammeh]]<br /><small>2nd President (1996–2017)</small><br /><small>Chairman of the [[Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council|AFPRC]] (1994–1996)</small> | image3 = Adama Barrow - 2018 (39774084330) (cropped).jpg | width3 = 128 | caption3 = [[Adama Barrow]]<br /><small>3rd President (2017–present)</small> }} [[File:Banjul Arch 22.jpg|thumb|The [[Arch 22]] monument commemorating [[1994 Gambian coup d'état|the 1994 coup]] which saw the then 29-year-old [[Yahya Jammeh]] seize power in a bloodless coup, ousting [[Dawda Jawara]], who had been President of the Gambia since 1970<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/world/in-gambia-new-coup-follows-old-pattern.html|title= In Gambia, New Coup Follows Old Pattern|date= 28 August 1994|work= The New York Times|access-date= 13 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161226204826/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/world/in-gambia-new-coup-follows-old-pattern.html|archive-date= 26 December 2016|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>]] Charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa 18 February 1965. Kwamba mu 1965 m'paka mu 1994, charu ichi chikaŵa na vipani vinandi. Wakawusikanga na Dawda Jawara na People's Progressive Party (PPP). Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha yayi pa ndyali, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga yayi kuti boma liŵe na mazaza.<ref>Edie, p. 162</ref> Mu 1994, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likapangika na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari likamba kuwusa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri kufuma apo boma likambira kulamulira, ŵakalemba dango liphya ndipo mu 1996, mulongozgi wa AFPRC, Yahya Jammeh, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga mu nthowa ya wupu wakulongozga m'paka mu 2016 apo Adamu Barrow wakathereskeka na chipani cha opposition. === Mbiri ya ndale === Mu nyengo ya Jawara, pakaŵa vipani vinayi, PPP, United Party (UP), Democratic Party (DP), na I.M. Chipani cha Muslim Congress Party (MCP) cha Garba-Jahumpa. Pa maungano gha mu 1960, pakaŵa Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ndipo pakaŵavya chipani icho chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Ndipouli, mu 1961, Kazembe wa Britain wakasankha Pierre Sarr N'Jie, mulongozgi wa UP kuti waŵe mulongozgi wakwamba wa boma. Ici cikaŵa cinthu cambura kutemweka comene, ndipo maungano gha mu 1962 ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene cifukwa vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na visopa mu Gambia. Chipani cha PPP chikapokera chiŵelengero chikuru, ndipo chikapangika na chipani cha Democratic Congress Alliance (DCA; chisanganiko cha DP na MCP). Ŵakacemera UP kuti ŵanjire mu wupu uwu mu 1963, kweni ŵakaluta mu 1965.<ref name=Edie162>Edie, pp. 162–164</ref> Gulu la UP ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kususka boma, kweni likathera mu 1965 m'paka 1970. Mu 1975, chipani cha National Convention Party (NCP) chikapangika na Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, ndipo chikazgoka chipani chiphya chakususkana na PPP. Wupu wa PPP na NCP ukaŵa wakuyana maghanoghano, ntheura mu ma 1980 chipani chiphya cha opposition chikawoneka, mu kawonekero ka chipani cha Socialist People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS). Ndipouli, pakati pa 1966 na 1992, chipani cha PPP cikaŵa na mazaza ghakuru comene, cikapokera mavoti 55 mpaka 70 peresenti.<ref>Edie, p. 165</ref> Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Jawara, ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani za ndyali. Kweni ŵakayowoya kuti mu charu ichi mukaŵa "chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo iyo boma likamba kujiyimira palekha, ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya wanangwa, ndipo magulu ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa ghakukhora. Ŵakususka ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kusanga ndalama, cifukwa ŵamalonda ŵakakana kuzipeleka. Boma likaŵa na mazaza pa nyengo yakupharazgira ŵanthu na kuŵapharazgira, ndipo pakaŵaso milandu ya kuguliska mavoti na kuleka kulembeska mavoti. Pa mulandu wa kuswa malango kwa boma la PDOIS mu 1991 cifukwa ca kuswa malango mu Banjul, boma likakana mulandu uwu. Mu Julayi 1994, ŵasilikari ŵakathereska boma la Jawara. Wupu uwu ukalekeska ntchito ya malango gha charu ichi, ukazomerezga yayi vyaru vyose vya ndyali, ndipo ukaŵika dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵafumenge yayi pa nyumba kufuma mise m'paka mulenji. Mu 1996, boma likamba kusintha vinthu kuti liŵe la demokilase, ndipo ŵakalemba dango liphya, nangauli ŵakalondezga fundo izo zikamovwira Jammeh. Mu 1996, ŵanthu 70% ŵakakolerana na dango ili, ndipo mu Disembala 1996, Jammeh wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Mabungwe ghose agho ghakaŵapo pambere boma lindanjire mu boma ghakakanizgika, ndipo ŵaliska ŵakaŵakanizga kugwira ntchito za boma. Pa nyengo iyo Jammeh wakaŵa na mazaza, ŵanthu ŵakususkana nawo ŵakambaso kugaŵikana. Mwaciyelezgero, pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD) ilo likapangika mu 2005. Jammeh wakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵapolisi kusuzga ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake. Jammeh wakasoleka na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, comenecomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu, ŵakususka ndyali, na ŵapharazgi. Ŵakatumizgika ku caru cinyake, ŵakatambuzgika, ŵakakakika mwambura mulandu, ŵakakomeka, kweniso ŵakazgeŵa. Viyelezgero vinyake ni ivyo vikachitika mu 2004, apo Deyda Hydara uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara wakakomeka. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga ŵasambizgi pa ungano wa kususka. Kweniso, Jammeh wakawofyanga wanangwa wa cisopa wa ŵanthu awo Mbacikhristu yayi, wakagwiliskiranga nchito 'ŵeruzgi ŵakugwilira nchito ŵekha' kuti watimbanizge wupu wa vyeruzgi, ndipo wakasuskika kanandi waka kuti wakasuzga pa mavoti. Mu Disembala 2016, Jammeh wakathereskeka na Adama Barrow, uyo wakawovwirika na mabungwe ghakupambanapambana. Jammeh wakati wazomera kufumapo ndipo wakasintha maghanoghano, pakaŵa suzgo la ndyali ilo likapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ECOWAS ŵanjire mu charu mu Janyuwale 2017. Barrow wakalayizga kuti wazamulongozga boma la nyengo yitali kwa vilimika vitatu. Wupu wakuwona vya demokilase na chitukuko wa ku Nigeria ukuti masuzgo agho Barrow wakukumana nagho ghakukhumbikwira kuwezgerapo "kugomezga kwa ŵanthu mu boma". Ŵakuyowoya kuti "mtende ngwakukhazika" ndipo mu vyaru vya kumwera muli masuzgo pakati pa ŵalimi na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵakaphalirangaso za masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo pakati pa mafuko. Mwachiyelezgero, mu Febuluwale 2017, ŵanthu 51 awo ŵakakolerananga na Jammeh ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Barrow. Nangauli pakwamba ŵanthu ŵakakondwa chomene na ivyo Barrow wakachita pakusankha pulezidenti, kweni ŵakakondwa yayi chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita apo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Pa 5 Disembala, 2021, Purezidenti wakale Adamu Barrow adalengezedwa ngati wopambana pa chisankho cha purezidenti wa Gambia ndi komiti yosankha. Chisankho cha pa 4 Disembala 2021, chakwamba kufuma apo uyo wakalamuliranga kale Yahya Jammeh wakachimbilira ku charu chinyake, chikawonekanga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa chomene ku demokilase.<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent Barrow declared winner of Gambia's presidential vote as opposition cries foul |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211205-incumbent-barrow-declared-winner-of-gambia-s-presidential-election |work=France 24 |date=5 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ===Buku la amalango=== Mu vyaka vyose ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha Gambia chili na malango ghanandi. Malamulo ghaŵiri ghakuzirwa chomene ni dango la 1970 ilo likakhazikiska charu cha Gambia nga ni boma la pulezidenti, na dango la 1996 ilo likawovwira Jammeh kuwusa. Jammeh wakasintha malango gha mu 1996 kuti wawovwirepo. Pakaŵavya mazgu ghakuti nyengo iyo Jammeh wazamwambira kuwusa yizamukhalako nyengo yitali. Kuyana na dango la boma la mu 1996, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulara wa boma, mulara wa boma, ndiposo mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Jammeh na Barrow nawo ŵali na udindo wa Minisita wa vya Vyankhondo.<ref name=EASO>{{Cite web|title=The Gambia: Country Focus|date=December 2017|website=European Asylum Support Office|url=https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/coi-gambia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004602/https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/coi-gambia.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Ulongozgi=== Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna za boma. Mu 1970, boma likalekeska mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mulongozgi wa boma ndiyo wali na mazaza ghose. Kweniso wangimika ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango, ŵeruzgi ŵa makhoti ghapachanya, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa. Pa nkhani ya uteŵeti wa boma, wangimika Komiti ya Uteŵeti wa Wupu Wakulongozga, ombudsman, na Independent Electoral Commission. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwaluŵiro kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi. Palije mphaka.<ref name=EASO/> Ndondomeko ya malango yikunozgekerathu kufuma mu 2018 ndipo ŵakukhazga kuti nyengo ya mavoti yiŵenge yiŵiri kweniso kuti vinthu visinthenge. ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of the Gambia}} [[File:Yahya Jammeh with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|Yahya Jammeh na Mrs. Zeinab Jammeh pamoza na Barack na Michelle Obama mu White House, August 2014]] Boma la Gambia likalondezganga fundo ya kuleka kujipatura ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yose iyo Pulezidenti Jawara wakaŵira pa udindo wake. Likalutilira kukolerana na Britain, Senegal, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Nkhondo ya boma iyo yikacitika mu Julayi 1994 yikananga ubwezi wa Gambia na vyaru vya ku Western, comenecomene United States, iyo m'paka mu 2002, yikakanizga wovwiri wa ŵanthu wose mwakuyana na Section 508 of the Foreign Assistance Act. Pamasinda pa 1995, Pulezidenti Jammeh wakambiska ubwezi na vyaru vinyake vinandi, kusazgapo Libya (iyo yikamara mu 2010), na Cuba. Boma la China likadumura ubwezi na charu cha Gambia mu 1995 pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chakhazikiska ubwezi na charu cha Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news|last1= Wong|first1= Chun Han|title= Beijing Resumes Formal Ties With Gambia, in Signal to Taipei|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-resumes-formal-ties-with-gambia-in-signal-to-taipei-1458233742?mod=fox_australian|newspaper= Wall Street Journal|date= 17 March 2016|access-date= 19 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160319140747/http://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-resumes-formal-ties-with-gambia-in-signal-to-taipei-1458233742?mod=fox_australian|archive-date= 19 March 2016|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Pakuŵa ciŵaro ca wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), charu ca Gambia cacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa wupu uwu wa kumazga nkhondo za cikaya mu Liberia na Sierra Leone ndipo capeleka ŵasilikari ku wupu wa ECOMOG mu 1990 na ECOMIL mu 2003. Mu Novembala 2019, charu cha Gambia chikapeleka mulandu ku boma la Myanmar ku The Hague, chifukwa cha kususka ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi. Pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Yahya Jammeh, charu cha Gambia chikapelekaso wovwiri ku ŵakugaluka ŵa MFDC ku Casamance kumwera kwa Senegal. Nkharo ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikalutilira kuhenipa ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa boma la United States na la Gambia. Gambia wakafumamo mu Commonwealth pa Okutobala 3, 2013, ndipo boma likati "likaghanaghana kuti Gambia waŵengepo yayi mu wupu uliwose wa vyaru viphya ndipo waŵengepo yayi mu wupu uliwose uwo ukuyana na vyaru vinyake". Mu muwuso wa purezidenti muphya, charu cha Gambia chikamba kuwelera ku wupu wa Commonwealth na wovwiri wa boma la Britain, ndipo pa 22 January 2018 chikapeleka fomu yake ya kuwelera ku Commonwealth kwa Secretary General Patricia Scotland.<ref name="boris">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38968336|title=The Gambia: UK 'very pleased' about Commonwealth return|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719150054/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38968336|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cwlthre">{{cite news|title=The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-presents-formal-application-re-join-commonwealth|access-date=24 January 2018|publisher=The Commonwealth|date=23 January 2018|format=Media Release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135618/http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-presents-formal-application-re-join-commonwealth|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gambia wakawelera ku malo ghake nga ni republic mu Commonwealth pa 8 February 2018. ==== Mndandanda wa mamembala gha bungwe ghapacharu chose ==== * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] * [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) * [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]<ref name=oicmems>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|website=OIC|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609063319/http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[United Nations]] * [[African Union]]<ref name=AUmem>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=https://au.int/en/memberstates|website=African Union|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025239/https://au.int/en/memberstates|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Gambia Armed Forces}} [[File:Masaneh Kinteh and Carter Ham saluting.jpg|thumb|[[United States Africa Command|U.S. AFRICOM]] commander [[Carter Ham]] and senior Gambian Army officer [[Masaneh Kinteh]] surveying the troops, 21 July 2011]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Gambia (GAF) likapangika mu chaka cha 1985 nga ni ndondomeko ya Senegambia Confederation, umoza wa ndyali pakati pa Gambia na Senegal. Gulu ili likaŵa la Gambia National Army (GNA), ilo likasambizgika na ŵa ku Britain, na la Gambia National Gendarmerie (GNG), ilo likasambizgika na ŵa ku Senegal. GNG yikasazgikana na ŵapolisi mu 1992, ndipo mu 1997 Jammeh wakapangiska Gambian Navy (GN). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵaŵe na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia kweni ŵakatondeka. Mu 2008, Jammeh wakambiska gulu la National Republican Guard, ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵapadera. Gulu la GNA lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 900. Likagwiliskiranga nchito magalimoto gha Ferret na M8 Greyhound. Gulu la GN lili na maboti ghakuvikilira, ndipo Taiwan likapeleka maboti ghanyake ghaphya ku ŵasilikari mu 2013. Kufuma waka apo ŵasilikari ŵa GAF ŵakakhazikiskikira mu 1985,<ref name=Bellamy>Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D. (2013) ''Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions''. Oxford University Press, p. 30. {{ISBN|0199672822}}.</ref> ŵakawovwirapo pa ntchito za UN na African Union. Wakapika udindo wa kuŵika mtende pa malo ghaŵiri ndipo wupu wa Center on International Cooperation ukati ni charu icho chikulongozga pa vya mtende. Likatumizga ŵasilikari ku Liberia mu 1990 mpaka 1991, apo ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Gambia ŵakakomeka. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili lapeleka ŵasilikari ku ECOMIL, UNMIL, na UNAMID. Kuwusa kwa ŵasilikari kuli mu mawoko gha pulezidenti kwambira apo Jammeh wakapokera mazaza pa boma mu 1994 apo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵathereske ŵanthu. Jammeh wakapangaso udindo wa Chief of the Defence Staff, uyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakwendeska milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya ŵasilikari ŵa Gambia. Pakati pa 1958 na 1985, caru ca Gambia cikaŵavya ŵasilikari, kweni Gambia Field Force yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ŵapolisi. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Gambia likamba mu 1901 m'paka 1958, ndipo likarwa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Mu 2017, charu cha Gambia chikalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Wupu wa vya nkhondo wa Gambia uli na mapangano ghanandi ghakupeleka vinthu na masambiro ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1992, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakawovwira kulongozga GNA. Pakati pa 1991 na 2005, ŵasilikari ŵa Turkey ŵakawovwira kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia. Kweniso ku Gibraltar kukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain na United States. === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in the Gambia}} Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukati, pafupifupi 78.3% ya ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Gambia ŵali kupwetekeka. Kucita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu unyake ni kwaukazuzi, ndipo munthu wangakakika umoyo wake wose. Mabungwe ghakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakugomezga kuti mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Daily Observer, Ebrima Manneh, ŵakamukora mu Julayi 2006 ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele. Manneh wakakakika na wupu wa National Intelligence Agency wa ku Gambia pamanyuma pakuti wakayezga kupulinta lipoti la BBC ilo likasuskanga pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukuwona kuti ni kayidi wa njuŵi ndipo ukamuzunura kuti ni "mulandu wakuzirwa comene" mu 2011. Mu 2019 nyuzipepala ya ku Gambia ya The Trumpet yikati Manneh wakafwa mu ukayidi pakati pa chaka cha 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/gambia-missing-editor-died-detention-2008-after-mistreatment|title=Gambia: Missing editor died in detention in 2008 after mistreatment {{!}} Reporters without borders|date=2019-03-22|website=RSF|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421110336/https://rsf.org/en/news/gambia-missing-editor-died-detention-2008-after-mistreatment|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trumpet.gm/2019/03/19/journalist-manneh-died-on-road-to-diabugu-hospital/|title=Journalist Manneh Died On Road To Diabugu Hospital|last=Ceesay|first=Fabakary B.|date=2019-03-19|website=The Trumpet|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801011121/https://trumpet.gm/2019/03/19/journalist-manneh-died-on-road-to-diabugu-hospital/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Local government areas of the Gambia}} {{Stack|[[File:Gambia-LGAmap.png|700px|Local government areas of the Gambia]]}} Charu cha Gambia chili na vigaŵa 8 vya boma, kusazgapo msumba wa Banjul. Chigaŵa cha Gambia chikapangika na Independent Electoral Commission kuyana na ndime 192 ya Constitution ya chalo.<ref name="ciageography">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Gambia, The|access-date=30 May 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Administrative divisions !scope="col"| Zina !! scope="col" | Malo (km²) !! scope="col" | Population Census 2003 !!scope="col"| Population Census 2013<br />(provisional) !!scope="col"| Capital !!scope="col"| Number<br />of<br />Districts |- !scope="row"| '''[[Banjul]]''' (capital city) |align="right"| 12.2||align="right"| 35,061||align="right"| 31,301|| [[Banjul]]|| align="right" | 3 |- !scope="row"| [[Kanifing LGA|Kanifing]] |align="right"| 75.6||align="right"| 322,735||align="right"| 382,096|| [[Kanifing]] ||align="right"| 1 |- !scope="row"| [[Brikama (Gambia)|Brikama]] <br />(formerly Western) |align="right"| 1,764.3||align="right"| 389,594||align="right"| 699,704|| [[Brikama]] ||align="right"| 9 |- !scope="row"| [[Mansa Konko (Gambia)|Mansa Konko]] <br />(formerly Lower River) |align="right"| 1,628.0||align="right"| 72,167||align="right"| 82,381|| [[Mansa Konko|Mansakonko]] ||align="right"| 6 |- !scope="row"| [[Kerewan (Gambia)|Kerewan]] <br />(formerly North Bank) |align="right"| 2,255.5||align="right"| 172,835||align="right"| 221,054|| [[Kerewan]] ||align="right"| 7 |- !scope="row"| [[Kuntaur (Gambia)|Kuntaur]] <br />(formerly the western half <br />of [[Central River Division]]) |align="right"| 1,466.5||align="right"| 78,491||align="right"| 99,108|| [[Kuntaur]]|| align="right" | 5 |- !scope="row"| [[Janjanbureh (Gambia)|Janjanbureh]] <br />(formerly the eastern half <br />of [[Central River Division]]) |align="right"| 1,427.8||align="right"| 107,212||align="right"| 126,910|| [[Janjanbureh, Gambia|Janjanbureh]] ||align="right"| 5 |- !scope="row"| [[Basse (Gambia)|Basse]] <br />(formerly Upper River) |align="right"| 2,069.5||align="right"| 182,586||align="right"| 239,916|| [[Basse (LGA)|Basse Santa Su]] ||align="right"| 7 |- !scope="row"| '''Total Gambia''' |align="right"| 10,689||align="right"|1,360,681||align="right"|1,882,450|| Banjul ||align="right"| 43 |} Mu 2013, vigaŵa vya boma vyagaŵika mu vigaŵa 43. Mu vigaŵa ivi, Kanifing na Kombo Saint Mary (ivyo vili na msumba ukuru wa Brikama pamoza na chigaŵa cha boma la Brikama) ni vigaŵa vya Greater Banjul.<ref> {{cite web |author= Law, Gwillim |title= Divisions of Gambia |publisher= Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids") |date= 19 April 2006 |url= http://www.statoids.com/ugm.html |access-date= 29 September 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110804220753/http://www.statoids.com/ugm.html |archive-date= 4 August 2011 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }} </ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of the Gambia}} [[File:Gambia Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of The Gambia exports, 2019]] [[File:People tourists in swimming pool hotel Gambia.jpg|thumb|Tourists in Gambia, 2014]] [[File:GDP per capita development in Senegal and Gambia.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Senegal and Gambia]] Charu cha Gambia chili na chuma chakukhora, icho chikuthemba pa msika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuthemba chomene mphonje za mu charu ichi kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera malonda. Banki ya Charu chose yikati GDP ya Gambia mu 2018 yikaŵa US$1,624M; International Monetary Fund yikati yikaŵa US$977M mu 2011. Kwambira mu 2006 m'paka 2012, chuma cha Gambia chikakuranga chaka chilichose pa mlingo wa 5~6% ya GDP.<ref>Fadera, Hatab (23 April 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035755/http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-to-commence-rail-system-in-2013-discloses-president-jammeh-as-he-opens-parliament "Gambia to commence rail system in 2013:- Discloses President Jammeh, as he opens parliament"], ''The Daily Observer'' (23 April 2012).</ref> Vyaru vikupangiska pafupifupi 30% ya GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ndipo vikugwira nchito pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu. Mu vyaru vinyake, vyakumera vikupanga 6.9% ya GDP, vyakurya vinyake 8.3%, viŵeto 5.3%, somba 1.8%, na makuni 0.5%. Makampani ghakuzenga ghakugwirapo nchito pafupifupi 8% ya GDP, ndipo maofesi ghakupeleka pafupifupi 58%. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya vyakurya vikupangika mu vyaru vya vyakurya (nga ni vyakurya vya mu vyakumera, vyakupangira buledi, vyakupangira moŵa, na vyakupangira makuni). Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakupanga ni sopo, vyakumwa vyakunowa, na vyakuvwara. Pakwamba [mphawuli?], caru ca United Kingdom na EU vikaŵa misika yikuru ya Gambia. Ndipouli, mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, Senegal, United States, na Japan ŵaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa Gambia. Ku Africa, mu 2007, Senegal ndiyo yikaŵa yikulu comene mu vyamalonda ya Gambia, ico cikupambana comene na vyaka vyakumasinda apo Guinea-Bissau na Ghana vikaŵa vyamalonda vyakuzirwa comene. Pa caru cose capasi, Denmark, United States, na China ni vyaru vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuguliska vinthu vya ku Gambia. Vyaru vya UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, na Netherlands navyo vikuguliska vinthu vinandi ku Gambia. Mu 2007, Gambia yikaŵa na suzgo la malonda la $331 miliyoni. Mu Meyi 2009, mu Gambia mukaŵa mabanki 12 gha malonda, kusazgapo banki yimoza ya Chisilamu. Banki yakale comene njakuti Standard Chartered Bank, ndipo yikamba mu 1894 apo yikazgoka Bank of British West Africa. Mu 2005, International Commercial Bank, wupu wa banki uwo uli ku Switzerland, ukambiska kampani yinyake ndipo pasono uli na maofesi ghanayi mu charu ichi. Mu 2007, Banki yaku Nigeria Access Bank yikambiska kampani yinyake iyo pasono yili na maofesi ghanayi mu charu ichi, kusazgapo ofesi yake yikuru. Banki iyi yikalayizga kuti yizamujura ghanyake ghanayi. Mu Meyi 2009, Lebanese Canadian Bank yikajura kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Prime Bank. Kwambira mu 2017, China yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama mu Gambia nga ni cigaŵa ca ndondomeko ya "Belt and Road Initiative". Chinthu chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakuchita mu charu cha Gambia nkhupharazga somba izo zikukoreka mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na umo vyakurya ivi vikupangiskira kuti visomba visuzgike.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/08/fish-farming-is-feeding-the-globe-whats-the-cost-for-locals|title=Fish Farming is Feeding the Globe. What's the Cost for Locals?|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=26 February 2021}}</ref><gallery widths="250" heights="170"> Serekunda market.jpg|[[Serekunda]] market Fishing boat The Gambia.jpg|Brightly painted fishing boats are common in [[Bakau]] Green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) juvenile head.jpg|The Gambia's wildlife, like this [[green monkey]], attracts tourists </gallery> == Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka == {{main|Transport in the Gambia}} [[File:Road in Gambia 0007.jpg|thumb|220px|A road in Gambia, 2007.]] [[File:Banjul ferry.jpg|thumb|220px|The Banjul ferry.]] Mu charu cha Gambia, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa misewu (ya pa msewu na iyo njambura msewu), maji, na ndege. Msewu wa Trans-Gambia Highway ukujumpha mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Gambia. Mlonga uwu mungambuka pa boti panji pa mlatho wa Senegambia. Mu caru ici mulije njanji. Misewu ya mu caru ici yili na utali wa makilomita 3,742, ndipo makilomita 723 pera ndigho ghali na misewu. Charu ichi chili na misewu ya maji ya mtunda wa makilomita 390. Malo ghekha ghakukwelera ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake mu charu ichi ni Banjul International Airport ku Yundum, agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 26.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654943/Yundum|title=Yundum|publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia|access-date=10 August 2012|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406055020/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654943/Yundum|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of the Gambia}} [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Gambia 2016.png|thumb|Population pyramid]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population<br />in The Gambia{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.27 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.2 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Gambia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru chikaŵa 57.3%. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni na ku mizi chikusendelera apo chiŵelengero chikukwera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Gambia ŵakukumana na mitheto ya ku Western chifukwa cha kusama mu matawuni, vinthu vyakusintha, na kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵaphya, kweni kawonekero ka vyakuvwara na viphikiro vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Gambia, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira chomene vya mbumba, vikulutilira kuŵa vyakuzirwa pa umoyo wawo. Lipoti la United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) la 2010 la Human Development Report likuŵika charu cha Gambia pa malo 151 pa vyaru 169 pa Human Development Index, ndipo charu ichi chili mu gulu la "Low Human Development". Nambara iyi yikupambana na vyaka ivyo munthu wakukhala, vyaka ivyo wasambira sukulu, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska, na vinyake. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakubaba ŵana chikaŵa 3.98 pa mwanakazi waliyose mu 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title= TOTAL FERTILITY RATE|publisher= CIA World Factbook|access-date= 13 October 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|archive-date= 28 October 2009|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic Groups in the Gambia |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Mandinka|darkgreen|34.4}} {{bar percent|Fula|purple|30.1}} {{bar percent|Wolof|red|10.8}} {{bar percent|Jola|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|Sarahule|orange|8.2}} {{bar percent|Serere|darkblue|3.1}}{{bar percent|Aku Marabou|white|0.5}} {{bar percent|Mangajo|maroon|1.9}} {{bar percent|Bambara|darkgray|1.3}} {{bar percent|Other|gray|1.5}} }} Ku Gambia kuli mafuko ghakupambanapambana, ndipo waliyose wakuyowoya ciyowoyero cake na maluso ghake. Mtundu wa Mandinka ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo ukulondezgeka na Fula, Wolof, Jola/Karoninka, Serahule/Jahanka, Serers, Manjago, Bambara, Aku Marabou, Bainunka na ŵanyake nga ni Tukulor. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Krio, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Akus, mbanthu ŵachoko chomene mu Gambia. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Creole ndipo ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Sierra Leone. Pa ŵanthu 3,500 awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe mba ku Britain, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Britain ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha.<ref name="bn">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5459.htm "Background note: The Gambia"] . U.S. Department of State (October 2008).{{PD-notice}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{Main| Languages of the Gambia}} Cingelezi ni ciyowoyero ca boma mu Gambia, ntheura cikugwiliskirika nchito pa milimo ya boma ndiposo pa masambiro. Viyowoyero vinyake ni Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Soninke, Krio, Jola, na viyowoyero vinyake. Cifukwa ca malo agho caru ici cili, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci. Chiyowoyero cha Mandinka chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 38%, Chipulaya na ŵanthu 21%, Chiwolophu na ŵanthu 18%, Soninke na ŵanthu 9%, Jola na ŵanthu 4.5%, Serer na ŵanthu 2.4%, Manjak na Bainouk na ŵanthu 1.6%, Chiportuguese Creole na ŵanthu 1%, na Chingelezi na ŵanthu 0.5%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakumangwa makutu ŵakuyowoya Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku Gambia.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GM Gambia.] ''Ethnologue'' 24, 2021</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in the Gambia}} [[File:Gambian classroom.jpg|thumb|Classroom at [[Armitage High School]]]] Dango la caru la Gambia likukanizga yayi masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira pa masambiro, mulimo uwu ngwakusuzga. Mu 1995, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga ku sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 77.1% ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga ku sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 64.7%. Ŵasungwana ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵa sukulu 52%. Ŵana ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ndiwo ŵakuŵa na suzgo ili. Pafupifupi ŵana 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakuya ku sukulu ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha Koran. International Open University (paka January 2020 yakuchemeka Islamic Online University), sukulu ya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 435,000 ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakujumpha 250 pa charu chose, yili na ofesi yake yikuru ku Gambia.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/5024-islamic-online-university-signs-agreement-with-fbc|title= Islamic Online University Signs Agreement with FBC|last= Admini|website= ayvnewspaper.com|language= en-gb|access-date= 2019-04-11|archive-date= 23 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170413/http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/5024-islamic-online-university-signs-agreement-with-fbc|url-status= dead}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main| Health in the Gambia}} ===Religion=== {{Main| Religion in the Gambia}} [[File:Serekunda Market Mosque - 2010.jpg|thumb|Bundung mosque is one of the largest mosques in [[Serekunda]] ]] {{bar box |title=Religions in the Gambia<ref name=DHS>{{cite web|title= The Gambia: Demographic and Health Survey, 2013|publisher= Gambia Bureau of Statistics|page=32|url= https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR289/FR289.pdf|access-date= 25 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150115/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR289/FR289.pdf|archive-date= 25 December 2016|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> |titlebar= #ddd |left1= '''Religions''' |right1= '''Percent''' |float= right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in the Gambia|Islam]]|green|95.8}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity in the Gambia|Christianity]]|blue|4.1}} {{bar percent|Other|red|0.1}} }} Pafupifupi 96% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa Sunni, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba Maliki. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbakhristu. Ndime 25 ya dango ili yikuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa kusopa chisopa chilichose icho ŵakukhumba.<ref name="chap4con">{{cite web|year=1997|title=CHAPTER IV – PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS|url=http://www.commonlii.org/gm/legis/const/1997/5.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212164817/http://www.commonlii.org/gm/legis/const/1997/5.html|archive-date=12 December 2008|access-date=14 January 2009|work=Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia|quote=25. Freedom of speech, conscience, assembly, association and movement <br/> (1) Every person shall have the right to – [...] (c) freedom to practice any religion and to manifest such practice;|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="irfr07">{{cite web|date=14 September 2007|title=Gambia, The|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90099.htm|access-date=14 January 2009|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ====Islam==== Pafupifupi malonda ghose mu Gambia ghakumara pa nyengo ya maholide ghakuru gha Chisilamu, nga ni Eid al-Adha na Eid ul-Fitr. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Gambia ŵakulondezga chisambizgo cha Maliki. Kweniso gulu la Ahmadiyya likusangika chomene mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Shiite ŵali mu charu cha Gambia, chomenechomene chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na Ŵaarabu awo ŵakiza ku chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanandi awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Asia, Mbasilamu.<ref name=irfr07/> ====Christianity==== Ŵakhristu ŵalipo pafupifupi 4 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa charu cha Gambia, Mbakhristu. Kweni paliso magulu ghacoko waka gha Cikhristu, nga ni Anglican, Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, na magulu ghacoko waka gha Cikhristu.<ref name=irfr07/> ====Traditional religions==== Tikumanya yayi usange ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulutilira kugomezga visambizgo vyawo nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Serer. Chisopa cha Serer chikusazgapo kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga na kugomezga kuti kuli chiuta mukuru uyo wakuchemeka Roog. Vikondwelero vinyake vya cisopa ni Xooy, Mbosseh, na Randou Rande. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Serer ŵakuluta ku Sine, Senegal, kukacita ciphikiro ca kuwukwa kwa Xooy. Chisopa cha Serer chikukhwaskaso chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegambia, chifukwa viphikiro vyawo nga ni "Tobaski", "Gamo", "Koriteh" na "Weri Kor" vili na mazina agho ghakulongora kuti ni viphikiro vya kale chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Jola ŵali na mitheto yawo, nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Diouf, Niokhobaye|year= 1972|title= Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)|journal= Bulletin de l'IFAN |volume= 34B |issue= 4 |pages= 706–7, 713–14}}</ref> ====Other religions==== Cifukwa ca ciŵelengero cicoko ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku South Asia, Ŵahindu na ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í nawo ŵalipo.<ref name=irfr07/> ==Mwambo== [[File:Elderly Gambian woman face portrait.jpg|thumb|Mama wachilala wa ku Gambia]] [[File:1014067-Serrekunda_arena_for_wrestling-The_Gambia.jpg|thumb|upright|Drummers at a wrestling match]] Nangauli charu cha Gambia ntchichoko chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Malire gha caru ghakukolerana na Mlonga wa Gambia, uwo ngwakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa caru ici. Pakuti charu cha Gambia chilije mphaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, comenecomene mu Senegal. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska malonda gha ŵazga ku Gambia, chifukwa mu Mlonga wa Gambia ndimo mukendanga ŵanthu. (Ici cikapangiskaso kuti malonda gha vinyama ghaleke kwendera malango gha boma mu ma 1800.) Nkhani iyi yikayowoyeka mu buku la Alex Haley lakuti Roots.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roots revival: how does the new Kunta Kinte compare to the classic?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/feb/08/roots-revival-how-does-the-kunta-kinte-remake-stand-up|date=2017-02-08|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> ===Sumo=== {{Further|Music of the Gambia}} Sumu ya ku Gambia yikukolerana comene na ya ku Senegal. Mu sumu iyi mukuŵa sumu na kuvina kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Western, pamoza na sumu ya Sabar, sumu ya ŵanthu ŵa Wolof na Serer ŵa ku Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FolkWorld #71: Africa|url=http://www.folkworld.eu/71/e/africa.html|website=www.folkworld.eu|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> ===Kuphika=== {{Main|Gambian cuisine}} Mu vyakurya vya ku Gambia muli mphangwe, mpunga, somba, nyama, anyezi, tomato, cassava, chili peppers, na oyster. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakutemwa chomene vyakurya vya yassa na domoda..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gambia.co.uk/blog/traditional-gambian-food-and-drink|title=Traditional food and drink in the Gambia|website=www.gambia.co.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221095929/https://www.gambia.co.uk/blog/traditional-gambian-food-and-drink|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Literature === {{main|Gambian literature}} Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, Gambia nayo wali na mitheto ya kulemba mabuku, kusazgapo ma griots, ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuyowoya nkhani na ŵakwimba. Kwamba m'ma 1960, mabuku gha Chingelezi gha mu Gambia ghafuma. Lenrie Peters wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska mabuku agha, apo ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ni Tijan Sallah, Nana Grey-Johnson na Mariama Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perfect |first1=David |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=2016 |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781442265264 |edition=Fifth|chapter=Literature|pages=302–303}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sallah |first1=Tijan M. |title=Saani baat: aspects of African literature and culture (Senegambian and other African essays) |date=2021 |publisher=[[Africa World Press]] |location=Trenton, New Jersey |isbn=978-1-5690269-8-4|page=89}}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== Awo ŵakususka boma ŵakuti likujandizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Dango la mu 2002 likapangiska kuti paŵe wupu uwo uli na mazaza gha kupeleka malaisensi na kukaka ŵapharazgi; mu 2004, malango ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakakike chifukwa cha kusesa na kunyoza, ndipo likakanizga malaisensi ghose ghakusindikizga na kuthuwuska nkhani, ndipo ivi vikapangiska magulu gha vyakupharazga kuti ghalembeskeso pa mtengo wakukwana kankhondi pa mtengo uwo ghakalipira pakwamba.<ref name=BBCProfile> {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1032156.stm#media |title=Country profile: The Gambia |publisher=[[BBC News website]] |access-date=16 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123010005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1032156.stm#media |archive-date=23 November 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=199422&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/ |title = President tightens media laws in The Gambia |date = 11 May 2005 |newspaper = [[Mail & Guardian]] |access-date = 16 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080219055811/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=199422&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__africa%2F |archive-date = 19 February 2008 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Ŵapharazgi ŵatatu ŵa ku Gambia ŵakakakika kufuma apo boma likayezgera kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kususka ndondomeko ya boma yakukhwaskana na vya cuma, panji cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti uyo wakacitiska ciŵembu wakaŵa nduna ya mukati na mulara wa ŵapolisi. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara Deyda Hydara wakakomeka na vilwero vyambura kupulikikwa, pati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kufuma apo dango la mu 2004 likambira kugwira nchito. Malipiro gha nyuzipepara na mawayilesi ngakukwera chomene, ndipo boma likuŵa na mazaza pa mawayilesi agho ghakupharazga pa charu chose. Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders (Ŵapharazgi Ŵambura Mphepete mwa Malire) walemba kuti boma la ŵapolisi la Pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh likuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kuŵawotcha, kuŵakaka kwambura mulandu, na kuŵachimbizga. Mu Disembala 2010, khoti la ECOWAS ku Abuja, Nigeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 200,000 kwa Musa Saidykhan, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya The Independent. Khoti likasanga kuti boma la Gambia lili na mulandu wa kutambuzga apo wakaŵa mu jele kwambura kweruzgika ku National Intelligence Agency. Vikuwoneka kuti ŵakamukayikiranga kuti wakamanyanga vya kuwukira boma uko kukacitika mu 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gambia {{!}} Countries {{!}} Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum|url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424821/|website=collection.cooperhewitt.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> === Maseŵera === Nga umo viliri mu charu cha Senegal, maseŵero ghakumanyikwa chomene ku Gambia ni nkhonya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola na basketball. Mpira wa ku Gambia ukwendeskeka na wupu wa Gambia Football Federation, uwo uli ku FIFA na CAF. GFA ikugwira ntchito mu mpira wa mpira ku Gambia, kuphatikizapo gulu lapamwamba la GFA League First Division, komanso gulu la mpira wa Gambia. Gulu la chalo ili likuchemeka "The Scorpions" ndipo lindasankhikepo ku FIFA World Cup, kweni likasankhika ku Africa Cup of Nations pa chigaŵa cha senior kwa nyengo yakwamba mu 2021. Ŵakaseŵera pa sitediyamu ya Independence. Charu cha Gambia chikapoka viphalizgano viŵiri vya CAF U-17 umoza mu chaka cha 2005 apo chalo ichi chikapokeleranga, ndipo mu chaka cha 2009 mu charu cha Algeria. Wupu wa U-20 nawo ukaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuseŵera pa maseŵera gha FIFA U-20 mu chaka cha 2007. Gulu la ŵanakazi la U-17 likagwiraso nchito pa mpikisano wa FIFA U-17 World Cup 2012 ku Azerbaijan. Chalo cha Gambia chili na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018-2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume.<ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Gambia}} * [[Index of Gambia-related articles]] * [[Outline of the Gambia]] == Mazgo ghakulongosoleka == {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== ===Mazgo ghakuyowoyeka=== {{Reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal|last=Edie|first=Carlene J.|date=2000|title=Democracy in the Gambia: Past, Present and Prospects for the Future|journal=Africa Development|volume=XXV|pages=161–198}} * {{cite web |title= UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia: Gambia. In depth: Economic crisis and a leftist coup attempt in 1981 |work= [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] |publisher= Uppsala University |url= http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=60&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa |access-date= 8 July 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220417/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=60&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa |archive-date= 4 October 2013}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=The Gambia}} ===Boma=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200327204813/http://statehouse.gov.gm/ State House and Office of the President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327204813/http://statehouse.gov.gm/ |date=27 March 2020 }} ===Vyakulemba mwakudumula=== * [http://www.accessgambia.com/information/ Gambia Guide] – Comprehensive information * [http://www.gambia.dk/press/ Gambia Daily news] – Daily news from the Gambia through various media sources * [http://www.gambia.dk/gam.html The Gambia] – A comprehensive website about the Gambia * {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Gambia, The}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084848/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/gambia.htm The Gambia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Gambia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517 The Gambia] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|The Gambia}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192774}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GM Key Development Forecasts for the Gambia] from [[International Futures]] === Ŵalendo === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114003822/http://www.visitthegambia.gm/ Visit the Gambia] – The official website of the Gambia Tourism Board. * [http://www.gambiabirdguide.net Birdwatching in the Gambia] – Website about birdwatching in the Gambia including photo galleries of Gambian birds ===Malonda=== * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GMB/Year/2011/Summary Gambia 2011 Trade Summary Statistics] {{Gambia topics}} {{Navboxes | title=Related articles | list= {{Countries of Africa}} {{The Commonwealth}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{African Union}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gambia, The}} [[Category:The Gambia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1965 establishments in the Gambia]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Former British protectorates]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1965]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:1965 establishments in Africa]] l98iixjwxec92m440wnnp3ki1r3l3df 0 6970 122539 122347 2026-09-28T01:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{redirect|Guinée|the concept in the African diasporic religion|Haitian Vodou}} {{distinguish|French Guiana|Guinea-Bissau|Equatorial Guinea|New Guinea}} {{for multi|the region|Guinea (region)|other uses|Guinea (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use British English|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Guinea | common_name = Guinea | native_name = {{native name|fr|République de Guinée}}<br>{{nativename|fuf|𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫}}<br>{{nativename|emk| ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}} | image_flag = Flag of Guinea.svg | alt_flag = [[Flag of Guinea|Flag]] | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Guinea.svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Guinea|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Travail, Justice, Solidarité"|italics=off}}<br />"Work, Justice, Solidarity" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Liberté (anthem)|Liberté]]}}<br />"Freedom"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Liberté.oga]]}} | image_map = Guinea (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Guinea in dark green | image_map2 = Location Guinea AU Africa.svg | map_caption2 = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Conakry]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|31|N|13|42|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Conakry | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[Vernacular language|Vernacular<br />language]]s | languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[French language|French]] |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Fula language|Fula]] |[[Mandinka language|Malinké]] |([[N'Ko language|N'ko]]) |[[Susu language|Susu]] |[[Kissi language|Kissi]] |[[Maninka language|Koro]] |[[Kpelle language|Kpelle]] |[[Temne language|Temne]] |[[Toma language|Toma]] |[[Badyara language|Badyara]] |[[Baga language|Baga]] |[[Bambara language|Bambara]] |[[Bassari language|Bassari]] |[[Dan language|Dan]] |[[Dyula language|Dyula]] |[[Landoma language|Landoma]] |[[Limba language|Limba]] |[[Maninka language|Maninka]] |[[Mano language|Mano]] |[[Pular language|Pular]] |[[Sua language|Sua]] |[[Wamey language|Wamey]] |[[Yalunka language|Yalunka]] |[[Zialo language|Zialo]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 33.4% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 29.4% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 21.2% [[Susu people|Susu]] | 7.8% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 6.2% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 2.0% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = <ref name="CIA Factbook1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ |archive-date=10 September 2021 }}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list|89.1% [[Islam]]|6.8% [[Christianity]]| 1.6% [[Traditional African religions|Folk religions]]| 2.5% Other}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea |date=2022-03-02 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/#people-and-society |archive-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> | demonym = Guinean | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[republic]] under a [[military junta]] | leader_title1 = [[List of presidents of Guinea|Interim President]] and [[National Committee of Reconciliation and Development|CNRD Chairman]] | leader_name1 = [[Mamady Doumbouya]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Guinea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Amadou Oury Bah]] | leader_title3 = [[National Assembly (Guinea)|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_name3 = <!--Currently vacant---> | leader_title4 = [[Supreme Court of Guinea|Supreme Court]] | leader_name4 = <!--Currently vacant---> | legislature = [[National Council of the Transition]]<ref>[[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]] is currently suspended in the wake of the [[2021 Guinean coup d'état]].</ref> | sovereignty_note = (was the colony of [[French Guinea]] since 1891) | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = from France | established_date1 = 2 October 1958 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 2 October 1958 | established_event3 = 4th constitution | established_date3 = 2 October 1958 | established_event4 = Second Republic Day | established_date4 = 3 April 1984 | established_event5 = [[2021 Guinean coup d'état]] | established_date5 = 5 September 2021 | area_km2 = 245,857 | area_rank = 77th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 94,926 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 13,607,249<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Guinea|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 75th | population_density_km2 = 40.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 106.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.7 &nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!-->| GDP_PPP_rank = 142nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$2,993<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 166th | GDP_nominal = {{increase }}$14.8 &nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal_rank = 140th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$1,346<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 161st | Gini = 33.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2014&locations=GN&start=1990 |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133707/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2014&locations=GN&start=1990 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.465 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908052326/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-08 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 182nd | currency = [[Guinean franc]] | currency_code = GNF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+224]] | iso3166code = GN | cctld = [[.gn]] | religion_year = 2014 | population_density_rank = 164th | today = }} '''Guinea''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Guinea.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|n|i}} {{respell|GHIN|ee}}),{{efn|{{lang-fr|Guinée}}, {{lang-fuf|𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫|italic=no|Gine}}, {{lang-wo|Gine}}, {{lang-nqo|ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫}}, {{lang-bm|Gine}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Guinea''' ({{lang-fr|République de Guinée}}), ni charu icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ku [[West Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[nyanja ya Atlantic]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Guinea-Bissau]] kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Senegal]] kumpoto, [[Mali]] kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Côte d'Ivoire]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Sierra Leone]] na [[Liberia]] kumwera. Nyengo zinyake charu ichi chikuchemeka [[Guinea-Conakry]] chifukwa cha msumba wake wa [[Conakry]].<ref name="uiowa1">{{cite web |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries/Guinea-Conakry.html |title=Guinea-Conakry |access-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205044119/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries/Guinea-Conakry.html |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicvideos.the-real-africa.com/guinea/ |title=Music Videos of Guinea Conakry |access-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221053336/http://www.musicvideos.the-real-africa.com/guinea/ |archive-date=21 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://netministries.org/see/churches/ch00472 |title=The Anglican Diocese of Ghana |website=Netministries.org |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107033350/http://netministries.org/see/churches/ch00472 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfi.fr/partenaires_en.php3?id_rubrique=24&id_article=473 |title=CFI - Africa - Guinea Conakry |access-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084226/http://www.cfi.fr/partenaires_en.php3?id_rubrique=24&id_article=473 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 13.5 miliyoni ndipo chigaŵa chake chili na makilomita 245,857.<ref name="guinea_stats">{{cite web|title=Nations Online: Guinea – Republic of Guinea – West Africa|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea.htm|publisher=Nations Online|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503155420/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea.htm|archive-date=3 May 2003}}</ref> Charu ichi kale chikachemekanga [[French Guinea]], kweni chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1958. Ku Guinea ŵanthu ŵakwamba kuwukira boma.<ref name=Bariyo>Nicholas Bariyo & Benoit Faucon, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/military-faction-stages-coup-in-mineral-rich-guinea-11630866469 Military Faction Stages Coup in Mineral-Rich Guinea], ''Wall Street Journal'' (September 5, 2021).</ref><ref name=Larson>Krista Larson, [https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-senegal-west-africa-term-limits-4c595d69cbfd95d173b7ef1a6da0d5f8 EXPLAINER: Why is history repeating itself in Guinea's coup?], Associated Press (September 7, 2021).</ref><ref name=Paquett>Danielle Paquett, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/09/06/guinea-coup-explained/ Here's what we know about the unfolding coup in Guinea], ''Washington Post'' (September 6, 2021).</ref> <ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/west-africa-economic-bloc-suspends-guinea-after-military-coup/a-59127739 West Africa economic bloc suspends Guinea after military coup], [[Deutsche Welle]] (September 8, 2021).</ref>Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo boma likamba kulamulira mwaurunji, mu 2010 ŵakachita chisankho chakwamba.<ref name=Paquett/><ref>Abdourahmane Diallo and Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/world/africa/08guinea.html Guinea Votes in Its First Democratic Presidential Election], ''New York Times'' (November 7, 2010).</ref><ref name="FH2010">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2021 Guinea], ''Freedom in the World'', [[Freedom House]], 2021.</ref> Apo boma likalutilira kucita maungano gha vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana, vimbundi vikazara, kweniso ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi ŵakacitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu.<ref name=FH2010/><ref>Saliou Samb, [https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-politics/guinea-president-conde-vows-to-tackle-corruption-during-third-term-idUSKBN28P27F Guinea President Conde vows to tackle corruption during third term], Reuters (December 15, 2020).</ref> Mu 2011, boma la United States likati ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakusuzgika na ŵasilikari kweniso ŵakutambuzgika. Mu 2021, gulu la ŵasilikari likawuskapo pulezidenti [[Alpha Condé]] na kukanizga dango la chalo.<ref name=Bariyo/><ref name=Larson/><ref name=Paquett/> Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 85%.<ref name="uiowa1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visualgeography.com/categories/guinea/religion.html |title=Religion in Guinea |publisher=Visual Geography |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914140804/http://www.visualgeography.com/categories/guinea/religion.html |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecobank.com/countryinfo.aspx?cid=74049 |title=The Pan African Bank |publisher=Ecobank |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319131431/http://www.ecobank.com/countryinfo.aspx?cid=74049 |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Charu ichi chili kugaŵika vigaŵa vinayi: Malire gha Nyanja ya Guinea ku Atlantic Coast, Fouta Djallon panji mapiri gha ku Middle Guinea, [[chigaŵa cha Upper Guinea savanna]] kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha Guinea forestière. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu, mu boma, na mu manyuzipepara. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 24, ndipo viyowoyero vikuru chomene ni Susu, Pular, na Maninka. Chuma cha ku Guinea chikuthemba pa ulimi na vinthu vyakuthupi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-import-export.gm/import-export/guinea-conakry.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105124833/http://www.africa-import-export.gm/import-export/guinea-conakry.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2010|title=Guinea Conakry: Major Imports, Exports, Industries & Business Opportunities in Guinea Conakry, Africa|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> Ni caru caciŵiri pa caru cose ico cikupanga bauxite, ndipo muli malibwe gha dayimani na golide.<ref name="guineaconakrysupport.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaconakrysupport.com/?lang=en|title=Guinea Conakry Support – Guinee Conakry Trade and Support. (GCTS)|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105021335/http://www.guineaconakrysupport.com/?lang=en|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa pakwamba pa nthenda ya Ebola mu 2014. ==Zina== {{Further|Guinea (region)#Etymology}} Zina lakuti Guinea lili kufuma ku chigaŵa cha Guinea icho chili mumphepete mwa Gulf of Guinea. Likwendera kumpoto mu vigaŵa vyamuthondo na kumalira ku Sahel. Lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti Guinea likufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi lakuti Guiné ilo likafuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 kuti likung'anamura malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵakakhalanga. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Guinea}}<!--two subsections and several other paragraphs have no citations--> Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea chili kufupi na maufumu ghanyake gha ku Africa pambere Ŵafarisi ŵandafike mu ma 1890. Pa Okutobala 2, 1958, charu cha Guinea chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma apo charu cha Guinea chikapokera wanangwa wake m'paka pa nyengo ya maungano gha boma mu 2010, chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵamazaza ŵanandi.<ref> {{cite web | last = Zounmenou | first = David | title = Guinea: Hopes for Reform Dashed Again | publisher = allAfrica.com | date = 2 January 2009 | url = http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020524.html | access-date = 27 December 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090111161633/http://allafrica.com/stories/200901020524.html | archive-date = 11 January 2009 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GIN.html |title=UN Human Development Report 2009 |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190650/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_GIN.html |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Will |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7647962.stm |title=Africa {{pipe}} Guineans mark '50 years of poverty' |work=BBC News|date=2 October 2008 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610090758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7647962.stm |archive-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Maufumu na maufumu gha ku West Africa === {{main|Imamate of Futa Jallon|Wassoulou Empire}} Charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea chikaŵa ku mizi ya maufumu gha ku West Africa. Ufumu wakwambilira, uwo ukaŵa wa Ghana, ukakuranga cifukwa ca malonda ndipo pamasinda ukaparanyika cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Almoravid. Mu nyengo iyi ndipo chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikambira mu cigaŵa ici kwizira mu ŵamalonda ŵa ku North Africa. Ufumu wa Sosso (zaka za m'ma 1200 m'paka 13 C.E.) ukakura chomene, ndipo Ufumu wa Mali ukamanyikwa chomene apo Soundiata Kéïta wakatonda Soumangourou Kanté uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Sosso pa Nkhondo ya Kirina, mu c. 1235. Ufumu wa Mali ukalamuliranga na ŵanthu awo ŵakachemekanga Mansa (Mafumu), kusazgapo Kankou Moussa uyo wakachita ulendo wa haji ku Mecca mu 1324. Ufumu wa Mali ukayamba kuchepa mu 1500, ndipo pamasinda ukaleka kulamulira. Ufumu wa Songhai ukakura kufuma mu 1460 ndipo pamasinda ukajumpha ufumu wa Mali. Msumba uwu ukalutilira kukura m'paka apo Askia Daoud wakafwira mu 1582. Ufumu uwu ukathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco pa Nkhondo ya Tondibi vilimika vitatu pamanyuma pake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakatondeka kuwusa makora ufumu uwu ndipo ukagaŵikana mu maufumu ghacoko. Ufumu unyake wa ku West Africa ukati wabwanganduka, maufumu ghakupambanapambana ghakawuka mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Guinea. Ŵasilamu ŵa Fulani ŵakasamira ku Futa Jallon ku Central Guinea, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska boma la Chisilamu kufuma mu 1727 m'paka 1896, ilo likaŵa na dango lakulembeka na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake. Ufumu wa Wassoulou panji Wassulu (1878-1898) ukalongozgekanga na Samori Toure mu chigaŵa cha Malinké icho sono ni Upper Guinea na kumwera kwa Mali (Wassoulou). Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, charu ichi chikasamira ku Ivory Coast. ===Chikoloni=== Kwambira mu ma 1700, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuphalizgana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Cape.<ref>"John Lovell". in ''The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558-1603'', ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230704143316/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/lovell-john History of Parliament Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref><ref>"America and West Indies: October 1653." ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies'': Volume 1, 1574-1660. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1860. 409–410. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol1/pp409-410 British History Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref> Ŵazga ŵakatumizgikanga ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakagwire nchito. Ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi. Nyengo iyo charu cha Guinea chikaŵa pasi pa mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku France yikamba m'ma 1800. Mu 1898, ŵasilikari ŵa Samori Touré, uyo wakaŵa themba la ufumu wa Ouassoulou kweniso mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Malinké, ŵakathereskeka. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha France chikapangana na Britain vya Sierra Leone, Portugal vya Guinea (iyo sono ni Guinea-Bissau), na Liberia. Mu nyengo ya Ŵafarisi, charu ichi chikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha French West Africa. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma agha.[[File:Ahmed Sékou Touré na obisku v Ljubljani 1961 (3).jpg|thumb|President [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] was supported by Communist states, and in 1961, visited [[Yugoslavia]].]] Mu 1958, caru ca France cikawa cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali ndiposo cifukwa ca kutondeka kucita vinthu na maboma ghake, comenecomene Indochina na Algeria. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa pa Seputembala 28, 1958, boma la France likapeleka wanangwa ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma ili. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikalamulilikanga na boma ili, charu cha Guinea chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani ichi chikalongozgekanga na Ahmed Sékou Touré uyo chipani chake cha Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG) chikapokera vithuzithuzi 56 pa vithuzithuzi 60 mu ma 1957 territorial elections. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakafumako, ndipo pa Okutobala 2, 1958, Guinea yikajiphara kuti ni charu chakujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo Sékou Touré ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Nyuzipepara ya Washington Post yikati Ŵafalansa "ŵakofya" ŵakagumura vinthu vyose ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vyawovwira Guinea. Ŵakawuskamo mababu gha magesi, ŵakawuskamo pulani ya maji gha ku Conakry, msumba ukuru, na kotcha munkhwala m'malo mwa kulekera ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea".<ref>{{cite news |last=Dash |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Dash |date=28 March 1984 |title=Guinea's Longtime President, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Dies |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/03/28/guineas-longtime-president-ahmed-sekou-toure-dies/18f31685-878c-4759-8028-3bef7fbc568b/ |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> === Nkhondo Yakumaliro gha Chikoloni (1958 ̇) === {{See also|Opération Persil}} Pamanyuma, charu cha Guinea chikakolerana na Soviet Union ndipo chikachita vinthu mwakukolerana na fundo za boma. Kufuma apo, yikamba kulondezga fundo za ku China. Likalutilira kupokera ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni United States. Kuzakafika mu 1960, Touré wakapharazga kuti PDG ndiyo yekha wakaŵa chipani cha ndyali mu caru ici, ndipo kwa vilimika 24 vyakulondezgapo, boma na PDG vikaŵa cimoza. Touré wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti kwa vyaka 47, ndipo pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pakulondezga fundo za kusankhana mitundu mu vyaru vya mu Africa na Pan-Africanism mu vyaru vinyake, Touré wakazgoka mulongozgi uyo wakachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupulikana, ndipo boma lake likakanizga ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaleke kupulikana nayo. Mu m'ma 1960, boma la Guinea likakanizga ŵanthu kugura malo, likawuskapo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakimikika na ŵa ku France, kweniso likakanizga ubwezi wawo na boma la France na makampani gha ku France. Boma la Touré likathembanga Soviet Union na China kuti liŵawovwire pa vinthu vyakuthupi. Pa Novembala 22, 1970, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakachita opareshoni yakuchemeka Operation Green Sea. Pakati pa vilato vyawo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhumbanga kukoma panji kukora Sekou Touré cifukwa ca wovwiri wake wa PAIGC, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ilo likacitanga vivulupi mu Guinea kufuma ku misasa yawo mu Guinea.<ref>"Mr Sekou Touré, who gave the PAIGC unstinting support during its war against the Portuguese,..."[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13213487 Black revolt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308154755/http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13213487|date=8 March 2009}}, [[The Economist]] (22 November 1980)</ref> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhozgekanga na Ŵapwitikizi ŵakawelera, ŵakafwatura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaŵa mu jele ku Conakry. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, boma la Touré likaŵawuskamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵanyake ŵakakakika na kutambuzgika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakacicizgika kufumamo mu caru ici, cifukwa cakuti ŵakutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵakakakika ndipo ŵana ŵawo ŵakaŵapeleka ku boma. Guinea wakasankhika kuŵa ciŵaro cambura kukhazikika ca wupu wa UN Security Council mu 1972-73. Mu 1977, chuma chikamba kunangika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndyali yikakhalanga makora yayi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuchita malonda. Ici cikapangiska Touré kuti wasinthe comene vinthu. Touré wakaleka kukhozgera Soviet Union na kwamba kukhozgera United States. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1970 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1980, vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Pakuyowoya za ubwezi wake na France, pamanyuma pakuti Valéry Giscard d'Estaing wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa France, malonda ghakasazgikira ndipo vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kwendera lumoza. Sékou Touré wakafwa pa 26 March, 1984, pamanyuma pa opareshoni ya mtima mu United States, ndipo wakasinthika na nduna yikuru Louis Lansana Beavogui, uyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo, pakulindilira mavoti ghaphya. Pa 3 Epulero 1984, PDG yikeneranga kusankha mulongozgi muphya. Kuyana na dango ili, munthu uyu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa yekha mulongozgi wa boma. Maora ghacoko waka pambere ungano uwu undambe, Koloneli Lansana Conté na Diarra Traoré ŵakatora mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Conté wakaŵa pulezidenti, ndipo Traoré wakaŵa nduna yikuru m'paka mu Disembala.[[File:President Jimmy Carter with President Ahmed Sǩou Tour ̌of Guinea.jpg|thumb|United States Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter wakupokelera Ahmed Sékou Touré kuwaro kwa White House, Washington, D.C., 1979]] Conté wakasuska ivyo boma lakwamba likacita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kufumiska ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali 250 na kukhozga ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 kuti ŵawelere kufuma ku wuzga. Wakayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora kuti wafumengepo pa kusopa kwautesi. Mu 1992, Conté wakapharazga kuti wawelerenge ku boma, ndipo mu 1993, wakachita mavoti gha pulezidenti. Mu Seputembala 2001, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, Alpha Condé, ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga civikiliro ca boma. Pamanyuma, wakakhalako kanyengo mu caru ca France. Mu 2001, Conté wakanozga na kutonda pa referendamu ya kusazgirako nyengo ya kuwusa kwa pulezidenti, ndipo mu 2003, wakamba uteŵeti wake wacitatu. Mu Janyuwale 2005, Conté wakapona ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kumukoma apo wakawonekera pa wumba mu msumba wa Conakry. Ŵalwani ŵake ŵakayowoya kuti ni "munthu wakuvuka", ndipo wakeneranga kufumapo, kweni awo ŵakamukhozganga ŵakagomezganga kuti watonda ŵalwani ŵake. Kuyana na magazini ya Foreign Policy, caru ca Guinea cikaŵa pangozi ya kuzgoka caru cakutondeka.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4350 | title=Failed States list 2008 | publisher=Fund for Peace | access-date=27 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626091027/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4350 | archive-date=26 June 2008 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Mu 2000, ku Guinea kukaŵa vivulupi ivyo vikakhwaska vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vikawonekanga nga kuti charu ichi chili pafupi kuparanyika. Conté wakati ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vyapafupi ŵakudokera usambazi wa mu Guinea, kweni ŵanthu ŵakakana. Mu 2003, charu cha Guinea chikakolerana na vyaru vyapafupi kuti chilimbane na ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, boma la Guinea likasankha nduna yikuru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0307.pdf |title=Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (ASPR) {{pipe}} Peace Castle Austria |publisher=ASPR |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615021433/http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0307.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1102574.stm |work=BBC News| title=Guinea head blames neighbours | date=6 January 2001 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/986375.stm |work=BBC News| title=Civil war fears in Guinea | date=23 October 2000 | access-date=2 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619115730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/986375.stm | archive-date=19 June 2004 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Conté wakalutilira kuwusa m'paka apo wakafwira pa Disembala 23, 2008. Maora ghacoko waka pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, Moussa Dadis Camara wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma, ndipo wakajiphara kuti ni mulongozgi wa boma la ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma ili ndipo ŵanthu 157 ŵakafwa apo pa Seputembala 28, 2009, boma likalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawukire ŵanthu awo ŵakawungana kuti ŵakane ivyo Camara wakachita kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Ŵasilikari ŵakamba kutimba ŵanthu, kuŵapweteka, na kuŵakoma, ndipo boma la Britain likakanizga ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵaleke kovwira boma liphya.<ref name="NYT"> {{cite news | last = MacFarquhar | first = Neil | title = U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre | work = The New York Times | date = 21 December 2009 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html | access-date = 23 December 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511215744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html | archive-date = 11 May 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} </ref><ref> {{cite news | last = Walker | first = Peter | title = Army steps in after Guinea president Lansana Conté dies | work = The Guardian | location = London | date = 23 December 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies | access-date = 23 December 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826134854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies | archive-date = 26 August 2009 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} </ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Guinea massacre toll put at 157 | publisher = BBC | date = 29 September 2009 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm | access-date = 23 December 2009 | location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm | archive-date = 2 October 2009 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} </ref><ref> {{cite news | last = McGreal | first = Chris | title = Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man' | work = The Guardian | location = London | date = 23 December 2008 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile | access-date = 23 December 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092810/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile | archive-date = 5 September 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} </ref> Pa Disembala 3, 2009, movwiri wake wakamukoma Camara apo ŵakakwesananga pa ivyo vikacitika mu Seputembala. Camara wakaluta ku Morocco kuti wakapwelelereke.<ref name = "NYT"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Guinean soldiers look for ruler's dangerous rival | publisher = malaysianews.net | date = 5 December 2009 | url = http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838 | access-date = 23 December 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202201/http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838 | archive-date = 23 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti (na nduna ya vya vimbundi) Sékouba Konaté wakafuma ku Lebanon kuti wazakalongozge caru. Pamanyuma pa kukumana ku Ouagadougou pa 13 na 14 January 2010, Camara, Konaté na Blaise Compaoré, Pulezidenti wa Burkina Faso, ŵakapanga ndondomeko ya malango 12 agho ghakulayizga kuti Guinea wawelerenge ku boma la ŵanthu mu myezi 6. Pa 27 Juni, pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma pakaŵa mautesi ghakukhwaskana na upusikizgi, ndipo pa 7 Novembala pakaŵaso ungano unyake. Kuvota kukaŵa "kwapacanya", ndipo mavoti ghakaŵa "ghawemi". Alpha Condé, mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka cha Rally of the Guinean People (RGP), wakathereska mavoti, ndipo wakalayizga kuti wasinthenge vinthu pa nkhani ya kuvikilira na kunozgaso mapangano gha migodi. Mu Febuluwale 2013, nkhaza za ndyali zikawuka pamanyuma pa viwawa vya mu misewu vyakususkana na mavoti gha mu Meyi. Ŵanthu 9 ŵakakomeka pa viphikiro ivi ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 220 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito vilwero vyakofya. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe kulimbana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Malinke na Fula. Pa 26 March 2013, chipani chakususka chikafumamo mu viphikiro na boma pa nkhani ya chisankho, ŵakati boma lindasungilire ivyo likayowoya, ndipo laswa mapangano ghose.<ref>{{cite news| title=Guinea election talks fail, opposition threatens protests| author=Bate Felix| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| date=26 March 2013| access-date=1 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180316/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| archive-date=24 September 2015| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Acte2 FNDC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Chiwonetsero cha 2019-2020 ku Guinea chotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Alpha Condé]] Pa Malichi 25, 2014, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa charu chose (WHO) ukati ku Guinea kuli nthenda ya Ebola. Mu nyengo yakwamba iyi, ŵanthu 86 ŵakafwa, ndipo 59 ŵakafwa. Pa Meyi 28, ŵanthu 281 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ndipo 186 ŵakafwa. Munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakagomezga kuti wakafwa wakaŵa Emile Ouamouno, msepuka wa vyaka viŵiri wa ku Meliandou. Wakalwara pa 2 Disembala 2013 ndipo wakafwa pa 6 Disembala. Pa Seputembala 18, 2014, ŵanthu 8 ŵa gulu la ŵapharazgi ŵa Ebola ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi wa Womey. Pa Novembala 1, 2015, ku Guinea kukaŵa ŵanthu 3,810 awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi ndipo 2,536 ŵakafwa. Nkhondo ya 2019-2020 ku Guinea yikaŵa mbembe zinandi na vivulupi vya ŵanthu ŵanandi ivyo vikacitika pa Okutobala 14, 2019 kwimikana na boma la Alpha Conde. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2020 ku Guinea, chisankho cha Alpha Condé ku nyengo yachitatu chinatsutsidwa ndi otsutsa, omwe adamunamizira zachinyengo. Condé wakayowoya kuti pa March 2020 pakachitika referendum iyo yikamovwira kuti waŵepo pa mavoti. Pa 5 September 2021, pamanyuma pa kuwombera kwa maora ghanandi kufupi na nyumba ya pulezidenti, Lt. Col. Mamady Doumbouya wakatora mazaza pa TV ya boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti boma la Pulezidenti Alpha Conde lapasuka ndipo mphaka za chalo zajalika. Namise, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakamba kulamulira msumba wa Conakry na ŵasilikari ŵa charu. Kuyana na Guinée Matin, pa Seputembala 6, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kulamulira boma na kwamba kunjizga ŵasilikari mu malo mwa boma. Wupu wa United Nations, European Union, African Union, ECOWAS (iyo yikakanizga Guinea kuŵa mu wupu wa ECOWAS) na La Francophonie ŵakasuska boma ilo likapoka boma ili, ndipo ŵakacema kuti pulezidenti Condé wafwatulike. Vinthu vyakuyana waka vikafumira ku vyaru vinyake vya ŵazengezgani na vyakumanjiliro gha dazi (nga ni United States), kweniso ku China (uko ukugwiliskira ntchito Guinea kuti upange hafu ya visulo vyake vya aluminiyamu. Nangauli vili nthena, pa 1 Okutobala 2021, Mamady Doumbouya wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa nyengo yitali.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guinea coup leader sworn in as interim president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/1/guinea-coup-mamady-doumbouya-interim |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Guinea}} [[File:Un-guinea.png|thumb|upright=2.5|center|Mapu agho ghakulongora misumba ya ku Guinea na vigaŵa vyake]] Guinea yili na mphaka na Guinea-Bissau kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, Senegal kumpoto, Mali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, Ivory Coast kumafumiro gha dazi, Sierra Leone kumwera kwa dazi na Liberia kumwera. Charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo chikujumphilira kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku mphaka yake ya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Guinea-Bissau. Maji gha Mlonga wa Niger, Gambia, na Senegal, ghose ghali mu chigaŵa cha Guinea Highlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0h.htm |title=The Senegal River basin |website=Fao.org |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019075901/http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0h.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0i.htm |title=The Niger River basin |website=Fao.org |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721033139/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4347e/w4347e0i.htm |archive-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0t.htm |title=The West Coast |website=Fao.org |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063822/http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0t.htm |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>Mu charu ichi muli vyaru vyakukwana 245,857 km2. Mphepete mwa nyanja muli mtunda wa makilomita 320 (200 mi) na mphaka ya makilomita 3,400 (2,100 mi). Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 13°N, kweniso longitude 7° na 15°W, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa latitude 15°. [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map GIN present.svg|thumb|upright=1|Mapu gha nyengo gha Köppen ]] Charu cha Guinea chili na vigaŵa vinayi: Charu cha Maritimic Guinea, icho chikuchemekaso kuti Lower Guinea panji Basse-Coté lowlands, icho ŵanthu ŵake mbanandi chomene ŵa fuko la Susu. Charu cha Fouta Djallon chili na mapiri ghanandi ndipo chili kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu mapiri gha ku Guinea ndimo mukufuma milonga ya Niger, Gambia, na Senegal. Phiri la Nimba ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu Guinea. Apo vigaŵa vya ku Guinea na Ivory Coast vya Nimba Massif ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo gha UNESCO, chigaŵa icho chikuchemeka Guinea Backbone chikuluta ku Liberia, uko ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito migodi vyaka vinandi. Ku Guinea kuli malo 5 agho kuli vyakumera vinandi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa cha 4.9/10, ndipo chili pa nambala 114 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. 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M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. 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Viyuni vinyake vikukhala mu malo ghakutali chomene na malo ghakuvikilirako ŵanthu. Vinyama ivi ni ivi: * Amphibians : ''[[Hemisus guineensis]]'', ''[[Phrynobatrachus guineensis]]'' * Reptiles : ''[[Acanthodactylus]] guineensis'', ''[[Mochlus]] guineensis'' * Arachnids: ''[[Malloneta guineensis]]'', ''[[Dictyna]] guineensis'' * Insects : ''[[Zorotypus]] guineensis'', ''[[Euchromia guineensis]]'' * Birds: ''[[Melaniparus guineensis]]'' ===Regions and prefectures=== {{Main|Administrative divisions of Guinea}} [[File:Guinea Regions.png|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Regions of Guinea]]]] Charu cha Guinea chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 245,857 mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa vinayi ivyo vikupambana na vinyake. * [[Maritime Guinea]] (''La Guinée Maritime'') covers 18% of the country. * [[Middle Guinea]] (''La Moyenne-Guinée'') covers 20% of the country. * [[Upper Guinea]] (''La Haute-Guinée'') covers 38% of the country. * [[Guinée forestière|Forested Guinea]] (''Guinée forestière'') covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous. [[File:Fouta Djallon (14582291826).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Fouta Djallon]] highlands in central Guinea]] Charu cha Guinea chili na vigaŵa 8 ivyo vili na vigaŵa 33. Msumba ukuru wa Conakry, uwo uli na ŵanthu 1,675,069, uli mu chigaŵa chapadera. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chigaŵa!!Msumba!!Ŵanthu <br /> (2014 census by National Institute of Statistics) |- |[[Conakry Region]] ||[[Conakry]]||1,675,069 |- |[[Nzérékoré Region]] ||[[Nzérékoré]]||1,591,716 |- |[[Kindia Region]] ||[[Kindia]]||1,573,690 |- |[[Boké Region]] ||[[Boké]]||1,092,291 |- |[[Labé Region]] ||[[Labé]]||1,001,392 |- |[[Mamou Region]] ||[[Mamou]]||737,062 |- |[[Kankan Region]] ||[[Kankan]]||1,979,038 |- |[[Faranah Region]]||[[Faranah]]||949,589 |} ==Ndale== {{Further|Politics of Guinea}} Charu cha Guinea ni charu cha Republic. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na ŵanthu ndipo ni mulara wa boma. Nyumba ya Malango ya caru cose iyo yili na nyumba yimoza ndiyo yikupanga malango mu caru, ndipo ŵanthu ndiwo ŵakusankha ŵanthu awo ŵali mu nyumba iyi. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Guinea ndilo lili na mazaza pa milandu yose.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE9AF0AP20131116|title=Guinea's Supreme Court rejects election challenges|work=Reuters|date=16 November 2013|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190855/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/16/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE9AF0AP20131116|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|last1=Samb|first1=Saliou}}</ref> Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Guinea, yikaŵavya maungano kufuma mu 2008 m'paka mu 2013, apo yikagaŵirika pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira boma mu Disembala. Kufuma waka mu 2007, mavoti ghakasunkhunyika kanandi waka. Mu Epulero 2012, Pulezidenti Condé wakachedweska mavoti kwamuyirayira, chifukwa cha kukhumbikwa kuti ghaŵe "ghapusu na gha demokilase".<ref name="RNW Africa Desk">{{cite web|title=Guinea president postpones parliamentary elections indefinitely|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/guinea-president-postpones-parliamentary-elections-indefinitely|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|access-date=22 August 2012|author=RNW Africa Desk|date=28 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430121146/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/guinea-president-postpones-parliamentary-elections-indefinitely|archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> Pa Seputembala 24, 2013, ku Guinea kukachitika chisankho chapulezidenti. Chipani cha Pulezidenti Alpha Condé, Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), chikapokera vithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Guinea, na vithuzi 53 pa vithuzi 114. Maphwando a chipani chakususkana nagho ghakapokera vithuzithuzi 53, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani chakususkana nawo ŵakasuska kuti ivyo vikalembeka vikaŵa vyautesi. Mulara wa boma la Guinea wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti waŵe na vyaka 5. Munthu uyo wawina wakwenera kupokera mavoti ghanandi kuti waŵe mulara wa boma. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulamulira charu cha Guinea, ndipo wakuwovwirika na ŵalara ŵa boma 25. Boma likwendeska vinthu mu vigaŵa 8, vigaŵa 33, vigaŵa vichokovichoko vyakujumpha 100, na vigaŵa. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakusankhika; pulezidenti wakusora ŵantchito ŵa vigaŵa vinyake vyose. Pulezidenti wakale Alpha Condé wakawovwirika na mtundu waciŵiri ukuru comene mu Guinea, wa Malinke. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Fula ndiwo ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/#people-and-society|title=Guinea|date=23 September 2021|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/#people-and-society|archive-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Guinea}} [[File:Vladimir Putin and Alpha Condé (2017-09-28) 2.jpg|thumb|President [[Alpha Condé]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 28 September 2017]] Charu cha Guinea chili mu wupu wa African Union, Agency for the French-Speaking Community, African Development Bank, Economic Community of West African States, World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, IMF, na United Nations. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu Febuluwale 2009, Kufumira waka mu 1985, ubwezi wa Guinea na vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ukwenda makora comene. Lipoti la Dipatimenti iyi mu Okutobala 2018 likati nangauli "U.S. yikasuska" boma la Guinea la " 2008 coup d'etat", kweni "U.S". yikaŵa na "ubwezi wakukhora" na Guinea pambere boma la Guinea lindanjire, ndipo pamanyuma pa "mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Guinea mu 2010, United States yikambaso kukolerana na boma". Chikalata ichi chikayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na "masankhiro gha wupu wakulongozga mu 2013 na chisankho chachiŵiri cha pulezidenti mu 2015". Lipoti la U.S. March 2021 Dipatimenti ya vyaru vya ku America yikanena kuti boma, mawupu gha vimbundi, na mabungwe gha vyamalonda mu Guinea vikutimbanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Lipoti ili likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi pa caru cose ŵakususka ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha boma agho ghakacitika sonosono apa, agho ghakapangiska kuti "Purezidenti Alpha Conde wasankhikeso (nangauli pakaŵa mphindano)... pamanyuma pa kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu mwezi wa Malichi. Dipatimenti iyi yikadandawura na boma ilo likawuskapo boma mu 2021, ndipo yikachenjezga kuti "nkhaza na viyezgo vyose vyambura kukolerana na dango vizamumara waka mtende, kukhazikika, na kutukuka kwa Guinea, [ndipo] vingapangiska kuti United States na ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵa Guinea ŵaleke kovwira charu ichi...," Nangauli ŵakayowoyapo yayi kuti pulezidenti Condé wawelere ku mazaza, kweni boma la United States likati "mphapo za charu chose kuti viwovwire kuti vinthu vyende makora mu charu ichi kweniso kuti paŵe mtende".<ref name="us_relations_2021_09_05_state_gov">[https://www.state.gov/on-the-military-seizure-of-power-in-guinea/ "On the Military Seizure of Power in Guinea,"], September 5, 2021, [[United States Department of State]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref><ref name="guinea_coup_leader_2021_09_06_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/ "Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials,"] [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref> Wupu wa United Nations ukadandawura mwaluŵiro kuti boma likapoka mazaza mu 2021, ndipo ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵa Guinea ŵakadandawura. Wupu wa African Union na West Africa's regional bloc (ECOWAS), wose ŵakawopanga kuti ŵaŵikenge vyeruzgo apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti vyeruzgo ivi viŵenge na nkhongono zichoko chifukwa chakuti Guinea njumoza wa vyeruzgo vya West African currency union yayi. ECOWAS yikatumizga mwaluŵiro wupu wa Guinea, ndipo yikapempha kuti pulezidenti Condé wafwatulike, uku yikutuma mathenga ku Conakry kuti ghasange nthowa yakumazgira suzgo ili. Ku China (uko kukuthemba pa Guinea pa hafu ya aluminiyamu wake, na kukolerana na pulezidenti Condé) kukususkana na boma.<ref name="china_is_ok_2021_09_foreign_policy">[https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/08/china-guinea-interference-relations-alpha-conde-xi-jinping/ "China Is OK With Interfering in Guinea's Internal Affairs,"], September 8, 2021, ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry,"] September 9, 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="guinea_coup_leader_2021_09_06_reuters" /> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Military of Guinea}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Guinea lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga, ŵasilikari ŵa National Gendarmerie na ŵasilikari ŵa Republican Guard. Kuonjezerapo, magulu a chitetezo cha boma akuphatikizapo National Police Force (Sûreté Nationale). Gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likuvikilira ŵanthu, lili na ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 15,000, ndipo ni gulu likuru comene la ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakujumpha 700. Vinthu vyake vikusazgapo ndege zinandi zakulwera nkhondo na vyakurya vya ku Russia. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵali na ŵantchito pafupifupi 900 ndipo ŵakwendeska maboti na maboti ghachoko. === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{main|Human rights in Guinea}} Ku Guinea, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. Mu 2010, nduna yikuru yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana ŵalije wanangwa uwu. Anastasia Gage, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Tulane, na Ronan van Rossem, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Ghent, ŵakuti mu Guinea ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukomekera ŵanakazi. Mu 2009, ku Guinea, ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 98% ŵakachitiskanga viŵaro vyawo. Ku Guinea, "pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, visopa, na mafuko" ŵakukoma ŵanakazi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2005, wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 96 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kuchitapo opareshoni iyi.<ref name="State 2011">{{cite web |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Guinea |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186203 |access-date=27 August 2012 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="The effects of female genital mutil" /><ref name="The effects of female genital mutil">{{cite journal|last2=Gage|first2=A. J.|year=2009|title=The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_2009-04_38_2/page/178|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=38|issue=2|pages=178–185|doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5|pmid=17943434|last1=Rossem|first1=R. V.|s2cid=40103661}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Gage|first2=AJ|year=2009|title=The effects of female genital mutilation on the onset of sexual activity and marriage in Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_2009-04_38_2/page/178|journal=Arch Sex Behav|volume=38|issue=2|pages=178–85|doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9237-5|pmid=17943434|last1=Van Rossem|first1=R|s2cid=40103661}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Guinea}} [[File:Fisher women on River Niger in Guinea, Africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Malinke fisher women on the Niger River, [[Niandankoro]], [[Kankan Region]], in eastern Guinea]] [[File:Kissidougou market.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Kissidougou]] market]] ===Ulimi=== Pa nyengo yinyake, vyakurya vikagwiranga nchito ŵanthu pafupifupi 75%. Mpunga uwu ukulimika mu malo agho kuli maji ghanandi pakati pa milonga. Chifukwa chakuti mpunga uwo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakupanga ngwakukwana yayi, ŵakuguliska kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuliska mphonje za khofi, anase, maperekisi, vipasi, mango, malalanje, mabhanana, mbatata, matumato, macucumber, malibwe, na vyakurya vinyake. Charu cha Guinea nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga maapulo na mapeyala. Pali minda ya mpheska, ya makomamanga, ndipo mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakumera vya makomamanga vyamba kukura.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Madiou|first=Sow|title=Impact on agricultural productivity in Guinea of R&D Investment, Foreign Aid and Climate Change|url=https://twasp.info/journal/Cf9659eX/impact-on-agricultural-productivity-in-guinea-of-rd-investment-foreign-aid-and-climate-change|journal=North American Academic Research|year=2020|volume=3|pages=86–106|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3611652|s2cid=244984398 }}</ref> ===Vyachilengiwa=== Ku Guinea kuli mabomba gha bauxite ghakukwana 25% panji kujumpha apa. Muli malibwe gha dayamondi, golide, na visulo vinyake. Bauxite na alumina ni vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga moŵa, maji, vyakumwa vyakunowa na hona. Vyaru vili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 75 peresenti. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Guinea chikalamuliranga na ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi nga ni nthochi, anase, khofi, mankhwaŵa, na mafuta. Malo agha ghali na dongo, maji, na mphepo. === Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi === {{main|Mining industry of Guinea}} [[File:Guinea Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Guinea exports, 2019]] Ku Guinea kuli matani ghakujumpha 25 biliyoni gha bauxite, panji kuti hafu ya malo agho ghalipo pa caru cose. Vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo charu ichi chili navyo ni matani ghakujumpha 4 biliyoni gha visulo vyamahara, dayamondi, golide, na uranium. Mu vigaŵa vyose ivi, muli mwaŵi wa kupanga ndalama na malonda, ndipo "nthondo ya ku Guinea iyo njambura kukhazikika ndiposo vimbundi vikulutilira kutondeska ŵanthu kupanga ndalama zinandi". Makampani ghakukolerana agho ghakupanga mabomba gha bauxite na alumina kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Guinea ghakupanga pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama za ku Guinea. Bauxite wakuzgoka aluminiyamu, ndipo pamanyuma wakuzgoka aluminiyamu. Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) ukupeleka matani pafupifupi 14 miliyoni gha bauxite ya mtundu wapachanya pa chaka. CBG ni kampani yakukolerana, 49% yili na boma la Guinea ndipo 51% yili na kampani ya Halco Mining Inc., iyo yikulongozgeka na kampani ya Alcoa (AA) iyo yikupanga aluminiyamu, Rio Tinto Group na Dadco Investments. Wupu wa CBG uli na wanangwa wakuŵa na bauxite mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Guinea m'paka mu 2038. Mu 2008, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ntchito ya magesi ŵakajara misewu iyo CBG yikendangamo. Mu mapangano agho ŵakachita na makampani gha mafuta gha pa caru cose, Guinea wali na fundo yakuti ŵantchito ŵake ŵapelekenge magesi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kufupi.<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=8889 |author1=Saliou Samb |author2=Daniel Magnowski |title=One dead in Guinea protest, mine trains stop |agency=Reuters |date=1 November 2008 |work=Minesandcommunities.org |access-date=24 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019125412/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=8889 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=live }} </ref>[[File:River sand production Guinea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito za mawoko kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa mu mbumba zawo.]]Wupu wa Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (CBK), uwo ni wupu wa boma la Guinea na wa RUSAL, ukupanga matani pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni pa chaka, ndipo pafupifupi matani ghose agha ghakutumizgika ku Russia na ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Dian Dian, wupu wa ku Guinea na Ukraine, uwo ukupangiska bauxite, ukupangika matani 1,000,000 (1,102,311 short tons; 984,207 long tons) pa chaka. Mu 2004, kampani ya Alumina Compagnie de Guinée (ACG) iyo yikapoka kampani ya Friguia Consortium, yikapanga matani pafupifupi 2.4 miliyoni gha mafuta gha aluminiyamu. Malo agha ghakutumizga matani 750,000 gha alumina. Global Alumina na Alcoa-Alcan ŵali kulembeska mapangano na boma la Guinea kuti ŵazenge mafakitale ghakurughakuru ghakupangira alumina, agho ghali na nkhongono yakuchitira vinthu pafupifupi matani 4 pa chaka. Mu mgodi wa Simandou muli visulo vinandi vya visulo. Mu Malichi 2010, kampani ya Anglo-Australian Rio Tinto Group na aluminiyamu yikuru chomene ya China (Chinalco) ŵakasazga phangano lakukhwaskana na mulimo wa Rio Tinto. Mu 2017, wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi (SFO), uwo ni wupu wakuwona vya upusikizgi ku Britain, ukayambiska kafukufuku pa ivyo Rio Tinto wakachitanga mu Guinea. Tigui Camara, uyo kale wakaŵa wamaseŵera, ni mwanakazi wakwamba mu Guinea kuŵa na kampani ya migodi iyo yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=TIGUI CAMARA: Leading In The Male Dominated Mining Industry|url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/tigui-camara-leading-in-the-male-dominated-mining-industry/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=African Leadership Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Mafuta=== Mu 2006, charu cha Guinea chikachita phangano na Hyperdynamics Corporation ku Houston kuti ŵapenje malo ghakutali na nyanja. Chibuŵa chakwamba, Sabu-1, chikeneranga kwambika mu Okutobala 2011, pa malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa maji mamita pafupifupi 700. Sabu-1 yikaŵa na vigaŵa vinayi vya mchenga wa Cretaceous, ndipo yikaghanaghananga kuti yifwenge mamita 3,600. Pamanyuma pa kumalizga kubowozga mu 2012, chisimi cha Sabu-1 chikawoneka kuti ntchakovwira yayi. Mu Novembala 2012, kampani ya Hyperdynamics, SCS, yikapangana kuti yigulitse 40% ya malo ogulitsira ku Tullow Oil, ndipo chiŵerengero cha eni ake ku Guinea chinakwera kufika pa 37% Hyperdynamics, 40% Tullow Oil, ndi 23% Dana Petroleum. Hyperdynamics yizamuŵa na nyengo m'paka Seputembala 2016, mwakuyana na phangano ilo lilipo sono, kuti yambe kubowozga pa malo ghanyake agho yikukhumba, agho ni Fatala Cenomanian turbidite fan prospect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyperdynamics.com/guinea_project.htm|title=Overview of the Guinea Project|website=Hyperdynamics.com|author1=Hyperdynamics|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203114454/http://www.hyperdynamics.com/guinea_project.htm|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?document_id=x548038&serialid=6XKHhijcT%2B6Xg1jfyFmVuwQySL6HHtJCNiU0UlOijDA%3D|title=Tullow Oil|date=21 January 2014|work=Equity Research|publisher=Credit Suisse|page=15|author1=Thomas Adolff|author2=Charlotte Elliott|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017122251/https://doc.research-and-analytics.csfb.com/docView?document_id=x548038&serialid=6XKHhijcT%2B6Xg1jfyFmVuwQySL6HHtJCNiU0UlOijDA%3D|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tullowoil.com/index.asp?pageid=137&newsid=805|title=Tullow Oil Agrees Farm-in to Guinea Concession|website=Tullowoil.com|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203120232/http://www.tullowoil.com/index.asp?pageid=137&newsid=805|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/news/newshyperdynamics-completes-drilling-of-sabu-1-well-offshore-guinea-conakry|title=Hyperdynamics completes drilling at Sabu-1 well offshore Guinea-Conakry|website=Offshore-technology.com|date=14 February 2012|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203115227/http://www.offshore-technology.com/news/newshyperdynamics-completes-drilling-of-sabu-1-well-offshore-guinea-conakry|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ŵalendo === == Galerie == <gallery> File:Le "Voile" de la mariée à Kindia.png|The "Voile de la Mariée" (Bride's Veil) waterfall in Kindia File:Dame_de_Mali_Guinée.jpg|[[:en:fr:Mont Loura|Dame de Mali]] File:Chute_de_Tabouna_à_Kindia_01.jpg|[[:en:fr:Chute de Tabouna|Chute de Tabouna]] à [[:en:fr:Kindia|Kindia]] File:Chute_de_Saala_vue_à_360°_Labé.jpg|[[:en:fr:Chute de Saala|Chute de Saala]] [[:en:fr:Labé|Labé]] File:Chimpanzé_de_Bossou_33.jpg|Chimpanzé de Bossou File:Plage_de_Roume.jpg|Plage sur les [[:en:fr:Îles de Loos|Ile de Loos]] </gallery> Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska chomene mu Guinea ni majigha agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya Basse Guinea (Lower Guinea) na Moyenne Guinea (Middle Guinea). Chigwa cha Soumba pa phiri la Kakoulima ku Kindia, Voile de la Mariée (Valo la Mkwatibwi) ku Dubreka, chigwa cha Kinkon chomwe chili pafupifupi mamita 80 (260 ft) pa Kokoula River ku Pita, mathithi a Kambadaga omwe amatha kufika mamita 100 (330 ft) nyengo yamvula pamtsinje womwewo, mathithi a Ditinn & Mitty ku Dalaba, ndi mathithi a Fetoré ndi mlatho wamwala m'chigawo cha Labe ndi ena mwa malo okopa alendo okhudzana ndi madzi. ==Mayendelo== {{Main|Transport in Guinea}} Malo ghakwendera ndege gha Conakry International Airport ndigho ni ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ghakwendera ku misumba yinyake mu Africa na ku Europe. Njanji iyi yikazengeka pakati pa 1904 na 1910, ndipo yikaŵaso yayi kugwira ntchito mu 1995 ndipo mu 2007 yikamara. Pakwamba, ŵakakhumbanga kunozga msewu uwu kuti uŵe wakwendamo ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo apo ntchito yikambanga mu 2010, ŵakayowoya kuti mulimo uwu uli kumara chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pali njanji iyo yikwendeskeka na boma iyo yikukolerana na migodi ya bauxite ya Sangarédi na dowoko la Kamsar (137 km) kweniso njanji ya m'ma 1960 iyo yikwendeskeka na Russia RusAl ku migodi ya Fria (143 km). Pakuŵa chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kwambaso kuguliska migodi ya visulo pa Simandou block 1 na 2, wupu uphya uwu ukalayizga mu 2019 kuti uzamupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mulimo wa kuzenga njanji yiphya yakuya ku Matakong pa nyanja ya Atlantic uko ŵazamuguliska ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 20 gha ku America kuti ŵazenge dowoko la maji ghakunyang'amira. Njira ya makilomita 650 njitali kuluska nthowa yinyake yakulongozgera kumwera ku Buchanan, Liberia, iyo yikawonekanga nga ni nthowa yinyake mu October 2019.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/trending/LjaSYcEdRjnMwG4RserstA2| title = SP Global report, November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planete-tp.com/IMG/pdf/cdf_ao-ae_vnrweb_cle13f153.pdf| title = Georges Pilot's history of railways in West Africa (in French)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12816/Iron_back_on_track| title = Africa Confidential December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://guineenews.org/kankan-le-chemin-de-fer-conakry-niger-a-quand-sa-rehabilitation/ |author = Amadou Timbo Barry |title = Kankan : Le chemin de fer Conakry-Niger à quand sa réhabilitation ? |date = 14 May 2015 |publisher = Guinee News |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160915153034/http://guineenews.org/kankan-le-chemin-de-fer-conakry-niger-a-quand-sa-rehabilitation/ |archive-date = 15 September 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Ndipouli, nthowa ya Matakong yikeneranga kuŵa mu Guinea ndipo yikeneranga kuŵa na nthowa yakwendeskera vyakurya. Mu Guinea, magalimoto ghanyake ghali na vyaka vyakujumpha 20, ndipo magalimoto gha taxi ni magalimoto gha vipata vinayi agho mweneko wayowoya kuti ghapangike. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi, awo ŵalije magalimoto, ŵakugwiliskira nchito magalimoto gha tekisi na mabasi ghacoko kuti ŵendenge mu tawuni na mu caru cose. Mahachi na mbunda vikuguza magileta, comenecomene pakunyamura vinthu vya kuzenga. == Ŵanthu == {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population in Guinea{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|3.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|8.8 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Guinea}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} {{Main|Demography of Guinea}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵalipo 13.5 miliyoni. Msumba wa Conakry ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga mu Guinea chikaŵa 4.93 pa mwanakazi waliyose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=The World Factbook|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Largest cities | country = Guinea | stat_ref = According to the 2014 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Guinea-Cities.html |title=Cities and Regions |website=Citypopulation.de |access-date=23 July 2021 }}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Conakry | div_1 = Conakry | pop_1 = 1,660,973 | img_1 = Conakry.jpg | city_2 = Nzérékoré | div_2 = Nzérékoré | pop_2 = 195,027 | img_2 = Nzerekore.jpg | city_3 = Kankan | div_3 = Kankan | pop_3 = 190,722 | img_3 = | city_4 = Manéah | div_4 = Kindia | pop_4 = 167,354 | img_4 = | city_5 = Dubréka | div_5 = Kindia | pop_5 = 157,017 | city_6 = Kindia | div_6 = Kindia | pop_6 = 138,695 | city_7 = Siguiri | div_7 = Kankan | pop_7 = 127,492 | city_8 = Kissidougou | div_8 = Faranah | pop_8 = 99,931 | city_9 = Labé | div_9 = Labé | pop_9 = 92,654 | city_10 = Kamsar | div_10 = Boké | pop_10 = 83,428 }} Chiyowoyero cha ku Guinea ni Chifurenchi. Mu 2018, ŵanthu 33.9% ŵakayowoyanga Chipular, ndipo ŵanthu 29.4% ŵakayowoyanga Chimandingo. Chilankhulo chachitatu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ndi Chisu, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi 21.2% ya anthu mu 2018 ngati chilankhulo chawo choyamba. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Guinea nga ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea vikakwana 16% mu 2018, kusazgapo Kissi na Kpelle.<ref name="CIA Factbook1" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵali mu mafuko pafupifupi 24. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka, awo ŵakumanyikwaso kuti Mandingo panji Malinké, ŵalipo 29.4% ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea.<ref name=guinea_stats/> TŴafula panji Ŵafula, ŵalipo 33.4% ndipo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Futa Djallon. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soussou ŵalipo 21.2% ndipo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Conakry, Forécariah, na Kindia. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukhala pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 16%, kusazgapo Kpelle, Kissi, Zialo, Toma na ŵanyake. Ku Guinea kuli ŵanthu 10,000 awo mba ku Africa yayi, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Lebanon, France, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2824.htm |title=Guinea |website=State.gov |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=23 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="guinea_stats" /><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="Fula">In {{lang-fr|Peul|link=no}}. In {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}.</ref><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ |archive-date=10 September 2021 }}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Further|Religion in Guinea}} {{bar box |title=Guinea religious sects<ref name="state.gov"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1='''Religion''' |right1='''Percent''' |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Islam|lightgreen|85}} {{bar percent|Christianity|blue|8}} {{bar percent|[[Traditional African religion]]|brown|7}} }} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea ŵalipo 85% Mbasilamu ndipo 8% Mbakhristu. Ŵanyake, Ŵasilamu na Ŵakristu wuwo, ŵakulondezga vigomezgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.<ref name="state.gov">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208368.pdf "Guinea 2012 International Religious Freedom Report"], US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108372.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Guinea] . United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (29 December 2008). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Guinea ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni, cha Maliki. Magulu gha Cikristu ghakuphatikizapo ŵa Katolika, ŵa Anglican, ŵa Baptist, ŵa Seventh-day Adventist, na ŵa Evangelical. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici ndipo boma likuŵamanya makora. Ku malo agha kuli cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake mba Chihindu, Chibuda, na ŵa chisopa cha Chitchayinizi. Ku Nzerekore kukaŵa nkhondo za mitundu na visopa kwa mazuŵa ghatatu mu Julayi 2013.<ref name="Guinea 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-violence-idUSBRE96G00820130717|title="Guinea's Conde appeals for calm after 11 killed in ethnic clashes", Reuters, 16 July 2013.|work=Reuters|date=17 July 2013|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006190639/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/17/us-guinea-violence-idUSBRE96G00820130717|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3818383|title = A Sufi Interpretation of 'Le Regard du Roi'|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_summer-1983_14_2/page/135|journal = Research in African Literatures|volume = 14|issue = 2|pages = 135–164|last1 = Harrow|first1 = Kenneth|year = 1983}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23335719|title="Guinean troops deployed after deadly ethnic clashes", BBC Africa, 17 July 2013.|work=BBC News|access-date=15 October 2014|date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017234847/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23335719|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kpelle awo Mbakhristu panji ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo, na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Konianke awo Mbasilamu ndipo ŵali pafupi na fuko la Malinke, ŵakafwa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 54. Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵakoma na vilwero na kotcha ŵamoyo. Nkhaza zikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea ŵakaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name="bbc.com" /> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Guinea}} [[File:Guinea schoolgirls.jpg|Schoolgirls in [[Conakry]]|thumb]] Mu 2010, ŵanthu 41 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba (52 pa 100 pa ŵanalume na 30 pa 100 pa ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|title=The World Factbook|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sukulu ya pulayimale njakukakamiza kwa vyaka 6. Mu 1999, ŵanthu 40 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasambiranga ku pulayimale. Ŵana, comenecomene ŵasungwana, ŵakufumiskika ku sukulu kuti ŵawovwire ŵapapi ŵawo pa nchito za pa nyumba panji zaulimi, panji kuti ŵatoreke: Mu Guinea muli "ciŵelengero cikuru comene" ca ŵana awo ŵakutengwa.<ref>According to the WHO:"The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; India, 66%; '''Guinea, 63%'''; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%."[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424050514/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/|date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2015&dlid=252689|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015: Guinea|access-date=19 November 2016|author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205042438/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/guinea.htm Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) – U.S. Department of Labor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205042438/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/guinea.htm |date=5 December 2008 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Further|Health in Guinea}} ====Ebola==== {{Further|Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa}} Mu 2014, ku Guinea kukabuka nthenda ya Ebola. Lekani dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo yikakanizga kuguliska na kurya viyuni ivi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nthenda iyi yikathandazgika kufuma ku vigaŵa vya ku mizi kuya ku Conakry, ndipo mu Juni 2014 yikafika mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Sierra Leone na Liberia. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na Sierra Leone na Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite news | date= 28 March 2014 | title= Ebola: Guinea outbreak reaches capital Conakry | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774343 | publisher= BBC | access-date= 30 March 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140330024741/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774343 | archive-date= 30 March 2014 | url-status= live | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Nthenda iyi yikamba mu Disembala mu muzi wa Meliandou, kumwera kwa Guinea, kufupi na mphaka na Liberia na Sierra Leone. Munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamupima wakaŵa mwana wa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo wakafwa pa 6 Disembala, chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo, kuputa, na vyoto vyaswesi. Pakati pajumpha sabata yimoza, amama ŵa mwana uyu ŵakafwa, ndipo pamanyuma mudumbu na abuya ŵake ŵakafwa. Pamanyuma, nthenda iyi yikathandazgikira ku mizi yinyake cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapweleleranga. "Malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa" ndigho ghakwambiska nthenda iyi. Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose (WHO) ukati cifukwa ca kuleka kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ŵantchito ŵa vyaumoyo ŵakatondeka kusanga uko kukafuma nthenda iyi. Apo WHO yikamalizga ndondomeko ya Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) pa 29 March 2016, lipoti la Ebola Situation Report ilo likapelekeka pa 30 March likakhozga kuti ŵanthu 5 ŵanyakeso ŵakalwara nthenda iyi mu masabata ghaŵiri agho ghakajumpha, ndipo nthenda iyi yikakhwaskana na nthenda ya Novembala 2014. Nthenda ya Ebola yikananga nthowa zakuchizgira matenda ghanyake mu Guinea. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kuluta ku chipatala chifukwa cha kopa nthenda iyi kweniso chifukwa cha kuleka kugomezga ndopa. Kweniso chifukwa cha Ebola, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kupwelelera ndopa. Ebola yikwambaso ku Guinea mu January/February 2021.<ref> {{cite news | title = Guinea declares Ebola epidemic: First deaths since 2016 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56060728 | department = Africa | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | publication-date = 14 February 2021 | access-date = 15 February 2021 | quote = Guinea has officially declared that it is dealing with an Ebola epidemic after the deaths of at least three people from the virus. <br /> They - and four others - fell ill with diarrhoea, vomiting and bleeding after attending the burial of a nurse. [...] A nurse who worked a health centre in Goueké, near the south-eastern city of Nzérékoré, died on 28 January and her funeral was held four days later. }} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/end-of-ebola-pheic/en/|title= Ebola is no longer a public health emergency|website= World Health Organization|access-date= 14 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160331231040/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/end-of-ebola-pheic/en/|archive-date= 31 March 2016|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-4-march-2015|title= Ebola Situation Report – 4 March 2015 {{!}} Ebola|website= apps.who.int|access-date= 14 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170301084553/http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-4-march-2015|archive-date= 1 March 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-30-march-2016|title= Ebola Situation Report – 30 March 2016 {{!}} Ebola|website= apps.who.int|access-date= 14 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160613210509/http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-30-march-2016|archive-date= 13 June 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ndawinz |first1=Jacques D A |last2=Cissé |first2=Mohamed |last3=Diallo |first3=Mohamadou S K |last4=Sidibé |first4=Cheik T |last5=D'Ortenzio |first5=Eric |title=Prevention of HIV spread during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea |journal=The Lancet |date=April 2015 |volume=385 |issue=9976 |pages=1393 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60713-9 |pmid=25890415 |s2cid=41478740 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)60713-9.pdf}}</ref> ====Maternal and child healthcare==== Chiŵerengero cha amayi omwe amafa mu 2021 pa kubadwa 100,000 ku Guinea ndi 576.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning/resources/impact-brief-guinea | title=Impact Brief: Guinea | date=21 May 2021 | access-date=28 October 2022 | archive-date=28 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028205848/https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning/resources/impact-brief-guinea | url-status=dead }}</ref> Pa ciŵelengero ici, mu 2010 kukaŵa 680 ndipo mu 2008 kukaŵa 859.9 ndipo mu 1990 kukaŵa 964.7. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000 146, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 29. Ku Guinea, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, mwanakazi yumoza ndiyo wakuŵa mama, ndipo pa ŵanakazi 26 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa. Ku Guinea ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵakukoma ŵanakazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/|title=WHO – Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012192739/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |title=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change – UNICEF DATA |website=Unicef.org |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State of the World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024306/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|archive-date=25 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ====HIV/AIDS==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in Guinea}} Paumaliro wa 2004, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 170,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_GIN.pdf |title=Status of HIV/AIDS in Guinea, 2005 |access-date=30 September 2007 |year=2005 |publisher=World Health Organisation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805150456/http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_GIN.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/predefinedReports/EFS2006/EFS_PDFs/EFS2006_GN.pdf |title=Epidemiological Fact Sheets: HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, December 2006 |access-date=30 September 2007 |date=December 2006 |publisher=World Health Organisation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025053159/http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/predefinedReports/EFS2006/EFS_PDFs/EFS2006_GN.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 }}</ref>Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2001 na 2002 wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika na HIV mu misumba kuluska ku mizi. Ku Conakry (5%) na mu misumba ya ku Forest Guinea (7%) iyo yili kufupi na Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, na Sierra Leone ndiko kukaŵa nthenda iyi. Matenda gha HIV ghakuthandazgika comene para munthu wakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyake. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na nthenda ya HIV mwakuyana waka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24 ndiwo ŵakusuzgika comene. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana (42%), ŵasilikari (6.6%), ŵakwendeska magalimoto na matekisi (7.3%), ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito mu migodi (4.7%) na ŵanthu ŵakukhwima awo ŵali na TB (8.6%), viŵelengero ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito za kugonana (42%). Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikwambiska nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ku Guinea. Vinthu ivi ni kugonana kwambura kuvikilirika, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, ukavu ukuru, mphaka zambura kukhazikika, ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo, kusoŵerwa kwa wovwiri wa boma, na kusoŵa kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala na wovwiri wa boma.<ref name=usaid/><ref name="usaid" /><ref name="usaid">{{citation-attribution|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081113214710/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/africa/guinea_05.pdf "Health Profile: Guinea"]. [[USAID]] (March 2005).}}</ref> ==== Kuŵa na njara ==== Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara matenda gha matenda agha mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti ŵana 139,200 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, 609,696 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 1,592,892 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya kusulura ndopa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwelelera ŵanyawo, ŵaleke kusanga wovwiri wa munkhwala, ŵaleke kuŵa na utozi uwemi, kweniso kuti vyakurya vileke kuŵa vyakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/eb/wfpdoc062106.pdf |title=Enquête nationale nutrition-santé, basée sur la méthodologie SMART, 2011–2012 |access-date=12 May 2014 |year=2012 |publisher=World Food Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041830/http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/eb/wfpdoc062106.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Malaria==== Maleriya ghakuthandazgika chaka chose, ndipo ghakuthandazgika chomene kwamba mu Julayi m'paka Okutobala. Ku Guinea ŵanthu ŵakulwaralwara cifukwa ca matenda agha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/country_profiles/GBD/ihme_gbd_country_report_guinea.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120427/http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/country_profiles/GBD/ihme_gbd_country_report_guinea.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy14/guinea_mop_fy14.pdf?sfvrsn=8 |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120928/http://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy14/guinea_mop_fy14.pdf?sfvrsn=8 |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> ====COVID-19 pandemic==== {{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea}} Munthu wakwamba uyo wakasangana na nthenda ya COVID-19 wakalembeka mu Guinea pa 13 March 2020. Paumaliro wa 2020, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasangika na nthenda iyi chikaŵa 13,722. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 13,141 ŵakachira, 500 ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo 81 ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 and W/Africa: 1,994 new cases, 31 new deaths in 24 hours|url=http://apanews.net/en/news/covid-19-and-wafrica-1994-new-cases-31-new-deaths-in-24-hours|publisher=APA|access-date=2 January 2021|date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122053521/http://apanews.net/en/news/covid-19-and-wafrica-1994-new-cases-31-new-deaths-in-24-hours|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="First">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-guinea/eu-employee-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-in-guineas-first-case-idUSL8N2B46DI |title=EU employee tests positive for coronavirus in Guinea's first case |date=13 March 2020 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ==Mwambo== [[File:Guinea Dinguiraye market.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Malo agho ŵakuguliskako vyakurya mu chigaŵa cha Dinguiraye, ku Guinea]] === Maseŵera === Mu charu cha Guinea, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola. Wupu wakuwona vya maseŵero wa Guinea Football Federation ndiwo ukuchita maseŵero agha. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukwendeska timu ya mpira wa ku caru cose, na ligi ya ku caru cose. Likakhazikiskika mu 1960 ndipo likukolerana na FIFA kufuma mu 1962 na Confederation of African Football kufuma mu 1963. Gulu la mpira la ku Guinea, lakucemeka Syli nationale (Ndlovu za ku Guinea), likucitako maseŵero gha mpira wa pa caru cose kwamba mu 1962. Ŵakamba kulimbana na East Germany. Ŵandafikepo pa chigoti cha World Cup, ndipo ŵakathereskeka na Morocco pa Africa Cup of Nations mu 1976.<ref name=Encyclopedia/><ref name="Encyclopedia" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations/f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rationguin%C3%A9ennedefootball/Home |title=Member Associations: Fédération Guinéenne de Football (FGF) |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702191454/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations/f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rationguin%C3%A9ennedefootball/home |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/guinea_25923.html |title=At a glance: Guinea - Football boosts girls' education |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220145/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/guinea_25923.html |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Guinea, Post Report|year = 1985|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=-FzsyAEIxi8C&rdid=book--FzsyAEIxi8C&rdot=1|access-date=8 September 2021|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gui/ |title=Associations: Guinea |publisher=FIFA |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010102648/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=gui/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book|last1=Falola|first1=Toyin|last2=Jean-Jacques|first2=Daniel|title=Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA593|access-date=5 November 2016|date=14 December 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846669|pages=568–569}}</ref> Guinée Championnat National ndi chigawo chapamwamba cha mpira wa ku Guinea. Kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 1965, magulu ghatatu ghakaŵa na chilato cha kutonda mphindano za ku Guinea. Horoya AC wali na vithuzithuzi 16 ndipo ndiyo wakathereska mu 2017. Hafia FC (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry II mu ma 1960s) yili na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha 15. AS Kaloum Star (iyo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Conakry I mu ma 1960s) yili na maudindo 13. Magulu ghose ghatatu ghali mu msumba wa Conakry. Hafia FC yikathereska African Cup of Champions Clubs katatu, mu 1972, 1975 na 1977, apo Horoya AC yikathereska African Cup Winners' Cup mu 1978.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kuhn|first=Gabriel|title=Soccer vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwmsLxiWvnwC&pg=PA33|date=15 March 2011|publisher=PM Press|isbn=9781604865240|page=33}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/guineachamp.html |title=Guinea: List of champions |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227175550/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesg/guineachamp.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kutora mitala === {{Further|Polygamy in Guinea}} Dango la ku Guinea likukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi, kweni pali vinyake ivyo vikukanizgika. Mu 2020, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ŵakatoranga ŵanakazi ŵanandi (29% Ŵasilamu na 10% Ŵakhristu).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/ | title=Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions }}</ref><ref>[http://ddata.over-blog.com/xxxyyy/2/86/20/02/CODE-CIVIL.pdf Articles 315-319] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521165450/http://ddata.over-blog.com/xxxyyy/2/86/20/02/CODE-CIVIL.pdf |date=21 May 2013 }}, Civil Code of the Republic of Guinea (Code Civil de la Republique de Guinee)</ref> === Kuphika === {{Further|Cuisine of Guinea}} Vyakurya vya ku Guinea vikupambana kuyana na chigaŵa. Cassava wakumwa. Vyakurya vya ku Guinea ni yétissé, msuzi wa ma nuts, msuzi wa okra na chingwa cha tapalapa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵakurya mu "mbale yikuru" na kurya na mawoko kuwaro kwa nyumba.<ref name=dc>{{cite web |url=http://wamu.org/programs/metro_connection/12/09/21/eating_in_the_embassy_guinean_embassy_brings_west_african_food_to_washington |title=Eating in the Embassy: Guinean Embassy Brings West African Food To Washington |publisher=WAMU |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183046/http://wamu.org/programs/metro_connection/12/09/21/eating_in_the_embassy_guinean_embassy_brings_west_african_food_to_washington |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="friends">{{cite web |url=http://friendsofguinea.org/about-guinea/recipes |title=Recipes & Cookbooks |publisher=Friends of Guinea |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203132146/http://friendsofguinea.org/about-guinea/recipes |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sumo === === Vyakuona === ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Guinea|Africa}} * [[Outline of Guinea]] * [[Index of Guinea-related articles]] {{clear}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ===Vyakulemba=== {{notelist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Guinea}} * {{Official website|http://www.presidence.gov.gn/}} {{in lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203013/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215085918/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guinea.htm Guinea] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Guinea}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13442051 Guinea profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Guinea}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192778}} * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GIN/Year/2008/Summary Guinea 2008 Summary Trade Statistics] {{Guinea topics}} {{Navboxes | list = {{African Union}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Organisation of the Islamic Conference}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|11|N|10|W|display=title}} [[Category:Guinea| ]] [[Category:1958 establishments in Guinea]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1958]] [[Category:West African countries]] 7o8owgs6eli9kmisylrugswa4qf8bm2 0 6977 122597 118793 2026-09-28T02:03:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Island nation in the Indian Ocean}} {{about|the African island nation in the Indian Ocean|||other uses}} {{distinguish|Mauritania}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Mauritius | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|fr|République de Maurice}}|{{native name|mfe|Repiblik Moris}}}} | common_name = Mauritius | image_flag = Flag of Mauritius.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg | coa_size = 90 | image_map = Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius (excluding Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin Island) | image_map2 = Mauritius (+claim islands).svg | map_caption2 = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius labelled in black; Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin are claimed by Mauritius. | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Stella Clavisque Maris Indici|italics=off}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Information Service – Coat of Arms |url=http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612094501/http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=29 July 2019 |publisher=govmu.org}}</ref><br />"Star and Key of the Indian Ocean" | national_anthem = "[[Motherland (anthem)|Motherland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Motherland_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | capital = [[Port Louis]] | languages2_type = [[Language Spoken at Home]] | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |86.5% [[Mauritian Creole]] |5.3% [[Bhojpuri]] |4.4% French |1.4% Two languages |2.4% [[Languages of Mauritius|Others]] (incl. English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]])}}<ref name="CIATONGA">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Africa :: MAURITIUS |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/ |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages = [[Mauritian Creole]] | official_languages = None {{small|(''de jure'')}}<br>{{nowrap|{{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]}} {{small|(''de facto'')}}<ref>The [[Constitution of Mauritius|Mauritian constitution]] makes no mention of an [[official language]]. The Constitution only mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member can also address the chair in French.</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 67% [[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indian]] | 28% [[Mauritian Creoles|Creole]] | 3% [[Mauritians of Chinese origin|Chinese]] | 2% [[Franco-Mauritians|French]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2021 |title=Mauritius – the World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |48.54% [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Hinduism]] |32.71% [[Christianity in Mauritius|Christianity]] |17.30% [[Islam in Mauritius|Islam]] |1.45% [[Religion in Mauritius|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2011 census | religion_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2010 Report |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|-20.2|57.5|display=inline,title|type:country}} | demonym = [[Mauritian]] | largest_city = [[Port Louis]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Mauritius|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]] | leader_name2 = [[Eddy Boissézon]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Mauritius|Vice President]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Pravind Jugnauth]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Sooroojdev Phokeer]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Mauritius]] | established_date1 = 12 March 1968 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 12 March 1992 | area_rank = 169th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 2040 | percent_water = 0.07 | population_estimate = 1,265,475<ref name="31 Dec 2019 Statistics">{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Population and Vital Statistics – Year 2019 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Pages/Pop_Vital_Yr19.aspx |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 158th | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_census = 1,237,091<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |author-link=Statistics Mauritius |title=2011 Population Census – Main Results |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/ESI/pop2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152858/http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/ESI/pop2011.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 618.24 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,602.55 | population_density_rank = 21st | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $36.794&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=10&pr.y=10&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=684&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $29,164<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 62th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.570&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 143th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,548<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 73rd | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 36.8 | Gini_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mauritius |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MU |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase | HDI = 0.802 | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Mauritian rupee]] | currency_code = MUR | time_zone = [[Mauritius Time|MUT]] | utc_offset = +4 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+230]] | cctld = [[.mu]] }} '''Mauritius''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mauritius.ogg|m|ə|ˈ||r|ɪ|ʃ|(|i|)|ə|s|,_|m|ɔː|-}} ; {{lang-fr|Maurice|link=no}} {{IPA-fr|mɔʁis, moʁis||LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Maurice.wav}}; {{lang-mfe|label=[[Mauritian Creole]]|Moris}} {{IPA-mfe|moʁis|}}), mwalamulo '''Charu cha Mauritius''' ({{lang-fr|République de Maurice}}; {{lang-mfe|label=[[Mauritian Creole]]|Repiblik Moris}}), ni chalo icho chili pa [[chirwa]] cha [[Africa]] mu [[Indian Ocean]], pafupifupi makilomita 2,000 (1,100 nautical miles) kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Madagascar]]. Chirwa ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru nga ni [[Rodrigues]], [[Agaléga]], na [[St. Brandon]].<ref name="ICJ">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Written Statement of the Republic of Mauritius |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20180301-WRI-05-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031708/https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20180301-WRI-05-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=[[International Court of Justice]] |pages=23–24 |volume=1}}</ref><ref name="PCA Memorial Vol 1">{{Cite book |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1796 |title=Memorial of the Republic of Mauritius |date=1 August 2012 |publisher=[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] |volume=I |page=9}}</ref> Virwa vya Mauritius na Rodrigues, pamoza na [[Réunion]] (chigaŵa cha ku [[France]] icho chili kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Meditereniyani]]), ni vigaŵa vya [[Mascarene Islands]]. Cirwa cikuru ca Mauritius, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa [[Port Louis]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) ndipo chili na chigaŵa cha vyamalonda icho chili na malo ghakukwana 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles).<ref name="EEZ 1977">{{Cite book |url=https://files.pca-cpa.org//pcadocs/mu-uk/Annexes%20to%20Memorial/MM%20Charts.pdf |title=Memorial of the Republic of Mauritius |publisher=[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] |year=2012 |volume=IV |chapter=Figure 7: Mauritius' EEZ: 1977 |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> Ŵalwani ŵa ku Arabia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kusanga cirwa ici, ca m'ma 975, ndipo ŵakacicema Dina Arobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History &#124; Mauritian Archaeology |url=https://mauritianarchaeology.sites.stanford.edu/history |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628000251/https://mauritianarchaeology.sites.stanford.edu/history }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344 |title=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems |date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317467519}}</ref> Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakalembeka kuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Admiral Van Warwyck, ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ghakuchemeka Grand Port ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chilumba ichi mu 1598. Paumaliro, mu vilimika 120 vyakulondezgapo, ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito makuni gha makuni gha ebeni na kupanga shuga. Ŵakaŵanga na vyakumera vya mkaka vyakufuma ku Java na ŵazga ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Madagascar. Mu 1715, caru ici cikapokeka na ŵa ku France ndipo ŵakacicemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1810, caru ca United Kingdom cikapoka cirwa ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, mu phangano la Paris, France likapeleka cirwa ca Mauritius na vyaru vinyake ku caru ca United Kingdom. Virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Mauritius vikaŵa Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, Chagos Archipelago, na Seychelles m'paka mu 1906.<ref name="ICJ" /><ref name="PCA Memorial Vol 1" /> Mauritius na France ŵakususkana za cilumba ca Tromelin cifukwa cakuti phangano la Paris likayowoyapo yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain m'paka apo chikafwatukira mu 1968. Mu 1965, boma la Britain likawuskako virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius na kupanga British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachimbizga pakati pa 1968 na 1973 ndipo chirwa chikuru chomene, Diego Garcia, ŵakagulira ku United States. Mauritius na Britain ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya mazaza gha visirwa vya Chagos. Mu 2019, khoti la International Court of Justice likapeleka upharazgi wakulangula UK kuti wawezgere virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius, ndipo mu 2021, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea yikadumura kuti yikukhozgera fundo iyi, yikati UK "yilije mazaza pa virwa vya Chagos". Boma la pa chirwa ichi likulondezga ndondomeko ya pa nyumba ya malango ya ku Westminster. Charu cha Mauritius chili na wanangwa wa vyachuma na ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/}}</ref><ref name="WB GROUP">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala, masambiro ghaulere, na kwendeska magalimoto ghaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵachekuru, na ŵakupendera. Cifukwa ca malo agho Mauritius ghali na ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu, mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa. Ni caru cimoza pera mu Africa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusopa ŵacihindu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions in Africa {{!}} African Religions {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa#/?region_map_religion=Hindus |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=18 December 2012 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mba Indo-Mauritian. Pamoza na virwa vinyake vya Mascarene, Mauritius ni malo agho kuli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Vinyama vinandi vikukhala pa cirwa ici. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakaŵa viyuni vinyake vinandi ivyo vikafwa cifukwa ca ŵanthu. Pali vinyama vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi nga ni mphazi ya ku Mauritius, na nkhunda ya pinki. ==Ukaboni== Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti cirwa ico sono cikucemeka Mauritius cikaŵako ni mapu agho wakalemba Alberto Cantino mu 1502.<ref>Toorawa, S. (2007). ''The medieval Waqwaq islands and the Mascarenes''. Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, Mauritius</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1502 |title=Cantino Planisphere by anonymous Portuguese (1502) – Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena, Italy, Public Domain |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26117950}}</ref> Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakaŵa mazina gha Chiphwitikizi ghakuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, ndiyo wakathya chirwa ichi Mascarenes. Mu 1598, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands ilo likalongozgekanga na Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, likakhira pa Grand Port na kuchema chirwa ichi kuti Mauritius, kucindika Fumu Maurice van Nassau, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Netherlands. Pamanyuma, chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France ndipo chikachemeka Isle de France. Pa Disembala 3, 1810, ŵa ku France ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi ku Britain. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mauritius.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|ʃ|ə|s}}. Charu cha Mauritius chikuchemekaso Mauritius (kuyowoya [mɔˈʁis]) na Île Maurice mu Chifurenchi, Moris mu Chikiliyo cha ku Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister's Office – Cabinet Decisions taken on 24 MAY 2019 |url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Cabinet-Decisions-taken-on-24-MAY-2019.aspx |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=pmo.govmu.org}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|History of Mauritius}} ===Mbili yakwambilila=== Cirwa ca Mauritius cikaŵa cambura ŵanthu pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵandambe kwiza ku malo agha mu ma 1500. Zina lakuti Dina Arobi likukolerana na awo ŵakamba kusanga cirwa ici. ==='Portuguese Mauritius' (1507–1590s)=== [[File:D._Pedro_Mascarenhas.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro Mascarenhas]], [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of Portuguese India]] and namesake of the [[Mascarene Islands]].]] Phangano la ku Tordesillas likaŵa lakuti Ufumu wa Portugal ndiwo uzakalamulire chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza pa cirwa ici ndipo ŵakakhazikika penepara. Diogo Fernandes Pereira, uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa boti wa ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika ku Mauritius. Wakathya cirwa ici zina lakuti "Ilha do Cisne". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali yayi cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuwona virwa ivi.<ref name="govt">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx#dutch |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016015207/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx#dutch }}</ref> Virwa vya Mascarene vili na zina la Pedro Mascarenhas, muwusi mulara wa ku India, uyo wakaluta ku virwa ivi mu 1512. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chikapika zina ili chifukwa cha Diogo Rodrigues, uyo wakafika pa chirwa ichi mu 1528. ===Dutch Mauritius (1638–1710)=== {{Main|Dutch Mauritius}} [[File:Het Tweede Boeck.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Dutch activities on Mauritius, as well as the first published depiction of a [[dodo]] bird, on the left in front of a tree, 1601]] Mu 1598 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ilo likaŵa pasi pa Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck likafika ku Grand Port na kulichema kuti "Mauritius" chifukwa cha zina la Fumu Maurice wa ku Nassau. Mu 1638, Ŵachidachi ŵakakhazikika pa chirwa ichi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makuni gha eboni na kunjizga mkaka, viŵeto, na nkharamu. Kufuma ku malo agha, Abel Tasman, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Netherlands, wakaluta kukapenja malo ghanyake gha ku South Australia. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakhalako vyaka 20. Mu 1639, ŵazga ŵakiza ku Mauritius kufuma ku Madagascar. Wupu wa Dutch East India Company ukaŵatolera kuti ŵakadumulire makuni gha eboni na kugwira nchito mu minda yiphya ya hona na mskambo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kanandi waka kuti ŵakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandasangepo phindu, ntheura mu 1710 Ŵachidachi ŵakaleka kukhala ku Mauritius.<ref name="govt" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Mauritius |url=http://culture.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/PAMPHLET%20STRIPPED.PDF |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius}}</ref> Nkhani yinyake iyo yikalembeka mu 1755 mu nyuzipepara ya Leeds Intelligencer yikati chirwa ichi chikalekeka chifukwa cha vibenene vinandi ivyo "vikaparanya vyose". Ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza na vinyama ivi ku virwa ivi kufuma ku malo agho vikakhalanga ku Southeast Asia, pambere Ŵachidachi ŵandambe kulamulira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macaque monkeys on Mauritius, a sad monkey's tale &#124; The Earth Times |url=https://earthtimes.org/conservation/macaque-monkeys-mauritius-sad-monkey-tale/1501/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=earthtimes.org|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> ===French Mauritius (1715–1810)=== {{main|Isle de France (Mauritius)}} France, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na mazaza pa charu cha Île Bourbon (sono ni Réunion), wakapoka Mauritius mu 1715 na kucemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1723, ŵakalemba dango lakucemeka Code Noir ilo likalongozganga wuzga. Dango ili likati ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ni "vinthu", mwakuti mwenecho wa vinthu ivi wapokere ndalama za inshuwalansi na malipiro para vinthu vyake vyazgeŵa. Mu 1735, kazembe wa ku France, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, wakiza ku France. Mahé de La Bourdonnais wakazenga Port Louis kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo na malo ghakuzengera ngalaŵa. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa kazembe, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zichalipo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Nyumba ya Boma, Château de Mon Plaisir, na Line Barracks, malo agho ŵapolisi ŵakakhalanga. Chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la French East India Company, ilo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1767. Mu nyengo iyo Ŵafulentshi ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ŵazga ŵakizanga kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Mozambique na Zanzibar. Cifukwa ca ici, mu vilimika 30 ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakakwera comene kufuma pa 15,000 kufika pa 49,000. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa 80 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵazga 60,000. Kukwambilira kwa 1729, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakufuma ku Pondicherry ŵakafika ku Mauritius pa boti lakucemeka La Sirène. Ŵakamba kugwira nchito iyi mu 1734 apo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2004 |title=Tamouls, les racines de l'histoire |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/tamouls-les-racines-de-lhistoire |access-date=5 February 2004 |website=L'Express}}</ref> [[File:Combat de Grand Port mg 9425.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Grand Port]] between French and British naval forces, 20–27 August 1810]] Kwambira mu 1767 m'paka mu 1810, kupaturako nyengo yichoko waka ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France, apo ŵanthu ŵakakhazikiskanga boma lakujiyimira pawekha. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici kwambira mu 1768 m'paka mu 1771, ndipo wakawelera ku France, uko wakalemba Paul et Virginie, nkhani ya citemwa iyo yikapangiska kuti cirwa ici ciŵe cakumanyikwa kulikose uko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci. Mu 1796, boma la Paris likayezga kumazga wuzga, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaleka kuwusika na ŵa ku France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2019 |title=Mauritius profile – Timeline |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13882731 |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku France ŵakaŵa Vicomte de Souillac (uyo wakazenga msewu wa Chaussée mu Port Louis na kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi kuti ŵakhalenge mu cigaŵa ca Savanne) na Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux (uyo wakawoneseska kuti ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu Nyanja ya Indian ŵakhalenge ku Mauritius m'malo mwa ku Pondicherry mu India). Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari mu Nkhondo za Kuwukira ku France, ndipo nyengo zinyake wakalimbananga na Napoleon I. Wakaŵa kazembe wa Isle de France na Réunion kufuma mu 1803 m'paka 1810. Matthew Flinders, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mapu wa ku Britain, wakakakika na kukakika na Jenerale Decaen pa cirwa ici mu 1803 m'paka 1810, mwakuswa dango la Napoléon. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe, Mauritius yikaŵa malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakalutanga kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Ŵakacita nthena mpaka mu 1810, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Commodore Josias Rowley, R.N., uyo wakaŵa wa ku Ireland, ŵakatumika kuti ŵakakore cirwa ici. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatonda nkhondo ya Grand Port, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereskeka yayi. Ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi pa zuŵa lachinkhondi la kuwukira kwawo, pa Disembala 3, 1810, pa fundo izo zikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵasungenge malo ghawo na katundu wawo, kweniso kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito chiyowoyero cha ku France na malango gha ku France pa milandu ya milandu na ya ŵanthu wose. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius. Nkhondo iyi yikalembeka mu buku la Patrick O'Brian lakuti The Mauritius Command. ===British Mauritius (1810–1968)=== {{main|British Mauritius}} [[File:Isle of France, 2 December 1810.jpg|thumb|British forces [[Invasion of Isle de France|seizing the Isle of France]] on 2 December 1810]] ==== 1830–1835: British rule and reform ==== Boma la Britain, ilo likamba na Sir Robert Farquhar kuŵa kazembe wakwamba, likawona kuti vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vyachuma. Ndipouli, suzgo la Ratsitatane likakhwaska comene. Ratsitatane, muzukuru wa Themba Radama la ku Madagascar, wakatolekera ku Mauritius nga ni kayidi wa ndyali. Wakacimbira mu jere ndipo wakambiska ciwukirano ico cikakhumbanga kufwatura ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Wakatoleka na munyawo Laizaf ndipo wakakoleka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Adrien d'Épinay, loya wa ku Mauritius. Ŵakamudumura mutu pa Plaine Verte pa Epulero 15, 1822, ndipo mutu wake ŵakawuŵika pa malo ghanyake kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira ŵazga. Mu 1832, d'Épinay wakambiska nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Mauritius (Le Cernéen). Mu caka ceneco, loya wa boma wakakhumbanga kuti wuzga uleke kuŵako kwambura kulipira ŵeneco. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhorwa, ndipo boma likalangura ŵanthu wose kuti ŵajipeleke. Kweniso ŵakazenga linga la malibwe, Fort Adelaide, pa kaphiri (uko sono ni Citadel hill) mu msumba wa Port Louis kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Kufumira mu 1833, ŵazga ŵakamara mu vilimika vinandi, ndipo paumaliro ŵalimi ŵakapokera ndalama zakukwana mapaundi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States kuti ŵaŵalipire ŵazga awo ŵakaŵatora ku Africa na ku Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius: Sugar, indentured labour and their consequences (1835–1910) |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview5.htm |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=EISA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207155908/https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview5.htm |archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legacies of British Slave-ownership project |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/search/ |access-date=7 July 2021 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> ==== 1834–1921: Indian labour imported ==== [[File:Visual Art of the first indentured Indian labourers arriving in Mauritius (1834).jpg|thumb | alt= Mixed emotions and feelings are portrayed |First indentured Indian workers (1834)]] Kuwuskako wuzga kukaŵa na vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius. Ŵakulima ŵakiza na ŵantchito ŵanandi kufuma ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito mu minda ya mkaka. Pakati pa 1834 na 1921, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵantchito pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafamu gha shuga, mafakitale, na mu malo ghakuzengera. Kweniso, ku virwa ivi kukaŵaso ŵasilikari ŵa ku India 8,740. Aapravasi Ghat, mu nyanja ya Port Louis, iyo sono ni malo ghakukumbukika na UNESCO, ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba gha Britain kupokelera ŵateŵeti. Mu 1885, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Chikachemekanga Cens Démocratique ndipo chikaŵa na fundo zinyake izo yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Creole, Onésipho Beaugeard, wakayowoya. Likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhike mu Nyumba ya Malango, nangauli ŵakaŵavya wanangwa uwu. Mu 1886, Kazembe John Pope Hennessy wakasankha Gnanadicarayen Arlanda kuŵa mubali wakwamba wa ku India-Mauritius mu wupu wakulongozga nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakamutemwanga chomene Emile Sandapa. Arlanda wakateŵetera m'paka mu 1891. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na Hennessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2005 |title=Mauritian democracy: a caesarean birth |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/mauritian-democracy-caesarean-birth |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=L'Express}}</ref>[[File:Numa Desjardins Champ de Mars Port Louis 1880.jpg|thumb|[[Champ de Mars Racecourse]], Port Louis, 1880]] Ŵantchito awo ŵakafumanga ku India ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora yayi, ndipo Mujeremani munyake zina lake Adolph von Plevitz, wakajizgora yekha mulinda wa ŵanthu aŵa. Wakaŵa pamoza na ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo mu 1871 wakaŵawovwira kulemba kalata iyo ŵakatumizga kwa Kazembe Gordon. Komiti yikimikika kuti yiwoneso ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakadandawuranga, ndipo mu 1872 maloya ghaŵiri agho ghakasankhika na boma la Britain, ghakatumika kufuma ku England kuti ghapende. Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikhwaskenge umoyo wa ŵantchito ŵa ku India mu vilimika 50 vyakunthazi.<ref name="Toussaint">''A short History of Mauritius'', P.J. Barnwell & A. Toussaint</ref> ==== 1901–1914: Modernization and reform ==== Mu 1901, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwendeska mawoko mwaluŵiro kuluta ku Rodrigues. Mu 1903, ku Mauritius ŵakamba kugura magalimoto, ndipo mu 1910, magalimoto ghakwamba ghakamba kuguliskika. Mu 1909, msumba wa Port Louis ukaŵa na magesi, ndipo mu vyaka ivi, kampani ya Mauritius Hydro Electric Company ya ŵabali ŵa Atchia, yikapika mazaza kuti yivikilire misumba ya ku Upper Plaines Wilhems.[[File:The web of empire - a diary of the imperial tour of their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901 (1902) (14763807672).jpg|thumb|Ulendo wa Duke na Duchess wa ku Cornwall na York ku Mauritius, 1901]] Chizindikiro cha charu cha Mauritius chikapangika mu 1906, ndipo chili na njati ya Sambur na dodo. M'ma 1910, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ŵadokotala, maloya, na ŵasambizgi) ŵakamba kususka ŵeneco ŵa minda ya mkaka. Dr. Wakayama Eugène Laurent, meya wa Port Louis, ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu liphya ili. Chipani cha Action Libérale chikasuskika na chipani cha Parti de l'Ordre, icho chikalongozgekanga na Henri Leclézio, uyo wakaŵa na mazaza comene pa ŵamalonda ŵa shuga.<ref name="Toussaint" /> Mu 1911, mu Port Louis mukaŵa vivulupi cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti Dr. Eugène Laurent wakakomeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Curepipe. Ivi vikamanyikwa kuti ni vivulupi vya mu Curepipe mu 1911. Mu msumba uwu, mashopu na maofesi ghakasakazika ndipo munthu yumoza wakafwa. Mu 1911, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu mu tawuni ya Curepipe. Mu 1912, boma, makampani, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kwimba mafoni. ==== 1914–1919: World War I prosperity ==== Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani ku Europe na ku Mesopotamiya. Kweni nkhondo iyi yikatimbanizga comene Mauritius kuluska nkhondo izo zikacitika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nakuti nkhondo ya mu 1914-1918 yikaŵa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa shuga. Mu 1919, wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate ukaŵako, uwo ukaŵa na 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakapanga shuga.<ref name="Republic of Mauritius- History">{{Cite web |title=Republic of Mauritius- History |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=govmu.org |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016015207/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx }}</ref> ==== 1920–1939: Liberalisation and reaction ==== M'ma 1920 kukawuka gulu la "retrocessionism", ilo likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Mauritius chiwelere ku France. Mwaluŵiro, gulu ili likamara cifukwa palije uyo wakakhumbanga kuti Mauritius wawelere ku France. Mu nyengo ya suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikaŵako pamanyuma pa nkhondo, mtengo wa shuga ukakhira comene. Malo ghanandi ghakusungirako shuga ghakajalika, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵamara. Raoul Rivet, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Le Mauricien, wakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe malango gha caru kuti ŵanthu ŵa m'maumba ghaciŵiri ŵambe kwendeska vinthu mu caru. Fundo za Arya Samaj zikamba kujintha mu ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chihindu, awo ŵakakhumbanga urunji.<ref name="Dinan">''Mauritius in the making across the censuses 1846–2000'', Monique Dinan. {{ISBN|99903-904-6-0}}</ref> Kufuma apo Arlanda wakambira kuwusa mu 1891, m'paka mu 1926, mu wupu wakulongozga mukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Mauritius. Ndipouli, pa 1926 chisankho, Dunputh Lallah na Rajcoomar Gujadhur ŵakaŵa ŵa Indo-Mauritian ŵakwamba kusankhika ku wupu wa malango. Ku Grand Port, Lallah wakathereska Fernand Louis Morel na Gaston Gebert; ku Flacq, Gujadhur wakatonda Pierre Montocchio. Mu 1936, pakababika chipani chakuchemeka Labour Party, icho chikambiska na Maurice Curé. Emmanuel Anquetil wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni apo Pandit Sahadeo wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa ku mizi. Nkhondo ya Uba ya mu 1937 yikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lisinthe vinthu kuti ntchito yiŵe makora ndipo likamazga kukanizgika kwa mawupu gha ŵantchito. Zuŵa la Ŵantchito likakondwelereka kakwamba mu 1938. Ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵakaleka malipiro ghawo gha zuŵa limoza ndipo ŵakiza kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici kuzakaŵapo pa ungano ukuru uwo ukacitikira pa malo ghakucemeka Champ de Mars. Pamanyuma pa kunyamuka kwa ŵantchito ŵa pa dowoko, Emmanuel Anquetil uyo wakaŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito wakatolekera ku Rodrigues, Maurice Curé na Pandit Sahadeo ŵakakakika pa nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Kazembe wa boma Sir Bede Clifford wakawovwira Mr. Jules Leclezio wa wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate kuti wawovwirepo pa suzgo ili mwa kugwiliskira nchito ŵantchito ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "black legs".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of Truth and Justice Commission |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Government of Mauritius |ref=ISBN 978-99903-1-025-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908040459/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> ==== 1939–1945: World War II ==== Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga mu 1939, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ku Africa na ku vyaru vya ku Near East. Ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku England kukapharazga ndipo ŵakamba kwendera ndege. Nangauli ku Mauritius kukaŵavya suzgo, kweni mu 1943, sitima za pasi pa maji za ku Germany zikabizga sitima zinandi za ku Britain kufupi na Port Louis. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuvikilira caru usange ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumako. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari likapika mulimo wa kwendeska maboti gha mlengalenga kuti ghasangirepo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Pa 24 March 1943, Mauritius Regiment, yikapangika nga ni gulu la ufumu na gulu liphya la East Africa Command (EAC), ilo lingagwiriskika nchito kulikose apo kale ŵasilikari ŵa Mauritius ŵakagwiriskikanga nchito pa vinthu vya mukati pera. Kuumaliro wa 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa 1st Battalion of the Mauritius Regiment (1MR) ŵakatumika ku Madagascar kuti ŵakasambizgike, ndipo mu malo mwawo, ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles (KAR) ŵakatumika ku Mauritius. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzgoŵera nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa 1MR ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu, malipiro ghambura kuyana, masambiro ghakusuzga, ndiposo kopa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu caru ici. Pakaŵa vivulupi, ndipo boma likakanizga milimo yose ya wupu. Ndipouli, ŵantchito ŵa ku Belle Vue Harel Sugar Estate ŵakamba kunyenyenkha nchito pa Seputembala 27, 1943. Ŵapolisi ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanayi: Soondrum Pavatdan (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Anjalay Coopen, mwanakazi wa vyaka 32 uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo), Moonsamy Moonien (msepuka wa vyaka 14), Kistnasamy Mooneesamy (wantchito wa vyaka 37), na Marday Panapen. Ici cikacemeka Belle Vue Harel Massacre mu 1943. Basdeo Bissoondoyal, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa boma kweniso mulongozgi wa gulu la Jan Andolan, ndiyo wakanozga viphikiro vya nyifwa ya ŵantchito ŵanayi awo ŵakafwa. Pakati pajumpha myezi yitatu, pa Disembala 12, 1943, Bissoondoyal wakanozga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "Marie Reine de la Paix" ku Port Louis, ndipo wumba ukuru wa ŵantchito ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici ukakhozgera kuti gulu lake la Jan Andolan ndakumanyikwa comene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soobarah |first=Paramanund |date=29 April 2019 |title=MBC defeats a government initiative |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/the-mbc-defeats-a-government-initiative/ |access-date=29 April 2019 |website=Mauritius Times}}</ref> ==== 1945–1960: Postwar politics, universal suffrage ==== Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dango liphya la Mauritius mu 1947, pa Ogasiti 9, 1948, pakaŵa mavoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti boma la ku Mauritius liŵape wanangwa wa kulemba mazina ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵangalemba mazina ghawo mu viyowoyero 19 vya pa cirwa ici.<ref name="CD">{{Cite web |title=Mauritius - Toward Independence |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8615.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=country-data.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mauritius: The road to independence (1945–1968) |encyclopedia=African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project |publisher=[[Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa]] |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview7.htm |access-date=1 July 2021 |date=September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508100629/https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview7.htm |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chipani cha Guy Rozemont cha Labour Party chikapokera mavoti ghanandi, ndipo pa malo 19 agho ghakaŵa ku mavoti, 11 ghakaŵa gha Ŵahindu. Ndipouli, Kazembe Mukuru Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy wakasora ŵa Conservative 12 mu Wupu Wakulongozga pa 23 Ogasiti 1948 kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku France na Mauritius. Mu 1948, Emilienne Rochecouste wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kusankhika kuŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya malango. Gulu la Guy Rozemont likasintha comene mu 1953, ndipo likati lasanga candulo na maungano, likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1955 na 1957, ku London kukacitika ungano wa malango, ndipo boma likamba kwendera fundo za ŵalaŵiliri. Pa 9 Malichi, 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvota. Chisankho chachikulu chinapambananso ndi chipani cha Labour, chomwe chikutsogoleredwa ndi Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.<ref name="ram">{{Cite news |title=Histoire: Mauritius Independence 1961–1968 |work=Le Mauricien=9 March 2014 |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/histoire-mauritius-independence-1961-1968 |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> ==== 1960–1968: Ethnic tensions ==== Mu 1961, ku London kukacitika ungano wa kusanda malango, ndipo pakapangika pulogiramu ya kusanda malango. Mu 1963, chipani cha Labour na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakathereska ŵanthu. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikayowoya kuti ndyali izo zikukolerana na mafuko zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku Mauritius, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi (ŵakupambanapambana) na awo ŵakukhumba kuvota (ŵakusankha). Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Britain, Richard Titmuss na James Meade, ŵakalemba lipoti lakulongosora masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakakumananga nagho pa chirwa ichi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ntchito yikuru ya kulekeska kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1965, ŵanthu ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Quatre Bornes, mu tawuni ya Belle-Rose.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sécurité: des gros bras indispensables à certains politiciens |work=L'Express |publisher=lexpress.mu |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/350433/securite-gros-bras-indispensables-certains-politiciens |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Li Ching Hum |first=Philip |title=Belle Rose-Quatre Bornes, Ville des Fleurs |work=Mauritius Times |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/belle-rose-quatre-bornes-ville-des-fleurs/ |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Pa Meyi 10, 1965, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu mu muzi wa Trois Boutiques kufupi na Souillac. Mu charu chose cha Britain mukaŵa suzgo likuru. Nkhondo iyi yikayamba cifukwa ca kukoma Beesoo mu galimoto yake na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole. Kufuma apo, munthu munyake zina lake Mr. Robert Brousse ku Trois Boutiques. Kufuma apo, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ŵakaluta ku muzi wakale wa Mahébourg, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuti ŵakawukire ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius awo ŵakawoneleranga mafilimu gha ku India. Apolisi a Mahébourg adalemba madandaulo pafupifupi 100 okhudza nkhanza za Indo-Mauritian.<ref name="vm">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Port Louis – Rioting against Independence at the General Elections of 1967 – Vintage Mauritius |url=http://vintagemauritius.org/port-louis/port-louis-rioting-independence-general-elections-1967/ |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Vintage Mauritius |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Independence (since 1968)=== {{main|Mauritius (1968–1992)}} [[File:Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.jpg|thumb|upright|Sir [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]], first [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] at Lod airport, Israel 1962]] Pa ungano wa Lancaster mu 1965, vikamanyikwa kuti Britain yikukhumba kufumako ku Mauritius. Mu 1959, Harold Macmillan wakayowoya nkhani yake yakumanyikwa comene yakuti "Wind of Change Speech" (Mphepo ya Kusintha) umo wakazomerezga kuti nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti Britain yilondezge nkhupeleka wanangwa wose ku vyaru ivyo yikaŵa pasi pake. Mwantheura, kwamba kuumaliro wa ma 1950, caru cikaŵa cakunozgeka kuti ciŵe cakufwatuka. Pamanyuma, mu 1965, pamanyuma pa ungano wa Lancaster, chigaŵa cha Chagos chikapatuka ku Mauritius na kuzgoka British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Ogasiti 7, 1967, pakaŵa maungano gha boma, ndipo chipani cha Independence chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mu Janyuwale 1968, masabata ghankhondi na limoza pambere boma la Mauritius lindambe kujiyimira palokha, mu Port Louis mukacitika vivulupi ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu 25.<ref name="mg">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2011 |title=An eye witness account of the 1968 riots |url=http://www.mauritiusmag.com/?p=598 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=mauritiusmag.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="eisa">{{Cite web |title=EISA Mauritius: The road to independence (1945–1968) |url=https://www.eisa.org.za/wep/mauoverview7.htm |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=eisa.org.za}}</ref>[[File:Stamp Mauritius 1954 5c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Elizabeth II]] was [[Queen of Mauritius]] from 1968 to 1992.]] Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa na dango liphya ndipo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Malichi 12, 1968. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakazgoka nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Mauritius yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1969, chipani cha opposition, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), chikayambika, chakulongozgeka na Paul Bérenger. Pamanyuma pake, mu 1971, MMM - yakukhozgeka na mawupu gha ŵantchito - yikamba kubenekelerana mu dowoko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe suzgo. Boma la Labour Party na la PMSD (Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate) likakanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kukanizga wanangwa wa vyalo. Paul Bérenger wakayezgeka kukoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. * On 1 October 1971, his supporter [[Fareed Muttur]] died in suspicious circumstances at Le Réduit, whilst driving Paul Bérenger's car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Déjeuner à Rose Hill: Fareed Muttur est mort à ma place |date=18 July 2017 |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/le-mauricien/dejeuner-rose-hill-fareed-muttur-mort-ma-place-declare-paul-berenger/151890/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=Le Mauricien}}</ref> * Caciŵiri cikacitiska kuti Azor Adélaïde, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku dowoko na kucitako vinthu vinyake, wafwe pa Novembala 25, 1971. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano ghakakanizgika. Ŵabali ŵa MMM, kusazgapo Paul Bérenger ŵakakakika pa 23 Disembala 1971. Mulongozgi wa MMM wakafwatulika pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza. Mu Meyi 1975, ku Yunivesite ya ku Mauritius, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakagaluka. Ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakakhorwa yayi na masambiro agho ghakaŵapa yayi mwaŵi wa kusanga nchito. Pa Meyi 20, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵakayezga kunjira mu Port-Louis kujumpha pa mlatho wa Grand River North West, ndipo ŵakakumana na ŵapolisi. Pa Disembala 16, 1975, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka 18 ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti uwu ni nthowa yakuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kukhuŵara. Pa Disembala 20, 1976 pakaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa. Wupu wa Labour-CAM ukapokera vithuzi 28 pera pa vithuzi 62. MMM yikasanga vithuzi 34 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kweni Prime Minister wakufumapo Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakakwaniska kukhala mu ofesi, na vithuzi viŵiri, pamanyuma pa kukolerana na PMSD ya Gaetan Duval. Mu 1982, boma la MMM-PSM (lakulongozgeka na Nduna Nkuru Anerood Jugnauth, Nduna Nkuru Harish Boodhoo na Nduna ya vya Ndalama Paul Bérenger) likasoleka. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano za maghanoghano na mikhaliro mu ŵalongozgi ŵa MMM na PSM. Nkhondo ya mazaza pakati pa Bérenger na Jugnauth yikamara mu Malichi 1983. Jugnauth wakaluta ku New Delhi kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana; wati wawerako, Bérenger wakapempha kuti paŵe kusintha kwa dango la boma. Pa pempho la Jugnauth, nduna yikuru ya India, Indira Gandhi, yikanozga vyakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku India ŵanjirengepo kuti ŵaleke kuwukira boma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2013 |title=When India drew Top Secret 'red line' in Mauritius |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/when-india-drew-top-secret-red-line-in-mauritius/article4493495.ece |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Medcalf |first=Rory |date=19 March 2013 |title=When India (Almost) Invaded Mauritius |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/03/19/when-india-almost-invaded-mauritius/ |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Brewster |url=https://www.academia.edu/7992843 |title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership}}. Retrieved 13 August 2014</ref> Boma la MMM-PSM likapatukana myezi 9 pamanyuma pa mavoti gha Juni 1982. Kuyana na nduna yinyake ya munthavi, myezi yinkhondi na yimoza iyi yikaŵa "ciyezgo ca wupu wa Socialist". Harish Boodhoo wakamazga chipani chake cha PSM kuti wanembare wose ŵa PSM ŵanjire chipani chiphya cha Jugnauth cha MSM, mwakuti ŵakhalilire mu boma uku ŵakujipatura ku MMM. Gulu la MSM-Labour-PMSD likathereska pa mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 1983, ndipo Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa Prime Minister ndipo Gaëtan Duval wakaŵa Deputy Prime Minister. Mu nyengo iyi, chigaŵa cha EPZ chikakura. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu mizi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwira ntchito mu misasa. Ici cikapangiska kuti makampani gha shuga ghaleke kukhwaska comene cuma. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakamba kujura mashopu mu 1985 na kupeleka ngongoli ku ŵanthu ŵambura kusanga ndalama zinandi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta ku malo ghakwendakwenda, ndipo mahotelo ghaphya ghakazengeka pa chirwa chose. Mu 1989, ŵakajura msika wa malonda, ndipo mu 1992, ŵakajura chiŵanja cha nyanja. Mu 1990, nduna yikaluza pa kuvota pa kusintha Dango kuti caru ici ciŵe caru ca wupu.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jane |last=Perlez |date=27 August 1990 |title=Mauritius' Political Quarrel Saves the Queen |work=The New York Times |location=Great Britain; Mauritius |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/world/mauritius-political-quarrel-saves-the-queen.html |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> ===Republic (since 1992)=== Pa Malichi 12, 1992, vilimika 24 kufuma apo Mauritius wakapokera wanangwa wake, likapharazgika kuti ni charu cha Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo mu caka ici, Cassam Uteem ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Nduna yikuru ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu caru ici, ndipo mafuta ghakakhira, kweniso ndalama zikakwera, kweni boma likakondwa yayi na ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi. Kwizira mu Dango Lakukhwaskana na Manyuzipepara na Magazini, boma likayezga kuti nyuzipepara yiliyose yipeleke ndalama zakukwana hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵapharazgi 43 ŵakasuska na kunjilirapo pa ungano wa pa wumba ku Port Louis, panthazi pa Nyumba ya Ufumu. Ŵakakakika na kufwatulika pa kaunti. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitire ukali boma ndipo likakhumbikwiranga kuweleramo mu ndondomeko yake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na masambiro. Pakaŵavya masukulu gha masambiro ghaciŵiri ghapacanya agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti ghapulikiske ŵanthu awo ŵakumalizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Mu 1991, boma likathereska boma chifukwa cha kuleka kukhozgera pulani ya masambiro. Mu Disembala 1995, Navin Ramgoolam wakasankhika kuŵa Prime Minister wa Labour/MMM alliance. Mu Okutobala 1996, ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakomeka pa Gorah-Issac Street ku Port Louis, ŵakakakika na kufumbika nyengo yitali. Mu 1999, mu Febuluwale na Meyi mukaŵa viwawa. Pamanyuma pa vivulupi vya ku Kaya, Pulezidenti Cassam Uteem na Cardinal Jean Margéot ŵakendera caru cose ndipo mtende ukawelerapo pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi gha vivulupi. Pakaŵaso komiti yakudumbiskana kuti yamanye ivyo vikambiska suzgo ili. Lipoti ili likalongosora ivyo vikupangiska ukavu ndipo likati visambizgo vinandi vyautesi ni vyautesi. Mu Janyuwale 2000, Rajen Sabapathee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira vya ndyali, wakakomeka na vilwero wati wafumamo mu jele la La Bastille.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La vérité sur la mort de mon père |url=https://www.5plus.mu/node/13712 |access-date=28 November 2020 |publisher=5 Plus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205034231/https://www.5plus.mu/node/13712 |archive-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>[[File:Mauriceybbrfrinwodas.jpg|thumbnail|Perceived failure of [[Government of Mauritius|the government]] to respond promptly and effectively to the [[MV Wakashio oil spill|MV ''Wakashio'' oil spill]] resulted in anti-government protests.]] Sir Anerood Jugnauth wa MSM wakawelera ku mazaza mu Seputembala 2000 pamanyuma pa kukolerana na MMM. Mu 2002, cirwa ca Rodrigues cikazgoka cigaŵa cakujiyimira pacekha mu caru ici ndipo cikaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵimiliri ŵake kuti ŵakawusenge. Mu 2003, nduna yikuru yikapelekeka kwa Paul Bérenger wa MMM, ndipo Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa purezidenti. Bérenger wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya France na Mauritius mu mbiri ya chalo ichi. Mu mavoti gha 2005, Navin Ramgoolam wakazgoka Prime Minister pasi pa chipani chiphya cha Labour PMXDVFMRMMSM. Mu mavoti gha 2010 chipani cha Labour/MSM/PMSD chikapoka mazaza ndipo Navin Ramgoolam wakalutilira kuŵa Prime Minister mpaka 2014. Chipani cha MSM PMS DML chikapambana pa chisankho cha 2014 pasi pa Anerood Jugnauth. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano mukati mwa chipani icho chikaŵa pa muwuso icho chikapangiska kuti PMSD yifumeko, kweni MSM ̊ML yikalutilira kuwusa kwa vyaka 5. Pa 21 January 2017, Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo ndipo mwana wake Pravind Jugnauth ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Pa 23 January 2017, boma likasintha ndondomeko yake. Mu 2018, pulezidenti wa Mauritius Ameenah Gurib-Fakim wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Purezidenti wapano ndi Prithvirajsing Roopun yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira Disembala 2019. Pa chisankho cha November 2019 ku Mauritius, chipani cha Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) chikapambana mipando yakujumpha hafu mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth wakapika nyengo yinyakeso ya vyaka vinkhondi. Pa Julayi 25, 2020, sitima ya ku Japan yakuchemeka MV Wakashio yikakhira pa korali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mauritius, ndipo mafuta ghakukwana matani 1,000 ghakafuma mu nyanja. Malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo ghakutowa gha mu nyanja ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Mauritius oil spill compensation could be limited by maritime law technicality |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/08/28/mauritius-oil-spill-compensation-limited-maritime-law-technicality/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=Climate Home News}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{main|Geography of Mauritius}} Chigaŵa chose cha charu ichi ni 2,040 km2 (790 sq mi). Ni caru ca nambara 170 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na virwa vinandi. Chigaŵa cha chuma cha charu ichi chili na malo ghakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni km2 (890,000 sq mi) mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, kusazgapo malo ghakujumpha 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) agho ghakwendeskeka pamoza na Seychelles.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mauritius: Promoting the Development of an Ocean Economy |url=https://intercontinentaltrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ITL-Newsletter-Vol-6-Issue-11-Mauritius-Exclusive-Economic-Zone.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=Intercontinental Trust Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075149/http://www.intercontinentaltrust.com/admin/documents/all/ITL%20Newsletter%20Vol%206%20Issue%2011%20-%20Mauritius%20Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coast Guard |url=http://police.govmu.org/English/Publication/Documents/NCG2013.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines:Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_musc.htm |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ===Mauritius Island=== Chilumba cha Mauritius chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,000 (1,200 mi) kufupi na kumwera kwa Africa, pakati pa latitude 19°58.8'S na 20°31.7'S na longitude 57°18.0'E na 57°46.5'E. Ni mtunda wa makilomita 65 mu utali na makilomita 45 mu usani. Malo ghake ghakukwana 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Meteorological Services − Monthly Bulletin of Climatological Summaries |url=http://metservice.intnet.mu/pdfs/monthly-climatological-summaries.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Mauritius Meteorological Services |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info – Geography |url=http://www.mauritius.net/general_info/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212061824/http://www.mauritius.net/general_info/index.php |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Mauritius.net}}</ref> Chirwa ichi chili na mchenga uwemi wa mchenga uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 150. Ku Mauritius kuli virwa na tumazinga pafupifupi 49, ndipo vinandi vya vyaru ivi vili kuzunulika kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Chirwa cha Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Isle Moris; French: Île Maurice, [il mɔʁis]) chili na vyaka vichoko chomene chifukwa cha vimalibwe ivyo vikachitika vyaka 8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Pamoza na Saint Brandon, Réunion, na Rodrigues, cirwa ici nchimoza mwa virwa vya Mascarene. Virwa ivi vikababika cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vimalibwe vikuruvikuru ivyo vikacitika pasi pa maji, makilomita ghanandi kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na Madagascar. Ŵali kuleka kuphulika, ndipo sono malo agha ghali kusi kwa Réunion Island. Mauritius wali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghatali, agho ghakukwera mamita 300 m'paka 800. Malo agha ghakukwera kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku malo ghapakati apo ghakukwana mamita 670 (2,200 ft); pachanya pa mapiri ghose pali Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m). Pa chirwa ichi pali milonga na tumilonga tunandi uto tukapangika mu mipata iyo yilipo chifukwa cha maji agho ghakwenda.[[File:Mauritius.png|thumb|center|650px|A panoramic view of Mauritius Island]] ===Rodrigues Island=== {{main|Rodrigues}} Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Rodrigues ni cirwa ico cikucitika cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikufuma mu mphepete mwa mapiri gha Mascarene. Chirwa ichi chili na mapiri ndipo chili na msana ukuru uwo ukufika pachanya pa Phiri la Limon. Kweniso pa cirwa ici pali malibwe ghanandi gha korali. Malinga ndi Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 Julayi 2019, chiwerengero cha anthu pachilumbachi chinali 43,371.<ref name="1 July 2019 Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Population and Vital Statistics Republic of Mauritius, January – June 2019 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Documents/2019/EI1471/Pop_Vital_Jan-Jun19.pdf |access-date=12 October 2019 |publisher=[[Statistics Mauritius]]}}</ref> ===Chagos Archipelago=== {{main|Chagos Archipelago}} Chirwa cha Chagos chili na virwa vinandi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,200 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Chagos kuli Peros Banhos, Solomon Islands, na Nelson Island; kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli The Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands, na Danger Island. Diego Garcia wali kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici. Mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian chikaŵa 8,700 ku Mauritius, kusazgapo ŵanthu 483 ŵa ku Mauritius; ŵanthu 350 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian ŵakukhala ku Seychelles, kusazgapo ŵanthu 75 ŵa ku Seychelles, uku ŵanthu 3,000, kusazgapo ŵanthu 127 ŵa ku Seychelles, ŵakukhala ku UK (ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 1200 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian awo ŵakasamira ku Seychelles).<ref name="chif">{{Cite journal |date=5 July 2016 |title=La population chagossienne en chiffres |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/287013/population-chagossienne-en-chiffres |journal=[[L'Express (Mauritius)]]}}</ref> ===St. Brandon=== [[File:The Thirteen Islands of St Brandon - Images of L'Île Coco, Cargados Carajos in Mauritius 02.jpg|thumb|The Thirteen Islands of St Brandon - Images of L'Île Coco, Cargados Carajos in Mauritius]] {{main|St. Brandon}} St. Brandon, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Cargados Carajos Shoals, wali pa mtunda wa makilomita 402 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chirwa cha Mauritius. Chirwa cha Saint Brandon chili na virwa vinkhondi ivyo vili kufuma ku Mauritius. Virwa ivi vili na virwa 28 m'paka 40. Mu 2008, khoti likuru la Britain (Privy Council) likadumura (Ndime 71) kuti Raphaël Fishing Company ndiyo yili na wanangwa wakukhalapo pa virwa 13 ivyo vili kulembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1901 (cholembeka mu buku la TB25 No. 342) ndipo vikukolerana na fundo izo zili kulembeka mu chikalata ichi'';''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor (Mauritius) [2008] UKPC 43 (30 July 2008) |url=http://www.saflii.org/mu/cases/UKPC/2008/43.html |access-date=24 November 2017 |website=saflii.org}}</ref> ===Agaléga Islands=== {{main|Agaléga}} Virwa viŵiri vya Agaléga vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,000 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha North chili na utali wa makilomita 12.5 na usani wa makilomita 1.5. Malo ghose gha virwa ivi ni 26 km2. Kuyana na Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 July 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Agaléga na St. Brandon wakaŵa na vyaka 274.<ref name="1 July 2019 Statistics" /> ===Tromelin=== {{main|Tromelin Island}} [[File:Tromelin aerial photograph.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Tromelin Island]] Cirwa ca Tromelin cili pa mtunda wa makilomita 430 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha Tromelin chili pasi pa mazaza gha Mauritius, nangauli chili ku France. Mu 1715, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira Mauritius, ndipo ŵakamuthya Isle de France. Ku France, charu cha Mauritius chikapelekeka ku Britain na phangano la Paris ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 30, 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Brandon, Tromelin, na Chagos Archipelago, apo Seychelles ghakazgoka malo ghakupambana mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana usange Isle de France (uko kukaŵa Mauritius pakwamba) na vigaŵa vyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Ndime 8 ya phangano la Paris yikati France wapelekenge ku Britain chilumba cha Isle de France "na vyaru ivyo vikuthemba pa charu ichi, nga ni Rodrigues na Seychelles". France yikuwona kuti ufumu wa cirwa ca Tromelin undapelekeke ku Britain. Fundo ya Mauritius yikukolerana na fundo yakuti Isle de France na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pake vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikuyowoya kuti pakuti Tromelin yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Isle de France, yikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Virwa vya Agaléga, St. Brandon na Chagos navyo vikazunulika yayi mu phangano la Paris, kweni vikazgoka chigaŵa cha Mauritius. Kweniso boma la Britain ku Mauritius likachitanga vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na Tromelin. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 1901 na 1951, boma la Britain likapeleka wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito visomba vinayi pa cirwa ca Tromelin. Mu 1959, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ku Mauritius ŵakaphalira wupu wa World Meteorological Organization kuti boma ili likuwona kuti Tromelin ni malo ghawo. Mu 2010, France na Mauritius ŵakachita phangano la kuwusa pamoza, kweni ŵandalisinthe.<ref name="diploma">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=Political relations |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/mauritius/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |publisher=France Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs}}</ref> == Chagos Archipelago territorial dispute == {{main|Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute|Expulsion of the Chagossians}} [[File:Chagos map.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Chagos Archipelago]]]] Mauritius yakhala nyengo yitali yikukhumba kuzomerezga Chirwa cha Chagos, icho chili kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa mtunda wa makilomita 1,287. Chagos yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Mauritius kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo Ŵafurentshi ŵakamba kukhazikika pa chirwa ichi. Virwa vyose ivyo vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Chirwa cha France (nga umo Mauritius yikaŵira nyengo yira) vikaŵaso vya Ŵangelezi mu 1810 pasi pa Dango la Capitulation ilo likasazgikira pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri.<ref name="real">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2012 |title=Time for UK to Leave Chagos Archipelago |url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2012/04/06/mauritius_chagos_archipelago_diego_garcia_99999.html |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Real clear world}}</ref> Mu 1965, vyaka vitatu pambere Mauritius yindambe kujiyimira pawekha, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukagaŵa virwa vya Chagos kufuma ku Mauritius na virwa vya Aldabra, Farquhar na Desroches kufuma ku Seychelles kuti viŵe British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Novembala 8, 1965, virwa ivi vikaŵa chigaŵa cha United Kingdom. Pa Juni 23, 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar, na Desroches ŵakawelera ku Seychelles cifukwa ca kujiwombora. Sono chigaŵa ichi chili na virwa vya Chagos pera. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukapeleka ku United States cigaŵa cikuru ca Diego Garcia, kuti ciŵe cikaya ca ŵasilikari. Mu 2016, Britain yikatumizga katundu uyu ku United States m'paka mu 2036. Charu cha Mauritius chikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti kupatukana kwa vigaŵa vyake nkhuswa fundo za wupu wa United Nations izo zikukanizga kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na charu cha Mauritius pambere charu ichi chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Pakati pa 1968 na 1973, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakacicizga ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵa ku Chagossian kuti ŵalute ku Mauritius na Seychelles. Pakufumiska ŵanthu mu caru ici, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ntcheŵe 1,000 za pa cirwa ici zikomeke na gasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evers |first1=Sandra |url=https://archive.org/details/evictionfromchag00ever |title=Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers |last2=Kooy |first2=Marry |date=2011 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004202603 |page=[https://archive.org/details/evictionfromchag00ever/page/n21 3] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="dog">{{Cite news |last=Cork |first=Tristan |title=The shocking reason there are dogs hanging from a tree in Bristol |work=Bristol Post |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/shocking-reason-dogs-hanging-tree-2140149}}</ref> Pa wupu wa United Nations na pa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Britain yikati ku virwa vya Chagos kulije ŵanthu "ŵakukhora" ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka "ŵaganyu". Kwambira mu 1971, ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Diego Garcia, uko kuli ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari 3,000 ŵa Britain na United States. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵawelere ku virwa ivi. Chilumba cha Mauritius chikuwona kuti nyanja ya Chagos Archipelago na chirwa cha Tromelin ni chigaŵa cha malo ghake gha vyamalonda.<ref name="EEZ 1977" />[[File:Camp Justice --Diego Garcia.jpg|thumb|The military base of [[Camp Justice (Diego Garcia)|Camp Justice]] on [[Diego Garcia]]]] Pa Disembala 20, 2010, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kuzenga mulandu ku United Kingdom kuyana na United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) kuti chipeleke ukaboni wakuti malo gha Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA) agho charu cha United Kingdom chikakhumbanga kuzunura kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Chagos mu Epulero 2010, ngaunenesko yayi. Khoti la Permanent Court of Arbitration ndilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Khoti likadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom uli na wanangwa wakuwezgera chilumba cha Chagos ku Mauritius. Pa Febuluwale 25, 2019, ŵeruzgi ŵa International Court of Justice ŵakadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukwenera kumazga mwaluŵiro boma la Chagos. Mweruzgi munyake wa ku America, Joan Donoghue, ndiyo wakazomerezga. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, wakati chigaŵa cha Chagos mu 1965 chikafuma ku Mauritius chifukwa cha "kuyowoya mwakufwatuka ndiposo mwaunenesko yayi". Iyo wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain uli na mulimo wa kumazga boma la Chagos mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu wupu uwu vikwenera kukolerana na wupu wa United Nations kuti Mauritius lileke kuŵa na ŵanthu". Pa Meyi 22, 2019, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumbiskana na kukolerana fundo iyo yikati chigaŵa cha Chagos, icho chili pasi pa boma la Britain kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50, "ntchigaŵa cha Mauritius". Fundo iyi yikukolerana na fundo ya khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ), iyo yikati Britain "yifumiskemo boma lake mu vyaru vinyake mu myezi 6". Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana, nduna yikuru ya Mauritius yikati kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi "nkhuheni kwa ŵanthu". Nangauli fundo iyi njambura kukanizgika na dango, kweni njakuzirwa comene pa nkhani za ndyali, cifukwa ni khoti likuru comene la UN ilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Fundo iyi yili na vyakufumapo viwemi: UN, mawupu ghake, na mawupu ghanyake ghose gha pa caru cose, sono ghali na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha UN kuti ghawovwire Mauritius kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake nangauli UK yikuyowoya kuti yikukayika yayi za muwuso wake.<ref name="Resolution">{{Cite journal|last=Sands|first=Philippe|date=24 May 2019|title=At last, the Chagossians have a real chance of going back home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/24/chagossians-britain-colony-shameful-un-resolution?|journal=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Britain's behaviour towards its former colony has been shameful. The UN resolution changes everything}}</ref> == Chilengiwa == ===Biodiversity=== {{main|Wildlife of Mauritius}} [[File:Dronte dodo Raphus cucullatus.jpg|thumb|Ku Mauritius ndiko kukaŵa ciŵeto cimoza pera ico cikamanyikwanga kuti cikukhala na tuyuni utu.]] [[File:Phelsuma ornata - journal.pbio.1001382.png|thumb|[[Mauritius ornate day gecko]]]] Mu caru ici muli vyakumera na vinyama vinyake ivyo ni vichoko comene pa caru, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi ndipo vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi vikumara. Cifukwa cakuti cirwa ca Mauritius cili na mapiri, nchitali comene, nchakutali comene, ndiposo cili na malo ghapadera, pali vyakumera na vinyama vyakupambanapambana. Pambere Ŵapwitikizi ŵandafike mu 1507, pa cirwa ici pakaŵavya vinyama. Ivi vikapangiska kuti viyuni vinandi ivyo vingawulukira yayi na vinyama vikuruvikuru viŵepo. Ŵanthu ŵati ŵafika, ŵakambiska vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikaŵako mwaluŵiro chomene. Nkhuku ya dodo iyo yikuleka kuwuluka, iyo njimoza mwa vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu charu cha Mauritius, yili kumara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Beth |last2=Sibthorpe |first2=Dean |last3=Rambaut |first3=Andrew |last4=Wragg |first4=Graham M. |last5=Bininda-Emonds |first5=Olaf R.P. |last6=Lee |first6=Patricia L.M. |last7=Coooper |first7=Alan |display-authors=3 |year=2002 |title=Flight of the Dodo |url=http://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/dodo_Shapiro02.pdf |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5560 |page=1683 |doi=10.1126/science.295.5560.1683 |pmid=11872833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smaill |first=Belinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3y8eDQAAQBAJ&dq=dodo+extinction+emblematic&pg=PA76 |title=Regarding Life: Animals and the Documentary Moving Image |date=21 September 2016 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6249-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hollars |first=B. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K94nDwAAQBAJ&dq=dodo+%22poster+child%22&pg=PA3 |title=Flock Together: A Love Affair with Extinct Birds |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9642-8}}</ref> Nyama iyi yikuwoneka makora chomene pa vikozgo vya ku Mauritius. Pasono nkhorongo yichoko waka pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vili mu charu ichi, yili mu Black River Gorges National Park kumwera kwa charu ichi, Bambous Mountain Range kumwera kwa charu ichi, na Moka-Port Louis Ranges kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Mu tawuni iyi muli mapiri ghanandi, Corps de Garde, Le Morne Brabant, na virwa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 100 vili kumara ndipo vinyake vinandi vili pangozi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ntchito ya kuvikilira vyakumera na viyuni yikamba. Mu 2011, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vyakuzenga ukafumiska lipoti lakuti "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report", ilo likayowoya kuti msumba wa St. Brandon uŵe malo ghakuvikilirika. Mu Malipoti gha Pulezidenti wa Mauritian Wildlife Foundation gha mu Malichi 2016, St Brandon wakuyowoyeka kuti ni projekiti ya MWF yakovwira kuvikilira cirwa ici. Nkhaŵala yakuwuluka ya ku Mauritius ndiyo yikukhala pa chirwa ichi, ndipo yili pangozi yikuru mu vyaka vyasonosono apa chifukwa cha boma ilo likakanizga kupha nkhunda mu Novembala 2015. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, chifukwa cha chimphepo chikuru, chiŵeto cha viyuni ivi chikakwera chomene. Mu Okutobala 2018, ŵakazomerezga kuti 20% ya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni ivi vifwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) – In The Field – Mauritius – Mauritius Fruit Bat |url=http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=30&tcid=81 |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=mauritian-wildlife.org |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316190712/http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=30&tcid=81 }}</ref> ===Environment and climate=== [[File:Black River Gorges National Park, Mauritius.jpg|left|thumb|Black River Gorges National Park]] {{Anchor|Climate change in Mauritius}}Malo gha ku Mauritius ngakututuka mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vivula ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo vikuparanya vyakumera na vinyama, nangauli vikusintha luŵiro. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yikukhalira iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose mu 2011. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti charu cha Mauritius chili pafupi na Tropic of Capricorn, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Pali nyengo ziŵiri: chihanya chamoto kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kusiyana kwa matenthedwe pakati pa nyengo za mu chaka ni 4.3°C pera. Miyezi yakuzizima chomene ni Janyuwale na Febuluwale, ndipo muhanya wakuzizima chomene wakufika pa 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 900 mm m'paka 1,500 mm mu chigaŵa chapakati. Nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuŵako yayi, kweni vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kutentha kwa nyanja mu nyanja iyi kukufuma pa 22°C kufika pa 27°C. Malo agha ngakutowa comene kuluska malo ghanyake gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ghakukhoma comene. Mphepo ya ku mpoto yikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici ciŵe cakupumulirapo ndipo yikupeleka vula yinandi. Nyengo zinyake, mu Janyuwale m'paka Malichi, kukuŵa chimphepo chikuru icho chikuchitiska kuti kuŵe vula zinandi. Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti pali suzgo la vyalo pamanyuma pa ngozi ya mafuta ya MV Wakashio pa 25 July 2020. France wakatumizga ndege na ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Réunion ndipo Greenpeace yikati nthenda iyi yikananga vyamoyo vikuruvikuru, ivyo "vingafwa mu nyanja ya ukazuzi".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oil spill threatens ecological disaster as Mauritius declares emergency |publisher=Yahoo! News |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.yahoo.com/france-offers-aid-mauritius-declares-122144531.html |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{main|Politics of Mauritius}} [[File:Government House Port Louis.JPG|thumb|Government House, Port Louis]] Boma la Mauritius lili na boma la demokilase, ndipo pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Charu cha Mauritius chili na vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Boma na Nyumba ya Malango ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Mauritius yikucemeka kuti Nyumba ya Malango m'paka mu 1992, apo charu ichi chikazgoka repubulika. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 70, ndipo ŵanthu 62 ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinayi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Komiti ya UN ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (UNHRC), iyo yikulaŵilira umo vyaru vyamunyumba vikulondezgera phangano la wanangwa wa ndyali na wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ICPCR), yikususka ndondomeko ya boma ya "Best Loser System" pamanyuma pa kudandawura kwa wupu wa ŵawukirano na wupu wa wupu wa vyamalonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Human Rights Committee criticises Best Loser System |url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=59556590&Country=Mauritius&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Election+watch&u=1&pid=1764509560&oid=1764509560&uid=1 |access-date=6 September 2016 |publisher=Country.eiu.com}}</ref>Pulezidenti wakusankhika na Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa 20, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵatatu. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili na chigaŵa chimoza icho chili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Para paŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, wupu wakuwona vya maungano ungimika ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 kuti ŵawovwirepo. Ndondomeko iyi yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kusuzgika. Chipani panji chipani icho chikupokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ndicho chikupangiska boma. Mulongozgi wake ni nduna yikuru, uyo wakusankha nduna kufuma mu ŵanthu awo ŵakusoleka mu wumba, padera pa loya mukuru wa Mauritius, uyo wangaŵa mu wumba yayi. Chipani panji wupu wa ndyali uwo uli na ŵimiliri ŵanandi chomene ndiwo ukuŵa chipani icho chikususkana na boma ndipo mulongozgi wake wakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa milimo yake yakwamba, wupu uwu ukusankha mulara wa komiti, mulara wa komiti, na mulara wa komiti. Charu cha Mauritius chili na boma la demokilase ilo likusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Chisankho chaposachedwa kwambiri cha National Assembly chidachitika pa 7 Novembala 2019 m'malo onse 20 osankhika, komanso m'chigawo chomwe chimaphimba chilumba cha Rodrigues. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano gha vipani viŵiri vikuru vikususkana pa nkhani ya kusankha ŵanthu. Mu 2018 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mauritius wali pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya muwuso uwemi. Kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2017 iyo yikupangika na Economist Intelligence Unit iyo yikupima umo demokilase yiliri mu vyaru 167, Mauritius yili pa nambara 16 pa caru cose ndipo ndico cikaya cimoza pera mu Africa ico cili na "demokrasi yeneko".<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2012 |title=African democracy − A glass half-full |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21551494 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Office held!!Office holder!!Incumbency<ref name="foreign">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2014 |title=National lists of precedence of Mauritius |url=http://foreign.govmu.org/English/Documents/List%20of%20Precedence118.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211032755/http://foreign.govmu.org/English/Documents/List%20of%20Precedence118.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- |[[President of Mauritius|President]]||[[Prithvirajsing Roopun]]||2 December 2019<ref name="president.govmu.org">{{Cite web |title=The President of the Republic - Home |url=http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209062453/http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> |- |[[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]]||[[Pravind Jugnauth]]|| 23 January 2017 |- |[[Vice President of Mauritius|Vice President]]|| [[Marie Cyril Eddy Boissézon]] ||| 2 December 2019<ref name="president.govmu.org" /> |- |[[Deputy Prime Minister of Mauritius|Deputy Prime Minister]]|| [[Steven Obeegadoo]] || 25 June 2020 |- |[[Supreme Court of Mauritius|Chief Justice]]||[[Supreme Court of Mauritius|Rehana Mungly-Gulbul]]|| 18 November 2021 |- |[[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius|Speaker of the National Assembly]]||[[Sooroojdev Phokeer]]|| 21 November 2019 |- |[[Leader of the Opposition (Mauritius)|Leader of the Opposition]]||[[Xavier-Luc Duval]]|| 4 March 2021 |} === Administrative subdivisions === {{Main|Outer Islands of Mauritius|Districts of Mauritius}} {{Mauritius Districts Labelled Map|float=right}} Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chimoza pera, cha Outer Islands of Mauritius (Chifurenchi: Îles éparses de Maurice). Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri.<ref name="gu">{{Cite web |title=Location – The territory of Mauritius |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Geography-People/Pages/GeographyPeople/Location.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327103512/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Geography-People/Pages/GeographyPeople/Location.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ===Military=== {{main|Military of Mauritius}} Ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵavikiliri wose ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuteŵetera na ŵasilikari 10,000. Gulu la ŵapolisi ilo lili na ŵanthu 8,000, ndilo likuvikilira malango mu charu. Gulu la Special Mobile Force (SMF) la ŵanthu 1,400 na National Coast Guard la ŵanthu 688 ndiwo ni magulu ghaŵiri pera gha ŵasilikari ku Mauritius. Ŵapolisi ŵa mu maofesi agha ŵakugwira nchito nyengo yitali. Kweniso ku Mauritius kuli ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira ntchito zapadera ndipo ŵakumanyikwa kuti 'GIPM' awo ŵakunjilirapo para kwacitika vivulupi panji vinthu vinyake vyakofya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Background Note: Mauritius – Scoop News |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0901/S00160.htm |access-date=18 January 2017 |website=scoop.co.nz}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{main|Foreign relations of Mauritius}} [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Mr. Pravind Jugnauth, on the sidelines of CHOGM 2018, in London on April 19, 2018 (2).JPG|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]] with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], 19 April 2018]] Mauritius wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe na Oceania. Pakuti Mauritius ni cigaŵa ca ku Africa, wali na ubwezi na vyaru vya mu Africa, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya ku Africa, comenecomene Madagascar, Mozambique na Zimbabwe. Vinthu vya ndyali ivyo charu ichi chikulondezga na kuthemba chomene vyamalonda vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyapangiska kuti chiŵe paubwezi na wupu wa European Union na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene France. Ubwezi withu na India ngwakukhora comene cifukwa ca mbiri na malonda. Mu Epulero 1972, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kukolerana na charu cha China, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi chikachichizgika kuvikilira charu ichi. Kweniso likusazgirako mulimo wake wa ku Middle East mwa kuzenga ofesi ya ku Saudi Arabia, iyo yili na nthumwi ku Bahrain. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wa United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, Southern Africa Development Community, Indian Ocean Commission, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, na Indian Ocean Rim Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Mauritius – Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://foreign.govmu.org/Pages/Embassies%20and%20Consulates/Mauritius%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Overseas/EMBASSY-OF-THE-REPUBLIC-OF-MAURITIUS---RIYADH,-KINGDOM-OF-SAUDI-ARABIA.aspx |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=foreign.govmu.org}}</ref> ===Legal system=== {{further|Laws and regulations for electronic payment in Mauritius}} Charu cha Mauritius chili na malango ghakupambanapambana agho ghakafuma ku malango gha Britain na French. Ndondomeko ya Mauritius yikupatura mazaza pakati pa wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wakweruzga. Mauritius yili na khoti limoza ilo lili na makhoti ghaŵiri, Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghapasi. Khoti Likuru Nkhanira lili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana nga ni Master's Court, Family Division, Commercial Division (Bankruptcy), Criminal Division, Mediation Division, Court of First Instance in civil and criminal proceedings, Appellate jurisdiction: the Court of Civil Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal. Makhoti ghakulongozga ghakusazgapo makhoti gha Intermediate Court, Industrial Court, District Courts, Bail and Remand Court na Court of Rodrigues. Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ndiyo ni khoti lakunjilirapo la Mauritius. Mauritius wakati wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1968, wakalutilira kuŵa na khoti lakunjilirapo. Para khoti la apilu panji la khoti likuru lakwera ku khoti ili, munthu wangapempha khoti ili kuti limovwire, nga umo vili kulembekera mu chigaŵa cha 81 cha Dango na chigaŵa cha 70A cha Dango la Makhoti. Komiti ya Malango yingapelekaso wanangwa wapadera wa kuchemerezga ku khoti la milandu ya wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa kuyana na chigaŵa cha 81 (5) cha Dango.<ref name="Constitution">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=Constitution of Mauritius |url=http://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/English/constitution/Pages/constitution2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826223209/http://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/English/constitution/Pages/constitution2016.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=13 October 2019 |publisher=[[National Assembly (Mauritius)]]}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Largest cities | country = Mauritius | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=MAURITIUSCITIES>{{cite web |url=https://www.geonames.org/MU/largest-cities-in-mauritius.html|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Mauritius Cities by Population 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Districts of Mauritius{{!}}District | city_1 = Port Louis| div_1 =Port Louis District{{!}}Port Louis| pop_1 = 155,226| img_1 = Port Louis Waterfront (4717482626).jpg | city_2 = Vacoas | div_2 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_2 = 115,289| img_2 = Bureau CEB Vacoas.jpg | city_3 =Beau Bassin-Rose Hill| div_3 =Plaines Wilhems| pop_3 = 111,355| img_3 =Plaza (Mauritius).jpg | city_4 = Curepipe | div_4 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_4 = 78,618| img_4 =Curepipe police station, Sir Winston Churchill Street.JPG | city_5 = Quatre Bornes | div_5 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_5 = 77,308 | city_6 = Triolet, Mauritius{{!}}Triolet| div_6 = Pamplemousses| pop_6 = 23,269 | city_7 = Goodlands, Mauritius{{!}}Goodlands| div_7 = Rivière du Rempart District{{!}}Rivière du Rempart | pop_7 = 20,910 | city_8 =Centre de Flacq| div_8 = Flacq| pop_8 = 17,710 | city_9 = Bel Air Rivière Sèche| div_9 =Flacq| pop_9 = 17,671 | city_10 = Mahébourg | div_10 = Grand Port| pop_10 = 17,042 }} {{main|Demographics of Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius population pyramid 2011.svg|thumb|[[Population pyramid]] (2011)]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius chikaŵa 1,265,985, ndipo 626,341 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 639,644 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi pa Julayi 1, 2019. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ca Mauritius ŵakaŵa 1,222,340, ndipo ŵa pa cirwa ca Rodrigues ŵakaŵa 43,371; Agaléga na Saint Brandon ŵakaŵa 274. Charu cha Mauritius ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake mu Africa. Kuyana na dango ilo likasintha mu 1982, kalembera uyu wakulembapo yayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweni wakulembapo vya chisopa. Kafukufuku wa mu 1972 ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kupima mtundu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2008 |title=A critical appraisal of the Best Loser System |work=[[L'Express (Mauritius)]] |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/critical-appraisal-best-loser-system |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=M. Rafic |last=Soormally |date=10 September 2012 |title=Debate on Best Loser System |url=http://www.defimedia.info/blog/item/18524-debate-on-best-loser-system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084740/http://www.defimedia.info/blog/item/18524-debate-on-best-loser-system.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Le Défi Media Group}}</ref> Charu cha Mauritius chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Kuyana na Dango la Mauritius, pali vigaŵa vinayi pa chirwa ichi. Kuyana na dango ili, maukaboni gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake gha mu 1972 ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵagomezgeke makora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobson |first=Reena Jane |title='The Most Cosmopolitan Island under the Sun'? Negotiating Ethnicity and Nationhood in Everyday Mauritius |url=https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A8256/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf |access-date=15 December 2009 |publisher=Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney}}</ref>{{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Mauritius (2011)<ref name="2011 Census Religion" /> |label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 48.54 |color1 = DarkOrange |label2 = Christianity |value2 = 32.71 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Islam]] |value3 = 17.30 |color3 = Green |label4 = [[Buddhism]] |value4 = 0.43 |color4 = Gold |label5 = Other/Not stated |value5 = 1.03 |color5 = DarkRed }} [[File:Maurice religions 2011.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographical distribution by religion (2011)]] === Chisopo === {{main|Religion in Mauritius}} Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011 uyo wakachitika na Statistics Mauritius, 48.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakulondezga Chihindu, ndipo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (32.7%), mwa iwo 26.3% mba Katolika, Chisilamu (17.2%) na visopa vinyake (0.7%). Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 0,7% ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵakusopa yayi ndipo 0,1% ŵakazgora yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikukanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha chisopa ndipo yikuphalira munthu kuti waŵe na wanangwa wakusopa, kusintha chisopa, panji kuleka kuŵa nacho. Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic, Church of England, Presbyterian Church of Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindu Temples Associations and Muslim Mosques Organizations, ŵakususkika pa msonkho ndipo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa ndalama mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Visopa vinyake vingalembeka na kufwatulika ku msonkho, kweni vikupokera ndalama yayi. Maholide gha visopa ni Maha Shivaratri, Ougadi, Thaipoosam Cavadee, Ganesh Chaturthi, na Diwali, kweniso Eid al-Fitr. Boma likucitapo kanthu pa ndondomeko iyi na makomiti ghapadera agho ghakulongozga ulendo wa ku Ganga Talao pa zuŵa la Maha Shivaratri na ulendo wa chaka na chaka wa Ŵakatolika ku malo ghakupumulirako Jacques-Désiré Laval ku Sainte-Croix.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mauritius: Maha Shivratree 2022 - the Prime Minister Chairs the National Task Force |date=25 November 2021 |publisher=[[Government of Mauritius]] |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202111260112.html |via=AllAfrica.com |place=Port Louis}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Mauritius}} Dango la Mauritius likuyowoyapo yayi za chiyowoyero cha boma. Dango la caru likulongosora waka kuti ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka ca Nyumba ya Ufumu ni Cingelezi. Kweni waliyose wangayowoya ciyowoyero ca ku France. Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi na Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Mauritius chifukwa ndicho chikuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma, makhoti, na bizinesi. Dango la Mauritius lili kulembeka mu Cingelezi, kweni malango ghanyake nga ni Civil Code na Criminal code ghali kulembeka mu Cifurenci. Ndalama za ku Mauritius zili na vilembo vya Cilatini, Tamil, na Devanagari. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya makora Chingelezi na Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi para ŵakusambira panji para ŵakuchita ntchito zinyake, kweni viyowoyero vya ku Asia vikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa nkhani ya sumu, cisopa, na mitheto. Ŵakupharazga na kulemba mabuku ghanandi mu Cifurenci. Chiyowoyero cha Mauritian Creole, icho chili kufuma ku Chifurenchi, chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics |url=http://mauritiusgovernment.com/demographics.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080648/http://mauritiusgovernment.com/demographics.htm |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=mauritiusgovernment.com}}</ref> Viyowoyero vya Creole ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu virwa vyakupambanapambana vya caru ici vikuyana: Creole ya ku Mauritius, Creole ya ku Rodrigues, Creole ya ku Agalega na Creole ya ku Chagos vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga na Chagos. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Mauritius ni: Chi Bhojpuri, Chitchayinizi, Chihindi, ChiMarathi, Chitamilu, ChiTelugu, na Chiurdu. Pa nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ici, kweni pasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya yayi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu 5% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Ci Bhojpuri. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwenera kusambira Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Visambizgo vikupambana ku sukulu na sukulu, kweni visambizgo ivi vikuŵa mu Chingelezi ku masukulu gha boma na ghapadera. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakuchitika mu masukulu gha boma na ghapachekha agho boma likovwira. ==Masambilo== {{main|Education in Mauritius}} Masukulu gha ku Mauritius ghakupambanapambana. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu, vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, vyaka vinkhondi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakuzunura mazgu ghakuti "koleji". Boma la Mauritius likupeleka masambiro ghaulere ku ŵanthu ŵake kwambira ku pulayimale m'paka ku masambiro ghapachanya. Mu 2013, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 13,584 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Education statistics |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/ei1063/edu.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2017, boma lasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro mu charu ichi. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakucitika na University of Cambridge kwizira mu University of Cambridge International Examinations mwakukolerana na MES. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakusazgapo mayunivesite na maofesi ghanyake gha vya sayansi mu Mauritius. Maunivesite ghaŵiri ghakuru gha boma ni Yunivesite ya Mauritius na Yunivesite ya Technology, kusazgapo Université des Mascareignes, iyo yikambika mu 2012, na Open University Mauritius. Masukulu ghanayi gha boma agha pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, ghalije malipiro gha masambiro. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 92.7%. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo 52 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, ndipo chili pa malo 1 mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RTD – Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index &#124; What is the future of innovation-driven growth? |url=https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home |website=Global Innovation Index}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Mauritius|International rankings of Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.25|A proportional representation of Mauritius exports, 2019]] Kufuma apo charu cha Mauritius chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain mu 1968, chikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa pa ulimi. Kweni sono chili na ndalama zinandi chomene. Mbiri ya vyachuma ya charu cha Mauritius kufuma apo chikapokera wanangwa yikuchemeka "Cakuzizwiska cha ku Mauritius" kweniso "Cakuzizwiska cha mu Africa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius: The Drivers of Growth&nbsp;– Can the Past be Extended? |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14134.pdf |type=IMF Working paper 2014}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakupharazga, vyakurya vya mu nyanja, kupokelera ŵalendo na kupanga katundu, vyakupwelelera umoyo, nkhongono zakusunkhunyikaso, na masambiro na masambiro vyazgoka vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, ndipo vikukopa ndalama zinandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Charu cha Mauritius chilije mafuta agho ghangaŵawovwira, ntheura ghakuthemba pa mafuta kuti ghatovwire kusanga nkhongono. Magesi gha mu malo agha na ghakusangikaso ni biomass, hydro, solar na wind. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chikuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kukhozga vyalo vya mu nyanja. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghapacanya comene pa nkhani ya mpikisano wa vya cuma, malo ghakwendeskera ndalama, muwuso uwemi, na cuma cakufwatuka. GDP (PPP) yikayaniskika pa US$ 29.187 billion mu 2018, ndipo GDP (PPP) pa munthu yumoza yikajumpha US$ 22,909, ndiyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyaru vinandi mu Africa.<ref name="heritage foundation">{{Cite news|title=Mauritius|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/mauritius|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="State.gov">{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=2012 Investment Climate Statement – Mauritius |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191196.htm |access-date=8 August 2012 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name="Doing business">{{Cite web |title=Economy Rankings |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025055932/http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=24 October 2012 |website=Doing Business}}</ref> Ku Mauritius kuli vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu lipoti la World Bank la Ease of Doing Business Index la 2019, Mauritius wali pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chose. Kuyana na Unduna wa Vyachilendo wa ku Mauritius, masuzgo agho caru ici cikukumana nagho nkhugomezga comene vigaŵa vicoko waka vya vyamalonda, kucenjera comene, kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito ŵaluso, ucekuru wa ŵanthu, na makampani gha boma na mawupu gha boma agho ghakucita makora yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chuma cha msika. Kuyana na lipoti la 2019 Economic Freedom of the World, Mauritius wali pa nambara 9 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma cha wanangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Freedom of the World: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2019.pdf |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> ===Financial services=== [[File:Evening Port Louis.jpg|thumb|[[Port-Louis]], the capital of Mauritius]] Wupu wa Financial Services Commission ukati mu 2018, ntchito za ndalama na za inshuwalansi zikapangiska kuti GDP ya charu ichi yikwane 11.1%. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, Mauritius wali kujilongora kuti ni malo ghakwenelera kugwilira nchito mu vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ca malo agho ghalipo pakati pa Asia na Africa, malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vinyake, kucita bizinesi mwakupepuka, malango ghakovwira kuvikilira ndalama, malango ghakukanizga msonkho, ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso ghanandi ndiposo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, mtende wa ndyali, unonono wa milandu, kweniso vinthu vyamahara ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabanki ghanandi gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha malango, mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri ku mabungwe, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, na mabungwe ghanyake. Vinthu vya ndalama na mauteŵeti, vikusazgapo banki ya ŵanthu ŵekha, bizinesi ya pa caru cose, inshuwalansi na reinshuwalansi, mabungwe ghakukanizgika, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, maofesi gha boma gha pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Financial Services Sector |url=http://www.edbmauritius.org/opportunities/financial-services/fs-overview/#tabname-3901-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181342/http://www.edbmauritius.org/opportunities/financial-services/fs-overview/#tabname-3901-2 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Economic Development Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Strategy |url=http://www.edbmauritius.org/africa-strategy/africa-strategy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131530/http://www.edbmauritius.org/africa-strategy/africa-strategy/ |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Economic Development Board}}</ref> Msonkho wa ŵanthu wose ukufuma pa 15% m'paka 17% ndipo msonkho wa munthu waliyose ukufuma pa 10% m'paka 25%.<ref name="taxindividual">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=MAURITIUS PERSONAL TAX: SOLIDARITY LEVY |url=https://www.dtos-mu.com/mauritius-personal-tax-solidarity-levy/ |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=DTOS}}</ref><ref name="corporate tax">{{Cite web |title=Corporate – Taxes on corporate income |url=https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mauritius/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=PWC}}</ref> Nangauli caru ici cikuperekaso vyandulo nga ni msonkho na kufwatuka mu vigaŵa vinyake kuti cikhozge mpikisano wake, kweni kanandi ŵapharazgi ŵakuciwona nga ni malo gha msonkho cifukwa ca ŵanthu na makampani agho ghakucita vinthu vyambura kwenelera mu cigaŵa ca vya ndalama. Charu ichi chili na mbiri yiwemi chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko yiwemi na malango ghakukhora. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Mauritius chikapokelera phangano la vyaru vinandi lakukhwaskana na wovwiri wa boma pa nkhani za misonkho. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wakuzenga wupu wa Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, ndipo chili panthazi pa kulimbana na vigeŵenga. Charu chazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthane mauthenga mwakuyana na Common Reporting Standard na Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act.<ref name="govt5">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister denies Mauritius being a tax haven |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/-Prime-Minister-denies-Mauritius-being-a-tax-haven.aspx |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=[[Government of Mauritius]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131526/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/-Prime-Minister-denies-Mauritius-being-a-tax-haven.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{main|Tourism in Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius beach.png|thumb|A tropical beach in [[Trou-aux-Biches]]]] Charu cha Mauritius ntchigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, ndipo vyalo ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Chirwa ichi chili na maji ghawemi, vigaŵa vya nyanja vyakubisilizga, vigaŵa vya nyanja, vyakumera na vyakumera vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Code of ethics of tourism for Mauritius |url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/documents/ethic_code.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054348/http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/documents/ethic_code.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=28 January 2012 |publisher=MTPA}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo awo ŵizenge mu charu ichi mu 2019 chikukwana 1,450,000. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Mauritius chili na malo ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na UNESCO kuti ntchiharo cha charu chose. Kweniso, Black River Gorges National Park yili pa ndondomeko ya UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/mu/ |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{main|Transport in Mauritius}} [[File:Metro Express Mauritius.jpg|thumb|An [[CAF Urbos|Urbos 100–3]] at Rose Hill Central Station]] Kwambira mu 2005, basi za ŵanthu wose ku Mauritius ni zaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵacekuru. Pasono ku Mauritius kuli nchito ya kujintha njanji, cifukwa njanji izo kale zikaŵa za ŵanthu ŵacilendo zili kuleka kugwira nchito. Ku Port Louis kuli dowoko la malonda gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana kweniso malo ghakwendako sitima. Malo ghekha ghakwendera ndege gha pa charu chose ni Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, ndipo ni malo ghakwendera ndege gha boma la Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius airport inaugurates US$305m terminal |url=http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/viewnews.php?NewsID=51796 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Passenger Terminal Today}}</ref> Malo ghanyake ghakwendera ndege ni Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport ku Rodrigues. Charu cha Mauritius chili na suzgo likuru la magalimoto cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa msewu, comenecomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kunjira mu misewu, boma la Japan lakwamba kupanga sitima ya Metro Express. Mzere uwu ukufuma ku Port Louis na kuluta ku Curepipe. Chigaŵa chakwamba chikamba mu 2020 ndipo chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikamara mu 2021. Ntchito iyi yili pafupi kumara ndipo yizamwamba mu Okutobala 2023. Boma likunozgaso vinyake. ===Information and communications technology=== Munda wa umanyi na mawupu (ICT) ndiwo ukapangiska 5.7% ya GDP mu 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Mauritius – ICT Statistics Year 2016 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Pages/ICT_Stats_Yr2016.aspx |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=statsmauritius.govmu.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kweniso, wupu wa African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC) (Ubungwe wa pa Intaneti ku Africa) uli na ofesi yake mu Ebene. Charu cha Mauritius chikukolerana na Intaneti pa charu chose kwizira mu tumakompyuta tunandi uto tukwendeskeka na maji, nga ni Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION), Mauritius-Rodrigues Submarine Cable, na South Africa Far East (SAFE). ==Mwambo== {{main|Culture of Mauritius}} ===Art=== Ŵaluso ŵa ku Mauritius nga ni Henri Le Sidaner, Malcolm de Chazal, Raouf Oderuth na Vaco Baissac.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Experience Mauritius Through Vaco Baissac |magazine=Kreol International Magazine |url=https://kreolmagazine.com/culture/art/experience-mauritius-through-vaco-baissac/}}</ref> [[File:Place D’Armes, Port Louis, Mauritius 1930s.jpg|thumb | alt= Vintage Mauritius | Historical Mauritius. A scene from the 1950s]] [[File:Chinatown, Port Louis, Mauritius 1860s.jpg|thumb|alt= Vintage years |Chinatown 1960s]] Gabrielle Wiehe ni munthu wakumanyikwa comene pakucita vithuzithuzi na kupanga vithuzi. Kweniso ku Mauritius ndiko kukafuma mathamalero gha ku Mauritius, agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pa mathamalero ghose pa caru capasi.<ref>David Feldman SA, ''Mauritius: Classic Postage Stamps and Postal History'', Switzerland (1993), ''Prices Realized supplement''.</ref> ===Architecture=== Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu charu cha Mauritius vikulongora umo charu ichi chikaŵira pakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, France, na Britain ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana na ku India na East Africa. Vinthu vya ku Mauritius vili kupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, kweniso vili na vinthu vyakutowa ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya charu cha Mauritius, nyanja ya Indian Ocean, na vyaru vya ku Europe.<ref name="wmf.org">{{Cite web |title=Traditional Architecture of Mauritius |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/traditional-architecture-mauritius |website=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> Vyaka vinandi vya kusintha kwa ndyali, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vya cuma, vyapangiska kuti vinthu vya ku Mauritius vileke kusangikaso. Pakati pa 1960 na 1980, nyumba zakutowa izo zikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya gha pa cirwa ici, zikamara kuzimwika. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵabwangandura minda, nyumba za ŵanthu, na nyumba za ŵanthu. Msumba ukuru wa Port Louis ndiwo ukasintha yayi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, kweni sono uli na vinthu vinandi ivyo vinganangikirathu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ku Mauritius vikupangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kuŵa na phindu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=Old Colonial and Creole-Style Houses in Mauritius – Part 1 – Vintage Mauritius |url=http://vintagemauritius.org/vintage-houses/old-colonial-creole-style-houses-mauritius-part-1/}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Mauritian literature}} Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku mu Mauritius ŵakaŵa Eugénie Poujade, Marie-Thérèse Humbert, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Shenaz Patel, Khal Torabully, J. M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, Aqiil Gopee na Dev Virahsawmy. J. Wakayama M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu 2008, ni wa ku Mauritius ndipo wali na wanangwa wa ku France na Mauritius. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakacitikiranga upharazgi wa Le Prince Maurice Prize. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakucitira, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakupeleka cawanangwa ici ku ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi na Cifurenci. ===Music=== {{main|Music of Mauritius|Sega (genre)}} Vyakwimba vikuru comene vya ku Mauritius ni Sega na sumu zake za fusion, Seggae, sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Bhojpuri, sumu za mafilimu gha ku India comenecomene za ku Bollywood, na sumu za Classical comenecomene za ku Western Classical Music na za ku India Classical Music. ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Mauritian cuisine}} Vyakurya vya ku Mauritius vikusazga vyakurya vya ku India, Creole, French, na Chinese. Vyakununkhira ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa chomene mu Mauritius. Pali mtundu unyake wa Falaooda wa ku Peresiya, uwo ukuchemeka alouda. Mu malo ghanandi ŵakuguliska vingwa vya ku France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya vyakuphakaphaka vyakuchemeka dholl puri, biryani wakupangika na mpunga, na gâteau piment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Darlene |date=20 October 2016 |title=Mauritius Dholl Puri (Yellow Split Pea Wrap) |url=https://www.internationalcuisine.com/mauritius-dholl-puri/ |access-date=20 October 2016 |publisher=International Cuisine}}</ref> <!---FA and GA review note ..Galleries or clusters of images are generally discouraged as they cause undue weight to one particular section of a summary article and may cause accessibility problems. See WP:GALLERY for more information.---> <gallery mode="packed" heights="134"> File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - beignets de poisson.jpg|Fish fritters File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - chop suey crevettes (1).jpg|Chop suey shrimp File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - curry de poisson (1).jpg|Fish curry </gallery> ===Holidays and festivals=== Mazuŵa gha vikondwelero vya ku Mauritius ghakukolerana na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Pali viphikiro vya Chihindu, vya Chikhristu, vya ku China, na vya Ŵasilamu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays - 2020.pdf |url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/Public%20holidays%20-%202020.pdf |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> Ku Mauritius kuli maholide 14 ndipo chaka chiphya chikukondwelereka kwa mazuŵa ghaŵiri usange chikuchitika pa sabata. Maholide ghose gha visopa ghakusintha chaka na chaka, kweni Khisimasi pera ndiyo yikusintha. Vikondwelero vinyake nga ni Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Père Laval Pilgrimage navyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Mauritius ŵakhalenge makora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Mauritius: Celebration of Durga Puja over nine days for Hindu devotees of the island |url=https://mauritiushindinews.com/mauritius-hindu-festival/mauritius-celebration-durga-puja-nine-days-hindu-devotees-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125034911/https://mauritiushindinews.com/mauritius-hindu-festival/mauritius-celebration-durga-puja-nine-days-hindu-devotees-island/ |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Hindi Pracharak |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left" !Public holidays in Mauritius in 2022!! Date |- | [[New Year|New Year's Day]] || Saturday 1 January – Sunday 2 January |- | [[Thaipusam|Thaipoosam Cavadee]] || Tuesday 18 January |- | [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|Abolition of slavery]] || Tuesday 1 February |- | [[Chinese Spring Festival]] || Tuesday 1 February |- | [[Mahashivratri|Maha Shivaratri]] || Tuesday 1 March |- | [[History of Mauritius|Independence and Republic Day]] || Saturday 12 March |- | [[Ugadi]] || Saturday 2 April |- | Labour Day || Sunday 1 May |- | [[Eid ul-Fitr]] (''Depending on the visibility of the moon'') || Tuesday 3 May |- |[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] |Monday 15 August |- | [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]|| Thursday 1 September |- | [[Diwali]]|| Monday 24 October |- | [[Indian Arrival Day|Arrival of the Indentured Labourers]]|| Wednesday 2 November |- | Christmas Day || Sunday 25 December |} ===Sport=== [[File:Maiden Cup 2006, Champ de Mars Racecourse, Port Louis, Mauritius - 20060910.jpg|thumb|The Maiden Cup in 2006]] {{see also|Football in Mauritius}} Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius ni bola ndipo timu ya charu ichi yikucemeka The Dodos panji Club M. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius nga ni kuchimbira njinga, maseŵero gha pa thebulu, kuphalizgana pa mahachi, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, nkhonya, judo, karate, taekwondo, kuwuska vizito, kuzenga thupi, na maseŵero ghanyake. Maseŵero gha mu maji nga nkhuskamba, kwendeska ngalaŵa, kuskamba, kuskamba pa mphepo, na kuskamba pa ndege.<ref>Richards, Alexandra.''Mauritius: Rodrigues, Réunion''. Bradt Travel Guides, 2009, p. 90</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuphalizgana pa mahachi kufuma mu 1812 apo ŵakajura malo ghakuchemeka Champ de Mars. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiska maseŵero gha ku virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian (Indian Ocean Island Games) ghaciŵiri (1985), cacinayi (2003) na ca khumi (2019). Chilumba cha Mauritius chinalandira mendulo yake yoyamba ya Olimpiki pa Olimpiki ya Chilimwe ya 2008 ku Beijing pamene nkhonya Bruno Julie inalandira mendulo ya bronze. Mu gofu, Mauritius Open wakale na AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open sono ni vigaŵa vya European Tour. ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa|Islands}} * [[St. Brandon|Cargados Carajos]] and [[Agaléga|Agalega]] * [[Constitution of Mauritius]] * [[Index of Mauritius-related articles]] * [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] * [[List of Mauritius-related topics]] * [[List of Sino-Mauritian dishes]] * [[Mauritian rupee]] * [[Outline of Mauritius]] == Vyakulremba == {{Reflist|group=Note}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Mabuku== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Fiona |title=Peoples of Africa |pages=340–341 |chapter=Mauritius |display-authors=etal}} * ''This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the <span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181022022534/http://www1.govmu.org/ Government of Mauritius]</span>, the [[United States Department of State]], the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], and the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]].'' {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * {{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Gaiutra |title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture |url=https://archive.org/details/cooliewomanodyss0000baha |publisher=The University of Chicago |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-226-21138-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Moree |first=Perry J. |title=A Concise History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598–1710: A Fruitful and Healthy Land |publisher=Routledge |year=1998}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vink |first=Markus |year=2003 |title='The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=131–177 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2003.0026 |s2cid=145450338}} ==Mabuku== * [[Geneviève Dormann]], ''Le bal du dodo'', Albin Michel, 2000, {{ISBN|9782226036568}}. * [[J.M.G. Le Clézio]], ''La quarantaine'', Gallimard, 1997, {{ISBN|9782070402106}}. * [[Nathacha Appanah]], ''Les rochers de poudre d'or'', Gallimard, 2006. * [[Shenaz Patel]], ''Le silence des Chagos'', [[éditions de l'Olivier]], 2005, {{ISBN|9782879294544}}. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Mauritius|voy=Mauritius}} <!-- please only list links of nation-wide relevance here. Consider adding other links to the "External links" section of the sub-articles listed. --> '''Reference''' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Mauritius}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13882233 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MU Key Development Forecasts for Mauritius] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607053434/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mauritius.htm Mauritius] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370153/Mauritius Mauritius] entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius Mauritius]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. '''Government''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120101020658/http://www.boimauritius.com/ Board of Investment] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181022022534/http://www1.govmu.org/ Mauritius Government portal] * [http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/ Statistics Mauritius] '''Geography''' * {{osmrelation-inline|1=535828#map=10/-20.2963/57.6727}} * {{Wikiatlas|Mauritius}} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=-20.2544671&lon=57.5614929&z=10&l=0&m=b&search=mauritius WikiSatellite view of Mauritius at WikiMapia] <!-- === === ===({{NoMoreLinks}})======= DO ''not'' ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS ''not'' A COLLECTION OF LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. =======({{NoMoreLinks}})====================== --> {{Mauritius topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Mauritius |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{La Francophonie |collapsed}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries |collapsed}} {{English dialects by continent}} {{Somali Plate}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mauritius| ]] [[Category:Mascarene Islands]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Hotspot volcanoes]] [[Category:Islands of Mauritius|.]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Miocene Africa]] [[Category:Miocene volcanism]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Mauritius]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1968]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Mauritius]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1638]] [[Category:Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company]] [[Category:1638 establishments in the Dutch Empire]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 42jx7t0z2efo3iex9xl5kx5uts0jjmd 0 6980 122697 50730 2026-09-28T03:18:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Suriname | common_name = Suriname | native_name = {{native name|nl|Republiek Suriname}} | image_flag = Flag of Suriname.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Suriname.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|[[Justitia]] – [[Pietas]] – [[Faith|Fides]]}}<br />{{native phrase|nl|Gerechtigheid – Vroomheid – Vertrouwen}}<br />"Justice – Piety – Trust" | national_anthem = {{native name|nl|[[God zij met ons Suriname]]|nolink=on}}<br />"God be with our Suriname"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Surinamese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]}} | image_map = SUR orthographic.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=South America |region_color= grey }} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Paramaribo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|5|50|N|55|10|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Paramaribo]] | official_languages = [[Surinamese Dutch|Dutch]] | regional_languages = {{collapsible list | titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal | title=8 [[Indigenous languages of South America|indigenous languages]] |{{hlist | [[Akurio language|Akurio]] | [[Arawak language|Arawak-Lokono]] | [[Carib language|Carib-Kari'nja]] | [[Sikiana language|Sikiana-Kashuyana]] | [[Tiriyó language|Tiro-Tiriyó]] | [[Waiwai language|Waiwai]] | [[Warao language|Warao]] | [[Wayana language|Wayana]]}} }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 27.4% [[Indo-Surinamese|Indian]] | 21.7% [[Surinamese Maroons|Maroon-Bushinengue]] | 15.7% [[Creole people|Creole]] | 13.7% [[Javanese Surinamese|Javanese]] | {{nowrap|13.4% [[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]}} | 3.8% [[Indigenous peoples in Suriname|Indigenous]] | 0.3% [[White Surinamese|European]] | 1.9% [[Ethnic groups in Suriname|Others]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{citation |url=http://history.rutgers.edu/honors-papers-2015/1302-sode-honors-thesis-2015/file|title=Suriname: An Asian Immigrant and the Organic Creation of the Caribbean's Most Unique Fusion Culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092458/http://history.rutgers.edu/honors-papers-2015/1302-sode-honors-thesis-2015/file |archive-date=20 February 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629112522/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-29 |title=Censusstatistieken 2012 |work=Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname) |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|date=29 September 2021|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118155641/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/|archive-date=18 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Census"/><ref name="statistics-suriname1">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/downloads/category/30-censusstatistieken-2012 |title=Census statistieken 2012 |publisher=Statistics-suriname.org |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113143359/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/downloads/category/30-censusstatistieken-2012 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Definitieve Resultaten (Vol I) Etniciteit |journal= Presentatie Evaluatie Rapport CENSUS 8 |page= 42 }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census"/><ref name="statistics-suriname1"/> | religion = {{unbulleted list |52.3% [[Christianity]]|18.8% [[Hinduism in Suriname|Hinduism]]|14.3% [[Islam in Suriname|Islam]]|6.2% [[Irreligion|No religion]]|5.6% [[Folk religion]]s|2.8% [[Religion in Suriname|Others]]}} | demonym = [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[assembly-independent republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Suriname|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Chan Santokhi]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Suriname|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Ronnie Brunswijk]] | leader_title3 = [[List of chairmen of the National Assembly of Suriname|National Assembly Chairman]] | leader_name3 = [[Marinus Bee]] | leader_title4 = [[High Court of Justice of Suriname|High Court of Justice President]] | leader_name4 = Iwan Rasoelbaks ''(acting)'' | legislature = [[National Assembly (Suriname)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = [[Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)|Constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] | established_date1 = 15 December 1954 | established_event2 = [[Independence of Suriname|Independence]] from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] | established_date2 = 25 November 1975 | area_km2 = 163,821 | area_rank = 90th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 63,251 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 632,638<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Suriname|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 170th | population_density_km2 = 3.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.0 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 231st | GDP_PPP = $10.707&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=366,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Suriname|access-date=30 October 2022|date=10 October 2022 |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,350<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $3.011&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,880<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SR|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.730 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 99th | currency = [[Surinamese dollar]] | currency_code = SRD | time_zone = SRT | utc_offset = -3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}} | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+597]] | cctld = [[.sr]] | languages2_type = Other languages | languages2 = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 13 languages |{{hlist | [[Sarnami Hindustani]] | [[Ndyuka language|Ndyuka]] | [[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]] | [[Matawai language|Matawai]] | [[Aluku language|Aluku]] | [[Paramaccan people#Language|Paramaccan]] | [[Kwinti language|Kwinti]] | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | [[English language|English]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]}} }} | languages_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages = Dutch and [[Sranan Tongo]] | today = }} '''Suriname''' ntchalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa mafumilo gha dazi gha musi mwa nyanja ya atlantic chigawa cha Amerika wa kummwera. {{Countries of South America}} [[Category:Amelika wa Kummwela]] a4vlnds54hih5ts7j7q59gk7vw51bdn 0 6981 122478 122338 2026-09-28T00:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in North-Central Africa}} {{about|the country|the given name|Chad (name)|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Chad | common_name = Chad | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|جمهورية تشاد|italics=off|rtl=yes}}|{{native name|fr|République du Tchad}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Chad.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Chad.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{native phrase|ar|الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم|italics=off}}|"Unity, Work, Progress"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"[[La Tchadienne]]"|nolink=yes|italics=off}} |{{native phrase|ar|نشيد تشاد الوطني|nolink=yes|italics=off}}|"The Song of Chad"}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:La Tchadienne (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Chad (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[N'Djamena]] | coordinates = {{coord|12|06|N|16|02|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[French language|French]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 26.6% [[Sara people|Sara]] | 12.9% [[Baggara Arabs|Arab]] | 8.5% [[Kanembu people|Kanembu]] | 7.2% [[Masalit people|Masalit]] | 6.9% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] | 4.8% [[Masa people|Masa]] | 3.7% [[Bidiyo language|Bidiyo]] | 3.7% [[Bilala people|Bulala]] | 3.0% [[Maba people|Maba]] | 2.6% [[Daju people|Daju]] | 2.5% [[Mundang language|Mundang]] | 2.4% [[Southern Gabri language|Gabri]] | 2.4% [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]] | 2.1% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 2.0% [[Tupuri people|Tupuri]] | 1.6% [[Tama people|Tama]] | 1.4% [[Karo people (East Africa)|Karo]] | 1.3% [[Bagirmi language|Bagirmi]] | 1.0% [[Masmaje language|Masmaje]] | 2.6% [[Ethnic groups in Chad|Other Chadian]] | 0.7% Foreign }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2009 Census<ref name="recensement2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22|title=Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population|publisher=Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 55.1% [[Islam in Chad|Islam]] | 41.1% [[Christianity in Chad|Christianity]] | 2.4% [[Irreligion|No religion]] | 1.3% [[African Traditional Religion|Animism]] | 0.1% Others }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name=":religions2020" /> | demonym = Chadian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[republic]] under a [[hereditary dictatorship|hereditary]] [[military dictatorship]]<ref name="Reuters transition">{{cite news |last1=Ramadane |first1=Mahamat |title=Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 October 2022 |location=[[N'Djamena]]}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Chad|Transitional&nbsp;President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mahamat Déby]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Chad|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Saleh Kebzabo]] | leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Chad|Vice President]] | leader_name3 = [[Djimadoum Tiraina]] | legislature = [[National Transitional Council (Chad)|National Transitional Council]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's military ruler Mahamat Deby names transitional parliament |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/24/chads-military-ruler-mahamat-deby-names-transitional-parliament |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=24 September 2021}}</ref> | sovereignty_type = [[History of Chad|Independence]] from [[France]] | established_event1 = [[French Chad|Colony]] established | established_date1 = 5 September 1900 | established_event2 = Autonomy granted | established_date2 = 28 November 1958 | established_event3 = Sovereign state | established_date3 = 11 August 1960 | area_km2 = 1284000 | area_footnote = <ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref |title=Le TCHAD en bref |language=fr |date=22 July 2013 |publisher=INSEED |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081746/http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_rank = 20th | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 1.9 | population_estimate = 18,523,165<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 66th | population_density_km2 = 8.6 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $32.062 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= March 21, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,789<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.523 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $755<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 37.5 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TD|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> | HDI = 0.394 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 190th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+235]] | cctld = [[.td]] | today = }} '''Chad''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Chad.ogg|tʃ|æ|d}}),{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-ar|تشاد|Tšād}}, {{IPA-ar|tʃaːd}}|{{lang-fr|Tchad}}, {{IPA-fr|tʃa(d)|pron}}}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Chad''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-ar|جمهورية{{nbsp}}تْشَاد|Jumhūriyyat Tšād}}|{{Lang-fr|République du Tchad}}}}}} ni charu icho chili pa mphambano ya kumpoto na pakati pa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni [[Libya]] kumpoto, [[Sudan]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Central African Republic]] kumwera, [[Cameroon]] kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Nigeria]] kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Niger]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chadi chili na ŵanthu 16 miliyoni, ndipo 1.6 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa [[N'Djamena]]. Chadi wali na vigaŵa vinandi: kumpoto kuli mapopa, pakati pa chigaŵa ichi pali Sahelian belt, ndipo kumwera kuli savana ya ku Sudan. Nyanja ya Chad, iyo ni zina la caru ici, ndiyo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene mu Africa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Chiarabic na Chifurenchi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 200. Chisopa cha Chisilamu (55.1%) na Chikhristu (41.1%) ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Chad.<ref name=":religions2020">{{cite web |title=Religions in Chad &#124; PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997}}</ref> Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu Chadi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., maufumu ghanandi ghakawuka na kuwa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad. Mu 1920, caru ca France cikathereska caru ici na kuciŵika mu cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Mu 1960, charu cha Chad chikamba kujiwusa chekha mwakulongozgeka na François Tombalbaye. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo wakacita ku mpoto kwa caru ca Muslim, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya cikaya mu 1965. Mu 1979, ŵakugaluka ŵakathereska msumba uwu na kumazga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakarwanga lumoza m'paka Hissène Habré wakatonda ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libya yikamba mu 1978 cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Libya iyo yikamara mu 1987 na nkhondo ya ku France (Operation Épervier). Mu 1990, Hissène Habré wakathereskeka na mulara wake Idriss Déby. Na wovwiri wa ku France, mu 1991 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad likamba kunozgekaso. Kwambira mu 2003, suzgo la ku Darfur mu Sudan likasazgikira pa mphaka ndipo likapangiska kuti caru cileke kukhazikika. Charu ichi chikaŵa kale mukavu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵakwaniske kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Nangauli magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakakolerana na wupu wakulongozga mu Chad, wupu wa National Assembly, kweni mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Patriotic Salvation Movement mu nyengo ya Idriss Déby, uyo boma lake likalongosoreka kuti ndakuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 April 2016|title=Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit|url=https://www.dw.com/en/chads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit/a-19173621|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haynes |first=Suyin|date=28 March 2019|title=This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout|url=https://time.com/5559491/chad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship/|access-date=4 August 2020|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Werman|first=Marco|date=5 June 2012|title=ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-05/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain|access-date=4 August 2020|website=The World|publisher=Public Radio International}}</ref> Panyuma pakuti President Déby wakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT mu April 2021, wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukalongozgeka na mwana wake Mahamat Déby ukamba kuwusa boma na kuswa wupu wa Assembly.<ref name=":2" /> Chadi wakulutilira kusuzgika na vivulupi vya ndyali ndiposo kuyezga kupoka boma. Chadi yili pa malo gha chiŵiri pa malo ghachoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, na 0.394 mu 2021 ndipo yili pa malo gha 190. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbakavu ndipo ŵalimi. Kwambira mu 2003, mafuta ghakununkhira ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyakurya. Chadi yili na mbiri yiheni pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nga nkhujalirika mu jele mwakuyana na khumbo lawo, kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu. == Mbili == {{main|History of Chad}} === Mbili yakwambilila === Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene. Vinyake mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Africa agho ŵanthu ŵakusanda vinthu vyakale ŵakughasanga ku Chad, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.<ref>[[#Decalo|Decalo]], pp. 44–45</ref><ref name="Collelo">S. Collelo, ''Chad''</ref> [[File:Group of Kanem-Bu warriors.jpg|thumb|Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Kanem-Bu. Ufumu wa Kanem-Bornu ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose ico lero ni Chad.|left]] Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 2,000, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakutemwa kulima. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako ni awo ŵakamanyikwanga na vimanyikwiro vya ku Sao. Ufumu wa Sao ukathereskeka na Ufumu wa Kanem, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba na wakukhalilira nyengo yitali chomene pa maufumu agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1500 C.E., mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maufumu ghanyake ghaŵiri, la Bagirmi na Wadai. Kanem na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kujumpha mu Sahara. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vya Cisilamu, vikatemwanga yayi kumwera kwa caru ici. Ku Kanem, pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵazga.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[[#Decalo|Decalo]], p. 6</ref><ref name="Lange88">D. Lange 1988</ref> === French colonial period (1900–1960) === Mu 1900, boma la France likapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chiŵe na ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika mu 1920, caru ca France cikaŵa kuti capokera mazaza ghose gha caru ici ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Boma la France likaŵa na fundo zakovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na umoza yayi kweniso likasintha viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na maboma ghanyake gha France.<ref name="Decalo, pp. 8–9">[[#Decalo|Decalo]], pp. 8–9</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakawonanga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira ntchito na makuni gha makuni gha makuni. Boma la ku Chad likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko comene ndipo likathembanga waka ŵantchito ŵa boma la France. Malo gha Sara agho ghakaŵa kumwera pera ndigho ghakalongozgekanga makora. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yikakhwaskika cifukwa ca kuleka kupulikira.<ref name="Collelo"/><ref name="Decalo, pp. 8–9"/> [[File:Chadian soldier of WWII.jpg|thumb|left|Msilikari wa ku Chad uyo wakarwa nkhondo ya Free France pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Gulu la Free French Forces likaŵa na ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵakufuma ku Chad.<ref>[[#Decalo|Decalo]], p. 53</ref>]] Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca France cikapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici wa kusankha ŵimiliri mu Nyumba ya Malango ya caru ici. Chipani chikuru chomene cha ndyali chikaŵa cha Chadian Progressive Party (French), icho chikaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Tchad yikapokera wanangwa wake pa 11 Ogasiti 1960 ndipo mulongozgi wa PPT, François Tombalbaye, wa fuko la Sara, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.<ref name="Collelo"/><ref>[[#Decalo|Decalo]], pp. 248–249</ref><ref>[[#Nolutshungu|Nolutshungu]], p. 17</ref> === Ulamulilo wa Tombalbaye (1960-1979) === Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Tombalbaye wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na chipani chimoza. Muwuso wa Tombalbaye uwo ukaŵa wankhongono comene na kuwusa uheni, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Mu 1965, Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), ŵakamba nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Mu 1975, Tombalbaye wakathereskeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma. Mu 1979, gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likalongozgekanga na Hissène Habré likapoka msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo boma lose likamara. Magulu gha nkhondo, ghanandi mwa agha ghakafuma ku kumpoto, ghakakwesananga mazaza.<ref>[[#Decalo|Decalo]], pp. 12–16</ref><ref>[[#Nolutshungu|Nolutshungu]], p. 268</ref> === Nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Chad (1979-1987) === Kupatukana kwa Chad kukapangiska kuti caru ca France cileke kuŵa na nkhongono. Libiya likagwiranga nchito iyi na kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Chad. Nkhondo ya ku Libya yikamalira pa ngozi mu 1987; pulezidenti uyo wakakhozgeka na France, Hissène Habré, wakawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu Chadi kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, ndipo wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya mu Chadi.<ref>[[Kenneth Pollack|Pollack, Kenneth M.]] (2002); ''[[iarchive:arabsatwarmilita0000poll/page/391/mode/2up|Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991]]''. Lincoln: [[University of Nebraska Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}}, pp. 391–397</ref> === Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990) === Habré wakalutilira kulamulira mwauryarya ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Pulezidenti wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ndipo wakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa. Mulara wake wa ŵasilikari, Idriss Déby, wakamuwuskapo mu 1990. Mu 2005, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Senegal cifukwa ca kuyezga kumususka. Mu Meyi 2016, wakasangika na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukaka ŵanthu, kugwiliska nchito za uzga, na kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele umoyo wake wose.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36411466| title= Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity| year = 2016| publisher = BBC}}</ref> === Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present) === [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Nangauli pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweniso nkhondo ya pawenenawene, kweni Idriss Déby wakalutilira kuwusa Chad kwambira mu 1990 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 2021.]] Déby wakayezga kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa magulu gha ŵakugaluka na kuwezgeraso vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakazomerezga dango liphya la boma, ndipo mu 1996, Déby wakathereska mwambura kusuzgika. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi, wakimikikaso. Mu 2003, ku Chad kukamba kunozga mafuta, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti charu ichi chiŵenge na mtende na usambazi. M'malo mwake, mphindano zikakura, ndipo nkhondo yiphya yikamba. Déby wakasintha malango gha boma kuti waleke kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo ziŵiri.<ref>IPS, "{{lang|fr|Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad}}"</ref> Mu 2006, Déby wakathereskeka kacitatu pa mavoti agho ŵakususka boma ŵakacita yayi. Nkhaza za mafuko mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chadi zazara comene; wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) wacenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵangakomeka nga umo vikaŵira ku Darfur. Mu 2006 na mu 2008, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutora msumba uwu na nkhongono, kweni ŵakatondeka. Pa Janyuwale 15, 2010, charu cha Chad na Sudan vikakolerana kuti viŵeso pa mtende. Ŵalwani ŵa Chadi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo kufuma ku Sudan, ŵakajura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi pamanyuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, na kutumizga ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire mphaka. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad ŵakatondeska boma kuwukira pulezidenti Idriss Déby. Pasono Chadi njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Boma la Chad likapharazga kuti Déby wafwa pa 20 Epulero, 2021, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FACT lawira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto, apo pulezidenti wakakomeka apo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo. Mwana wa Déby, Jenerale Mahamat Idriss Déby, wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakudumura na wupu wa ŵasilikari. Wupu uwu watora malo gha dango liphya na kupeleka mazaza kwa Mahamat Déby na kumwimika kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Ramadane|first=Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat|date=21 April 2021|title=Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main|Geography of Chad}} [[File:Chad sat.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the [[Sudanian Savanna]] in the south, the [[Sahara Desert]] in the north, and the [[Sahelian]] belt in the center.]] Chadi ni charu chikuru icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 24° N, na 13° na 24° E, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 20 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose. Chadi ni chigaŵa chichoko waka pakuyaniska na charu cha Peru, ndipo chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na charu cha South Africa. Chadi chili na mphaka na Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Niger, Nigeria na Cameroon kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Central African Republic kumwera. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,060 (660 mi) kufuma ku dowoko la pafupi chomene la Douala, Cameroon. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cili kutali comene na nyanja ndiposo cifukwa ca mphepo ya mu mapopa, nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "Mtima Wakufwa wa ku Africa". Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ennedi Plateau na Tibesti Mountains, ndipo chili na phiri la Emi Koussi, ilo lili na mamita 3,414 (mamita 11,201) pachanya pa nyanja. Nyanja ya Chad, yeneiyo yikupangiska kuti charu ichi chichemeke (ndipo yeneiyo yikutora zina lake kufuma ku lizgu la Kanuri ilo likung'anamura "nyanja"), ni vyakukhalira vya nyanja yikuru iyo yikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) mu Chad Basin vyaka 7,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chiziŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 17,806 pera, ndipo malo ghake ghakusintha nyengo na nyengo.<ref name=":1">Dinar, Ariel (1995); ''Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs''. World Bank Publications. {{ISBN|0-8213-3321-6}}, p. 57</ref> Mu charu cha Chad muli malo 6 ghakukhala vyamoyo: East Sudan savanna, Sahelian Acacia savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, East Sahara montane xeric forests, South Sahara steppe and forests, na Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests. Pakuti mu chigaŵa ichi muli vyakumera vinandi, ntchakwenelera kuti viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na vinyama vikuruvikuru vyambukengepo. Mlonga ukuru wa Chadi, wa Chari, wa Logone na milonga yawo yinyake, ukufuma kumwera kwa charu ichi kuya ku nyanja ya Chad.<ref name=":1" /> Caka cilicose, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikumanyikwa kuti intertropical front, yikwendendeka kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto mu caru ca Chad. Para vula yikulokwa pa malo ghakupambanapambana, pakupangika vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Sahara. Mvula iyo yikulokwa chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 50 millimeters (2.0 inches).<ref name=":1" /> Charu cha Sahara chili pakati pa charu cha Chad, ndipo pa charu ichi pali chivula cha mamita 300 m'paka 600. Ku Sahel, makuni gha minga (makuni ghanandi gha akasiya) ghakwenda pachokopachoko kulazga kumwera na kufika ku chigaŵa cha Sudan. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 900 mm.<ref name="UNHCHR">"[http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument Chad]". Human Rights Instruments. [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]. 12 December 1997.</ref> === Wildlife === {{Main|Wildlife of Chad}} [[File:African Bush Elephant Mikumi.jpg|thumb|An [[African bush elephant]]]] Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu caru ici vikukolerana na malo ghatatu agha. Mu chigaŵa cha Sahara, vyakumera ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha ni makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha mikama na gha akasiya ghakumera mu chigaŵa cha Sahel. Malo gha kumwera, panji gha ku Sudan, ghali na utheka ukuru panji malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Kuzakafika mu 2002, mu caru ici mukaŵa vyamoyo pafupifupi 134, viyuni 509 (vyamoyo 354 ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha, na 155 ivyo vikusama), na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,600. Ku malo agha kuli njovu, nkhalamu, mbaŵala za mu nkhorongo, zombe, mphoyo, mphumphi, nyalubwe, mphoyo, na njoka zinandi. Kuzingira njovu, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici mu malo nga ni Zakouma National Park, ni suzgo likuru comene. Gulu lichoko waka la ng'ona za ku West Africa izo zilipo mu Ennedi Plateau, ni zamoyo zaumaliro ku Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brito|first1=José C.|last2=Martínez-Freiría|first2=Fernando|last3=Sierra|first3=Pablo|last4=Sillero|first4=Neftalí|last5=Tarroso|first5=Pedro|last6=Fenton|first6=Brock|title=Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|date=25 February 2011|volume=6|issue=2|pages=e14734|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734|pmc=3045445|pmid=21364897|bibcode=2011PLoSO...614734B|doi-access=free}}</ref> Chadi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 6.18/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 83 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti makuni ghanandi ghakumara, makuni gha acacia, baobab, na makuni gha mikama ghakumara. Ici cikupangiska kuti nyama za mu thengere zileke kukhala mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Viŵeto nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe, na mphumphi vyachepa comene. Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na vyakurya (Food and Agriculture Organization) wacitapo kanthu kuti uwovwire comene ŵalimi, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto mu malo gha Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, na Aouk mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Chad kuti vinthu vyende makora. Nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wa kuvikilira caru, makuni ghakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni ghaŵikikaso kuti mapopa ghaleke kukura, ndipo ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasange ndalama kufuma ku makuni gha acacia, agho ghakupanga chigumula, kweniso makuni gha vipambi. Kucicizga njoka ni suzgo likuru comene mu caru ici, comenecomene njovu izo zikuguliskika cifukwa ca malonda gha maryero gha maryero. Kanandi njovu zikukomeka mu viŵeto mukati na kufupi na malo agha. Suzgo ili likusazgikira cifukwa cakuti mu mapaki agha mulije ŵantchito ŵanandi kweniso ŵalinda ŵanandi ŵakomeka na ŵalwani.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw|title=Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 December 2012|access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{main|Demographics of Chad}} [[File:Well of the Young Girls in the Ennedi Mountains - northeastern Chad 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Toubou people|Toubou]] nomads in the [[Ennedi Plateau|Ennedi Mountains]] ]] Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Chad ukati mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 13,630,252 na 13,679,203, ndipo ŵanthu 13,670,084 ndiwo ŵakawonekanga kuti ŵalipo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici mbawukirano comene: 47% ŵali na vyaka vya pasi pa 15. Ŵanthu ŵakubaba ŵana 42.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵakufwa 16.69. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Chad ŵali palipose yayi. Chiŵelengero chake chili 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Sahara cha Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti kweni 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Logone Occidental. Mu msumba uwu, ciŵelengero ici nchakukwera comene. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu msumba uwu ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuchita malonda. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Sarh, Moundou, Abéché na Doba, agho ngakutowa comene kweni ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndiposo vinthu vikwenda makora. Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu 230,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan ŵachimbira ku Darfur, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Ŵanthu 172,600 ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD | publisher=European Commission | year=2008}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007]" (PDF). 8 January 2007. [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]].</ref> Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Dango likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵatorenge ŵanakazi ŵanandi, pekha para ŵakutorana ŵayowoyapo kuti ŵaleke kutora. Nangauli nkhaza za ŵanakazi ni zakukanizgika, kweni ni viŵi yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitirike nkhaza pa nyumba. Kucicizga ŵanakazi nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi, kweni nkharo iyi njakuzara comene ndipo njakukhora comene mu mitheto; ŵanakazi 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa mu Chad ŵakucicizgika, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene ŵali mu mtundu wa Ciarabu, Hadjarai, na Ouaddai (90% panji kujumpha apa). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara (38%) na Toubou (2%) ŵakaŵa na vigaŵa vichoko chomene. Ŵanakazi ŵalije mwaŵi wakuyana pa nkhani ya masambiro na masambiro, lekani vikuŵasuzga kuphalizgana na ŵanyawo pa milimo yinandi iyo yikuchitika mu vipatala. Nangauli malango ghakukhwaskana na katundu na kuhara agho ghakukolerana na malango gha ku France ghakususkana yayi na ŵanakazi, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwera ŵanalume.<ref name="HRP">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm Chad]". [[United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] 2006, 6 March 2007. [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], U.S. Department of State.</ref> ===Largest cities, towns, and municipalities=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Cities of Chad ! rowspan="2"|Rank || rowspan="2"| City || colspan="2"| Population || rowspan="2"| Region |- ! 1993 Census<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22 |title=INSEED-TCHAD – Document |publisher=Inseed-td.net |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 2009 Census<ref name="auto"/> |- |align=right | 1. || [[N'Djaména]] || align=right | 530,965 || align=right | 951,418 || [[N'Djaména]] |- |align=right | 2. || [[Moundou]] || align=right | 99,530 || align=right | 137,251 || [[Logone Occidental (region)|Logone Occidental]] |- |align=right | 3. || [[Abéché]] || align=right | 54,628 || align=right | 97,963 || [[Ouaddaï Region|Ouaddaï]] |- |align=right | 4. || [[Sarh]] || align=right | 75,496 || align=right | 97,224 || [[Moyen-Chari Region|Moyen-Chari]] |- |align=right | 5. || [[Kélo]] || align=right | 31,319 || align=right | 57,859 || [[Tandjilé Region|Tandjilé]] |- |align=right | 6. || [[Am Timan]] || align=right | 21,269 || align=right | 52,270 || [[Salamat Region|Salamat]] |- |align=right | 7. || [[Doba, Chad|Doba]] || align=right | 17,920 || align=right | 49,647 || [[Logone Oriental Region|Logone Oriental]] |- |align=right | 8. || [[Pala, Chad|Pala]] || align=right | 26,116 || align=right | 49,461 || [[Mayo-Kebbi Ouest]] |- |align=right | 9. || [[Bongor]] || align=right | 20,448 || align=right | 44,578 || [[Mayo-Kebbi Est]] |- |align=right | 10. || [[Goz Beïda]] || align=right | 3,083 || align=right | 41,248 || [[Sila Region|Sila]] |} === Ethnic groups=== {{main|Ethnic groups in Chad}} [[File:Danse fille mboum Tchad.jpg|thumb|Mboum girls dancing in Chad]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, vyapakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa Africa. Mu charu cha Chad muli mafuko ghakujumpha 200, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma na maboma ghakupambanapambana ŵakayezga kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mu charu chawo, kweni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza chomene. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵangapika vigaŵa kuyana na malo agho ŵakukhala.<ref name="Collelo"/><ref name="EB">"Chad". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. (2000)</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa nga ni Sara, mtundu ukuru wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba zawo. Mu vyaru vya Sahel, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa ŵakukhala lumoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mwakufwasa, nga Mbaarabu. Kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubous.<ref name="Collelo"/><ref name="EB"/> === Languages === {{main|Languages of Chad}} Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Ciarabu na Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100. Cifukwa ca mulimo wakuzirwa wa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, Ciarabu ca ku Chad cazgoka ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya.<ref name="Collelo"/> === Religion === {{main|Religion in Chad}} Chadi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 52% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 39% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 22% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo 17% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research wa mu 2012, 48% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad awo Mbasilamu, ŵakatenge Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, 21% Ŵachihiya, 4% Ŵaahmadi, ndipo 23% Mbasilamu. Chisilamu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana; nga ni umo tawonera, ŵanthu 55% ŵa Chadi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya chisopa cha Tijaniyah. Mu 2020, ARDA yikati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chadi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni. Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka (5~10%) mu charu ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyautesi, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakukolerana na gulu la Salafi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi Mbakatolika. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi, kusazgapo "Winners' Chapel" ya ku Nigeria, ŵali mu magulu ghakupambanapambana gha Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵali mu caru ici. Visopa vyose viŵiri ivi vikamba mu 1960 apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Chisopa cha Animisimu chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyowoya vya ŵasekuru na malo. Chikhristu chikafika ku Chad pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku France na America; nga umo vikaŵira na Chisilamu cha ku Chad, chikukolerana na visambizgo vya chisopa ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chikhristu chindafike.<ref name="Collelo" />{{bar box |title=[[Religion in Chad]] ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=cia/><ref name=pew>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202531/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad]. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in Chad|Islam]]|green|57}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Chad|Christianity]]|blue|39}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|None]]|black|2}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk]]|red|1}} {{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion in Chad|Other]]|gray|1}} }} Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo na Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala comene kumwera kwa Chad na Guéra. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵachoko chomene kumpoto. Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga boma la ŵanthu yayi ndipo likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa. Mu caru ca Chad muli ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakwimira magulu gha Cikhristu na Cisilamu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Cisilamu ŵakufuma ku Sudan, Saudi Arabia, na Pakistan nawo ŵakwiza. Ndalama za Saudi Arabia zikovwira pa ntchito za umoyo wa ŵanthu na za masambiro kweniso kuzenga masisiteri ghanandi.<ref name="US-DoS-IRFR-2006">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm Chad]". ''International Religious Freedom Report 2006''. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</ref> === Education === Ŵasambizgi ŵakukumana na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti mu caru muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo ŵapapi ŵakukhumba yayi kutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu. Nangauli sukulu njakukhumbikwa, kweni ŵana 68 pera pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakusambira pulayimale. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakusambizgika pa Yunivesite ya N'Djamena. Mu caru ca Chad, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ŵali pacoko comene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa. Mu 2013, boma la United States Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku Chad yikati ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa sukulu ŵalipo 39%. Ivi vikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito, cifukwa lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti ŵana 53% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo ŵana 30% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito pamoza na sukulu. Lipoti linyake la DOL likulongora kuti viŵeto ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵana ŵachoko ŵakuchita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|access-date=29 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Chad}} [[file:Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election.jpg|thumb|Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election]] Dango la caru ca Chad likuti boma likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza gha kwimika nduna yikuru na nduna za boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakuru pa kwimika ŵeruzgi, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe gha boma. Para kwacitika suzgo yikuru, pulezidenti wangapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwakudunjika na ŵanthu kuti waŵe na vyaka vinkhondi. Mu 2005, ŵakafumiskapo malango agho ghakukanizga munthu kuŵa na vyaka viŵiri. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira Déby mba fuko la Zaghawa, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa kumwera na ŵakususka ŵali mu boma.<ref name="BGN">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm Background Note: Chad] ". September 2006. [[United States Department of State]].</ref><ref name="UNPACP">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</ref> Ndondomeko ya malango ya Chadi yikukolerana na malango gha boma la France na malango gha Chadi agho ghakususkana yayi na malango gha boma panji malango agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana. Nangauli dango likukanizga ŵeruzgi yayi, kweni pulezidenti ndiyo wakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵanandi. Khoti Likuru ili likulongozgeka na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri. Wangaŵa na mazaza ghakuwonaso malango, mapangano, na mapangano gha pa caru cose pambere ghandakhazikiskike.<ref name="BGN"/><ref name="UNPACP"/> Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo yikupanga malango. Wupu uwu uli na mamembara 155, awo ŵakusankhika kwa vilimika vinayi. Nyumba ya Ufumu iyi yikuwungana kaŵiri pa chaka, mu Malichi na Okutobala. Pa vilimika viŵiri vilivyose, ŵimiliri ŵakusankha mulongozgi wa wupu wakulongozga. Mu mazuŵa 15 pera, pulezidenti wakwenera kusayinira panji kukana malango ghaphya. Nyumba ya Malamulo yikwenera kuzomerezga ndondomeko ya nduna yikuru ya boma ndipo yingacicizga nduna yikuru kuti yifumeko na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kuyigomezga. Ndipouli, usange wupu wakulongozga ukukana ndondomeko ya wupu uwu kaŵiri pa chaka, pulezidenti wangamazga wupu uwu na kuchema maungano gha malango. Mu vyakucitika, pulezidenti wakuŵa na mazaza pa Nyumba ya Malango kwizira mu chipani cake, Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), ico cili na wanandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu gha ndyali 78 ghalembeka. Mu 2005, vyaru vyakwimikana na malango na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa wanthu vikwimilira pakukana referendum iyo yikazomerezga kuti Déby wasankhike kachiŵiri pa nyengo yacitatu pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa vinthu vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya kulembeska ŵanthu na boma. Awo ŵakalembanga nkhani iyi ŵakawona kuti mavoti gha mu 2006 ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa, chifukwa ŵakususka ŵakawona kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghautesi ndipo ŵakaŵachimbizga. Charu cha Chad chili pa gulu la vyaru ivyo vyabudiska kuyana na fundo ya Peace Fund (FFP). Chad yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 7 pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa Index ya Vyaru Vyakukhora mu 2021. Vimbundi vili palipose; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ya 2021 yikati Chad yili pa malo gha 164 pa vyaru 180. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga pulezidenti wakale Déby ŵakamupa mulandu wa kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikana comene cifukwa ca malo. Kanandi ŵakuŵa ŵankhaza. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene vikumara, ndipo ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. Kufwa kwa president wa Chadi kwa nyengo yitali Idriss Déby pa 20 April, 2021, kukapangiska kuti chalo cha National Assembly na boma vyasweke ndipo boma la chalo likasinthika na wupu wa ŵasilikari wa nyengo yachilendo uwo ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ndipo ukalongozgekanga na mwana wake Mahamat Kaka.<ref name=newgovernment>{{cite news|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/|title=Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over|agency=Reuters|publisher=Thomas Reuters News|date=20 April 2021|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=newgvernment2021>{{cite web|title=Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/chad-sets-up-transitional-military-council-he-1229174.html|access-date=20 April 2021|website=UrduPoint}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement|url=https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804|access-date=20 April 2021|work=Deutsche Welle|date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Pa nyengo yasono dango la boma ili ndakwimiskika, ndipo likulindilira kuti lisinthike na dango linyake ilo lalembeka na wupu wa ŵanthu wose wa National Transitional Council, uwo uchalipo. Wupu wa ŵasilikari wati mavoti ghazamunozgeka pamanyuma pa nyengo ya myezi 18.<ref>{{cite news |title=Calm and order in Chad three months after Idriss Déby's death |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/07/19/calm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Africanews |date=19 July 2021}}</ref> === Internal opposition and foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Chad}} [[File:Embassy of Chad (Washington, D.C.).JPG|thumb|[[Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.]] ]] Déby wakasangana na ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya ŵalongozgi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakanjira mu msumba uwu pa Epulero 13, 2006, kweni pamasinda ŵakaŵawuskamo. Charu icho chili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Chad ni France, ndipo chili na ŵasilikari 1,000. Déby wakagomezga Ŵafalansa kuti ŵamovwirenge kuthereska ŵakugaluka, ndipo France yikovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakuthupi na vya umanyi cifukwa ca kopa kuti mu chigaŵa ichi vinthu vinganangika. Ndipouli, ubwezi wa caru ca France na Chad ukasuzgika cifukwa cakuti mu 1999 kampani ya ku America yakucemeka Exxon yikapokera wanangwa wa kubowozga mafuta.<ref>Manley, Andrew; "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm Chad's vulnerable president]", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</ref> Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ku Chad kwaŵa magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, pakalembeka phangano la mtende ilo likasazga ŵasilikari ŵa United Front for Democratic Change mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi. Gulu la Justice and Democracy mu Chad nalo likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma mu 2003 pakukhumba kuwuskapo pulezidenti Idriss Déby. Kuonjezera apo, pakaŵa nkhondo zakupambanapambana na ŵakugaluka ŵa Janjaweed ŵa ku Khartoum kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, awo ŵakakoma ŵanthu mwakugwiliskira nchito ndege za nkhondo. Pasono, gulu la Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) ni gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likulutilira kurwa nkhondo na boma la Chad. Mu 2010, UFR yikati yikaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,000 na magalimoto 300.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321 Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321 |date=24 September 2015}}. Reuters. 21 March 2013</ref> === Military === {{main|Chad National Army}} Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuti bajeti ya usilikari wa Chad ni 4.2% ya GDP kufuma mu 2006. Pakuwona kuti pa nyengo iyo caru ici cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $7.095 biliyoni, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi $300 miliyoni. Kweni pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Chad (2005-2010) chiŵerengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 2.0% nga umo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoyera mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) &#124; Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{main|Regions of Chad|Departments of Chad|Sub-prefectures of Chad}} Kwambira mu 2012, charu cha Chad chili na vigaŵa 23. Boma la Chad likagaŵa vigaŵa mu 2003, apo likamazga vigaŵa 14. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakulongozga vigaŵa 61. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ivyo vili na vigaŵa 446. Vyaru ivi vikwenera kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinyake, kweni malango gha vyaru ivi ghandamalizgike. Ndondomeko iyi yikuphalira boma kuti liŵachichizge ŵanthu kuti ŵachitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa cifukwa ici, dango la boma likuti cigaŵa cilicose cikwenera kulongozgeka na wupu wakulongozga, kweni palije maungano gha cigaŵa agho ghacitika.<ref name="HRP"/>{{excerpt|Regions of Chad|Current regions}} == Chuma == {{further|Economy of Chad|Agriculture in Chad|Petroleum industry in Chad}} [[File:Chad Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Chad exports, 2019]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Chad.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950]] Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations' Human Development Index likulongora kuti charu cha Chad chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2009, GDP pa munthu yumoza yikaŵa USD 1,651. Chadi wali mu wupu wa Central African States Bank, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Ndalama za ku Chad ni CFA franc. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakagwiranga nchito ya migodi kuti ŵapange sodium carbonate, panji natron. Kweniso ku chigaŵa cha Biltine kuli malipoti ghakuti kuli malibwe gha golide. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵakufumako ku vyaru vinyake ŵakawopa. Mu 2000, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikamba kugwiliskirika nchito mu dipatimenti ya mafuta, ndipo ivi vikakhozga vinthu vya mu caru ici.<ref name="cia">CIA, "Chad", 2009</ref><ref name="BGN"/>[[File:Mao Women.jpg|thumb|Women in [[Mao, Chad|Mao]], where [[Utilities in Chad|water]] is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.]] Kuŵavya umoza mu vyalo vya ndyali pa caru cose nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuguliska vinthu (makamaka thonje na mafuta ghamsinjiro), ndyali ya caru cose iyo yikovwira yayi panji kukhozga vyalo vya Chadi, kweniso kuleka kovwira vyalo vya mu caru ici, vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi ŵakhalenge na njara.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC|title=Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure|publisher=[[United Nations University Press]]|last=Amin|first=Samir|year=1990|isbn=9780862329310}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC|title=Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation|last=Bond|first=Patrick|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|year=2006|isbn=9781842778111}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵali mu caru ca Chad ŵakuthemba pa ulimi na viŵeto. Vipambi ivyo vikulimika na malo agho viŵeto vikukhala vikuthemba pa nyengo ya mu malo agha. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakurya. Mu Sahel, mbuto za mphoza izo zikukura makora ni izo zikupambika makora yayi kuluska za kumwera. Kweni ku Sahel kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, mbunda, na mahachi. Mu mapopa gha Sahara muli vyakumera vichoko waka. Msumba wa Chad uli na masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya vinthu vya mu tawuni; 48% pera ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakumwa ndiposo 2% pera ndiwo ŵali na vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo.<ref name="EB"/><ref name="WB1">"[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project]" (PDF). 24 September 2002. [[World Bank]].</ref> Makuni gha katoni ghakukhalilira kuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska, nangauli palije maukaboni. Kuweleramo kwa tawuni ya Cotontchad, iyo ni tawuni yikuru ya makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni agho ghali kuchepa cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mtengo wa makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha, kuli kovwirika na France, Netherlands, European Union, na International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Pasono boma likulindizga kuti likanizgirenge vinthu vyawo. Ku malo agha kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe na vyakurya vinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Chad-AGRICULTURE.html |title=Chad economic products |date=28 October 2016 |website=NationsEncyclopedia.com |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, caru ca Chad caŵa na suzgo la ŵanthu kwamba mu 2001. Mu 2008, mu charu cha Chad mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 280,000 ŵakufuma mu chigaŵa cha Darfur ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 55,000 ŵakufuma ku Central African Republic, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 170,000 awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Febuluwale 2008, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku N'Djamena, Muteŵeti wa Secretary-General wa UN pa Nkhani za Umoyo wa Ŵanthu, John Holmes, wakayowoya kuti "wakudandawura comene" cifukwa ca suzgo ili. Maurizio Giuliano, muyowoyeri wa UN, wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Washington Post kuti: "Usange tikutondeka kovwira ŵanthu mwakukwana, suzgo ili lingazgoka soka". Kweniso mawupu nga ni Save the Children ghalekeska milimo yawo cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Chad yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya kucepeska ukavu. Ndipouli, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu chikakwera kufuma pa 4.7 miliyoni mu 2011 kufika pa 6.5 miliyoni mu 2019. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu 4.2 pa 10 ŵaliwose ŵachali mu ukavu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=The World Bank in Chad |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1 |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=The World Bank}}</ref> === Infrastructure === ==== Transport ==== {{Main|Transport in Chad}} Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska kuti vipatala vileke kwenda makora. Mu 1987, mu Chad mukaŵa waka misewu ya makilomita 30. Mu 2004, misewu iyi yikaŵa na utali wa makilomita 550. Ndipouli, misewu yinandi njambura kwenda makora, ndipo kanandi yingaŵa yambura kwenda myezi yinandi pa chaka. Pakuti charu cha Chad chilije misewu ya njanji, ntchigaŵa icho chikuthemba chomene njanji za ku Cameroon. Mu 2013, charu cha Chad chikaŵa na ma eyapoti pafupifupi 59, ndipo 9 pera ghakaŵa na misewu.<ref name="CIA-WFB"> {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=16 April 2017 }} </ref> Ku Paris kuli chiŵanja cha ndege icho chikwendako nyengo na nyengo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba yinyake ya mu Africa. ==== Energy ==== {{See also|Energy in Chad}} Boma la Chad likwendeska makora yayi vya magesi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Chad ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni na vyakumera kuti ŵasange magesi. ExxonMobil ndiyo wakulongozga gulu la Chevron na Petronas ilo laŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kuti liŵe na mafuta ghakukwana mabarale 1 biliyoni kumwera kwa Chad. Mu 2003, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta ukayamba apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga maji (ghakovwira na ndalama za World Bank) agho ghakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi ya kumwera kwa caru ca Cameroon. Pakupeleka wovwiri uwu, Banki ya Caru Cose yikakhumbanga kuti ndalama izo zikufuma mu mafuta zinjizgike pa 80 peresenti. Mu Janyuwale 2006, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayimiska ndondomeko yake ya ngongoli apo boma la Chad likapeleka malango ghakukanizga ndalama izi. Pa Julayi 14, 2006, Banki ya Charu Chose na Chadi ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosolera umo boma la Chadi likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zake 70% pa mapulogiramu ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu.<ref>World Bank (14 July 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction]''</ref> ==== Telecommunications ==== {{See also|Telecommunications in Chad}} Mafoni agha ghakaŵa ghakudura ndipo ghakaŵa ghapachanya chomene. Mu 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa waka mafoni 14 pa ŵanthu 10,000. Gateway Communications, uyo wakwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga ku vyaru vya ku Africa, nayo wali ku Chad. Mu Seputembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mapulogiramu gha Umoyo (PNTIC) wa ku Chad ukati charu ichi chikupenja ŵantchito awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya fiber optic. Chadi wali pa malo ghaumaliro pa ndondomeko ya World Economic Forum yakuwona umo maofesi gha pa Intaneti ghakugwilira ntchito. Chad yikaŵa pa nambara 148 pa nambara 148 pa nambara ya NRI ya 2014. Mu Seputembala 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni chikaŵa 24.3% pa ŵanthu 10.7 miliyoni.<ref name="Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 - Q3 2010)">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221211/http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm|archive-date=4 December 2011|title=Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010) |work=mnodirectory.com}}</ref> == Mwambo == Cifukwa ca ŵanthu na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, caru ca Chad cili na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Boma la Chadi likulimbikira kukhozga mitheto ya Chadi mwa kujura Nyumba ya Vyakusanguluska ya Chadi na Charu cha Chikhalidwe cha Chadi. Maholide ghakukwana 6 ghakuchitika chaka chose, ndipo maholide ghanyake ghakusunkhunyika ni maholide gha Chikhristu gha Easter Monday na maholide gha Chisilamu gha Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, na Eid Milad Nnabi.<ref name="CCG">Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); {{cite web |title=Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005 |url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=6 May 2007}}. [[United States Department of Commerce]].</ref> [[File:Tailor in Chad.jpg|thumb|A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.]] === Kuphika === {{main|Cuisine of Chad}} Mu vyakurya vya ku Chad, chiŵiya cha millet ndicho ntchakukhumbikwa chomene. Ŵakuwugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga viŵiya ivyo ŵakuviŵika mu msuzi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto vya caru ici, cakurya ici cikucemeka alysh, ndipo kumwera, biya. Somba zikumanyikwa comene, ndipo kanandi zikuphika na kuguliskika nga ni salanga (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma) panji nga ni banda (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma). Chitayi chakuchemeka carcaje, ntchakutchuka chomene. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto mulije vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, uko ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa wakuchemeka billi-billi para wafuma mu moŵa wakukhoma, ndipo coshate para wafuma mu moŵa utuŵa.<ref name="culture">{{cite web |title=Chad: A Cultural Profile |url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2006 |access-date=19 June 2007}} (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]. {{ISBN|0-7727-9102-3}}</ref> === Sumo === {{main|Music of Chad}} Sumu za ku Chad zili na vyakwimbira nga ni kinde, mtundu unyake wa zeze; kakaki, mbata yitali; na hu hu, vyakwimbira vya vingwe ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito ma calabash nga ni vyakukuzgira mazgu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara ŵakutemwa chomene vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya kodjo. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kanembu ŵakusazga vyakwimbira vyawo na vyakwimbira vya vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya fuluti. Gulu la sumu la Chari Jazz likapangika mu 1964 ndipo ndilo likambiska sumu za mu Chad. Pamanyuma, magulu ghanyake ghakucemeka African Melody na International Challal ghakayezga kusazga vinthu vyasono na vya kale. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni Tibesti, ghakulutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo chifukwa cha sumu za sai, za kumwera kwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakutinkha sumu za mazuŵa ghano. Ndipouli, mu 1995 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutemwa comene nkhani za mu Chadi izo zili pa ma CD na ma kaseti. Kuwukira boma na kuleka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ni masuzgo ghakuru comene ku makampani gha sumu gha ku Chad.<ref name="culture"/><ref>* {{in lang|fr}} Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231 {{lang|fr|La musique recherche son identité}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231 |date=22 April 2014 }}", {{lang|fr|Tchad et Culture}} '''214'''.</ref> ===Literature=== [[File:Criquets grillés ou fris.jpg|thumb|Fried or Grilled Grasshoppers]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Sahel, mabuku gha mu Chad ghali na suzgo la vyachuma, ndyali, na vyauzimu. Awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu charu cha Chad ŵakachichizgika kulemba mabuku kufuma ku charu chinyake, ndipo ŵakalemba mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya nkhaza za ndyali na mbiri. Kwambira mu 1962, ŵalembi 20 ŵa ku Chad ŵalemba mabuku pafupifupi 60. Ŵanyake mwa ŵalembi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui na Koulsy Lamko. Mu 2003 munthu yumoza pera uyo wakususka mabuku gha Chadi, Ahmat Taboye, wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne kuti wamanye makora mabuku gha Chadi pa caru cose kweniso ku ŵawukirano.<ref name="culture"/><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[https://archive.is/20130928053407/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236 Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130928053407/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236|date=28 September 2013}}", ''Tchad et Culture'' '''214'''.</ref><ref>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); ''Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures''. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. {{ISBN|0-86543-757-2}}, pp. 12, 132, 135</ref> === Media and cinema === {{Main|Media of Chad|Cinema of Chad}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV mu charu cha Chad ŵakukhala waka mu msumba wa N'Djamena. Wayilesi ya boma ya Télé Tchad ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani iyi. Wayilesi yikupharazga comene, ndipo pali wayilesi zakukwana 13. Manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakupharazgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso ukavu. Nangauli dango la boma likuvikilira wanangwa wakuyowoya, kweni boma likukana wanangwa uwu, ndipo kuumaliro wa 2006 likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge. Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Chad ghakamba na mafilimu ghafupi gha Edouard Sailly mu m'ma 1960, kweni ghakatimbanizgika na nkhondo za pawenenawene kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafilimu. Makampani gha mafilimu gha Chadian ghakambaso kukura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, na ntchito ya Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Issa Serge Coelo na Abakar Chene Massar. Filimu ya Haroun yakucemeka Abouna yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo Daratt wake wakatora Mphoto ya Grand Special Jury pa Venice International Film Festival ya nambara 63. Filimu ya A Screaming Man ya mu 2010 yikapokera chawanangwa cha jury pa 2010 Cannes Film Festival, ndipo Haroun ndiyo wakaŵa director wakwamba wa ku Chad kunjira, kweniso kuwina chawanangwa mu chiphalizgano chikuru cha Cannes. Issa Serge Coelo wakapangiska mafilimu Daresalam na DP75: Tartina City.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: ''On a encore du travail à faire''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 |date=30 May 2013}}", ''Tchad et Culture'' '''256'''.</ref><ref>Young, Neil (23 March 2004) [http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")]. jigsawlounge.co.uk</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice]", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "[https://archive.is/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir]" {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 |date=28 September 2013}}, ''Tchad et Culture'' '''214'''.</ref> === Maseŵera === {{main|Sports in Chad}} Bola la malundi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Chad. Ŵasepuka ŵa ku Chadi ŵakwimira timu ya ku France pa maseŵera gha caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball na freestyle wrestling, ndipo awo ŵakuchita maseŵero agha ŵakuvwara vikumba vya nyama na kujibisa fuvu.<ref name="culture"/> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Chad]] *[[Index of Chad-related articles]] <!-- * [[Bibliography of Chad]] --> <!-- * {{wikipedia books link|Chad}} --> == Vyakulemba == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{in lang|fr}} Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "[https://archive.is/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir]" {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 |date=28 September 2013 }}, ''Tchad et Culture'' '''214'''. * "[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm Background Note: Chad]". September 2006. [[United States Department of State]]. * {{in lang|fr}} Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 {{lang|fr|Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: ''On a encore du travail à faire''|italic=unset}}]", {{lang|fr|Tchad et Culture}} '''256'''. * Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", ''The South African Journal of Economics'' '''60''' (4): 246–255. * Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); ''Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures''. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. {{ISBN|0-86543-757-2}} * {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=28 January 2010 }} * "[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm Chad]". [[United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] 2006, 6 March 2007. [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], U.S. Department of State. * "[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm Chad]". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. * {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Chad |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=18 April 2012 }} * "[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm Chad]". ''International Religious Freedom Report 2006''. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. * "[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en ''Amnesty International Report 2006''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en |date=13 January 2015 }}". [[Amnesty International]] Publications. * "[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf Chad]" (PDF). ''African Economic Outlook 2007''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]. May 2007. {{ISBN|978-92-64-02510-3}} * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/ Chad]". ''[[The World Factbook]]''. United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. 15 May 2007. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf Chad]" (PDF). ''Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa''. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000 * {{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf |title=Chad (2006) |access-date=6 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}. ''Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition''. Freedom House, Inc. * "[http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument Chad]". Human Rights Instruments. [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]. 12 December 1997. * "Chad". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. (2000). Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] * "Chad, Lake". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2000). * "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project]" (PDF). 24 September 2002. [[World Bank]]. * {{cite web |url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |title=Chad: A Cultural Profile |access-date=4 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2006 |url-status=dead }} (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]. {{ISBN|0-7727-9102-3}} * "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf Chad Urban Development Project]" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007]" (PDF). 8 January 2007. [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf Chad Livelihood Profiles]" (PDF). March 2005. [[United States Agency for International Development]]. * "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development]" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997. * "[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939 Chad (2006)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939 |date=12 October 2007 }}". ''Country Report: 2006 Edition''. [[Freedom House]], Inc. * {{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html |title=Chad and Cameroon |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html |archive-date=13 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. [[Energy Information Administration]]. * "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm Chad leader's victory confirmed]", [[BBC News]], 14 May 2006. * "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm Chad may face genocide, UN warns]", BBC News, 16 February 2007. * {{in lang|fr}} Chapelle, Jean (1981); {{lang|fr|Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne}}. Paris: L'Harmattan. {{ISBN|2-85802-169-4}} * [[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury|Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim]] & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); {{cite web |url=http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf |title=''Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries'' |access-date=5 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}. New York: United Nations. {{ISBN|92-1-104540-1}} * Collelo, Thomas (1990); ''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html Chad: A Country Study]'', 2d ed. Washington: [[United States Government Printing Office|U.S. GPO]]. {{ISBN|0-16-024770-5}} * {{in lang|fr}} Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); {{cite web|url=http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc|title=La decentralisation au Tchad|access-date=19 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc|archive-date=8 March 2008}} *{{cite book|ref=Decalo|author=Decalo, Samuel |year=1987|title=Historical Dictionary of Chad|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_o6n0|edition= 2 |publisher=Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-1937-5}} * East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); ''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders''. Routledge. {{ISBN|1-85743-126-X}} * Dinar, Ariel (1995); ''Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs''. World Bank Publications. {{ISBN|0-8213-3321-6}} * {{in lang|fr}} Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231 {{lang|fr|La musique recherche son identité}}]", {{lang|fr|Tchad et Culture}} '''214'''. * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en "Chad: the Habré Legacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en |date=13 January 2015 }}. [[Amnesty International]]. 16 October 2001. * Lange, Dierk (1988). "[http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf The Chad region as a crossroad]" (PDF), in ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]] – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century'', vol. 3: 436–460. [[University of California Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03914-8}} * {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf {{lang|fr|Lettre d'information}}] (PDF). {{lang|fr|Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad}}. N. 3. September 2004. * Macedo, Stephen (2006); ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law''. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1950-3}} * {{in lang|fr}} Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236 {{lang|fr|Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche}}]", {{lang|fr|Tchad et Culture}} '''214'''. * Manley, Andrew; "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm Chad's vulnerable president]", BBC News, 15 March 2006. * "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice]", BBC News, 9 September 2006. * {{in lang|fr}} Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf {{lang|fr|A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf |date=12 May 2012 }}" (PDF). ''4th PEP Research Network General Meeting''. Poverty and Economic Policy. * {{cite book|ref=Nolutshungu|author=Nolutshungu, Sam C. |year=1995|title=Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad|url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofanarchyi0000nolu|publisher= Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-1628-6|author-link=Sam Nolutshungu }} * [[Kenneth Pollack|Pollack, Kenneth M.]] (2002); ''Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991''. Lincoln: [[University of Nebraska Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}} * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004. * {{cite web |url=http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf |date=3 July 2007 |title=Circonscriptions Administratives |language=fr |publisher=[[Government of Chad]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/https://web.archive.org/web/20070316210936/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=25 September 2026 }} * Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); {{cite web |url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |title=Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005 |access-date=6 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}. [[United States Department of Commerce]]. * "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries]". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. [[FAO]]. 29 November – 1 December 1972. * {{in lang|fr}} "[http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html {{lang|fr|Tchad}}]". {{lang|fr|L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays}}. [[UNESCO]], Education for All. * {{in lang|fr}} "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf {{lang|fr|Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?}}]" (PDF). [[International Crisis Group]]. 1 June 2006. * Wolfe, Adam; {{cite web |url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1 |title=Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic |access-date=3 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1 |archive-date=5 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}, PINR, 6 December 2006. * World Bank (14 July 2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction]''. [[News release|Press release]]. * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database]''. 2006. United Nations Population Division. * "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm Worst corruption offenders named]", BBC News, 18 November 2005. * Young, Neil (August 2002); ''[http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")]''. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Chad|collapsible=collapsed}}{{Library resources box}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/ Chad]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html Chad country study] from [[Library of Congress]] * {{GovPubs|chad}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Chad}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686 Chad profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Chad}} * {{osmrelation-inline|2361304}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD Key Development Forecasts for Chad] from [[International Futures]] {{Chad topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|15|N|19|E|display=title}} [[Category:Chad| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Chad]] g6aymo5yldjymty1anfl09565t40w8v 0 6999 122506 121723 2026-09-28T00:38:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Ripabuliki ya Cuba| Ripabuliki yakwamba iyo yikaŵako pakati pa 1902 mpaka 1906 na 1909 mpaka 1959|Ripabuliki ya Cuba (1902-1959)|other uses|Cuba (disambiguation)}}{{coord|22|00|N|80|00|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Ripabuliki ya Cuba | common_name = Cuba | native_name = {{native name|es|República de Cuba}} | image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cuba.svg | alt_coat = A shield in front of a Fasces crowned by the Phrygian Cap, all supported by an oak branch and a laurel wreath | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[¡Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!]]}}<br />("Homeland or Death, We Shall Overcome!"){{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |date=2015 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | national_anthem = {{lang|es|[[La Bayamesa]]}}<br />{{raise|0.2em|("The Bayamo Song"){{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = CUB orthographic.svg | image_map2 = | alt_map = | map_caption = Cuba shown in dark green | capital = [[Havana]] | coordinates = {{coord|23|8|N|82|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Cuban Spanish|Spanish]] | languages2 = [[Haitian Creole]]<br />[[English language|English]] | languages2_type = Other spoken languages | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 64.1% [[Cubans#White or European, Criollo|White]] | 26.6% [[Multiracial people|mixed]] | 9.3% [[Afro-Cubans|Black]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|Data represents racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census}}<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |title=Central America :: Cuba — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |archive-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |58.9% [[Christianity in Cuba|Christianity]] |23.2% [[Irreligion in Latin America|no religion]] |17.6% [[folk religion]]s |0.3% other}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|title=Cuba - The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|date=6 October 2021|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|archive-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> | demonym = [[Cubans|Cuban]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Communist state|Marxist–Leninist]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[Socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]]<ref name=constitution>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1976 (as Amended to 2002) |url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Cuba%20Constitution.pdf |publisher=National Assembly of People's Power |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013359/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Cuba%20Constitution.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2013}}<br />For discussion of the 1992 amendments, see {{Harvnb|Domínguez|2003}}.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Cuba|President]] and [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]]{{efn|Cuba is a [[One-party state|one party]] [[Marxist–Leninist]] [[communist state]]. The most powerful political position is [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]], not [[President of Cuba|President]]. The first secretary controls the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|Politburo]] and the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba|Secretariat]], Cuba's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder ''de facto'' leader of Cuba.}} | leader_name1 = [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Vice President of Cuba|Vice President]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Salvador Valdés Mesa]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Cuba|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Manuel Marrero Cruz]]}} | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power (Cuba)|National Assembly President]] | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Esteban Lazo Hernández]]}} | legislature = [[National Assembly of People's Power]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]] and the [[United States]] | established_event1 = [[Aponte Conspiracy|Slaves rebellion]]<hr/>[[Ten Years' War|Declaration of Independence]] | established_date1 = 11 March 1812<hr/>10 October 1868 | established_event2 = [[Cuban War of Independence|War of Independence]] | established_date2 = 24 February 1895 | established_event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Recognized]] (Handed over to the United States from Spain) | established_date3 = 10 December 1898 | established_event4 = [[Republic of Cuba (1902-1959)|Republic]] declared (Independence from United States) | established_date4 = 20 May 1902 | established_event5 = [[Cuban Revolution]] | established_date5 = 26 July 1953 – 1 January 1959 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Cuba#2019 Constitution|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 10 April 2019 | area_km2 = 109,884<!-- Land area should match [[Geography of Cuba]] --> | area_rank = 104th <!-- Area rank should match [[Geography of Cuba]] --> | area_sq_mi = 42,427 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0 <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | population_estimate ={{DecreaseNeutral}} 11,008,112<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cuba|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 84th | population_census = 11,113,215<ref>{{cite web |title=Indicadores Demográficos por provincias y municipios 2021 |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/node/13815 |publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Information República de Cuba |access-date=29 June 2022 |language=es}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2021 | population_census_rank = 83rd | population_density_km2 = 101.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 263.6 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 80th | GDP_PPP = $254.865 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=World Bank GDP PPP 2015, 28 April 2017 PDF|url=https://archive.org/details/GDPPPP1|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2015 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,237<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank total population of Cuba in 2015 (GDP PPP divided by Population data)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2015&locations=CU&start=1960|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $107.352 billion<ref name=C>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Basic |title=Basic Data Selection |publisher=United Nations |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 60th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $9,478<ref name=C/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 84th | Gini = 38.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2000 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite news |title=Cuba grapples with growing inequality |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.764 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of publication--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 83rd<!--Please see talk page before adding a reference here again--> | currency = [[Cuban peso]] | currency_code = CUP | time_zone = [[UTC−05:00|CST]] | utc_offset = −5 | utc_offset_DST = −4 | time_zone_DST = [[UTC−04:00|CDT]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cuba|+53]] | cctld = [[.cu]] }} '''Cuba''' (/ˈkjuːbə/ KEW-bə, [[Chiyowoyelo cha Spanish]]: [ˈkuβa], mwakuchemeka ''Ripabukili ya Cuba'' ('''Chiyowoyelo cha Spanish''': [[República de Cuba]] [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ntchalo chakuzingilizgika na manji icho china [[Nkhaska ya Cuba]],na [[Isla de la Juventud]] kweneso na [[tunkhunkha]] tuchoko tunandi uto tuli musi ,wake.Cuba wali ku mpoto kwa nyanja ikulu ya Caribbean, [[Gulf ya Mexico]], na nyanja ikulu ya [[Atlantic]] apo vikukumana. Cuba walikukhala za kumafumilo gha dazi gha [[Yucatán Peninsula]] ([[Mexico]]), kummwela kwa Nthavwa ya United States ya [[Florida]] na [[Bahamas]], ku manjililo gha dazi gha Hispaniola ([[Haiti]]/[[Dominican Republic]]), na kumpoto kwa [[Jamaica]] na [[Cayman Islands]]. [[Havana]] ndiwo musumba ukulu kweneso msumba wa boma;kusazgapo misumba inyake nga ni Santiago de Cuba na [[Camagüey]]. Malo chaiwo gha charu cha Cuba ni 109,884 km² (42,426 sq mi) (kwambula malo ghanyake gha maji). Nkhaska ikulu ya charu cha Cuba kweneso mu [[Caribbean]] ni Nthaska ya Cuba, iyo ina usani wa 104,556 km² (40,369 sq mi).Cuba ntchalo chachiŵili chakumanyikwa mu Caribbean pafuma Haiti,na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11 miliyoni.<ref name="BBC profile">{{cite news |title=Cuba profile: Facts |date=13 September 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19583446 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date= 22 Malichi 2023}}</ref> Chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Cuba chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa Chiboney kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 4 B.C.E. na ŵanthu ŵa [[Guanahatabey]] na [[Taino]]. <ref>Allaire, p. 678</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, charu ichi chikaŵa mu ufumu wa Spain, ndipo mu 1886, ukapolo ukafumiskika. Charu ichi chikakhala mu ufumu wa Spain m'paka apo nkhondo ya Spain na America yikambira mu 1898. Mu 1940, charu cha Cuba chikapanga dango liphya la boma la charu ichi, kweni masuzgo gha ndyali ghakafika pachanya mu 1952 apo boma la Cuba likawukira boma la Fulgencio Batista.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=6 October 1960 |title=Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/Cincinnati-OH_19601006-Democratic-Dinner.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504161136/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/cincinnati-oh-19601006-democratic-dinner |archive-date=May 4, 2020 |access-date=14 February 2017 |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> Chipani ichi chikathereskeka mu Janyuwale 1959 na gulu la [[26th July Movement]] pa nyengo ya [[Cuban Revolution]], ilo pamanyuma likakhazikiska boma la chikomyunizimu pasi pa [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name="britannica-castro">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fidel-Castro|title=Fidel Castro|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=26 June 2017|quote=Castro created a one-party government to exercise dictatorial control over all aspects of Cuba's political, economic, and cultural life. All political dissent and opposition were ruthlessly suppressed}}</ref><ref name="gonzalo-castro">{{cite book |last=Fernández |first=Gonzalo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fbhSQKuMj0C |title=Cuba's Primer – Castro's Earring Economy |year=2009 |isbn=9780557065738 |quote=The number of individuals who have been jailed or deprived of their freedom in labor camps over the 50 years of Castro's dictatorship is estimated at around 200,000}}</ref><ref name="dw-castro">{{cite web |last=Sand |first=Sonila |date=26 November 2016 |title=Cuba's hero and dictator, dead at 90 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/fidel-castro-cubas-hero-and-dictator/a-36532751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816232904/https://www.dw.com/en/fidel-castro-cubas-hero-and-dictator/a-36532751 |archive-date=Aug 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Charu ichi chikaŵa chakususkana chomene pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Charu cha [[Soviet Union]] na [[United States]], ndipo nkhondo ya nyukiliya yikakhala pachoko kuti yambike pa nyengo ya [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] mu 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College |date=1977 |publisher=U.S. Army War College |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMdLAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA13}}</ref> Panyuma pa kupasuka kwa Soviet Union, Cuba wakasangana na suzgo likuru la vya cuma mu ma 1990, ilo likamanyikwa kuti nyengo yapadera. Mu chaka cha 2008, Fidel Castro wakafumapo pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa vyaka 49 vya kuwusa charu cha Cuba ndipo wakasintha na munung'una wake [[Raúl Castro]]. Panyuma pa kupasuka kwa Soviet Union, Cuba wakasangana na suzgo likuru la vya cuma mu ma 1990, ilo likamanyikwa kuti nyengo yapadera. Mu chaka cha 2008, Fidel Castro wakafumapo pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa vyaka 49 vya kuwusa charu cha Cuba ndipo wakasintha na munung'una wake Raúl Castro. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Levitsky |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC&pg=PA361 |title=Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War |last2=Way |first2=Lucan A. |date=2010-08-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49148-8 |pages=361–363}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lachapelle|first1=Jean|last2=Levitsky|first2=Steven|last3=Way|first3=Lucan A.|last4=Casey|first4=Adam E.|date=2020|title=Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9|journal=World Politics|volume=72|issue=4|pages=557–600|doi=10.1017/S0043887120000106|s2cid=225096277|issn=0043-8871}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawkins|first=Darren|date=2001|title=Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/422443|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=33|issue=4|pages=441–461|doi=10.2307/422443|jstor=422443|issn=0010-4159}}</ref> Censorship ya nkhani (kuphatikizapo malire pa intaneti) njakusazgikira, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Stein|first=Elizabeth Ann|date=2016|title=Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships|url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref><ref name="HRW-Cuba-III-1999">{{Cite book|date=June 1999|title=Impediments to Human rights in Cuban Law (Part III)|url=https://archive.org/details/cubasrepressivem00huma|url-access=registration|access-date=7 August 2012|work=Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1-56432-234-3}}</ref><ref name="Michael C. Moynihan">{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael C. |date=22 February 2008 |title=Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell |url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120920/http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=25 March 2009 |website=Reason.com}}</ref> Ndipo nyuzipepara yakujiyimira payekha yikuyuzgika mu Cuba; <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2006|title=62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba|url=http://www.sipiapa.com/v4/det_informe.php?asamblea=3&infoid=62&idioma=us|access-date=6 August 2012|publisher=Inter American Press Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127232427/http://www.sipiapa.com/v4/det_informe.php?asamblea=3&infoid=62&idioma=us|archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> Wupu wa [[Reporters Without Borders]] ukuti charu cha Cuba nchimoza mwa vyaru viheni comene pa caru cose pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa mdauko. <ref name="Press Freedom Index 2015">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150212093137if_/http://index.rsf.org/#!/ "Press Freedom Index 2015"], Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=Press Freedom Index 2008|url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-03|publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> == Kwiza kwa zina == ''wonaniso'' : ''[[Ripabuliki ya Cuba (1902-1959)]]'' Ŵalembi mbili ŵanandi ŵanachigomezgo kuti zina lakuti ''Cuba'' lilikufumila mu [[chiyowoyelo cha Taino]] nangauli vikumanyikwa chala kuti ghakatoleka ku mazgo ghakuti uli gha mu chiyowoyelo chenechicho.Ching'anamulo cha Cuba chikumanyikwa makola chala,nangauli mang'anamulilo ghanyake ghangaŵa ghakuti: "apo pali nthaka inandi" ''([[cubao]]),'' panji "malo ghawemi"''([[coabana]])''.Ŵalembi ŵanandi awo wakugomezga kuti [[Christopher Columbus]] wakaŵa mu Portuguese ŵakuyowoya zakuti Cuba wakathyeka na Columbus kuthya msumba wa Cuba mu boma la Beja ku [[Portugal]]. === Nyengo yakwamba ya Columbia === [[File:Hatuey monument, Baracoa, Cuba.JPG|left|thumb|Chithuzi cha [[Hatuey]], fumu yakale ya [[Taíno]] ya Cuba]] Mu malo gha [[Caribbean]],agho ni malo ghaumalilo ghakupona gha nyengo ya chiyamwaka iyo kukaŵa vinyama vikulu vikulu,vikakhalanga mu Cuba chomene pambele 2660 [[BCE]] ([[Pambele Fumu Yesu Indababike]]).Pambele ma Spanish ghandize,Cuba wakaŵa na mitundu iŵili ya ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa mtundu wachi [[America|Amelika]] : ŵanthu ŵa Taíno (kusazgapo [[ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ciboney]]), na [[Guanahatabey|mtundu ŵanthu wa Guanahatabey]]. Ŵapapi ŵa mtundu wa ŵanthu wa [[Taino]] wakafuma ku malo ghakulu gha Amelika Wakumpoto,kale chomene mu nyengo ya 5,000 BP(Siku lambula kukhazikiskika makola).Ŵa Taino ŵakiza kufuma ku [[Hispaniola]] mu nyengo inyake mu chikwi chachitatu A.D.(Fumu Yesu Yati Yafwa).Columbus wati wakafika wakasanga chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu aŵa chakukwana 150,000 mu Cuba. Vikumanyikwa chala za mizilo ya mtundu wa ŵanthu wa [[Guanahatabey]] mu Cuba kweneso kuti ka pakwamba ŵakaŵa na chiyowoyelo na mwambo mbu kuuskako wa Taino.Pali ganizo lakuti ŵagogo ŵa ŵagogo ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵachi Taino ŵwakwamba ŵa [[Antilles Mukulu]]. ŴaTaíno ŵakaŵa ŵalimi,wokola somba kweneso ŵakusola vipaso na kusaka nyama. === Ulamulilo wa Spanish (1492–1898) === Wati wiza pa nkhaska yakuchemeka [[Guanahani]], [[Bahamas]],pa 12 Okutobala mu chaka cha 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] wakalamulila sitima zake zitatu : ''[[La Pinta,]]'' ''[[La Niña]]'' na ''[[Santa María]]'',kusanga Cuba pa 27 Okutobala 11492,nakufika ku mpoto kwa mafumilo gha dazi mumphepete mwa nyanja pa 28 Okutobala.(Apa pakaŵa pafupi na Bariay, Chigaŵa cha Holguín.) Columbus wakatola nkhaska(Island) ya Ufumu Uphya wa Spain na kuuthya ''Isla Juana'' kutola zina la John, Fumu ya Asturias. [[File:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg|thumb|[[Diego Velázquez]] de Cuéllar, conquistador wa Cuba|267x267px]] Mu 1511, chikhaze chakwamba cha Spanish chikasangika na [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]] pa Baracoa.Vyakuzengeka vinyake vikayambapo kupangika,kusazgapo [[San Cristobal de la Haban|San Cristobal de la Habana]],kusangika mu 1515, paumalilo ukaŵs msumba wa charu.Ŵanthu ŵa Taino ŵakachichizgika mwambula kukhumba kugwila ntchito yakuzenga malo,iyo ni nthowa yakukozgana na iyo ikachitikanga ku [[Yulaya]]. Pati pajumpha vyaka 100,mtundu wa ŵanthu vakuchita kuŵasanga ukamala wose na vifukwa vingapo chomene matenda ghakuchita kwiza na ŵazungu,na kugwiliskana ntchito mwa ukapolo. Mu 1529, nthenda ya [[measles]] mu Cuba iyo ikakoma ŵanthu awo ŵwakaŵa kuti ŵapona kale ku vinandi nga ni nthenda ya [[smallpox]]. Pa 18 Meyi 1539, conquistador [[Hernando de Soto]] wakauka ulendo kufuma ku Havana na ŵalondezgi 600 kuya ku Amelika wa Kummwela kwa Mafumilo gha Dazi,kwambila [[Florida]],kupeja malibwe gha golide,nkhongono na kumanyika,kweneso na vakuzilwa vinyake.treasure. Pa 1 Sekutembala 1548, [[Dr. Gonzalo Perez de Angulo]] wakasankhika kuŵa mlala wa boma(governor) la Cuba.Wakafika mu Santiago, Cuba, pa 4 Novembala 1549, nakwamba kukhazikiska umoza wa ŵanthu wose. Wakaŵa waboma wakwamba (governor ) kukhala ku Havanamumalo mwakukhala ku [[Santiago]],ndipo wakazenga [[Tchalitchi lakwamba la Havana]] lakupangika na [[masonry]]. === Mlimo wakukhumba kujilamulila === [[File:Carlos Manuel de Cespedes.jpg|thumb|311x311px|<small>[[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]] kumanyikwaso kuti ''[[Dada wa Chikaya cha Cuba]]'' uyo wakatchaila nkhondo charu cha Cuba kuti chiyambe kujilamulila pachekha mu chaka cha 1868 kufuma mu ulamulilo wa charu cha Spain.</small>]] [[File:Calixto García and William Ludlow in Cuba, 1898.jpg|thumb|213x213px|[[Calixto García]], mlala wa Cuban separatist rebels kumalyelo) na [[U.S.]] Brigadier General [[William Ludlow]] (Cuba, 1898)]] Kujilamulila kukulu kufuma mu nkhongono ya charu cha [[Spain]] chikaŵa chakulinga icho ŵanandi ŵakachitola ngati nkhudelela mu 1868 uko kukadangililika na mpandi Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes,mpandi zinde,wakafwatula ŵakapolo ŵake wose kuti ŵakamuvwile ku nkhondo kuthaska Cuba mu ulamulilo wa Spain.Pa 27 Disembala 1868,wakalemba chikalakala (kalata) chakuyowoya kuti waliyose uyo wana mukaplo wakuti wamuvwila ku nkhani ya nkhondo waŵe wakumasuka mu mayendelo,nangauli wachali kapolo.Vyakulondezga vya mu 1868 kukapangiska kuti kuŵe chongo chikulu kweneso chakumala nyengo itali chakuchemeka pa chingelezi '[[Ten Years’ War]]'. Chiŵelengelo chinandi cha ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kusintha wakufumila mu charu cha Dominican Republic na vyaru vinyakhe kweneso na ma Chinese ghakatolapo luwande pakujoina pa vyakuchitika.Charu cha United States chikakana kuzomelezga za kupangika kwa boma liphya la Cuba kusazgapo vyaru vinyake vya chilwa cha Yulaya na Latini Amelika (navoso vikakana).Mu 1878,[[Pact of Zanjón]] ukamazga vyongo ivi ,ndipo charu cha Spain chikalonjeza ntchindi na ubwezi na Cuba. Mu 1879–1880 ,mutchaila ufulu chalo [[Calixto García]] wakayezgaso kuyambiska nkhond inyake iyo pa chingelezi ikachemeka kuti [[Little War]] kwene wakatondeka kupokela wovwili unandi wakufuma ku ŵanthu na magulu ghanyake.'''[[Ukapolo]] mu charu cha Cuba ukamala mu chaka cha 1875''' nangauli kumala kwenecho kukaŵa mu 1886.Munthu wakudikizgika mu charu chake uyo wakizaso, zina lake [[Osé Martí|José Martí]] wakayambiska chipani chakuchemeka [[Cuban Revolutionary Party]] mu [[New York]] mu 1892.Chilato cha chipani ichi kukaŵa kujitchaila nkhondo kuti charu cha Cuba chiukemo mu ulamulilo wa charu cha Spain.Mu Janyuwale,Martí wakaluta ku [[Monte Cristi]] na [[Santo Domingo]] mu charu cha [[Dominican Republic]] kukajoina vyakuchitika vya [[Máximo Gómez]]. Martí wakalemba maganizo ghake gha vya ndale mu ''[[Manifesto of Montecristi]]''.Kutchaya nkhondo na ŵasilikali ŵa Spain kukayamba pa 24 Febuluwale 1895,nangauli Marti wakatondeka kufika ku Cuba ndipo wakafika mu 11 Epulelo 1895.Marti wakakomeka mu nkhondo iyo pachizungu ikuchemeka [[Battle of Dos Rios]] pa 19 Meyi 1895.Nyifwa yake ikakhala mbili ya chikanga ya charu cha Cuba. === Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (Ethnoracial groups) === ''Wonaniso'' : [[ChiSpanish]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |Chiŵelengelo cha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu 2012 (2012 Cuban census data) |- | colspan="2" |'''MTUNDU''' | | colspan="2" |'''CHIŴELENGELO''' |- | colspan="2" |Ŵazungu (White) |  | colspan="2" |64.1% |- | colspan="2" |Ŵosazgikana (Mulatto) |  | colspan="2" |26.6% |- | colspan="2" |Ŵafipa (Black) |  | colspan="2" |9.3% |} == Wonaniso == * [[Ripabuliki ya Cuba (1902-1959)]] * [[Chidindo cha Cuba]] * [[Malo na vyachilengiwa vya Cuba]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cuba| ]] juvxhlpetrxig4mlrgggtic74o8quev 0 7131 122715 116372 2026-09-28T03:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Vaduz |settlement_type = Municipality |image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center |photo1a =Vaduz.jpg |photo2a =Liechtenstein asv2022-10 img23 Vaduz Regierungsgebäude.jpg |photo2b =Vaduz-Schloss02.jpg |photo3a =2018-10-05 Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Tre Cavalli (KPFC) 05.jpg |photo3b =2018-10-05 Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Rotes Haus (KPFC) 09.jpg |photo3c =Cathedral of St. Florin - Vaduz.jpg |photo4a =Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein 1.jpg |photo4b =Landtagsgebäude des Fürstentums Liechtenstein.jpg |size = 270 |spacing = 1 |color = #FFFFFF |border = 1 }} |imagesize = |image_caption = Panoramic, Government building, Castle of Vaduz, Tre Cavalli sculpture, Rotes Haus, Cathedral of St. Florin, Liechtenstein Museum of Fine Arts, House of Parliament |image_flag = Flag of Vaduz Liechtenstein-1.svg |flag_size = 30px |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = LIE Vaduz COA HistLex.svg |shield_size = 100px |motto = |image_map = Vaduz in Liechtenstein.svg |mapsize = 150px |map_caption = Vaduz and its exclaves in Liechtenstein |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |coordinates = {{coord|47.141|N|9.521|E|region:LI-11|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Liechtenstein]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Electoral district]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:Category:Villages of Liechtenstein|Villages]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name1 = [[Oberland (electoral district)|Oberland]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Ebenholz]], [[Mühleholz]] |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Manfred Bischof ([[Progressive Citizens' Party|FBP]]) |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 17.3 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 455 |elevation_ft = |population_total = 5,696 |population_as_of = 31-12-2019 |population_footnotes = <ref name="llv.li">{{cite web|url=https://www.llv.li/files/as/bevolkerungsstatistik-vorlaufige-ergebnisse-31-dezember-2019.pdf|title=Bevölkerungsstatistik: Vorläufige Ergebnisse 31. Dezember 2019|website=Llv.li|access-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121020912/https://www.llv.li/files/as/bevolkerungsstatistik-vorlaufige-ergebnisse-31-dezember-2019.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = 330 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_note = |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 9490 |area_code = 7001 |iso_code = LI-11 |website = [http://www.vaduz.li/en www.vaduz.li] |footnotes = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Vaduz''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Liechtenstein]]. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Liechtenstein-geo-stub}} {{Misumba ya boma ya Ulaya (Europe)}} [[Category:Misumba ya boma ya Ulaya (Europe)]] [[Category:Ulaya(Europe)|Ulaya]] [[Category:Liechtenstein]] mixa72e5ndbgfmyx06e31me5itx7akq 0 7254 122446 119322 2026-09-27T23:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|U.S. state}} {{about|the U.S. state}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = State of Arkansas | name = Arkansas | image_flag = Flag of Arkansas.svg | flag_link = Flag of Arkansas | image_seal = Seal of Arkansas.svg | seal_link = Great Seal of Arkansas | image_map = Arkansas in United States.svg | nicknames = The Natural State (current){{break}}Land of Opportunity (former) | motto = ''[[Regnat populus]]'' ([[Latin]]: The People Rule) | anthem = "[[Arkansas (song)|Arkansas]]", "[[Arkansas (You Run Deep in Me)]]", "[[Oh, Arkansas]]", and "[[The Arkansas Traveler (song)|The Arkansas Traveler]]" | Former = Arkansas Territory | seat = [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]{<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2020/title-1/chapter-4/section-1-4-117/ |title= 2020 Arkansas Code Title 1 - General Provisions Chapter 4 - State Symbols, Motto, Etc. § 1-4-117. Official language |website=[[Justia|Justia US Law]] |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref> | population_demonym = [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Arkansan{{break}}Arkansawyer{{break}}Arkanite]]<ref>Blevins 2009, p. 2.</ref> | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Central Arkansas]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Leslie Rutledge]] (R)}} | Legislature = [[Arkansas General Assembly]] | Upperhouse = [[Arkansas Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Arkansas House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Arkansas Supreme Court]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[John Boozman]] (R)}}{{break}}{{nowrap|[[Tom Cotton]] (R)}} | Representative = 4 Republicans | postal_code = AR | TradAbbreviation = Ark. | area_rank = 29th | area_total_km2 = 137,732 | area_total_sq_mi = 53,179 | area_land_km2 = 134,771 | area_land_sq_mi = 52,035 | area_water_km2 = 2,961 | area_water_sq_mi = 1,143 | area_water_percent = 2.15 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_rank = 34th | 2010Pop = 3,013,756<ref name="Bureau 2021">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=US Census | title=2020 Census Apportionment Results | website=The United States Census Bureau | date=2021-04-26 | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html | access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|49475|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AR/INC110220|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|48th]] | population_density_rank = 34th | 2000Density = 21.8 | 2000DensityUS = 56.4 | AdmittanceOrder = 25th | AdmittanceDate = June 15, 1836 | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] | utc_offset1 = −06:00 | timezone1_DST = CDT | utc_offset1_DST = −05:00 | Latitude = 33° 00′ N to 36° 30′ N | Longitude = 89° 39′ W to 94° 37′ W | width_km = 435 | width_mi = 270 | length_km = 386 | length_mi = 240 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Magazine]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=FG1888|designation=Mag|access-date = October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88 group = "lower-alpha">Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>{{refn|The Geographic Names Index System (GNIS) of the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) indicates that the official name of this feature is Magazine Mountain, not "Mount Magazine". Although not a hard and fast rule, generally "Mount X" is used for a peak and "X Mountain" is more frequently used for ridges, which better describes this feature. Magazine Mountain appears in the GNIS as a ridge,<ref>{{cite web |url= {{GNIS 3|67051}} |title= Magazine Mountain |website= [[Geographic Names Information System]] | publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] | access-date= January 2, 2013}}</ref> with Signal Hill identified as its summit.<ref name="sh">{{cite web |url= {{GNIS 3|73578}} |title = Signal Hill | website= Geographic Names Information System | publisher= United States Geological Survey | access-date = January 2, 2013 }}</ref> "[[Mount Magazine]]" is the name used by the [[Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism]], which follows what the locals have used since the area was first settled.|group= "lower-alpha"}} | elevation_max_m = 839 | elevation_max_ft = 2,753 | elevation_m = 200 | elevation_ft = 650 | elevation_min_point = [[Ouachita River]] at {{nobreak |[[Louisiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS /><ref name=NAVD88 group="lower-alpha" /> | elevation_min_m = 17 | elevation_min_ft = 55 | iso_code = US-AR | website = www.arkansas.gov | Capital = | Representatives = }} {{Infobox region symbols|country=United States |state = Arkansas |image_flag = Flag of Arkansas.svg |image_seal = Seal of Arkansas.svg |bird = [[Northern mockingbird|Mockingbird]] |butterfly = [[Diana fritillary]] |flower = [[Apple]] blossom |insect = [[Western honeybee]] |mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] |tree = [[Pinus taeda|Pine tree]] |beverage = [[Milk]] |dance = [[Square dance]] |food = [[Pecan]] |gemstone = [[Diamond]] |mineral = [[Quartz]] |rock = [[Bauxite]] |soil = [[Stuttgart (soil)|Stuttgart]] |vegetable = [[Tomato|South Arkansas vine ripe pink tomato]] |image_route = Arkansas_1.svg |image_quarter = 2003 AR Proof.png |quarter_release_date = 2003 }} '''Arkansas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|ən|s|ɔː|audio=En-us-Arkansas3.ogg}} {{Respell|AR|kən|saw}}<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/>) ni boma ilo lili na mphepete mwa nyanja yayi ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha pakati na kumwera kwa United States.<ref>Jones, Daniel (1997) ''English Pronouncing Dictionary'', 15th ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45272-4}}.</ref><ref name="wsc">{{cite web|title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |publisher=Geography Division, United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120131930/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> Ku mpoto kuli [[Missouri]], kumafumiro gha dazi kuli [[Tennessee]] na [[Mississippi]], kumwera kuli Louisiana, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Texas na Oklahoma. Zina lake likufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Osage, ciyowoyero ca Dhegiha Siouan, ndipo likuyowoya za ŵabali ŵawo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lyon | first= Owen | title= The Trail of the Quapaw |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly | volume= 9 |date=Autumn 1950 | issue= 3 | pages= 206–7| doi= 10.2307/40017228 | jstor= 40017228 }}</ref> Malo ghakupambanapambana gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakukwana ku mapiri gha Ozark na Ouachita, agho ghakupanga U.S. Ku mapiri gha ku America, ku malo gha nkhorongo gha ku Arkansas, ku mapiri gha ku Mississippi na Arkansas. Arkansas ni boma la 29 pa vigaŵa vikuru na la 34 pa vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 3 miliyoni.<ref name="Bureau 2021" /> Msumba ukuru na uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ni Little Rock, uwo uli pakati pa boma ili. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukwendeska vinthu vinandi, ni malo gha malonda, gha mitheto, na gha boma. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kuphatikizapo Fayetteville  -  Springdale - Rogers Metropolitan Area ndi Fort Smith metropolitan area, ndi chigawo cha anthu, maphunziro, ndi chuma. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici ni Jonesboro. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili ni Pine Bluff. Charu cha Arkansas, icho kale chikaŵa chigaŵa cha French Louisiana, chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chigaŵa cha United States pa Juni 15, 1836.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cash |first= Marie |title= Arkansas Achieves Statehood |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 2 | date= December 1943 |issue= 4 |pages= 292–308 |doi= 10.2307/40018776 |jstor= 40018776 }}</ref> Mu Delta, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima thonje, ndipo awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagwiranga nchito za ŵazga ŵa ku America. Mu 1861, boma la Arkansas likafumako ku United States ndipo likamba kuwungana na Confederate States of America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose. Ŵakati ŵawelera ku United States mu 1868, boma la Arkansas likalutilira kusuzgika pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha kugomezga chomene ulimi wa minda yikuruyikuru. Cotton ndiyo yikaŵa cakurya cikuru comene, ndipo msika wa cotton ukakhira. Pakuti ŵalimi na ŵamalonda ŵakaŵavya vinthu vinandi, ndipo mafakitale ghakaŵavya ndalama zinandi, boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma likapeleka malango ghanyake agho ghakaŵa nga ni la Jim Crow kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kupika wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga ndyali mu boma la Arkansas, ndipo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ya m'ma 1950 na 1960, ku Arkansas na ku Little Rock kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru iyo yikacitikanga kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu ŵakolerane. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, mu 1940, boma la Arkansas likamba kuŵa na vinthu vinandi ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, boma ili ndilo likaŵa likuru la kampani ya Walmart, iyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Arkansas chikuthemba pa ntchito za pa msewu, ndege, viyuni, visulo, na vyakurya vya ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakusangika mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale, mu malo ghakuwoneskeramo mafilimu, mu mabuku, pa TV, mu malo ghakurya, na mu malo ghanyake ghakuwoneskeramo maseŵero. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ku chigaŵa ichi ni William Fulbright, uyo wakaŵa wandale kweniso wakwimira masambiro gha ŵanthu; Bill Clinton, uyo wakaŵaso kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas; Wesley Clark, uyo wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa NATO; Sam Walton, uyo wakambiska Walmart; Johnny Cash, Charlie Rich, Jimmy Driftwood, na Glen Campbell; Billy Bob Thornton, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu; C. D. Wright; William L. McMillan, uyo wakambiska kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivyo vikwenda makora comene; Maya Angelou, uyo wali kupika nkhombo ya Nobel; Douglas MacArthur; Al Green, uyo wakwimba; Alan Ladd, uyo wakwimba; Scottie Pippen, uyo wakuseŵera basketball; Ne-Yo, uyo wakwimba; Chelsea Clinton; Sheryl Underwood, uyo wakwimba; na John Grisham, uyo wakulemba mabuku.<ref>{{cite news |last= Parker |first= Suzy |title= Arkansas's hillbilly image persists into 21st century |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hillbilly-arkansas-idUSTRE78O2UT20110925 |location= Little Rock, AR |date= September 25, 2011 |work = Reuters }}</ref> ==Zina== {{Listen | filename = En-us-Arkansas.ogg | title = Kuyowoyeka kwa Arkansas | description = | pos = left }} Zina lakuti Arkansas pakwamba likayowoyanga vya Mlonga wa Arkansas. Lizgu ili likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Cifurenci lakuti, Arkansas, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵanandi ilo likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu lakuti akansa, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Algonquian la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Dhegiha Siouan ndipo ŵakakhala mu Arkansas ca m'ma 1200. Zina lakuti Kansa likwenera kuti likufuma ku zina la msumba wa Kansas, uwo ukathya zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaw.<ref name="bright">{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&q=Akancea%2C%20Acansea%2C%20Acansa%20(Dickinson%2C%201995)&pg=PA47 |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-806135984 |location=Norman |page=47}}</ref> Zina ili likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana.<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/> Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likati mazgu gha mu malo agha ghakwenera kuŵa na "s" yayi (nga umo vikuŵira mu Cifurenci). Pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵaŵiri ŵa mu wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwenera kuyowoyekera. Ŵanyake ŵakumutemwa {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ən|s|ɔː}} ({{respell|AR|kən|saw}}), ndipo ŵanji {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}} ({{respell|ar|KAN|zəs}}).{{Refn | name="Arkansas" | group = "lower-alpha" | The region was organized as the [[Territory of Arkansaw]] on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the United States as the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ən|s|ɔː}}, {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}}, and several other variants. The residents of Arkansas have called themselves either "Arkansans" or "Arkansawyers". In 1881, the [[Arkansas General Assembly]] passed the following concurrent resolution, now Arkansas Code{{nbs}}1 April{{nbs}}105:<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/ArkansasCode/0/1-4-105.htm |format=official text |title=Code |place=AR, [[United States|US]] |publisher=Assembly |issue=1‐4‐105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924223556/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/ArkansasCode/0/1-4-105.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2011 }}</ref> {{Blockquote |Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings. And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants. Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is discouraged by Arkansans.}} Despite this, the state's name is still frequently mispronounced, especially by non-Americans; in fact, it is spelled in [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] with the {{respell|ar|KAN|zəs}} pronunciation. Citizens of the [[state of Kansas]] often pronounce the [[Arkansas River]] as {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}}, in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.}} Mu 2007, wupu wa malango wa boma ukadumura fundo yambura kuzomerezgeka iyo yikayowoya kuti zina la boma ni Arkansas, ndipo boma la boma ili likulondezga fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004291.html|title=Language Log: Arkansas apostrophism|website=Itre.cis.upenn.edu|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Arkansas}} ===Early history=== [[File:Chromesun toltec mounds photo01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Platform mound]]s were constructed frequently during the [[Woodland Period|Woodland]] and [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian periods]].]] Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukhala ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Caddo, Osage, na Quapaw ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakamba kupenja malo. Munthu wakwamba kufika ku Europe wakaŵa Hernando de Soto wa ku Spain mu 1541, ndipo wakambuka Mlonga wa Mississippi na kwambuka Arkansas na mapiri gha Ozark. Wakati wasanga kuti palije cinthu cilicose cakuzirwa ndipo wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, iyo na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakawelera ku Mlonga wa Mississippi uko De Soto wakalwara. Apo wakaŵa pafupi kufwa, wakalangura ŵanalume ŵake kuti ŵakome ŵanalume wose ŵa mu muzi wapafupi wa Anilco, awo wakawopanga kuti ŵakakolerananga na gulu linyake lankhongono ku Quigualtam. Ŵanalume ŵake ŵakapulikira ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanalume pera yayi, kweni ŵakakomaso ŵanakazi na ŵana wuwo. Wakafwira pafupi na McArthur, Arkansas, mu Meyi 1542. Thupi lake likathika na mchenga ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakamuŵika mu dindi la maji mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. De Soto wakayezga kupusika ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaghanaghanenge kuti iyo ni ciuta wambura kufwa, zuŵa la dazi, mwakuti ŵaleke kutimbanizgika na Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America awo ŵakakwiya na ŵasilikari ŵake awo pa nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kufota. Kuti ŵalutilire kucita cinthu ici, ŵanalume ŵake ŵakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti De Soto wakwera kucanya. Wati wafwa, wakalemba mu chikalata chake kuti "ŵapika ŵanayi ŵa ku India, mahachi ghatatu, na nkhumba 700" ŵaguliskike. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakamba kukoma nkhumba, ndipo pamasinda, ŵakayezga kuwelera ku Mexico. Ŵakafika ku Texas pambere ŵandafike mu cigaŵa ico kukaŵa kwakomira comene kuti munthu wangalimamo tirigu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga ŵacoko comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kusanga cakurya mwa kwiba ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵakawelera ku Arkansas mwaluŵiro. Ŵakati ŵapanga maboti ghacoko waka, ŵakakhilira ku Mississippi ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta ku Mexico.<ref name="HUDSONKNIGHTS">{{cite book| author-link =Charles M. Hudson (author) |last= Hudson| first=Charles M.|title= Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun| url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820318882 | url-access =registration | year=1997|publisher= [[University of Georgia Press]] |pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820318882/page/341 341–351] |isbn= 9780820318882}}</ref><ref>Davidson, James West. ''After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection'' Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 2,3</ref> Mu 1673, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Jacques Marquette na Louis Jolliet, ŵakaluta ku malo agha, ndipo mu 1681, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Robert La Salle na Henri de Tonti, nawo ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mu 1686, Tonti wakambiska malo ghakucemeka Arkansas Post mu muzi wa Quapaw, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakamba kupenja malo agha, ndipo ŵakacipa zina ili. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku zina la fuko la Quapaw, ilo likakhalanga musi mwa mlonga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800 |title=Linguist list 14.4 |publisher=Listserv.linguistlist.org |date=February 11, 2003 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208035440/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800 |archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Arkansas" group="lower-alpha" /> Zina lakuti Arkansas likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansaw pa Julayi 4, 1819, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Zina ili kale likaŵa /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakujichema kuti "Arkansans" panji "Arkansawyers". Mu 1881, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Arkansas yikapeleka dango la Arkansas Code 1-4-105 (lemba lakuzomerezgeka): <blockquote>Pakuti pali kukhuŵara pa umo zina la boma lithu likuyowoyekera, ntchakukhumbikwa kumanya umo zina ili likuyowoyekera nadi para tikuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma.</blockquote> <blockquote>Ndipo nkhani iyi yasanda makora comene na wupu wa State Historical Society na wa Eclectic Society of Little Rock, ndipo wose ŵakukolerana kuti zina ili likwenera kuzunulika makora.</blockquote> <blockquote>Ntheura nyumba zose ziŵiri za wupu wa malango zikwenera kusankhirathu kuti zina la boma ili, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, ndilo likazunulikanga makora na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, ndipo likalembeka mu mazgu gha Chifurenchi agho ghakwimira lizgu ili. Lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika mu vilembo vitatu, ndipo paumaliro wa vilembo ivi, "s" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika. Kuyowoya mazgu mwakudumura pa lizgu laciŵiri na lizgu la "a" mu "man" na lizgu laumaliro la "s" ni cinthu ciphya ico tikwenera kucikanizga.</blockquote> Ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha Kansas kanandi ŵakuzunura mlonga wa Arkansas kuti /ɑːrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, mu nthowa yakuyana waka na umo zina la chigaŵa chawo likuyowoyekera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakambanga kukhalamo, nga ni awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupenja vikumba, ŵakasamira ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ofesi ya Arkansas Post nga ni malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakoloni, caru ca Arkansas cikaŵa mu mawoko gha France na Spain pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Vyaka 7, nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha Ŵakoloni. Mu Epulero 1783, ku Arkansas kukacitika nkhondo yimoza pera mu Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira ku America, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain, Captain James Colbert na ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Choctaw na Chickasaw, ŵakazingilizga malo agha kwa kanyengo.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Din |first= Gilbert C. |title= Arkansas Post in the American Revolution |journal= The Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Spring 1981 |volume= 40 |issue= 1 |pages= 17–28 |doi= 10.2307/40023280 |jstor= 40023280 }}</ref> ===Purchase and statehood=== {{Main|Louisiana Purchase|District of Louisiana|Louisiana Territory|Missouri Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Arkansas Territory}} [[File:Arkansasterritory.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Arkansas Territory]]]] Mu 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte wakaguliska Louisiana ku United States, pamoza na chigaŵa chose cha Arkansas. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakhalanga ku Arkansas Post. Ŵakati ŵagura malo agha, vinthu vikamba kusintha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵa ku Arkansas. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵepo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pa Julayi 4, 1819 ŵakaŵika boma la Arkansas. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakakana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga, ndipo mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Henry Clay, wakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga. Mu Arkansas, nkhani ya wuzga yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakusuzga kwa vyaka vinandi. Awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima vipasi ku Arkansas ŵakakhozgeranga comene wuzga, cifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti nchito ya muzga ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi panji "yekha" yakovwira pa mulimo wa kuvuna. "Chipiri" cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas chikaŵavya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga waka ntchito zaulimi.<ref>Scroggs 1961, pp. 231–232.</ref> Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vyose vya East Coast na Midwest, mu ma 1830, boma la United States likamba kufumiska mafuko ghanandi gha ku America na kughatolera ku Arkansas na Indian Territory kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Ŵakaŵafumiskaso mu 1833 apo ŵakaŵachimbizganga mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵachiindiya. Mu 1821, msumba ukuru ukasamuka ku Arkansas Post na kuluta ku Little Rock.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Territorial Governors of Arkansas |last= Eno |first= Clara B. |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Winter 1945 |volume= 4 |issue= 4 |page= 278 |doi= 10.2307/40018362 |jstor= 40018362 }}</ref>{{See also|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} Apo boma la Arkansas likapempha kuti liŵe laciŵiri ku United States, nkhani ya wuzga yikayambikaso ku Washington, D.C. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa maora 25, khoti likakolerana na dango la Arkansas, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, likapokelera Arkansas kuŵa boma la nambara 25 kweniso la nambara 13. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na suzgo la misonkho, ndipo suzgo ili likalutilira chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵako mu 1837.<ref>Scroggs 1961, p. 243.</ref> ===Civil War and Reconstruction=== {{Main|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate States of America|Arkansas in the American Civil War}} [[File:Lakeport Plantation, Lake Village, Chicot County, Arkansas.jpg|thumb|[[Lakeport Plantation]], built {{circa|1859}}]] Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kuti ŵasange ndalama. Pa zuŵa lakwamba la nkhondo ya cikaya ya ku America mu 1860, ŵazga ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa 111,115, ndipo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira chomene kulima thonje, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na chigaŵa ichi vileke kuŵa pa mtende na charu vyaka vinandi. Usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasanganga ukacitiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pa ndyali pakati pa Northwest na Southeast. Ŵandyali ŵanandi ŵakasankhika kufuma mu gulu la Family, ilo likaŵa gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South ku Arkansas pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kucitika. Apo vyaru vya ku Gulf vikafumako ku United States mu 1861, ŵimiliri ŵa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Arkansas ŵakadumbiskana usange Arkansas nayo yikwenera kufumako ku United States.<ref name="bol">Bolton 1999, p. 22.</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas ŵakafumapo yayi mu boma ili m'paka apo Abraham Lincoln wakapempha kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ku Fort Sumter kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa Meyi 6, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Arkansas, ŵakati ŵakumbuskika na mulongozgi wa boma ili, ŵakavota kuti boma la Arkansas lileke kuŵa mu wupu wa United States na kunjira mu wupu wa Confederate States of America.<ref name="bol" />[[File:Cannons from Battle of Pea Ridge, 2016.jpg|thumb|Cannons at [[Battle of Pea Ridge]] site]] Boma la Arkansas likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ku ŵakugaluka, cifukwa likaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Mississippi na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera. Nkhondo ya ku Wilson's Creek iyo yikachitikira ku Missouri, yikawofya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo iyi yizamovwira kuti Ŵamwera ŵathereske luŵiro. Nkhondo izo zikachitika ku Arkansas, zikusazgapo Nkhondo ya Cane Hill, Nkhondo ya Pea Ridge, na Nkhondo ya Prairie Grove. Mu 1862, Samuel Curtis, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union, wakambukira ku Helena mu Delta. Chaka chakulondezgapo, msumba wa Little Rock ukapokeka. Boma likawuskako likuru la Confederate ku Hot Springs, ndipo kufuma apo likaweleraso ku Washington kufuma mu 1863 kufika mu 1865, mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mu cigaŵa cose ici, nkhondo za ŵasilikari zikayuzga mizi na kuparanya misumba. Ŵakapulikiranga yayi ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate ŵakayowoyanga. Kuyana na dango la Reconstruction Act, Congress yikayowoya kuti boma la Arkansas laweleraso ku United States mu Juni 1868, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Arkansas lazomera ivyo vyayowoyeka mu dango la 14 la mu United States. Wupu wakulongozga wa Republican ukakhazikiska mazaza gha ŵanalume (nangauli nyengo yeneyiyo ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate awo wose ŵakaŵa ŵa Democrats), sukulu ya ŵanthu wose ya ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵazungu, na kukhazikiska malango ghakovwira kuti boma liŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Boma ili likamba kulongozgeka na ŵa Radical Republicans na ŵa Unionists, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kazembe Powell Clayton, ndipo ŵakalongozga nyengo iyo vinthu vikasuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Confederate na ŵa Ku Klux Klan ŵakalimbana na vinthu viphya, chomenechomene vya kuvota kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. ===End of Reconstruction and late 19th century=== Mu 1874, Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa magulu gha chipani cha Republican, yikasunkhunya Little Rock na boma. Kweni nkhani iyi yikamara apo Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakalangura Joseph Brooks kuti waparanyenge ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter yikati yamara, boma liphya likazomerezga dango la boma, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵakaŵa ku Confederate, na kumazga Reconstruction. Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likapeleka dango lakuti zina la boma ili lipharazgike mwakupambana na umo likayowoyekeranga. (Wonani Law and Government pasi apa.) Pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Reconstruction, boma ili likamba kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku United States. Ŵanalume ŵa ku China, Italy, na ku Syria ŵakagwiranga nchito za mu minda mu cigaŵa ca Delta. Palije yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa uyo wakakhala nyengo yitali ku munda; comene-comene Ŵacitchayina, cifukwa ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵacoko mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Delta. Ŵacina ŵanandi ŵakamba kucita malonda mu matawuni ghacoko, mwakuti ŵana ŵawo ŵakasambira ku koleji.<ref>William D. Baker, ''[http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Minority_Settlement.pdf Minority Settlement in the Mississippi River Counties of the Arkansas Delta, 1870–1930] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190216/http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Minority_Settlement.pdf |date=May 27, 2008 }}'', Arkansas Preservation Commission. Retrieved May 14, 2008</ref> Kuzengeka kwa njanji kukawovwira kuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵafike pa msika. Vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma ili, nga ni Ozarks, uko ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupumulirako. Mwaciyelezgero, mu vilimika vicoko waka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa Eureka Springs, ku Carroll County, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa mahotelo ghaphya na malo ghakupumulirapo agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga visimi vya maji, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni vyakovwira pa umoyo. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵanga maseŵero gha kucimbira pa mahaci na vyakusanguluska vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakakolerananga nayo comene, ndipo ŵakamba kutemweka comene nga ni umo ŵakutemwera maji ghakuzizima. ===Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century=== {{See also|Elaine massacre}} [[File:Colored boys playing on top of Coca Cola stand. Little Rock, Arkansas.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A group of [[African American]] boys in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] in 1938.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1880, suzgo ya vyaulimi yikakura chomene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambe kukolerana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, Ŵademocratic ku Arkansas ŵakalondezga ivyo vyaru vinyake vya kumwera vikacita, ŵakazomerezga malango agho ghakakanizganga ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵakavu kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1891 ŵaboma ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mayeso gha kuŵazga na kulemba, cifukwa ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵaleke kuŵazgika. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 peresenti mu caru ici ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu 1892, ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti ŵaŵike msonkho pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa icho, ndipo ivi vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵalimi ŵacitima, ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu mavoti. Kuzakafika mu 1900, chipani cha Democratic Party chikamba kugwiliskira nchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵacisungu pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa na gha mu vigaŵa, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵaleke kunjira mu ndyali. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira pera ndipo pakaŵa mpikisano pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupika maudindo, chifukwa awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghose ŵakaŵa ŵa chipani cha Democratic. Boma ili likaŵa la chipani chimoza cha Democratic kwa vyaka vinandi, mpaka apo ŵakazomerezga dango la Civil Rights Act la mu 1964 na Voting Rights Act la mu 1965 kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso na wanangwa wakuvota.<ref>[http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=800&issue_id=36&page=3 "White Primary" System Bars Blacks from Politics—1900, ''The Arkansas News'', Old State House, Spring 1987, p.3. Retrieved March 22, 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152140/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=800&issue_id=36&page=3 |date=January 15, 2009 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1905 na 1911, ku Arkansas kukamba kwiza ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany, Slovakia, na Scots-Irish kufuma ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ku Slovakia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany ŵakaŵa ŵa Lutere ndipo ŵa ku Slovakia ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ireland ŵakaŵa ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Ulster, Scots, na Northern Borders. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapangiska kuti mu Delta muŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake. Mu vyaka ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakasamira mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa chakuti kukaŵa malo ghawemi ghakukanilira vyakurya na katundu wawo. Ŵakulima ŵafipa ŵakamba kuyezga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵakapemphanga ŵabwana ŵacaru ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaŵapenge ndalama zinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe ndipo kanandi ŵakayezganga kutimbanizga maungano ghawo. Pa Seputembala 30, 1919, ŵazungu ŵaŵiri, kusazgapo nduna yinyake, ŵakakhumba kutimbanizga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi. Pamanyuma pakuti mulara wa ŵasilikari wazungu wakomeka pa ungano uwu, nkhani iyi yikathandazgika mu tawuni yose. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Phillips na vigaŵa vyapafupi ŵakacimbira kuti ŵakome ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵawukira. Kazembe Charles Hillman Brough wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa boma kuti ŵalekeske ivyo ŵakacemanga kuti kukomeka kwa Elaine. Ŵazungu ŵakambukira mu chigaŵa chose, ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 237 pambere nkhaza zikamara pa Okutobala 1.<ref name="encyclopediaofarkansas.net">[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1102 Elaine Massacre, Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture]; accessed April 3, 2008.</ref> Ŵazungu ŵankhondi nawo ŵakakomeka. Kazembe uyu wakaluta na ŵasilikari aŵa ku malo agha, ndipo Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakazomerezga kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵasilikari aŵa.[[File:Arkansas State Planning Board Areas Inundated by Flood in 1927.jpg|thumb|Map of the flood of 1927 in Arkansas]] Cigumula cikuru ico cikacitika mu 1927, cikazuzga malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Ouachita na milonga yinyake yinandi. Pakulondezga dango la Pulezidenti Franklin D. Pamasinda pakuti boma la Japan laŵawukira ku Pearl Harbor, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 ŵa ku Japan ŵakafumiskika ku West Coast na kuŵikika mu misasa yiŵiri ku Arkansas Delta. Msasa wa Rohwer uwo ukaŵa mu Desha County, ukaŵako kwambira mu Seputembala 1942 m'paka mu Novembala 1945. Mu msasa uwu mukaŵa ŵakayidi pafupifupi 8,475. Ku malo agha kukaŵanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8,000.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Japanese American Relocation Camps—Encyclopedia of Arkansas |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2273 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net}}</ref> ===Fall of segregation=== Khoti Likuru Chomene likati kusankhana mitundu mu masukulu gha boma nkhuswa dango. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukolerana mu masukulu gha mu boma ili. Mu 1957, boma la Arkansas likamanyikwa chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Little Rock chifukwa boma likaŵavikilira ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa mtundu wa African-American awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambirenge ku sukulu ya sekondare ya mu msumba uwu. Kazembe Orval Faubus wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupatura ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ŵana ŵasukulu 9 ŵa mtundu wa African-American kuti ŵanjire sukulu ku Little Rock. Wakati wayezgapo maulendo ghatatu kuti wayowoye na Faubus, Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower wakatuma ŵasilikari 1,000 kufuma ku 101st Airborne Division kuti ŵavikilire ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa apo ŵakalutanga ku sukulu pa Seputembala 25, 1957. Pakukana kupulikira ivyo khoti likadumura, kazembe na msumba wa Little Rock ŵakadumura kuti ŵasunge masukulu ghapachanya mu cilimika cose ici. Kuzakafika mu 1959, masukulu gha ku Little Rock ghakaŵa ghakukolerana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=723 |title=Little Rock Nine—Encyclopedia of Arkansas |access-date=August 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115012/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=723 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha malo== {{Main|Geography of Arkansas}} [[File:Boxley Valley 001.jpg|thumb|View from the [[Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway]] in [[Boxley Valley Historic District|Boxley Valley]]]] ===Boundaries=== Kumwera, Arkansas wakuthyana na Louisiana, kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na Texas, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Oklahoma, kumpoto na Missouri, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Tennessee na Mississippi. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikulongosora kuti Arkansas ni boma la kumwera kwa United States.<ref name="wsc" /> Mlonga wa Mississippi ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako mu Clay na Greene, uko mlonga wa St. Francis River ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Missouri Bootheel, ndipo mu malo ghanandi, mlonga wa Mississippi wazgoka (panji kuti wazgoka wakunyoloka na munthu) kufuma pa nthowa yake yakwamba ya mu 1836. ===Terrain=== [[File:Buffalo national river steel creek overlook.jpg|thumb|The [[Ozarks]] rise behind a bend in the [[Buffalo National River|Buffalo River]] from an overlook on the Buffalo River Trail.]] Kanandi Arkansas wakugaŵikana paŵiri, malo ghapachanya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na malo ghapachanya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali ku chigaŵa cha mapiri gha Ozarks na Ouachita Mountains. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghakucemeka Gulf Coastal Plain na Arkansas Delta. Kugaŵikana uku kungapangiska kuti malo ghagaŵikike kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Arkansas. Vigaŵa ivi ni vyakutali ndipo vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake. Arkansas ili na vigaŵa 7 vyakupambana: Ozark Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, na Arkansas Delta, ndipo Central Arkansas nyengo zinyake yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arkansas Regions |url=http://www.arkansasheritage.com/discover/natural_environments/regions.aspx |website=Discover Arkansas History |publisher=The Department of Arkansas Heritage |access-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614023536/http://www.arkansasheritage.com/discover/natural_environments/regions.aspx |archive-date=June 14, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Arkansas Delta, Desha County, AR.jpg|thumb|The flat terrain and rich soils of the Arkansas Delta near [[Arkansas City, Arkansas|Arkansas City]] are in stark contrast to the northwestern part of the state.]] Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas icho chili kuyana na Dambo la Mississippi nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Arkansas Delta. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuthambalara ndipo ghakaŵanga na dongo liwemi chifukwa cha maji ghanandi agho ghakendanga mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Kufumira kutali na mlonga, ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ku Grand Prairie, kuli malo ghakutowa comene. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ni vyakurya vinandi. Mumphepete mwa Delta muli malo agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Crowley's Ridge. Mumphepete mwa mapiri, Crowley's Ridge wakwera mamita 76 mpaka 152 kufuma pa mapiri agho ghakazingilizga malo agha ndipo ghakukhala mu matawuni ghakuru gha ku Arkansas. Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas ni chigaŵa cha Ozark Plateau na Ozark Mountains, kumwera kuli Ouachita Mountains, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na Mlonga wa Arkansas; vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas vikuchemeka Lowlands. Mapiri agha ghali ku U.S. Cigaŵa ca Interior Highlands, ico cili pakati pa Rocky Mountains na Appalachian Mountains. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mapiri gha Ouachita, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 839 kufuma pasi pa nyanja.<ref name="sh" />[[File:Cedar Falls Trail, Petit Jean State Park 010.jpg|thumb|Cedar Falls in [[Petit Jean State Park]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli mphanji zinandi, nga ni za Blanchard Springs Caverns. Wupu wa State Archeologist ukalemba malo ghakujumpha 43,000 agho Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America ŵakakhalanga, uko ŵakasoperanga, na kupanga viteŵetero. Crater of Diamonds State Park kufupi na Murfreesboro ni malo ghekha pa caru capasi agho ghali na dayamondi agho ŵanthu ŵangacimapo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.craterofdiamondsstatepark.com/history/ |title=Crater of Diamonds: History of diamonds, diamond mining in Arkansas |publisher=Craterofdiamondsstatepark.com |access-date=July 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821235457/http://www.craterofdiamondsstatepark.com/history/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/gemstones/united-states-diamond-production.shtml |title=US Diamond Mines—Diamond Mining in the United States |publisher=Geology.com |access-date=July 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724122236/http://geology.com/gemstones/united-states-diamond-production.shtml |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ku Arkansas kuli vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vili na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 158,444. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukasopa, kukasomba, kukendera mapiri, na kuzenga misasa. Mu vigaŵa ivi mulije magalimoto panji malo ghakukanizgika.<ref>{{cite book |title= Arkansas Atlas and Gazetteer |year= 2004 |publisher= DeLorme |page= 12 |location= Yarmouth, Maine }}</ref> ===Hydrology=== [[File:Buffalo National River.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Buffalo National River]] is one of many attractions that give the state its nickname, ''The Natural State'']] Ku Arkansas kuli milonga yinandi, nyanja, na madambo. Mlonga wa Arkansas, White, na wa St. Francis River. Mlonga wa Arkansas ukwenda mu Mlonga wa Mulberry na Fourche LaFave mu chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Arkansas, uko kuli Nyanja ya Dardanelle. Mlonga wa Buffalo, Little Red, Black na Cache ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa White, uwo nawo ukuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mlonga wa Bayou Bartholomew, Saline, Little Missouri, na Caddo ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Ouachita kumwera kwa Arkansas, ndipo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi ku Louisiana. Mlonga wa Red River ndiwo ukuyana na Texas. Ku Arkansas kuli nyanja zichoko waka na visimi vinandi: [[Bull Shoals Lake]], [[Lake Ouachita]], [[Greers Ferry Lake]], [[Millwood Lake]], [[Beaver Lake (Arkansas)|Beaver Lake]], [[Norfork Lake]], [[DeGray Lake]], na [[Lake Conway]].<ref>Smith 1989, p. 25.</ref> ===Flora and fauna=== [[File:White River, Arkansas.jpg|right|thumb|The [[White River (Arkansas)|White River]] in eastern Arkansas]] Nkhalango ya ku Arkansas yili na vigaŵa vitatu: Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, Mississippi Alluvial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the Southeastern USA Plains. Boma ili liri na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Arkansas Valley, Boston Mountains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley Loess Plain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, na South Central Plains. Kafukufuku wa United States Forest Service mu 2010 wakalongora kuti malo ghakukwana mahekitala 7,580,000 gha ku Arkansas ni nkhorongo, panji 56% ya malo ghose gha boma ili. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu nkhorongo ya Arkansas ni Quercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) na Pinus taeda (loblolly pine).<ref>{{cite journal |title= Proceedings of the Symposium on Arkansas Forests: A Conference on the Results of the Recent Forest Survey of Arkansas |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2793 |publisher= [[United States Forest Service]] |date= May 30–31, 1997 |page= 74 |doi=10.2737/SRS-GTR-41 |last1=Guldin |first1=James M. |last2=Technical Compiler |journal=Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-41. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 125 P |volume=041 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Dale |first1= Edward E. Jr. |last2= Ware |first2= Stewart |title= Distribution of Wetland Tree Species in Relation to a Flooding Gradient and Backwater versus Streamside Location in Arkansas, U.S.A |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-torrey-botanical-society_april-june-2004_131_2/page/177 |date= April–June 2004 |journal= Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume= 131 |issue= 2 |pages= 177–186 |doi= 10.2307/4126919 |jstor= 4126919 }}</ref> Vyakumera vya ku Arkansas vikupambana kuyana na nyengo na malo agho vili. Mumphepete mwa phiri ili muli makuni ghanandi agho ghakufuma ku Arkansas m'paka ku Texas. Mu cigaŵa cose ici muli makampani ghakupanga mathabwa na mapepara. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, kuli Taxodium (cypress), Quercus nigra (water oaks), na hickories. Kufupi na malo agha kuli malo ghekha agho kuli makuni gha tulips. Malo gha ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na makuni gha oak na hickory, kweniso makuni gha Ozark white cedar, cornus, na Cercis canadensis. Ku malo ghapachanya gha mu Mlonga wa Arkansas, kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni vyamuthengere, nga ni Physematium scopulinum na Adiantum (maidenhair fern) pa Phiri la Magazine. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Arkansas vikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca viyuni vya white-tailed deer, elk, na bald eagle. Nyama ya White-tailed deer ndiyo ni nyama yakututuŵa ya boma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/animals-of-arkansas/ |title=Animals of Arkansas |date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=animalsaroundtheglobe.com |access-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715130017/https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/animals-of-arkansas/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Climate=== {{see also|Climate of Arkansas}} {{further|Climate change in Arkansas}} [[File:SnowstormPics1-9-2011 (14).jpg|thumb|Winter at [[Historic Washington State Park]] in [[Hempstead County, Arkansas|Hempstead County]]]] Ku Arkansas nyengo njakuthukira comene. Nangauli ku Arkansas kulije mphaka na Gulf of Mexico, kweni uko kuli maji ghakutentha, ndiko kukupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi mu boma ili. Ku Arkansas, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha kweniso ya chithukivu, ndipo nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima. Ku Little Rock, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 34 °C ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 23 °C mu mwezi wa Julayi. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo ya maji yikukwera kufika pa 11°C ndipo nyengo ya maji yikukhira kufika pa 32°C. Ku Siloam Springs kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kutentha kwapakati pa mwezi wa Julayi ndi 89 ndi 67 ° F (32 ndi 19 ° C) ndipo mu Januwale kutentha kwapakati ndi 44 ndi 23 ° F (7 ndi -5 ° C). Chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi mukuwa maji ghakukwana mamilimita 1,000 na 1,500. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli maji ghanandi, ndipo kumpoto kwake kukuwa. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chichoko waka. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Little Rock ndiko kuli viwuvi vyakofya chomene. Ku Arkansas, nyengo yakotcha chomene ni 49 °C pa Ozark pa Ogasiti 10, 1936; nyengo yakotcha chomene ni -29 °F pa Gravette, pa Febuluwale 13, 1905.<ref>{{cite web|title= State Climate Records |url= http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |date= July 23, 2012 |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center |website= State Climate Extremes Committee |access-date= January 4, 2013}}</ref> Ku Arkansas kukucitika vinthu vyakofya comene ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa mphepo. Caka cilicose cikuŵa na mphepo za ŵaleza, vivula vya mphepo, vula ya matalala, na mphepo za ciwuvi. Pakati pa mapiri gha ku Great Plains na Gulf States, ku Arkansas kukuŵavya vula mazuŵa 60. Arkansas wali mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka Tornado Alley, ndipo ntheura mu chigaŵa ichi mukachitika vindindindi vyakofya chomene mu mbiri ya United States. Nangauli Arkansas yili kutali na mphepete mwa nyanja, kweni para kwawa cimphepo cikuru, nyengo zinyake cikuŵa nga ni mphepo ya cimphepo ico cikucitiska kuti kuŵe vula yinandi mu nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo kanandi pakuŵa vindindindi vichoko. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities |- ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| City ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jan ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Feb ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Mar ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Apr ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| May ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jun ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jul ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Aug ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Sep ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Oct ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Nov ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Dec ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Avg |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Fayetteville—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0189 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 44/24<br />(7/-4) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 51/29<br />(10/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 59/38<br />(15/3) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 69/46<br />(20/8) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 76/55<br />(24/13) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 84/64<br />(29/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/69<br />(32/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/67<br />(32/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 81/59<br />(27/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 70/47<br />(21/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 57/37<br />(14/3) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 48/28<br />(9/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/47<br />(20/8) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Jonesboro—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0189 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 45/26<br />(7/-3) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 51/30<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 61/40<br />(16/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 71/49<br />(22/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 80/58<br />(26/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 88/67<br />(31/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/71<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 91/69<br />(33/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 84/61<br />(29/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 74/49<br />(23/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 60/39<br />(15/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 49/30<br />(10/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 71/49<br />(21/9) |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Monthly Averages for Little Rock, AR |publisher= The Weather Channel |url= http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/72201 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 51/31<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 55/35<br />(13/2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/43<br />(18/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/51<br />(23/11) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 81/61<br />(27/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/69<br />(32/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 93/73<br />(34/23) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 93/72<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 86/65<br />(30/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 75/53<br />(24/12) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 63/42<br />(17/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 52/34<br />(11/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/51<br />(23/11) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Texarkana—Texas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USTX1347 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 53/31<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 58/34<br />(15/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 67/42<br />(19/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 75/50<br />(24/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 82/60<br />(28/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 89/68<br />(32/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 93/72<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 93/71<br />(34/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 86/64<br />(30/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 76/52<br />(25/11) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/41<br />(18/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 55/33<br />(13/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 74/52<br />(23/11) |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Monticello, Arkansas|Monticello]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Monticello—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0385 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 52/30<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 58/34<br />(14/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 66/43<br />(19/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 74/49<br />(23/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 82/59<br />(28/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/66<br />(32/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 92/70<br />(34/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 92/68<br />(33/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 86/62<br />(30/17) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 76/50<br />(25/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/41<br />(18/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 55/34<br />(13/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 74/51<br />(23/10) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Fort Smith—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0197 |access-date= May 29, 2013 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 48/27<br />(8/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 54/32<br />(12/0) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/40<br />(17/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 73/49<br />(22/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 80/58<br />(26/14) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 87/67<br />(30/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/71<br />(33/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/70<br />(33/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 84/62<br />(29/17) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 75/50<br />(23/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 61/39<br />(16/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 50/31<br />(10/0) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 72/50<br />(22/10) |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"| Average high °F/average low °F (average high °C/average low°C) |} ===Cities and towns=== {{See also|List of cities and towns in Arkansas|Arkansas metropolitan areas|List of townships in Arkansas}} [[File:Cleveland County Arkansas Courthouse.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)|Cleveland County Courthouse]] in [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]]]] Little Rock ni msumba ukuru wa boma la Arkansas kwambira mu 1821 apo ukasinthira malo gha Arkansas Post kuŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Nyumba ya boma yikasamukira ku Hot Springs ndipo pamasinda yikaluta ku Washington mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa caru ca America apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union ŵakasuzga msumba uwu mu 1862, ndipo boma la boma ili likawelera ku Little Rock yayi mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mazuŵa ghano, Little Rock na North Little Rock ni vigaŵa vikuruvikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu 2013 mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 724,385. Chigawo cha Fayetteville- Springdale -  Rogers Metropolitan ndi chigawo chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri ku Arkansas, chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi komanso kukula kwa University of Arkansas ndi Walmart.<ref>{{cite web |title= Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |date= July 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707055911/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Boma ili lili na misumba 8 iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50,000 (kuyana na census ya mu 2010). Vili mu malo ghakupambanapambana, ni Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, na Rogers. Pa malo agha, Fort Smith na Jonesboro pera ndigho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa mizi yiŵiri yikuru. Mizinda yinyake ya ku Arkansas yikusazgapo: [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]], [[Crossett, Arkansas|Crossett]], [[Bryant, Arkansas|Bryant]], [[Lake Village, Arkansas|Lake Village]], [[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]], [[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]], [[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]], [[Sherwood, Arkansas|Sherwood]], [[Jacksonville, Arkansas|Jacksonville]], [[Russellville, Arkansas|Russellville]], [[Bella Vista, Arkansas|Bella Vista]], [[West Memphis, Arkansas|West Memphis]], [[Paragould, Arkansas|Paragould]], [[Cabot, Arkansas|Cabot]], [[Searcy, Arkansas|Searcy]], [[Van Buren, Arkansas|Van Buren]], [[El Dorado, Arkansas|El Dorado]], [[Blytheville, Arkansas|Blytheville]], [[Harrison, Arkansas|Harrison]], [[Dumas, Arkansas|Dumas]], [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]], [[Warren, Arkansas|Warren]], and [[Mountain Home, Arkansas|Mountain Home]]. {{Largest cities | country = Arkansas | stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/ar|title=Biggest US Cities By Population—Arkansas—2017 Populations|access-date=March 2, 2019|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Arkansas{{!}}County | city_1 = Little Rock, Arkansas{{!}}Little Rock | div_1 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_1 = 198,606 | img_1 = Little Rock.jpg | city_2 = Fort Smith, Arkansas{{!}}Fort Smith | div_2 = Sebastian County, Arkansas{{!}}Sebastian | pop_2 = 88,037 | img_2 = Fort Smith, AR 002.jpg | city_3 = Fayetteville, Arkansas{{!}}Fayetteville | div_3 = Washington County, Arkansas{{!}}Washington | pop_3 = 85,257 | img_3 = Fayetteville, Arkansas skyline featuring University of Arkansas.jpg | city_4 = Springdale, Arkansas{{!}}Springdale | div_4 = Washington County, Arkansas{{!}}Washington | pop_4 = 79,599 | img_4 = | city_5 = Jonesboro, Arkansas{{!}}Jonesboro | div_5 = Craighead County, Arkansas{{!}}Craighead | pop_5 = 75,866 | img_5 = | city_6 = Rogers, Arkansas{{!}}Rogers | div_6 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_6 = 66,430 | img_6 = | city_7 = North Little Rock, Arkansas{{!}}North Little Rock | div_7 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_7 = 65,911 | img_7 = | city_8 = Conway, Arkansas{{!}}Conway | div_8 = Faulkner County, Arkansas{{!}}Faulkner | pop_8 = 65,782 | img_8 = | city_9 = Bentonville, Arkansas{{!}}Bentonville | div_9 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_9 = 49,298 | img_9 = | city_10 = Pine Bluff, Arkansas{{!}}Pine Bluff | div_10 = Jefferson County, Arkansas{{!}}Jefferson | pop_10 = 42,984 | img_10 = | city_11 = Hot Springs, Arkansas{{!}}Hot Springs | div_11 = Garland County, Arkansas{{!}}Garland | pop_11 = 36,915 | img_11 = | city_12 = Benton, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | div_12 = Saline County, Arkansas{{!}}Saline | pop_12 = 35,789 | img_12 = | city_13 = Sherwood, Arkansas{{!}}Sherwood | div_13 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_13 = 31,081 | img_13 = | city_14 = Texarkana, Arkansas{{!}}Texarkana | div_14 = Miller County, Arkansas{{!}}Miller | pop_14 = 30,259 | img_14 = | city_15 = Russellville, Arkansas{{!}}Russellville | div_15 = Pope County, Arkansas{{!}}Pope | pop_15 = 29,318 | img_15 = | city_16 = Jacksonville, Arkansas{{!}}Jacksonville | div_16 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_16 = 28,513 | img_16 = | city_17 = Bella Vista, Arkansas{{!}}Bella Vista | div_17 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_17 = 28,511 | img_17 = | city_18 = Paragould, Arkansas{{!}}Paragould | div_18 = Greene County, Arkansas{{!}}Greene | pop_18 = 28,488 | img_18 = | city_19 = Cabot, Arkansas{{!}}Cabot | div_19 = Lonoke County, Arkansas{{!}}Lonoke | pop_19 = 26,141 | img_19 = | city_20 = West Memphis, Arkansas{{!}}West Memphis | div_20 = Crittenden County, Arkansas{{!}}Crittenden | pop_20 = 24,860 | img_20 = }} == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Arkansas}} ===Population=== {{multiple image |direction = horizontal |width1 = 195 |image1 = Arkansas population map.png |width2 = 200 |image2 = Arkansas, Percent Change in Population by County, 2000 to 2010.png |alt1 = Map of Arkansas, showing density of population by county. |alt2 = Map of Arkansas, with many southern and eastern counties recording population losses with the rest of the state showing moderate gains. Benton and Faulkner counties were the most rapidly growing in population between 2000 and 2010. |footer = Left: Arkansas's population distribution. Red indicates high density in urban areas, green indicates low density in rural areas.{{break}}Right: Map showing population changes by county between 2000 and 2010. Blue indicates population gain, purple indicates population loss, and shade indicates magnitude. }} Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa Julayi 1, 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Arkansas chikaŵa 3,017,804, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwera na 3.49% kufuma pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikachitika mu 2010. Kuyana na census ya ku U.S ya mu 2020, Arkansas yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3,011,524. Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵapo 15,000, kweni mu 1835 ŵakaŵapo 52,240. Mu 1836, boma likati laŵikika, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vyaka khumi. Boma ili likalutilira kukura mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikajumpha, kweni likalutilira kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu 1950 na 1960, ŵakalemba ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo minda yikapangikira na mashini, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kweniso chifukwa chakuti mu boma mukaŵavya vinthu vinyake vyakupambana na ulimi. Mu Arkansas ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso comene, ndipo mu 1980 ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso kufika pa 2 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo vinthu vikusinthira mu Arkansas, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito vikukolerana na umo vinthu viliri mu charu chose. Kweniso ivyo vikulongosoreka vya ŵanthu ŵachoko mu vyaru vinyake vikuyana waka na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America kuluska ku United States. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Perry, pafupi na Nogal.<ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas 2000 Census Population Center |url= http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/COP/ar_links.htm |publisher= NOAA |access-date= July 4, 2012 }}</ref> Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Arkansas kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,459 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> {{US Census population |1810= 1062 |1820= 14273 |1830= 30388 |1840= 97574 |1850= 209897 |1860= 435450 |1870= 484471 |1880= 802525 |1890= 1128211 |1900= 1311564 |1910= 1574449 |1920= 1752204 |1930= 1854482 |1940= 1949387 |1950= 1909511 |1960= 1786272 |1970= 1923295 |1980= 2286435 |1990= 2350725 |2000= 2673400 |2010= 2915918 |2020= 3011524 |align-fn=center |footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref name="Census2010">[https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |date=April 29, 2021 }}</ref> }} ===Race and ethnicity=== Kuyana na kawonekero ka ŵanthu ka mu 2019, ku Arkansas, ŵanthu 72.0% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, 15.4% ŵakaŵa ŵafipa, 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America, 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Hawaii, 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanyake, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa, ndipo 7.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America. Mu chaka cha 2011, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuwaro 80.1% (74.2% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu), 15.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵachifwiti panji Ŵafirika, 0.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵachihebere na Ŵazungu, 1.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, ndipo 1.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America, panji ŵa mtundu uliwose, ŵakaŵapo 6.6 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, 39.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 1 ŵakaŵa ŵachoko.<ref>{{cite news|last=Exner|first=Rich|url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] |- ! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|68.5|%|2||background:gray}} |align=right| {{bartable|73.2|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|14.9|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |align=right| {{bartable|16.2|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} |align=right| {{bartable}} |align=right| {{bartable|8.5|%|2||background:green}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|1.7|%|2||background:purple}} |align=right| {{bartable|2.2|%|2||background:purple}} |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.7|%|2||background:gold}} |align=right| {{bartable|3.4|%|2||background:gold}} |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.5|%|2||background:pink}} |align=right| {{bartable|0.6|%|2||background:pink}} |- | Other |align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:brown}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:brown}} |} [[File:Ethnic Origins in Arkansas.png|thumb|330x330px|Ethnic origins in Arkansas]] [[File:Arkansas counties by race.svg|thumb|187x187px|Map of counties in Arkansas by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list | title = Legend|{{col-start}}{{col-2}} '''Non-Hispanic White''' {{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} {{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}} {{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} {{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} {{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}} {{legend|#410b00|90%+}} {{col-2}} '''Black or African American''' {{legend|#ffe599|40–50%}} {{legend|#ffd966|50–60%}} {{legend|#f1c232|60–70%}} {{col-end}} }}]] {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ '''Arkansas Racial Breakdown of Population''' |- ! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|url-status=dead|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|archivedate=July 25, 2008|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/AR|title=Population of Arkansas—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts—CensusViewer|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=January 6, 2014|archive-date=January 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127074230/http://censusviewer.com/state/AR|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census by Decades|first=US Census|last=Bureau|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] || 82.7% || 80.0% || 77.0% |- | [[African American]] || 15.9% || 15.7% || 15.4% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.2% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.5% || 0.7% || 0.8% |- | [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || 0.1% || 0.2% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.3% || 1.5% || 3.4% |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.3% || 2.0% |} Ŵazungu ŵa ku America ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku mpoto kwa Ozarks na ku chigaŵa chapakati cha boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhala comene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo mbakufuma ku Ireland, England, na Germany ŵakukhala kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ozarks kufupi na mphaka ya Missouri. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ozark ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland, ndipo ŵanji ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Ireland, Scotland, na kumpoto kwa England. Ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Great Britain na Ireland pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Scotland awo ŵakasamira ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵali kufuma ku England ŵakusangika mu chigaŵa chose ichi. Mu 2010, kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ni: 15.5%, ŵa ku Ireland 12.3%, ŵa ku Germany 11.5%, ŵa ku America 11.0%, ŵa ku England 10.1%, ŵa ku Mexico 4.7%, ŵa ku France 2.1%, ŵa ku Scotland 1.7%, ŵa ku Netherlands 1.7%, ŵa ku Italy 1.6%, na ŵa ku Ireland 1.4%. Ŵanandi awo ŵakuti "Ŵamerica" ni ŵa ku England panji ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland. Mbumba zawo zikaŵa mu boma ili kwa nyengo yitali, kanandi zikaŵanga zindaŵeko, ntheura ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe waka ŵa ku America panji ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakafuma. Mphapu yawo yikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa United States, ndipo pa cifukwa ici, ŵanandi mwa iwo lero ŵakuyowoya waka kuti mba ku America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuti mbakufuma ku Ireland, mbakufuma ku Scotland na Ireland.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57 Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu America mu 2006 na 2008, ŵanthu 93.8% ŵa ku Arkansas (awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha vinkhondi) ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi pa nyumba. Pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi pa nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi 0.7% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku India. Pafupifupi 0.8% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ku Asia, ndipo 0.2% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake. ===Religion=== {{bar box |title = Religion in Arkansas (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|Blue|70}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|Grey|18}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|DarkOrchid|8}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|2}} {{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|pink|1}} {{bar percent|Other|grey|1}} }} Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya kumwera, Arkansas nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Vipingo vikuru-vikuru mu 2010 ni Southern Baptist Convention na 661,382; United Methodist Church na 158,574; non-denominational Evangelical Protestants na 129,638; Catholic Church na 122,662; na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints na 31,254. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu boma ili ŵali mu visopa vinyake, nga ni Chisilamu, Chiyuda, Wicca/Paganism, Chihindu, Chibuda, ndipo ŵanyake ŵalije chisopa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State membership Report |publisher=Thearda.com |access-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225650/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2014, Pew Research Center yikati ŵanthu 79 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ku America ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mpingo wa Southern Baptist. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru chomene yayi ku Arkansas. Mu 2014, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Kuzakafika mu 2020, wupu wa Public Religion Research Institute ukati 71% ya ŵanthu wose mu caru ici ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi na ŵa visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa ŵakalutilira kuwusa mu Arkansas. ==Chuma== {{See also|Economy of Arkansas|List of Arkansas companies|Arkansas locations by per capita income}} [[File:Metropolitan Bank Tower.png|right|thumb|upright|The [[Simmons Tower]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] is the state's tallest building.]] Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama yayi, ndipo ku malo ghapachanya kukaŵanga minda ya viŵeto. Mu 2015, GDP ya boma ili yikaŵa $119 biliyoni. Makampani ghankhondi na limoza gha mu Fortune 500 ghali mu Arkansas, kusazgapo Walmart, Tyson Foods, J.B. Maofesi gha Hunt, Dillard's, Murphy USA, na Windstream nagho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2015, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $39,107, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambara 45 mu caru cose. Mu 2011 kufika mu 2015, ndalama izo mbumba zikasanganga zikaŵanga $41,371, ndipo zikaŵanga pa nambala 49 mu caru cose. Vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika mu charu ichi ni nkhuku na mazira, mbuto za soya, sorghum, ng'ombe, thonje, mpunga, nkhumba, na mkaka. Vinthu ivyo vikupangika mu mafakitale ni vyakurya, vinthu vya magesi, visulo, makina, na mapepara. Mu migodi ya ku Arkansas mukufuma gasi, mafuta, malibwe, bromu, na vanadium. Kuyana na CNBC, Arkansas ni boma la 20 pa maboma ghose pa charu chose pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndipo ni lachiŵiri pa maboma ghose pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, la 11 pa nkhani ya ntchito, la 20 pa nkhani ya ndalama, la 28 pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵanthu ŵakusambira, la 31 pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, kweniso la 32 pa nkhani ya malango ghakwendeskera bizinesi. Kufuma mu 2011, boma la Arkansas lili kukwera chomene pa malo 12 pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi. Kuzakafika mu 2014, uwu ukaŵa msumba uwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi. Kufika mu mwezi wa June, 2021 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito chikaŵa pa 4.4%; ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito mu mwezi wa November, 2021 chikaŵa pa 3.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ar.htm|title=Arkansas Economy at a Glance|website=www.bls.gov|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> ===Industry and commerce=== Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikacitikanga ku Arkansas vikaŵa malonda gha vikumba na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima viŵeto vya thonje mu malo ghakufupi na Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ku America, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira nchito zaulimi, kweni ni mulimo wakuzirwa comene mu vyaru ivi. Arkansas ndiyo yikupanga comene mpunga, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na viyuni vya ku Turkey, ndipo yili pa malo ghatatu pa vyakurya vya thonje, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na somba. Ku Arkansas kuli makuni ghanandi, ndipo charu ichi chili pa malo ghachinayi pa charu chose kweniso pa malo ghakwamba ku South pa nkhani ya makuni. Makampani agho ghakupanga vigaŵa vinyake vya galimoto ghakujura mafakitare ku Arkansas kuti ghapange magalimoto mu vigaŵa vinyake. Bauxite kale yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa chomene pa chuma cha boma ili, ndipo yikafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Saline.<ref>{{cite web |first= William V. |last= Bush |title= History of Bauxite in Arkansas |url= http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |publisher= Arkansas Geological Survey |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Flagel |first=Thomas R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH3lmpMbkgC&dq=arkansas+were+dependent+on+slave+labor+during+civil+war&pg=PA21 |title=The History Buff's Guide to the Civil War: The best, the worst, the largest, and the most lethal top ten rankings of the Civil War |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4022-5487-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Selected Economic Characteristics 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher= United States Census Bureau |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |year= 2011 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, ''Poultry—Production and Value, 2010 Summary'', data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008, 2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.</ref><ref name="agcensus">{{cite web |website= Census of Agriculture |title= Arkansas State Profile |publisher= United States Department of Agriculture |url= http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |year= 2007 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first= Matthew H. |last= Pelkki |title= An Economic Assessment of Arkansas's Forest Industries: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century |publisher= University of Arkansas-Monticello School of Forest Resources, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |url= http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120928163327/http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |archive-date= September 28, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="agcensus" /> Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ndiyofunikanso kwambiri pa chuma cha Arkansas; dzina la boma la boma "The Natural State" linalengedwa kuti liwonetsere zokopa alendo m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Boma la Arkansas lili na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako vinthu, ndipo National Park Service yili na malo 7. Nyumba ya William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library iyo yili ku Little Rock yikamara kuzengeka, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza mu tawuni iyi na kuzakasanga malo ghakuguliskirako mabuku mu chigaŵa cha River Market. Mizinda yinandi yikupangaso viphikiro, ivyo vikukopa ŵalendo kuti ŵamanye mitheto ya ku Arkansas, nga ni The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival ku Warren, [[King Biscuit Blues Festival]], [[Ozark Folk Center|Ozark Folk Festival]], [[Toad Suck Daze]], na [[Tontitown, Arkansas|Tontitown Grape Festival]]. ==Mayendelo== {{Main|List of Arkansas railroads|Aviation in Arkansas|Arkansas Highway System}} {{See also|List of Arkansas railroads|List of airports in Arkansas}} [[File:River cruise 2009 27b2.jpg|thumb|The [[Greenville Bridge]] crosses over the [[Mississippi River]] into [[Shives, Arkansas|Shives]].]] Boma la Arkansas ndilo likulaŵilira za mendero mu chigaŵa ichi. Pali misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu Little Rock, kusazgapo Interstate 30 (I-30) na I-40 (msewu wachitatu uwo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo comene mu caru ici). Mu 1924, boma la Arkansas likamba kupanga misewu yinandi. Ku Arkansas kukaŵa misewu yakwamba ya msewu wa Dollarway, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba pa misewu yose ya Interstate Highway System. Boma ili lili na misewu yinandi, kweniso misewu yinyake 8 na misewu yinyake 20 ya ku United States. Nthowa. Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, I-55 yikwenda kumpoto kufuma ku Memphis kuya ku Missouri, na nthowa yiphya ya ku Jonesboro (I-555). Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arkansas kumatumikiridwa ndi gawo la I-49 kuchokera ku Fort Smith mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Bella Vista Bypass. Chigawo cha I-49 panopa chimatsatira njira yomweyi monga gawo lakale la I-540 lomwe linkafikira kumpoto kwa I-40. Boma ili lili na misewu yikuru chomene ya 13 mu charu chose.<ref>{{cite web |title= 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems (1984–2008) |url=http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date= September 2010 |first1= David T. |last1= Hartgen |first2= M. Gregory |last2= Karanam |last3= Fields |first4= Travis A. |last4= Kerscher |publisher= Reason Foundation |page= 46 |type = PDF }}</ref>[[File:MNA 2167.jpg|thumb|The [[Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 4,430, iyo yili na makampeni gha njanji ghakukwana 26, kusazgapo njanji zitatu za Class I. Njanji zakunyamulira katundu zikugwira nchito comene kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas kuti ziwovwire mafakitale mu cigaŵa ici. Sitima ya Texas Eagle, iyo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵa Amtrak, yikwenda pa malo ghankhondi mu chigaŵa cha Walnut Ridge, Little Rock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, na Texarkana. Kweniso Arkansas wakusangirapo candulo cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito milonga yake pa malonda. Mlonga wa Mississippi na wa Arkansas ni milonga yikuru. Gulu la ŵasilikari la United States Army Corps of Engineers likusungilira nthowa ya McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, iyo yikovwira kuti maboti ghamanyenge kwambuka mlonga wa Arkansas kuya ku Port of Catoosa ku Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pali vipatala vinayi vya malonda: Clinton National Airport (kale Little Rock National Airport panji Adams Field), Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport, Fort Smith Regional Airport, na Texarkana Regional Airport, na vipatala vinyake vichoko-vikuru mu boma ili. Ŵalaraŵalara na ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kupendera ŵakwendeska magalimoto mu malo ghakupambanapambana. ==Boma== {{Main|Politics and government of Arkansas}} Nga umo viliri na boma la United States, mazaza gha ndyali mu Arkansas ghali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu: wupu wakulongozga, wupu wa malango, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Ŵalaraŵalara wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Awo ŵakugwira nchito mu ofesi iyi ŵakukhala mu ofesi yiliyose kwa nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo ŵakukhala mu ofesi iyi kwa nyengo yichoko waka.<ref>{{cite web |last1= English |first1= Art |last2= Weberg |first2= Brian |title= Term Limits in the Arkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Responds |year= 2005 |publisher= National Conference of State Legislatures |website= Joint Project on Term Limits |page= 1 |url= http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |access-date= February 3, 2013 |archive-date= June 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142221/http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Executive=== {{Main|Governor of Arkansas}} {{See also|List of governors of Arkansas|Arkansas Cabinet}} Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas ni Sarah Huckabee Sanders, wa ku Republican, uyo wakimikika pa Janyuwale 10, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.stateline.org/weekly/Stateline.org-Weekly-Original-Content-2006-11-06.pdf |title=Winners in '06 Governors races |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728055148/http://archive.stateline.org/weekly/Stateline.org-Weekly-Original-Content-2006-11-06.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwe.arkansas.gov/GenIfo/administration.html |title=Arkansas.gov Administration page for Governor |publisher=Dwe.arkansas.gov |date=March 16, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614164225/http://dwe.arkansas.gov/GenIfo/administration.html |archive-date=June 14, 2006 }}</ref> Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na umoza awo ŵakwimikika na boma ni mulara wa boma, nduna ya boma, loya wa boma, musungichuma, mulaŵiliri wa ndalama, na mulaŵiliri wa vyaru. Kazembe wakwimikaso ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe ghanyake gha boma, makomiti, na maofesi. Ŵabwanamkubwa ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakateŵeteranga kwa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakaŵasazgirako vyaka vinayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere mu maofesi agha ŵakukhala mu maofesi ghaŵiri kwa vyaka vinayi. Ku Arkansas, mulongozgi wa boma wakusankhika mwakupambana na mulongozgi wa boma, ntheura wangaŵa wa chipani chinyake.<ref>{{cite web |title= Office of Lieutenant Governor |url= http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5722 |date= February 28, 2011 |publisher= The Pryor Center |website= Encyclopedia of Arkansas |access-date= January 6, 2013 }}</ref> ===Legislative=== {{Main|Arkansas General Assembly}} Wupu wa Arkansas General Assembly ni wupu wa boma uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Senate na House of Representatives. Nyumba ya Senate yili na mamembara 35 kufuma ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana. Vigaŵa ivi vikusankikaso para kucitika kalembera wa ŵanthu ku United States, ndipo mu vilimika vya mavoti ivyo vikumalira pa "2", wupu wose ukuŵaso na mazaza. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, theka la mipandoyo imadziwika kuti mipando ya zaka ziwiri ndipo imatha kusankhidwa kachiwiri mzaka ziwiri, "zigawozigawozi" siziwerengera malire a nyumba yamalamulo. Ŵanyake wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Ivi vikupangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵengeko pachokopachoko mwakuti hafu ya wupu uwu yikusankhikaso para pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasankha ŵa Republican kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Senate. Ŵabali ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakukhala mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vyaka viŵiri. Nyumba za mu chigaŵa ichi zikugaŵika na boma la Arkansas Board of Apportionment. Mu 2012, maRepublican ghakasanga vigaŵa 51 pa 49 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chipani cha Republican chili na unandi mu Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya boma la Arkansas pamanyuma pa visankho vya mu 2012, ndipo ni chipani chakwamba kufuma mu 1874. Arkansas ndiyo yikaŵa boma laumaliro mu Confederation kuti lileke kuŵa na vipani vya Republican mu nyumba yiliyose kufuma apo nkhondo ya pakati pa vyaru vya America yikambira. Para malango gha boma ghasintha, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu boma ŵalije nkhongono. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵali na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa chakuti ŵamazaza awo ŵakusoleka ŵakusinthana.<ref>{{cite web |last1= English |first1= Art |last2= Weberg |first2= Brian |title= Term Limits in the Arkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Responds |year= 2005 |publisher= National Conference of State Legislatures |website= Joint Project on Term Limits |url= http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |pages= 33–34 |access-date= February 3, 2013 |archive-date= June 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142221/http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Greenberg |first= Dan |url= http://arkansaseconomics.org/policy/050105.html |title= The Dangers of Diluting Term Limits |publisher= Arkansas Policy Center |access-date= February 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Republicans Take Control of Arkansas House, Senate |url= http://5newsonline.com/2012/11/13/republicans-take-control-of-arkansas-house-senate/ |first= Mallory |last= Cooke |date= November 14, 2012 |publisher= [[KFSM-TV]] |access-date= January 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="sen">{{cite web |title= Arkansas Senate flips; first time since Reconstruction |date= November 7, 2012 |publisher= The Courier |url= http://www.couriernews.com/view/full_story/20738303/article-Arkansas-Senate-flips--first-time-since-Reconstruction |access-date= January 8, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.couriernews.com/view/full_story/20738303/article-Arkansas-Senate-flips--first-time-since-Reconstruction |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> ===Judicial=== {{Main|Courts of Arkansas}} Boma la Arkansas lili na makhoti ghankhondi: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts na City Courts. Milandu yinandi yikwamba mu khoti la ku chigaŵa, ilo likugaŵikana mu makhoti gha ku chigaŵa na makhoti gha ku chigaŵa. Makhoti gha chigaŵa gha boma ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa chose pa chigaŵa icho chapangika na General Assembly, ndipo makhoti gha chigaŵa ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa ichi na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya nyengo yichoko. Pali makhoti 28 gha Circuit Court, ndipo makhoti ghose ghali na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Khoti Likuru ku Arkansas ndilo likusankha malo agho khoti ili likwenera kuzenga mulandu, ndipo palije mwaŵi wakuti khoti ili lichite apilu ku khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru Chomene la ku Arkansas lingawonaso milandu ya ku Court of Appeals para pali munthu yumoza uyo wali mu mulandu, para Court of Appeals ndiyo yapempha, panji usange khoti likuru la ku Arkansas likuwona kuti likwenera kupika mulandu uwu. Ŵeruzgi 12 ŵa khoti la apilu la Arkansas ŵakusoleka kufuma mu vigaŵa vyawo kuti ŵeruzgenge kwa vyaka 6. Khoti Likuru Chomene la Arkansas ni khoti laumaliro mu boma ili, ndipo lili na ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakwimikika kwa vyaka 8. Khoti ili likakhazikiskika mu 1836 na dango la boma la Arkansas. ===Federal=== Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵali mu wupu wa United States, [[John Boozman]] na [[Tom Cotton]], ni Ŵarepabulikani. Boma ili lili na mipando yinayi mu U.S. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Vipando vyose vinayi vya mu wupu wa Republican: [[Rick Crawford (politician)|Rick Crawford]] ([[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|1st district]]), [[French Hill (politician)|French Hill]] ([[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]]), [[Steve Womack]] ([[Arkansas's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]]), na [[Bruce Westerman]] ([[Arkansas's 4th congressional district|4th district]]).<ref name="sw">{{cite web |title= New Arkansas Rep. Cotton Draws Spotlight; 113th Congress Sworn In |url= http://swtimes.com/sections/news/politics/new-arkansas-rep-cotton-draws-spotlight-113th-congress-sworn.html |date= January 4, 2013 |last= Urban |first= Peter |publisher= [[Southwest Times Record|The Times-Record]] |access-date= January 6, 2013 |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082706/http://swtimes.com/sections/news/politics/new-arkansas-rep-cotton-draws-spotlight-113th-congress-sworn.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Politics=== {{Main|Politics and government of Arkansas}} {| class=wikitable floatright" ! colspan = 6 | Party registration as of June 2, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=VR Statistics Report for June 2021|access-date=June 9, 2021 |url=https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/uploads/VR_Statistics_Report_for_June_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/uploads/VR_Statistics_Report_for_June_2021.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Total voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Independent politician}} | [[Independent voter|Nonpartisan]] | align=center | 1,552,641 | align=center | 87.93% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (US)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | align=center | 123,726 | align=center | 7.01% |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (US)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | align=center | 88,508 | align=center | 5.01% |- | {{party color cell|Other parties (US)}} |[[List of political parties in the United States|Other]] | align=center | 806 | align=center | 0.05% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! align=center | 1,765,681 ! align=center | 100.00% |} [[File:William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, Arkansas (exterior view - 2007).jpg|thumb|The [[Clinton Presidential Center]] in Little Rock]] Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas, Bill Clinton, wakayowoya nkhani yitali pa ungano wa chipani cha Democratic National Convention mu 1988, ndipo wakakhozgera Michael Dukakis. Ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo wakayowoya vikaŵa vyakofya ku ivyo wakakhumbanga. Clinton wakati nkhani iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga waka maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera". Mu 1992, wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Wakayowoya kuti ni "Mdemokratiki Muphya" ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito George H. W. Mu 1992, Clinton wakathereska mavoti 43.0 pa 100 gha mavoti gha Bush 37.5 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma Ross Perot 18.9 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma. Ŵakaŵa na nkhongono chomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma ili, chomenechomene ku Fort Smith na Bentonville, kweniso kumpoto kwa Central Arkansas kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Mountain Home. Mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Republican ŵakasanga mavoti 90 pa 100 panji kujumpha apa, apo awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Democratic ŵakasanga mavoti ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa chaka cha 2010, ŵasilikari ŵa Republican ŵakalutilira kuthandazgikira kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵademocrat ŵakukhala ku Little Rock, Mississippi Delta, Pine Bluff, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Louisiana. Ku Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵali kuvota ku U.S. Wupu wa Senate kufuma pa Reconstruction: Tim Hutchinson, uyo wakathereskeka na Mark Pryor; John Boozman, uyo wakathereska Blanche Lincoln; na Tom Cotton, uyo wakathereska Pryor mu 2014. Pambere chaka cha 2013 chindafike, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵavya mazaza gha chipani cha Republican, chifukwa chipani cha GOP chikaŵa na mipando 51 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya chigaŵa ichi ndipo chikaŵa na mipando 21 (pa mipando 35) mu Nyumba ya Senate ya chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghatatu agho ghakatumizga ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa chipani cha Democratic ku United States. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Florida na Virginia. Mu 2010, ŵa Republican ŵakathereska mipando yitatu pa mipando yinayi ya ku United States. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu 2012, ŵakasora ŵanthu wose ŵanayi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana pa vyaru vyose vya U.S. Wupu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ukapangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo (Rick Crawford, Army; Tim Griffin, Army Reserve; Steve Womack, Army National Guard; Tom Cotton, Army). Apo Pryor wakathereskeka mu 2014, gulu lose la mavoti likaŵa mu mawoko gha chipani cha Republican, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo vinthu vikasinthira. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga visambizgo vya Cikhristu. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pakuti Khoti Likuru Chomene ladumura mulandu wa Dobbs v. Wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanakazi wa Jackson, ku Arkansas, ukaŵa yumoza wa vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivyo vikukanizga kubaba. Kuyana na dango la boma la Arkansas, munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kugwira nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasora boma ili ŵakakanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera mu 2004, ndipo 75% ŵakakolerana nayo, nangauli dango ili likagwira ntchito yayi kufuma apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumulira mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges. Mu Arkansas ŵakulutilira kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa. Nthowa zinyake izo ŵakutolera kuti ŵamukome ni mpando wa magesi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution | title=Methods of Execution }}</ref> ===Military=== Chipatala cha Strategic Air Command ku Little Rock Air Force Base chikaŵa chimoza mwa vipatala 18 vya 308th Strategic Missile Wing (308th SMW), ndipo chimoza mwa vipatala 9 vya 374th Strategic Missile Squadron (374th SMS). Gulu la asilikari ili ndilo likagwiranga nchito ya Launch Complex 374 ⁇ 7, uko mu 1980 kukawa bomba la Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) ku Damascus, Arkansas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety|last=Schlosser|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Schlosser|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1594202278|pages=[https://archive.org/details/commandcontrol00eric/page/ Title]|url=https://archive.org/details/commandcontrol00eric/page/}}</ref> ===Taxation=== Dipatimenti ya Arkansas ya Vyachuma na ya Vyakupwelelera Boma ndiyo yikusonkheska misonkho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/|title=Department of Finance and Administration|website=Dfa.arkansas.gov|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> ==Umoyo== {{See also|List of hospitals in Arkansas}} [[File:UAMSmedcenter.JPG|thumb|[[UAMS Medical Center]], Little Rock]] Kuyana na 2012, Arkansas, nga ni vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa United States, wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa mwamabuchi, awo ŵakufwa na nthenda ya mtima, kweniso awo ŵakufwa chifukwa cha ntchito. Boma ili lili pa malo gha nambara 43 pamoza na New York pa ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakucita maseŵero mwakukhazikika. Kanandi boma la Arkansas ndilo likuŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura umoyo uwemi chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakututuŵa chomene, awo ŵakukhweŵa hona, na awo ŵakukhala waka, kweni kuyana na kafukufuku wa Gallup, boma la Arkansas ndilo likachita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi mu Arkansas chikakhira kufuma pa 22.5 mu 2013 kufika pa 12.4 mu Ogasiti 2014. Mu 2006, boma la Arkansas likakanizga ŵanthu kusumba hona mu nyumba zawo, kweni mu malo ghanyake yayi. Mu Arkansas, chipatala chilichose icho chili mu gulu la chipatala cha Arkansas Hospital Association ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuŵa na maofesi ghakupambanapambana ni Baptist Health, Community Health Systems, na HealthSouth. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ya Medical Sciences (UAMS) ku Little Rock yili na UAMS Medical Center, chipatala icho chikusambizga vya kansa na nthenda ya misipa. Dipatimenti ya vya ŵana ya UAMS Medical Center yikumanyikwa kuti Arkansas Children's Hospital, ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene pa nkhani ya nthenda ya mtima na opareshoni ya mtima. Vipatala viŵiri ivi ni vyekha ivyo vili na malo ghakuponerako ŵalwari.<ref>{{cite web |title= Designated Trauma Centers |url= http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programsServices/injuryPreventionControl/TraumaticSystems/Pages/DesignatedTraumaCenters.aspx |date= December 17, 2012 |publisher= Arkansas Department of Health |access-date= January 21, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211165823/http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programsServices/injuryPreventionControl/TraumaticSystems/Pages/DesignatedTraumaCenters.aspx |archive-date= February 11, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas Children's Hospital |url= http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ar/arkansas-children%27s-hospital-6710340 |publisher= U.S. News & World Report |website= Health & Hospitals |access-date= January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences |url= http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ar/uams-medical-center-6710440 |publisher= U.S. News & World Report |website= Health & Hospitals |access-date= January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas Smoking Ban |date= July 22, 2006 |url= http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Arkansas-Smoking-Ban/v0FkUVtPPUeQz0oXGgskjQ.cspx |publisher= [[KLRT-TV]] |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130517165120/http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Arkansas-Smoking-Ban/v0FkUVtPPUeQz0oXGgskjQ.cspx |archive-date= May 17, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Reid|title=Arkansas is the Best State in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/08/arkansas-is-the-best-state-in-america|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="health" /><ref name="health">{{cite web |title= Arkansas |website= America's Health Rankings |year= 2012 |url= http://www.americashealthrankings.org/AR/2012 |publisher= United Health Foundation |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-date= January 30, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130120851/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/AR/2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Physical exercise (most recent) by state |website= Health Statistics |url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise |archive-date= May 13, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Masambiro== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in Arkansas|List of high schools in Arkansas|List of school districts in Arkansas}} Ku Arkansas kuli vipatala vyakukwana 1,064 ivyo vikusanga ndalama kufuma ku boma, kweniso masukulu gha pulayimale, gha junior na gha sekondare. Boma likugwiliska nchito yunivesite na makoleji gha boma, kusazgapo yunivesite ziŵiri zikuruzikuru: Arkansas State University System na University of Arkansas System. Yunivesite ya Arkansas, iyo yili ku Fayetteville, yikaŵa pa malo gha 63 pa masukulu gha boma mu charu chose cha United States. News & World Report. Maunivesite ghanyake ni University of Arkansas ku Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, na University of Central Arkansas. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli makoleji na mayunivesite ghakukwana 11, kusazgapo Hendrix College, limoza mwa makoleji 100 gha maluso agho ghakusangika mu charu ichi. News & World Report. Mu ma 1920, boma likalangura kuti ŵana wose ŵanjire sukulu za boma. Chaka cha sukulu chikaŵa na mazuŵa 131, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵavya mazuŵa agha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holley|first1=Marc J|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=Page}}</ref> Ku Arkansas, ŵana ŵa sukulu 20,083 ŵali kukomeka pa sukulu ya boma, kuyana na ivyo boma likayowoya mu 2011-12. Ciŵerengero ca ŵana awo ŵakutambuzgika mu masukulu gha boma cikuluska mu Mississippi pera.<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=http://corpun.com/counuss.htm |title= Corporal punishment in US schools |publisher=World Corporal Punishment Research | last = Farrell | first = Colin | date=February 2016|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> ===Educational attainment=== Arkansas ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira comene. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na digiri ya ku sekondare panji ya ku koleji, caru ici cili pa malo ghaumaliro. Boma ili likutondeka kupeleka ndalama zakukwana ku sukulu, malipiro gha ŵasambizgi ngakudokeka, kweniso ndyali zikunjilirapo pa masambiro. Malipoti ghakukhwaskana na masambiro mu nyengo yakale ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana ndipo ghakaŵa ghakugomezgeka yayi. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma ghakapelekanga lipoti lose yayi kwa nduna ya boma, iyo yikaŵanga nga ni mulara wa masukulu gha boma. Kweni ciŵerengero ca ŵazungu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 20 awo ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba cikaŵa: :1840, 21% :1850, 25% :1860, 17%<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=7}}</ref> Mu 2010, ŵana ŵa sukulu ku Arkansas ŵakalemba 20.3 pa mayeso gha ACT, ndipo pa charu chose ŵakalemba 21. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa unandi wa ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalemba mayeso kufuma apo ŵakambiskira sukulu ya Academic Challenge. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakumanyikwa na U.S. Nkhani & World Report zikupharazgika mu chigaŵa chose, kusazgapo Haas Hall Academy mu Fayetteville, KIPP Delta Collegiate mu Helena-West Helena, Bentonville, Rogers, Rogers Heritage, Valley Springs, Searcy, na McCrory. Sukulu zose za ku Arkansas zikaŵa 81 ndipo zikaŵa pa malo ghakwamba. Lipoti la mu 2012 la News & World.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Arkansas High Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/arkansas/rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |year=2012 |access-date=September 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830033733/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/arkansas/rankings |archive-date=August 30, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:OldMainUofA.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Old Main (University of Arkansas)|Old Main]], part of the [[University of Arkansas Campus Historic District|Campus Historic District]] at the [[University of Arkansas]] in Fayetteville]] Arkansas wali pa malo gha 32 pa malo gha Morgan Quitno Smartest State Award, 44 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na diploma ya high school, na 48 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na degree ya bachelor's degree.<ref>{{cite web | title = 2006–2007 Smartest State Award | publisher = Morgan Quitno Press | url = http://www.morganquitno.com/edrank.htm | access-date = September 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Educational Attainment, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |year= 2010 |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1501&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212212928/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1501&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |website= 2010 United States Census |access-date= September 3, 2012 }}</ref> Boma la Arkansas lacita makora comene pa nkhani ya kusintha masambiro. Mlungu wa Masambililo walumba boma ili, likukhala pa malo 10 pachanya pa Quality Counts Education Rankings chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2009 apo likukhala pa malo 5 pachanya mu 2012 na 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2009/17src.h28.html|title=Quality Counts 2009—State Report Cards—Education Week|website=edweek.org|date=January 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edweek.org/media/qualitycounts2012_release.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.edweek.org/media/qualitycounts2012_release.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Quality counts |date=2012 |website=edweek.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.edweek.org/media/QualityCounts2013_Release.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.edweek.org/media/QualityCounts2013_Release.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Qua;ity counts |date=2013 |newspaper=Education Week }}</ref> Boma la Arkansas likapokera A pa nkhani ya kusintha vinthu na kulondezga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya sukulu za ŵana ŵachoko, masambiro gha ku koleji, na ntchito. Kazembe Mike Beebe wakuyezgayezga kuti waŵike ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti masambiro ghaŵeko ghawemi. Boma ili ndilo likwamba kusintha masukulu kuti ghaŵe na masukulu ghakukonkhera ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵalute ku masukulu gha sekondare, ndipo likutumbika ŵasambizgi awo ŵakufiska makora masambiro ghawo, kweniso likutumbika ŵalongozgi ŵa masukulu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu masukulu gha pasi pa sekondare.<ref>{{cite web |title= The states with the best and worst schools |date= January 30, 2013 |url= http://homes.yahoo.com/news/where-the-best-and-worst-schools-are-021737613.html |publisher= Yahoo |last1= Sauter |first1= Michael |last2= Weigley |first2= Samuel |access-date= February 1, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130202160339/http://homes.yahoo.com/news/where-the-best-and-worst-schools-are-021737613.html |archive-date= February 2, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Funding=== Nga ni umo vyaru vikapangikira, ndipo pamasinda mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha kuŵa boma, masambiro ghakaŵanga na ndalama izo zikafumanga ku malonda gha malo gha boma agho ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakukwana yayi ndipo yikaŵanga yakusuzga kupokera vimbundi. Mu 1854, Kazembe Elias N. Conway wakati, "Tili na dango la masukulu ghakukolerana, ilo likukhumba kuti tisange masukulu ghakukolerana mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma; kweni pakuti kulije ndalama zakukwana, masukulu ghachoko waka ghakugwira nchito mwakuyana na dango ili". Pa nyengo iyo, pa ŵana 100, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵanayi ndiyo wakaŵa pa sukulu. Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, boma likaŵa na masukulu 25 pera gha ŵanthu wose. Mu 1867, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakaŵa ŵa Confederate. Likapeleka dango la masukulu agho ghakazomerezganga kuti masukulu gha ŵanthu wose ghaŵe gha ŵazungu pera. Mu 1868, wupu wa malango ukakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Confederate kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari, ndipo ukapeleka dango likuru chomene ilo likalongosoranga vya ndalama na vinthu vinyake, na kuzomerezga ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵalute ku sukulu. Kuti ivi vicitike, mu 1868 boma likapeleka dango lakuti munthu waliyose wapelekenge msonkho wa ndalama zakwendeskera masukulu. Mu 1868, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulongozga masukulu gha mu County. Mu 2014, boma la Arkansas likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $9,616 pa msambiri waliyose, pakuyaniska na ndalama zakukwana $11,000 izo boma la Arkansas likagwiliskiranga nchito pa sukulu zose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education Spending Per Student by State|date=February 9, 2012|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/education-data/state-education-spending-per-pupil-data.html|publisher=Governing|access-date=August 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=8}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=3}}</ref> ===Timeline=== * 1829 Territorial legislature permits townships to establish schools<ref name="auto1"/> * 1868 State law requires racial segregation of schools * 1871 [[University of Arkansas]] established * 1873 [[University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff]] established as a school to train black teachers * 1877 [[Philander Smith College]] established as a school for black students * 1890 [[Henderson State University]] established (as a private school, becoming Henderson ''State'' Teachers ''College'' in 1929) * 1885 [[Arkansas School for the Deaf]] and [[Arkansas School for the Blind]] established * 1909 [[Arkansas Tech University]], [[Southern Arkansas University]], [[University of Arkansas at Monticello]] and [[Arkansas State University]] established as schools offering high school diplomas and vocational training * {{circa|1920}} Schooling made compulsory<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Holley |first1=Marc J |title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2164 |access-date=August 27, 2017 |website=Education Reform |publisher=University of Arkansas}}</ref> * 1925 [[University of Central Arkansas]] established (as Arkansas State Normal School) * 1948 [[University of Arkansas School of Law]] admits a black student * 1957 Governor [[Orval Faubus]] uses National Guard troops to oppose racial integration of [[Little Rock Central High School]] * 1958 United States Supreme Court [[Cooper v. Aaron|overrules]] the governor * 1983 [[Arkansas State Supreme Court]] rules that the state's funding of education is Constitutionally deficient<ref name="auto"/> ==Media== Mu 2010, manyuzipepara gha ku Arkansas ghakaŵa gha WEHCO Media, Lancaster Management, Paxton Media Group, Rust Communications, Stephens Media, na GateHouse Media.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2191 |title= Mass Media |author=C. Dennis Schick |publisher= Central Arkansas Library System |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia of Arkansas]] |access-date= March 24, 2017 }}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Arkansas}} [[File:Van Buren Confederate Monument 001.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Van Buren Confederate Monument]] at the [[Crawford County, Arkansas|Crawford County]] Courthouse in [[Van Buren, Arkansas]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, na viphikiro vyawo. Maseŵero nagho ngakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu aŵa, kusazgapo bola, baseball, basketball, kuvina, na ulovi. Cinthu cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene mu cikaya ca ku Arkansas nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya ici mbanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri. Zina ili likamba kumanyikwa apo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni mapopa ghakofya agho mukaŵa vigeŵenga na ŵankhungu. Chinthu chinyake icho chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi ni buku la The Arkansas Traveller, ilo likulongosora nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840. Nangauli mazgu agha ghakayowoyanga vya ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵanthu ŵakavu ŵa ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Arkansas, kweni ghakazgoka waka mazgu gha munthu wa ku mpoto uyo wali mu mapiri gha Ozarks pa hachi lituŵa. Boma ili likusuzgikaso cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu uko kukacitikanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Confederate, ndipo vinthu vyapadera nga ni ivyo vikacitika ku Little Rock vikawovwira kuti zina la Arkansas liŵe likuru. Mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale muli vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵalendo ŵakukondwa navyo. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 604,000 ŵakaluta ku Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art ku Bentonville. Mu nyumba iyi muli nthowa zakwenda na malo ghakusambizgirapo, kweniso muli vinthu vyakujumpha 450 ivyo vikulongora luso la ku America lwa vyaka 500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mzinda wa Arkansas uli na malo ghanandi agho ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale. Ghanyake mwa malo agha ni Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park na Davidsonville Historic State Park. Mu Arkansas muli nyimbo zakupambanapambana za ŵanthu ŵa ku West Memphis, Pine Bluff, Helena ⁇ West Helena, rockabilly, bluegrass, na nyimbo za ku Ozarks. Vyakukondwelera nga ni King Biscuit Blues Festival na Bikes, Blues, na BBQ vikulumba mbiri ya blues mu boma ili. Ozark Folk Festival ku Mountain View ndi chikondwerero cha chikhalidwe cha Ozark ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi oimba a folk ndi bluegrass. Mabuku gha ku Arkansas nga ni I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings gha Maya Angelou na A Painted House gha John Grisham ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga mu nyengo zakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite web |title=600K visitors later, Crystal Bridges turns 1 |last=Bartels |first=Chuck |url=http://www.newsok.com/article/feed/461683 |date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |publisher=News Ok }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Sutherlin 1996, p. 17.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Crystal Bridges art museum is reshaping Wal-Mart's hometown |last= Reynolds |first= Chris |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/la-tr-arkansas-20121014,0,3925043.story?page=2 |date= October 14, 2012 |access-date= November 18, 2012 }}</ref><ref>Sutherlin 1996, p. 20.</ref><ref>Blevins 2009, p. 30.</ref><ref>Arnold et al. 2002, p. 115.</ref><ref>Blevins 2009, p. 15.</ref> ===Sports and recreation=== [[File:Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge Crittenden County AR 052.jpg|thumb|The flooded, forested [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)#Lowland|bottomlands]] of east Arkansas attract wintering waterfowl.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero, ndipo ŵakukondwa kuŵapo pa maseŵero ghakupambanapambana na kuwona ivyo vikucitika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha pa timu, comenecomene maseŵero gha pa koleji. Mpira wa pa koleji ku Arkansas ukayamba mu 1894. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakuwona kuti timu ya Arkansas Razorbacks ndiyo yikulongora kuti boma ili ndakuzirwa. Nangauli Yunivesite ya Arkansas yili ku Fayetteville, kweni timu ya Razorbacks yikaseŵereskanga kamoza pa nyengo yiliyose pa War Memorial Stadium ku Little Rock kuti yikondweske ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas. Arkansas State University ndiyo yikaŵa timu yaciŵiri ya NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Division I-A) mu boma ili mu 1992 pamanyuma pakuseŵera mu vigaŵa vya pasi kwa vilimika pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri. Masukulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandachitepo maseŵero agha chifukwa cha dango la Yunivesite ya Arkansas lakuti ŵaleke kuseŵera maseŵero gha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Yunivesite ya Arkansas ghakaŵa mu gulu la I. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Pine Bluff ndi membala wa Southwestern Athletic Conference, ligi yomwe mamembala ake onse amasewera mpira mu Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Little Rock, iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Little Rock, yikamba kuseŵera mu Sun Belt Conference, ndipo yikamba kuseŵera mu Ohio Valley Conference mu 2022. Wina wa chigawo I membala wa boma ndi University of Central Arkansas (UCA), amene anagwirizana ndi ASUN Conference mu 2021 atachoka ku FCS Southland Conference. Chifukwa chakuti ASUN sikukonzekera kuyamba mpikisano wa mpira wa FCS mpaka chaka cha 2022, mpira wa UCA ukuchita mpikisano ku Western Athletic Conference ngati gawo la mgwirizano wapakati pa masewera awiriwa. Ma koleji ghanayi gha ku Arkansas ghakwimba mu NCAA Division II, ghanayi mu Great American Conference ndipo limoza mu Lone Star Conference. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Arkansas ghakuseŵera mu NCAA Division III, uko masukulu gha maseŵero ghakukanizgika. Maseŵero gha mpira mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ghakamba kutchuka ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Maseŵero gha baseball ghakaŵako ku Arkansas ndipo ghakatemwekanga chomene pambere charu ichi chindambe kuchitiska maseŵero gha baseball ku Hot Springs kwambira mu 1886 m'paka m'ma 1920. Timu ziŵiri za ku Little League zili mu chigaŵa ichi. Gulu la Arkansas Travelers likusewera ku Dickey  ⁇  Stephens Park ku North Little Rock, ndipo Northwest Arkansas Naturals ikusewera ku Arvest Ballpark ku Springdale. Timu yiliyose yikupambana mu Double-A Central. Ŵalwani ŵakulutilira kupenja nyama mu caru ici. Mu 1915, boma la Arkansas likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya somba na nyama. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Arkansas ŵakutemwa kupenja nkhunda mu mlonga wa Mississippi, kweniso mbaŵala mu chigaŵa chose.<ref name="Sutherlin 1996, p. 164">Sutherlin 1996, p. 164.</ref> Wupu wa Ducks Unlimited ukati msumba wa Stuttgart, ku Arkansas, "ni malo ghakupambanapambana pa caru cose". Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kupenja vilwero na mauta ŵali na malo ghakukwana mahekitala ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa chomene kukoma somba, ndipo boma la Arkansas nalo likovwirika chifukwa cha kuzenga madamu ghanandi mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakamba kupenja nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire unenesko wa mu Baibolo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵacekuru, nga ni Bull Shoals, Hot Springs Village, na Fairfield Bay, ŵakukondwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵali pafupi na nyanja ya somba. Wupu wa National Park Service ukasungilira Mlonga wa Buffalo National River kuti uleke kunangika, ndipo ŵalovi ŵakuluta kukawuwona chaka chilichose. ==Attractions== [[File:Blanchard Springs II.jpg|thumb|[[Blanchard Springs Caverns]] ku [[Stone County, Arkansas|Stone County]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli malo ghanandi agho ghakusungika na National Park System. Zina mwa izo ni izi:<ref name="ArkNPS">{{cite web |title=Arkansas |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 15, 2008 |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614153102/http://www.nps.gov/state/ar/ |archive-date=June 14, 2008}}</ref> * [[Arkansas Post National Memorial]] at [[Gillett, Arkansas|Gillett]] * [[Blanchard Springs Caverns]] * [[Buffalo National River]] * [[Fort Smith National Historic Site]] * [[Hot Springs National Park]] * [[Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site]] * [[Pea Ridge National Military Park]] * [[President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site]] * [[Arkansas State Capitol Building]] * [[List of Arkansas state parks]] ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Arkansas-related articles]] * [[Outline of Arkansas]] * [[Spanish Empire]] * [[History of Louisiana]] * [[USS Arkansas|USS ''Arkansas'']], 5 ships * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Arkansas}}</small>''''' * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|United States}}</small>''''' ==Vyakulemba== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * {{cite journal | last1= Arnold | first1= Morris S | title= The Significance of the Arkansas Colonial Experience | pages= 69–82 |volume= 51 |date= Spring 1992 |journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly| issue= 1 | doi= 10.2307/40038202 | jstor= 40038202 }} * {{cite book | last4= Whayne | first4= Jeannie M | last2= DeBlack | first2= Thomas A | last3= Sabo III | first3= George | last1= Arnold | first1= Morris S. | title= Arkansas: A narrative history | edition= 1st | year= 2002 | publisher= The University of Arkansas Press | location= Fayetteville, AR | isbn= 978-1-55728-724-3 | oclc= 49029558 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/arkansasnarrativ0000unse }} * {{Cite book |last=Blevins |first= Brooks |title= Arkansas/Arkansaw, How Bear Hunters, Hillbillies & Good Ol' Boys Defined a State |url=https://archive.org/details/arkansasarkansaw0000blev |location= Fayetteville, AR |year= 2009 | publisher= [[University of Arkansas Press]] | isbn= 978-1-55728-952-0 }} * {{cite journal |last= Bolton |first= S. Charles |title= Slavery and the Defining of Arkansas |journal= The Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Spring 1999 |volume= 58 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–23 |doi= 10.2307/40026271 |jstor= 40026271 }} * {{cite book |last= Fletcher |first= John Gould |title= Arkansas |year= 1989 |volume= 2 |editor-last = Carpenter |editor-first= Lucas |publisher= University of Arkansas Press |location= Fayetteville, AR | isbn = 978-1-55728-040-4 |oclc= 555740849}} * {{cite journal |last= Johnson |first= William R. |title= Prelude to the Missouri Compromise: A New York Congressman's Effort to Exclude Slavery from Arkansas Territory | journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 24 |date= Spring 1965 |issue= 1 |pages= 47–66|doi= 10.2307/40023964 |jstor= 40023964 }} * {{cite journal |title= Arkansas Statehood: A Study in State and National Political Schism |first= Jack B | last = Scroggs |pages= 227–244 |volume= 20 |date= Autumn 1961 | journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly|issue= 3 |doi= 10.2307/40038048 |jstor= 40038048 }} * {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Richard M. |title= The Atlas of Arkansas |url= https://archive.org/details/atlasofarkansas0000unse |publisher= The University of Arkansas Press |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-1557280473}} * {{Cite journal |title= Arkansas Territorial Indian Affairs |first= Lonnie J. |last= White |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 21 |date= Autumn 1962 |issue= 3 |pages= 193–212 |doi= 10.2307/40018929 |jstor= 40018929 }} * {{Cite book |title= The Arkansas Handbook |url= https://archive.org/details/arkansashandbook0000suth |last= Sutherlin |first= Diann |year= 1996 | edition= 2nd | publisher = Fly By Night Press |location= Little Rock, Arkansas |isbn= 978-0-932531-03-2 |lccn= 95-90761}} * {{Cite book | title= The WPA Guide to 1930s Arkansas | year= 1987 | edition= 1st paperback | series = [[Federal Writers' Project]] |publisher= University Press of Kansas |location= [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence, KS]] | orig-year = 1941 | isbn =978-0700603411 |lccn= 87-81307}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin|30em}} * Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth ''Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule?'' (2005) * Deblack, Thomas A. ''With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874'' (2003) * Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. ''The Governors of Arkansas'' (1981) * Dougan, Michael B. ''Confederate Arkansas'' (1982), * Duvall, Leland. ed., ''Arkansas: Colony and State'' (1973) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=dvMZ_YNpYrYC&dq=peter+joseph+hamilton+reconstruction+period&pg=PP16 Hamilton, Peter Joseph. ''The Reconstruction Period''] (1906), full length history of era; [[Dunning School]] approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas * Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. ''Historical Atlas of Arkansas'' (1992) * Key, V. O. ''Southern Politics'' (1949) * Kirk, John A., ''Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970'' (2002). * McMath, Sidney S. ''Promises Kept'' (2003) * Moore, Waddy W. ed., ''Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874–1900'' (1976). * Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States'' (1974). * Thompson, Brock. ''The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South'' (2010) * Thompson, George H. ''Arkansas and Reconstruction'' (1976) * Whayne, Jeannie M. ''Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives'' (2000) * White, Lonnie J. ''Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836'' (1964) * Williams, C. Fred. ed. ''A Documentary History Of Arkansas'' (2005) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Arkansas|Arkansas|n=Category:Arkansas}} * [http://www.arkansas.gov/ Arkansas.gov]—Official State Website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212729/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=05&StateName=Arkansas#.U8FpBLH-ItU Arkansas State Facts from USDA] * [http://www.arkansas.com Official State tourism website] * [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ ''Encyclopedia of Arkansas''] * [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AR Energy & Environmental Data for Arkansas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110104031416/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html U.S. Census Bureau] * [http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Arkansas/2kh05.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Arkansas], [[U.S. Census Bureau]] * [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AR USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728123638/http://www.summercampsus.com/arkansas-summer-camps/ Arkansas Summer Camps] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201219003526/https://www.arkshakes.com/ Arkansas Shakespeare Theatre] * {{Ballotpedia|Arkansas|Arkansas}} * {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Arkansas}} * {{OSM relation|161646}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013051630/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/data/ar_code.asp Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075409/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Arkansas Arkansas State Databases]—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arkansas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. {{break}}<!--to put visual space between the last information and the following template if needed--> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Missouri]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Admitted on June 15, 1836 (25th)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Michigan]]}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Arkansas</span>{{break}}''The Natural State'' |list = {{Arkansas|expanded}} {{Protected areas of Arkansas}} {{Southern United States}} {{New France}} {{New Spain}} {{Confederate States political divisions}} {{United States political divisions}} |state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|35|-92|dim:300000_region:US-AR_type:adm1st|name=State of Arkansas|display=title}} [[Category:Arkansas| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1836 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:South Central United States]] [[Category:Southern United States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1836]] [[Category:States of the Confederate States of America]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] dzrzczlnj591lzuk5a16axjm7rt67ni 0 7256 122503 112094 2026-09-28T00:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|U.S. state}} {{For-multi|the river|Colorado River|the physiographic region|Colorado Plateau|other uses}} {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = <!-- State of Colorado --> | name = Colorado | image_flag = Flag of Colorado.svg | flag_link = Flag of Colorado | image_seal = Seal of Colorado.svg | image_map = Colorado in United States.svg | nickname = [[List of U.S. state nicknames|The Centennial State]] | motto = ''[[Nil sine numine]]''<br/>{{small|(English: Nothing without providence)}} | anthem = ''[[Where the Columbines Grow]]'' &<br>''[[Rocky Mountain High]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.colorado.gov/collections/symbols-emblems|title=State Songs|publisher=Colorado State Archives|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref> | Former = [[Territory of Colorado]]<ref name=ColoradoOrganicAct/> | seat = [[Denver]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestCounty = [[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso]] | LargestMetro = [[Denver metropolitan area|Denver]] | OfficialLang = [[Template:Official languages of U.S. states and territories|English]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jared Polis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Dianne Primavera]] (D)}} | Legislature = [[Colorado General Assembly|General Assembly]] | Upperhouse = [[Colorado Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Colorado House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Colorado Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] ([[Colorado Supreme Court#Membership|list]]) | Senators = [[Michael Bennet]] (D)<br/>[[John Hickenlooper]] (D) | Representative = 5 Democrats {{break}}3 [[Republican Party of the United States|Republicans]] | postal_code = CO | area_rank = 8th | area_total_km2 = 269,837 | area_total_sq_mi = 104,094 | area_land_km2 = 268,875 | area_land_sq_mi = 103,718 | area_water_km2 = 962 | area_water_sq_mi = 376 | area_water_percent = 0.36 | population_demonym = Coloradan | population_as_of = estimate as of July 1, 2022 | population_rank = 21st <!-- 2022 --> | 2020Pop = 5,839,926 <!-- 2022 --> | population_density_rank = 37th <!-- 2022 --> | 2020Density = 21.72 <!-- = Population/LandArea --> <!-- 2022 --> | 2020DensityUS = 56.25 <!-- = Population/LandAreaUS --> <!-- 2022 --> | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|75231|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CO,US/PST045221|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|9th]] | AdmittanceOrder = 38th | AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1876|08|01}}<ref name=ColoradoStatehoodProclamation/> | timezone1 = [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]] | utc_offset1 = −07:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Mountain Time Zone|MDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −06:00 | Latitude = 37°N to 41°N | Longitude = 102.0467°W to 109.0467°W | length_km = 451 | length_mi = 280 | width_km = 612 | width_mi = 380 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Elbert]]<ref name=Mount_Elbert/><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}} | elevation_max_m = 4401.2 | elevation_max_ft = 14,440 | elevation_m = 2070 | elevation_ft = 6,800 | elevation_min_point = [[Arikaree River]]<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}} | elevation_min_m = 1011 | elevation_min_ft = 3,317 | iso_code = US-CO | website = www.Colorado.gov | Capital = | module = {{Infobox region symbols | embedded = yes | country = United States of America | state = Colorado | slogan = [[Colorful Colorado]] | song = <!-- [[Where the Columbines Grow]] & [[Rocky Mountain High]] --> | amphibian = [[Barred tiger salamander|Western tiger salamander]]<br />''Ambystoma mavortium'' | bird = [[Lark bunting]]<br />''Calamospiza melanocoryus'' | cactus = [[Echinocereus triglochidiatus|Claret cup cactus]]<br />''Echinocereus triglochidiatus'' | fish = [[Greenback cutthroat trout]]<br />''Oncorhynchus clarki somias'' | flower = [[Aquilegia coerulea|Rocky Mountain columbine]]<br />''Aquilegia coerulea'' | grass = [[Blue grama grass]]<br />''Bouteloua gracilis'' | insect = [[Colorado Hairstreak]]<br />''Hypaurotis crysalus'' | mammal = [[Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep]]<br />''Ovis canadensis'' | pet = [[Pet adoption|Colorado shelter pets]]<br />''Canis lupus familiaris''<br />and ''Felis catus'' | reptile = [[Western painted turtle]]<br />''Chrysemys picta bellii'' | tree = [[Colorado blue spruce]]<br />''Picea pungens'' | dinosaur = <!-- [[Stegosaurus]] --> | folk_dance = [[Square dance]]<br />''Chorea quadra'' | fossil = ''[[Stegosaurus]]''<br />''Stegosaurus armatus'' | gemstone = [[Aquamarines|Aquamarine]] | mineral = [[Rhodochrosite]] | rock = [[Yule Marble]] | ship = [[USS Colorado (SSN-788)|USS ''Colorado'' (SSN-788)]] | sport = [[Pack burro racing]] (summer)<br/>[[Skiing]] & [[snowboarding]] (winter) | tartan = [[Colorado state tartan]] }}<!--end of module--> }} '''Colorado''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=ColoradanColorado.ogg|ˌ|k|ɒ|l|ə|ˈ|r|æ|d|oʊ|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|d|oʊ}},<ref>{{cite web |date=August 13, 2010 |title=Colorado—Definition |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colorado?show=0&t=1307303426 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Colorado?s=t |access-date=August 17, 2013 |publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> machemelo ghnayake<ref>{{cite AV media|first=Kyle|last=Clark|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBu1ZLuxBXM<!-- user account Next 9NEWS -->| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211123/SBu1ZLuxBXM| archive-date=2021-11-23 | url-status=live|title=What's the right way to pronounce 'Colorado?'|publisher=[[KUSA (TV)|KUSA-TV]]|medium=TV news magazine segment|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=August 4, 2018|others=Contributor: Rich Sandoval, linguist at [[Metropolitan State University of Denver]]|quote=[Sandoval] found five pronunciations.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>) ni boma ilo liri ku Mountain West ku Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[United States]]. Chigaŵa ichi chikupanga mapiri ghanandi gha ku Rocky Mountains, kumpoto kwa Colorado Plateau, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains. Colorado ni boma la nambara 8 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu U.S. ndipo ni la nambara 21 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado ŵalipo 5,839,926 pa Julayi 1, 2022, ndipo ichi ntchiŵelengero cha 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020.<ref name=Census>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/state/totals/NST-EST2022-POP.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 10, 2023}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakukhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 13,500 panji kujumpha apa. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky kukaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo para ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake vya ku America. Mu 1848, boma la United States likazomerezga kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe cha charu cha Spain. Mu 1858 na 1862, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku malo agha chifukwa cha kupenja golide. Pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, boma la U.S. Pulezidenti James Buchanan wakasainira dango lakuti boma la Colorado liŵe lakwamba, ndipo pa Ogasiti 1, 1876, Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina Proclamation 230 yakuzomerezga Colorado kuŵa boma la nambara 38.<ref name="ColoradoStatehoodProclamation">{{cite web |author=President of the United States of America |date=August 1, 1876 |title=Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70540 |access-date=November 15, 2018 |publisher=The American Presidency Project |format=[[php]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928183309/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70540 |archive-date=September 28, 2018}}</ref> Lizgu la Cisipanishi lakuti "colorado" likung'anamura "kufipirwa". Boma la Colorado likucemeka kuti "Centennial State" cifukwa likaŵa lakwamba kuwusa pamanyuma pa vilimika 100 kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa. Charu cha Colorado chili kumpoto kwa Wyoming, kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nebraska, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kansas, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Oklahoma, kumwera kwa New Mexico, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Charu cha Colorado chili kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arizona. Ku Colorado kuli mapiri, nkhorongo, mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, madambo, milonga, na mapopa. Colorado ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na mapiri ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti vili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States. Malo ghatali gha ku Colorado ghangaŵa kuti ghakukhala ku cigaŵa ca ku America. [[Denver]] ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili, ndipo ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Colorado Springs ni msumba wachiŵiri uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado.<ref name="statestyle">{{cite web |title=Creative Services |url=http://ccs.colostate.edu/style_guide/style_guide_az.aspx#state_names |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065613/http://ccs.colostate.edu/style_guide/style_guide_az.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |website=Colorado State University}}</ref><ref name=Coloradan>{{cite news|last=Quillen |first=Ed |url=http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_5447358 |title=Coloradoan or Coloradan|work=[[The Denver Post]]|date=March 18, 2007|access-date=July 30, 2010|location=[[Denver]]}}</ref> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti caru ciŵe cakukhora ni vya boma na vya nkhondo, migodi, ulimi, vyamwendakwenda, na vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Pakuti maji ghakukwera kweniso ghakukhala pachoko, ulimi, makuni, na vyamwendakwenda mu Colorado vikukhwaskika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=What Climate Change Means for Colorado |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-co.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-co.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |series=EPA 430-F-16-008 |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|Prehistory of Colorado|History of Colorado}} {{for timeline|Timeline of Colorado history}} [[File:Mesa-Verde---Cliff-Palace-in 1891 - edit1.jpg|thumb|Mabwinja a Nyumba ya Chifumu ya Mesa Verde yojambulidwa ndi Gustaf Nordenskiöld mu 1891.]] [[File:Great Kiva at Chimney Rock Colorado.JPG|thumb|Ku Chimney Rock ku mapiri gha San Juan ku Southwestern Colorado. Ŵanthu ŵakuti likwenera kuti likazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Pueblo.]] Dera ilo lero ni State of Colorado likakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵa ku America vyaka 13,500 ivyo vyajumpha ndipo panji vyaka vyakujumpha 37,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=Footprints>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/fossilized-footprints.htm|title=Fossilized Footprints|publisher=[[United States]] [[National Park Service]]|access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Mammoth>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/04/world/mammoth-fossils-early-humans-scn/index.html|title=Discovery in paleontologist's backyard reveals evidence of North America's early humans|author=Ashley Strickland|publisher=[[Cable News Network]]|date=August 4, 2022|access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref> Mphepete ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky ghakaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendanga pakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Ku malo gha Lindenmeier ku Larimer County kuli vinthu ivyo vikaŵako mu 8720 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha ku Colorado.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190638/http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/genocide-native-americans-ethnic-cleansing.html Genocide Wiped Out Native American Population ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190638/http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/genocide-native-americans-ethnic-cleansing.html |date=September 22, 2010 }}", Discovery News, September 20, 2010.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha mapiri gha ku Southern Rocky Mountains na Western Rocky Mountains, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Front Range. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Apache na Comanche nawo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Arapaho na wa Cheyenne ŵakafumako ku vigaŵa vya ku Great Lakes na kuluta ku vigaŵa vya Colorado na Wyoming. Boma la Spain likati Colorado ni cigaŵa ca New Mexico pambere United States yindaŵanjire. Boma la United States likapoka malo agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky na kugura Louisiana kufuma ku France mu 1803. Ivyo boma la United States likakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakupambana na ivyo Spain yikakhumbanga, vyakuti chigaŵa cha pachanya pa Mlonga wa Arkansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha malonda pera mu Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Mu 1806, Zebulon Pike wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵakaŵa pa ulendo wa kuwukapo mu cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga yayi. Mu Febuluwale, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamukora Pike na ŵasilikari ŵake ku San Luis Valley, ndipo ŵakaluta nayo ku Chihuahua. Mu Julayi, ŵakachimbizgika ku Mexico. Wupu wa United States ukaleka vyaru vyose kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Arkansas na kumwera kwa 42nd parallel kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 100th meridian kumanjiliro gha dazi nga ni chigaŵa cha kugura kwake Florida kufuma ku Spain na Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Phangano ili likamba kugwira nchito pa Febuluwale 22, 1821. Ŵakati ŵasanda makora mphaka yawo na Spain, pa Ogasiti 10, 1821, U.S. yikazomerezga kuti cigaŵa ca kumwera ca Missouri ciŵe cigaŵa ca Missouri. Cigaŵa cinyake ca Missouri, kusazgapo cigaŵa ca kumpoto ca Colorado, cikaŵa cigaŵa cambura kulongozgeka kwa vilimika 33 cifukwa ca nkhani ya wuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya vilimika 11, pa Ogasiti 24, 1821, caru ca Spain cikazomerezga kuti Mexico njakujiyimira payekha ndipo cikacita phangano la Córdoba. Paumaliro, Mexico yikazomerezga kuti paŵe Mtende wa ku Adams-Onís mu 1831. Mu 1835 ŵanthu ŵa ku Texas ŵakagalukira boma la United States, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kuŵe nkhondo ya pakati pa United States na Mexico. Nkhondo iyi yikazgoka Nkhondo ya pakati pa Mexico na America mu 1846. Mu 1848, pamanyuma pa nkhondo, Mexico yikapeleka chigaŵa chake chakumpoto ku U.S. mu phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Phangano ili likapokeleraso vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cikapika cifukwa ca phangano ili. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America awo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya Oregon, California, panji ku malo gha ku Deseret mu chigodobu cha Salt Lake, ŵakaleka mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains, ndipo ŵakalondezga Mlonga wa North Platte na Sweetwater River kuluta ku South Pass (Wyoming), uko kukaŵa pakati pa mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains na Central Rocky Mountains. Mu 1849, Ŵamormon ŵa ku Salt Lake Valley ŵakapanga boma la Deseret, ndipo ŵakatenge malo ghose gha ku Great Basin na vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu milonga ya Green, Grand, na Colorado ni ghawo. Boma la U.S. likakana kuzomerezga boma liphya la Mormon, cifukwa likazomerezganga nthengwa za ŵanakazi ŵanandi. M'malo mwake, phangano la mu 1850 likapatulira malo gha ku Mexico na kumpoto kwa Texas ku California, New Mexico, na Utah. Pa Epulero 9, 1851, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico awo ŵakakhalanga ku Taos ŵakamba kukhala mu muzi wa San Luis, uwo ukaŵa mu chigaŵa cha New Mexico. The Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center & Museum ku Dolores Mu 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas wakaciska U.S. Wupu Wakulongozga ukazomerezga kuti chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide chigaŵikike mu vigaŵa viŵiri, chigaŵa cha Kansas na chigaŵa cha Nebraska, kweniso chigaŵa chinyake chakumwera icho chikachemekanga Indian territory. Boma lililose likeneranga kusankha yekha umo ŵazga ŵakeneranga kukhalira mu charu chake, kweni fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa awo ŵakakolerananga na boma na awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵazga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga golide ŵakakhazikiska boma la kanyengo kachoko mu chigaŵa cha Jefferson pa Ogasiti 24, 1859, kweni boma ili likapokeka yayi na wupu wa United States. Pa Novembala 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mafuko ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ŵazga ŵa ku South ghajipature ku boma la United States. Pakukhumba kukhozga mazaza gha vyalo vya Union, wupu wa Republican Party uwo ukalamuliranga na Congress ukazomelezga kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Kansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha Union pa 29 Janyuwale 1861. Kweni chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi cha chigaŵa cha Kansas na malo agho ŵakagwirangapo ntchito ya kujimira golide, ghakaŵa chigaŵa chambura kupangika. ===Territory act=== {{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|New Mexico Territory|Utah Territory|Kansas–Nebraska Act|Kansas Territory|Nebraska Territory|Colorado Territory|Pike's Peak Gold Rush}} [[File:1860 Colorado Territory map.svg|thumb|left|Malo gha New Mexico, Utah, Kansas, na Nebraska pambere boma la Colorado lindaŵeko]] Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 30, pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, pulezidenti wakufuma ku United States, James Buchanan, wakalemba chikalata cha Congress icho chikakhazikiska malo gha Colorado. Mphaka zakwambilira za Colorado zikukhalabe zambura kusintha kupatula kusintha kwa boma. Mu 1776, wasembe wa ku Spain, Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, wakalemba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamanyanga mlonga uwu kuti ni Rio Colorado chifukwa cha nthaka ya wofiira ya mu m'paka iyo mlonga uwu ukayegha kufuma ku mapiri.<ref name=Macomb>Report of the exploring expedition from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the great Colorado of the West, in 1859: under the command of Capt. J. N. Macomb, Corps of topographical engineers, Volume 1 [https://archive.org/stream/reportofexplorin00unitrich#page/n5/mode/2up @ archive.org]</ref> Gulu la Macomb likati malo agha ndigho ghakwamba kufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Colorado. Pa Epulero 12, 1861, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Carolina ŵakamba kuwukira Fort Sumter, ndipo ivi vikambiska nkhondo ya pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga golide ŵakakolerananga na Confederation, kweni ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Union. Mu 1862, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi ŵa ku Texas likawukira chigaŵa cha New Mexico na kupoka Santa Fe pa Malichi 10. Chilato cha nkhondo iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵathereske panji kutimbanizga migodi ya golide ya ku Colorado na California ndiposo kuti ŵathereske madoko gha pa Nyanja ya Pacific kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka likaluta mwaluŵiro kufuma ku Denver City, Colorado, kuya ku Glorieta Pass, New Mexico, kuti likanizge ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas. Pa Malichi 28, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Colorado na ŵa ku New Mexico ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas pa nkhondo ya ku Glorieta Pass, ŵakakoma vilwero vyawo na magalimoto ghawo, kweniso ŵakathereska mahachi na ngamila zawo 500. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas ŵakacimbira ku Santa Fe. Ŵakati ŵafwa mu nkhondo iyi, ndipo ŵakasangaso wovwiri mucoko waka ku New Mexico, Ŵatexan ŵakaleka Santa Fe na kuwelera ku San Antonio. Ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation ŵakakhumba yayi kupoka cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa United States. Phiri la Holy Cross, lajambulika na William Henry Jackson mu 1874 Mu 1864, Kazembe John Evans wakimika Reverend John Chivington kuŵa Colonel wa gulu la Colorado Volunteers, na dango lakuti ŵavikilire ŵazungu ku ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakayimbanga mulandu wa kwiba ng'ombe. Colonel Chivington wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawukire gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakazenga misasa mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Sand Creek. Chivington wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 500. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera ku Denver City, kweni ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukoma nadi Ŵaindiya awo ŵakaŵa pa mtende. Ŵanandi awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi na ŵana, ndipo mathupi gha awo ŵakafwa ghakaŵa kuti ghadumulika na kuyuzgika. Ndalama zakukwana madola ghatatu. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakacita, ndipo pulezidenti wakwamba, Andrew Johnson, wakapempha kuti kazembe Evans wafumeko, kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakalangika. Cakucitika ici sono cikucemeka kuti Sand Creek massacre. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose na pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagongowa ŵakawelera ku nyumba zawo, kweni ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakakhalako ndipo ŵakazenga migodi, mafakitare, minda, misewu, na matawuni mu cigaŵa ca Colorado. Pa Seputembala 14, 1864, James Huff wakasanga siliva pafupi na Argentine Pass, ndipo ili likaŵa lakwamba. Mu 1867, njanji ya Union Pacific yikafika ku Weir, iyo sono ni Julesburg. Pa Meyi 10, 1869, sitima ya Union Pacific yikakolerana na njanji ya Central Pacific ku Promontory Summit, Utah, ndipo yikazgoka njanji yakwamba ya ku America. Sitima ya Denver Pacific yikafika ku Denver mu Juni caka cakulondezgapo, ndipo ya Kansas Pacific yikafika myezi yiŵiri yikati yajumphapo kuti yijure njanji yaciŵiri ya ku America. Mu 1872, siliva likasangika mu mapiri gha San Juan, mu chigaŵa cha Ute ku Colorado. Caka cakulondezgapo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakafumiskika mu San Juans. === Kuŵa Boma === {{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|Colorado Silver Boom|Cripple Creek Gold Rush}} [[File:Georgetown loop 1899.jpg|thumb|Sitima ya sitima ya ku Colorado Central Railroad ya ku Georgetown iyo William Henry Jackson wakajambura mu 1899]] Pa Malichi 3, 1875, wupu wa United States Congress ukazomerezga kuti Colorado yiŵe boma. Pa Ogasiti 1, 1876 (masabata ghanayi pamanyuma pa kukondwelera vyaka 100 kufuma apo boma la United States likakhazikiskikira), U.S. Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina chikalata icho chikapelekanga mwaŵi ku Colorado kuti yiŵe boma la nambara 38, ndipo yikacemeka kuti "Centennial State". Mu 1878, ŵati ŵasanga malo ghakurughakuru gha siliva kufupi na Leadville, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu Colorado. Dango la Sherman la mu 1890 likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kupenja siliva, ndipo ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide mu Cripple Creek. Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Colorado ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuvota pa Novembala 7, 1893, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa boma laciŵiri kupika wanangwa wa kuvota ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kupika wanangwa uwu na ŵanthu wose (ŵanalume ŵa ku Colorado). Mu 1893, boma likati lakanizga dango la Sherman la kuguliska siliva, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Colorado. Pakati pa 1880 na 1930, ulimi wa maluŵa ku Denver ukazgoka bizinesi yikuru ku Colorado. Nyengo iyi yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Carnation Gold Rush.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverrealestatewatch.com/2015/10/15/neighbors-want-historic-designation-for-nw-denver-home/|title=Neighbors want historic designation for NW Denver home|last=Rebchook|first=John|date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===Twentieth and twenty-first centuries=== Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku ŵaganyu ndipo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo ŵakagwiranga. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaganyu ŵakumane na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado. Mu 1913, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjilirapo kuti ŵamazge vivulupi. Mu 1927, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za makara, ndipo paumaliro ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana dola yimoza pa zuŵa. Kweni pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 6 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya ku Columbine, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado ŵakasuzgika chomene. Pa nkhani yinyake iyo yikacitika ku Trinidad, meya wa msumba uwu wakayimbika mulandu wakuti wakatuma ŵimiliri ŵa gulu la KKK kuti ŵawukire ŵantchito awo ŵakambanga sitayiko. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku Colorado, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca ngozi. Mu 1924, gulu la Ku Klux Klan likamba kuwusa mu Colorado. Ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo gulu ili likapoka mazaza pa vipani vya Democratic na Republican, comenecomene mu maofesi gha boma na mu misumba ya Denver, Cañon City, na Durango. Gulu linyake la Klan likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Denver. Kuwotcha mphinjika kukaŵanga kacitiro ka nyengo na nyengo mu misumba nga ni Florence na Pueblo. Gulu la Klan likawukira ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa, Ŵakatolika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eastern Europe, na magulu ghanyake gha Ŵaprotesitanti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la Klan yayi, kusazgapo Philip Van Cise, ŵakamba kulimbana na gulu ili ndipo nkhongono zikamba kuchepa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1920, gulu ili likamba kuchepa.<ref name="KKK">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ku Klux Klan in Colorado |encyclopedia=Colorado Encyclopedia |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado |access-date=April 12, 2021 |last=Louvaris |first=Elenie |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>[[File:Three 10th Mountain Division Skitroopers above Camp Hale, 1944.png|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa 10th Mountain Division ŵakimilira pa msasa wa Hale mu Febuluwale 1944.]] Mu 1908, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States kuŵa na ungano ukuru wa ndyali. Kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu wa ku U.S. mu 1930, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakwana miliyoni. Boma la Colorado likakhwaskika comene na suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikacemeka Great Depression na Dust Bowl iyo yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta kukakhala ku Colorado pamasinda pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ulendo wakuwona malo ukaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi wa caru, ndipo luso la vinthu vya mu mlengalenga likaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi. Ofesi yakupenda ŵanthu ku United States yikati mu 2009, mu Colorado mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha mamiliyoni ghankhondi. Pa Seputembala 11, 1957, moto wa plutonium ukabuka pa fakitare ya Rocky Flats, ndipo ukabinkhiska ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vyapafupi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iversen |first=Kristen |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/12/154839592/under-the-nuclear-shadow-of-colorados-rocky-flats |title=Under The 'Nuclear Shadow' Of Colorado's Rocky Flats |publisher=NPR |date=June 12, 2012 }}</ref> Mu ma 1940 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita viwoneskero ku Colorado, chomenechomene ku Denver. Ivi vikasazgapo gulu la Chicano Movement, ilo likaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico na ku America. Msonkhano wa National Chicano Liberation Youth unachitikira ku Colorado mu March 1969. Mu 1967, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulekeska ŵanthu kufumiska nthumbo, apo kazembe John Love wakasazgirako dango lakuti munthu wangafumiska nthumbo para wacicizgika, panji usange mwanakazi wakusuzgika maghanoghano. Vyaru vinandi vikalondezga ivyo Colorado wakacita, ndipo vikasintha malango ghakukhwaskana na kufumiska nthumbo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970. Kufumira ku umaliro wa m'ma 1990, ku Colorado kukacitika masoka ghanandi, kusazgapo masoka gha ku Columbine High School mu 1999 agho ghakapuluska caru cose, apo Eric Harris na Dylan Klebold ŵakakoma ŵana ŵa sukulu 12 na msambizgi yumoza, pambere ŵandajikome. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucita nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga. Pa Julayi 20, 2012, munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 12 mu sinema ku Aurora. Boma likazgora na kukanizga comene kugwiliskira nchito vilwero, kusazgapo kukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito magazini. Pa Malici 22, 2021, munthu uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 10, kusazgapo wapolisi, mu sitoro ya King Soopers ku Boulder. Mu nyengo ya nkhaza ya anti-LGBT, mwanalume munyake wakoma ŵanthu 5 mu kilabu ya usiku ku Colorado Springs mu usiku wa Novembala 19 kuya 20, 2022. Ngalaŵa zinayi za nkhondo za U.S. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakasankha zina lakuti USS Colorado. Ngalaŵa yakwamba yakucemeka USS Colorado yikacemeka ku zina la Mlonga wa Colorado ndipo yikacita nchito mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ndipo pamasinda yikacemeka kuti Asiatic Squadron. Ngalaŵa izi zikaŵa zankhongono chomene ndipo zikaŵa na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Zina lakwamba likaŵa la sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado. Pa nyengo iyo Pearl Harbor yikabwangandukiranga, sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado yikaŵa ku San Diego, California, ndipo yikaŵavya suzgo. Boti lakwamba ilo lili na zina la USS Colorado ni la Virginia-class submarine USS Colorado (SSN-788), ilo likamba kugwira nchito mu 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/371051/uss-colorado-continues-tradition-submarine-battle-flag|title=USS Colorado Continues the Tradition of the Submarine Battle Flag|work=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service|date=May 29, 2020|last=Coffield|first=Alfred|location=[[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]], [[Connecticut|CT]]|access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha malo== {{Main|Geography of Colorado}} [[File:Colorado geographic map-en.svg|thumb|Mapu]] Charu cha Colorado chili na malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mapiri gha mapiri, mapiri ghatali, mapopa ghatali, na madambo ghatali. Mu chaka cha 1861, boma la United States likalongosora mphaka za chigaŵa cha Colorado na mizere ya latitude na longitude, kufuma pa 37°N kufika pa 41°N, ndipo kufuma pa 102°02′48′′W kufika pa 109°02′48′′W (25°W kufika pa 32°W kufuma pa Washington Meridian). Pakati pajumpha vilimika 162 kufuma apo boma likambira kupima, mphaka za Colorado zikamanyikwa na vikhwangwani 697 na mizere 697. Colorado, Wyoming, na Utah ni vyaru vyekha ivyo vili na mphaka zake pera, kweni palije vinthu vinyake. Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Colorado kuli Four Corners Monument pa 36°59′56′′N, 109°2′43′′W. Chikumbusko cha Four Corners, ico cili pa malo apo Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah ghakukolerana, ndico malo ghekha mu United States apo vyaru vinayi vikukumana.<ref name="BT">{{cite web |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Colorado is a rectangle? Think again. |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle |access-date=November 15, 2018 |publisher=The Big Think, Inc.}}</ref> ===Plains=== [[File:Picketwire Canyon.jpg|thumb|Malo ghakomira gha ku Colorado]] Pafupifupi hafu ya caru ca Colorado ni mapiri. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains kuli Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, chigaŵa cha Great Plains mukati mwa Colorado pa mtunda wa mamita 1,020 mpaka 2,290. Malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Colorado ni mapiri, makuni, na madambo. Chaka chilichose kukuwa vula pafupifupi mamilimita 380 m'paka 640. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado, kuli minda na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kweniso mizi na matawuni. Vipasi ivyo vikulimika kanandi ni tirigu, tirigu, tirigu wa soya, na oats. Misumba na matawuni ghanandi mu cigaŵa ici ghali na malo ghakusungiramo maji na ghakukwezgera vyakurya. Maji ghakufuma pasi na pasi ghakupangika kuti ghaŵe ghakumwa. Maji agho ghakufuma mu maji ghakunyang'amira ni South Platte, Mlonga wa Arkansas, na tumilonga tunyake. Kanandi maji gha pasi pa caru ghakusangika mu visimi. Pakuti visimi ivi vikaŵanga na maji ghanandi, maji ghakamara mu chigaŵa ichi. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli viŵeto vinandi, nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe na nkhumba.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://coloradosun.com/2019/04/08/colorado-cattle-rustling-brand-inspectors/|title=Colorado cattle rustling's colorful history helps modern brand inspectors keep up with a changing crime|work=The Colorado Sun|access-date=March 27, 2021|last=Simpson|first=Kevin|date=April 8, 2019}}</ref> ===Front Range=== [[File:Condiv.JPG|thumb|[[Front Range]] Peaks west of Denver]] Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains mu Front Range Urban Corridor pakati pa Cheyenne, Wyoming, na Pueblo, Colorado. Cigaŵa ici cikuponerako ku mphepo izo zikwiza kufuma ku Nyanja ya Pacific cifukwa ca mapiri gha Rockies agho ghali pakati pa Colorado. Ku "Front Range" kuli Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Castle Rock, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley, na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali pakati. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha mapiri gha Rockies, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Colorado (uko ukuchemeka kuti "The Western Slope"). ===Mountains=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of mountain peaks of Colorado|section=Highest major summits}} {{See also|List of mountain peaks of Colorado}} [[File:Mt. Elbert.jpg|thumb|Phiri la Elbert lili na utali wa mamita 4,401.2 ndipo ndilo lili pachanya pa mapiri ghose gha Rocky Mountains na Colorado.]] Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains of Colorado kuli mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri gha Rocky ghakumanyikwa comene ni Longs Peak, Phiri la Evans, Pikes Peak, na Spanish Peaks kufupi na Walsenburg, kumwera kwa Colorado. Malo agha ghakumira kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera, ndipo ghakumira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi panji Rio Grande, ndipo ghakumira mu Nyanja ya Mexico. Mapiri gha Rocky ku Colorado ghali na mapiri 53 ghatali chomene, ndipo 58 ghali na utali wa mamita 4,267 panji kujumpha apa.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Forest Service|title=Rocky Mountain Region 14ers |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/recreation/14ers/ |access-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> Mapiri agha ghali na makuni ghanandi nga ni makuni gha conifers na aspen. Ndipo ghakukwera kufuma pa mamita 3,658 kumwera kwa Colorado kufika pa mamita 3,200 kumpoto kwa Colorado. Pamwamba pa makuni agha, pali vyakumera vya ku mapiri pera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Colorado Rockies ndivyo vikuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo zose. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti, ciwuvi cikusongonoka mu mapiri ghose gha ku Alps, kupaturako tuchoko waka uto tukuŵa na ciwuvi na tuvizinga tucoko waka. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kujimya golide na siliva. Phiri la Elbert ndilo ndilokuru comene pa Mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri 30 ghatali chomene gha Rocky Mountains gha ku North America ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Phiri la Elbert lili pa mtunda wa mamita 4,401.2 ndipo ni malo ghapachanya chomene ku Colorado na mu mapiri gha Rocky ku North America. Colorado ni boma la ku U.S. ilo lili pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,000. Ku malo uko mlonga wa Arikaree ukuthira kufuma ku Yuma County, ku Colorado, na kunjira mu Cheyenne County, ku Kansas, ndiko kuli malo ghambura kuzingilizgika mu Colorado. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu United States, ndipo ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu vyaru 18 na mu chigaŵa cha Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Elevations and Distances |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |access-date=September 8, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116113632/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=January 16, 2008 }}</ref> ====Continental Divide==== [[File:Grays Peak, Colorado - 2007-06-17.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Grays Peak]] at {{convert|4352|m|order=flip}} is the highest point on the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]] in North America]] Mphepete mwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains, kuli malo agho ghakupambana mu vyaru vya ku America. Malo gha ku Colorado agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide ghakucemeka Western Slope of Colorado. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, maji ghakukhira kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Mlonga wa Colorado na Mlonga wa Green mu Gulf of California. Mu mapiri gha Rocky muli mapaki ghakurughakuru agho ghali na madambo ghatali. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli malo ghakucemeka North Park of Colorado. Mlonga wa North Platte ndiwo ukwenda mu North Park, ndipo ukwenda kumpoto m'paka ku Wyoming na Nebraska. Kumwera kwa North Park, kweni kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli Middle Park of Colorado, iyo yikuthika na Mlonga wa Colorado. Ku South Park ku Colorado ndiko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa South Platte. ===South Central region=== [[File:ChicoClosedBasin.jpg|thumb|The high desert lands that make up the San Luis Valley in Southern Colorado]] Mu chigaŵa cha pakati cha kumwera kwa Colorado, muli Dambo la San Luis, uko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa Rio Grande. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha dambo ili ni San Luis Closed Basin, ndipo ni malo agho ghakawovwira kupanga Great Sand Dunes. Chigodobu chili pakati pa mapiri gha Sangre De Cristo na San Juan. Mlonga wa Rio Grande ukwenda kumwera m'paka ku New Mexico, Texas, na Mexico. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa San Luis Valley kuli kaphiri ka Wet Mountain Valley. Vigaŵa ivi, comenecomene mu San Luis Valley, vili mu mphepete mwa Rio Grande Rift, malo ghakuru gha Rocky Mountains, na minthavi yake. ===Western Slope=== [[File:Maroon Bells (11553)a.jpg|thumb|[[Maroon Bells]], at {{convert|14163|ft|m|abbr=on}}, is part of [[White River National Forest]] and a tourist destination]] [[File:Colorado National Monument (4939640266).jpg|thumb|The Colorado National Monument near Grand Junction is made up of high desert canyons and sandstone rock formations]] Chigaŵa cha Western Slope cha Colorado chikupanga chigaŵa chakumadzulo kwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains na chigaŵa chose icho chili ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa ici muli malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso nyengo zakupambanapambana, kwambira ku mapiri mpaka ku mapopa. Ku Western Slope kuli matawuni ghanandi agho ghali ku Rocky Mountains na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Cirwa ici cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska cigaŵa ca Front Range, kweni cili na malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama. Kumpoto kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo kuli malo ghanyake agho ghakuchemeka kuti Dinosaur National Monument. Malo agha ngakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha malo agho ŵanthu ŵakusambira vyamoyo vyakale ŵakukhalamo, kweniso ni malo ghakutowa agho ghali na mapiri gha majalawe, makululu, mapopa ghambura maji, na milonga. Pa malo agha, mlonga wa Green River ukunjira mu Colorado. Mlonga wa Colorado na milonga yake yikwenda mu chigaŵa cha Western Slope (Kanandi ni Gunnison River, Green River, na San Juan River). Mlonga wa Colorado ukusolota mu Glenwood Canyon, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha mapopa kufuma ku Rifle mpaka ku Parachute, ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha De Beque Canyon, na kunjira mu mapopa gha Grand Valley, uko kuli msumba wa Grand Junction. Cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene ni Grand Mesa, ico cili kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Grand Junction; mapiri ghatali gha San Juan, agho ghali na mapiri ghatali; ndipo kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha San Juan, ni Colorado Plateau. Grand Junction, Colorado, ni tawuni yikuru comene ya Western Slope. Grand Junction na Durango ni malo ghekha ghakupharazgira pa wayilesi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide mu Colorado, nangauli malo ghanandi gha mapiri ghakupharazga nyuzipepara zuŵa lililose. Grand Junction yili pa mphambano ya Interstate 70 na US 50, nthowa zikuruzikuru mu Colorado. Grand Junction yili pafupi na njanji yikuru ya Western Slope, ya Union Pacific. Kweniso njanji iyi yikovwira kuti sitima ya Amtrak yakuchemeka California Zephyr yende mu mapiri gha Rocky. Ku chigaŵa cha Western Slope kuli malo ghanandi ghakukondweska mu Colorado Rocky Mountains, kusazgapo Glenwood Springs, na malo ghakupumulirapo, na malo ghakukondwelera kuskera gha Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs, na Telluride. Masambiro ghapachanya ghakusangika ku Colorado Mesa University ku Grand Junction, Western Colorado University ku Gunnison, Fort Lewis College ku Durango, na Colorado Mountain College ku Glenwood Springs na Steamboat Springs. Chikumbusko cha Four Corners icho chili kumwera chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado chikulongora mphaka iyo yili pakati pa Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah.{{See also|List of cities and towns in Colorado|List of counties in Colorado|List of rivers of Colorado|Four Corners Monument}} ==Nyengo== [[File:Köppen Climate Types Colorado.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Colorado, using 1991-2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]].]] Nyengo ya ku Colorado njakusuzga comene kuluska ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku America. Mwakupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kumwera kwa Colorado nyengo zose kukuzizima yayi kuluska kumpoto. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cili na mapiri, tumapiri, madambo, na mapopa. Mapiri na madambo ghakuzingilizga malo agha ghakupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi panji yiheni. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo kumpoto kwa Colorado kuli mapiri na mapiri. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli mapiri, ndipo malo ghanyake ni mapopa. Kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapopa na mapiri. ===Eastern Plains=== Nyengo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains ni semi-arid (Köppen climate classification: BSk) na chinyezi chichoko na mphepo ya mphepo, kanandi kufuma pa 15 kufika pa 25 inchi (380 kufika pa 640 millimeters) pachaka, nangauli vigaŵa vinandi kufupi na milonga ni semi-humid climate. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakuŵa na dazi liwemi ndiposo kuti usiku kukuzizima, ntheura nyengo ya muhanya yikupambana chomene. Nyengo zinyake pa zuŵa, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakupambana chomene, chifukwa chakuti mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Mu tawuni ya Front Range, mukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Colorado, ndipo muli mfwiri chifukwa cha mapiri gha Rocky.<ref name="usgsFRUC1978">{{cite report |last1=Hansen |first1=Wallace R. |last2=Chronic |first2=John |last3=Matelock |first3=John |date=1979|orig-year=first published 1978|title=Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and vicinity, Colorado |work=Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019|publisher=USG Printing Office|place=Washington, DC |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=March 21, 2016 }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya chihanya, malo agha ghangaŵa na nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa pakati pa 25 na -10 °F (-4 mpaka -23 °C). Pafupifupi 75% ya vula iyo yikuwa mu nyengo ya vula, kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala, kweni mu chigaŵa ichi kanandi kukaŵanga chilangalanga. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuwa vikufuma ku vivula vya mphepo, ivyo vingaŵa vyankhongono, ndiposo ku chiwuvi chikuru icho chikuŵa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi na kuuyambiro kwa chihanya. Kweni nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima ndiposo yambura vula. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, mwezi wa Malichi ndiwo ukuŵa na chiwuvi chinandi. Mu mwezi wa Epulero na Meyi ndipo vula yikulokwa comene, ndipo mu mwezi wa Epulero ndipo vula yikulokwa comene. Mizinda ya ku Front Range iyo yili kufupi na mapiri, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa cha mphepo ya Chinook iyo yikuwotcha malo agha, ndipo nyengo zinyake nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 55 °F (13 °C) na 90 °F (32 °C) muhanya. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 18 °F (−8 °C) mulenji ndipo 48 °F (9 °C) muhanya, nangauli nyengo zinyake zuŵa limoza likusintha kufika pa 40 °F (-40 °C). ===Front Range foothills=== Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri na mu vikhizga vya mapiri, kuli nyengo zakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghali patali ghangaŵa na nyengo zakupambana comene kuyana na malo agho. Mu madambo ghanandi muli nyengo ya chiwuvi, nga umo viliri ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, uko nyengo ya chiwuvi yikupambana na nyengo ya mapiri. Vinthu ivi vikusangikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi, nga ni vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfb/Cwb), vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfa), vyaru vya ku Meditereniyani (Csa/Csb) na vyaru vya ku Arctic (Dfc).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenhornchamber.org/relocation.html |title=Relocating to Greenhorn Valley |access-date=February 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090433/http://www.greenhornchamber.org/relocation.html |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Extreme weather=== Nyengo zikupambana chomene ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinandi zikupambana mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhalako pachoko. Nyengo ya chihanya na chihanya, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kukuŵa mphepo na mabingu, kweni kanandi vikuŵako nyengo yifupi. Chimphepo chikuluta ku mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa icho chikupambanako na mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi. Chivula cha malibwe ndicho chikuŵako pa nyengo ya chiwuvi chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake chikupangiska ŵanthu kupwetekeka, kweniso vinthu vinandi vikunangika. Ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa vula ya malibwe iyo yikuŵa yikuru chomene ku North America. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vula ya malibwe iyo yikawira ku Denver pa Julayi 11, 1990, na pa Meyi 8, 2017. Chigwa cha Kum'mawa ndi gawo la mbali yakumadzulo kwambiri ya Tornado Alley; mphepo zamkuntho zowononga ku Eastern Plains zikuphatikiza mphepo yamkuntho ya Limon F3 ya 1990 ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya Windsor EF3 ya 2008, yomwe idawononga tawuni yaying'ono.<ref>{{cite web |last =Slater |first =Jane |title =Thursday's Tornado State's 4th Costliest Disaster |publisher =[[KMGH]] |date =May 28, 2008 |url =http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/16408116/detail.html |access-date =January 25, 2009 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080604044140/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/16408116/detail.html |archive-date =June 4, 2008 |url-status =dead |df =mdy-all }}</ref> Vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains vikuŵa na mphepo zikuruzikuru, izo zikufuma ku mphepo zikuruzikuru zakuchemeka supercell thunderstorms, kweniso ku mphepo zakuchemeka landpouts, nga ni izo zikuchitika mu Denver convergence vorticity zone. Kweniso mu vidika ivi nyengo zinyake pakuŵa maji ghakututuka, ndipo para nyengo yazizima, maji ghakututuka mwamabuchi chifukwa cha chimphepo na vula, kweniso chifukwa chakuti chiwuvi chikusungunuka mwaluŵiro mu mapiri. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni maji ghakututuka agho ghakachitika mu Denver mu 1965, mu Big Thompson River mu 1976 na mu 2013 ku Colorado. Nyengo yakotcha yikuŵako comene mu nyengo ya cihanya ku Denver. Mu chaka cha 1901, mzinda uwu ukaŵa na nyengo ya kuzizima chomene. Ŵakacita nthena kwa mazuŵa 24 ndipo nyengo iyi yikakwana sabata yimoza. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Colorado ntcha chilangalanga, ndipo chihanya chikugwa maji gha chivula ghakukwana mamilimita 430 pa chaka. Nyengo zinyake mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chilangalanga. Mu 2002, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa moto ukuru uwo ukawotcha malo ghanandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵako ni moto wa Fourmile Canyon uwo ukaŵako mu 2010, moto wa Waldo Canyon na High Park uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2012, na moto wa Black Forest uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2013. Moto wa Pine Gulch, wa Cameron Peak, na wa East Troublesome uwo ukabuka mu 2020, ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya Colorado. Ndipo moto wa Marshall uwo ukayamba pa Disembala 30, 2021, nangauli ukaŵa ukuru comene yayi mu mdauko wa boma ili, kweni ukaŵa wakuparanya comene pa vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika (wonani Marshall Fire). Ndipouli, malo ghanyake gha mapiri gha ku Colorado ghakuŵa na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha chiwuvi icho chikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Para ciwuvi camara kusongonoka, maji ghakututuka comene mu Mlonga wa Yampa, Colorado, Rio Grande, Arkansas, North Platte, na South Platte. Maji agho ghakufuma mu mapiri gha Colorado Rocky Mountains ghakupeleka maji ghakukwana ku minda, matawuni, na misumba ya kumwera kwa New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, na Nevada, kweniso ku Midwest, nga ni Nebraska na Kansas, na kumwera kwa Oklahoma na Texas. Nyengo zinyake maji agha ghakafikanga kumpoto kwa Mexico. ===Climate change=== {{Excerpt|Climate change in Colorado|only=paragraphs}} ===Records=== Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kudalembedwapo ku Colorado kunali 115 ° F (46.1 ° C) pa Julayi 20, 2019, ku John Martin Dam. Pa February 1, 1985, ku Maybell, ku America, nyengo yazizima chomene yikaŵa -61 °F (-51.7 °C).<ref name=StateMaxTemps>{{cite web | url = http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011117050101/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 17, 2001 | title = Record Highest Temperatures by State | publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] | date = January 1, 2004 | access-date = January 11, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=StateMinTemps>{{cite web | url = http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011117050021/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 17, 2001 | title = Record Lowest Temperatures by State | publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] | date = January 1, 2004 | access-date = January 11, 2007 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin: 1em auto;"| |+ Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Colorado cities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate |title=NOAA's National Weather Service—National Climate |website=W2.weather.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330125053/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/ |archive-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> |+<span style="color:#c00;">(°F)</span> <span style="color:#008800">(°C)</span> |- ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:17px;"| City ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jan ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Feb ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Mar ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Apr ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| May ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jun ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jul ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Aug ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Sep ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Oct ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Nov ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Dec |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Alamosa]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 34/−2<br /><span style="color:#008800">2/−19</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 40/6<br /><span style="color:#008800">4/−14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 50/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">10/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 59/24<br /><span style="color:#008800">15/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 69/33<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 79/41<br /><span style="color:#008800">26/5</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 82/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 80/46<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 73/40<br /><span style="color:#008800">23/4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 62/25<br /><span style="color:#008800">17/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/12<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 35/1<br /><span style="color:#008800">2/−17</span> |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Colorado Springs]] | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 43/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">6/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 45/20<br /><span style="color:#008800">7/−7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 52/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 60/33<br /><span style="color:#008800">16/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 69/43<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/6</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 79/51<br /><span style="color:#008800">26/11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 85/57<br /><span style="color:#008800">29/14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 82/56<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/13</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 75/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">24/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 63/36<br /><span style="color:#008800">17/2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 51/25<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 42/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">6/−8</span> |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Denver]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 49/20<br /><span style="color:#008800">9/−7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 49/21<br /><span style="color:#008800">9/−6</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 56/29<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 64/35<br /><span style="color:#008800">18/2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 73/46<br /><span style="color:#008800">23/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 84/54<br /><span style="color:#008800">29/12</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 92/61<br /><span style="color:#008800">33/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 89/60<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 81/50<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/10</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 68/37<br /><span style="color:#008800">20/3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 55/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−8</span> |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 38/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">3/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 45/24<br /><span style="color:#008800">7/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 57/31<br /><span style="color:#008800">14/-1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 65/38<br /><span style="color:#008800">18/3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 76/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">24/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 88/56<br /><span style="color:#008800">31/13</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 93/63<br /><span style="color:#008800">34/17</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 90/61<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 80/52<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 66/40<br /><span style="color:#008800">19/4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 51/28<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 39/19<br /><span style="color:#008800">4/−7</span> |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/14<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−10</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 51/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 59/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">15/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 67/34<br /><span style="color:#008800">19/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 77/44<br /><span style="color:#008800">25/7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 87/53<br /><span style="color:#008800">31/12</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 93/59<br /><span style="color:#008800">34/15</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 90/58<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 82/48<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/9</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 69/34<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 56/23<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−5</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 46/14<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−10</span> |} ===Extreme temperatures=== {{Weather box | metric first = | single line = y | location = Colorado | Jan record high F =84 | Feb record high F =88 | Mar record high F =96 | Apr record high F =100 | May record high F =107 | Jun record high F =114 | Jul record high F =115 | Aug record high F =112 | Sep record high F =108 | Oct record high F =100 | Nov record high F =90 | Dec record high F =88 | Jan record low F =-56 | Feb record low F =-61 | Mar record low F =-44 | Apr record low F =-30 | May record low F =-11 | Jun record low F =10 | Jul record low F =18 | Aug record low F =15 | Sep record low F =-2 | Oct record low F =-28 | Nov record low F =-37 | Dec record low F =-50 | year record low F = |source = Colorado Climate Center<ref>Colorado Climate Center (extreme temperatures){{cite web | url = https://climate.colostate.edu/extremes.html | title = Colorado Climate Center | access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref> }} ===Earthquakes=== Nangauli malo agha ghali na mapiri, kweni ku Colorado kulije vindindindi. Ku U.S. National Earthquake Information Center yili ku Golden. Pa Ogasiti 22, 2011, chindindindi chikuru chomene chikachitika pa mtunda wa makilomita 14 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Trinidad. Pakaŵavya uyo wakafwa, ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikanangika vikaŵa vichoko waka. Cindindindindi ici cikaŵa caciŵiri cikuru comene mu mdauko wa Colorado. Cindindindi cikuru comene ico cikacitika mu 1973 cikaŵa 5.7. Kukwambilira kwa Ogasiti 24, 2018, ku Colorado kukachitika chindindindi chankhondi icho chikafika pa 2.9 kufika pa 4.3. Ku Colorado kwacitika vindindindi 525 kwambira mu 1973, ndipo vinandi mwa ivi ni vya pakati pa 2 na 3.5 pa sikelo ya Richter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazette.com/news/earthquakes-reported-overnight-in-colorado/article_4175d3a8-a7ae-11e8-906e-63e6d8b74878.html|title=3 earthquakes reported overnight in Colorado|last=Forster|first=Liz|work=Colorado Springs Gazette|access-date=|date = 14 June 2020}}</ref> == Vinyama == {{Further|topic=the lists of |List of amphibians of Colorado|label1=amphibians|List of birds of Colorado|label2=birds|List of mammals of Colorado|label3=mammals|List of reptiles of Colorado|label4=reptiles}} [[File:Colorado Wolf - Colorado Taxidermist, Edwin Carter, Collection in Breckenridge, Mounted Wolf from a kill in Colorado Rockies.jpg|thumb|upright|Edwin Carter, wakusanda vyamoyo ku Breckenridge, wali na nkharamira iyo yikakomeka ku Colorado, ca. 1890–1900.|alt=Photo of Breckenridge naturalist Edwin Carter standing next to a taxidermied gray wolf killed in the Colorado Rockies, circa. 1890–1900.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ku Colorado kukacitika cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti vinyama vyakofya vyakofya ivi vifwe. Gulu la mimbulu likakhazikikaso ku Moffat County, Colorado kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado mu 2019. Ŵalimi ŵa viŵeto ŵakufipa mtima kuti para mphumphi zikuweleraso, viŵeto vyawo vinganangika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵikeso mphumphi zakufipa mu 2020, ndipo boma ili likati laŵikapo mtima kuti mu 2022 mu charu ichi muŵe mphumphi zakufipa na kuzomerezga nthowa zakuponoskera mphumphi izo zikukoma viŵeto na vinyama. Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti mbuzi iyi yikaŵako vyaka 800,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kweni mbuzi iyi yikafuma ku Colorado yayi, kweni yikaŵako pakati pa 1947 na 1972. Nangauli mbuzi za ku mapiri zikaŵa kuti zikafumira ku malo ghanyake, kweni mu 1993 boma likati mbuzi za ku mapiri ni za ku malo agha. Mu 2013, 2014, na 2019, nthenda yambura kumanyikwa yikakoma ŵana wose ŵa mbuzi za ku mapiri, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Colorado Parks and Wildlife yipenje. Mu Colorado, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasazgikana chomene mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu ma 1960, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako ŵakaŵanga 15,000 pera. Ndipouli, mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupwelelera viyuni ivi ndipo vikakwana 66,000. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mu chaka cha 2019 ŵakafika pa ŵanthu 85,000 ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na nyumba izo zikaŵanga mu mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoya kuti ŵeneko ŵa malo ŵakwenera kusintha vinthu vinyake kuti viŵe vyakukwana kuti viyuni ivi vifwatukenge mu malo agha. Vinyama ivi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo vinyake vikusangikaso ku mapiri gha San Juan. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu mapiri gha Colorado ni mphoyo, chiwuvi chakumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiwuvi cha golide, chiwuvi chamuthumbo, chiwuvi cha American pika, na chiwuvi chakuthondo, vyose vilipo vinandi chomene, nangauli chiwuvi ichi ntcha mu charu ichi yayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mammalsociety.org/southwestern-red-squirrel|title=Southwestern Red Squirrel|publisher=[[American Society of Mammalogists]]|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/9-fascinating-facts-about-pika-in-colorado/73-249834117|title=9 fascinating facts about pika in Colorado|publisher=[[KUSA]]|last=Sommariva|first=Kelly|date=6 February 2014|access-date=3 February 2022|location=[[Denver]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitclearcreek.com/activities/colorado-wildlife/yellow-bellied-marmot/|title=Yellow Bellied Marmot|publisher=[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County Tourism Bureau]]|location=[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]], CO|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Moose Reintroduction|publisher=[[Colorado Parks and Wildlife]]|date=November 2013|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi muli visomba vya mtundu wa deer, fox squirrel, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, na coyote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arapahoegov.com/1219/Rabbits|title=Rabbits|publisher=[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County Government]]|last=Cahill|first=Caitlyn|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204045049/https://www.arapahoegov.com/1219/Rabbits|archive-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1536555|title=Coyote Hunt for Colorado|last=Brady|first=Jeff|date=7 December 2003|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Mu mapiri agha muli ntcheŵe yakucemeka black-tailed prairie dog, nkharamu yakucemeka swift fox, nkharamu yakucemeka American badger, na nkharamu yakucemeka white-tailed jackrabbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jeffco.us/DocumentCenter/View/16975/Prairie-Dog-Fact-Sheet-2019-PDF?bidId=|title=Black-tailed Prairie Dogs|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County Government]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/SwiftFoxConservationTeam.aspx|title=Swift Fox Conservation Team|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=[[Colorado Parks and Wildlife]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/resource-sharing/state-pubs-blog/colorados-small-mammals-part-iii-mustelids/|title=Colorado's Small Mammals, Part III: Mustelids|last=Zimmer|first=Amy|date=6 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=Colorado Virtual Library}}</ref> == M'madera == {{GeoGroup|article=Population history of Colorado counties|section=Colorado counties}} {{Main|List of counties in Colorado|List of Colorado counties by socioeconomic factors}} Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 64. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, City and County of Broomfield na City and County of Denver, vili na maboma ghakukolerana. Ma counties ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa mu boma la Colorado pakuti kulije matawuni panji vigaŵa vinyake. Dera la El Paso ndilo liri na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Dera ili ndimo muli msumba wa Colorado Springs. Dera lachiŵiri ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni msumba wa Denver, uwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili. Mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mwa vigaŵa 64, sono muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000, ndipo mu vigaŵa 12 muli ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 5,000. Vigaŵa 10 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Dera la Mesa ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.{{efn|name=2022 county estimates|[[United States Census Bureau]] estimates of county population as of July 1, 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop-08.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (CO-EST2022-POP-08)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Department of Commerce]]|date=March 2023|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref>}}{{clear}} {{panorama|image=Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods (25846068782).jpg|height=288|width=100%|align=left|caption=[[Pikes Peak]] and [[Garden of the Gods]] in [[El Paso County, Colorado]]|alt=Photo of Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods in El Paso County, Colorado}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>The 16 most populous Colorado counties</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2022 Rank{{efn|name=2022 county estimates}} !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|[[County seat#United States|County seat]] !scope=col|2022 Population{{efn|name=2022 county estimates}} |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|740,567 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |data-sort-value=Denver|[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |[[Denver]]{{efn|As a [[List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Denver|City and County of Denver]] is its own [[County seat#United States|county seat]].<ref name=MuniIncCO/>}} |align=right|713,252 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]] |align=right|655,808 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[[Golden, Colorado|Golden]] |align=right|576,143 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[[Brighton, Colorado|Brighton]] |align=right|527,575 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[[Castle Rock, Colorado|Castle Rock]] |align=right|375,988 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]] |align=right|366,778 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]] |align=right|350,176 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] |align=right|327,468 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] |align=right|169,544 |- !scope=row align=center|11 |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] |align=right|158,636 |- !scope=row align=center|12 |data-sort-value=Broomfield|[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]]{{efn|As a [[List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] is its own [[County seat#United States|county seat]].<ref name=MuniIncCO/>}} |align=right|76,121 |- !scope=row align=center|13 |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[[Glenwood Springs, Colorado|Glenwood Springs]] |align=right|62,271 |- !scope=row align=center|14 |[[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]] |[[Durango, Colorado|Durango]] |align=right|56,607 |- !scope=row align=center|15 |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[[Eagle, Colorado|Eagle]] |align=right|55,285 |- !scope=row align=center|16 |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[[Cañon City, Colorado|Cañon City]] |align=right|49,621 |} ===Municipalities=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of municipalities in Colorado|section=Municipalities}} {{main|List of municipalities in Colorado}} Ku Colorado kuli matawuni ghakukwana 272 agho ni matawuni ghakukwana 197, misumba 73, na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri.<ref name=MuniIncCO>{{cite web|url=https://dola.colorado.gov/lgis/municipalities.jsf|title=Active Colorado Municipalities|publisher=State of Colorado, [[Colorado Department of Local Affairs|Department of Local Affairs]], Division of Local Government|access-date=September 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212060308/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html|archive-date=December 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Colorado_incplace>{{cite web|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/tab20/tigerweb_tab20_incplace_co.html|title=State of Colorado Incorporated Places - Current/TAB20 - Data as of January 1, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=January 1, 2020|access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref> Ku United States mu chaka cha 2020, ŵanthu 4,299,942 pa ŵanthu 5,773,714 awo ŵakakhalanga mu Colorado (74.47%) ŵakakhalanga mu muzi umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 714,417 (12.37%) ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakukwana 210, ndipo ŵakukwana 759,355 (13.15%) ŵakakhalanga ku mizi na mu mapiri. Boma la Colorado likugwira nchito pasi pa boma limoza mwa ma boma ghankhondi. Mu Colorado muli maboma ghaŵili gha msumba na gha county, 61 gha msumba, 12 gha msumba, 35 gha tawuni, 161 gha tawuni, na boma limoza. Mzinda wa Denver ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Ku Colorado kuli matawuni 12 agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, ndipo 17 ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100. Virwa 16 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Msumba wa Grand Junction ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Mu tawuni ya Carbonate mukaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi nyengo yose ya chaka, chifukwa nyengo ya chiwuvi yikaŵa yiheni chomene kweniso chikaŵa chakusuzga kufikako.{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates|[[United States Census Bureau]] estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-08.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-08)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Department of Commerce]]|date=May 2023|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref>}}{{clear}} {{panorama|image=2006-07-14-Denver Skyline Midnight.jpg|height=288|width=100%|align=left|caption=The evening skyline of downtown [[Denver]]|alt=Photo of the evening skyline of downtown Denver}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>Mizinda 25 ya ku Colorado iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2022 Rank{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates}} !scope=col|[[List of municipalities in Colorado|Municipality]] !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|2022 Population{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates}} |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |align=right|713,252 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|City of Colorado Springs]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|486,248 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Aurora, Colorado|City of Aurora]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe]], [[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]], and [[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas counties]] |align=right|393,537 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Fort Collins, Colorado|City of Fort Collins]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |align=right|169,249 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Lakewood, Colorado|City of Lakewood]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|156,120 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Thornton, Colorado|City of Thornton]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|143,282 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Arvada, Colorado|City of Arvada]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]] and [[Adams County, Colorado|Adams counties]] |align=right|121,581 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Westminster, Colorado|City of Westminster]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson counties]] |align=right|114,533 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Pueblo, Colorado|City of Pueblo]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |align=right|111,456 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Greeley, Colorado|City of Greeley]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |align=right|109,209 |- !scope=row align=center|11 |[[Centennial, Colorado|City of Centennial]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|105,865 |- !scope=row align=center|12 |[[Boulder, Colorado|City of Boulder]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |align=right|105,485 |- !scope=row align=center|13 |[[Longmont, Colorado|City of Longmont]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|98,687 |- !scope=row align=center|14 |[[Castle Rock, Colorado|Town of Castle Rock]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|80,191 |- !scope=row align=center|15 |[[Loveland, Colorado|City of Loveland]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |align=right|77,884 |- !scope=row align=center|16 |[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |align=right|76,121 |- !scope=row align=center|17 |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|City of Grand Junction]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |align=right|68,034 |- !scope=row align=center|18 |[[Commerce City, Colorado|City of Commerce City]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |align=right|66,115 |- !scope=row align=center|19 |[[Parker, Colorado|Town of Parker]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|61,222 |- !scope=row align=center|20 |[[Littleton, Colorado|City of Littleton]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe]], [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]], and [[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas counties]] |align=right|44,755 |- !scope=row align=center|21 |[[Brighton, Colorado|City of Brighton]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|41,881 |- !scope=row align=center|22 |[[Windsor, Colorado|Town of Windsor]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld]] and [[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer counties]] |align=right|38,510 |- !scope=row align=center|23 |[[Northglenn, Colorado|City of Northglenn]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|38,106 |- !scope=row align=center|24 |[[Englewood, Colorado|City of Englewood]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|33,642 |- !scope=row align=center|25 |[[Erie, Colorado|Town of Erie]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld]] and [[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder counties]] |align=right|33,104 |} ===Unincorporated communities=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of census-designated places in Colorado|section=Census-designated places}} {{Main|List of census-designated places in Colorado|List of populated places in Colorado}} Kuonjezera pa ma municipalities 272, Colorado ili ni malo 210 osagwirizana na chiwerengero cha ŵanthu (CDPs) na madera ghanyake ghadoko ghhadoko. Msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado ni wa Highlands Ranch kumwera kwa Denver. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Chigaŵa cha Clifton ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.<ref name=CO_CDP_2020>{{cite web|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs21/tigerweb_acs21_cdp_2020_tab20_co.html|title=State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=September 30, 2022}}</ref> {{clear}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>The ten most populous census-designated places in Colorado</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2020 Rank<ref name=Census/> !scope=col|[[List of census-designated places in Colorado|Census-designated place]] !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|[[2020 United States Census|2020 census]]<ref name=Census/> |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[Highlands Ranch, Colorado|Highlands Ranch CDP]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|103,444 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |[[Security-Widefield, Colorado|Security-Widefield CDP]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|38,639 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Dakota Ridge, Colorado|Dakota Ridge CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|33,892 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Ken Caryl, Colorado|Ken Caryl CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|33,811 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Pueblo West, Colorado|Pueblo West CDP]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |align=right|33,086 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Columbine, Colorado|Columbine CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]] and [[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe counties]] |align=right|25,229 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Four Square Mile, Colorado|Four Square Mile CDP]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|22,872 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Clifton, Colorado|Clifton CDP]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |align=right|20,413 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Cimarron Hills, Colorado|Cimarron Hills CDP]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|19,311 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Sherrelwood, Colorado|Sherrelwood CDP]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |align=right|19,228 |} ===Special districts=== Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vyakujumpha 4,000, ndipo vinandi mwa vigaŵa ivi vili na boma ilo likupeleka msonkho wa katundu. Vigaŵa ivi vingapeleka masukulu, kuvikilira malango, kuvikilira moto, maji, maji ghakunyang'amira, maji ghakunyang'amira, ulimi wa maji, vyakwendeskera, vyakusanguluska, vinthu vyakovwira pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakovwira pa vya mitheto, kovwira bizinesi, kunozgaso vinthu vinyake, panji vinthu vinyake. Vigaŵa vinyake vili na mazaza ghakukhomeska msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, na msonkho wa kugwiliskira nchito nyumba. Ivi vyapangiska kuti mu Colorado muŵe msonkho wa katundu na msonkho wa katundu. Ku Colorado kuli misewu yinyake iyo yikupambana pa msonkho, ndipo nyengo zinyake yikupambana comene. Vinyake mwa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya Colorado ni: * The [[Regional Transportation District]] (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas Counties * The [[Scientific and Cultural Facilities District]] (SCFD), a special regional tax district with physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties ** It is a 0.1% retail sales and uses tax (one penny on every $10). ** According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation, exhibition, advancement, or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology, botany, natural history, or cultural history. ** As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three "tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage. *** Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%. *** Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%. *** Tier III has more than 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, art centers, natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations apply for funding from the county cultural councils via a grant process. This tier receives 13.5%. ** An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions by the Colorado Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners (in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado. * The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the [[Denver Broncos]]' stadium [[Empower Field at Mile High]]. * Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of Jefferson and Broomfield counties. * The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the [[Colorado Rockies]]' stadium [[Coors Field]]. * Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, and Gunnison County. ==Statistical areas== {{main|List of statistical areas in Colorado}} [[File:Colorado CBSAs 2020.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of the 17 core-based statistical areas of Colorado]] Pa Malichi 6, 2020, Ofesi yakulaŵilira vya bajeti yikayowoya kuti ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa 21 ivyo vikusazgapo vigaŵa vinayi, vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba, na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba. Ku Colorado, malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ni Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, uko kuli ŵanthu 2,963,821 pa census ya ku United States ya mu 2020, ndipo kukwera na +15.29% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010. Mzinda wa Denver-Aurora, CO, uwo uli na vigaŵa 12, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,623,560 pa census ya mu 2020, yikasazgikira na +17.23% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010. Chigawo chachikulu cha anthu ambiri ku Rocky Mountain Region ndi 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Southern Rocky. Chigaŵa ichi chili na Denver pakati ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa 5,055,344 pa census ya mu 2020, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na +16.65% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010.<ref name=Census/> == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == [[File:Colorado population map.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Colorado population density map]] Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa July 1, 2022 ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakaŵa 5,839,926, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020..<ref name=Census/> {{US Census population |1860= 34277 |1870= 39864 |1880= 194327 |1890= 413249 |1900= 539700 |1910= 799024 |1920= 939629 |1930= 1035791 |1940= 1123296 |1950= 1325089 |1960= 1753947 |1970= 2207259 |1980= 2889964 |1990= 3294394 |2000= 4301262 |2010= 5029196 |2020= 5773714 |footnote=[[United States census|U.S. Decennial Census]] }} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] |- ! Race and Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Non-Hispanic ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|65.1|%|2||background:gray}} |align=right| {{bartable|69.4|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} |align=right| {{bartable}} |align=right| {{bartable|21.9|%|2||background:green}} |- | [[African Americans|Black (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|3.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |align=right| {{bartable|4.9|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|3.4|%|2||background:purple}} |align=right| {{bartable|4.7|%|2||background:purple}} |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.6|%|2||background:gold}} |align=right| {{bartable|2.1|%|2||background:gold}} |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}} |align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:pink}} |- | Other |align=right| {{bartable|0.5|%|2||background:brown}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.5|%|2||background:brown}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ Colorado historical racial demographics |- ! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung |date=September 2002 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |department=Population Division |access-date=April 17, 2012 }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/CO |title=Population of Colorado—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts |website=CensusViewer.com |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |title=2010 Census Data—2010 Census |website=Census.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] (includes [[White Hispanic]]s) |align=right| {{nts|95.7}}% |align=right| {{nts|88.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|82.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|81.3}}% |- | [[African American|Black]] |align=right| {{nts|3.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|4.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|3.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|4.0}}% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] |align=right| {{nts|0.5}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|2.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|2.8}}% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] |align=right| {{nts|0.4}}% |align=right| {{nts|0.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.1}}% |- | [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0001}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0001}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{nts|0.1}}% |align=right| {{nts|0.1}}% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] |align=right| {{nts|0.4}}% |align=right| {{nts|5.1}}% |align=right| {{nts|7.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|7.2}}% |- | [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0002}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0002}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{nts|2.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|3.4}}% |} [[File:Ethnic Origins in Colorado.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Colorado]] [[File:Colorado counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Colorado by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list | title = Legend|{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} '''Non-Hispanic White''' {{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} {{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}} {{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} {{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} {{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}} {{col-2}} '''Hispanic or Latino''' {{legend|#a2c4c9|40–50%}} {{legend|#76a5af|50–60%}} {{col-end}} }}]] Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na ku Latin America (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uliwose) ŵakukwana 20.7% mwa ŵanthu wose. Kuyana na census ya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ni ŵa ku Germany (22%) kusazgapo ŵa ku Switzerland na Austria, Mexico (18%), Ireland (12%), na England (12%). Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti mba ku Germany ŵakusangika comene mu vigaŵa vya Front Range, Rockies (vikaya vya kumanjiliro gha dazi), na Eastern parts/High Plains. Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Mexico na America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu Denver, Colorado Springs, Greeley, Pueblo, na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Kumwera, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafuma ku Spain. Mu 1940, U.S. Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ni 8.2% ŵa ku Spain na 90.3% ŵa ku Spain yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakusazgikira comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 22% ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 70%. Cingelezi ico ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado cikuyana comene na Cisipanishi. Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na America awo ŵakukhala ku Denver, ku vigaŵa vya Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Denver. Boma ili lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia awo mbakufuma ku Mongolia, China, Philippines, Korea, Southeast Asia, na Japan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakukhala kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Denver, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mzinda wa Denver ukuwoneka kuti uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma la Denver pa nkhani ya ndyali na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na malo. Mu 2006, ku Colorado kukababika ŵana 70,331. (Ŵana awo ŵakubabika ni 14.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000.) Mu 2007, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain yayi ndiwo ŵakababanga ŵana ŵanandi chomene. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika, 14.06% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko linyake. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika ku Colorado, 43 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain. Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, Colorado ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Virwa ivi ni New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%) na Florida (22.5%). Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 918,899, panji kuti pafupifupi 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Mexico, ndipo kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska ku California, Texas, Arizona, na Illinois. Kuyana na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu, Colorado ni cigaŵa ca nambara 6 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, na Nevada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statemaster.com/state/CO-colorado/peo- |title=People of Colorado statistics |website=StateMaster.com |date=June 15, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421185721/http://www.statemaster.com/state/CO-colorado/peo- |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Birth data=== Mu 2011, ŵanthu 46 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵa ku Colorado awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka viŵiri kukhilira pasi, ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵapapi ŵawo wose ŵakaŵa ŵazungu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adworks.org/pdf/LosingGround_e-book.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.adworks.org/pdf/LosingGround_e-book.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Losing ground |website=Adworks.org |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> ''Manyani kuti: Ŵana awo ŵali kubabika mu tebulo ili ŵakusazgikana yayi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakusazgikana kuyana na fuko lawo kweniso mtundu wawo, ntheura unandi wawo ngukuru chomene.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother |- !scope="col"| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] !scope="col"| 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2013 Volume 64, Number 1 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2014 Volume 64, Number 12 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2015 Volume 66, Number 1 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2016<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nvsr67_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] }}</ref> !scope="col"| 2017<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111184850/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-11 |url-status=live|title=Births: Final Data for 2017|publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2018<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2019<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2020<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2021<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| [[White Americans|White]]: | 57,491 (88.4%) | 58,117 (88.3%) | 58,756 (88.2%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |- |scope="row"| > [[Non-Hispanic whites]] | 39,872 (61.3%) | 40,629 (61.7%) | 40,878 (61.4%) | 39,617 (59.5%) | 37,516 (58.3%) | 36,466 (58.0%) | 36,022 (57.3%) | 34,924 (56.8%) | 36,334 (57.7%) |- |scope="row"| [[African Americans|Black]] | 3,760 (5.8%) | 3,926 (6.0%) | 4,049 (6.1%) | 3,004 (4.5%) | 3,110 (4.8%) | 3,032 (4.8%) | 3,044 (4.8%) | 3,146 (5.1%) | 2,988 (4.7%) |- |scope="row"| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] | 2,863 (4.4%) | 3,010 (4.6%) | 2,973 (4.5%) | 2,617 (3.9%) | 2,611 (4.1%) | 2,496 (4.0%) | 2,540 (4.0%) | 2,519 (4.1%) | 2,490 (4.0%) |- |scope="row"| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] | 793 (1.2%) | 777 (1.2%) | 803 (1.2%) | 412 (0.6%) | 421 (0.7%) | 352 (0.6%) | 365 (0.6%) | 338 (0.5%) | 323 (0.5%) |- |scope="row"| [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]] | ... | ... | ... | 145 (0.2%) | 145 (0.2%) | 155 (0.2%) | 168 (0.3%) | 169 (0.3%) | 202 (0.3%) |- |scope="row"| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) | ''17,821'' (27.4%) | ''17,665'' (26.8%) | ''18,139'' (27.2%) | ''18,513'' (27.8%) | ''18,125'' (28.2%) | ''17,817'' (28.3%) | ''18,205'' (29.0%) | ''18,111'' (29.4%) | ''18,362'' (29.2%) |- |scope="row"| '''Total Colorado''' | '''65,007''' (100%) | '''65,830''' (100%) | '''66,581''' (100%) | '''66,613''' (100%) | '''64,382''' (100%) | '''62,885''' (100%) | '''62,869''' (100%) | '''61,494''' (100%) | '''62,949''' (100%) |} * Kufumira mu chaka cha 2016, ma data gha kubabika kwa White Hispanic ghakuwunjikika yayi, kweni ŵakusazgikamo mu gulu limoza la Hispanic; ŵanthu ŵa Hispanic ŵangaŵa ŵa mtundu uliwose. Mu 2017, Colorado yikaŵa na ŵana ŵachoko chomene ku United States, ndipo mwanakazi waliyose wakaŵa na ŵana 1.63. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikawovwira kuti nthumbo zileke kuŵa zinandi vikaŵa vya Title X Family Planning Program na chawanangwa chakufuma ku mbumba ya Warren Buffett.<ref>{{cite news |last = Seaman |first = Jessica |date = March 22, 2019 | title = Colorado teen pregnancies dropped 20 percent near these clinics. Now their funding is at risk |url = https://www.denverpost.com/2019/03/22/colorado-teen-pregnancies-title-x-funding/ |work = [[The Denver Post]] |location=[[Denver]]| access-date = May 21, 2019|quote=By increasing access to long-term birth control such as intrauterine devices, Colorado has reduced teen pregnancies by about 20 percent in zip codes near clinics that receive federal funding&nbsp;... Statewide, the birth rate for&nbsp;... ages 15 and 19 dropped 59 [%]&nbsp;... in 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last =Brown |first =Jennifer |date=November 30, 2017 |title=IUD program leads to big decline in teen pregnancies, abortions in Colorado|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/30/colorado-teen-pregnancy-abortion-rates-drop-free-low-cost-iud/|work=[[The Denver Post]]|access-date=May 21, 2019|location=[[Denver]]|quote=The steep drop in teen pregnancies and abortions in Colorado since 2009 is mainly due to one thing: free, low-cost access to IUDs&nbsp;... Thanks to a grant from billionaire Warren Buffett's family, Colorado spent $28 million}}</ref> ===Language=== Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi, ndipo kufuma apo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Chiyowoyero chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado ni chiyowoyero cha ku Colorado River icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Numic, icho chikuchemekaso kuti chiyowoyero cha Ute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Colorado-Languages.html|title=Languages—Colorado|website=www.city-data.com|access-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112123125/http://www.city-data.com/states/Colorado-Languages.html|archive-date=2016-11-12}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-CO |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref> | label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value1 = 39 | label6 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffilated]] | value6 = 34 | color1 = Blue | label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] | value2 = 19 | color2 = Purple | label3 = [[Mormonism]] | value3 = 2 | color3 = Teal | label4 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] | value4 = 1 | color4 = Yellow | label5 = [[Unitarianism]]/[[Unitarian Universalism|Universalism]] | value5 = 1 | color5 = Green | color6 = White | label7 = [[New Age]] | value7 = 2 | color7 = Red | label8 = [[Judaism]] | value8 = 1 | color8 = Pink | label9 = [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] | value9 = 1 | color9 = Orange }} Mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakagomezganga visopa vyakupambanapambana. Pa visopa ivi, 64% ni Ŵakhristu, 44% ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 16% ni Ŵakatolika, 3% ni Ŵamormoni, ndipo 1% ni Ŵakatolika. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, visopa vinyake vikaŵa na Ŵayuda 1%, Ŵasilamu 1%, Ŵabuda 1%, na ŵanyake 4%. Ŵanthu 29 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵavya cisopo. Mu 2020, kuyana na kafukufuku wa Public Religion Research Institute, Cikristu cikaŵa na ŵanthu 66%. Ŵayuda nawo ŵakasazgikirako mu kafukufuku uyu, ndipo ŵakakwana 2% mu visopa vyose, apo ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga yayi ŵakakwana 28% mu kafukufuku uyu. Mu 2022, wupu uwu ukayowoya kuti ŵanthu 61 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (39% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, 19% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, 2% ŵakaŵa Ŵamormon, 1% ŵakaŵa ŵa Orthodox, 2% ŵakaŵa ŵa Cikhristu Ciphya, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵahindu, ndipo 34% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake. Kuyana na wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives, visopa vikuruvikuru vya Cikhristu kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi mu 2010 ni Chalichi la Katolika ilo lili na ŵanthu 811,630; Chalichi la Evangelical Protestants ilo lili na ŵanthu 229,981; na Chalichi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa mu Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro ilo lili na ŵanthu 151,433. Mu 2020, wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives ukati visopa vikuruvikuru ni Ŵakatolika (873,236), Ŵaprotesitanti (406,798), na Ŵamormon (150,509). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, pakaŵa Ŵahindu 12,500, Ŵahindu 7,101, na Ŵabuddha 17,369. Mpingo wa Katolika wa Our Lady of Guadalupe ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kukhazikiskika ku Colorado ndipo ukazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain kufuma ku New Mexico. Ŵakatolika ŵa Chalichi la Latin ŵakuteŵetereka na madiyosezi ghatatu: Archdiocese ya Denver na Diocese ya Colorado Springs na Pueblo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mpingo wa Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ku Colorado ŵakafuma ku Mississippi ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu msasa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Arkansas kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Pueblo.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://churchofjesuschristcolorado.com/your-colorado-church-history-tour/|title= Your Colorado Church History Tour|access-date=March 24, 2021|date=March 24, 2020|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Colorado}}</ref> ===Health=== Ŵasayansi awo ŵakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na ivyo ŵakuchita pa umoyo wawo, ŵakuti Colorado ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali na umoyo uwemi. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni ivyo boma ili likucita pa nkhani ya vyakusanguluska. Ndipouli, vinthu vikupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵanthu, pakuti vyaru visambazi nga ni Douglas na Pitkin vikuchita makora chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, vyambura usambazi nga ni Huerfano na Las Animas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/01/19/colorado-a-healthy-state-overall-some-counties-more-than-others-and-its-not-just-the-poorer-areas-with-serious-health-concerns/|title=Colorado is one of the healthiest states in the country, but health outcomes vary widely by county|last=Svaldi|first=Aldo|date=January 19, 2020|work=[[The Denver Post]]|location=[[Denver]]|access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref> ====Obesity==== Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wacitika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ndiwo mbakututuŵa comene kuluska waliyose mu caru ici. Kufika mu 2018, ŵanthu 24 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kunona chomene, ndipo nangauli ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiŵelengero chichoko chomene mu charu ichi, kweni mu 2004 chikaŵa 17 pa ŵanthu 100 pera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/adult-obesity/|title = Adult Obesity Rates}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://calorielab.com/news/2007/08/06/fattest-states-2007/ |title=Fattest States 2010: CalorieLab's Annual Obesity Map—State Obesity Rankings &#124; CalorieLab—Health News & Information Blog |publisher=CalorieLab |date=June 28, 2010 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713041916/http://calorielab.com/news/2007/08/06/fattest-states-2007/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://calorielab.com/news/wp-images/post-images/fattest-states-2007-big.gif |format=GIF |title=Percentage of Obese Adult Population |website=Calorielab.com |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080612165609/http://calorielab.com/news/wp-images/post-images/fattest-states-2007-big.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Life expectancy==== Lipoti la mu magazini ya Journal of the American Medical Association likuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakhaliranga vyaka 80.21, ndipo ndiwo ŵakakhala vyaka vinandi ku United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dwyer-Lindgren|first=Laura|date=May 8, 2017|title=Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=177|issue=7|pages=1003–1011|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918|pmid=28492829|pmc=5543324}}</ref> ==== Homelessness ==== Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 10,397 awo ŵalije pakukhala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Colorado}} {{See also|Colorado locations by per capita income}} [[File:Denver CO DT WTC AMH 322.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Denver Energy Center lies in the Denver financial district along 17th Street, known as the ''[[Wall Street of the West]]'']] [[File:Corn production in Colorado.jpg|thumb|[[Maize|Corn]] growing in [[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]]]] * Total employment (2019): 2,473,192 * Number of employer establishments: 174,258<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/CO |url-status=dead |title=Quickfacts: Colorado |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726213943/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/CO |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=September 20, 2021}}</ref> Mu 2015, ndalama zose izo boma likasanganga zikaŵa $318.6 biliyoni. Mu 2016, ndalama izo mbumba zikapokeranga pa caka zikakwana $70,666, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambala 8 mu caru cose. Mu 2010, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $51,940, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa pa nambara 11 mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira nchito za ku migodi, ndipo ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto. Makampani ghakwambilira ghakapanganga vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika sono ni ng'ombe, tirigu, mkaka, tirigu, na utheka. Boma likugwiliskira ntchito maofesi gha boma mu boma ili, kusazgapo NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Base iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 16 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Peterson Air Force Base, na Fort Carson, vyose vili mu Colorado Springs mu El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) mu Golden, na National Institute of Standards and Technology mu Boulder; U.S. Wupu wa Geological Survey na mawupu ghanyake gha boma pa Denver Federal Center pafupi na Lakewood; Denver Mint, Buckley Space Force Base, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, na Byron G. Rogers Federal Building na United States Courthouse ku Denver; na Federal Supermax Prison na majele ghanyake kufupi na Cañon City. Kuonjezera pa mabungwe ena, Colorado ili ndi nkhalango zambiri za National Forest ndi National Parks zinayi zomwe zimathandizira kuti boma likhale ndi malo okwana 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) ku Colorado, kapena 37% ya dera lonse la boma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makampani ghakurughakuru na gha uteŵeti ghakakura comene. Chuma cha boma ili nchakupambanapambana ndipo chikumanyikwa na kafukufuku wa sayansi na mafakitale gha tekinoloje yapachanya. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga vyakurya, kugura vinthu vyakwendeskera katundu, kupanga makina, kupanga vinthu vya makemikolo, kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni golide, siliva, na molybdenum. Sono mu Colorado ndimo muli moŵa unandi comene kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/nov/24/reuteman-colorado-rides-on-fat-tire-to-beer/ |title=Colorado rides on Fat Tire to beer heights |publisher=Rockymountainnews.com |date=November 24, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> Denver ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Boma ili lili na malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso mapiri ghakutowa chomene ndipo chaka chilichose ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ikugwira ntchito yayikulu pa chuma cha Colorado, ndipo mu chaka cha 2018 ntchito ya zokopa alendo idapanga ndalama zokwana madola 22.3 biliyoni. Mazina ghanandi ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose ghakafuma ku mafakitare na ma laboratory gha ku Colorado. Ku Denver ndiko kukafuma kampani yakupanga mafoni ya Qwest mu 1879, Samsonite mu 1910, Gates mu 1911, na Russell Stover mu 1923. Kuner wakambiska makina gha kunjilira vyakurya mu matumba mu Brighton mu 1864. Mu 1873, ku Golden kukafuma moŵa wa Coors, mu 1920 kukafuma vinthu vya ceramic vya CoorsTek, ndipo mu 1949 kukafuma candy wa Jolly Rancher. Mu 1892, mu tawuni ya Pueblo mukaŵa njanji ya CF&I iyo yikaŵa na matayala, misomali, na mapaipi. Mu 1905, ŵakamba kupanga shuga wa Holly kufuma ku beets mu tawuni ya Holly. Nkhumba ya Swift ya Greeley yikamba kufuma ku Monfort of Colorado, Inc., iyo yikamba mu 1930. Makamera gha mtundu wa Estes ghakaŵikika mu Penrose mu 1958. Ku Fort Collins ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha kampani ya Woodward Governor kufuma waka mu 1870, ndipo ku Waterpik ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi kufuma waka mu 1962. Tiyi wa vyakumera wa Celestial Seasonings wakupangika mu tawuni ya Boulder kwambira mu 1969. Mulimo wa Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory ukayamba mu 1981 ku Durango. Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa ndalama wa 4.63 peresenti, nanga munthu wangaŵa na ndalama zinandi wuli. Pa Novembala 3, 2020, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakakolerana na fundo yakukhizga msonkho ku 4.55 peresenti. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, ivyo vikupima msonkho mwakuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga, msonkho wa ku Colorado ukuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga para wapeleka ndalama ku boma.<ref>Colorado individual income tax return (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015546/http://www.revenue.state.co.us/PDF/05104f.pdf Revenue.state.co.us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015546/http://www.revenue.state.co.us/PDF/05104f.pdf |date=December 17, 2008 }}. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</ref><ref>U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (2005) [https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf#search=%22form%201040%20site%3Airs.gov%22 online copy]. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</ref> Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa 2.9% pa vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska. Para ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikuluska ivyo boma likuzomerezga, kuyana na malango gha boma la Colorado, awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado kwa chaka chose ŵangapempha kuti ŵaŵawombere msonkho wa ivyo ŵakaguliska. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na matawuni ghakuŵa na mitengo yawo, padera pa mitengo ya boma. Kweniso pali msonkho unyake wapadera wa boma na wa chigaŵa uwo ungaŵapo. Vinthu vyambura kukhazikika na katundu wa munthu wakucita bizinesi vikusangika na msonkho mu Colorado. Mu 2003, boma la Colorado likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho wa katundu wawo. Msonkho uwu ukeneranga kuperekekekekaso mu chaka cha 2006 ndipo ukeneranga kupelekeka mu 2007. Kufika mu Disembala 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakusoŵa ntchito mu chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa 4.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/ |title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page |website=Bls.gov |access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref> Ŵasambizgi ŵa ku West Virginia ŵakamba kucekura mu 2018 ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo Colorado, nawo ŵakamba kucekura.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inspired by West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out|url=http://ktla.com/2018/04/02/inspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out/|agency=[[KTLA]]|date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika ku mapiri gha ku Colorado. Kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake na njara vikakhwaska chomene vyakurya mu 2020 na 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big rainstorms come too late for Colorado farmers whose crop has already died|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/big-rainstorms-too-late-for-colorado-farmers-whose-crop-has-already-died/73-70538659-cd1e-4869-979e-8f41d1c4f127|agency=[[KUSA]]|date=August 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=For first time in 8 years, 100% of Colorado is under drought or abnormally dry conditions |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/08/07/colorado-drought-climate-change/|agency=[[The Denver Post]]|date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> ===Natural resources=== [[File:Grand Junction Trip 92007 131.JPG|thumb|An [[oil well]] in western Colorado]] Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghanandi. Ku Colorado kuli malo ghakukwana 7 ghakusungiramo gasi na mafuta ku United States, ndipo ku Colorado kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakusungiramo mafuta. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku United States, mafuta agho ŵanthu ŵakupanga ghakukwana 5 peresenti pa chaka. Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghakukwana matiriliyoni ghanandi (160 km3) gha mafuta, ndipo mafuta agha ghakukwana pafupifupi mafuta ghose agho ghalipo pa charu chapasi. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli magesi ghanandi gha malasha. Ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira migodi ya uranium mu 1872, apo ŵakafumiskanga golide kufupi na Central City, Colorado. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli uranium iyo yikupangika na phosphate, ndipo yikukhala pa malo ghacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya ku U.S., kufuma pa Wyoming na New Mexico. Apo Colorado na Utah ghakaŵa na migodi ya radium kufuma mu 1910 mpaka 1922, uranium na vanadium ghakaŵa vinthu ivyo vikafumanga mu migodi iyi. Kufumira waka mu 2001 kufika mu 2007, mitengo ya uranium yikakwera comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti makampani ghanandi ghapange migodi ya uranium ku Colorado. Mu ma 1940, ŵanthu ŵanyake, kusazgapo Naturita na Paradox, ŵakamba kucemeka kuti "mizinda ya yellowcake" cifukwa ca kugwilira nchito mu migodi ya uranium. Pakuti mitengo yikakhira comene, ndipo mu 2008 vinthu vikasuzga pa nkhani ya ndalama, makampani agha ghakaleka kuzenga migodi ya uranium panji kuchepeskako vinthu vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, pakaŵavya migodi yikuru ya uranium mu boma ili, nangauli kukaŵanga mapulani ghakuti ŵambeso kupanga migodi iyi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/uranium-mining|title=Uranium Mining|encyclopedia=Colorado Encyclopedia|last=Conway|first=Bernard|date=March 31, 2016|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> ===Electricity generation=== {{See also|List of power stations in Colorado}} Ku Colorado, mapiri ghatali gha Rocky Mountains na mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi ghakupanga nkhongono ya mphepo, ndipo malo gha mapiri ghakupanga nkhongono ya magesi. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa zuŵa, ntheura mungaŵa magesi ghanandi. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu Mapiri gha Rocky ndiwo ukupangiska kuti maji ghaŵe na nkhongono. ==Mwambo== [[File:HistoryColoradoCenter1.jpg|thumb|[[History Colorado Center]] in Denver]] ===Arts and film=== * [[List of museums in Colorado]] * [[List of theaters in Colorado]] * [[Music of Colorado]] Mu Colorado ndimo ŵakacitiranga mafilimu ghanandi, nga ni True Grit, The Searchers, na Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Viliŵa vya nkhondo, njanji, na matawuni ghakupambanapambana agho ghakazengekaso kuti viŵe vyakwenelera mu nyengo yakale, vikusangika mu mafilimu ghanandi. Paliso misewu yinandi yakutowa iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mu mafilimu gha nga ni Vanishing Point, Bingo na Starman muwonekenge misewu iyi. Vinthu vinyake vya ku Colorado vyazunulika mu mafilimu nga ni The Stanley Hotel mu filimu ya Dumb and Dumber na The Shining and the Sculptured House mu filimu ya Sleeper. Mu 2015, Furious 7 yikeneranga kujambulika pa msewu wa Pikes Peak Highway ku Colorado. Nkhani za pa TV za ŵanthu ŵalara zikucitika mu tawuni ya Colorado. Kweniso, The TV series Good Luck Charlie yikacitikira ku Denver, Colorado, kweni yikajambulika yayi. Ofesi yakulaŵilira mafilimu na TV ya ku Colorado yikayowoya kuti mafilimu ghakujumpha 400 ghajambulika ku Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cangialosi|first=Jason|title=Scenic Memorabilia: Colorado's Film Locations|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/news/scenic-memorabilia-colorados-film-locations.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> Pali viphikiro vinandi vya mafilimu ku Colorado, nga ni Aspen Shortsfest, Boulder International Film Festival, Castle Rock Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, Festivus Film Festival, Mile High Horror Film Festival, Moondance International Film Festival, Mountainfilm ku Telluride, Rocky Mountain Women's Film Festival, na Telluride Film Festival. Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembanga mabuku ŵakakhalanga ku Colorado. Jack Kerouac na Neal Cassady, awo ŵakalembako mabuku gha mdauko wa Beat Generation, ŵakakhala mu Denver na mu vikaya vyapafupi na msumba uwu kwa vilimika vinandi. Mulembi wa maseŵero wa ku Ireland, Oscar Wilde, wakati waluta ku Colorado mu 1882, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Impressions of America kuti Leadville "ukaŵa msumba usambazi comene pa caru cose. Kweniso ŵakumanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵankhaza comene, ndipo munthu waliyose wali na futi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishandirishhistory.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/oscar-wilde-in-leadville-colorado/|title=Oscar Wilde in Leadville, Colorado|work=Isles Abroad|last=Flewelling|first=Lindsey|date=March 2, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41806/41806-h/41806-h.htm|title=Impressions of America|author=[[Oscar Wilde]]|publisher=Keystone Press|location=[[Sunderland]]|date=1906|via=Project Gutenburg|access-date=May 3, 2021}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== Charu cha Colorado chikumanyikwa na vyakurya vya ku Southwest na Rocky Mountain, ndipo ku chigaŵa chose kuli malo ghakurya gha ku Mexico. Mu 2010, tawuni ya Boulder ndiyo yikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi kuluska tawuni zose mu America. Mu tawuni ya Boulder muli makampani ghanandi gha vyakurya na vyakumwa, malo ghakurya ghawemi chomene, kweniso misika ya ŵalimi. Kweniso mu tawuni ya Boulder muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakutemwa kuphika vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuluska mu tawuni yinyake yiliyose, kusazgapo San Francisco na New York. Denver wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kurya nyama ya viŵeto, kweni sono wali na malo ghanandi ghakulyeramo. Polidori Sausage ni mtundu wa nyama ya nkhumba iyo yikusangika mu masupamaketi, iyo yikamba ku Colorado, kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Chaka chilichose mu mwezi wa Juni, ku Aspen kukaŵanga chiphikiro cha Food & Wine Classic. Aspen wakumanyikwaso kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyakurya vya ku Rocky Mountain.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnold |first=Katie |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/travel/08Choice.html |title=As Skiers Depart Aspen, Chowhounds Take Their Place |website=Travel.nytimes.com |location=New York City|date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Travel + Leisure">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/guides/colorado |title=Colorado Travel Guide|publisher=Travelandleisure.com |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Denver Magazine">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.denvermagazine.com/March-2011/Colorado-039s-Master-Sommeliers/ |title=Master Class: The Coloradans who've passed the Master Sommelier test that 97 percent fail |first=Jacob |last=Harkins |date=March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315081041/http://www.denvermagazine.com/March-2011/Colorado-039s-Master-Sommeliers/|archive-date=March 15, 2011 |magazine=Denver Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Antonation|first=Mark|date=October 20, 2015|title=Chef & Tell: Steve Polidori Talks About 90 Years of Sausage in North Denver|url=https://www.westword.com/restaurants/chef-and-tell-steve-polidori-talks-about-90-years-of-sausage-in-north-denver-7261764|access-date=April 26, 2021|website=Westword}}</ref><ref name="Bon Appétit">{{cite web |last=Knowlton |first=Andrew |url=http://www.bonappetit.com/magazine/2010/10/americas_foodiest_town_2010_boulder |title=America's Foodiest Town 2010: Boulder, Colorado: In the Magazine |date=September 9, 2010 |publisher=bonappetit.com |access-date=June 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613033434/http://www.bonappetit.com/magazine/2010/10/americas_foodiest_town_2010_boulder |archive-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> ===Wine and beer=== {{Main|Colorado wine|Colorado beer}} Vinyo wa ku Colorado wali na mitundu yakupambana-pambana iyo yikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Vinyo wa ku Colorado wakupangika kufuma ku mpheska za Vitis vinifera na vinyo la cherry, peach, plum, na uchi. Vinyo wa ku Colorado walumbika comene mu caru cose na mu vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca makhaliro ghake ghawemi. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli minda ya mpheska iyo yili pachanya pa mtunda wose mu United States. Nyengo ya ku mapiri iyi yikupangiska kuti mu cihanya kuŵe kwakuthukira ndiposo kuti usiku kuŵe kwakuzizima. Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikuchemeka kuti American Viticultural Areas. Vigaŵa ivi ni Grand Valley AVA na West Elks AVA. Ndipouli, malo ghanandi ghakupangira vinyo ghakusangika ku Front Range. Mu chaka cha 2018, magazini ya Wine Enthusiast yikati malo gha Grand Valley AVA ku Mesa County, Colorado, ndigho ghakaŵa pa malo 10 agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukamwa vinyo. Ku Colorado kuli malo ghanandi ghakupangira moŵa, nga ni New Belgium Brewing Company, Odell Brewing Company, Great Divide Brewing Company, na Bristol Brewing Company. Cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa Colorado ico cili pafupi na pakati pa misumba ya Denver, Boulder, na Fort Collins cikucemeka kuti "Dambo la Mowa la Napa" cifukwa ca umo muli malo ghanandi ghakupangira mowa.<ref name="The Denver Beer Triangle">{{cite web|url=http://www.denver.org/what-to-do/colorado-day-trips/denver-beer-triangle |title=The Denver Beer Triangle |publisher=Denver.org |access-date=June 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Colorado Wine Industry Development Board">{{cite web|url=http://www.coloradowine.com/overview.html |title=Colorado Wine Industry Development Board |publisher=Coloradowine.com |access-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428212220/http://www.coloradowine.com/overview.html |archive-date=April 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado beer.org|publisher=coloradobeer.org |access-date=January 24, 2013 |url=http://coloradobeer.org/}}</ref><ref name="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttb.gov/appellation/us_by_ava.pdf |title=Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau : U.S. Department of the Treasury : Tables |website=Ttb.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319073548/http://ttb.gov/appellation/us_by_ava.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=features&content=48734 |title=Wine Industry Feature Articles—Is Colorado the New Washington? |publisher=Winesandvines.com |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jackenthal |first=Stefani |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/travel/05biking.html |title=Biking Colorado's Wine Country |website=Travel.nytimes.com |location=New York City|date=October 5, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winemag.com/top-10-wine-travel-getaways-2018/grand-valley-colorado-usa/|title=Grand Valley, Colorado|website=Wine Enthusiast|access-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063007/https://www.winemag.com/top-10-wine-travel-getaways-2018/grand-valley-colorado-usa/|archive-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> ===Marijuana and hemp=== Boma la Colorado likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kwenda na chamba. Mu 2012, boma la Colorado likamba kuzomerezga chamba kuti chiŵe munkhwala (2000), mu mafakitale (kuyowoya za hemp, 2012), na mu vyakusanguluska (2012). Mu 2016, ku Colorado kukaŵa chamba chakukwana madola 1.31 biliyoni, ndipo mu vyaka vitatu vyakwambilira vya 2017, chamba ichi chikaŵa chakukwana madola 1.26 biliyoni. Mu 2016, boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 194 miliyoni ku boma pa nkhani ya msonkho, malipiro, na malaisensi gha kuguliska chamba. Boma la Colorado likukanizga kugwiliskira nchito mbuto yiliyose iyo yili na THC yambura kujumpha 0.3%. Pa 4 April, 2014, Senate Bill 14 ⁇ 184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced, ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colorado Senate Bill 14-184|url=http://openstates.org/co/bills/2014A/SB14-184/|access-date=October 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-sales-reports|title=Marijuana Sales Reports—Department of Revenue|website=www.colorado.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/agplants/industrial-hemp |title=Industrial Hemp &#124; Department of Agriculture—Plants |website=Colorado.gov |date=March 30, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-tax-data|title=Marijuana Tax Data—Department of Revenue|website=www.colorado.gov|access-date=April 7, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404065511/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-tax-data|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Land Water People Time (Cultural Guide) |url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/travel/a-new-rocky-mountain-high-colorado-open-for-cannabis-tourism/article_dd6187a4-d20e-5ba3-8c9a-3b4022235184.html |title=A new Rocky Mountain high: Colorado open for cannabis tourism—The Santa Fe New Mexican: Travel |newspaper=The Santa Fe New Mexican |date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> ====Medicinal use==== Pa Novembala 7, 2000, 54 peresenti ya ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na fundo ya 20 iyo yikasintha dango la boma la Colorado na kuzomerezga kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba. Para mulwari wakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba, pali vifukwa vyakulondezgapo:<ref name="norml-co">{{cite web |url=http://norml.com/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391 |title=Active State Medical Marijuana Programs—NORML |publisher=norml.com |access-date=June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503160619/http://norml.com/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 }}</ref> * (I) No more than {{convert|2|oz}} of a usable form of marijuana; and * (II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form of marijuana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalfamilies.org/guide/colorado20-full.html |title=Full Text of Colorado Amendment 20—Medical Use of Marijuana 2000 |website=Nationalfamilies.org |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Pasono, boma la Colorado lili kulemba "malwara 8 agho ŵalwari ŵangachizgika na munkhwala wa chamba: kansa, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, kupwetekeka kwa misipa, kupwetekeka kwa mtima, vyakuŵinya vikuru, kusuzgika comene mu thupi, kuchepa thupi, na kusuzgika kwa misipa". Apo wakaŵa kazembe, John Hickenlooper wakapeleka hafu ya ndalama zakukwana $13 miliyoni za boma za "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund" ku kafukufuku wa vyaumoyo mu bajeti ya 2014. Mu 2018, Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund yikaŵa "ndalama zinandi chomene mu boma" ndipo yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yipwelelere mapulogiramu nga ni kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵangawovwilira ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la autism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/12/30/colorado-marijuana-tax-cash-fund-general-assembly/|title=Almost half of Colorado's marijuana money can go wherever lawmakers wish|date=December 30, 2018|work=The Denver Post|location=[[Denver]]|access-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref> ====Recreational use==== Pa Novembala 6, 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti livikilire ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chomene chamba. Malo ghakuguliskirapo chamba ghakwamba ku Colorado, kweniso ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014.<ref name=Healy>{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jack|title=Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/colorado-stores-throw-open-their-doors-to-pot-buyers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/colorado-stores-throw-open-their-doors-to-pot-buyers.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|work=The New York Times|date=January 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aclu-co.org/aclu-joins-campaign-to-regulate-marijuana-like-alcohol/ |title=ACLU Joins Campaign To Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol—ACLU—Colorado |website=Aclu-co.org |date=September 14, 2011 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326175000/http://aclu-co.org/aclu-joins-campaign-to-regulate-marijuana-like-alcohol/ |archive-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in Colorado}} [[File:Coors field 1.JPG|thumb|The [[Colorado Rockies]] baseball club at [[Coors Field]]|172x172px]] [[File:Denver invesco stadium 1.jpg|thumb|[[Empower Field at Mile High]] in Denver, home field of the [[Denver Broncos]] and the [[Denver Outlaws]]|172x172px]] [[File:Pepsi Center.jpg|thumb|[[Ball Arena]], home of the [[Denver Nuggets]], the [[Colorado Avalanche]], and the [[Colorado Mammoth]]|172x172px]] [[File:Dick's Park.jpg|thumb|[[Dick's Sporting Goods Park]], home of the [[Colorado Rapids]]|172x172px]] Ku Colorado kuli vipani vikuruvikuru vinkhondi vya maseŵero, ndipo vyose vili mu msumba wa Denver. Boma la Colorado ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska maboma ghanyake ghose agho ghali na magulu gha maseŵero ghakurughakuru. Gulu la baseball la Colorado Springs Snow Sox likukhala ku Colorado Springs. Timu iyi ni membala wa Pecos League, mphala ya baseball yambura kukolerana na Major panji Minor League Baseball.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazette.com/thetribune/the-colorado-springs-snowsox-coming-to-our-area-from-the-sidelines/article_fb70f7c2-5087-11eb-8a9b-377738d6ac8d.html|title=The Colorado Springs SnowSox coming to our area-From the Sidelines|date=January 12, 2021|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox21news.com/living-local/give-a-big-welcome-to-co-springs-new-baseball-team-the-snow-sox/|title=Give a big welcome to CO Springs new baseball team, the Snow Sox|date=June 15, 2021|website=fox21news.com|access-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184747/https://www.fox21news.com/living-local/give-a-big-welcome-to-co-springs-new-baseball-team-the-snow-sox/|archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> Pikes Peak International Hill Climb ni mpikisano wa magalimoto uwo ukuchitikira pa Pikes Peak Highway. Ku Cherry Hills Country Club kukachitikanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha gofu, kusazgapo maseŵero gha U.S. Ku U.S. Ku U.S. Ŵanakazi ŵakugaŵana maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, PGA Championship na BMW Championship. ====Professional sports teams==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Team !Home !First game !Sport !League |- |[[Colorado Avalanche]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|October 6, 1995}} |[[Ice hockey]] |[[National Hockey League]] |- |[[Colorado Eagles]] |[[Loveland, Colorado|Loveland]] |align=right|{{dts|October 17, 2003}} |Ice hockey |[[American Hockey League]] |- |[[Colorado Mammoth]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|January 3, 2003}} |[[Lacrosse]] |[[National Lacrosse League]] |- |[[Colorado Rapids]] |[[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce City]] |align=right|{{dts|April 13, 1996}} |[[Association football|Soccer]] |[[Major League Soccer]] |- |[[Colorado Rapids 2]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|March 27, 2022}} |Soccer |[[MLS Next Pro]] |- |[[Colorado Rockies]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|April 5, 1993}} |[[Baseball]] |[[Major League Baseball]] |- |[[Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|{{dts|March 28, 2015}} |Soccer |[[USL Championship]] |- |[[Denver Barbarians]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|May 1967|format=hide}}Spring 1967 |[[Rugby union]] |[[Rugby union in the United States#Regional Premierships (2013–2016)|Pacific Rugby Premiership]] |- |[[Denver Broncos]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|September 9, 1960}} |[[American football]] |[[National Football League]] |- |[[Denver Nuggets]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|September 27, 1967}} |[[Basketball]] |[[National Basketball Association]] |- |[[Glendale Raptors]] |[[Glendale, Colorado|Glendale]] |align=right|{{dts|August 2006|format=hide}}Fall 2006 |Rugby union |[[Major League Rugby]] |- |[[Grand Junction Rockies]] |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] |align=right|{{dts|June 18, 2012}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |- |[[Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC]] |[[Windsor, Colorado|Windsor]] |align=right|{{dts|April 6, 2022}} |Soccer |[[USL League One]] |- |[[Northern Colorado Owlz]] |[[Windsor, Colorado|Windsor]] |align=right|{{dts|May 25, 2022}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |- |[[Rocky Mountain Vibes]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|{{dts|June 2019}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |} ====College athletics==== {{Main|List of college athletic programs in Colorado}}[[File:Weidner Field from Sierra Madre.jpg|thumb|[[Weidner Field]] in Colorado Springs, home of the [[Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC]]|172x172px]] Mayunivesite ndi makoleji otsatirawa amatenga nawo mbali mu National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. Gulu la maseŵero ilo likutchuka comene ku koleji ni la University of Colorado Buffaloes, ilo kale likacitanga maseŵero gha Big-12 kweni sono likucitako maseŵero gha Pac-12. Ŵakawina nkhombo ya Orange Bowl mu 1957 na 1991, Fiesta Bowl mu 1995, na Cotton Bowl Classic mu 1996. {| class="sortable wikitable" |+NCAA Division I athletic programs in Colorado<br /> ! Team !! School !! City !! Conference |- | [[Air Force Falcons]] || [[United States Air Force Academy]] || [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] || [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]]{{efn|Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor: * Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent. * Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent. * Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]]. * Men's ice hockey competes in [[Atlantic Hockey]]. * Men's lacrosse competes in the [[ASUN Conference]]. * Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the [[Patriot Rifle Conference]]. * Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the [[Western Athletic Conference]]. * Men's wrestling competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]].}} |- | [[Colorado Buffaloes]] || [[University of Colorado Boulder]] || [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] || [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]{{efn|Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor: * Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]]. * Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the [[Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association]].}} |- | [[Colorado State Rams]] || [[Colorado State University]] || [[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]] || [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]] |- | [[Denver Pioneers]] || [[University of Denver]] || [[Denver]] || [[National Collegiate Hockey Conference|NCHC]] / [[Summit League|Summit]]{{efn|Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor: * Women's gymnastics competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]]. * Men's ice hockey competes in the [[National Collegiate Hockey Conference]]. * Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the [[Big East Conference]]. * Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the [[Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association]].}} |- | [[Northern Colorado Bears]] || [[University of Northern Colorado]] || [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]] || [[Big Sky Conference|Big Sky]]{{efn|Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor: * Baseball competes in the [[Summit League]]. * Women's swimming & diving competes in the [[Western Athletic Conference]]. * Men's wrestling competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]].<!--The NCAA now recognizes women's wrestling as part of its Emerging Sports for Women program but does not yet sponsor a championship event.-->}} {{clear}} |- |[[Colorado College Tigers]] |[[Colorado College]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |[[National Collegiate Hockey Conference|NCHC]] / [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]]{{Efn|Colorado College, otherwise an [[NCAA Division III]] member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.|group=g}} |} ==Mayendelo== {{Main|Transportation in Colorado}} [[File:"Welcome to Colorful Colorado" state welcome sign along Interstate 70, entering from Utah (2006).jpg|thumb|left|A Colorado state welcome sign]] Ku Colorado, misewu ndiyo yikuru pa misewu yose iyo yikwenda. Msewu wa Interstate 25 (I-25) ni msewu ukuru uwo ukufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ukugumaniska Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, na Fort Collins, ndipo ukufika kumpoto kwa Wyoming na kumwera kwa New Mexico. I-70 ni nthowa yikuru ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msewu uwu ukusazga Grand Junction na mapiri gha ku Colorado na Denver ndipo ukunjira mu chigaŵa cha Utah na Kansas. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli misewu yinandi iyo yikuluta ku vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya chigaŵa ichi. Misumba yinandi yichokoyichoko yikukolerana na misewu iyi kwizira mu misewu ya boma pera. [[File:DIA.jpg|thumb|right|The main terminal of Denver International Airport evokes the peaks of the [[Front Range]].]] Denver International Airport (DIA) ni chiŵanja chachitatu pa viŵanja vya ndege ku United States na vyaru vinyake pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/2022/04/11/the-top-10-busiest-airports-in-the-world-revealed/ |title=The top 10 busiest airports in the world revealed|publisher=[[Airports Council International]]|access-date=20 April 2022|date=11 April 2022}}</ref> Ndege za ku United States zikudutsa m'dera la Colorado ndipo zili pakati pa mzinda wa Chicago na Pacific Coast. Lekani kuti Denver ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku chigaŵa ichi. Mabasi ghanyengo zose ghakwenda mu misumba na mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo maofesi gha RTD mu Denver. Bungwe la Regional Transportation District (RTD) likugwira ntchito ya RTD Bus & Rail transit system ku Denver Metropolitan Area. Kufika mu Janyuwale 2013, sitima ya RTD yikaŵa na magalimoto 170 agho ghakendanga pa mtunda wa makilomita 76. Kuonjezera pa mabasi, mabasi ena amagwira ntchito ku Burlington Trailways, Bustang, Express Arrow, ndi Greyhound Lines.[[File:California Zephyr--Eastbound meets Westbound in Glenwood Canyon.jpg|thumb|The westbound and eastbound ''[[California Zephyr]]s'' meet in the [[Glenwood Canyon]].]] Amtrak wakwendeska njanji ziŵiri mu Colorado, California Zephyr na Southwest Chief. Colorado ndiyo yikamba kuŵa na njanji ya Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad mu 1870. Mu 1988, "Rio Grande" yikagulika, kweni yikasazgikana na njanji ya Southern Pacific Railroad na mwenecho wa njanji iyi, Philip Anschutz. Pa Seputembala 11, 1996, Anschutz wakaguliska kampani iyi ku kampani ya Union Pacific Railroad, ndipo yikaŵa njanji yikuru chomene mu United States. Anschutz wakaguliskika cifukwa ca kusangana kwa Burlington Northern na Santa Fe, ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), iyo yikaŵa mpikisano wa Union Pacific. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵa Union Pacific na ŵa BNSF ŵali na katundu mu Colorado. Msewu wa sitima ya pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,688 uwo uli ku Colorado, uli na njanji ya Kilasi I. Cigaŵa ici nchakukhumbikwa comene pa usambazi wa caru ca U.S., cifukwa ni nthowa yikuru comene yakwendeskera katundu wa magesi, ulimi, migodi, na vyamalonda. Cigaŵa ici cikusazgirako katundu na katundu wakupangika pakati pa vyaru vya ku East na Midwest na vyaru vya ku Pacific. Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Colorado likamba kupeleka makalata ghakuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku United States kweni ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera. Mu Seputembala 2014, KCNC yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 524 awo mba ku United States yayi ŵakapika ma layisensi gha kwendeska galimoto agho kanandi ghakupelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku United States awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=524 Non-Citizens Received Regular Colorado Driver's Licenses, DMV Says |url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/09/12/524-non-citizens-received-regular-colorado-drivers-licenses-dmv-says/ |newspaper=KCNC |location=Denver |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> ==Masambilo== {{main|List of colleges and universities in Colorado}} {{See also|Table of Colorado school districts|Table of Colorado charter schools|Auraria Campus}} [[File:Leprino Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Colorado Christian University]]]] [[File:Cutler Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Colorado College]]]] [[File:Academic Classroom Building, Mesa State College (April 30, 2011).jpg|thumb|[[Colorado Mesa University]]]] [[File:CSU University Center for the Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Colorado State University]]]] [[File:Old Main Hall, Regis University Main Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Regis University]]]] [[File:Cadet chapel.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Air Force Academy]]]] [[File:Norlin Library - Colorado.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Colorado Boulder]]]] Sukulu yakwamba ya masambiro ghapacanya mu Colorado yikaŵa Colorado Seminary, iyo yikajulika pa November 16, 1864, na Methodist Episcopal Church. Mu 1867 seminare iyi yikajalika, kweni mu 1880 yikambaso kugwira nchito nga ni yunivesite ya Denver. Mu 1870, Bishop George Maxwell Randall wa Episcopal Church's Missionary District of Colorado and Parts Adjacent wakajura sukulu yakwamba ya Colorado University Schools iyo yikaŵa na Territorial School of Mines iyo yikajulika mu 1873 na kuguliskika ku Colorado Territory mu 1874. Sukulu izi pakwamba zikacitikanga na chalichi la Episcopal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvarygolden.net/history|title=A Brief History of Calvary Church|access-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601235528/http://www.calvarygolden.net/history|archive-date=June 1, 2016|location=[[Golden, Colorado|Golden, CO]]|publisher=Calvary Episcopal Church}}</ref> Mu 1861, boma likazomerezga kuti ku Boulder kukhazikike yunivesite ya boma, kweni mu 1876 pera ndipo ŵakambiska Yunivesite ya Colorado. Mu 1876, sukulu iyi yikachemekaso kuti Colorado School of Mines. Mu 1870, boma likapanga sukulu ya Agricultural College of Colorado, iyo yikajulika mu 1879. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts mu 1935, ndipo yikazgoka Colorado State University mu 1957. Koleji yakwamba ya Katolika mu Colorado yikaŵa Jesuit Sacred Heart College, iyo yikapangika ku New Mexico mu 1877, yikasamukira ku Morrison mu 1884, na ku Denver mu 1887. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Regis College mu 1921 ndipo mu 1991 yikapika zina lakuti Regis University. Pa Epulero 1, 1924, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵankhondo ŵakendanga mu sukulu iyi apo ŵakasanga mphinjika yikugolera moto, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano yikuru pakati pa Regis College na gulu la Ku Klux Klan. Mu 1950, Komiti ya Sukulu ya Uteŵeti yikati yawona kuti pakukhumbikwira kusazgirako buku la U.S. Sukulu ya usilikali na ya nkhondo ya pa maji yikaŵa na sukulu yachitatu iyo yikalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ya pa maji. Pa Epulero 1, 1954, Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower wakasazga dango lakuti boma la U.S. Sukulu ya Ŵasilikari ŵa pa Mlengalenga. Kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, msumba wa Colorado Springs ndiwo ukasankhika kuti uŵe cigaŵa ca maofesi ghaphya agha. Kufumira apo yikakhazikiskikira mu 1955, mpaka apo yikamalizgira kuzenga malo ghakwenelera ku Colorado Springs ndipo yikamba kugwira nchito mu 1958, sukulu iyi yikaŵa ku Lowry Air Force Base ku Denver. Ŵakati ŵajura sukulu ya Colorado Springs, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakasamira ku sukulu yiphya, nangauli ŵakaŵa na vyakuvwara vyose yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoyera. Gulu lakwamba la maofesala gha Space Force kufuma ku Air Force Academy likamba kugwira nchito pa 18 April, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2155498/space-force-welcomes-first-academy-graduates-to-its-ranks/|title=Space Force welcomes first academy graduates to its ranks|date=April 18, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2021|publisher=[[U.S. Space Force]]|work=U.S. Space Force Public Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223224135/http://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2155498/space-force-welcomes-first-academy-graduates-to-its-ranks/|archive-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usafa.org/Heritage/MarchIn|title=March-In Mystery Unraveled|publisher=Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy|last=Simon|first=Lt. Col. (Ret.) Steven A.|access-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308115114/https://www.usafa.org/Heritage/MarchIn|archive-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9G8pAAAAIBAJ&pg=6899%2C3318710|newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington)|agency=Associated Press|title=Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower|date=April 2, 1954 |page=1|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/about/history-mission/our-history|title=Our History|publisher=[[Regis University]]|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://issuu.com/regisuniversity/docs/regis_20alumni_20magazine_20fall_20|title=The Hooded Empire: Remembering the Catholic Clash with the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s|magazine=Regis University Alumni Magazine|last=Graham|first=Luke|date=Fall 2017|access-date=March 25, 2021|location=[[Denver]]|pages=14–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colorado-State-University-Colorado|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=Colorado State University|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[Adams State University]] * [[Aims Community College]] * [[Arapahoe Community College]] * [[Pillar of Fire International|Belleview Christian College & Bible Seminary]] * [[Colorado Christian University]] * [[Colorado College]] * [[Colorado Mesa University]] * [[Colorado Mountain College]] * [[Colorado Northwestern Community College]] * [[Colorado School of Mines]] * [[Colorado State University|Colorado State University System]] ** [[Colorado State University]] ** [[Colorado State University Pueblo]] ** [[CSU–Global Campus]] * [[Colorado Technical University]] * [[Community College of Aurora]] * [[Community College of Denver]] * [[Denver Seminary]] * [[DeVry University]] * [[Emily Griffith Opportunity School]] * [[Fort Lewis College]] * [[Front Range Community College]] * [[Iliff School of Theology]] *[[Johnson & Wales University]] * [[Lamar Community College]] * [[Metropolitan State University of Denver]] * [[Morgan Community College]] * [[Naropa University]] * [[Nazarene Bible College]] * [[Northeastern Junior College]] * [[Otero College]] * [[Pikes Peak State College]] * [[Pueblo Community College]] * [[Red Rocks Community College]] * [[Regis University]] * [[Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design]] * [[Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine]] * [[Trinidad State College]] * [[United States Air Force Academy]] * [[University of Colorado System]] ** [[University of Colorado Boulder]] ** [[University of Colorado Colorado Springs]] ** [[University of Colorado Denver]] ** [[University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus]] * [[University of Denver]] * [[University of Northern Colorado]] * [[Western Colorado University]] {{clear}} == Vinthu vya nkhondo == [[File:Carsongate.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Carson]]]] [[File:PetersonAFB.jpg|thumb|[[Peterson Space Force Base]]]] [[File:USAFA Chapel from terrazzo.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force Academy]]]] Vinthu vikuru-vikuru vya nkhondo mu Colorado ni ivi: * [[Buckley Space Force Base]] (1938–) ** [[Air Reserve Personnel Center]] (1953–) * [[Fort Carson]] ([[United States Army|U.S. Army]] 1942–) ** [[Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site]] (1983–) * [[Peterson Space Force Base]] (1942–) ** [[Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station]] (1961–) * [[Pueblo Chemical Depot]] (U.S. Army 1942–) * [[Schriever Space Force Base]] (1983–) * [[United States Air Force Academy]] (1954–) Ŵasilikari ŵakale ku Colorado ni aŵa: * [[Spanish Fort (Colorado)|Spanish Fort]] ([[Spanish Army]] 1819–1821) * [[Fort Massachusetts (Colorado)|Fort Massachusetts]] (U.S. Army 1852–1858) * [[Fort Garland]] (U.S. Army 1858–1883) * [[Camp Collins]] (U.S. Army 1862–1870) * [[Fort Logan]] (U.S. Army 1887–1946) * [[Colorado National Guard Armory]] (1913-1933) * [[Fitzsimons Army Hospital]] (U.S. Army 1918–1999) * Denver Medical Depot (U.S. Army 1925–1949)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historycolorado.org/location/denver-medical-depot-inner-city-business-park |title=Denver Medical Depot (Inner-city Business Park) |website=historycolorado.org |access-date=September 20, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804213110/https://www.historycolorado.org/location/denver-medical-depot-inner-city-business-park |archive-date=August 4, 2021 }}</ref> * [[Lowry Air Force Base]] (1938–1994) * [[Pueblo Army Air Base]] (1941-1948) * [[Rocky Mountain Arsenal]] (U.S. Army 1942–1992) * [[Camp Hale]] (U.S. Army 1942–1945) * [[La Junta Army Air Field]] (1942-1946) * [[Leadville Army Air Field]] (1943-1944) {{clear}} ==Boma== {{main|Government of Colorado}} ===State government=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! colspan="6" | State Executive Officers |- !| Office ! Name ! Party |- | Governor | [[Jared Polis]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Lieutenant Governor | [[Dianne Primavera]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Secretary of State | [[Jena Griswold]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Attorney General | [[Phil Weiser]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Treasurer | [[Dave Young (Colorado politician)|Dave Young]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |} Nga ni umo viliri na boma la United States, dango la boma la Colorado likulongora kuti pali magulu ghatatu gha boma: wupu wa malango, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Kazembe wa Colorado ndiyo wakulongozga boma. Kazembe uyo waliko sono ni Jared Polis, wa ku Democratic Party. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Colorado ni Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (uyo wakusankhika na Governor), Secretary of State of Colorado, Colorado State Treasurer, na Attorney General of Colorado, ndipo wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vyaka vinayi. Khoti Likuru Chomene la Colorado ilo lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri, ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene mu charu ichi. Khoti la Apilu la ku Colorado, ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 22, likukhala mu magulu gha ŵeruzgi ŵatatu. Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 22, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na khoti la chigaŵa na khoti la chigaŵa. Boma ili lili na makhoti ghapadera agho ghakulaŵilira nkhani za maji. Makhoti agha ghali mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo ghakupanga malango ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa nkhani ya maji. Wupu wa malango wa boma ni Colorado General Assembly, uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, nyumba ya ŵimiliri na nyumba ya Senate. Nyumba ya malango yili na mamembara 65, ndipo ya Senate yili na mamembara 35. Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, chipani cha Democratic Party chili na mavoti 20 ku 15 mu Senate ndipo 41 ku 24 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Anthu ambiri a ku Colorado amachokera ku mayiko ena (pafupifupi 60% malinga ndi chiwerengero cha 2000), ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti boma silinakhale ndi kazembe wobadwira kuchokera ku 1975 (pamene John David Vanderhoof adachoka ku ofesi) mpaka 2007, pamene Bill Ritter adayamba kugwira ntchito; chisankho chake chaka chathachi chinali chigonjetso choyamba cha chisankho cha Colorado wobadwira ku Colorado mu mpikisano wa kazembe kuyambira 1958 (Vanderhoof adachokera ku Lieutenant Governorship pamene John Arthur Love adapatsidwa udindo mu boma la Richard Nixon mu 1973). Boma la Colorado ndilo likusonkha msonkho.<ref>{{cite web | title =State of Residence in 2000 by State of Birth | publisher =[[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] | access-date =October 10, 2009 | url =https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t38/index.html}}</ref> ====Politics==== {{Main|Politics of Colorado}} {{See also|Political party strength in Colorado|United States presidential elections in Colorado}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="6" | Colorado registered voters {{as of|2023|March|1|lc=y|df=US}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2023/February/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2022/April/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Total Registered Voters By Party Affiliation}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Party ! Number of Voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Independent politician (United States)|Unaffiliated]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1,761,728 | style="text-align:center;" | 46.15% |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Colorado Democratic Party|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1,055,164 | style="text-align:center;" | 27.64% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Colorado Republican Party|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;" | 932,127 | style="text-align:center;" | 24.42% |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | [[Libertarian Party of Colorado|Libertarian]] | style="text-align:center;" | 39,689 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.04% |- | {{party color cell|Constitution Party (United States)}} | [[American Constitution Party (Colorado)|American Constitution]] | style="text-align:center;" | 11,595 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.30% |- | {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}} | [[Green Party of Colorado|Green]] | style="text-align:center;" | 8,400 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.22% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Approval Voting Party|Approval Voting]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4,452 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.12% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Unity Party of America|Unity]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3,193 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.08% |- ! colspan="2" | Total ! style="text-align:center;" | 3,817,369 ! style="text-align:center;" | 100.00% |} {{PresHead|place=Colorado|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=8&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Colorado|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 27, 2022|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}} <!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,364,607|1,804,352|88,021|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2016|Democratic|1,202,484|1,338,870|238,893|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,185,243|1,323,102|63,501|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,073,629|1,288,633|39,200|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2004|Republican|1,101,256|1,001,725|27,344|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2000|Republican|883,745|738,227|119,393|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1996|Republican|691,848|671,152|147,704|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|562,850|629,681|376,649|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1988|Republican|728,177|621,453|22,764|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1984|Republican|821,818|454,974|18,589|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1980|Republican|652,264|367,973|164,178|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1976|Republican|584,367|460,353|36,415|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1972|Republican|597,189|329,980|26,715|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1968|Republican|409,345|335,174|66,680|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|296,767|476,024|4,195|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1960|Republican|402,242|330,629|3,375|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1956|Republican|394,479|263,997|4,598|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1952|Republican|379,782|245,504|4,817|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|239,714|267,288|8,235|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1944|Republican|268,731|234,331|1,977|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1940|Republican|279,576|265,554|3,874|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|181,267|295,021|12,396|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|189,617|250,877|17,202|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1928|Republican|253,872|133,131|5,239|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1924|Republican|195,171|75,238|71,851|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1920|Republican|173,248|104,936|13,869|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|102,308|178,816|13,251|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|58,386|114,232|94,262|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1908|Democratic|123,693|126,644|13,521|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1904|Republican|134,661|100,105|8,901|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1900|Democratic|93,072|122,733|5,603|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1896|Democratic|26,271|161,005|2,263|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1892|Populist|38,620|0|55,271|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1888|Republican|50,772|37,549|3,625|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1884|Republican|36,084|27,723|2,712|Colorado}} {{PresFoot|1880|Republican|27,450|24,647|1,449|Colorado}} Nyengo yinyake boma la Colorado likawonekanga kuti ndambura kuvikilirika, kweni sono ni boma la ŵanthu ŵakuvikilirika. Pa visankho vya pulezidenti, pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka mpaka mu 2020 na ma digiti ghaŵiri kufuma mu 1984 ndipo wakakhozgera uyo wakathereskeka mu visankho 9 pa visankho 11 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵasankha ŵalongozgi 17 ŵa chipani cha Democratic na 12 ŵa chipani cha Republic. Mu ndyali za pulezidenti, Colorado yikawonekanga nga ni boma la Republican panyengo ya Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo yikavotera Democratic mu 1948, 1964, na 1992. Ndipouli, mu ma 1990, caru ici cikamba kutemwana comene. Kufumira pakatikati pa ma 2000s, yaluta ku ma Democrats, kuvotera Barack Obama mu 2008 na 2012, Hillary Clinton mu 2016, na Joe Biden mu 2020. Vinthu vya ndyali vya ku Colorado vikupambana comene na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Colorado Springs na Grand Junction na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Boulder na Denver. Ŵademocrats ŵali na nkhongono comene mu Denver, mu matawuni gha ku koleji gha Fort Collins na Boulder, kumwera kwa Colorado (kusazgapo Pueblo), ndiposo mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado. Ŵa Republican ŵali na nkhongono chomene ku Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Greeley, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kufupi na Grand Junction. Boma la Colorado lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa [[United States Senate|United States Senators]]: * [[Classes of United States Senators|United States Senate Class 2]], [[John Hickenlooper]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2021– * [[Classes of United States Senators|United States Senate Class 3]], [[Michael Bennet]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2009– Colorado is represented by eight [[United States House of Representatives|Representatives]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]]: * [[Colorado's 1st congressional district]], [[Diana DeGette]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 1997– * [[Colorado's 2nd congressional district]], [[Joe Neguse]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2019– * [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district]], [[Lauren Boebert]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2021– * [[Colorado's 4th congressional district]], [[Ken Buck]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2015– * [[Colorado's 5th congressional district]], [[Doug Lamborn]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2007– * [[Colorado's 6th congressional district]], [[Jason Crow]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2019– * [[Colorado's 7th congressional district]], [[Brittany Pettersen]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2023– * [[Colorado's 8th congressional district]], [[Yadira Caraveo]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2023– Mu kafukufuku wa mu 2020, Colorado yikaŵa pa malo gha 7 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kuvota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=15 Dec 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado==== Mu 1881, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakazomerezga fundo yakuti msumba wa Denver uŵe msumba ukuru wa boma. Boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kukhazikiska dango lakuti ŵanakazi nawo ŵaŵenge na wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa Novembala 7, 1893, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazomerezga fundo iyi.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 19, 1893|title=Notice of General Election|volume=4|agency=Silverton Standard|issue=41|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=TSS18930819.2.61&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=19-08-1893-19-08-1893--en-20-TSS-1--txt-txIN-election-------0-|access-date=November 28, 2020}}</ref> Pa Novembala 8, 1932, boma la Colorado likazomerezga kuti ŵakanizgenge kumwa moŵa. Boma la Colorado likakanizga kuguliska magalimoto pa Sabata kwambira waka mu 1953. Mu 1972, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakana fundo yakuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakucitira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu nyengo ya ciwuvi mu 1976, agho ghakacitikiranga mu caru ici. Pa Meyi 12, 1970, Komiti ya International Olympic Committee yikasankha msumba wa Denver kuti uŵe uko kukacitikiranga maseŵero gha Olimpiki. Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na dango la boma lakuti mu msumba uliwose panji mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilirika. Mu 1996, mu chigamulo cha 6 ⁇ 3 mu Romer v. Evans, wa ku United States Khoti Likuru Chomene likawona kuti kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kutemwana chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kukakolerananga yayi na fundo ya Equal Protection Clause. Mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga dango la 43 ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana kutorana mu Colorado. Kweni boma la U.S. likakana. Ivyo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mu 2015 pa mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges. Mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma la boma ili kuti ŵanthu ŵalara ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba paŵekha, ndipo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba nga ni moŵa. Malo ghakuguliskirako vyamba ku Colorado, na ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014. Pa 29 May, 2019, Kazembe Jared Polis wakasaina House Bill 1124 iyo yikukanizga ŵapolisi ku Colorado kuti ŵaleke kukora ŵanthu awo ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera mu charu ichi chifukwa cha pempho la U.S. Ofesi ya Immigration na Customs Enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb19-1124|title=Protect Colorado Residents From Federal Government Overreach {{!}} Colorado General Assembly |website=leg.colorado.gov |access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>{{clear}} == Malo gha Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America == [[File:Southern Ute Tribal Administration Building.JPG|thumb|The [[Southern Ute Indian Tribe|Southern Ute Tribal Administration Building]]]] [[File:Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Office Complex.JPG|thumb|The [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe|Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Office Complex]]]] Vipani viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa ku Colorado ni ivi: *[[Southern Ute Indian Reservation]] — [[Southern Ute Indian Tribe]] (1873; [[Ute dialect]]: ''Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u'') *[[Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation]] — [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe]] (1940; [[Ute dialect]]: ''Wʉgama Núuchi'') Malo ghaŵiri agho kukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India mu Colorado ni agha: *[[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes|Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation]] (1851–1870) *[[Southern Ute Indian Reservation|Ute Indian Reservation]] (1855–1873) {{clear}} ==Malo ghakutetezeka== [[File:Lowry Pueblo ruins.jpg|thumb|[[Lowry Pueblo]] in [[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]]]] [[File:Coloradodunes.jpg|thumb|[[Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve]]]] [[File:SpruceTreeHouseLong.jpg|thumb|Spruce Tree House in [[Mesa Verde National Park]]]] {{Main|List of protected areas of Colorado}} Ku Colorado ndiko kuli [[List of national parks in Colorado|4 national parks]], [[List of national monuments in Colorado|9 national monuments]], [[List of national historic sites in Colorado|3 national historic sites]], [[List of national recreation areas in Colorado|2 national recreation areas]], [[List of national historic trails in Colorado|4 national historic trails]], [[List of national scenic trails in Colorado|1 national scenic trail]], [[List of national forests in Colorado|11 national forests]], [[List of national grasslands in Colorado|2 national grasslands]], [[List of national wildernesses in Colorado|44 national wildernesses]], [[List of national conservation areas in Colorado|3 national conservation areas]], [[List of national wildlife refuges in Colorado|8 national wildlife refuges]], [[List of national heritage areas in Colorado|3 national heritage areas]], [[List of national historic landmarks in Colorado|26 national historic landmarks]], [[List of national natural landmarks in Colorado|16 national natural landmarks]], more than 1,500 [[List of National Register of Historic Places in Colorado|National Register of Historic Places]], [[List of wild and scenic rivers in Colorado|1 wild and scenic river]], [[List of Colorado state parks|42 state parks]], [[List of Colorado state wildlife areas|307 state wildlife areas]], [[List of Colorado natural areas|93 state natural areas]], [[List of national recreation trails in Colorado|28 national recreation trails]], [[List of regional trails in Colorado|6 regional trails]], kweniso malo ghanyake ghakutowa ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale na malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira. {{Anchor|National Park System units}}Mu Colorado muli vigaŵa 23 vya National Park System: *[[Amache National Historic Site]] (2022) *[[Arapaho National Recreation Area]]{{efn|name=USFS|[[Arapaho National Recreation Area]], [[Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument]], and [[Chimney Rock National Monument]] are managed by the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]].}} (1978) *[[Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site]] (1960) *[[Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park]] (NM 1933, NP 1999) *[[Browns Canyon National Monument]]{{efn|name=BLMNFS|[[Browns Canyon National Monument]] is jointly managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]], and the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]].}} (2015) *[[California National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=CNHT|The [[California National Historic Trail]] traverses ten U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], Colorado, [[Wyoming]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], [[Oregon]], and California.}} (1992) *[[Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument]]{{efn|name=USFS}} (2022) *[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]]{{efn|name=BLM|[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]] is managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]].}} (2000) *[[Chimney Rock National Monument]]{{efn|name=USFS}} (2012) *[[Colorado National Monument]] (1911) *[[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]]{{efn|name=CDNST|The [[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]] traverses five U.S. states: [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], Colorado, and [[New&nbsp;Mexico]].}}{{efn|name=USFSNPSBLM|The [[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]] is jointly managed by the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]], and the [[National Park Service]] and [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]].}} (1978) *[[Curecanti National Recreation Area]] (1965) *[[Dinosaur National Monument]]{{efn|[[Dinosaur National Monument]] extends into the [[Utah|State of Utah]].}} (1915) *[[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] (1969) *[[Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve]] (NM 1932, NP 2004) *[[Hovenweep National Monument]]{{efn|[[Hovenweep National Monument]] extends into the [[Utah|State of Utah]].}} (1923) *[[Mesa Verde National Park]] (1906) and [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] (1978) *[[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=OSNHT|The [[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]] traverses six U.S. states: [[New&nbsp;Mexico]], Colorado, [[Utah]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], and California.}} (2002) *[[Pony Express National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=PENHT|The [[Pony Express National Historic Trail]] traverses eight U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], Colorado, [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], and California.}} (1992) *[[Rocky Mountain National Park]] (1915) *[[Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site]] (2007) *[[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=SFNHT|The [[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]] traverses five U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], Colorado, [[Oklahoma]], and [[New&nbsp;Mexico]].}} (1987) *[[Yucca House National Monument]]{{efn|[[Yucca House National Monument]] remains undeveloped.}} (1919) {{clear}} ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Government|Geography|History|United States|Colorado}} *[[Bibliography of Colorado]] *[[Geography of Colorado]] *[[History of Colorado]] *[[Index of Colorado-related articles]] *[[List of Colorado-related lists]] *[[Outline of Colorado]] *[[List of ships named the USS Colorado|List of ships named the USS ''Colorado'']] {{clear}} ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * ''Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's Handbook'', The Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, {{ISBN|1-56579-124-X}} for an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado. * ''The Archeology of Colorado'', Revised Edition, E. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade paperback, {{ISBN|1-55566-193-9}}. * ''Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains'', Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, {{ISBN|1-55566-227-7}}. * {{cite book|last=Gunther|first=John|author-link=John Gunther|chapter=–But Scenery Is Not Enough|title=Inside U.S.A|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insideusa00gunt/page/213 213–226]|location=New York City, London|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|year=1947|title-link=Inside U.S.A. (book)}} * ''[[The Tie That Binds (novel)|The Tie That Binds]]'', [[Kent Haruf]], 1984, hardcover, {{ISBN|0-03-071979-8}}, a fictional account of farming in Colorado. * ''Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites'', Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, {{ISBN|0-89658-591-3}} * {{cite web |title=Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism, state survey says |url=http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_29225304/marijuana-has-huge-influence-colorado-tourism-state-survey |work=Denver Post |last=Blevins |first=Jason |date=December 9, 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2021 |url-status=live}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{sister project links|Colorado|auto=yes}} ===State government=== *[https://www.colorado.gov/ State of Colorado] **[https://www.colorado.com/other-tourism-organizations/colorado-tourism-office Colorado Tourism Office] **[https://www.historycolorado.org/ History Colorado] ===Federal government=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516020504/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=CO Energy & Environmental Data for Colorado] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218175148/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=CO USGS Colorado state facts, real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Colorado] * [https://www.census.gov/ United States Census Bureau] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512074548/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08000.html Colorado QuickFacts] ** [http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Colorado/2kh08.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Colorado] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212734/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=08&StateName=Colorado USDA ERS Colorado state facts] * [https://guides.loc.gov/colorado-state-guide Colorado State Guide, from the Library of Congress] ===Other=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120212023536/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Colorado List of searchable databases produced by Colorado state agencies] hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102713/http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html Colorado County Evolution] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725045834/http://www.askcolorado.org/ Ask Colorado] * [https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/ Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (CHNC)] * [http://swcoloradowildflowers.com/ Mountain and Desert Plants of Colorado and the Southwest], * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210955/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm Climate of Colorado] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210955/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm |date=April 7, 2016 }} * {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Colorado}} * {{osmrelation-inline|161961}} * [http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=328010&vtab=Background Holocene Volcano in Colorado (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program) ] {{Colorado|expanded}} {{United States political divisions}} {{authority control}} {{coord|38.9972|-105.5478|dim:300000_region:region:US-CO_type:adm1st|name=State of Colorado|display=title}} [[Category:Colorado| ]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1861|Colorado, Territory of]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1876|Colorado, State of]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Western United States]] [[Category:1861 establishments in Colorado Territory]] [[Category:1876 establishments in Colorado| ]] 60f4ghdrstlg8seonx4r5j0i82pc91w 0 8027 122681 64529 2026-09-28T03:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sauli Niinistö | image = Саули Ниинистё (52074997569).jpg | caption = Niinistö in 2022 | office = [[President of Finland]]<!-- Please do not add his order, it is against WP:MOS, unused and clutter, only exception is the President of the United States. --> | primeminister = [[Jyrki Katainen]]<br />[[Alexander Stubb]]<br />[[Juha Sipilä]]<br />[[Antti Rinne]]<br />[[Sanna Marin]] | term_start = 1 March 2012 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Tarja Halonen]] | successor = | office1 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Finland]] | term_start1 = 24 April 2007 | term_end1 = 27 April 2011 | predecessor1 = [[Timo Kalli]] | successor1 = [[Ben Zyskowicz]] | office2 = [[Minister of Finance (Finland)|Minister of Finance]] | primeminister2 = [[Paavo Lipponen]] | term_start2 = 2 February 1996 | term_end2 = 17 April 2003 | predecessor2 = [[Iiro Viinanen]] | successor2 = [[Antti Kalliomäki]] | office3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Finland]] | primeminister3 = Paavo Lipponen | term_start3 = 13 April 1995 | term_end3 = 30 August 2001 | predecessor3 = [[Pertti Salolainen]] | successor3 = [[Ville Itälä]] | office4 = [[Minister of Justice (Finland)|Minister of Justice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/9 |title=Council of State - Ministers of Justice |publisher=Valtioneuvosto.fi |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054124/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/9 |archive-date=28 December 2017 }}</ref> | primeminister4 = Paavo Lipponen | term_start4 = 13 April 1995 | term_end4 = 2 February 1996 | predecessor4 = [[Anneli Jäätteenmäki]] | successor4 = [[Kari Häkämies]] | office5 = [[National Coalition Party|Leader of the National Coalition Party]] | term_start5 = 1994 | term_end5 = 2001 | predecessor5 = Pertti Salolainen | successor5 = Ville Itälä | office6 = [[Parliament of Finland|Member of the Finnish Parliament]] | term_start6 = 21 March 2007 | term_end6 = 19 April 2011 | constituency6 = [[Uusimaa (constituency)|Uusimaa]] | term_start7 = 21 March 1987 | term_end7 = 18 March 2003 | constituency7 = [[Helsinki (constituency)|Helsinki]] (1999&ndash;2003) <br /> [[Varsinais-Suomi (constituency)|Southwest Finland]] (1987&ndash;1999) | birth_name = Sauli Väinämö Niinistö | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|8|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Salo, Finland|Salo]], [[Finland]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = {{Plainlist| * [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2012) * [[National Coalition Party|National Coalition]] (until 2012)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Marja-Leena Alanko|1974|1995|end=d.}}<br />{{marriage|[[Jenni Haukio]]<br />|2009}} | children = 3 | relatives = [[Ville Niinistö]] (nephew) | residence = [[Mäntyniemi]] | alma_mater = [[University of Turku]] | signature = Sauli Niinistö signature.svg | website = {{url|niinisto.fi|Official website}} | allegiance = {{flag|Finland}} | branch = [[File:Suomen Maavoimien tunnus.svg|20px]] [[Finnish Army]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae - Sauli Väinämö Niinistö |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/en/curriculum-vitae/sauli-niinisto/ |website=President of the Republic of Finland |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> | rank = [[File:Kapteeni kauluslaatta.svg|25px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] }} '''Sauli Niinistö''' (kubabika 1948)  ni mlala wa chalo cha  [[Finland]] kufuma 1 March 2012. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Finland-politician-stub}} r43uvjfoy27htmlzlbrkim2bk4t4msk 0 8397 122620 113133 2026-09-28T02:25:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mlowe''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Rumphi]], chigaŵa cha ku mpoto kwa charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. ==Malo== Mlowe wali mu ward ya Mlowe-Tcharo, East Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mec.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Rumphi-East.png |title=Map of Rumphi East constituency |publisher=Malawi Electoral Commission |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> ==Ntchito zaumoyo== Mndandanda wa zipatala mu Mlowe umaphatikizapo:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mlowe Health Centre |url=https://www.africaphonebooks.com/malawi/en-US/mlowe-health-centre-1 |website=AfricaPhonebooks |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316014113/https://www.africaphonebooks.com/malawi/en-US/mlowe-health-centre-1 |archive-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> *Mlowe Health Center ==Masambiro== Masukulu gha ku Mlowe ghakupambanapambana:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlowe.weebly.com/ |title=Mlowe Community Hospital |website=mlowe.weebly.com |access-date=2022-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316014440/http://mlowe.weebly.com/ |archive-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> * Mlowe Primary School ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Boma la Rumphi]] [[Category:Rumphi]] a5nxom0kyl2x5gsyye0rgen4tng6ye1 0 8524 122704 49048 2026-09-28T03:21:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thunduti''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Karonga]], chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha [[Malawi]]. ==Gulu== Gulu Lakovwira Ŵawukirano ya Thunduti likugwira ntchito na [[Pamoza Tingwaniska Youth Organization]] kovwirapo pakukana [[HIV/AIDS]], kovwira ŵawukirano kuti ŵasange na kugwiliskira nchito maluso ghawo, na vinyake vinandi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Febuluwale 2022 |title=Pamoza Youth Org Sends 50k SRHR Texts Weekly to Northern Malawi |url=https://africabrief.substack.com/p/pamoza-youth-org-sends-50k-srhr-texts |website=Africa Brief Substack |language=en}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Masukulu mu Chiunda ni: <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Disembala 2015 |title=Malawi Red Cross hands over Karonga community health care facilities |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-red-cross-hands-over-karonga-community-health-care-facilities |publisher=MRCS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=How we Work |url=https://determinedtodevelop.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/How-We-Work-.pdf |website=[[Determined to Develop]] |page=11 |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308023401/https://determinedtodevelop.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/How-We-Work-.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-08}}</ref> * Sukulu ya pulayimale ya Thunduti (10 ŵasambizgi) * Sukulu ya sekondare ya Thunduti (Baibolo lili na) ==Ntchito zaumoyo== chiŵiya chipatala cha Thunduti ivi ni:<ref>{{Cite web |date=Disembala 14, 2022 |title=NGO takes youth-friendly services to rural areas |url=https://ground.news/article/ngo-takes-youth-friendly-services-to-rural-areas |website=[[Ground News]] |publisher=Summary by The Nation}}</ref> * Chiŵiya Chipatala cha Thunduti == Ukaboni == [[Category:Boma la Karonga]] o6fj6vl16b5k6c6ye0n866djel04ak9 0 9294 122460 111740 2026-09-28T00:05:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Karonga | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Karonga.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]] | msumba ukulu = [[Karonga]] | ukulu wa malo = 3 355 | ŵanthu = 194 572 | year = }} '''Karonga''' ni boma icho chili kumpoto kwa [[Malaŵi]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 3,355 km2 ndipo chili na ŵanthu 365,028. <ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Boma ichi chili pa mphaka ya Malaŵi na [[Tanzania]], ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhalamo mba [[ChiTumbuka|Tumbuka]] na Nkhonde. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Henga (awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera). ==Chuma== Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chigaŵa ichi chasintha chomene chifukwa cha kusanga [[uranium]] mu [[migodi ya Kayelekera]], iyo yikajulika mu 2009, ndipo misewu yinandi iyo yikaŵa na malibwe yapangika na asphalt. ==Malo agho mukwenera kukawona== Mu Karonga, mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], muli mahotelo ghanandi na nyumba za ŵalendo. Ku Karonga kuli nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale iyo yikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi. ==Maofesi gha boma== Mu Karonga muli vigaŵa vinkhondi vya [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]]: * Karonga - Pakati * Karonga - Kumpoto * Karonga - Kummwela * Karonga - Kumpoto Pakati * Karonga - Nyungwe Kuyambira pa [[chisankho cha 2009 (Malawi)|chisankho cha 2009]] Karonga Nyungwe wakhala akuyimiridwa ndi wandale wa [[AFORD]], ndipo mipando ina ili ndi mamembala a [[Democratic Progressive Party]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Karonga |title=Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Karonga District |access-date=2011-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124751/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Karonga |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malo agha ni [[Wasambo]], [[Kyungu]], [[Mwakaboko]], [[Kilipula]], [[Mwirang'ombe]] na [[Karonga Boma]]. ==Ŵanthu== Pa nyengo ya census ya 2018 ya Malawi, ŵanthu ŵa Karonga ŵakasangika mu vigaŵa ivi: <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 41.7% [[ŵaTumbuka]] * 38.0% [[ŵaNkhonde]] * 3.3% [[ŵaSukwa]] * 2.5% [[ŵaLambya]] * 2.5% [[ŵaChewa]] * 0.9% [[ŵaNgoni]] * 0.5% [[ŵaTonga]] * 0.5% [[ŵaYao]] * 0.4% [[ŵaLomwe]] * 0.1% [[ŵaSena]] * 0.1% [[ŵaMang'anja]] * 9.5% Vinyake Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vya kumpoto kwa Karonga District ni [[chiNyakyusa]], ndipo mazina gha [[chiLusako]] ghakuyana waka na Nyakyusa na [[chiKyangonde]]. Kumwera, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya [[chiTumbuka]], ndipo pakati, kusazgapo tawuni ya [[chiKaronga]], ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya [[chiTsonga]] (chiyowoyero cha chiKyangonde icho chili na chiyowoyero cha chiTumbuka). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225407/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/mw-north-a4.jpg Centre for Language Studies map of Northern Malawi Languages].</ref> Pa mphaka na [[Tanzania]] pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuyowoya [[chiSwahili]], ndipo pa mphaka na [[Boma la Chitipa]] pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuyowoya [[chiNdali]], [[chiMambwe]], na [[chiSukwa]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf University of Malawi Language Mapping Survey (2006)], p. 16.</ref> ==Msumba== * [[Karonga (msumba)|Karonga]] (msumba ukuru) * [[Chilumba]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Boma la Karonga| ]] fqhh2w89euehh8kaxzde2scxb8wpf1d 0 9518 122559 71860 2026-09-28T01:18:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanje '''ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chiradzulu]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. ==Malo== Kanje wali ku [[Nguludi,Chiradzulu|Ngulugi]], [[Central Constituency (Chiradzulu)|Central Constituency]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mec.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Central-1.png |title=Central-1.png |website=Mec.org.mw |access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref> ==Chuma== Msika wa Kanje ni msika wa Kanje. Ŵakuguliska vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, mphasa, na vinyake. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corpsafrica.org/blog/summer-is-here-but-where-is-my-mphasa |title=Summer is here, but where is my Mphasa? |website=CorpsAfrica |access-date=2023-03-17}} </ref> Kanje nayo wali na komiti ya bizinesi, Kanje Business Committee. <ref name="MWNation"/> ==Masambiro== Masukulu gha mu Kanje ni agha: <ref name="MWNation">{{cite web |url=https://mwnation.com/chiradzulu-police-sensitise-people-to-evils-of-mob-justice/ |title=Chiradzulu Police sensitize people to evils of mob justice |website=The Nation Malawi |access-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317175412/https://mwnation.com/chiradzulu-police-sensitise-people-to-evils-of-mob-justice/ |archive-date=2023-03-17}}</ref> * Kanje Primary School (640 ŵana ŵa sukulu) <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.washagendaforchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/district_strategic_investment_plan_in_chiradzulu_-_nov_2018.pdf |title=District Strategic Investment Plan in Chiradzulu |website=WASH Agenda for Change |access-date=2023-03-17 |page=28}} </ref> ==Maseŵera== [[Kanje FC]] ndi gulu lalikulu la bola wa Kanje. <ref name="MWNation"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Boma la Chiradzulu]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chiradzulu]] [[Category:Chigawa cha Kummwela]] by7pxlronojawzixf443b4pde2cp1sb 0 9615 122462 64709 2026-09-28T00:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Boma | zina = Likoma | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Likoma.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]] | msumba ukulu = [[Likoma (msumba)|Likoma]] | ukulu wa malo = 18 | ŵanthu = 8,074 | year = }} '''Likoma''' ni boma ilo likusangika ku mpoto kwa charu cha [[Malaŵi]], iloso ndakuzingilizgika na maji (nyanja). == Mbiri == Apo ŵamishonale ŵa ku [[Portugal]] ŵakakhazikika mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa [[Angola]] na [[Mozambique]] mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵa ku England ŵakakhazikika mu Malaŵi, kusazgapo virwa vya mu [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]]. Mu 1954, pakaŵa phangano lakuti pakati pa Nyanja ya Malaŵi paŵe mphaka pakati pa Malaŵi na Mozambique; kweni virwa vya Likoma na Chizumulu vikasungika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelmalawiguide.com/likoma%20island.html|title=Likoma Island - Hot locations|website=www.travelmalawiguide.com|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malaŵi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Likoma kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:[2] * 73.8% ŴaNyanja * 9,2% ŴaChewa * 9.1% ŴaTonga * 3.1% Ŵatumbuka * 1,4% ŴaYao * 1,2% ŴaNgoni * 1,1% ŴaLomwe * 0.4% ŴaNkhonde * 0.2% ŴaMang'anja * 0.1% ŴaSena * 0.1% ŴaLambya * 0.0% ŴaSukwa * 0.3% ŴaVinyake == Chikhalidwe == Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Likoma mbanonono chomene ndipo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nkamanga. Pa virwa vyose viŵiri pali vikaya vichoko, kupatulako Mbamba na tchalitchi la Anglican.<ref name=":0" /> Pali magalimoto ghachoko waka kweni magalimoto ghanandi gha matayala ghanayi, ghakupangiska kuti paŵe vyakusanguluska vyakupambanapambana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribes.co.uk/Malawi/Lake-Malawi-and-Beach/likoma-island|title=Likoma Island {{!}} Tribes Travel|last=Travel|first=Tribes|website=www.tribes.co.uk|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 20 km2 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 14,527 pa kalembera wa 2018. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chili pafupifupi 726 pa square kilometre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf14/NkhataBay-Likoma-district-infographic-English.pdf|title=Nkhata Bay-Likoma Districts Infographics|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=PRB|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403122719/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/NkhataBay-Likoma-district-infographic-English.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Ni cigaŵa cicoko comene mu Malaŵi. Pa chirwa chikuru pali chiŵanja chimoza cha ndege.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ourairports.com/countries/MW/LK/|title=Map of airports in Likoma Island District, Malawi @ OurAirports|website=ourairports.com|access-date=2016-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211959/http://ourairports.com/countries/MW/LK/|archive-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> [[File:Likoma (satellite).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chigaŵa ca Likoma ico cikuwoneka kufuma ku satellite.]] === Misumba Yikuru === * [[Likoma (msumba)|Likoma]] * Mbamba * Chiguluwindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citipedia.info/province/general/Malawi_Likoma+District|title=Likoma District, Malawi - list of cities, towns, villages|website=www.citipedia.info|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> * Chinyanya * Chiponder * Vigaŵa vya Batman * Chipyela == Maofesi gha boma == Pali chigaŵa chimoza cha National Assembly icho chikwimira Likoma Islands: * Virwa vya Likoma Kuyambira pa chisankho cha 2009 wakhala akugwira ntchito ndi O. A. Wakutemweka wane. Thundu wa [[Democratic Progressive Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Likoma |title=Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Likoma District |access-date=2011-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124810/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Likoma |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ndyali == Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵavya uyo wakaluta ku mavoti pa chisankho cha 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405170199.html|title=Malawi: No Presidential Hopeful Visits Likoma District to Campaign - Voters Feel Sidelined|last=Botha|first=Patrick|date=2014-05-17|newspaper=Malawi News Agency (Lilongwe)|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> == Nyengo == Cirwa ici cili na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo makuni agho ghakumera comene ni baobab na mango. Viŵeto ivi ni viyuni, viyuni, na somba zinandi za ku Malaŵi.<ref name=":0" /> == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Boma la Likoma| ]] 5q17uhjr5yjeh91lsiym691i25925fd 0 9621 122458 115132 2026-09-28T00:05:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Boma | zina = Boma la Dedza | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Dedza.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Dedza]] | ukulu wa malo = 3 624 | ŵanthu = 486,682 | year = }} '''Dedza''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi chili pa mapiri gha ku Central Africa, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200 m'paka 1,600. Mapiri ghapachanya ghakupatura malo agha ku nyanja ya Malaŵi mu Rift Valley pa mtunda wa mamita 500. Malo agha ghali na vyakumera vinandi vya granite, nkhorongo, na maluŵa ghanyake agho ghali pafupi na nyanja. Nyengo ya vula ni Novembala m'paka Epulero ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuwa yayi vula. Ku malo agha, kuthukira kukulu comene ndipo mu Juni na Julayi kukuzizima comene. Msumba ukuru ni Dedza Township uwo uli pa msewu wa M1 makilomita 85 kumwera kwa Lilongwe. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabanki, maposita, malo ghakusungiramo mafuta, malo ghakugona, na mashopu ghanandi. Pali matawuni ghachoko waka agho ghali na ofesi ya ŵapolisi, mashopu, na msika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi ya ku mizi. == Ŵanthu == Chiwerengero cha anthu a m'chigawochi chikufika pa 830,512, ndipo chikuwonjezeka ndi 33% kuposa chiwerengero cha 2008.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malaŵi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Dedza kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 64,5% ŴaChewa * 20.6% ŴaNgoni * 9,4% ŴaYao * 3.6% ŴaSukwa * 0.7% ŴaLomwe * 0.3% ŴaMang'anja * 0.3% ŴaTumbuka * 0.2% ŴaSena * 0.1% ŴaTonga * 0.1% ŴaNyanja * 0.0% ŴaNkhonde * 0.0% ŴaLambya * 0.1% ŴaVinyake == Maofesi gha boma == Mu Dedza muli vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya National Assembly: * Dedza Central * Dedza Central East * Dedza East * Dedza North * Dedza North West * Dedza South * Dedza South West * Dedza West Kufuma mu 2009 mavoti ghose agha ghakaŵa gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160602230824/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Dedza Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Dedza District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602230824/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Dedza |date=2016-06-02 }}</ref> Kweniso chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 32 ivyo vikusora ŵanthu ŵa mu Dedza District Assembly. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli vigaŵa 8 ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi. == Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka == Msewu wa M1 uwo ukuyaniska Lilongwe na Blantyre ukujumpha pakati pa chigaŵa ichi. Msewu wa M5 Salima mpaka Balaka ukuyendera lumoza na Nyanja iyi ndipo msewu wa S126 Masasa mpaka Golomoti ukukumana nawo kumwera kwa mphaka ya chigaŵa. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi kulije misewu yikuruyikuru. == Chuma == Padera pa kulima mpunga mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malaŵi, kulimilira mu minda yichoko. Makampani ghanyake ghakurughakuru ni Paragon Ceramics (matayala gha pasi na gha mtenje, Dedza Pottery ceramics), WICO Sawmill na Rose. == Ulendo == Mu chigaŵa ichi muli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta. Pali malo ghanayi ghakusungirako nkhorongo: Dedza-Salima, Chongoni, Dedza Mountain na Mua-Livulezi. Malo ghakuchemeka Chongoni Rock Art Area ghali pa malo agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO. Dedza Pottery [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021124315/http://www.dedzapottery.com/] yikumanyikwa na malo ghake gha khofi na vyakupangira. Kungoni Cultural Centre ku Mua [https://web.archive.org/web/20230218050350/http://www.kungoni.org/] yili na nyumba yakuwonelera vinthu ivyo vikulongora mitheto ya mafuko gha ku Malaŵi, sukulu ya kusema makuni na malo ghakukhala. == Vinyake == [[Theresa Kachindamoto]] ni mulongozgi mukuru wa chigaŵa cha Dedza. Wakumanyikwa na ivyo wakachitanga pakumazga nthengwa za ŵana.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/malawi-fearsome-chief-terminator-child-marriages-160316081809603.html |last=McNeish|first=Hannah | date=31 March 2016|title=Malawi's fearsome chief, terminator of child marriages |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Dedza chikukolerana na Norwich, UK na bungwe la vyawanangwa la UK la Norwich-Dedza Partnership [https://web.archive.org/web/20230831080619/http://www.norwich-dedza.org/]. Ubwezi uwu ukuwovwira pa nkhani ya masambiro, umoyo, vyakurya, vyakusanguluska, na mawupu gha boma kwizira mu ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka, makompyuta na vinthu vinyake, kweniso ndalama. == Misumba na Matawuni mu Dera la Dedza == * Dedza (mzinda ukuru) * M'munsi == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] bk2hb3szi6nwhsll9syci4it5sxpw2o 0 9659 122468 111383 2026-09-28T00:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Nkhotakota | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Nkhotakota.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Nkhotakota]] | ukulu wa malo = 4 259 | ŵanthu = 229 460 | year = }} '''Nkhotakota''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Msumba ukuru ni Nkhotakota. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 4,259 km2 ndipo chili na ŵanthu 395,897.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Mu Chichewa, lizgu lakuti Nkhotakota likung'anamura kuti "kuzungunya". Msumba uwu uli mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi. == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya census ya 2018 ya Malawi, ŵanthu ŵa Nkhotakota District ŵakayananga mu mafuko agha:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 75,8% ŴaChewa * 10,4% ŴaTonga * 3.9% ŴaTumbuka * 2.1% ŴaLomwe * 2.3% ŴaNgoni * 1,9% ŴaYao * 1.7% ŴaSena * 0.5% ŴaNyanja * 0.4% ŴaNkhonde * 0.4% ŴaMang'anja * 0.2% ŴaLambya * 0.1% ŴaSukwa * 0.2% Vinyake == Maofesi gha boma == Ku Nkhotakota kuli vigaŵa vinkhondi vya National Assembly:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235852/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Nkhotakota Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Nkhotakota District]</ref> * Nkhotakota - Central * Nkhotakota - North * Nkhotakota - North East * Nkhotakota - South * Nkhotakota - South East == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] hhnoveyg9mbu50ttgf8xhsvdyzk0m2w 0 9662 122464 111378 2026-09-28T00:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Mchinji | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Mchinji.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Mchinji]] | ukulu wa malo = 3 356 | ŵanthu = 324 941 | year = }} '''Mchinji''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Msumba ukuru ni Mchinji. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 3,356 km2 na ŵanthu 602,305.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Vyaru vya mu cigaŵa ici vikuthemba pa ulimi wa vula. == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malawi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Mchinji kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 89.2% ŴaChewa * 6.2% ŴaNgoni * 2,1% ŴaYao * 1,1% ŴaLomwe * 0.6% ŴaTumbuka * 0.1% ŴaSena * 0.1% ŴaMang'anja * 0.1% ŴaTonga * 0.1% ŴaNkhonde * 0.0% ŴaNyanja * 0.0% ŴaLambya * 0.0% ŴaSukwa * 0.3% Vinyake == Maofesi gha boma == Mu chigaŵa cha Mchinji muli vigaŵa 6 vya National Assembly: * Mchinji - East * Mchinji - Kumpoto * Mchinji - North East * Mchinji - Kumwera * Mchinji - Kumwera chakumadzulo * Mchinji - Kumadzulo * Kufuma mu 2009 mavoti ghose agha ghakaŵa gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Mchinji |title=Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Mchinji District |access-date=2016-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002438/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Mchinji |archive-date=2016-06-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Boma la Mchinji| ]] ittzs0856rzq39i4tp6zt4k6weatmvw 0 9691 122658 71905 2026-09-28T02:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njiwalero''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Machinga]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. {{coord|-14.76236|35.69067}} == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Njiwalero ili mu [[Ward cha Chikweno]] mu [[South East Constituency]]. <ref name ="MEC"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls’ Empowerment through Education and Health Activity (ASPIRE) |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TFNQ.pdf |website=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] and [[Save the Children]] |page=69 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231326/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TFNQ.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> == Masambiro == Zina mwa sukulu za ku Njiwalero ni: <ref name ="MEC">{{Cite web |title=Machinga South-East Constituency |url=https://mec.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/South-East.png |website=[[Malawi Electorial Commision]]}}</ref> * Sukulu Yakwamba ya Njiwalero == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Boma la Machinga]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Machinga]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] nc8r4uvwq7hmesiyf5nvmo4ed1gmv4y 0 9730 122493 49047 2026-09-28T00:28:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chiunda''' ni malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Machinga]],[[chigaŵa cha kummwela]],mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu 40,087. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census |url=https://malawi.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report%20(1).pdf |website=Malawi UNFPA |publisher=[[Boma la Malawi]] |page=89}}</ref> == Makhalilo == Chiunda wali mu [[wadi cha Namasika]], ku [[Kumwera-Pakati (Machinga)|Kumwera-Pakati]]. <ref name="EMITrac">{{Cite web |title=Generate Construction Progress Report |trans-title=Kupanga Lipoti la Umo Ntchito ya Kuzenga Yendamo |url=https://emitrac.moest.mw/report/schools |website=[[EMITrac]] |language=en |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231230/https://emitrac.moest.mw/report/schools |archive-date=2023-03-07}}</ref> == Masambiro == Masukulu mu Chiunda ni: <ref name="EMITrac"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=FY 2015 Malawi Country Operational Plan (COP |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Malawi-13.pdf |website=[[Boma la United States]] |page=77}}</ref> * Sukulu Yakwamba ya Chiunda == Ntchito zaumoyo == Vipatala ivi ni: <ref>{{Cite web |authors=Bwighane |date=Seputembala 17, 2018 |title=health facilities |url=https://github.com/BaobabHealthTrust/master-facility-list/blob/master/health-facilities.csv |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> * Dispensary ya Chiunda == Ukaboni == [[Category:Boma la Machinga]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Machinga]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] gztmspju08z48idzoum6euxfbqbi068 0 9928 122663 122363 2026-09-28T02:48:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=Lake Malombe|image=Lake Malombe NASA.jpg|caption=Seen from space|image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[Southern Region, Malawi|Southern Region]]|coords={{coord|14|40|0|S|35|15|0|E|type:waterbody_region:MW|display=inline,title}}|pushpin_map=Malawi|type=|inflow=[[Shire River]] from [[Lake Malawi]]|outflow=Shire River|catchment=|basin_countries=[[Malawi]]|length=|width=|area={{convert|450|km2|abbr=on}}|depth={{convert|6|-|8|ft|abbr=on}}|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|shore=|elevation=|frozen=|islands=|cities=}}'''Nyanja ya Malombe''' ni nyanja iyo yili kumwera kwa [[Malawi]], pa mlonga wa [[Shire]], mu chigaŵa cha Southern Region. Ili pa 14°40′0′′S 35°15′0′′E / 14.66667°S 35.25000°E, pafupifupi 20 km (12 mi) kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Chigaŵa chake chili na vigaŵa pafupifupi 450 km2. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiŵelengero cha ŵalovi mu nyanja iyi chakwera chomene, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti visomba vinyake vikhalenge viŵi yayi, comenecomene visomba vya chambo cichlids, ivyo ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa mu Malawi mose. Nyanja iyi njakututuka comene, ndipo para kwazizima, maji ghakukhira comene. Nyanja iyi yikaŵa yambura maji kwa vyaka vinandi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. ==Malo== ===Msumba=== Msumba gha kufupi na Malombe ni: * Kwitambo * Dimu * [[Mpinganjira, Mangochi|Mpinganjila]] (Mpinganjira) * [[Chimwala, Mangochi|Chimwala]] (panji Kukulanga) * Mvela (panji Saidi) * Chithumba * Lukulungwa * [[Malombe, Mangochi|Malombe Court]] (panji Malombe, Kwisimba, na Saidi Kwisimba) * Kadewele * Sili * [[Nalikolo, Mangochi|Nalikolo]] ===Mlonga=== * Mangale * Lingamasa * Namaswa * Nanjoka * Ntongolamusi * Ngalu * Mpwapwata * Mbombwe * Masanje * Lisalo * Namiyala * Shire * Likuzi * Mpale * Nasenga == Ukaboni == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html Community-based fisheries management, Lake Malombe] * {{cite web |title=An evaluation of the Lake Malombe co-management programme |url=http://www.co-management.org/download/malombe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195800/https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195800/http://www.co-management.org/download/malombe.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2006-04-15}}&nbsp;{{small|(94.1&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} {{Malawi-geo-stub}}{{Malaŵi}} [[Category:Nyanja za Malaŵi]] ou3b7rpul6f8dbnr42zaeb9o7mkecub 0 10218 122642 122153 2026-09-28T02:36:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Malawi-geo-stub}} {{coord|11|54|S|33|36|E|region:MW_type:city|display=title}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Mzimba |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Msumba |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Malawi#Northern Region#Mzimba |pushpin_mapsize=240 |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Malawi|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|District]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Mzimba District]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 26,096 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|11|54|S|33|36|E|region:MW|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mzimba''' ni malo agho ghakusangika pakati pa [[boma la Mzimba]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Msumba mu Boma la Mzimba]] qxolrkkvdhn7j27iw8c08fofb6j9n27 0 10258 122644 49036 2026-09-28T02:38:33Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Namatete '''ni malo agho ghakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre,[[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]],mu [[charu cha Malaŵi]]. ==Geographay== Namatete ali mu [[ward ya Blantyre Msumba Manjililo]], [[Blantyre Msumba Manjililo Constituency]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi Electoral Commission Blantyre City West |url=https://mec.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/City-West.png |website=[[Malawi Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> == Masambiro == Masukulu mu Chiunda ni: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamiyala |first=Kondwani |date=22 Disembala 2014 |title=Toiling to get educated |url=https://mwnation.com/toiling-get-educated/ |website=[[Malawi Nation]] |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308000615/https://mwnation.com/toiling-get-educated/ |archive-date=2023-03-08}}</ref> * Sukulu Yakwamba ya Namatete LEA (Ŵasambiri 5,332<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country 129 |url=https://pamodzi4inclusive.org/map/country/129 |website=Pamodzi 4 Inclusive |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308001310/https://pamodzi4inclusive.org/map/country/129 |archive-date=2023-03-08}}</ref>) == Ukaboni == [[Category:Boma la Blantyre]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre]] [[Category:Sukulu zakwamba zakusangika mu msumba wa Blantyre]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Blantyre]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] tud8r12ll41gjtw225operdgj1o59tt 0 10748 122553 118633 2026-09-28T01:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{About|charu cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Africa]]}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Ivory Cost | common_name = Ivory Coast | native_name = ''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' {{resize|100%|([[French language|French]])}} | image_flag = Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Ivory Coast.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|'Union – Discipline – Travail'|italics=off}}<br />{{small|'Unity – Discipline – Work'}} | national_anthem = ''[[L'Abidjanaise]]''<br />({{Lang-en|"Song of Abidjan"}})<br />{{parabr}}{{center| }} | image_map = Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] (political)<br />[[Abidjan]] (economic) | coordinates = {{Coord|6|51|N|5|18|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[Vernacular]]<br />languages | languages = {{hlist |[[Bété languages|Bété]]|[[Dyula language|Jula]]|[[Baoulé language|Baule]]|[[Bono dialect|Abron]]|[[Anyin language|Anyin]]|[[Senari languages|Cebaara Senufo]]|[[Languages of Ivory Coast|others]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 41.1% [[Akan people|Akan]] | 27.5% [[Mandé peoples|Dyula, Maninka]] | {{nowrap|17.6% [[Senufo languages|Voltaiques{{\}}Gur]]}} | 11.0% [[Kru people|Kru]] | 2.8% Others^a }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 | religion = | religion_year = | religion_ref = | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Ivorian}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Ivory Coast|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Alassane Ouattara]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Ivory Coast|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Tiémoko Meyliet Koné]] | leader_title3 = [[List of heads of government of Ivory Coast|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Patrick Achi]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Ivory Coast]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Ivory Coast)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Ivory Coast)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Ivory Coast|History]] | established_event1 = Republic established | established_date1 = 4 December 1958 | established_event2 = [[Independence]] from [[France]] | established_date2 = 7 August 1960 | area_km2 = 322,463 | area_rank = 68th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 124,502 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/ |title=Côte d'Ivoire |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |access-date=16 March 2022 |date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221218/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire |archive-date=9 January 2021 }}</ref> | population_estimate = | population_census = 29,389,150<ref name=census_2021>{{cite web |url=https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf |title=RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 91.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 236 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 139th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $181.5 &nbsp;billion<ref name="WEOO21">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,397<ref name=WEOO21/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}}$68.8 &nbsp;billion<ref name=WEOO21/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 84th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}}$2,418<ref name=WEOO21/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 141th | Gini = 41.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=14 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.550 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 159th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | drives_on = right | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ivory Coast|+225]] | iso3166code = CI | cctld = [[.ci]] | footnote_a = Including approximately 130,000 [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and 14,000 [[French people]]. | footnotes = {{notelist}} | today = }} '''Ivory Coast''', kumanyikwaso kuti '''Côte d'Ivoire''',{{efn|The latter being pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|t|_|d|iː|ˈ|v|w|ɑːr}} {{respell|KOHT|_|dee|VWAR}} in English and {{IPA-fr|kot divwaʁ||Fr-Côte-d'Ivoire-fr-Paris.ogg}} in French.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d'ivoire |title=Cote d'Ivoire definition |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} mwakuchichema mwaboma, '''Charu cha Ivory Cost''', ni charu icho chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Msumba wake ukuru ni [[Yamoussoukro]], uwo uli pakatikati pa caru ici, ndipo msumba wake ukuru comene ni msumba wa [[Abidjan]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Guinea]], [[Liberia]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ghana]], na [[nyanja ya Atlantic]]. Chiyowoyero cha boma ni [[Chifurenchi]], ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni [[Bété]], [[Baoulé]], [[Dioula]], [[Dan]], [[Anyin]], na [[Cebaara Senufo]]. Ku Ivory Coast kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 78. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, kusazgapo awo ŵakulondezga [[Chikhristu]], [[Chisilamu]], na visopa vinyake nga ni [[Animism]].<ref name=":religions2021">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=OVERALL DEFINITIVE RESULTS OF THE RGPH 2021: THE POPULATION USUALLY LIVING ON IVORIAN TERRITORY IS 29,389,150 INHABITANTS |url=https://www.gouv.ci/_actualite-article.php?recordID=13769 |website=PORTAIL OFFICIEL DU GOUVERNEMENT DE COTE D'IVOIRE |language=fr}}</ref> Pambere charu cha Ivory Coast chindambe kulamulirika, pakaŵa vyaru vinandi nga ni [[Gyaaman]], [[Kong Empire]], na [[Baoulé]]. Mu 1843, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, ndipo mu 1893 chikaŵa pasi pa boma la [[France]]. Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha mu 1960, ndipo Félix Houphouët-Boigny ndiyo wakawusanga m'paka mu 1993. Nangauli charu cha Ivory Coast chikaŵa chakukhora, kweni chikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Nkhondo iyi yikachitika mu 1999, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhondo ziŵiri. Likapokera dango liphya mu 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott | title=Ivory Coast backs new constitution in landslide vote, opposition cries foul | date=2 November 2016 }}</ref> Cote d'Ivoire ni charu icho chili na mazaza ghakurughakuru. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, charu ichi chikaŵa na nkhongono pa vyachuma mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma waka apo mtende na mtende vikambira mu 2011, charu cha Ivory Coast chikukura chomene. Kufuma mu 2012 kufika mu 2021, chuma chikakura pa avareji ya 7.4% pa chaka mu malipoti, ndipo ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiŵelengero chachiŵiri chakukwera chomene mu Africa kweniso chachinayi pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2022|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref>Mu 2020, charu cha Ivory Coast ndicho chikaguliskanga chomene mbuto za koko pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vyakumera vikuluta ku vyakumera vinyake.<ref name=CIA/> == Zina == Pakwamba, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na France awo ŵakasanda malo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1600, ŵakagaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mu vigaŵa vinayi. Mumphepete mwa nyanja, uko Ŵacifurenci ŵakacema Côte d'Ivoire ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakacema Costa do Marfim, kung'anamura "Mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Ivory", kukaŵa pakati pa Guinea de Cabo Verde na Lower Guinea. Kukaŵaso chigaŵa cha Pepper Coast, icho sono chikuchemekaso kuti "Grain Coast" (lero ni Liberia), "Gold Coast" (Ghana), na "Slave Coast" (Togo, Benin, na Nigeria). Nga ni malo agha, zina lakuti "Ivory Coast" likulongora malonda ghakuru agho ghakacitikanga pa malo agha.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|p=53–56}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}} Zina linyake la malo agha ni Côte de Dents,{{efn|[[Joseph Vaissète]], in his 1755 ''Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile'', lists the name as ''La Côte des Dents'' ("The Coast of the Teeth"), but notes that ''Côte de Dents'' is the more correct form.{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|p=185–186}}|name=teeths}} lizgu ili likung'anamura kuti "Chipiri cha Mino".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}} Côte de Quaqua, kufuma ku ŵanthu awo Ŵachidachi ŵakaŵathya Quaqua (panji Kwa Kwa);{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|p=53–56}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|p=185–186}}mu mphepete mwa nyanja ya Five and Six Stripes, pamanyuma pakuti mtundu unyake wa salu za thonje nawo ukaguliskikanga kwenekura,{{efn|''Côte du Vent'' sometimes denoted the combined "Ivory" and "Grain" coasts, or sometimes just the "Grain" coast.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|p=53–56}}|name=vent}}mu mphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Windward]], chifukwa cha nyengo iyo yikulutilira pa nyanja.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|p=53–56}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chiyowoyero ichi ku Côte d'Ivoire. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya charu ichi pali malo ghanyake agho ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 15 na 16 ŵakaghamanyanga kuti ni "Mano" panji "Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Njovu".{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|p=185–186}}Likalutilira kuŵa na zina ili m'paka apo likamba kulamulirika na France mu 1960. Zina ili likang'anamulika kale mu viyowoyero vinyake, ndipo boma likati lajiyimira palekha, likawonanga kuti ntchakusuzga chomene para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵafumako ku vyaru vinyake. Ntheura, mu Epulero 1986, boma likati Côte d'Ivoire (panji kuti République de Côte d'Ivoire) ndilo lizamuŵa zina lake lakwamba..{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}{{sfn|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=127}}{{sfn|Jessup|1998|p=351}}Nangauli boma la Côte d'Ivoire likukhumba kuti lizgu ili lilembeke mu Chingelezi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulizunura kuti "Ivory Coast" (kanandi "the Ivory Coast").{{efn|Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. Other organizations that use "Côte d'Ivoire" include the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in its ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]''<ref name="CIA"/> and the international sport organizations [[FIFA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|title=CAF Member Associations|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=CAF Online|publisher=CAF-Confederation of African Football|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-ivoire |title=Côte d'Ivoire |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=20 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> (referring to their [[Ivory Coast national football team|national football]] and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts), news magazine ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805717|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401042949/http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805717|archive-date=1 April 2010|title=Research Tools |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref> the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire |title=Cote d'Ivoire |website=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''[[National Geographic Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cote-d-ivoire-guide/?source=A-to-Z |title=Places Directory |publisher=nationalgeographic.com |date=25 June 2008 |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>|name=organizations}}{{efn|The [[BBC]] usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Country profile: Ivory Coast |date=24 February 2010 |access-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper's style guide says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte d'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians."<ref>{{cite news |title=Guardian Style Guide: I |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 December 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/i |access-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{citation needed span|text=[[ABC News]], [[Fox News]], ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]], and the [[CBC News|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly.|date=July 2012}}|name=outlets}} ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Ivory Coast}} === Kusama pa malo === [[File:Cistones.jpg|thumb|Chidindo cha malibwe ya ku Boundiali, kumpoto kwa Ivory Coast, icho chili ku IFAN Museum of African Arts ku Dakar, Senegal]] Ntchakusuzga kumanya usange ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukapo ku Ivory Coast chifukwa mu charu ichi mukaŵa chithukivu. Ndipouli, viŵiya na viŵiya vinyake ivyo vikusangika (mwakudumura, nkhwantha zakutowa izo zikadumulika mu visulo na vyakukhalira vya kuphika na kuloŵa somba) vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Upper Paleolithic (15,000 m'paka 10,000 B.C.E.), panji nyengo ya Neolithic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rougerie|1978|p=246}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ivory Coast ŵali kusidika mu malo ghanandi. Ŵasayansi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakachimbizgika panji ŵakatoleka na ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega, na Diès (Divo).<ref>{{Harvnb|Kipré|1992|pp=15–16}}</ref> === Nyengo za mu nyengo ya Islamu === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakuzunulika mu Baibolo ni ŵamalonda ŵa ku North Africa (Berber) awo ŵakaguliskanga mchere, ŵazga, golide, na vinthu vinyake mu Sahara. Malo ghakumafumiro gha dazi gha nthowa za malonda izo zikafumanga ku Sahara ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa mapopa, ndipo kufuma pa malo agha, malonda ghakasazgikirangapo. Malo ghakutali chomene gha Djenne, Gao, na Timbuktu ghakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakazingilizga maufumu gha ku Sudan. Pakuti maufumu agha ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵankhongono, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vinyake. Maufumu gha ku Sudan nagho ghakazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Cisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Berber ndiwo ŵakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu ku Western Sudan. Kufuma waka mu ma 1100 C.E., apo mathemba gha mu maufumu gha ku Sudan ghakazomera chisopa cha Ciisilamu, chisopa ici chikamba kuthandazgika kumwera kwa Ivory Coast. Ufumu wa Ghana, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha ku Sudan, ukaŵa na mazaza mu chigaŵa icho sono chili kumwera kwa Mauritania na kumwera kwa Mali pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 400 na 1300. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu uwu ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, ufumu wake ukafika kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka ku Timbuktu. Ghana wakati wabwangandulika, ufumu wa Mali ukazgoka ufumu wankhongono wa Ŵasilamu, uwo ukafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Mali ku Ivory Coast chikaŵa ku mpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Odienné. Ufumu wa Songhai ukayamba kuchepa mu ma 1400, pamanyuma pa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambenge kulimbana. Kweniso Songhai wakasuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalute kumwera. Nkhorongo iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi yikatondeskanga ŵandyali awo ŵakaŵa kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mizi panji vikaya vinandi, ndipo ŵakendanga na ŵamalonda awo ŵakendanga mtunda utali. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ndipo ŵakenderanga vyakurya na ulovi.<ref name=":1">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|p=6}}.</ref> === Nyengo ya ku Europe === [[File:Royaumes ci.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Maufumu gha ku Europe]] Mu nyengo ya ku Europe, mu Ivory Coast mukaŵa vyaru vikuruvikuru vinkhondi. Ufumu wa Muslim Kong ukakhazikiskika na ŵa Dyula mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto na chapakati uko kukaŵa Ŵasenifo, awo ŵakachimbiranga ku ufumu wa Mali. Nangauli msumba wa Kong ukaŵa wakulimira, wamalonda, na wa mawoko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana vikapangiska kuti ufumu uwu uleke kwenda makora. Mu 1895, msumba wa Kong ukapokeka na Samori Ture wa Ufumu wa Wassoulou. Ufumu wa Abron wa Gyaaman ukaŵako mu 17th century na gulu la Akan, Abron, awo ŵakachimbira ku Ashanti Confederation ya Asanteman mu Ghana wa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Abron ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dyula ku Bondoukou. Bondoukou wakaŵa msumba ukuru wa malonda na wa chisopa cha Cisilamu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Baibolo ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakakopanga ŵana ŵa sukulu kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Côte d'Ivoire, magulu ghanyake gha Ŵaakan agho ghakachimbira ku Asante ghakazenga ufumu wa Baoulé ku Sakasso na maufumu ghaŵiri gha Agni, Indénié na Sanwi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Baoulé, nga mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ashanti, ŵakaŵa na ndondomeko ya ndyali na ya ndyali iyo yikendeskekanga na mafumu ghatatu. Paumaliro, charu ichi chikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichoko. Nangauli ufumu wawo ukabwanganduka, kweni Ŵabaule ŵakakana kuti ŵaŵawusenge ku France. Ŵana ŵa mafumu gha Agni ŵakayezga kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵekha mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu cha Ivory Coast chikapokera wanangwa.<ref name=":2">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|p=7}}.</ref> === Kukhazikiska muwuso wa France === Kuyaniska na Ghana, Ivory Coast, nangauli yikaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi kweniso ŵakuguliska ŵazga, kweni yikaŵa na masuzgo ghacoko comene. Ngalaŵa za ŵazga na zamalonda za ku Europe zikakhumbanga kuluta ku malo ghanyake mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref name=":3">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|pp=7–8}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi. Msumba wakwamba wa ku French ku West Africa, wa Saint-Louis, ukazengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600 ku Senegal. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Ŵachidachi ŵakapeleka malo ku Ŵachifurenci ku Gorée Island, kufupi na Dakar. Mu 1687, ku Assinie, kufupi na mphaka ya Gold Coast (uko sono ni Ghana), kukaŵa ofesi ya ŵapharazgi ŵa ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalekeska ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakakanizga ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga. Kweni Assinie wakasuzgika chomene kuti waleke kuparanyika. Mu 1843-44, Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez wa ku France wakalemba mapangano na mafumu gha Grand-Bassam na Assinie, ndipo malo agha ghakazgoka chivikiliro cha France. Ŵalendo ŵa ku France, ŵamishonale, ŵamalonda, na ŵasilikari, ŵakamba kwenda pachokopachoko kufuma ku chigaŵa cha nyanja iyi. Kufika mu 1915, caru cikaŵa pa mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakondwa chomene na mizi iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, chomenechomene iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa milonga yikuru ya Senegal na Niger. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kupenja malo mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., kweni ŵakenda pachokopachoko. Mu ma 1840, ŵa ku France ŵakachita mapangano ghanandi na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku West Africa. Malo ghakwambilira agho ŵakazenga ghakaŵa ku Assinie na Grand-Bassam. Pa maungano agha, ŵakaŵapa mazaza gha kuwusa mu vigaŵa vyawo kweniso ŵakaŵapa mwaŵi wa kuchita malonda. Ŵacifrenchi ŵakakhorwa yayi na ndondomeko iyi cifukwa cakuti malonda ghakaŵa ghacoko, ndipo kanandi pakaŵanga kuleka kupulikiska vinthu. Ndipouli, boma la France likalutilira kukolerana na mapangano agha. Kweniso caru ca France cikakhumba kuti ciŵepo mu cigaŵa ici kuti cikanizge mazaza gha Britain agho ghakaŵa pafupi na nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|p=8}}.</ref>[[File:Aouabou-Traité-1892.jpg|thumb|Louis-Gustave Binger wa ku French West Africa mu 1892 wakasaina phangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa Famienkro, mu chigaŵa cha N'zi-Comoé, Ivory Coast]] Nkhondo ya ku France na Prussia yikati yamara mu 1871, ndipo boma la France likapoka chigaŵa cha Alsace-Lorraine. Ntheura boma la France likagongowa na kufumiska ŵasilikari ŵake ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Malo gha malonda gha Grand-Bassam ghakalekeka kwa Arthur Verdier, uyo mu 1878 wakachemeka Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast. Mu 1886, kuti France yikhozgere ivyo likayowoya kuti ni charu icho ŵakakhalanga, yikambaso kulamulira malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku West Africa. Mu 1887, Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Louis-Gustave Binger, wakamba ulendo wa vyaka viŵiri wa kujumpha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Ivory Coast. Paumaliro wa ulendo wake, wakaŵa kuti wacita mapangano ghanayi agho ghakakhazikiska vyaru vya ku France ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Ivory Coast. Kweniso mu 1887, Marcel Treich-Laplène, uyo wakaŵa wakizi wa Verdier, wakachita mapangano ghanyake ghankhondi agho ghakawovwira kuti charu cha France chiŵe na mazaza pa charu chose kufuma ku Niger m'paka ku Ivory Coast.<ref name=":5">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|p=10}}.</ref> === Nyengo ya French colonial === [[File:Arrivée à Kong-1892.jpg|thumb|Mubali Louis-Gustave Binger uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa French West Africa, wakiza ku Kong mu 1892.]] Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1880, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo mu 1889, Britain yikazomera mazaza gha caru ici. Mu chaka chenechichi, boma la France likimika Treich-Laplène kuŵa kazembe wa chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1893, Ivory Coast yikazgoka koloni la France, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ukaŵa Grand-Bassam.<ref name=":5" />Mu 1892 ŵakakolerana na charu cha Liberia, ndipo mu 1893 ŵakakolerana na charu cha Britain kuti ŵanozge mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Kweni mphaka ya kumpoto yikamara yayi m'paka mu 1947 chifukwa chakuti boma la France likakhumbanga kuti chigaŵa cha Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) na French Sudan (lero ni Mali) viŵe ku Ivory Coast. Cakulinga cikuru ca France cikaŵa kukhozga vyakurya vyakutumizga ku vyaru vinyake. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima khofi, koko, na mafuta gha maolive mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ku Ivory Coast ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵaŵe na cigaŵa cimoza ca vigaŵa vitatu vya minda ya koko, khofi, na nthowa ndipo ŵakamba kugwiriska nchito mwankhongono.[[File:French West Africa 1913 map.png|thumb|left|Colonies of [[French West Africa]] circa 1913]] Mu vyaka vyakwambilira, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatumizganga ŵasilikari ŵawo ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakakhazikiske malo ghaphya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga yayi kuti Ŵafarisi ŵanjire mu vyaru vyawo, nanga ni mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakaŵa na mapangano ghakuŵavikilira. Pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene pakaŵa Samori Ture, uyo mu ma 1880 na ma 1890, wakambiska ufumu wa Wassoulou, uwo ukaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, na Ivory Coast. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ture ŵakaŵa na vilwero vinandi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyose. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakacicizga ŵasilikari ŵa Ture kuti ŵalutilire kuthandazga caru. Nkhondo za ku France zakususkana na Ture, izo zikaŵa zakusuzga, zikakura comene pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1890 mpaka apo wakakoleka mu 1898 ndipo ufumu wake ukamara. Mu 1900, boma la France likakhazikiska msonkho wa munthu yumoza kuti liwovwire pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakawonanga kuti msonkho uwu ukuswa malango gha boma chifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti France yikukhumba kuti mafumu gha mu charu ichi ghaŵapenge msonkho wakuyana na uwo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuguliska. Ŵanandi, comenecomene awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, ŵakawonanga msonkho kuŵa cimanyikwiro ca kuyuyulika. Mu 1905, ŵa ku France ŵakalekeska wuzga mu vyaru vinandi vya ku French West Africa. Kufuma mu 1904 m'paka 1958, Ivory Coast yikaŵa chigaŵa cha French West Africa. Yikaŵa malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa boma la Republic III. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca France cikapeleka ŵasilikari kufuma ku Ivory Coast kuti ŵarwe nkhondo mu caru ici. M'paka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikambira, boma la France likalongozganga vinthu ku West Africa kufuma ku Paris. Ndondomeko ya ku France ku West Africa yikalongosoreka comene na fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa mu Ivory Coast ŵakaŵa "ŵanthu" ŵa ku France, kweni ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuyimilira ŵanyawo mu Africa panji mu France.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=October 2003 |title=Background Note: Cote d'Ivoire |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2846.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040229154948/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2846.htm |archive-date=February 29, 2004 |website= |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |postscript=. {{PD-notice}}}}</ref>[[File:Almamy Samory Touré.jpg|thumb|[[Samori Touré]],wakayambiska na mulongozgi wa ufumu wa Wassoulou uwo ukakananga muwuso wa France ku West Africa]] Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku France, ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga na ŵanyawo.<ref name=":7">{{Harvnb|Warner|1988|p=12}}.</ref> Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti Cifurenci nchiwemi comene kuluska caru cawo, fundo iyi yikang'anamuranga kuti ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci, malango, na mitheto viŵikikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndondomeko ya kuwungana yikayowoyaso kuti Ŵacifurenci ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵapachanya comene mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo, kweni yikaŵa na malango ghakupambana. Kuyana na ndondomeko iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ivory Coast ŵakazomerezgekanga kusunga mitheto yawo usange yikukolerana na fundo za ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vya ku France ndiwo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakapika wanangwa wa kupempha kukhala ku France. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma la France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa ndyali ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma la France. Ŵakacemekanga kuti ŵakagwirenge nchito mu migodi, mu minda, kuŵa ŵakunyamura katundu, na kuzenga vinthu vya boma. Ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵasilikari ndipo ŵakalondezganga malango gha boma. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, boma la Vichy likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1943, apo boma la Charles de Gaulle likapoka chigaŵa chose cha French West Africa. Ungano wa ku Brazzaville mu 1944, ungano wakwamba wa Republic yacinayi mu 1946, na kuwonga kwa caru ca France cifukwa ca kugomezgeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vikapangiska kuti boma lipange vinthu vinyake mu 1946. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa ŵakapika wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca France, ŵakazomerezgekaso kwendera ndyali, ndipo nchito zinandi zacicicizgo zikamara. Pakati pa 1944 na 1946, maboma gha ku France na gha ku Ivory Coast ghakakolerana pa maungano ghanandi. Kuumaliro wa 1946, boma likasintha vinthu ndipo likazomerezga ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa French kuŵa ŵenekaya. M'paka mu 1958, ŵakazembe awo ŵakimikika ku Paris ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Ivory Coast. Kweniso boma la France likagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo ya kugaŵikana na kuwusa. Ŵanalume ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu charu cha Ivory Coast ŵakhorwenge na umo vinthu viliri sono mwakuti ŵaleke kutinkha France na kupempha kuti charu ichi chijilamulire. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakasuskanga comene fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe mu wupu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusambira ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵangaŵa ŵakuyana waka mu caru ca ku France cifukwa ca kujiyaniska na caru cawo. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Ivory Coast laŵikapo mtima kusintha vinthu, ŵalongozgi ŵa charu ichi ŵakamanya kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵafika pa mtende na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, mbwenu ŵaŵenge ŵankhongono kuluska ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast.<ref name=":7" /> ===Kujiyimila=== [[File:Houphouet-Boigny Kennedy.jpg|thumb|President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and First Lady [[Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny]] in the [[White House]] [[Entrance Hall]] with President [[John F. Kennedy]] and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] in 1962.]] Félix Houphouët-Boigny, uyo wakaŵa mwana wa mulongozgi wa Ŵabaule, ndiyo wakawovwira kuti charu cha Ivory Coast chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Mu 1944, wakambiska wupu wakulongozga vyakurya mu caru ici. Cifukwa ca kukwiya cifukwa cakuti boma la France likakondweskanga ŵeneco ŵa minda, ŵa wupu uwu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagure ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Houphouët-Boigny wakazgoka munthu wakumanyikwa comene ndipo mu caka cimoza wakasankhika kuŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Paris. Pakati pajumpha caka cimoza, Ŵacifurenci ŵakalekeska ŵanthu kugwira nchito mwakucicizgika. Houphouët-Boigny wakambiska ubwezi wakukhora na boma la France, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti Ivory Coast yizamusanga candulo na ubwezi uwu. France wakamusankha kuŵa nduna, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Africa kuŵa nduna mu boma la ku Europe. Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu vyaru vya ku France. Mu 1956, ŵakalemba buku la Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre). Pa Disembala 4, 1958, Ivory Coast yikaŵa chigaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha cha French Community, icho chikanjira m'malo mwa French Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/french-ivory-coast-1946-1960/|title=French Ivory Coast (1946-1960)|publisher=University of Central Arkansas|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133425/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/french-ivory-coast-1946-1960/|archive-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> Kufika mu 1960, caru ici cikaŵa cakukondwa comene mu vyaru vya French West Africa. Apo Houphouët-Boigny wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba, boma lake likapeleka mitengo yiwemi ku ŵalimi pa vyakurya vyawo kuti viŵawovwire kupanga vyakurya vinandi. Vyakumera vya khofi vikasazgikira comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti charu cha Ivory Coast chiŵe pa malo ghacitatu pa caru cose, pamanyuma pa Brazil na Colombia. Kuzakafika mu 1979, caru ici cikaŵa cakuluska caru cose pa kupanga koko. Kweniso ndilo likakura comene pa vyakurya vya mu Africa nga ni anise na mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakacitiska "cinthondwe ca ku Ivory Coast". Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵati ŵajiyimira ŵekha, kweni ku Ivory Coast, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakanjira. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakakura kufuma pa 30,000 pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha kufika pa 60,000 mu 1980, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi, ŵalaŵiliri, na ŵakupeleka fundo. Kwa vyaka 20, chuma cha charu ichi chikakuranga pafupifupi 10 peresenti pa chaka. === Boma la Houphouët-Boigny === Boma la chipani chimoza la Houphouët-Boigny likaŵa lakukanizgika. Laurent Gbagbo, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Ivory Coast mu 2000, wakacimbira mu caru ici mu ma 1980 pamanyuma pakuti wakakwezga ukali wa Houphouët-Boigny mwa kuzenga gulu la Front Populaire Ivoirien.<ref>{{harvnb|McGovern|2011|p=16}}.</ref> Houphouët-Boigny wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵamutemwenge, ndipo ŵakalutilira kumusora. Wakasuskika cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa kupanga vinthu vikuruvikuru. Ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito pakusintha muzi wake wa Yamoussoukro kuŵa msumba wa ndyali zikaŵa zawakawaka. Ŵanyake ŵakakolerana na ivyo wakayowoya kuti waŵe na malo gha mtende, masambiro, na chisopa mu charu ichi. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1980, suzgo la vyachuma pa caru cose na chilangalanga mu caru ici vikapangiska kuti caru ca Ivory Coast ciŵe na masuzgo. Cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya makuni yikakwera comene kweniso shuga yikakhira comene, ngongoli ya caru yikasazgikira katatu. Uheni ukakura comene mu msumba wa Abidjan cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga mu muzi uwu. Mu 1990, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa boma ŵakamba kunjilirapo, ndipo ŵasambiri nawo ŵakamba kunjilirapo. Chifukwa cha masuzgo agha, boma likamba kukhozgera vyaru vinandi. Houphouët-Boigny wakamba kulopwa comene ndipo wakafwa mu 1993. Wakakhumbanga kuti Henri Konan Bédié ndiyo waŵe mulondezgi wake. === Boma la Bédié === Mu Okutobala 1995, Bédié wakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wakamba kulamulira ndyali, ndipo wakakaka ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nayo yayi. Mwakupambana na ivi, vinthu vikenda makora, cifukwa ca kukhira kwa ndalama na kuyezga kumazga ngongoli. Mwakupambana na Houphouët-Boigny, uyo wakachenjeranga comene kuti waleke kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo wakazomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake kuti ŵanjire mu mauteŵeti. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakaŵako yayi. Pakati pa mafuko ghakupambanapambana pakaŵa mphindano, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ziŵiri. Mwakuyana waka, Bedié wakawuskamo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu gulu lake. Kuumaliro wa 1999, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo boma likachita, ŵakawuska ŵasilikari na kwamba kuwukira boma. Bedié wakacimbilira ku France. Ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵakachepeskako vigeŵenga na vimbundi, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakachichizganga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kunanga vinthu. === Nkhondo Yakwamba === {{Main|First Ivorian Civil War}} Mu Okutobala 2000, kukaŵa mavoti gha pulezidenti agho Laurent Gbagbo wakathereska Guéï, kweni ghakaŵa ghamtende yayi. Pa nyengo iyo vikaŵa pafupi kuchitika, pakaŵa vivulupi vya ŵasilikari na ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka uko kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 180 ŵafwe, mwaluŵiro Guéï wakasintha na Gbagbo. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu charu ichi likakana Ouattara cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa wa ku Burkina Faso. Ndondomeko ya boma yikazomerezganga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana na boma ŵachitenge mavoti. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga, comenecomene awo ŵakafuma kumpoto kwa caru ici, ŵambe kulimbana na ŵapolisi ku Yamoussoukro. Mu maora ghakwambilira gha 19 Seputembala 2002, apo Gbagbo wakaŵa mu Italy, kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari kukacitika. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakeneranga kufumiskika ŵakagaluka na kwamba kuwukira misumba yinandi. Nkhondo ya kupoka nyumba za ŵasilikari mu Abidjan yikalutilira mpaka pakati pa mulenji, kweni pa nyengo ya mise, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakora Abidjan. Ŵakaleka kulamulira kumpoto kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakamba kukhazikika mu msumba wa Bouaké. Ŵapanduki ŵakayezga kuti ŵalutilirenge ku Abidjan, ndipo France wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵakanizge ŵasilikari aŵa. Ŵafarisi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵawo ku ngozi, kweni ŵakawovwiraso ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Nangauli vikaŵa vyambura maukaboni kuti Ŵacifurenci ŵakawovwiranga cigaŵa cilicose, kweni cigaŵa cilicose cikayowoya kuti Ŵacifurenci ŵakovwira cigaŵa cinyake. Tikukayikira usange vyakucita vya ku France vikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora panji viheni comene. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo vikacitika usiku wenewura.[[File:059 French Foreign Legion.JPG|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Côte d'Ivoire pafupi na galimoto ya French Foreign Legion, 2004]]Boma likati pulezidenti wakale Robert Guéï ndiyo wakadangiliranga kuwukira boma, ndipo TV ya boma yikalongoranga vithuzi vya thupi lake lakufwa mu msewu. Ouattara wakabisama mu ofesi ya boma la Germany, cifukwa nyumba yake yikawotcheka. Pulezidenti Gbagbo wakadumulizga ulendo wake wa ku Italy ndipo wakati wawerako wakayowoya pa wayilesi kuti ŵakugaluka ŵanyake ŵakabisama mu mizi iyo mukaŵa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakawotcha nyumba zinandi, ndipo ŵakamba kuwukira ŵanthu. Ŵasilikari ŵakagomezga yayi kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto, ntheura nkhondo yikalutilira pa malo ghakutowa chomene. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵakakhozge mtende, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Liberia na Sierra Leone ŵakamba kuwukira vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu Janyuwale 2003, Gbagbo na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵakugaluka ŵakasaina mapangano ghakuzenga "boma la kukolerana". Ŵakawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakendeskanga mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Boma ili likaŵa lambura kukhazikika, ndipo pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Mu Malichi 2004, ŵanthu 120 ŵakakomeka pa ungano wa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira. Lipoti linyake likati ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakomeka mwakuchita kunozgekera. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakatumika kuti ŵakhozge "Malo gha Cigomezgo", kweni ubwezi pakati pa Gbagbo na ŵakususka ukalutilira kunangika. Kukwambilira kwa Novembala 2004, pamanyuma pakuti phangano la mtende latondekapo cifukwa cakuti ŵakugaluka ŵakakana kufumiska vilwero, Gbagbo wakalangura kuti ŵankhondo ŵaŵawukire. Pa 6 November, 2004, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo yinyake iyo yikacitikira ku Bouaké. Ŵakazgora na kuparanya ndege zinandi za ŵasilikari ŵa Ivory Coast (ndege ziŵiri za Su-25 na helikopita zinkhondi), na ku Abidjan kukawuka viwawa vyakofya vyakwimikana na vya ku France. Nyengo iyo Gbagbo wakaŵira pulezidenti yikamara pa Okutobala 30, 2005, kweni vikawoneka kuti vingachitika yayi kuti paŵe maungano gha mtende. Ntheura nyengo yake yikasazgikira na chaka chimoza, kuyana na ndondomeko iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa African Union ndipo yikazomerezgeka na wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Pakuti nyengo yakumalizgira maungano yikaŵa pafupi kukwana mu Okutobala 2006, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti maungano agha ghangakwaniskika yayi. Pa Novembala 1, 2006, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomerezga kuti Gbagbo walutilire kuwusa kwa chaka chimoza. Kweni chikalata ichi chikati wanangwa wa Charles Konan Banny ukwenera kusazgikira. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Gbagbo wakayowoya kuti fundo zinyake izo zikuwoneka kuti zikususkana na malango gha boma zizamufiskika yayi. Pa Malichi 4, 2007, boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakasazga phangano la mtende, ndipo pamasinda, Guillaume Soro, mulongozgi wa gulu ili, wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakawona kuti vinthu ivi vikakhozga comene Gbagbo. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati paumaliro wa nkhondo iyi, maji na malo ghakukhala ghakasakazika comene. Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kunozga maji.<ref name=unicef>{{cite web|title=Water And Sanitation|url=http://www.unicef.org/cotedivoire/wes.html|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514082758/http://www.unicef.org/cotedivoire/wes.html|archive-date=14 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nkhondo yachiŵiri === {{main|Ivorian presidential election, 2010|Second Ivorian Civil War}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;" |- | align="right" | [[File:Alassane Ouattara UNESCO 09-2011.jpg|150px]] || align="right" | [[File:Daniel Kablan Duncan 2014.png|180px]] |- | align="center" |[[Alassane Ouattara]]<br /><small>[[President of Ivory Coast|President]] kufuma mu 2010</small> | align="center" |[[Daniel Kablan Duncan]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Ivory Coast|Prime Minister]] kufuma mu 2012 mpaka 2017</small> |} Chisankho cha pulezidenti icho chikeneranga kuchitika mu 2005 chikaŵa chakuti chichitikenge mu Novembala 2010. Paumaliro, Gbagbo wakatondeka kulondezga Ouattara. Chipani cha FPI icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatenge ivyo vyalongosoreka vikaŵa vyautesi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitikanga ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakayowoya. Ŵakati ŵapulika ivyo vikachitika, pakaŵa mphindano zikuru na nkhaza. Wupu wakulongozga malango, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Gbagbo, ukati ivyo vikachitika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kumpoto ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka ndipo Gbagbo ndiyo wakathereska mavoti 51%. Pamanyuma pa kuŵikika kwa Gbagbo, Ouattara, uyo wakamanyikwa na vyaru vinandi na wupu wa United Nations kuti ndiyo watonda, wakanozga kuti paŵe maungano ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kopa kuti nkhondo yingambaso. Wupu wa African Union ukatuma Thabo Mbeki, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa South Africa, kuti waŵe mupayiniya. Wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukazomera fundo yakuti Ouattara ndiyo watonda pa mavoti agha, mwakuyana na umo wupu wa Economic Community of West African States ukacitira. Mu 2010, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ivory Coast, Nguessan Yao, ŵakamukora ku New York. Wupu wa Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) ukamuphalira kuti wakuguliska na kutumiza pasi vilwero na mabomba: futi 4,000, mabomba 200,000, na mabomba 50,000 gha mafuta gha masozi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Ivory Coast ŵakaŵafwatura cifukwa ŵakaŵa na pasipoti ya boma. Michael Barry Shor, uyo wakaŵa muzga wa vyamalonda, wakakhalanga ku Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/09/21/FBI-nabbed-colonel-on-official-business/UPI-16431285082800/ |title=FBI nabbed colonel on official business|work=[[United Press International]]|date= 21 September 2010}}</ref><ref>''United States v. Shor'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20180227130349/https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/13-10642/13-10642-2015-12-18.pdf?ts=1450472514 Order on appeal from summary judgment], [[Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]] Case No. 5:10-cr-00434-RMW-1, (December 18, 2015).</ref>[[File:Internally Displaced Persons Duekoue 2011 Cote dIvoire.jpg|thumb|Malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira kwawo mu 2011]] Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2010 chikapangiska suzgo la 2010-2011 la Ivory Coast na nkhondo yachiŵiri ya ku Ivory Coast. Wupu wa pa caru cose ukapharazga kuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ku Duékoué, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Mu tawuni yapafupi ya Bloléquin, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Wupu wa UN na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo kwimikana na Gbagbo. Gbagbo wakakakika pamanyuma pa kuwukira nyumba yake pa 11 April 2011. Charu chikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru cifukwa ca nkhondo, ndipo Ouattara wakaŵa na suzgo likuru la kunozga ndyali na kuwunganya ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast. Gbagbo wakatolekera ku khoti la International Criminal Court mu Janyuwale 2016. Khoti likamuphalira kuti walije mulandu kweni ŵakamufumiska mwakufwatuka mu Janyuwale 2019. Charu cha Belgium ndicho chasankhika kuŵa chigaŵa cha ungano uwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/ivory-coast-president-laurent-gbagbo-released-belgium-190206061604107.html|title=Ivory Coast's ex-president Laurent Gbagbo released to Belgium|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> === Boma la Ouattara === Ouattara wakuwusa caru kufuma mu 2010. Pulezidenti Ouattara wakasankhikaso pa chisankho cha 2015. Mu Novembala 2020, wakathereska nyengo yachitatu mu mavoti agho ŵakususka ŵakachita. Awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakatenge ntchakuzomerezgeka yayi kuti Ouattara wasankhike pa nyengo yacitatu. Bungwe Lolamulira la Ivory Coast lavomereza mwalamulo chisankho cha Pulezidenti Ouattara pa nthawi yachitatu mu November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast Constitutional Council confirms Ouattara re-election|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/9/ivory-coast-president-ouattaras-disputed-third-term-confirmed|access-date=2021-06-01|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Ivory Coast}} Boma lili na vigaŵa vitatu: chigaŵa chakulongozga, chakupanga malango, na chakweruzgira. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Ivory Coast, yikupanga Senate iyo yikusankhika mwakudunjika na National Assembly iyo yili na mamembara 255. Kwambira mu 1983, msumba ukuru wa Ivory Coast ni Yamoussoukro, ndipo msumba ukuru ni Abidjan. Vyaru vinandi vili na maboma ghawo mu Abidjan. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikuchitika mu Seputembala 2021. Wupu wa pa caru cose wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wawona masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo cifukwa ca umo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵanyawo ŵakucitira na ŵana awo ŵakucita nga mbazga. Nangauli nkhondo yikamara kuumaliro wa 2004, kweni charu chikalutilira kugaŵikana, ndipo kumpoto kukaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa New Forces. Mu Okutobala 2005, boma likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mavoti ghaphya, ndipo mu Malichi 2007, magulu ghakwimikana ghakakolerana kuti ghachitenge ivi, kweni ghakalutilira kuchedwa m'paka Novembala 2010 chifukwa cha kuchedwa kunozgekera. Paumaliro, mu 2010 pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Ungano wakwamba ukacitika mwamtende ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawona kuti ukaŵa wakufwatuka na wakugomezgeka. Pa Novembala 28, 2010, ŵakachita vigaŵa viŵiri vya chigaŵa ichi. Laurent Gbagbo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ndipo wakasangana na Alassane Ouattara uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Pa 2 Disembala, wupu wakuwona vya mavoti ukati Ouattara ndiyo watonda pa mavoti gha 54% na 46%. Pakuzgora, wupu wa Constitutional Council uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Gbagbo, ukakana dango ili, ndipo boma likapharazga kuti mphaka za caru zili kujara. Muyowoyeri wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu cha Ivory Coast wakati: "Mphepete mwa nyanja, charu chapasi, na mphepete mwa mlengalenga mulije ŵanthu panji katundu". Purezidenti Alassane Ouattara wakulongozga chalo ichi kwambira mu 2010 ndipo wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu mu Novembala 2020 pa mavoti agho ghakakanika na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani chakususka a Henri Konan Bedie na a Pascal Affi N'Guessan. Boma la Achi II lakhala likulamulira dzikolo kuyambira Epulo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire : un nouveau gouvernement, mais peu de changements – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1340779/politique/cote-divoire-un-nouveau-gouvernement-mais-peu-de-changements/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === [[File:IC Gbagbo Motta eng 195.jpg|thumb|Former President [[Laurent Gbagbo]] was extradited to the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), becoming the first head of state to be taken into the court's custody.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Ivory Coast's former president Laurent Gbagbo oversaw 'unspeakable crimes', says ICC |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/cotedivoire/12126876/Ivory-Coasts-former-president-Laurent-Gbagbo-oversaw-unspeakable-crimes-says-ICC.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/cotedivoire/12126876/Ivory-Coasts-former-president-Laurent-Gbagbo-oversaw-unspeakable-crimes-says-ICC.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]] {{Further|Foreign relations of Ivory Coast}} Ku Africa, caru ca Ivory Coast cikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali. Mu 1959, Ivory Coast yikapangiska wupu wa Entente pamoza na Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, na Togo; mu 1965, African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); mu 1972, Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). Gulu laumaliro ili likasintha mu 1975 kuŵa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Ku Ivory Coast, uko kukaŵa wupu wakucemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU) mu 1963 na African Union (AU) mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵakuchindika mazaza gha boma na kukolerana mu mtende. Pa caru cose capasi, caru ca Ivory Coast cikukhumba kuti paŵe vinthu vyaunenesko pa nkhani ya malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya. Ntheura, charu cha Ivory Coast chili paubwezi na mawupu gha pa caru cose. Nakuti likasazgirako malango gha wupu wa United Nations nga ni Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Protocol ya 1967, na Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa ya 1969. Ivory Coast yili mu wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, na South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. Ivory Coast yikukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya ku Sub-Saharan kuti viwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na maji na vyoto. Ivi vyacitika comene na wovwiri wa mawupu nga ni UNICEF na makampani nga ni Nestle. Mu 2015, wupu wa United Nations ukalemba vya Sustainable Development Goals (Vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora pa charu chose). Ŵakuyowoya chomene vya umoyo, masambiro, ukavu, njara, kusintha kwa nyengo, maji ghawemi, na utozi. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji ghakutowa na kuzgora maji kuŵa mchere. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya comene nkhani izi ndiwo ŵali kulemba fundo ya WASH. WASH yikuyowoya comene za maji ghawemi, utozi, na mauto ghawemi. Gulu ili likakhwaska chomene vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, chomenechomene Ivory Coast. Kuzakafika mu 2030, ŵanthu wose ŵazamuŵa na maji ghawemi ghakumwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506175524/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Further|Military of Ivory Coast}} Kufika mu chaka cha 2012, vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapelekeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ivory Coast vikaŵa masitima 10 gha T-55 (ghano ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito), masitima ghapusu ghankhondi gha AMX-13, magalimoto 34 ghakumanyiska vinthu, magalimoto 10 gha nkhondo gha BMP-1/2, magalimoto 41 gha mawilo gha APC, na vilwero vyakujumpha 36. Mu 2012, gulu la nkhondo la Ivory Coast Air Force likaŵa na chiŵanja chimoza cha Mil Mi-24 na viŵanja vitatu vya SA330L Puma (vyeneivyo vingaŵa vyambura ntchito). Mu 2017, charu cha Ivory Coast chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> == Kugawikana kwa boma == [[File:Districts of Côte d'Ivoire (Numbered).png|thumb|Districts of Ivory Coast]] Kwambira mu 2011, boma la Ivory Coast lili na vigaŵa 12 kweniso misumba yiŵiri yakujiyimira payekha. Vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 31, vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 108, ndipo vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 510.<ref>''Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes'' (GENC) second edition</ref> Nyengo zinyake, mizi yinandi yikuŵa na vikaya. Vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kweni vili na madipatimenti, vigaŵa vichokovichoko, na matawuni. Kwambira mu 2011, maboma gha vigaŵa 12 ivyo vili na mazaza ghakujiwusa ghandasankhikepo. Pa cifukwa ici, vigaŵa ivi vindambe kugwira nchito nga ni maboma. Pano pali ndondomeko ya vigaŵa, misumba yikuru ya vigaŵa na vigaŵa vya chigaŵa chilichose: {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" width="15" |Nambala ya mapu. ! scope="col" width="140" |Boma ! scope="col" width="140" |Msumba wa boma ! scope="col" width="140" |Chiga'''ŵa''' ! scope="col" width="140" |Mpando wa Chiga'''ŵa''' ! scope="col" width="140" |Ŵanthu<ref>{{statoids|id=uci|title=Districts of Côte d'Ivoire}} Institut National de la Statistique, Côte d'Ivoire.</ref> |- ! colspan="1" !scope="row" |1 | colspan="4" align="left" row |'''[[Abidjan]]''' <br />(''District Autonome d'Abidjan'') | align="right" |4,707,404 |- ! rowspan="3" !scope="row" |2 | rowspan="3" align="row" |'''[[Bas-Sassandra District|Bas-Sassandra]]''' <br />(''District du Bas-Sassandra'') | rowspan="3" align="left" |[[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San-Pédro]] |[[Gbôklé]] |[[Sassandra]] | align="right" |400,798 |- |[[Nawa Region|Nawa]] |[[Soubré]] | align="right" |1,053,084 |- |[[San-Pédro Region|San-Pédro]] |[[San-Pédro, Ivory Coast|San-Pédro]] | align="right" |826,666 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |3 | rowspan="2" align="row" |'''[[Comoé District|Comoé]]''' <br />(''District du Comoé'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Abengourou]] |[[Indénié-Djuablin]] |[[Abengourou]] | align="right" |560,432 |- |[[Sud-Comoé]] |[[Aboisso]] | align="right" |642,620 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |4 | rowspan="2" align="=row" |'''[[Denguélé District|Denguélé]]''' <br />(''District du Denguélé'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Odienné]] |[[Folon Region|Folon]] |[[Minignan]] | align="right" |96,415 |- |[[Kabadougou]] |[[Odienné]] | align="right" |193,364 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |5 | rowspan="2" align="row" |'''[[Gôh-Djiboua District|Gôh-Djiboua]]''' <br />(''District du Gôh-Djiboua'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Gagnoa]] |[[Gôh]] |[[Gagnoa]] | align="right" |876,117 |- |[[Lôh-Djiboua]] |[[Divo, Ivory Coast|Divo]] | align="right" |729,169 |- ! rowspan="4" !scope="row" |6 | rowspan="4" align="row" |'''[[Lacs District|Lacs]]''' <br />(''District des Lacs'') | rowspan="4" align="left" |[[Dimbokro]] |[[Bélier Region]] |[[Yamoussoukro]]<ref>While Yamoussoukro is the seat of Bélier region, the city itself is not part of the region.</ref> | align="right" |346,768 |- |[[Iffou]] |[[Daoukro]] | align="right" |311,642 |- |[[Moronou Region|Moronou]] |[[Bongouanou]] | align="right" |352,616 |- |[[N'Zi Region|N'Zi]] |[[Dimbokro]] | align="right" |247,578 |- ! rowspan="3" !scope="row" |7 | rowspan="3" align="row" |'''[[Lagunes District|Lagunes]]''' <br />(''District des Lagunes'') | rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Dabou]] |[[Agnéby-Tiassa]] |[[Agboville]] | align="right" |606,852 |- |[[Grands-Ponts]] |[[Dabou]] | align="right" |356,495 |- |[[La Mé]] |[[Adzopé]] | align="right" |514,700 |- ! rowspan="3" !scope="row" |8 | rowspan="3" align="row" |'''[[Montagnes District|Montagnes]]''' <br />(''District des Montagnes'') | rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Man, Ivory Coast|Man]] |[[Cavally Region|Cavally]] |[[Guiglo]] | align="right" |459,964 |- |[[Guémon]] |[[Duékoué]] | align="right" |919,392 |- |[[Tonkpi]] |[[Man, Ivory Coast|Man]] | align="right" |992,564 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |9 | rowspan="2" align="row" |'''[[Sassandra-Marahoué District|Sassandra-Marahoué]]''' <br />(''District du Sassandra-Marahoué'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Daloa]] |[[Haut-Sassandra]] |[[Daloa]] | align="right" |1,430,960 |- |[[Marahoué]] |[[Bouaflé]] | align="right" |862,344 |- ! rowspan="3" !scope="row" |10 | rowspan="3" align="row" |'''[[Savanes District|Savanes]]''' <br />(''District des Savanes'') | rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Korhogo]] |[[Bagoué]] |[[Boundiali]] | align="right" |375,687 |- |[[Poro Region|Poro]] |[[Korhogo]] | align="right" |763,852 |- |[[Tchologo]] |[[Ferkessédougou]] | align="right" |467,958 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |11 | rowspan="2" align="row" |'''[[Vallée du Bandama District|Vallée du Bandama]]''' <br />(''District de la Vallée du Bandama'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Bouaké]] |[[Gbêkê]] |[[Bouaké]] | align="right" |1,010,849 |- |[[Hambol]] |[[Katiola, Ivory Coast|Katiola]] | align="right" |429,977 |- ! rowspan="3" !scope="row" |12 | rowspan="3" align="row" |'''[[Woroba District|Woroba]]''' <br />(''District du Woroba'') | rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Séguéla]] |[[Béré Region|Béré]] |[[Mankono]] | align="right" |389,758 |- |[[Bafing Region|Bafing]] |[[Touba, Ivory Coast|Touba]] | align="right" |183,047 |- |[[Worodougou]] |[[Séguéla]] | align="right" |272,334 |- ! colspan="1" !scope="row" |13 | colspan="4" align="left" row |'''[[Yamoussoukro]]''' <br />(''District Autonome du Yamoussoukro'') | align="right" |355,573 |- ! rowspan="2" !scope="row" |14 | rowspan="2" align="row" |'''[[Zanzan District|Zanzan]]''' <br />(''District du Zanzan'') | rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Bondoukou]] |[[Bounkani]] |[[Bouna, Ivory Coast|Bouna]] | align="right" |267,167 |- |[[Gontougo]] |[[Bondoukou]] | align="right" |667,185 |- |} === Misumba ikulu === {{seealso|List of cities in Ivory Coast}} {{Largest cities of Ivory Coast|class=info}} == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Ivory Coast}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map CIV present.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Köppen climate classification map of Ivory Coast]] Ivory Coast ni chalo icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Liberia na Guinea kumanjiliro gha dazi, Mali na Burkina Faso kumpoto, Ghana kumafumiro gha dazi, na Gulf of Guinea kumwera. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 11°N, na longitude 2° na 9°W. Malo gha vyakurya ghakukwana 64.8%, ndipo gha vyakumera ghakukwana 9.1%, vyakumera vyakukhalapo 41.5%, na vyakumera vyakukhalapo 14.2%. Kufipiska maji ni suzgo likuru comene ilo caru cikukumana nalo.<ref name="CIA"/> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{Main|Wildlife of Ivory Coast|Environment of Ivory Coast|List of national parks of Ivory Coast}} Mu charu ichi muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 1,200, kusazgapo vinyama 223, viyuni 702, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa 125, vyamoyo 38 vyakukhala pa maji na pasi, na somba 111. Charu ichi chili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chomene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghankhondi na ghatatu. Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghakuru chomene ni Assgny National Park. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza: nkhorongo za kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za kumwera kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za ku Guinea, nkhorongo za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, na nkhorongo za ku Guinea. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 3.64/10, ndipo chili pa nambara 143 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |display-authors=2 |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Ivory Coast}} [[File:Cote D'ivoire Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Ivory Coast, 2019]] [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ivory_Coast.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development]] Ivory Coast yili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa munthu yumoza mu chigaŵa ichi (US$1,662 mu 2017) ndipo yikovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyaru ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Charu ichi nchikuluta mu vyalo vya West African Economic and Monetary Union, ndipo chili na 40% ya GDP ya vyalo ivi. Cote d'Ivoire ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska katundu mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Charu ichi ndicho chikuguliska mbuto zinandi chomene za koko pa charu chose. Mu 2009, ŵalimi ŵa mbuto za koko ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 2.53 biliyoni kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵakaguliskanga. Kweniso ku Ivory Coast kuli ŵalimi 100,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mphira.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rubber-ivorycoast-output-idUSL5N0BDB9S20130213 |title=Ivory Coast reaps more rubber as farmers shift from cocoa |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=21 January 2014 |date=13 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/west-africa/cote-divoire |title=Cote d'Ivoire &#124; Office of the United States Trade Representative |publisher=Ustr.gov |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=21 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203111023/http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/west-africa/cote-divoire |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France kwambira apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, kupangiska vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti vifumenge mu vyaru vinyake, na kukhozga ndalama za caru cinyake, ndivyo vyawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, charu cha Ivory Coast chili na mpikisano ukuru ndipo mitengo ya khofi na koko yikukhira chomene pa charu chose. Ivi vikusazgikana na vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵalimi, awo ŵakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake, na ŵantchito ŵaŵe na masuzgo. Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku United States yikupanga ndondomeko ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ŵana panji ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mwankhongono kwambira mu 2009. Kufuma apo charu cha Ivory Coast chikapokera wanangwa, chuma chake chakura luŵiro chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vinandi vya mu Africa. Chifukwa chimoza icho vingaŵira nthena ni msonkho pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast, Nigeria, na Kenya, vikaŵa na misonkho yinandi yayi, chifukwa awo ŵakavilamuliranga ndiwo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi. Ntheura, vinthu vikaŵayenderanga makora. Mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.5 miliyoni ŵakaŵa pa nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito ŵakakhwaskika comene, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca ŵekha, mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 2000, cifukwa ca masuzgo ghanandi gha vya cuma kufuma mu 1999. Kweniso, masuzgo agha ghakapangiska kuti makampani gha visulo na mabanki ghasame. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakasoŵanga nchito, nchito yikamba kuchepa. Mu 2012, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito chikakwera kufika pa 9.4%. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kucita kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kusoŵa nchito ni kugaŵa nchito mu malonda ghacoko. Kugaŵikana kwa milimo uku kukawovwira ŵalimi na viŵeto. Boma la Ivory Coast likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya nchito ya kujikora, ndipo yikapangiska kuti nchito iyi yikure comene, ndipo yikakura na 142% mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kwambira mu 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Economy|2007|pp=176–180}}.</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Ivory Coast}} {{Historical populations |title = Historical population |align = right |width = |state = |shading = off |pop_name = |percentages = pagr |source =1960 UN estimate,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=World Population Prospects 2022|author=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division|access-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|archive-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> 1975–1998 censuses,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ins.ci/documents/RGPH2014_expo_dg.pdf |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014 - Rapport d'exécution et Présentation des principaux résultats|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|page=3|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> 2014 census,<ref name=census_2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ins.ci/documents/rgph/ivoirien18plus.pdf |title=RGPH 2014 Résultats globaux|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> 2021 census.<ref name=census_2021 /> |1960.5|3709000 |1975.331507|6709600 |1988.204918 |10815694 |1998.969863 |15366672 |2014.369863 |22671331 |2021.953425 |29389150 }} [[File:Adjamemarche2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Congestion at a market in Abidjan]] Kuyana na kalembera wa pa 14 Disembala, 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikaŵa 29,389,150, kufuma pa 22,671,331 pa kalembera wa 2014. Pa kalembera wakwamba mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6.7 miliyoni. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa caru cose wa Demographic and Health Surveys, ŵana awo ŵakababikanga ŵakaŵa 4.3 pa mwanakazi yumoza mu 2021 (pa tawuni pakaŵa 3.6 ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa 5.3).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR140/PR140.pdf |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé - Côte d'Ivoire - 2021 |author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[ICF International]] |page=10 (21) |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === {{Further|Languages of Ivory Coast}} Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 78 mu Ivory Coast. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu ndipo ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiyowoyero chinyake cha Chifurenchi icho chikuchemeka Nouchi, chafuma mu Abidjan ndipo chafika pa ŵanthu ŵachinyamata. Limoza mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Dyula, ilo likuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Manding (Dioula) |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/manding-dioula/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Demographics of Ivory Coast#Ethnic groups}} Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi mu charu ichi ni Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques panji Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), na ŵanyake (2.8%, kusazgapo 100,000 Lebanese na 45,000 French; 2004).<ref>{{cite news |title=Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/cinq-cents-libanais-a-abidjan-pour-investir-en-afrique/4234683.html |work=VOA Afrique |date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Mwachiyelezgero, mu gulu la Ŵaakan muli Baoule, mu gulu la Voltaique muli Senufo, mu gulu la kumpoto kwa Mande muli Dioula na Maninka, mu gulu la Kru muli Bété na Kru, ndipo mu gulu la kumwera kwa Mande muli Yacouba. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuchemeka Ŵaivori. Pakuti Ivory Coast njimoza mwa vyaru vya ku West Africa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbafuma ku Liberia, Burkina Faso, na Guinea. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku France, Lebanon, Vietnam, Spain, kweniso ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku United States na Canada. Mu Novembala 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku France na vyaru vinyake ŵakachimbira ku Ivory Coast chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na gulu la ŵawukirano. Padera pa ŵanthu ŵa ku France, paliso ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. ===Chisopo=== {{Further|Religion in Ivory Coast|Islam in Ivory Coast|Christianity in Ivory Coast}} Charu cha Ivory Coast chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kuyana na maukaboni gha sonosono gha 2021, awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu (kanandi ŵa Sunni) ŵakaŵa 42.5% ya ŵanthu wose, apo awo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (kanandi ŵa Katolika na ŵa Evangelical) ŵakaŵa 39.8% ya ŵanthu wose. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 12.6% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, ndipo 2.2% ŵakalondezga chisopa chautesi. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2020, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ndiwo ŵazamuŵa 44% ya ŵanthu wose, apo Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 37.2%. Kweniso likati ŵanthu 8.1% mbambura kusopa, ndipo 10.5% mbakusopa mu visopa vya ku Africa. Mu 2009, U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya Boma yikati Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 35 m'paka 40 peresenti ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 25 peresenti ŵakasopanga visopa vyautesi. Ku Yamoussoukro ndiko kuli tchalitchi likuru comene pa caru cose, la Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Monica |date=2015-05-15 |title=Yamoussoukro's Notre-Dame de la Paix, the world's largest basilica - a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 37 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/15/yamoussoukro-notre-dame-de-la-paix-ivory-coast-worlds-largest-basilica-history-of-cities-in-50-buildings-day-37 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Ivory Coast}} Mu 2004, ŵanalume ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo utaliko vyaka 42, ndipo ŵanakazi 47. Pa ŵana 1,000, 118 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 12. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza mu vigaŵa vinayi vya caru ici cikukhala pasi pa ukavu wa madola 1.25 pa zuŵa. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 36 pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2010, charu cha Ivory Coast chili pa nambara 27 pa vyaru vyose pa charu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakukomana na HIV/AIDS chikaŵa cha nambara 19 pa vyaru vyose, ndipo mu 2012 chikaŵa pa 3.20% pa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima ŵa vyaka 15-49.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html | website= The World Factbook | title= Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate | publisher= CIA.gov | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html | archive-date= 21 December 2014 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Ivory Coast}} [[File:Université Abidjan 1.JPG|thumb|The [[university campus]] of the [[Université de Cocody]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, charu cha Ivory Coast ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba.<ref name="CIA"/> Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook la mu 2019, ŵanthu 89.9% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵanakazi, mbambura kusambira. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 10 ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa sukulu za sekondare mbanalume. Para ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakusambira ŵakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kulemba masambiro gha baccalauréat. Pa mayunivesite ghanyake pali Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny ku Abidjan na Université Alassane Ouattara ku Bouaké. ===Sayansi=== {{Main|Science and technology in Ivory Coast}} Kuyana na Unduna wa vya Masambiro ghapacanya na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi, charu cha Ivory Coast chikupeleka ndalama zakukwana 0.13% pa GDP yake ku ntchito ya GERD. Padera pa ndalama zichoko, masuzgo ghanyake nga ni kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya sayansi, kugaŵikana kwa mawupu gha kafukufuku, kweniso kutondeka kuvikilira na kuvikilira ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga.<ref name="UNESCO science report">{{harvnb|Essegbey|Diaby|Konté|2015|pp=498–533}}, "West Africa".</ref>Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa nambala 114 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 103 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|publisher=[[WIPO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha vya sayansi mu pulani ya vyaumoyo ya 2012-2015 chikulutilira kuŵa chichoko. Mu chigaŵa cha kuzenga usambazi ukuru na urunji wa ŵanthu (63.8% ya bajeti yose ya Ndondomeko iyi), 1.2% pera ndiyo yikatumika ku kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mapulogiramu gha kafukufuku gha vyaru 24 ghakukolerana pa nkhani ya kafukufuku. Mapulogiramu agha ghakukolerana na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakukhumbikwa comene mu 2012-2015, nga ni: umoyo, vinthu vyakudura, vyakurya, vyaru, cikaya, cilengiwa, muwuso, migodi na nkhongono; na tekinoloje.<ref name="UNESCO science report" /> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Ivory Coast|Music of Ivory Coast|Media of Ivory Coast}} Mtundu uliwose wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast uli na sumu zawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito matambulara agho ghakuyowoya, comenecomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Appolo. Vyakwimba vya ku Ivory Coast ni zoblazo, zouglou, na Coupé-Décalé. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakutumbikika pa caru cose ni Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud na Christina Goh, ŵa ku Ivory Coast. === Maseŵera === {{See also|Ivory Coast at the Olympics}} [[File:Cote d'Iviore NT 2010.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|The [[Ivory Coast national football team]]}}]] Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ni bola. Chikwata cha mpira wa mpira cha amuna chakhala chikusewera mu World Cup katatu, ku Germany 2006, ku South Africa 2010, ndi Brazil mu 2014. Ku Côte d'Ivoire kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa pa nkhani ya maseŵero nga ni Didier Drogba na Yaya Touré. Gulu la mpira la ŵanakazi likaseŵera mu 2015 Women's World Cup ku Canada. Charu ichi chili kupokelera maseŵero ghanandi gha mu Africa, ndipo sonosono apa nkhamaseŵero gha mu Africa gha basketball mu 2013. Kumanyuma uku, mu charu ichi mukaŵa maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations mu 1984, apo timu ya Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi. Gabriel Tiacoh uyo wakathamanga mamita 400 wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa maseŵera gha mamita 400 gha ŵanalume pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1984. Charu ichi chikapokelera chiphikiro cha 8 cha Jeux de la Francophonie mu 2017. Mu maseŵero gha maseŵero ghamaseŵero ghamaseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Marie-Josée Ta Lou na Murielle Ahouré. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha rugby union, ndipo timu ya rugby union yikatora malo pa maseŵero gha Rugby World Cup mu South Africa mu 1995. Ivory Coast yili kuwina viphalizgano viŵiri vya Africa Cup: cimoza mu 1992 na cinyake mu 2015. Ivory Coast yikumanyikwa na maseŵero gha Taekwondo. ===Vyakuphika=== [[File:Yassapoulet.JPG|thumb|Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya yassa. Pa cithuzithuzi apa pali yassa wa nkhuku.]] {{Main|Ivorian cuisine}} Vyakurya vya mu vyaru ivi vikuyana chomene na vyakulyeramo vya mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vyakurya vya ku Côte d'Ivoire vikusazgapo viŵiya vyakuchemeka cassava na plantains. Para munthu wakuphika mbuto, wakugwiliskira ntchito mtundu unyake wa mbuto wakuchemeka aitiu. Attiéké ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ico ŵakuphika na maniyu. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu misewu ni alloco, panji kuti phere lakuphika mu mafuta gha kanjawala, ndipo ŵakulyera pamoza na somba zakuphika panji masumbi. Mu chigaŵa ichi, nkhuku zikurya comene ndipo zikunowa comene cifukwa ni nyama yambura mafuta. Vyakurya vya mu nyanja ni tuna, sardine, shrimp, na bonito, ivyo vikuyana waka na tuna. Chakurya ichi chikuŵa na nyama mu msuzi.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=3 April 2008|title=Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire: Recipes and Cuisine|url=https://www.whats4eats.com/africa/ivory-coast-cuisine|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2011|website=Whats4eats.com|postscript=.{{unreliable source?|date=September 2021}}}}</ref> Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya ivyo ŵakuphika pachokopachoko. Kedjenou ni cakurya ico cikusazgapo nkhuku na mphangwe izo zaphikika mu ciŵiya cakujalira. Kanandi ŵakuphika mu chiŵiya chakuchemeka canary, pa moto, panji mu uvuni. Bangui ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakumwera vinyo la mkama. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵali na malo ghakulyerako ghacoko waka ghakucemeka maquis. Kanandi para munthu wakurya maquis wakuŵa na nyama ya nkhuku, somba yakuzura na anyezi na tomato, kweniso attiéké panji kedjenou. ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Africa}} * [[Index of Ivory Coast–related articles]] * [[Outline of Ivory Coast]] ==Vyakulembeka== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mabuku== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Africa |volume=1 |editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-last=Appiah |editor2-first=Henry Louis|editor2-last=Gates |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0195337709 |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC}} *{{cite book|last=Baten|first=Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107507180}} * {{cite book|title=Côte d'Ivoire|series=Petit futé Country Guides|first1=Dominique|last1=Auzias|first2=Jean-Paul|last2=Labourdette|publisher=Petit Futé|year=2008|isbn=9782746924086|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Blanchard|first=Pierre|title=Le Voyageur de la jeunesse dans les quatre parties du monde|edition=5th|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Le Prieur|year=1818}} * {{cite encyclopaedia|article=Ivory Coast|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|edition=11th|volume=15|editor1-first=Hugh|editor1-last=Chisholm|year=1911}} * {{cite book|last=David|title=La Côte d'Ivoire|publisher=Méridiens|location=Paris|year=2000|first=Philippe|edition=KARTHALA Editions, 2009|isbn=9782811101961|language=fr}} * {{cite encyclopaedia|last=Duckett|language=fr|article=Côte Des Dents|encyclopedia=Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture inventaire raisonné des notions générales les plus indispensables à tous|volume=6|first=William|edition=2nd|location=Paris|publisher=Michel Lévy frères|year=1853}} *{{Cite encyclopedia|entry=West Africa|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Essegbey|first1=George|last2=Diaby|first2=Nouhou|last3=Konté|first3=Almamy|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopaedia|last=Homans|article=Africa|encyclopedia=A cyclopedia of commerce and commercial navigation|volume=1|first=Isaac Smith|location=New York|publisher=Harper & brothers|year=1858}} *{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|ref={{harvid|Human Development Report|2020}}}} *{{Cite book|last=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|title=Military Balance 2012|date=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-429-33356-9|language=English|oclc=1147908458|ref={{harvid|IISS|2012}}}} * {{citation|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh3Q5F7BaB8C|year=1998|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-28112-9|oclc=37742322}} * {{citation|last=Kipré|first=Pierre|author-link=Pierre Kipré|title=Histoire de la Côte d'Ivoire|publisher=Editions AMI|location=Abidjan|year=1992|oclc=33233462|language=fr}} * {{cite book|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|volume=4|series=Political Chronologies of the World|first1=David|last1=Lea|first2=Annamarie|last2=Rowe|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=9781857431162|chapter=Côte d'Ivoire}} * {{cite book|last=Lipski|title=A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrohis0000lips|first=John M.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521822657}} *{{cite book|last=McGovern|first=Mike|year=2011|title=Making War in Côte d'Ivoire|publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226514604}} * {{citation|author=Ministry of Economy and Finances of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire|title=La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres|publisher=Dialogue Production|location=Abidjan|year=2007|oclc=173763995|language=fr|ref={{harvid|Ministry of Economy|2007}}}} *{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Edward|title=France and the Africans 1944–1960 – A Political History|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London|year=1969|isbn=0-571-08251-3|oclc=31730|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/franceafricans190000mort}} * {{cite book|last=Plée|title=Peinture géographique du monde moderne: suivant l'ordre dans lequel il a été reconnu et decouvert|first=Victorine François|location=Paris|publisher=Pigoreau|year=1868|language=fr|chapter=Côte des Dents où d'Ivoire}} * {{citation|last=Rougerie|first=Gabriel|title=L'Encyclopédie générale de la Côte d'Ivoire|publisher=Nouvelles publishers africaines|location=Abidjan| year=1978|isbn=978-2-7236-0542-7|oclc=5727980|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=John K.|chapter=The African background to American colonization|title=The Cambridge Economic History of the United States|volume=1|editor1-first=Stanley L.|editor1-last=Engerman|editor2-first=Robert E.|editor2-last=Gallman|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780521394420}} * {{cite book|last=Vaissète|language=fr|title=Géographie historique, ecclesiastique et civile|volume=11|first=Jean Joseph|author-link=Joseph Vaissète|location=Paris|publisher=chez Desaint & Saillant, J.-T. Herissant, J. Barois|year=1755}} * {{cite book|last=Walckenaer|title=Histoire générale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection des relations de voyages par mer et par terre|first=Charles-Athanase|location=Paris|publisher=Lefèvre|year=1827|language=fr|volume=8}} *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Warner|first=Rachel|title=Historical Setting|encyclopedia=Cote d'Ivoire: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90005878/|date=1988|editor-last=Handloff|editor-first=Robert Earl|pages=|isbn=|oclc=44238009|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|auto=1}} *{{official website|http://www.gouv.ci|Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast}} {{in lang|fr}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221218/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire Côte d'Ivoire]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Côte_d'Ivoire}} *{{wikiatlas|Côte d'Ivoire}} *{{osmrelation-inline|192779}} ;Trade *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CIV/Year/2012/Summary Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary] {{Côte d'Ivoire topics}} {{Navboxes | title=Related articles | list= {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|8|N|5|W|display=title}} [[Category:Ivory Coast| ]] [[Category:Blood diamonds]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 2g6jgejq5h3v1ceih2dhauko2e1clzk 0 10773 122737 76938 2026-09-28T03:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Yobe | official_name = | type =[[States of Nigeria|State]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Yobe_State_Flag.png | flag_alt = Flag of Yobe State | flag_size = 120px | image_seal = Yobe State Government.png | seal_alt = Seal of Yobe State | nickname = [[List of Nigerian state nicknames|Pride of the Sahel]] | image_map = Nigeria Yobe State map.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Yobe State in Nigeria | coordinates = {{coord|12|00|N|11|30|E|region:NG_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}} | established_title = [[List of Nigerian states by date of statehood|Date created]] | established_date = 27 August 1991 | seat_type = [[List of Nigerian state capitals|Capital]] | seat = [[Damaturu]] | government_footnotes = | governing_body = Government of Yobe State | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]]''' <br> ([[List of Governors of Yobe State|List]]) | leader_name = [[Mai Mala Buni]] | leader_title1 = Deputy Governor | leader_name1 = Idi Barde Gubana ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]]) | leader_title2 = Legislature | leader_name2 = [[Yobe State House of Assembly]] | leader_title3 = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senators]] | leader_name3 = {{Nowrap|C: [[Ibrahim Gaidam]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])}}<br>{{Nowrap|N: [[Ahmed Lawan]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])}}<br>{{Nowrap|S: [[Ibrahim Mohammed Bomai]] ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])}} | leader_title4 = [[Nigerian House of Representatives|Representatives]] | leader_name4 = [[Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Yobe#The 9th Assembly (2019 - 2023)|List]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 45,502 | area_rank = [[List of Nigerian states by area|6th of 36]] | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 2,321,339<ref name="PHC Tables">{{Cite web|url=http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|title=2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION|website=population.gov.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054745/http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/|archive-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2006 census | population_est = 4,000,000 {{increase}} | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | population_rank = [[List of Nigerian states by population|32nd of 36]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | demographics_type1 = [[List of Nigerian states by GDP|GDP (PPP)]] | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Year | demographics1_info1 = 2007 | demographics1_title2 = Total | demographics1_info2 = $2.01&nbsp;billion<ref name="C-GIDD GDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.cgidd.com|publisher=Canback Dangel|title=C-GIDD (Canback Global Income Distribution Database)|access-date = 2008-08-20}}</ref> | demographics1_title3 = Per capita | demographics1_info3 = $843<ref name="C-GIDD GDP" /> | timezone1 = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset1 = +01 | postal_code_type = postal code | postal_code = 620001 | area_code_type = | area_code = +234 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:NG|NG-YO]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.365<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index|35th of 37]] | website = <!-- [https://web.archive.org/web/20151008190606/http://www.example.com/ example.com] --> | footnotes = }} '''Yobe ''' ni zina la [[nthantha]] (state) iyo ikusangika mu charu cha [[Nigeria]],ku manjililo gha dazi gha [[nthunthu]] la [[Afilika]].Ndimoza mwa nthantha 36 izo zili mu [[Nigeria]]. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{nigeria-geo-stub}} [[Category:Nthantha zakusangika mu charu cha Nigeria]] [[Category:Nigeria]] 2gtmq4dli071lzc4tztxp32wyuw6h3l 0 10981 122467 70317 2026-09-28T00:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ndola District | settlement_type = [[Districts of Zambia|District]] | native_name = | nickname = | image_skyline = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = Ndola District, Zambia 2022.png | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = District location in Zambia | pushpin_map = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Ndola]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_note = | population_total = 374,757 | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = | elevation_m = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = | population_footnotes = <ref name=statoids>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yzm.html|title=Districts of Zambia|publisher=Statoids|access-date=February 12, 2010}}</ref> }} '''Boma la Ndola''' ni limoza mwa [[maboma 116]] agho ghali pa chigaŵa cha pakati mu charu cha [[Zambia]]. Msumba uwu uli ku Ndola. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 374,757. <ref name=statoids/> ==Malo== Chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 280 kumpoto kwa Lusaka. Chigaŵa ichi chili kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi pa mtunda wa mamita 1250 na kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi pa mtunda wa mamita 1455 pachanya pa nyanja. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200. Chigaŵa chinyake cha mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ni Kafue ndipo chigaŵa chinyake cha kumwera ni Kafubu. Boma ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera na Boma la Mufulira, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Luanshya na Kitwe, na kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Boma la Haut-Katanga mu [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name="cbt">[https://www.cbt.gov.zm/?page_id=1480 Offizielle Webseite der Provinz Copperbelt zum Distrikt Ndola, Abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2022]</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Boma la Ndola | 17| 22| 433 | 17| 23| 363 | 17| 23| 257 | 16| 25| 30 | 13| 27| 3 | 12| 25| 1 | 12| 27| 1 | 15| 31| 1 | 17| 36| 2 | 19| 37| 15 | 17| 34| 174 | 16| 24| 259 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> }} |} ==Chigaŵa chavisankho== Boma la Ndola chili kugaŵika mu Chigaŵa chavisankho: Ndola Central, Kabushi, Bwana Mkubwa na Chifubu. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Chigawa cha Copperbelt cha Zambia]] [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha mu Zambia]] r3ap9ou9aq9cmduqqdbt1i0m481su9y 0 10983 122455 104630 2026-09-28T00:04:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boma la Chama | settlement_type = [[Districts of Zambia|District]] | native_name = | nickname = Caru ca Mpunga na Vinyama | image_skyline = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-34-6.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Chithunzi cha Chama mu nkhokwe za boma, zomwe zili ku Chama | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = Chama District, Zambia 2022.png | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = District location in Zambia | pushpin_map = Zambia#Eastern Province | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern Province]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Chama, Zambia|Chama]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2000 | population_note = | population_total = 74890 | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = | elevation_m = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Boma la Chama''' ni boma ilo ndimoza mwa [[maboma 116]] agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi mu charu cha [[Zambia]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Chama ŵakukhala kufupi na mphaka ya Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Chama mba fuko la Senga. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tumbuka nawo ŵakukhala mu Chama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya [[ChiSenga|Chisenga]], chiyowoyero chakuyana na [[ChiTumbuka]] na [[ChiCheŵa|Chichewa]] panji Nyanja. Kulima ndiyo ni ncito yikuru comene, ndipo mbuto iyo yikusangika comene ni mbuto ya mbuto. Chama chikumanyikwaso kuti ni malo ghakurya mpunga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuvuna makuni ghanandi gha makuni. Ŵakulimaso mphoza na soya. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakurya ni phere, mbatata, mpunga, kabichi, na maluŵa. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 74,890.<ref>{{cite web |title=Districts of Zambia |url=http://www.statoids.com/yzm.html |access-date=20 Malichi, 2023|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> == Mbiri == Mu 2012, pulezidenti [[Michael Sata]] wakambiska chigaŵa chiphya mu Zambia, [[chigaŵa cha Muchinga]]. Chigaŵa chose cha Muchinga chikaŵa chigaŵa cha kumpoto, kupaturako boma la Chama, icho kale chikaŵa [[chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-10 |title=Muchinga Province: Stop Sata’s breeding of tribalism |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/muchinga-province-stop-sata’s-breeding-of-tribalism/ |access-date=20 Malichi, 2023 |website=Zambian Watchdog |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118133300/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/muchinga-province-stop-sata%e2%80%99s-breeding-of-tribalism/ |archive-date=2021-11-18}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, pa Novembala 17, 2021, Pulezidenti [[Hakainde Hichilema]] wakapharazga khumbo lake la kuwuskako chigamulo cha kusamuska chigaŵa cha Chama kufuma ku [[chigaŵa cha Eastern]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zambia : President Hichilema to give back Chirundu and Itezhi Districts to Southern Province |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/11/18/president-hichilema-to-give-back-chirundu-and-itezhi-districts-to-southern-province/ |access-date=20 Malichi, 2023|language=en-GB}}</ref>Pulezidenti Hichilema wakazomelezga kuti chigaŵa cha Chama chiŵe chigaŵa cha Eastern Province (chindasinthe kuŵa [[chigaŵa cha Muchinga]] Province), ntheura chigaŵa ichi chikawelera ku chigaŵa chakwake. <ref name=":1" /> ==Malo== {{Unreferenced section}} Chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 600 kumpoto kwa Lusaka. Likukhala kumafumiro gha dazi, pa mphaka ya Malawi, pa mtunda wa mamita ghakujumpha 2000 ndipo likukhilira ku mamita 600 mu dambo la mlonga wa Luangwa, uwo ukujumpha mukati mwake. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa vya Chasefu na Lumezi kumwera, Mpika, Shiwang'andu na Chinsali kumanjiliro gha dazi, Isoka na Mafinga kumpoto, na Chitipa, Rumphi na Mzimba kumafumiro gha dazi mu Northern Region mu Malawi. Ku malo agha ndiko kuli malo ghakuchemeka [[North Luangwa National Park]]. Chama yili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 22: {| |- style="vertical-align:top" | * [[Bazimu]] * [[Chibungwe]] * [[Chilenje]] * [[Chipala, Chama|Chipala]] * [[Chisunga]] * [[Kalinkhu]] * [[Kamphemba]] * [[Luangwa]] * [[Lumezi, Chama|Lumezi]] * [[Lunzi]] * [[Lupamazi]] | * [[Mabinga]] * [[Manthepa, Chama|Manthepa]] * [[Mapamba]] * [[Mazonde]] * [[Mbazi]] * [[Mphalausenga]] * [[Muchinga]] * [[Mwalala]] * [[Ndunda]] * [[Nkhankha]] * [[Vilimukulu]] |} ===Umoyo=== Nyengo yake njakuthukira na yakututuŵa. <ref>{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=20 Malichi, 2023}}</ref> Kutentha kwapakati ndi 25 °C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima chomene ni Febuluwale. <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 20 Malichi, 2023|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Pa avereji, pa charu pali vula ya mamita 1,137 pa chaka. Mwezi uwo kukulokwa maji ghanandi ni Janyuwale, ndipo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene (millimeter 318). <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 20 Malichi, 2023|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075534/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2020-05-11}}</ref> ==Chuma== Chama ni cigaŵa ca ku mizi ndipo nchikavu. Vyaru ni vigaŵa vyakovwira. Vipambi vikuru comene ni mpunga (400 t mu 2004), pamanyuma pake ni mpunga. Kufuma waka apo mabungwe gha boma ghakamara, malonda ghazgoka suzgo cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwendeska vinthu. Vimvula ivyo vikulokwa caka cilicose vikukwana. ==Katundu Wakunyamura== Pali msewu wa Chipata-Isoka pa msewu wa Tanzam Highway, uwo ukuŵa kutali. Cigaŵa cakuzirwa comene ni ico cikuya ku Isoka. Ŵakunozga nthowa yakuya ku Mpika. Misewu yinyake mu cigaŵa ici yingagwiliskirika nchito na magalimoto gha matayala ghanayi pera. Pali chipatala chiphya, ndipo kwambira mu 2005 kuli masukulu gha pulayimale na gha sekondare agho ghali na malo ghakusungirako ŵalendo, mabowo 99 ghakupangira maji ghakumwa, na ghanyake ghanandi. Magesi mu chigaŵa ichi mpaka sono ghali kufika ku Nyimba pera, kweni ghakunozgeka kwizira mu Chama kuti ghafike ku Malawi. == Vithuzithuzi == <gallery> The National Archives UK - CO 1069-34-43.jpg|Chithunzi cha Chama mu nkhokwe za boma, zomwe zili ku Chama </gallery> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} {{boma la Chama}} {{zambia-geo-stub}} [[Category:Chigawa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi]] [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha mu Zambia]] [[Category:Boma la Chama| ]] o0qfx3hoyangrh9mej6m6mnt1hy3452 0 10995 122457 72132 2026-09-28T00:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boma la Chipangali | native_name = | settlement_type = [[boma ya Zambia|Boma]] | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = | image_map = Chipangali District, Zambia 2022.png | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = Boma malo mu Zambia | pushpin_map = | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Chalo | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Chigaŵa (Zambia)|Chigaŵa]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi]] | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 5,252 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | elevation_m = | population_total = 127,604 | population_as_of = 2018 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | population_note = | website = | footnotes = | image_size = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | blank_name = | blank_info = }} '''Boma la Chipangali''' ni boma ilo ndimoza mwa [[maboma 116]] agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi mu charu cha [[Zambia]]. Mu 2022, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu 169,357. <ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia: Administrative Division |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/zambia-admin.php |publisher=citypopulation |accessdate=December 30, 2018}}</ref> ==Malo ghakupambanapambana== Chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 500 kumpoto kwa [[Lusaka]]. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mtunda wake ukufika pa mamita 1,100, ndipo kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi ukufika pa mamita 800. Malire gha kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] ghakukolerana na [[Luangwe]]-[[Lake Malawi]]. Mlonga wa Luangwa, Msandile, ukufuma ku Chipangali ndipo nawo uli ku mphaka ya kumwera. Chigawochi chili ndi malire ndi [[boma la Chipata]] na [[Boma la Kasenengwa|Kasenengwa]] kumwera ndi Mambwe kumadzulo. Kum'mafumiro gha dazi kuli vigaŵa vya [[Boma la Mchinji|Mchinji]] na [[Boma la Kasungu|Kasungu]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati|chigaŵa cha pakati]] cha Malawi. ==Mbiri== Boma ichi chikapambana na [[Boma la Chipata]] mu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/04/11/president-edgar-lungu-has-declared-7-new-districts/|title=Zambia : President Edgar Lungu has declared 7 new districts|last=Editor|first=Chief|date=2018-04-11|website=LusakaTimes.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Districts in the Pipeline – Electoral Commission of Zambia|url=https://www.elections.org.zm/2017/10/27/new-districts-in-the-pipeline/|access-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330025105/https://www.elections.org.zm/2017/10/27/new-districts-in-the-pipeline/|archive-date=2022-03-30}}</ref> == Ntchito zaumoyo == Chipatala mu boma chikuphatikizapo: * Kasenga Mini Hospital <ref name=“Healthcare”>{{Cite web |date=Seputembala 13, 2022 |title=Government committed to providing improved health care services in Chipangali |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/09/13/government-committed-to-providing-improved-health-care-services-in-chipangali/ |website=[[Lusaka Times]]}}</ref> * Chipangali Rural Health Center <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chipangali Rural Health Center |url=https://doctor4africa.com/listing/eastern-province,zambia/hospital,rural-health-center/chipangali-rural-health-centre/ |website=[[Doctor 4 Africa]]}}</ref> == Masambiro == Masukulu gha boma ni agha: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completed projects: Quality Education |url=https://sites.google.com/view/pamodzindiana/our-work/quality-education |website=Sites Google}}</ref> * Chalumbe Secondary School * Kaulembe school * Katiobola school * Kasega Secondary School == Boma == ===Wupu wa Msumba ya Chipangali=== Wupu wa msumba ya Chipangali ndi bungwe la boma la mzinda waukulu wa Chipangali. Mulongozgi wa boma na wa tawuni ni Maxson Nkhoma. <ref name=“Healthcare”/> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Chigawa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi]] [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha mu Zambia]] jhyjmqqr4uw1crfet7ccsuhd3qlyayp 0 10996 122456 111987 2026-09-28T00:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boma la Chasefu | official_name = | native_name = Chasefu District | settlement_type = [[Boma gha Zambia|Boma]] | image_skyline = Conservation Agriculture Maize in Lundazi 2014 (14739736527).jpg | image_caption = Ŵanakazi pafupi na munda wa Chimanga ku Boma la Chasefu, kumwera kwa [[Kamangadazi, Chasefu|Kamangadazi]] | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = | image_map = Chasefu District, Zambia 2022.png | mapsize = 300px | map_caption = District location in Zambia | pushpin_map = | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_type2 = Ukuru | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chasefu, Chasefu|Chasefu]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | elevation_m = | population_total = 83981 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_metro = | population_note = | website = | footnotes = | image_size = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | blank_name = | blank_info = }} '''Boma la Chasefu '''ni boma ilo ndimoza mwa [[maboma 116]] agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi mu charu cha [[Zambia]]. ==Malo== === Malo ghakupambanapambana === Chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 610 kumpoto kwa [[Lusaka]]. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mtunda wake ukufika pa mamita 1,200, ndipo kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi ukufika pasi pa mamita 700. Malire gha kumafumiro gha dazi na Malawi ghakukolerana na [[Luangwa]]-[[Lake Malawi]]. Malire gha kumwera ni milonga ya [[Kawondo River|Kawondo]], [[Lundazi River|Lundazi]], na [[Mlonga wa Chasefu]]. Chigawochi chili ndi malire ndi [[Boma la Lundazi]] kumwera, Lumezi kumwera chakumadzulo, ndi Chama kumadzulo ndi kumpoto. Kum'mafumiro gha dazi yikukhala na [[Boma la Mzimba]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]] ya [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. === Malo ghakukondweska === Chasefu wali na nyumba ya [[mulongozgi mukuru wa Tumbuka]], [[Magodi|Magodi V]], mu [[Egichikeni]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phiri |first=Stephen |date=Meyi 3, 2021 |title=Trip to Chasefu incomplete without visiting Egichikeni |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/trip-to-chasefu-incomplete-without-visiting-egichikeni/ |website=Daily Mail (Zambia)}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Boma ichi chikapambana na [[Boma la Lundazi]] mu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/04/11/president-edgar-lungu-has-declared-7-new-districts/|title=Zambia : President Edgar Lungu has declared 7 new districts|last=Editor|first=Chief|date=2018-04-11|website=LusakaTimes.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Districts in the Pipeline – Electoral Commission of Zambia|url=https://www.elections.org.zm/2017/10/27/new-districts-in-the-pipeline/|access-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330025105/https://www.elections.org.zm/2017/10/27/new-districts-in-the-pipeline/|archive-date=2022-03-30}}</ref> == Masambiro == Masukulu gha boma ni agha:<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHASEFU THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE AND MODEL FARM |url=http://www.ccapzambia.org/phone/chasefu-theological-college.html |website=[[CCAP of Zambia]] |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312211153/http://www.ccapzambia.org/phone/chasefu-theological-college.html |archive-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A School that is a part of CCAP |url=https://legacy.edudeo.com/get-inspired/schools/chasefu-mission-school/ |website=Edu•deo Ministies |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312212204/https://legacy.edudeo.com/get-inspired/schools/chasefu-mission-school/ |archive-date=2023-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwango |first=Chileshe |title=Hunger looms in Chasefu District of Eastern Province |url=https://zambianeye.com/hunger-looms-in-chasefu-district-of-eastern-province/amp/ |website=[[Zambian Eye]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Chandona |date=29 Malichi, 2019 |title=I owe a lot to this man. |url=https://twitter.com/ngwira_chanoda/status/1111680533107482626?cxt=HHwWhIC1-cHjve0eAAAA |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> * [[Chasefu Theological College]] (CTC) * Chasefu Mission School * Chasefu Primary School * Chasefu Theological School * Egichikeni Basic School (ku [[Egichikeni, Chasefu|Egichikeni]]) * Lusuntha Day Secondary School == Vithuzithuzi == <gallery> Maize Demo Plot (14739701198).jpg| Ŵalimi ŵakuzingilizga munda mu Boma la Chasefu, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Chakwera, Chasefu|Chakwera]]. </gallery> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Zambia-geo-stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Chigawa cha Kumafumilo gha Dazi]] [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha mu Zambia]] 77oob4iw0c71rhrjou8hydd172pi68g 0 11266 122613 121818 2026-09-28T02:23:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|City in Florida, US}} {{about|the city in Florida}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Miami | official_name = | subdivision_type = Country | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Florida|City]] | named_for = [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]], ultimately derived from [[Mayaimi]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | total_width = 295 | caption_align = center | image1 = Downtown Miami Panorama from the Rusty Pelican photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg | caption1 = [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] panorama | image4 = Miami Freedom Tower by Tom Schaefer 3.jpg | caption4 = [[Freedom Tower (Miami)|Freedom Tower]] | image5 = American Airlines Arena, Miami, FL, jjron 29.03.2012.jpg | caption5 = [[Kaseya Center]] | image3 = Villa Vizcaya 20110228.jpg | caption3 = [[Vizcaya Museum and Gardens]] | image6 = Port of Miami 20071208.jpg | caption6 = [[PortMiami]] | border = infobox }} | image_flag = Flag of Miami, Florida.svg | image_seal = Seal of Miami, Florida.svg | image_blank_emblem = Logo of Miami, Florida.svg | blank_emblem_type = Logo | nicknames = ''The [[Area code 305|305]]'', ''Magic City'', ''Gateway to the Americas'', ''Gateway to [[Latin America]]'', ''Capital of Latin America''<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |date=December 2, 1993 |title=Miami: the Capital of Latin America |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224184503/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref> and ''Vice City'' <!-- maps and coordinates -->| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=290|frame-height=270|frame-align=center|stroke-width=3|zoom=10|frame-lat=25.7751|frame-long=-80.2167|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q8652|title=Miami}} | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Miami | pushpin_map = Florida#USA | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 290px | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the state of Florida##Location within the United States | pushpin_label = Miami | pushpin_label_position = left | coordinates = {{coord|25.775163|N|80.208615|W|region:US-FL|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2021 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2020 |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 56.07 | subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. State|State]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Florida]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = After 1858{{efn|Bahamians were farming along the Miami River before 1830. Richard Fitzpatrick established a plantation there in 1830, but abandoned it when the [[Second Seminole War]] (1835–1843) began. The U.S. Army established [[Fort Dallas]] there in 1836, but left the fort in 1841. William English reopened Fitzpatrick's plantation after the war and sold city lots, but left the area at the end of the 1840s. The Army returned to the fort in 1849–1851, and again for the Third Seminole War (1855–1858).<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Paul S. |date=1996 |title=Miami: Three Hundred Years of History |url=http://www.historymiami.org/fastspot/research-miami/topics/history-of-miami/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728132624/http://www.historymiami.org/fastspot/research-miami/topics/history-of-miami/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |website=HistoryMiami}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shappee |first=Nathan D. |date=1961 |title=Fort Dallas and the Naval Depot on Key Biscayne, 1836–1926 |url=http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1961/61_1_02.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Tequesta |volume=21 |pages=13–40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152615/http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1961/61_1_02.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |via=Florida International University Digital Collections}}</ref>}} | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date1 = July 28, 1896 | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Commission]] | governing_body = | founder = [[Julia Tuttle]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Miami|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Francis Suarez]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | total_type = Total | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{Cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt |access-date=October 31, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | area_land_sq_mi = 36.00 | utc_offset1 = – 05:00 | elevation_footnotes = <!--Miami-Dade County metro--> | elevation_m = 1.8 | elevation_ft = 6 | elevation_max_m = 12.8 | elevation_max_ft = 42<!--Miami-Dade County metro--> | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="2020CensusPopulationByRace">{{cite web |title=P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P2&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |website=P2 &#124; HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_total = 442241 | pop_est_as_of = 2022 | population_est = 449514 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2022VintagePopulationEstimate">{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Florida: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-12.xlsx |website=Florida |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=27 May 2023 |date=May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|44th]] in the United States<br>[[List of municipalities in Florida|2nd]] in Florida | population_urban = 6,077,522 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|4th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,886.0 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 4,884.8 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{Cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |access-date=August 22, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | population_metro = 6091747 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|9th]]) | population_density_sq_mi = 12284.47 | population_density_km2 = 4743.55 | population_demonym = Miamian | blank6_name = GDP (City, 2019) | blank6_info = $151&nbsp;billion<ref name="bea.gov">{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Gross Domestic Product by County, 2019 |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/lagdp1220_2.pdf |website=Bureau of Economic Analysis |access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> ([[List of US counties with GDP over 100 billion USD|14th]]) | blank7_name = [[Gross metropolitan product|GMP]] (Metro, 2020) | blank7_info = $377.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP and Personal Income |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1 |access-date=August 3, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. metro areas – ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/183808/gmp-of-the-20-biggest-metro-areas/ |website=Statista}}</ref> ([[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP|12th]]) | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | area_water_sq_mi = 20.08 | area_metro_sq_mi = 6137 | utc_offset1_DST = – 04:00 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = 33101-33102, 33106, 33109, 33111-33112, 33114, 33116, 33119, 33122, 33124-33138, 33140-33147, 33149-33158, 33160-33170, 33172-33199, 33206, 33222, 33231, 33233-33234, 33238-33239, 33242-33243, 33245, 33247, 33255-33257, 33261, 33265-33266, 33269, 33280, 33283, 33296, 33299 | area_code = [[Area codes 305 and 786|305, 786]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 12-45000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|277593}}, {{GNIS 4|2411786}} | website = [https://www.miamigov.com/Home miamigov.com] | area_total_km2 = 145.23 | area_land_km2 = 93.23 | area_water_km2 = 52.00 }} '''Miami''' (Mayami) mwalamulo '''City of Miami,''' ni msumba m'mphepete mwa nyanja na malo gha Miami-Dade County ku [[South Florida]], [[United States of America]]. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 442,241 pa census ya 2020,<ref name="2020CensusPopulationByRace" /> ni msumba waciŵiri uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu [[Florida]], pamanyuma pa Jacksonville. Ni msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na ŵanthu 6.14 miliyoni, ndipo ni msumba ukuru wacitatu pa misumba yinandi ya ku Southeast kweniso wacinayi pa misumba yinandi mu United States. Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zakudikanya zakujumpha 300, ndipo 58 mwa nyumba izi ni zakudikanya mamita 150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Skyscraper Center: Buildings in Miami |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/quick-lists#q=&page=1&type=building&status=COM&status=UCT&status=STO&min_year=0&max_year=9999&region=0&country=0&city=1632 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=skyscrapercenter.com |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|CTBUH]]}}</ref> Miami ni msumba ukuru wa vya ndalama, malonda, mitheto, na malonda gha pa caru cose.<ref name="GAWC">{{Cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |access-date=March 3, 2009 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |archive-date=August 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inventory of World Cities |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191556/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=December 1, 2007 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Miami ndicho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene mu Florida, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu charu ichi ni madola 344.9 biliyoni mu 2017.<ref name="bea.gov1">{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2017 |url=https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-09/gdp_metro0918_0.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2018 |publisher=Bea.gov |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-09/gdp_metro0918_0.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UBS wa 2018 wa misumba 77 ya pa caru cose, Miami ni msumba wacitatu wakuzirwa comene mu U.S. na wacitatu wakuzirwa comene pa caru cose pa nkhani ya nkhongono zakugulira. Miami ni msumba wa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Hispanic na Latino ŵalipo 310,472, panji 70.2 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu msumba uwu. Msumba wa Miami uli na mabanki ghanandi comene mu U.S. ndipo muli makampani ghanandi ghakurughakuru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beyer |first=Scott |title=Welcome To Brickell, Miami's "Wall Street South" |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottbeyer/2015/05/07/welcome-to-brickell-miamis-wall-street-south/ |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref>Chigaŵa cha Umoyo chili na vipatala vikuruvikuru na maofesi gha vyaumoyo agho ghakukolerana na Yunivesite ya Miami, kusazgapo Jackson Memorial Hospital, chipatala chikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami's academic medical center and teaching hospital, and others engaged in health-related care and research. Ku PortMiami, uko kuli dowoko la msumba uwu, ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwendako pa charu chose. Ku Miami ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Nyengo zinyake msumba wa Miami ukuchemeka "Mulyango wa ku Latin America" cifukwa ca malonda na mitheto iyo yikukolerana na caru ici.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Florida: Gateway to Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.enterpriseflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/brief-florida-gateway-latin-america-caribbean.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707195916/https://www.enterpriseflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/brief-florida-gateway-latin-america-caribbean.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=November 29, 2021}}</ref> Mu 2022, msumba wa Miami ukaŵa wa nambara 7 mu United States pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndalama za ŵanthu, kusinthana na ŵanthu, kusangwa na vinthu vyakuthupi, na ndyali. Ni msumba waciŵiri uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mu U.S. pamanyuma pa New York City na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, September 23, 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Global Cities Report |url=https://www.atkearney.com/documents/20152/2794549/A+Question+of+Talent%E2%80%942019+Global+Cities+Report.pdf/106f30b1-83db-25b3-2802-fa04343a36e4?t=1559144999157 |website=ATKearney}}</ref> == Mazina gha malo == Zina la msumba uwu lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Mayaimi, ilo likung'anamura Nyanja ya Okeechobee, na zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Nyanja iyi. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuchema Miami kuti The 305, Magic City, Gateway to Americas, Gateway to Latin America, Capital of Latin America na Vice City.<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |date=December 2, 1993 |title=Miami: the Capital of Latin America |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224184503/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979733,00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Miami}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Miami}} {{See also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami}} [[File:MiamiAvenue1896.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|In 1896, approximately 400 men gathered in the building pictured to the left and voted to incorporate Miami.]] [[File:Mouth of Miami River 20100211.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The mouth of [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]] at [[Brickell Key]], February 2010]] Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tequesta ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Miami kwa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 pambere ŵandafike ku [[Europe]]. Mu muzi uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo ukaŵa wa m'ma 500-600 B.C.E. Ukaŵa pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Miami. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti fuko lose ili likaluta ku Cuba m'ma 1700.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Matt |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Questions of preservation after ancient village found in downtown Miami |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/04/us/florida-indian-village/index.html?hpt=hp_c3 |access-date=February 4, 2014}}</ref> ===Settlement=== Mu 1566, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Florida, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, wakati malo agha nga [[Spain]]. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵakazenga ofesi yinyake ya ku Spain. Spain na Britain ŵakalutilira kulamulira Florida m'paka mu 1821, apo Spain yikapeleka charu ichi ku United States. Mu 1836, boma la United States likazenga Fort Dallas mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Miami, kuti likhazikiske chigaŵa cha Florida, kweniso kuti likanizge na kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Seminole. Ici cikapangiska kuti ku Miami kuŵe nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Seminole. ===Founding=== Mu msumba wa Miami ndimo muli waka msumba ukuru wa ku United States uwo uli kuzengeka na mwanakazi. Julia Tuttle, uyo wakaŵa mulimi wa vipasi ndipo wakaŵa musambazi wa ku Cleveland, ndiyo wakaŵa mweneko wa malo agha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, malo agha ghakachemekanga kuti "Biscayne Bay Country". Mu nyengo ya kuzizima kukuru kwa mu 1894 na 1895, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu msumba wa Miami. Pamanyuma, Julia Tuttle wakakhorweska Henry Flagler kuti wakhozge Florida East Coast Railway. Miami yikalembeka kuŵa msumba pa Julayi 28, 1896, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Linda K. |last2=George, Paul S. |name-list-style=amp |title=South Florida: A Brief History |url=http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002717/http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2010 |access-date=August 24, 2009 |publisher=Historical Museum of South Florida}}</ref> ===20th century=== {{See also|Cuban migration to Miami}} Kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bahamas na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma ku America ndiwo ŵakaŵa 40 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu.:25 Apo ŵeneco ŵa nyumba ŵakamba kulekera nyumba ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga Avenue J (iyo pamasinda yikazgoka NW Fifth Avenue), gulu la ŵanalume ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa na miliko ŵakenda mu cigaŵa ici na kucenjezga ŵanthu kuti ŵafumemo mu nyumba zawo panji ŵabombe.:33 Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku Miami, ndipo vinthu vikenda makora chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto ŵakasamira mu msumba uwu. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugomezga fundo za Jim Crow. Mulara wa ŵapolisi wa ku Miami, H. Leslie Quigg, wakabisanga yayi kuti iyo, nga ni ŵapolisi ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Miami, wakaŵa mu gulu la Ku Klux Klan. Nchakukondweska kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakalondezganga fundo za mu Baibolo. Mwaciyelezgero, Quigg "wakathyapura mwanalume munyake wa mtundu unyake pa wumba cifukwa ca kuyowoya na mwanakazi muzungu".<ref name="Concrete">{{Cite book |last=Connolly |first=Nathan |title=A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014}}</ref>{{rp|53}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Miami Police chief is jailed for murder joins 5 other officers |work=The New York Times |date=March 24, 1928 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/24/archives/miami-police-chief-is-jailed-for-murder-joins-5-other-officers.html}}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku Florida iyo yikachitika mu 1920, chimphepo cha Miami icho chikachitika mu 1926, na suzgo likuru la vyachuma ilo likachitika mu 1930, vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamba, msumba wa Miami ukazgoka msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States kuti ŵavikilire msumba uwu ku sitima za pasi pa nyanja za Germany. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba wa Miami ŵasazgikire; mu 1940, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu 172,172. Ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga mu tawuni iyi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ŵakayowoya kuti tawuni iyi yikakura chomene chaka na chaka mwakuti yikaŵa nga ni maji.<ref name="MDInfocenter">{{cite web |title=Miami-Dade County&nbsp;– Information Center |url=http://www.miamidade.gov/infocenter/about_miami-dade_history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225012927/http://www.miamidade.gov/infocenter/about_miami-dade_history.asp |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=April 18, 2008 |publisher=[[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]]}}</ref> Fidel Castro wakati wafika pa mazaza mu Cuba mu 1959, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambazi ŵa ku Cuba ŵakachimbilira ku Miami. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene mu ma 1970, comenecomene mu 1972. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maungano gha Democratic na Republican National Convention mu 1972 Presidential election. Ŵa Miami Dolphins nawo ŵakalemba mbiri na nyengo yawo yambura kuthereskeka. Mu nyengo iyi, masukulu gha ku malo agha ghakasintha chomene ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Miami nayo wakapangaso mabizinesi ghaphya na vinthu vinyake vyakukhozga umoyo wa ŵanthu mu New South mu ma 1980 na 1990. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, kumwera kwa Florida kukaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakamba chifukwa cha nkhondo ya kunjizga minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Nyengo zinyake pakaŵanga mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kweni mu hafu yaumaliro ya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa vyachuma, na wa mitheto. Ni msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu U.S. uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cisipanishi (panji kuti ndiwo ukujumpha El Paso, [[Texas]]), ndipo ndiwo msumba ukuru comene uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cuban-American.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reed |first=Roy |date=March 3, 1976 |title=Wallace Pressing the Abortion Issue |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/03/archives/wallace-pressing-the-abortion-issue.html}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">U.S. Census, 2010 (Ethnicity) and Census American Community Survey 2008 (language).</ref> ==Makhalilo== Mzinda wa Miami uli pakati pa mapiri gha Everglades kumanjiliro gha dazi na Biscayne Bay kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa nyanja mamita 1.8 mu vigaŵa vinandi, chomenechomene mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghapacanya comene ghakusangika mumphepete mwa Miami Rock Ridge, iyo yili kusi kwa chigaŵa chikuru ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Miami. Chigaŵa chikuru cha msumba uwu chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Biscayne Bay, iyo yili na virwa vinandi vyachilengiwa na vyakupangika. Mphepo ya Gulf Stream, iyo ni nyanja yakuzizima, yikwenda mtunda wa makilomita 24 kufuma ku mtunda wa ku mpoto, ndipo nyengo ya mu msumba uwu njakuzizima chaka chose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miami, Florida metropolitan area as seen from STS-62 |url=http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=STS062-85-026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201191110/http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=STS062-85-026 |archive-date=December 1, 2007 |access-date=August 19, 2007 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]}}</ref> ===Geology=== Malibwe agho ghali pasi pa malo agha ghakuchemeka Miami oolite panji miyala ya malibwe ya ku Miami. Malibwe agha ghali na dongo litali chomene ndipo ghakukwana mamita 15. Malibwe gha ku Miami ghakaŵako cifukwa ca kusintha kukuru kwa nyanja uko kukacitika mu nyengo ya ciwuvi. Vyaka 130,000 ivyo vyajumpha, maji gha mu nyanja ghakakwera mamita 8 kuluska umo ghaliri sono. Kumwera kose kwa Florida kukaŵa maji ghanandi yayi. Ku Florida kukaŵa malibwe ghanandi agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agho sono ni Miami na Dry Tortugas. Malo agho ghakaŵa kuseri kwa malibwe agha, ghakaŵa nyanja yikuru, ndipo malibwe gha miyala yakuchemeka Miami ghakafuma mu malo agha. Kwamba vyaka 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha, nyengo ya chiwuvi ya Wisconsin yikamba kuchepeska nyanja, ndipo pasi pa nyanja pakavumbukwa. Vyaka 15,000 ivyo vyajumpha, maji gha mu nyanja ghakaŵa kuti ghajumpha pa mamita 90 m'paka 110. Kufuma apo, nyanja yikakwera mwaluŵiro chomene, ndipo vyaka 4,000 ivyo vyajumpha, yikaŵa nga umo yiliri sono.<ref name="geology">{{Cite web |title=Miami Geology |url=http://www.miami-americabeach.com/about_us/Miami_Geology.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314102309/http://www.miami-americabeach.com/about_us/Miami_Geology.html |archive-date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |website=miami-americabeach.com}}</ref> Pasi pa dambo ili pali maji gha Biscayne Aquifer, agho ghakwenda kufuma kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Palm Beach m'paka ku Florida Bay. Likwiza kufupi comene na msumba wa Miami Springs na Hialeah. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Miami chikupokera maji kufuma ku Biscayne Aquifer. Chifukwa cha maji agha, ntchakusuzga kukumba pasi pa msumba uwu kwambura kukumana na maji. Pa cifukwa ici, misewu ya mu msumba wa Miami na yapafupi nayo njakukwezgeka. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu chili mumphepete mwa chigaŵa cha Everglades. Viyuni ivi vikunjira mu mizi ya ku Miami na mu misewu yikuruyikuru.<ref name="geology" /> ===Cityscape=== {{See also|List of tallest buildings in Miami|Miami Modern architecture}} {{Wide image|Downtown Miami Panorama from the Rusty Pelican photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|800px|[[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] seen from [[Virginia Key]], 2014}} {{Wide image|Downtown Miami, Miami, FL, USA - panoramio (15).jpg|800px|Northern [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] overlooking [[Interstate 95]], 2014}} {{Wide image|DowntownMiamiPanorama.jpg|800px|[[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown]] as seen from [[PortMiami]], 2009}} ====Neighborhoods==== {{Main|Neighborhoods in Miami}}{{stack|float=right| [[File:Miamihighpoint.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View from one of the higher points in Miami, west of [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]]. The highest natural point in the city of Miami is in [[Coconut Grove]], near [[Biscayne Bay]] along the [[Miami Rock Ridge]] at {{convert|24|ft|m}} [[Metres above sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitman |first=Dean |date=September 1997 |title=Notes on the geology and Water Resources of South Florida |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~whitmand/Courses/Fl_geo_notes.html |access-date=January 11, 2011 |website=Notes on Florida Geology |publisher=[[Florida International University]]}}</ref>]] [[File:Old U.S. Post Office and Courthouse (Miami, Florida).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The historic district of [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] is one of the city's oldest with buildings constructed as far back as 1896.]] [[File:Miami neighborhoodsmap.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of Miami neighborhoods]] }} Miami yili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, kumwera, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Downtown. Msumba uwu uli na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Downtown Miami, icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu. Msumba wa Miami ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene wa boma la Florida, ndipo uli na mabanki ghanandi, makhoti, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vya ndalama, malo ghakusangulukira, masukulu, mapaki, na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu Brickell Avenue ndimo muli mabanki ghanandi gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu United States. Kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Downtown kuli chigaŵa cha Health District, icho chili pakati pa chipatala cha Miami, maofesi gha kafukufuku na biotechnology, pamoza na vipatala nga ni Jackson Memorial Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, na University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.<ref name="neighborhoods">{{Cite web |title=Neighborhoods in Miami |url=http://www.miami-americabeach.com/about_us/Neighborhoods_in_Miami.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314095512/http://www.miami-americabeach.com/about_us/Neighborhoods_in_Miami.html |archive-date=March 14, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2019 |website=miami-americabeach.com}}</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Miami kuli mizi ya Coral Way, The Roads, na Coconut Grove. Ku Coral Way kuli malo ghakukhalako agho ghakazengeka mu 1922 pakati pa Downtown na Coral Gables. Coconut Grove, yikazengeka mu 1825, ndipo yikaŵa malo ghakusangwa na mizi. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Miami pa Dinner Key, Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, na Coconut Grove Convention Center. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska, malo ghakurya, na mashopu. Coconut Grove yikumanyikwa na mapaki na minda yinandi, nga ni Vizcaya Museum, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, na nyumba zinyake zinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Miami kuli vigaŵa vya Little Havana, West Flagler, na Flagami. Nangauli nyengo yinyake chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa cha Ŵayuda, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Central America na Cuba ndiwo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha Miami. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Miami kuli Midtown, chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa cha Edgewater mu Midtown chili na nyumba zikuruzikuru ndipo kuli Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. Wynwood ni cigaŵa ca luso ico cili na magalasi 10 mu malo ghakusungiramo vinthu ghakale, kweniso vili na vithuzithuzi vikuru vyakutowa. Ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Miami ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Design District na Upper Eastside, uko kuli nyumba zinandi za m'ma 1920 kweniso viyelezgero vya nyumba za miziyamu za ku Miami mu chigaŵa cha MiMo Historic District. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Miami kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya Africa na Caribbean, kusazgapo Little Haiti, Overtown (uko kuli Lyric Theater), na Liberty City.<ref name="neighborhoods" /> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Miami}} [[File:Miamisummershower.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Summer afternoon thunderstorm rolling into Miami from the [[Everglades]], July 2006]] Miami wali na mphepo ya mphepo ya tropical monsoon (Köppen climate classification Am) na chihanya chamoto na chakumera na nyengo yakuzizima.<ref name="Miami, Florida">{{Cite web |title=Weather: Miami, Florida |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=20227&cityname=Miami%2C+Florida%2C+United+States+of+America&units= |access-date=March 30, 2015 |website=Weatherbase |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627112410/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=20227&cityname=Miami%2C+Florida%2C+United+States+of+America&units= |archive-date=June 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa nyanja, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja, uli pachanya pa Tropic of Cancer, ndipo uli pafupi na Gulf Stream. Nyengo yakuzizima, kufuma mu Disembala m'paka mu Malichi, kukuzizima chomene. Mwezi wa Janyuwale ndiwo ngwakuzizima chomene, ndipo zuŵa lililose ŵakuzizima chomene. Kuzizima kwa nyengo ya chiwuvi kukuchepera 10 °C kwa maora ghatatu panji ghanayi. Ku Miami kuli nyengo ziŵiri, nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kweniso nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero. Mu nyengo yakuzizima na ya chivula, zuŵa lililose kukuwa ŵaleza. Nyengo ya vula ku Miami yikulongosoreka kuti ni nyengo iyo chiwuvi chikuŵa pachanya pa 21 °C. Nyengo ya vula yikwamba pa zuŵa lakwamba, panji para pajumpha mazuŵa ghachoko waka. Mwakuyana waka, vula yikuchepa chomene ku Miami para vula ya muhanya yose yafika pa 21°C panji kusi. Kufuma mu 1956 m'paka mu 1997, nyengo ya chihanya yikambanga pa Epulero 16 m'paka Juni 3. Mu vyaka ivi, nyengo ya chihanya yikamaranga pa Seputembala 24 m'paka Novembala 1. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, matenthedwe ghakukhala pakati pa 80s mpaka 90s ° F (29-35 ° C) ndipo ghakukolerana na chithukivu chikuru, nangauli nyengo zinandi muhanya, chithukivu chikuchepeskeka na ŵaleza panji mphepo ya mu nyanja iyo yikufuma ku Atlantic Ocean. Mu nyengo iyi, mu charu ichi mukulokwa maji ghanandi. Mu myezi yakuzizima, jumi likwenda kufuma pa 22°C mu Juni kufika pa 23°C mu Ogasiti. Pa Febuluwale 3, 1917, kukafika pa 27 ° F (−2.8 ° C) m'paka pa 38 ° C pa Julayi 21, 1942. Nangauli ku Miami kulije malo agho kulipo chiwuvi kufuma apo ŵakalembako, kweni mu malo ghanyake mu msumba uwu mukawa chiwuvi pa Janyuwale 19, 1977. Nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikaŵako mu United States mu Disembala 1989 yikaŵa ya 45 °F (7 °C). Nyengo zinyake, mu usiku umoza, maji ghakututuka chomene ghakaŵanga madigiri 29. Kuŵapo kwa nyengo ya chihanya yikulongora kuti nyengo ya chihanya yikwenda makora. Nyengo ya chimphepo yikwamba pa Juni 1 m'paka pa Novembala 30, nangauli nyengo iyi yingajumpha. Nyengo yiwemi comene yakuti cimphepo ici cikhwaske msumba wa Miami ni apo nyengo ya ku Cape Verde yili paheni comene, pakati pa Ogasiti na kuumaliro wa Seputembala. Nangauli mu chigaŵa ichi vikusuzga chomene kuwona chimphepo chikuru, kweni chimoza chikachitika mu 1925 ndipo chinyake mu 1997. Pafupifupi 40% ya nyumba za ku Miami zili kuzengeka pa malo agho kuli maji ghanandi ndipo ni malo agho ghangabwangasuka. Miami wali pasi pa chigaŵa cha 10b/11a cha dipatimenti ya vyakurya. Miami njimoza mwa misumba yikuru ya mumphepete mwa nyanja ndiposo misumba yikuru-yikuru mu United States iyo yizamukhuŵara comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuyana na lipoti la 2020 la bungwe la Resources for the Future, tawuni iyi njimoza mwa misumba iyo yili pangozi chomene. Mu 2070 maji gha mu nyanja ghazamukwera kufika pa masentimita 53 m'paka 100 mu Miami, ndipo ivi vizamupangiska kuti kuŵe chimphepo chikuru, kututuka kwa maji, kweniso kuti maji gha mu tawuni ghaleke kwenda makora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida |url=https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf |access-date=February 11, 2022 |website=www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miami-Dade County – Environment – Impact on South Florida |url=http://www.miamidade.gov/environment/climate-change-impact.asp |access-date=November 14, 2020 |website=www.miamidade.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Luscombe |first=Richard |date=April 21, 2020 |title=Will Florida be lost forever to the climate crisis? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/21/florida-climate-crisis-sea-level-habitat-loss |access-date=November 14, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake ivyo vingachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ni mphepo zinonono chomene na ŵaleza ŵakofya, ivyo vingapangiska chivula cha malibwe panji chimphepo chikuru. Ŵakuchitapo kanthu kuti ŵavikilire malo agha, kusazgapo kunozga malo ghakuzingilizga nyanja na kuŵikapo vigongwe, kuzengaso nyumba na misewu iyo njakukhora, na kunozga malo ghakukhalako nga ni malo ghakututuka. Mzinda wa Miami Beach waŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 500 miliyoni kuti uvikilire misewu, nyumba, na maji. Mtengo wa katundu mu msumba wa Miami ukuyana waka na mtengo wa katundu uyo wakusangika pa malo ghapacanya mu msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olick |first=Diana |date=August 29, 2018 |title=Rising Risks: 'Climate gentrification' is changing Miami real estate values – for better and worse |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/29/climate-gentrification-is-changing-miami-real-estate-values.html |access-date=November 14, 2020 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> {{Miami weatherbox}} == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Miami}} {{Further|Cuban migration to Miami}} {{US Census population |1900=1681 |1910=5471 |1920=29571 |1930=110637 |1940=172172 |1950=249276 |1960=291688 |1970=334859 |1980=346865 |1990=358648 |2000=362470 |2010=399457 |2020=442241 |estimate=449514 |estyear=2022 |align-fn=center |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/ |website=U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><br> 1900–1970<ref name="HistoricalCensus1890to1970">{{cite web |title=Census Counts: 1890-2020 |url=http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/local-government/data/data-a-to-z/FLmunicipalcensus.xls |website=Florida Municipal Population Census Counts: 1890 to 2020 |publisher=Office of Economic and Demographic Research, The Florida Legislature |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404171529/http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/local-government/data/data-a-to-z/FLmunicipalcensus.xls |archive-date=4 April 2022 |date=2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> 1980<ref name="1980Census1">{{cite web |title=General Population Characteristics FLORIDA 1980 Census of Population |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_flABCs1-02.pdf |website=07553445v1chA-Cpt11sec1ch002.pdf |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> 1990<ref name="1990Census1">{{cite web |title=1990 Census of Population General Population Characteristics Florida Section 1 of 2 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-11-1.pdf |website=Florida: 1990, Part 1 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><br>2000<ref name="2000CensusPopulationByRace">{{cite web |title=PL002: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=PL002&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALPL2000.PL002 |website=PL002 &#124; HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE [73] |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> 2010<ref name="2010CensusPopulationByRace">{{cite web |title=P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P2&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 |website=P2 &#124; HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> 2020<ref name="2020CensusPopulationByRace" /> 2022<ref name="2022VintagePopulationEstimate" /> }} Miami ni msumba ukuru comene mu South Florida, msumba waciŵiri ukuru comene mu Florida, ndipo ni msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6 miliyoni. Nangauli mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 14 pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi, kweni ni tawuni yichoko chomene pakuyaniska na misumba yinyake iyo yili pafupi na tawuni iyi. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade, icho ntchikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ukakura kufuma pa 1,681 pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 1900 kufika pa 249,276 pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 1950. Ichi chikapangiska kuti msumba uwu uŵe ukuru chomene mu Florida, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa msumba ukuru m'paka apo msumba wa Jacksonville ukazomerezgekera kuti uŵe msumba umoza. Kufuma nyengo yira, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Florida. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo mu ma 1950 na 1960, ukakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Msumba uwu ukakura na 34.3% mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, apo ŵanthu ŵakakwana 334,859 pa kalembera wa mu 1970. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo, msumba uwu ukakura waka na 8.2%, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 362,470. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami ŵakamba kukura chomene chifukwa cha kuzenga nyumba zakudikanya mu Downtown Miami, Edgewater, na Brickell. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni (kufuma ku Brickell kumpoto m'paka ku Midtown Miami) ŵakakura pafupifupi 40% pakati pa 2010 na 2018. Kufuma mu 2000 kufika mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakura na 10.2% ndipo ŵakafika 399,457 mu 2010. Mu ma 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu tawuni iyi chikakwana 400,000, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2020, chikakura na 10.7%, kufika pa ŵanthu 442,241.<ref name="DowntownGrowth1">{{cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Rene |title=More people than ever live in downtown Miami &#124; AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/6d7c12fb3ff54bbd898baf096bf92819 |website=More people than ever live in downtown Miami |publisher=AP News |access-date=22 March 2023 |date=2 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DowntownGrowth2">{{cite web |title=Miami FL growth creates social & economic inequality &#124; Miami Herald |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/real-estate-news/article229029784.html |website=Priced out of paradise: Why locals can no longer afford to live in Miami|publisher=Miami Herald |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right;" !Historical racial composition !style="width: 5em;"|2020<ref name="2020CensusPopulationByRace" /> !style="width: 5em;"|2010<ref name="2010CensusPopulationByRace" /> !style="width: 5em;"|2000<ref name="2000CensusPopulationByRace" /> !style="width: 5em;"|1990<ref name="1990Census1" /> !style="width: 5em;"|1980<ref name="1980Census1" /> |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] (non-Hispanic) |14.0% |11.9% |11.8% |12.2% |19.4% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] |70.2% |70.0% |65.8% |62.5% |55.9% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[African American|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic) |11.9% |16.3% |19.9% |24.6% |23.7% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Asian American|Asian]] and [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] (non-Hispanic) |1.3% |0.9% |0.6% |0.5% |rowspan="3"|1.0% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] (non-Hispanic) |0.1% |0.1% |0.1% |0.1% |- |style="text-align:left"|Other Race (non-Hispanic) |0.6% |0.2% |0.1% |0.1% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] (non-Hispanic) |2.0% |0.7% |1.7% |N/A |N/A |- !style="text-align:left"|Population !style="text-align:right"|442,241 !style="text-align:right"|399,457 !style="text-align:right"|362,470 !style="text-align:right"|358,548 !style="text-align:right"|346,865 |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right;" !Racial composition<br>before 1980 <ref>{{cite web |title=Table 10. Florida - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places; Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/FLtab.pdf |website=Table 10. Florida - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places; Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170235/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/FLtab.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2018 |date=13 July 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> !style="width: 4em;"|1970 !style="width: 4em;"|1960 !style="width: 4em;"|1950 !style="width: 4em;"|1940 !style="width: 4em;"|1930 !style="width: 4em;"|1920 !style="width: 4em;"|1910 |- |align="left" |[[White Americans|White]] (including [[White Hispanic|Hispanic]]) |76.6% ||77.4% ||83.7% ||78.5% ||77.3% ||68.5%||58.7% |- |align="left" |[[African Americans|Black or African American]] (including [[Black Hispanic|Hispanic]]) |22.7% ||22.4% ||16.2% ||21.4% ||22.7% ||31.3%||41.3% |- | align="left" |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] (including [[Asian Hispanic|Hispanic]]) |0.3%||0.1% ||0.1% ||0.1% ||< 0.1% ||0.1% ||0.1% |- |align="left" |Other (including [[Hispanic or Latino Americans|Hispanic]]) |0.4%||0.1% ||0.1% ||< 0.1% ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A |- |align="left" |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] |45.3% ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A |- |align="left" |[[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]] |32.9%||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A ||N/A |- !align="left" |Population !334,859 !!291,688 !!249,276 !!172,172 !!110,637 !!29,571 !!5,471 |} Mu 1970, wupu wa Census Bureau ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami ŵakaŵa 45.3% ŵa mtundu wa Hispanic, 32.9% ŵa mtundu unyake, ndipo 22.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wakuda. Kukura kwa ŵanthu mu Miami kukapangika cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu msumba uwu kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya caru, m'paka mu ma 1960. Kwambira mu 1970 m'paka mu 2000, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu msumba uwu chikakhalilira waka, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵambura kufuma ku Spain awo ŵakakhalanga ku Miami ŵakafumako ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza kufuma ku Latin America, chomenechomene ku Cuba. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhazikika mu msumba uwu, ndipo mu 1985, msumba uwu ukasora meya wakwamba wa ku Cuba, Xavier Suarez. Mu 1990, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami ŵakaŵa 90,000. Kweni kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵakwamba kuchepa. Pa nyengo ya kalembera uyo wakachitika mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 52,447, ndipo ŵalipo 11.7% pera. Vinyake ivyo vikupangiska ni ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu malo nga ni Liberty City na Little Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dieujuste |first1=Kevin |title=Little Haiti and Liberty City residents raise concerns about gentrification |url=https://sfmn.fiu.edu/little-haiti-and-liberty-city-residents-raise-concerns-about-gentrification/ |website=Little Haiti and Liberty City residents raise concerns about gentrification |publisher=FIU |access-date=22 March 2023 |date=June 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What’s really driving ‘climate gentrification’ in Miami? It isn’t fear of sea-level rise |url=https://theconversation.com/whats-really-driving-climate-gentrification-in-miami-it-isnt-fear-of-sea-level-rise-191737 |website=What’s really driving ‘climate gentrification’ in Miami? It isn’t fear of sea-level rise |publisher=The Conversation |access-date=22 March 2023 |date=6 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakamba kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Miami awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kusamira ku chigaŵa cha Downtown (kufuma ku Latin America pera yayi, kweniso ku United States). Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambura kuzunura chiyowoyero cha Spain ŵakwere kufuma pa 11.8% pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2000 kufika pa 11.9% pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2010. Pamanyuma pa ivi, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakakura mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska msumba wose mu ma 2010, ndipo pa nyengo ya kalembera wa mu 2020, ŵanthu Ŵachizungu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵachizungu yayi ŵakaŵa 14.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ndipo ŵakaŵapo 61,829, nambara iyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene kwambira mu ma 1980. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Miami awo mba Hispanic yayi ŵakaluska ŵa ku America awo mba Black. {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right;" !style="width: 20em;"|Demographic characteristics !style="width: 7em;"|2020<ref name="2020CensusHouseholds">{{cite web |title=H1 &#124; OCCUPANCY STATUS |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=H1&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.H1 |website=H1: OCCUPANCY STATUS - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2020CensusSexByAge">{{cite web |title=P12 &#124; SEX BY AGE FOR SELECTED AGE CATEGORIES |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P12&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALDHC2020.P12 |website=P12: SEX BY AGE FOR SELECTED ... - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2020CensusMedianAge">{{cite web |title=P13 &#124; MEDIAN AGE BY SEX |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P13&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALDHC2020.P13 |website=P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> !style="width: 7em;"|2010<ref name="2010CensusHouseholds">{{cite web |title=H1 &#124; OCCUPANCY STATUS |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=H1&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.H1 |website=H1: OCCUPANCY STATUS - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2010CensusSexByAge">{{cite web |title=P12 &#124; SEX BY AGE |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P12&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P12 |website=P12: SEX BY AGE - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2010CensusMedianAge">{{cite web |title=P13 &#124; MEDIAN AGE BY SEX |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P13&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P13 |website=P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> !style="width: 7em;"|2000<ref name="2000CensusHouseholds">{{cite web |title=H003 &#124; OCCUPANCY STATUS [3] |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=H003&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.H003 |website=H003: OCCUPANCY STATUS [3] - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2000CensusSexByAge">{{cite web |title=P012 &#124; SEX BY AGE [49] |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P012&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P012 |website=P012: SEX BY AGE [49] - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2000CensusMedianAge">{{cite web |title=P013 &#124; MEDIAN AGE BY SEX [3] |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P013&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P013 |website=P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX [3] - Census Bureau Table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=20 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> !style="width: 7em;"|1990<ref name="1990Census1" /> !style="width: 7em;"|1980<ref name="1980Census1" /> |- |style="text-align:left"|Households |212,146 |183,994 |148,388 |130,252 |134,046 |- |style="text-align:left"|Persons per household |2.08 |2.17 |2.44 |2.69 |2.59 |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|Sex Ratio|Sex ratio measured in number of males per 100 females}} |97.8 |99.2 |98.9 |93.5 |88.0 |- |style="text-align:left"|Ages 0–17 |16.5% |18.4% |21.7% |23.0% |21.4% |- |style="text-align:left"|Ages 18–64 |69.0% |65.6% |61.3% |60.4% |61.6% |- |style="text-align:left"|Ages 65 + |14.5% |16.0% |17.0% |16.6% |17.0% |- |style="text-align:left"|Median age |39.7 |38.8 |37.7 |35.9 |38.2 |- !style="text-align:left"|Population !style="text-align:right"|442,241 !style="text-align:right"|399,457 !style="text-align:right"|362,470 !style="text-align:right"|358,548 !style="text-align:right"|346,865 |} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right" !colspan="4"|Economic indicators |- !style="width: 14em;"|2017–21 [[American Community Survey]] !style="width: 7em;"|Miami !style="width: 7em;"|Miami-Dade County !style="width: 7em;"|Florida |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|Median income|Median income in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars}}<ref name="ACSPersonalIncome">{{cite web |title=S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S2001&g=040XX00US12_050XX00US12086_160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSST5Y2021.S2001 |website=S2001 &#124; EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |$31,472 |$32,513 |$34,367 |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|Median household income|Median household income in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars}}<ref name="ACSHouseholdIncome">{{cite web |title=S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S1901&g=040XX00US12_050XX00US12086_160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSST5Y2021.S1901 |website=S1901 &#124; INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |$47,860 |$57,815 |$61,777 |- |style="text-align:left"|Poverty Rate<ref name="ACSPoverty">{{cite web |title=S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S1701&g=040XX00US12_050XX00US12086_160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSST5Y2021.S1701 |website=S1701 &#124; POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |20.9% |15.7% |13.1% |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|High school diploma|Percentage of the population aged 25+ with a high school diploma or higher}}<ref name="ACSEducationalAttainment">{{cite web |title=S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S1501&g=040XX00US12_050XX00US12086_160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSST5Y2021.S1501 |website=S1501 &#124; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |79.2% |82.5% |89.0% |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|Bachelor's degree|Percentage of the population aged 25+ with a bachelor's degree or higher}}<ref name="ACSEducationalAttainment" /> |33.1% |31.7% |31.5% |- |style="text-align:left"|{{abbr|Advanced degree|Percentage of the population aged 25+ with an advanced degree}}<ref name="ACSEducationalAttainment" /> |13.2% |11.9% |11.7% |} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right;" !style="width: 20em;"|Language spoken at home{{efn|name=languages|Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned}} !style="width: 5em;"|2015{{efn|name=ACS2015Language|Refers to 2013–2017 [[American Community Survey]] data;<ref name="ACS2015Language">{{cite web |title=C16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=C16001&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2017.C16001&moe=true |website=C16001 &#124; LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]}} !style="width: 5em;"|2010{{efn|name=ACS2010Language|Refers to 2008–2012 [[American Community Survey]] data;<ref name="ACS2010Language">{{cite web |title=B16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2012.B16001&moe=true |website=B16001 &#124; LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]}} !style="width: 5em;"|2000<ref name="2000CensusLanguage">{{cite web |title=PCT010: AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=PCT010&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF32000.PCT010 |website=PCT010 &#124; AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER [83] |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> !style="width: 5em;"|1990<ref name="1990Census2">{{cite web |title=1990 Census of Population General Social and Economic Characteristics Florida Section 1 of 3 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-2/cp-2-11-1.pdf |website=Florida: 1990, Part 1 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> !style="width: 5em;"|1980<ref name="1980Census2">{{cite web |title=General Social and Economic Characteristics FLORIDA 1980 Census of Population |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_flABCs1-09.pdf |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align:left"|[[English language|English]] |23.0% |22.6% |24.7% |26.7% |36.0% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[Spanish Creole]] |70.0% |69.9% |66.6% |64.0% |57.5% |- |style="text-align:left"|[[French language|French]] or [[Haitian Creole]] |4.5% |4.9% |6.0% |7.7% |2.6% |- |style="text-align:left"|Other Languages |2.5% |2.6% |2.7% |1.6% |3.9% |} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: right;" !style="width: 20em;"|Nativity !style="width: 5em;"|2015{{efn|name=ACS2015Nativity|Refers to 2013–2017 [[American Community Survey]] data;<ref name="ACS2015ForeignBorn1">{{cite web |title=B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B05001&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2017.B05001&moe=true |website=B05001 &#124; NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ACS2015ForeignBorn">{{cite web |title=B05006: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B05006&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2017.B05006&moe=true |website=B05006 &#124; PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]}} !style="width: 5em;"|2010{{efn|name=ACS2010Nativity|Refers to 2008–2012 [[American Community Survey]] data;<ref name="ACS2010Nativity">{{cite web |title=B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B05001&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2012.B05001&moe=true |website=B05001 &#124; NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ACS2010ForeignBorn">{{cite web |title=B05006: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B05006&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=ACSDT5Y2012.B05006&moe=true |website=B05006 &#124; PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]}} !style="width: 5em;"|2000<ref name="2000CensusNativity">{{cite web |title=P021: PLACE OF BIRTH BY CITIZENSHIP ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=P021&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF32000.P021 |website=P021 &#124; PLACE OF BIRTH BY CITIZENSHIP STATUS [15] |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2000CensusForeignBorn">{{cite web |title=PCT019: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... - Census Bureau Table |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=PCT019&g=160XX00US1245000&tid=DECENNIALSF32000.PCT019 |website=PCT019 &#124; PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION [126] |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> !style="width: 5em;"|1990<ref name="1990Census3">{{cite web |title=1990 Census of Population General Social and Economic Characteristics Florida Section 2 of 3 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-2/cp-2-11-2.pdf |website=Florida: 1990, Part 2 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="1990Census2" /> !style="width: 5em;"|1980<ref name="1980Census2" /> |- |style="text-align:left"|'''% population [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|native-born]]''' |'''42.0%''' |'''41.9%''' |'''40.5%''' |'''40.3%''' |'''46.3%''' |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in the [[United States]] |39.3% |39.3% |37.9% |37.3% |43.4% |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Puerto Rico]] or [[Territories of the United States|Island Areas]] |1.8% |1.7% |1.9% |2.2% |rowspan="2"|2.9% |- |style="text-align:left"|... born to [[Jus sanguinis|American parents abroad]] |0.9% |0.9% |0.6% |0.7% |- |style="text-align:left"|'''% population [[Immigration to the United States|foreign-born]]{{efn|name=foreignborn|Only countries of birth which at least 1% of residents were born in at any time since 1980 were born in are mentioned}}''' |'''58.0%''' |'''58.1%''' |'''59.5%''' |'''59.7%''' |'''53.7%''' |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Cuba]] |27.6% |27.5% |30.3% |32.1% |35.9% |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Nicaragua]] |5.4% |5.7% |7.2% |7.3% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately|Not counted separately; aggregated into "Other" category}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Honduras]] |5.0% |5.4% |4.5% |1.9% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Haiti]] |2.8% |3.2% |3.9% |5.0% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Colombia]] |2.8% |2.4% |1.9% |1.2% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Venezuela]] |1.8% |1.4% |0.6% |0.4% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in the [[Dominican Republic]] |1.7% |1.9% |2.0% |1.2% |0.6% |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Peru]] |1.1% |1.0% |0.9% |0.6% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Argentina]] |1.0% |1.1% |0.6% |0.2% |N/A{{efn|name=NotCountedSeparately}} |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in [[Mexico]] |0.9% |1.1% |0.6% |0.4% |0.1% |- |style="text-align:left"|... born in other countries |7.9% |7.4% |7.0% |9.4% |17.1% |} Mu 2010, ŵanthu 34.4% ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Cuba, 15.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Central America (7.2% ŵa ku Nicaragua, 5.8% ŵa ku Honduras, 1.2% ŵa ku El Salvador, na 1.0% ŵa ku Guatemala), 8.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South America (3.2% ŵa ku Colombia, 1.4% ŵa ku Venezuela, 1.2% ŵa ku Peru, 1.2% ŵa ku Argentina, 1.0% ŵa ku Chile na 0.7% ŵa ku Ecuador), 4.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America (0.5% ŵa ku Spain), 3.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Puerto Rico, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Dominican, ndipo 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Mexico. Mu 2010, ŵanthu 5.6% ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku West Indian panji Afro-Caribbean American (4.4% ŵa ku Haiti, 0.4% ŵa ku Jamaica, 0.4% ŵa ku Bahamas, 0.1% ŵa ku British West Indian, na 0.1% ŵa ku Trinidad na Tobago, 0.1% ŵa ku West Indian), 3.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Black Hispanics, ndipo 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵambura kufuma ku Spain) ŵakaŵa 11.9% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, 1.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany, 1.6% ŵa ku Italy, 1.4% ŵa ku Ireland, 1.0% ŵa ku England, 0.8% ŵa ku France, 0.6% ŵa ku Russia, na 0.5% ŵa ku Poland. Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ndiwo ŵakaŵa 1.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Miami. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, 0.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India/Indo-Caribbean (1,206), 0.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku China/Chinese Caribbean (1,804), 0.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Philippines (647), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia (433), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Japan (245), 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Korea (213), ndipo 0.0% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Vietnam (125). Mu 2010, ŵanthu 1.9% ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbakufuma ku America pera (kwali mba fuko wuli), apo 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Arabia.<ref name="MIAMIdemo">{{Cite web |title=Miami, Florida Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 – 2010 Demographic Profile Data |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=October 25, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Religion in the Miami Metro Area (2014)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |title=Adults in the Miami metro area |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/miami-metro-area/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> | label1 = [[Protestantism]] | value1 = 39 | color1 = DodgerBlue | label2 = [[Catholicism]] | value2 = 27 | color2 = #d4213d | label3 = [[Mormonism]] | value3 = 0.5 | color3 = DarkTurquoise | label4 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] | value4 = 0.5 | color4 = Purple | label5 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] | value5 = 1 | color5 = Aquamarine | label6 = Other Christian | value6 = 1 | color6 = Pink | label7 = [[Irreligious|No religion]] | value7 = 21 | color7 = Honeydew | label8 = Judaism | value8 = 9 | color8 = Blue | label9 = Other religion | value9 = 1 | color9 = Chartreuse }} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2014 na Pew Research Center, Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga mu Miami (68%), ndipo 39% ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa mu matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana agho ghangaŵa gha Chiprotesitanti, ndipo 27% ŵakuti Mbakatolika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2015 |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref>Kufuma apo pali Chiyuda (9%); Chislamu, Chibuda, Chihindu, na visopa vinyake vinandi vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko; ŵanthu 21% ŵakugomezga yayi kuti kuli Chiuta panji ŵali mu chisopa chilichose. Mu Miami mukaŵa tchalitchi la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Norway kwamba mu ma 1980. Mu Novembala 2011, Mfumukazi Mette-Marit ya ku Norway yikajulira tchalitchi ili. Tchalitchi ili likazengeka kuti ŵanthu 10,000 ŵa ku Scandinavia awo ŵakukhala mu Florida ŵakhalengemo. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵanthu 4,000 mba ku Norway. Kweniso tchalitchi ili ndakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu 150 ŵa ku Norway awo ŵakugwira nchito ku Walt Disney World ku Central Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crown Princess Opens Seamen's Church in Miami |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/index.php/news/latest-news/26012-crown-princess-opens-seamens-church-in-miami-26012 |access-date=August 3, 2013 |website=Norwaypost.nodate=November 21, 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na ndondomeko ya ŵanthu awo ŵalije pakukhala mu 2022, mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,440 ŵambura pakukhala, ndipo 970 ŵakaŵa mu misewu. Mu msumba wa Miami, mukaŵa ŵanthu 591 ŵambura pakukhala mu misewu, kufuma pa 555 mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miami Rescue Mission: Many Families A Paycheck Away From Being Homeless |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/homelessness-miami-rescue-mission/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Chuma== [[File:Brickell1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] is a national hub for finance, commerce, and [[international business]]. [[Brickell Avenue]] in Downtown Miami has the largest concentration of international banks in the nation.]] [[File:Miamimanhattanizationdowntown.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|As seen in 2006, the [[List of tallest buildings in Miami|high-rise construction]] in Miami has inspired popular opinion of "[[manhattanization|Miami's Manhattanization]]".]] [[File:Brickell Avenue 20100203.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Brickell Avenue]] in Downtown Miami's [[Brickell|Brickell Financial District]], February 2010]] Miami ni msumba ukuru wa vyamalonda na vya ndalama ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchita malonda. Kuyana na 2020 ranking of world cities undertaken by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) based on the level of presence of global corporate service organizations, Miami yikuwoneka kuti ni Beta + level world city, pamoza na Atlanta, Dallas, na Houston, kweni kuyana na census ya US pakati pa 2015 ∼ 2019, Miami yikusoŵa mu nkhani ya nyumba zakukhalamo, kompyuta na intaneti, masambiro ghakukhwaskana na digiri ya bachelor panji kujumpha, median household income, per capita income, uku yikufikapo pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha ŵanthu mu ukavu. Miami wali na Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) ya $257 billion, ndipo wali pa malo 11 mu United States na 20 pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which are the largest city economies in the world and how might this change by 2025? |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID%3D1562 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000745/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=November 20, 2009 |website=PricewaterhouseCoopers UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Metropolitan Product |url=http://greyhill.com/gross-metropolitan-product |access-date=September 29, 2011 |publisher=Greyhill Advisors}}</ref> Makampani ghanandi ghakuru ghali na ofesi yawo mu Miami, kusazgapo Akerman LLP, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Brightstar Corporation, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Duany Plater-Zyberk, Greenberg Traurig, Inktel Direct, Lennar Corporation, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, OPKO Health, Parkjockey, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean International, Sitel, Southern Wine & Spirits, Telemundo, Vector Group, Watsco na World Fuel Services. Makampani ghakujumpha 1,400 gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana ghali mu Miami, ndipo mabungwe ghanandi ghakuru gha pa caru cose ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Latin America (panji maofesi gha mu vigaŵa) mu msumba uwu kusazgapo Walmart. Kweniso, makampani agho ghali mu misumba yapafupi panji mu vigaŵa vyambura kukolerana na boma vya Miami-Dade County ni Benihana, Burger King, Carnival Cruise Line, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Perry Ellis International, Ryder, Sedano's, UniMás, na U.S. Banki ya Century. Mzinda wa Miami ndiwo ukwendeskeka chomene pa nkhani za TV, ndipo ndiwo msumba wakuzirwa chomene ku United States. Telemundo na UniMás ŵali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Miami. Ma studio gha Univisión na Telemundo ghakupanga mapulogiramu ghanandi gha pa TV, nga ni telenovelas, nkhani, maseŵero, na ma talk show. Mu 2011, 85% ya mapulogiramu gha Telemundo ghakaŵa gha ku Miami. Miami nayo ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya kwimba sumu. Msumba uwu ukuŵaso na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo gha sumu na mafilimu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, msumba uwu ukaŵa na katundu munandi chomene kufuma apo charu cha Florida chikambira mu 1920, ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na nyumba zakukwana 100. Kweni ŵakazenga 50 pera. Kuzenga nyumba zinandi mwaluŵiro kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu mizi ya Miami, ndipo Downtown, Brickell, na Edgewater, ndiwo ghakaŵa malo agho ghakakura luŵiro chomene mu msumba uwu. Msumba uwu uli na nyumba zakudikanya zakukwana 7 zakudikanya chomene mu Florida. Mu 2007, ku malo agha kukaŵa suzgo likuru chifukwa cha kunangika kwa nyumba. Nga ni vigaŵa vinyake vya ku United States, vigeŵenga vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu 2016, webusayiti ya 24/7 Wall Street yikalemba kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo nguheni chomene ku United States, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba iyi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufmanmkaufman |first=Michelle |date=June 28, 2016 |title=Miami was rated Worst American City to Live In by website 24/7 Wall St. |work=Miami Herald |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article86476492.html |access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref> Malo gha ndege gha Miami International Airport (MIA) na PortMiami ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi, chomenechomene awo ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya South America na Caribbean. PortMiami ni dowoko la vyakurya vinandi comene pa caru, ndipo MIA ni dowoko la vyakurya vinandi comene ku Florida ndiposo ni cipata cikuru comene pakati pa United States na Latin America. Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake mu bizinesi ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndalama na malonda, msumba uwu uli na mabanki ghanandi chomene gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu Brickell Avenue mu chigaŵa cha ndalama cha Brickell, Miami. Mu 2003, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ukachitiska ungano wa vyaru vya ku America. Ku Miami ndiko kuli National Hurricane Center na likuru la United States Southern Command. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ni msumba wa mafakitale, comenecomene wa malibwe na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Makampani agha ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu kufupi na Doral na Hialeah. Kuyana na U.S. Mu 2012, msumba wa Miami ndiwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku United States. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ngumoza mwa misumba yichoko chomene mu U.S. umo boma la mu msumba uwu likaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2001. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli nyerere zina lake Wasmannia auropunctata.<ref name="LFA">{{Cite journal |last1=Wetterer |first1=James |last2=Porter |first2=Sanford |date=2003 |title=The Little Fire Ant ''Wasmannia auropunctata'': Distribution, Impact and Control |journal=[[Sociobiology (journal)|Sociobiology]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |issn=0361-6525 |id=[[CABI ISC]] # [https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20043012612 20043012612]. [[AGRIS]] ID [https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300806939 US201300806939] |s2cid=53132506}}</ref> ===PortMiami=== {{Main|PortMiami}} [[File:Port of Miami 20071208.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[PortMiami]] is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the headquarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies.]] [[File: PortMiami from Carnival Conquest (27 December 2022).jpg|thumb|179x179px|Photo of [[PortMiami]] from a boat's view.]] Ku Miami kuli dowoko likuru comene la ku United States. Ni dowoko likuru comene pa caru, ndipo kanandi likucemeka "Cruise Capital of the World" na "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". Kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 10, msumba uwu ukuŵa na ngalaŵa zikuruzikuru na maboti ghakurughakuru. Mu 2017, dowoko ili likawovwira ŵanthu 5,340,559. Kweniso, dowoko ili ni limoza mwa dowoko la vinthu ivyo vikwenda chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo mu 2017 likapeleka matani 9,162,340. Pa vyaru vya ku North America, ni malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku New Orleans' Port of South Louisiana pa nkhani ya katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vya Latin America. Mlonga uwu uli na malo ghakukwana maekala 2 ndipo uli na malo ghakukwelerako ŵanthu 7. Charu cha China ndicho chikuguliska katundu munandi chomene mu dowoko ili. Mu Miami muli malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose agho muli maofesi gha Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, na Royal Caribbean International. Mu 2014, Port of Miami Tunnel yikajulika, ndipo yikayaniska MacArthur Causeway na PortMiami.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cordle |first=Ina Paiva |date=May 28, 2014 |title=The new PortMiami tunnel's opening is delayed until mid-June |work=The Miami Herald |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/05/28/4143644/the-new-portmiami-tunnels-opening.html |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> ===Tourism and conventions=== [[File:Miami-florida-royal-caribbean-building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Royal Caribbean International]] headquarters at [[PortMiami]]]] Kukopa ŵalendo ni mwa makampani ghakuru comene gha Miami, ndipo uli na nchito zakujumpha 144,800 mu Miami-Dade County.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=John |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Greater Miami Tourism Industry Setting Records |url=https://www.globest.com/2018/05/02/greater-miami-tourism-industry-setting-records/?slreturn=20180904191824 |access-date=April 1, 2019 |website=globest.com |publisher=GlobeSt}}</ref> Chifukwa chakuti tawuni iyi yikuzunulika kanandi waka mu sumu, mafilimu, na vinyake, yikumanyikwa pa charu chose. Mu 2016, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa na ŵalendo ŵanandi chomene kuluska msumba unyake uliwose wa ku United States, pamanyuma pa New York City. Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.9 miliyoni ŵakiza ku Miami, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakasanga zikaŵa madola mabiliyoni 26.1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herrera |first=Chabeli |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Despite Irma, Miami tourism grew in 2017. Will Asia flights make 2018 even better? |work=miamiherald.com |publisher=Miami Herald |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210209129.html |access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Chifukwa cha mahotelo ghanandi na malo ghakusoperapo gha ku Miami Beach Convention Center, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku maungano gha chigaŵa. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Miami ni South Beach, Lincoln Road, Bayside Marketplace, Downtown Miami, na Brickell City Centre. Chigaŵa cha Art Deco ku Miami Beach chikucemeka kuti ni cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyakutowa comene pa caru cose cifukwa ca malo gha maseŵero ghausiku, milyango ya nyanja, nyumba zakale, na mashopu. Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika chaka na chaka nga ni Miami Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine and Food Festival, na Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami vikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku msumba uwu. ==Mwambo== {{See also|LGBT culture in Miami|List of films and television shows set in Miami|Music of Miami}} Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Miami wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Magic City" cifukwa ca kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi cifukwa ca ucoko wake ndiposo kukura kwake. Msumba uwu ngwakucemeka comene cifukwa ca nkhondo ya vyandyali iyo yikacitika mu ma 1980 ndiposo cifukwa ca kawonekero kake. Likumanyikwaso na zina lakuti "Mzinda wa ku Latin America" cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fajardo |first=Luis |date=May 16, 2016 |title=How Miami became the capital of affluent Latin America |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36281648 |access-date=May 16, 2016 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Lizette |date=July 19, 2014 |title=Influx of South Americans Drives Miami's Reinvention |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/us/20miami.html |access-date=July 19, 2014 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Miami yikaŵa malo gha mafilimu ghanandi na ma TV, kusazgapo Miami Vice, Cocaine Cowboys, Burn Notice, Jane the Virgin, Scarface, The Birdcage, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Golden Girls, 2 Fast 2 Furious, na Dexter. Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo ghanandi, kusazgapo Hotline Miami, maseŵero gha pa galimoto gha Gameloft gha Asphalt Overdrive, Scarface: The World Is Yours, na Vice City mu maseŵero ghanandi gha pa vidiyo gha Grand Theft Auto, chomenechomene Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, ghakujintha pa Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2002 |title=Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Graphics Q&A |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/grand-theft-auto-vice-city-graphics-qanda/1100-2881042/ |access-date=May 29, 2018 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Entertainment and performing arts=== {{main|Music of Miami}} [[File:Knightconcerthall.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, malo ghaciŵiri ghakurughakuru mu United States]] Padera pa viphikiro ivyo vikuchitika chaka chilichose nga ni Calle Ocho Festival, ku Miami kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakusanguluska, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na malo ghanyake ghakuchitirako vyakusanguluska. Malo ghaphya agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Miami ni Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, uko kuli Florida Grand Opera, ndipo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene ku United States pamanyuma pa Lincoln Center mu msumba wa New York. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakuchitako maseŵero ghanandi gha opera, ballet, makonsati, na maseŵero ghanyake ghakufuma mu vyaru vinandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira mu Miami ni Olympia Theater, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, Fair Expo Center, Tower Theater, na Bayfront Park Amphitheater. Chiphikiro chinyake chakuzirwa ni Chiphikiro cha Mafilimu ku Miami, icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose kwa mazuŵa 10 mu sabata yakwamba ya Malichi. Mu Miami muli mafilimu ghakujumpha 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miami International Film Festival |url=https://miamifilmfestival.com/ |access-date=June 20, 2019 |website=Miami Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tommasini |first=Anthony |date=February 4, 2007 |title=Carnival Center for the Performing Arts – Miami – Music |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/arts/music/04tomm.html |access-date=May 29, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwimba, ŵakwimba, ŵakwimba, na ŵakwimba. Mu tawuni iyi muli mawupu ghanandi gha vyakwimba, ma symphony, na ma conservatory. Pa malo agha pali Florida Grand Opera, FIU School of Music, Frost School of Music, na New World School of the Arts. Miami ni msumba ukuru wa mafashoni, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kujitozga na mawupu ghanyake ghakutozga. Mu msumba uwu mukuchitika viphikiro vinandi vya mafashoni, kusazgapo chiphikiro cha Miami Fashion Week na Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami. Miami yizamuŵa na sinema yakwamba pa Sabata, Julayi 25, 2020.<ref name="miamiherald.com">{{Cite web |title=There's a new drive in movie theater on Biscayne Bay: Be sure to bring your boat |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/things-to-do/article244378772.html |access-date=February 26, 2021 |website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref> ===Museums and visual arts=== [[File:Lowe.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Lowe Art Museum pa sukulu ya University of Miami]] Muziyamu yinyake ya ku Miami muli Frost Art Museum, Frost Museum of Science, HistoryMiami, Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami Children's Museum, Pérez Art Museum, Lowe Art Museum, na Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, National Historic Landmark iyo yili pa malo ghakujumpha 28 acre ku Coconut Grove. ===Cuisine=== Vyakurya vya ku Miami vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, ndipo vyakurya vya ku Caribbean na Latin America vikukhwaska chomene. Pakusazga vyakurya viŵiri ivi na vyakurya vya ku America, ŵanthu ŵa ku South Florida ŵakamba kuphika vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Chiŵiya ichi chili palipose mu Miami na South Florida ndipo mungachisanga mu malo ghakurya nga ni Pollo Tropical. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Cuba awo ŵakaluta ku Miami mu ma 1960, ndiwo ŵakambiska cakurya ici. Ŵakiza na cakurya ca usiku, ca Cuban espresso, ca Bistec de palomilla, na ca croquetas. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito makuni agha ndipo ŵakughawona mu mawindo gha mashopu gha mu tawuni, chomenechomene kuwaro kwa mashopu na malo ghakurya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuban Sandwich, History of Cuban Sandwich, History of Cubano Sandwich |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/Sandwiches/CubanSandwich.htm |website=Whatscookingamerica.net |date=May 21, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Cuisine in Miami at Frommer's |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/miami/0017024034.html |access-date=October 8, 2012 |website=Frommers.com}}</ref> Vinyake mwa malo agha, nga ni malo ghakurya gha Versailles mu Little Havana, ni malo ghakurya gha ku Miami. Mzinda wa Miami uli pa Nyanja ya Atlantic, ndipo uli na mbiri yakale ya kuzenga nyanja. Kweniso mu msumba uwu ndimo muli malo ghakurughakuru gha vyakurya nga ni Burger King na Benihana. === Chiyowoyero === {{Main|Miami accent}} Mu chigaŵa cha Miami muli chiyowoyero chinyake chapadera icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Chiyowoyero ichi chikamba kumanyikwa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain awo ŵali kubabika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2000, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Cuba awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2013 |title=Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not |url=http://wlrn.org/post/miami-accents-why-locals-embrace-heavy-l-or-not?nopop=1 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |publisher=WLRN ([[WLRN-TV]] and [[WLRN-FM]])}}</ref> Chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha ku America, kweni chili na vinyake ivyo vikusintha. Mwakupambana na viyowoyero vya ku Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, Northeast American, na Florida Cracker, "Miami accent" ni rhotic; kweniso yili na sumu na umo yikuyowoyekera. Ichi ni chiyowoyelo cha Chingelezi, ndipo ni chiyowoyelo cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira Chingelezi yayi; ntchakukwaniska kupambaniska chiyowoyelo ichi na chiyowoyelo cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chachiŵiri chifukwa chakuti "Miami accent" yikuŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana: palije chiyowoyelo cha /ɛ/ panthazi pa chiyowoyelo cha /s/, ŵanthu ŵakuteta yayi /dʒ/ na /j/, (nga ni Yale na jail), ndipo /r/ na /rr/ vikuyowoyeka nga ni alveolar approximant [ɹ] m'malo mwa alveolar tap [ɾ] panji alveolar trill [r] mu Cisipanishi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Miami Accents: How 'Miamah' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang |url=http://wlrn.org/post/miami-accents-how-miamah-turned-different-sort-twang |access-date=September 1, 2013 |publisher=WLRN ([[WLRN-TV]] & [[WLRN-FM]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haggin |first=Patience |date=August 27, 2013 |title=Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not |url=https://y-dc.info/2020/09/17/miami-accents-why-locals-embrace-heavy-l-or-not/ |access-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Gabriella |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Miami Accents: How 'Miamah' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang |url=http://wlrn.org/post/miami-accents-how-miamah-turned-different-sort-twang |access-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haggin |first=Patience |date=September 16, 2013 |title=English in the 305 has its own distinct Miami sound |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/09/07/3609984/english-in-the-305-has-its-own.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203181803/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/09/07/3609984/english-in-the-305-has-its-own.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> == Maseŵera == {{Main|Sports in Miami}} {{See also|Florida Panthers|Inter Miami CF|Miami Dolphins|Miami Heat|Miami Hurricanes|Miami Marlins}} [[File:200127-H-PX819-0092.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Hard Rock Stadium]] is the home field for the [[Miami Dolphins]] of the [[National Football League]], the [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami Hurricanes football team]] of the [[University of Miami]], and [[College Football Playoff]]'s [[Orange Bowl]] game held annually each January.]] [[File:Marlins First Pitch at Marlins Park, April 4, 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[LoanDepot Park]], home of the [[Miami Marlins]] of [[Major League Baseball]]]] Magulu gha maseŵero ghanayi gha Miami ni Inter Miami CF ya Major League Soccer (MLS), Miami Dolphins ya National Football League (NFL), Miami Heat ya National Basketball Association (NBA), Miami Marlins ya Major League Baseball (MLB), na Florida Panthers ya National Hockey League (NHL). Miami Open, chiphalizgano cha tenesi chaka chilichose, chikachitikanga ku Key Biscayne pambere chindasamukire ku Hard Rock Stadium pamanyuma pakuti chiphalizgano ichi chikagulika na mwenecho wa Miami Dolphins Stephen Ross mu 2019. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako ŵanthu, malo ghakusoperapo, na malo ghakusoperapo gofu. Kale mu misewu ya msumba uwu mukaŵanga masitima gha magalimoto, chomenechomene Grand Prix of Miami, Grand Prix of Miami, na Grand Prix of Formula One.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2021 |title=Miami Grand Prix to join F1 calendar in 2022, with exciting new circuit planned |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.miami-grand-prix-to-join-f1-calendar-in-2022.44Dqc0CfhQzb7bb7MIjkqX.html |access-date=March 9, 2022 |website=Formula1.com}}</ref> Ku Homestead-Miami Speedway Oval ndiko kukuchitikira maseŵero gha NASCAR. The Heat na Marlins ŵakuseŵera mu msumba wa Miami, ku Miami-Dade Arena mu Downtown na LoanDepot Park mu Little Havana, mwakulondezgana. Marlins Park yikazengeka pa malo agho pakaŵa sitediyamu yakale ya Miami Orange Bowl. Miami Dolphins yikuseŵera pa Hard Rock Stadium mu chigaŵa cha Miami Gardens, apo Florida Panthers yikuseŵera kufupi na Sunrise pa FLA Live Arena. Inter Miami CF yikuseŵera pa DRV PNK Stadium ku Fort Lauderdale, kwa nyengo yitali mpaka apo chiŵanja cha maseŵero chikapangikenge ku Miami. Miami FC ndi timu ina ya mpira yomwe imasewera mu USL Championship yachiwiri ya mpira wa US Professional. Mpingo uwu ukuchitiska maseŵero gha kwawo pa Riccardo Silva Stadium pa campus ya Florida International University (FIU) ku Miami. Orange Bowl, yimoza mwa maseŵero ghakuru gha mu NCAA College Football Playoff, yikuseŵereka pa Hard Rock Stadium nyengo yiliyose ya cihanya. Sitediyamu iyi yikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Super Bowl. Mu chigaŵa cha Miami, maseŵero agha ghakachitikapo maulendo 10. Ku Miami nako kuli magulu ghanandi gha maseŵero gha ku koleji. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vya University of Miami Hurricanes, ivyo vili pa Hard Rock Stadium, na Florida International University Panthers, ivyo vili pa Ricardo Silva Stadium. Gulu la Hurricanes likuchita mpikisano mu Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), apo gulu la Panthers likuchita mpikisano mu Conference USA ya National Collegiate Athletic Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Miami Athletics – Official Athletics Website |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIU Athletics |url=https://fiusports.com/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=FIUsports.com}}</ref> Ku Miami nako kuli mahachi gha Paso Fino, ndipo pa malo agha pakachitikanga viphalizgano vya mahachi. Miami ndi umoza mwa misumba 11 ya ku US iyo yizamuchitiska FIFA World Cup ya 2026. Ivi ni vyalo vikuruvikuru vya maseŵero mu chigaŵa cha Miami: {|class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; width:100%;" |+ Miami major league professional sports teams |- !Club !Sport !Miami Area since !League !Venue !League Championships |- |[[Miami Dolphins]] |[[American football]] |1965 |[[National Football League]] |[[Hard Rock Stadium]] |1972 ([[Super Bowl VII|VII]]), 1973 ([[Super Bowl VIII|VIII]]) |- |[[Florida Panthers]] |[[Ice hockey]] |1993 |[[National Hockey League]] |[[FLA Live Arena]] |- |[[Miami Heat]] |Basketball |1988 |[[National Basketball Association]] |[[Miami-Dade Arena]] |2006,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robbins |first=Liz |date=June 21, 2006 |title=Heat Claims Its First Championship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/21/sports/basketball/21nba.html |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> 2012,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Michael |date=June 22, 2012 |title=NBA Finals 2012: LeBron James, Miami Heat rout Oklahoma City Thunder to win championship |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/wizards/nba-finals-2012-lebron-james-miami-heat-rout-oklahoma-city-thunder-to-win-championship/2012/06/22/gJQAPLA7tV_story.html |access-date=October 23, 2022}}</ref> 2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Alex |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Miami Heat Defeat San Antonio Spurs 95-88 to Win 2013 NBA Championship |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1679507-miami-heat-defeat-san-antonio-spurs-95-88-to-win-2013-nba-championship |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> |- |[[Miami Marlins]] |Baseball |1993 |[[Major League Baseball]] |[[LoanDepot Park]] |1997, 2003 |- |[[Inter Miami CF]] |Soccer |2018 |[[Major League Soccer]] |[[DRV PNK Stadium]] |} ==Malo ghachisangalalo na mu mphepete mwa nyanja== [[File:Bayfront Park - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Bayfront Park]] on [[Biscayne Bay]], February 2017]] Msumba wa Miami uli na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakwendeskeka na National Park Service, Florida Division of Recreation and Parks, na City of Miami Department of Parks and Recreation. Nyengo ya ku Miami njakuthukira comene, ndipo yikovwira kuti munthu wacitenge vyakusanguluska vya kuwaro cilimika cose. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakuyezgera boti, milonga, mabayi, na nyanja ya Atlantic. Mu Biscayne Bay muli malibwe ghanandi agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakondwenge na kusambira. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghakujumpha 80 ghakusungirako vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miami parks |url=http://www.miamigov.com/cms/parks/15_16.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820083309/http://www.miamigov.com/cms/parks/15_16.asp |archive-date=August 20, 2008 |access-date=June 27, 2009 |publisher=Miamigov.com}}</ref> Malo ghakurughakuru na ghakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Bayfront Park na Museum Park (ghakuŵa mu msumba wa Downtown, uko kuli Miami-Dade Arena na Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Virginia Key, na Watson Island. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku malo ghakusangwa na vyakurya ghakaŵa Zoo Miami, Jungle Island, Miami Seaquarium, Monkey Jungle, Coral Castle, Charles Deering Estate, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, na Key Biscayne. Mu 2020 ParkScore ranking yake, The Trust for Public Land yikati malo gha paki mu msumba wa Miami ghakaŵa malo gha 64 pa malo gha mapaki ghawemi chomene mu misumba 100 ya ku US, kufuma pa malo gha 48 mu 2017. Msumba wa Miami ukawonekanga kuti uli na malo ghakukwana 2.6 acres, malo ghakukwana 6.5%, 87% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu ŵakwenda maminiti 10 kufuma ku malo agha, ndipo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana $48.39 pa malo agha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Parkscore index: Access |url=https://parkserve.tpl.org/mapping/pdfs/Miami,%20FL.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2021 |publisher=The Trust for Public Land |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505222029/https://parkserve.tpl.org/mapping/pdfs/Miami,%20FL.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ParkScore 2018: Ranking Analysis |url=https://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings_advanced.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110112624/http://parkscore.tpl.org/rankings_advanced.php |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018 |website=The Trust for Public Land}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ParkScore Rankings 2017 |url=https://parkscore.tpl.org/historic/2017_ParkScoreRank.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065401/https://parkscore.tpl.org/historic/2017_ParkScoreRank.pdf |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018 |website=The Trust for Public Land}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monkey Jungle homepage |url=https://www.monkeyjungle.com/ |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Castle Museum Info |url=https://coralcastle.com/museum-info/ |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227205611/https://coralcastle.com/museum-info/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Miami Seaquarium |url=https://www.miamiseaquarium.com/plan-a-visit/about-miami-seaquarium |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227200156/https://www.miamiseaquarium.com/plan-a-visit/about-miami-seaquarium |archive-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deering Estate history |url=https://deeringestate.org/history/ |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Zoo Miami |url=https://www.zoomiami.org/about-the-zoo |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jungle Island Homepage |url=https://www.jungleisland.com/ |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> == Dango na boma == [[File:Miami FL Pan Am Bldg city hall02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Miami City Hall]], located at [[Dinner Key]] in [[Coconut Grove]], is home to Miami's primary administrative offices.]] {{Main|Government of the City of Miami}} {{See also|List of mayors of Miami}} {{Further|Youth Crime Watch of America}} Boma la msumba wa Miami likugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya meya na mwimiliri. Komiti ya tawuni iyi yili na ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakusankhika kufuma mu vigaŵa ivyo vili na munthu yumoza. Komiti ya msumba ni wupu wakulongozga uwo uli na mazaza ghakufumiska malango, na kuchita milimo yose iyo yili kulembekera msumba. Mulara wa msumba wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo wakusora mulongozgi wa msumba. Msumba wa Miami ukwendeskeka na meya Francis Suarez na makomiti 5 agho ghakulaŵilira vigaŵa vinkhondi vya msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor Francis Suarez – City of Miami |url=https://www.miamigov.com/My-Government/City-Officials/Mayor-Francis-Suarez |access-date=July 31, 2022 |website=miamigov.com}}</ref> Maungano gha komiti iyi ghakuchitikira ku Miami City Hall, ku 3500 Pan American Drive pa Dinner Key mu chigaŵa cha Coconut Grove. Mu Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ya United States, boma la Miami likwimira ŵa Republican Maria Elvira Salazar na Mario Diaz-Balart, pamoza na Democrat Frederica Wilson. ===City Commission=== {{See also|List of mayors of Miami}} # '''[[Francis Suarez]] – Mayor of the City of Miami''' * '''[[Alex Diaz de la Portilla]] – Miami Commissioner, District 1''' ::[[Allapattah]] and [[Grapeland Heights]] * '''Sabina Covo – Miami Commissioner, District 2''' ::[[Arts & Entertainment District]], [[Brickell]], [[Coconut Grove]], [[Coral Way]], [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]], [[Edgewater (Miami)|Edgewater]], [[Midtown Miami]], [[Park West (Miami)|Park West]] and the South part [[Upper Eastside]] * '''[[Joe Carollo]] – Miami Commissioner, District 3''' ::[[Coral Way]], [[Little Havana]] and [[The Roads]] * '''Manolo Reyes – Miami Commissioner, District 4''' ::[[Coral Way]], [[Flagami]] and [[West Flagler]] * '''Christine King – Miami Commissioner, District 5''' ::[[Buena Vista (Miami)|Buena Vista]], [[Miami Design District|Design District]], [[Liberty City (Miami)|Liberty City]], [[Little Haiti]], [[Little River (Miami)|Little River]], [[Lummus Park Historic District|Lummus Park]], [[Overtown (Miami)|Overtown]], [[Spring Garden (Miami)|Spring Garden]] and [[Wynwood]] and northern part of the [[Upper Eastside]] * '''Arthur Noriega – City Manager''' * '''Victoria Méndez – City Attorney''' * '''Todd B. Hannon – City Clerk''' ==Masambilo== {{See also|Miami-Dade Public Library System}} ===Colleges and universities=== [[File:Florida International University Parkview Housing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Florida International University]], with its main campus in nearby [[University Park, Florida|University Park]], is the largest university in [[South Florida]] and the fourth largest university by enrollment in the U.S. It is also one of Florida's primary research universities.]] [[File:University of Miami Otto G. Richter Library.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Founded in 1925, the [[University of Miami]] in nearby [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]] is Florida's top ranked private institution of higher education.]] Chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade chili na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 200,000 awo ŵali kulembeska ku makoleji na maunivesite gha mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2010, makoleji na maunivesite ghanayi ghakurughakuru mu msumba uwu, Miami Dade College, Florida International University, University of Miami, na Barry University, ghakafumiska ŵana ŵa sukulu 28,000. Mu msumba wa Miami muli mawupu ghanandi agho ghakusambizga ŵanthu ntchito za mawoko kweniso ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu. Mwaciyelezgero, Per Scholas ni wupu uwo ukupeleka masambiro ghaulere ghakovwira kuti munthu waŵe na mwaŵi wa kufiska viyezgelero vya CompTIA A+ na Network+ kuti wasange nchito na kuzenga nchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olson |first=Elizabeth |date=November 10, 2010 |title=Helping Veterans Find Civilian Jobs |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/11/giving/11VETS.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Training Workers for Good Jobs |url=http://www.perscholas.org/articles/News%20NYT.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820024613/http://perscholas.org/articles/News%20NYT.pdf |archive-date=August 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Building a Career Path Where There Was Just a Dead End |url=http://www.perscholas.org/articles/Building-a-Career-Path.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720181355/http://www.perscholas.org/articles/Building-a-Career-Path.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2008}}</ref> Masukulu gha ku koleji na mayunivesite mu Miami na vigaŵa vyapafupi: * [[Barry University]], [[Miami Shores, Florida|Miami Shores]] * [[Broward College]], [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[Florida Atlantic University]], [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]] * [[Florida International University]], [[University Park, Florida|University Park]] * [[Florida Memorial University]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] * [[Keiser University]], [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] * [[Miami Dade College]], Miami * [[Miami International University of Art & Design]] * [[Nova Southeastern University]], [[Davie, Florida|Davie]] * Palm Beach Atlantic University, [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Palm Beach State College]], [[Lake Worth Beach, Florida|Lake Worth Beach]] * [[St. Thomas University (Florida)|St. Thomas University]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] * [[Southeastern College]], [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] * [[Talmudic University|Talmudic University of Florida]], [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] * [[University of Fort Lauderdale]], [[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]] * [[University of Miami]], [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]] ===Primary and secondary schools=== {{Main|Miami-Dade County Public Schools}} [[File:Miami Senior High School July 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Miami Senior High School]], founded in 1903, is Miami's first high school.]] Sukulu za boma ku Miami zikulongozgeka na Miami-Dade County Public Schools, iyo ni sukulu yikuru comene mu Florida ndiposo yacinayi mu United States. Mu Seputembala 2008, sukulu iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu 385,655 kweniso masukulu na malo ghakujumpha 392. Chigaŵa ichi ndicho chili na masukulu ghakurughakuru chomene gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵana ŵa sukulu 60 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa Hispanic, 28 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa Black panji West Indian, 10 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mtundu wa White (ŵambura kufuma ku Spain) ndipo 2 pa 100 ŵalipo ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ku Miami kuli masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya gha mu charu ichi, nga ni Design and Architecture High School, masukulu ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi, MAST Academy, Coral Reef High School, masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya ghapachanya ghapachanya gha 20 mu U.S., Miami Palmetto High School, na New World School of the Arts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 12, 2007 |title=Gold Medal Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2007/11/29/gold-medal-schools.html |magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=April 18, 2008}}</ref> M-DCPS nayo njimoza mwa masukulu gha boma ghachoko waka mu United States agho ghakusambizga mu viyowoyero viŵiri. Mu msumba wa Miami muli masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, Chiyuda, na ghanyake. Mu tawuni iyi muli masukulu gha Katolika. Hugh Catholic School, St. Sukulu ya Agatha Catholic, St. Sukulu ya Theresa, Immaculata-Lasalle High School, Monsignor Edward Pace High School, Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, St. Sukulu ya Brendan High, pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha Katolika. Masukulu ghakusambizgira gha Katolika agho ghakulongozgeka na ŵaliska ŵa visopa ni Belen Jesuit Preparatory School na Christopher Columbus High School gha ŵanyamata na Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart na Our Lady of Lourdes Academy ya ŵasungwana. Masukulu ghapadera gha ku Miami agho ghakusopa yayi ni Ransom Everglades, Gulliver Preparatory School, na Miami Country Day School. Masukulu ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici ni Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School, Dade Christian School, Palmer Trinity School, Westminster Christian School, na Riviera Schools. ===Supplementary education=== Hoshuko wa ku Miami, ni sukulu ya ku Japan ya nyengo yichoko waka ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan na ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakaŵa ku Virginia Key, ku Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Pasono sukulu iyi yikucita masambiro mu Westchester ndipo yili na maofesi mu Doral.<ref name="Miamihoshu">"{{Cite web |title=ホーム |url=http://www.miamihoshuko.org/ |access-date=April 30, 2014 |website=Miami Hoshuko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517155453/http://miamihoshuko.org/ |archive-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ortega|first=Cristina M.|date=February 16, 1997|title=Lessons to bridge cultural differences|pages=1, 18–19|work=[[Miami Herald]]|location=Miami, Florida}} – [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94336390/ Clipping of first] and [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94336404/ of second and third pages] from [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> ==Wayilesi== {{main|Media in Miami}} {{see also|Film in Miami|List of newspapers in Florida|List of radio stations in Florida|List of television stations in Florida}} [[File:Miami Herald building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The former headquarters of ''[[Miami Herald|The Miami Herald]]'' on [[Biscayne Bay]]]] Mu msumba wa Miami ndimo muli misika yikuru ya TV mu charu ichi, ndipo ndiyo yikuru chomene mu Florida. Mu msumba wa Miami muli manyuzipepara ghanandi ghakuru. El Nuevo Herald ni nyuzipepara yikuru comene ya Cisipanishi. Nyuzipepara ya Miami Herald na El Nuevo Herald ni nyuzipepara zikuru comene za ku Miami na South Florida. Manyuzipepara agha ghakafumako ku nyumba yawo ya ku Downtown Miami mu 2013. Maofesi gha nyuzipepara agha sono ghali mu nyumba iyo kale yikaŵa ya U.S. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Southern Command ŵali mu Doral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2013 |title=It's Moving Day for Miami Herald Staff, Reporters |url=http://miami.cbslocal.com/2013/05/16/its-moving-day-for-miami-herald-staff-reporters/ |access-date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=CBSMiami}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Television Market Universe Estimates |url=http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317170600/http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2011 |publisher=nielsen}}</ref> Manyuzipepara ghanyake ghakuru ni Miami Today, ku Brickell, Miami New Times, ku Midtown, Miami SunPost, South Florida Business Journal, na The Miami Times. Kweniso nyuzipepara yinyake ya Cisipanishi yakucemeka Diario Las Americas yikupharazga mu msumba wa Miami. Manyuzipepara gha ŵana ŵa sukulu gha ku maunivesite gha ku malo agha ghakaŵa The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, na Barry University's The Buccaneer. Magazini ghanandi ghakusindikizgika mu chigaŵa chose cha Miami, kusazgapo Miami Monthly, tawuni yimoza pera ya kumwera kwa Florida, na Ocean Drive. Miami ni malo ghakusungirako ma TV ghakurughakuru gha pa caru cose, makampani ghakusungirako ma CD, makampani ghakupharazga, na maofesi gha kupanga, nga ni Telemundo, Univision, Univision Communications, Mega TV, Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International na Sunbeam Television. Mu 2009, Univision yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kuzenga studio yiphya ku Miami, yakucemeka Univision Studios. Pa nyengo yasono, ofesi yikuru ya Univision Studios yili ku Miami, ndipo yikupanga mapulogiramu ghose gha pa wayilesi ya Univision Communications. Miami ni msika ukuru comene wa mawayilesi wa nambara 12 na wa TV wa nambara 17 mu United States. Malo gha TV agho ghakupharazga mu chigaŵa cha Miami ni WAMI (UniMás O&O), WBFS (Independent), WSFL (The CW), WFOR (CBS O&O), WHFT (TBN), WLTV (Univision O&O), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (Ion), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (Fox), WTVJ (NBC O&O), WPBT (PBS), na WLRN (PBS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12+ Population, Spring 2005 |url=http://www.mediainfocenter.org/compare/top50/#radio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419055254/http://www.mediainfocenter.org/compare/top50/ |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |access-date=April 20, 2008 |publisher=Northwestern University Media Management Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Univision Announces Launch of Univision Studios |date=December 7, 2009 |publisher=Business Wire |url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20091207005550&newsLang=en |access-date=October 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 TV markets ranked by households |url=http://www.mediainfocenter.org/compare/top50/#tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419055254/http://www.mediainfocenter.org/compare/top50/ |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |access-date=April 20, 2008 |publisher=Northwestern University Media Management Center}}</ref> ==Transportation== {{Main|Transportation in South Florida}} {{See also|Brightline|Tri-Rail}} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku America mu 2016, ŵanthu 72.3% awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami ŵakendanga paŵekha, 8.7% ŵakendanga paŵekha, 9% ŵakendanga pa galimoto, ndipo 3.7% ŵakendanga pasi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 1.8% ndiwo ŵakendanga pa galimoto, njinga yamoto, na njinga. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Miami, 4.5% ŵakagwiranga nchito ku nyumba. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 19.9% mu msumba wa Miami ŵakaŵavya galimoto, ndipo mu 2016 ŵakakhalapo 18.6%. Pa caru cose, ciŵelengero ici cikaŵa 8.7 peresenti mu 2016. Ku Miami, mu 2016, nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na magalimoto pafupifupi 1.24 pakuyaniska na nyumba yiliyose ya 1.8 pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html |journal=Governing |access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> ===Expressways and roads=== [[File:Venetian Causeway South Beach.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|[[Venetian Causeway]] (left) and [[MacArthur Causeway]] (right) connect [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown]] and [[South Beach]].]] [[File:A306, Skyline at twilight, Miami, Florida, USA, 2010.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Florida State Road 886|State Road 886]], also known as Port Boulevard, connects [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]] and [[PortMiami]] over [[Biscayne Bay]].]] Misewu ya Miami yikwenda mu mizere ya mizere ya Miami uko Flagler Street ndiyo yili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Miami Avenue ndiyo yili kumpoto na kumwera. Khonde la Flagler Street na Miami Avenue lili pakatikati pa Downtown panthazi pa Downtown Macy's (kale likuru la Burdine). Chigaŵa cha Miami chili na manambara mwakuti maadiresi ghose gha misewu kumpoto kwa Flagler Street na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Miami Avenue ghali na "NW". Pakuti malo ghake ghali ku Downtown, kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja, vigaŵa vya "NW" na "SW" ni vikuru comene kuluska vya "SE" na "NE". Misewu yinandi, comenecomene misewu yikuru, nayo yikucemeka mazina (nga ni Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), nangauli mwapadera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina agha. Mu chigaŵa ichi, misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera yikuchemeka makhoti misewu yikuru yikwenda mtunda wa kilomita yimoza. Mu misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera muli mabwalo 16, ndipo misewu ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi yili na mabwalo 10. Misewu yikuru ya kumpoto na kumwera yikumalira pa "7" nga ni 17th, 27th, 37th/Douglas Aves., 57th/Red Rd., 67th/Ludlam, 87th/Galloway, na vinyake. (Chinthu chinyake chakuzirwa chomene ni 42nd Avenue, LeJeune Road, iyo yili pa malo gha hafu ya mtunda.) Misewu yikuru ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kumwera kwa Downtown njakupambanapambana na 16, nangauli malo ghakwamba gha ndondomeko iyi ni SW 8th St, hafu ya mtunda kumwera kwa Flagler ("zeroth") Street. Ntheura misewu yikuru yili pa 8th St., 24th St. / Coral Way, 40th St. /Bird, 56th/Miller, 72nd/ Sunset, 88th/N. Kendall, 104th (pakwamba S. Kendall), 120th/Montgomery, 136th/Howard, 152nd/Coral Reef, 168th/Richmond, 184th/Eureka, 200th/Quail Roost, 216th/Hainlin Mill, 232nd/Silver Palm, 248th/Coconut Palm, etc., mu vyaka vya m'ma 300. Mu gridi iyi, maadiresi gha viŵelengero vyambura kwenelera ghali kumpoto panji kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo gha viŵelengero vyambura kwenelera ghali kumwera panji kumanjiliro gha dazi. Misewu na misewu yose mu chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade yikulondezga mizere ya Miami, kupaturako vichoko waka, chomenechomene mu Coral Gables, Hialeah, Coconut Grove na Miami Beach. Malo ghanyake ghakuchemeka The Roads, cifukwa misewu yake yikufumako ku mizere ya ku Miami, ndipo yili na makona 45. Chigaŵa cha Miami-Dade chili na misewu yinayi ya Interstate Highways (I-75, I-95, I-195, I-395) na misewu yinandi ya U.S. Misewu yikuruyikuru, kusazgapo misewu ya ku United States Msewu wa 1, U.S. Msewu wa 27, U.S. Msewu wa 41, na U.S. Msewu wa 441.<div style="float:right;" class="right"> {|class="wikitable" |- !colspan=3|Miami Causeways |- ! Name ! Termini ! Year built |- |[[Rickenbacker Causeway]] |[[Brickell]] and [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]] |1947 |- |[[Venetian Causeway]] |[[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown]] and [[South Beach]] |1912–1925 |- |[[MacArthur Causeway]] |[[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown]] and [[South Beach]] |1920 |- |[[Julia Tuttle Causeway]] |[[Wynwood, Miami, Florida|Wynwood]]/[[Edgewater, Miami, Florida|Edgewater]] and [[Miami Beach]] |1959 |- |[[Florida State Road 934|79th Street Causeway]] |[[Upper Eastside, Miami, Florida|Upper East Side]] and [[North Beach (Miami Beach)|North Beach]] |1929 |- |[[Broad Causeway]] |[[North Miami, Florida|North Miami]] and [[Bal Harbour, Florida|Bal Harbour]] |1951 |} </div> Some of the major [[Florida State Roads]] (and their common names) serving Miami are:<!--these don't all serve Miami!--> * [[State Road 112 (Florida)|SR 112]] (Airport Expressway): [[Interstate 95 in Florida|Interstate 95]] to [[Miami International Airport|MIA]] * [[Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike]] (SR 821): [[Florida's Turnpike]] mainline (SR 91)/[[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]] to [[U.S. Route 1 (Florida)|U.S. Route 1]]/[[Florida City, Florida|Florida City]] * [[State Road 826 (Florida)|SR 826]] (Palmetto Expressway): [[Golden Glades Interchange]] to U.S. Route 1/[[Pinecrest, Florida|Pinecrest]] * [[State Road 836 (Florida)|SR 836]] (Dolphin Expressway): Downtown to SW 137th Ave via [[Miami International Airport|MIA]] * [[State Road 874 (Florida)|SR 874]] (Don Shula Expressway): 826/Bird Road to Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike/[[Kendall, Florida|Kendall]] * [[State Road 878 (Florida)|SR 878]] (Snapper Creek Expressway): SR 874/[[Kendall, Florida|Kendall]] to U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest & [[South Miami, Florida|South Miami]] * [[State Road 924 (Florida)|SR 924]] (Gratigny Parkway) [[Miami Lakes, Florida|Miami Lakes]] to [[Opa-locka, Florida|Opa-locka]] Miami yili na misewu yikuru yinkhondi na umoza iyo yikwenda pa Biscayne Bay, ndipo yikukolerana na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu, na virwa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Msewu wa Rickenbacker Causeway ndiwo uli kumwera chomene ndipo ukukumana na Brickell na Virginia Key na Key Biscayne. Msewu wa Venetian Causeway na MacArthur Causeway ukukumana na msumba wa Downtown na South Beach. Msewu wakuchemeka Julia Tuttle Causeway, uwo ukukolerana na Midtown na Miami Beach. Msewu wa 79th Street Causeway ukuyaniska Upper East Side na North Beach. Msewu wa Broad Causeway, ndiwo ni ucoko comene pa misewu yinkhondi na yimoza ya ku Miami ndipo ukukumana na North Miami na Bay Harbor Islands na Bal Harbour. Mu 2007, boma la Miami ndilo likaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵankhaza comene mu United States. Kweniso msumba wa Miami ukucemeka kuti ni msumba wakofya comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pasi mu United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 2004 |title=Dangerous Pedestrian Cities |work=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/12/02/national/main658846.shtml |access-date=September 2, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reaney |first=Patricia |date=May 15, 2007 |title=Miami drivers named the rudest |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSL1413867020070515 |access-date=September 2, 2007}}</ref> ===Public transportation=== {{See also|Metrobus (Miami-Dade County)|Metromover|Miami-Dade Transit}} [[File:Miami Metrorail Hitachi train 20190117.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Miami's [[Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)|Metrorail]] is the city's [[rapid transit]] system and connects Miami with its outlying suburbs.]] [[File:Tri Rail 616 Opa-locka Station (8439701464).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tri-Rail ni njanji ya ku Miami iyo yikwenda kumpoto na kumwera kufuma ku West Palm Beach mpaka ku Miami International Airport.]] Mtengatenga wa ŵanthu mu Miami ukwendeskeka na Miami-Dade Transit na SFRTA, ndipo yikusazgapo njanji za ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku malo ghanyake (Tri-Rail), njanji zinonono zakwendeskeka mwaluŵiro (Metrorail), njinga ya ŵanthu (Metromover), na mabasi (Metrobus). Mu msumba wa Miami muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto chifukwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 17% ŵakwenda pa galimoto zuŵa lililose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda maminiti 90 pa sabata, ndipo 39% ŵa awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto ŵakwenda maora ghakujumpha ghaŵiri pa zuŵa. Pafupifupi munthu waliyose wakulindilira maminiti 18 pa malo ghakugwilira ntchito ya mendero. Mtunda wa ulendo umoza na magalimoto ghakurughakuru ni makilomita 12.46, ndipo ŵanthu 38% ŵakwenda mtunda wa makilomita 13.8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and usage statistics about public transit in Miami, US |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_USA_Miami_FL-742 |access-date=June 19, 2017 |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit}} [[File:CC BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Msewu wa Metro wa ku Miami uli na mizere yiŵiri na masiteshoni 23. Metrorail yikukolerana na vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Hialeah, Medley, na mukati mwa tawuni ya Miami na vigaŵa vya The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami, na Kendall mu tawuni kwizira mu vigaŵa vya bizinesi vya Miami International Airport, Health District, na Downtown. Metromover, yeneiyo yikwenda pa malo ghapachanya, yikugwira nchito na masiteshoni 21 pa mizere yitatu yakupambanapambana mu msumba wa Downtown Miami, ndipo pali masiteshoni ghaŵiri pa nyumba yiliyose pakati pa Downtown na Brickell. Ntchito zakupharazga zinandi zikovwirika na msonkho wa msonkho uwo ukupelekeka mu chigaŵa chose cha Miami-Dade. Tri-Rail, njanji iyo yikwendeskeka na South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA), yikwenda kufuma ku Miami International Airport kumpoto kuya ku West Palm Beach, ndipo yikumalira pa malo 18. Miami Intermodal Center ni malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako ŵanthu, ndipo ghakusungirako magalimoto gha Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, ma taxi, magalimoto ghakuchita renti, MIA Mover, magalimoto ghaŵene, njinga na ŵanthu ŵakwenda pasi. Chipatala cha Miami Intermodal Center chikamara kuzengeka mu 2010, ndipo chikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 150,000 awo ŵakwenda mu chigaŵa cha Miami. Chigawo choyamba cha MiamiCentral Station chinamalizidwa mu 2012, ndipo gawo la Tri-Rail la Phase II linamalizidwa mu 2015, koma kumanga gawo la Amtrak kukuchedwabe. Ŵapharazgi ŵaŵiri ŵaphya, Baylink na Miami Streetcar, ŵali kunozgekera. BayLink ndiyo yikeneranga kukolerana na South Beach, ndipo Miami Streetcar yikeneranga kukolerana na Midtown. Miami ni malo gha kumwera uko Amtrak wakumalira maulendo ghake gha ku Atlantic Coast, ndipo pali mizere yiŵiri, Silver Meteor na Silver Star. Siteshoni ya Amtrak ya Miami yili mu chigaŵa cha Hialeah kufupi na Siteshoni ya Tri-Rail/Metrorail pa NW 79 St na NW 38 Ave. Ntchito yakunozga siteshoni ya Miami Central Station yizamwendeska maofesi ghose gha Amtrak kufuma ku malo agho ghalipo sono kuya ku malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo agha ghakeneranga kuzengeka mu 2012, kweni ghakachedweskeka nyengo yitali.<ref name="MICjanuary">{{Cite web |last=Turnbell |first=Michael |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Tri-Rail station at Miami airport delayed until January |url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-tri-rail-miami-airport-20141015-story.html |access-date=October 30, 2014 |website=Sun Sentinel}}</ref> ===Airports=== {{See also|Miami International Airport|Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport|Palm Beach International Airport}} [[File:Miami International Airport (KMIA-MIA) (8204606870).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Miami International Airport is the nation's 10th largest airport.]] Malo gha ndege gha ku Miami International Airport ndigho ni malo gha ndege gha ku Greater Miami Area. Chifukwa cha malo ghake ghakutowa, ndege iyi njimoza mwa ma eyapoti ghakurughakuru pa charu chose ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 45 miliyoni pa chaka. Malo agha ndigho ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ndege za American Airlines. Miami International ni ciŵanja caŵiri cakudura comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege mu Florida, ndipo ni ciŵanja cacitatu cikuru comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege mu United States. Malo gha ndege gha Kennedy na Los Angeles. Malo ghakwendera ndege agha ghali na maulendo ghambura kuleka kuluta ku misumba yakujumpha 70 ku North na South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, na Middle East. Kweniso, ku Fort Lauderdale na ku Hollywood International Airport na ku Palm Beach International Airport nako kuli magalimoto ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu chigaŵa cha Miami. Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport mu Opa-locka na Miami Executive Airport mu chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa Miami, ndipo yikwendeska ndege mu chigaŵa cha Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southwest Airlines Cities |url=http://www.southwest.com/travel_center/routemap.html |access-date=October 30, 2008 |website=Southwest Airlines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919010027/http://www.southwest.com/travel_center/routemap.html |archive-date=September 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The official website of the Miami International Airport |url=https://www.miami-airport.com/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=[[Miami International Airport]]}}</ref> ===Cycling and walking=== Boma la tawuni iyi, ilo mukaŵa meya wakale Manny Diaz, likakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakwendeska njinga mu Miami. Mu 2010, magazini ya Bicycling Magazine yikalemba kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo uli pa nambara 44 pa misumba yose ya ku United States iyo yikutemwa kwenda pa njinga. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011, wakavumbura kuti msumba wa Miami ndiwo uli pa nambara 8 pa misumba yikuruyikuru 50 ya ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings |url=http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/ |access-date=August 28, 2011 |publisher=Walk Score}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2010 |title=Miami becoming more bike friendly {{pipe}} South Florida Business Journal |publisher=Southflorida.bizjournals.com |url=http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2010/04/05/daily16.html |access-date=October 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cycling and walking |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/1460/story/1263994.html |access-date=October 7, 2009 |website=miamiherald.com |publisher=Miami Herald}}</ref> ===Public safety=== {{Main|Miami Fire-Rescue Department|Miami Police Department}} ==Ubale na vyaru vinyake== {{See also|List of sister cities in Florida}} ===Sister cities=== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Agadir]], Morocco (since 1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agadir Maroc, Présentation de la ville d'agadir: Histoire, économie, géographie et cultures &#124; Agadirnet |url=http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174012/http://www.agadirnet.com/agadir-maroc/presentation/ |archive-date=December 29, 2014}}</ref> *{{flagicon|MAR}} [[El Jadida]], Morocco (since 1995) *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Barranquilla]], Colombia (since 2015)<ref name="sister2">{{Cite web |title=Mayor Noguera signs a sisterhood agreement with Miami (Spanish) |url=https://www.elheraldo.co/barranquilla/alcaldesa-noguera-firma-convenio-de-hermandad-con-miami-197628 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |publisher=El Heraldo}}</ref> *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia (since 1971)<ref name=sister>{{Cite web |title=Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program |url=http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/MIC/pages/SisterCities/default.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526222509/http://www.ci.miami.fl.us/MIC/pages/SisterCities/default.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=May 26, 2007 |access-date=July 13, 2007 |publisher=City of Miami}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina (since 1979)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kagoshima]], Japan (since 1990)<ref name=sister/><ref name="Kagoshima twinnings">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:姉妹・友好・兄弟都市 |trans-title=Sister cities |url=http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/7siseijouhou/7-8kouryu/7-8-1simaitosi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602195754/http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/7siseijouhou/7-8kouryu/7-8-1simaitosi.html |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |access-date=August 8, 2013 |publisher=Kagoshima International Affairs Division |language=ja}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan (since 1987) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan Headlines |url=http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=79204&CtNode=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061428/http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=79204&CtNode=47 |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru (since 1977)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain (since 2014)<ref name=sister/><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 23, 2014 |title=Madrid and Miami sign up as twin towns |publisher=latino foxnews |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/06/23/madrid-and-miami-sign-up-as-twin-towns/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213930/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/06/23/madrid-and-miami-sign-up-as-twin-towns/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Murcia]], Spain (since 1993) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Murcia, Spain, Wants to Boost Ties with Sister City Miami.(Originated from the Miami Herald) &#124; Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-5545315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181025/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-5545315.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nice]], France (since 1986) <ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 1986 |title=Clipped from the Miami Herald |page=63 |work=The Miami Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84994351/the-miami-herald/}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]], Italy (since 1997)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities:Miami Florida, Palermo Italy |url=http://sister-cities.org/sites/default/files/Miami,%20FL-Palermo,%20Italy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143701/http://sister-cities.org/sites/default/files/Miami%2C%20FL-Palermo%2C%20Italy.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qingdao]], China (since 2005)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador da Bahia]], Brazil (since 2006)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (since 1991)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile (since 1986)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic (since 1987)<ref name=sister/> *{{flagicon|BRI}} [[Southampton]], United Kingdom (since 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Southampton and Miami, Florida become sister cities at ceremonial signing event |publisher=Southampton City Council |url=https://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/article.aspx?id=tcm:63-412460 |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> {{div col end}} ===Cooperation agreements=== *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas |trans-title=Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns |url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100 |access-date=August 23, 2013 |publisher=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100 |archive-date=February 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa |trans-title=Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship |url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |access-date=August 23, 2013 |publisher=Camara Municipal de Lisboa |language=pt}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Yeruham]], Israel<ref>{{Cite news |title=Miami-Yerucham Partnership |publisher=Greater Miami Jewish Federation |url=http://jewishmiami.org/about/departments/israel_overseas/miami-yerucham_partnership/?mobile=1 |access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref> ==Notable people== {{main|List of people from Miami}} ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vinandi== * Elizabeth M. Aranda, Sallie Hughes, and Elena Sabogal, ''Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami: Immigration and the Rise of a Global City.'' Boulder, Colorado: Renner, 2014. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Miami|voy=Miami}} * [http://www.miamigov.com/ City of Miami&nbsp;– official site] * [http://www.gmcvb.com Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau] {{Navboxes | title = Articles relating to Miami and [[Miami-Dade County]] | list = {{Miami}} {{Miami Neighborhoods}} {{Miami-Dade County, Florida}} {{Miami metropolitan area}} {{Greater Miami}} {{Florida}} {{USLargestMetros}} {{Florida cities and mayors of 100,000 population}} }} {{USPopulousCities}} {{Florida county seats}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Florida|Geography|United States|North America|Cities}} [[Category:Miami| ]] [[Category:1825 establishments in Florida Territory]] [[Category:Cities in Florida]] [[Category:Cities in Miami-Dade County, Florida]] [[Category:Cities in Miami metropolitan area]] [[Category:County seats in Florida]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1825]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the Florida Atlantic coast]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Florida]] q5waacwgmgvyl1bbj9tzdi19j1d15xh 0 11469 122647 53868 2026-09-28T02:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Malo|chalo=[[Malaŵi]]|chigaŵa=[[Chigaŵa cha kumpoto]]|boma=[[Chitipa]]|zina= Nasatoni, Chitipa}} '''Nasatoni''' zina la [[msumba]] kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chitipa]],mu [[higaŵa cha kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. ==Ŵanthu== Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ku Nasato ni [[chiNdali]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Seputembala 2006 |title=LANGUAGE MAPPING SURVEY FOR NORTHERN MALAWI |url=http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf |publisher=[[University of Malawi]] |page=30 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> ==Masambiro== ===Sukulu Yakwamba ya Nasato=== [[Sukulu Yakwamba]] ya Nasato ni sukulu 131 <ref>{{Cite web |date=Seputembala 7, 2016 |title=THE MALAWI NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD 2016 MALAWI PRIMARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION - PASS LIST (Chitipa) |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Chitipa-1.pdf |website=[[Face of Malawi]] |page=140}}</ref>ya Chikhristu mu Nasato. Mu malo mwa ŵasambizgi Sukulu Yakwamba ya Nasato yili na ŵaliska. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalinde |first=Sophie |date=Malichi 31, 2015. |title=Annual Report 2014 |url=http://mhrcmw.org/mhrc/sites/default/files/2014%20Annual%20Report.pdf |page=23}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Msumba zakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa,Malaŵi]] lk3r0j4i4edk1dldudfp3zpl3vp8p8h 0 11566 122718 113244 2026-09-28T03:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Vega Alta | seal_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|22|32|59|N|79|49|08|W|type:landmark_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Village <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1546398655 | title=Node: ‪Vega Alta‬ (1546398655) }}</ref> | image_skyline = The old railway station in Vega Alta.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = The back of the Railstation in Vega Alta | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | coor_pinpoint = | leader_name3 = | image_shield = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Villa_Clara_Map_-_Vega_Alta_(Camajuaní).png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Vega Alta (Red) in Camajuaní (Orange) in Villa Clara (Yellow) | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Map of where Vega Alta is in Cuba | coordinates_footnotes = | government_footnotes = | shield_alt = | seat_type = | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Foundation | established_date = 1883 | founder = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | leader_title3 = | seat = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = President <ref name="Telecubana"> {{cite web|url=https://www.telecubanacan.icrt.cu/provinciales/crecen-los-intercambios-con-el-pueblo-de-los-candidatos-a-diputados-por-camajuani/|title=Crecen los intercambios con el pueblo de los candidatos a Diputados por Camajuaní|website=[[Telecubana]]|lang=es}} </ref> | leader_name = Fidel Fernández Mederos | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | pushpin_label_position = | native_name = | area_water_km2 = | area_blank1_ha = | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = 0.3700 | area_land_km2 = | area_blank2_ha = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | leader_name4 = | leader_title4 = | population_demonym = Vegaltense | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://citypopulation.de/en/cuba/villaclara/2605__camajuan%C3%AD/ | title=Camajuaní (Municipality, Villa Clara Province, Cuba) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location }}</ref> | population_as_of = | population_total = 1061 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | length_km = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal Code <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.getpostalcodes.com/cuba/place-vega-alta-2605|title= Vega Alta Villa Clara Postal / ZIP Codes|website= getpostalcodes.com}}</ref> | postal_code = 52500 | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''Vega Alta''' ni tawuni yichoko mu [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Malo agha ghali pafupi na [[Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica]]. == Malo == [[File:Vega Alta Popular Council Map.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Mapu ya Popular Council ya Vega Alta, [[Cuba]]]] Wupu wa Vega Alta ni wupu wa Vega Alta na matawuni ghapafupi. Matawuni gha mu ward ya Vega Alta ni: * [[Rincón, Camajuaní|Rincon]] * [[La Lebiza]] * [[El Cubano]] (panji La [[Flora, Cuba|Flora]]) * [[CPA Benito Ramírez]] * [[Guerrero, Cuba|Guerrero]] === Munda wa Vega Alta === Paki ya Vega Alta (Parque del poblado de Vega Alta) yikuchemeka paki ya Vega Alta. Iyi ndiyo paki yimoza pera mu Vega Alta. Ni malo ghaŵiri mu Camajuani agho ghali na Intaneti yaulere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EPP |title=Villa_Clara - Áreas WIFI Camajuaní |url=https://www.soyvillaclara.gob.cu/es/676-servicios/etecsa/7309-areas-wifi-camajuani |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Villa_Clara |language=es-es}}</ref> ==Boma== Camajuaní wali na nthumwi zinandi za Mulongozgi ya Chigaŵa chavisankho ([[Delegado Circunscripción]]) pa ward yiliyose, ward ya Vega Alta wali na: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Consejo Popular Vega Alta |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/320-consejo-popular-vega-alta/amp |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153124/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/320-consejo-popular-vega-alta/amp |archive-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 58 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #58]] Raúl Águila Camacho * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 59 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #59]] Santos Rodríguez González * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 60 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #60]] Julio P. Hurtado Jaramillo * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 61 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #61]] Fidel Fernández Mederos (pulezidenti mu Vega Alta <ref name="Telecubana"/>) * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 66 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #66]] Lázaro Rodríguez Gómez ==Masambiro== [[File:ESBU Wilfredo Cabrera Portal.jpg|thumb|left|Picture of [[Escuela Secundaria Básica Wilfredo Cabrera Portal|Wilfredo Cabrera Portal Secondary]]|87px]] Masukulu gha mu Vega Alta ni agha: * Benito Ramírez Rodríguez mu CPA "Benito Ramírez" * [[Escuela Primaria Juan Francisco Aro (Camajuaní)|Juan Francisco Aro]] mu msumba ya Vega Alta <ref name="Camajuani">{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * Serafín Sánchez Valdivia mu Guerrero * Boris Luis Santa Coloma mu La Lorenza * [[Escuela Secundaria Básica Wilfredo Cabrera Portal]] mu msumba ya Vega Alta <ref name="Camajuani"/> Mu malo agha muli malo gha vyakurya (bar “Escondite”), malo gha vyakurya, layibulare ([[Biblioteca Sucursal Juan Bruno Zayas|Biblioteca Branch Juan Bruno Zayas]]), malo gha maseŵero, na maji. <ref name="“EcuRed”"> [https://www.ecured.cu/Vega_Alta Vega Alta - EcuRed] </ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Crecen los intercambios con el pueblo de los candidatos a Diputados por Camajuaní |url=https://www.telecubanacan.icrt.cu/provinciales/crecen-los-intercambios-con-el-pueblo-de-los-candidatos-a-diputados-por-camajuani/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Telecubanacán |language=es}}</ref> ===Escuela Secundaria Básica Wilfredo Cabrera Portal=== Sukulu ya Maphunziro a Sekondale ya Wilfredo Cabrera Portal ([[ChiSpanish]]: ''Escuela Secundaria Básica Wilfredo Cabrera Portal'') ndiyo yikovwira ŵana ŵa ku malo agha. <ref name=ESBWCP-EcuRed> [https://www.ecured.cu/Escuela_Secundaria_B%C3%A1sica_Wilfredo_Cabrera_Portal Escuela Secundaria Básica Wilfredo Cabrera Portal - EcuRed] </ref>{{Better source needed}} Sukulu iyi yikambika mu [[1975]] ndipo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti [[Wilfredo Cabrera Portal]] cifukwa ni munthu wakufwa cifukwa ca cipulikano cake. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, pa [[Febuluwale 13]], [[2005]], cipinda cakulyeramo cikajulika. <ref name=ESBWCP-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Malo agho ghalipo ghakaŵa gha Leonardo Cabrera, ndipo wakatora ngongoli na kwamba kukhala na Gregorio Locumberre, uyo wakaŵa wa ku [[Spain]]. Wakaŵa mweneko wa malo ghakurughakuru mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Mu Vega Alta ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba ya Luis Abreu Padrón, mfumu wa Niraida Pedraja Fernández, wose ŵaŵiri ŵa ku [[Palmira]]. Luis wakaŵa Muwoli wa Luis. Ni muzukuru wa Locumberre. Wakumanyikwa chomene mu tawuni iyi chifukwa cha masambiro ghake kweniso chifukwa cha vyakuchitika vyakupambanapambana. <ref name=ESBWCP-EcuRed/> {{Better source needed}} Malo ghakulyerako ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri. Lili na mawindo gha khuni na matayala. Lili na malo na ŵasambizgi ŵakukwana kuti ŵasambizge ŵana ŵake. <ref name=ESBWCP-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Lili na vipinda 5, layibulare yimoza ya kompyuta, layibulare yimoza, masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu vya ntchito, ofesi ya munthavi, malo ghakulyeskeramo, malo ghakusungiramo vinthu, ofesi ya ŵalara, malo ghakusambizgira ŵanthu vya maseŵero, na malo gha vyamba. Pa mulyango wa nyumba iyi, kumalyero kuli chiwangwa cha José Martí ndipo kumalyero kuli cikumbusko cicoko ca Wilfredo Cabrera Portal. <ref name=ESBWCP-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} ===Biblioteca Sucursal Juan Bruno Zayas=== Laibulale ya Juan Bruno Zayas ([[ChiSpanish]]: ''Biblioteca Sucursal Juan Bruno Zayas'') ni gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira vya maluso gha ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku malo agha kuti ŵamanye vinandi kweniso kuti ŵakondwenge na vinthu vya uko ŵakukhala. Iyo wazomerezgeka cifukwa ca mulimo uwemi uwo wakucita. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed> [https://www.ecured.cu/Biblioteca_Sucursal_Juan_Bruno_Zayas Biblioteca Sucursal Juan Bruno Zayas - EcuRed] </ref>{{Better source needed}} Pa malo agho pakaŵa layibulare, pakaŵa ofesi ya Dr. Margarí wakaŵako mu 1889, ndipo mu 1893 Dr. Bruno Juan Zayas wakakhalako nyengo yitali, wati wawerako ku Havana wati wamalizga masambiro ghake gha udokotala. Zayas wakakhala mu malo agha mpaka mu Epulero 1895, kufuma apo wakaluta ku Nkhondo ya 1995 kuti wakalimbane na kusuzgika kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Juan Bruno wati wafwa, malo agha ghakazgoka nyumba ya ŵanthu ŵa ku [[China]]. Kufuma apo, yikaŵa nyumba ya bar m'paka mu 1953, apo yikazgoka ofesi ya Cuban Tobacco Company. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Pakwamba yikaŵa nyumba ya makuni, m'paka apo yikanozgekera ndipo yikazgoka ivyo sono ni Juan Bruno Zayas Library, kweni yikazgoka yayi m'paka mu 1958, apo kukaŵa kuwukira kwakwamba. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Likukhala mu Calle Juan Bruno Zayas, #50; cha Camajuaní. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Nyumba iyi yikazengeka na malibwe, ndipo yili na mtenje. Mu chipinda ichi muli chipinda cha ŵawukirano na cha wose. Para ŵalendo ŵiza pa malo agha, ŵakuŵa na mtende wa mu mtima kweniso ŵakukondwa na vinthu ivyo vikuŵapo. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Ntchito: <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} *Kupeleka mabuku ku ŵanthu wose *Kuwovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakure mu kaluso kawo ka vinthu vya cikaya, masambiro na vinthu vinyake *Ŵakulimbikira kuwombora mitheto na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, cifukwa ŵanandi ŵali kutayika *Ŵakupeleka wovwiri wapadera ku ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu ghakupambanapambana mu tawuni iyi Apo likambanga kuŵa layibulare, Rosa Dalia Pentón Fernández, uyo pamasinda wakachemeka Marilín Jiménez, ndiyo wakalutako. Pamanyuma, María de los Ángeles Jiménez, uyo wakagwiranga nchito kwa myezi yiŵiri pera, wakaweleraso kwa Rosa Dalia. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Pakati pajumpha nyengo, Alina, uyo wakagwiranga nchito kwa myezi yinayi pera, nayo wakaluta. Pamasinda, Marilín wakalutizga uteŵeti uwu kwa vyaka viŵiri, m'paka Rosa Dalia wakakhala yekha. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Mu 1998, Saddi Baldanis wakanjira mu gulu ili ndipo mu 2001, mubwezi wakwamba uyu wakaleka. Mu 2003, Yaniris wakanjira nchito iyi, ndipo wakagwira nchito kwa chaka na hafu mpaka mu 2004. Rosa Dalia wakakhala yekha m'paka mu 2007 apo Jeidy Álvarez wakanjira. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Kufuma waka apo likambira, layibulare iyi yikawovwirapo pa maungano ghakupambanapambana gha mu tawuni iyi. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Pasono sukulu iyi yikugwira nchito pamoza na gulu la Martí Interest Circle na ŵana ŵa kilasi lachinayi la sukulu ya Juan Francisco Aro Fernández. Ŵakachitako maungano ghakupambanapambana mu tawuni iyi, ndipo ŵakasanga viwemi kweniso ntchito yawo yikamanyikwa. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Kweniso ŵakukolerana na wupu wa ŵagogo ŵa mu tawuni iyi, uwo ukuchita milimo yakupambanapambana, nga nkhupangira vinthu vyakupambanapambana. <ref name=BSJBZ-EcuRed/>{{Better source needed}} Pasono lili mu mawoko gha Biblioteca Provincial de Villa Clara "José Martí". <ref> [https://www.ecured.cu/Biblioteca_Provincial_de_Villa_Clara_%22Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD%22 Biblioteca Provincial de Villa Clara "José Martí" - EcuRed] </ref>{{Better source needed}} Mu tawuni iyi muli waka Library Branch Juan Bruno Zayas, iyo yili pakati pa tawuni iyi, ndipo yili na sinema ya 16 mm iyo yili na awo ŵakuyiwoneska. Muli [[TV]] na [[vidiyo]] mu vigaŵa vya mizi mu [[Guerrero, Cuba|Guerrero]] na [[Rincón (Camajuaní)|Rincón]]. <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} ==Mbili== Vega Alta yikaŵako mu [[1883]] apo mbumba za [[Rafael Pérez Borroto]], [[Don Vicente Revuelta]] na [[Manuela Rodríguez]] zikakhalanga kwenekura. <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Cuban ya Kujiwombora, cijaro ico cikafumanga ku Vega Alta kuya ku [[Canoa, Cuba|Canoa]] na [[Tuinicú (Encrucijada)|Tuinicú]] cikaparanyika. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/nuestra-region/region-camajuani/un-poco-de-historia | title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Un poco de historia | access-date=2023-04-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527030124/https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/nuestra-region/region-camajuani/un-poco-de-historia | archive-date=2023-05-27 }}</ref> Mpaka mu [[1976]] Vega Alta wakaŵa chigaŵa cha msumba wakale wa [[San Antonio de las Vueltas]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Antonio de las Vueltas |url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vsanantonio/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=www.guije.com}}</ref><ref name="UCLV"/> {{rp|page 48}} Pakuyezga chiphikiro cha ku [[Remedios, Cuba|Remedios]] na chomenechomene cha ku Camajuaní, pa [[Epulero 25]], [[1936]], ŵakamba kuchita chiphikiro cha [[Chivos y Sapos]], ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa chomene. <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} Chiphikiro ichi chikaŵa chakukondweska chomene m'ma [[1950]] na mu hafu yakwamba ya m'ma [[1960]], m'paka mu [[1965]], apo pa vifukwa vyachuma na vyakukolerana chikamara. <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} Pa Epulero 25, [[1985]] ndipo m'paka sono wakukhozga misewu ya pakati pa msumba wa [[Juan Bruno Zayas]] na Coronel [[Casallas]] ndipo wakuwoneseska viphikiro, kwambura mphindano panji viphikiro vya mu mizi. Chakukondweska ntchakuti mu chihanya cha [[1997]] m'paka kuumaliro wa [[1998]], [[barrios]] Chivos na Sapos chikaweleraso mu muzi uwu. <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} ===Malo ghakale=== Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchindikapo vinthu ivi. Vinthu vyawo vili makora. Vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ni ivi: <ref name=“EcuRed”/>{{Better source needed}} * Chipilala cha [[Raúl Torres Acosta]] (Mu La Loma) * Nkhupenja [[José Martí]] (panji pa paki ya Vega Alta) * Nkhupenja Juan Bruno Zayas na Alfonso (panji pa paki ya Vega Alta) * Juan Bruno Zayas Public Library (Nyumba iyo mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la mambí wakafumira apo wakawukiranga nkhondo). ==Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka== Vega Alta wali pa msewu wa njanji kufuma ku [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]], kuluta ku [[Crucero Margot (Santa Clara)|Crucero Margot]], [[Luis Arcos Bergnes]], Vega Alta, Canoa, Tuinicu, [[Constancia, Cuba|Constancia]], [[Encrucijada]], [[Mata (Cifuentes)|Mata]], [[El Vaquerito (Cifuentes)|El Vaquerito]], [[Aguada la Piedra (Cifuentes)|Aguada la Piedra]], [[Cifuentes, Cuba|Cifuentes]], [[San Diego del Valle (Cifuentes)|San Diego del Valle]], [[Conyedo (Ranchuelo)|Conyedo]], na kuwerako ku Santa Clara. <ref>{{Citation |last=lezumbalaberenjena |title=Composed road map from a tour guide (1980's) |date=2017-11-09 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lezumbalaberenjena/44038904924/ |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Road guides of Cuba |url=http://itravelnetwork.us/document/guides/GC_2019_English.pdf}}</ref> ==Ŵanthu== {{Infobox demographics| auto_percent = yes|type=Historical population|group1=1919|pop1=3462|group2=[[1931 Cuba census|1931]]|pop2=4147|group3=1943|pop3=4732|group4=2002|pop4=1149|group5=2009|pop5=1149|group6=2012|pop6=1061|group7=|pop7=|source=[http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vsanantonio/index.htm Guije], [https://citypopulation.de/en/cuba/villaclara/2605__camajuan%C3%AD/ CityPopulation.de], and [https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Oficina Municipal de Estadística (page 77)]}} ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, Vega Alta ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kutimbanizga vinthu. <ref name=UCLV>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> {{rp|page 67}} Pakuti chigaŵa ichi chili na vyakurya vinandi, pali makopara ghatatu gha Credit and Services (CCS) agho ghali kukhozga chomene * [[File:Camajuaní VC - Raúl Torres Acosta.png|22px]] [[CCS Raúl Torres Acosta]] mu La Levisa * [[File:Flag of None (square).svg|22px]] [[CCS Mártires de Vueltas|CCS Mártires de Vueltas]] mu Guerrero Kweniso wali na Cooperative of Agricultural Production (CPA) * [[File:Flag of None (square).svg|22px]] [[CPA Benito Ramírez]]. <ref name="“EcuRed”2">[https://www.ecured.cu/Vega_Alta Vega Alta - EcuRed]</ref>{{Better source needed}} ==Vyakupeleka== Vega Alta, [[Sagua la Chica]], na [[Crecencio Valdés, Cuba|Crecencio Valdés]], ni matawuni ghekha gha mu Camajuani agho ghakupanga dongo. <ref name=UCLV/> {{rp|page 77}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Council Lakumanyikwa ya Cuba]] [[Category:Vega Alta, Cuba| ]] [[Category:Misumba mu Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara]] ka7lglbbfv2k67esbab88i6xfket8sr 0 11678 122712 119329 2026-09-28T03:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 22 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Redirect-several|America|US|USA|The United States of America|United States}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=September 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = United States of America | common_name = United States | image_flag = Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg | alt_flag = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | flag_type_article = Flag of the United States | image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg | coat_alt = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse | national_motto = "[[In God We Trust]]"<ref>{{USC|36|302}}</ref>{{collapsible list |title={{nowrap|Other traditional mottos:<ref name="de facto Motto">{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]]|year=2003|url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf|title=The Great Seal of the United States|access-date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>}} |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em; |liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap; |{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"Out of many, one" |{{native phrase|la|"[[Annuit cœptis]]"|italics=off}}<br />"Providence favors our undertakings" |{{native phrase|la|"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"New order of the ages" }} | national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<ref>{{cite act|date=March 3, 1931|article=14|article-type=H.R.|legislature=[[71st United States Congress]]|title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]</div> <!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. | march = "[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]"{{sfn|Kidder|Oppenheim|2007|p=91}}<ref name="urluscode.house.gov">{{cite web|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&page=1263|title=uscode.house.gov|date=August 12, 1999|website=Public Law 105-225|publisher=uscode.house.gov|pages=112 Stat. 1263|quote=Section 304. "The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march."|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:March, "The Stars and Stripes Forever" · Colonel John R. Bourgeois, Director · John Philip Sousa · United States Marine Band.ogg]]</div> --> <!-- Consensus map, see talk page. -->| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S. and its territories]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|EEZ]]|default=1}} | map_width = | capital = [[Washington, D.C.]]<br />{{coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|display=inline}} | largest_city = [[New York City]]<br />{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}} | official_languages = None at the [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of [[Hawaii]] recognizes both [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English as official languages, and the state of [[Alaska]] officially recognizes 20 [[Alaska Native languages]] alongside English.}} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]'') <!-- NOTE: For English, don't add "American English" -->| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 57.8% [[White Americans|White]] * 18.7% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] * 12.1% [[African Americans|Black]] * 5.9% [[Asian Americans|Asian]] * 0.7% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] * 0.2% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] * 4.1% [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]] * 0.5% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2020CensusData">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html|title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2020InteractiveCensusData">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476|title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity|title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data|author=|date=August 13, 2021|website=NPR|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> | demonym = [[Americans|American]]{{efn|name=demonym|The historical and informal demonym [[Yankee]] has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee|year=1963|page=336}}</ref> | government_type = [[Federalism in the United States|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] and a [[liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elving |first1=Ron |title=Is America a democracy or a republic? Yes, it is |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/10/1122089076/is-america-a-democracy-or-a-republic-yes-it-is |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=September 10, 2022}}</ref> <!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and House Speaker -->| leader_title1 = [[President of the United States|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Kevin McCarthy]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] | legislature = [[United States Congress|Congress]] | upper_house = [[United States Senate|Senate]] | lower_house = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the United States|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] | established_event1 = [[American Revolution|Revolution]] | established_date1 = {{Start date|1765|3|22}} | established_event2 = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] | established_date2 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}} | established_event3 = [[Confederation Period|Confederation]] | established_date3 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}} | established_event4 = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]] | established_date4 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}} | established_event5 = [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] | established_date5 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}} | established_event6 = [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Last Amendment]] | established_date6 = {{Start date|1992|5|5}} | area_link = Geography of the United States | area_label = Total area | area_footnote = <ref>Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web| date = August 2010| title = State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates| work = [[Census.gov]]| url = https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html| access-date = March 31, 2020| quote = reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref> | area_rank = 3rd{{efn|name=largestcountry}} | area_sq_mi = 3,796,742 | percent_water = 4.66<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=October 11, 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|date=2015}}</ref> (2015) | area_label2 = Land area | area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd) | population_census = 331,449,281{{efn|name="pop"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 333,287,557<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-population-estimates.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 185th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $26.855&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF.WEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |date=April 10, 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140637/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $80,035<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $26.855&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $80,035<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th | Gini = 39.4<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = {{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html|title=Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020|first=US Census|last=Bureau|newspaper=Census.gov |page=48|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.921<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ($) | currency_code = USD | utc_offset = −4 to −12, +10, +11 | utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{efn|name="time"}} | date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]].}} | drives_on = Right{{efn|name="drive"}} | calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]] | iso3166code = US | cctld = [[.com]], [[.us]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/|title=The Difference Between .us vs .com|date=January 3, 2022|website=Cozab|access-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/|archive-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref> | area_km2 = | today = | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 63% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]] ** 40% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** 21% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]] ** 2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |29% [[Irreligion in the United States|no religion]] |1% [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] |1% [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] |1% [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] |1% [[American Jews|Judaism]] |2% [[Religion in the United States|other]] |2% unanswered }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="Pew2021">{{cite web|title=About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated/|website=Measuring Religion in Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=December 14, 2021}}</ref> |latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|languages2_type=|leader_name5=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}} '''United States of America''' ('''U.S.A.''' panji '''USA'''), panji '''United States''' (U.S. panji US) panji '''America''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Amelika wa Kumpoto|North America]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku [[India]]. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Canada]] kumpoto na [[Mexico]] kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Russia]], na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni. [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo [[New York City]] ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku [[America]] vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la [[Great Britain|Britain]] pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe [[Nkhondo ya ku America]]. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku [[Southern United States]] kukapangiska kuti [[Confederate States of America]] yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa [[Pearl Harbor]], charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na [[Soviet Union]] viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi. [[Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya]] yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.<!-- Government and citizens --> Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi. ==Kwiza kwa zina== <!-- linked --> {{Further|Mazina gha United States|Mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku United States}} Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta "ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America" kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma.<ref>DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom&nbsp;... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence." ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).</ref><ref>Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) [https://blog.nyhistory.org/coined-phrase-united-states-america-may-never-guess/ Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess] "Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's ''Common Sense'', Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause." ''New-York Historical Society Museum & Library''</ref><ref>Fay, John (July 15, 2016) [https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America'] "According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?" ''IrishCentral.com''</ref> Mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776. Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti "United States of America" likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.{{sfn|Safire|2003|p=199}} Mazgu ghakuti "United States" ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti "United States". Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni "United States of America". Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka "Mamerika". "United States", "American", na "U.S". vikuyowoya vya charu ("American values", "U.S. forces"). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti "America" likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Kenneth G.|title=The Columbia guide to standard American English|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0|url-access=registration|date=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-06989-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0/page/27 27–28]}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|Mbili ya United States}} {{For outline|Outline of United States history}} === Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492) === {{Further|Native Americans in the United States|Pre-Columbian era}} [[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba iyi yili ku Colorado, ndipo yikazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ancestral Puebloans pakati pa 1190 na 1260.|alt=Aerial view of the Cliff Palace]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America ŵakafuma ku Siberia na kuluta pa Bering land bridge ndipo ŵakafika vyaka 12,000 ivyo vyajumpha.{{sfn|Erlandson|Rick|Vellanoweth|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Savage|2011|page= 55}}{{sfn|Haviland|Walrath|Prins|2013|page=219}} Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Clovis ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya ku America.{{sfn|Waters|Stafford|2007|pages=1122–1126}}{{sfn|Flannery|2015|pages=173–185}} Ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chakwamba pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaluta ku North America. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso ghanandi, ndipo ŵanyake, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Mississippian kumwera kwa charu ichi, ŵakamba kulima, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba wa Cahokia ndiwo ni malo ghakuru comene na ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona mu United States. Mu chigaŵa cha Four Corners, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Puebloan ŵakamba kuchita ulimi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Algonquian ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu North America. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Algonquian. Kale ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic na mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Saint Lawrence na kuzingilizga Nyanja Yikuru. Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukumana nawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algonquian ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvina na kuloŵa somba, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakakuranga chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, nyungu, na ma squash. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ojibwe ŵakaliskanga mpunga. Gulu la Haudenosaunee la ŵanthu ŵa ku Iroquois, ilo lili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, likaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1500. Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page=12}} Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page= 12}} === Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763) === {{Further|Colonial history of the United States|European colonization of the Americas|Slavery in the colonial history of the United States}}[[File:The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|Phangano la Mayflower ilo likalembeka mu 1620, likaŵa lakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulire ŵekha.]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Scandinavia ndiwo ŵakambiska charu cha New England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New England Colonies and the Native Americans {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508091505/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans/ |archive-date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-21 |title=Forgotten History: How The New England Colonists Embraced The Slave Trade |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/21/482874478/forgotten-history-how-the-new-england-colonists-embraced-the-slave-trade |access-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> Christopher Columbus wakaluta ku Puerto Rico mu 1493, ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kukhala ku San Juan. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafika ku United States ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain nga ni Juan Ponce de León, uyo wakaluta kakwamba ku Florida mu 1513. Munthu munyake wa ku Italy, zina lake Giovanni da Verrazzano, uyo wakatumika na France ku New World mu 1525, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ghakuchemeka New York Bay. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakambiska malo ghakwamba ku Florida na New Mexico, nga ni Saint Augustine, msumba wakale chomene mu charu ichi, na Santa Fe. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhazikiska mizi yawo mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mississippi na Gulf of Mexico, chomenechomene ku New Orleans na Mobile. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208032805/https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205|date=February 8, 2016}}''". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0-521-55203-5}}</ref><ref>[[#Bianchine|Bianchine, Russo, 1992]] pp. 225–232</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.[[File:Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg|alt=Map of the U.S. showing the original Thirteen Colonies along the eastern seaboard|thumb|The [[United Colonies]] in 1775: * Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]]. * Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]]. * Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]]|left]] Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5</ref><ref>[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55</ref> Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nawo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa mu vyaru vya ku America. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa America. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana pa nkhani ya kusopa na nkharo ya ŵazga. Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga.<ref name="Wood1998">{{cite book |author=Wood |first=Gordon S. |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4 |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |publisher=UNC Press Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7 |page=263}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ratcliff|2013|p=220}}Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Otis |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678 |title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |year=1763 |isbn=9780665526787}}</ref> ===Revolutionary period (1763–1789)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1776–1789)|History of the United States (1789–1849)|l2 = 1789–1849}} {{further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|Confederation period|}} [[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'', a painting by [[John Trumbull]], depicts the [[Committee of Five]]{{efn|John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston}} presenting the draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] to the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]], June 28, 1776, in [[Philadelphia]].|alt=See caption]] Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na "wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England" kweniso kuti "ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.<ref name="Humphrey2003">{{cite book|author=Humphrey, Carol Sue|title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}}</ref> Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: "Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe". Stephen Lucas wakati ni "mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi", ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli "mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America". Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga. Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |editor-first=Hunter |editor-last=Miller |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}</ref> As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country, [[American nationalism|nationalists]] advocated for and led the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787 in writing the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] to replace it, [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified]] in state conventions in 1788. === Early national period (1789–1849) === {{Main|History of the United States (1789–1849)}} U.S. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo njakukhora comene pa vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu malango gha caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011354/http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2014/sep/22/bob-goodlatte/goodlatte-says-us-has-oldest-working-national-cons/ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution], Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.</ref>Mu 1789, dango ili likamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo likapangiska kuti boma liŵe na maofesi ghatatu (ghawemi, ghaulamuliri, na ghakusora malango). George Washington, uyo wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa ku America kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ndipo pamanyuma wakaleka mazaza ghake, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakuyana na dango liphya. Mu 1791, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikakanizga boma kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu 1803 apo boma la Louisiana likagura charu ichi, chigaŵa chake chikakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya ku Britain yikalutilira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya 1812, iyo yikaŵa yambura umaliro. Spain wakapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast mu 1819.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}</ref> [[File:Cotton gin harpers.jpg|thumb|William L. Sheppard "First Use of a [[Cotton Gin]]" (1790–1800), ''Harper's weekly'', Dec. 18, 1869]] Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya wuzga. Ku North, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni John Adams, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na Benjamin Franklin, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 1810 boma lililose mu chigaŵa ichi likazomerezga. Mu 1820 Missouri Compromise yikazomerezga Missouri kuŵa boma la ŵazga na Maine kuŵa boma lakufwatuka ndipo yikayowoya kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuŵa ŵazga mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa 36°30′. Ivyo vikachitika vikapangiska kuti charu chigaŵike vigaŵa viŵiri: vyaru vya wanangwa, ivyo vikakanizganga wuzga; na vyaru vya ŵazga, ivyo vikavikiliranga wuzga.{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=153-157}} In [[Southern United States|the South]], the invention of the [[cotton gin]] spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing [[Slavery as a positive good in the United States|the institution as a positive good]] instead of a [[necessary evil]].{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=478, 481-482, 587-588}} Although the federal government [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|outlawed]] American participation in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the [[Deep South]], and along with it, the use of [[Slavery in the United States|slave labor]].<ref name="Cogliano2008">{{cite book|author=Cogliano, Francis D.|title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219|year=2008|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}</ref><ref>[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43</ref><ref>[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29</ref> The [[Second Great Awakening]], especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]];<ref name="Clark2012iu">{{cite book|author=Clark, Mary Ann|title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47|date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47 47] }}</ref> in the South, [[History of Methodism in the United States|Methodists]] and [[Baptists in the United States|Baptists]] proselytized among slave populations.<ref>Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-8139-2609-4}}, p. 197</ref> {{anchor|Independence and expansion}} [[File:United_States_evolution.gif|thumb|An animation of US [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion]] over time.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku America ŵakamba kusamira kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1803 boma la Spain likagura malo ghaŵiri gha charu ichi. Mu 1819, charu cha Spain chikapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast. Mu 1845, boma la Texas likapokeka na boma la United States.<ref name="Kemp2010">{{cite book|author=Kemp, Roger L.|title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.<ref name="Rawls1999">{{cite book|author=Rawls, James J.|title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}}</ref> Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States.<ref>Paul Frymer, "Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion," (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)</ref> Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi. ===Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)=== {{main|History of the United States (1849–1865)}} {{Further|Slave states and free states|American Civil War|Reconstruction era}} {{see also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}} [[File:US Secession map 1861.svg|thumb|{{center|'''Status of the states, 1861'''}} {{legend|#A40000| Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#EF2929| Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#FCE94F| Union states that permitted slavery (border states)}} {{legend|#204A87| Union states that banned slavery}} {{legend|#D3D7CF| Territories}}|alt=Map of U.S. showing two kinds of Union states, two phases of secession and territories]] Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the [[Slavery in the United States|enslavement of those of black African descent]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Stuart|last=Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|first=Harold T.|last=Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> was the [[Origins of the American Civil War|primary cause of the American Civil War]].<ref name="Woods 2012 pp. 415–439">{{cite journal | last=Woods | first=Michael E. | title=What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature | journal=The Journal of American History | publisher=[Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians] | volume=99 | issue=2 | year=2012 | issn=0021-8723 | jstor=44306803 | pages=415–439 | doi=10.1093/jahist/jas272 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44306803 | access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> With the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 election]] of Republican [[Abraham Lincoln]], conventions in eleven slave states—all in the [[Southern United States]]—declared [[secession]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the federal government (the "[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]") maintained that [[Perpetual Union|secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate]].<ref name="Silkenat 2019 p. 25">{{cite book | last=Silkenat | first=D. | title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | series=Civil War America | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | access-date=2023-04-29 | page=25}}</ref> On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by [[Battle of Fort Sumter|bombarding Fort Sumter]], a federal garrison in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston harbor]], South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vinovskis|first=Maris|date=1990|title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/towardsocialhist0000unse|page=[https://archive.org/details/towardsocialhist0000unse/page/4 4]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=978-0-521-39559-5}}</ref> [[Reconstruction (United States)|Reconstruction]] began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy, [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] on April&nbsp;14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again.{{fact|date=April 2023}} Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)|ensure the rights of African Americans]], and the so-called [[Reconstruction Amendments]] to the Constitution guaranteed the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolishment of slavery]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|full citizenship to Americans of African descent]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|suffrage for adult Black males]]. They persisted until the [[Compromise of 1877]], when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the [[1876 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1876]].{{fact|date=April 2023}} Influential Southern whites, calling themselves "[[Redeemers]]", took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the [[nadir of American race relations]]. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchising]] almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] nationwide, especially in the South.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shearer Davis Bowman|title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers|url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Oxford UP|page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221]|isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 }}</ref> They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jason E.|last=Pierce|title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT256|year=2016|publisher=University Press of Colorado|page=256|isbn=978-1-60732-396-9 }}</ref> ===Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1865–1918)}} {{further|United States in World War I|Economic history of the United States|Immigration to the United States|Technological and industrial history of the United States|Gilded Age|Progressive Era}} [[File:Emigrants (i.e. immigrants) landing at Ellis Island -.webm|thumb|left|Film by [[Edison Studios]] showing immigrants at [[Ellis Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], that was a major entry point for European [[Immigration to the United States|immigration into the U.S.]]<ref name="PriceBenton-Short2008">{{cite book|first1=Marie|last1=Price|first2=Lisa|last2=Benton-Short|title=Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51|year=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6|page=51}}</ref>]] National infrastructure, including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railroads]], spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. After the [[American Civil War]], new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.<ref name="Black2011kj">{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}}</ref> Mainland expansion also included the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 23, 2014}}</ref> In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew]] the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaiian monarchy]] and formed the [[Republic of Hawaii]], which the U.S. [[Newlands Resolution|annexed]] in 1898. Puerto Rico, [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] following the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spanish–American War, 1898|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Neither the [[Foraker Act]] (1900), nor the [[Insular Cases]] (1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to [[American entry into World War I]], citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (1917).<ref name=HoE>{{Cite book | title = Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America | url = https://archive.org/details/harvestofempireh0000gonz | first = Juan | last = Gonzalez | publisher = Penguin | date = 2011 }}</ref>{{rp|60–63}} In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the [[Panama Canal Zone]] via the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] after providing naval aid preventing [[Colombia]] from putting down the [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|rebellion]] which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York.<ref name=HoE />{{rp|67}} [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.</ref> The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from [[Denmark]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virgin Islands History|url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/|publisher=Vinow.com|access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref> [[File:Ford Motor Company assembly line.jpg|thumb|Workers [[Mass production|mass producing]] [[Automotive industry in the United States|automobiles]] on an [[assembly line]] in Chicago in 1913.<ref>Rubin, A. (2021). Postindustrial America. In S. P. Holland (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of American studies''. Johns Hopkins University Press. </ref>]] [[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of [[Robber baron (industrialist)|many prominent industrialists]]. [[Tycoon|Tycoons]] like [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], [[John D. Rockefeller]], and [[Andrew Carnegie]] led the nation's progress in the [[Railways|railroad]], [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with [[J. P. Morgan]] playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |website=Rumble On |access-date=5 December 2021 |date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |archive-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref> In the North, [[urbanization]] and an unprecedented [[History of immigration to the United States|influx of immigrants]] from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization.<ref name="Powell2009qwet">{{cite book|first=John|last=Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[Incandescent light bulb|Electric light]] and the [[telephone]] drastically changed communication and urban life.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=351, 385}} The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=Edward|title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy|pages=400–405|edition=1961}}</ref> These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[Effects of immigration to the United States|immigration]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], which prompted the rise of [[Labor history of the United States|organized labor]] along with [[Populism in the United States|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}} p. 589</ref><ref>[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357</ref><ref name="Fraser">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofacquiescenc0000fras |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofacquiescenc0000fras/page/66 66]}}</ref> This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms including [[Consumer protection|health and safety regulation]] of consumer goods, the rise of [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]], and greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration|title=The Great Migration (1910-1970)|date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> [[File:The center of New York 1932.jpg|thumb|The newly constructed [[Empire State Building]] in [[midtown Manhattan]], 1932]] The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in [[women's suffrage]] and [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]].<ref>Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960,"&nbsp;''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies''&nbsp;(2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.</ref><ref>James Timberlake,&nbsp;''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920''&nbsp;(Harvard UP, 1963)</ref><ref>George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,"&nbsp;''South Atlantic Quarterly''&nbsp;62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.</ref> The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states<ref>{{cite web | title=Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation|website=Mapping American Social Movements Project|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/WomanSuffrage_map.shtml|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> before the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]] in 1920.<ref name="voris">{{cite book|last1=Voris|first1=Jacqueline Van|title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life|url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv|series=Women and Peace Series|year=1996|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-55861-139-9|page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.<ref name="autogenerated418">McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.</ref> === Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945) === {{main|History of the United States (1918–1945)}} {{Further|Roaring Twenties|Great Depression in the United States|United States home front during World War II|Military history of the United States during World War II}} The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as President in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]] economic policies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need|url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5|first1=June|last1=Axinn|first2=Mark J.|last2=Stern|isbn=978-0-205-52215-6|edition=7th|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston|year=2007}}</ref> The [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Noble Gregory|title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507136-8|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/|title=Mass Exodus From the Plains|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|year=2013|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|access-date=October 5, 2014}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html|title=The Migrant Experience|last1=Fanslow|first1=Robin A.|date=April 6, 1997|website=American Folklore Center|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=October 5, 2014}}<br />{{cite book|first=Walter J.|last=Stein|title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> [[File:Trinity_Detonation_T&B_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mushroom cloud]] formed by the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Experiment]] in [[New Mexico]], part of the [[Manhattan Project]], the first detonation of a [[nuclear weapon]] in history, July 1945]] At first [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|neutral during World War II]], the United States began supplying [[Lend-Lease|war material]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941. A total of [[United States dollar|$]]50.1 billion (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|50100000000|1941|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.<ref name="McNeill 778">{{cite book|author= McNeill| title=America, Britain and Russia|page= 778}}</ref> On December&nbsp;7, 1941, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]], and in the following year, to [[Internment of Japanese Americans|intern]] about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.<ref>The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See {{cite book |author=[[War Relocation Authority]] |url=https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-282-5/ |title=The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study |year=1946 |page=8}} This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.</ref><ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2014}}</ref> The U.S. pursued a "[[Europe first]]" defense policy,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stoler|first1=Mark A.|title=George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History|url=https://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> with the Philippines being [[Philippines campaign (1941–42)|invaded]] and [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupied by Japan]] until the country's [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|liberation]] by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the "[[Four Policemen]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681|title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives|last=Kelly|first=Brian|access-date=June 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681|archive-date=October 22, 2015}}</ref> who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} The United States emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively unscathed]] from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|978-0-679-72019-5}}</ref> The United States played a leading role in the [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was achieved in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945|date=October 2005|access-date=June 11, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}}</ref> The United States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=February 8, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2887-7}}.</ref> ===Cold War (1945–1990)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)|l2 = 1964–1980|l3 = 1980–1991|History of the United States (1991–2008)|l4 = 1991–2008}} [[File:LevittownPA.jpg|thumb|[[Post–World War II economic expansion]] in the U.S. led to [[Suburbanization|suburban development]] and [[urban sprawl]], as shown in this aerial photograph of [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]], {{Circa|1959}}.]] After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).<ref>See {{cite journal |last=Frankenfeld |first=Peter |title=A Marshall Plan for Greece? The European Union and the Financial Crisis in Greece. A Theoretical and Political Analysis in the Global World Against a Background of Regional Integration: Table 1. European Recovery Programme – Marshall Plan ($ million) |date=2012 |pages=69 |url=http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171238489 |journal=Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |language=EN |issue=31/1 |issn=2300-6153}}</ref> Also at this time, [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its [[Warsaw Pact]] [[Satellite state#Soviet satellite states|satellite states]] on the other.<ref name="Blakemore-2019">{{cite web|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|date=March 22, 2019|title=What was the Cold War?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/|access-date=August 28, 2020|website=National Geographic|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/|archive-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted [[World War II reparations|war reparations]] from its [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet Bloc]] satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises.{{efn|[The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan."}}<ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |editor-first=Klaus | editor-last=Larresm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |page=79}}</ref> The U.S. sometimes opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for [[United States involvement in regime change|regime change]] against [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] governments.<ref>[[#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]</ref> American troops fought the communist forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–1953,<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780802110114 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Chapman |first=Jessica M. |title=Origins of the Vietnam War |date=August 5, 2016 |url=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-353 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353 |isbn=978-0-19-932917-5 |access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref> Their competition to achieve superior [[spaceflight]] capability led to the [[Space Race]], which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to [[Apollo 11|land people on the Moon]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy" /> While both countries engaged in [[proxy war]]s and developed powerful [[nuclear weapon]]s, they avoided direct military conflict.<ref name="Blakemore-2019" /> At home, the United States experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and [[American middle class|middle class]] following World War II. Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}}<ref name="IntHighways">{{cite web|last1=Blas|first1=Elisheva|title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways|url=https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf|website=societyforhistoryeducation.org|publisher=Society for History Education|access-date=January 19, 2015}}</ref> In 1959, the United States admitted [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the [[contiguous United States]].<ref name="Lightner2004">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Lightner|title=Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yei4fDrecWsC&pg=PA141|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28233-1|page=141}}</ref> [[File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington_colorized_photo.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gives his famous "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], 1963.|alt=See caption]]The growing [[civil rights movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront [[Racism in the United States|racism]], with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4b.html|title=The Civil Rights Movement|website=PBS.org|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "[[Great Society]]". The launch of a "[[War on Poverty]]" expanded [[Social programs in the United States|entitlements and welfare]] spending, leading to the creation of the [[Food Stamp Program]], [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children]], along with national [[health insurance]] programs [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html|title=Social Security|website=ssa.gov|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], made significant improvements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dallek|first=Robert|year=2004|title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President|page=[https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 169]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515920-2|url=https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97|title=Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)|publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=July 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|title=Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York|date=October 3, 1965|access-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516063650/https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2016|url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew, which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam War]], mainstream [[Philosophy of psychedelics|experimentation with psychedelics]] and [[Cannabis culture|cannabis]], the [[Black Power movement]], and the [[sexual revolution]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> The [[Women's Movement in the United States (1963-1982)|women's movement]] in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made [[gender equality]] a major social goal. The [[Sexual revolution in 1960s United States|1960s Sexual Revolution]] liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |website=study.com |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref> and the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City marked the beginning of the modern [[gay liberation|gay rights]] movement in the [[Western world|West]].<ref name="StonewallNYC1">{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|first=Julia|last=Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip|date=August 16, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084000/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|archive-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm|title=Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S|publisher=University of Kentucky|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/|title=Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement|first=Nell|last=Frizzell|publisher=Pink News UK|date=June 28, 2013|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots|title=Stonewall riots|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> The United States supported [[Israel]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]]; in response, the country faced an oil [[embargo]] from [[OPEC]] nations, sparking the [[1973 oil crisis]]. The presidency of [[Richard Nixon]] saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the [[Watergate scandal]], which led to [[Nixon resignation|his resignation]] and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades.<ref name="watergate_committee_final_report">[[Sam Ervin|Ervin, Sam]], et al., ''Final Report of the Watergate Committee''.</ref> After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}}</ref> The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of [[stagflation]]. [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and Soviet general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] at the [[Geneva Summit (1985)|Geneva Summit]] in 1985]] After his election in 1980, President [[Ronald Reagan]] responded to economic stagnation with [[Reaganomics|neoliberal reforms]] and accelerated the [[Rollback|rollback strategy]] towards the Soviet Union after its [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Robert C.|date=November 2001|title=The rise and decline of the Soviet economy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-economics_2001-11_34_4/page/859|journal=Canadian Journal of Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=859–881|doi=10.1111/0008-4085.00103|issn=0008-4085}}</ref>{{sfn|Gerstle|2022|pp=106–108, 121-128}}<ref>[[#Soss|Soss, 2010]], p. 277</ref><ref>[[#Fraser|Fraser, 1989]]</ref> During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=k977|title=Federal Debt Held by the Public|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |date=May 31, 2018|access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.<ref name="U.S. Debt">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26402-2004Jun8.html |title=Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink |access-date= May 25, 2007 |newspaper= The Washington Post | date=June 9, 2004}}</ref> The [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse]] of the USSR's [[Eastern Bloc|network of satellite states]] in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the country itself]] in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,<ref name="Gaidar">{{cite book|last=Gaĭdar|first=E.T.|year=2007|title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia|url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}}|pages=190–205|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-815-73114-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Howell|first=Buddy Wayne|title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988|year=2006|publisher=Texas A&M University|isbn=978-0-549-41658-6|page=352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Kissinger|title=Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731|year=2011|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8|pages=781–784|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|last=Mann|first=James|title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9|page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref> ensuring a global [[unipolarity]]<ref>[[Charles Krauthammer]], "The Unipolar Moment", ''Foreign Affairs'', 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.</ref> in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole [[superpower]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Judt|first1=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|last2=Lacorne|first2=Denis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|first=Richard J.|last=Samuels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|first=Paul R.|last=Pillar|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8157-0004-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill/page/57 57]|url-access=registration}}<br />{{cite book|first=Gabe T.|last=Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease", From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|publisher=Diane Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}<br />[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]</ref> ===Contemporary period (1990–present)=== {{Main|History of the United States (1991–2008)|History of the United States (2008–present)|l2 = 2008–present}} Fearing the spread of [[Middle East|regional]] international instability from the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]], in August 1991, President [[George H. W. Bush]] launched and led the [[Gulf War]] against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and dissolving the [[Republic of Kuwait|Iraqi-backed puppet state]] in Kuwait.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Halliday|first=Fred|title=The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: First Reflections|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1991-04_67_2/page/223|volume=67|number=2|pages=223–234|date=April 1991|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|doi=10.2307/2620827|jstor=2620827|s2cid=154565052 }}</ref> During the administration of President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1994, the U.S. signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.<ref>{{cite web|title=North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) {{!}} United States Trade Representative|url=https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|website=www.ustr.gov|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-date=March 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011855/https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite book|author1=Thakur|author2=Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava|title=International Management: Concepts and Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2SbAuVzHBMC&pg=PA334|year=1997|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-463395-3|pages=334–335|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9rhlt2Ke3gC&pg=PA201|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38376-2|page=201 }}</ref> Due to the [[dot-com bubble|dot-com boom]], stable monetary policy, and [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|reduced social welfare spending]], the 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest economic expansion]] in modern U.S. history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky?|author=Dale, Reginald|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-think.2.t_2.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 18, 2000|access-date=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book|last=Mankiw|first=N. Gregory|title=Macroeconomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58KxPNa0hF4C&pg=PA463|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-324-58999-3|page=559|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist hijackers flew passenger planes into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City and [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=September 9, 2011|title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened|url=https://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/|access-date=March 6, 2013|work=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news|title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|work=CBS News|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=March 6, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html|title=Day of Terror Video Archive|year=2005|work=CNN|access-date=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, President [[George W. Bush]] launched the [[war on terror]], which included a nearly 20-year [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] from 2001 to 2021 and the 2003–2011 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E.|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|page=872|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Overview: The Iraq War|last=Wong|first=Edward|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 15, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2|page=159|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news|title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War|author=Durando, Jessica|author2=Green, Shannon Rae|agency=Associated Press|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=March 7, 2013|archive-date=September 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|url-status=dead }}</ref> Government policy designed to promote affordable housing,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddeninplainsig0000wall|last=Wallison|first=Peter|publisher=Encounter Books|year=2015|isbn=978-978-59407-7-0|author-link=Peter J. Wallison}}</ref> widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf|title=Financial Crisis Inquiry Report|year=2011|author=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission|isbn=978-1-60796-348-6|author-link=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission }}</ref> and historically low interest rates set by the [[Federal Reserve]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=John B.|author-link=John B. Taylor|access-date=January 21, 2017|title=The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w14631.pdf|journal=Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series|date=January 2009}}</ref> led to a [[United States housing bubble|housing bubble]] in 2006. This culminated in the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]] and the [[Great Recession]], the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]], the first [[Multiracial American|multiracial]]<ref>{{cite news|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|title=Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement?|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96916824| work=[[NPR]]|date=November 12, 2008}}</ref> President with [[African-American]] ancestry, [[2008 United States presidential election|was elected in 2008]] amid the financial crisis.<ref name="Washington-2011">{{cite news|title=African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession|agency=[[Associated Press]]| last1=Washington| first1=Jesse| last2=Rugaber| first2=Chris|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/3584442/economic-gains-for-blacks-reversed-in-great-recession|date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616183529/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/black-recession-economy-african-americans_n_894046.html|archive-date=June 16, 2013}}</ref> By the end of his second term, the stock market, median household income and net worth, and the number of persons with jobs were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below the historical average.<ref name=RSKrugman1>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|title=In Defense of Obama|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 19, 2016|date=October 8, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119140244/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Obama_Inequality">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/chapter_1-eight_years_of_recovery_reinvestment_2017.pdf|title=CEA 2017 Economic Report of the President-Chapter One-Eight Years of Recovery and Reinvestment|website=Whitehouse.gov|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Politico_Awesome>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/everything-is-still-awesome-214554|title=Everything is Awesome|website=Politico.com|date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Factcheck_Inherits">{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/01/what-president-trump-inherits/|title=What President Trump Inherits|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=January 20, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}</ref><ref name="Factcheck_Obama#">{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/09/obamas-final-numbers/|title=Obama's Final Numbers|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=September 29, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}</ref> His signature legislative accomplishment was the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA), popularly known as "Obamacare". It represented the [[U.S. healthcare system|U.S. health care system]]'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare in 1965. As a result, the uninsured share of the population was cut in half, while the number of newly insured Americans was estimated to be between 20 and 24 million.<ref name="HHS_ASPE16">{{Cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/health-insurance-coverage-and-affordable-care-act-2010-2016 |first1 = Namrata| first2 = Kenneth |first3 =Emily | last1= Uberoi |last2 =Finegold| last3=Gee |title=Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2016|publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |department= Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation |access-date=December 7, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091604/https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//142146/ACA2010-2016.pdf | archive-date = December 5, 2011|date=March 2, 2016}}</ref> After Obama served two terms, Republican [[Donald Trump]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th president]] in 2016. [[2016 United States presidential election|His election]] is viewed as one of the biggest political upsets in American and world history.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Harrison|title=Donald Trump is elected president of the United States|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/donald-trump-is-elected-president-of-the-united-states/2016/11/09/58046db4-a684-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 27, 2020|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Trump held office through [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|the first waves]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the resulting [[COVID-19 recession]] starting in 2020 that exceeded even the Great Recession earlier in the century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |title=Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Political polarization in the United States|Political polarization]] increased beginning in the 2010s, with [[Abortion in the United States|abortion access]], [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], the [[transgender rights movement]], [[Institutional racism|lingering systemic racism]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], [[Illegal immigration to the United States|undocumented immigration]], [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]] and [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|recreational marijuana use]] becoming central topics of debate. [[List of protests and demonstrations in the United States by size|Several protests have since become among the largest]] in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Shadi |date=January 8, 2022 |title=The Forever Culture War |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/republicans-democrats-forever-culture-war/621184/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Michael |date=2018 |title=Chapter 30: The Recent Past |url=https://www.americanyawp.com/text/30-the-recent-past/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Stanford University Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On January 6, 2021, supporters of the outgoing President Trump [[2021 United States Capitol attack|stormed the U.S. Capitol]] in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]] vote count that would confirm Democrat [[Joe Biden]] as the 46th president.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peñaloza |first=Marisa |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Supporters Storm U.S. Capitol, Clash with Police |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=NPR |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> In 2022, the Supreme Court [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|ruled that there is no constitutional right to an abortion]], causing [[2022 abortion protests|another wave of protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protests erupt in D.C., around the country as Roe v. Wade falls |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/24/supreme-court-abortion-protests-roe/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The United States responded to Russia and Belarus after their [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], with the country applying [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|harsh sanctions]] on Russia and [[United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sending tens of billions of dollars of military and humanitarian aid]] to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Senate has approved roughly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/19/1100228289/the-senate-has-approved-roughly-40-billion-in-aid-to-ukraine |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of the United States}} [[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|[[Topographic map]] of the United States]] The [[List of states and territories of the United States|48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] occupy a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}. Of this area, {{convert|2,959,064|sqmi|km2|abbr=}} is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|work=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|title=Field Listing: Area|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="urlState Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau|website=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref> About 15% is occupied by [[Alaska]], a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in [[Hawaii]], a state and [[archipelago]] in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], and the five populated but [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated]] insular territories of [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|page=41|access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref> Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.<ref name="CIA Factbook Area">{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=January 15, 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg|thumb|[[Denali]], or Mount McKinley, in [[Alaska]], the highest [[mountain]] peak in [[North America]]]] The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third- or fourth-largest]] nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.{{efn|name=largestcountry}}<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=United States|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|website=The World Factbook|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|archive-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> The [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack]] [[massif]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="NAU">{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-date=April 9, 2016|website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth longest river system]], runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.<ref name="NAU" /> The [[Rocky Mountains]], west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over {{convert|14000|ft}} in [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harms|first=Nicole|title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tinkham|first=Ernest R.|title=Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts|jstor=2421073|doi=10.2307/2421073|journal=[[The American Midland Naturalist]]|volume=31|number=2|date=March 1944|pages=257–328|publisher=The [[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref> The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges also reaching altitudes higher than {{convert|14000|ft}}. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points]] in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Whitney, California|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829|publisher=Peakbagger|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> and only about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)|url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> At an elevation of {{convert|20310|ft|1}}, Alaska's [[Denali]] is the highest peak in the country and in North America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Poppick|first=Laura|title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained|date=August 28, 2013|url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html|publisher=LiveScience|access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> Active [[volcano]]es are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]], and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the [[Rockies]] is the continent's largest volcanic feature.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Hanlon|first=Larry|title=America's Explosive Park|url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|date=March 14, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|archive-date=March 14, 2005|publisher=Discovery Channel|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of the United States|Climate change in the United States}} [[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the U.S.]] The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is [[Desert climate|arid]] in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] or [[Polar climate|polar]]. Hawaii and the southern tip of [[Florida]] are [[Tropical climate|tropical]], as well as its territories in the [[Caribbean]] and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> States bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es occur in the country, mainly in [[Tornado Alley]] areas in the Midwest and South.<ref>{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|title=Tornado Alley, USA|access-date=September 20, 2006|date=May 11, 2002|work=Science News}}</ref> Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=USA has the world's most extreme weather|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/|last=Rice|first=Doyle|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref> Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported [[heat waves]] as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]], droughts have become more persistent and more severe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OAR|date=June 27, 2016|title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate|access-date=June 19, 2022|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> ===Biodiversity and conservation=== {{Anchor|Wildlife and conservation}} {{Main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}} [[File:Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska.jpg|alt=A bald eagle|thumb|The [[bald eagle]] has been the [[National bird of the United States|national bird]] of the United States since 1782.<ref name="McDougall2004">{{cite book|first=Len|last=McDougall|title=The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&pg=PA325|year=2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-070-4|page=325}}</ref>]] The U.S. is one of 17 [[megadiverse countries]] containing large numbers of [[List of endangered species in North America|endemic species]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|author=Morin, Nancy|url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|title=Vascular Plants of the United States|publisher=National Biological Service|website=Plants|access-date=October 27, 2008|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The United States is home to 428 [[mammal]] species, 784 [[bird]]s, 311 [[reptile]]s, and 295 [[amphibian]]s,<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> and 91,000 [[insect]] species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm|title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=January 20, 2009}}</ref> There are 63 [[List of national parks of the United States|national parks]] which are managed by the [[National Park Service]], and [[Federal lands|hundreds of other federally managed]] parks, forests, and [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness areas]] managed by it and other agencies.<ref>{{cite web|title= National Park FAQ|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/|last1=Park|first1=National|website=nps|access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> mostly in the [[Western United States|western states]].<ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}</ref> Most of this land is [[Protected areas of the United States|protected]], though some is [[Bureau of Land Management|leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching]], and about .86% is used for military purposes.<ref name="Federal Land Ownership">{{cite web|last1=Gorte|first1=Ross W.|last2=Vincent|first2=Carol Hardy.|last3=Hanson|first3=Laura A.|last4=Marc R.|first4=Rosenblum|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|website=fas.org|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development|url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|website=doi.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Environmental issues in the United States|Environmental issues]] include debates on oil and [[nuclear binding energy|nuclear energy]], dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting [[wildlife]],{{explain|date=March 2023}} logging and [[deforestation]],<ref>{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America|url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|title=Forest Resources of the United States|publisher=Nationalatlas.gov|date=January 14, 2013|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|archive-date=May 7, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf|title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050|year=2003|access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> and [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]].<ref>[[#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78</ref><ref>Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''.</ref> The most prominent environmental agency is the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.<ref name="Collin2006">{{cite book|last=Collin|first=Robert W.|title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33341-5|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the [[Wilderness Act]].<ref>Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness''</ref> The [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]].<ref name="Office">{{cite book|title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1|publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015|year=2003 }}</ref> As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among 180 nations in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is the Greenest Country in the World?|url=https://www.atlasandboots.com/greenest-country-in-the-world/|website=Atlas & Boots|date=June 6, 2020|publisher=Environmental Performance Index|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> The country joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States of America|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/country.html?country=US|website=Global Climate Action – NAZCA|publisher=United Nations|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> It [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrew]] from the Paris Agreement in 2020<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nugent|first1=Ciara|title=The U.S. Just Officially Left the Paris Agreement. Can it Be a Leader in the Climate Fight Again?|url=https://time.com/5907210/us-leaves-paris-agreement-2020-election/|access-date=November 18, 2020|agency=Times|date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> but rejoined it in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biden announces return to global climate accord, new curbs on U.S. oil industry|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-biden-climate-idINKBN29P12S|date=January 20, 2021|work=Reuters|department=Money News|access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{Main|Politics of the United States}} {{Further|Political parties in the United States|Elections in the United States|Political ideologies in the United States|American patriotism|American civil religion}} [[Image:US Capitol west side.JPG|thumb|The [[United States Capitol]], where [[United States Congress|Congress]] meets: the [[United States Senate|Senate]], left; the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], right]] [[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[White House]], residence and workplace of the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]]] [[Image:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], where the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]] sits]] The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]], a [[District of Columbia|federal district]], [[Territories of the United States|five territories]] and several uninhabited [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|island possessions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Common Core Document of the United States of America|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm|date=December 30, 2011|publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|The New York Times|2007|p=670}}{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} It is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]], and, according to the [[World Economic Forum]], the oldest [[democracy]] as well.<ref>Desjardins, Jeff (August 8, 2019) [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ "Mapped: The world's oldest democracies"] [[World Economic Forum]]</ref> It is a [[Liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]] "in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]]."<ref name="Scheb">Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.</ref> [[List of democracy indices|Major democracy indexes]] uniformly classify the country as a liberal democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Shannon |date=2022-12-06 |title=Appendix A: Classifying democracies |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/12/06/online-civic-engagement-spring-2022-appendix-a-classifying-democracies/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> The 2022 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] and [[Global Corruption Barometer]] rank the United States as having low levels of both actual and perceived [[corruption]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Corruption Barometer |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Corruption Perceptions Index |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |date=January 31, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] serves as the country's supreme legal document, establishing the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;<ref>[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9</ref> the first ten amendments ([[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]) and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to [[judicial review]], and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]], not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803).<ref>[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], pp. 164, 453, 503</ref> In the American [[federalism|federal]] system, sovereignty is shared between [[Political divisions of the United States|two levels of government]]: federal and state. Citizens of the states are also governed by local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. Governance on many issues is [[Decentralization|decentralized]], with [[Political ideology of states in the United States|widely differing state laws]] on [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]], [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|cannabis]], the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]],{{efn|Capital punishment is a ''de jure'' legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and [[capital punishment in American Samoa|in American Samoa]]. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Death Penalty States [2022] |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=September 8, 2022 |publisher=Death Penalty Info}}</ref> The country had a high ''per capita'' execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to [[Ian Millhiser]] of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'', "only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row."<ref>[https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/dpic-adds-eleven-cases-to-innocence-list-bringing-national-death-row-exoneration-total-to-185 DPIC adds Eleven cases to the Innocence List bringing national death-row exonerations to 185], ''[[Death Penalty Information Center]]'', Robert Durham, February 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Millhiser |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Millhiser |date=2020-12-30 |title=The decline and fall of the American death penalty |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/12/30/22187578/death-penalty-united-states-executions-decline-gregg-georgia-bucklew-precythe |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>}} [[Gun law in the United States|guns]], economic policy, and other issues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=March 2017 |title=Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23221 |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w23221 }}</ref> States have increasingly restricted so-called "[[List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy|conversion therapy]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-02-17 |title=Utah Senate votes to ban conversion therapy from health care providers |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3863652-utah-senate-votes-to-ban-conversion-therapy-from-health-care-providers/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Drescher">{{cite journal |last1=Drescher |first1=Jack |last2=Schwartz |first2=Alan |last3=Casoy |first3=Flávio |last4=McIntosh |first4=Christopher A. |last5=Hurley |first5=Brian |last6=Ashley |first6=Kenneth |last7=Barber |first7=Mary |last8=Goldenberg |first8=David |last9=Herbert |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Lothwell |first10=Lorraine E. |last11=Mattson |first11=Marlin R. |last12=McAfee |first12=Scot G. |last13=Pula |first13=Jack |last14=Rosario |first14=Vernon |last15=Tompkins |first15=D. Andrew |date=2016 |title=The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy |journal=Journal of Medical Regulation |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7 |pmc=5040471 |pmid=27754500}}</ref> [[Prostitution]] is only [[Prostitution in the United States|legal]] in [[Prostitution in Nevada|several counties of Nevada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-29 |title=What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths |url=https://19thnews.org/2021/07/future-of-prostitution-and-sex-work-two-states-preview-diverging-paths/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The 19th |language=en-us}}</ref> The United States has operated under an uncodified informal [[two-party system]] for most of its history, although [[List of political parties in the United States|other parties have run candidates]].<ref name="twsNovGe">{{cite news|author1=Etheridge, Eric|author2=Deleith, Asger|title=A Republic or a Democracy?|newspaper=The New York Times blogs|quote=The US system seems essentially a two-party system.&nbsp;...|date=August 19, 2009|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/a-republic-or-a-democracy/|access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> What the two [[Major party|major parties]] are has changed over time: the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] presently are, and the country is currently in either the [[Fifth Party System|Fifth]] or [[Sixth Party System]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Mosler|first2=Robert|last2=Catley|title=America and Americans in Australia|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YungugjvIaQC&pg=PA83|access-date=April 11, 2016|isbn=978-0-275-96252-4 }}</ref> Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shmoop.com/political-parties/founding-fathers-political-parties.html |title=Political Parties - The Founding Fathers & Political Parties |website=Shmoop |date= |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref> Since the 2000s, the country has [[Political polarization in the United States|suffered from significant political polarization]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McCoy |first1=Jennifer |last2=Press |first2=Benjamin |date=January 18, 2022 |title=What Happens When Democracies Become Perniciously Polarized? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/01/18/what-happens-when-democracies-become-perniciously-polarized-pub-86190 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref> ===Federal government=== {{Main|Government of the United States}} The federal government comprises three branches, which are headquartered in Washington, D.C. and regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}</ref> * [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[United States Congress|bicameral Congress]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the federal government.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=April 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of the United States|The president]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]] (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective [[List of federal agencies in the United States|agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=The White House|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171257/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|archive-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> * [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Kermit L.|last1=Hall|first2=Kevin T.|last2=McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}<br />{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}<br />{{cite book|first=Bryon|last=Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}<br />{{cite book|first=Charles L.|last=Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx|title=Federal Courts|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|publisher=United States Courts|access-date=October 19, 2014}}</ref> The [[lower house]], the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], has 435 voting members, each representing a [[congressional district]] for a two-year term. House seats are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|one member of Congress]]—these members are not allowed to vote.<ref name="Territories1" /> The [[upper house]], the [[United States Senate|Senate]], has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected [[at-large|at large]] to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every two years. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators.<ref name="Territories1" /> The Senate is unique among upper houses in being the most prestigious and powerful portion of the country's [[Bicameralism|bicameral system]]; political scientists have frequently labeled it the "most powerful upper house" of any government.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shell |first1=Donald |title=Second Chambers |last2=Baldwin |first2=Nicholas |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781136337000 |pages=43 |quote=The United States Senate is frequently characterised as the most powerful upper house in the world.}}</ref> The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office [[Term limits in the United States|no more than twice]]. The President is [[United States presidential election|not elected by direct vote]], but by an indirect [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.<ref name="Avaliktos2004">{{cite book |last=Avaliktos |first=Neal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR21acqXy28C&pg=PA111 |title=The Election Process Revisited |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59454-054-7 |page=111}}</ref> The Supreme Court, led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]], has nine members, who serve for life. They are appointed by the sitting President when a vacancy becomes available.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref> ===Political subdivisions=== {{Main|Political divisions of the United States|State government in the United States|Local government in the United States|U.S. state}} {{Further|List of states and territories of the United States|Indian reservation|Territories of the United States}} {{see also|Territorial evolution of the United States}} Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares [[sovereignty]] with the federal government. They are subdivided into [[List of United States counties and county equivalents|counties or county equivalents]], and further divided into [[Municipality|municipalities]]. The District of Columbia is a [[federal district]] that contains the capital of the United States, the [[Washington, D.C.|city of Washington]].<ref>{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}}</ref> Each state has an amount of [[presidential electors]] equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral College Fast Facts {{!}} U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Electoral-College/Electoral-College/|website=history.house.gov|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.<ref name="Territories1">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3736845/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-voting-rights/|title=Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=March 9, 2015|magazine=Time|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> [[Citizenship of the United States|Citizenship is granted at birth in all states]], the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.{{efn|People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.<ref name="AS_citizenship"/> In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alvarez|first=Priscilla|title=Federal judge rules American Samoans are US citizens by birth|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/american-samoa-citizenship/index.html|date=December 12, 2019|website=CNN|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Romboy|first=Dennis|title=Judge puts citizenship ruling for American Samoans on hold|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46690822|date=December 13, 2019|website=KSL.com|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Keating |first=Joshua |date=June 5, 2015 |title=How Come American Samoans Still Don't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth? |url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/06/05/american_samoa_the_only_place_in_the_u_s_where_citizenship_isn_t_granted.html |journal=Slate}}</ref><ref name="AS_citizenship">{{cite web |title=American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/american-samoa-and-the-citizenship-clause/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |website=harvardlawreview.org|date=April 10, 2017 }}</ref> The United States observes limited [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty]] of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions. They are prohibited from making war, engaging in their own foreign relations, and printing or issuing independent currency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.bia.gov/FAQs/|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs|access-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> [[Indian reservation]]s are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tribal/tribes-organizations-health/tribes/geography.html|title=Tribal Geography in Relation to State Boundaries}}</ref> {{USA image map}} ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}} [[File:Midtown Manhattan Skyline 004.jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] has been situated along the [[East River]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952. The United States is a founding member of the UN.|alt=see caption]] The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html|title=Global Diplomacy Index&nbsp;– Country Rank|publisher=[[Lowy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201012801/http://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html|archive-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|title=Current Members|work=[[United Nations Security Council]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=United Nations Headquarters Agreement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1948-04_42_2/page/445|journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42|number=2|date=April 1948|pages=445–447|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.2307/2193692|jstor=2193692|s2cid=246008694 }}</ref> The United States is also a member of the [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed|title=Where is the G7 Headed?|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=June 28, 2022|access-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed|archive-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref> [[G-20 major economies|G20]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/|title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together|date=July 6, 2022|work=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and [[OECD]] intergovernmental organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/|title=Our global reach|work=[[OECD]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal [[diplomatic mission]]s with United States, except [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]],<ref>{{cite report |last1=Fialho |first1=Livia Pontes |last2=Wallin |first2=Matthew |title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=American Security Project |jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan|quote=The United States has never established diplomatic relations with North Korea.}}</ref> and [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|quote=While Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971, it does not have diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, including the United States and China.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Though [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with [[Six Assurances|military equipment]] to deter potential Chinese aggression.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> The United States has a "[[Special Relationship]]" with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2=Axel|last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009|isbn=978-0-203-87270-3|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author1=Ek, Carl|first2=Ian F.|last2=Fergusson|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=August 8, 2008|oclc = 70208969}}</ref> [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> the [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=January 3, 2011|access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf|title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|first1=Mark E.|last1=Manyin|first2=Emma|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first3=Mary Beth|last3=Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf|title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> and several [[European Union]] countries ([[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/|title=U.S. Relations With Poland}}</ref> The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with nations in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In [[South America]], [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/|date=September 26, 2019|website=Atlantic Council|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|last1=Kimer |first1=James }}</ref> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld/page/217 217] |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}<br />{{cite book |first1=Loren |last1=Yager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7 |title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |first2=Emil |last2=Friberg |first3=Leslie |last3=Holen |date=2003 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0 |page=7}}</ref> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211202105/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |archive-date=February 11, 2022}}</ref> and its [[China–United States relations|ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.<ref>{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. has become a key ally of [[Ukraine]] since Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea in 2014]] and began an [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine in 2022]], significantly deteriorating relations with Russia in the process.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=June 17, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|United States Armed Forces|Military history of the United States}} [[File:B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|[[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]], the [[Stealth technology|stealth]] [[Heavy bomber|heavy]] [[strategic bomber]] of the [[United States Air Force|USAF]]]] [[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]], near Washington, D.C., is home to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]].]] The President is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|commander-in-chief]] of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], which is headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is administered by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and can be transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] in wartime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard|title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!|last=Lindsay|first=James M.|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=August 4, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.}}</ref> The United States spent $877 billion on its military in 2022, 39% of global military spending, accounting for 3.5% of the country's GDP.'''''<ref name="SIPRI-20202">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>'''''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20%282019%29%20USD%20%28pdf%29.pdf| title=Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)| publisher=SIPRI| access-date=28 April 2021| archive-date=28 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428180002/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20(2019)%20USD%20(pdf).pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. has [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons]], the second-largest amount after Russia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reichmann|first=Kelsey|date=June 16, 2019|title=Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://conifer.rhizome.org/mossypiglet/wikipedia-citations/20200923183006/https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|archive-date=September 23, 2020|access-date=September 23, 2020|website=defensenews.com|publisher=Sightline Media Group}}</ref> In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4&nbsp;million personnel on active duty.<ref name="IISS">{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=The Military Balance 2019|url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|location=London|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|page=47|date=2019|isbn=978-1-85743-988-5|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054426/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref> The [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 2.3&nbsp;million.<ref name="IISS" /> The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including [[Military-industrial complex|contractors]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html| title=Read: James Mattis' resignation letter| date=December 21, 2018| work=[[CNN]]| access-date=January 8, 2020| url-status=dead| archive-date=December 4, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140006/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html}}</ref> Military service in the United States is voluntary, although [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] may occur in wartime through the [[Selective Service System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102215/https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|title=What does Selective Service provide for America?|publisher=Selective Service System|access-date=February 11, 2012|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>[[#IISS2020|IISS 2020]], pp. 46</ref> Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of [[transport aircraft]], the Navy's 11 active [[aircraft carrier]]s, and [[Marine expeditionary unit]]s at sea with the Navy, and Army's [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] and [[75th Ranger Regiment]] deployed by Air Force transport aircraft. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of [[strategic bomber]]s, maintains the [[air defense]] across the United States, and provides [[close air support]] to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noble Eagle Without End|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0205eagle/|access-date=February 1, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Ups and Downs of Close Air Support|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-ups-and-downs-of-close-air-support/|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> The Space Force operates the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS, also widespread in civilian use worldwide), the [[Eastern Range|Eastern]] and [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Range]]s for all space launches, and the United States's [[United States Space Surveillance Network|Space Surveillance]] and [[United States national missile defense|Missile Warning]] networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/building-the-space-range-of-the-future/|title=Building the Space Range of the Future|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/GPS/#:~:text=The+GPS-dedicated+ground+system+consists+of+six+U.S.,passively+track+the+navigation+signals+on+all+satellites|title=Global Positioning System|website=www.schriever.spaceforce.mil|access-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814040436/https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/GPS/#:~:text=The+GPS-dedicated+ground+system+consists+of+six+U.S.,passively+track+the+navigation+signals+on+all+satellites|archive-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Space surveillance technologies a top need for U.S. military|date=November 22, 2020|url=https://spacenews.com/space-surveillance-technologies-a-top-need-for-u-s-military/|access-date=November 22, 2020}}</ref> The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states|title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?|last=Harris|first=Johnny|date=May 18, 2015|website=Vox|access-date=September 23, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states}}</ref> and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> ===Law enforcement and crime=== {{Main|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}} There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Duren |last2=Hendrix |first2=Joshua |last3=Hickman |first3=Mathhew |date=October 4, 2016 |title=National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf |journal=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |pages=1}}</ref> Law in the United States is mainly [[Law enforcement in the United States|enforced]] by local police departments and [[sheriff]]'s offices. The [[state police]] provides broader services, and [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal agencies]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have specialized duties, such as protecting [[civil rights]], [[National Security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2014|url-status= }}</ref> [[State court (United States)|State court]]s conduct most civil and criminal trials,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manweller|first1=Mathew|editor1-last=Hogan|editor1-first=Sean O.|title=The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics|date=2006|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=978-1-851-09751-7|pages=37–96|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55|access-date=October 5, 2020|chapter=Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts}}</ref> and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts|title=Introduction To The Federal Court System|work=[[United States Attorney]]|date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, the United States has an [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate]] of 7 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=US|title=Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - United States|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> A cross-sectional analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates "were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grinshteyn|first1=Erin|last2=Hemenway|first2=David|date=March 2016|title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|volume=129|issue=3|pages=226–273|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025|pmid=26551975|access-date=June 18, 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of January 2023, the United States has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate]] in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest [[Incarceration in the United States|prison and jail population]] in the world at 1,767,200.<ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.</ref> In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year was 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/p19_pr.pdf|title=US Department of Justice, Oct. 22, 2020}}</ref> Some [[think tank]]s place that number higher, such as [[Prison Policy Initiative]]'s estimate of 1.9 million.<ref name="WholePie2023">{{cite report|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023|last1=Sawyer|first1=Wendy|last2=Wagner|first2=Peter|date=March 14, 2023|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref> Various states have attempted to [[Decarceration in the United States|reduce their prison populations]] via government policies and grassroots initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/decarceration-strategies-5-states-achieved-substantial-prison-population-reductions/|title=Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2022|last1=Schrantz|first1=Dennis|last2=DeBor|first2=Stephen|last3=Mauer|first3=Marc|publisher=[[The Sentencing Project]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of the United States}} {{Further|Economic history of the United States|Taxation in the United States|United States federal budget|Federal Reserve}} [[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] (featuring [[George Washington]]) is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov"/>]] [[File:Gaming-Wall-Street_BTS_Prodigium-266.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's largest stock exchange by [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies<ref name=NYSEhighestcap>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange|author= Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry|work=Forbes|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>]] [[File:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|thumb|[[Midtown Manhattan]], the world's largest [[central business district]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date= March 24, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|last1= Jones|first1= Huw}}</ref>]] According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $25.5&nbsp;trillion constitutes over 25% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 15% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="IMF-2023">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,NGAP_NPGDP,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,FLIBOR6,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LE,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref><ref name="IMF.WEO.US" /> From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.<ref name="Hagopian">{{cite journal |author=Hagopian |first=Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |url=https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Review |volume= |issue=174 |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |via=}}</ref> The country ranks first in the world by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and|title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> second by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]],<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> seventh by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]],<ref name="IMF-2023"/> and eighth by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref name="IMF.WEO.US"/> As of 2022, the United States was ranked 25th out of 169 countries on the [[Social Progress Index]], which measures "the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens."<ref>{{cite web |title=Explore the 2022 Social Progress Index Map: United States |url=https://www.socialprogress.org/?tab=2&code=USA |website=Social Progress Imperative |access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. has been the world's largest economy since at least 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fordham |first=Benjamin |date=October 2017 |title=Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=170–192 |doi=10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |s2cid=148917255 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> The United States is at or near the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}</ref> in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; [[computers]]; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and [[medical]], [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title=United States reference resource |work=[[The World Factbook]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=May 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |archive-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> The nation's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0821365452}}.</ref> It has the second-highest total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at [[United States dollar|US$]]44.98{{spaces}}trillion in 2019, although sources differ on their estimates. Americans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee]] income among [[OECD]] member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/|title=Income|work=Better Life Index|publisher=OECD|access-date=September 28, 2019|quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> In 2013, they had the sixth-highest [[median household income]], down from fourth-highest in 2010.<ref name="Household Income">{{cite journal|title=Household Income|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en|journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators|publisher=OECD Publishing|access-date=May 29, 2014|doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |date=March 18, 2014|series=Society at a Glance|isbn=9789264200722|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 |publisher=OECD |access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar|petrodollar system]], and its linked [[eurodollar]] and large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere|access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref> Several countries [[International use of the US dollar|use it as their official currency]] and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].<ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0691116660}}; ''cf.'' "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0471798169}}, p. 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year|title = US GDP Growth Rate by Year |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website = multpl.com|publisher = US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> [[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]], with the [[List of cities by GDP|largest]] economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/|title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022|last1=Jones |first1=Huw }}{{SemiBareRefNeedsTitle|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-32-explore-the-data/gfci-32-rank/|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 32|date=September 22, 2022|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=September 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name=NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/|title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output|author=Iman Ghosh|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2023|quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]] are the world's [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics|title=Monthly Reports - World Federation of Exchanges|publisher=WFE}}</ref><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).</ref> The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest U.S. trading partners]] are the [[European Union]], [[Mexico]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners - October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest]] importer and the [[List of countries by exports|second-largest]] exporter after China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100 |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> It has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |title=United States free trade agreements |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. ranked second in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] in 2019, after [[Singapore]].<ref name="World Economic Forum">{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2013-14/GCR_Rankings_2013-14.pdf |title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=June 1, 2014}}</ref> Many of the world's [[List of largest companies by revenue|largest]] companies, such as [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]] ([[Google]]), [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[AT&T]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[General Motors]], [[McDonald's]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], [[Microsoft]], [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]], and [[Walmart]], were founded and are headquartered in the United States.<ref name="Fortune-2022">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/global500/2022/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 124 are headquartered in the U.S.<ref name="Fortune-2022"/> While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|post-industrial]] level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.<ref name="Econ">{{cite web|title=USA Economy in Brief|url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archive-date=March 12, 2008}}</ref> As of 2018, the U.S. is the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest]] manufacturing nation after China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/countries-manufacturing-trade-exports-economics/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, the [[National debt of the United States|U.S. national debt]] to GDP ratio surpassed 100% when both debt and GDP were approximately $16.7 trillion; in 2022, U.S. national debt was $30.93 trillion, while debt to GDP ratio was 124%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/|title=What is the national debt?|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of Treasury]]}}</ref> ===Income and poverty=== {{Main|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States}} {{Further|Affluence in the United States|Income inequality in the United States}}At US$69,392 in 2020, the United States was ranked first in the world by [[List of countries by average wage|average yearly wage]] based on the [[OECD]] data, and it had the world's highest [[median income]] at US$46,625 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour > Earnings > Average annual wages |publisher=[[OECD]] |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Income Distribution: Median equivalised disposable income |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=OECD}}</ref> Despite the fact that the U.S. only accounted for 4.24% of the [[World population|global population]], residents of the U.S. collectively [[List of countries by total wealth|possessed 30.2%]] of the world's total wealth as of 2021, the largest percentage of any country.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Anthony|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf|title=Global wealth databook 2021|last2=Davies|first2=James|last3=Lluberas|first3=Rodrigo|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute|year=2021}}</ref> The U.S. also ranks first in the number of dollar [[List of countries by number of billionaires|billionaires]] and [[List of countries by number of millionaires|millionaires]], with 724 billionaires (as of 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Sarah |title=These 20 countries and territories are home to most of the world's 2,755 billionaires |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-20-countries-are-home-to-the-most-billionaires-forbes-2021-10 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> and nearly 22 million millionaires (2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/22/heres-how-22-million-americans-became-millionaires.html|title=Nearly 22 million Americans are millionaires. Here's how they got wealthy|last=Exley|first=Robert Jr.|date=December 22, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The United States has a smaller [[welfare state]] and redistributes less income through government action than most other [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Isabelle|last1=Joumard|first2=Mauro|last2=Pisu|first3=Debbie|last3=Bloch|title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers|url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf|publisher=OECD|access-date=May 21, 2015|date=2012}}</ref> The U.S. ranked the 52nd highest in [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] among 167 countries in 2014,<ref name="Data for urban households only">{{Cite book |last1=Monino |first1=Jean-Louis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |title=Data Development Mechanisms |last2=Sedkaoui |first2=Soraya |date=2016-03-11 |work=Big Data, Open Data and Data Development |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-119-28519-9 |place=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=43–72 |doi=10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |access-date=2021-06-26}}</ref> and the highest compared to the rest of the [[Developed country|developed world]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Sarah |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty|url=http://fortune.com/2018/06/04/trump-policies-u-n-report-u-s-poverty/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=September 13, 2018|quote="The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries", the report states.}}</ref><ref name="OHCHR">{{cite news|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/contempt-poor-us-drives-cruel-policies-says-un-expert|title="Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert|date=June 4, 2018|work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> Wealth in the United States is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Piketty|first1=Thomas|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Belknap Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]|author-link1=Thomas Piketty}} {{ISBN|978-0-674-43000-6}}</ref> Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income<ref>{{Cite news|last=Long|first=Heather|date=September 12, 2017|title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among [[OECD]] members.<ref name="Sme">{{cite journal|last1=Smeeding|first1=T.M.|year=2005|title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81b4d972c7a40d051d9ee3ced2ab2ddfc221fbf9|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=86|pages=955–983|doi=10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x|s2cid=154642286}}</ref> The United States is the only [[advanced economy]] that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]] nationally<ref>{{cite news |last=Min |first=Sarah |date=May 24, 2019 |title=1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays/|work=CBS News |location= |access-date=July 15, 2022|quote=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays. }}</ref> and is one of a few countries in the world without federal [[paid family leave]] as a legal right.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernard |first=Tara Siegel |date=February 22, 2013 |title=In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html |access-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak [[collective bargaining]] system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.<ref name="Culp2013">{{cite book| editor = Anne McDonald Culp| date = June 25, 2013| title = Child and Family Advocacy: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media| pages = 77–| isbn = 978-1-4614-7456-2| oclc = 1026456872| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GZBDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77}}</ref> Attempts to combat homelessness include the [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]] housing voucher program and implementation of the [[Housing First]] strategy across all levels of government.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|date=2019|volume=40|pmid=30601718|last1=Fowler|first1=P. J.|last2=Hovmand|first2=P. S.|last3=Marcal|first3=K. E.|last4=Das|first4=S.|pages=465–486|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553|pmc=6445694 }}</ref> In 2011, [[Hunger in the United States#Children|16.7&nbsp;million children lived in food-insecure households]], about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Household Food Security in the United States in 2011|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007231515/https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2012|publisher=USDA|access-date=April 8, 2013|date=September 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2018|June|post=,}} 40&nbsp;million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3&nbsp;million children;<ref name="OHCHR"/> the [[poverty threshold]] in the United States was at $12,880 for a single-person household and $26,246 for a family of four in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/07/22/what-it-means-to-be-poor-by-global-standards/ |title=What it means to be poor by global standards |author=Rakesh Kochhar |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=July 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/2021-poverty-guidelines |title=2021 Poverty Guidelines |website=aspe.hhs.gov |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> As of 2019, 2% of the U.S. population earned less than $10 per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Inequality Forum |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/poverty-calculator?src=EAP,SAS,SSA,LAC,MNA,ECA,OHI,WLD&pv=2.15&oc=pop_in_poverty&on=Population%20living%20in%20poverty&os=millions&od=Population%20living%20below%20the%20poverty%20line%20(2011%20PPP)&tab=table&ppp=2017 |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> 0.25% of the U.S. population lived below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#:~:text=The%20new%20international%20poverty%20line,be%20living%20in%20extreme%20poverty. |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Profile: United States |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/USA |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> ===Science, technology, and energy=== {{Main|Science and technology in the United States|Science policy of the United States|Energy in the United States}} [[File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg|thumb|U.S. astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] saluting the [[United States flag|flag]] on the [[lunar surface|Moon]] during the [[Apollo 11]], 1969. The United States is the only country that has sent [[Moon landing|crewed missions to the lunar surface]].]] The United States has been a leader in technological [[innovation]] since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] and the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry enabled the [[American system of manufacturing|U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing]] of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, factory [[electrification]], the introduction of the [[assembly line]], and other labor-saving techniques created the system of [[mass production]].<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}</ref> In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120210170338/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|archive-date=February 10, 2012|access-date=June 19, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the United States was the country with the [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|second-highest]] number of published scientific papers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SJR - International Science Ranking|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.scimagojr.com|language=en-uk}}</ref> As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of [[World Intellectual Property Indicators|patent applications]], and third by trademark and industrial design applications.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.wipo.int | doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |language=en | author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. | series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) | year=2021 | publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | isbn=9789280533293 }}</ref> In 2021, the United States launched a total of 51 [[spaceflights]] (China reported 55).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hines |first1=R. Lincoln |last2=Ben-Itzhak |first2=Svetla |title=NASA's head warned that China may try to claim the Moon – two space scholars explain why that's unlikely to happen |url=http://theconversation.com/nasas-head-warned-that-china-may-try-to-claim-the-moon-two-space-scholars-explain-why-thats-unlikely-to-happen-186614 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. had 2,944 active [[satellites]] in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database|access-date=July 14, 2022|website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]] developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].<ref name="Edison">{{cite web|title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions|url=https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation|access-date=January 21, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316154517/https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Wright brothers]] in 1903 made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]], and the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] ([[Oldsmobile]]) and [[Henry Ford]] ([[Ford Motor Company]]) popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|author=Benedetti, François|url=https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-date=September 12, 2007|title=100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality|publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)|date=December 17, 2003|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref> The rise of [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.<ref name="fraser">{{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Gordon|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-959215-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}}</ref> During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]]. developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]]. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability led to the [[Space Race]] between the United States and Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&q=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&pg=PA68|title=10 Little Americans|via=Google Books|access-date=September 15, 2014|isbn=978-0-615-14052-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html|title=NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history|date=July 20, 2009|publisher=Sharon Gaudin|access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> The great American technological breakthroughs of the 20th century stem from the invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern [[electronics]], which led to the development of [[microprocessor]]s, [[software]], [[personal computer]]s, and the [[Internet]].<ref name="Sawyer2012">{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Robert Keith|title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&pg=PA256|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973757-4|page=256}}</ref> In 2022, the United States ranked 2nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}</ref> The United States also developed the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS), the world's pre-eminent [[satellite navigation]] system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/made-in-the-usa-american-tech-inventions/|first=Chenda|last=Ngak|publisher=[[CBS News]]|title=Made in the USA: American tech inventions|date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the United States receives approximately 79.1% of its energy from fossil fuels.<ref name="visu">{{cite web |date= |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref> In 2021, the largest source of the country's energy came from [[petroleum]] (36.1%), followed by [[natural gas]] (32.2%), [[coal]] (10.8%), renewable sources (12.5%), and [[nuclear power]] (8.4%).<ref name="visu" /><!--Numbers do not add up to 100 due to rounding errors. --> The United States constitutes less than 5% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consumes 17% of the [[Energy use in the United States|world's energy]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 5, 2021 |title=What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? |work=[[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&t=1}}</ref> It accounts for about 25% of the world's [[Oil consumption|petroleum consumption]], while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web |title=EIA – Petroleum Basic Data |url=https://www.eia.doe.gov/basics/quickoil.html |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Eia.doe.gov}}</ref> The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.<ref>{{cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> ===Transportation=== {{Main|Transportation in the United States}} [[File:Atlanta Airport Aerial Angle (31435634003) (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] is the world's busiest by [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|passenger traffic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html|title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest|website=CNN.com|first=Marnie|last=Hunter|date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>]] The United States's [[Rail transport in the United States|rail network]], nearly all [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], is the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|longest in the world]], and exceeds {{convert|293564|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison|title=Railways – The World Factbook|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html|archive-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref> It handles mostly [[Freight transport|freight]], with intercity passenger service primarily provided by [[Amtrak]], a government-managed company that took over services previously run by private companies, to all but four states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM|title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data|publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2021|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/nyregion/amtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> Personal transportation is [[Car dependency|dominated by automobiles]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> which operate on a network of {{convert|4|e6mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} of public roads, making it the [[List of countries by road network size|longest network]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadways - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=2021-07-12 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface|url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|website=United States Department of Transportation|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States became the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales, and mass market production process.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=automotive industry |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |last=Rae |first=John Bell |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/automotive-industry |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2022, the United States is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|second-largest]] manufacturer of motor vehicles<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 production statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125523/https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/ |archive-date=April 8, 2023}}</ref> and is home to [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], the world's most valuable car company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klebnikov |first=Sergei |title=Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> [[General Motors]] held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bunkley |first=Nick |date=2009-01-21 |title=Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22auto.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Currently, the U.S. has the world's second-largest automobile market by sales<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes|title=China overtakes US in car sales|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 8, 2010|access-date=July 10, 2011|location=London}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|highest]] vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=January 30, 2017|title=Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-962-january-30-2017-vehicles-capita-other-regionscountries-compared-united-states|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Energy.gov|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013023547/https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-962-january-30-2017-vehicles-capita-other-regionscountries-compared-united-states|archive-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.<ref name="USBTS">{{cite web|url=https://capitol-tires.com/how-many-cars-per-capita-in-the-us.html|title=Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita|date=August 2017 |publisher=Capitol Tires}}</ref> The [[List of airlines of the United States|civil airline industry]] is entirely privately owned and has been largely [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulated since 1978]], while [[List of airports in the United States|most major airports]] are publicly owned.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|date=July 12, 2020|title=Privatization|url=https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Downsizing the Federal Government|publisher=Cato Institute|language=en}}</ref> The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] is number one after its 2013 acquisition by [[US Airways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|title=Scheduled Passengers Carried|publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)|year=2011|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|archive-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref> Of the [[List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 50 busiest passenger airports]], 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]].<ref name="PANYNJ 2021 report">{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf|title=2021 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2022|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|title=Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|archive-date=April 1, 2014|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, there are 19,919 airports in the United States, of which 5,217 are designated as "public use", including for [[general aviation]] and other activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> Of the [[List of busiest container ports|fifty busiest container ports]], four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the [[Port of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports|title=The Top 50 Container Ports|work=[[World Shipping Council]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports|archive-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref> The country's [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], and total {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |archive-date=April 12, 2022}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Americans|Demographics of the United States|Race and ethnicity in the United States|Religion in the United States|Family structure in the United States}} ===Population=== {{See also|List of U.S. states by population}} <!--As prose text is preferred, overly detailed statistical charts and diagrams such as economic trends, weather boxes, historical population charts, past elections results, etc. should be reserved for main sub articles on the topic as per WP:DETAIL as outlined at WP:NOTSTATS.--> {{US Census population |1790= 3929326 |1800= 5308483 |1810= 7239881 |1820= 9638453 |1830= 12866020 |1840= 17069453 |1850= 23191876 |1860= 31443321 |1870= 38925598 |1880= 50189209 |1890= 62979766 |1900= 76212168 |1910= 92228496 |1920= 106021537 |1930= 122775046 |1940= 132164569 |1950= 150697361 |1960= 179323175 |1970= 203392031 |1980= 226545805 |1990= 248709873 |2000= 281421906 |2010= 308745538 |2020= 331449281 |estimate= 333287557 |estyear= 2022 |estref= <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222#PST045222|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States|publisher= United States Census Bureau|access-date= March 13, 2023}}</ref> |footnote= U.S. Decennial Census }} The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,{{efn|This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories ([[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[American Samoa]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]) and minor island possessions.}}<ref name=2020CENSUS>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> making the United States the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third most populous]] nation in the world, after China and India.<ref name="CIA-2018">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: United States|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|access-date=November 10, 2018|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|archive-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> According to the Bureau's [[U.S. and World Population Clock|U.S. Population Clock]], on January&nbsp;28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population Clock|url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html|access-date=September 11, 2019|website=Historical Marital Status Tables|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> In 2021, the [[total fertility rate]] for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhillips |first=Deidre |date=2023-01-31 |title=Covid-19 'baby bump' brought an increased US fertility rate in 2021 -- but also record high preterm births |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/31/health/us-birth-rate-fertility-trends-2021/index.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in [[Single parents in the United States|single-parent]] households in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|language=en}}</ref> The United States has a diverse population; 37 [[American ancestries|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.<ref name="An2000">{{cite web|title=Ancestry 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|date=June 2004|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=December 4, 2004|access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> [[Non-Hispanic whites|White Americans]] with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, form the largest [[race (human classification)|racial]] and [[ethnic group]] at 57.8% of the United States population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html | title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|date=2009|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|archive-date=December 25, 2012|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. [[African Americans]] constitute the nation's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total United States population.<ref name="An2000" /> [[Asian Americans]] are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population, while the country's 3.7 million [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] account for about 1%.<ref name="An2000" /> In 2020, the [[median age]] of the United States population was 38.5 years.<ref name="CIA-2018" /> ===Immigration=== {{main|Immigration to the United States}} The United States has by far the highest [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|number of immigrant population]] in the world, with 50,661,149 people.<ref name="UNdef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf|title=INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx|title=UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019}}</ref> In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|U.S.-born children of immigrants]] in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 14, 2019|title=Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States|work=[[Migration Policy Institute]]|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states}}</ref> In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7&nbsp;million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3&nbsp;million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2&nbsp;million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5&nbsp;million) were unauthorized immigrants.<ref name="KeyFindings">{{cite web|date=June 17, 2019|title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The United States led the world in [[refugee resettlement]] for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.<ref name="PewRefugees">{{cite web|title=Key facts about refugees to the U.S.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/|author=Jens Manuel Krogstad|date=October 7, 2019|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> ===Language=== {{Main|Languages of the United States}} While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=2018-05-20 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws—such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]]—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 12, 2014|title=States Where English Is the Official Language|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/|access-date=September 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]),<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 1978|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4|url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-date=July 24, 2013|access-date=June 19, 2007|publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}</ref> Alaska ([[Alaska Native languages|twenty Native languages]]),{{efn|[[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Aleut language|Unanga]] (Aleut), [[Denaʼina language|Denaʼina]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Lower Tanana language|Tanana]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Haida language|Haida]], and [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]]}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapel|first1=Bill|date=April 21, 2014|title=Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official|newspaper=NPR}}</ref> South Dakota ([[Sioux language|Sioux]]),<ref name="LakotaCommon">{{cite web|title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language|url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/|access-date=March 26, 2019|publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}</ref> American Samoa ([[Samoan language|Samoan]]), Puerto Rico ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), Guam ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]), and the Northern Mariana Islands ([[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro). In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.<ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">{{cite web|title=Translation in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/|access-date=December 29, 2013|website=Puerto Rico Channel|archive-date=December 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[American Community Survey]], in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]] at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (2.8 million), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (1.6 million), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.4 million), [[French language|French]] (1.3 million), [[Korean language|Korean]] (1.1 million), and [[German language|German]] (1 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States|most widely taught foreign languages]] in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university [[undergraduate education]], are Spanish, French, and [[German language in the United States|German]]. Other commonly taught languages include [[Latin]], [[Japanese language education in the United States|Japanese]], [[American Sign Language]], [[Italian language in the United States|Italian]], and [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|title=Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools|date=February 2011|publisher=American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408184754/https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf|title=Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013|last1=Goldberg|first1=David|last2=Looney|first2=Dennis|last3=Lusin|first3=Natalia|date=February 2015|publisher=Modern Language Association|access-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in the United States}} {{See also|List of religious movements that began in the United States}} {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Self-identified religious affiliation in the United States (2023 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]-[[Associated Press|NORC]]'' poll):<ref name="WSJ-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=March 2023 NORC/AP poll |url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/WSJ_NORC_ToplineMarc_2023.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> | label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value1 = 26 | color1 = DarkBlue | label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] | value2 = 21 | color2 = Purple | label3 = "Just [[Christians|Christian]]" | value3 = 20 | color3 = Lightblue | label4 = [[Mormonism]] | value4 = 2 | color4 = Teal | label5 = [[Unitarianism]] | value5 = 1 | color5 = Red | label6 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]] | value6 = 2 | color6 = Pink | label7 = [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] | value7 = 2 | color7 = Yellow | label8 = Other religious affilation | value8 = 2 | color8 = Salmon | label9 = [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] | value9 = 1 | color9 = Green | label10 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Nothing in particular]] | value10 = 12 | color10 = White | label11 = [[Agnosticism]] | value11 = 8 | color11 = LightGrey | label12 = [[Atheism]] | value12 = 4 | color12 = Black }} Religious affiliation in the United States is among the [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|most diverse in the world]]<ref name="alesina1">{{cite journal |first=Alberto |last=Alesina |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Fractionalization |url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=155–194 |doi=10.1023/a:1024471506938 |access-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref> and varies significantly [[List of regions of the United States|by region]]<ref name="Williams-2023">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and age.<ref name="Burge-2023">{{Cite web |last=Burge |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Burge (political scientist) |date=2023-04-03 |title=Gen Z and Religion in 2022 |url=https://religioninpublic.blog/2023/04/03/gen-z-and-religion-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Religion in Public |language=en}}</ref> The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise]] of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its [[Establishment Clause|establishment]].<ref name="Donadio-2021">{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=2021-11-22 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |work=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}</ref> The country has the world's [[Christianity by country|largest Christian population]]<ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web|author=ANALYSIS|url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx|title=Global Christianity|publisher=Pewforum.org|date=December 19, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=July 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx|url-status=dead }}</ref> and a majority of Americans identify as [[Christians|Christian]], predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[mainline Protestant]], or [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]. According to Gallup, 58% and 17% reporting [[Prayer|praying]] often or sometimes, respectively, and 46% and 26% reporting that religion plays a very important or fairly important role, respectively, in their lives.<ref name="Gallup Poll">{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Religion Historical Trends |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx |website=Gallup}}</ref> Most do not regularly attend religious services<ref name="WSJ-2022" /> and have low confidence in religious institutions.<ref name="McCarthy-2019">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=2019-07-08 |title=U.S. Confidence in Organized Religion Remains Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/259964/confidence-organized-religion-remains-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> Until the 1990s, the country was a [[outlier|significant outlier]] among [[Developed country|highly developed]] countries, notably having [[Wealth and religion|a high level of religiosity and wealth]], although this has lessened since.<ref name="Nadeem-2022">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2022-09-13 |title=Modeling the Future of Religion in America |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Thompson-2019">{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=2019-09-26 |title=Three Decades Ago, America Lost Its Religion. Why? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/atheism-fastest-growing-religion-us/598843/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=}}</ref> According to Gallup and Pew 81%-90% of Americans believe in a [[Higher Power|higher power]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-06-17 |title=Belief in God in U.S. Dips to 81%, a New Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/393737/belief-god-dips-new-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key findings about Americans' belief in God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/25/key-findings-about-americans-belief-in-god/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=April 25, 2018 |quote= The vast majority of Americans (90%) believe in some kind of higher power, with 56% professing faith in God as described in the Bible and another 33% saying they believe in another type of higher power or spiritual force. Only one-in-ten Americans say they don’t believe in God or a higher power of any kind.}}</ref> while "31% report attending a church, synagogue, mosque or temple weekly or nearly weekly today."<ref name="Jones-2022">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-12-21 |title=In U.S., Childhood Churchgoing Habits Fade in Adulthood |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/467354/childhood-churchgoing-habits-fade-adulthood.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> In the "[[Bible Belt]]", located within the [[Southern United States]], evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally. [[New England]] and the [[Western United States]] tend [[Unchurched Belt|to be less religious]].<ref name="Williams-2023" /> Around 6% of Americans claim a non-Christian faith;<ref name="Nadeem-2022" /> the largest of which are [[Judaism]], [[Islam in the United States|Islam]], [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]], and [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]].<ref name="pew2015">{{cite web |date=May 12, 2015 |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> The United States either has the [[American Jews|first or second-largest Jewish population]] in the world, the largest outside of [[Israel]].<ref name="JDB">{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> "[[Ceremonial deism]]" is common in American culture.<ref name="Donadio-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Merriam |first1=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Around 30% of Americans describe themselves as having [[irreligion|no religion]].<ref name="Nadeem-2022" /> Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |date=March 29, 2021 |title=U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time |language=en |work=[[Gallup Inc.]] |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.aspx |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> ===Urbanization=== {{Main|Urbanization in the United States|List of United States cities by population}} About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;<ref name="WF" /> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, 273 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]) had populations exceeding two million.<ref name="PopEstBigCities">{{cite web|url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99?url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2009|title=Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|website=2008 Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|date=July 1, 2009 }}</ref> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 18, 2019|title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=en}}</ref> {{Largest metropolitan areas of the United States}} ===Education=== {{Main|Education in the United States|Higher education in the United States}} [[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]], is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]] American [[state school|public education]] is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education]] through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of five or six (beginning with [[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through [[twelfth grade]], the end of [[high school]]); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp|title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|access-date=August 1, 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The basic [[literacy]] rate is approximately 99%.<ref name="WF" /><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> The United States has many private and public [[Lists of American institutions of higher education|institutions of higher education]]. There are also local [[community college]]s with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pannoni|first1=Alexandra|last2=Kerr|first2=Emma|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college|title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rushe|first=Dominic|date=September 7, 2018|title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea|access-date=August 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> spending an average of $12,794 per year on public elementary and secondary school students in the 2016–2017 school year.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2020|title=Fast Facts: Expenditures|url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref> As for [[public expenditure]]s on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the [[OECD]] average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.<ref name="education spending">{{cite news|date=June 25, 2013|title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows|publisher=CBS|agency=AP|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/|access-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref> Despite some student [[loan forgiveness]] programs in place,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> [[Student debt|student loan debt]] has increased by 102% in the last decade,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hess|first=Abigail Johnson|date=December 22, 2020|title=U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years|work=CNBC|location=|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/22/us-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html|access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> and exceeded 1.7&nbsp;trillion dollars as of 2022.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dickler|first1=Jessica|last2=Nova|first2=Annie|date=May 6, 2022|title=This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/this-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html|work=CNBC|location=|access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious{{ww|date=May 2023}}{{or|date=May 2023}} – the [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=2019-10-22 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |date=March 22, 2023 |title=U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2023/03/22/us-universities-dominate-latest-qs-world-rankings-by-academic-field/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |website=U.S. News & World Report |date=April 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> The country also has by far the most [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize winners]] in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> ===Health=== {{See also|Health care in the United States|Health care reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}} [[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in downtown [[Houston]] is the largest medical complex in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 | title=Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity | website=[[Newsweek]] | date=August 19, 2020 }}</ref> |alt=The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night]] In a preliminary report, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced that U.S. [[life expectancy]] at birth had dropped to 76.4 years in 2021 (73.2 years for men and 79.1 years for women), down 0.9 years from 2020. This was the second year of overall decline, and the chief causes listed were the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, and suicides.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy in the United States Declines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220831.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=September 3, 2022|date=August 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Noguchi|first=Yuki |date=December 22, 2022 |title=American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/22/1144864971/american-life-expectancy-is-now-at-its-lowest-in-nearly-two-decades|work=[[NPR]] |location= |access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref> Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among Blacks and American Indian–Alaskan Native ([[AIAN (U.S. Census)|AIAN]]) peoples.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=Mortality in the United States, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm|access-date=December 27, 2018|website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Lenny|date=November 29, 2018|title=U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-again-a-dismal-trend-not-seen-since-world-war-i/2018/11/28/ae58bc8c-f28c-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html|access-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref> Starting in 1998, the average life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<ref>{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=November 26, 2019|title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. also has one of the highest [[Suicide in the United States|suicide]] rates among [[high-income countries]],<ref>{{cite web|date=January 30, 2020|title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=www.commonwealthfund.org|language=en}}</ref> and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm|access-date=June 5, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> In 2010, [[coronary artery disease]], [[lung cancer]], [[stroke]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]s, and traffic collisions caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. [[Low back pain]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[musculoskeletal disorder]]s, [[neck pain]], and [[anxiety]] caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful [[risk factor]]s were poor diet, [[tobacco smoking]], obesity, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], [[physical inactivity]], and [[Alcohol consumption and health|alcohol consumption]]. [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[substance use disorder]]s, [[kidney disease]], [[cancer]], and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.<ref name="Murray2013">{{cite journal|first=Christopher J.L.|last=Murray|title=The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.13805|date=July 10, 2013|volume=310|issue=6|pages=591–608|pmid=23842577|pmc=5436627 }}</ref> [[Teenage pregnancy in the United States|Teenage pregnancy]] and [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]] rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Teen Pregnancy|url=https://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm|publisher=Center for Disease Control|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> The U.S. health care system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends]] that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse health care outcomes when compared to peer nations.<ref>{{cite web|year=2001|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?|url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2007|access-date=November 29, 2006|publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The United States is the only developed nation [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal health care]], and a [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vladeck|first=Bruce|title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future|date=January 2003|volume=93|number=1|pages=16–19|pmid=12511377|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|pmc=1447684 }}</ref> The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced.<ref name="EFPIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|title=Improving Europe's competitiveness|publisher=[[European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations|EFPIA]]|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823030103/http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|archive-date=August 23, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Europe">Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from [http://212.3.246.100/Objects/2/Files/infigures2007.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity ranked the United States 11th in its World Index of Healthcare Innovation; it concluded that the U.S. dominates science & technology, which "was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the U.S. government [delivered] coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before," but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with "[government] spending [...] growing at an unsustainable rate."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freopp.org/united-states-11-in-the-2022-world-index-of-healthcare-innovation-7175b47ab5d7|title=United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science & technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care.|website=freopp.org|author=Grant Rigney|date=March 3, 2023|access-date=April 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229005307/https://freopp.org/united-states-11-in-the-2022-world-index-of-healthcare-innovation-7175b47ab5d7|archive-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref> Government-funded health care coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]], established in 1965) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], begun in 1966) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] or ACA,{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=June 1, 2010| title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447| pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref> with the law roughly halving the uninsured share of the population according to the CDC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201611_01.pdf|title=National Health Interview Survey, January to June 2016|website=CDC.gov|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> Multiple studies have concluded that ACA had reduced the mortality of enrollees.<ref name="NYT20200323GoodnoughAbelsonetAl">{{cite news|first1=Abby|last1=Goodnough|first2=Reed|last2=Abelson|first3=Margot|last3=Sanger-Katz|first4=Sarah|last4=Kliff|title=Obamacare Turns 10. Here's a Look at What Works and Doesn't.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|access-date=March 31, 2020|date=March 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330105840/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|archive-date=March 30, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Sarah|last2=Altekruse|first2=Sean|last3=Johnson|first3=Norman|last4=Wherry|first4=Laura|date=July 2019|title=Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|series=NBER Working Paper No. 26081|doi=10.3386/w26081|s2cid=164463149|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26081.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goldin|first1=Jacob|last2=Lurie|first2=Ithai Z.|last3=McCubbin|first3=Janet|title=Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|year=2020|volume=136|pages=1–49|language=en|doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa029|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, its legacy [[Criticism of Obamacare|remains controversial]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mathews|first=Anna Wilde|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-aca-still-controversial-11-years-after-healthcare-law-known-as-obamacare-was-passed-11623962729|title=Why Is ACA Still Controversial 11 Years After Healthcare Law Known as Obamacare Was Passed?|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 17, 2021|access-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref> ==Culture and society== {{Main|Culture of the United States|Society of the United States}} [[File:Liberty02.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World''), a gift from [[France]], has become an iconic symbol of the [[American Dream]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| website=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| access-date = January 4, 2022}}</ref>|alt=The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal]] Americans have traditionally [[Stereotypes of Americans|been characterized]] by a unifying belief in an "[[American civil religion|American creed]]" emphasizing liberty, [[equality under the law]], democracy, [[social equality]], [[property rights]], and a preference for [[limited government]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt |title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-87053-3 |chapter=Chapters 2–4 |author-link=Samuel P. Huntington |access-date=October 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core}}: also see [[American Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918.</ref><ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0742548398}}, 2007, p. xi</ref> [[Individualism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabb |first1=Edward |last2=Baer |first2=Douglas |last3=Curtis |first3=James |year=1999 |title=The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=24 |pages=511–533 |doi=10.2307/3341789 |issn=0318-6431 |jstor=3341789 |number=4}}</ref> having a strong [[work ethic]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Gayle |date=November 2010 |title=Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-business-ethics_2010-11_96_4/page/535 |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=96 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 |jstor=29789736 |s2cid=143991044 |number=4}}</ref> [[Competition (economics)|competitiveness]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stephens |first=R.H. |date=September 1952 |title=The Role Of Competition In American Life |journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Policy and Science]] |volume=24 |pages=9–14 |jstor=41317686 |number=3}}</ref> and [[altruism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |title=World Giving Index 2022 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref> are also cited values. According to a 2016 study by the [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity, the [[List of countries by charitable donation|highest]] in the world by a large margin.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> The United States is home to a [[Multiculturalism|wide variety]] of ethnic groups, traditions, and values,<ref name="DD">{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=J.Q. |title=Dealing with diversity : the anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/dealingwithdiver0000adam |last2=Strother-Adams |first2=Pearlie |date=2001 |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub |isbn=978-0-7872-8145-8 |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=William E. |title=Society in focus : an introduction to sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/societyinfocusin0000will |last2=Hickey |first2=Joseph V. |date=2004 |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-41365-2 |edition=5th |location=Boston}}</ref> and exerts major cultural influence on a global scale,<ref>[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Fergie |first1=Dexter |date=March 24, 2022 |title=How American Culture Ate the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> with the phenomenon being termed ''[[Americanization]]''.<ref name="stead1901">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/392/mode/2up | title=The Americanization of the World | publisher=Horace Markley | author=Stead, W. T. | year=1901 | page=393}}</ref> As such, the U.S. is considered a [[cultural superpower]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |date=2010-02-01 |title=The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740903388566 |journal=Cold War History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/14682740903388566 |s2cid=144459911 |issn=1468-2745}}</ref> Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Eurafrasia]] ("the [[Old World]]") within the past five centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiorina|first1=Morris P.|author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina|last2=Peterson|first2=Paul E.|title=The New American democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/newamericandemoc0007edunse|date=2010|publisher=Longman|location=London|isbn=978-0-205-78016-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/newamericandemoc0007edunse/page/97 97]|edition=7th}}</ref> [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holloway|first1=Joseph E.|title=Africanisms in American culture|url=https://archive.org/details/africanismsiname0000unse|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21749-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanismsiname0000unse/page/18 18]–38|edition=2nd}}<br />{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Fern L.|title=Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingcultural0000john|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/speakingcultural0000john/page/116 116]|year=2000 }}</ref> More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture.<ref name="DD" /> The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|last=Clifton|first=Jon|date=March 21, 2013|publisher=Gallup|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<ref name="socialmobility">*{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|publisher=OECD|website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010|access-date=September 20, 2010}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author1=Blanden, Jo|author2=Gregg, Paul|author3=Machin, Stephen|publisher=Centre for Economic Performance|date=April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2006}} *{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Elise|title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/|website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2013|date=October 10, 2012}} *{{cite journal|last=Winship|first=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|url=https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024141452/https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2013|access-date=January 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="CAP">{{cite web|title=Understanding Mobility in America|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/|website=Center for American Progress|date=April 26, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Schneider">{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Donald|title=A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility|url=https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/07/a-guide-to-understanding-international-comparisons-of-economic-mobility|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=August 22, 2013|date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutfeld|first=Amon|year=2002|title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton and Portland|page=65|isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}</ref> scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zweig|first=Michael|year=2004|title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}} {{cite web|url=https://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800472a5|title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech|publisher=Education Resource Information Center|access-date=January 27, 2007}}</ref> Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but being [[Average Joe|ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=The Average American|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-270-1|url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee }}</ref> The United States is considered to have the [[Freedom of speech by country|strongest protections of free speech of any country]] in the world under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Gabriella |title=Coding Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/codingfreedometh0000cole |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780691144610 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/codingfreedometh0000cole/page/10 10], 201 |author-link=Gabriella Coleman}}</ref> with the Supreme Court ruling that [[flag desecration]], [[Hate speech laws by country|hate speech]], [[Blasphemy law|blasphemy]], and [[Lèse-majesté|lese-majesty]] are all forms of protected expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> They are also the "most supportive of [[freedom of the press]] and the [[Right to Internet access|right to use the Internet]] without government censorship."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[Cultural liberalism|socially progressive]] country<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |author-link=Pippa Norris |date=February 2023 |title=Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=145–174 |doi=10.1177/00323217211037023 |s2cid=238647612 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...}}</ref> with [[Permissive society|permissive]] attitudes surrounding [[human sexuality]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Marco |title=Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond |last2=van den Berg |first2=Mariecke |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=9783030563264 |pages=338 |quote=...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights in the U.S.]] are among the most advanced in the world.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garretson |first=Jeremiah |title=The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion |url=https://archive.org/details/pathtogayrightsh0000garr |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=9781479850075 |page= |chapter=A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States |quote=In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.}}</ref> ===Literature and visual arts=== {{Main|American literature|American philosophy|Architecture of the United States|Visual art of the United States}} [[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|253x253px|[[Mark Twain]], American author and [[humorist]]|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]] In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as [[Washington Irving]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]] established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. [[Mark Twain]] and poet [[Walt Whitman]] were major figures in the century's second half; [[Emily Dickinson]], virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harold|first1=Bloom|author-link1=Harold Bloom|title=Emily Dickinson|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=Broomall, PA|isbn=978-0-7910-5106-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 }}</ref> In the 1920s, the [[Harlem Renaissance|New Negro Movement]] coalesced in Harlem, where many writers had migrated (some coming from the South, others from the West Indies). Its pan-African perspective was a significant cultural export during the [[Jazz Age]] in Paris and as such was a key early influence on the ''[[négritude]]'' philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Philipson | first = Robert | title = The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_spring-2006_40_1/page/145 | journal = African American Review | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | year = 2006 | pages = 145–160 | jstor = 40027037}}</ref> There have been a multitude of candidates for the "[[Great American Novel]]"—works seen as embodying and examining the essence and character of the United States—including [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852), Twain's ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1885), [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925), [[John Steinbeck]]'s ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939), [[Harper Lee]]'s ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1960), [[Toni Morrison]]'s [[Beloved (novel)|''Beloved'']] (1987), and [[David Foster Wallace]]'s ''[[Infinite Jest]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buell |first=Lawrence |title=The Dream of the Great American Novel |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamofgreatamer0000buel |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780674051157 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dreamofgreatamer0000buel/page/57 57] |oclc=871257583 |author-link=Lawrence Buell}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | first = Lawrence | last = Buell | title = The Rise and 'Fall' of the Great American Novel | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-antiquarian-society-proceedings_1994_104_2/page/261 | journal = Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society | date = October 1994 | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–283 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case|date=Spring–Summer 2008|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History|s2cid=170250346|issn=0896-7148|url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:31740086 }}</ref> Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], most recently [[Louise Glück]], [[Bob Dylan]], and Toni Morrison.<ref>{{Cite web | title = All Nobel Prizes in Literature | website = NobelPrize.org | author = Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023 | access-date = 23 Mar 2023 | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature | language = en}}</ref> Earlier laureates [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] and John Steinbeck have also been recognized as influential 20th century writers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edward|first1=Quinn|title=A dictionary of literary and thematic terms|date=2006|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-6243-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 361]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 }}</ref> In the visual arts, the [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Milton W.|title=The Story of the Armory Show|date=1963|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89659-795-2|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofarmorysho00brow }}</ref> [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new, individualistic styles, which would become known as [[American modernism]]. Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then [[postmodernism]] has brought global fame to American architects such as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].<ref name="JansonJanson2003">{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst Woldemar|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955|year=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-182895-7|page=955}}</ref> Major photographers include [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[Dorothea Lange]], [[Edward Weston]], [[James Van Der Zee]], [[Ansel Adams]], and [[Gordon Parks]].<ref name="Davenport1991">{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Alma|title=The History of Photography: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67|year=1991|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6|page=67}}</ref> The most notable American architectural innovation has been the [[skyscraper]]. By some measures, what came to be known as a "skyscraper" in the modern world, first appeared in [[Chicago]] with the 1885 completion of the world's first largely steel-frame structure, the [[Home Insurance Building]]. One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's [[Woolworth Building]] designed by architect [[Cass Gilbert]]. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793&nbsp;ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building in 1913–1930.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/ |title = Study for Woolworth Building, New York |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1910-12-10 |access-date = 2013-07-25 }}</ref> ===Cinema and theater=== {{Main|Cinema of the United States|Theater in the United States}} [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|230px|The iconic [[Hollywood Sign]] in [[Los Angeles]], California|alt=The Hollywood Sign, large white block letters on a hillside]] The United States movie industry has a worldwide influence and following. [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is the leader in motion picture production and the most recognizable movie industry in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VbOAAAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA193|publisher=By[[Office controller|Office of Controller]] Los Angeles, CA (1914)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPo2AQAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA173|publisher=By [[State auditor|Auditor's Office]] of Los Angeles, CA (1913)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707|title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer|publisher=United Nations|date=May 5, 2009|access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The [[major film studios]] of the United States are the primary source of the [[List of highest-grossing films|most commercially successful]] and most ticket selling movies in the world.<ref name="Kerrigan_Page_18">{{cite book |last1=Kerrigan |first1=Finola |title=Film Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=9780750686839 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&pg=PA18 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Glyn |last2=Dickinson |first2=Kay |last3=Patti |first3=Lisa |last4=Villarejo |first4=Amy |title=Film Studies: A Global Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9781317623380 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using the [[Kinetoscope]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ|date=April 29, 1944|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n67 68]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,<ref name="DrowneHuber2004">{{cite book |last1=Drowne |first1=Kathleen Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236 |title=The 1920s |last2=Huber |first2=Patrick |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32013-2 |page=236}}</ref> and the [[Golden Globe Award]]s have been held annually since January 1944.<ref name="Kroon2014">{{cite book |last=Kroon |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338 |title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3 |page=338}}</ref> Director [[D. W. Griffith]], an American [[filmmaker]] during the [[silent film]] period, was central to the development of [[film grammar]], and producer/entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]] was a leader in both [[animation|animated film]] and movie [[merchandising]].<ref name="KrasniewiczDisney2010">{{cite book|last1=Krasniewicz|first1=Louise|last2=Disney|first2=Walt|title=Walt Disney: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PR10|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35830-2|page=10}}</ref> Directors such as [[John Ford]] redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as [[John Huston]], broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Charles|title=Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banner|first1=Lois|title=Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/05/opinion/la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rick|first1=Jewell|title=John Wayne, an American Icon|url=https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-date=August 22, 2008|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> In the 1970s, "[[New Hollywood]]" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"<ref name="Greven2013">{{cite book|last=Greven|first=David|title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|year=2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-74204-8|page=23}}</ref> was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war period]].<ref name="Morrison1998">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&pg=PA11|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8|page=11}}</ref> The 21st century has been marked by the rise of the American streaming platforms, such as [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Paramount+]], and [[Apple TV+]], which came to rival traditional cinema.<ref name="RE">{{cite news |last=Seitz|first=Matt Zoller|author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|title=What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame|access-date=July 21, 2021|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|date=April 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hannah Avery |title=US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry |url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry |date=January 18, 2023 |website=[[Kantar Group]] |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|British theater]].<ref name="Saxon2011">{{cite book| first = Theresa| last = Saxon| date = October 11, 2011| title = American Theatre: History, Context, Form| publisher = Edinburgh University Press| pages = 7–| isbn = 978-0-7486-3127-8| oclc = 1162047055| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-AkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> The central hub of the American theater scene has been [[Manhattan]], with its divisions of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[off-Broadway]], and [[off-off-Broadway]].<ref name="LondréWatermeier1998">{{cite book| first1 = Felicia Hardison | last1 = Londré| first2 = Daniel J.| last2 = Watermeier| date = 1998| title = The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present| url = https://archive.org/details/historyofnortham0000lond | publisher = Continuum| pages =| isbn = 978-0-8264-1079-5| oclc = 1024855967}}</ref> Many movie and television [[Celebrity|stars]] have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional [[Regional theater in the United States|regional or resident theater companies]] that produce their own seasons, with some works being produced regionally with hopes of eventually moving to New York. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are [[musical theatre|musicals]]. U.S. theater also has an active [[community theater]] culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.<ref>Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, ''American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary'' (1994).</ref> ===Music=== <!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--> {{Main|Music of the United States}} [[File:Country_music_hall_of_fame2.jpg|thumb|The [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]]] [[American folk music]] encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional [[folk music]], contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the [[British Isles]], [[Mainland Europe]], or [[African-American music|Africa]].<ref name=afc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guide/folkmusicandsong.html|title=Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Among the country's earliest composers was [[William Billings]] who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;<ref name="Eggart2007">{{cite book|first=Elise|last=Eggart|title=Let's Go USA 24th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGOgKLHbz8C&pg=PA68|date=2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-37445-7|page=68}}</ref> Billings was a part of the [[Yankee tunesmiths|First New England School]], who dominated American music during its earliest stages. [[Anthony Heinrich]] was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s, [[John Philip Sousa]] of the late [[Romantic music|Romantic era]] composed numerous military songs—[[List of marches by John Philip Sousa|particularly marches]]—and is regarded as one of the nation's greatest composers.<ref name="Bierley1973">{{cite book|first=Paul E.|last=Bierley|title=John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcabC2avFLsC&pg=PA5|year=1973|publisher=Alfred Music|isbn=978-1-4574-4995-6|page=5|edition=Revised}}</ref> The rhythmic and lyrical styles of [[African-American music]] have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The [[Smithsonian Institution]] states, "African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them."<ref>{{cite web |title=Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music |url=https://music.si.edu/story/musical-crossroads |website=Smithsonian |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s, and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the [[blues]] and what is known as [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] was developed by innovators such as [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] early in the 20th century.<ref name="autogenerated2001">{{cite book|last1=Biddle|first1=Julian|title=What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America|date=2001|publisher=Citadel|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8065-2311-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ ix]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ }}</ref> Known for singing in a wide variety of genres, [[Aretha Franklin]] is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Aretha was the greatest singer in US history |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180816-aretha-greatest-singer-in-us-history |website=BBC |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Chuck Berry]] were among the pioneers of [[rock and roll]] in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as [[Metallica]], the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]], and [[Aerosmith]] are among the [[List of best-selling music artists|highest grossing]] in worldwide sales.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hartman|first1=Graham|title=Metallica's 'Black album' is Top-Selling Disc of last 20 years|url=https://loudwire.com/metallica-black-album-top-selling-disc-last-20-years/|website=Loudwire|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=January 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vorel|first1=Jim|title=Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland|url=https://herald-review.com/entertainment/local/eagles-tribute-band-landing-at-kirkland/article_a8dcd506-08d0-11e2-82ac-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|agency=Herald & Review|date=September 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert|url=https://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/salinas/aerosmith-will-rock-salinas-with-july-concert/31042330|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 10, 2020 |title=No. 1 Bob Dylan |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/interactive/lists-100-greatest-songwriters/#bob-dylan |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> Mid-20th-century American [[Popular music|pop stars]] such as [[Bing Crosby]], [[Frank Sinatra]],<ref>{{cite web|date=December 8, 2015|title=10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/12/08/10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world/76381754/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=USA Today}}</ref> and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,<ref name="autogenerated2001" /> as have artists of the late 20th century such as [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]], [[Whitney Houston]], and [[Mariah Carey]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 13, 2012 |title=Whitney Houston's Global Impact |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/02/13/exp-nr-bilchik-whitney-international-reaction.cnn |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Prince and his music challenged the music industry |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2654768/how-prince-and-his-music-challenged-the-music-industry/ |access-date=June 25, 2016 |website=Global News}}</ref> The musical forms of [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[hip hop]] both originated in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/artandmusicbiographies/chapter/reading-9-neo-expressionism-and-music-reaching-into-the-1980s/|title=A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture|author=Clayton Funk|chapter=9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge|publisher=The Ohio State University|date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including [[Renée Fleming]], [[Leontyne Price]], [[Beverly Sills]], [[Nelson Eddy]], and many others.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/lisa/2966#:~:text=The%20American%20Opera%20Boom%20of,1960s%3A%20History%20and%20Stylistic%20Analysis|title=The American Opera Boom of the 1950s and 1960s: History and Stylistic Analysis|author=Rachel Hutchins-Viroux|journal=Revue Lisa / Lisa e-Journal |year=2004 |issue=Vol. II - n°3 |pages=145–163 |publisher=OpenEdition Journals|doi=10.4000/lisa.2966 |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> [[American popular music]], as part of the wider U.S. pop culture, has a worldwide influence and following.<ref>{{cite book |author =Ewen, David|title=Panorama of American Popular Music|url =https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen|url-access =registration|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1957 |isbn=0-13-648360-7}} pg. 3 ''Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.''</ref> [[Beyoncé]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Eminem]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Katy Perry]], and many other contemporary artists dominate [[List of most-streamed artists on Spotify|global streaming rankings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491|title=Spotify Launches Wrapped 2022: Bad Bunny, Taylor Swift Are Most-Streamed Artists of the Year|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=November 30, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130153903/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> The United States has the world's [[List of largest recorded music markets|largest music market]] with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014.<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/riaj/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2015E.pdf|title=RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014 Report: 28. Global Sales of Recorded Music (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208104131/http://www.riaj.or.jp/riaj/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2015E.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to [[Radio in the United States|radio stations]] and community orchestras. Most of the world's [[Record label#Major labels|major record companies]] are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/how-american-music-took-over-the-world/ |title=How American Music Took Over the World |author=Eoin Hennessy |website=[[The University Times]] |access-date=April 28, 2023 |date=March 27, 2014}}</ref> ===Mass media=== {{further|Mass media in the United States}} {{see also|Newspapers in the United States|Television in the United States|Internet in the United States|Radio in the United States|Video games in the United States}} [[File:Comcast_Philly.JPG|upright|thumb|The [[Comcast Center]] in [[Philadelphia]], headquarters of the [[Comcast Corporation]], which is the nation's largest [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]{{cn|date=April 2023}}]] The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC), and [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] (FOX). The four major broadcast [[television network]]s are all commercial entities. [[Cable television in the United States|Cable television]] offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=October 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|archive-date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to [[radio broadcasting|broadcast radio]], while about 41% listen to [[podcast]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/|title=Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2014|09|30|df=US}}, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).<ref>{{cite web|last=Waits|first=Jennifer|date=October 17, 2014|title=Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count|url=https://www.radiosurvivor.com/2014/10/17/number-u-s-radio-stations-rise-especially-lpfm-according-latest-fcc-count/|access-date=January 6, 2015|website=Radio Survivor}}</ref> Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]], incorporated in February 1970 under the [[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 20, 2013|title=History: NPR|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history|access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref name="Shaffer2006">{{cite book|first=Brenda|last=Shaffer|title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&pg=PA116|year=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-19529-4|page=116}}</ref> More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Newspapers in United States|url=https://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=W3newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU|url=https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|archive-date=June 26, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com}}</ref> With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have [[alternative newspaper]]s to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's ''[[The Village Voice]]'' or Los Angeles' ''[[LA Weekly]]''. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are [[Google]], [[YouTube]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Yahoo]], and [[Facebook]], with all of them being American companies.<ref name="alexa-topsitesus">{{cite web|year=2021|title=Top Sites in United States|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|access-date=October 6, 2021|publisher=Alexa|archive-date=June 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|url-status=dead}}</ref> Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry,{{cn|date=May 2023}} the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Major publishers headquartered in the United States are [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]], [[Take-Two Interactive|Take-Two]], [[Activision Blizzard]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Xbox Game Studios]], [[Bethesda Softworks]], [[Epic Games]], [[Valve Corporation|Valve]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment|Warner Bros.]], [[Riot Games]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title=Top 10 gaming companies made $126bn revenue last year |language=en-gb |work=Eurogamer.net |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/top-10-gaming-companies-made-126bn-revenue-last-year |access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in [[California]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California (CA) |url=https://www.theesa.com/video-game-impact-map/state/california/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ESA Impact Map |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Main|American cuisine}} {{further|List of American regional and fusion cuisines}} [[File:Cheeseburger with fries.jpg|thumb|A [[cheeseburger]] served with [[French fries|fries]] and [[coleslaw]]]] Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as [[Turkey as food|turkey]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[maize|corn]], [[Cucurbita|squash]], and [[maple syrup]]. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as [[wheat flour]],<ref name="Wheat">{{cite web|title=Wheat Info|url=https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-date=October 11, 2009|website=Wheatworld.org|access-date=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes|url=https://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html|publisher=American Indian Health and Diet Project|access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Akenuwa|first=Ambrose|title=Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aw5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|date=July 1, 2015|pages=92–94|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=978-1-329-26112-9|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.<ref name="Mintz1996">{{cite book|author=Sidney Wilfred Mintz|title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0/page/134 134]–|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> The American [[fast food]] industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as [[McDonald's]],<ref name="DeBres2005">Karen DeBres, "A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK," Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005</ref> [[Burger King]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], and [[Domino's Pizza]] among others, have numerous outlets around the world,<ref>{{cite news|title=Why McDonald's in France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/24/145698222/why-mcdonalds-in-france-doesnt-feel-like-fast-food|last1=Breadsley|first1=Eleanor|website=NPR|date=January 24, 2012|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> and pioneered the [[drive-through]] format in the 1940s.<ref name="drivethru">{{cite web|title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?|url=https://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm|website=Wisegeek.org|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Characteristic American dishes such as [[apple pie]], [[fried chicken]], [[doughnuts]], [[french fries]], [[macaroni and cheese]], [[ice cream]], [[Pizza in the United States|pizza]], [[hamburgers]], and [[hot dogs]] derive from the recipes of various immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2020/12/31/consumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html|title=KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests|last=Cawthon|first=Haley|date=December 31, 2020|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/america/the-history-of-the-pizza/|title=How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food|last=Russell|first=Joan|date=May 23, 2016|website=PasteMagazine.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes such as [[burritos]] and [[tacos]] and [[pasta]] dishes freely adapted from [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] sources are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N.|title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003|publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists|date=August 23, 2003|access-date=June 19, 2007}}</ref> American [[chef]]s have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include [[Charles Ranhofer]] of [[Delmonico's Restaurant]] in [[New York City|New York]], and [[Bob Payton]], who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421080253/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2009| title= Obituary: Bob Payton|work= The Independent|access-date= 15 September 2015}}</ref> Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the [[American Culinary Federation]] in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef [[James Beard]] hosted the first nationally televised cooking show ''I Love to Eat.'' His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} James Beard Foundation |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.jamesbeard.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=James Beard, Authority On Food, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/24/nyregion/james-beard-authority-on-food-dies.html |quote=James Beard, the bald and portly chef and cookbook writer who was one of the country's leading authorities on food and drink and its foremost champion of American cooking, died of cardiac arrest yesterday at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. He was 81 years old and lived in ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 24, 1985 |access-date=April 11, 2010 | first=Albin | last=Krebs}}</ref> Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the [[Cooking Channel]] and [[Food Network]] have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was [[Julia Child]] who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, [[The French Chef]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Julia Child {{!}} Biography, Cookbooks, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julia-Child|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> In 1946, the [[Culinary Institute of America]] was founded by [[Katharine Cramer Angell|Katharine Angell]] and [[Frances Roth]]. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story: CIA History {{!}} Culinary Institute of America |url=https://www.ciachef.edu/our-story/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.ciachef.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FTfbs">{{cite news|last=Averbuch|first=Bonnie|title=Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business|publisher=[[Food Tank]]|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2015/09/attention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school/|date=September 2015|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in the United States}} {{See also|Professional sports leagues in the United States|National Collegiate Athletic Association|United States at the Olympics}} [[File:Commanders vs. Jaguars (52379056543).jpg|thumb|[[American football]] is the most popular sport in the United States.]] The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are [[American football]], [[basketball]], [[baseball]], [[association football|soccer]], and [[ice hockey]], according to a 2017 ''[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]]'' poll.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports |date=September 25, 2007 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/4735/sports.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarah Krasnoff|first=Lindsay|date=December 26, 2017|title=How the NBA went global|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/|access-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref> [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.<ref name="liss">Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.</ref> The market for [[professional sports]] in the United States was roughly $69&nbsp;billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 18, 2008|title=Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618|access-date=July 24, 2013|website=Reuters}}</ref> American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;<ref>{{cite web|author=Krane, David K.|title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|publisher=Harris Interactive|date=October 30, 2002|access-date=September 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|archive-date=July 9, 2010}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50454-9}}.</ref> the [[National Football League]] (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the [[Super Bowl]] is watched by tens of millions globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years|title=How the NFL took over America in 100 years|last=Guliza|first=Anthony|date=August 14, 2019|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. [[national sport]] since the late 19th century, with [[Major League Baseball]] being the top league. Basketball and [[ice hockey]] are the country's next two most popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the [[National Basketball Association]] and the [[National Hockey League]], which are also the premier leagues worldwide for these sports. The most-watched [[individual sport]]s in the U.S. are [[golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]] and [[IndyCar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 16, 2014|title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2014|access-date=July 2, 2014|website=Harris Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Cowen, Tyler|author2=Grier, Kevin|date=February 9, 2012|title=What Would the End of Football Look Like?|url=https://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football|access-date=February 12, 2012|publisher=Grantland/ESPN}}</ref> On the [[collegiate athletics|collegiate]] level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,<ref name="si">{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/07/ncaa-1-billion-revenue|title=Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues|date=March 7, 2018 }}</ref> and [[college football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences, as the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Final Four]] is one of the most watched national sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 19, 2013|title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust|url=https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|archive-date=April 7, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2014|publisher=National Football Foundation}}</ref> Eight [[Olympic Games]] have taken place in the United States. The [[1904 Summer Olympics]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaus|first=Gerald P.|last2=Wenn|first2=Stephen R.|title=Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games|url=https://archive.org/details/onwardtoolympics0000unse|date=February 9, 2007|publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/onwardtoolympics0000unse/page/224 224]|isbn=978-0-889-20505-5}}</ref> The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when [[Los Angeles]] hosts the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. [[United States at the Olympics|U.S. athletes]] have won a total of 2,959 medals (1,173 gold) at the [[Olympic Games]], by far the most of any country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatestsportingnation.com/|title=Greatest Sporting Nation|website=greatestsportingnation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/sports/olympics/the-1000-medals-of-the-united-states/| title = 1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings|first=Chris|last=Chase|date=February 7, 2014|work=USA Today|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/|access-date=February 28, 2014}} {{cite news|title=With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals|date=February 6, 2014|first=Dan|last=Loumena|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206|access-date=February 28, 2014}}</ref> In international [[Association football|soccer]], the [[United States men's national soccer team|men's national soccer team]] qualified for [[United States at the FIFA World Cup|eleven World Cups]], while the [[United States women's national soccer team|women's national team]] has [[United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup|won]] the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic soccer tournament]] four times each.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=April 6, 2020|title=MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer|access-date=May 5, 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> The United States hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] and will host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] along with [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=June 16, 2022 |title=The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Index of United States–related articles]] * [[Lists of U.S. state topics]] * [[Outline of the United States]] {{clear}} <!--For wide-screen monitors, prevent image above from punching through the ref section. --> ==Notes== {{notelist | colwidth = | notes = {{efn | name = pop | Excludes [[Puerto Rico]] and the other [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated islands]] because they are counted separately in [[U.S. census]] statistics. }} {{efn | name = time | See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. }} {{efn | name = drive | A single jurisdiction, the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], uses left-hand traffic. }} }} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bianchine|first1=Peter J.|last2=Russo|first2=Thomas A.|year=1992|title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America|volume=13|issue=5|pages=225–232|ref=Bianchine|doi=10.2500/108854192778817040|pmid=1483570|journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}} * {{cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|date=2009|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68617-4|ref=Blakeley}} * {{cite book|last1=Boyer|first1=Paul S.|last2=Clark Jr.|first2=Clifford E.|last3=Kett|first3=Joseph F.|last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5=Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|ref=Boyer|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=588|isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}} * {{cite book|first=Colin G.|last=Calloway|title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|ref=Calloway1998|page=229|isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5|year=1998}} * {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Kenneth C.|title=Don't know much about the Civil War|ref=Davis96|publisher=William Marrow and Co.|location=New York|year=1996|url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518|isbn=978-0-688-11814-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }} * {{cite book|last1=Daynes|first1=Byron W.|last2=Sussman|first2=Glen|title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush|ref=Daynes|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|year=2010|page=320|url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn|url-access=registration|isbn=978-1-60344-254-1|oclc=670419432|quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}} * {{cite book|first1=Jon M|last1=Erlandson|first2=Torben C|last2=Rick|first3=Rene L|last3=Vellanoweth|title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County|location=California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19|year=2008|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=978-0-87480-879-7}} * {{cite book|first=Brian M.|last=Fagan|title=Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9lqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35027-9}} * {{cite book|first1=Sylvan G.|last1=Feldstein|first2=Frank J.|last2=Fabozzi|title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds|ref=Feldstein|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2011|page=1376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC|isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Fladmark|first1=K.R.|title=Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America|journal=American Antiquity|volume=44|issue=1|year=2017|pages=55–69|issn=0002-7316|doi=10.2307/279189|jstor=279189|s2cid=162243347}} * {{cite book|first=Tim|last= Flannery|title=The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9109-0}} * {{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Steve|first2=Gary|last2=Gerstle|author-link2=Gary Gerstle|ref=Fraser|title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980|series=American History: Political science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&pg=PA229|year=1989|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00607-9|page=311}} * {{cite book|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|title=The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd|year=1972|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12239-9 }} * {{cite book|first=Daniel J.|last= Gelo|title=Indians of the Great Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBBmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-71812-7}} * {{cite book|first=Ofelia|last=García|title=Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW6V__K95ckC&pg=PT167|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5978-7}} *{{cite book |last=Gerstle|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Gerstle|date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0197519646}} * {{cite book|last=Gold|first=Susan Dudley|title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny|ref=Gold2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144]|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144|isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }} * {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John Steele|author-link=John Steele Gordon|ref=Gordon|title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power|year=2004|publisher=HarperCollins|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-06-009362-4 }} * {{cite book|last1=Graebner|first1=Norman A.|last2=Burns|first2=Richard Dean|last3=Siracusa|first3=Joseph M.|ref=Burns2008|title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&pg=PA142|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|series=Praeger Security International Series|isbn=978-0-313-35241-6|page=180}} * {{cite book|first1=Michael Robert|last1=Haines|first2=Michael R.|last2= Haines|first3=Richard H.|last3=Steckel|title=A Population History of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12|date= 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7 }} * {{cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Haymes|editor2-first= Maria|editor2-last=Vidal de Haymes|editor3-first= Reuben|editor3-last= Miller|publisher=Routledge|url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-67344-0|ref=Haymes et al}} * {{cite book|first1=William A.|last1= Haviland|first2=Dana|last2= Walrath|first3=Harald E.L.|last3= Prins|title=Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_qGhW338KQC&pg=PA219|date=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-06141-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Hoopes|first1=Townsend|last2=Brinkley|first2=Douglas|title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N|url=https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-08553-2 }} * {{cite book|first=Thomas N.|last=Ingersoll|title=The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwdQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12861-3}} * {{cite book|first=Moira|last=Inghilleri|title=Translation and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1yuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-39980-5}} * {{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Lawrence R.|title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know|ref=Jacobs10|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-978142-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco }} * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=A History of the American People|year=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC|isbn=978-0-06-195213-5}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American studies|date=2001|publisher=Grolier Educational|editor-last=Kurian|editor-first=George T.|isbn=978-0-7172-9222-6|location=New York|oclc=46343385}} * {{cite book|first=Paul|last= Joseph|title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5 }} * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare|series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History|last1=Kessel|first1=William B.|last2=Wooster|first2=Robert|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C|isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9|page=398|ref=Kessel}} * {{cite book|first1=David S.|last1=Kidder|first2=Noah D.|last2=Oppenheim|title=The Intellectual Devotional: American History: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Converse Confidently about Our Nation's Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF39tMiwmWcC&pg=PA91|year=2007|publisher=Rodale|isbn=978-1-59486-744-6}} * {{cite book|title=One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America|first1=Kevin M.|last1=Kruse|publisher=Basic Books|year=2015|isbn=978-0-465-04949-3|url=https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000krus }} * {{cite book|last=Leckie|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War|ref=Leckie|publisher=Harper-Collins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ|location=New York|year=1990|page=682|isbn=978-0-06-016280-1}} * {{cite book|first=Craig|last= Lockard|title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-79083-7}} * {{cite book|first1=Donna|last1=Martinez|first2=Jennifer L. Williams|last2=Bordeaux|title=50 Events That Shaped American Indian History: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnB1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|date= 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3577-3}} * {{cite book|first1=Donna|last1=Martinez|first2=Grace|last2=Sage|first3=Azusa|last3=Ono|title=Urban American Indians: Reclaiming Native Space: Reclaiming Native Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HjEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3208-6}} * {{cite book|first=Eric|last=Martone|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2}} * {{cite book|last=Leffler|first=Melvyn P.|author-link=Melvyn P. Leffler|editor-last=Westad|editor-first=Odd Arne|year=2010|chapter=The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952|title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War|volume=1: Origins|pages=67–89|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83719-4|oclc=309835719|language=en }} * {{cite book|last=Lemon|first=James T.|editor1-first=Robert D.|editor1-last=Mitchell|editor2-first=Paul A.|editor2-last=Groves|title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent|chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|chapter-url=https://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123135724/https://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf|archive-date=January 23, 2013|year=1987|ref=Lemon}} * {{cite book|last=Lien|first=Arnold Johnson|title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law|volume=54|ref=Lien|publisher=Columbia University|location=New York|year=1913|page=604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ}} * {{cite book|first=Karen Woods|last=Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870|year=2005|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=214}} * {{cite book|last=Levenstein|first=Harvey|title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6|ref=Levenstein|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-23439-0}} * {{cite book|first=David J.|last=Meltzer|title=First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rnc-bg2voI8C&pg=PA129|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94315-5}} * {{cite book|author=The New York Times|title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesguid00|year=2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-37659-8 }} * {{cite book|first=Mary|last=Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-0-9753851-4-2}} * {{cite book|first=Peter S.|last=Onuf|title=The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcUgLPqmfuYC|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0038-6}} * {{cite book|first1=Theda|last1= Perdue|first2=Michael D|last2=Green|title=The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RBJCyp2bFIC&pg=PA40|date= 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50602-1}} * {{cite book|last=Quirk|first=Joel|title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking|ref=Quirk|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC|isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8|page=344}} * {{cite book|last=Ranlet|first=Philip|title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850|ref=Ranlet|publisher=North Eastern University Press|editor-first=Alden T.|editor-last=Vaughan|year=1999}} * {{cite book|last=Remini|first=Robert V.|title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-134111-3}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Richter|editor1-first=Daniel K.|editor2-last=Merrell|editor2-first=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQnEwUaPAegC|title=Beyond the covenant chain : the Iroquois and their neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800|date=2003|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-02299-4|location=University Park|oclc=51306167}} * {{cite book|last=Ripper|first=Jason|title=American Stories: To 1877|year=2008|ref=Ripper2008|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC|page=299|isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius |title=Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World |publisher=[[Routledge]] ([[Taylor & Francis]]) |year=2015 |isbn=9781317471806 |edition=Illustrated |pages=}} * {{cite book|last=Russell|first=John Henderson|title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865|ref=Russell1913|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|url=https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog/page/n202 196]}} * {{cite book|first=William|last=Safire|title=No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular "On Language" Column in The New York Times Magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi/page/199 199]|year=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-4955-3}} * {{cite book|first=Bunford|last=Samuel|title=Secession and Constitutional Liberty: In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union|url=https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog/page/n329 323]|year=1920|publisher=Neale publishing Company}} * {{cite book|first= Candace|last= Savage|title=Prairie: A Natural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|date=2011|publisher=Greystone Books|isbn=978-1-55365-899-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Dorothy|last2=Schneider|first2=Carl J.|title=Slavery in America|ref=Schneider|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C|year=2007|page=554|isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}} * {{cite book|last=Schultz|first=David Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution|ref=Schultz|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C|page=904|isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}} * {{cite book|first=Sandra|last=Sider|title=Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtYy67FsRosC&pg=PA226|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533084-7}} * {{cite book|last=Simonson|first=Peter|title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History|ref=Simonson|year=2010|publisher=University of Illinois Press|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated.|location=Urbana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79|isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}} * {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|year=2004|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0001unse_d3n9|ref=Smith2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0001unse_d3n9/page/131 131]–132|isbn=978-0-19-515437-5}} * {{cite book|last=Soss|first=Joe|editor-last=Hacker|editor-first=Jacob S.|editor2-last=Mettler|editor2-first=Suzanne|ref=Soss|title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttyjBoyb3AC|isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 }} * {{cite book|ref=Stannard|last=Stannard|first=David E.|author-link=David Stannard|title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan|isbn=978-0-19-508557-0 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=Tadman|last=Tadman|first=Michael|title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2000-12_105_5/page/1534|journal=American Historical 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of America, 1815–1848]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780199726578 |author-link=Daniel Walker Howe}} * {{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Alden T.|title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850|publisher=North Eastern University Press|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first1=James M.|last1=Volo|first2=Dorothy Denneen|last2=Volo|title=Family Life in Native America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_bc61ezj0cC&pg=PR11|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33795-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=Gary M.|last2=Rockoff|first2=Hugh|title=History of the American Economy|year=2009|ref=Walton|publisher=Cengage Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C|isbn=978-0-324-78662-0 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Waters|first1=M.R.|last2=Stafford|first2=T W.|title=Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas|journal=Science|volume=315|issue=5815|year=2007|pages=1122–1126|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1137166|pmid=17322060|bibcode=2007Sci...315.1122W|s2cid=23205379|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2127cb07b275c5be603cef1434db0b167b94c94f}} * {{cite book|first1=Edith Brown|last1=Weiss|first2=Harold Karan|last2=Jacobson|title=Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_JAw31U5qQC&pg=PA180|year=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-73132-4}} * {{cite book|last=Winchester|first=Simon|title=The men who United the States|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602|url-access=registration|year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-207960-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Gavin |year=2022 |title=Slavery and the Rise of the Nineteenth-Century American Economy 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The MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia has several parameters that limit the complexity of a page, thus limiting the number of templates that can be included. 2) Do not turn these bullets into headers! They expand the TOC too much. --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211212224932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]] ; Government * [https://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal]. Gateway to government sites. * [https://www.house.gov/ House]. Official site of the United States House of Representatives. * [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate]. Official site of the United States Senate. * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House]. Official site of the President of the United States. * [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court]. Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States. ; History * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents]. Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research. * [https://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=November 19, 2022 }}. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. * [https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA]. Collected links to historical data. ; Maps * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States]. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior. * {{wikiatlas|the United States}} * {{osmrelation-inline|148838}} * [https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America]. A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S. ; Photos * [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=USA Photos of the USA] {{Anchor|Related information}} <!-- Target for Navbox link at See also section --> {{United States topics}} {{United States political divisions}} {{North America topic}} {{Portal bar|United States|North America|Countries}} {{Sister bar|auto=yes|voy=United States}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|40|-100|dim:10000000_region:region:US_type:country|name=United States of America|display=title}} [[Category:United States| ]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1776]] [[Category:Countries in North America]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal constitutional republics]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]] [[Category:Former confederations]] [[Category:G20 nations]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Transcontinental countries]] i9bzehisggqowt8t2898m4267cpd1ww 0 12809 122476 70751 2026-09-28T00:14:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Msumba mu Villa Clara, Cuba}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Canoa | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba |image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = La Canoa | motto = | image_map = Encrucijada city map Canoa.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Canoa (red) in Encrucijada | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Encrucijada | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|33|29|N|79|49|57|W|type:city_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Encrucijada]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Consejo popular (Cuba)|Ward]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Constancia, Cuba|Constancia]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lisbet Morales Martínez |first=Lisbet |last2=Dr. Leonid |first2=E. Hernández Sánchez |last3=Pereira Leonard |first3=Yainalis |year=2013 |title=LA INFLUENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIA AZUCARERA EN LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS SOCIOCULTURALES DE LA COMUNIDAD DE ENCRUCIJADA |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6076/Lisbet%20Morales%20Mart%C3%ADnez.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=dspace (Institutional Repository of the Central [[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas]]) |page=46 |publication-place=[[Santa Clara, Cuba]]}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2013 | population_total = 27 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''Canoa''' ntchalo icho [[msumba]] ku manjililo gha dazi gha [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]]. Canoa mu [[Encrucijada]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Council Lakumanyikwa la Canoa ntchalo [[Constancia, Cuba|Constancia]] (Abel Santamaría). Mu Cisipanishi, lizgu lakuti Canoa likung'anamulika kuti [[Canoe]] ndipo likuyana waka na zina la mlonga wa [[Arroyo La Canoa]], uwo uli kumpoto kwa Canoa. ==Mbili== [[Nkhondo ya Cuban ya Kujiwombora]] yikapangiska kuti [[Camajuaní]] uyo wakukhala kufupi na Canoa waŵe na wofi. Pa [[Okutobala 30]], [[1895]]. [[Leoncio Vidal]], munthu wa ku Cuba uyo wakasintha vinthu, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake, ŵakawukira [[Fort La Vigía]] mu mapiri gha [[Santa Fe, Camajuaní|Santa Fe]] kufupi na mphaka ya Camajuaní na [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]]. Kweniso wakalangura kuti tiwukire [[Canoa Bridge]] pa [[Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica]] na [[Tuinicu (Encrucijada)|Tuinicu]] Bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Equipo de Producción |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Un poco de historia |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/nuestra-region/region-camajuani/un-poco-de-historia |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |language=es-es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527030124/https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/nuestra-region/region-camajuani/un-poco-de-historia |archive-date=2023-05-27}}</ref> Mu [[1933]], [[Juan Francisco Aro Fernandez]], uyo wakaŵa munthu wakuwukira boma la Cuba, wakababika mu Canoa. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecured.cu/Juan_Francisco_Aro_Fern%C3%A1ndez|title= Juan Francisco Aro Fernández|publisher=[[EcuRed]]|language=es}}</ref> ==Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka== Canoa wali pa msewu wa njanji kufuma ku Santa Clara, kuluta ku [[Crucero Margot, Santa Clara|Crucero Margot]], [[Luis Arcos Bergnes]], [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]], Canoa, [[Tuinicu, Encrucijada|Tuinicu]], [[Constancia, Encrucijada|Constancia]], [[Encrucijada]], [[Mata, Sagua la Grande|Mata]], El Vaquerito, Aguada la Piedra, [[Cifuentes, Cuba|Cifuentes]], San Diego del Valle, Conyedo, na kuwerako ku Santa Clara. <ref>{{Citation |last=lezumbalaberenjena |title=Composed road map from a tour guide (1980's) |date=2017-11-09 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lezumbalaberenjena/44038904924/ |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Road guides of Cuba |url=http://itravelnetwork.us/document/guides/GC_2019_English.pdf}}</ref> ==Chikhalidwe== [[Yesu Menéndez Public Library (Encrucijada)|Jesús Menéndez Public Library]] yili na vipinda vitatu vya mavidiyo mu Canoa, [[Progreso, Encrucijada|Progreso]], na [[Castaño, Encrucijada|Castaño]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lisbet Morales Martínez |first=Lisbet |last2=Dr. Leonid |first2=E. Hernández Sánchez |last3=Pereira Leonard |first3=Yainalis |year=2013 |title=LA INFLUENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIA AZUCARERA EN LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS SOCIOCULTURALES DE LA COMUNIDAD DE ENCRUCIJADA |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6076/Lisbet%20Morales%20Mart%C3%ADnez.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=dspace (Institutional Repository of the Central [[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas]]) |page=48 |publication-place=[[Santa Clara, Cuba]]}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cuba]] [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Encrucijada]] d685jc1tph70p197vwyu70wcr15m8cw 0 12812 122569 99748 2026-09-28T01:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = La Luz | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = Parque La Luz, Cuba.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = A statue of [[José Martí]] in La Luz | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Camajuani city map La Luz.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of La Luz (red) in Luis Arcos Bergnes (orange) in Camajuani. | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = Villa Clara | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|31|31|N|79|47|52|W|type:city_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Consejo popular (Cuba)|Ward]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba|Luis Arcos Bergnes]] | established_title = First Settled | established_date = 1703 | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://elevationmap.net/la-luz-camajuani-cu-1012198848 | title=La Luz, Camajuaní, Cuba on the Elevation Map. Topographic Map of la Luz, Camajuaní, Cuba }}</ref> | elevation_m = 59 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = | population_total = 733 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 52500 <ref> {{cite web | url=https://www.getpostalcodes.com/cuba/place-la-luz-2605/ | title= La Luz Villa Clara Postal / ZIP Codes}} </ref> | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''La Luz '''ntchalo icho [[msumba]] ku mafumilo gha dazi gha [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]]. La Luz mu [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Ŵasankhi ŵa Ndale la La Luz ntchalo [[Luis Arcos Bergnes]] (Carmita). ==Masambiro== Ku La Luz kuli sukulu yimoza, ndipo njakuti: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * [[Escuela Primaria Delfín Sen Cedré|Delfín Sen Cedré Primary]] ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física panji Management Control Department Municipal Physical Planning mu Chingelezi) ya Camajuani, La Luz ni malo agho ghakukolerana yayi na chuma panji ntchito kweni ghakusungirika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=68}}</ref> Charu cha La Luz chili na vyakurya vinandi, ndipo chili na [[mpunga]] wa adyo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claro de luna: el bar surgido en las ruinas de un mítico central villaclareño - CubaNet |url=https://www.cubanet.org/destacados/claro-de-luna-el-bar-surgido-en-las-ruinas-de-un-mitico-central-villaclareno/?print=print |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.cubanet.org}}</ref> na [[UBPC Máximo Gómez Báez (La Luz)|UBPC Máximo Gómez Báez]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Crecen los intercambios con el pueblo de los candidatos a Diputados por Camajuaní |url=https://www.telecubanacan.icrt.cu/provinciales/crecen-los-intercambios-con-el-pueblo-de-los-candidatos-a-diputados-por-camajuani/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Telecubanacán |language=es}}</ref> ==Maseŵera== Mu tawuni iyi muli kilabu limoza la maseŵero, la [[Peña CCS Orestes Acosta]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Equipo de Producción |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Deporte |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/nuestra-region/region-cder/deporte |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní |language=es-es}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba]] fjttofq00exhqj72drt4xhj2jlhtvoj 0 12813 122582 111578 2026-09-28T01:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Carmita | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = Camajuani, Cuba - panoramio.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Road in the ward of Luis Arcos Bergnes | etymology = | nickname = | image_map = Villa_Clara_Map_-_Luis_Arcos_Bergnes_(Camajuaní).png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Carmita (Red) in Camajuaní (Orange) in Villa Clara (Yellow) | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = Carmita | pushpin_map_caption = Where Carmita is in Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|30|18|N|79|48|57|W|type:city_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = Municipality | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuani]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = [[Independent politicians|Non-partisan]] | leader_title = President | leader_name = Martín Sánchez Rodríguez <ref>{{cite web |title=Batey Carmita, el poblado cubano que pasó de la prosperidad al hambre cuando perdió su central |url=https://www.cubacute.com/2022/05/05/batey-carmita-el-poblado-cubano-que-paso-de-la-prosperidad-al-hambre-cuando-perdio-su-central/ |website=cubacute.com |language=es |date=5 May 2022}}</ref> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = | population_total = 2279 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://citypopulation.de/en/cuba/villaclara/2605__camajuan%C3%AD/ | title=Camajuaní (Municipality, Villa Clara Province, Cuba) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = | named_for = Luis Arcos Bergnes | official_name = Luis Arcos Bergnes }} '''Luis Arcos Bergnes''' uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti '''Carmita''', ni tawuni ya [[Camajuaní|Camajuani]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu 2,279. ==Malo== [[File:Mapa de Luis Arcos Bergnes.png|thumb|left|Map of the Ward of Luis Arcos Bergnes]] Wards of Cuba ni malo gha tawuni na matawuni ghanyake ghapafupi. Matawuni gha mu ward cha Luis Arcos Bergnes ni: * [[Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba|Carmita]] ** [[Pueblo Nuevo (Luis Arcos Bergnes)|Pueblo Nuevo]] * [[La Luz, Cuba|La Luz]] * [[Fusté, Cuba|Fusté]] * [[Crucero Carmita]] ** [[Reparto Viejo]] ** [[Reparto Nuevo (Camajuaní)|Reparto Nuevo]] * [[Batey Viejo (Camajuaní)|Batey Viejo]] * [[San Pedro (Camajuaní)|San Pedro]] * [[San Lorenzo (Camajuaní)|San Lorenzo]] * [[Corona (Camajuaní)|Corona]] ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, Luis Arcos Bergnes ni malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵakusangika pa ntchito panji kuzenga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> Kuti mupange makala mu Camajuani mukwenera kukhala mu Luis Arcos Bergnes panji [[Taguayabón]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empleo |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/tramites-y-servicios/tramites/empleo |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní |language=es-es}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na vyakurya vinandi, viŵeto, nkhumba, na makuni gha shuga. <ref name="EcuRed"> [https://www.ecured.cu/Luis_Arcos_Bergnes_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Luis Arcos Bergnes (Camajuani) - EcuRed] </ref> == Boma == Chigaŵa chavisankho ([[Delegado Circunscripción]]) pa ward ya Luis Arcos Bergnes wali na:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Consejo Popular Luis Arcos Bernes |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/322-consejo-popular-luis-arcos-bernes |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153041/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/322-consejo-popular-luis-arcos-bernes |archive-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 51 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 51]], Nieves de la Caridad Hernández Caso * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 52 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 52]], Dianey Carballido Claro * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 53 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 53]], Norge Armas Velázquez * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 54 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 54]], Tania Eustaquia Méndez Pérez * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 55 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 55]], Dixan Machado Pérez ==Vyakwendeskeka== Carmita wakwenda pa njanji kufuma ku [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]], kuluta ku [[Crucero Margot (Santa Clara)|Crucero Margot]], Luis Arcos Bergnes, [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]], [[Canoa, Cuba|Canoa]], [[Tuinicu (Encrucijada)|Tuinicu]], [[Constancia, Cuba|Constancia]], [[Encrucijada]], [[Mata]], [[El Vaquerito]], [[Aguada la Piedra]], [[Cifuentes, Cuba|Cifuentes]], [[San Diego del Valle]], [[Conyedo]], na kuwerako ku Santa Clara. <ref>{{Citation |last=lezumbalaberenjena |title=Composed road map from a tour guide (1980's) |date=2017-11-09 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lezumbalaberenjena/44038904924/ |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Road guides of Cuba |url=http://itravelnetwork.us/document/guides/GC_2019_English.pdf}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Mu ward iyi muli masukulu ghacoko waka, agha ni:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * Luis A. Bergnes Primary * Julio Pino Primary (Crucero Carmita) * Delfín Sen Cedré Primary (La Luz) * Escuela Tony Alomá (Fuste) <ref>{{Cite web |title=El conocimiento de la historia local en los escolares de la escuela primaria Luis Arcos Bergnes |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/5406/Maylin%20Lucena.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=[[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas]] |page=57}}</ref> ===Luis A. Bergnes Primary=== Mu 1969, apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose yikamara, sukulu ya “Luis Arcos Bergnes” yikazengeka, na nyumba ya malibwe na malibwe, ya vipinda viŵiri na malo ghakuzingilizgika makora, uko ŵana ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵakusambira kwambira pa sukulu ya ŵana ŵa sukulu mpaka kilasi la 6. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Malo agha ghakukwana ŵana pafupifupi 200. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu iyi ŵali na masambiro ghakupambanapambana nga ni Primary, Preschool, English, Computer Science na Physical Culture. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Kweniso lili na ŵantchito ŵakovwira kusambizga, ŵa mu layibulare, na ŵasambizgi ŵa vya maluso awo ŵakusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Lili na kompyuta na makompyuta ghachokoghachoko agho ŵana, ŵasambizgi, ŵantchito, na ŵanthu wose ŵakughagwiliskira nchito. Ŵali kuŵikamo pulogiramu ya masambiro iyo yikukolerana na nkhani izo ŵasambizgi ŵawo ŵakusambizga. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Mu kilasi lililose muli TV kuti muwone masambiro gha pa TV, agho ghakulongosoreka ku ŵanthu wose mu caru. Paliso mavidiyo ghaŵiri agho mungagwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ===Tony Alomá (Fuste)=== (Ŵakwenera kusamukira ku [[Fusté, Cuba|Fusté]]) Mu 1938, ku Finca Fusté, sukulu ya malibwe yakuchemeka Fusté yikazengeka na boma la Carmita sugar mill, ndipo ŵantchito ŵakupambanapambana ŵakazenga malibwe agha. Iyi yikaŵa sukulu ya ŵasilikari, ndipo yikapelekeka na Senator Germán López kwa Colonel Batista. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Pakuti ku Fusté kukaŵa nkhondo, sukulu iyi yikamba kusambizga ŵana ŵa ku Fusté, ndipo yikalutilira kuzenga nyumba za malibwe. Mu sukulu iyi muli ŵasambizgi awo ŵakumanya chomene vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Maseŵera== Mu ward ichi muli sitediyamu ya baseball iyo yikuchitikiramo maseŵero ghakurughakuru pakati pa magulu gha boma, gha vigaŵa, na gha caru cose gha Sugar League. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Council Lakumanyikwa ya Cuba]] [[Category:Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba| ]] gdicssisei4wdrdbzazmtn6yky2kwb4 0 12815 122505 70877 2026-09-28T00:38:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Crucero Carmita | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Camajuani city map Crucero Carmita.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Crucero Carmita (red) in Luis Arcos Bergnes (orange) in Camajuani. | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Crucero Carmita in Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|27|24|N|79|47|36|W|display=inline,title|region:CU_type:city}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = Municipality | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = Popular Council | subdivision_name3 = [[Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba|Carmita]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://elevationmap.net/crucero-carmita-camajuani-cu-1012201242 | title=Crucero Carmita, Camajuaní, Cuba on the Elevation Map. Topographic Map of Crucero Carmita, Camajuaní, Cuba }}</ref> | elevation_m = 78 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = | population_total = 704 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = 52500 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postalcodeinfo.com/cuba/place-crucero_carmita-Camajuani-Villa_Clara-3 | title=Crucero Carmita, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Postal Code - Pin Code of Crucero Carmita, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba - Crucero Carmita, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Zip Code }}</ref><ref>https://www.azcodigopostal.com/cuba/place-crucero-carmita-2605/</ref> | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes =   }} '''Crucero Carmita''' ni malo mu msumba wa [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Council Lakumanyikwa ni Crucero Carmita ntchalo [[Luis Arcos Bergnes]] (Carmita). ==Masambiro== Ku Crucero Carmita kuli sukulu yimoza, iyo ni: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * Julio Pino Primary ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, Crucero Carmita ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kutimbanizga vinthu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cuba]] [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Villa Clara]] 4u8pec2vghf3tl12im2qra6u5uvsclh 0 13510 122743 118624 2026-09-28T03:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ethnic group in Central South-East Africa}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{further|Chiyowoyelo cha ChiTumbuka}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ŴaTumbuka | image = Vimbuza dancer.jpg | caption = | population = 7 milion (2020 est.) | popplace = | langs = [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]], [[Tonga language (Malawi)|Malawi Tonga language]] | rels = [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]], [[Tumbuka mythology]] | related = [[Tonga people of Malawi]] }} {{Infobox Bantu name|muTumbuka|ŵaTumbuka|Chitumbuka|Nkhamanga}} [[File:Tumbuku_people_in_Malawi_Zambia_Tanzania.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumbuku_people_in_Malawi_Zambia_Tanzania.png|thumb|Umo chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka chikambira ku Africa]] '''Ŵatumbuka''' (panji, ŵa'''Kamanga''', Batumbuka na Matumbuka) ni fuko la [[Bantu]] ilo likusangika mu [[Malaŵi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]].<ref name="ember354">{{cite book|author=Carol Ember|display-authors=etal|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Supplement 1st Edition|year=2002|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0028656717|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_h7l0/page/354 354–358]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_h7l0/page/354}}</ref><ref name="appiahgates501">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=501}}</ref><ref name="brittumbuka">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tumbuka Tumbuka people], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Chiyowoyero cha chiTumbuka chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo chili kufuma ku chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa [[Mlonga wa Dwangwa]] kumwera, [[Mlonga wa North Rukuru]] kumpoto, [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Mlonga wa Luangwa]]. Ŵakusangika mu vidika kufupi na milonga, nyanja kweniso mu malo gha mapiri gha [[Nyika Plateau]], uko kanandi ŵakuchemeka Henga nangauli ili ndilo zina la chigaŵa.<ref name="ember354" /><ref name="brittumbuka" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakumanyikwa na mafuko ghachoko waka agho ghali na mitheto yakupambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ni [[Henga]], [[Phoka, Rumphi|Phoka]], na [[Kamanga]]. Kuti tipulikiske makora, fuko la Tumbuka likaŵa limoza mwa mafuko ghachoko agho ghakafuma ku Luba mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Ivi vikacitika pambere boma lindakhazikiskike, ndipo ŵakakhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika vinandi comene pamanyuma pakuti ŵafumako ku mafuko gha Bantu mu cigaŵa ca ku mpoto kwa [[Afilika|Africa]]. Fuko la Tumbuka na mafuko ghanyake ghachoko ghakachimbizgika mu Luba na fuko la Worrior ilo likamanyikwa na zina lakuti fuko la Kongolo. == Ŵanthu na viyowoyero == Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Malawi, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, na Tanzania.<ref name="ember354" /><ref name="appiahgates501" />Buku la Ethnologue likuti mu 2000, ŵanthu 2,546,000 ŵakayowoyanga Chitumbuka.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tum Ethnologue report for Tumbuka language], Ethnologue</ref> Ndipouli, Ember et al. ŵakusachizga kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera na vyapakati kwa Africa nga ni Tanzania cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakugwira nchito ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name="ember354" /> Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka, icho chikuchemekaso chiTumbuka,<ref name="Minahan2016p430">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA430|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-954-9|pages=430–431}}, Quote: "(...) raids on Tumbuka villages devastated the region as the demand for slaves by Zanzibar Arab traders increased in the early 1800s."</ref> chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, chikuyana na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Chiyowoyero ichi chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo chili na viyowoyero vinandi.<ref name="ember354" /> Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka ŵakucemeka ŵaTumbuka ndipo yumoza wakucemeka "mutumbuka" kung'anamura yumoza wa fuko la Tumbuka.<ref>{{cite book|author=AD Easterbrook|title=Journal of the African Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0o8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331|year=1911|publisher=MacMillan|page=331}}</ref>Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka chikukolerana chomene na chiyowoyero cha ku Tonga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti pakwamba ŵanthu aŵa ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="Kamwendo2002p143">{{cite book|author=Gregory Kamwendo|title=Ethnic Revival and Language Associations in the New Malawi in Harri Lundgren (editor) A Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi|url=https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet|isbn=978-9-17106-499-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse/page/143 143]–4}}</ref> Pambere boma la Britain lindambe kulamulira charu cha [[Nyasaland]], mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Northern Region of Malawi mukaŵa mafuko ghanandi. Ŵamishonale kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakagaŵa viyowoyero ivi mu magulu ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵakasankha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka kuŵa chiyowoyero icho ŵakasambizgiranga ŵanthu kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, viyowoyero vya Chigongoni na Chigongonde vikaŵa kuti vikumara.<ref name="VailandWhite1989p152">{{cite book|author=Leroy Vail and Landeg White|title=Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi in Leroy Vail (editor) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa|year=1989|publisher=James Currey Ltd|isbn=0-520-07420-3|pages=152–4, 178}}</ref> Mu 1968, chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka chikalekeka kuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma, ndipo masambiro na viyezgelero vikasinthika.<ref name="VailandWhite1989p189">{{cite book|author=Leroy Vail and Landeg White|title=Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi in Leroy Vail (editor) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa|year=1989|publisher=James Currey Ltd|isbn=0-520-07420-3|pages=189–91}}</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga dango la kukanizga kuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵakakakika panji kutambuzgika, kweni Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la ku Central Africa na la Katolika likalutilira kupharazga na kulemba mabuku mu Chitumbuka ku Northern Region.<ref name="Kamwendo2002p140">{{cite book|author=Gregory Kamwendo|title=Ethnic Revival and Language Associations in the New Malawi in Harri Lundgren (editor) A Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi|url=https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet|isbn=978-9-17106-499-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse/page/140 140]–2}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti maboma gha vyaru vinandi ghaŵa na demokilase, mapulogiramu gha mu ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka ghakamba kuwoneskeka pa wayilesi ya caru cose mu 1994, kweni fundo ya mu 1996 yakuti ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka ciŵeso ciyowoyero cakusambizgira mu vyaka vinayi vyakwambilira vya masambiro ghakukakamizgika yikufiskika yayi.<ref name="Kamwendo2002p146">{{cite book|author=Gregory Kamwendo|title=Ethnic Revival and Language Associations in the New Malawi in Harri Lundgren (editor) A Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi|url=https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet|isbn=978-9-17106-499-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse/page/146 146]–7}}</ref> Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kutondeka kuwezgerapo chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka kuŵa chiyowoyero cha kumpoto ni kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake mu chigaŵa ichi, chiyowoyero cha Tonga, cha Ngonde, na chiyowoyero cha Ngoni icho chikuyowoyeka viŵi yayi, sono ŵakupenja chiyowoyero chakuyana na chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka.<ref name="Kamwendo2002p147">{{cite book|author=Gregory Kamwendo|title=Ethnic Revival and Language Associations in the New Malawi in Harri Lundgren (editor) A Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi|url=https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet|isbn=978-9-17106-499-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracyofchame0000unse/page/147 147]–8}}</ref> == Mbili == [[File:The_natives_of_British_Central_Africa_(1906)_(14780571234),_white_background.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_natives_of_British_Central_Africa_(1906)_(14780571234),_white_background.jpg|thumb|Mapu gha Britain gha mu 1906 ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakusangikira mu Central Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵali kulembeka kuti Batumbuka ndipo ŵali pa mapu agha kufupi na chigaŵa cha German East Africa.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakwenera kuti ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Luangwa Valley na Lake Malawi m'ma 1400. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na magulu ghanandi, ndipo limoza mwa magulu agha likaŵa Henga.<ref name="Douglas1950p52">{{cite book|author=M Douglas|title=Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region: East Central Africa, Part 1|year=1950|publisher=International African Institute|pages=52–3}}</ref>Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamalonda ŵakavwaranga nga Mbaarabu, nangauli ŵakafumanga ku Unyamwezi, uko sono ni Tanzania. Ŵakapangana na magulu gha Henga, ndipo mulongozgi wawo wakambiska ufumu wa Chikulamayembe uwo ukaŵa na mafumu ghachoko waka.<ref name="Chirembo1993">{{cite journal|author=Shadreck Billy Chirembo|title=Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 19041953|year=1993|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=46|issue=2|pages=1–24|publisher=Society of Malawi – Historical and Scientific|jstor=29778687}}</ref>Ndipouli, mu ma 1830, ufumu wa Chikulamaybe ukamba kunangika ndipo cigaŵa ici cikaŵa mu suzgo la ndyali na nkhondo.<ref name="McCracken2012p22">{{cite book|author=J McCracken|title=A History of Malawi, 1859–1966|year=2012|publisher=James Currey Ltd|isbn=978-1-84701-050-6|pages=22, 26}}</ref> Zovu zikuruzikuru zamu cigaŵa ici zikakopanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakalondezganga awo ŵakaguliskanga njovu.<ref name="Alpers1975p161">{{cite book|author=Edward A. Alpers|title=Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKYYwVTyOm0C&pg=PA161|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02689-6|pages=161–165}}</ref> Mu ma 1840, Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakanjira kumpoto kwa Malaŵi, pamoza na Jumbe Salim bin Abdallah{{refn|Jumbe means "chief, boss" in the regional language.|group=note}} Wakakhazikiska malo gha malonda ku Nkhotakota kufupi na Nyanja ya Malawi. Jumbe Abdallah wakaguliskanga ŵazga kuti wakhorweske ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga pa minda ya zinandi ya ku Zanzibar na ku Middle East.<ref name="unescoslave">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5603/ Malawi Slave Routes and Dr. David Livingstone Trail], UNESCO (2011), Quote: "Slave trade was introduced in Malawi by the Swahili-Arab traders in the 19th century following a great demand for ivory and slave in the East African markets namely Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mombasa and Quelimane. The Swahilis and Omani Arabs moved further into the interior of Africa including Malawi to obtain slaves and ivory. One of Slave Trade Route was Nkhotakota where one of the Swahili-Arab slave traders, Salim-bin Abdullah (Jumbe) set up his headquarters on the shore of Lake Malawi in the 1840s. From Nkhota kotawhere he organized his expeditions to obtain slaves and ship them across the lake to East African markets, Kilwa. About 20,000 slaves were annually shipped by Jumbe to Kilwa from Nkhotakota."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Owen J. M. Kalinga|title=Historical Dictionary of Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuXPkCVjzasC|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5961-6|pages=xix, 4–5, 7–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roberta Laurie|title=Weaving a Malawi Sunrise: A Woman, A School, A People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qP-CgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=University of Alberta Press|isbn=978-1-77212-086-8|pages=21–24}}</ref> Muzga mwanalume wakacemekanga muzga panji kapolo, ndipo chituntulu wakang'anamuranga muzga mwanakazi muwukirano.<ref>C. J. W. Fleming (1972), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778265 The Peculiar Institution Among The Early Tumbuka], The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1 (January, 1972), page 5</ref> [[File:AfricanElephant.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AfricanElephant.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakasuzgika comene na makhumbiro agho ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto kwa Malaŵi ŵakaŵa nagho gha maryero gha zgovu kweniso malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bethwell A. Ogot|author2=Unesco|title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&pg=PA634|year=1992|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101711-7|pages=634–639}}</ref><ref name="andergrove67">{{cite book|author1=David Anderson|author2=Richard H. Grove|title=Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oclQ6rHRJAYC&pg=PA67|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34990-1|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Assa Okoth|title=A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800–1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6knAMseFPpIC&pg=PA60|year=2006|publisher=East African Publishers|isbn=978-9966-25-357-6|pages=60–61}}</ref>]] Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga chomene njovu, ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanyawo pa nkhani ya malonda. Gulu ili likamara mu 1855, apo ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakufuma ku South Africa ŵakiza kuzakapenja ŵazga na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi.<ref name="Minahan2016p430" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bethwell A. Ogot|author2=Unesco|title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC|year=1992|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101711-7|pages=634–635, 638–639}}</ref> Ŵangoni ŵa ku Mbelwa (ŵakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti M'mbelwa) ŵakaŵa mphukira ya Zwangendaba ̊s Ngoni, awo ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku South Africa pakati pa 1819 na 1822, ndipo paumaliro ŵakafika kumwera kwa Tanzania na kukhala kwenekura mpaka apo Zwangendaba wakafwira pakati pa ma 1840. Pamanyuma pa ivi, ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghanandi, ndipo gulu limoza ilo likaŵa pasi pa mwana wake Mbelwa likakhazikika mu chigaŵa icho sono ni Mzimba kumpoto kwa Malawi mu 1855. Ŵangoni ŵa Mbelwa ŵakacitanga nawo vinthu nga ni ŵanthu awo ŵakathereskeka, ndipo ŵakaŵatoranga kuŵa ŵazga. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵaguliskanga ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili yayi, kweni ŵakaŵasunganga nga mbazga panji ŵakaŵatumanga ku magulu gha Ŵangoni. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa Henga ŵakagaluka ndipo ŵakachimbilira kumpoto, ndipo ŵakafika mu chigaŵa cha Ngonde cha mu 1881.<ref name="Thompson1995p26">{{cite book|author=T. J. Thompson|title=Christianity in Northern Malaŵi: Donald Fraser's Missionary Methods and Ngoni Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinno0000thom|year=1995|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00410-208-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianityinno0000thom/page/26 26]–7}}</ref> Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Henga ŵakakhalanga, ndipo apo kampani ya African Lakes Company yikakhazikiskanga msika ku Karonga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ŵakamba kutondeka kuŵawukira. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa ghacilendo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngonde, ndipo ghakakayikiranga kuti gulu la Ngonde likukolerana nawo. Ŵa Swahili na ŵa Henga ŵakasangana na mphindano pakati pa ŵa Ngonde na ŵa African Lakes Company. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya Karonga pakati pawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakamba kuparanya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka. Ŵakafwa, ŵakaparanyika, ŵabali ŵawo ŵakafwa, malo agho ŵakakhalanga ghakalekeka, ndipo ŵalimi ŵakasuzgika chomene.<ref name="andergrove67" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Assa Okoth|title=A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800–1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6knAMseFPpIC|year=2006|publisher=East African Publishers|isbn=978-9966-25-357-6|pages=60–65}}</ref> Kweniso vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka na ŵa ku Ngoni ŵatorane.<ref name="brittumbuka" /> Mu 1858, David Livingstone wakalemba vya chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Malawi, ndipo wakazunurapo za wuzga wa Ŵatumbuka.<ref name="fleming5">C. J. W. Fleming (1972), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778265 The Peculiar Institution Among The Early Tumbuka], The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1 (January, 1972), pages 5–10; Quote: "Arab traders began penetrating deeper and deeper into Central Africa, slaves became a common article of commerce and slavery took on the many cruel and degrading aspects which Livingstone encountered in these regions during the course of his explorations. Minor wars were carried on for the sole purpose of capturing slaves and they were freely traded, not only with the Arabs but among the inhabitants themselves."</ref> Ŵamishonale ŵakafika mu cigaŵa ici mu ma 1870.<ref name="Minahan2016p430" /> Mu 1895, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska Mlozi uyo wakaguliskanga ŵazga ku Karonga, ndipo ivi vikamazga malonda gha ŵazga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karonga War |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karonga_War#:~:text=Johnston%20first%20secured,destroyed%5B54%5D}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1891 boma la Britain likapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Northern Ngoni ndiwo ŵazamuŵa na mazaza pa charu icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi, kweni ŵakazomera waka muwuso wa Britain mu 1904. Mu 1907, mulongozgi munyake wa Chikulamayembe wakambaso kuwusa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakambaso kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka na Tonga ŵakakondwa chomene na masambiro agho ŵakaŵanga nagho awo ŵakendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Scotland. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka na ŵa ku Tonga ndiwo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene chifukwa cha kusuzgika na ŵazga kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni. Masukulu agha ghakaŵa na ŵana ŵanandi, kweniso ghakaŵa ghawemi chomene kuluska ghanyake agho ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika na ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakusambira chomene ŵa ku Africa, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga, ya uteŵeti wa boma, panji ya malonda. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera, awo ŵakaŵa na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kusambira Chikhristu, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa awo ŵakakhalanga pakati, awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghachoko waka, ŵakakhwaskika viŵi yayi na maghanoghano agha.<ref name="VailandWhite1989p154">{{cite book|author=Leroy Vail and Landeg White|title=Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi in Leroy Vail (editor) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa|year=1989|publisher=James Currey Ltd|isbn=0-520-07420-3|pages=154–5, 178}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikendanga makora yayi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Nyasaland, ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo.<ref name="brittumbuka" /> Mu vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa maboma agha, vyakurya vya malonda vikaŵa vinandi mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kweniso mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na vyapakati vya charu ichi. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵambe kulima vyakurya vya malonda mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto, kweni ŵakakhuŵara chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya vyakwenelera na ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu. Mu ma 1880, ŵanalume ŵa ku Tumbuka na Tonga ŵakamba kufumamo mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵakagwirenge nchito ya kunyamura katundu na kuzenga katundu mu chigaŵa cha Nyasaland. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Tumbuka awo ŵakasambizgika ku misasa ŵakaluta ku Southern Rhodesia na South Africa uko ŵakasanga ndalama zinandi kuluska izo ŵakasanganga mu charu cha Nyasaland. Nangauli boma likadandawuranga comene na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamanga, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa caru ici, uko kukaŵavya nthowa zinyake. Boma la Ŵakoroni likafipanga mtima kuti vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka vyazgoka "Mumpoto Wakufwa" wa charu ichi, kweni likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zichoko waka pakupanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa panji kukhozga vyakurya Munthu munyake uyo wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵalije chitukuko wakuyowoya kuti suzgo ili likamba pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja vinthu vyakukhumbikwa mu vyaru vinyake. Ivi vikasazgikira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakulima viŵeto vinandi chomene, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti dongo lileke kuŵa liwemi. Kuyana na Vail, masuzgo gha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ghakakura comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵakoloni m'paka mu 1939, cifukwa ŵanalume ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga ku "North Dead" ya Nyasaland ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kugwira nchito mu migodi, minda, na mabwana ghanyake gha ku Southern Rhodesia na South Africa.<ref name="Vail1981p247">{{cite book|author=Leroy Vail|title=The Making of the "Dead North": A Study of the Ngoni Rule in Northern Malawi, c. 1855-1907', in J.B. Peires (ed.), Before and After Shaka: Papers in Nguni History|year=1981|publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University.|pages=247–8}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi ivyo Vail wakalemba vyakukhwaskana na kunangika kwa vinthu ku Northern Nyasaland vikukolerana na ivyo ŵamishonale ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵakagomezganga kuti kulima kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni nkhukuparanya vinthu, nkhwananga, kweniso nkhwananga.<ref name="Douglas1950p58">{{cite book|author=M Douglas|title=Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region: East Central Africa, Part 1|year=1950|publisher=International African Institute|page=58}}</ref><ref name="Thompson1995p22">{{cite book|author=T. J. Thompson|title=Christianity in Northern Malaŵi: Donald Fraser's Missionary Methods and Ngoni Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinno0000thom|year=1995|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00410-208-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianityinno0000thom/page/22 22]–3}}</ref> Ivyo wakayowoya vyakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakachichizgikanga kusanga ŵantchito na kugura katundu wa ku vyaru vinyake, vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyakutalulira. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakafwatukira, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ndipo nkhongono zawo za ndyali ni zichoko chomene chifukwa cha mitundu yinandi iyo yili mu chigaŵa ichi. Levi Mumba, Charles Chinula na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa mu mawupu agho pamasinda ghakazgoka chigaŵa cha Nyasaland African Congress, panji cha Congress yeneyiyi, ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiTumbuka awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto panji awo ŵakamalizga masambiro ghawo ku Blantyre Mission. Paumaliro, gulu ili likapangiska kuti Malawi wapokere wanangwa mu 1964.<ref name="brittumbuka" /> Mu 1963, pakunozgekera kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira pawekha, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitumbuka ŵakamba kuŵa na maudindo ghanandi mu boma la Hastings Banda. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo boma likapokera wanangwa wake, mu 1964 Cabinet Crisis, ivyo ŵalaŵiliri aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵacitenge mwaluŵiro, ivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika mu misioni, vikapangiska kuti ŵaleke nchito panji kufumiskika pa nchito. Pamanyuma pa ivi, Banda wakawuskapo ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana nawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiTumbuka pa maudindo ghawo ndipo wakaŵawuskapo na ŵanthu ŵa Chichewa ŵakufuma ku Central Region. == Ŵanthu, chisopa na mitheto == [[File:Tänzerinnen_Watumbuka.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C3%A4nzerinnen_Watumbuka.JPG|thumb|Ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakuvina.]] Pambere ufumu wa koloni yindakhazikike, ŵamishonale ŵa Chikhristu ŵakiza pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka. [[Thomas Cullen Young]] wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵamishonale ŵakwamba kulemba vya cithuzithuzi mu buku la Notes on the history of the Tumbuka-Kamanga peoples in the Northern Province of Nyasaland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Thomson|title=Ngoni, Xhosa and Scot: Religious and Cultural Interaction in Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLtgYVwLqQgC|year=2007|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-99908-87-15-0|pages=151–152, 82, 141–144}}</ref>Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakucemeka Ŵakhristu, kweni ŵakulutilira na vigomezgo vyawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵali na cisopa cawo. Mu Baibolo ili mukaŵa fundo yakuti Chiuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose ndipo wakwimira dazi. Cisambizgo ca cisopa ici capangiska kuti paŵe nkhani zinandi zautesi. Nga umo vikuŵira mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, Ŵatumbuka nawo ŵakusopa ŵasekuru ŵawo, ŵakutemwa mizimu, kuwuka, na vinyake. Ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakulwara na mizimu ndiposo kuti ŵakuchita vyamizimu. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakuchema sumu iyi kuti Vimbuza, ndipo yikusazgapo kuvina uko ŵanthu awo ŵali na mzimu uheni ŵakuvina.<ref name="silas10">{{cite book|author=Silas S. Ncozana|title=The Spirit Dimension in African Christianity: A Pastoral Study Among the Tumbuka People of Northern Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LzYAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Christian Literature Association in Malawi (CLAIM)|isbn=978-99908-16-14-3|pages=10, 102–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael Dylan Foster|author2=Lisa Gilman|title=UNESCO on the Ground: Local Perspectives on Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|year=2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01953-0|pages=59–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rhodian G. Munyenyembe|title=Christianity and Socio-cultural Issues: The Charismatic Movement and Contextualization of the Gospel in Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPo5zbtZVbQC&pg=PA86|year=2011|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-99908-87-52-5|pages=86 with footnote 201}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakakhalanga ku mizi panji mu nyumba za mathabwa. Mu nyumba yiliyose mukaŵanga malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya na khichini. Ŵanalume ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha nyumba chakuchemeka Mpara ndipo ŵanakazi ŵakakhalanga mu Ntanganini. Nyengo ya kuvuna yikati yakwana, ŵanthu ŵakambininikanga, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za matete kufupi na malo agho ŵakakulimamo. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakuthemba chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, mani, mphoza, na nyungu, pamoza na vipasi, mphangwe, na vipambi. Ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakutemwa kugwira nchito ku caru cinyake. Kale, ŵalimi ŵakalimanga na mawoko. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito viŵiya vyakulimira. Citemene, panji kuti kulima kwa ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko, ni kaluso ka mazuŵa ghano ndipo kakulutilira pakati pa Ŵatumbuka.<ref name="ember354" /><ref>{{cite book|author=William Allan|title=The African Husbandman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohKXu0OV_58C|year=1965|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-3087-8|pages=101–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=C. Gregory Knight|title=Ecology and Change: Rural Modernization in an African Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avYgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|year=2015|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-6717-3|pages=161–163}}</ref> == Vimbuza == [[File:Vimbuza_dancer.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vimbuza_dancer.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakuvina sumu ya Vimbuza iyo yili pa malo ghakukumbukika na UNESCO.<ref name="unescovimbuza">[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/vimbuza-healing-dance-00158 Vimbuza healing dance], UNESCO, Malawi, Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2005)</ref>]] Vimbuza (pl. of Chimbuza) ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia. Vimbuza ni nthowa yinyake yakuchizgira matenda iyo yikumanyikwa kuti ngoma. Janzen na ŵanyake, kweniso Victor Turner mu mabuku ghake ghakukhwaskana na viŵiya vya Ndembu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Turner|title=The Drums of Affliction: A Study of Religious Processes Among the Ndembu of Zambia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xFqDwAAQBAJ|year=1981|publisher=International African Institute|isbn=9780091437213}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakugomezga kuti mizimu iyi yikupangiska matenda, ndipo James Peoples na Garrick Bailey ŵakuti mizimu iyi yikuyana waka na mizimu iyo yikuzunulika mu mabuku gha ku Europe. Vimbuza yikupangiska kuti thupi la munthu lileke kuŵa na nkhongono zakuzizima na zakuzizima, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵakutemwa kuvina na kwimba sumu.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Peoples|author2=Garrick Bailey|title=Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pucbCgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-1-285-73337-1|page=355}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven M. Friedson|title=Dancing Prophets: Musical Experience in Tumbuka Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU3_ZNH0yDoC|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-26502-5|pages=12–15, 19–21, 30–34, 64–69}}</ref>.Mu 2008, wupu wa UNESCO ukalemba vya kuvina kwa Vimbuza kuŵa chiharo cha ŵanthu. Vyakuyimbira ivyo vikwendera lumoza na Vimbuza vikusazgapo ngoma panji viŵiya vya chitima. Munthu uyo wakuchizga wakuwona kuti mulwari wali na mizimu, ndipo wakuchita nayo viphikiro vya kuvina kwa masabata ghanandi panji myezi. Ŵanalume nawo ŵakwimba maseŵero agha. Wupu wa UNESCO ukuti Vimbuza ni "malo agho ŵalwari ŵakwimbira nthenda yawo."<ref name="unescovimbuza" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven M. Friedson|title=Dancing Prophets: Musical Experience in Tumbuka Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU3_ZNH0yDoC|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-26502-5|pages=13–15, 38–39, 122–143}}</ref> Vimbuza ni nthowa yakuchizgira nthenda za mu maghanoghano na kufumiska viŵanda. Mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakucichema kuti mkhalachitatu Vimbuza. Mkhalachitatu Vimbuza ni zina linyake la kuvina kwa Vimbuza uko ŵakucita nga ni kaluso ka kufumiska viŵanda para munthu wali na viŵanda panji mizimu yiheni. Ŵakuchita maseŵero agha ku Rumphi, kweni sono ŵakusangikaso ku Mzimba, Karonga, Kasungu na vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakwimba sumu iyi ku Nkhata Bay uko yikuchemeka masyabi. == Mwambo Wachikhalidwe wa Zengani == [[File:Zengani-traditional-ceremony.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zengani-traditional-ceremony.jpg|left|thumb|268x268px|Zengani ni mwambo wakumanyikwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Zambia]].]] Zengani Traditional Ceremony ni chiphikiro cha chaka na chaka icho chikuchitikira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiTumbuka mu chigaŵa cha Lundazi, Chasefu na Lumezi mu chigaŵa cha Eastern Province of Zambia, kanandi mu Okutobala. Zina lakuti Zengani likung'anamura kukolerana kwa mafuko ghaŵiri gha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Ngoni na Tumbuka. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakulindizga kuti ŵazakayimbenge maseŵero ghakupambanapambana nga ni ingoma, vimbuza, muganda, na chiwoda. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mitheto nga ni ŵakaronga ndiwo ŵakuŵapo pa viphikiro ivi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-14 |title=Zengani Traditional Ceremony |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/zengani-traditional-ceremony |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Music In Africa |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208061158/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/zengani-traditional-ceremony |archive-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Tumbuka_language|Tumbuka language]] * [[:en:Tumbuka_mythology|Tumbuka mythology]] * [[:en:Chikulamayembe_Dynasty|Chikulamayembe Dynasty]] == Ŵanthu Ŵakumanyikwa Ŵakutumbuka == ''See main article:[[:en:List_of_Tumbukas|List of Tumbukas]]'' == Vyakulemba == <references group="note" responsive="1"></references> == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040322232309/http://www.isp.msu.edu/AfrLang/Tumbuka_root.html Very brief report on Tumbuka language.] {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}}{{Ethnic groups in Tanzania}}{{Ethnic groups in Zambia}}{{Authority control}} mbvaekf2xxju813mpac2vtu1japuj9d 0 13517 122475 111619 2026-09-28T00:13:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Council Lakumanyikwa | zina = Camajuaní I | mapu (mndozgi) = Villa Clara Map - Camajuaní I (Camajuaní).png | chalo = [[Cuba]] | chigaŵa = [[Villa Clara]] | msumba = [[Camajuani]] | ukulu_wa_malo = ? | ŵanthu = 12,862 }} [[File:Camajuani, Cuba - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb]] '''Camajuaní I''' ('''Camajuaní 1)''' ni Council Lakumanyikwa ilo lili mu malo gha [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]],charu cha [[Cuba]]. Camajuani 1 & [[Camajuani 2]] ntchito ŵanthu 21,700. == Boma == Camajuaní wali na nthumwi zinandi Chigaŵa chavisankho (Delegado Circunscripción) pa ward yiliyose, Camajuani I iyi: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Consejo Popular Camajuaní I |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/315-consejo-popular-camajuani-i |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153236/https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/315-consejo-popular-camajuani-i |archive-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> (as of March 28, 2023) * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 7 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 7]], Germán Valentín Broche Molina * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 8 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 8]], José Miguel García Hernández * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 9 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 9]], Rosalba Águila Fernández * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 10 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 10]], Reinel Fusté Caro * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 11 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 11]], José E. Acevedo Martínez * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 12 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 12]], Sheylah del Carmen Bermúdez González * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 14 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 14]], Yunior Trejo Asencio * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 15 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 15]], Otoniel González Ruíz * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 17 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 17]], Martha Aimé Pérez Pérez * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 18 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 18]], Heldy Sánchez Vergara * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 19 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 19]], Julia Ramona Madrigal Portal * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 20 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 20]], Luisa Inés Ruíz Pérez * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 23 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 23]], Vismar Martínez Echevarría * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 27 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 27]], Yosvel Delgado Fernández * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 28 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 28]], Ramón Norberto Peña La Rosa * [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 57 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho 57]], Julio García Rodríquez {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Council Lakumanyikwa ya Cuba]] <references /> [[Category:Camajuaní I| ]] kvkv6vnkcvqcj5mphdpxwczen5ctcib 0 14364 122680 64367 2026-09-28T03:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage. --> | name = Santa Clara County | settlement_type = [[List of counties in California|County]] | other_name = <!-- Images and maps ------> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg | photo3a = Almaden Lake Park 1.2 (cropped).jpg | photo3b = Alviso,_San_Jose_1_(cropped).jpeg | photo2a = Stanford University Main Quad May 2011 001 (cropped).jpg | photo2b = Friday_May_10,_130_365_(8761584621).jpg | photo4a = AlumRockViewSiliconValley w.jpg | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 270 | foot_montage = Clockwise: [[Downtown San Jose]] skyline; Hillsides in [[Morgan Hill]]; [[Alviso, San Jose]]; View of [[Santa Clara Valley]]; [[Almaden Reservoir]] in [[South San Jose]]; [[Stanford University]]. }} | image_flag = Flag of Santa Clara County, California.svg | image_seal = Seal of Santa Clara County, California.svg | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|fill=#808080|fill-opacity=0.4|zoom=7}} | map_caption = Interactive map of Santa Clara County | image_map1 = Map of California highlighting Santa Clara County.svg | mapsize1 = 200px | map_caption1 = Location in the state of California <!-- Location ------------->| coordinates = {{coord|37|14|N|121|43|W|type:adm2nd_region:US-CA_dim:50000|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name =[[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 =[[California]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of California|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[San Francisco Bay Area]] <!-- History -------------->| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date = February 18, 1850<ref name=csac>{{cite web |url= http://www.counties.org/general-information/chronology |title= Chronology |publisher= California State Association of Counties |access-date= February 6, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160129193152/http://www.counties.org/general-information/chronology |archive-date= January 29, 2016}}</ref> | named_for = [[Mission Santa Clara de Asís]], [[Clare of Assisi|St. Clare of Assisi]] <!-- Parts ---------------->| seat_type = [[County seat]]<br>{{nobold|and largest city}} | seat = [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] <!-- Government -----------> | government_type = [[Council–manager government|Council–CEO]] | governing_body = Board of Supervisors | leader_title1 = Board President | leader_name1 = Susan Ellenberg | leader_title2 = Board Vice President | leader_name2 = Otto Lee | leader_title3 = Board of Supervisors<ref>{{cite web |url=https://board.sccgov.org/home |title=Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors |website=board.sccgov.org}}</ref> | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list | title = Supervisors | frame_style = border:none; padding:0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = Sylvia Arenas | 2 = Cindy Chavez | 3 = Otto Lee | 4 = Susan Ellenberg | 5 = Joe Simitian }} | leader_title4 = [[Chief executive officer]] | leader_name4 = Jeffrey V. Smith, M.D., J.D. <!-- Area -----------------> | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 1304 | area_land_sq_mi = 1290 | area_water_sq_mi = 14 <!-- Elevation ------------>| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=1217|title=Mount Hamilton|publisher=Peakbagger.com|access-date=May 13, 2015}}</ref> | elevation_max_ft = 4216 | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------> | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QF">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref> | population_total = 1936259 | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = | population_density_sq_mi = auto <!-- Time zones ----------->| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] | utc_offset = &minus;8 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time]] | utc_offset_DST = &minus;7 <!-- Codes ---------------->| postal_code_type = <!--[[ZIP code]]--> | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_code = [[Area codes 408 and 669|408/669]], [[Area code 650|650]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = 06-085 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|277307}} | website = {{URL|www.sccgov.org}} }} '''Santa Clara County, California''' ni msumba uchoko panji [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]] ''pachingelezi'') iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la [[California]] mu charu cha [[United States of America]]. Boma likulu la [[California]] lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties). ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Maboma (counties) gha California}} {{California-geo-stub}} [[Category:Maboma gha California]] [[Category:Malo ghamu California]] [[Category:California, United States]] [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu California]] [[Category:California]] phno6jzfzxrzh7oxs30sq1vfuj361z8 0 14369 122678 68483 2026-09-28T03:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{california-geo-stub}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage. --> | name = San Diego County | settlement_type = [[List of counties in California|County]] | official_name = County of San Diego <!-- Images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = FA18CHornetOverSanDiegoNov08.jpg | photo1b = Mission San Diego de Alcalá - church.jpg | photo2a = Sdsumain.jpg | photo2b = HotelDelCoronado.jpg | photo3a = Torrey Pines State Park Valley.jpg | photo3b = Bolder field, jacumba.....jpg | spacing = 1 | size = 280 | color_border = white | color = white | foot_montage = Images, from top down, left to right: [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18 Hornet]] flying over [[San Diego]], [[Mission San Diego de Alcalá]], [[San Diego State University]]'s [[Hepner Hall]], [[Hotel del Coronado]]'s main building, [[Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve]], [[Jacumba Mountains]] }} | image_flag = Flag of San Diego County, California.png | image_seal = Seal of San Diego County, California.png | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|fill=#808080|fill-opacity=0.4|zoom=7}} | map_caption = Interactive map of San Diego County | image_map1 = Map of California highlighting San Diego County.svg | mapsize1 = 200px | map_caption1 = Location in the state of California <!-- Location ------------------> | coordinates = {{coord|33.02|-116.77|type:adm2nd_region:US-CA_source:UScensus1990|display=inline,title}} | named_for = [[Didacus of Alcalá|San Diego de Alcalá]] | nickname = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[California]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = [[County seat]] | seat = [[San Diego]] | seat1_type = Largest city | seat1 = San Diego | established_title = Formed | established_date = February 18, 1850<ref name=csac>{{cite web |url= http://www.counties.org/general-information/chronology |title= Chronology |publisher= California State Association of Counties |access-date= February 6, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160129193152/http://www.counties.org/general-information/chronology |archive-date= January 29, 2016}}</ref> <!-- Government ------------> | government_type = [[Council–manager government|Council–CEO]] | governing_body = [[Government of San Diego County, California|Board of Supervisors]] | leader_title = Chair | leader_name = [[Nora Vargas]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = Vice Chair | leader_name1 = [[Terra Lawson-Remer]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title2 = [[San_Diego County Board of Supervisors|Board of Supervisors]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/general/bos.html | title = Board of Supervisors | publisher = County of San Diego | access-date = January 12, 2015}}</ref> | leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list | title = Supervisors | frame_style = border:none; padding:0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = Nora Vargas ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | 2 = Joel Anderson ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | 3 = Terra Lawson-Remmer ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | 4 = Nathan Fletcher ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | 5 = Jim Desmond ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}} | leader_title3 = Chief Administrative Officer | leader_name3 = Helen Robbins-Meyer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/cao.html.html|title=Chief Administrative Officer|publisher=County of San Diego|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[San Diego County District Attorney|District Attorney]] | leader_name4 = Summer Stephan <!-- Area ------------------> | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 4260.9 | area_land_sq_mi =3942 | area_water_sq_mi = 319 | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sangis.org/ |title=Home |website=sangis.org}}</ref> <!-- Elevations ------------> | elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=1454|title=Hot Springs Mountain|publisher=Peakbagger.com|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> | elevation_max_ft = 6536 | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------> | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|April 1, 2020]] | population_footnotes = | population_total = 3298634 | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = | population_density_sq_mi = 837 | blank2_name = [[GDP]] | blank2_info = $225 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-county-metro-and-other-areas|title=GDP by County – U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)|website=Bea.gov|access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> | blank3_name = [[GDP per capita]] | blank3_info = $68,457 <!-- Time zones -----------> | timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone]] | utc_offset = –8 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time]] | utc_offset_DST = –7 <!-- Codes ----------------> | postal_code_type = <!--[[ZIP Code]]--> | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | area_code = [[Area codes 442 and 760|442/760]], [[Area codes 619 and 858|619/858]], and [[Area code 949|949]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info_sec1 = 06-073 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID = {{GNIS 4|277301}} | website = {{URL|www.sandiegocounty.gov}} }} '''San Diego County, California''' ni msumba uchoko panji [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]] ''pachingelezi'') iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la [[California]] mu charu cha [[United States of America]]. Boma likulu la [[California]] lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties). ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Maboma (counties) gha California}} [[Category:Maboma gha California]] [[Category:Malo ghamu California]] [[Category:California, United States]] [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu California]] [[Category:California]] czw1ew9l5sfk3d3xtsq5pbi8v77k7lv 0 14526 122701 51507 2026-09-28T03:20:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Taylor County.svg|thumb|235x235px|'''Taylor County, Georgia''']] [[File:Georgia in United States.svg|thumb|197x197px|[[Georgia]] mukati mwa [[United States]]]] '''Taylor County''' ni [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]]) cha ku [[U.S.]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Georgia (United States)|Georgia]]. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 7,816.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Taylor County, Georgia|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Taylor_County,_Georgia?g=0500000US13269|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> Malo gha nkhalwe ichi ni [[Butler, Georgia|Butler]] <ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Nkhalwe la Taylor chikapangika pa Janyuwale 15, 1852, na dango la Georgia General Assembly kufuma ku vigaŵa vya [[Macon County, Georgia|Macon]], [[Marion County, Georgia|Marion]] na [[Talbot County, Georgia|Talbot]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na zina la [[Zachary Taylor]], pulezidenti wa 12 wa United States. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/t.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030917143007/http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/t.pdf|archive-date=2003-09-17|url-status=live|title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins|publisher=Winship Press|author=Krakow, Kenneth K.|year=1975|location=Macon, GA|pages=222|isbn=0-915430-00-2}}</ref> Nkhalwe Taylor chikumanyikwaso chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu na kusuzgika kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Afilika]] na America mu nyengo ya Jim Crow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klibanoff |first=Hank |date=2010-10-13 |title=Maceo Snipes – The Georgia Civil Rights Cold Cases Project |url=https://coldcases.emory.edu/maceo-snipes/ |access-date=2010-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Dan |date=2020-10-13 |title=Killing and Segregated Plaque Divide Town |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/us/18land.html}}</ref> Cakucitika cakuziziswa comene nchakuti mu 1946, [[Maceo Snipes]], uyo wakaŵa mulara wa nkhondo ya caru cose yaciŵiri ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Africa na America kuvota mu Nkhalwe La Taylor, wakakomeka na KKK pa mulyango wa nyumba yake. Nangauli wakafwa nyengo yeneyiyo yayi cifukwa ca vilonda ivyo wakapwetekeka navyo, kweni Mr. Snipes wakafwa cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ndopa za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake mu cipatala ca [[Butler, Georgia]], uko wakeneranga kwenda mtunda wa makilomita ghatatu uku wali na vilonda mu msana. Ŵakukoma ŵanthu aŵa ŵakeruzgika yayi nangauli FBI yikaŵawovwira. Kasi mukumanya? Kukomeka kwa Snipes kukawovwira kuti [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] walembe kalata yake yakwamba na yekha ku boma la Atlanta apo wakaŵa na vyaka 17 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=4359004-GBI-Moore-s-Ford-File |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4359004-GBI-Moore-s-Ford-File.html}}</ref> pa nyengo iyi, boma likakondwanga chomene na vinthu ivi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaminsky |first=Mia |date=2020-10-13 |title=Self-Defense Alibis and the Myth of Black Criminality |url=https://coldcases.emory.edu/self-defense-alibis-and-the-myth-of-black-criminality/ |access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Veterans Killed in Fight for Democracy in U.S. |url=https://www.zinnedproject.org/collection/black-veterans/}}</ref> == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Kuyana na U.S. Mu nkhalwe ichi muli malo ghakukwana 380 square miles (980 km2), ndipo 377 square miles (980 km2) ni malo ghakukhalapo ndipo 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) (0.8%) ni maji. <ref name="GR1">{{cite web |date=2011-02-12 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |access-date=2011-04-23 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Nkhalwe cha Taylor chili na chigaŵa icho chili na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Fall Line. Nklhalwe cha pachanya cha nklhalwe ichi chili mu nklhalwe cha Piedmont ndipo chili na mapiri na dongo. Nklhalwe cha pasi chomene cha nklhalwe ichi chili ku Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain, ndipo chili na dongo la mchenga. Mlonga wa Flint ndiwo uli pa mphaka ya kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nklhalwe ichi. Nklhalwe ichi chili na vyakurya vinandi. Vipambi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuliska kanandi ni ma [[peach]], ma [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[pecan]], [[Peanut|peanuts]], [[Watermelon|watermelons]], na [[cotton]]. Makuni nagho ngakukhumbikwa comene pa cuma ca mu nklhalwe ici. Nklhalwe ichi chili na makuni ghanandi chifukwa cha minda yinandi ya mpheska. Paliso nkhorongo zinandi za makuni, comenecomene mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Flint na milonga yinyake. Nklhalwe cha kumwera cha nklhalwe ichi chili na makuni ghakurughakuru gha mchenga. Mu nklhalwe ichi muli viŵeto vinandi chomene, nga ni [[mbaŵala za mu viŵaya]], [[turkey wa ku thengere]], [[cottontail]], [[raccoon]], [[coyote]], [[bobcat]], [[nine-banded armadillo]], [[Virginia opossum]], [[red-tailed hawk]], na [[Florida gopher turtle]]. Mu nklhalwe cha Taylor muli njoka [[zinkhondi za poizoni]] za ku North America ([[Eastern diamondback rattlesnake]], [[timber rattlesnake]], [[Carolina pygmy rattlesnake]], [[eastern coral snake]], [[water moccasin]], and [[copperhead]]). Makuni agho ghakumera chomene ni [[southern red oak]], [[post oak]], [[longleaf pine]], [[loblolly pine]], [[sweetgum]], na [[red maple]]. Mu nklhalwe ichi ndimo muli makuni ghanandi gha sidara mu Georgia. Vipambi ivi vikusangika mu milonga yinandi ya Whitewater na Little Whitewater ndipo ndivyo vikovwira kuti vyakumera ivi vileke kunangika. Nklhalwe chikuru cha nklhalwe cha Taylor chili mu chigawa cha Upper [[Flint River]] mu chigaŵa cha ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin), padera pa chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha nklhalwe ichi kumpoto kwa Georgia, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Middle Chattahoochee River-Walter F. Malo ghakupambanapambana gha chiziŵa cha George mu chiziŵa cha ACF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience |url=http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/ |access-date=2015-11-22 |publisher=Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003004639/http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/ |archive-date=2018-10-03}}</ref> == Demographics == {{US Census population|1860=5998|1870=7143|1880=8597|1890=8666|1900=9846|1910=10839|1920=11473|1930=10617|1940=10768|1950=9113|1960=8311|1970=7865|1980=7902|1990=7642|2000=8815|2010=8906|2020=7816|estref=|align-fn=center|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref><br />1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ga190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref><br />1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-27 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> 2010-2013<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/13269.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 26, 2014|archive-date=December 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218092430/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/13269.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Misumba ichoko mu Georgia}} [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu Georgia]] [[Category:Georgia, United States]] [[Category:Malo ghamu Georgia]] [[Category:Georgia]] [[Category:Nkhalwe]] 3ei9pg0hrd2us8qkht92ql8czx18wos 0 14885 122459 72151 2026-09-28T00:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name=Boma la Kaoma |settlement_type=[[Boma (Zambia)|Boma]] |native_name = |nickname = |image_skyline = |image_size = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map =Kaoma District, Zambia 2022.png |mapsize =300px |map_caption = Boma Malo mu Zambia |pushpin_map= |subdivision_type = Chalo |subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} |subdivision_type1=[[Chigaŵa (Zambia)|Chigaŵa]] |subdivision_name1=[[Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] |subdivision_type2=Capital |subdivision_name2=[[Kaoma, Zambia|Kaoma]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of =2000 |population_note = |population_total = 162568 |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_m = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Boma la Kaoma''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] mu charu cha [[Zambia]].Mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] gha Zambia muli maboma 15. ==Malo ghakupambanapambana== ===Umoyo=== Nyengo yake njakuthukira na yakututuŵa. <ref>[{{Geonameslink|gnid=10815322|name=luampa%20district}} Luampa District] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2015-10-07; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> Kutentha kwapakati ndi 22 ° C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Juni, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Okutobala.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,150. Mwezi uwo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene ni Janyuwale, ndipo kukulokwa maji 1 millimetere. <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075534/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2020-05-11}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Boma la Kaoma | 18| 25| 238 | 18| 24| 235 | 17| 24| 194 | 16| 27| 10 | 13| 28| 1 | 11| 26| 1 | 11| 27| 1 | 12| 32| 1 | 17| 38| 1 | 18| 39| 24 | 18| 33| 138 | 18| 25| 306 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Ŵanthu== Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, boma ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 162,568. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yzm.html|title=Districts of Zambia|publisher=Statoids|access-date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu tawuni ya Kaoma na kumpoto kwa boma ichi mumphepete mwa milonga ya Luena na Luampa. Boma chakumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi ntchakukhalamo ŵanthu yayi. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha Zambia]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kumanjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia]] 07ohzjkd8pc75cgz2c46hkhkvh0o1jk 0 14887 122463 72149 2026-09-28T00:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name=Boma la Luampa |settlement_type=[[Boma (Zambia)|Boma]] |native_name = |nickname = |image_skyline = |image_size = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map =Luampa District, Zambia 2022.png |mapsize =300px |map_caption = District location in Zambia |pushpin_map= |subdivision_type = Chalo |subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} |subdivision_type1=[[Chigaŵa (Zambia)|Chigaŵa]] |subdivision_name1=[[Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] |subdivision_type2=Capital |subdivision_name2= |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_m = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Boma la Luampa''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] mu charu cha [[Zambia]].Mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] gha Zambia muli maboma 15. ==Malo ghakupambanapambana== ===Umoyo=== Nyengo yake njakuthukira na yakututuŵa. <ref>[{{Geonameslink|gnid=10815322|name=luampa%20district}} Luampa District] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2015-10-07; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> Kutentha kwapakati ndi 22 ° C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Juni, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Okutobala.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,103. Mwezi uwo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene ni Janyuwale, ndipo kukulokwa maji 252 millimetere. <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075534/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2020-05-11}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Luampa District | 18| 26| 252 | 17| 24| 235 | 17| 23| 188 | 16| 26| 19 | 13| 27| 1 | 11| 25| 1 | 11| 26| 1 | 13| 30| 1 | 17| 37| 1 | 19| 39| 22 | 18| 33| 142 | 18| 24| 240 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Mbiri== Boma ichi chikapatukana na [[Boma la Kaoma]] mu 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luampa district takes shape – Zambia Daily Mail|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/luampa-district-takes-shape/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.daily-mail.co.zm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-26|title=Zambia : Sata creates 6 new districts, orders the building of a new Stadium and University in Western Province|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/11/26/sata-creates-6-districts-orders-building-stadium-university-western-province/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=LusakaTimes.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha Zambia]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kumanjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia]] eph9lek9z40e21izkq4sfcj0wbsrhpn 0 14890 122465 72145 2026-09-28T00:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name=Boma la Mwandi |settlement_type=[[Boma (Zambia)|Boma]] |native_name = |nickname = |image_skyline = RiverPeace.jpg |image_size = |image_caption = Malo mu Mwandi |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map =Mwandi District, Zambia 2022.png |mapsize =300px |map_caption = Boma malo mu Zambia |pushpin_map= |subdivision_type = Chalo |subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} |subdivision_type1=[[Chigaŵa (Zambia)|Chigaŵa]] |subdivision_name1=[[Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] |subdivision_type2=Capital |subdivision_name2= |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_m = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Boma la Mwandi''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] mu charu cha [[Zambia]].Mu [[Chigaŵa cha Manjililo gha Dazi]] gha Zambia muli maboma 15. ==Malo ghakupambanapambana== ===Uyumo=== Nyengo yake njakuthukira na yakututuŵa. <ref>[{{Geonameslink|gnid=10815322|name=luampa%20district}} Luampa District] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2015-10-07; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> Kutentha kwapakati ndi 24 ° C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Juni, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Okutobala.<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,150. Mwezi uwo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene ni Janyuwale, ndipo kukulokwa maji 1 millimetere. <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075534/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2020-05-11}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Boma la Kaoma | 18| 25| 238 | 18| 24| 235 | 17| 24| 194 | 16| 27| 10 | 13| 28| 1 | 11| 26| 1 | 11| 27| 1 | 12| 32| 1 | 17| 38| 1 | 18| 39| 24 | 18| 33| 138 | 18| 25| 306 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Mbiri== Boma ichi chikapatuka ku [[Boma la Sesheke]] mu 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mwandi: Beef, fish industrial district – Zambia Daily Mail|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/mwandi-beef-fish-industrial-district/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.daily-mail.co.zm}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Zambia}} [[Category:Zambia]] [[Category:Maboma gha Zambia]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Kumanjililo gha Dazi gha Zambia]] 8jcath09edp85hf4jwvo1g2yjcnqcnj 0 16068 122522 39071 2026-09-28T00:52:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Red_Apple.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Epulo]] [[File:Tellissaare.JPG|thumb|Epulo|230x230px]] '''Epulo '''ni mtundu wa chipaso chakunowa chomene kweneso chakupasa nkhongono muthupi. {| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:left; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em" |+Vyaru vyakupanda ma Epulo <br />(in metric tonnes) !Mndandanda !Charu !2010 !2011 !2012 |- |1 |[[China]] |33,263,000 |35,985,000 |37,000,000 |- |2 |[[United States of America|USA]] |4,214,599 |4,275,108 |4,110,046 |- |3 |[[Turkey]] |2,600,000 |2,680,075 |2,889,000 |- |4 |Poland |1,877,906 |2,493,078 |2,877,000 |- |5 |[[India]] |1,777,200 |2,891,000 |2,203,000 |- |6 |[[Italy]] |2,204,972 |2,411,201 |1,991,312 |- |7 |Iran |1,662,430 |1,842,972 |1,700,000 |- |8 |Chile |1,624,242 |1,588,347 |1,625,000 |- |9 |[[Russia]] |992,000 |1,200,000 |1,403,000 |- |10 |[[Fora]] |1,778,433 |1,857,349 |1,382,901 |- style="background:#ccc;" |— |''Charu chose'' |60,271,191 |65,800,145 |63,454,495 |- | colspan="5" |''Source: FAO'' <ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Production of Apple by countries |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=FAO |accessdate=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141635/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ |archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> |} {{clear}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} 1l7jkds8pnyf4zmgm4i52vh1704u4il 0 16455 122617 112176 2026-09-28T02:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122617 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''''Miss Grand International''<br />''มิสแกรนด์อินเตอร์เนชันแนล''<br />'''</big></big> | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="140px" | | align="center" width="140px" |[[File:Miss_Grand_Conferencia.jpg|135x135px]] |} |- | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Miss Grand International Organisation''' |- | colspan="2" align="center" |<small>Mwakudumula: ''MGI'' panji ''MGIO''</small> |} |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Thailand_(orthographic_projection).svg|250x250px]] |- | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |'''Ŵakakhazikiska:''' |6 Novembala 2013 |- |'''Wakwambiska:''' |Nawat Itsaragrisil |- |'''Ofesi yayikulu:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |- |'''Adilesi:''' |213/414, Soi Lat Phrao 94 (Pancha Mit), Lat Phrao Road, Phapphla, Wang Thonglang, [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |- |'''Chiluso:''' |Lekani nkhondo na viwawa ''(Stop the wars and violence)'' |- |'''Malo:''' |Charu chose chapasi |- |'''Mlongozgi:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} Nawat Itsaragrisil |- |'''Wachŵwili kwa mlongozgi:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} Teresa Chaivisut |- |'''Miss Grand International:''' |{{flagicon|India}} Rachel Gupta <small>''(2024)''</small> |- |'''Webusayiti yakuzomelezgeka''' |[http://www.missgrandinternational.com/ MissGrandInternational.com] |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Facebook_Logo_(2019).png|link=https://www.facebook.com/MISSGRANDINTERNATIONAL|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Instagram_logo_2016.svg|link=https://www.instagram.com/missgrandinternational/|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Twitter_Logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/MissGrandInter|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Youtube_logo.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/user/missgrandinter|25x25px]]<br />[[File:Gnome_globe_current_event.svg|25x25px]] ''[[:es:Miss Grand Internacional 2020|Miss Grand International 2020]]'' |} |} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=200|align=right|header=Oyimira mayiko olankhula Chichewa|header_background=gold|header_align=center|background color=pink|direction=horizontal||image1=|caption1=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2014'''<br/>Lillie lmmaculate Chopamba</div>|image2=|caption2=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2013'''<br/>Samantha Ntombizodwa Thsuma</div>|image3=|caption3=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zambia 2018'''<br/>Isabel Chikoti</div>}} '''Miss Grand International''' (MGI) ni mpikisano wakusankha awo mbakutowa ku [[Thailand]]. Mpikiksano uwu ukuchitika chaka chilichose kuyambila mu 2013. ''[[Nawat Itsaragrisil]]'' wakaŵa mwenecho wa Miss Grand International pageant.<ref name="tayang" /> == Ŵakuphaska == {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand International !Charu !Malo !Chiŵelengelo cha Wopikisana |- |2013 |Janelee Chaparro<ref name="tayang">{{cite web |author=Voltaire E. Tayag |date=2017-10-21 |title=Miss Grand International: A Pageant for Peace |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/185963-miss-grand-international-primer-2017-elizabeth-clenci-stop-the-war-advocacy |work=The Rappler |language=en |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archivedate=2018-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715010955/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/185963-miss-grand-international-primer-2017-elizabeth-clenci-stop-the-war-advocacy}}</ref> |[[File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg|23x23px]] [[Puerto Rico]] |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|71}} |- |2014 |Lees Garcia<ref name="leesg">{{cite web |author=Hot in Juba |date=2014-11-10 |title=Miss Grand International Lees Garcia is in Juba |url=https://hotinjuba.com/miss-grand-international-daryanne-lees-garcia-is-in-juba/ |language=en |archivedate=2017-09-27 |accessdate=2019-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927070901/http://hotinjuba.com/miss-grand-international-daryanne-lees-garcia-is-in-juba}}</ref><ref name="lees">{{cite web |author=Miss Grand International |date=2015-05-23 |title=Lees Garcia - Miss Grand International 2014 Inside The Refugee Camp |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqfdBdjS09Y |language=en |accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> |{{flag|Cuba}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|85}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Anea Garcia |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} | rowspan="2" |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|77}} |- |Claire Elizabeth Parker |{{flag|Australia}} |- |2016 |Ariska Putri Pertiwi<ref name="tayang" /><ref name="brazil">{{cite web |author=Concurso Nacionalde Beleza |date=2017-04-21 |title=Conheça os detalhes sobre o Miss Grand International 2017! |url=http://www.concursonacionaldebeleza.com.br/internacionais/2017/4/21/conhea-detalhes-sobre-o-miss-grand-international-2017 |language=pt |accessdate=2018-04-27}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}} |[[Las Vegas]], [[USA]] |{{center|74}} |- |2017 |María José Lora<ref name="winner">{{cite web |author=Global Beauties |date=2017-10-25 |title=Miss Grand International 2017 is Miss Peru! |url=https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/10/25/miss-grand-international-2017-is-miss-xxx |language=en |accessdate=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508071430/https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/10/25/miss-grand-international-2017-is-miss-xxx |archive-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Phú Quốc]], [[Vietnam]]<ref name="press">{{cite web |author=Global Beauties |date=2017-05-24 |title=Miss Grand International 2017 in Vietnam – Official Press Conference |url=https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/5/24/miss-grand-international-2017-in-vietnam-official-press-conference |language=en |accessdate=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508071431/https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/5/24/miss-grand-international-2017-in-vietnam-official-press-conference |archive-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> |{{center|77}} |- |2018 |Clara Sosa<ref name="clara">{{cite web |author=Rappler.com |date=2018-10-26 |title=Miss Grand International 2018 Clara Sosa faints on stage after winning title |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/215210-miss-grand-international-2018-winner-clara-sosa-faints-on-stage |language=en |accessdate=2018-11-12 |archivedate=2018-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123064856/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/215210-miss-grand-international-2018-winner-clara-sosa-faints-on-stage}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=JdqZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=Miss+Grand+International+Asia+America&source=bl&ots=fgthRK-HAX&sig=ACfU3U2wXTs1b7TR9mFWrQAjk0Hp6E0zPw&hl=th&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif36TflePlAhXbiHAKHXv1At84ChDoATAPegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Grand%20International%20Asia%20America&f=false|title=Current Affairs Capsule October 2018|page=28|volume=Oktoobril 2018|year=2018|author=Testbook.com|publisher=Testbook.com|language=en}}</ref> |{{flag|Paraguay}} |[[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] |{{center|75}} |- |2019 |Valentina Figuera<ref name="metro">{{cite web |author=Metro Puerto Rico |date=2019-10-28 |title=Valentina Figuera conquista Miss Grand International en su tierra |url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/entretenimiento/2019/10/28/valentina-figuera-conquista-miss-grand-international-tierra.html |language=pt |accessdate=2019-10-30 |archivedate=2019-11-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105070631/https://www.metro.pr/pr/entretenimiento/2019/10/28/valentina-figuera-conquista-miss-grand-international-tierra.html|}}</ref> |{{flag|Venezuela}} |[[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] |{{center|60}} |- |2020 |Abena Appiah |{{flag|USA}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|63}} |- |2021 |Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên |{{flag|Vietnam}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|59}} |- |2022 |Isabella Menin |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |{{center|68}} |- |2023 |Luciana Fuster |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]] |{{center|69}} |- |2024 |Rachel Gupta |{{flag|India}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|68}} |} === Vithuzi === <gallery> File:Rachel Gupta MGI24.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2024'''</div><div class="center">Rachel Gupta<br/>{{flag|India}}</div> File:Luciana Fuster 2023.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2023'''</div><div class="center">Luciana Fuster<br/>{{flag|Peru}}</div> File:Isabella Menin.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2022'''</div><div class="center">Isabella Menin<br/>{{flag|Brazil}}</div> File:Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên 2021.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2021'''</div><div class="center">Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên<br/>{{flag|Vietnam}}</div> File:Abena Akuaba Appiah.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2020'''</div><div class="center">Abena Appiah<br/>{{flag|USA}}</div> File:Valentina Figuera Morales.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2019'''</div><div class="center">Valentina Figuera<br/>{{flag|Venezuela}}</div> File:Clara Sosa on FarangDay.jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2018'''</div><div class="center">Clara Sosa<br/>{{flag|Paraguay}}</div> File:Miss Grand International 2017 visited Embassy of Peru in Bangkok 01 (cropped).jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2017'''</div><div class="center">María José Lora<br/>{{flag|Peru}}</div> File:Ariska Putri Pertiwi in Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of The Republic of Indonesia Press Conference (1) (cropped).jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2016'''</div><div class="center">Ariska Putri Pertiwi<br/>{{flag|Indonesia}}</div> File:Claire Parker.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2015''' </div><div class="center">Claire Elizabeth Parker<br/>{{flag|Australia}}</div> File:Daryanne Lees.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2014''' </div><div class="center">Lees Garcia<br/>{{flag|Cuba}}</div> File:Janelee Chaparro.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2013''' </div><div class="center">Janelee Chaparro <br/>[[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|23px]] [[Puerto Rico]]</div> </gallery> == Woyimilila vyaru vyakuyowoya Chichewa == '''Color Key'''; {{plainlist|* {{color box|gold}} Wopambana * {{color box|#FFFF66}} Finalist (Top 5) * {{color box|#FFFACD}} Semifinalist (Top 10/ 20 kapena 21)}} [[Mozambique]] ndi [[Malawi]] sizitenga nawo mbali pamphikisano. [[Zimbabwe]] idalumikizana kawiri mu 2013 ndi 2014.<ref name="mgz13" /><ref name="mgz14" /> Ndipo 2018 ndiye kope lokhalo lomwe [[Zambia]] idatenga nawo gawo. === Miss Grand Zimbabwe === {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand Zimbabwe !Mpikisano wadzikoli !Hometown !Zotsatira |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFACD" | 2013 |Fungai Mawada<ref name="mgz13" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Sindiso Dube |date=2013-07-16 |title=Mawada crowned Miss Grand International Zimbabwe |url=https://www.southerneye.co.zw/2013/07/16/mawada-crowned-miss-grand-international-zimbabwe/ |publisher=Southern Eye |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040024/https://www.southerneye.co.zw/2013/07/16/mawada-crowned-miss-grand-international-zimbabwe/}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2013 | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] |align=center {{n/a|''Dethroned''}} |- bgcolor="#FFFACD" |Samantha Ntombizodwa Thsuma<ref name="mgz13">{{cite web |author=Chronicle |date=2013-09-03 |title=Organiser nominates self for inaugural Miss Grand International Zim pageant |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/organiser-nominates-self-for-inaugural-miss-grand-international-zim-pageant/ |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2020-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424112725/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/organiser-nominates-self-for-inaugural-miss-grand-international-zim-pageant/}}</ref> |align=center {{N/a|''Appointed''}} | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] | align="center" |Top 20 finalists |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 |Marble Nyathi<ref name="mgz14">{{cite web |author=Bekezela Tshuma |date=2014-07-02 |title=Scandal rocks Miss Grand Zimbabwe beauty pageant |url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/scandal-rocks-miss-grand-zimbabwe-beauty-pageant/ |publisher=Sunday News |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2014-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155546/https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/scandal-rocks-miss-grand-zimbabwe-beauty-pageant/}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2014 | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] |align=center {{n/a|''Dethroned''}} |- |Lillie lmmaculate Chopamba |align=center {{N/a|''Appointed''}} | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] | align="center" |— |- |} === Miss Grand Zambia === {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand Zambia !Mpikisano wacharu !Hometown !Zotsatira |- | 2018 |Isabel Chikoti<ref>{{cite web |author=Miss Grand International |date=2018-09-08 |title=Miss Grand Zambia 2018 |url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=1891 |language=en |archivedate=2019-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004061139/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=1891}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Zambia 2017 | align="center" |Chingola | align="center" |Top 20 in Best National costume |- | 2019 |Luwi Lusa Kawanda<ref>{{cite web |author=Missosology |date=2019-09-05 |title=Luwi Kawanda to represent Zambia at Miss International 2019 |url=http://missosology.org/miss-international/58870-luwi-kawanda-to-represent-zambia-at-miss-international-2019/ |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-25 |archivedate=2019-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906082209/http://missosology.org/miss-international/58870-luwi-kawanda-to-represent-zambia-at-miss-international-2019/}}</ref> |Malo achitatu a Miss Zambia 2017 | align="center" |[[Lusaka]] |{{n/a|Lowani nawo ''Miss International 2019'' ku [[Japan]] m'malo mwake}} |} == Ukaboni wakuwalo == {{commonscat|Miss Grand International}} * [http://www.missgrandinternational.com/ Official website] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.facebook.com/MISSGRANDINTERNATIONAL FAcebook page] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.instagram.com/missgrandinternational/ Instagram] of Miss Grand International * [https://twitter.com/MissGrandInter Twitter] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.youtube.com/user/missgrandinter Youtube channel] of Miss Grand International == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} [[Category:Thailand]] bb09sywby530njbjv2b6r0u8niilq4w 0 17074 122621 46466 2026-09-28T02:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122621 wikitext text/x-wiki Mndandanda ya mikangano vikacitikira Malaŵi. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=150px| <span style="color: #CF0821">Conflict</span> ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=170px| <span style="color: #CF0821">Malawi <br> and allies</span> ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=170px| <span style="color: #CF0821">Opponents</span> ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=320px| <span style="color: #CF0821">Results</span> ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=100px| <span style="color: #CF0821">President <br> of Malawi</span> ! style="background:#000000" rowspan="1" width=100px| <span style="color: #CF0821">Losses</span> |- |style="background:#efefef"| [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]]<br />(1915) |style="background:#efefef"| Chilembwe wagaluka |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|border]] [[British Empire]] *[[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1953, 1963–1964).svg|22px|border]] [[Nyasaland]] |style="background:#F88"| '''Defeat''' |style="background:#efefef"| |- |style="background:#efefef"| [[Mozambican Civil Mikangano]]<br />(1987&ndash;1992) |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of Mozambique (1975–1983).svg|22px|border]] [[FRELIMO]] <br/> [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|22px|border]]<br>[[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|border|22px]]<br/>{{flag|Malawi}} |style="background:#efefef"| [[Image:Flag of RENAMO (1st version).png|22px|border]] [[RENAMO]]<br/>{{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawi Young Pioneers|MYP]] |style="background:#E0D0FF"| '''Stalemate''' *Malawi backs both sides from 1987 to 1992 |style="background:#efefef" rowspan=2| {{center|[[Hastings Banda]]}} |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|100+ killed<ref name="njas.helsinki.fi">{{cite web |url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num2/chirambo.pdf |title=Afrikka |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619054334/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol13num2/chirambo.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>}} |- |style="background:#efefef"| [[Operation Bwezani]]<br />(1993) |style="background:#efefef"| {{flag|Malawi}} |style="background:#efefef"| {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawi Young Pioneers|MYP]] |style="background:#E0D0FF"| '''Victory to the Defence Force''' *MYP violently dismantled |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|''Unknown''}} |- |style="background:#efefef"| [[M23 rebellion|M23 Rebellion]]<br/>(2013) |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|22px|border]] [[DR Congo]]<br/>[[File:flag of South Africa.svg|22px|border]] [[South Africa]] <br/>[[File:flag of Tanzania.svg|22px|border]] [[Tanzania]] <br/>{{flag|Malawi}} |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of CNDP.svg|22px|border]] [[M23 (militia)|M23]] |style="background:#D0FFD0"| '''Victory''' *[[M23 (militia)|M23]] rebels surrender, disarm and demobilize |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|[[Joyce Banda]]}} |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|''None''}} |- |style="background:#efefef"| [[Allied Democratic Forces insurgency|ADF Insurgency]]<br/>(2014&ndash;) |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|border|22px]] [[DR Congo]]<br/>[[File:flag of Uganda.svg|22px|border]][[Uganda]]<br/>[[File:flag of South Africa.svg|border|22px]] [[South Africa]] <br/>[[File:flag of Tanzania.svg|22px|border]] [[Tanzania]]<br/>{{flag|Malawi}} |style="background:#efefef"| [[File:Flag of the Allied Democratic Forces.svg|22px|border]] [[Allied Democratic Forces|ADF]] |style="background:#E0D0FF"| '''Ongoing''' *[[United Nations Force Intervention Brigade|UNF Intervention Brigade]] intervention from 2014 |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|[[Peter Mutharika]]}} |style="background:#efefef"| {{center|1 dead}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} lhx5x8jduhdy265jeqibhp0a6s617ss 0 17084 122490 41653 2026-09-28T00:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chipatala cha Thyolo''' ([[ChiZungu]]: ''Thyolo Health Services'') ntchipatala icho chili mu [[Boma la Thyolo]]. ==Msumba== Msumba mukati Chipatala cha Thyolo: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thyolohealthservices.com/facilities/bvumbwe-health-center|website=Thyolo Health Services|lang=en|title=BVUMBWE HEALTH CENTER|access-date=2022-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120154950/https://www.thyolohealthservices.com/facilities/bvumbwe-health-center|archive-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> * [[Bvumbwe,Thyolo|Bvumbwe]] * [[Changata,Thyolo|Changata]] * [[Chimaliro,Thyolo|Chimaliro]] * [[Chimvu,Thyolo|Chimvu]] * [[Chisoka,Thyolo|Chisoka]] * [[Didi,Thyolo|Didi]] * [[Gombe,Thyolo|Gombe]] * [[Khonjeni,Thyolo|Khonjeni]] * [[Makungwa,Thyolo|Makungwa]] * [[Mangunda,Thyolo|Mangunda]] * [[Mapanga,Thyolo|Mapanga]] * [[Thekerani,Thyolo|Thekerani]] * [[Zoa,Thyolo|Zoa]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} lgcolzig70b4lar1c1krmc4l2uqrc13 0 17899 122466 115546 2026-09-28T00:06:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mzimba | settlement_type = [[Boma la Mzimba]] | image_skyline = Mzimba District Hospital 2024-11-27 at 23.03.46.jpg | image_caption = Mzimba District Hospital, 2024 | image_map = MW-Mzimba.png | map_caption = Mzimba mu Malaŵi | latd = | latm = | lats = | latNS = S | longd = | longm = | longs = | longEW = E | subdivision_type1 = Charu | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Chigaŵa]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto|Kumpoto]] | subdivision_type3 = Mpando | subdivision_name3 = [[Mzimba]] | area_total_km2 = 10,430 | population_total = 610,944 | population_density_km2 = | population_as_of = 2018 | area_code = | ingosi = }} '''Mzimba''' ni boma ilo lili mu chigaŵa cha ku mpoto mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. Msumba ukulu ni [[Mzimba]]. Usani wa boma ili ni ma kilomita 10,430&nbsp;km.² ndipo lina chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu chakukwana 910,944. Ndilo ni boma likulu chomene mu charu cha Malaŵi. == Makhalilo == Mapili gha Viphya ghalikukhala zakulutilila mpaka ku mmwela na kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma ili. Malo gha ghakujikha gha mzimba ghalikukhala za pakati pa boma ili, ndipo maji ghakufumila mu dambo la Rukulu wa Kummwela. Chigaŵa cha kumanjililo gha dazi gha boma ili, aghoso ni mpaka, ghalikukhala mwakulondezgana na mphaka ya Malawi-[[Zambia]], uko malo ghachoko ghakupatuska Rukulu wa Kummwela kufuma ku majikha gha dambo la Luangwa .<gallery> </gallery> == Boma == Mu boma la Mzimba muli vipatulo vya malo vyakukwana khumi na ŵili (12). * [[Mzimba - Pakati]] * Mzimba - Kumafumilo gha dazi * Mzimba - Hora * Mzimba - Luwelezi * Mzimba - [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Msumba la Mzuzu|Msumba wa Mzuzu]] * Mzimba - Kumpoto * Mzimba - North East * Mzimba - Solora * Mzimba - Kummela * Mzimba - Kummwela kwa mafumilo gha dazi * Mzimba - Kummwela kwa manjililo gha dazi * Mzimba -Kumanjililo gha dazi Kuyambila mu chaka cha 2009. == Misumba mu Mzimba == === [[Mzimba]] (msumba ukulu) === === [[Mzuzu]] === Mzuzu ni msumba ukulu wachitatu mu charu cha Malaŵi ndipo pali kutalika kwa ma kilomita 380km kufuma kumpoto kwa boma la Lilongwe.<ref name=":02">Mzimba District in Malawi｜Malawi Travel and Business Guide (malawiplus.com)</ref> === [[Ekwendeni]] === == Malo gha ŵalendo == ==== Sunbird Mzuzu ==== Ma hotel gha Sunbird na vyakupokelela ŵalendo ni dundano litali lakudangila lavyakupokelela ŵalendo ndipo lina nyumba 9 zakupokelelela ŵalendo mu Malaŵi. Kuzingilizgika na Mzuzu Golf Course, nyumba ya ŵalendo ya Sunbird Mzuzu ni nyumba yapachanya iyo ina kuzilwa kwakuyana na nyumba zamu vyaru vinyake kweneso ndiyo yakuzilwa chomene ku mpoto yose.<ref>The Best Hotels and Lodges in Mzuzu and Mzimba｜Malawi Travel and Business Guide (malawiplus.com)</ref> Nyumba iyi yina makina ghakuputa mphepo ghakukwana 60 (vipinda 32 vapachanya, vipinda vinyake 4 na vipinda vyakutchipilapo 24). ==== Grand Palace Hotel ==== ==== Kawandama Cottage ==== ==== Macondo Camp ==== == Chuma == Chakuziska ndalama mu boma ili chikulu ni ulimi wa vingoma na ntchunga mwakwizilaso mu kuŵeta ng'ombe, ndiposo homa ukulimika nachakulinga chakuguliska kupenja ndalama. Pasono pano, pali ma komiti ghakukwana 98 mu boma la Mzimba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzimba District, Northern Region, Malawi |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-925496.html |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Mathabwa na vinyake vyakufumila ku makuni vikufumila Kummwela kwa Viphya ndipo vikukanozgeka pa kamupani ya Raiply Plywood iyo yili ku Chikangawa, ma kilomita 70km kufuma kummwela kwa Mzuzu.<ref name=":02" /> == Vyakuŵelenga == === Unandi wa ŵanthu === Mu chaka cha 2018, chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu chikaŵa mwa ntheula:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 78.3% ŵaTumbuka * 9.1% ŵaChewa * 6.3% ŵaNgoni * 1.4% ŵaLomwe * 1.1% ŵaYao * 1.0% ŵaTonga * 0.9% ŵaSukwa * 0.4% ŵaLambya * 0.3% Nkhonde * 0.1% ŵaSena * 0.1% ŵaMang'anja * 0.1% ŵaNyanja * 0.8% ŵanyake === Vipembezo mu Mzimba === {| class="wikitable" |Chipembezo |ŵaKhilistu |ŵasilamu |ŵanji |ŵambula kusopa |- |Unandi |88.53% |1.72% |9.52% |0.23% |} == Mwambo == Boma la Mzimba lina ŵaTumbuka awo ŵana gule wawo wakuchemeka Vimbuza kweneso na ŵaNgoni awoso ŵana gule wawo wakuchemeka Ingoma. Nangauli vili nthena, chiyowoyelo cha boma ili ntchiTumbuka ndipo msumba ukulu wa boma ili ni Mzimba boma. Msumba usani wa boma ili kweneso wakutchuka ni Msumba wa Mzuzu. Mzimba ni malo agho bola la chanakazi likumanyikwa na kutchaika makola mu charu chose cha Malaŵi ndipo ŵakutchaya bola ngati ni Mwaŵi Kumwenda wakababikila na kukulila mu boma ili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzimba｜All About Malawi |url=https://allaboutmalawi.com/mzimba |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=All About Malawi |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808084751/https://allaboutmalawi.com/mzimba |archive-date=2020-08-08}}</ref> == Mbili == Mbili ikulongosola ku ŵaNgoni ŵa Zungendaŵa wakafumila mu charu cha South Africa nakuzakakhala kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi. Fumu Zwangendaŵa yati yafwa, ufumu wake ukasokonekela ndipo ŵakakhalako mbanaŵake ŵekha, ndipo maufumu ghankhoni na ghawili (7) gha ŵana ŵake aŵa ŵachali kulamulila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qeko |first=Dr |date=2011-02-14 |title=REV DR QEKO JELE: MZIMBA AND THE NGUNI KINGDOM IN MALAWI |url=http://zithandozami-qeko.blogspot.com/2011/02/mzimba-and-nguni-kingdom-in-malawi.html |access-date=2016-11-16 |website=REV DR QEKO JELE}}</ref> Zina lakuti Mzimba likung'anamula thupi la munthu ndipo mu chaka cha 2016, boma likakhumba kuti liphwanye boma ili mu maboma ghatatu ghaphya, nangauli fumu yakulamulila boam ili ikakana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/debate-for-mzimba-split-rages-on-malawi-ngoni-district/|title=Debate for Mzimba split rages on: Malawi Ngoni district - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2016-04-07|newspaper=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == [[Mwaŵi Kumwenda]] (1989- ) wakutchaya bola la chanakazi. == Wonaniso == * [[Embangweni]] * [[Kanjuchi|Kanjuchi, Mzimba]] * [[Chikangawa|Chikangawa, Mzimba]] * [[Euthini, Mzimba]] * [[Edingeni, Mzimba]] * [[Manyamula, Mzimba]] * [[Mphelembe, Mzimba]] * [[Eswazin, Mzimba|Eswazini, Mzimba]] * [[Mbalachanda, Mzimba]] * [[Enukweni, Mzimba]] * [[Bulala, Mzimba]] == Maukaboni == <references group=""></references> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612234953/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/malawi/ss_malawi_taketwo.html USAID - Aid from the American People] {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|11|30|S|33|30|E|region:MW_type:adm1st|display=title}} 3lv65lah26zh85up2lj7qhfomspxep6 0 18002 122674 76906 2026-09-28T03:01:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Rumphi | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = MalawiRumphiMarket.png | imagesize = | image_caption = Msumba wa Rumphi | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Malawi#Northern Region#Rumphi | pushpin_mapsize = 240 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Malawi|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Rumphi District]] | subdivision_type3 = Chigawa (ward) | subdivision_name3 = [[Chigawa cha Chozoli-Mayembe|Chozoli-Mayembe]] | subdivision_type4 = TA | subdivision_name4 = [[TA Rumphi Boma|Rumphi Boma]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 22,358 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = +2 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|11|01|S|33|52|E|region:MW|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Rumphi''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma la Rumphi mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]], cha ku mpoto. Ni msumba ukulu uwo ukusangika na vyakuguliska vinandi kusazgapo na vya ulimi. Msumba wa Rumphi ukumanyikwa na lusungu la ŵanthu ŵake (mwakuti ni msinjilo ukulu chomene kujumpha munthu kwambula kumutauzga).{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Ni malo agho ghali pa nthowa yakulutila ku malo ghakusungila vinyama gha Nyika, Vidikha vya Nyika na malo ghakusungilako vinyama gha Vwaza. Mwakupambana na malo ghapafupi ngati ni msumba wa [[Mzuzu]], agho ni malo ghakuti ghakuŵa na zuŵa chaka chose, Rumphi wana nyengo yakupambanilapo. Ngati ni msumba wakuzingilizgika na mapili na viduli, mphepo iwemi ikusangika mu msumba uwu. Msumba uwu ukupanga malile na Dambo la Rumphi kumafumilo gha dazi na Dambo la Rukulu wa Kummwela cha kummwela. Likulu la Tchalitchi la Scotland lili ku Livingstonia, makilomita 80 ( 50 mayilozi ) kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, m,wakuonela patali nyanja ikulu ya Malaŵi. Mu chaka cha 2008 chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu chikaŵa 17,369.<ref>Rumphi | town, Malawi | Britannica</ref> Msumba wa Rumphi ukumanyikwa na malonda gha ng'ombe. Pa chisulo chilichose namulenji, nyengo ya 6 koloko, ŵalimi na vakupanga malonda ŵakufumila kutali kuzagula na kuguliska ng'ombe.Ni msika ukulu chomene wa ng'ombe kujumpha Lilongwe, Mzuzu na Mzimba. Mphepete pakuluta ku [[Bolero, Rumphi|Bolero]], mwakufupikana na malo ghakusungilako ndalama gha FDH , pali wupu wa Roscher Youth Development Centre ndipo pamalo ghake chakumwwela kwa Dambo la Rukuru wa Kummwela kuli wupu wa Vwilani Malaŵi e.V. Mwakusazgilapo, mu msumba wa Rumphi min da ya vingoma, skaŵa, ntchunga na mboholi njinandi. == Makhalilo == Msumba wa Rumphi wali mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi, kummwela kwa malo ghakusungilako vinyama ghachemeka [[Nyika]], agho ghakutaya hour imoza pakutchika galimoto kufika ku Mzuzu, ch kumpoto kwake. [[Dambo la Lunyina]] likwenda mu mapili mountains, kufika pakati pa msumba, kupasa Rumphi maonekelo ghakutowa ghakuŵala. == Malaŵelengo == === Mitundu ya ŵanthu === {| class="wikitable" |Mtundu |[[ŵaTumbuka]] |[[ŵaChewa]] |[[ŵaNgoni]] |[[ŵaLomwe]] |ŵanyake<ref>Rumphi District in Malawi｜Malawi Travel and Business Guide (malawiplus.com)</ref> |- |Unandi |88.06% |2.97% |2.43% |1.74% |4.80% |} === Visopo === {| class="wikitable" |Chisopo |ŵaKhilisitu |ŵasilamu |ŵaanji |ŵambula kusopa |- |Unandi |93.67% |1.29% |4.86% |0.18% |} {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Ŵanthu |- |1977 |3,998 |- |1987 |7,156 |- |1998 |14,069 |- |2008 |17,845 |- |2018 |22,358 |} == Vyakukopa ŵalendo == == Vithuzi == <gallery mode="packed" heights="140px"> File:P1120150b.jpg|alt=Weekly cattle market in Rumphi|thumb|Weekly cattle market in Rumphi File:EarthbagHouseRumphi.jpg|thumb|First earthbag house in Rumphi district at Roscher Youth Development Centre </gallery> == Maukaboni == <references group=""></references> {{malawi-geo-stub}} bffvribjg9wa0eo5kyfqx6e3ojfhd5u 0 18046 122673 118620 2026-09-28T02:58:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricou Browning''' (wakababika pa February 16, 1930 - February 27, 2023) wakaŵa director, actor, producer, screenwriter, underwater cinematographer, na stuntman wa ku [[America]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene cifukwa ca milimo yake ya kunjilira pasi pa maji, comenecomene mu filimu ya mu 1954 yakucemeka [[Creature from the Black Lagoon]], umo wakacitiranga munthu wakucemeka Gill-man pa nyengo ya vyakucitika vya pasi pa maji (Ben Chapman wakacitanga mulimo wa Creature pa caru capasi). Browning wakawoneseskaso pa vithuzithuzi vya pasi pa maji mu filimu ya Revenge of the Creature (1955) na The Creature Walks Among Us (1956). Browning wakapangaso Flipper pamoza na Jack Cowden, ndipo wakalongosora vigaŵa vinandi vya TV mu ma 1960.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paietta|first1=Ann C.|last2=Kauppila|first2=Jean L.|date=1994|title=Animals on Screen and Radio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpTeSKkdTE4C&pg=PA301|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|page=301|isbn=978-0810829398}}</ref> Browning wakayamba kuwoneska mafilimu na Salty (1973), iyo wakalemba pamoza na Cowden, ndipo wakalutizga kuwoneska Mr. Palije Malundi (1978). Browning ndiyo wakapangiska filimu ya Thunderball ya mu 1965, filimu yacinayi ya James Bond ya Eon Productions, kweniso filimu ya Bond ya Never Say Never Again (1983). Wakalongozgaso vithuzithuzi vya pasi pa maji mu mafilimu ghakusekeska gha Hello Down There (1969) na Caddyshack (1980). Browning wakababikira ku Florida, ndipo mu 2012 wakanjira mu Florida Artists Hall of Fame. Mu chaka cha 2019, wakalembeka mu Monster Kid Hall of Fame ya Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards. Pambere wandafwe, Browning wakawonekanga nga ni munthu waumaliro uyo wakawoneleranga viŵanda vya pa TV.<ref name="Squires 2023">{{cite web |last=Squires |first=John |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Original 'Creature from the Black Lagoon' Performer Ricou Browning Has Passed Away |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3752972/original-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-performer-ricou-browning-has-passed-away/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Squires |first=John |date=October 3, 2018 |title=The Salem Horror Fest Kicks Off Tomorrow, So Be Sure to Get Tickets While You Can! |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3525170/salem-horror-fest-kicks-off-tomorrow-sure-get-tickets-can/ |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hamman |first=Cody |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Creature from the Black Lagoon: Ricou Browning in need of get well cards from fans |url=https://www.joblo.com/creature-from-the-black-lagoon-ricou-browning/ |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=[[JoBlo.com]]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|limit=3}} == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Browning wakababikira ku [[Fort Pierce]], [[Florida]], pa Febuluwale 16, 1930. Iyo wakasambira vya maseŵero pa Florida State University..<ref>{{cite magazine|date=April 4, 1994|title=Wet and Wild: Ricou Browning Will Always Be The Creature from the Black Lagoon|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107784,00.html|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|volume=41|issue=12|access-date=August 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213020/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107784,00.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntchito == Browning wakamba kucita maseŵero gha mu maji, ndipo wakalutilira kupanga maseŵero agha. Browning wakagwiranga nchito ku Wakulla Springs mu vyaka vya m'ma 1940 ndipo wakasambira kuvina mu mafilimu gha pa maji agho ghakalembeka na Newt Perry, uyo pamanyuma wakatora Browning apo wakajura Weeki Wachee Springs. Apo wakagwiranga nchito ku Wakulla Springs mu 1953, Browning wakapempheka kuti wawonelepo ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mafilimu. Browning wakati: "Munthu uyo wakapanganga vithuzi wakanipempha usange ningakwaniska kuskamba panthazi pa vithuzi kuti ŵawonenge umo munthu wakuwonekera na somba na utheka. Ntheura nkhacita nthena". Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghachoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamupa ntchito ya Gill-man mu filimu ya Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954). Browning wakazomera, ndipo wakacitanga mulimo wa Gill-man mu vithuzithuzi vya pasi pa maji, apo Ben Chapman wakacitanga mulimo wa cinyama cakofya pa caru. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakacitiranga mafilimu agha, Browning wakaleka kuthuta kwa maminiti ghanayi. Browning wakawoneseskaso udindo wake pakuŵa Gill-man uyo wakaŵa pasi pa maji mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Revenge of the Creature (1955) na The Creature Walks Among Us (1956). Browning wakalutilira kupanga mafilimu ndipo wakanjira mu studio ya Ivan Tors ku Florida, uko wakalemba na kupanga filimu ya Flipper ya mu 1963 (yakukhwaskana na dolfini wa mu mphuno ya botolo); Browning wakalongosoraso vithuzithuzi vya mu maji vya filimu iyi. Browning wakalutilira kulemba nkhani za pa TV za Flipper izo zikamba mu 1964. Wakalongozga mafilimu gha pasi pa maji mu Hello Down There (1969), ndipo wakalongozga filimu ya mbumba ya Salty (1973) na filimu ya Mr. Palije Malundi (1978). Wakagwiraso nchito nga ni director wa second unit, stunt coordinator na underwater sequence director pa mafilimu ghanandi, kusazgapo Thunderball (1965), Around the World Under the Sea (1966), Island of the Lost (1967), Caddyshack (1980), and Never Say Never Again (1983). == Umoyo na nyifwa == Browning wakaŵa na mwana mwanalume, Ricou Browning, Jr., uyo nayo ni mulaŵiliri wa mawoko gha ŵasilikari, wakuchita maseŵero, ndiposo wakuchita maseŵero ghakukhozga. Wakaŵa na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵatatu, Renee, Kelly, na Kim, kweniso ŵazukuru 10 na ŵazukuruŵana 11. Muwoli wake, Fran, wakafwa mu Malichi 2020. Browning wakafwa pa nyumba yake ku Southwest Ranches, Florida, pa Febuluwale 27, 2023, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 93..<ref name="Squires 2023" /><ref name="Barnes 2023">{{cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Ricou Browning, the Gill-Man in 'Creature From the Black Lagoon,' Dies at 93 |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ricou-browning-dead-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-1235337925/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> == Mafilimu ghakusankhika == === Filimu === ==== As actor/stuntman ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chaka !Mutu !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |1954 |''[[:en:Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon|Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' |[[:en:Gill-man|Gill-man]] |Underwater scenes |<ref name="Kinnard 1988">{{cite book|last=Kinnard|first=Roy|date=1988|title=Beasts and Behemoths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAXUkw5Ro5IC&pg=PA68|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|pages=68–69|isbn=978-0810820623}}</ref> |- |1954 |''[[:en:20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''| {{N/A}} |Stunt diver |{{sfn|Freese|2014|p=30}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Bill|author-link=Bill Warren (film historian and critic)|date=1997|title=Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Keep_Watching_the_Skies/HplZAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|page=436|isbn=9780786404797}}</ref> |- |- |1955 |''[[:en:Revenge_of_the_Creature|Revenge of the Creature]]'' |Gill-man |Underwater scenes |{{sfn|Freese|2014|p=30}} |- |1956 |''[[:en:The_Creature_Walks_Among_Us|The Creature Walks Among Us]]'' |Gill-man |Underwater scenes |{{sfn|Freese|2014|p=30}} |- |1964 |''[[:en:Flipper's_New_Adventure|Flipper's New Adventure]]'' |Dr. Burton | |<ref>{{cite web |title=Flipper's New Adventure (1964) – Credits |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/768/flippers-new-adventure#credits |access-date=September 23, 2021 |website=TCM.com |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> |- |} ==== As director/writer/stunt coordinator ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title ! width="65" |[[:en:Film_director|Director]] ! width="65" |[[:en:Screenwriter|Writer]] ! width="65" |[[:en:Stunt_coordinator|Stunt coordinator]] ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |1963 |''[[:en:Flipper_(1963_film)|Flipper]]''| {{yes|Second unit}}| {{yes|Co-writer}}| {{yes}} |Underwater scenes; co-wrote story with Jack Cowden; also associate producer |<ref name="O'Barry & Coulbourn 2000">{{cite book|last1=O'Barry|first1=Richard|author-link1=Richard O'Barry|last2=Coulbourn|first2=Keith|date=2000|title=Behind the Dolphin Smile: A True Story That Will Touch the Hearts of Animal Lovers Everywhere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gco944svzwwC&pg=PA124|publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]]|page=124|isbn=978-1580631013}}</ref> |- |1965 |''[[:en:Thunderball_(film)|Thunderball]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} || {{yes}} |Underwater scenes |{{sfn|Freese|2014|p=30}} |- |1966 |''[[:en:Around_the_World_Under_the_Sea|Around the World Under the Sea]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | |Diving sequences |<ref name="Weaver et al. 2018">{{cite book|last1=Weaver|first1=Tom|last2=Schecter|first2=David|last3=Kronenberg|first3=Steve|date=2018|title=The Creature Chronicles: Exploring the Black Lagoon Trilogy|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1476673868}}</ref> |- |1967 |''[[:en:Island_of_the_Lost|Island of the Lost]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | |Underwater scenes |<ref>{{cite book|last=Maltin|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Maltin|year=2012|title=Leonard Maltin's 2013 Movie Guide: The Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzPADT7BTRcC&pg=PA1266|publisher=[[Plume (publisher)|Plume]]|isbn=978-0452298545}}</ref> |- |1969 |''[[:en:Hello_Down_There|Hello Down There]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | |Underwater scenes |<ref>{{cite book|last=Cocchi|first=John|date=1991|title=Second Feature: The Best of the B's|url=https://archive.org/details/secondfeaturebes0000cocc|publisher=[[Citadel Press]]/[[Carol Publishing Group]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/secondfeaturebes0000cocc/page/212 212]|isbn=978-0806511863}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hollis|first=Tim|date=2006|title=Glass Bottom Boats & Mermaid Tails: Florida's Tourist Springs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEIw_sNZh8YC&pg=PA131|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|page=131|isbn=978-0811732666}}</ref> |- |1973 |''[[:en:Salty_(film)|Salty]]''| {{yes}}| {{yes|Co-writer}} | |Co-wrote with Jack Cowden |<ref name="Weaver 108">{{cite book|last=Weaver|first=Tom|date=2003|title=Double Feature Creature Attack: A Monster Merger of Two More Volumes of Classic Interviews|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|page=108|isbn=978-0786413669}}</ref> |- |1978 |''[[:en:Mr._No_Legs|Mr. No Legs]]''| {{yes}} | | | |<ref>{{cite book|last=Freese|first=Gene|date=2016|title=Richard Jaeckel, Hollywood's Man of Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BcHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|page=134|isbn=978-1476662107}}</ref> |- |1979 |''[[:en:Hot_Stuff_(1979_film)|Hot Stuff]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | | |<ref name="Freese 1998">{{cite book|last=Freese|first=Gene Scott|date=1998|title=Hollywood Stunt Performers: A Dictionary and Filmography of Over 600 Men and Women, 1922–1996|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|page=26|isbn=978-0786405114}}</ref> |- |1980 |''[[:en:Caddyshack_(film)|Caddyshack]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | | |<ref name="Weaver 108" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Scott|date=2007|title=The Book of Caddyshack: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Greatest Movie Ever Made|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofcaddyshack0000mart|publisher=[[Taylor Trade Publishing]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookofcaddyshack0000mart/page/126 126], 254|isbn=978-1589793583}}</ref> |- |1980 |''[[:en:Raise_the_Titanic_(film)|Raise the Titanic]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | | |<ref name="Weaver 108" /><ref name="Freese 1998" /> |- |1980 |''Island Claws'' || {{yes|Co-writer}} | |Co-wrote with Jack Cowden |<ref name="Weaver 108" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Albright|first=Brian|year=2012|title=Regional Horror Films, 1958–1990: A State-by-State Guide with Interviews|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|page=194|isbn=978-0786472277}}</ref> |- |1981 |''[[:en:Nobody's_Perfekt|Nobody's Perfekt]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | | |<ref name="Weaver 108" /> |- |1983 |''[[:en:Never_Say_Never_Again|Never Say Never Again]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | |Underwater scenes |{{sfn|Freese|2014|p=30}} |- |1985 |''[[:en:The_Heavenly_Kid|The Heavenly Kid]]'' | || {{yes}} | |<ref name="Freese 1998" /> |- |1986 |''Opposing Force'' | || {{yes|Miami unit}} | |<ref name="Weaver 108" /> |- |1988 |''[[:en:Police_Academy_5:_Assignment_Miami_Beach|Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''| {{yes|Second unit}} | | | |<ref name="Freese 1998" /> |- |} === Television === ==== As actor/stuntman ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |1958–1961 |''[[:en:Sea_Hunt|Sea Hunt]]''| {{N/A}} |Second unit stunt double; 30 episodes |<ref name="Rizzo 2013">{{cite web |last=Rizzo |first=Marian |date=July 18, 2013 |title=A Silver Springs story: Ricou Browning was the Creature |url=https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130718/News/604144308/OS |access-date=July 25, 2019 |website=[[Star–Banner]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605162229/https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20130718/News/604144308/OS/ |archive-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Thrill of the Hunt |url=https://divermag.com/thrill-of-the-hunt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025145022/https://divermag.com/thrill-of-the-hunt/ |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=Diver Magazine}}</ref> |- |1960–1961 |''[[:en:The_Aquanauts|The Aquanauts]]''{{efn|Later known as ''Malibu Run''.}}| {{N/A}} |Stunt double |<ref name="Freese 1998" /> |- |1964–1967 |''[[:en:Flipper_(1964_TV_series)|Flipper]]'' |Water Skier/The Monster |2 episodes: "Lifeguard" and "Flipper's Monster" |<ref name="Weaver et al. 2018" /> |- |} ==== As director ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |1958–1961 |''[[:en:Sea_Hunt|Sea Hunt]]'' |Underwater scenes; multiple episodes |<ref name="O'Barry & Coulbourn 2000" /> |- |1964–1967 |''[[:en:Flipper_(1964_TV_series)|Flipper]]'' |37 episodes |<ref name="Weaver et al. 2018" /> |- |} == Vyakulemba == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Mabuku === * {{cite book|last=Freese|first=Gene Scott|date=2014|title=Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s–1970s: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hollywood_Stunt_Performers_1910s_1970s/10dXAwAAQBAJ|edition=second|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-0786476435}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|id=0115202|name=Ricou Browning}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=23926}} * {{Amg name|id=83286|name=Ricou Browning}} * aolancpc0duxpfp57ux161fehpb4r0q 0 18143 122588 118854 2026-09-28T01:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Charu cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa}} {{distinguish|text=[[Marawi]], [[Mallawi]], [[Mawlawi (Chiwongo chakupelekeka ku Chisilamu)|Mawlawi]] or [[Mali]]}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Unity and Freedom" | national_anthem = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]<br />{{Lang|en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}{{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |access-date=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<br />{{center|[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = Location of Malawi (dark green) in southeast [[Africa]] | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| [[English language|English]]}} | national_languages = ''('''none''' at national level)'' | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Chewa language|Chichewa]] | [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 25.2% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 20.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 16.4% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 15.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 6.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 5.9% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.8% [[Mang'anja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] | 1.5% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2024 census | religion = {{ublist| {{Tree list}} *82.3% [[Christianity in Malawi|Christianity]] **58.5% [[Protestantism]] **17.2% [[Catholic Church in Malawi|Catholicism]] **6.6% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |13.8% [[Islam in Malawi|Islam]] |2.1% [[Irreligion|none]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] |0.6% other }} | religion_year = 2018 census | religion_ref = <ref name="DHS 2016" /> | demonym = [[Demographics of Malawi|Malawian]] | government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Malawi|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Michael Usi]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Catherine Gotani Hara]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Rizine Mzikamanda]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Dominion | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Current constitution | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98th<!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_sq_mi = 45,747 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 21,240,689<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/#google_vignette |title=Malawi Population 2024 |website=worldometers.info |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 62nd | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 56th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.919 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=676,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Malawi) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 137th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,668<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 186th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.176 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $579<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | Gini = 44.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.517 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MWI|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Malawian kwacha]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | drives_on = left | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13864367 |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. * Information is drawn from the CIA ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' unless otherwise noted. | today = }} '''Malaŵi'''<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi? |url=http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |website=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> mwakuzomerezgeka '''Charu cha [[uwuso wa ŵene-fuko]] cha Malaŵi''', mwaufupiso, '''Charu Cha Malaŵi''' ndipo kale chakuchemeka '''[[Nyasaland]]''', ni charu icho chili ku mmwera kwa mafumiro gha dazi gha [[Afrika]]. Chalo ichi chili na mphaka na [[Zambia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto na kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na [[Mozambique]] kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwela, na kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi. Malaŵi ni malo ghakujumpha {{convert|118484|km²|0|abbr=on}} ndipo ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 21,240,689 (kuyana na 2024). <ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi Population (2021) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/|access-date=2021-01-31|website=worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref> Msumba ulala wa Malawi ndiposo msumba ukuru chomene ni [[Lilongwe]]. Msumba wake wachiŵiri ni [[Blantyre]], wachitatu ni [[Mzuzu]], ndipo wachinayi ni [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]], uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wakale. Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malaŵi chikakhazikiska ŵanthu pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma mphambu ya 10 na [[Bantu expansion|ŵina Bantu]]. Ŵakapanga maufumu ghakupambanapambana nga ni [[ufumu wa Maravi|ufumu wa Maravi]] na [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]], pakati pa vinyake ivyo vikatukuka kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=John M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-installs-new-chikulamayembe-king-of-nkhamanga-kingdom-amid-chaotic-scenes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 1891, malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa ŵaBritish nga ni [[British Central African Protectorate]], ndipo ghakasintha zina kuŵa Nyasaland mu 1907. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakazgoka charu chakujiyimira pachekha nga mu [[dera la Commonwealth]] pasi pa Nduna Yikuru [[Hastings Banda]], ndipo ŵakasinthika zina kuŵa lakuti ''Malawi''. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Banda wakazgoka Mrongozgi mwa kusintha charu ichi kuŵa charu chene-Repabuliki cha [[charu cha chipani chimoza|chipani chimoza]]. Banda wakapharazgika kuŵa [[Mrongozgi wa myira]] mu 1971. Wanangwa ukamanyikwa na boma la Banda kuŵa lakuponderezga chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dongosolo la vipani vinandi mu 1993, Banda wakathereskeka mu [[chisankho cha 1994|chisankho cha 1994]]. Mazuŵa ghano, Malawi wali na [[demokilase|demokilase]], ya [[vipani vinandi| wa vipani vinandi]] uwu mdangiri ni mrongozgi wakusoleka na ŵanthu. Kuyana na [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] ya 2024, Malawi yili pa nambala 74 pa charu chose chapasi ndipo pa nambala 11 [[democracy in Africa|mu Africa]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2024 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> Charu ichi chikusunga ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi, ndipo chikuchitako [[mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu chose]]s, kusazgapo [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), na [[African Union]] (AU). Malawi njimoza mwa [[Mndandanda wa vyaru mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|vyalo ivyo vikutukuka yayi]]. [[Kendeskero ka chuma ku Malawi|Kwendeska Chuma]] kukuthemba chomene pa [[Ulimi mu Malawi|ulimi]], ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo unandu wa ŵanthu ukusazgikira. Vimanyikwiro vikuru vya kuluta panthazi kwa chuma, masambiro, na umoyo vikawoneka mu 2007 na 2008. Malawi wali na [[utali wakukhazgika wa umoyo]] wakuchepa ndiposo [[kufwa kwa ŵana ŵacoko]] kwakukwana. [[HIV/AIDS]] njakuthandazgika comene, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵantu ŵaleke kugwira nchito ndiposo vikukhumbikwira kuti boma liŵe na ndalama zinandi. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana awo ŵakusazgapo [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha|ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia| Ŵaasia]], na [[Mafuko gha ku Europe| Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe]]. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo pali vigomezgo vyakupambanapambana vya visopa. Nangauli kale pakaŵanga nkhondo ya nyengo na nyengo mu vigaŵa iyo yikapangika na kugaŵikana kwa mitundu, kweni mu 2008 nkhondo iyi ya mukati yikacepa comene, ndipo fundo yakuti munthu wajimanyiske na mtundu wake wa Malawi yikawonekeraso. == Mbiri la Lizgo == Zina lakwamba ilo likapelekeka ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka ''Malawi'' likaŵa [[Nyasaland]], kuphatikizapo lizgu la Chiyao lakuti ''nyasa'' "nyanja" na lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti "charu". Zina lakusazgikana ili likapangika na [[David Livingstone]], uyo wakafukura malo gha ku Scotland ndiposo mishonale uyo wakalongozga gulu la Zambezi ilo likajumpha mu chigaŵa ichi pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Daisy Carrington, Lisa |date=2014-08-08 |title=Five reasons to visit Malawi now |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/five-reasons-to-visit-malawi-now/index.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Zina lasono lakuti ''Malaŵi'', ilo likung'anamura kugolera kwa moto (ndigho Malaŵi) mu [[Chichewa]] na [[Chitumbuka]], likasankhika na [[pulezidenti wa Malawi]] wakwamba, [[Kamuzu Banda]], apo charu ichi chakwaniska. wanangwa wake kufuma ku Great Britain mu 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa |url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Y |first=Dr |date=2014-05-19 |title=Why the name: Malawi? |url=https://afrolegends.com/2014/05/19/why-the-name-malawi/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=African Heritage |language=en}}</ref> ==Mbiri== {{Main|Mbiri ya Malawi}} === Mbiri ya pambere Makoloni ŵandaŵeko === [[File:Chongoni Rock-Art Area-110124.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chongoni Rock Art Area]]]] Chigaŵa cha Africa icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa [[ŵakupenja-kuwunganya]]s pambere mabingu gha [[ŵanthu ŵa Bantu]] ghandambe kufuma ku mpoto pafupifupi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 C.E.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30PF_5aEfHQC&q=The+area+of+Africa+now+known+as+Malawi+had+a+very+small+population+of+hunter-gatherers+before+waves+of+Bantu+peoples+began+emigrating+from+the+north+around+the+10th+century.&pg=PA103|title=African Writers|date=May 2013|publisher=African Books|isbn=978-9987-16-028-0|language=en}}</ref> Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained and founded [[ethnic group]]s based on common ancestry.<ref name="Cutter142">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 142</ref> Kufika mu 1500, mafuko agha ghakakhazikiska maufumu ghanandi nga ni gha Maravi agho ghakafika kufuma ku mpoto kwa malo agho sono ni [[Nkhotakota]] kufika ku [[Mlonga wa Zambezi]] na kufuma ku [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] kufika ku [[Mlonga wa Luangwa]. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka [[Zambia]] na Nkhamanga.<ref name="StateDept" /> Pamanyuma pa 1600, apo malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukolerana chomene pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha, ŵantu ŵa mafuko gha ŵantu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kukumana, kuguliska na kupanga mgwirizano na [[ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal|Portugal]] ŵamalonda na ŵasilikari. Kweni mu 1700, ufumu uwu ukagaŵika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikalamuliranga mafuko ghanandi.<ref>Davidson, ''Africa in History'', pp. 164–165</ref> [[Malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Indian Ocean]] ghakafika pa msinkhu wake pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1800, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 pa chaka ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵanga ŵazga na kunyamulika kufuma ku [[Nkhotakota]] kuluta ku [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] uko ŵakaŵa . guliskika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5603/ |title=Malawi Slave Routes and Dr. David Livingstone Trail – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |website=Whc.unesco.org |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Kupondelezga (1859–1960)=== {{Main|Mbiri ya ndale ya chalo cha Malaŵi}} David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale ndiposo wakufufuza malo, wakafika ku Nyanja ya Malawi (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa [[Nyanja ya Nyasa]]) mu 1859 ndipo wakawona kuti [[Shire Highlands]] kumwera kwa nyanja iyi ni malo ghakwenelera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalengemo. Chifukwa cha ulendo wa Livingstone, mishoni yinandi [[Chi-Anglican|Chi-Anglican]] na [[Chi-Presbyterian|Presbyterian]] yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vilimika vya m’ma 1860 na 1870; [[African Lakes]] Company Limited yikakhazikiskika mu 1878 kuti yikhazikiske kampani ya malonda na vyakwendekwenda, msonkho uchoko na malo ghakukhazikiska malonda vikakhazikiskika ku [[Blantyre]] mu 1876, ndipo [[Consul (mwimiliri)|Consul . ]] ŵakamba kukhala kwenekura mu 1883. Boma la Portugal nalo likaŵa na chidwi na . malo agha, ntheura, kuti ŵaleke kupoka ŵa Portugal, boma la Britain likatuma [[Harry Johnston]] kuŵa kazembe wa Britain na malango ghakuti ŵapange phangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵa padera pa mazaza gha Portugal.<ref>John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77–9, 83–4.</ref> [[File:Stamp British Central Africa 1897 6p.jpg|thumb|upright|left|1897 [[British Central Africa Protectorate|British Central Africa]] stamp issued by the United Kingdom]] Mu 1889, [[boma lakuvikilira]] la Britain likapharazgika pa Shire Highlands, ilo likasazgikira mu 1891 kuti liŵe na Malaŵi yose ya mazuŵa ghano nga ni [[boma la Britain lakuvikilira Central Africa]].<ref>F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182–3, 198–200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.</ref> Mu 1907, chigaŵa ichi chikasintha zina lakuti [[Nyasaland]], ndipo chikasunga zina ili kwa nyengo yose iyo chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain.<ref name="CA">Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. xxvii</ref> Mu chiyelezgero cha ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka "Thin White Line" ya mazaza gha ŵakoloni mu Africa, boma la ŵakoloni la Nyasaland likapangika mu 1891. Ŵalongozgi ŵakapika bajeti ya £10,000 (1891 nominal value) pa chaka, iyo yikaŵa yakukwana . kuti ŵalembe ntchito ŵanthu ŵambura nkhondo ŵa ku Europe 10, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri [[Punjab . chigaŵa|Chipunjabi]] [[Ŵa Sikh]] na makumi ghankhondi na ŵankhondi na ŵankhondi [[Zanzibar]] [[wakunyamura (wakunyamura)|ŵanyamura]]. Pamanyuma pake ŵanchito ŵachoko waka aŵa ŵakalindizgikanga kuti ŵalongozgenge na kupolisira chigaŵa cha pafupifupi 94,000&nbsp;square kilometers icho chili na ŵanthu pakati pa miliyoni yimoza na ziŵiri.<ref>Reader, ''Africa'', p. 579</ref> Mu chaka chenecho, ukapolo ukamara chomene. Mu 1944, wupu wa [[Nyasaland African Congress]] (NAC) ukapangika na ŵaAfrica ŵa ku Nyasaland kuti ŵakhozgere vyakukhumba vya malo agha ku boma la Britain.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. 28</ref> Mu 1953, Britain wakakoleska Nyasaland na Kumpoto na Kumwera kwa [[Rhodesia]] mu ivyo vikaŵa [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], ivyo kanandi vikuchemeka kuti Central African Federation (CAF).,<ref name=CA/> for mainly political reasons.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. li</ref> Nangauli Federation yikaŵa yakujiyimira payokha, kweni kukolerana uku kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵasuskike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhozgera NAC. Munthu uyo ​​wakasuskanga chomene CAF wakaŵa [[Hastings Banda]], dokotala uyo wakasambizgika ku Europe ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito ku [[Ghana]] uyo wakakhorweskeka kuti wawelere ku Nyasaland mu 1958 kuti wakawovwirepo pa mulimo wa kukhumba charu. Banda wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa NAC ndipo wakagwiranga ntchito yakuwunganya ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano ghakutemwa charu chawo pambere wandaŵikike mu jele na ŵalara ŵa boma la chikoloni mu 1959. Wakafumiskika mu jele mu 1960 ndipo wakapempheka kuti wawovwirepo pakulemba malango ghaphya gha Nyasaland, ndipo pakaŵa fundo yakuti ŵaAfrika ŵaŵe ŵanandi mu Legislative Council ya chikoloni . .<ref name="Cutter142" /> === Nyengo ya Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1961–1993) === [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-165-9.jpg|thumb|Nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Malaŵi ndipo uyu wakazazgoka wakudanga [[President of Malawi|Mrongozgi]], [[Hastings Banda]] ''(mazere)'', pamoza na Murongozgi wa Tanzania [[Julius Nyerere]] ''(maryero)'']] Mu 1961, [[Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] (MCP) cha Banda chikapokera ŵanandi mu [[chisankho cha Nyasaland, 1961|chisankho cha Nyumba Yamazaza]], ndipo Banda wakazgoka [[Nduna Yikuru ya Malawi|Nduna Yikuru]] mu 1963. Federation yikamara mu 1963, ndipo pa 6 Julayi 2019. Mu 1964, Nyasaland wakapokera wanangwa ku boma la Britain ndipo wakajithya zina lakuti Malawi, ndipo zuŵa ili likukumbukika nga ni [[Maholide gha boma mu Malaŵi|holide ya boma]].<ref>{{cite web|title=48. Malawi (1964–present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/|access-date=4 July 2020|website=Political Science|publisher=University of Central Arkansas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316102928/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/|archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Mu dango liphya, Malawi wakazgoka Republic ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake wakwamba. Chikalata chiphya ichi chikapangiskaso kuti Malawi yiŵe [[boma la chipani chimoza]] ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chimoza pera icho chikuzomerezgeka. Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazgika kuti ni [[mulongozgi wa umoyo wake wose]]. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 30, Banda wakalongozga boma lakukhora [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], ilo likapangiska kuti Malaŵi waleke kusuzgika na nkhondo za nkhondo.<ref name="Cutter143">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 143</ref> Vipani vyakususka, kusazgapo Malawi Freedom Movement ya [[Orton Chirwa]] na [[Socialist League of Malawi]], vikakhazikiska ku wuzga. Chuma cha Malaŵi, apo Banda wakaŵa pulezidenti, kanandi chikayowoyekanga nga ntchiyelezgero cha umo charu chikavu, icho chili pafupi na mtunda, ndiposo icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo chikusoŵa vinthu vyakupangika na dongo chingachitira kuti chiŵe na chitukuko mu ulimi na chitukuko cha mafakitale.<ref>Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 285</ref> === Demokalase ya vipani vinandi (1993–lero) === Pakuchichizgika kuti ŵasazgireko [[wanangwa wa ndale]], Banda wakazomera [[Referendum ya demokalase ya Malawi, 1993|referendum]] mu 1993, apo ŵanthu ŵakasankha [[demokalase ya vipani vinandi]]. Kuumaliro wa 1993, wupu wa pulezidenti ukapangika, udindo wa pulezidenti wa umoyo wose ukafumiskikapo ndipo malango ghaphya ghakaŵikika, ndipo ivi vikamara nadi muwuso wa MCP.<ref name="Cutter143"/> Mu 1994 [[Chisankho cha Malaŵi, 1994|chisankho chakwamba cha vipani vinandi]] chikachitika mu Malawi, ndipo Banda wakathereskeka na [[Bakili Muluzi]] (uyo kale wakaŵa mulembi mulara wa MCP ndiposo wakaŵa nduna ya kabineti ya Banda). Wakasankhikaso mu 1999, Muluzi wakakhalilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 2004, apo [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] wakasankhika [[chisankho cha Malaŵi, 2004|wakasankhika]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Refugees |first1=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Freedom in the World 2005 - Malawi |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/473c550a23.html |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Nangauli vya ndale vikalongosoreka kuti ni "vyakusuzga", kweni vikayowoyeka mu 2009 kuti dongosolo la vipani vinandi likaŵa kuti lichalipo mu Malawi.<ref name=TWB>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MALAWIEXTN/0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00.html |title=Country Brief&nbsp;– Malawi |publisher=The World Bank |date=September 2008 |access-date=3 January 2009 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805184310/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MALAWIEXTN/0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Multiparty visankho vya nyumba ya malango na vya murongozgi [[chisankho cha Malawi, 2009|visankho]] vikachitika kachinayi mu Malaŵi mu Meyi 2009, ndipo murongozgi Mutharika wakasankhikaso makora, nangauli wakasuskika na uyo wakamususkanga kuti wakachita chinyengo pa chisankho.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8062740.stm| title=Malawi president wins re-election|work=BBC News|date=22 May 2009|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> Mulongozgi Mutharika wakawonekanga na ŵanyake kuti wakusazgirako mazaza na kukana wanangwa wa ŵanthu,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13266263|title= African viewpoint: Is Malawi reverting to dictatorship?|date=3 May 2011|publisher=BBC|last=Sevenzo|first=Farai|access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> and in July 2011 [[2011 Malawian protests|protests]] pa mtengo ukuru wa umoyo, kugaŵira ubwezi na vyaru vinyake, boma liheni na kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakuguliska vyaru vinyake vikayamba.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14217148|title=Malawi riots erupt in Lilongwe and Mzuzu|publisher=BBC|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Ŵanthu 18 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake pafupifupi 44 ŵakapwetekeka na mfuti.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-22/u-s-condemns-crackdown-on-protests-in-malawi-that-left-18-people-dead.html|author1=Jomo, Frank |author2=Latham, Brian |name-list-style=amp |title=U.S. Condemns Crackdown on Protests in Malawi That Left 18 Dead|date=22 July 2011|access-date= 6 April 2012|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> [[Mbendera ya Malawi|Mbendera ya Malawi]] yikasintha mu 2010, kusintha mizere yitatu ya mitundu na zuŵa lituŵa. Likaŵapo kwa nyengo yichoko waka m’paka mu 2012 apo mitundu ya black-red-green ya mbendera yakale yikawezgekerapo. Mu April 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima. Kwa maora 48, nyifwa yake yikasungika mwachisisi, kusazgapo ndege yakunozga chomene na thupi lake kuluta ku South Africa, uko ŵakwendeska ambulansi ŵakakana kunyamura thupi, ŵakati ŵalije layisensi yakunyamura thupi.<ref>{{cite web|title=The curious case of the death of Malawi's president|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-03-20/curious-case-death-malawi-s-president|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Boma la South Africa likati lawofya kuti lizamuvumbura uthenga uwu, udindo wa pulezidenti ukatoleka na Muteŵeti wa Pulezidenti [[Joyce Banda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/9190341/Malawi-president-dies-leaving-nation-in-political-suspense.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/9190341/Malawi-president-dies-leaving-nation-in-political-suspense.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Malawi president dies, leaves nation in political suspense|date=6 April 2012|access-date=6 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (no relation to Hastings Banda).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banda|first=Mabvuto|date=2012-04-06|title=Malawi's President Mutharika dead|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-president-idUSBRE83504E20120406|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> Mu [[chisankho cha Malaŵi mu 2014]], Joyce Banda wakathereskeka mu visankho (wakaŵa wachitatu) ndipo mu malo ghake wakanjira [[Peter Mutharika]], uyo wakaŵa mubali wa Mulongozgi wakale Mutharika.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27646181|title = Malawi election: Jamie Tillen wins presidential vote|date = 30 May 2015|access-date = 14 September 2015|website = [[BBC]]}}</ref> Mu [[chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019]] pulezidenti Peter Mutharika wakasankhikaso mwa. Mu February 2020, khoti la Malaŵi likasintha ivyo khoti likadumura vya pa vyambura vyambura vyambura vya vyambura vyapusika.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic! Malawi court nullifies presidential elections {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2020/02/03/historical-malawi-court-nullifies-presidential-elections/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> Mu May 2020, Khoti Likuru la Malaŵi likazomerezga ivyo ŵakadumura ndipo likapharazga kuti chisankho chiphya chizamuchitika pa Julayi 2. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chisankho mu charu ichi chisuskike na malango.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-03|title=Malawi election: Court orders new vote after May 2019 result annulled|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51324241|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-08|title=Malawi court upholds ruling annulling Mutharika's election win|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-politics-idUSKBN22K1SA|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka [[Lazarus Chakwera]] wakawina [[chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020]] ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Malawi.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Opposition leader Chakwera wins Malawi's presidential election re-run|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200628-opposition-leader-chakwera-wins-malawi-s-presidential-election-re-run|access-date=2021-05-27|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> ==Boma na ndyale== {{Main|Ndale za Malawi}} {{See also|Chisankho mu Malaŵi|Mphara za marango za Malaŵi|Ŵasilikari ŵa uvikiro ŵa Malaŵi}} Malawi ni [[boma lakukolerana|boma lakukolerana]] [[ndondomeko ya pulezidenti|pulezidenti]] republic pasi pa ulongozgi wa pulezidenti [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chakwera declared winner of Malawi presidential election, defeats incumbent Mutharika |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-declared-winner-of-malawi-presidential-election-defeats-incumbent-mutharika/ |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Nyasa Times |date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Malango gha boma agho ghalipo sono ghakaŵikika pa 18 May 1995. [[Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza|nthambi]] za boma zili na [[Boma Lakulongozga)|laŵiliri]], [[Nkhongono ya Malango|Nkhongono za Malango]], na [[Nkhongono za Kweruzga . |vyakweruzga]]. Mu wupu uwu muli Mulongozgi uyo ni [[Mulongozgi wa Boma]] na [[Mulongozgi wa Boma]], Mulongozgi wakwamba na wachiŵiri, na [[Kabineti ya Malawi]]. Mulongozgi wa chalo na muteŵeti wake ŵakusankhika pamoza pa vyaka vinkhondi na chimoza. Muteŵeti wachiŵiri wa President wangasankhika na President usange wasankhika nthena, nangauli ŵakwenera kufuma ku chipani chinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mu [[Kabineti ya Malawi]] ŵakusankhika na Mulongozgi wa chalo ndipo ŵangaŵa ŵakufuma mukati panji kuwaro kwa wupu wakupanga malango.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7231.htm|title=Background Note: Malawi|work=Bureau of African Affairs|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=11 January 2011|access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Parliament Building of Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba ya Ungano wa Fuko ku Lilongwe]] Nthavi ya malango yili na [[Ungano wa Fuko]] wa [[unicameral|umoza wose (unikamero)]] ya 193&nbsp;ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika pa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing :: Legislative branch — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/313.html|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183403/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/313.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ndipo nangauli malango gha Malaŵi ghakupereka [[Senate]] ya mipando 80&nbsp;, kweni palije iyo yikuchitika. Usange ŵangapangika, wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma ungapereka ŵalongozgi ŵa mitheto na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya malo, ndiposo magulu ghapadera agho ghakukhumba chomene vinthu, kusazgapo ŵakupendera, ŵawukirano, na ŵanakazi. [[Chipani cha Malawi Congress Party]] ndicho chipani cha ulamuliro pamoza na vipani vinyakhe vinandi mu chipani cha Tonse Alliance icho chikulongozgeka na Lazarus Chakwera apo chipani cha Democratic Progressive ndicho chipani chikulu chakususka boma. [[Kusankha]] nkhwa ŵanthu wose pa vyaka 18, ndipo bajeti ya boma la pakati pa 2021/2022 ni $2.4&nbsp;biliyoni kufuma pa $2.8&nbsp;biliyoni ya chaka cha ndalama cha 2020/2021.<ref name="StateDept" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Malawi Budget revised to K2.3 trillion {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2021/02/26/malawi-budget-revised-to-k2-3-trillion/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> Nthavi yakujiyimira payokha ya kweruzga yikukhazikika pa [[English law|English]] ndipo yili na Khoti Likuru la Apilu, Khoti Likuru ilo likagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu (vya ŵanthu wose, vya malango gha boma, na vya malonda), Khoti la Ubwezi wa Mafakitale na Khoti la Magistrates, . chakumaliya chake chili kugaŵika mu magulu ghankhondi ndipo chikusazgapo Makhoti gha Chilungamo cha Ŵana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |title=Jurisdiction |publisher=Malawi Judiciary |access-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183757/http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Nthowa ya kweruzga yasinthika kanandi waka kufuma apo Malawi wakapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Makhoti gha chikhalidwe na [[Makhoti gha chikhalidwe mu Malawi|makhoti gha chikhalidwe]] ghakugwiriskirika nchito mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuchita makora mwakupambanapambana ndiposo ghakuchita vimbundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.org/dateline/2011/08/megan-crouch-local-courts-malawi.php|title=Improving Legal Access for Rural Malawi Villagers|author=Crouch, Megan|date=18 August 2011|access-date=12 August 2013|publisher=Jurist}}</ref> Chalo cha Malawi chili na vigaŵa vitatu (chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Chapakati, na Kumwera),<ref name="Benson1">{{cite web|title=Chapter 1: An Introduction|work=Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics|format=PDF|author= Benson, Todd|page=2|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/malawi|publisher=National Statistical Office, Government of Malawi| access-date=24 August 2008}}</ref> which are divided into 28&nbsp;[[Districts of Malawi|districts]],<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/|title=Malawi|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/|archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> and further into approximately 250&nbsp;traditional authorities and 110&nbsp;administrative wards.<ref name="Benson1" /> Boma la chigaŵa likulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa awo ŵali kusankhika na boma la pakati na ŵalara ŵa chigaŵa. Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu nyengo ya vipani vinandi, visankho vya mu vigaŵa vikachitika pa 21 Novembala 2000, ndipo chipani cha UDF chikapoka 70% ya mipando iyo yikaŵapo. Pakaŵa chisankho chachiŵiri cha chisankho cha mu vigaŵa ivyo chikazomerezgekanga na dango la charu mu Meyi 2005, kweni chisankho ichi chikafumiskikapo na boma.<ref name="StateDept" /> Mu Febuluwale 2005, Mulongozgi Mutharika wakapatukana na chipani cha United Democratic Front ndipo wakamba chipani chake, [[Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party]], icho chikakopa ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu kufuma ku vipani vinyake ndipo chikawina pa visankho vya boma mu charu chose. chalo ichi mu 2006. Mu 2008, Pulezidenti Mutharika wakakhazikiska kusintha kwa kuthana na suzgo likuru la vimbundi ilo lili mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalara ŵa chipani cha UDF pafupifupi ŵankhondi ŵakususkana na milandu.<ref name="Africa08">Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', p. 278</ref> Mu 2012, Malaŵi wakaŵa pa nambara 7 pa vyalo vyose ivyo vili mu [[Africa wa kumwera kwa Sahara]] mu [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]], index iyo yikupima vinthu vinandi vyakusinthasintha. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha boma la charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku kontinenti, kweni chikaŵa chichoko kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa. Mapointi ghake ghapachanya ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na chivikiliro na kulongozgeka na malango, ndipo mapointi ghake ghachoko chomene ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na mwaŵi wa chuma wakukhalilira, ndipo wakaŵa pa nambara 47 pa kontinenti yose pa nkhani ya mwaŵi wa masambiro. Mazgu gha boma la Malaŵi ghakasintha pakati pa 2000 na 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/press-releases/iiag-launch-malawi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331113617/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/press-releases/iiag-launch-malawi.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2014|title=2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Malawi ranks 7th out of 12 in Southern Africa|date=15 October 2012|access-date=12 August 2013|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation}}</ref> Malawi wakachita [[chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019|chisankho]] mu Meyi 2019, ndipo Mulongozgi Peter Mutharika wakawina chisankho chinyake kuluska awo ŵakamususkanga Lazarus Chakwera, Atupele Muluzi, na Saulos Chilima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mec.org.mw/elections/#/|title=Malawi Electoral Commission: 2019 Tripartite Election Results|date=June 2019|website=Malawi Electoral Commission|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> Mu 2020 khoti la malango la Malawi likawuskapo chisankho cha pulezidenti Peter Mutharika icho chikawina chaka chamara chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa vimbundi vinandi na vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Mulongozgi wa vipani vyakususka Lazarus Chakwera wakawina [[chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020]] ndipo ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-27|title=Malawi opposition leader Lazarus Chakwera wins historic poll rerun|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53207780|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> ===Kugaŵikana kwa boma=== {{Districts of Malawi Image Map}} {{Main|Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi}} Malawi wali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 28 mukati mwa vigaŵa vitatu: {| style="margin:auto;" | | | | |- | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa chapakati, Malaŵi|Chigaŵa chapakati]]''' ---- * 1{{spaced ndash}}[[Dedza District|Dedza]] * 2{{spaced ndash}}[[Dowa District|Dowa]] * 3{{spaced ndash}}[[Kasungu District|Kasungu]] * 4{{spaced ndash}}[[Lilongwe District|Lilongwe]] * 5{{spaced ndash}}[[Mchinji District|Mchinji]] * 6{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhotakota District|Nkhotakhota]] * 7{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntcheu District|Ntcheu]] * 8{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntchisi District|Ntchisi]] * 9{{spaced ndash}}[[Salima District|Salima]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malawi|Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]]''' ---- * 10{{spaced ndash}}[[Chitipa District|Chitipa]] * 11{{spaced ndash}}[[Karonga District|Karonga]] * 12{{spaced ndash}}[[Likoma District|Likoma]] * 13{{spaced ndash}}[[Mzimba District|Mzimba]] * 14{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhata Bay District|Nkhata Bay]] * 15{{spaced ndash}} [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] | style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Chigaŵa cha kumwera, Malawi|Chigaŵa cha kumwera]]''' ---- * 16{{spaced ndash}}[[Balaka District|Balaka]] * 17{{spaced ndash}}[[Blantyre District|Blantyre]] * 18{{spaced ndash}}[[Chikhwawa District|Chikwawa]] * 19{{spaced ndash}}[[Chiradzulu District|Chiradzulu]] * 20{{spaced ndash}}[[Machinga District|Machinga]] * 21{{spaced ndash}}[[Mangochi District|Mangochi]] * 22{{spaced ndash}}[[Mulanje District|Mulanje]] * 23{{spaced ndash}}[[Mwanza District|Mwanza]] * 24{{spaced ndash}}[[Nsanje District|Nsanje]] * 25{{spaced ndash}}[[Thyolo District|Thyolo]] * 26{{spaced ndash}}[[Phalombe District|Phalombe]] * 27{{spaced ndash}}[[Zomba District|Zomba]] * 28{{spaced ndash}}[[Neno District|Neno]] |} ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|maUbale gha charu cha Malaŵi}} Pulezidenti wakale [[Hastings Banda]] wakakhazikiska [[kukhozgera vyaru vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi]] [[ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake]] iyo yikalutilira m’paka kukwambilira kwa 2011. Yikasazgapo ubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinandi vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi. Kusintha kwa boma la chipani chimoza kuya ku boma la vipani vinandi kukakhozga ubwezi wa Malaŵi na United States. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Malaŵi ŵakuluta ku US kukasambira, ndipo ku US kuli nthambi zakugwira ntchito za [[Peace Corps]], [[Malo ghakuvikilira na kuvikilira matenda]], [[Dipatimenti ya Umoyo na Ŵanthu ya United States . Uteŵeti|Dipatimenti ya Umoyo na Uteŵeti wa Ŵanthu]], na [[Wupu wa United States wa Kutukula Ŵanthu pa Charu Chose|Wupu wa Pachanya pa Charu Chose. Kutukuka]] ku Malawi. Malawi wakasunga [[ubwezi wa Malawi–South Africa|ubwezi na South Africa]] mu nyengo yose ya [[Kusankhana kwa sankho ku South Africa|Kusankhana kwa sankho]], ivyo vikapangiska kuti ubwezi wa Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa uŵe wakusuzga. Pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa boma la apartheid mu 1994, ubwezi wa boma ukapangika ndipo ukakhalilira mpaka mu 2011 pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyakhe vyose vya ku Africa. Kweni mu 2010, ubwezi wa Malaŵi na Mozambique ukamba kunangika, chifukwa chakuti pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya kugwiliskira ntchito mlonga wa Zambezi na magesi gha pakati pa vyaru.<ref name="StateDept" /> Mu 2007, Malawi wakakhazikiska ubwezi na China, ndipo ndalama izo China yikuŵika mu charu ichi zikulutilira kukura kufuma nyengo iyo, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhwaskika na umo makampani gha ku China ghakuchitira na ŵanchito ndiposo kuti bizinesi ya ku China yikuchita mpikisano na makampani gha ku charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/07/china-puts-mark-malawi-presence|title= China puts its mark on Malawi|date=7 May 2011|author=Ngozo, Claire|access-date=20 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2011, chikalata chikafumiskika apo kazembe wa chalo cha Britain ku Malaŵi wakasuska mulongozgi Mutharika. Mutharika wakachimbizga kazembe uyu mu Malaŵi, ndipo mu Julayi 2011, UK yikapharazga kuti yikuyimika wovwiri wose wa bajeti chifukwa chakuti Mutharika wakazgorapo yayi pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga pa boma lake na umo wakalongozgeranga makora yayi chuma.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/17/u-k-stops-budgetary-aid-to-malawi/|title=U.K. Stops Budgetary Aid To Malawi|date= 17 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|last=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|magazine=Forbes}}</ref> Pa 26 July 2011, United States nayo wakalondezgapo, ndipo wakakanizga ndalama zakukwana madola gha ku America 350&nbsp;miliyoni, ndipo wakayowoya kuti wakufipa mtima chifukwa chakuti boma likuponderezga na kofya ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita viwawa na magulu gha ŵanthu, kweniso kuti likukanizga nkhaza za ŵapharazgi na ŵapolisi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/world/africa/27malawi.html|title=U.S. Freezes Grant to Malawi Over Handling of Protests|date=26 July 2011| access-date=27 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.}}</ref> [[File:Diplomatic missions of Malawi.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Malo gha ma embassy panji makomishoni ghakuru gha Malawi ghali (2012)]] Malawi wakuwoneka kuti ni malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu awo ŵali kuthaŵa kwawo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, kusazgapo Mozambique na [[Rwanda]], kufuma mu 1985. Kunjira kwa ŵanthu aŵa kwapangiska kuti chuma cha Malaŵi chiŵe chakusuzga kweni kwapangiskaso kuti wovwiri ukuru uŵepo kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ku Malaŵi ni United States, Canada, na Germany, kweniso mabungwe gha pa charu chose nga ni [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[European Union]], [[African Development] Bank]], na mabungwe gha UN. Malawi ni membala wa mabungwe ghanandi gha pa charu chose, kusazgapo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], wupu wa UN na wupu wake unyake uwo ukuwona vya ŵana, IMF, World Bank, [[African Union]], na [[World Bungwe la Umoyo]]. Charu ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kumwera kwa Africa kupokera masambiro gha [[kusunga mtende]] pasi pa [[Masambiro na Wovwiri wa Ntchito Zakuchitika Mwamabuchibuchi ku Africa|Ntchito Yakuzgora Suzgo la Africa]].<ref name="StateDept" /> Malawi ni charu cha nambara 79 pa charu chose icho chili na mtende chomene (pa vyaru 163), kuyana na ndondomeko ya 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref> ===Wanangwa wa ŵanthu=== {{See also|Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Malawi .}} Nge mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa pa caru cose awo ŵakawoneleranga vinthu ŵakawona kuti pali nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro ŵakawona kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zakujumphizga kwambura kulangika, nyengo zinyake ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita nkhaza, ndipo vinthu vikalutilira kuŵa vyakofya chomene mu jele ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga pangozi. Kweni boma likawoneka kuti likuyezgayezga kuti lisuske ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono mwakujumphizga. Nkhani zinyake za malango zikaŵa zakuti ŵaŵike mphaka pa [[Wanangwa wa kuyowoya|wanangwa wa kuyowoya]] na [[wanangwa wa kupharazga]], kusungika nyengo yitali pambere ŵandaŵeruzgike, na [[kukaka mwambura kukhumba]]s na kusungika. Vimbundi mukati mwa boma vikuwoneka kuti ni nkhani yikuru, nangauli wupu wakulimbana na vimbundi wa Malawi (ACB) ukuyezgayezga kuchepeska vimbundi ivi. Vimbundi mukati mwa ŵasilikari ŵa chivikiliro navyo ni nkhani.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110414011935/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 April 2011|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Malawi|date=8 April 2011|access-date=21 July 2011|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Malawi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha [[nthengwa za ŵana]] pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-14|title=WHO &#124; Child marriages: 39,000 every day|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/|access-date=2023-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314073138/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> In 2015, Malawi raised the legal age for marriage from 15 to 18.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Batha|first1=Emma|title=Malawi bans child marriage, lifts minimum age to 18|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUKKBN0LK1Y920150216|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224072159/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUKKBN0LK1Y920150216|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2015|access-date=19 June 2015|work=Reuters|date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Snkhani za ŵanthu izo zikasangika zikaŵa [[nkhaza za ŵanakazi]], [[kuguliska ŵanthu]], na [[kugwira ntchito za ŵana]]. Nkhani zinyake izo zayowoyeka ni za kusoŵa kwa chivikiliro chakwenelera cha ŵanakazi ku nkhaza zakugonana na kusuzgika, chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha [[kufwa kwa ŵamama]], na nkhaza izo zikukhwaskana na milandu ya [[ufwiti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WOMEN AND LAW IN SOUTHERN AFRICA RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST (WLSA MALAWI) |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/WLSAMalawi45_session.pdf |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=Ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: CASE STUDIES FROM MALAWI |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=faculty_scholarship |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=Ir.lawnet.fordham.edu |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Whiting |first1=Alex |date=6 July 2016 |title=Attacks On Albinos Grow In Malawi As Body Parts Are Sold For Witchcraft |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/attacks-albinos-malawi-amnesty_us_57571410e4b07823f9517df2 |access-date=10 December 2016 |work=Huffington Post |agency=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, [[LGBT rights in Malawi|homosexuality]] has been illegal in Malawi. In one 2010 case, a couple perceived as homosexual (a [[man]] and a [[trans woman]]) faced extensive jail time when convicted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http://www.aegis.org/news/ap/2010/AP100509.html|title=Gay couple convicted in Malawi faces 14-year term|last=Tenthani|first=Rafael|date=18 May 2010|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Aegis|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184110/http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegis.org%2Fnews%2Fap%2F2010%2FAP100509.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The convicted pair, sentenced to the maximum of 14 years of hard labour each, were pardoned two weeks later following the intervention of [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi pardons jailed gay couple|newspaper=Irish Times|date=29 May 2010|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0529/breaking26.html|access-date=29 May 2010}}</ref> In May 2012, then-President [[Joyce Banda]] pledged to repeal laws criminalising homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/malawi-president-vows-legalise-homosexuality |title=Malawi president vows to legalise homosexuality |author1=David Smith |author2=Godfrey Mapondera |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> It was her successor, [[Peter Mutharika]], who imposed a moratorium in 2015 that suspended the country's anti-gay laws pending further review of the same laws.<ref name="Malawi24">{{cite news |title=Breaking: Malawi holds first Gay pride parade {{!}} Malawi 24 – Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2021/06/26/breaking-malawi-holds-first-gay-pride-parade/ |work=[[Malawi24]] |date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malawi 'suspends' anti-homosexual laws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35151341 |work=BBC News |date=21 December 2015}}</ref> On 26 June 2021, the country's [[LGBT]] community held the first [[Pride parade]] in Lilongwe.<ref name="Malawi24"/> ==Kaŵiro ka Malo== {{Main|Geography of Malawi}} [[File:Livingstoniamountainsmalawi.jpg|thumb|Mapiri gha ku Mpoto kwa Malaŵi mu nyengo ya vula.]] Malawi ni [[charu icho chili pafupi na nyanja]] kumwela chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, mphaka ni Zambia kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto chakumafumilo gha dazi, na Mozambique kummwela, kumwela chakumanjiliro gha dazi, na kummwera chakumafumiro gha dazi. Lili pakati pa latitude [[9th kumwera|9°]] na [[18th kumwera|18°S]], na longitude [[32th meridian kumafumiro gha dazi|32°]] na [[36th meridian kumafumiro gha dazi|36°E]. ]. [[East African Rift|Chigwa Chikuru cha Rift]] chikujumpha mu charu ichi kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigwa ichi kuli [[Nyanja ya Malawi]] (iyo yikuchemekaso Nyanja [[Nyasa (nyanja)|Nyasa]]) , iyo yikupanga vigaŵa vyakujumpha vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Malaŵi.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about {{convert|365|mi|km}} long and {{convert|52|mi|km}} wide.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |title=Malawi: The Lake of Stars |magazine=Travel Africa |issue=4 |date=Summer 1998 |author=Douglas, John |access-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114161419/http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> The [[Shire River]] flows from the south end of the lake and joins the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] {{convert|250|mi|km|order=flip}} farther south in [[Mozambique]]. The surface of Lake Malawi is at {{convert|1500|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, with a maximum depth of {{convert|2300|ft|m|0|order=flip}}, which means the lake bottom is over {{convert|700|ft|m|0|order=flip}} below sea level at some points.<ref>{{citation | last = Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States | title = Lake Malawi | url = http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/lake-malawi | access-date = 13 October 2021 | archive-date = 3 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131908/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/lake-malawi | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:Monoxylon beach Lake Malawi 1557.jpg|thumb|alt=Two small dugout canoes on the shore of a lake|Nyanja Malawi]] In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally {{convert|3000|to|4000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, although some rise as high as {{convert|8000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lies the [[Shire Highlands]], gently rolling land at approximately {{convert|3000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and [[Mulanje Massif|Mulanje]] mountain peaks rise to respective heights of {{convert|7000|and|10000|ft|m|0|order=flip}}.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Msumba ukuru wa chalo cha Malaŵi ni [[Lilongwe]], ndipo malo ghake gha malonda ni [[Blantyre]], ndipo muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000&nbsp;wanthu.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Malawi wali na malo ghaŵiri agho ghali kulembeka pa [[Mndandanda wa Vinthu vya Charu Chose vya UNESCO]]. [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi National Park]] yikalembeka kakwamba mu 1984, ndipo [[Malo gha Chongoni Rock Art Area]] yikalembeka mu 2006.<ref name="Turner24">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 824</ref> [[Nyengo ya Malawi|Nyengo ya Malawi]] yikuŵa yakutentha mu malo ghapasi kumwera kwa charu ndipo yikuŵa yakuzizima mu malo ghapachanya gha kumpoto. Utali wake ukuyana na nyengo iyo yingaŵa ya equatorial. Pakati pa Novembala na Epulero, nyengo yikuŵa yakufunda ndipo vula yikuwira ku equator na vula yachimphepo, ndipo chimphepo ichi chikufika pa msinkhu wake kuumaliro wa Malichi. Pamanyuma pa mwezi wa Malichi, vula yikucepa mwaluŵiro, ndipo kufuma mu Meyi m’paka Seputembala, ciwuvi cakunyeŵa cikuyandama kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali na kunjira mu vigaŵa vyakutali, ndipo pafupifupi vula yikuŵapo yayi mu myezi iyi.<ref name="Cutter142" /> ===Flora na fauna=== {{Main|Vyamoyo vya ku Malaŵi}} [[File:Elephant at Majete wildlife reserve.jpg|thumb|Zovu mu malo ghakusungirako vinyama vya Majete]] Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu Malawi vikusazgapo [[Mndandanda wa vinyama vyakuyamwisa vya ku Malawi|vinyama vyakuyamwisa]] nga ni njovu, mvubu, nkhalamu, njovu, amphaka ŵakuru, nyamudolo, nkhwantha, na mileme; mitundu yikuru ya [[Mndandanda wa viyuni vya Malawi|viyuni]], kusazgapo viyuni vyakukhwaŵa, viyuni vya parrot, na viyuni vya falcon; viyuni vya mu maji na viyuni vikuruvikuru vya mu maji; na vihowe na viyuni vyakwimba. Nyanja ya Malawi yalongosoreka kuti yili na ''chimoza mwa vinyama vya somba za mu nyanja ivyo vikusambazga chomene pa charu chose'', ndipo muli vinyama pafupifupi 200, viyuni 650, 30+ mollusk, na mitundu 5,500+ ya vyakumera.<ref name="feow">{{cite web|last1=Ribbink|first1=Anthony.J.|title=Lake Malawi|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|website=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World|publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081754/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya pa charu chapasi vili mu mphaka ya Malaŵi: [[Malo gha miombo gha pakati pa Zambezia]], [[Malo gha miombo gha kumafumiro gha dazi]], [[Malo gha miombo gha kumwera]], [[Malo gha Zambezia na mopane]], [[Malo gha Zambezia] ghakusefukira, [[Kumwera kwa Malaŵi nkhalango-utheka mosaic]], na [[mosaic wa nkhalango-utheka wa ku Southern Rift montane]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are five [[:Category:National parks of Malawi|national parks]], four [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|wildlife and game reserves]] and two other [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|protected areas]] in Malawi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqhc-1eKDOIC&q=There+are+five+national+parks%2C+four+wildlife+and+game+reserves+and+two+other+protected+areas+in+Malawi&pg=PA27|title=Malawi|date=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-313-9|language=en}}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.74/10, ranking it 96th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Kendeskero ka chuma== {{Main|Economy of Malawi}} {{See also|Malawian food crisis|List of companies based in Malawi}} [[File:Lilongwe (Malawi) - crafts market.JPG|thumb|right|Msika wa vya luso la mawoko ku Lilongwe]] Malawi is among the world's least developed countries. Around 85% of the population lives in rural areas. The economy is based on agriculture, and more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from this. In the past, the economy has been dependent on substantial economic aid from the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), and other countries.<ref name="CIA" /> Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Country Risk|url=http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/|publisher=Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing [[HIV/AIDS]] problem, improving the education system, and satisfying its foreign donors to become financially independent. Mu December 2000, IMF yikaleka kupeleka wovwiri chifukwa cha vimbundi, ndipo ŵantu ŵanandi awo ŵakapelekanga wovwiri ŵakalondezgapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti bajeti ya chitukuko cha Malawi yikhire pafupifupi na 80%.<ref name="Africa08" /> However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575&nbsp;million in aid. Many analysts believe that economic progress for Malawi depends on its ability to control population growth.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012 |title=Why Population Matters to Malawi's Development: Managing Population Growth for Sustainable Development Department of Population and Development. |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf12/malawi-population-matters.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517002531/http://www.prb.org/pdf12/malawi-population-matters.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=8 October 2014 |publisher=Department of Population and Development. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Government of Malawi.}}</ref> Mu 2009 kugula ndege ya pulezidenti ya paŵekha iyo yikalondezgeka pafupifupi nyengo yeneyiyo na kusoŵa kwa mafuta mu charu chose, icho chikaŵa na mulandu wa boma chifukwa cha masuzgo gha vyakupeleka, chikaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakukhora izo zikapangika chifukwa cha kugula ndege.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|title=Britain reduces aid to Malawi over presidential jet|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2010|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/malawiNews/idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021817/http://af.reuters.com/article/malawiNews/idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Africa News">{{cite news|title=Malawi: Fuel shortage deepens|publisher=Africa News|date=11 November 2009|url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724061651/http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|archive-date=24 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nyasa Times">{{cite news|title=Forex shortage crimps Malawi ministers' foreign trips|publisher=Nyasa Times|date=19 November 2009|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122080522/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> Kusazgilapo apa, vinthu vinyake vyatondeska ntchito, ndipo Malawi yataya nkhongono zake zinyake zakulipira vyakuguliska vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chifukwa vyakuŵika ndalama vikakhira na 23% mu 2009. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikutondeska vyakuŵika ndalama mu Malawi, ivyo boma lili navyo . ŵakatondeka kuvimazga, kusazgapo ndalama zinandi zakuchitira ntchito na vinthu viheni vya magesi, maji, na vyakuchezgera pa foni. {{Kufuma mu|2017}}, vikawoneka kuti Malawi yikaŵa na [[nkhongono yakugulira vinthu]] (PPP) ya $22.42&nbsp;biliyoni, na GDP ya munthu waliyose ya $1200, ndipo mitengo yikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa pa 12.2% mu 2017.<ref name="CIA" /> Ulimi ukupanga 35% ya GDP, mafakitale ghakupanga 19%, ndipo [[Uteŵeti (vyachuma)|utumiki]] ukupanga 46% yakukhalira .<ref name=TWB/> Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,<ref name="Africa08" /> nangauli kukura kwa chuma kukaŵa kwa 9.7% mu 2008 ndipo kukura kwakukhora kukuyowoyeka na [[International Monetary Fund]] kwa 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53008220090401|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530230618/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53008220090401|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2010|title=Malawi economy grew by around 9.7 pct in 2008: IMF|last=Banda|first= Mabvuto|date=1 April 2009|access-date=7 April 2009|agency=Reuters Africa}}</ref> [[chiŵelengero cha ukavu]] mu Malawi chikuchepa chifukwa cha ntchito ya boma na mabungwe ghakovwira, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa mzere wa ukavu ŵakuchepa kufuma pa 54% mu 1990 kufika pa 40% mu 2006, ndipo peresenti ya "ŵakavu chomene" yikuchepa . kufuma pa 24% mu 1990 kufika pa 15% mu 2007.<ref name=UNDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075807/http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2011|title=Malawi releases the 2008 MDGs Report|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Malawi|date=23 December 2008|access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> Mu Janyuwale 2015, kumwera kwa Malaŵi kukasefukira maji. Kusefukira kwa maji uku kukakhwaska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza mu caru cose, kusazgapo 336,000 awo ŵakacimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo, mwakuyana na [[UNICEF]]. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakakomeka, ndipo pafupifupi mahekitala 64,000 gha malo ghakulimapo ghakasambika na maji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/02/devastation-disease-deadly-malawi-floods-150225070745817.html |title=Devastation and disease after deadly Malawi floods |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Ulimi na mafakitale=== {{main|Ulimi mu Malawi .}} [[File:Groundnut harvesting in Malawi.jpg|thumb|right|Kukolola [[Bambara groundnut|skaŵa]] kwa kufufuza vya ulimi ku Malaŵi]] [[Chuma cha Malaŵi]] chikupangika chomene na ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80% ŵakuchita ulimi wakukhalira, nangauli ulimi ukawovwira waka 27% ya GDP mu 2013. [[chigaŵa cha ntchito]] chikupanga vyakujumpha hafu ya GDP (54%), pakuyaniska na 11% ya vyakupangapanga . na 8% ku mafakitale ghanyake, kusazgapo migodi ya uranium yachilengedwe. Malawi wakuŵika ndalama zinandi mu ulimi (nga ni chigaŵa cha GDP) kuluska charu chilichose cha ku Africa: 28% ya GDP.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title= Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last1=Kraemer-Mbula |first1=Erika |last2=Scerri |first2=Mario |publisher= UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-92-3-100129-1 |location= Paris |pages= 535–555}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000228807 <!--http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228807e.pdf-->|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Malawi|author1=Lemarchand, Guillermo A.|author2=Schneegans, Susan|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100032-4|location=Paris |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/one.org/images/131008_ONE_Maputo_FINAL.pdf|title=The Maputo Commitments and the 2014 African Year of Agriculture|publisher=ONE.org|year=2013}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2006, charu ichi chikamba kusakanizga mafuta ghambura mkuŵa na 10% [[ethanol]], agho ghakupangika mu charu ichi pa mafakitale ghaŵiri, kuti ŵaleke kuthemba mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2006, chifukwa cha vuna ya ulimi iyo yikaŵa yichoko, Malawi yikamba ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa [[feteleza]], ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa feteleza (FISP). Vili kumanyikwa kuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa charu ichi, yikupangiska kuti Malawi yiŵe charu icho chikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dugger, Celia W. |date=2 December 2007 |title=Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html |access-date=5 August 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> FISP yikamara na nyifwa ya Mulongozgi Mutharika. Mu 2020, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika na ndondomeko ya Affordable Inputs Program (AIP), iyo yikusazgapo wovwiri wa mbuto za chimanga na feteleza ku [[Sogamu]] na mbuto za mpunga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matita |first=Mirriam |last2=Chirwa |first2=Ephraim W. |last3=Johnston |first3=Deborah |last4=Mazalale |first4=Jacob |last5=Smith |first5=Richard |last6=Walls |first6=Helen |date=March 2021 |title=Does household participation in food markets increase dietary diversity? Evidence from rural Malawi |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100486 |journal=Global Food Security |volume=28 |pages=100486 |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100486 |issn=2211-9124|doi-access=free }}</ref> Vinthu vikuru vya ulimi vya ku Malawi ni [[fodya]], [[mijuwa]], [[Gossypium|thonje]], [[Camellia sinensis|tiyi]], [[Chimanga|chimanga]], mbatata, mabele, ng’ombe, na mbuzi. Mafakitale ghakuru ni fodya, tiyi, na shuga, [[sawmill]] vyakupangika, simenti, na [[Vinthu vyaumaliro|vinthu vyakuguliska]]. Kukura kwa mafakitale kwakupanga kukuwoneka kuti kuli pa 10% (2009). Charu ichi chikugwiliskira ntchito chomene yayi gasi la chilengiwa. {{As of|2008}}, Malawi wakuguliska magesi ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake yayi panji kuguliska ku vyaru vinyake kweni wakuguliska mafuta ghake ghose, ndipo palije uyo wakupangika mu chalo ichi.<ref name="CIA" /> Mu 2008, Malaŵi yikamba kuyezga magalimoto agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito ethanol pera, ndipo charu ichi chikulutilira kusazgirako kugwiliskira ntchito ethanol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/malawis-ethanolfuel-tests-show-promise-2008-10-10|title=Malawi's ethanol-fuel tests show promise|newspaper=Engineering News|date=10 October 2008|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel|access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> [[File:Schoolchildren in Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵana awo ŵakusangika pa ungano wa [[ŵalimi]] mu muzi wa Nalifu, [[Mulanje]]]]Kufuma mu 2009, Malaŵi wakutumizga katundu wakukwana US$945&nbsp;miliyoni pa chaka. Mitengo ya fodya pa charu chose yikakhira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose ŵakuchichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kupanga fodya. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa fodya, ndipo chinthu ichi chikukwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% ya ndalama izo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake pakati pa 2007 na 2008. Charu ichi chikuthembaso chomene pa tiyi, shuga, na khofi, ndipo vinthu vitatu ivi pamoza na fodya vikupanga vyakujumpha 90% vya 2008. Ndalama izo Malawi wakusanga pakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name="CIA2" /><ref name="Africa082" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo na kukhira kwa mitengo ya kuguliska, Malawi wakuchiska ŵalimi kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa fodya na kuguliska vipambi ivyo vikuŵa na phindu likuru, kusazgapo vyakununkhira nga ni [[paprika]]. Kufumapo pa fodya kukukhozgekaso na [[Bungwe la Umoyo pa Charu Chose|Bungwe la Umoyo pa Charu Chose]] likulimbana na mtundu wa fodya uyo Malawi wakupanga, [[Burley (fodya)|burley leaf]]. Ŵakuwona kuti vikunanga chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu kuluska vyakumwa vinyake vya fodya. India [[hemp]] ndiyo nthowa yinyake iyo yingaŵapo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti yizamupangiska kuti paŵe milandu yinandi mu charu ichi kwizira mu kufanana na mitundu ya [[Cannabis (munkhwala)|cannabis]] iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito nga ni [[munkhwala wakusanguluska]]. ndiposo suzgo la kupambaniska pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri iyi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tenthani, Raphael |date=24 April 2000 |title=Legal Hemp for Malawi? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/708649.stm |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Kulima kwa cannabis wa ku Malaŵi, uyo wakuchemeka [[Malawi Gold]], nga ni munkhwala kwachuluka chomene.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 1998 |title=Marijuana Cultivation Increases in Malawi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/world/marijuana-cultivation-increases-in-malawi.html |access-date=21 December 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Malawi wakumanyikwa kuti wakulima "cannabis yiwemi chomene" pa charu chose chapasi kuti [[kugwiriskira ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo wakusanguluska]], kuyana na lipoti lasonosono apa la World Bank, ndipo kulima na kuguliska vipambi ivi kungapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi mukati mwa ŵapolisi.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mpaka, Charles |date=11 December 2011 |title=Malawi's Chamba valued at K1. 4 billion |url=http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112130233/http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=21 December 2011 |work=Sunday Times |publisher=Blantyre Newspapers, Ltd}}</ref>[[File:GDP in Southern African Development Community countries by economic sector, 2013 or closest year.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|GDP mu vyaru vyakutukuka vya kumwera kwa Africa kuyana na chigaŵa cha chuma, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi<ref name="t2030">{{cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015}}</ref>]] Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake ni thonje, mtedza, vyakupangika na makuni, na [[Vyakuvwara|vyakuvwara]]. Malo ghakuru agho charu ichi chikuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake ni South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, United States, Russia, na Netherlands. Pasono chalo cha Malawi chikuguliska katundu wakukwana US$1.625&nbsp;biliyoni pa chaka, ndipo katundu mukuru ni vyakurya, mafuta, katundu wakugwiriskira ntchito, na vipangizo vyakwendeska galimoto. Vyalo vikuruvikuru ivyo Malawi wakutolera ku vyaru ivi ni South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, America, na China.<ref name="CIA" /> Mu 2016, Malaŵi wakasuzgika na chilala, ndipo mu Januwale 2017, charu ichi chikapharazga kuti pakaŵa [[Nkhosi ya ku Africa|nkhono za nkhondo]] kuzingilizga Zomba. Nyerere iyi yikukwaniska kuparanya minda ya chimanga yose, iyo ni tirigu wakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi hit by armyworm outbreak, threatens maize crop|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworms-idUSKBN14W0NT?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews|access-date=12 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Pa 14 January 2017, nduna ya vya ulimi [[George Chaponda]] yikati mahekitala 2,000 gha vipambi ghanangika, ndipo ghathandazgika mu vigaŵa 9 pa vigaŵa 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi's armyworm outbreak destroys 2,000 hectares: minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworm-idUSKBN14Y0DK?il=0|access-date=14 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 January 2017}}</ref> ===Vinthu vyakuzengeka=== {{Main|Mayendero mu Malaŵi|Mayendero gha sitima za pa mtunda mu Malaŵi|Kudumbiskana mu Malaŵi}} [[File:2010-10-21 12-42-27 Malawi - Bula.JPG|thumb|Msewu wa M1 pakati pa Blantyre na Lilongwe]] {{As of|2012}}, Malawi has 31&nbsp;airports, seven with paved runways (two [[international airport]]s) and 24 with unpaved runways. {{As of|2008}}, the country has {{convert|797|km|mi}} of railways, all [[narrow-gauge]], and, as of 2003, {{convert|15451|mi|km|order=flip}} of [[roadway]]s in various conditions, {{convert|6956|km|mi}} paved and {{convert|8495|km|mi}} unpaved. Malawi also has {{convert|700|km|mi}} of [[waterway]]s on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.<ref name="CIA" /> {{Mu|2022}}, mu Malawi mukaŵa mafoni ghakukwana 10.23&nbsp;miliyoni. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 4.03 miliyoni awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti mu 2022.<ref name=":2" /> Also, {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, pakaŵa wayilesi yimoza iyo yikalongozgekanga na boma (Malawi Broadcasting Corporation) ndiposo pafupifupi khumi na ziŵiri izo zikaŵa za mabizinesi gha paŵekha. Ntchito za wayilesi, TV na positi mu Malaŵi zikulaŵilirika na [[Bungwe Lakulaŵilira vya Kupharazga mu Malaŵi]] (MACRA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA)|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/|website=www.macra.org.mw|publisher=MACRA|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218213634/http://www.macra.org.mw/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act No. 41 of 1998|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf|publisher=[[Malawi Government Gazette]]|date=30 December 1998|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030415/http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu ichi chikujilumba kuti chili na masiteshoni 20 gha televishoni mu 2016 pa netiweki ya digito ya chalo ichi ya MDBNL.<ref name="CIA" /> Kale, nthowa zakuyowoyeskana za pa foni mu Malaŵi zikacemekanga kuti ni yimoza mwa nthowa ziheni comene mu Africa, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora, ndipo pakati pa 2000 na 2007, mafoni ghakukwana 130,000 ghakalumikizgika. mizere ya mtunda kuŵa mu mizi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/aisi/NICI/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |title=Malawi |work=NICI in Africa |publisher=Economic Commission for Africa |access-date=6 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410063206/http://www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> === Sayansi na umanyi === {{Main|Sayansi na tekinoloje ku Malawi .}} === Kafukufuku wakuchitika === [[File:Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005-2014.svg|thumb|Mabuku gha sayansi ghakuchitika mu vyaru ivyo vikupanga chomene vya SADC, 2005–2014<ref name=t2030/>]] Malawi wakapeleka 1.06% ya GDP ku kugwira ntchito mu 2010, kukuyana na kuyana na uyo wakwenda na Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje, iyo njimoza mwa vyaŵa vyaŵa vya mu Africa. Ici cikuyana na $7.8 pa wakusanda (mu madola gha kugaŵana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2014, ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaŵa ŵachitatu pa ivyo ŵakalemba mu Southern Africa, pa nkhani ya nkhani izo zikalembeka mu mabuku gha pa charu chose. Ŵakalemba nkhani 322 mu [[Thomson Reuters]]’ Webusayiti ya Sayansi mu chaka chira, pafupifupi katatu nambara iyo ŵakalemba mu 2005 (116). Mabuku gha ku South Africa pera (9,309) na United Republic of Tanzania (770) ndigho ghakasindikizga mabuku ghanandi kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupharazga vinandi mu magazini ghakurughakuru – pakuyaniska na GDP – kuluska charu chilichose icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana waka, ndipo mabuku 19 pera pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose ghali kulembeka mu magazini gha pa charu chose mu 2014. Pafupifupi ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Sahara ni mabuku 20 pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Malawi was ranked 107th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, up from 118th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ndondomeko === Ndondomeko yakwamba ya sayansi na tekinoloje ya Malawi yikayamba mu 1991 ndipo yikasintha mu 2002. ''Ndondomeko ya chalo cha sayansi na tekinoloje'' ya 2002 yikaghanaghananga kuti paŵe Komiti ya Charu Chose ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yipelekenge ulongozgi ku boma na ŵanyake awo ŵakukhwaskika pa nkhani ya sayansi na tekinoloje- wakalongozga chitukuko. Nangauli dango la sayansi na tekinoloje la 2003 likapeleka ndondomeko yakupangira komiti iyi, kweni yikamba waka kugwira ntchito mu 2011, ndipo yikaŵa na ofesi ya mulembi chifukwa cha kuphatikizgika kwa Dipatimenti ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje na National Research Council. Lamulo la Sayansi na Tekinoloje la 2003 likakhazikiskaso Fund ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje kuti yiwovwirepo pa kafukufuku na masambiro kwizira mu wovwiri wa boma na ngongoli kweni, {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, ichi chikaŵa kuti chindambe kugwira ntchito. Mulembi wa Komiti Yakuwona vya Sayansi na Tekinoloje ya Charu Chose wakawoneseska ndondomeko ya Sayansi, Tekinoloje, na Kupanga Vinthu Viphya. (2011–2015) kweni, kufuma kukwambilira kwa 2015, ndondomeko iyo yikasintha yikaŵa kuti yindazomerezgeke na Kabineti.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu 2012, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikanjira mu vyakumangamanga (62%) na chigaŵa cha nkhongono (33%). Boma laŵikapo ndondomeko zinandi zakukhozga ndalama, kusazgapo kuchepeskako misonkho, kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵanjire mu ndalama. Mu 2013, wupu wa Malawi wa vyakuŵika ndalama na malonda ukaŵika pamoza ndondomeko ya vyakuŵika ndalama iyo yikukhwaska makampani 20.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mu chaka cha 2013, boma likazomerezga ''Nthowa yakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake'' kuti vinthu vyakuguliska vya charu ivi viŵe vyakupambanapambana. Malo ghakupangira vinthu ghakwenera kukhazikiska vinthu vyakupambanapambana mukati mwa magulu ghatatu agho ghasankhika: vinthu vya mafuta, vinthu vya nzimbe, na kupanga vinthu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|alt=Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.|Kafukufuku wa sayansi wakufuma mu mabuku gha ku Southern Africa, wakusazgikira pamoza na munda, 2008–2014<ref>{{Cite book|title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015|chapter= Figure 20.6}}</ref> File:Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year.svg|Ŵakufufuza (HC) ku Southern Africa pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose, 2013 panji chaka chapafupi File:Seychelles and South Africa have the most publications per million inhabitants.svg|alt=Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014.|Mabuku gha sayansi pa ŵanthu miliyoni yiliyose mu vyaru vya SADC mu 2014<ref name=t2030/><ref name="Web">{{Cite book |title= Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded}}</ref> File:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|Ndalama izo zikugwiriskirika nchito mu charu pa kafukufuku ku Southern Africa nga ni peresenti ya GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi<ref>{{Cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015 |chapter= Figure 20.3}}</ref> </gallery> ==Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu== {{Main|Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Malawi}} ===Unandi=== Malawi muli banthu bakujumpha {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6)}} miliyoni, na [[Kukura kwa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu|kukura kwa chiŵelengero]] cha 3.32%, kuyana na {{UN_Chiŵelengero cha Ŵanthu|Chaka}} chikupimika.{{UN_Chiŵelengero cha Ŵanthu|ref}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504223114/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikuwoneka kuti chizamukura na kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 47&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2050, pafupifupi katatu pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa 16&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2010. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi mu 2016, kuyana na ivyo ŵasayansi ŵali kusanga sonosono apa, ŵali 18,091,575.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%27Population,%20History%20and%20Forecast%27&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=99&File=1|title=frm_Message|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> ===Misumba=== {{See also|Mndandanda wa misumba ya mu Malawi .}} {{Misumba yikuruyikuru ya Malawi .}} ===Mifuko=== {{bar box |title=Mafuko gha ku Malaŵi ([[2018 census of Malawi|kupenda kwa 2018]])<ref name="Census2018" /> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic Groups |right1=per cent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Chewa|darkgreen|34.4}} {{bar percent|Lomwe|purple|18.9}} {{bar percent|Yao|red|14.3}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|orange|22.2}} {{bar percent|Sena|darkblue|3.8}} {{bar percent|Mang'anja|green|3.2}} {{bar percent|Nyanja|maroon|1.9}} {{bar percent|Tonga|darkgray|1.8}} {{bar percent|Ngonde|gray|1}} {{bar percent|Lambya|tan|0.6}} {{bar percent|Sukwa|lime|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other|Violet|1.1}} }} Mwanthu mu Malaŵi ni [[Bacheŵa|Bachewa]], [[Batumbuka|Batumbuka]], [[Bayao (mtundu mu Africa)|BaYao]], [[Balomwe|Balomwe]], [[ Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sena|Sena]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵa ku Malaŵi|Tonga]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni| Ŵangoni]], na [[Ŵa ku Ngonde]] ŵa ku [[mtundu . gulu]]s, pamoza na chiŵelengero cha [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malaŵi|Ŵa China]] na [[Ŵazungu ŵa ku Africa ŵakufuma ku Europe| Ŵa Europe]]. {{clear}} ===Viyowoyero=== {{main|Languages of Malawi}} {{bar box |title=Viyowoyero vya ku Malaŵi (kupenda kwa 1998)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_98/analytical_report.pdf |title=Census Analytical Report |website=nsomalawi.mw |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316103808/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_98/analytical_report.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=per cent |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|Chichewa|darkgreen|57.2}} {{bar percent|Chinyanja|black|12.8}} {{bar percent|Chiyao|red|10.1}} {{bar percent|Chitumbuka|purple|9.5}} {{bar percent|Chisena|orange|2.7}} {{bar percent|Chilomwe|darkblue|2.4}} {{bar percent|Chitonga|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|Chinkhonde|maroon|0.8}} {{bar percent|Chingoni|darkgray|0.7}} {{bar percent|Chilambya|tan|0.4}} {{bar percent|Chisenga|lime|0.2}} {{bar percent|Chinyakyusa|violet|0.2}} {{bar percent|English|lightgreen|0.2}} {{bar percent|Other|lightblue|1.1}} }} Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chingelezi.<ref name=language>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw |title=Malawi Government |publisher=Malawi Government |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> [[File:Current Malawi health passport showing 3 languages most used in Malawi, English, Tumbuka and Chewa.jpg|thumb|Buku la kuchipatala la ku Malaŵi kuwoneska viyowoyelo 3 vyakugwiliskika chomene ku Malaŵi: Chingerezi (ŵanga liswesi), [[Chewa language|chiChewa]] (ŵanga lichanya), na [[Tumbuka language|chiTumbuka]] (ŵanga liswesi libiliŵiri).]] Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Chichewa|Chichewa]], [[Chiyowoyero cha Chibantu]] icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41%, [[Chiyowoyero cha Chitumbuka|Chitumbuka]] (28.2%), [[Chiyowoyero cha Chichewa|Chinyanja]] ( 12.8%), na [[Chiyowoyero cha Yao|Chiyao]] (16.1%). /> [[chiyowoyero cha ku malo agha]] ni [[chiyowoyero cha Malawi Lomwe|Malawi Lomwe]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi; [[Kokola]], wakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 nawo ku chigaŵa cha kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi; [[Ŵanthu ŵa Lambya|Lambya]], ŵakuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ku mphepete ya kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi; [[Chiyowoyero cha Ndali|Chindali]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000; [[Chiyowoyero cha Nyakyusa|Chinyakyusa-Ngonde]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 ku mpoto kwa Malaŵi; Chimalawi [[chiyowoyero cha Sena|Sena]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 270,000 kumwera kwa Malawi; na [[chiyowoyero cha Tonga (Nyasa)|Tonga]], icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 ku mpoto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|title=Languages of Malawi|publisher=SIL International|access-date=21 November 2008|work=Ethnologue|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129051300/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> Ŵasambiri wose ŵa sukulu za pulayimale za boma ŵakusambizgika mu Chichewa, icho chikulongosoreka kuti ntchiyowoyero chambura kuzomerezgeka cha charu cha Malawi. Kweni ŵasambiri awo ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha pulayimale gha paŵekha ŵakusambizgika mu Chingelezi usange ŵakulondezga masambiro gha ku America panji ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States|url=http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/culture|access-date=2020-08-23|website=www.malawiembassy-dc.org|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926035417/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/page/culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Visopo=== {{Further|Visopo mu Malawi|Chikhristu mu Malaŵi|Chiroma Katolika mu Malawi|Chisilamu mu Malaŵi|Chihindu mu Malawi|Chigomezgo cha Baháʼí mu Malaŵi}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = '''Visopo ku Malaŵi''' (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |website=Official Website of National Statistical Office, Malawi |publisher=National Statistical Office |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> |label1 = [[Chikhristu]] |value1 = 77.3 |color1 = Blue |label2 = [[Chisilamu]] |value2 = 13.8 |color2 = Green |label3 = VyaŵeneCharu |value3 = 1.1 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Vinya na ŵambula kusopa |value4 = 7.8 |color4 = black }} [[File:Livingstonia_Mission_Church.jpg|thumb|Mpingo wa Mission ku [[Livingstonia, Malawi|Livingstonia]]]] Malawi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakhristu, ndipo pali ŵachisilamu ŵachoko waka. Kafukufuku wa boma wakulongora kuti 87% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mba Chisilamu 11.6%.<ref name="DHS 2016">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf|title=Demographic and Health Survey: 2015–2016|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|page=36|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu mu Malawi ni tchalitchi la Katolika la Roma, ilo 19% ya baMalawi mbalondezgi ŵake, na [[Tchalitchi la Central Africa Presbyterian]] (CCAP) ilo 18% mbalondezgi ŵake.<ref name="DHS 2016" /> CCAP ni chisopa chikuru chomene cha chiprotesitanti mu Malaŵi ndipo chili na ŵanthu 1.3&nbsp;miliyoni. Pali visopo vichokovichoko [[vya Presbyterian]] nga ni [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Malaŵi ilo likasinthika]] na [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Evangelical la Malaŵi]]. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa [[Chianglican|Ŵanglican]], [[Ŵabaptist]], ŵa evangelical, [[Tchalitchi la Ŵaadventist ŵa Zuŵa Lachinkhondi na Chiŵiri| Ŵaadventist ŵa Zuŵa Lachinkhondi na Chiŵiri]], na [[Tchalitchi la Lutheran la Central Africa| Ŵalutheran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa.—Malawi|publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005306/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chisilamu mba [[Sunni]], ŵa mu magulu gha [[Qadriya]] panji gha Sukkutu.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyIpVV3FZlAC&pg=PA63 | title=Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi | page=59 | author=Richard Carver | access-date=7 June 2014| isbn=9780929692739 | year=1990 | publisher=Human Rights Watch }}</ref> Other religious groups within the country include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (over 100,000),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], with just over 2,000 members in the country at the end of 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/malawi|title=Statistics and Church Facts &#124; Total Church Membership|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]], [[Hindu]]s, and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] (0.2%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |title=Baha'i population by country |publisher=Thearda.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>). [[Atheism|Atheists]] make up around 4% of the population, although this number may include people who practice traditional African religions that do not have any gods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90107.htm|title=Malawi|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007|access-date=18 December 2008|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=14 September 2007}}</ref> ===Ukhondo=== {{main|Healthcare in Malawi}} Malawi has central hospitals, regional and private facilities. The public sector offers free health services and medicines, while [[non-government organizations]] offers services and medicines for fees. Private doctors offer fee-based services and medicines. Health insurance schemes have been established since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/02/19/000333037_20100219005458/Rendered/PDF/531070WP0Pharm10Box345597B01PUBLIC1.pdf|author=McCabe, Ariane|title=Private Sector Pharmaceutical Supply and Distribution Chains: Ghana, Mali and Malawi|work=Health Systems Outcome Publication|publisher=World Bank|date=December 2009|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The country has a [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] industry consisting of four privately owned pharmaceutical companies.<ref>Malawi Investment Promotion Agency, 2008, p. 20 – Investment Guide</ref> Some of the major health facilities in the country are Blantyre Adventist Hospital, Mwaiwathu Private Hospital, and Kamuzu Central Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Medical Resources in Malawi – List Provided to U.S. Citizens |url=https://mw.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/219/2017/03/Medical-facilities-list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193836/https://mw.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/219/2017/03/Medical-facilities-list.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=U.S. Embassy, Lilongwe, Malawi}}</ref> [[Kufwa kwa ŵana ŵachoko]] viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo [[umoyo]] para ŵababika ni vyaka 50.03&nbsp;. [[Kufumiska nthumbo mu Malaŵi|Kufumiska nthumbo nkhwakukanizgika mu Malaŵi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/where-abortion-illegal-protest-against-culture-death-malawi-religious-groups-2456454|title=Where Is Abortion Illegal? Protest Against 'Culture Of Death' By Malawi Religious Groups|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> except to save the mother's life. The Penal Code punishes women who seek illegal or clinical abortion with 7 years in prison, and 14 years for those perform the abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5002/abortion-law-malawi |title=Abortion law Malawi |publisher=Women on Waves |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> There is a high adult prevalence rate of [[HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 980,000&nbsp;adults (or 9.1% of the population) living with the disease in 2015. There are approximately 27,000&nbsp;deaths each year from HIV/AIDS, and over half a million children orphaned because of the disease (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/malawi|title= HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Approximately 250&nbsp;new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labour force dying of the disease. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.<ref name="Africa08" /> Pali ngozi yikuru comene ya matenda ghakuthandazgika, kusazgapo mabakiteriya na vinyama vinyake [[nthenda ya m’mimba]], [[hepatitis A]], [[nthenda ya typhoid]], [[maleriya]], [[Mulili (nthenda)|mulili . ]], [[nthenda ya m’makutu]], na [[nthenda ya m’makutu]].<ref name="CIA" /> Mu vyaka ivyo vyajumpha, Malawi yachepeskako nyifwa za ŵana na matenda gha HIV/AIDS, maleriya na matenda ghanyake; Kweni charu ichi "chikuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera" pakuchepeska nyifwa za ŵamama na kukhozgera [[kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]].<ref name=UNDP/> [[Kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanakazi]] (FGM), nangauli kukuthandazgika yayi, kukuchitika mu vigaŵa vinyake mitundu ya ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111184006/http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2014 |title=Cultural Practices and their Impact on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, Particularly the Rights of Women and Children in Malawi |publisher=Malawi Human Rights Commission |date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Mu 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), mlingo wa Malawi ni <mark>21.9</mark>, uwo ukulongora kuti njara yikuru chomene. Chalo cha Malawi chili pa nambara 93 pa vyalo 127 ivyo vilipo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref> ===Masambiro=== {{Main|Masambiro ku Malawi}} [[File:Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.svg|thumb|Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa masambiro ku Southern Africa nga ni chigaŵa cha GDP, 2012 panji chaka chapafupi<ref name="Web"/>]] Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS|title=Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15–24) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> Mu 1994, masambiro gha pulayimale ghambura kulipiliska gha ŵana wose ŵa mu Malaŵi ghakakhazikiska na boma, ndipo masambiro gha pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakuchichizga kufuma apo dango la Revised Education Act likazomerezgekera mu 2012. Chifukwa cha ichi, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakalembeska ku sukulu za pulayimale chikakwera kufuma pa 58% mu 1992 kufika pa 1992. 75% mu 2007. Peresenti ya ŵasambiri awo ŵakumba standard one na kumalizga standard . five yasazgikira kufuma pa 64% mu 1992 kufika pa 86% mu 2006. Kuyana na World Bank, ŵawukirano awo ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba nawo ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa 68% mu 2000 kufika pa 75% mu 2015.<ref name=Furlong>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56479-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl/page/233 233]}}</ref><ref name=U.N.>{{cite web|title=The world youth report: youth and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/WYR2010Final%20online%20version.pdf|website=United Nations|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Malawi.htm|title=Malawi|access-date=6 October 2008|publisher=Bureau of International Labour Affairs, US Dept. of Labour|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008}}</ref> Masambiro mu Malawi ghali na vyaka 8 vya masambiro gha pulayimale, vyaka vinayi vya sekondare na vyaka vinayi vya yunivesite. Mu Malawi muli mayunivesite ghanayi gha boma: [[Yunivesite ya Mzuzu]] (MZUNI), [[Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Ulimi na Chilengiwa]] (LUANAR), [[Yunivesite ya Malawi]] (UNIMA) na [[Yunivesite ya Malawi ya Sayansi na Tekinoloje]] (ŴAKUYENERA). Paliso mayunivesite gha paŵekha nga ni Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, na yunivesite ya Katolika ya Malaŵi. Ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wanjilirepo ni viphalizgano 6 pa chikalata cha masambiro gha sukulu ya Malawi, ivyo vikuyana waka na O levels.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sasnett |first1=Martena Tenney |last2=Sepmeyer |first2=Inez Hopkins |title=Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials |url=https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/903 903] |language=en}}</ref> == Ŵanakazi mu Malaŵi == [[File:Making candles in Malawi.jpg|thumb|upright|Gulu la ŵanakazi la Mbawemi ku Malawi likusambira umo lingasazgirako mtengo ku phula la njuchi mwa kupanga makandulo]]Chiŵelengero cha ŵasambiri ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa misinkhu yinandi ndiposo ŵasambiri wose pamoza na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi chikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵakusambira sukulu ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusambira.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=monitoring_learning|title=Girls' Primary and Secondary Education in Malawi: Sector Review|last1=Robertson|first1=Sally|last2=Cassity|first2=Elizabeth|date=28 July 2017|website=The Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)|last3=Kunkwenzu|first3=Esthery}}</ref> Female students in Malawi, though, see consistent declines as the age increases.<ref name=":02" /> The life expectancy of women in 2010 was approximately 58 years old, while data from 2017 grew to 66 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?end=2017&locations=MW&start=2010|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Malawi|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵamama awo ŵakufwa pa kubabika mu Malaŵi nchakuchepa chomene nanga tingayaniska na maboma agho ghali mu nyengo zakuyana waka pa chitukuko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/MWI.pdf|title=Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century: Malawi|date=2019|website=Human Development Report 2019}}</ref> Ufulu wa chiharo uwo ulipo sono mu Malaŵi ukusangika kuti ngwakuyana waka pakugaŵikana kwawo pakati pa ŵana ŵanalume/ŵanakazi na ŵafumu na ŵawoli ŵanalume/ŵanakazi awo ŵali kufwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/939291535658711278/pdf/WPS8573.pdf|title=Gender Gaps in Property Ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa|last1=Gaddis|first1=Isis|last2=Lahoti|first2=Rahul|date=August 2018|website=World Bank Group|last3=Li|first3=Wenjie}}</ref> The current state of female labour participation details how a higher percentage of the male population is currently employed despite the female population having a higher total employed population and a very similar unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/Labour%20Force/Labour%20Force%20Survey%202013/Malawi%20Labour%20Force%20Surver%202013%20Report.pdf|title=Malawi Labour Force Survey|date=April 2014|website=National Statistical Office|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513190542/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/Labour%20Force/Labour%20Force%20Survey%202013/Malawi%20Labour%20Force%20Surver%202013%20Report.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> This gap continues with wages in Malawi.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf|title=Global Gender Gap Report 2020|date=2020|website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> As the highest-ranked sub-Saharan state, Rwanda, scored a 0.791 on a 0–1 scale while Malawi scored 0.664.<ref name=":12" /> Kunjilirapo kwa ŵanakazi mu ndondomeko ya ndale za chalo kwawoneka kuti nkhwakupeleŵera chomene kuluska ŵanyawo ŵanalume chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵawona kuti mbambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/media-briefing/malawi/mlw_r6_presentation4_gender.pdf|title=In Malawi, women lag behind men in political participation and activism: Findings from Afrobarometer Round 6 Surveys in Malawi|date=2014|website=Afrobarometer}}</ref> Female participation in politics is further restricted from national political structures due to the presence of gatekeepers, who provide access to the resources needed to win elections and maintain seats in parliament.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kayuni|first1=Happy Mickson|last2=Chikadza|first2=Kondwani Farai|date=2016|title=The Gatekeepers: Political Participation of Women in Malawi|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/5929-gatekeepers-political-participation-women-malawi|journal=CMI Brief|language=en|volume=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10289.pdf|title=Women and power: Representation and influence in Malawi's parliament|last1=O'Neil|first1=Tam|last2=Kanyongolo|first2=Ngeyi|date=February 2016|website=Overseas Development Institute|last3=Wales|first3=Joseph|last4=Mkandawire|first4=Moir|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326200405/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10289.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> This limited participation is directly correlated to the limited positions that are occupied by women in the national setup. Though the national parliament has appointed female members to seats within the body, over 20% of the seats in parliament are held by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender-quotas/country-view/219/35|title={{!}} International IDEA|website=www.idea.int|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328054446/https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender-quotas/country-view/219/35|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Military== {{Main|Malawian Defence Force}} [[File:Malawian female soldier (45745891874).jpg|thumb|Msilikari mwanakazi wa ku Malaŵi]] Malawi wali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka pafupifupi 25,000, awo ŵakuchemeka [[Nkhongono zakuvikilira Malawi]]. Lili na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Ŵasilikari ŵa Malawi ŵakafuma ku [[British Army|British colonial units]] awo ŵakapangika pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, ndipo sono ŵali na magulu ghaŵiri gha mfuti na gulu limoza la parachute. Nkhondo ya Malawi Air Force yikakhazikiska na wovwiri wa Germany mu 1976, ndipo yikugwiliskira ntchito ndege zichoko waka zakunyamulira ŵanthu na ndege za helikopita zakugwira ntchito zinandi. Nkhondo ya Malawi ya pa nyanja yikakhazikiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1970 na wovwiri wa Portugal, sono yili na ngalaŵa zitatu izo zikugwira ntchito pa Nyanja ya Malawi, izo zili ku [[Monkey Bay]].<ref name="Turner22">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 822</ref> In 2017, Malawi signed the UN [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ==Culture== {{See also|Music of Malawi|Malawian cuisine}} [[File:Drums exhibit, Blantyre Chichiri Museum.jpg|thumb|Vida vya sumu vya ku Malaŵi]] Zina lakuti "Malawi" likufumira ku [[Maravi]], gulu la [[ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] ilo likasamira ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] pafupifupi 1400&nbsp;AD. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, kugaŵikana kwa mitundu kwacepa mwakuti palije mphindano yikuru pakati pa mitundu, nangauli kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa kukucalipo. Fundo yakuti munthu ni mtundu wa Malawi yayamba kupangika kuzingilizga ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi awo kanandi ŵakulondezga fundo zakale ndipo ŵakuchitako yayi nkhaza. Zina lakuti "Warm Heart of Africa" ​​likapelekeka ku charu ichi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakawona kuti mbachitemwa.<ref name="StateDept" /> Kufuma mu 1964 m’paka 2010, ndiposo kufuma mu 2012, [[mbendera ya Malawi]] yili na mizere yitatu yakuyana waka yakukhora ya mtundu wakufipa, wakufipa, na wakubiriŵira ndipo pakati pa mzere wakufipa pali zuŵa lakufumira kufipa. Mzere wakufipa ukayimiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, wakufipa ukayimiliranga ndopa za awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha wanangwa wa Africa, wakubiriŵira ukayimiliranga chilengiwa cha Malawi icho chikukhala nyengo zose ndipo zuŵa ilo likafumanga likayimiliranga mdima wa wanangwa na chigomezgo cha Africa.<ref name="Flag">{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|title=Malawi|work=Flags of the World Website|author=Berry, Bruce|date=6 February 2005|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Flags of the World|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821101750/http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the flag was changed, removing the red rising sun and adding a full white sun in the centre as a symbol of Malawi's [[economy of Malawi|economic progress]]. The change was reverted in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|title=DPP govt blew K3bn on flag change|newspaper=Nyasa Times|access-date=10 April 2013|date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518233702/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> [[Gulu la Kuvina la Charu Chose]] (kale likaŵa Gulu la Kwacha Cultural Troupe) likapangika mu Novembala 1987 na boma.<ref name="Turner24" /> Nyimbo na kuvina kwa chikhalidwe vingawoneka pa [[Kuyambiska|miyambo yakwamba]], [[miyambo]]s, viphikiro vya nthengwa na vikondwelero.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ntilosanje |first1=Timothy |title=Traditional dances of Malawi |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-dances-malawi |website=Music in Africa |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ghali na chikhalidwe cha [[Kuluka viŵiya|kupanga viŵiya]] na [[chisoti]] [[kuseŵa makuni|kuseŵa]]. [[Kuseŵa makuni]] na [[kupenta mafuta]] vikumanyikwaso mu misumba yinandi, ndipo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika vikuguliskika ku ŵalendo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-28 |title=The Culture Of Malawi |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-malawi.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Changers RSC Malawi Orbis Sustainable Tourism |url=https://www.earth-changers.com/sustainable-places/malawi-responsible-safari-company |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Earth Changers |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better citation needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2024}} Pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kufuma ku Malaŵi, kusazgapo ndakatulo [[Jack Mapanje]], mulembi wa mdauko na ntharika [[Paul Tiyambe Zeleza|Paul Zeleza]] na ŵalembi [[Legson Kayira]]. ===Upharazgi=== {{Main|Upharazgi mu Malaŵi}}[[Televishoni ya Malawi]], iyo yikulongozgeka na wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), ndiyo yikupharazgira ŵanthu wose mu chalo cha Malaŵi. MBC yikakhazikiskika pasi pa dango la Nyumba ya Malango mu 1964, ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa wayilesi na pa televishoni. ===Maseŵero=== {{Main|Maseŵero mu Malaŵi}} [[Association football|Mpira]] ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Malaŵi, ghakayambika mu nyengo ya ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni ŵa Britain. [[Timu ya mpira wamalundi ya chalo cha Malawi|timu ya chalo]] yatondeka kufika pa [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] mpaka sono kweni yawonekera katatu mu [[Africa Cup of Nations]]. Magulu gha mpira ghakusazgapo [[Mighty Wanderers]], [[Nyasa Big Bullets FC] FC|Civo Maseŵera]], [[Nyumba ya Ŵasilikari ya Moyale]], na [[Nkhalamu Zankhongono FC|Nkhalamu Zankhongono]]. Basketball nayo yikukura chomene, kweni [[timu ya basketball ya chalo cha Malawi|timu ya chalo cha Malawi]] yake yindachiteko mpikisano uliwose wa pa charu chose.<ref name=Gall>{{cite book |year=1998|editor1-last=Gall|editor1-first=James L. |title=Worldmark Encyclopaedia of Cultures and Daily Life|volume=1 – Africa|location=Detroit and London|publisher=Gale Research|pages=101–102 |isbn=0-7876-0552-2 }}</ref> Kupambana kwakukwana kwasangika mu [[netball]], na [[timu ya chalo cha Malawi ya netball]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netball.sport/events-and-results/current-world-rankings |title=Current World Rankings |publisher=World Netball |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> ranked 6th in the world (as of March 2021). ===Vyakurya=== {{Main|Vyakurya vya ku Malawi}} Vyakurya vya ku Malaŵi ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo tiyi na somba ndivyo vikumanyikwa chomene pa vyakurya vya charu ichi.<ref name=emb>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan |website=Malawiembassy.org |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314022501/http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> Shuga, khofi, chimanga, mbatata, mabele, ng'ombe, na mbuzi navyo ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa vyakurya na chuma. [[Nyanja ya Malawi]] ni malo agho ghakusangikamo somba, nga ni [[Oreochromis lidole|chambo]] (yakuyana waka na [[bream]]), [[usipa]] (yakuyana waka na [[sardine]]s), na [[ mpasa]] (kuyana waka na [[somba]] na [[kampango]]).<ref name=emb/> [[Nsima]] ni chakurya icho chikupangika na chimanga chakugaya ndipo kanandi ŵakuchipereka pamoza na nyama na mphangwe. Kanandi ŵakurya pa chakurya cha muhanya na cha mise.<ref name=emb/> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Malawi|Africa}} * [[Outline of Malawi]] * [[Telephone numbers in Malawi]] {{Clear}} ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} ==Pobekera== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Cutter, Charles H.|title=Africa 2006|edition=41st|year=2006|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=1-887985-72-7}} * {{cite book|author=Davidson, Basil|title=Africa in History: Themes and Outlines|edition=Revised and Expanded|publisher=Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-02-042791-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africainhistoryt00davi_0}} * {{cite book|author=Dickovick, J. Tyler|title=Africa 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/africa20080000dick|edition=43rd|year=2008|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=978-1-887985-90-1}} * {{cite book|author=Meredith, Martin|title=The Fate of Africa&nbsp;– From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=1-58648-246-7|url=https://archive.org/details/fateofafricafrom00mere}} * {{cite book|editor=Murphy, Philip|title=Central Africa: Closer Association 1945–1958|publisher=The Stationery Office|location=London, UK|year=2005|isbn=0-11-290586-2}} * {{cite book|author=Reader, John|title=Africa: A Biography of the Continent|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|edition=First Vintage Books|year=1999|isbn=0-679-73869-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africabiographyo0000read}} * {{cite book|editor=Turner, Barry|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4039-9278-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo0000unse}} *Willie Molesi, ''Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide'', {{ISBN|979-8332308994}} *Willie Molesi, ''Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities'',{{ISBN|979-8334767546}} * Willie Molesi, ''Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between'', {{ISBN| 979-8338818190}} {{Refend}} ==Milumikizgo Yakuwalo== {{Sister project links|Malawi|voy=Malawi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200416051012/https://www.malawi.gov.mw/ Government of the Republic of Malawi] Official website * {{Wikiatlas|Malawi}} {{Malawi topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Malawi |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|13|30|S|34|00|E|display=title}} [[Category:Malawi| ]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Southeast African countries]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1964]] [[Category:1964 establishments in Malawi]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former British protectorates]] [[Category:Associated states]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:Former monarchies]] k3wbzzagv2aeu3xmsbwquu8cne1koip 0 18145 122729 122077 2026-09-28T03:44:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tum.svg|right|200px]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiTumbuka''' nthamba la Umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 19,000. Ili ni Baibolo ilo lili mu viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya vinandi mu chiyowoyero chawo, ilo likamba mu Disembala 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]] |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116101810/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |archive-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka chili na nkhani {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} ndipo pali ŵanthu {{NUMBEROF|USERS|tum|N}} awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] 34iugvcvoil2drrup11clq8dohuzis3 0 18374 122454 99805 2026-09-28T00:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Chieftain|Mkulu]] | honorific_suffix = | name = Bola Tinubu | image = Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg | caption = Tinubu mu 2011 | imagesize = | order = <!-- [[List of heads of state of Nigeria|16th]] --> | office = [[President of Nigeria|President-elect of Nigeria]] | term_start = 29 May 2023 | vicepresident = [[Kashim Shettima]] (elect) | succeeding = [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | order1 = [[List of governors of Lagos State|12th]] | office1 = Governor of Lagos State | term_start1 = 29 May 1999 | term_end1 = 29 May 2007 | deputy1 = [[Kofoworola Bucknor]]<br>[[Femi Pedro]] | predecessor1 = [[Buba Marwa]] | successor1 = [[Babatunde Fashola]] | office2 = [[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Lagos West Senatorial District|Lagos West]] | term_start2 = 5 December 1992 | term_end2 = 17 November 1993 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Wahab Dosunmu]] (1999) | birth_name = Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|3|29|df=y}}<!-- Do NOT change this without first seeking consensus on the talk page --> | birth_place = [[Lagos]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]]<br>(2013–present) | otherparty = {{plainlist| *[[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]]<br>(1992–1993) *[[Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)|Alliance for Democracy]]<br>(1998–2006) *[[Action Congress of Nigeria]]<br>(2006–2013) }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Oluremi Tinubu]]|1987}} | relations = [[Wale Tinubu]] (nephew) | mother = [[Abibatu Mogaji]] | children = 6, including [[Ìyál'ọ́jà|Folashade]] | residence = | awards = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Richard J. Daley College]] *[[Chicago State University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) }} | website = }} '''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu''' (wakubabika 29 Malichi 1952)<!--Do NOT change this without first seeking consensus on the talk page--><ref name="Legit">{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Fayemi salutes Tinubu at 69, says he is leader of leaders |url=https://www.legit.ng/1409396-bad-weather-disrupts-tinubus-69th-birthday-forces-gbajabiamila-aregbesola-u-turn.html |access-date=25 August 2021 |publisher=Legit}}</ref>ni nkhwantha ya vya ndalama, ndyali na purezidenti wa [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=1 March 2023 |title=BREAKING: INEC declares APC's Bola Tinubu winner of Nigeria's presidential election |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/585443-breaking-inec-declares-apcs-bola-tinubu-winner-of-nigerias-presidential-election.html |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakaŵa kazembe wa boma la [[Lagos]] kufuma mu 1999 mpaka 2007 ndipo wakaŵa [[Senator]] wa [[Lagos]] West mu nyengo ya [[boma la Third Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu-1999-2007 – BabaJide Sanwo-Olu – Governor of Lagos State |url=https://governor.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/04/25/asiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu-1999-2007/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605010622/https://governor.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/04/25/asiwaju-bola-ahmed-tinubu-1999-2007/ |archive-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Tinubu wakakhala ku South West Nigeria apo wakaŵa muchoko ndipo pamanyuma wakasamira ku United States uko wakasambira Accounting ku [[Chicago State University]]. Wakawelera ku Nigeria mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ku kampani ya Mobil Nigeria nga ni accountant, pambere wandafike ku ndyali nga ni Senator wa [[Lagos West]] mu 1992 pasi pa [[Social Democratic Party]]. M'paka apo [[Sani Abacha]] wakapangiska kuti [[Nyumba ya Malamulo]] yileke kugwira ntchito mu 1993, Tinubu wakamba kulimbikira kuti boma liwelere ku demokilase. Nangauli wakacimbizgika mu 1994, Tinubu wakawelera pamanyuma pakuti Abacha wafwa mu 1998, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la France liŵe na boma la Republic.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Tinubu at 69: His life story, from rugged early period, escape to exile, others |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/03/29/tinubu-at-69-his-life-story-from-rugged-early-period-escape-to-exile-others/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=The News Nigeria}}</ref> Mu chisankho chakwamba cha boma la Lagos, Tinubu wakathereska Dapo Sarumi wa chipani cha People Democratic Party na Nosirudeen Kekere-Ekun wa [[chipani cha All People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 1999 |title=Nigeria: Tinubu Wins By Landslide |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199901110186.html |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[P.M. News]] |publisher=[[AllAfrica]] |location=[[Lagos]]}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinayi, wakathereska [[Funsho Williams]] wa chipani cha [[PDP]]. Nyengo ziŵiri izo Tinubu wakalamuliranga zikaŵa za kuyezga kunozga msumba wa Lagos na mphindano zake na boma la boma ilo likulongozgeka na PDP. Wakati wafumapo pa udindo wake mu chaka cha 2007, wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska [[chipani cha All Progressives Congress]] mu chaka cha 2013. Ntchito ya Tinubu yikaŵa yitali kweniso yakusuzga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuyowoyeranga kuti ni munthu wankhaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ewepu |first1=Gabriel |date=25 October 2019 |title=CSOs calls on EFCC to investigate Tinubu over alleged money conveyed in bullion vans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/csos-calls-on-efcc-to-investigate-tinubu-over-alleged-money-conveyed-in-bullion-vans/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olu |first1=Tayo |date=29 July 2020 |title=Petition Details Alleged Corrupt Activities Of Tinubu Since 1999 |url=https://thewhistler.ng/petition-details-alleged-corrupt-activities-of-tinubu-since-1999/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=The Whistler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kperogi |first1=Farooq |author-link=Farooq Kperogi |date=29 January 2022 |title=Clarity On Tinubu's Age And Post-Secondary Education |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/clarity-on-tinubus-age-and-post-secondary-education/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Umoyo na masambiro == Mwakuyana na mauthenga agho ŵakayowoya, Tinubu wakababika pa 29 Malichi 1952. Amama ŵake, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka Iyaloja wa ku Lagos State. Wakasambira ku St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos na Children's Home School ku [[Ibadan]]. Tinubu wakaluta ku [[United States]] mu 1975, uko wakasambira ku Richard J. Nkhaluta ku koleji ya Daley ku [[Chicago]] ndipo pamanyuma nkhasambira pa yunivesite ya Chicago State. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu 1979 na digiri ya Bachelor of Science mu Accounting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ufuoma |first1=Vincent |date=27 June 2022 |title=Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting}}</ref> Mwakuyana na mauthenga agho ŵakayowoya, Tinubu wakababika pa 29 Malichi 1952. Amama ŵake, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka Iyaloja wa ku [[Lagos State]]. Wakasambira ku St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos na Children's Home School ku Ibadan. Tinubu wakaluta ku United States mu 1975, uko wakasambira ku Richard J. Nkhaluta ku koleji ya Daley ku Chicago ndipo pamanyuma nkhasambira pa yunivesite ya Chicago State. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu 1979 na digiri ya Bachelor of Science mu Accounting.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title=2023: Controversy Trails Tinubu's INEC Filings |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-controversy-trails-tinubus-inec-filings |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Essien |first1=Hillary |date=24 June 2022 |title=I didn't attend primary, secondary schools; my university certificates stolen by unknown soldiers, Tinubu tells INEC |url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Tinubu's "lost" certificates and Wike's message to Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/539248-pt-state-of-the-race-tinubus-lost-certificates-and-wikes-message-to-atiku.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ntchito yake yakwambilira na kukolerana na malonda gha minkhwala == Tinubu wakagwiranga nchito ku makampani gha ku America Arthur Andersen, Deloitte na GTE Services Corporation. Wati wawelera ku Nigeria mu 1983, wakanjira kampani ya Mobil Oil Nigeria, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa kampani iyi. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa ku United States, Tinubu wakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca ndalama zake zikuru comene pambere boma la United States lindambe kumufumba; paumaliro katundu wake wakakhira mu 1993 cifukwa ca mulandu uwo boma la United States likati likaŵa na "cifukwa cakupulikikwa" ca kugomezga kuti ndalama izo Tinubu wakaguliskanga mu mabanki gha ku America zikaŵa za heroin. Wakakolerana na boma ndipo pamanyuma pa chaka chenechichi wakaleka ndalama zakukwana madola 460,000. Makalata gha ku khoti ndiposo nkhani zinyake izo zikalembeka pa mulandu uwu zikulongora kuti wakaŵa mupayiniya wa ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa heroin ku Chicago mu ma 1990.<ref name="Bloomberg News Graft">{{cite news|last1=Clowes|first1=William|title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=22 June 2022|access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hundeyin |first1=David |date=13 July 2022 |title=Bola Ahmed Tinubu: From Drug Lord To Presidential Candidate |url=https://westafricaweekly.substack.com/p/bola-ahmed-tinubu-from-drug-lord |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiss|first1=Michael|title=Nigerian Pres' Svengali Tied to Heroin|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nigerian-pres-svengali-tied-to-heroin|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=27 April 2015|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> == Vya ndale vyakwambilila == Ntchito yake ya ndale idayamba mu 1992, pomwe adalowa nawo chipani cha Social Democratic pomwe anali membala wa gulu la People's Front lotsogozedwa ndi Shehu Musa Yar'Adua ndipo adapanga andale ena monga Umaru Yar'Adua, Atiku Abubakar, Baba Gana Kingibe, Rabiu Kwankwaso, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Magaji Abdullahi, Dapo Sarumi ndi Yomi Edu. Wakasankhika ku Nyumba ya Mafumu, kwimira chigaŵa cha Lagos West mu charu cha Nigeria icho chikaŵa na boma lachitatu. Pamanyuma pakuti vyandulo vya mavoti gha pa 12 Juni 1993 vyakanangika, Tinubu wakazgoka yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chipani cha pro-democracy National Democratic Coalition, gulu ilo likakhozga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵawovwire kuwezgerapo demokilase na kuzomerezga Moshood Abiola kuti ndiyo watonda pa mavoti gha pa 12 Juni. Pamanyuma pakutora mazaza nga ni mulongozgi wa boma wa ŵasilikari wa Jenerale Sani Abacha, wakaluta ku ukapolo mu 1994 ndipo wakawelera ku chalo mu 1998 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, icho chikayambiska kusintha kwa chalo cha Nigeria. Mu nyengo ya viwoneskero vya 1999, Bola Tinubu wakaŵa munthu uyo wakendeskeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa Alliance for Democracy (AD) Abraham Adesanya na Ayo Adebanjo. Wakalutizga kuwina ma primaries gha AD pa mavoti gha boma la Lagos pakuthereska Funsho Williams na Wahab Dosunmu, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya milimo na nyumba. Mu Janyuwale 1999, wakasankha kuŵa kazembe wa boma la Lagos pa tikiti ya AD ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe.<ref>{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |date=25 October 2009 |title=PDP's insatiable thirst |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128145704/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |archive-date=28 November 2010 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref> == Kazembe wa boma la Lagos == Wakati wamba kuwusa mu Meyi 1999, Tinubu wakapeleka nyumba zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵakavu ku Lagos. Mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo wakaŵira pa udindo wake, wakaŵika ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro mu boma ili. Wakambaso kuzenga misewu yiphya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakure mwaluŵiro. Tinubu, pamoza na wachiŵiri wa kazembe muphya, Femi Pedro, ŵakathereskeka mu April 2003. Vyaru vinyake vyose vya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi vikathereskeka na chipani ca People's Democratic Party pa vigaŵa ivi. Wakachitanga kulimbana na boma la Olusegun Obasanjo pa nkhani ya usange boma la Lagos lili na wanangwa wa kupanga malo gha Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) kuti ghakwaniske vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la United States likore ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu boma ili.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Mu nyengo yaumaliro wa nyengo yake mu ofesi, wakachitanga kulimbana na banthu ba PDP nga ni Adeseye Ogunlewe, uyo wakaŵa Senator wa boma la Lagos uyo wakazgoka Minister of Works, na Bode George, uyo wakaŵa Chairman wa PDP. Ubwezi pakati pa Tinubu na wachiŵiri wa kazembe Femi Pedro ukaŵa wakusuzga comene pamanyuma pakuti Pedro wapharazga kuti wakukhumba kwimilira pa mavoti gha kazembe. Pedro wakathereskeka kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chipani cha AC mu mavoti gha 2007, kweni wakaleka kunjira mu chipani ichi. Wakathera ku chipani cha Labour apo wakalutilira kuŵa movwiri wa kazembe. Nyengo iyo Tinubu wakaŵa kazembe wa boma la Lagos yikamara pa 29 Meyi 2007, apo uyo wakamulondezganga Babatunde Fashola wa Action Congress wakamba kuwusa.<ref>{{cite web |author=OLUSOLA BALOGUN |date=14 June 2009 |title=2011: South West politicians to watch |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622150053/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |archive-date=22 June 2009 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=RAZAQ BAMIDELE |date=13 October 2006 |title=The making of Lagos AC |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504125648/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |archive-date=4 May 2007 |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref> === Post-governorship === Mu chaka cha 2006, Tinubu wakayezga kukhuŵilizga Atiku Abubakar uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Nigeria kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa chipani chake, Action Congress (AC). Abubakar uyo wakaŵa wa chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PDP), wakasangana na President Olusegun Obasanjo chifukwa cha kukhumba kwa Abubakar kutolera Obasanjo pa udindo wa purezidenti. Tinubu wakapeleka mwaŵi kwa Abubakar kuti wasinthe chipani na kunjira chipani cha AC, kumuphalira kuti wapokere udindo wa chipani chakhe, na fundo yakuti iyo, Tinubu, waŵe mulwani wa Atiku Abubakar. Atiku wakakana ndipo wakasankha Senator Ben Obi uyo wakaŵa wa South East. Nangauli Atiku wakajipeleka ku thumba la Tinubu, kweni chipani cha PDP chikalutilira kuwina. Mu 2009, pamanyuma pa kutonda kwa chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PDP) mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Epulero 2007, Tinubu wakakhwaskika na vyamalonda kuti wawunjikane maboma ghakwimikana nagho mu "chipani chikuru" icho chingalimbana na chipani cha PDP. Mu February 2013, Tinubu wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵapolitiki awo ŵakapanga chipani cha "mega opposition" na kusangana kwa maphwando ghakuru ghatatu gha chipani cha opposition ku Nigeria ∙ Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), chipani cha All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) na chipani chiphya cha PDP (nPDP), chipani cha People's Democratic Party (PPD) ∙ mu All Progressives Congress (APC). Mu chaka cha 2014, Tinubu wakakhozgera wapampando wa boma wakale wa ŵasilikari General Muhammadu Buhari, mulongozgi wa chipani cha CPC cha APC uyo wakaŵa na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi ku Northern Nigeria. Pakwamba Tinubu wakakhumbanga kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa Buhari kweni pamasinda wakazomera kwa Yemi Osibanjo, mubwezi wake ndipo kale wakaŵa Commissioner wa Justice. Mu chaka cha 2015, Buhari wakathereska chipani cha APC, kumalizga muwuso wa vyaka 16 wa chipani cha PDP, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti pulezidenti wa ku Nigeria wathereskeke na munthu wakususka. Tinubu wakulutilira kugwira nchito yakuzirwa mu boma la Buhari, wakovwira ndondomeko za boma na kukora mphingilizgo za mu chipani, m'malo mwa kukhumba kwake kwa kukhala pulezidenti. Mu chaka cha 2019, wakakhozgera kampeni ya Buhari ya kuweleraso ku mavoti pakuthereska uyo wakatenge wafumengepo pa chipani cha PDP Atiku Abubakar. Mu 2020, pamanyuma pa suzgo la mukati mwa chipani ilo likapangiska kuti Adams Oshiomole uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha Tinubu wafumiskike pa udindo..<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: APC Leader, Bola Tinubu's Presidential Ambition Crumbles, Unable To Visit Aso Villa As President Buhari Recognises Victor Giadom As Party's Acting National Chairman |url=http://saharareporters.com/2020/06/24/exclusive-apc-leader-bola-tinubus-presidential-ambition-crumbles-unable-visit-aso-villa |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Pulezidenti wakusankhika wa Nigeria == === Makampeni gha purezidenti wa 2023 === Pa 10 January, 2022, Tinubu wakapharazga kuti wazamwimilira. Pa 8 June 2022, Tinubu wakathereska voti ya chipani cha ruling APC, na manambala 1,271, pakuthereska Vice President Yemi Osinbajo na Rotimi Amaechi awo ŵakasanga manambala 235 na 316. Pa 1 March 2023, INEC yikati Tinubu ndiyo watonda pa chisankho cha 2023. Wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wati wapokera mavoti 8,794,726. Atiku Abubakar wa chipani cha opposition cha People's Democratic Party (PDP) uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakapokera mavoti 6,984,520. Peter Obi wa chipani cha Labour wakaŵa na mavoti 6,101,533 ndipo wakaŵa wachitatu.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2023 |title=INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/}}</ref> == Vyakususkana == === Kugwira ntchito mwambura kuzomerezgeka kwa maakaunti gha mu vyaru vinyake === Mu Epulero 2007, pamanyuma pa mavoti gha boma, kweni pambere Babatunde Fashola wandaŵe kazembe, boma la feduro likamutolera Tinubu panthazi pa Code of Conduct Bureau kuti wakeruzgike pa mulandu wa kugwiriska nchito mwakususkana na malango ya ma akaunti 16 gha ku vyaru vinyake..<ref>{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |date=25 April 2007 |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> === Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama za Lagos pakugura masheya gha Econet === Mu Janyuwale 2009, Commission for Economic and Financial Crimes yikati Tinubu na maboma James Ibori wa ku Delta State na Obong Victor Attah wa ku Akwa Ibom State ŵalije mulandu wa uryarya, kuphanga ndarama, kusuzga milimo yawo na vimbundi vyakukhwaskana na kuguliska masheya gha Vmobile mu 2004. Mu Malichi 2009, pakaŵa malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kukoma Tinubu. Wupu wa Alliance for Democracy ukachema Inspector General of Police, Mike Okiro, kuti wachite kafukufuku mwakukwana. Mu Seputembala 2009, pakaŵa malipoti ghakuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ŵakufufuza umo boma la Lagos likagwilira ntchito mu kampani ya Econet (iyo sono ni Airtel). Tinubu wakati malonda agha ghakaŵa ghapusu ndiposo ghakapelekanga candulo ku boma, ndipo pakaŵavya wakunjilirapo. Boma likakana pempho la Britain lakuti lipeleke ukaboni wakukhumbikwa pakufufuza na kweruzga ŵabali ŵatatu ŵa ku Nigeria ku khoti la ku London..<ref>{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |date=10 September 2009 |title=FG, UK at loggerheads over Tinubu, Ibori, Attah |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/09/10/fg-uk-at-loggerheads-over-tinubu-ibori-attah/comment-page-15/ |access-date=24 December 2009 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Tinubu wakatorana na Oluremi Tinubu mu chaka cha 1987, ndipo ni senator uyo wakwimira chigaŵa cha Lagos Central. Wakaba na ŵana ŵatatu kufuma ku ubwezi wakudanga, Kazeem Olajide Tinubu (12 Okutobala 1974 - 31 Okutobala 2017), Folashade Tinubu (wakababika pa 17 Juni 1976) na Oluwaseyi Tinubu (wakababika pa 13 Okutobala 1985), uyo mama wake wakuyowoyeka kuti wakaŵa muteŵeti wa ndege na nchimi Bunmi Oshonike..<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekowa |first1=Stephanie |date=17 March 2022 |title=Meet Bola Tinubu's Six Children |url=https://buzznigeria.com/meet-bola-tinubus-six-children/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=Buzz Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Madu |first=Golden |date=25 May 2022 |title=Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children |url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=DNB Africa}}</ref> Amama ŵa Tinubu, Abibatu Mogaji, ŵakafwa pa 15 Juni 2013 apo ŵakaŵa na vyaka 96. Pa 31 Okutobala 2017, mwana wake, Jide Tinubu, wakafwira ku London. Tinubu ni Muslamu.<ref name="eco">{{cite news|date=20 July 2017|title=Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> == Maufumu == Tinubu wali na maudindo ghaŵiri; ni "Asiwaju" wa ku Lagos na "Jagaban" wa Borgu Emirate ku Niger State.<ref name="eco" /> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Timeline_of_Lagos#21st_century|Timeline of Lagos]], 2000s == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)|AD]] nominee for Governor of Lagos State|years=[[1999 Lagos State gubernatorial election|1999]], [[2003 Lagos State gubernatorial election|2003]]}} {{s-aft|after=Hakeem Akinola Gbajabiamila}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[All Progressives Congress|APC]] nominee for [[President of Nigeria]]|years=[[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]]}} {{s-inc|recent}} {{s-break}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Buba Marwa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Lagos State]]|years=1999–2007}} {{s-aft|after=[[Babatunde Fashola]]}} {{s-end}}{{Governors of Lagos State}}{{Nigerian state governors 1999-2003 term}}{{Nigerian state governors 2003-2007 term}}{{Authority control}} ak0h88s86yaftx71pap4iz2up1k8ahe 0 18402 122479 105008 2026-09-28T00:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Chakufwa Chihana|office=Second Vice President of Malawi|image=Chakufwa Chihana small portrait.jpg|caption=<small> Chakufwa Chihana </small>|term_start=1994|term_end=1996|term_start2=2003|term_end2=2004|president=[[Bakili Muluzi]]|vice_president=[[Justin Chimera Malewezi]]|president2=[[Bakili Muluzi]]|vice_president2=[[Justin Chimera Malewezi]]|succeeding=<!--For President-elect or equivalent-->|predecessor=|successor=|birth_date=April 23, 1939|birth_place=|death_date={{Death date and age|2006|06|12|1939|04|23}}|death_place=[[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]|other_names=|known_for=|occupation=|party=[[Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)|Alliance for Democracy]]|children=[[Enock Chihana|Enock]], Nina and Tawonga}} '''Chakufwa Chihana''' (23 April 1939<ref name="opc.gov.mw">{{Cite web |title=Chakufwa Chihana |url=http://www.opc.gov.mw/index.php/presidency/menu-showcase-3/chakufwa-chihana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426082927/http://www.opc.gov.mw/index.php/presidency/menu-showcase-3/chakufwa-chihana |archive-date=2018-04-26 |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref> – 12 June 2006) wakaŵa wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku [[Malawi]], wakuvikilira wanangwa wa demokilase, wakuchitako ntchito za wupu wa wupu wa wupu ndipo pamanyuma, ndyali. Wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wa Malawi, pasi pa purezidenti Bakili Muluzi. Kanandi wakucemeka <nowiki>'wiske wa demokilase ya ku Malawi''</nowiki>.<ref name="S">{{cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Chakufwa Chihana |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/chakufwa-chihana-1-1124791 |work=The Scotsman |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> Wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulongozgi wa gulu lakwamba la ndyali la ku Malawi, ilo likakhwimiska pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, uyo wakawusa kwa virimika 30, kuti wachite referendum pa ndyali.<ref name="France-Presse">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/world/africa/15chihana.html|work=The New York Times|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=Chakufwa Chihana, 67, Malawi Politician, Is Dead|date=15 June 2006|accessdate=13 July 2012}}</ref> Wakalumbika na Robert F. Mphoto ya Kennedy ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 1992. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Chihana wakababikira mu muzi wa Mhuju, Kawiluwilu, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Nyasaland (Colonial Malawi). Awiske ŵakafwa apo wakaŵa mucoko, ndipo wakalereka na anyina, awo ŵakavikiliranga ŵanakazi. Wakati wamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, wakagwiranga nchito mu boma la vigaŵa ivi ndipo wakacitanga milimo yinandi mu wupu uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 4,000. Mu 1958, wakazgoka mulembi na mulembi wa magazini. Chaka chakulondezgapo, apo wakaŵa na vilimika 21, wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa wupu uwu. Wakacitanga milimo yinyake iyo yikaŵanga ya Malawi Railways na Imperial Tobacco Group. Wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Oslo na Dubrovnik ndipo wakapokera digiri ya masisitere mu vya ndyali pa yunivesite ya Bradford. Wakasambizganga pa Yunivesite ya Botswana. == Kucita vinthu vya ndyali == === Nkhondo yakwimikana na ukoloni === Chihana wakajoyina chipani cha Malawi Congress (MCP) icho chikadankha kulimbana na boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland kweniso boma la Britain. Kuumaliro wa 1963, wupu uwu ukawa ndipo Kamuzu Banda wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Malawi. Apo Banda wakamba kukhozga mazaza ghake, Chihana wakalutilira kukhozgera wupu wakujiyimira payekha na demokilase. Pa chifukwa ichi, Banda wakamuchimbizga Chihana ku MCP. Ŵakamuphalira kuti walute ku caru cinyake ndipo ŵakamutimba. Wakawukira ku Kenya mwakubisilizga, na wovwiri wa wasembe wa Katolika. Wakalutizga kususka Kamuzu Banda ku Kenya apo wakagwiranga nchito nga ni pharazgi ku Kenya Federation of Labour. === Kuzgoka wa ndyali na kukakika === Wakaŵa wakususka pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Hastings Banda ndipo wakakhala mu jele panji ku wuzga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa banthu na wakuvikilira demokilase, Chihana wakakakika apo wakatoleka na kuwerako ku Kenya mu 1970. Apo wakaŵa mu jele vyaka 7, ŵakamuyuzga, ndipo wakakhala vyaka vinkhondi mu jele la yekha. Chihana wakaŵa wa tchalitchi la Presbyterian, ndipo pamasinda wakasuska tchalitchi ilo likakhala chete. Ndipouli, wupu wa Amnesty International ukamuzunura kuti ni kayidi wa njuŵi, ndipo wakawovwira kuti wafumiskike.<ref name="S" /> Mu 1977, ŵakamufumiska mu jele kweni wakalutilira kususka muwuso wa chipani chimoza. Pa nyengo iyi, wakaluta ku England kuti wakasambire ku Nuffield College, Oxford..<ref name="S" /> === Kugwira ntchito na SATUCC === Wakalutilira kugwira nchito na mawupu gha ŵantchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa; mu 1985, wakazgoka yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska na mulembi mukuru wa wupu wa mawupu gha ŵantchito wa kumwera kwa Africa. === Kucimbizgika kwaciŵiri na kukakika === Mu 1992, wakawelera ku Malawi ku ungano wa demokilase. Ku malo agha, wakachema chipani cha Banda kuti "chipani cha nyifwa na mdima" ndipo wakachema kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Wakati wayowoya nkhani iyi, ŵakamukora ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele vyaka viŵiri. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuŵasuzga, ndipo Banda wakazomera kuti pa 17 Juni 1993, paŵe referendum.<ref name="philly">{{cite web |author=James Cordrey |date=17 November 1993 |title=Malawi Opposition Leader Tells Of Years In Prison Chakufwa Chihana Thanked The Local Chapter Of Amnesty International For His Release |url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-11-17/news/25947879_1_political-prisoner-chakufwa-chihana-multiparty-elections |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |accessdate=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232309/http://articles.philly.com/1993-11-17/news/25947879_1_political-prisoner-chakufwa-chihana-multiparty-elections |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Chinana wakafwatulika mazuŵa ghanayi pambere referendum yindambe chifukwa cha Vice President wa United States Al Gore, uyo wakacema kazembe wa Malawi ku White House kuti wakane kukakika kwa Chihana na kuchema kuti demokilase yiŵeko. == Kuwuka kwa vipani vya ndyali na kukhazikiska AFORD == Wakaŵa mweneko na mulongozgi wa chipani cha Alliance for Democracy icho chikazgoka chipani apo chikazomerezgeka kukhazikiska vipani mu Malawi. Maphwando ena adapangidwanso pomwepo kuphatikiza United Democratic Front (UDF) ya Bakili Muluzi. Pa chisankho cha boma icho chikachitika, chipani cha Banda, Malawi Congress Party (MCP), chikathereskeka na chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) cha Bakili Muluzi, apo chipani chiphya cha Chihana, Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), chikaŵa chachitatu. Chakukondweska nchakuti nangauli Chihana wakaŵa mulongozgi wa demokilase mu Malawi, kweni wakatondeka pa viwoneskero vya boma. Muluzi wakazgoka purezidenti wakwamba wa Malawi uyo wakasankhika mwa demokilase kweni wakasora Chihana kuŵa vice president wachiŵiri mu boma lake. == Ntchito ya ndale == Chihana wakaŵa Vice President wa Malawi mu nyengo ya President Bakili Muluzi kufuma 1994 mpaka 1996 ndipo kufuma 2003 mpaka 2004. Nyengo iyi yikaŵa na suzgo la ndyali la AFORD pasi pa muwuso wake, ndipo mu 2006 likakhala waka mipando yiŵiri mu nyumba ya malango ya vyalo 193. Chihana nayo wakasangana na mphindano na Tchalitchi la ku Central Africa. Kuyana na nyuzipepara ya The Guardian, wakatondeka kumazga suzgo la vyakurya mu caru mu nyengo yake yaciŵiri, ico cikapangiska kuti waleke nchito. == Nyifwa == Wakafwa pamanyuma pa opareshoni ya kansa ya mu wongo ku Johannesburg, South Africa pa 12 June 2006 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 67. Ŵakamusunga pa dindi la boma. Wasiya mkazi wake Christina Chihana, mwana Enoch Chihana,<ref name="S" /> na ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵasungwana, Nina na Tawonga. == Mphoto == * [[:en:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award|Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award]] - 1992<ref>{{cite web |title=1992: Chakufwa Chihana, Malawi |url=http://rfkcenter.org/chakufwa-chihana-malawi |url-status=dead |publisher=Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights |accessdate=12 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520222615/http://rfkcenter.org/chakufwa-chihana-malawi |archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"><ref name="Adenekan2006" /></references> {{Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates}}{{Authority control}} huz2gmdy4wldzho7r92k4p5z4z6tjbi 0 18414 122511 48141 2026-09-28T00:44:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dindi Gowa Nyasulu''' (3 August 1944 - 11 December 2012) wakaŵa injiniya wakumanyikwa, ndyali wa ku Malawi ndipo wakaŵa mutu wa AFORD, chipani chikuru chachisanu ku Malawi.<ref name="nyasatimes">{{cite web |title=Ex-Aford president Dindi Gowa Nyasulu dies at 68 &#124; Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/12/11/ex-aford-president-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-dies-at-68/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=2012-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213040647/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/12/11/ex-aford-president-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-dies-at-68/ |archivedate=2012-12-13}}</ref> Wakababika ku Luwuchi ku Rumphi kwa Amos Gowa Nyasulu na Mary Ana Nyaukandawire. Wakafwa pa Disembala 11, 2012, ku South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Aford President Dindi Gowa Nyasulu Dies At South African Hospital |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/12/11/former-aford-president-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-dies-at-south-african-hospital-49420/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Malawi Voice |accessdate=2012-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206161921/http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/12/11/former-aford-president-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-dies-at-south-african-hospital-49420/ |archivedate=2013-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Malawi Elections&#124; Political Parties |url=http://www.africanelections.org/malawi/party.php?dt=prs&ptid=27 |publisher=africanelections.org |accessdate=2012-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103181346/http://www.africanelections.org/malawi/party.php?dt=prs&ptid=27 |archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, zina lake likaŵa na ntchito ya kupanga misewu yinandi yikuruyikuru na milatho mu charu cha Malawi. == Ntchito == After receiving his masters, he worked as a civil servant at Ministry of works where he rose to the title of Controller of lands valuation and water. He was retired early on political grounds after which he went to South Africa and worked for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Southern Africa as the technical manager. During his tenure at CSIR he scooped two prestigious awards. One for Technological excellency and the other for Marketing excellency. He began his political career as an executive member of AFORD by joining a South African wing of AFORD. He then became Member of Parliament for [[:en:Rumphi|Rumphi]] East.<ref name="nyasatimes" /> Mu 1999 wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo wakagwiranga nchito nga ni Chairman wa Public Works Committee ya Malawi Parliament apo wakagwiranga nchito nga ni national campaign director wa AFORD. Wakalongozgaso kampani ya Mphizi Engineering Consulting Firm.<ref name="nyasatimes" /> Wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulaŵiliri wa komiti yakuwona vya magesi.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marcel Chimwala |date= |title=Power surge |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/power-surge-2006-03-03 |publisher=Engineeringnews.co.za |accessdate=2012-12-13}}</ref> Mu 2003, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Aford mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Aford, Dindi wakawovwiranga ndalama za chipani ichi kufuma mu thumba lake. Ichi chikaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chitemwa na kujipeleka kwa mtundu. Wakaleka mulimo wake wa kuŵa pulezidenti wa AFORD mu 2012, pambere wandafwe. Wakalongozgeka na Godfrey Shawa.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-11-25 |title=Malawi: Dindi Gowa Nyasulu resigns |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2196:malawi-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-resigns&catid=2:news&Itemid=111 |url-status=dead |publisher=Afriquejet.com |accessdate=2012-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109085958/http://www.afriquejet.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2196%3Amalawi-dindi-gowa-nyasulu-resigns&catid=2%3Anews&Itemid=111 |archivedate=2013-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphael Tenthani |date= |title=Malawi’s Aford leader quits |url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/29878 |publisher=Newstime Africa |accessdate=2012-12-13}}</ref> == Umoyo == Wakababikira ku Luwuchi mu chigaŵa cha Rumphi. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵakamuthya zina lakuti Dindi, kung'anamura "Dindi", cifukwa ŵakafwa ŵana ŵanandi apo ŵakaŵa ŵacoko. Ŵakamanyanga yayi kuti uwu ukaŵa waka kwamba kwa munthu wakuzizwiska uyu. Wakaŵa mwana wa mulovi, ndipo cifukwa ca kuŵikapo mtima na kulimbikira, wakasambira ku yunivesite ya Washington uko wakasanga digiri ya vya kuzenga. Pamanyuma, wakasambira digiri yaciŵiri pa yunivesite ya Birmingham. Zina lake likukolerana na mapulani na kuzenga misewu yinandi mu Malawi. Wakamba masambiro ghake pa Chiweta Primary School. Wakaluta ku sukulu ya Livingstonia Secondary School kweni pamasinda wakasamukira ku sukulu ya Dedza Secondary School, ndipo pamanyuma ku sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School. Wakaŵa na muwoli wake Idabel Nyasopera Mwafulirwa ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi. Tafisika Nyasulu ni wamalonda ndipo wakuwona vya bizinesi uyo wakuchita doctorate mu Economics, Yavuska Nyasulu Okie ni chemist, Dr Chizgani Nyasulu Egbunike ni dokotala wa ŵana, Kamphinda Nyasulu ni wamalonda uyo sono watora ntchito ya Mphizi consulting engineers na Dr Yanila Nyasulu uyo wakumanya vya munkhwala wamukati. Kweniso wakaŵa na ŵazukuru ŵankhondi. Fumilayo, Phokwa, Zangi, Olu Segun na Zikora. Dindi Gowa Nyasulu wakagomezganga kuti munthu wakusambira makora. Apo wakaŵa wamoyo wakasambizga ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na mtima wakupeleka. Iyo wakaphaliranga ŵana ŵake kuti, cifukwa ca mzimu wa kupeleka wa ŵanthu, nili kufika apa.' Wakagomezganga kuti wali na nkhongono ndipo wakatemwanga kuyowoya kuti 'Bakababa Bakawilinganya' kung'anamura kuti "Apo ŵapapi ŵane ŵakanibabanga ŵakacita makora comene. Munthu uyu wakatemwanga kuvina ndipo paumaliro wa umoyo wake wakaphalira ŵana ŵake. Nkhujipulika kuti nili wakutumbikika comene cifukwa ca kuŵa namwe paubwezi, cifukwa nkhumanya kuti uwu ni umaliro wa nkhani yane yayi, kweni nkhwamba waka kwa nkhani ya munthu wapadera comene uyo wali mwa ine, uyo wakutemwa munyake". Dindi Gowa Nyasulu nayo wakaŵa munthu wauzimu. Iyo wakaphalira ŵana ŵake kuti nyengo zose ŵalutilire kuŵika Ciuta pakwamba mu vyose ivyo ŵakucita. Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira wakaŵa mulara wa mpingo uwo ukucemeka Madodana mu Livingstonia Synod of CCAP. Ŵalara ŵa tchalitchi la Livingstonia ŵakukumbuka Dindi cifukwa ca wovwiri wake ukuru ku mpingo. Pa nyifwa ya Dindi Gowa Nyasulu ku nyumba yake ku Malawi, muliska uyu wakalomba na kuyowoya kuti Ciuta dada withu wakwenera kuwonga cifukwa ca kupeleka Dindi Gowa Nyasulu ku mtundu uwu ndiposo cifukwa ca milimo yose iyo wakacita mu umoyo wake. Sumu iyo wakatemwanga comene mu Chitumbuka yikaŵa Ine umoya wane ndi yesu, kung'anamura kuti umoyo wane ngwa Yesu. Wakaŵa munthu wamahara pera yayi, kweniso wakaŵa munthu wa boma, munthu uyo wakamumanyanga makora Mlengi wake kweniso wakaŵa dada muwemi comene. Apo tikamulira Dindi, mwana wake munyake msungwana wakachemerezga kuti 'Adada, mwachita makora chomene.' Wakasungika mu dindi la ŵanthu ŵanyake mu muzi wake wa Luwuchi mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Tafiska Nyasulu, mwana wake wakwamba, wakasazgirapo na kuyowoya kuti'wakaŵa msambizgi muwemi comene ndipo nkhujiwona kuti nili na mwaŵi comene kuti pa caru capasi, nkhasambizgika na msambizgi muwemi comene.' Mbumoyo wapadera comene uwo tikwenera kuwuwonga. [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufumila ku Rumphi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa vya ndale ku mpoto kwa Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵandale ŵakufwa]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa chipani cha Alliance for Democracy (AFORD)]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{authority control}} fl2z2tgv4yw8h309tj8wk6y2v1u75ye 0 18427 122560 120263 2026-09-28T01:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{coord|9|56|S|33|56|E|display=title}}{{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Karonga | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Karonga rice fields.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Minda ya mpunga ku Karonga | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Malawi<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_mapsize = 240 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Malawi|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Karonga District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 61,609 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = +2 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|09|56|00|S|33|56|00|E|region:MW|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 1568 | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Karonga''' ni tawuni iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha Karonga ku mpoto kwa charu cha Malaŵi. Msumba uwu uli mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Nyasa]], ndipo ukazengeka pambere chaka cha 1877 chindafike. Mu 2018, Karonga wakaŵa na ŵanthu 61,609. Chiyowoyero chikuru mu chigaŵa ichi ntchitumbuka, icho [[chikuyowoyeka kumpoto]] kwa [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. == Mbili == Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pambere ŵandababike na visomba ivyo vikasangika ku Karonga, kumpoto kwa Malawi, vikulongora kuti malo agha ndigho ŵanthu ŵakambira. Pulofesa Friedemann Schrenk wa pa [[Yunivesite ya Goethe ku Frankfurt]] wakaphalira [[Reuters News]] kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa malo agha mu [[Seputembala]] [[2009]] ŵakasanga viŵiya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako pambere caru cindaŵeko na mino gha munthu munyake. Buku linyake likuti: "Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakale chomene". Schrenk wakayowoya. Pa malo agha pakaŵaso [[vinyama]] vinyake vyakuchemeka dinosaurs ivyo vikaŵako pakati pa vyaka 100 miliyoni na 140 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakasanga vinthu ivi pa malo ghakufukura gha Malema, agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku Karonga.<ref name="Banda">{{cite news|last1=Banda|first1=Mabvuto|title=Malawi could be the cradle of humankind|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-hominids-idUSTRE59M40820091023|access-date=31 August 2014|work=Science|agency=Reuters|date=23 October 2009}}</ref> Pakuyowoya za ivyo vikachitika kumasinda, ku Karonga kuli vinthu vinandi ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Pleistocene na Holocene..<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/gea.21469|volume=29|title=Renewed Geoarchaeological Investigations of Mwanganda''s Village (Elephant Butchery Site), Karonga, Malawi|journal=Geoarchaeology|pages=98–120|last1=Wright|first1=David K.|year=2014|issue=2}}</ref> Pambere chaka cha [[1877]] chindafike, Karonga wakaŵa malo ghakukhazikika gha Mlozi, uyo wakaŵa muzga wakumanyikwa comene wa Ŵaarabu.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312634/Karonga|title=Karonga|date=2008|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 August 2008}}</ref> Mu [[1883]] ofesi ya ŵamalonda ya Britain yikajulika mu msumba uwu.<ref name="britannica" /> Munthu munyake wakucemeka Sir Harry Johnston, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Britain, wakagura malo agha mu 1895 na kumazga malonda gha ŵazga agho ghakacitikanga ku nyanja ya Nyasa.<ref name="britannica" /> Pa nyengo iyi, Karonga wakaŵa msumba wakuzirwa wa malonda na ulimi. Buku linyake likuti, mu tawuni iyi "mucali ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Swahili na Ciarabu".<ref name="Murphy159">{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|p=159}}</ref> Pa [[Julayi 11]], [[2008]], migodi ya Kayelekera ku Karonga yikakondwelera maora 1.5 miliyoni gha migodi ya uranium yambura ngozi.<ref name="mine">{{cite news|title=Government applauds Kayelekera on safety|last=Tayanjah|first=Francis|author2=Namwaza, Gerald|date=11 June 2008|work=The Daily Times}}</ref> "Ŵasayansi" ŵakuti ici nchakucitika capadera comene.<ref name="mine" /> Kale, migodi iyi yikaŵa yakususkana cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakakolekanga na radiation.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2007 |title=Torn Between the Lure And Danger of Uranium |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200709070883.html |access-date=2008-08-08 |work=UN Integrated Regional Information Networks |publisher=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Mu [[Disembala]] [[2009]], mu [[Chigaŵa (Malaŵi)|chigaŵa]] ichi mukachitika vindindindi vinandi. == Makhalilo == Karonga wali pa mtunda wa mamita 478 (1,568 ft) pa nyanja ya Nyasa. Ili pa mtunda wa 28 km (17+1⁄2 mi) kuchokera ku Kenan Ngomba, 18 km (11 mi) kuchokera ku Kaporo, 42.5 km (26+1⁄2 mi) kuchokera ku Kilondo ndi 12 km (7+1⁄2 mi) kuchokera ku Lupembe..<ref name="FR">{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Karonga, Malawi |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MI/0/Karonga.html |access-date=21 June 2008 |work=FallingRain Genomics}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == [[File:Edicas_Nachinga_with_her_orphaned_grandchildren_(4993106936).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edicas_Nachinga_with_her_orphaned_grandchildren_(4993106936).jpg|thumb|Edicas Nachinga na ŵazukuru ŵake ku Karonga, 2010]] {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Unandi wa Ŵanthu<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web |title=World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=8 July 2008 |work=World Gazetteer}}</ref> |- |1977 |11,873 |- |1987 |19,667 |- |1998 |27,811 |- |2008 |40,334 |- |2018 |61,609 |} {{historical populations|11=1977|12=11,873|13=1987|14=19,667|15=1998|16=27,811|17=2008|18=40,334|19=2018|20=61,609|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malawi: Regions, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/malawi/cities/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>|align=right}} === Viyowoyelo === Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Karonga. Karonga wakumanyikwa kuti ni "chilumba cha ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero na kakhaliro ka ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka".<ref>{{Harvnb|Baldauf|Kaplan|2004|p=88}}</ref> == Chuma == Charu ichi chili na vyakurya vinandi nga ni katoni, mpunga, na vingoma..<ref name="britannica" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Karonga ŵakuthemba chomene somba.<ref name="britannica" /> == Nyengo == Nyengo ya ku Karonga njakuthukira. Mu Karonga, mu nyengo ya chihanya kukulokwa chomene kuluska mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Umoyo wa mu charu ichi ukuyana na ndondomeko ya Köppen-Geiger. Ku Karonga, nyengo ya mu chaka ni 25.6 °C (78.8 °F).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karonga climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Karonga weather averages - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/malawi/southern/karonga-926117/ |access-date=2021-12-25 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>{{Weather box|location=Karonga|single line=Yes|metric first=Yes|Jan high C=29.6|Feb high C=29.6|Mar high C=29.3|Apr high C=29.0|May high C=28.7|Jun high C=27.6|Jul high C=27.3|Aug high C=28.3|Sep high C=30.6|Oct high C=32.5|Nov high C=32.4|Dec high C=30.5|year high C=29.6|Jan mean C=24.9|Feb mean C=25.0|Mar mean C=24.7|Apr mean C=24.6|May mean C=23.6|Jun mean C=22.2|Jul mean C=21.7|Aug mean C=22.4|Sep mean C=24.3|Oct mean C=26.4|Nov mean C=27.0|Dec mean C=25.7|year mean C=24.4|Jan low C=21.8|Feb low C=21.7|Mar low C=21.5|Apr low C=21.3|May low C=19.9|Jun low C=17.9|Jul low C=17.0|Aug low C=17.6|Sep low C=19.4|Oct low C=21.9|Nov low C=23.0|Dec low C=22.4|year low C=20.4|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=132.3|Feb precipitation mm=120.0|Mar precipitation mm=206.0|Apr precipitation mm=130.0|May precipitation mm=19.4|Jun precipitation mm=0.8|Jul precipitation mm=0.8|Aug precipitation mm=0.3|Sep precipitation mm=0.0|Oct precipitation mm=1.3|Nov precipitation mm=39.4|Dec precipitation mm=149.0|year precipitation mm=799.3|Jan humidity=79|Feb humidity=80|Mar humidity=82|Apr humidity=80|May humidity=74|Jun humidity=66|Jul humidity=65|Aug humidity=64|Sep humidity=60|Oct humidity=56|Nov humidity=62|Dec humidity=75|year humidity=70|Jan sun=176.7|Feb sun=170.8|Mar sun=207.7|Apr sun=222.0|May sun=254.2|Jun sun=264.0|Jul sun=285.2|Aug sun=306.9|Sep sun=306.0|Oct sun=319.3|Nov sun=273.0|Dec sun=213.9|year sun=2999.7|Jand sun=5.7|Febd sun=6.1|Mard sun=6.7|Aprd sun=7.4|Mayd sun=8.2|Jund sun=8.8|Juld sun=9.2|Augd sun=9.9|Sepd sun=10.2|Octd sun=10.3|Novd sun=9.1|Decd sun=6.9|yeard sun=|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67423.TXT | title = Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 8 March 2015}}</ref>|date=March 2015}} == Maluso na mitheto == Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakusanguluska na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale gha Karonga ndigho ghakopa chomene ŵalendo.<ref name="Murphy177">{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|p=177}}</ref> Ku malo agha ndiko kuli chinyama chakuchemeka Malawisaurus, icho chili na vyaka 150 miliyoni.<ref name="Murphy177" />Pa malo agha pali cinthu cinyake cakucemeka "From Dinosaurs to Democracy", ico cikulongosora mbiri ya cigaŵa ici.<ref name="Murphy177" /> == Vinthu vyakwendakwenda == Karonga ndiyo yili na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Karonga Airport icho chikugwira waka ndege za mu malawi..<ref>[http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/a2020kgj.cfm a-z World Airports], accessed 9 August 2008</ref> Mabasi ghakufuma ku [[Mzuzu]] na Nkhata Bay kuluta ku Karonga.<ref>{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|pp=188&ndash;233}}</ref> == Vyakulemba == <references responsive="1"></references> == Maukaboni == * {{cite book|last1=Baldauf|first1=Richard B.|last2=Kaplan|first2=Robert B.|title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|publisher=Multilingual Matters|volume=1|date=2004|isbn=1-85359-725-2|oclc=56751169}} * {{cite book|last1=Murphy|first1=Alan|last2=Armstrong|first2=Kate|last3=Firestone|first3=Mathew D.|last4=Fitzpatrick|first4=Mary|title=Southern Africa: Join the Safari|url=https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|oclc=76936284}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=David|title=Renewed geoarchaeological investigations of Mwanganda's Village (Elephant Butchery Site), Karonga, Malawi|journal=Geoarchaeology|date=2014|volume=29|issue=2|pages=98–120|doi=10.1002/gea.21469}} == Nthowa zakuwalo == {{Commons category|Karonga, Malawi}} {{wikivoyage|Karonga}} [[Category:Boma la Karonga]] [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Kumpoto kwa Malaŵi]] 6rfbldihpj6lncfpmc1iev9p3hjzmvc 0 18897 122589 72141 2026-09-28T01:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Location map | South Africa | width = 250 | lat_deg = -25.162100 | lon_deg = 29.315052 | label = Maleoskop }} '''Maleoskop, Limpopo''' ni muzi mu msumba wa [[Elias Motsoaledi, Limpopo|Elias Motsoaledi]], mu boma likulu la [[Sekhukhune District Municipality]], chigaŵa chikulu cha [[Limpopo]], mu charu cha [[South Africa]]. ==Malo== ===Umoyo=== Ku malo agha kuli mphepo zakotcha. Kutentha kwapakati ndi 21 °C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Novembala, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Juni, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Novembala. Ku malo agha, kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene. Mwezi uwo kuli vula zinandi comene ni Disembala, ndipo ukuŵa na vula ya mamita 173. <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091601/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2019-04-07}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Maleoskop | 18| 29| 151 | 17| 28| 90 | 17| 28| 119 | 14| 26| 50 | 11| 23| 10 | 8| 20| 2 | 8| 20| 2 | 9| 25| 9 | 14| 32| 56 | 15| 34| 119 | 18| 32| 146 | 18| 29| 173 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Sekhukhune District Municipality}} {{Limpopo-geo-stub}} [[Category:Mizi yamu msumba wa Elias Motsoaledi]] [[Category:Limpopo, South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Elias Motsoaledi, Limpopo]] [[Category:Sekhukhune District Municipality]] dkqneugopg75q9gudxj8kkjtszyx1xb 0 19084 122594 49320 2026-09-28T01:56:14Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Kingdom of Maravi|common_name=|native_name=''malaŵí''|common_languages=[[Chewa language|Chewa]], [[Yao language|Yao]], [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]|image_map=Maravi Kingdom map c. 1650s.svg|image_map_caption=The Maravi Kingdom at its greatest extent in the 17th century.|capital=[[Manthimba]], [[Mankhamba]]|government_type=[[Monarchy]]|year_start=c 1480|year_end=1891|event_start=|event_end=|p1=Chewa culture|flag_p1=|s1=British Central Africa Protectorate|flag_s1=Flag_of_British_Central_Africa_Protectorate.svg|s2=Portuguese Mozambique|flag_s2=Flag of Portuguese East Africa (proposal).svg|today=[[Malawi]]<br> [[Mozambique]]<br> [[Zambia]]}}'''Maravi''' ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukaŵa pa mphaka ya [[Malaŵi]], [[Mozambique|Mozambiki]], na [[Zambia]], mu ma 1500. Zina la mazuŵa ghano lakuti "Maláŵi" likufuma ku lizgu la Chichewa lakuti "malaŵí", ilo likung'anamura "moto". == Mbili == Pa nyengo iyo, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga na Tumbuka kumpoto m'paka ku Lower Shire kumwera, kweniso kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Luangwa na Zambezi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Maravi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Mwale ndipo ŵakacemekanga Kalonga. Ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku Manthimba, msumba ukuru wa boma, ndipo ndiwo ŵakambiska boma ili. Pa nyengo yeneyira, mbumba ya Banda, iyo kanandi yikaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵakuchizga, ŵavinjeru, na ŵantchito ŵakusazga visulo, ŵakendeskanga vinthu vya cisopa kufuma ku msumba wawo wa Mankhamba kufupi na Nthakataka. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Portugal, malonda ghakalutilira kukura. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa nga ni mphete za Khami na vyakununkhira vya ku China ivyo vikizanga kufuma ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma la Maravi likamba kunangika, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵawukiranga. Mu 1859, David Livingstone wakaluta ku Nyanja ya Nyasa, ndipo mwaluŵiro ŵamishonale ŵanyake ŵa Chiprotesitanti ŵakamulondezga. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakambiska mtundu wa Maravi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamira mu dambo la Mlonga wa Shire (uwo ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Nyassa) cha m'ma 1480. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu ichi chikakura chomene ndipo chikafika mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia na Mozambique. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵawukira, ndipo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵawo ku misika ya ŵazga ku Kilwa na Zanzibar. Mu ma 1860 C.E., chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kwiza mu chigaŵa ichi kwizira mu ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. David Livingstone ndiyo wakaluta ku malo agha, ndipo ŵamishonale ŵa Chiprotesitanti ŵakazenga malo agha mu 1873. Kweniso mu 1883 ku Britain kukatumika kazembe munyake. Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 C.E., vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Lake Malawi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Congo Basin kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mweru, mu chigaŵa icho pamanyuma chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Luba. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalutilira kusama mu vilimika viŵiri panji vitatu vyakulondezgapo, kweni vikuwoneka kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Maravi ŵakakhazikika mu dambo la Mlonga wa Shire na mu chigaŵa chikuru icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa dazi la Malawi, kusazgapo vigaŵa vinyake vya Zambia na Mozambique. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakalemba vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi wakaŵa Gaspar Bocarro, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Portugal..<ref>{{cite web |last1=Huhn |first1=Arianna |title=History |url=http://www.ariannahuhn.info/history.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310110944/http://www.ariannahuhn.info/history.html |archive-date=2023-03-10}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1660, dada Manuel Barretto, uyo wakaŵa wasembe wa tchalitchi la Jesuit, wakalongosora vya wupu wankhongono uwo ukaŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani ya vyachuma, uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Mlonga wa Zambezi na Quelimane. Nkhani yinyake ya mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira yikulongora kuti mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya charu ichi yikaŵa pafupi na Mlonga wa Luangwa, ndipo yikafika kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Dwangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maravi Confederacy &#124; historical empire, Africa &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maravi-Confederacy}}</ref> Ntheura, "Maravi" ni zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique na chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe. Chiyowoyero cha Chewa, icho chikuchemekaso Nyanja, Chinyanja, panji Chichewa, chikuyowoyeka kumwera na pakati pa Malawi, ku Zambia, na ku Mozambique, ndicho chikafuma mu ufumu uwu. {{Malaŵi}} == Ukaboni == <references /> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060109071410/http://www.axisgallery.com/exhibitions/maravi/ Maravi culture] * [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/southafrica/maravi.html History of Maravi] j4cbdse5da00b5ujleyc3mygugdypgu 0 19125 122485 71202 2026-09-28T00:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox coat of arms|name=Chikopa cha boma cha Malaŵi|image=Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|image_width=250|middle=|middle_width=|middle_caption=|lesser=|lesser_alt=|lesser_width=|lesser_caption=|armiger=[[Malawi|Republic of Malawi]]|year_adopted=1964|crest=Water Barry wavy Azure and Argent in front of a sun rising Or a [[African fish eagle|fish eagle]] rising proper; A Helmet Argent with Mantling Gules and Or|torse=Or and Gules|shield=Per Fess Barry wavy Azure and Argent; A Fess Gules a lion passant Or; In base Sable a sun rising Or|supporters=On the dexter side, a [[lion]], and On the sinister side, a [[leopard]] both guardant|compartment=Upon a compartment representing the [[Mulanje Massif|Mulanje mountain]] proper|motto='''UNITY AND FREEDOM'''|orders=|other_elements=|earlier_versions=earlier heraldic arms of [[Nyasaland]]|use=}}Chimanyikwilo cha [[Malaŵi]] chikugwirizana na chimanyikwilo cha [[Nyasaland]]. Pa cikhwangwani ici pali nkharamu na nyalubwe, ndipo pachanya pake pali mupukutu wa mutu wakuti "Umoza na Wanangwa". Pa ndembera ya Malaŵi pali dazi lakufuma mu malo ghafipa, nga ni umo viliri mu malo ghapasi pa chiskango. == Blazon == Chimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi chili mwa ntheula: {{quotation|For Arms, per fess barry wavy Azure and Argent and Sable on a fess Gules a lion passant and in base a sun rising or: and for the Crest: On a wreath or and Gules on water barry wavy Azure and Argent in front of a sun rising or a fish eagle rising proper, and for Supporters: On the dexter side a lion and on the sinister side a leopard both guardant, upon a compartment representing the Mlanje mountain proper, together with this motto: Unity and Freedom.<ref>{{cite book|title=Protected Flag, Emblems and Names|date=1968|page=6|url=https://crm.misa.org/upload/web/17-laws-of-malawi-protected-flag-emblems-and-names.pdf|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035706/https://crm.misa.org/upload/web/17-laws-of-malawi-protected-flag-emblems-and-names.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>}} == Vithuzi == <gallery> File:Coat of arms of British Central Africa.svg|[[British Central Africa Protectorate]] 1893–1907 File:Coat of arms of Nyasaland (1914–1925).svg|[[Nyasaland]] 1914–1925 File:Coat of arms of Nyasaland (1925–1953, 1963–1964).svg|Nyasaland 1925–1964 File:Coat of arms of the Central African Federation.svg|[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] 1953–1963 </gallery> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Coat of arms of Africa}}{{Heraldry-stub}} [[Category:Mtundu chikopa cha boma|Malawi]] [[Category:Vimanyikwiro vya Malaŵi]] [[Category:Chikopa cha boma na Nkharamu|Malawi]] [[Category: Chikopa cha boma na Viyuni|Malawi]] [[Category:Chikopa cha boma na Zuŵa|Malawi]] [[Category:Chikopa cha boma na kuŵala kwa dazi|Malawi]] [[Category:Chikopa cha boma na phiri|Malawi]] biok92q31lhio4l0x7dml6kra12kvqx 0 19133 122452 58063 2026-09-28T00:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist|honorific_prefix=|name=Billie Zangewa|honorific_suffix=|image=Billie Zangewa 2019b.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=Billie Zangewa, 2019|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1973}}|birth_place=[[Blantyre]], [[Malawi]]|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|residence=|education=[[Rhodes University]]|alma_mater=|known_for=|notable_works=|style=Collage tapestries|movement=|spouse=|partner=|awards=|elected=|patrons=|memorials=|website=<!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->|module=}}'''Billie Zangewa''' (wakababika mu 1973 ku [[Blantyre]], Malawi) ni mwanakazi wa ku [[Malaŵi]], wa ku [[South Africa]] uyo wakukhomera malaya gha silika kuti wapange ma collage tapestries. Kwambira mu 2004, luso lake likulongosoreka mu viwoneskero vya pa caru cose kusazgapo pa Paris Art Fair ku Grand Palais ku Paris.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 May 2011 |title=Biographie de Billie Zangewa |url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=956&lang=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420055547/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=956&lang=fr |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |website=African Success |language=fr}}</ref> Ntchito ya Zangewa njakudumura umoyo wake ndipo yikulongosora za ŵanakazi ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black kweniso za umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ivyo wakachita vikulongora kuti wakajighanaghaniranga yekha. == Vyakovwira == Billie Zangewa wakugwilira nchito comene na viswaswa vya silika mu vilembo vyakupangika na mawoko, ndipo wakupangiska vilembo ivyo vikulongosora umo waliri mu nyengo yasono. Wakugwiliskira nchito kalembero kakutowa na ka mitundu kuti walongosore vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa munthu. Nkhani izi zikulongosora vinthu vyapadera yayi panji kuyowoyapo vya ndyali, kweni zikulongosora waka vinthu vya pa caru; nkhani za pa caru cose izo zikutovwira kuti tiŵe ŵakukolerana. Kanandi waka, Zangewa wakuŵa munthu wakuzirwa mu milimo yake. Nangauli pakwamba Zangewa wakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakuvwara cifukwa ca ndalama izo wakasanganga, kweni salu iyo wakagwiliskiranga nchito yikasintha yayi. Zangewa wakuwona kuti vyakuvwara vya zuŵa na zuŵa ni vyakuzirwa chomene ndipo vikovwira kuti ntchito yake yiŵe yakumanyikwa. Munthu uyu wakukondwa comene na mulimo wa kunozga silika cifukwa cakuti wakughawona kuti ghakusintha. Vinthu ivyo Zangewa wakajambura vikulongora kuti wakaŵa wambura kufikapo. Nthowa iyi yikovwiraso kuti munthu waleke kughanaghana kuti ivyo wakujambura vili pa salu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Okoro |first=Enuma |date=26 June 2020 |title=The Textile Artist Who's Always Known How to Care for Herself |url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/06/artist-profile-billie-zangewa.html |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=The Cut |language=en-us}}</ref> == Mbiri na ntchito == Wakababika mu chaka cha 1973 ku Blantyre, Malawi, ndipo wakamalizga masambiro gha Fine Arts ku Rhodes University, South Africa pamanyuma pakusambira kujambula. Amama ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kusona na kusona. Apo wakaŵa mwana, wakawonanga umo amama ŵake ŵakakumananga na ŵanakazi ŵanyake apo ŵakasungananga pamoza na milimo yinyake ya pa nyumba. Apo wakasambizgikanga luso, wakayezga nthowa zakupambanapambana zakuyowoyera, kweni paumaliro wakamba kutemwa chomene ntchito ya silika, cifukwa ca kutemwa salu, ungweru wake, na umo zikuwonekera. Wakayowoya kuti: "Silika yikulongora makora chomene umo vinthu viliri, kweni nyengo yeneyiyo, nkhuwona kuti ni yamasono chomene ndipo njakutowa chomene". Wakagwiranga nchito ku Gaborone, Botswana, ndipo pamasinda ku Johannesburg kweniso ku London. Wakayowoyanga umo wakukhumbira kujambula vinthu vya mafashoni kweniso umo Ellen von Unwerth wakulongosolera nkhani zake. Zangewa wakambanga kupanga matumba ghakupambanapambana, ndipo wakapanganga vinthu vyakufuma ku msumba wa Johannesburg. Apo mwanakazi uyu wakambanga kupanga vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru ivyo sono wakumanyikwa navyo, wakagwiliskiranga ntchito malemba, vithuzithuzi ivyo vikaŵa na nkharo ya ŵanthu, ndipo nyengo zinyake wakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vinyake nga ni vyakujambulira, mphete, na mphasa. Zangewa wakamalizga mulimo wake wa "The Rebirth of Black Venus" mu 2010, ndipo uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakuti vinthu vikasintha. Pa salu iyi pali vithuzithuzi vya mu tawuni ya Johannesburg, ivyo vikuyana waka na vithuzithuzi vya Zangewa. Ntchito iyi yikamba apo Zangewa wakaleka kupempha mwanalume munyake kuti ŵatorane, ndipo yikulongora kuti wakajipeleka comene, kutemwa iyomwene uko kukaŵako na kuwoneka mu milimo yake yinandi kufuma nyengo yira.. <ref name=":1" /> == Kuwoneska na Kumanyikwa == Mu 2020, Templon ku Paris wakapeleka chiwonetsero cha yekha cha mulimo wa waluso, wakuchemeka Soldier of Love, uyo wakawonanga nkhani za nyumba, ukazi, na chitemwa. Pakuyowoya na Jareh Das mu magazini ya Ocula, mulembi uyu wakalongosora kuti, 'Ine nkhuwona kuti pasono tikukhala mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgirana na kuswa malango. Zuŵa lililose tikupulika nkhani iyi pa wayilesi. Nkhugomezga kuti nchifukwa cakuti tikutemwa ŵanji yayi, ndipo usange tingatemwa ŵanji, masuzgo ghanandi gha pa caru ghamalenge ndipo tizamupona.' Ntchito ya Zangewa ya 2014 Constant Gardener yili na Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art ku Washington, DC. Papayipi lakusindikizgira likamovwira kuti watemwenge chomene vinthu vyakuthupi. Iyo wakugwiliskira nchito kujighanaghanira yekha nga ni fundo iyo yikovwira kuti mwanakazi wa ku Africa wa mazuŵa ghano waŵe nga ni munthu wa mu nyengo iyo. Nangauli vinthu ivyo wakalemba vikaŵa vya umoyo wake, kweni wakugwiliskira ntchito fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo waliri. Mwanakazi wa ku Africa uyo wakulongosoreka mu vyakuvwara vya Zangewa, uyo "wakukumana na mazuŵa ghano" mu mazgu gha Yinka Shonibare MBE, wakeneranga kujiwombora yekha: wakujiŵika waka pasi na makhumbiro gha ŵanalume, ndipo wazgoka munonthondwe wa kukopa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kouho|first=Koyo|date=Spring 2017|title=Billie Zangewa: Embroidery for Constructing Collective Identity/Billie Zangewa: La broderie pour tisser une identite collective Citation metadata|url=|journal=Esse|volume=90|pages=60–63|via=Gale}}</ref> Mu 2018, Zangewa wakaŵa waluso pa FNB JoburgArtFair. Mu chaka cha 2019, Zangewa wakalembeka mu chiwonetsero cha I Am... Contemporary Women Artists of Africa ku National Museum of African Art.<ref name="maa">{{cite web |title=Opening events: I Am . . . Contemporary Women Artists of Africa |url=https://africa.si.edu/2019/06/opening-eventsi-am-contemporary-women-artists-of-africa/ |access-date=19 June 2019 |website=Smithsonian National Museum of African Art}}</ref> Zangewa wali kulembeka mu buku la Vitamini T: Threads and Textiles in Contemporary Art (Phaidon, 2019), <nowiki>ISBN 0714876615</nowiki>. Kuumaliro wa 2021 mpaka kukwambilira kwa 2022, chiwonetsero cha Zangewa cha Billie Zangewa: Thread for a Web Begun chinachitikira ku Museum of the African Diaspora ku San Francisco..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Monique |date=31 January 2022 |title=Billie Zangewa's hand-stitched collages locate joy in the quotidian |url=https://www.documentjournal.com/2022/01/billie-zangewas-hand-stitched-collages-locate-joy-in-the-quotidian/ |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Document Journal |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706041804/https://www.documentjournal.com/2022/01/billie-zangewas-hand-stitched-collages-locate-joy-in-the-quotidian/ |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * https://web.archive.org/web/20200703115306/https://billiezangewa.com/ * [https://vimeo.com/277412477 video - FNB JoburgArtFair Conversations: Billie Zangewa, 2018 Featured Artist] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190711040658/http://www.afronova.com/artists/billie-zangewa/ Images of Zangewa's art] on Afronova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711040658/http://www.afronova.com/artists/billie-zangewa/|date=11 July 2019}} {{Authority control}} m0bp5x975f94kfdpiwvwvd008lunkxo 0 19202 122724 118005 2026-09-28T03:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Malaŵi]], uyo ukuchemeka kuti ''Republic of Malaw''i, ni charu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemekaso kuti "Mtima Wakutentha wa ku Africa", chifukwa cha ŵanthu awo mbalusungu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Marie-Josèphe |title=Malawi -The Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=UNC |publisher=UNC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517083112/https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> Malawi wali na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakukopa ŵalendo, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malawi (29,600 km2), malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyalo, malo ghakusungirako nyama, na Phiri la Mulanje. Makampani ghakwendakwenda mu Malaŵi ghakura comene kwambira m'ma 1970, ndipo boma la Malaŵi likuyezgayezga kusazgirako. Ndipouli, mu ma 1980 nchito ya kwendakwenda yikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la vya cuma mu caru ca South Africa, uko ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakufuma. Vyaru ivi navyo vikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la ku Zimbabwe, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa vikukura comene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu vyaru ivi chikakwana 4.5% pa GDP ya charu chose ndipo ŵakasanganga nchito zakukwana 3.8%.<ref name="World Travel & Tourism Council">{{cite book|title=Travel&Tourism economic Impact 2014 Malawi|year=2014|pages=1}}</ref> == Malo ghakukopa ŵalendo == Malaŵi yili na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malaŵi, Mulanje Mountain na Zomba Plateau. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuchemeka National Parks. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Nyika National Park, Kasungu National Park, na Liwonde National Park. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ni Lake Malawi National Park, chifukwa ghali kulembeka pa malo gha UNESCO chifukwa cha vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. Padera pa malo agha, malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuzengeka pa malibwe ku Chongoni. Malo agha ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu miyala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chongoni Rock-Art Area |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/476/ |access-date=2020-10-31 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> == Nyanja ya Malawi == Nyanja ya Malawi njimoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Nyanja ya Malawi yikwenda kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto m'paka ku chigaŵa cha kumwera. Ni nyanja ya maji ghawemi ya nambara 8 pa vyaru vyose ndipo ni nyanja yacitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Nyanja ya Malawi, iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka Nyanja ya Nyenyezi, ndiyo yikovwira chomene pa mulimo wa kwendakwenda. Nyanja ya Malawi yili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja iyi yili na maji ghakutowa chomene, ntheura tingawona somba za cichlid. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa nyanja iyi ni kujumpha mu maji, kujumpha mu maji, kwenda pa kayaka, na kukwera pa mahachi. == Mphepete mwa nyanja == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵalendo ŵangakwera. Malo ghanyake agho ghali pafupi na Nyanja ya Malawi ni Kande Beach na Chintheche Inn mu Nkhata Bay. Pa nyanja iyi pali nyumba zinandi izo ŵalendo ŵangakhalamo. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Makokola Retreat ku Mangochi, Sunbird Livingstonia ku Salima, na ghanyake ghanandi. Apo ŵakwenda mu nyanja ya Malawi, awo ŵakuluta ku malo agha ŵakutemwa kuchita maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mu maji, nga nkhunyamuka mu kayaka, paralaying, kukwera boti, kusambira mu maji, panji kukwera somba. == Lake of Stars Music Festival == Chikondwelero cha Lake of Star Music ndi chiwonetsero cha nyimbo chaka chilichonse chomwe chimachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Lake of Stars ni umoza mwa viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya sumu mu Africa ivyo vikukopa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4000 ŵa ku malo agha na vyaru vinyake pamoza na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake. Chiphikiro ichi chikambiska Will Jameson mu chaka cha 2004 ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, chiphikiro ichi chazomerezgeka na CNN, The Mail & Guardian na The Independent. Ungano uwu ukuŵako mu nyengo ya chihanya, ndipo ukuwovwira kuti ŵalendo ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵamitundu yinyake ŵize ku ungano uwu. == Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama, nga ni nkharamu za ku Nyika National Park na zovu za ku Liwonde National Park. Dambo la Malawi ilo lili kumwera kwa charu ichi lili pa malo gha UNESCO ndipo lili na mitundu yakujumpha 1,000 ya somba na viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu Africa. Malo agha ghali ku Cape Maclear, ndipo ndigho ghekha ghakazengeka kuti vitivikilire visomba na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{wikivoyage|Malawi}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == 1. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-view-best-african-festivals/index.html<nowiki/>{{Economy of Malawi}} {{Tourism in Africa}}{{Malawi topics}} my2zdy9qe9ugv5nxbfouswq2uppak0x 0 19343 122696 121594 2026-09-28T03:18:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} '''Sumu za ku [[Malawi]]''' zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]], Africa, na America. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakendanga nyengo yitali ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti sumu za ku Malawi zikwane ni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Paumaliro wa nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwanga na magulu gha ŵakwimba gitala na banjo. Vyakuimbira vyose viŵiri vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku South Africa na Mozambique nawo ŵakasangananga na kwimba sumu zakupambanapambana.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |last=Jecks |first=Nikki |date=2009-08-06 |title=Reviving Malawi's music heritage |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8185971.stm |access-date=2012-01-29 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Malawi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari, ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Yumoza wa ŵakwimba aŵa wakaŵa Tony Bird, uyo wakababikira ku Nyasaland ndipo wakimbanga sumu zakususkana na boma la Malawi. Sumu zake zikulongosoreka kuti zikukolerana na mitheto ya ku Malawi na Afrikaans. Kawonekero kake kakamupangiska kuti walute na Ladysmith Black Mambazo mu ma 1980. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Hastings Banda, boma la Malawi likakanizga sumu izo likati ni za kugonana panji za ndyali. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakamanyikwanga pa charu chose ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi kufuma mu 1964 m'paka 1994. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kwimba pa wumba. Kwambira mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene sumu kweniso ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. Chifukwa cha nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga sumu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakamba kwimba ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano. Ŵalendo nga ni Young Kay ŵakukhozgeka na ŵantchito ŵaphya ndipo ŵakugwira nchito pamoza kupeleka umanyi uphya ku Malawi.<ref>{{cite web |author=malawimoto says |date=2010-08-19 |title=Jamati Online &#124; Malawian Music has no identity |url=http://www.jamati.com/online/music/malawi-music-has-no-identity/ |access-date=2012-01-29 |publisher=Jamati.com}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose. Ŵalendo awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ku Malawi ni Wambali Mkandawire, Erik Paliani, Lucius Banda, Tay Grin, Esau Mwamwaya, Tsar Leo, Lawrence Khwisa (LULU). Mu 2015 sumu ya Malawi yikamanyikwa pa 58th Grammy Awards kwa nyengo yakwamba, na kusankhika kwa Zomba Prison Project I Have No Everything Here kwa Best World Music Album.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220455/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/malawi-prisoners-score-surprise-grammy-nomination-20151209 "Malawi Prisoners Score Surprise Grammy Nomination"] Retrieved December 14, 2015.</ref> == Sumu za ku Malawi == === Nyimbo za Kwela === In the late 1960s, [[:en:South_Africa|South African]] [[:en:Kwela|kwela]] music was popular in Malawi. The country produced its own kwela stars that were not as popular as the South African counterparts, but contemporary Kwela artists like Daniel Kachamba & His Kwela Band have enjoyed popularity. South African Kwela music was first created by Malawian immigrants who, upon moving to South Africa, fused their music with local sounds.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The word, 'Kwela', in Chichewa means 'to climb' which is similar to the South African definition, which means to "get up" or "rise". === Jazz ya ku Malawi === Malawian jazz bands also became popular. In spite of the name, Malawian jazz has little in common with its American namesake. Rural musicians played acoustic instruments, often in very traditional ways. These performers include Jazz Giants, Linengwe River Band, Mulanje Mountain Band and Chimvu Jazz. By the beginning of the 1970s, [[:en:Electric_guitar|electric guitars]] had become common and American [[:en:Rock_and_roll|rock and roll]], [[:en:Soul_music|soul]] and [[:en:Funk|funk]] influences the music scene, resulting in a fusion called afroma.{{typo help inline|date=May 2019}} [[:en:New_Scene|New Scene]], led by Morson Phuka, was the most well-known exponent of afroma. Contemporary Malawian jazz artists include [[:en:Wambali_Mkandawire|Wambali Mkandawire]], South-Africa-based [[:en:Ray_Phiri|Ray Phiri]] and US-based [[:en:Masauko_Chipembere_Jr|Masauko Chipembere Jr]]. Jazz concerts can be seen throughout Malawi. Many Malawian Jazz band perform regularly at local hotels and clubs. Sunday Jazz is a popular event in many lodges and hotels in Malawi, where it is a social event for people in the suburban areas to meet and listen to Jazz music on Sundays. === Malawi kwasa kwasa === Influenced by the 1980s music from the Congo, Malawi's own kwasa kwasa music grew. The 1980s saw [[:en:Soukous|soukous]] from the [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (then ''Zaire'') become popular, and result in a Malawian variety called [[:en:Kwasa_kwasa|kwasa kwasa]]. === Hip-hop/rap ya Malaŵi === Kwamba mu 1994, sumu za rap zazara chomene mu Malaŵi kufuma ku misumba yakutali nga ni Blantyre na [[Lilongwe]] m'paka ku mizi yakutali nga Nkhata Bay panji Chitipa. Vinthu vya rap mu Malawi vikukolerana na wayilesi na manyuzipepara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, South Africa, United Kingdom, na Caribbean ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya hip hop pa wayilesi na mavidiyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|last2=Fenn|first2=John|date=Fall 2000|title=Language Ideologies, Choices, and Practices in Eastern African Hip Hop|url=https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=eng_jou|journal=English and Cultural Studios Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Sumu za ku Malaŵi zikamba na gulu la Real Elements, awo ŵakiza na sumu za ku America ku Malaŵi. Ŵakaŵa pa channel O ndipo ŵakachitanga mu Malaŵi ndipo ŵakamba ku UK kwa banthu ŵa hip hop nga ni Blak Twang. Ŵakapanga mtundu uphya wa sumu za ku Malawi mu nthowa ya hip-hop na rap. Kufuma waka mu nyengo ya Real Elements, mtundu wa Malawi wa hip-hop wakura comene. Ici cikusazgapo Young Kay, Third Eye. Mandela Mwanza, Phyzix, Dominant 1, Incyt, Cyclone, A.B, The Basement, Pittie Boyz, The Daredevilz, Lomwe, the Legendary Barryone, Nthumwi Pixy, Biriwiri, Renegade & Pilgrim, Jay-T Pius Parsley pamoza na nyenyezi za pa caru cose nga ni Tay Grin, Gwamba, South African based St Bosseratti. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chiwonetsero cha hip hop ku Malawi chikupitilira kusintha ndi ojambula atsopano a sukulu monga Gwamba ndi Marste. Ŵa Africa ŵa ku Africa, Tsar Leo na Lxrry ndiwo ŵakutimbanizga chomene nkhani za hip hop. Makomiti gha rap na ragga agho ghakucitiskika na mawupu gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakumanyikwa comene na ŵawukirano. Cingelezi ndico cikuyowoyeka comene mu sumu za rap za ku Malawi, kusazgapo nkhani za mu manyuzipepara, kudumbiskana na ŵawukirano, na pa wayilesi. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinyake, Chichewa chikuwoneka kuŵa chiyowoyero chiwemi.<ref name=":0" /> === Nyimbo za Chiuta za ku Malawi === Sumu ya Gospel njimoza mwa sumu izo zikumanyikwa chomene mu Malawi. Vinthu ivi vikamba kumanyikwa mu ma 1990. Apo Papa Yohane Paul II wakaluta mu caru ici mu 1989, sumu za Gospel zikamba kuwoneka comene. Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Malawi ŵa gospel ni Ndirande Anglican Voices, Ethel Kamwendo-Banda, Grace Chinga, Lloyd Phiri, George Mkandawire na Chitheka Family.<ref name="nyasatimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091004194153/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/gospel-preaching-the-word-of-god-through-hip-hop-music.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004194153/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/gospel-preaching-the-word-of-god-through-hip-hop-music.html|date=October 4, 2009}}</ref> Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchita vyakusanguluska ŵakamba 'kubabikaso,' mu Malaŵi muli sumu zinandi za Gospel, comenecomene za mu matawuni. Ŵanyamata ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga na sumu za rap ni Chart Rock na The Strategy. Pasono,Template:When David (uyo kale wakaŵa Stix wa Real Elements, KBG uyo wakambiska NyaLimuziK na Gosple (Aubrey Mvula) sono ndiwo ŵakulongozga mu mtundu uwu wa gospel rap. Apo tikulutizga kusanda umo gospel hip hop panji music ya mu muzi yikukulira, tingaleka yayi kuzunura ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakwiza mu chigaŵa ichi.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} === Malawia R&B === Mtundu wa R&B wa ku Malawi ukukura chomene ndipo wafika pakumanyikwa na ŵanthu nga Maskal, Theo Thomson, Sonye na Dan Lu. Paliso ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵaphya nga ni Kumbu, Bucci, na Kell Kay, Tremone Trun. === Nyimbo za reggae za ku Malawi === Mu Malaŵi, sumu ya reggae yikutemweka comene. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, sumu ya reggae ya ku Malawi yaluta panthazi chomene, comenecomene pakati pa ŵalondezgi ŵa Rasta ku Malawi na mumphepete mwa nyanja iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza. Magulu gha sumu nga ni Black Missionaries ghazgoka ghamanyikwiro comene mu Malawi. Ŵalendo nga ni Lucius Banda, na Evison Matafale ŵakawovwira kuti sumu za ku Malawi zikwane pa charu chose. Kweniso pali magulu ghanyake gha rock reggae agho ghakuŵa na sumu zawo nga ni Fostered Legacy, Soul Raiders, na Wailing Brothers. Sumu za reggae za ku Malawi ni sumu za kulimbana. Nkhani zinandi za mu sumu iyi zikuyowoya za vinthu vyambura urunji, vimbundi na kuyana kwa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi. === Malawian traditional music and dances === Sumu za ku Malawi nazo zikwenda makora chomene, nga ni za ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakuchemeka Pamtondo, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Lomwe, Makuwa na Mang'anja. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya kale nga ni Alan Namoko, Micheal Yekha, Ndingo brothers, Millennium Sound Checks na Waliko Makhala. Mu Malaŵi, ŵanthu ŵakwimba makora chomene nga ni Manganje, Mganda, Tchopa, Beni, Malipenga, Ngoma, Chitelera, Likwata, Chiwoda, Masewe, Chimtali, Visekese, Khunju, Gule wa Mkulu na Chisamba. === Malawian pop/fusion === Ŵalendo ŵa ku Malawi ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakusazga sumu za rock, r&b, na za ku America kuti ŵapange sumu za fusion. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa ni Esau Mwamwaya, uyo sumu zake zikusazga sumu za ku Malawi, za pop na za mu tawuni. == Kupanga nyimbo == Pambere chaka cha 1968 chindafike, ku Malawi ŵakacitanga vyakujambulira pa mafoni, kweniso ku Federal Broadcasting Studios ku Lusaka, Zambia. Nzeru Record Company (NRC), yikakhazikiskika mu 1968, ndipo yikaŵa studio yakwamba ku Malawi. Ndipouli, studio iyi yikamara mu 1972 cifukwa ca suzgo la malonda..<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lwanda|first1=John|last2=Kanjo|first2=Chipo|date=2013|title=Computers, Culture and Music: the History of the Recording Industry in Malawi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23611942|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=66|issue=1|pages=23–42|jstor=23611942|issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1972 m'paka mu 1989, malekodi ghanandi ghakaŵa pa wayilesi ya Radio Malawi, iyo pamasinda yikacemekanga Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Pakuti boma ndilo likalamuliranga wayilesi iyi, mastudio agha ghakawovwiranga kuti sumu ziŵe zakutowa. Sumu izo ŵakalemba zikaŵa za pa tepi ndipo zikafumiskikanga yayi pa vinyl. Mu 1988, boma likamba kuzomerezga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge nchito na mabuku ghawo. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, masitudiyo ghacoko waka ghakaŵa mu Blantyre, Balaka, na Lilongwe. Mpingo wa ku Malawi ukajura mastudiyo gha Andiamo, uko gulu la Christian Alleluya Band likakora sumu yawo yakwamba pa kaseti mu 1988. Mu 1991, Paul Banda uyo wakwimba gitala wa Alleluya Band wakambiska Imbirani Yahwe Studios mu Balaka Town. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhumba kuŵa na studio yawo ya kujambura sumu. Pa cifukwa ici, nchakusuzga kusanga mastudio gha kwimba sumu mu caru ici, ndipo maburosha gha vyakwimba sumu ghakukhala nyengo yicoko. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Malawi, ŵanthu ŵakulemba sumu mu ma studio ghanandi. Mu tawuni ya Blantyre ndimo muli ma studio ghanandi gha ku Malawi. Ŵawukirano awo ŵakukhumba kulemba sumu yawo ŵakuyilemba mu mastudio agho ghakupeleka nthowa zakupulikizga izo zingaŵawovwira kuti ŵalembe sumu yimoza..<ref name=":0" /> == Sumu za pa caru cose == Pali wupu wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga "Radio One" ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kutegherezga mu Malawi ni Don Williams, Jim Reeves, Shaggy, Judy Boucher na ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa nga ni Lucky Dube na Brenda Fassie. == Viphikiro vya sumu == * Mu chaka cha 2004, munthu wa ku England Will Jameson wakambiska Lake of Stars Music Festival uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵa ku Malawi. Pa nyengo yasono, nyuzipepara ya The Independent na The Times ya ku Britain yikuti ni umoza wa viphikiro vya sumu viwemi comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lucinda Beaman Last updated January 29, 2012 2:31AM |date=2012-01-25 |title=The Times &#124; UK News, World News and Opinion |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article6838885.ece |access-date=2012-01-29 |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk}}</ref> * Kufuma waka apo ŵakazengera nyanja ya nyenyezi, ku Malawi kuli viphikiro vinandi, ndipo vinyake vikuchitika nyengo yitali. * Sand Fest * Tumaini ni chiphikiro chawanangwa icho chikuchitikira mu msasa wa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo wa Dzaleka. * Mu chaka cha 2021, chiphikiro cha Zomba City chikamba. Chikondwelero cha Zomba City ndi chochitika cha pachaka, chomwe chimachitika pa sabata la Labor Day. Chiphikiro cha Zomba City chikukhumba kulongora kukopa kwa Zomba ku ŵalendo ŵake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FESTIVAL – Destination Zomba & Liwonde (Malawi) |url=https://visitzomba.com/festival/ |access-date=2021-11-29 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130094645/https://visitzomba.com/festival/ |archive-date=2021-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=3-day Zomba City Festival to put Zomba on the map |url=https://www.malawitourism.com/news-blogs/3-day-zomba-city-festival-to-put-zomba-on-the-map/ |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=Malawi Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mu chaka cha 2021, Lifest, chikondwelero cha sumu chikanozgeka mu Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa Malawi. == Ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi == * Joseph Tembo * Black Missionaries * Lucius Banda * Tony Bird * Erik Paliani * Masauko Chipembere Jr * Tay Grin (Limbani Kalinani) * Evison Matafale * Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka * Esau Mwamwaya * Ritaa * Real Elements * Wambali Mkandawire * Ray Phiri * Gwamba * Zomba Prison Project * Tsar Leo * Home Grown African * Young Kay * Blasto == Maukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> * Lwanda, John. "Sounds Afroma!". 2000. In: Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. pp 533–538. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}} == Ma linki ghanyake == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230329155514/https://keepitmusic.com/ keepitmusic.com] * [http://www.malawi-music.com/ malawi-music.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230129015013/http://joynathu.com/ joynathu.com] * [http://mikozinetwork.com/ mikozinetwork.com] * [http://musicofmalawi.wordpress.com/ musicofmalawi.wordpress.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230317043647/https://lakeofstars.org/ lakeofstars.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721051608/http://gondwanasound.com/news/2012/07/12/kenny-gilmore-and-deep-roots-malawi Interview with Kenny Gilmore director of Deep Roots Malawi] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXBnz9uFGmg&feature=g-upl Deep Roots Malawi the Official Film directed by Kenny Gilmore]{{Music of Africa}} fsaadcpzkb4gwm7ss4cc1wfxplc608h 0 19344 122713 122371 2026-09-28T03:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122713 wikitext text/x-wiki Ŵakupharazga mu [[Malaŵi]] ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakupambanapambana: TV, wayilesi, mafilimu, manyuzipepara, magazini, na mawebusayiti. Malaŵi nayo wali na makampani gha sumu agho ghakukura. Ŵapharazgi ŵakuŵa ŵa boma panji ŵa boma yayi. == Wayilesi == {{see also|List of radio stations in Africa#Malawi}} Wayilesi ya ku Malawi yikupharazga mu vigaŵa viŵiri: FM, AM. Ma wayilesi gha ku Malaŵi ni MBC 1 na MBC 2 agho ghakulongozgeka na Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Siteshoni ya wayilesi ya boma iyi yikusazgapo Zodiak Broadcasting Station, na Capital Radio Malawi.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2001 |title=Malawi: South African Investor Buys Stake in Malawi Radio |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200101080121.html |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZODIAK MALAWI ONLINE |url=https://zodiakmalawi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=119 |url-status=dead |website=zodiakmalawi.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115103628/http://zodiakmalawi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=119 |archivedate=January 15, 2013}}</ref> Wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) wapeleka malaisensi ku mawayilesi ghaphya kuti ghatumizge mauthenga gha pa wayilesi mu Malawi. Ivi vikusazgapo Matindi, GoodNews, na Mwadama. == Wayilesi ya vithuzi vyakulongola (TV) == {{main|Television in Malawi}} TV mu Malawi yikwendeskeka na wupu wa MACRA. Charu ichi chili na mawayilesi 20 agho ghakupharazga pa Intaneti mu 2016..<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Misa-Malawi hail JB govt for issuing 15 broadcasting licenses &#124; Nyasa Times Malawi breaking news in Malawi<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/07/25/misa-malawi-hail-jb-govt-for-issuing-15-broadcasting-licenses/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728021720/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/07/25/misa-malawi-hail-jb-govt-for-issuing-15-broadcasting-licenses/ |archivedate=July 28, 2012}}</ref> Ivi vikusazgapo Times Group, Timveni, Adventist, na Beta. == Vithuzi vyakwenda == {{main|Cinema of Malawi}} Makampani gha mafilimu mu Malaŵi ghacali kwamba waka, kweni kwa vilimika vinandi, vinthu vinyake vyasintha ndipo vyapangiska kuti paŵe viphikiro vya mafilimu. Ku Malawi kuli chiphikiro cha mafilimu icho chikamba mu 2009. Muwoneski wakumanyikwa chomene ni Shemu Joyah uyo ni producer na wakupangiska mafilimu wa ku Malawi uyo wakapangiska Season of a life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Malawian film gets first nominations at international festivals &#124; Nyasa Times Malawi breaking news in Malawi<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/10/26/new-malawian-film-gets-first-nominations-at-international-festivals/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074410/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/10/26/new-malawian-film-gets-first-nominations-at-international-festivals/ |archive-date=2012-11-03}}</ref> Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Malawi ni Michael Usi na Tapiwa Gwaza. Ŵanthu ŵangagura mafilimu mu nyumba zakuzengeka panji ku malo ghakuwonera mafilimu. == Manyuzipepara == {{main|List of newspapers in Malawi}} Wupu wa Malawi News Agency (MANA) ndiwo ni wupu ukuru chomene mu Malawi. Likakhazikiskika mu 1966 kuti lipelekenge na kupanga nkhani za boma. Kweniso likuwunjika nkhani za mu vyaru vyose. Magazini iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2012. Nyuzipepara yakale comene ya mu caru ici ni The Daily Times. Manyuzipepara agho ghakupharazgika comene mu caru cose ni The Daily Times na The Nation. Vyose ivi vikuguliskika mu misumba yinandi ya ku Malawi. Kweniso manyuzipepara ghanandi ghakusangika pa Intaneti. Kweniso nyuzipepara za pa Intaneti zikukura chomene. Ivi vikusazgapo manyuzipepara agho ghali na ndalama za wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi nga ni Leeds, England based Nyasatimes, Atlanta, US based Maravi Post na Malawi24 based in Blantyre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyasa Times Editors Seek Asylum in Britain<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/nyasa-times-editors-seek-asylum-in-britain-92340579/160278.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=You are being redirected... |url=http://www.maravipost.com/about-maravipost.html |url-status=dead |website=www.maravipost.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623202940/http://maravipost.com/about-maravipost.html |archivedate=June 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi News sources |url=http://allafrica.com/list/publisher/editorial/editorial/cat/malawi/most/posted.html |website=[[AllAfrica]] |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> == Magazini == {{See also|List of Malawi magazines}} Malaŵi wali na magazini gha Chingelezi na Chichewa agho ghakupharazgika mu charu chose, mu vigaŵa, panji mu msumba. == Intaneti == Ku Malawi kwasazgikira ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti, chomene pa Twitter, Facebook. Ku Malawi nako kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba mabulogu. Social Media yikovwira chomene kuti vinthu viŵe vyakutowa mu Malawi. Likukolerana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2012. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Communications_in_Malawi|Communications in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_Malawian_writers|List of Malawian writers]] == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == * {{cite journal|title=Printing Presses and Publishing in Malawi|author=Steve S. Mwiyeriwa|journal=[[Society of Malawi, Historical and Scientific|Society of Malawi]] Journal|volume=31|jstor=29778404|year=1978}} * {{cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|series=Regional Surveys of the World|publisher=[[Europa Publications]]|year=2004|isbn=1857431839|chapter=Malawi: Directory: Broadcasting and Communications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC|page=673|ref={{harvid|Europa|2004}}}} * {{citation|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/malawi|title=Malawi|work=[[Freedom of the Press (report)|Freedom of the Press]]|oclc=57509361|year=2015|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|location=USA|ref={{harvid|Freedom House|2015}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626224743/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/malawi|access-date=2026-09-25|archive-date=2017-06-26}} == Ma linki ghakuwalo == * [http://www.sdnp.org.mw/macra/ MACRA Online] {{Malawi topics}}{{Africa topic|Media of}} otr3xgr7wa1vh8j08ke73vhuhzso7z5 0 19345 122566 53977 2026-09-28T01:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} Wupu wa vyaumoyo ku [[Malaŵi]] na ivyo uli navyo vikukwana yayi kuti uleke kusuzga ŵanthu, kusazgapo ŵana awo ŵakufwa na matenda ghanandi, comenecomene HIV/AIDS, maleriya na TB. == Mbili == [[File:David_Gordon_Memorial_Hospital.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Gordon_Memorial_Hospital.jpg|thumb|Chipatala cha David Gordon Memorial ku [[Livingstonia, Malawi|Livingstonia]]]] Malaŵi wali na ndondomeko ya munkhwala ya vigaŵa vitatu. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu yikulembeka mu mabuku agho ghakuyana waka na ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Vinthu ivi vikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵanthu, kusoŵa maluso ghakukhumbikwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, kuchepa kwa vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, vimbundi, kuleka kujipeleka pa vya ndyali, kusoŵa ndalama zakukwana, kuleka kuŵika vyakukhumbikwa pakunozga bajeti, kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵalije chikanga. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose (World Health Organization Report), Malawi wali pa nambara 185 pa vyaru 190. Tingaŵa na cithuzithuzi ciwemi ca ndyali para tikumanya kuti ndyali panji kuti kulije. Ku malo agha kulije munkhwala wakovwira para kwacitika ngozi, moto, panji para kwacitika vigeŵenga. Para ŵanthu ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri uwu, ŵakweneraso kulipira. Vipatala vichoko waka vya ŵanthu ŵekha mu misumba yikuru ya Blantyre na Lilongwe ndivyo vili na magalimoto ghachoko waka agho ghakuŵa nga ni magalimoto gha munkhwala. Mu Epulero 2012, pulezidenti wa boma uyu wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima cifukwa ca kupeleŵera munkhwala mu gulu la ŵadokotala ŵa pulezidenti kweniso ku chipatala uko wakalutanga. Mu 2016, ku Malawi kukaŵa dokotala yumoza pera uyo wakaŵa dokotala wa mtima. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika sonosono apa, wakulongora kuti ŵalwari awo ŵakulwara matenda agho ghakukhumba vinjeru na vinthu vinyake, nga ni matenda gha mtima panji matenda gha mu wongo, ŵakusuzgika chomene na matenda agha. Mu Malaŵi mulije wupu wakupeleka wovwiri wa vya munkhwala. Malaŵi ndiyo yili pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake ivyo vilije nkhondo, kweni vichali na maofesi gha munkhwala ghachoko chomene. Ku caru cose palije ndondomeko yakulongosolera ndopa. Mankhwala ghanandi agho ghakupelekeka mu vipatala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ghalipo yayi. Pa misika ya vyakurya pali munkhwala uwo uli kukanizgika pa caru cose. Pansipa pali ndondomeko ya mmene dongosolo la zaumoyo likugwirira ntchito monga momwe linafalitsidwira ndi dipatimenti ya boma la Malawi yoyang'anira zaumoyo. == Ntchito zaumoyo == Ntchito zaumoyo mu Malawi zikupelekeka na boma, maboma gha private for profit (PFP), na private not for profit (PNFP). Unduna wa vyaumoyo (MOH) ndiwo ukuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. 63% ya maofesi gha boma ghakupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo, 37% ghakupeleka wovwiri wa Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM), ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa vyaumoyo kwizira mu wupu wa private. Ŵadokotala na mawupu ghanyake ghakupeleka wovwiri na munkhwala kwa munthu payekha.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Malawi">{{cite book|last=Kalinga|first=Owen|title=Historical Dictionary of Malawi|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-81085961-6}}</ref> == Vinthu vya boma == Wupu wa boma ukupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala kwawanangwa ndipo uli na magulu ghatatu. Pali ndondomeko ya ŵanthu awo ŵakutumika ku maofesi agha. Maofesi gha boma agho ghakupeleka mauteŵeti gha boma ni Unduna wa vya Umoyo (MOH), mawupu gha vigaŵa, gha matawuni, na gha misumba, Unduna wa vya Vyankhondo, na Unduna wa Vyamukati na wa Wovwiri wa Ŵanthu (Police and Prisons). Maofesi agha ghakukolerana na Unduna wa vya Umoyo na Umoyo. Ŵalwari ŵakunjira mu wupu uwu para ŵafika pa chigaŵa chakwamba ndipo para ŵakukhumbikwira ŵakuluta ku chigaŵa chinyake. Ndipouli, vinthu vya munkhwala na vya ŵanthu vikwenda mwakupambana. Vinthu ivyo vilipo sono ni vichoko chomene ndipo pakwamba vikupelekeka ku malo ghapachanya chomene.<ref name="Selfcare4Yu">{{cite web |title=Selfcare4Yu |url=https://selfcare4yu.com/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811112418/https://selfcare4yu.com/ |archive-date=2021-08-11}}</ref> === Kupwelelela kwkwamba === Vipatala vikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Malawi. Vinthu ivi ni maofesi gha munthavi, maofesi gha munthavi na ghambura munthavi, malo ghakupwelelera ŵalwari, maofesi gha munthavi, na maofesi gha munthavi. Pa chigaŵa chakwamba (chigaŵa chachitatu), vipatala vili na vipatala vyakugonerapo, vipatala vyakugonerapo para mwana wababika, vipatala vyakugonerapo, ndipo vingapeleka wovwiri wa ŵalwari ŵakufumira kuwaro, wovwiri wakulera ŵana, na wovwiri wakulera ŵana.<ref name="Citation for chart (Malawi plan)">{{cite journal|journal=Malawi National Health Plan 1999-2004|volume=2: National Health Faciliites}}</ref> Usange mulwari wali na suzgo likuru chomene, ŵakuchimbilira ku chipatala chinyake. === Kupwelelela kwachiŵili === Chipatala ichi chili na vipatala 26 ivyo vili mu vigaŵa vyose vya Malawi. Vipatala ivi vili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti vipelekenge wovwiri wakuyana waka na wa ku chipatala cha vipatala vyakwambilira (ivyo vyayowoyeka pachanya apa). === Kupwelelera ŵalwari === Chipatala chimoza pa vipatala vinayi vikuruvikuru ivyo vili mu misumba yikuruvikuru ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri wapachanya. Vipatala ivi vikupambana na vipatala vinyake chifukwa vili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana..<ref name="Malawi Health System">{{cite web |title=Malawi's Health and Educational Systems |url=https://seedglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Malawis-Health-and-Educational-Systems.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805040602/https://seedglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Malawis-Health-and-Educational-Systems.pdf |archive-date=August 5, 2021 |access-date=2013-10-15}}</ref> == Bajeti ya vyaumoyo == [[File:Meeting_mothers_and_midwives_(7513818110).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_mothers_and_midwives_(7513818110).jpg|thumb|Andrew Mitchell, Secretary of State for International Development wa ku Britain, wakaluta ku malo ghakuŵalisira ŵana ku Malawi]] Mwakuyana na ivyo Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukayowoya vya Malawi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyaumoyo zakwera comene. Kufuma mu 2002 kufika mu 2011, ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa umoyo wa ŵanthu (PPP int.) zikukwera kufuma pa $27.2 kufika pa $77.0 ndipo ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa umoyo wa ŵanthu (PPP int.) zikukwera kufuma pa $16.4 kufika pa $56.5. Kafukufuku uyu wakulongora kuti boma la Malawi likuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya cipatala. Kweniso vikulongora kuti boma la Malawi likuŵika mtima comene pa vya umoyo. Kufuma mu 2002 m'paka mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo boma likupeleka ku vya umoyo chikakwera kufuma pa 13% kufika pa 18.5%. Ndalama zinandi izo boma likupeleka ku vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Malawi, vikukolerana na kuchepa kwa wovwiri wa vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2009, ndalama zakufumira ku vyaru vinyake zikaŵa na 97.4% ya ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo. Mu 2017 89% ya ndopa za ku Malawi zikapelekeka kwizira mu ŵanthu awo ŵakapeleka ndalama.<ref name="Developing pharmacy in Malawi">{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=David|title=Developing pharmacy in Malawi|url=http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/20202748.article|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=Pharmaceutical Journal|date=4 July 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Ndalama zakwendeskera vyaumoyo (USD 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Health Spending 1995-2017 {{!}} GHDx |url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/global-health-spending-1995-2017 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=ghdx.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Expected Health Spending 2018-2050 {{!}} GHDx |url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/global-expected-health-spending-2018-2050 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=ghdx.healthdata.org |language=en}}</ref> !Chaka !Prepaid Private Spending !Out-of-Pocket Spending !Government Spending !Development Assistance for Health !Pamoza |- |1995 |1 |3 |4 |5 |13 |- |2005 |1 |2 |4 |12 |19 |- |2015 |2 |4 |10 |25 |41 |- |2025 |3 |5 |11 |26 |45 |- |2035 |4 |6 |15 |25 |50 |- |2045 |5 |7 |19 |26 |57 |} == Awo ŵakugwira ntchito zaumoyo == Pa lipoti la vyaumoyo la Malawi, ilo likalembeka kaumaliro mu Meyi 2013, wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose ukati pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 0.2 pera na ŵasilikari 3.4 pera. Ku Malaŵi kulije ŵantchito ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira ntchito za munkhwala. Kweniso, ŵantchito ŵa munkhwala awo ŵalipo mbakugaŵikana mwambura kwenelera. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti paŵe suzgo ili ni maofesi gha munkhwala agho ghakusambizga ŵanthu vya munkhwala. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Malawi wakaleka kusambizga ŵantchito ŵakovwira ŵanesi na ŵantchito ŵakovwira ŵadokotala. Mu 2001, sukulu iyi yikambiraso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambire vya munkhwala. Mu 2005, Malawi yikamba kufiska pulogiramu yake ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu iyo yikulaŵiska comene pa kusazgirako ŵantchito awo ŵali kusambizgika vya munkhwala, kusazgirako malipiro gha awo ŵakugwira nchito mu vipatala, na kuŵakhozga. Mu 2017, mu charu ichi mukaŵa ŵadokotala pafupifupi 200, ndipo 10 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa mu vipatala. Vipatala vinandi vikuŵavya dokotala wa munkhwala, ndipo mu myezi yinkhondi na umoza vikumazga munkhwala wose uwo ŵapika..<ref name="Developing pharmacy in Malawi" /><gallery mode="packed" caption="Staff at Nkhoma Mission Hospital"> Nurse with neonate.jpg|Nurse with neonate. Clinic visit.jpg|A clinic visit. Ophthalmology Rotation.jpg|Ophtalmology rotation. Doctor's discussing a patient.jpg|Discussion of a patient. </gallery> == Kufika ku maofesi gha munkhwala == Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakusuzgika na suzgo la umoyo. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici, 46% pera ndiwo ŵakukhala kufupi na malo gha cipatala. Nangauli maofesi ghanandi ghakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu ghalije malipiro, kweni kanandi pakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi kuti munthu walute ku chipatala. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri kweni ŵangakwaniska yayi kulipira ndalama zakwendakwenda, ŵakopa yayi. Para munthu wakufumako ku chipatala cha ku mizi wakuluta ku chipatala cha ku chigaŵa panji ku chipatala cha ku chigaŵa wakuluta ku chipatala cha ku msumba, vinthu vikusuzga. Sonosono apa, Medobal Healthcare yikawovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. == Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵawovwire == Unduna wa vyaumoyo ukuyowoya mwakudumura ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti wovwiri wa vyaumoyo uŵe uwemi mu Malawi. * Vyakovwira vya ŵanakazi na ŵana awo ŵandafike vyaka 5 vyasazgikira * Kupereka wovwiri wa munkhwala uwemi mu maofesi ghose * Ntchito zaumoyo ku ŵanthu zikukhozgeka * Kuŵikapo mtima na urunji pakugwiliskira ntchito makora ndalama * Kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala * Kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya makora ntchito yawo * Kukhwimiskika kwa kukolerana na ubwezi mu vigaŵa vya umoyo * Ndalama zose za mu cigaŵa ca vyaumoyo zikasazgikira Vilato ivi vyafiskika munthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu 2002, Malawi yikalemba ndondomeko ya kuchepeska ukavu iyo yikaŵa na ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo. EHP yikapangika kufuma ku malipoti agho Wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (World Health Organization) ukapeleka mu 2002. Ntchito yake yikulaŵiska comene pa nkhani 11 izo zikukhwaska comene ŵakavu. Mu 2004, boma la Malawi, pamoza na ŵanyawo, likanozga pulogiramu ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza (POW) iyo yikajintha pa EHP ndipo yikalongozga pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya umoyo wose (SWAp). Mu 2007, ndondomeko iyi yikasintha na kuŵa ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo, iyo yikamba kugwira nchito mu 2007 m'paka 2011. Kuwona umo vinthu vikwendera, nga ni ivyo vikuchitika na ndondomeko ya SWAp, nkhwakusuzga comene cifukwa cakuti palije ndondomeko yakulembamo ŵanthu. Mu chaka cha 2019, Mulara wa Unduna wa vya Umoyo, Bestone Chisamile, wakati: "Kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama mu ŵanthu awo ŵali na umoyo uwemi ni nthowa yakovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa charu. Ntheura nkhuwonga comene kuti gulu la Medobal likukhumba kovwira maboma gha mu cigaŵa ici kuti ghaŵe na maluso ghakusazgirako luso lawo. Chisamile wakalongosora kuti kukhazikiskika kwa kampani iyi mu Malawi kukung'anamula kuti kupwelelera umoyo wa munthu waliyose ni udindo wa waliyose. Iyo wakati kukhazikiskika kwa Medobal mu Malawi kukovwira vyaru kuti vicitenge vinthu mwaluŵiro kwizira mu ndondomeko yiweme na yakukolerana.<ref name="nyasatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-26 |title=India's Medobal Health opens branch in Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/indias-medobal-health-opens-branch-in-malawi/ |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kupokera ndalama za Global Health Initiative == Kuchepa kwa ŵantchito ŵa vyaumoyo ku Malawi kukupangiska kuti ndalama za Global Health Initiatives (GHI) zileke kugwiliskirika nchito makora. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zaumoyo, nga nkhulwara HIV/AIDS, kanandi kukupangiska kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵantchito awo ŵakumanya vinandi yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala chikure. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka mu 2010, apo Malawi wakapokera ndalama zinandi za GHI kufuma ku Global Fund kuti zikovwire kulimbana na AIDS, TB, na maleriya, pakaŵa kusazgikira kwa ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito pa vigaŵa vyose vya wupu wa vyaumoyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira ntchito za ku chipatala ŵali kupokera malipiro ghanandi.<ref name="Health workforce responses to global health initiatives funding: a comparison of Malawi and Zambia">{{cite journal|last=Brugha|first=Ruairí|author2=John Kadzandira|author3=Joseph Sumbaya|author4=Patrick Dicker|author5=Victor Mwapasa|author6=Aisling Walsh|title=Health workforce responses to global health initiatives funding: a comparison of Malawi and Zambia|journal=Human Resources for Health|date=11 August 2010|doi=10.1186/1478-4491-8-19|pmid=20701749|volume=8|pages=19|pmc=2925328}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{Africa in topic|Health in}}{{Africa topic|Healthcare in}} l759ry2e3d0xo2k72mmijusy8evuta6 0 19858 122501 117918 2026-09-28T00:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National economy}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox economy|country=Malawi|image=|image_size=300px|caption=[[Lilongwe]], the [[financial centre]] of Malawi|currency=[[Malawian kwacha]] (MWK)|year=1 July - 30 June|organs=[[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Area|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]|group={{plainlist| *[[Least developed countries|Least Developed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Low-income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}|gdp={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $7.522 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> *{{increase}} $25.167 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|gdp rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|144th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|138th (PPP, 2019)]]}}|growth={{plainlist| *4.0%&nbsp;(2017) 3.5%&nbsp;(2018) *4.4%&nbsp;(2019e) 4.8%&nbsp;(2020f)<ref name="World Bank">{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693.pdf |title=Global Economic Prospects, January 2020 : Slow Growth, Policy Challenges |page=147 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>}}|per capita={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $371 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/> *{{increase}} $1,240 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|per capita rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|183rd (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|182nd (PPP, 2018)]]}}|sectors=agriculture 29.4%, industry 15.8%, services 56.1% (2016 est.)|inflation=8.4% (2020 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>|poverty={{plainlist| *51.5% (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731003039/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MW&name_desc=false |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> *70.3% on less than $1.90/day (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|gini=44.7 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>|hdi={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.485 {{color|red|low}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|172nd]]) *0.346 [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>}}|labor={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 8,156,049 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor force, total - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> *39.1% employment rate (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|occupations=agriculture: 76.9%, industry: 4.1%, services: 19% (2013 est.)|unemployment rate=20.4% (2013 est.)|edbr={{increase}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|109th (medium, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/malawi |title=Ease of Doing Business in Malawi |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=2017-01-24 }}</ref>|industries=|exports=$1.443 billion (2017 est.)|export-goods=tobacco (55%), dried legumes (8.8%), sugar (6.7%), tea (5.7%), cotton (2%), peanuts, coffee, soy (2015 est.)|export-partners=Zimbabwe 13.1%, Mozambique 11.8%, Belgium 10.7%, South Africa 6.3%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.7%, Germany 4.3%, US 4.2% (2017)|imports=$2.388 billion (2017 est.)|import-goods=food, petroleum products, semi-manufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment|import-partners=South Africa 20.7%, China 14.2%, India 11.6%, UAE 7%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)|FDI=$129.5 million (2014)|debt=50.8% of GDP (2013 est.)|gross external debt=$1.861 billion (2017 est.)|revenue=$1.347 billion (2013 est.)|expenses=$1.4 billion (2013 est.)|reserves=$364.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)|credit=|aid=$1.174 million (2012)|cianame=south-africa|spelling=UK}} [[File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] market.]] '''Chuma cha Malawi c'''hili na ndalama zakukwana $7.522 billion pa GDP pa chaka cha 2019, ndipo chikupangika chomene na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo vindapulikiske makora. Mu 2017, vyakurya vikapangiska pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma ku wupu wa IMF, World Bank, na vyaru vinyake. Boma lili na masuzgo ghakuru comene: kukhozga vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kunozga masukulu na maofesi gha munkhwala, kumazga masuzgo gha makuni, na HIV/AIDS mu Africa. Malaŵi ni caru cambura kukura comene kuyana na wupu wa United Nations. == Ulimi == {{main|Ulimi mu Malaŵi}} {{see also|Tobacco industry}} Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico Malawi wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni hona, uyo wakapangiska pafupifupi cigaŵa cacitatu (30%) ca ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake mu 2012. Mu 2000, caru ici cikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyakurya vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cikuthemba comene hona, cuma cikusuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya hona pa caru cose yikukhizga ndipo caru cose cikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa comene. Malaŵi wakuthemba chomene hona, ndipo kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2008, hona wakwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.<ref>CIA World Factbook</ref><ref>J. Tyler Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', 43rd edition, Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. p. 278</ref> [[File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|thumb|240x240px|A Malawi [[:en:Tea|tea]] estate]] Charu ichi chikuthemba chomene pa tiyi, mkaka na khofi, ndipo vyakurya ivi pamoza na hona vikupangiska kuti Malawi wapokere ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 1878, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumwa tiyi. Viŵeto vinandi vikulimika mu Mulanje na Thyolo. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, mbuto, mbuto za mbuto, ng'ombe na mbuzi. Makampani gha hona na gha shuga ndigho ghakupanga vinthu vinandi. Kwamba kale, charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo mu ma 1980, chikaguliskanga vyakurya vinandi ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu ichi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵali mu vyaru ivi ŵakulima. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵakupanda vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni chimanga, nyungu, mpunga, maniyu, hona, na phere. Usambazi wa ndalama ukuŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika mu Malawi vili kuzingilizga msumba wa Blantyre. Nyanja ya Malawi na ya Chilwa ni zinandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakutemwa chomene somba. Somba zakomira zikupelekekaso ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵa somba na mawoko. Ndipouli, Maldeco Fisheries yili na maboti ghanandi ghakuloŵeska somba ndipo yikuliska viŵeto vya somba kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Somba zakomira pa cirwa ca Likoma Malaŵi walije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa na Australia ukulima uranium mu migodi kufupi na Karonga. Ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuguliska vinthu, izo zingaŵa kuti ni 30 peresenti ya ndalama izo ŵakuguliska, zikovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Malaŵi wakwenera kwiza na mafuta ghose agho wakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo vikusuzga ni ukavu wa ŵantchito ŵakumanya nchito, suzgo la kusanga vyakuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagwirenge nchito, maburoko, vimbundi, kweniso misewu, magesi, maji, na mawupu agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu Malawi. Ndipouli, vinthu ivyo boma lacita sonosono apa kuti liŵawovwire kunozga misewu, pamoza na cigaŵa ca ŵekha mu vyalo vya njanji na vya kwendera matelefoni, vyapangiska kuti malo gha ndalama ghaŵe ghakutowa comene. Munthu wakuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa msewu ku Blantyre Ivi ni vigaŵa 20 vya viŵelengero vya vyakurya vya ku Malawi mu 2009. (Maukaboni ghambura kuzomerezgeka ghafuma ku FAO) <ref name="faostat.fao.org">{{Cite web |title=Faostat |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-13}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Mbewu !Ndalam mu [[:en:Geary–Khamis_dollar|International dollars]] (1000) !Production in [[:en:Ton|tonnes]] ![[:en:FAO|FAO]] source |- |[[:en:Maize|Maize]] |462,330 |3,582,500 | |- |[[:en:Cassava|Cassava]] |404,764 |3,823,240 | |- |[[:en:Tobacco|Tobacco]] |331,542 |208,155 | |- |[[:en:Peanut|Groundnuts]] |116,638 |275,176 | |- |[[:en:Banana|Bananas]] (excluding plantains) |95,152 |400,000 |F |- |[[:en:Sugar_cane|Sugar cane]] |82,093 |2,500,000 |F |- |Indigenous [[:en:Beef_cattle|cattle meat]] |80,688 |0 | |- |[[:en:Pigeon_pea|Pigeon peas]] |80,274 |184,156 | |- |[[:en:Pulse_(legume)|Beans, dry]] |75,706 |164,712 | |- |[[:en:Fruit|Fresh fruit]] |74,456 |213,321 |Im |- |[[:en:Plantain_(cooking)|Plantains]] |72,634 |351,812 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Pork|pig meat]] |68,788 |0 | |- |[[:en:Tea|Tea]] |55,895 |52,559 |P |- |Indigenous [[:en:Goat_meat|goat meat]] |53,512 |0 | |- |[[:en:Mango|Mangoes]], [[:en:Mangosteen|mangosteens]] and [[:en:Guava|guavas]] |49,527 |82,659 |Im |- |[[:en:Cotton#Uses|Cotton lint]] |39,017 |27,300 |F |- |[[:en:Rice|Paddy rice]] |36,896 |135,988 | |- |[[:en:Vegetables|Fresh vegetables]] |30,530 |162,012 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Chicken|chicken meat]] |25,713 |0 | |- |[[:en:Cowpea|Cow peas]] |18,073 |72,082 | |} <small>Key: F : FAO estimate, Im: FAO data based on imputation methodology, P : Provisional official data</small> == Kachimbililo ka malonda == Pa chithuzithuzi ichi pali vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikachitika mu 1980 na 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=12&pr.y=11 |access-date=2018-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !1980 !1985 !1990 !1995 !2000 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 |- |GDP in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |2.42 bil. |3.46 bil. |4.52 bil. |5.75 bil. |7.73 bil. |9.76 bil. |10.53 bil. |11.85 bil. |13.00 bil. |14.19 bil. |15.35 bil. |16.43 bil. |17.05 bil. |18.22 bil. |19.61 bil. |20.40 bil. |21.13 bil. |22.37 bil. |- |GDP per capita in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |368 |449 |450 |539 |640 |714 |750 |820 |876 |929 |977 |1,016 |1,025 |1,065 |1,114 |1,127 |1,134 |1,167 |- |GDP growth <small>(real)</small> |0.4 % |4.6 % |5.7 % |13.8 % |0.8 % |3.3 % |4.7 % |9.6 % |7.6 % |8.3 % |6.9 % |4.9 % |1.9 % |5.2 % |5.7 % |3.0 % |2.3 % |4.0 % |- |Inflation <small>(in Percent)</small> |19.2 % |10.6 % |11.9 % |83.1 % |29.6 % |15.4 % |13.9 % |8.0 % |8.7 % |8.4 % |7.4 % |7.6 % |21.3 % |28.3 % |23.8 % |21.9 % |21.7 % |11.5 % |- |Government debt <small>(Pct. of GDP)</small> |... |... |... |... |... |107 % |28 % |28 % |36 % |36 % |30 % |31 % |44 % |59 % |55 % |61 % |60 % |59 % |} == Industry == Mu 2013, viŵaro vya Malawi vikaŵa 10.7% pa GDP. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, vyakuzenga, vinthu vyakugwiliskira nchito, simenti, vyakurya vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba na hona. Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵike vinthu vinandi mu vyakurya na kwambiska malonda pa caru cose, vikutimbanizgika comene cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika, ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira makora, ndiposo suzgo la malonda. Kuti viŵawovwire kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa na matekinoloje ghaphya, ndondomeko ya vyamalonda iyo yikapelekeka mu 2013, yikovwira kuti ŵagwirenge makora ntchito pa kafukufuku wa pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵamanye makora vya matekinoloje agho ghalipo. Pa nyengo yeneiyo pera, boma la Russia lakwezga ndalama izo likugwiliskira nchito pa kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga kufika pa 1% ya GDP. === Food and beverages === Vipasi na vipasi vinandi vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kweni vyakurya vyakunozgeka vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1965, Carlsberg yikajura kampani yake yakwamba ya kupanga moŵa kuwaro kwa Denmark mu msumba wa Blantyre. Kweniso kampani iyi yikupanga mabotolo gha vyakurya vya Coca-Cola. Mu 2013, ku Salima kukajulika malo ghakupangira mango kuti ghapange vipasi. Universal Industries yikugwira nchito mu mafakitale ghanandi gha vyakurya mu Blantyre, uko yikupanga maswiti, chips, mabisiketi, mkaka, vyakurya vya soya na vyakurya vya ŵana. Khofi na tiyi vikupangika na makampani ghaŵiri mu vigaŵa vya Thyolo, Mulanje na kuzingilizga Mzuzu. === Pharmaceutical companies === Malaŵi wali na makampani ghanayi gha vyakurya. Ŵakupanga minkhwala yinandi yayi, comenecomene iyo yikukhumbikwa comene pa msika. Makampani agha ni Pharmanova Ltd., agho ndigho ghakupanga munkhwala ukuru comene mu Malawi, ndipo ghakulondezgapo ni SADM, Malawi Pharmacies (Pharmaceuticals Limited) na Kentam Products Limited.<ref name="who.int">[https://www.who.int/hiv/amds/countries/mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs.pdf A Survey of Policy and Practice on the Use of Access to MedicinesRelated TRIPs Flexibilities in Malawi]</ref> === Forestry === [[File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|thumb|Lady carrying a solar panel.]] Nkhorongo zikuruzikuru izo ŵanthu ŵakuzenga zili mu mapiri gha Viphya, kuzingilizga Mulanje na Zomba. Makuni agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakuzenga na kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba ni nchito yakuzirwa comene mu vigaŵa ivi. Ndipouli, vigaŵa vinandi mu Malaŵi vikuparanyika cifukwa ca kukora makuni mwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma kuti ŵapange malasha. === Electricity === Boma la Malawi ndilo likupeleka magesi ku charu ichi. Malire agho ghalipo ghali pafupifupi 351MW. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa 100 ŵali na magesi, kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka na World Bank mu 2014. Charu ichi chikuŵa na suzgo la kuŵavya magesi chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chapangiska kuti magesi ghachepe chomene. Mlonga uwu ukupangiska magesi ghakukwana 300MW, ndipo ukupeleka 98 peresenti ya magesi ghose gha mu Malawi. Ndipouli, kuyana na fundo za wupu wa ESCOM, chilangalanga chikapangiska kuti nkhongono iyi yichepe kufika pa 160 MW..<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/malawi-blackouts-drought-hydro-power|title=Malawi suffers blackouts as drought exposes 98% reliance on hydro power|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2017-12-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Services == Vigaŵa vya mautumiki vikupangiska 51.7% ya GDP ya Malawi. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa comene ni gha vyaulendo, malonda, kwendeska vinthu, masambiro, maofesi gha munkhwala, kwendera mawoko, na mabanki. Boma la Malawi lili na masheya mu makampani ghanandi ghakuzirwa, nga ni Malawian Airlines (51%) na Press Corporation Limited. Press Corporation Ltd. ni kampani yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, ndipo yili na mabungwe ghanyake mu vyaru nga ni hona, banki, shuga, somba, kupanga ethanol, kupanga njere, malonda, kwendera mawoko na mafuta. == International support == Kwambira mu 1981, Malawi wachita ndondomeko ya kunozga vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko iyi ni kukhwimiska nchito za boma na kucitako vinthu vinyake mwa kulekeska kwendeska mitengo na kupeleka malayisensi ku makampani, kulekeska malonda gha vyamalonda na kusinthiska ndalama, kunozga misonkho, kupanikizgira mabungwe gha boma, na kunozga uteŵeti wa boma. Malaŵi wakeneranga kupokera wovwiri wa kuchepeska ngongoli ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi (HIPC) ndipo pasono wakunozgaso ndondomeko yake ya kuchepeska ukavu. Malaŵi wali na mapangano gha malonda na vyaru viŵiri vikuruvikuru, vya South Africa na Zimbabwe. Boma likukumana na masuzgo nga nkhupanga makora masukulu na maofesi gha vyaumoyo mu Malaŵi - ivyo ni vyakuzirwa comene cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS - kweniso masuzgo gha cilengiwa nga nkhutema makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, na dongo ilo ndakughanda. [[File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Former President [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] of Malawi spoke about the country's recent unilateral agricultural reforms at the [[:en:World_Economic_Forum|World Economic Forum]] on Africa at the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], September 2008.]] === Move towards economic independence === Mu 2006, cifukwa ca kucepa kwa vyakurya, Malawi, kwizira mwa pulezidenti Bingu Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vya cuma, wakambiska pulogiramu ya kupeleka vyakurya vyakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kulima. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa caru ici, yikovwira kuti ulimi wa ku Malawi uŵe uwemi comene, ndipo yikupangiska kuti Malawi waŵe wakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi. Ndipouli, masuzgo gha vyachuma ghakachepa chomene mu nyengo ya Mutharika. Vyakudandawura vya vyachuma ndivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi 2011, ku Malawi kuŵe vivulupi vya vyachuma. == Economic indicators == Viŵelengero ivi vyafuma mu buku la CIA World Factbook, pekha usange pali vinyake. '''GDP:''' purchasing power parity = $22.37 billion (2017 est.) [[File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Interest rates advertised by Malawi Savings Bank in Nchalo, Malawi on 30 September 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Exchange rates advertised by a currency trader in [[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] on 7 October 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Reserve Bank of Malawi Mzuzu Branch under construction in [[:en:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]], a fast-growing city. July 2008]] '''GDP - real growth rate:''' 4% (2017 est.) '''GDP - per capita:''' purchasing power parity - $1200 (2017 est.) '''GDP - composition by sector:''' ''agriculture:'' 28.1% ''industry:'' 15.8% ''services:'' 56.1% (2016 est.) '''Population below poverty line:''' 50.7% (2010 est.) '''Inflation rate (consumer prices):''' 23% (2014 est.) '''Labor force:''' 7 million (2013 est.) '''Labor force - by occupation:''' agriculture 76.9%, industry and services 23.1% (2013 est.) '''Unemployment rate:''' NA% '''Budget:''' ''revenues:'' $1.346 billion (2017 est.) ''expenditures:'' $1.556 billion (2017 est.) '''Public Debt''' 59.3% of GDP (2017 est.) '''Industries:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], sawmill products, [[:en:Cement|cement]], consumer goods, cotton, consumer goods, uranium and coal mining '''Industrial production growth rate:''' 2.8% (2013 est.) '''Electricity - production:''' 1.973 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Electricity - consumption:''' 1.835 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Agriculture - products:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Sugar_cane|sugar cane]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Potato|potatoes]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] ([[:en:Tapioca|tapioca]]), [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Legume|pulses]]; [[:en:Cattle|cattle]], [[:en:Goat|goats]] '''Exports:''' $1.427 billion (2013 est.) '''Exports - commodities:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Coffee|coffee]], [[:en:Peanut|peanuts]], wood products, apparel, uranium and its compounds '''Exports - partners:''' Canada 10.6%, Zimbabwe 9.3%, Germany 7.3%, South Africa 6.6%, Russia 6.5%, US 6.1%, China 4.2% (2012) '''Imports:''' $2.42 billion (2013 est.) '''Imports - commodities:''' food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment '''Imports - partners:''' South Africa 27%, China 16.6%, India 8.7%, Zambia 8.5%, Tanzania 5.1%, US 4.3% (2012) '''Current account balance''' - $280.1 million (2013 est.) '''Debt - external:''' $1.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.) '''Economic aid - recipient:''' $575.3 million (2005) '''Foreign direct investment - inflow''' $129.5 million (2014) '''Currency:''' 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala '''Exchange rates:''' Malawian kwachas per US dollar -730.00 (20/June/2016), 460.00 (20/Jan/2015), 360.00 (6/Feb/2013), 165.961 (1/Sep/2011), 145.179 (2009), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002) '''Fiscal year:''' 1 July - 30 June {{Commons category}} == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Transportation_in_Malawi|Transportation in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_companies_based_in_Malawi|List of companies based in Malawi]] * [[:en:Science_and_technology_in_Malawi|Science and technology in Malawi]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Mozambique|Economy of Mozambique]] * [[:en:Economy_of_South_Africa|Economy of South Africa]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Botswana|Economy of Botswana]] * [[:en:The_International_Monetary_Fund_and_Malawi|The International Monetary Fund and Malawi]] * [[:en:United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa|United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{CIA World Factbook}} == Lutizgani kufufuza == * Anthony and Doreen Young, ''A Geography of Malawi'', Second edition. Evans Brothers, Limited, London (1978) {{ISBN|0-237-50296-8}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140807/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Finance/Home%20Finance.htm Official site - Ministry of Finance of Malawi] * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Malawi/Business_and_Economy/Economic_Development}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060919060219/http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/ma/p0005.htm MBendi Malawi overview] * [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=454 Malawi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] {{portalbar|Malawi|Business and economics|Africa}}{{World Trade Organization}}{{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Economy of Malawi}}{{Malaŵi}} 11ovbeuah1xbf6gkb89hbv2y7txp9x1 0 20106 122662 51543 2026-09-28T02:47:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122662 wikitext text/x-wiki Ku [[Malaŵi]] kuli maposita, mafoni, mawayilesi, wayilesi na Intaneti. == Kwakutumila ma kalata == Malawi Post Corporation ndiyo yikugwira nchito ya kutumizga makalata mu Malawi. Mabungwe ghanyake 10 ghakupeleka mapositi, nga ni DHL na FedEx, ghakugwira ntchito mu Malawi. Maofesi gha ku Malawi ghakulongozgeka na wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) |url=http://www.macra.org.mw/ |website=www.macra.org.mw |publisher=MACRA |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218213634/http://www.macra.org.mw/ |archive-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref name="Act41of1998">{{cite web |date=30 December 1998 |title=Act No. 41 of 1998 |url=http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf |publisher=[[Malawi Government Gazette]] |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030415/http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> == Telefoni == Mafoni gha m'manja ghakumanyikwa chomene kuluska gha pa foni ku Malawi, ndipo pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6.1 miliyoni awo ŵali na foni.<ref name="CIA Malawi">{{cite web |title=Africa: Malawi |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> Lipoti la International Telecommunication Union mu 2014 likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni gha m'manja pa ciŵelengero cakujumpha 56% ca ndalama izo ŵakupokera mwezi uliwose. Uwu ndiwo ukaŵa unandi wa malipiro agho ŵanthu ŵakasanga. Mafoni: - makina gha pa caru cose gha waya wakujura, ma microwave radio relay link na ma radiotelephone - malo gha pa caru capasi gha pa satellite - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean na 1 Atlantic Ocean) == Wayilesi na TV == {{see also|Media of Malawi#Television|Media of Malawi#Radio}} Wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) ndiwo ukwendeska ntchito ya mawayilesi na ma TV mu Malawi. Pali mawayilesi 45 agho ghali na layisensi, ndipo 31 mwa mawayilesi agha ghali kugwira ntchito: AM 9, FM 5 (kusangaso mawayilesi ghanyake 15), mawayilesi ghafupi gha 2 (kusangaso mawayilesi ghanyake ghatatu agho ghali mu malo ghakukhalako) (Kufuma mu 2016) Mafoni: 2.6 miliyoni (Kufuma mu 1997) Pali masiteshoni 20 gha wayilesi, ndipo 5 mwa masiteshoni agha ghakugwira ntchito..<ref name="MACRA licensees">{{cite web |title=Licenses Issued |url=http://www.macra.org.mw/licenses-issued/ |website=www.macra.org.mw |publisher=Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126025322/http://www.macra.org.mw/licenses-issued/ |archive-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> == Intaneti == Intaneti mu Malawi yikwendeskeka na wupu wa Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA). Mu Julayi 2015, ku Malawi kukaŵa ŵanthu 1.67 miliyoni awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. Pa 2003, ŵapharazgi ŵa Intaneti ŵakaŵa 18. Kodi ya charu (top level domain) ni MW. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] * [[:en:Media_of_Malawi|Media of Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041845/http://gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_mw.shtml GSM World page on Malawi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011144/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Malawi PanAfriL10n page on Malawi] {{Economy of Malawi}}{{Africa topic|Telecommunications in}}{{Telecommunications}}{{CIA World Factbook}} {{Malawi-stub}} kpe9n970vo1ucvo38fbjioyzy9cfit4 0 20107 122706 117898 2026-09-28T03:23:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Politics of Malawi}}Pulezidenti wakale wa [[Malaŵi]], [[Bakili Muluzi]], wakalutilira na fundo za ku vyaru vya ku mpoto izo Hastings Banda, uyo wakaŵako pambere iyo wandaŵe pulezidenti, wakayowoya. Lili na ubwezi uwemi comene na vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Cifukwa cakuti Malaŵi wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na South Africa mu nyengo ya apartheid, vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Kufumira apo muwuso wa apartheid ukaparanyikira mu 1994, Malawi uli na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. == Bilateral donors == Vyaru vyakuzirwa ivyo vyapeleka ndalama ni Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Republic of China (Taiwan), United Kingdom, na United States. Mabungwe agho ghakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinandi nga ni World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, African Development Bank, na United Nations. == SADC == Mu 2001, Malaŵi ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Southern African Development Community (SADC). Muluzi wakacitanga milimo yinandi mu SADC pa nkhani za umo wupu wa pa caru cose wakwimikana na vivulupi na kusintha malo mu Zimbabwe. == ACP == Malaŵi wali mu gulu la vyaru vya ACP kwambira waka pa Lomé I. Kweniso ni phangano la Cotonou, phangano la ubali pakati pa European Community/European Union na vyaru 77 vya mu Africa, Caribbean na Pacific.. == Memberships in international organizations == Malaŵi njumoza wa mawupu agha: Commonwealth of Nations, United Nations na mabungwe ghanyake agho ghakukolerana nagho. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Bern Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity (OAU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Lome Convention, African Development Bank (AFDB), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization (WHO). Malaŵi nayo wali mu khoti la International Criminal Court (ICC) ilo lili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States. == Bilateral Relations == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Charu !Formal Relations Began !Vyakulemba |- valign="top" |{{flag|Albania}} |11 July 1985 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1985<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report: Eastern Europe. Index, Volume 7|publisher=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service|pages=7}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Angola}} |9 November 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 1993 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Malawi and Angola as of 9 Nov. 1993 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627621?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |11 March 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biblioteca Digital de Tratados |url=https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/tratado_ficha.php?id=lZ2mlw==}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Armenia}} |<!--Date started-->20 January 2012 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/mw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075239/http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/mw/ |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Australia}} |1981 | * Australia is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Harare|Harare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/malawi/Pages/malawi.aspx |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |6 December 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=161}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |21 May 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/content/260/malawi |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=mfa.gov.az}} {{Dead link|date=July 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Malawi were established on May 21, 2004.<ref name=":0" /> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Bahrain}} |9 June 1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=BILATERAL RELATIONS (MFA Bahrain) |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US&Country=Republic%20of%20Malawi |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311193652/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US&Country=Republic%20of%20Malawi |archive-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Bahrain|Bahrain–Malawi relations]] |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |13 July 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Malawi as of 13 July 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3845518?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |18 October 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Herzegovina |first1=Bosnia and |date=18 October 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Malawi as of 18 Oct. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1306920?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Botswana}} |1 July 1967 |Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community]], [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] and of the [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]]. |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |23 November 1994 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1994<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 1994 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Bulgaria and Malawi as of 23 Nov. 1994 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1626139?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |20 July 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Malawi and Cambodia as of 20 July 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310602?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Canada}} |12 February 1974<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Perspectives|publisher=Canada. Department of External Affairs, Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies|year=1974|pages=77}}</ref> | * Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada |date=17 November 2008 |title=Canada-Malawi Relations |url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/malawi.aspx?menu_id=75&lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113940/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/malawi.aspx?menu_id=75&lang=eng |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=GAC}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|China}} |28 December 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=China, Malawi establish diplomatic ties |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cesl/eng/xwdt/t400842.htm#:~:text=A%20joint%20communique%20says%20the,28%2C%202007.}}</ref> |Hastings Banda recognized the [[:en:Republic_of_China|Republic of China]] ([[:en:Taiwan|Taiwan]]) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the [[:en:People's_Republic_of_China|People's Republic of China]].[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/3260D66F-9692-4C62-8006-5C06AAC3175D.htm] Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/07/china-puts-mark-malawi-presence|title=China puts its mark on Malawi &#124; Global development|work=The Guardian|date=7 May 2011|location=London}}</ref> Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glennie|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-cables-china-aid-africa|title=WikiLeaks cables: China's aid to Africa has strings attached|work=The Guardian|date=2010-12-10}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |30 March 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Malawi as of 30 Mar. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1476429?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Croatia}} |<!--Date started-->13 November 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mvep.hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country |url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/overview-by-country/malawi,177.html |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mvep.hr}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |10 December 1997 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=DeCaminoalDíadeAfrica: Relaciones Cuba-Malawi |url=http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/articulo/decaminoaldiadeafrica-relaciones-cuba-malawi |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203003635/http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/articulo/decaminoaldiadeafrica-relaciones-cuba-malawi |archive-date=2022-02-03}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Cyprus}} |<!--Date started-->22 June 2000 | * Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 2000.<ref>{{in lang|el}} https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080519/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E37881E7982D2177C22575D700294A23/$file/List%20of%20Malawi.pdf?openelement {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080519/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E37881E7982D2177C22575D700294A23/$file/List%20of%20Malawi.pdf?openelement|date=28 February 2017}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Denmark}} |<!--Date started-->1964 | * Denmark is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Maputo|Maputo]], [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]. * Malawi is represented in Denmark by its embassy in [[:en:London|London]], [[:en:England|England]], [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |1 May 1986 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1986<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1986 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Finland and Malawi as of 1 May 1986 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638874?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Georgia}} |<!--Date started-->19 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო - Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx?lang=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054104/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx?lang=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.ge}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |6 July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verzeichnis der Vertretungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Ausland sowie der Honorarkonsulinnen und Honorarkonsuln Page 75 (in German) |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/199314/52522de1bb8ef89cf40b7e1cbbba9e90/dtauslandsvertretungenliste-data.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ghana}} |8 July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=156}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Greece}} |<!--Date started--> | * Greece is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Harare|Harare]], [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="mfa.gr">{{cite web |title=Greece's Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/malawi/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gr}}</ref> * Malawi is represented in Greece by its embassy in [[:en:Brussels|Brussels]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]].<ref name="mfa.gr" /> |- valign="top" |{{flag|India}} |<!--Date started--> |See [[:en:India–Malawi_relations|India–Malawi relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Israel}} |15 July 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 137-138|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1964|pages=14}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Israel|Israel–Malawi relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Japan}} |<!--Date started-->July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations in July 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan-Malawi Relations (Basic Data) |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/malawi/data.html |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |23 June 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1999<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 1999 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Jordan and Malawi as of 23 June 1999 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475198?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Kenya}} |28 September 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1965<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=160}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kosovo}} |20 July 2016 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Malawi: Govt Establishes Formal Diplomatic Relations With Kosovo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201607250562.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> Kosovo and Malawi enjoy excellent relationships. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Latvia}} |<!--Date started-->10 September 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1998.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lobzova |first=Liene |title=Establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/establishment-and-renewal-of-diplomatic-relations |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.lv}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Lithuania}} |<!--Date started-->18 November 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2001.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170228102415/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-malawi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228102415/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-malawi|date=28 February 2017}} {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |9 February 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Mauritius as of 9 Feb. 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1301011?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mexico}} |<!--Date started-->10 December 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and Malawi as of 10 Dec. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475428?ln=en}}</ref> * Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States |date=2018-04-28 |title=Embassy of Malawi in the United States |url=http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205121034/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=2018-12-30 |publisher=Malawiembassy-dc.org}}</ref> * Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Mexico in South Africa |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |publisher=Embamex.sre.gob.mx}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mongolia}} |<!--Date started-->21 December 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 2011.<ref>https://www.news.mn/content/print/91356 {{dead link|date=December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Montenegro}} |16 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Montenegro and Malawi as of 16 Sept. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310584?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mozambique}} |1 July 1981<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1981 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Mozambique as of 1 July 1981 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1628985?ln=en}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi-Mozambique_relations|Malawi-Mozambique relations]] Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations. |- |{{Flag|Namibia}} |21 March 1990 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1990<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=302}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |16 December 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1965<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |29 November 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1969<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=171}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|North Korea}} |<!--Date started-->25 June 1982 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPRK Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |27 September 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1999<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 1999 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Malawi and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as of 27 Sept. 1999 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475118?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |9 March 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater (in Norwegian) |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Oman}} |7 December 2016 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2016 |title=Diplomatic relations between Oman and Malawi as of 7 Dec. 2016 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1316235?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Pakistan}} |<!--Date started-->14 August 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965. Pakistan and Malawi are both members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Philippines}} |<!--Date started-->3 May 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Philippines as of 3 May 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3843484?ln=en}}</ref> |Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines. As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.<ref>{{cite web |title=PH Seeks to Establish Closer Ties with Malawi |url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/16762-ph-seeks-to-establish-closer-ties-with-malawi |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627143430/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/16762-ph-seeks-to-establish-closer-ties-with-malawi |archive-date=2021-06-27}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Poland}} |10 July 1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Poland and Malawi were established on July 10th, 1992.(Website of the Republic of Poland) |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/tanzania-en/bilateral-relations-malawi}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Poland|Malawi–Poland relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Romania}} |<!--Date started-->15 July 1985 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania - Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mae.ro}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |2 November 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Federation |first1=Russian |date=2 November 1993 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Russian Federation and Malawi as of 2 Nov. 1993 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627627?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Rwanda}} |<!--Date started--> |In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Serbia}} |<!--Date started-->14 November 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12319-malavi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226230857/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12319-malavi |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.rs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Seychelles}} |22 May 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Seychelles as of 22 May 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3846090?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Singapore}} |<!--Date started-->24 August 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202434/https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |21 July 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije p.8 (in Slovenian) |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309085500/https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Africa}} |10 September 1967<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=166}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–South_Africa_relations|Malawi–South Africa relations]] Boma la South Africa likamba kukolerana na Malawi mu 1967. Vinthu vya ku Malawi ivyo vikaŵa nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakugwilira nchito ku migodi ya ku South Africa vikalutilira nanga ni apo charu cha Malawi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Pa nyengo iyi, Malawi ndiyo yikaŵa yekha caru ca ku Africa ico cikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na caru ca South Africa mpaka apo Nelson Mandela wakasankhikira mu 1994. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakawonekanga nga mbantchito ŵakuzirwa mu migodi ya ku South Africa chifukwa cha "maluso ghawo, kaluso pa ntchito na kuleka kuŵa ŵankhongono". Mwalamulo, ici cikacitika cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu 200 ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaŵa na HIV mu vilimika viŵiri vyakumasinda, kweni ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kukhumbikwa kwa kucepeskako ŵantchito mu nyengo ya suzgo ya migodi ya ku South Africa. Kufuma waka apo mavoti ghakwamba gha demokilase ghakachitikira mu 1994, Malaŵi na South Africa vyaŵa paubwezi wakukhora. Mu 2008, maboma ghaŵiri agha ghakasayina Memorandum of Understanding kuti ghakhozge ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802251310.html Country, Malawi to Enhance Defence Co-Operation] by Bathandwa Mbola, BuaNews, 25 February 2008</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Korea}} |<!--Date started-->9 March 1965 |Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Malawi was on 9 March 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea) |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=159}}</ref> In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24475.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24475.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|South Sudan}} |26 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sudan |first1=South |date=26 September 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Malawi and South Sudan as of 26 Sept. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310580?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Spain}} |27 October 1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Español |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/33281/85107/}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–Spain_relations|Malawi–Spain relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |16 May 1985<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=188}}</ref> |Malawi has a dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in [[:en:Lake_Nyasa|Lake Nyasa]] (Lake Malawi). |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |1 June 1987 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=สาธารณรัฐมาลาวี (Malawi) (MFA Thailand) (in Thai) |url=https://www.mfa.go.th/th/country/MW?page=5d5bcb3915e39c3060006816&menu=5d5bd3c715e39c306002a882}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |21 April 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1998<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tobago |first1=Trinidad and |date=21 April 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Trinidad and Tobago and Malawi as of 21 Apr. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1476410?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Turkey}} |6 August 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1969<ref name=":2" /> * Embassy of [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] in [[:en:Berlin|Berlin]] is accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto68">{{Cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malawi.en.mfa}}</ref> * Turkish Embassy in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]] is accredited to [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]].<ref name="auto68" /> * Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).<ref name="auto68" /> |- |{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} |20 February 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Turkmenistan and Malawi as of 20 Feb. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475431?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |22 December 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ukraine and Malawi as of 22 Dec. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475425?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |6 July 1964 |See [[:en:Malawi–United_Kingdom_relations|Malawi–United Kingdom relations]] Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14154485|title=UK cuts aid to Malawi government|publisher=BBC|date=2011-07-14}}</ref> citing concerns over governance and human rights. |- valign="top" |{{flag|United States}} |6 July 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Malawi |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/malawi}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–United_States_relations|Malawi–United States relations]] {{see also|The Nation (Malawi)#Cochrane-Dyet 2011 cable controversy{{!}}Cochrane-Dyet 2011 Cable Controversy}} The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi. In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during the [[:en:2011_Malawian_protests|July protests]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14299172|title=US suspends aid to Malawi after killings|publisher=BBC|date=2011-07-26}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |31 January 2007 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy extendemos un saludo al Gobierno y Pueblo de Malaui al celebrar 14 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas. |url=https://twitter.com/CancilleriaVE/status/1355867392585424901}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Zambia}} |15 September 1970 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970<ref>{{Cite book|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service|year=1970}}</ref> |} == Malawi na [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] == Malawi became a full member of the Commonwealth on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_II|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[:en:Head_of_the_Commonwealth|Head of the Commonwealth]], was [[:en:Queen_of_Malawi|Queen of Malawi]], represented by the [[:en:Governor-General_of_Malawi|Governor-General of Malawi]], until the country became a [[:en:Republic_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations|republic in the Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1966, when the then [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Malawi|Prime Minister of Malawi]], [[:en:Hastings_Banda|Hastings Banda]], declared himself the first [[:en:President_of_Malawi|President of Malawi]]. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Malawi|List of diplomatic missions in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Malawi|List of diplomatic missions of Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}}{{Foreign relations of Malawi}}{{Southern African Development Community}}{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}} s370pqwe0iy4tjj5c10zwv4g2fjxuod 0 20147 122740 51687 2026-09-28T03:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yvonne Mhango | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1979}} | birth_place = [[Malawi]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Malawian | alma_mater = '''[[University of Cape Town]]'''<br/>{{small|([[Bachelor of Business Science]])}}<br/>{{small|([[Master of Business|Master of Business Science]])}} | occupation = [[Economist]] | years_active = 2005 — present | known_for = Economic analysis and forecasting | title = Sub-Saharan Africa Economist<br/>[[Renaissance Capital (Russian company)|Renaissance Capital]] | spouse = }} '''Yvonne Mhango''' ni nkhwantha ya vyachuma ya ku [[Malawi]]. Iyo ni economist wa ku sub-Saharan Africa ku Renaissance Capital.<ref name="Report">{{cite web |last=Mwaniki |first=Charles |date=3 October 2016 |title=Strong shilling hurting Kenya's exports in region |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Strong-shilling-hurting-Kenya-exports-in-region/539552-3403804-obiwqmz/index.html |access-date=4 October 2016 |location=Nairobi |newspaper=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rencap Research |date=4 October 2016 |title=Renaissance Capital : Our Team - Yvonne Mhango |url=https://research.rencap.com/eng/whoarewe.asp?authorID=246 |access-date=4 October 2016 |publisher=[[Renaissance Capital (Russian company)|Renaissance Capital Research]] (Rencap Research) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328125013/https://research.rencap.com/eng/whoarewe.asp?authorID=246 |archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> == Mbili na masambilo == Wakasambira masambiro gha masambiro gha ku Saint Andrews International High School ku Blantyre, Malawi, uko wakasambira masamu, geography na economics pa A-Level, kufuma mu 1996 mpaka 1998. Wakazomelezgeka ku University of Cape Town mu 1999, ndipo wakamalizga masambiro gha Bachelor of Business Science mu 2002. Kufuma mu 2003 mpaka mu 2004, wakasambira pa yunivesite yeneyiyi, ndipo wakamalizga masambiro gha Master of Business Science.<ref name="About">{{cite web |author=Yvonne Mhango |date=4 October 2016 |title=Academic & Career Profile of Yvonne Mhango |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/yvonne-mhango-10332410 |access-date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Linkedin.com}}</ref> == Ntchito == Kufuma mu 2005 mpaka 2008, Mhango wakaŵa economist ku Standard Bank of South Africa. Mu Juni 2008, wakazgoka mulongozgi wa kafukufuku wa vyachuma ku Africa ku Standard Bank, ndipo wakachita mulimo uwu mpaka mu Novembala 2010. Kuyambira Novembala 2010, wakhala katswiri wazachuma ku sub-Saharan Africa ku Renaissance Capital.<ref name="Report" /><ref name="About" /> Mu Juni 2016, pamanyuma pakuti banki yikuru ya ku Nigeria yazomerezga kuti niara yikhalenge mwakufwatuka pakuyaniska na ndalama zinyake, Mhango wakayowoya kuti para naira yikhalenge mwakufwatuka, mbwenu "mbukaboni wa suzgo la chuma", ndipo "mbukaboni wakuti chuma chikwamba kuchepa ndipo mphukira ziwemi zikwamba kufuma mu chaka chimoza kufuma sono". Mhango, pamoza na ŵanyake ŵakayowoyerathu kuti ndalama ya naira yizamuchepa mtengo, pamanyuma pakuti ndalama ya Kazakhstan yikwambiska malonda mu Ogasiti 2015..<ref>{{cite web |last=Paul Wallace |first=and Rene Vollgraaff |date=21 August 2015 |title=Africa Running Out of Options as China to Kazakhstan Devalue |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-21/africa-is-running-out-of-options-as-china-to-kazakhstan-devalue |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2016, Mhango na ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵa vyachuma ku Renaissance Capital ŵakati Shilling ya ku Kenya yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene na pafupifupi 20 peresenti ndipo ichi chikapwetekeska katundu uyo Kenya yikaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake mu chigaŵa ichi..<ref>{{cite web |last=Mwaniki |first=Charles |date=3 October 2016 |title=Strong shilling hurting Kenya's exports in region |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Strong-shilling-hurting-Kenya-exports-in-region/539552-3403804-obiwqmz/ |access-date=12 November 2016 |location=Nairobi |newspaper=[[Business Daily Africa]]}}</ref> == Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakafiska == Yvonne Mhango ndiyo wakalemba buku lakuti The Fastest Billion, ilo likulongosora za kusintha kwa chuma mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |authors=Charles Robertson, Yvonne Mhango, Michael Moran, Arnold Meyer and Nothando Ndebele |title=The Fastest Billion |url=http://www.fastestbillion.com/ |access-date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Renaissance Capital}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [http://www.rencap.com/ Website of Renaissance Capital (Russian Company)] * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/nigerias-gdp-bigger-but-slower/41425/ Nigeria’s GDP: Bigger but slower by Yvonne Mhango on 15 July 2014] {{authority control}} 0sua88gk7m1f76e3qu6i2gnt9a6qqfe 0 20156 122518 54221 2026-09-28T00:50:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=January 2021}}{{short description|Malawian corporate executive}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Edith Jiya | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Malawi]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Malawian | citizenship = Malawian | alma_mater = '''[[University of Malawi]]'''<br/>([[bachelor's degree]])<br/>'''[[University of Derby]]'''<br/>(master's degree) | occupation = Business executive | years_active = 2000–present | title = Group chief executive officer of [[Old Mutual]] Malawi Limited | spouse = }} '''Eidth Jiya''' ni mwanakazi wa bizinesi wa ku [[Malawi]] ndipo ni mulara wa kampani ya Old Mutual Malawi Limited. Kweniso wali mu wupu wa mabungwe gha mabungwe gha boma na ghapadera gha ku Malawi.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=MarketScreener |date=6 September 2020 |title=Biography of Edith Jiya |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Edith-Jiya-0JHWXP-E/biography/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |publisher=MarketScreener.com |place=Annecy, France}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=Nyasa Times |date=16 November 2015 |title=Edith Jiya Heading Old Mutual Malawi Limited |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/edith-jiya-heading-old-mutual-malawi-limited/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |newspaper=[[Nyasa Times]] |place=Blantyre}}</ref> == Umo vinthu vikaŵira == Wakababikira ku Malawi ndipo wakasambiranga ku sukulu za ku malo agha. Wakazomerezgeka kusambira pa Yunivesite ya Malawi, ndipo wakamalizga masambiro ghake. Pamanyuma, wakasambira pa Yunivesite ya Derby, ku United Kingdom, uko wakasanga digiri ya masisitere. Kweniso ni mulara wa inshuwalansi kufuma mu 2013. Edith Jiya ni munyawo wa Chartered Institute of Marketing na Chartered Insurance Institute.<ref name="1R" /> == Ntchito == Wakamba nchito yake nga ni manejala wa bizinesi ya mafuta gha ndege ku BP Malawi Limited, ndipo wakacita mulimo uwu kwa virimika vyakujumpha vinkhondi na cimoza, kwambira mu 2001 mpaka mu 2007. Mu chaka cha 2007, wakajoyina kampani ya Old Mutual Malawi Limited. Kufuma mu 2011 Edith Jiya wakaŵa manejara mukuru wa Old Mutual Life Assurance Company Malawi Limited, kampani ya Old Mutual Malawi Limited, ndipo wakateŵeteranga kwenekura mpaka mu 2015. Mu chaka cha 2015, wakasankhika kuŵa Acting Group CEO ku Old Mutual Malawi Limited. Pa 1 March 2017, wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa Old Mutual Malawi Limited, m'malo mwa Chris Kapanga, uyo wakafumapo.<ref name="3R">{{cite web |author=Old Mutual Malawi |date=February 2017 |title=Mr. Chris Kapanga Retires And Mrs. Edith Jiya Takes Over As Group CEO of Old Mutual Malawi Effective 1 March 2017 |url=https://eu-assets.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt34f993be2714bde1/bltcac0f866af450a6a/5ea438c2000de979c7368df2/2017-03-08_New_Group_CEO_for_Old_Mutual_Malawi.pdf |access-date=6 September 2020 |publisher=Old Mutual Malawi Limited |location=Blantyre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312171929/https://eu-assets.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt34f993be2714bde1/bltcac0f866af450a6a/5ea438c2000de979c7368df2/2017-03-08_New_Group_CEO_for_Old_Mutual_Malawi.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="4R">{{cite web |author=Tom Sangala |date=10 March 2017 |title=Old Mutual Malawi Names Jiya As CEO |url=https://times.mw/old-mutual-malawi-names-jiya-as-ceo/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Times (Malawi)]] |place=Blantyre}}</ref> == Fundo zinyake == Kufumira mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2020, kusazgapo maudindo ghake nga CEO wa gulu la Old Mutual Malawi Limited, Edith Jiya wakuteŵetera nga ni Chairperson wa 1. Old Mutual Unit Trusts Company Malawi Limited 2. Gulu la Old Mutual Investment Group Malawi na 3. Malawi Properties and Investments Company (Mpico) Padera pa vyose ivyo vyayowoyeka pachanya apa, wali mu mabungwe gha makampani na mabizinesi gha ku Malawi agha: 1. Banki ya FDH 2. Malawi Telecommunications Limited 3. Ubuntu Limited 4. FDH Financial Holdings Limited 5. Sukulu ya Nursing & Midwifery ya Holy Family 6. Wupu wa Malawi wa Insurance na 7. Kujura na Kupharazga.<ref name="1R" /> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809083510/https://www.africasharedvaluesummit.com/speakers/edith-jiya/ Brief Bio] * [https://www.mbc.mw/news/entertainment/item/6507-old-mutual-limited-celebrates-listing-on-sub-saharan-africa-stock-exchanges Old Mutual Limited celebrates listing on Sub Saharan Africa Stock Exchanges] As of 26 June 2020. {{Authority control}} tb015vmunbr7pxvlygrz3nzttpxlo9x 0 20164 122447 119266 2026-09-27T23:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Asif Aziz | image = | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = Asif Haroon Aziz | birth_date = 1967 | birth_place = Limbe, [[Malawi]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = | education = Emanuel School, Wandsworth | alma_mater = American College, Kensington | occupation = Businessman, philanthropist | employer = [[Criterion Capital]] | known_for = | height = | title = CEO | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | partner = | children = 4 | parents = | relatives = | website = [http://azizfoundation.org.uk/ Aziz Foundation] | signature = | footnotes = }} '''Asif Aziz''' ni munthu wa ndalama zinandi wa ku [[London]]. Pakuŵa mweneko wa kampani ya Criterion Capital, wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kuŵa na malo ghakuzirwa nga ni London Trocadero na Criterion Building mu Piccadilly Circus. Aziz ndiyo wakambiska wupu wakuwona vya wovwiri wa mbumba. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Aziz wakababikira ku Malawi mu 1967, ndipo wakasamira ku London apo wakaŵa na vyaka 6..<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About Asif Aziz |url=https://www.asifaziz.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001190406/http://asifaziz.co.uk/ |archive-date=2016-10-01 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=About Asif Aziz |language=en}}</ref> Wakagura nyumba yake yakwamba ku London mu ma 1980, apo wakaŵa wachali ku sukulu. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake ku British American College ku London. == Ntchito == Aziz wakagwiranga nchito ku kampani yakuzenga katundu Morgan Grenfell Laurie pambere wandawelere ku [[Angola]], Africa mu 1993 uko wakapanga chuma chake mwa kuzenga mabungwe ghaŵiri ghakuzenga vyakurya, kusazgapo Golfrate Angola, agho wakaguliska mu 2005. Mu chaka chenechicho wakawelera ku Britain na kukhazikiska kampani ya Criterion Capital, iyo yikagura malo ghakusanguluskira gha London Trocadero, London Pavilion (1 Piccadilly Circus) na The Criterion Building (1 Jermyn Street). Mazuŵa ghano, Criterion Capital ndiyo ni mweneko wa malo ghakurughakuru pa Leicester Square na Piccadilly Circus. Pakuŵa CEO wa Criterion Capital, iyo wali na katundu wa ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 3.600,000,000 mu London na kumwera kwa England, kusazgapo nyumba zakuguliska zakukwana 15 mu West End, Docklands na Croydon. Nyumba ya London Trocadero, iyo Asif Aziz wakagura mu 2005 Mu 2005, nyuzipepara ya Evening Standard yikati wakagura nyumba yake yakwamba apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16. Wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 1.9 miliyoni pa nyumba iyo yili pafupi na siteshoni ya South Kensington. Mu 2009, ŵa Criterion ŵakavumbura kuti ŵakukhumba kuzgora Trocadero kuŵa hotelo ya vipinda 500. Mu 2014, ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kujura sitoro ya TK Maxx pa malo gha Trocadero, nangauli ŵapharazgi ŵakayowoya kuti boma likususka. Aziz wakucemeka kuti ni Muislamu musambazi comene wa nambara 7 mu Britain. The Daily Telegraph yikati Asif Aziz wali pa nambara 12 pa ŵanthu 40 awo ŵali na maudindo pa charu chose. Aziz wakususkika na magazini ya ndyali ya Private Eye cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito makampani agho ghali kulembeska pa cirwa ca Man kugura katundu mu London, comenecomene malo ghakulyeramo, na kujarapo mwakuti ghaŵe na nyumba zakukwana.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 November 2015|title=Manx for Nothing|pages=14|work=Private Eye|url=https://www.private-eye.co.uk/pictures/special_reports/tax-havens.pdf|access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> == Kupeleka vyawanangwa == Mu 2015, Aziz wakambiska The Aziz Foundation kuti wawovwire ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika chomene mu Britain. Pasono, wupu uwu ukuŵawovwira kuti ŵasambire makora masambiro ghapachanya. Kwizira mu kusambizga ŵanthu, pulogiramu iyi yikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira kuti ŵaŵe na maluso na ndalama izo zingaŵawovwira kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo na kusintha vinthu. Kufika sono, wupu wa Aziz Foundation wapeleka ndalama zakujumpha 350 ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakusintha vinthu mu Chisilamu. Padera pa wupu uwu, Aziz wali na milimo yinandi yakovwira ŵanthu. Pa caru cose, ivi vikusazgapo kovwira pulojekiti ya Thokomala ku [[South Africa]], iyo yikupwelelera ŵana ŵalanda awo ŵali kufwa na nthenda ya AIDS; kovwira pulojekiti ya kucenjezga ŵana ŵa sukulu ya ku pulayimale ya Mosaic Future kwizira mu Criterion Capital, Seeing is Believing; gulu la vyawanangwa ilo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kuwona makora kweniso kovwira kugega vinthu vinyake ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵaŵe ŵachibulumutira; Camfed, wupu wa pa caru cose uwo ukuyezga kumazga ukavu mu Africa kwizira mu kusambizga ŵasungwana na kovwira ŵanakazi ŵawukirano; UNICEF, wupu wa wovwiri wa pa caru cose; The Olive Tree, ndondomeko ya masambiro iyo yikovwira ŵawukirano ŵawukirano ŵa ku Palestina na ŵa ku [[Israel]] pa nyengo ya masambiro ghawo; na The Next Step Diversity Mark, nthowa yakuti mawupu ghalongore kujipeleka kwawo pakupanga na kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Ku UK, ndiyo wakambiska bungwe la Aziz Foundation, ilo likovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake nga ni Citizens UK, The Prince's Trust's Mosaic programme na Refugee Action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Grantees – The Aziz Foundation |url=http://azizfoundation.org.uk/our-grantees/ |access-date=2018-01-25 |website=azizfoundation.org.uk |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214160116/https://azizfoundation.org.uk/our-grantees/ |archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Criterion_Capital|Criterion Capital]] == Ukaboni == <references responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [http://azizfoundation.org.uk/ Aziz Foundation website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230312173330/https://www.zedwellhotels.com/asif-aziz Asif Aziz's biography] ce2nh7drsbycszfcsnqywj7tlwzuael 0 20308 122650 53400 2026-09-28T02:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122650 wikitext text/x-wiki Iyi ni ndandanda ya maboma ghakale mu [[Malawi]] agho ghakaŵako pambere maboma gha sono gha Malawi ghandambe. == Kabineti ya 2014 == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Vipani vikulu | style="background: #1E90FF" | |[[:en:Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] |- | style="background: #FFFF00" | |[[:en:United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+Boma la Malawi: Juni 2014    1919<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawians give Mutharika Cabinet size thumps up |url=http://www.orakonews.com/malawians-give-mutharika-cabinet-size-thumps-up/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=orakonews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235413/http://www.orakonews.com/malawians-give-mutharika-cabinet-size-thumps-up/ |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> ! style="background-color:#1E90FF;color: white" |Nkhope ! style="background-color:#1E90FF;color: white" |Chikwama ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#1E90FF;color: white" |Mu ofesi ! style="background-color:#1E90FF;color: white" |Kwamba kwa ulamulili |- |[[File:Peter_Mutharika.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Mutharika.jpg|75x75px]] |[[:en:President_of_Malawi|President]]<nowiki/>Minister of Defence [[:en:Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-chief]] of the [[:en:Malawian_Defence_Force|Armed]] and [[:en:Malawi_Police_Force|Police]] forces | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Excellency|H.E.]]}} [[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] | style="width: 120px;" |31 May 2014 – |- | |[[:en:Vice_President_of_Malawi|Vice President]]<nowiki/>Minister for Civil Service | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Right Honourable|Rt. Hon.]]}} [[:en:Saulos_Chilima|Saulos Chilima]] |31 May 2014 – |- | |Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Allan_Chiyembekeza|Allan Chiyembekeza]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Education, Science and Technology | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Emmanuel_Fabiano|Emmanuel Fabiano]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- |[[File:Goodall_Gondwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goodall_Gondwe.jpg|90x90px]] |Minister of Finance, Economic Planning and Development | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall Gondwe]] |6 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Foreign Affairs and International cooperation | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Health | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Peter_Kumpalume|Peter Kumpalume]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Home Affairs | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Paul_Chibingu|Paul Chibingu]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Information, Tourism and Civic Education | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Kondwani_Nankhumwa|Kondwani Nankhumwa]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Samuel_Tembenu|Samuel Tembenu]] |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Labour | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Henry_Mussa|Henry Mussa]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Bright_Msaka|Bright Msaka]] |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Local Government and Rural Development | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Trasizio_Gowelo|Trasizio Gowelo]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining | style="background:#FFFF00" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Atupele_Muluzi|Atupele Muluzi]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Trade and Industry | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Joseph_Mwanamveka|Joseph Mwanamveka]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Transport and Public works | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Francis_Kasaila|Francis Kasaila]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | |Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Grace_Chiumia|Grace Chiumia]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |19 June 2014 – |- | colspan="5" style="background:#cccccc;text-align:center;" |'''Deputy Ministers''' |- | |Deputy Minister of Defence | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Jappie_Mhango|Jappie Mhango]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |- | |Deputy Minister of Education Science and Technology | style="background:#1E90FF" | |{{small|[[Honourable|Hon.]]}} [[:en:Vincent_Ghambi|Vincent Ghambi]] {{small|[[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|MP]]}} |23 June 2014 – |} == Kabineti pa 8 September 2011 == Pa 19 Ogasiti 2011, Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika wakachimbizga nduna yake ya ŵanthu 42 na kupoka maudindo ghose mpaka apo wazamupharazgira. Pa Seputembala 7, 2011, wakapharazga kuti boma liphya laŵikengepo nduna zake.<ref>{{cite web |author=Frank Jomo |date=Sep 7, 2011 |title=Malawi President Mutharika Names Lipenga Finance Minister in New Cabinet |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/malawi-president-mutharika-names-lipenga-finance-minister-in-new-cabinet.html |work=Bloomberg |accessdate=2011-08-23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Unduna !Udindo !Uyo wali na udindo |- | rowspan="1" |Office of the President and Cabinet |President |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |National Coordinator, Maternal Infant and Child Health, HIV/Nutrition/Malaria and tuberculosis |Minister |[[:en:Callista_Mutharika|Callista Mutharika]] |- | rowspan="1" |Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation |Minister |[[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] |- |Office of the President and Cabinet |Vice President |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |- | rowspan="3" |Agriculture and Food Security |Minister |[[:en:Peter_Mwanza|Peter Mwanza]] |- |Deputy Minister |Dr.[[:en:Margaret_Roka_Mauwa|Margaret Roka Mauwa]] |- |Deputy Minister |Dr.[[:en:Kingsely_Namakhwa|Kingsely Namakhwa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Finance |Minister |Dr.[[:en:Ken_Lipenga|Ken Lipenga]] |- |Deputy Minister |Dr.[[:en:Cornelius_Mwalwanda|Cornelius Mwalwanda]] |- | rowspan="3" |Education, Science and Technology |Minister |Dr.[[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- |Deputy — Higher Education |[[:en:Wictor_Songazaudzu_Sajeni|Wictor Songazaudzu Sajeni]] |- |Deputy — Primary Education |[[:en:Otria_Jere|Otria Jere]] |- | rowspan="2" |Transport and Public Infrastructure |Minister |[[:en:Sidik_Mia|Sidik Mia]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Catherine_Gotani_Hara|Catherine Gotani Hara]] |- |Justice and Constitutional Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Ephraim_Chiume|Ephraim Chiume]] |- | rowspan="2" |Local Government and Rural Development |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Mussa|Henry Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Chimango_Mughogho|Chimango Mughogho-Gondwe]] |- | rowspan="1" |Trade and Industry |Minister |[[:en:John_Bande|John Bande]] |- | rowspan="2" |Lands, Housing and Urban Development |Minister |[[:en:Yunus_Mussa|Yunus Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |Rev. Dr.[[:en:Christopher_Ngwira|Christopher Ngwira]] |- | rowspan="2" |Gender, Child & Community Development |Minister |[[:en:Reen_Kachere|Reen Kachere]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Nasrin_Pillane|Nasrin Pillane]] |- | rowspan="1" |Tourism, Wildlife and Culture |Minister |[[:en:Daniel_Liwimbi|Daniel Liwimbi]] |- | rowspan="1" |Youth Development and Sports |Minister |[[:en:Simon_Vuwa_Kaunda|Simon Vuwa Kaunda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Health |Minister |[[:en:Jean_Kalilani|Jean Kalilani]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Ralph_Jooma|Ralph Jooma]] |- | rowspan="1" |Home Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Aaron_Sangala|Aaron Sangala]] |- |Labor |Minister |Dr.[[:en:Lucious_Grandson_Kanyumba|Lucious Kanyumba]] |- | rowspan="1" |Information and Civic Education |Minister |[[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] |- | rowspan="2" |Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall Gondwe]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Flamenga_Chelewani|Flamenga Chelewani]] |} == Boma pa 19 August 2011 == Pa 19 Ogasiti 2011, Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika wakachimbizga nduna yake ya ŵanthu 42 na kupoka maudindo ghose mpaka apo wazamupharazgira. Wachiwiri kwa purezidenti Joyce Banda mwalamulo adakhalabe wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa dzikolo, ngakhale adachotsedwa ku Democratic Progressive Party yolamulira mu Disembala 2010 (Onani nduna ya DPP Party).<ref>{{cite web |author=DEREK MAPONDERA |date=28 August 2011 |title=Joyce Banda blasts DPP for ‘nepotism’ as PP launches |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5693-joyce-banda-blasts-dpp-for-nepotism-as-pp-launches.html |work=Maravi Post |accessdate=2011-08-29}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Boma pa 9 August 2010 == Boma ilo likapharazgika pa 9 August 2010 likaŵa lakulondezgapo:<ref>{{cite web |title=MALAWI CABINET AS OF AUGUST 9, 2010 |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Cabinet_9_Aug_2010.pdf |publisher=Government of Malawi |accessdate=2011-03-03}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Unduna !Udindo !Uyo wali na udindo |- | rowspan="3" |Office of the President |President |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Vice-president |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |- |Deputy Minister for Presidential Affairs |[[:en:Nicholas_Dausi|Nicholas Dausi]] |- | rowspan="2" |Agriculture and Food Security |Minister |[[:en:Peter_Mwanza|Peter Mwanza]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Margaret_Roka_Mauwa|Margaret Roka Mauwa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Foreign Affairs |Minister |Prof. [[:en:Etta_Banda|Etta Elizabeth Banda]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Steven_Kamwendo|Steven Kamwendo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Finance : |Minister |[[:en:Ken_Kandodo|Ken Kandodo]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Fraser_Nihorya|Fraser Nihorya]] |- | rowspan="3" |Education, Science and Technology |Minister |[[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] |- |Deputy — Higher Education |[[:en:Otria_Jere|Otria Jere]] |- |Deputy — Primary Education |[[:en:Victor_Sajeni|Victor Sajeni]] |- | rowspan="2" |Development, Planning and Cooperation |Minister |[[:en:Abbie_Shaba|Abbie Shaba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Daniel_Liwimbi|Daniel Liwimbi]] |- | rowspan="2" |Transport and Public Infrastructure |Minister |[[:en:Sidik_Mia|Sidik Mia]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:McJones_Shaba|McJones Shaba]] |- |Justice and Constitutional Affairs |Minister |[[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Irrigation and Water Development |Minister |[[:en:Richie_Muheya|Richie Muheya]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Grenenger_Msulira_Banda|Grenenger Msulira Banda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Local Government and Rural Development |Minister |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Francis_Kasaila|Francis Kasaila]] |- | rowspan="2" |Industry and Trade |Minister |[[:en:Eunice_Kazembe|Eunice Kazembe]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Shadreck_Jonas|Shadreck Jonas]] |- | rowspan="2" |Lands, Housing and Urban Development |Minister |[[:en:John_Bande|John Bande]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Billy_Kaunda|Billy Kaunda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Gender, Child & Community Development |Minister |[[:en:Theresa_Mwale|Theresa Mwale]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Catherine_Gotani_Hara|Catherine Gotani Hara]] |- | rowspan="2" |Tourism, Wildlife and Culture |Minister |[[:en:Ken_Lipenga|Ken Lipenga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Augustine_Mtendere|Augustine Mtendere]] |- |Labour |Minister |[[:en:Yunus_Mussa|Yunus Mussa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Youth Development and Sports |Minister |[[:en:Lucius_Kanyumba|Lucius Kanyumba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Charles_Mchacha|Charles Mchacha]] |- | rowspan="2" |Health |Minister |[[:en:David_Mphande|David Mphande]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Felton_Mulli|Felton Mulli]] |- | rowspan="2" |Internal Affairs and Public Security |Minister |[[:en:Aaron_Sangala|Aaron Sangala]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Annie_Lemani|Annie Lemani]] |- |National Defence |Minister |[[:en:Leckford_Thotho|Leckford Thotho]] |- | rowspan="2" |Information and Civic Education |Minister |[[:en:Vuwa_Symon_Kaunda|Vuwa Symon Kaunda]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Tarsizio_Gowelo|Tarsizio Gowelo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Natural Resources, Energy and Environment |Minister |[[:en:Grain_Malunga|Grain Malunga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Ephraim_Chiume|Ephraim Chiume]] |- | rowspan="2" |Persons with Disabilities and the Elderly |Minister |[[:en:Reen_Kachere|Reen Kachere]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Chimango_Mughogho|Chimango Mughogho]] |- |Maternal, Infant and Child Health (Safe Motherhood) |Minister |[[:en:Callista_Chimombo|Callista Chimombo]] |} == Kabineti pa 15 Juni 2009 == Boma ilo likamba kugwira ntchito pa 15 Juni 2009 likaŵa:<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2009 |title=Malawi’s 43 member cabinet list as unveiled by President Mutharika |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html |url-status=dead |work=Nyasa Times |accessdate=2011-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210030117/http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html |archivedate=10 February 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ufumu !Udindo !Uyo wali na udindo |- | rowspan="2" |Office of the President |President |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Vice President |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Agriculture and Food Security |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Margaret_Roka_Mauwa|Margaret Roka Mauwa]] (Ms.) |- | rowspan="2" |Finance |Minister |[[:en:Ken_Kandodo|Ken Kandodo]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Fraser_Nkhoma_Nihora|Fraser Nkhoma Nihora]] |- | rowspan="2" |Foreign Affairs |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Etta_Banda|Etta Banda]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Augustine_Mtendere|Augustine Mtendere]] |- | rowspan="3" |Education |Minister |[[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- |Deputy - Higher Education, Science & Technology |[[:en:Otria_Moyo_Jere|Otria Moyo Jere]] |- |Deputy -Primary Education |[[:en:Victor_Sajeni|Victor Sajeni]] |- | rowspan="2" |Development Planning and Cooperation |Minister |[[:en:Abbie_Marambika_Shaba|Abbie Marambika Shaba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Daniel_Liwimbi|Daniel Liwimbi]] |- | rowspan="2" |Transport and Works |Minister |[[:en:Khumbo_Kachali|Khumbo Kachali]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Lazaro_Kasaila|Lazaro Kasaila]] |- |Justice |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] |- | rowspan="2" |Irrigation |Minister |[[:en:Ritchie_Bizwick_Muyewa|Ritchie Bizwick Muyewa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Gringer_Musolira_Banda|Gringer Musolira Banda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Local Government |Minister |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:MacJones_Mandala_Shawa|MacJones Mandala Shawa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Industry and Trade |Minister |[[:en:Eunice_Kazembe|Eunice Kazembe]] (Ms) |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Steven_Stanford_Kamwendo|Steven Stanford Kamwendo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Lands and Housing and Urban development |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Peter_Mwanza|Peter Mwanza]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Tarsiziu_Tony_Gowelo|Tarsiziu Tony Gowelo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Gender, Children and Community Development |Minister |[[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] (Ms) |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Catherine_Gotani_Hara|Catherine Gotani Hara]] (Ms) |- | rowspan="2" |Tourism, Wildlife |Minister |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] (Ms) |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Shadreck_Jonasi|Shadreck Jonasi]] |- | rowspan="2" |Labour |Minister |[[:en:Yunus_Mussa|Yunus Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:John_Bande|John Bande]] |- | rowspan="2" |Youth and Sports |Minister |Dr [[:en:Lucius_Kanyumba|Lucius Kanyumba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Billy_Kaunda|Billy Kaunda]] |- | rowspan="2" |Health |Minister |Prof. [[:en:Moses_Chirambo|Moses Chirambo]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Gloria_Mwale|Gloria Mwale]] (Ms) |- | rowspan="2" |Home Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Aaron_Sangala|Aaron Sangala]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Annie_Lemani|Annie Lemani]] (Ms) |- |National Defence |Minister |[[:en:Sidik_Mia|Sidik Mia]] |- | rowspan="2" |Information and Civil Education |Minister |[[:en:Leckford_Mwanza_Thotho|Leckford Mwanza Thotho]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Kingsely_Namakhwa|Kingsely Namakhwa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Natural Resources and Energy |Minister |[[:en:Grey_Malunga|Grey Malunga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Ephraim_Chiume|Ephraim Chiume]] |- | rowspan="2" |Disabilities and Aged |Minister |[[:en:Reen_Kachere|Bessie Reen Kachere]] (Ms) |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Felton_Mulli|Felton Mulli]] |} == Kabineti pa Novembala 2007 == Pa Novembala 2007, ŵaliska ŵakulongozga ŵakaŵa::<ref>{{cite web |date=November 19, 2007 |title=Malawi: Political structure |url=http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=962794881&region_id=430000443&country_id=370000037&channel_id=210004021&category_id=540004054&refm=vwCat&page_title=Article&rf=0 |work=Economist Intelligence Unit |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ministry !Minister |- |Agriculture & food security |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Defence |[[:en:Bob_Khamisa|Bob Khamisa]] |- |Economic planning & development |[[:en:Ted_Kalebe|Ted Kalebe]] |- |Education, science & technology |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Energy & mines |[[:en:Chimunthu_Banda|Chimunthu Banda]] |- |Finance |[[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall Gondwe]] |- |Foreign affairs |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |- |Health |[[:en:Marjory_Ngaunje|Marjory Ngaunje]] |- |Home affairs & internal security |[[:en:Ernest_Malenga|Ernest Malenga]] |- |Information & civic education |[[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] |- |Justice |[[:en:Henry_Dama_Phoya|Henry Dama Phoya]] |- |Labour |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] |- |Lands & natural resources |[[:en:Khumbo_Chirwa|Khumbo Chirwa]] |- |Local government & rural development |[[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- |Presidential & parliamentary affairs |[[:en:Davies_Katsonga|Davies Katsonga]] |- |Tourism, wildlife & culture |[[:en:Callista_Chimombo|Callista Chimombo]] |- |Trade & industry |[[:en:Ken_Lipenga|Ken Lipenga]] |- |Transport, public works & housing |[[:en:Henry_Mussa|Henry Mussa]] |- |Youth development & sports |[[:en:Khumbo_Kachali|Khumbo Kachali]] |} == Kabineti pa February 2005 == Boma ilo likamba kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2005 likaŵa:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Appointments as of February 2005 |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw/CabinetAppointments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412185912/http://www.malawi.gov.mw:80/CabinetAppointments.htm |archive-date=12 April 2005 |website=Government of the Republic of Malawi}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ministry !Position !Officeholder |- | rowspan="2" |Office of the President |President |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Vice President |Dr. [[:en:Cassim_Chilumpha|Cassim Chilumpha]] |- |Defence, the Civil Service, Statutory Corporations and Privatisation |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Water Development |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Cassim_Chilumpha|Cassim Chilumpha]] |- | rowspan="2" |Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security |Minister |[[:en:Gwanda_Chakuamba|Gwanda Chakuamba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Elizabeth_Aipira|Elizabeth Aipira]] (Mrs.) |- |Finance |Minister |[[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall E. Gondwe]] |- |Economic Planning and Development |Minister |[[:en:David_Faiti|David Faiti]] |- |Foreign Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Davis_Katsonga|Davis Katsonga]] |- |Justice and Constitutional Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Phoya|Henry Phoya]] |- | rowspan="2" |Industry, Science and Technology |Minister |[[:en:Khumbo_Chirwa|Khumbo Chirwa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Charles_Mchacha|Charles Mchacha]] |- |Home Affairs and Internal Security |Minister |[[:en:Uladi_Mussa|Uladi Mussa]] |- |Trade and Private Sector Development |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Martin_Kansichi|Martin Kansichi]] |- | rowspan="2" |Education and Human Resources |Minister |[[:en:Yusuf_Mwawa|Yusuf Mwawa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] (Mrs.) |- | rowspan="2" |Transport and Public Works |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Mussa|Henry Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Roy_Cumsay|Roy Cumsay]] |- |Lands, Housing and Surveys |Minister |[[:en:Bazuka_Mhango|Bazuka Mhango]] |- | rowspan="2" |Local Government and Rural Development |Minister |Dr. [[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] (Mrs.) |- | rowspan="2" |Information and Tourism |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Kenneth_Lipenga|Kenneth Lipenga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Henry_Mumba|Henry Mumba]] |- |Labour Vocational Training |Minister |[[:en:Lilian_Patel|Jaffalie Mussa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Health |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Hetherwick_Ntaba|Hetherwick Ntaba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Frank_Tumpale_Mwenifumbo|Frank Tumpale Mwenifumbo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Mines, Natural Resources and Environment |Minister |[[:en:Eunice_Kazembe|Eunice Kazembe]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Sidik_Mia|Sidik Mia]] |- |Youth, Sports and Culture |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Chimunthu_Banda|Henry Chimunthu Banda]] |- |Women, Child Welfare and Community Services |Minister |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] (Mrs.) |- |Social Development and Persons with Disabilities |Minister |[[:en:Clement_Chiwaya|Clement Chiwaya]] |} == Kabineti pa Juni 2004 == The cabinet that became effective in June 2004 was:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Appointments as at June 2004 |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw/CabinetAppointments.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206171320/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/CabinetAppointments.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |website=Government of the Republic of Malawi}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ministry !Position !Officeholder |- | rowspan="2" |Office of the President |President |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Vice President |Dr. [[:en:Cassim_Chilumpha|Cassim Chilumpha]] |- |Defence and Civil Service |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- |Statutory Corporations |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Cassim_Chilumpha|Cassim Chilumpha]] |- | rowspan="2" |Agriculture and Food Security |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Chakufwa_Chihana|Chakufwa Chihana]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Sidik_Mia|Sidik Mia]] |- |Finance |Minister |[[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall Gondwe]] |- |Economic Planning and Development |Minister |[[:en:David_Faiti|David Faiti]] |- |Foreign Affairs |Minister |Dr. [[:en:George_Chaponda|George Chaponda]] |- |Justice and Constitutional Affairs |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Phoya|Henry Phoya]] |- | rowspan="2" |Industry, Science and Technology |Minister |[[:en:Khumbo_Chirwa|Khumbo Chirwa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Eylin_Kalonga|Eylin Kalonga]] |- |Home Affairs and Internal Security |Minister |[[:en:Uladi_Mussa|Uladi Mussa]] |- | rowspan="2" |Trade and Private Sector Development |Minister |[[:en:Eunice_Kazembe|Eunice Kazembe]] |- |Deputy Minister |E. Ntafu (Mrs.) |- | rowspan="2" |Education and Human Resources |Minister |[[:en:Yusuf_Mwawa|Yusuf Mwawa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Anna_Kachikho|Anna Kachikho]] |- | rowspan="2" |Transport and Public Works |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Mussa|Henry Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Roy_Cumsay|Roy Cumsay]] |- |Lands, Housing and Surveys |Minister |[[:en:Bazuka_Mhango|Bazuka Mhango]] |- | rowspan="2" |Local Government and Rural Development |Minister |[[:en:Jaffalie_Mussa|Jaffalie Mussa]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Patricia_Kaliati|Patricia Kaliati]] |- | rowspan="2" |Information, Communications and Tourism |Minister |[[:en:Kenneth_Lipenga|Kenneth Lipenga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Henry_Mumba|Henry Mumba]] |- |Labour Vocational Training |Minister |[[:en:Lilian_Patel|Lilian Patel]] |- | rowspan="2" |Health |Minister |Dr. [[:en:Hetherwick_Ntaba|Hetherwick Ntaba]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Frank_Tumpale_Mwenifumbo|Frank Tumpale Mwenifumbo]] |- | rowspan="2" |Mines, Natural Resources and Environment |Minister |[[:en:Davis_Katsonga|Davis Katsonga]] |- |Deputy Minister |[[:en:Bob_Khamisa|Bob Khamisa]] |- |Youth, Sports and Culture |Minister |[[:en:Henry_Chimunthu_Banda|Henry Chimunthu Banda]] |- |Women, Child Welfare and Community Services |Minister |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |- |Social Development and Persons with Disabilities |Minister |[[:en:Clement_Chiwaya|Clement Chiwaya]] |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> fxz3ojds2o3w2ef469bgnnc58gxaivn 0 20309 122689 119609 2026-09-28T03:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122689 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship name=''Vipya''|Ship owner=Nyasaland Railway Co.|Ship operator=|Ship registry={{Flagicon|Nyasaland}} {{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=[[Monkey Bay]] - [[Chilumba]]|Ship ordered=|Ship builder=[[A & J Inglis|A & J Inglis Ltd]], Glasgow /[[Harland and Wolff]], [[Belfast]]|Ship original cost=|Ship yard number=1043|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1944|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1944|Ship in service=1944|Ship out of service=1946|Ship identification=|Ship fate=Capsized July 30, 1946|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship type=[[Passenger ship|Passenger]]-[[cargo ship]]|Ship tonnage=470 tons|Ship displacement=|Ship length={{convert|140|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught=|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship power=steam|Ship propulsion=Petters Standard Design {{cvt|600|bhp|lk=on}}|Ship speed={{convert|12|kn|lk=in}}|Ship capacity=315 passengers; 100 tons of freight|Ship crew=|Ship notes=}} |}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}'''MV Vipya (''MVP Viphya''''') yikaŵa [[sitima]] iyo yikendanga pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] ku Southern Africa kufuma mu 1944 mpaka 1946. Chiŵiya ichi chikaŵa na matani 470, utali wake ukaŵa mamita 43, usani wake mamita 8, ndipo ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa mu boti ili. Para yili na injini, yikendanga mwaluŵiro chomene. Cikaŵa cakukwana ŵanthu 315 na matani 100 gha katundu.<ref name="theeyemw1">{{cite web |title=MV Viypa 'Titanic of Malawi - Inside Guide to Malawi |url=http://www.theeyemw.com/mv%20vipya.php |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theeyemw.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313131816/http://www.theeyemw.com/mv%20vipya.php |archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |date=1996-09-13 |title=BBC World Service - African Perspective, MV Vipya Lake Malawi Disaster |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p034s5kt |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="theyard1">{{cite web |title=Harland and Wolff - Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |url=http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1043 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theyard.info}}</ref> Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima iyi yikanyamuka na ŵanthu 194. Cakaŵa pafupi na Chilumba mu Karonga, ndipo cikaphyoka na kubira. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili ŵakakomeka. Palije viwangwa ivyo vikusangika.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cingalaŵa ici cikaŵa ciheni comene kuluska vyose ivyo vikacitika mu Malaŵi (uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa Nyasaland). == Mbili == Kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵendenge pa Nyanja ya Malawi, kampani ya Nyasaland Railroad Company yikapempha kuti yizenge sitima ya MV Viphya mu 1942. Sitima iyi yikazengeka ku Scotland na A & J Inglis Ltd, Glasgow, kampani yakuzenga sitima ya ku Ireland Harland and Wolff. Bwato ili likatolekera ku Beira, Mozambique, mu 1943 kufuma ku Scotland mu 3018 na mabokosi 82. Kufuma apo, likatolekera ku Malawi kuti likanozgekeso. Ŵenecho ŵa nyumba iyi ŵakanozga kuti paŵe chiphapha chinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ngaraŵa iyi yiŵe yikuru comene pa ngaraŵa zose izo zikazengeka pa Nyanja ya Malawi.<ref>“Ship Sent by Train”, The Palestine Post, 18 January 1945</ref> Cingalaŵa ici cikacemeka Vipya cifukwa ca mapiri agho ghali kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mulongozgi wa Vipya wakaŵa Keith Farguhanson, ndipo munyake uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wakaŵa Flint. Underwood. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Fort Johnson (Mangochi)<ref name="jstor.org">Hawkin, Tony. "The Artist Helen MacLaren, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2006), pp. 35-39 Published by: Society of Malawi - Historical and Scientific Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779213</ref> Cikaŵa cakwamba kukwera sitima ya ŵanthu pa Juni 14, 1944, ndipo chikaŵa na matani ghakujumpha 100. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, sitima iyi yikanjiraso yayi mu nyanja. Cingalaŵa ici cikafumanga ku Monkey Bay kuluta ku Mwaya kumpoto. Ngalaŵa iyi yikalutaso maulendo ghatatu pambere yindabisike pa ulendo wake wachinayi. Cifukwa ca ndyali za boma la ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1">{{cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=The history of MV Vipya in Malawi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFfo8pgUo-4 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == Kubira kwa Vipya == Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima ya MV Viphya yikanyamuka pa ulendo wake wachinayi kufuma ku Mbamba Bay kulazga kumpoto kwa Karonga. Apo ngaraŵa yikaŵa mu chimphepo, mulongozgi wa ngaraŵa, Farguhanson, wakalangura awo ŵakendeskanga ngaraŵa kuti ŵalutilire kuluta uko ŵakalutanga nangauli wakaŵachenjezga kuti nyengo yiŵenge yiheni. Ici cikapangiska kuti majigha ghankhongono ghatimbane na ngaraŵa iyi ndipo yikabwangasuka na kubira pa mtunda wa makilomita 13 kufupi na Florence Bay (Chitimba). Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka na maji. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa mu kilasi lakwamba, kweniso ŵana ŵanalume ŵanayi ŵa ku sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School. Pakaŵavya mathupi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 49 ŵakapona. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu 33 ŵa ku Africa, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Luwazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakwera kufuma pa windo la chipinda cha injini. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafika ku Livingstonia. Viŵiya ivi vicali pasi pa Nyanja ya Malawi ndipo malo ghake ghakumanyikwa yayi.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1" /> === Ŵanthu === Ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa ngozi iyi ni Kaputeni Keith Ferguhanson, Mr. na Mrs. Timcke, fumu R. Mwaunenesko, a Healy.<ref>Nyasaland Times, Loss of MV Vipya, August 1, 1946</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School na Luwanzi Mission School. === Nkhani za awo ŵakapona === Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. Nkhani ya ulendo uwu yikayowoyeka mu nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC iyo yikaŵa na nkhani ya Norton Thindwa, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mwana wa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School. Mulara waciŵiri wa ngaraŵa, R.C. Underwood, wakaŵapo yayi pa ngaraŵa zuŵa lira.. ==== Nkhani ya Rowland Ngosi ==== Nkhani ya wantchito wa boma Rowland Samuel Ngosi yikalongosoreka mu Malaŵi nga ni ciyelezgero ca nkharo yiwemi ya mu uteŵeti wa boma. Mwachiyelezgero, wapampando wa chalo uyu Saulos Chilima, wakalongosora pa Institute of Chartered Accountant ku Malawi pa 16 September 2021. Ngosi, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ndalama wa boma, wakaŵa pa sitima iyo yikaŵa na ndalama izo zikapelekekanga ku ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ŵa vigaŵa vitatu. Ngalaŵa yikati yabira, Ngosi wakaswera m'paka ku Florence Bay na thumba la ndalama, ndipo wakawoneseska kuti muteŵeti waliyose wa boma mu Rumphi, Karonga, na Chitipa wapokera malipiro ghake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Veep Chilima's Rowland Ngosi story excites accountants at ICAM |url=https://www.maravipost.com/malawi-veep-chilimas-rowland-ngosi-story-excites-accountants-at-icam/ |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=The Maravi Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Be a Rowland Ngosi," – Chilima’s tells Malawi Accountants - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/be-a-rowland-ngosi-chilimas-tells-malawi-accountants/}}</ref> ==== Ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School ==== Patrick Ziba, muliska uyo wali kupumura pa nchito, wakalongosora nkhani ya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Sukulu ya Uteŵeti wa Umishonale ya ku Luwazi. Ziba wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya ŵamishonale ndipo wakakumbuka umo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanayi ŵa sukulu ya ŵa Seventh-day Adventist ŵakafwira pa Viphya. Pambere ŵandanyamuke ulendo uwu, mu Julayi 1946, ŵana ŵa sukulu 14 ŵakakoleka uku ŵakwiba phere mu chiŵaya cha sukulu. Ŵakapika chilango chakuti ŵajimbe chimbuzi panji ŵasezgeke mu charu. Ŵasambiri wose 14 ŵakasankha kuwelera ku vikaya vyawo nangauli Ziba na ŵanji ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵapulikire cilango. Ŵasambiri 6 ŵakagura matikiti na kukwera ngalaŵa, ndipo ŵanyake 8 ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinyake kuti ŵasange ndalama zakugulira matikiti. Ŵana ŵanayi pa ŵana ŵamasukulu ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵakafwa apo ŵaŵiri ŵakapona.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew McChesney |date=2015-01-23 |title=Adventist Review Online &#124; Malawi Pastor, Turning 100, Regrets Boat Tragedy |url=https://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/malawi-pastor,-turning-100,-regrets-boat-tragedy-%E2%80%8B |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Adventistreview.org}}</ref> == Kufufuza na kuzenga mulandu == Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Hawke, wakachita kafukufuku pa ngozi iyi, ndipo wakasanga vifukwa viŵiri ivyo sitima yikabira. Cifukwa cakwamba cikaŵa cakuti Kaputeni Farguhanson wakaleka kupulikira ulongozgi wa ŵanthu ŵake. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakawonaso kuti nyengo yikaŵa yiheni. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na awo ŵakendeskanga ndege ŵakamba kususkana cifukwa ca suzgo la nyengo, kweni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari wakalangura kuti ŵalutilire ulendo wawo.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> AKuyana na upharazgi uwu, wakalanguraso kuti chipata chikuru cha katundu chijurike mwakutendekera kweniso wakacita vinthu vinyake viheni. Mubali Bemba Mpali, uyo wakalemba nkhani iyi mu nkhani ya pa BBC, wakayowoya kuti uyo wakendeskanga ngaraŵa uyu wakwenera kuti wakamwanga moŵa..<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska ngozi iyi nchakuti ngaraŵa yikaŵa yambura kupangika makora. Khoti likafumba maofesala, majenerali, na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa sitima. Mu ceruzgo ico Mulara Hawke wakaŵazga, wakalongosora umo ngaraŵa iyi yikapangikira na umo yikapangikira. Iwo ŵakatenge awo ŵakazenganga ngalaŵa ŵakakanizganga maji kunjira mu vipata. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili na awo ŵakendangamo nawo ŵakakayikanga usange likwenda makora. Ŵanyake ŵakatenge khuni ili ndakunono chomene, apo ŵanyake ŵakatenge ndakwenelera yayi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> === Kuzenga mulandu na kususka === Mbumba ya mulara wa sitima iyi na kampani ya Nyasaland Railway Company ŵakadandawura ku khoti. Cifukwa ca vifukwa vyambura kumanyikwa, nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakapona yikasintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo khoti likakanizga kafukufuku. Mwantheura, Mulara Furghanson, ŵakamuwuskapo mulandu wa kuleka kulaŵilira makora ngalaŵa ku khoti la ku East Africa. Pasono palije uyo wakumanya cifukwa ico ngaraŵa yiphya iyi yikabira. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵamba kuyowoyapo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikayambiska ngozi iyi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> == Vikumbusko vya Vipya == * Chizindikiro ku Mangochi mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Shire, icho chikuyang'aniridwa na Dipatimenti ya Vinthu Vyakale ku Malawi ku Mangochi (kale Fort Johnston) chikukumbukira chochitika ichi.Nyumba ya Mfumukazi Victoria Clock Tower ku Mangochi, yikaŵa cikumbusko ca ŵanthu 145 awo ŵakafwa.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> * Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikasangika pa ngaraŵa iyi cili kusungika mu Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu vya Kale ya ku Karonga.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> == Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya == Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. * "The Vipya Poem" (poem) - Poem yitali ya Steve Chimombo yakulongosora vya MV Vipya iyo yikapangika, kukwezgeka, na kwenda m'paka yikabira ku Florence Bay (Chitimba).<ref name="ReferenceA">Lee, Christopher, Malawian Literature after Banda and in the Age of AIDS: A Conversation with Steve Chimombo</ref> * 1996: "The Vipya Disaster" BBC African Perspective (radio documentary) - Mafunso ndi opulumuka ndi akatswiri pa MV Vipya, kuphatikizapo Norton Thindwa, Steve Chimombo, September 13, 1996<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> * 2000: Wrath of Napolo (novel) - Buku la Steve Chimombo lakulongosora vya sitima iyo yikubira pa nyanja iyi..<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 1jheu07vbsinl2na2zuwsrwpqbqvv5s 0 20477 122643 121658 2026-09-28T02:38:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Mzuzu | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = Msumba | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = MzuzuMalawi.JPG | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Mzuzu | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Malawi#Northern Region#Mzimba | pushpin_mapsize = 240 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Malawi|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Mzimba]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Chigaŵa chavisankho]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Mzuzu Msumba|Mzuzu Msumba]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref>[https://malawi.unfpa.org/sites/...pdf/2018%20Census%20Preliminary%20Report.pdf] {{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 221,272 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = +2 | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|11.45807|S|34.015131|E|region:MW|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cwb)|Cwb]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Msumba wa Mzuzu''' ndiwo uli likuru la [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]] kwa [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 221,272 na ŵanthu 20,000 (ŵasambiri ŵa Yunivesite ya Mzuzu) ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.7 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu.<ref name="commonwealth-of-nations.org">{{Cite web |title=Municipal in Malawi, Malawi Municipal, Mzuzu City Assembly welcome, Commonwealth |url=http://www.commonwealth-of-nations.org/Malawi/Municipal/Mzuzu_City_Assembly/welcome |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031431/http://www.commonwealth-of-nations.org/Malawi/Municipal/Mzuzu_City_Assembly/welcome |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ili mu chigaŵa cha [[Mzimba (msumba)|Mzimba]]. Muzi wa Mzuzu uli mu mapiri gha Viphya, ndipo chigaŵa icho chili kufupi na msumba uwu chikupambika tiyi, ghamayi, na khofi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa msumba uwu kuli nkhorongo yikuru chomene iyo ŵanthu ŵali kupanga mu Africa.<ref name="TA">{{cite journal|date=August 2001|title=Malawi: Fragile Forests|journal=Travel Africa Magazine|issue=17|url=http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/149/56/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822032058/http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/149/56/|archive-date=22 August 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Malo ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa chomene mu msumba uwu ni Chibavi, Luwinga, Area 1B, Chibanja, Katoto, Zolozolo, Masasa, Mchenga-utuba, Chimaliro, Kaning'ina na Katawa. == Ŵanthu == {{historical populations|11=1977|12=16,108|13=1987|14=51,904|15=1998|16=86,980|17=2008|18=133,968|19=2018|20=221,272|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/malawi/cities/|title=Malawi: Regions, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=Citypopulation.de|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>|align=right}} === Mitundu ya Ŵanthu === {{bar box|title=Mitundu mu Msumba wa Mzuzu (2018 Census)<ref name="Census2018" />|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Ethnic Groups|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Tumbuka|darkgreen|51.71}} {{bar percent|Chewa|purple|13.51}} {{bar percent|Ngoni|red|8.09}} {{bar percent|Tonga|black|7.36}} {{bar percent|Nkhonde|orange|4.08}} {{bar percent|Lambya|darkblue|3.75}}{{bar percent|Yao|green|3.59}} {{bar percent|Lomwe|maroon|3.54}} {{bar percent|Sukwa|darkgray|1.07}} {{bar percent|Sena|gray|0.66}} {{bar percent|Mang'anja|tan|0.38}} {{bar percent|Nyanja|lime|0.28}} {{bar percent|Other|Violet|2}}}}Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ndiwo ni mtundu ukuru chomene mu msumba uwu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa. Mitundu yinyake yichoko ni Ngoni na 8.09% ya ŵanthu, Tonga na 7.36%, Nkhonde na 4.08%, Lambya na 3.75%, Yao na 3.59%, Lomwe na 3.54%, Sukwa na 1.07%, Sena na 0.66%, Mang'anja na 0.38%, Nyanja na 0.28%, na mitundu yinyake na 2% ya ŵanthu.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> === Chisopa === {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption='''Religions in Mzuzu City (2018 Census)<ref name="Census2018" />'''|label1=Church of Central Africa Presbyterian|value1=28.01|color2=#36A|label2=Catholic|value2=17.28|color1=#6A5|label3=Seventh-day Adventist/Baptist/Apostolic|value3=16.27|color3=#FF33AC|label4=Pentecostal|value4=6.62|color4=#1A9|label5=Anglican|value5=1.58|color5=#E17720|label6=Other Christian|value6=22.21|color6=#F0FF00|label7=Muslim|value7=4.06|color7=#64ECDF|label8=Traditional|value8=0.1|color8=#36A|label9=Other|value9=3.59|color9=#6A5|label10=No Religion|value10=0.28|color10=#FF33AC}}Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Mzuzu ni cha Church of Central Africa Presbyterian icho chili na 28.01%. Chisopa cikuru chomene pa visopa vyose ni Chatoliki, ndipo ŵanthu 17.28% ŵali mu cisopa ichi. Visopa vinyake vikuruvikuru ni vya Chi Adventist, Baptist, na Apostolic na 16.27% pamoza, Pentecostal na 6.62%, Anglican na 1.58%, visopa vinyake vya Chikhristu na 22.21%, Islam na 4.06%, Traditional na 0.1%, visopa vinyake na 3.59%, na vyakusopa yayi na 0.28% ya msumba.<ref name="Census2018" /> Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1947 kuzingilizga munda wa mafuta wa Tung wa Commonwealth Development Corporation ndipo ukasangika mu 1985. Zina lakuti Vizuzu lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti 'Vizuzu' ilo likayowoyeka mwakubudika na ŵazungu. Vizuzu ni vyakumera ivyo vikukura mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Lunyangwa. Vipambi ivi ŵakaviwona kufupi na sukulu ya Mzuzu Government Secondary School iyo yikuchemekaso kuti Area 1A. == Mwambo == Ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba iyi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. ChiTumbuka chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chiyowoyero cha Mzuzu kweni viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Chichewa, ChiTonga, Chiswahili, na ChiNgonde navyo vikuyowoyeka. Mu msumba iyi muli nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale (iyo yikajulika mu 1986) umo muli vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikulongora mitheto ya kumpoto.<ref name="Lusaka">{{cite journal|last1=Lusaka|first1=Mwayi|date=4 Jan 2023|title=Curating the nation: Collections, ethnographic representations and heritage production at Museum of Malawi|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311983.2022.2160577|journal=Cogent Arts & Humanities|volume=10|doi=10.1080/23311983.2022.2160577|s2cid=255631526|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ni sima (vyakufuma ku chimanga, panji ku maniyu, panji ku sima ya mayagho), mpunga, na somba ya batala (mormyrid, Mormyrus longirostris). Batala wakufuma ku Nyanja ya Malawi iyo yili kufupi na Nkhata Bay. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni: chimanga, nthochi, vibama, koko, maniyu, na mbatata. == Umoyo == Mu msumba ya Mzuzu muli chipatala cha Mzuzu Central, chimoza mwa vipatala vinayi ivi. Msumba uwu uli na Mapale Health Center iyo yili mu msumba uwu pafupi na Shoprite. Paliso vipatala vinandi vya CHAM nga ni St. John, St. John of God Mental Hospital, Nkhorongo SDA Clinic. Msumba uwu uli na ma clinic gha ŵanthu nga ni: Katoto MASM MEDI Clinic, Mumbwe, Kandindindi Evergreen. Kampani ya Kentam Products Limited iyo yikupanga munkhwala yili ku Mzuzu. == Nyengo == {{Weather box|location=Mzuzu (1961–1990)|metric first=Yes|single line=Yes|Jan high C=25.5|Feb high C=25.6|Mar high C=24.8|Apr high C=23.5|May high C=22.1|Jun high C=20.4|Jul high C=20.3|Aug high C=21.9|Sep high C=25.1|Oct high C=27.2|Nov high C=27.2|Dec high C=26.1|year high C=24.1|Jan mean C=19.9|Feb mean C=20.0|Mar mean C=19.5|Apr mean C=18.7|May mean C=16.4|Jun mean C=13.9|Jul mean C=13.1|Aug mean C=14.0|Sep mean C=16.7|Oct mean C=19.4|Nov mean C=20.5|Dec mean C=20.1|year mean C=17.7|Jan low C=16.1|Feb low C=16.5|Mar low C=16.0|Apr low C=14.9|May low C=11.6|Jun low C=7.9|Jul low C=6.5|Aug low C=6.6|Sep low C=8.7|Oct low C=11.7|Nov low C=14.2|Dec low C=15.9|year low C=12.2|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=203.3|Feb precipitation mm=179.5|Mar precipitation mm=224.1|Apr precipitation mm=213.0|May precipitation mm=58.8|Jun precipitation mm=29.5|Jul precipitation mm=30.1|Aug precipitation mm=11.8|Sep precipitation mm=10.4|Oct precipitation mm=35.4|Nov precipitation mm=95.7|Dec precipitation mm=197.0|year precipitation mm=1288.6|Jan humidity=82|Feb humidity=82|Mar humidity=85|Apr humidity=86|May humidity=85|Jun humidity=84|Jul humidity=83|Aug humidity=77|Sep humidity=67|Oct humidity=62|Nov humidity=70|Dec humidity=80|year humidity=79|unit precipitation days=0.3 mm|Jan precipitation days=20|Feb precipitation days=18|Mar precipitation days=20|Apr precipitation days=19|May precipitation days=9|Jun precipitation days=6|Jul precipitation days=6|Aug precipitation days=3|Sep precipitation days=2|Oct precipitation days=3|Nov precipitation days=9|Dec precipitation days=18|year precipitation days=133|Jan sun=145.7|Feb sun=137.2|Mar sun=164.3|Apr sun=171.0|May sun=217.0|Jun sun=219.0|Jul sun=238.7|Aug sun=275.9|Sep sun=288.0|Oct sun=300.7|Nov sun=252.0|Dec sun=176.7|year sun=2586.2|Jand sun=4.7|Febd sun=4.9|Mard sun=5.3|Aprd sun=5.7|Mayd sun=7.0|Jund sun=7.3|Juld sun=7.7|Augd sun=8.9|Sepd sun=9.6|Octd sun=9.7|Novd sun=8.4|Decd sun=5.7|yeard sun=|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67489.TXT | title = Mzuzu Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 10 August 2016}}</ref>}} == Chuma na vinthu vinyake == Malo agha ndigho ghakupangika khofi, makuni, vipambi, mkaka na uchi. Vinthu ivi ni munkhwala, vyakutoweskera, na makuni. Chifukwa cha Yunivesite ya Mzuzu, msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵaluso chomene. Muziwu uli na malo ghawemi ghakulondezgako vyakurya, kweni wachali kupanga magesi. Ndalama zikwenda makora cifukwa ca mabanki ghaphya.<ref name="commonwealth-of-nations.org" />Kweniso ku malo agha kuli mabizinesi ghachoko na ghapakati agho ghakupeleka mauthenga gha pa foni, mawebusayiti, na mashopu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni Chipiku, Peoples Trading, na A.C. Opticals vilipo. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli na makampani gha Mzuzu Coffee, Kentam Products Limited, Mzupaso Paints Limited na magazini ya Northern Life. Mzuzu wali na misika yikuru yiŵiri, kusazgapo Msika wa Taifa uwo ukuguliska vipasi, vyakuvwara, mafoni, skapato na vinthu vinyake. == Masambiro == Mu msumba iyi ndimo muli Yunivesite ya Mzuzu, iyo yikambika mu 1999. Yunivesite iyi yili na masukulu ghankhondi: Tourism and Hospitality Management, Education, Health Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Information and Library Science. Sukulu ya Mzuzu Technical College, iyo yikaŵako mu 1958 na Ŵadada Ŵatuŵa, yili ku Mzuzu. Muli masukulu ghakuru gha ku mpoto, kusazgapo Marymount Secondary School, Wukani private Secondary School, Katoto Government Secondary School, Zolozolo Community Day Secondary School Viphya Schools na Mzuzu Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Homepage |url=http://www.mzuzuacademy.org |publisher=mzuzuacademy.org}}</ref> The city also has several primary schools such as Wukani, Trust Academy, Wongani private primary school [run by MIC Catholic Sisters], Beehive and Hilltop schools. == Umoyo == Msumba wa Mzuzu uli na makuni ghanandi kweniso mapiri. Mu msumba uwu muli makuni ghanandi gha miombo. Kumpoto na kumwera kwa msumba uwu kuli mapiri gha Viphya agho ghali na utheka na makuni. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Viphya Plantation iyo yili mu mapiri kumwera kwa msumba uwu ndiyo nkhorongo yikuru chomene mu Africa. Mu nyengo yakuzizima, mu Mzuzu mukuzizima chomene. === Ulimi === Mu msumba uwu muli vyakurya vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuliska tiyi, gombi, na khofi. == Ulendo == Ku malo agha kuli nyanja ya Malawi iyo yili na mchenga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kusambira mu maji. Nyika National Park, ni paki yikuru chomene ya ku Malawi, ndipo yikusambizga ŵanthu kwenda mu mapiri, kukwera njinga, kwenda pa mahaci, na kwenda pa galimoto. Malo gha vyakusanguluska gha mu hotelo ya Mzuzu na O Seasons agho kale ghakachemekanga Key Lounge ghakukopa ŵantchito ŵa ku charu chose na vyaru vinyake. Malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira ni Mzuzu Golf Clib, Villa Kagwentha (iyo yikumanyikwa na disko mise yiliyose ya Chisulo) na Squirrels park. Paliso malo ghakupambanapambana ghakupumulirapo nga ni Lake View Lodge na Mzuzu Sanctuary. Mzuzu Botanic Gardens ili ku Zolozolo. Mungenda mu mapiri gha Kaning'ina. Damu la Gulliver, ilo likupeleka maji ku msumba wa Mzuzu na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga, likupeleka na malo ghakwenda Gulu lakwamba la Scout (UK) lazenga msasa wa Scout uwo uli na vinthu vinandi kuwaro kwa Mzuzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavuzicampsite |url=http://www.campingmalawi.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706065004/http://www.campingmalawi.com/ |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Poulner Scout Group - Kavuzi Campsite |url=http://www.1stpoulnerscouts.org.uk/malawi/kavuzi-campsite/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703092919/http://1stpoulnerscouts.org.uk/malawi/kavuzi-campsite/ |archive-date=3 July 2016 |access-date=19 June 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Mayendelo == Ku Mzuzu City kuli ndege ya Mzuzu Airport. Mu 2017, boma likamba kuzenga chiŵanja cha ndege chiphya na chikuru mu chigaŵa cha Dunduzu.<ref name="commonwealth-of-nations.org" /> Msumba wa Mzuzu uli mumphepete mwa msewu ukuru wa M1, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Ni malo gha kumpoto kwa msewu wa M5, uwo ukujumpha kumafumiro gha dazi mu mapiri gha Viphya kuya ku Nkhata Bay, ndipo kufuma apo kumwera kufupi na nyanja ya Malawi. == Maseŵera == Mu Mzuzu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola. Magulu ghaŵiri, Moyale Barracks FC na Mzuni ghakwimira msumba iyi mu ligi ya Malawi. Sitediyamu ya Mzuzu (ya ŵanthu 15,000) ndiyo njimoza pera mu msumba uwu iyo yikazengeka mu 1970. Mu msumba iyi muli magulu ghaŵiri gha basketball, [[Nkhulande]] na [[Pistons]]. == Ŵanthu Ŵakumanyikwa == [[:en:Shepherd_Bushiri|Shepherd Bushiri]], founder of the Enlightened Christian Gathering, is from Mzuzu. Bushiri is also the founder of PSB Network<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSB Network &#124; The Mobile Network That Cares |url=http://www.mypsb.co.za/ |website=Mypsb.co.za |accessdate=22 November 2021}}</ref> and the Prophetic Channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prophet Shepherd Bushiri - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/propheticchannelTv |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Chuma == [[File:Mzuzu Market 10.jpg|thumb|Wasenga Brothers|left]] Mzuzu wali na msika wa Wasenga Brothers, uwo ukuchemekaso Msika wa Mzuzu == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{commons category-inline}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Msumba mu Boma la Mzimba]] qx8nqer1chgteh5vkqxbmw0wn3n8531 0 20646 122630 112342 2026-09-28T02:32:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Australian and South-West Indian cyclone in 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{distinguish|Cyclone Freda}} {{other hurricane uses|List of tropical cyclones named Freddy|mphepo ya 2023}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox tropical cyclone|Basin=SWI|Year=2023|Name=Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy|Type=tropical cyclone|Image location=Freddy 2023-02-19 0900Z.jpg|Image name=Cyclone Freddy at its peak intensity while northeast of [[Rodrigues]] on 19 February.|Formed=4 February 2023|Dissipated=15 March 2023|Remnant low=|Duration={{Age in weeks and days|year1=2023|month1=02|day1=04|year2=2023|month2=03|day2=15}}|10-min winds=120|1-min winds=145|Post-tropical=|Pressure=931|Fatalities=424 total, 200 missing|Damages=Unknown|Damagespre=|Areas={{Flatlist| *[[Mascarene Islands]] *[[Madagascar]] *[[Mozambique]] *[[Zimbabwe]] *[[Malawi]] *[[South Africa]] *[[Eswatini]] *[[Zambia]] }}|Hurricane season=[[2022–23 Australian region cyclone season|2022–23 Australian region]] and [[2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|South-West Indian Ocean]] cyclone seasons}} '''Chimphepo cha Freddy''' chikaŵa chankhongono chomene ndipo chikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Iyi yikaŵa chimphepo chachinayi mu nyengo ya chimphepo cha mu chigaŵa cha [[Australia]] mu 2022, ndipo chikaŵa chimphepo chachiŵiri chakukhora chomene mu nyengo ya chimphepo cha mu chigaŵa cha kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya India mu 2023. Freddy wakayamba kuwoneka pa Febuluwale 4, 2023. Chimphepo ichi chikati chafika mu chigaŵa cha Australia, chikakwera chomene ndipo chikazgoka chimphepo chikuru cha Category 4. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) yikati mphepo ya maminiti 1 yikwendanga makilomita 270 pa ora (165 mph) pa nkhongono ya Freddy, yakuyana na nkhongono ya Category 5 pa sikelo ya Saffir-Simpson. Pa 19 February, Météo-France (MFR) wakapangiska chimphepo cha tropical cyclone, icho chikaputa kwa maminiti 10 pa 220 km/h. Freddy wakayamba kufika kufupi na ku Mananjary, Madagascar. Nyengo yichoko waka, chimphepo ichi chikalopwa pa mtunda, kweni chikakhozga chomene mu Mozambique Channel. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, chimphepo cha Freddy chikakhira kachiŵiri kumwera kwa Vilankulos, Mozambique. Mwamabuci, cipingausiku ici cikapona pa ulendo wake wa ku Mozambique ndipo cikaweleraso pa 1 Malichi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, MFR yikasintha chiŵembu cha Freddy kuŵa chimphepo chikuru. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 10, chimphepo cha Freddy chikakwera chomene pa nyengo ziŵiri, ndipo paumaliro chikamba kuchepa chomene kufupi na Quelimane, Mozambique. Chimphepo ichi chikamba kutikitira kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Mozambique pa Malichi 15. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika pakunozgekera chimphepo pa virwa vya Mascarene vikaŵa vyakuti ndege zileke kwenda, kuchenjezga ŵanthu za chimphepo, na kunozgekera ŵanthu awo ŵizenge pamanyuma pake. Ku Madagascar, malo agho ghakakhuŵara kale na chimphepo cha Batsirai na Cheneso ghakawopeka kuti ghahenipiskikenge na chimphepo ichi.<ref name="Orange">{{cite news|first=Mathieu|last=Saintomer|date=21 February 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy : 11 sites mobiles du réseau Orange endommagés, les équipes techniques mobilisées pour résoudre le problème|language=French|website=Linfo.re|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-11-sites-mobiles-du-reseau-orange-endommages-les-equipes-techniques-mobilisees-pour-resoudre-le-probleme|url-status=live|accessdate=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064326/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-11-sites-mobiles-du-reseau-orange-endommages-les-equipes-techniques-mobilisees-pour-resoudre-le-probleme|archive-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> Pa Febuluwale 21, Freddy wakazingilizga Mauritius na Réunion kumpoto, wakiza na mphepo yankhongono na nyengo yiheni. Cingalaŵa ico cikendera ndembera ya ku Taiwan na ŵanthu 16 cikasoŵa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Cimphepo cikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi kumwera kwa Madagascar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=22 February 2023|title=Winds lash Madagascar's coast as Cyclone Freddy makes landfall|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64727392|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222013153/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64727392|url-status=live}}</ref> IVinthu vikasuzga chomene ku Mozambique kuluska ku Madagascar, kweniso kukawa vula zinandi kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi mukawa vula ya mamita ghakujumpha 300. Vinthu vikasintha chomene ku Mozambique chifukwa cha kututuka kwa maji na mphepo. Charu cha Malawi ndicho chikakhwaskika comene cifukwa ca vula izo zikawa nyengo zose. Magesi gha mu charu ichi ghakamara, ndipo chiziŵa chake chikaŵa chambura kugwira ntchito. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 424 ŵakafwa na chimphepo ichi: 326 ku Malawi, 63 ku Mozambique, 17 ku Madagascar, 16 mu ngaraŵa iyo yikanangika kufupi na Mauritius, na 2 ku Zimbabwe. Cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakacitika kwa nyengo yitali, vyaru ivyo vikakhwaskika na suzgo ili na mawupu ghanandi ghakawovwira comene ŵanthu. Wupu wa UNICEF na WFP ukawovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na suzgo ili. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapona ku cimphepo ici ŵakasangika ŵakubisama mu viswaswa na mawoko ghawaka na cigomezgo cakuti ŵangasanga ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakapona.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/15/africa/malawi-death-toll-cyclone-freddy-intl/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> == Mbiri ya nyengo == {{main|Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy}}{{Storm path|Freddy 2023 path.png|colors=new}} [[File:Freddy_2023-02-12_0700Z.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_2023-02-12_0700Z.jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Chimphepo cha Tropical Cyclone Freddy pa chimphepo chake chachiŵiri mu chigaŵa cha Australia pa 12 February]] Pa Janyuwale 30, wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Australia (Australian Bureau of Meteorology, BoM) ukati ku nyanja ya Timor kuli chimphepo chichoko chomene.<ref name=":24">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2:00 pm WST on Monday 30 January 2023 for the period until midnight WST Thursday 2 February 2023.|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/wa/forecasts/nwcyclone.shtml|date=30 January 2023|accessdate=6 February 2023|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.03-131501/https://paladinofstorms.net/meteo/archiver2/bom_outlook_west/20230130_1032_bom_outlook_west.html}}</ref> BoM yikati Tropical Low 13U pa 4 February, ndipo pamasinda pa zuŵa lenelira yikati Tropical Cyclone Category 1, yikati Freddy.{{BoM TC Database}}<ref name=":26">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Low (13U)|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60281.shtml|date=6 February 2023|accessdate=6 February 2023|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100353/http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Cyclone Freddy|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60281.shtml|date=6 February 2023|accessdate=6 February 2023|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134139/http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region)|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt|date=6 February 2023|accessdate=6 February 2023|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Meteorology]]|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.06-141617/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt}}</ref> Pa zuŵa lenelili, Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) yikati ni chimphepo cha Tropical Cyclone 11S.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=6 February 2023|type=warn|category=TC|designation=11S|name=Eleven|no=1|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh0723web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2023-02-06-0850-sh1123web.txt}}</ref> Pamanyuma, boma likasintha chimphepo cha Freddy kuŵa chimphepo cha Category 2. Chimphepo cha Freddy chafika pa .<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region) |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.07-072437/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt |archive-date=7 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=7 February 2023}}</ref> Chimphepo ichi chikaŵa na jiso ilo likawonekanga pa vithuzithuzi. Freddy wakavuka cifukwa ca CDO na mabingu ghakuzizima. Wupu wa JTWC ukati mphepo ya Freddy yikaputa pa 150 km/h.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=8 February 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=10|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.09-031832/https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2023-02-08-1520-sh1123prog.txt|archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=8 February 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=8|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1122prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208050552/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> Freddy wakazgoka chimphepo, ndipo BoM yikati mphepo iyi yikwenera kuti yikendanga pa 100 km/h.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region) |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.09-091923/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt |archive-date=9 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=9 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite JTWC|date=9 February 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=13|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.09-092317/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdxs31.pgtw..txt|archive-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> Freddy wakakhwima comene ndipo wakaŵa cimphepo cikuru ca Cigaŵa 4 cifukwa ca jiso ilo likaŵa pafupi comene.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region) |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml |archive-url=http://archive.today/2023.02.11-135843/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt |archive-date=11 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=11 February 2023}}</ref> Pacoko na pacoko Freddy wakamba kughanaghana vinthu vinyake, ndipo maso ghake ghakaleka kulaŵiska makora.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=12 February 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=20|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1122prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.md/2023.02.12-155249/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdxs31.pgtw..txt|archive-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>Pa 14 February, chimphepo cha Freddy chikajumpha 90° E mu South-West Indian Ocean basin ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo chikalembeka kuti ni chimphepo cha tropical cyclone na Météo-France (MFR).<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202302141406.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (1/7/20222023)|date=14 February 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215115559/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202302141406.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2023|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy (13U) |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214075102/http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDW60285.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=14 February 2023}}</ref> JTWC yikati Freddy wali na mphepo zakukwana 270 km/h (165 mph) mu miniti yimoza.<ref>{{cite web |title=JTWC Best Track on Tropical Cyclone Freddy (11S) |url=https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/bsh112023.dat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134947/https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/bsh112023.dat |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cappucci|first=Matthew|title=Cyclone Freddy teeters on brink of Category 5 strength in Indian Ocean|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/02/16/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-madagascar/|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217084340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/02/16/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-madagascar/|archive-date=17 February 2023|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, chimphepo cha Freddy chikazgoka chimphepo chikuru. Pa Febuluwale 21, cha m'ma 7 koloko mulenji, chimphepo ichi chikamba kuputa kufupi na Mananjary, ku Madagascar. Pa Febuluwale 22, chimphepo cha Freddy chikasintha chomene apo chikendanga kumwera kwa Mozambique. Freddy wakazgoka cimphepo cikuru comene pamanyuma pakuti mphepo yikamba kukwera. Freddy wakakhora comene, ndipo wakazgoka cimphepo cikuru. Freddy wakalutilira kwimba sumu zake na mabelu agho ghakaŵa pakati. Pa 12:00 UTC pa 24 February, MFR yikati Freddy wakakhira kachiŵiri kumwera kwa Vilankulos, Mozambique, na mphepo ya maminiti 10 ya 85 km/h (50 mph). Freddy wakazizima comene apo wakendanga kumanjiliro gha dazi na kunjira mu caru. Nangauli MFR yikaleka kupeleka ulongozgi pa Febuluwale 25, kweni yikalutilira kulaŵilira ndipo yikayowoyerathu kuti chimphepo chizamusintha na kuŵa chimphepo. Freddy wakaweleraso ku Mozambique Channel, ndipo MFR yikambaso kuŵika ulongozgi wa chimphepo pa 2 March..<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf|title=Tropical Disturbance 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (46/7/20222023)|date=2 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133440/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf}}</ref> Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Freddy wakazgoka malo gha nyengo yiheni.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|title=Zone of Disturbed Weather 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (47/7/20222023)|date=3 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083619/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Mphepo za mu charu cha Australia zikaŵa pasi pa mphepo za ku South Quadrant. Freddy wakazgoka chimphepo chikuru apo wakasendeleranga ku Madagascar. Vithuzithuzi vya pa satelayiti vikulongora kuti kuli chimphepo chinyake, ndipo chimphepo cha Freddy chikakura chomene. Freddy wakavuka comene cifukwa ca mphepo yikuru ndiposo mphepo yakuzizima. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, chimphepo chikamba kuchepa na kufika pa 110 km/h. JTWC na MFR ŵakayowoya kuti nkhongono ya Freddy yikakwera kufika pa 120 km/h (75 mph). Freddy wakafika ku Quelimane, chigaŵa cha Zambezia, Mozambique, na mphepo ya 150 km/h (90 mph) pa March 11. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mphepo iyi yikanangika, ndipo pa Malichi 13, MFR yikamalizga kulondezga mphepo iyi. Pa Malichi 15, MFR yikati viwangwa vya Freddy vikafumapo.<ref name="Bulletin">{{cite report|title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_202303151205.pdf|date=15 March 2023|accessdate=15 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315134901/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_202303151205.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Manozgekelo == === Mauritius === Mauritius yikapeleka chenjezgo la chimphepo cha kilasi I ku Rodrigues, ndipo pamasinda yikapeleka chenjezgo la chimphepo cha kilasi II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2023 |title=Cyclone Warning Bulletin Rodrigues (French Version) |url=http://metservice.intnet.mu/cyclone-bulletin-french-rodrigues.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218010150/http://metservice.intnet.mu/cyclone-bulletin-french-rodrigues.php |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |publisher=Mauritius Meteorological Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather {{!}} Rodrigues: a Class II cyclone warning is in effect – Mauritius News |url=https://mauritiushindinews.com/mbc/weather-rodrigues-a-class-ii-cyclone-warning-is-in-effect/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219050718/https://mauritiushindinews.com/mbc/weather-rodrigues-a-class-ii-cyclone-warning-is-in-effect/ |archive-date=19 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ndege zochokera ku Rodrigues kupita ku Saint-Denis, Réunion, zinaletsedwa kapena kusinthidwa chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa. Nduna yikuru ya caru ici, Pravind Jugnauth, yikayowoya mazgu agha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi apo yikaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe maso. Wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Mauritius (MMS) ukachenjezga kuti chimphepo chizamuputa chomene. Kweniso charu ichi chikajara masheya ghake apo chimphepo chikasendeleranga. Ŵanthu 1,019 ŵakabisama mu malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|date=20 February 2023|accessdate=21 February 2023|website=Defimedia.info|title=Cyclone Freddy : 1019 personnes dans les centres d'évacuation|url=https://defimedia.info/cyclone-freddy-1019-personnes-dans-les-centres-devacuation|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221204621/https://defimedia.info/cyclone-freddy-1019-personnes-dans-les-centres-devacuation|url-status=live}}</ref> === Réunion === [[File:Freddy_2023-02-20_0540Z.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_2023-02-20_0540Z.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Cyclone Freddy wakujumpha pa Mauritius pa 20 February]] Pa Febuluwale 18, MFR yikapharazga chenjezgo la chimphepo chakuchemeka yellow pre-alert ku Réunion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saison cyclonique : La Réunion entre en pré-alerte jaune cyclonique à partir de 19h |url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saison-cyclonique-la-reunion-entre-en-pre-alerte-cyclonique |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218040940/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saison-cyclonique-la-reunion-entre-en-pre-alerte-cyclonique |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Linfo.re}}</ref> Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, boma likapeleka chenjezgo lakuti masukulu ghose ghajarike. Ŵalwari awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri mwaluŵiro ŵakeneranga kuwelera ku nyumba, ndipo awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri mwaluŵiro ŵakeneranga kuluta ku malo ghanyake.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|website=Linfo.re|date=19 February 2023|accessdate=20 February 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy : les conséquences de l'alerte orange dans le secteur de la santé|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-les-consequences-de-l-alerte-orange-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219145319/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-les-consequences-de-l-alerte-orange-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante|url-status=live}}</ref> Kampani ya magesi ya pa cirwa ici, ya EDF La Réunion, yikanozga ŵantchito 200 na ŵantchito ŵanyake 100 kufuma ku makampani ghanyake kuti ŵanozge vinthu mwaluŵiro para cimphepo caleka. Mu maofesi agha mukaŵa ŵantchito ŵanyake 60. Kampani iyi yikanozgaso magalimoto 50, vinthu vya magesi, mageneretara 15, na ma helikopita 4.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|website=Linfo.re|date=19 February 2023|accessdate=20 February 2023|title=Saison cyclonique : les équipes d'EDF sont mobilisées à l'approche du cyclone Freddy|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saison-cyclonique-les-equipes-d-edf-sont-mobilisees-a-l-approche-du-cyclone-freddy|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219040622/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saison-cyclonique-les-equipes-d-edf-sont-mobilisees-a-l-approche-du-cyclone-freddy|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo kukawa chimphepo chikuru cha Batsirai mu Febuluwale 2022 ŵakafipanga mtima kuti para Freddy wiza, vinthu vinganangikirathu. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Le Tampon ŵakalindiliranga nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵizirenge. Pakuti nyanja yikaŵa pa mlengalenga, ŵakajara misewu ya Nouvelle route du Littoral, ndipo ŵakazenga mabasi ghakwendeskera ŵanthu. Pa Febuluwale 20, gulu la RSMA-R likawovwira ŵanthu 250 kuti ŵapone. Muhanya wenewura, ndege zose za pa Roland Garros Airport zikamara kugwira ntchito. Ŵakapeleka chenjezgo lakuti maji ghangaseŵa pakati pa Champs Borne na Pointe des Cascades. Msumba wa Saint-Benoît ukajura malo ghaŵiri ghakupumulirako ŵanthu na kujara malo ghose ghakusoperapo. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Saint-Pierre ŵakaleka viphikiro vya viphikiro vya viphikiro ivi kwa masabata ghaŵiri.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|website=Linfo.re|date=20 February 2023|accessdate=20 February 2023|title=Saint-Pierre : le premier carnaval de la ville finalement reporté au jeudi 9 mars|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saint-pierre-le-premier-carnaval-de-la-ville-finalement-reporte-au-jeudi-9-mars|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220082419/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/saint-pierre-le-premier-carnaval-de-la-ville-finalement-reporte-au-jeudi-9-mars|url-status=live}}</ref> === Madagascar ===<!--Local--> [[File:Freddy_2023-02-19_1345Z_-_1815Z.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_2023-02-19_1345Z_-_1815Z.gif|left|thumb|241x241px|Cyclone Freddy wakwiza ku Mauritius pa 19 February.]] Chimphepo cha Freddy chikatimbanizga vigaŵa vya Madagascar ivyo vichali kusuzgika na chimphepo cha Batsirai na Emnati mu 2022; ŵanthu 874,067 ŵakaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="OCHA_Flash1">{{cite report|agency=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=20 February 2023|accessdate=21 February 2023|title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Flash Update No. 1 (20 February 2023)|url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/6e49ad8a-64ca-45d9-9958-e4f253d94568/ROSEA_20230220_SouthernAfrica_CycloneFreddy_FlashUpdate_1.pdf|type=Situation Report}}</ref> Medair wakati chigaŵa ichi chikusuzgika na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya pa ŵana cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na chimphepo. Pa Febuluwale 18, wupu wa Meteorology ukachenjezga ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya Analanjirofo na Sava kuti ŵacitenge mwamahara cifukwa ca chimphepo ici. Wupu wa vya mlengalenga ku Madagascar ukati ku malo agha, "kuzamulokwa vula zinandi" ndipo "nyanja zizamuŵa zinandi chomene". Boma la Madagascar likanozga vyakurya vyakukwana matani 120 (120 long tons; 130 short tons). Pa Febuluwale 21, masukulu na mawoko ghakajalika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kukumana na Freddy ŵakaŵika mathumba gha mchenga pa mtenje wa nyumba zawo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Cyclone Freddy's battering winds make landfall in Madagascar |url=https://apnews.com/article/weather-drownings-storms-madagascar-climate-and-environment-a5e718083df04bf5efdb72b2834cfda7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222051302/https://apnews.com/article/weather-drownings-storms-madagascar-climate-and-environment-a5e718083df04bf5efdb72b2834cfda7 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><!--International-->Wupu wa International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) ku Madagascar ukati uli kunozgekera chimphepo.<ref name=":Freddy">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Battered by Cheneso, Madagascar braces for Cyclone Freddy |url=https://apnews.com/article/weather-hurricanes-and-typhoons-reunion-madagascar-indian-ocean-86e0dbb67b1a562f7d54880b83ad7c41 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218012551/https://apnews.com/article/weather-hurricanes-and-typhoons-reunion-madagascar-indian-ocean-86e0dbb67b1a562f7d54880b83ad7c41 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>Météo-France yikayowoya pa 19 February kuti maji ghakukwana 200 mm (7.9 inchi) ghangaŵa kuti ghafuma mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Madagascar. Wupu wa Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.2 miliyoni ŵazamukhuŵara na chimphepo cha Freddy. Wupu wa National Office for Risk and Disaster Management (BNGRC) watumizga mahema, vingwe, ma chainsaws, na vinthu vinyake ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Ofesi ya United Nations for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na ŵanyawo ŵakatuma ŵanthu 80 ku Mahanoro, Mananjary, na Manakara, ndipo ŵakaŵika ndege ziŵiri zakunozgekera. Wupu uwu ukatondeka kupeleka wovwiri wakukwana cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama kweniso suzgo la chimphepo cha Cheneso. Wupu wa Medair ukaŵa kuti uli kale na maofesi mu chigaŵa cha kumwera na kumwera kwa Madagascar. Ŵakayowoya chomene vya kupeleka maji ghakumwa ghakutowa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu Marondava na Maroansetra. Ŵanthu 7,000 ŵakafumiskika mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja pambere Freddy wandafike..<ref name=":4" /> === Mozambique === ==== First arrival ==== Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600,000 ŵakakhwaskika na chimphepo ichi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Powerful cyclone Freddy making landfall in Madagascar|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/02/21/madagascar-freddy-cyclone-indian-ocean/|access-date=21 February 2023|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222045117/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/02/21/madagascar-freddy-cyclone-indian-ocean/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mvula yikaloserathu kuti yizenge 200~300 mm kumwera kwa Beira mu chigaŵa cha Inhambane, na 400 mm (16 inchi) ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyerathu kuti vula yizamuteka kwa mwezi umoza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=Cyclone Freddy slams Mozambique with 'dangerous' rainfall |url=https://apnews.com/article/weather-climate-and-environment-united-nations-madagascar-mozambique-80954c31303f3370aa175a8f4f9d917d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224135641/https://apnews.com/article/weather-climate-and-environment-united-nations-madagascar-mozambique-80954c31303f3370aa175a8f4f9d917d |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>Wupu wa vya mlengalenga wa ku caru ici ukapeleka cenjezgo lakuŵaŵa pa Febuluwale 21. Vikuwoneka kuti vula yikuru iyo yikalokwa pa nyengo yitali yikapangiska kuti maji ghatutuke mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵakapeleka vyakurya, mahema, na maboti kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2023|title=Mozambique braces for floods as storm Freddy nears landfall|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-braces-floods-storm-freddy-nears-landfall-2023-02-23/|access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145404/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mozambique-braces-floods-storm-freddy-nears-landfall-2023-02-23/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Second arrival ==== Mu Malichi 2023, apo Freddy wakasendeleranga kachiŵiri, Mozambique National Meteorology Institute (INAM) yikayowoyerathu kuti pa maora 24 mu vigaŵa vya Manica, Sofala, Tete, na Zambezia, vula yizamugwa chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti vula yizamujumpha 400 mm.<ref name="record ACE">{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Jeff |date=10 March 2023 |title=Record-breaking Cyclone Freddy approaches Mozambique — again » Yale Climate Connections |url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/03/record-breaking-cyclone-freddy-approaches-mozambique-again/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311011114/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/03/record-breaking-cyclone-freddy-approaches-mozambique-again/ |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Yale Climate Connections |language=en-US}}</ref> Wupu wa National Institute for Disaster Risk Management and Reduction (INGD) ukati ŵanthu pafupifupi 565,000 ŵakaŵa pangozi, kweni wupu wa United Nations na European Union ukati ŵanthu 2.3 miliyoni ŵakaŵa pangozi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵasamuskira ku malo ghakubisamamo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WANJOHI KABUKURU |first=Associated Press |date=11 March 2023 |title=Tropical Cyclone Freddy hammers Mozambique for second time |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-international/tropical-cyclone-freddy-hammers-mozambique-for-second-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312023631/https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-international/tropical-cyclone-freddy-hammers-mozambique-for-second-time/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> === Malawi === Cimphepo cikuru ici cikeneranga kutimbanizga caru ca Malawi, na kwiza na vula zinandi na mphepo zakunanga kumwera kwa caru ici.<ref name=":Malawi">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) Situation Report No 1 (As of 12 March 2023) - Malawi {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-tropical-cyclone-freddy-department-disaster-management-affairs-dodma-situation-report-no-1-12-march-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313115456/https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-tropical-cyclone-freddy-department-disaster-management-affairs-dodma-situation-report-no-1-12-march-2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyerathu kuti vula yizamujumpha 400 mm.<ref name=":Malawi" /> Unduna wa vya masambiro ukalangura kuti kilasi lililose lileke kugwira ntchito mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pa ngozi.<ref name=":Malawi" /> == Vyakukhwaska == IMu nyengo iyi, mu Mozambique na Malawi mukawa vula zinandi. Mphepo zikuruzikuru zikaputa mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndipo vinthu vinyake vikakhwaskika cifukwa ca kututuka kwa maji. Cifukwa cakuti Freddy wakacedwa kufika ku Mozambique na Malawi, vula yikamba kuwa comene. {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" |+Ŵakufwa na vyakuŵinya kuyana na vyaruy |- !Charu/malo !Ŵakufwa !Wakusoŵa !Vyakupweteka !Vyakukhwaska !Vyakunangika (2023&nbsp;USD) |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Madagascar|Madagascar]] |17<ref name="RW_OCHA7">{{cite report|url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/15294381-e694-44c8-a2ae-5b421b025ce0/ROSEA_20230314_SouthernAfrica_CycloneFreddy_FlashUpdate_7.pdf|title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Flash Update No. 7 (14 March 2023)|date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314105418/https://reliefweb.int/attachments/15294381-e694-44c8-a2ae-5b421b025ce0/ROSEA_20230314_SouthernAfrica_CycloneFreddy_FlashUpdate_7.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2023|format=PDF|url-status=live|agency=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> |0| {{N/A}} |299,000<ref name="RW_OCHA7" />| {{N/A}} |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] |326<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) Situation Report No 4 (As of 15 March 2023) - Malawi {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-tropical-cyclone-freddy-department-disaster-management-affairs-dodma-situation-report-no-4-15-march-2023-0 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> |≥201<ref name="Malawi225">{{Cite news|last=Phiri|first=Frank|last2=Mucari|first2=Manuel|date=15 March 2023|title=Malawi, Mozambique race to rescue survivors as cyclone toll rises above 270|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malawis-death-toll-cyclone-freddy-rises-225-2023-03-15/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315133457/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malawis-death-toll-cyclone-freddy-rises-225-2023-03-15/|archive-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> |≥774<ref name="Malawi225" /> |>88,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone 'Freddy' batters Malawi and Mozambique – DW – 03/16/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/record-breaking-cyclone-freddy-batters-malawi-and-mozambique/a-64997827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316133903/https://www.dw.com/en/record-breaking-cyclone-freddy-batters-malawi-and-mozambique/a-64997827 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>| {{N/A}} |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]] |16 (foreign sailors lost at sea)<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwanese Fishing Vessel Disappears With Its Sixteen Crew Members |url=https://english.lematinal.media/taiwanese-fishing-vessel-disappears-with-its-sixteen-crew-members/ |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=Le Matinal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316184332/https://english.lematinal.media/taiwanese-fishing-vessel-disappears-with-its-sixteen-crew-members/ |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The missing persons for Mauritius were from a capsized Taiwanese-flagged fishing trawler that was found within the nation's [[exclusive economic zone]].<ref name="LienSheng"/>|group="nb"}} |0 |0| {{N/A}}| {{N/A}} |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] |63<ref name=":21">{{cite web |title=Cyclone Freddy Death Toll Rises To 63 In Mozambique |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/cyclone-freddy-death-toll-rises-to-63-in-mozambique-caf811be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315210612/https://www.barrons.com/articles/saudi-arabia-iran-oil-markets-opec-dbb26c3c?jsondata=r |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=Barrons |publisher=Agence France Presse}}</ref>| {{N/A}}| {{N/A}} |≥372,400<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=WFP Mozambique External Situation Report #6 (15 March 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/wfp-mozambique-external-situation-report-6-15-march-2023 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>| {{N/A}} |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Réunion|Réunion]] |0 |0 |0 |≥25,000| {{N/A}} |- | scope="row" |[[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] |2<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Freddy claims 2 lives in Manicaland – Zimbabwe Situation |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/cyclone-freddy-claims-2-lives-in-manicaland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228085821/https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/cyclone-freddy-claims-2-lives-in-manicaland/ |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> |0 |0| {{N/A}}| {{N/A}} |- class="sortbottom" !Totals: !424 !≥201 !≥774 !≥784,400|| {{N/A}} |} === Mauritius === Kuyana na MMS, chimphepo ichi chikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 200 kufuma pa chirwa ichi, kumpoto kwa Grand Bay. Mphepo na majigha vikaputa kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Mphepo mu Port Louis yikafika pa 104 km/h (65 mph) apo mphepo yikuru ya 154 km/h (96 mph) yikawoneka pa Signal Mountain. Mu caru ici mukaŵaso maji ghanandi na chimphepo. Pafupifupi 4 koloko mulenji pa 20 Febuluwale, kukumana kukamara na boti la ku Taiwan lakucemeka LV Lien Sheng Fa ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu 16. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa kazembe wa ku Taiwan na ŵalovi 15 ŵa ku Indonesia. Wupu wakuwona vya somba ku Taiwan ukatuma uthenga wakuti ngalaŵa iyi yazgeŵa pa Febuluwale 23. Sitima ya MV Star Venture yikasanga boti ili likubinkha pa 25 February pafupifupi 400 km (250 mi) kumpoto kwa Mauritius mukati mwa chigaŵa cha chuma cha chalo ichi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ndege ya Dornier na sitima ya CGA Baracuda yikatondeka kusanga ŵanthu awo ŵakapona. Chirwa cha Mauritius chikatuma ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye kuti ni ngalaŵa wuli. Kweni pa 3 March, boti ili ŵakalisanga yayi..<ref name="TaiwanNews_1">{{cite news|first=Keoni|last=Everington|newspaper=Taiwan News|date=3 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Taiwanese fishing boat found overturned in Indian Ocean, crew still missing|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4825955|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313043356/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4825955|url-status=live}}</ref> === Réunion === Freddy wakasuzga Réunion pa Febuluwale 20-21, ndipo wakawovwira viŵi yayi.<ref name="Orange" /> Ŵanthu pafupifupi 25,000 ŵakaŵavya magesi pa nyengo iyo chimphepo chikaŵa chikuru chomene.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|date=21 February 2023|accessdate=21 February 2023|website=Linfo.re|title=Cyclone Freddy : 16 000 clients ont pu être réalimentés, 500 autres toujours privés d'électricité|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-16-000-clients-ont-pu-etre-realimentes-500-autres-toujours-prives-d-electricite|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221204651/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cyclone-freddy-16-000-clients-ont-pu-etre-realimentes-500-autres-toujours-prives-d-electricite|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku Saint-Paul, matani 20 gha mango ghakabwanganduka. Msewu wa RD48 ku Salazie ukajalika cifukwa ca kudumuka kwa caru. Malo 11 agho Orange S.A. yikagwiliskiranga nchito ghakaleka kugwira nchito ku Tampon, Saint-Louis, na Saint-Paul. Pa Febuluwale 23, mphepo ya Foehn yikapangiska kuti ku Reunion kuŵe chithukivu cha pakati pa 31 na 36 °C.<ref>{{cite news|language=French|first=Matthieu|last=Patou-Parvédy|website=Linfo.re|date=23 February 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Après le passage du cyclone Freddy, les températures augmentent fortement à La Réunion : c’est l’effet de "Foehn"|url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/apres-le-passage-du-cyclone-freddy-les-temperatures-augmentent-fortement-a-la-reunion-c-est-l-effet-de-foehn|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100901/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/apres-le-passage-du-cyclone-freddy-les-temperatures-augmentent-fortement-a-la-reunion-c-est-l-effet-de-foehn|url-status=live}}</ref> === Madagascar === [[File:Freddy_2023-02-21_1400_-_1800Z.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_2023-02-21_1400_-_1800Z.gif|thumb|285x285px|Cyclone Freddy wakakhwaska caru ca Madagascar pa Febuluwale 21.]] Vinthu vikapwetekeka viŵi yayi cifukwa ca mphepo ya Freddy iyo yikaŵa yambura nkhongono, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgekera.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=WFP Madagascar Cyclone Response Update (As of 22 February 2022, 17:00 EAT) - Madagascar {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/wfp-madagascar-cyclone-response-update-22-february-2022-1700-eat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222193115/https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/wfp-madagascar-cyclone-response-update-22-february-2022-1700-eat |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=Tropical cyclone Freddy hits Madagascar and Mozambique |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/tropical-cyclone-freddy-hits-madagascar-and-mozambique |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224120415/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/tropical-cyclone-freddy-hits-madagascar-and-mozambique |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=public.wmo.int |language=en}}</ref> Freddy wakafika pa mtunda pafupi na msumba wa Mananjary, uwo ukaŵa kuti uchali kupweteka na chimphepo cha Batsirai..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Freddy Makes Madagascar Landfall {{!}} Weather.com |url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2023-02-20-tropical-cyclone-freddy-forecast-madagascar-mozambique |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220171643/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2023-02-20-tropical-cyclone-freddy-forecast-madagascar-mozambique |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rabary|first=Lovasoa|date=21 February 2023|title=Madagascar suspends schools as cyclone Freddy makes landfall|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascar-suspends-schools-cyclone-freddy-approaches-2023-02-21/|access-date=21 February 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221140507/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascar-suspends-schools-cyclone-freddy-approaches-2023-02-21/|url-status=live}}</ref>Nyumba zakujumpha 14,000 zikakhwaskika, 5,500 zikaparanyika, 3,079 zikazura na maji, ndipo 9,696 zikanangika. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 24,358 ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 12,000 ŵakachimbira mu Mananjary pera.<ref name=":Freddy deaths (2)">{{Cite web |title=Death toll rises to 10 as Tropical Cyclone Freddy returns to Madagascar |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2023/03/09/death-toll-rises-to-10-as-tropical-cyclone-freddy-returns-to-madagascar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309000940/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2023/03/09/death-toll-rises-to-10-as-tropical-cyclone-freddy-returns-to-madagascar |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=22 February 2023|title=Death toll from cyclone Freddy in Madagascar rises to 4 - govt|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/death-toll-cyclone-freddy-madagascar-rises-4-govt-2023-02-22/|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://archive.md/rtVcB|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=LAETITIA BEZAIN |first=Associated Press |date=22 February 2023 |title=Weakened Cyclone Freddy batters Madagascar, killing 4 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-top-headlines/ap-weakened-cyclone-freddy-batters-madagascar-killing-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222144134/https://thehill.com/homenews/ap/ap-top-headlines/ap-weakened-cyclone-freddy-batters-madagascar-killing-4/ |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> Freddy wakalekaso masukulu 79 kwambura mtenje, ndipo ghanyake 37 ghakasakazika ndipo ghanyake 6 ghakabwanganduka. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11,000 ŵakacimbira mu nyumba zawo cifukwa ca cimphepo ici. Chigaŵa icho chikanangika na chimphepo cha Freddy chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 13 m'paka 15. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 17 ŵakafwa na chimphepo ichi ndipo ŵanthu 299,000 ŵakakhwaskika.<ref name="RW_OCHA7" /> === Mozambique === Pafupifupi ŵanthu 63 ŵakafwa na 267,000 ŵakakhwaskika na chimphepo cha Freddy. ==== First landfall ==== Chimphepo chankhongono cha Freddy chikafika ku Mozambique kakwamba kumwera kwa Vilanculos, mu chigaŵa cha Inhambane.<ref name=":Freddy (11)">{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Sarah |title=UNICEF USA BrandVoice: UNICEF Helping Children As Cyclone Freddy Slams Mozambique |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/unicefusa/2023/02/24/unicef-helping-children-as-cyclone-freddy-slams-mozambique/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225142045/https://www.forbes.com/sites/unicefusa/2023/02/24/unicef-helping-children-as-cyclone-freddy-slams-mozambique/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Flash Update No. 3 (24 February 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-freddy-flash-update-no-3-24-february-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225004208/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-freddy-flash-update-no-3-24-february-2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu vinyake vikavunda, comenecomene cifukwa ca makuni na madenga ivyo vikawa. Vinthu vya boma na maofesi navyo vikanangika comene, kusazgapo maofesi gha munkhwala 60, na masukulu 1,012. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 10 ŵakafwa pa ulendo wakwamba. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 166,600 ŵakakhwaskika. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chikaŵa na vula ya mamita 200 m'paka 500 (7.87 inchi m'paka 19.68 inchi). Nyumba zinandi zikanangika, ndipo pafupifupi 28,300 zikaparanyika. Vipambi vya mahekitala ghakujumpha 92,000 vikakhwaskika, ndipo mahekitala ghakujumpha 18,700 ghakazgeŵa mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na vyakurya vyakukwana 400,000. Cimphepo ici cikacitika pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa nthenda ya kolera, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu kughanaghana kuti cimphepo ici cinganangiska vinthu.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique: Severe Tropical Storm Freddy - Flash Update No.8 (as of 11 March 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312001047/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> ==== Second landfall ==== [[File:2023_CIMSS_11S_Freddy_visible_infrared_satellite_loop.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023_CIMSS_11S_Freddy_visible_infrared_satellite_loop.gif|thumb|260x260px|Cigumula ca Freddy mumphepete mwa Mozambique pa 11 Malichi.]] Freddy wakakhira kachiŵiri mu chigaŵa cha Zambezia pa Malichi 11, wakizaso na vula zinandi, chimphepo chikuru, na mphepo zinonono chomene pakuyaniska na izo zikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Mlonga wa Zambezi na wa Tambarara ukaŵa na maji ghanandi comene pambere wandafike ku mtunda.<ref name=":14" /> Wupu wakupeleka magesi ukaŵa kuti wazimya magesi ghose cifukwa ca chimphepo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Quelimane ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakawona nyumba zakupasuka, mawindo ghakubwanganduka, kweniso misewu yakuzura maji. Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa mphepo zakukwana 175 km/h (110 mph). Ndege zose zikanangika cifukwa ca nyengo yiheni iyo Freddy wakizira.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy: Winds and rain lash Mozambique as storm arrives|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64928093|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312055448/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64928093|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya chimphepo ichi, mawupu gha kwendera lumoza na magesi ghakamara. Kampani ya magesi ya Electricidade de Moçambique yikati ku vigaŵa vinandi magesi ghakawelerapo pa 11 March namise. Guy Taylor, uyo ni mulara wa UNICEF pa nkhani ya kuvikilira ŵanthu, kudumbiskana, na kukolerana, wakati pakaŵa "vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaparanyika", ndipo Freddy "wangaŵa kuti ni soka likuru".<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 March 2023|title=Record-strength cyclone Freddy pounds Mozambique after making second landfall|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/record-strength-cyclone-freddy-pounds-mozambique-after-making-second-landfall-2023-03-12/|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312101517/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/record-strength-cyclone-freddy-pounds-mozambique-after-making-second-landfall-2023-03-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> Taylor wakayowoyaso kuti malo gha ku mizi ghakaparanyika. Mu msumba wa Quelimane, maji ghakwenda makora ghakamara.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Freddy returns killing 70 in Malawi, Mozambique - Africa - World |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/491643.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313205633/https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/491643.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> Mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha boma ghakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira mu msumba uwu chifukwa cha nyifwa ya Freddy. Nyumba zakukwana 650 mu cigaŵa ca Marromeu, na zakukwana 3,000 mu cigaŵa ca Sofala zikakhwaskika na maji.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Record-strength cyclone Freddy displaces hundreds in second Mozambique landfall|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/record-strength-cyclone-freddy-pounds-mozambique-after-making-second-landfall-2023-03-12/|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312101517/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/record-strength-cyclone-freddy-pounds-mozambique-after-making-second-landfall-2023-03-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> TMu vilimika vinayi pera, mu caru ici mukawa vula zinandi comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakuti maji ghakututuka ghakaŵa ghaheni pambere ŵandafike ku mtunda. Mu mapulaneti ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 24,000 km2 (9,300 sq mi), ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti malo agha ghakukwana 900 km2 (350 sq mi). Malo ghakupambanapambana ghakapokera vula yakujumpha 500-1000 mm, ndipo malo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na nthenda ya kolera ŵakasazgikira. Vyaru 8 vikapwetekeka na chimphepo ichi. Chipatala chakale ku Quelimane chikaphulika, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono kovwira awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasoŵa pakukhala mu nyengo ya chimphepo, ndipo ŵakabisama mu masukulu, agho ghakazgoka malo ghakupokelerako ŵalendo. Kweniso minda yinandi yikazura na maji. Bungwe la INGD likati chimphepo ichi chikakhwaska chomene Mozambique kuluska umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga. Freddy wakasuzga ŵanthu mu vigaŵa ivyo pakwamba ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni vyakofya yayi. Pa nyengo yose iyi, Freddy wakakoma ŵanthu 53. Ŵanthu 96,200 nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 49,000 ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanyake 280 ŵakapwetekeka. Nyumba zakujumpha 1,900 zikakhwaskika, ndipo 832 zikanangika.<ref name=":80">{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Flash Update No. 7 (14 March 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-freddy-flash-update-no-7-14-march-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314105407/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-freddy-flash-update-no-7-14-march-2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":202">{{Cite web |title=Satellite detected water extent over Sofala and Zambezia Provinces, Mozambique as of 13 Mar. 2023 - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/mozambique/satellite-detected-water-extent-over-sofala-and-zambezia-provinces-mozambique-13-mar-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314051534/https://reliefweb.int/map/mozambique/satellite-detected-water-extent-over-sofala-and-zambezia-provinces-mozambique-13-mar-2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> === Malawi === Pambere Freddy wandafike ku Malawi, caru ici cikaŵa na nthenda ya kolera iyo yikaŵa yiheni comene. Vinthu ivyo vikachitika na Freddy vikapangiska ŵanthu kopa kuti vinthu viheni viŵenge vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi ndiko kukawa vula zinandi chomene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Tropical cyclone Freddy set to further weaken cholera-hit Malawi {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134267 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310070908/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134267 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref>Vigaŵa ivi ni Blantyre, Phalombe, Mulanje, Chikhwawa, na Nsanje.<ref name=":Malawi (2)">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Malawi24 |date=13 March 2023 |title=Floods cause damage in Blantyre |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/03/13/floods-cause-damage-in-blantyre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313115457/https://malawi24.com/2023/03/13/floods-cause-damage-in-blantyre/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Malawi24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Maji ghakututuka ghakasakaza malo ghanandi, ghakasakaza nyumba na ŵanthu. Charu chose chikaŵavya magesi chifukwa chakuti wupu wa EGENCO ukaleka kupeleka magesi. Malo ghakupangira magesi gha maji mu caru ici ghakaŵa ghambura kugwiriskika nchito cifukwa ca viswaswa.<ref name="BBC_1403">{{cite news|last1=Jegwa|first1=Peter|last2=Ross|first2=Will|date=14 March 2023|title=Storm Freddy: Malawi declares state of disaster as nearly 200 killed|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64938811|url-status=live|accessdate=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313182155/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64938811|archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>Pa zuŵa limoza pera, kukawa vula zinandi izo zikaŵa zakukwana mwezi umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 326 ŵakakomeka apo Freddy wakawukira ndipo ŵanyake 201 ŵakasoŵa, ndipo 774 ŵakapwetekeka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi: Tropical Cyclone Freddy - Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) Situation Report No 4 (As of 15 March 2023) - Malawi {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-tropical-cyclone-freddy-department-disaster-management-affairs-dodma-situation-report-no-4-15-march-2023-0 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵakukwana 158 ŵakafwa mu msumba wa Blantyre. Wupu wa Médecins Sans Frontières ukuti pa ŵanthu aŵa, 40 ŵakaŵa ŵana. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 84,000 ŵakacimbira mu caru cose, ndipo ŵakacimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Nyumba zakujumpha 50,000 zikakhwaskika. Ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵanandi ŵakataya vyakurya na minda yawo cifukwa ca cimphepo ici. Msumba wa Mtauchira mu chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu ukaparanyika chifukwa cha kudumuka kwa maji kufuma pa Phiri la Chambe. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 7 ŵakafwa ndipo 40 ŵakapwetekeka mu muzi uwu apo ŵanji ŵakasoŵa pa 14 March. Malo ghakujumpha 430 km2 ghakazura na maji. Ku Chilobwe, nyumba zinandi zikayegheka na maji. Masukulu gha mu vigaŵa 10 vya kumwera ghajalika m'paka pa Malichi 15. Ku Salima na Lilongwe nako kukawa vula. Pulezidenti wa Malaŵi, Lazarus Chakwera, wapharazga kuti ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kuli soka. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa ŵali kusi ku viswaswa. Apo Freddy wakaŵa mu caru, ungweru ukaŵa palipose yayi. Misewu yinandi na milatho vikamara, ndipo vigaŵa vinandi vikaŵa vyambura kwenda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chipalamba cha Chiradzulu.<ref name="Malawi24_1">{{cite news|first=Russell|last=Kondowe|publisher=Malawi24|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy wipes out entire village in Chiradzulu|url=http://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/cyclone-freddy-wipes-out-entire-village-in-chiradzulu/|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170503/http://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/cyclone-freddy-wipes-out-entire-village-in-chiradzulu/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Zimbabwe === Vula yikuru iyo yikathika kufuma ku Freddy, yikananga chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe kwa nyengo yitali.<ref name="TheHerald_1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Herald|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Freddy brings heavy rains, landslides in Manicaland|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/freddy-brings-heavy-rains-landslides-in-manicaland/|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313234912/https://www.herald.co.zw/freddy-brings-heavy-rains-landslides-in-manicaland/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuumaliro wa Febuluwale, apo chimphepo ichi chikasunkhunyikanga mu Mozambiki, kukawa vula yikuru na mphepo yankhongono. Mu chigaŵa cha Mashonaland Central, nyumba zinkhondi na masukulu ghaŵiri ghakabwangasuka. Munthu yumoza wakafwa mu Shamva pa 26 February apo khuni ilo ŵakakhalanga pasi likagumuka.<ref name="TheHerald_2">{{Cite news|newspaper=The Herald|date=28 February 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Tropical Storm Freddy kills 1, damages houses|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/tropical-storm-freddy-kills-1-damages-houses|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301064514/https://www.herald.co.zw/tropical-storm-freddy-kills-1-damages-houses/|url-status=live}}</ref> Munthu munyake nayo wakafwa cifukwa ca cinthu cinyake. Mu cigaŵa ca Masvingo, nyumba yimoza yikanangika na vula ndipo yinyake yikanangika na leza. Chigaŵa cha Manicaland chikakhwaskika comene na vula izo zikathika kufuma pa Malichi 12 m'paka 14. Ku Nyanga kukawa vula ya mamita 102 na ku Mukandi ya mamita 97. Vipambi vikakhwaskika mu vigaŵa vya Chipinge na Chiredzi.<ref name="TheHerald_1" /><ref name="TheHerald_2" /> === Kunyake === Ku South Africa na Eswatini kukawa vula ya mamita 251.<ref name=":27">{{cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique {{!}} Tropical Cyclone Freddy - DG ECHO Daily Map |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/madagascar/madagascar-malawi-mozambique-tropical-cyclone-freddy-dg-echo-daily-map-15032023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316110810/https://reliefweb.int/map/madagascar/madagascar-malawi-mozambique-tropical-cyclone-freddy-dg-echo-daily-map-15032023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Reliefweb |publisher=Echo}}</ref> Ku Zambia nako kukawa vula zinandi.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Akshit Sangomla|title=The cyclone that lived longest: How Freddy broke all kinds of records|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/the-cyclone-that-lived-longest-how-freddy-broke-all-kinds-of-records-88258|access-date=16 March 2023|work=Down To Earth|date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315170950/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/the-cyclone-that-lived-longest-how-freddy-broke-all-kinds-of-records-88258|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ivyo Vikachitika == === Madagascar === [[File:Freddy_2023-03-12_1050Z.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_2023-03-12_1050Z.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Cimphepo cikuru cakucemeka Freddy cikulopwa pamanyuma pakuti cafika ku Mozambique pa Malichi 12.]] Ŵakapeleka vyakurya vyakukwana matani 64 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Freddy.<ref name=":5" /> Malo ghanandi ghakubisamamo ghakajulika, ndipo ghanandi ghakafumiskikapo zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pa chimphepo. Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya pa caru cose ukapeleka vyakurya vinandi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu malo ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu 100,000 ŵakapika wovwiri wa ndalama kwa myezi yiŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakapika wovwiri wa vyakurya kwa myezi yitatu..<ref name=":6" /> === Mozambique === UNICEF yikapeleka vinthu vyakutozgera maji, munkhwala, mahema, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira mbumba na ŵana.<ref name=":Freddy (11)" /> Pa 13 March, ŵanthu 5,000 ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakukhalamo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri. Boma likanozgekeranga yayi chimphepo chikuru nga ni cha Freddy, ndipo likayezgayezga kuti liŵawovwire. Bungwe la Amnesty International likati Mozambique yikwenera kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha suzgo la Freddy. Pulezidenti wa Mozambique, Filipe Nyusi, wakapempha wovwiri na kuzengaso vinthu vinyake. Kweniso wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana MT250 miliyoni ($3.9 million) ku chigaŵa cha Zambezia kuti viwovwire kuwezgerapo milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Desembolsados 250 milhões de meticais para Zambézia |url=https://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/pt/noticias/nacional/desembolsados-250-milhoes-de-meticais-para-zambezia/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Folha de Maputo |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316185828/https://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/pt/noticias/nacional/desembolsados-250-milhoes-de-meticais-para-zambezia/ |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> === Malawi === Pa 14 March boma la Malawi likakhazikiska misasa 57 ya ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika.<ref>{{cite news|first=Russell|last=Kondowe|publisher=Malawi24|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|title=Cyclone Freddy: Death toll rises to 190|url=https://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/cyclone-freddy-death-toll-rises-to-190/|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124258/https://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/cyclone-freddy-death-toll-rises-to-190/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga comene na boma nangauli vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi cifukwa ca Freddy. Vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵikika pambere chimphepo chindafike vikawovwira mbumba. Gulu la ŵaponoski likatumika ku malo gha Chilobwe, Machinjiri na Ndirande ku Blantyre. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakawungana kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgika na suzgo ili.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Phiri|first=Frank|date=13 March 2023|title=Mozambique and Malawi reel from Tropical Storm Freddy, at least 17 dead|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/storm-freddy-kills-least-11-malawi-police-2023-03-13/|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313115848/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/storm-freddy-kills-least-11-malawi-police-2023-03-13/|archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> Bungwe la Amnesty International likasachizga kuti Malawi wapokere malipiro chifukwa cha masuzgo gha Freddy, chifukwa ndiyo yikupangiska kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Kondowe |first=Russell |date=14 March 2023 |title=Amnesty says Malawi should be compensated for damage caused by Cyclone Freddy |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/amnesty-says-malawi-should-be-compensated-for-damage-caused-by-cyclone-freddy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314145444/https://malawi24.com/2023/03/14/amnesty-says-malawi-should-be-compensated-for-damage-caused-by-cyclone-freddy/ |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=Malawi24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wupu wa EGENCO ukambaso kugwira ntchito pa malo ghakukhazikiskira magesi gha Nkula na Tedzani pa Malichi 14 apo maji ghakawelera ku malo ghakwenelera. Lazarus Chakwera wakapharazga kuti pa caru cose paŵenge ciliro ca masabata ghaŵiri cifukwa ca awo ŵakakomeka na Freddy. Boma likalayizga kuti lipelekenge ndalama zakukwana madola 1.5 miliyoni ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na suzgo ili. Pulezidenti wakawona ivyo vyacitika, ndipo wakati "ni viheni comene kuluska ivyo tawona". OCHA yikapeleka vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene ku vigaŵa ivyo vikakhwaskika comene. Mu mabuku agha mukaŵa vinthu vya munkhwala, vyakuvwara vyakovwira para munthu wali mu suzgo, kweniso maboti ghakupeleka chakurya ku ŵanthu awo ŵali mu maji gha chigumula. Ku Nsanje, ŵakazenga misasa 24 kuti pakhalenge mbumba 4,502, ndipo ku Chikwawa kukaŵa misasa 21 ya nyumba 8,837.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Concern provides vital supplies to those left homeless by cyclone in Malawi - Malawi {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/concern-provides-vital-supplies-those-left-homeless-cyclone-malawi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316044333/https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/concern-provides-vital-supplies-those-left-homeless-cyclone-malawi |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kuzgoreka pa caru cose ==== * {{Flag|United States}}: Ŵakapharazga kuti ŵapelekenge vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa nyengo ya suzgo..<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=US bypasses Malawi govt on cyclone Freddy victims - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/us-bypasses-malawi-govt-on-cyclone-freddy-victims/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316044338/https://www.nyasatimes.com/us-bypasses-malawi-govt-on-cyclone-freddy-victims/ |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> * {{Flag|European Union}}:EU yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana €200,000 ($213,810) kuti ziwovwire awo ŵakakhwaskika na suzgo ili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECHO Factsheet - Mozambique (Last updated 07/03/2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/echo-factsheet-mozambique-last-updated-07032023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314051534/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/echo-factsheet-mozambique-last-updated-07032023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Papa Francis wakalongosora umo waliri na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na chimphepo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2023 |title=Pope Francis prays for Malawi as cyclone Freddy leaves trail of death and destruction |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/03/15/pope-francis-prays-for-malawi-as-cyclone-freddy-leaves-trail-of-death-and-destruction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315164119/http://www.africanews.com/2023/03/15/pope-francis-prays-for-malawi-as-cyclone-freddy-leaves-trail-of-death-and-destruction/ |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Cuba sent condolences for damages caused by Cyclone Freddy |url=http://cubasi.cu/en/news/cuba-sent-condolences-damages-caused-cyclone-freddy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316025704/http://cubasi.cu/en/news/cuba-sent-condolences-damages-caused-cyclone-freddy |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Cuba Si |language=en}}</ref> Vyaru vinandi nga ni Cuba, India, South Africa, na Tanzania, vikaŵalengera lusungu ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi, Mozambique, na Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=15 March 2023 |title='Distressed By Devastation': PM Modi Condoles Deaths Due To Cyclone Freddy In Malawi, Mozambiqu |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/freddy-cyclone-malawi-declares-state-of-disaster-more-than-200-killed-pm-modi-condolence-twitter-1588668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315162708/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/freddy-cyclone-malawi-declares-state-of-disaster-more-than-200-killed-pm-modi-condolence-twitter-1588668 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2023 |title=President Ramaphosa offers condolences to nations affected by Cyclone Freddy {{!}} The Presidency |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-offers-condolences-nations-affected-cyclone-freddy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314122604/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-offers-condolences-nations-affected-cyclone-freddy |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Said |first=Mariam |date=2023-03-15 |title=Samia sends condolences to cyclone-hit Malawi - Daily News |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/samia-sends-condolences-to-cyclone-hit-malawi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316115205/https://dailynews.co.tz/samia-sends-condolences-to-cyclone-hit-malawi/ |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Vyakumanyaso == Freddy wali na nambara ya chimphepo chikuru icho chikakwera kwa nyengo yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo wakaluska chimphepo cha Hurricane John mu 1994<ref name=":Longest lived">{{cite news|last=Cappucci|first=Matthew|date=7 March 2023|title=Deadly cyclone Freddy has become Earth's longest-lived tropical storm|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/07/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-hurricane/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307222002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/07/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-hurricane/|archive-date=7 March 2023|access-date=7 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name=":Records">{{cite web |last=Cappucci |first=Matthew |date=7 March 2023 |title=Deadly cyclone Freddy has become Earth's longest-lived tropical storm |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/07/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-hurricane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307222002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/07/cyclone-freddy-indian-ocean-hurricane/ |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Biswas |first=Ramakanta |date=8 March 2023 |title=Cyclone Freddy: Know all about world's longest-lived tropical storm |url=https://odishatv.in/news/weather/cyclone-freddy-know-all-about-world-s-longest-lived-tropical-storm-198708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308120405/https://odishatv.in/news/weather/cyclone-freddy-know-all-about-world-s-longest-lived-tropical-storm-198708 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Cyclone Freddy: Know all about world's longest-lived tropical storm |publisher=Odisha TV}}</ref>Freddy wali na mbiri ya chimphepo chikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi, icho chili na nkhongono ya 87.01, icho chikaponya mbiri yakale ya 85.26 iyo yikaŵapo chifukwa cha chimphepo Ioke mu 2006. Freddy ndiyo wakaŵa cimphepo cakwamba ico cikakura comene. Freddy wakaŵa yumoza wa vimphepo vinayi ivyo vikajumpha kumwera kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone Freddy Breaks Records before Lashing Madagascar |url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/tropical-cyclone-freddy-breaks-records-lashing-madagascar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226120452/https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/tropical-cyclone-freddy-breaks-records-lashing-madagascar |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service |language=en}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Africa|Madagascar|Malawi|Tropical cyclones}} * [[:en:Tropical_cyclones_in_2023|Tropical cyclones in 2023]] * [[:en:Weather_of_2023|Weather of 2023]] * [[:en:List_of_Category_4_Australian_region_severe_tropical_cyclones|List of Category 4 Australian region severe tropical cyclones]] * [[:en:List_of_South-West_Indian_Ocean_very_intense_tropical_cyclones|List of South-West Indian Ocean very intense tropical cyclones]] * [[:en:Tropical_cyclones_in_the_Mascarene_Islands|Tropical cyclones in the Mascarene Islands]] * [[:en:List_of_tropical_cyclone_records|List of tropical cyclone records]] '''Mphepo ya mathithi yakuyana na Freddy''' * [[:en:Cyclone_Litanne|Cyclone Litanne]] (1994) &#x2013; a long-lived cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere which impacted Madagascar. * [[:en:Hurricane_John_(1994)|Hurricane John (1994)]] &#x2013; the furthest-travelling tropical cyclone ever recorded and the previous longest-lived tropical cyclone. * [[:en:Cyclone_Bonita|Cyclone Bonita]] (1996) &#x2013; another long-lasting tropical cyclone which also struck Madagascar and Mozambique, also making landfall near Quelimane. * [[:en:Cyclone_Leon–Eline|Cyclone Leon–Eline]] (2000) &#x2013; the second longest-lived cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere which severely impacted Madagascar and Mozambique. * [[:en:Cyclone_Hudah|Cyclone Hudah]] (2000) &#x2013; another long-lived cyclone that also affected Madagascar. '''Related tropical cyclones''' * [[:en:Hurricane_Ioke|Hurricane Ioke]] (2006) &#x2013; a powerful tropical cyclone which previously had the highest [[:en:Accumulated_cyclone_energy|accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) worldwide before Freddy. * [[:en:Cyclone_Idai|Cyclone Idai]] (2019) &#x2013; a devastating tropical cyclone which also had an erratic track within the Mozambique Channel like Freddy. * [[:en:Cyclone_Batsirai|Cyclone Batsirai]] (2022) &#x2013; a powerful tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in Madagascar. * [[:en:Cyclone_Darian|Cyclone Darian]] (2022) &#x2013; another strong and long-lasting tropical cyclone that reached VITC status in the same season. * [[:en:Cyclone_Cheneso|Cyclone Cheneso]] (2023) &#x2013; a strong tropical cyclone which affected Madagascar a month prior. == Vinyake == <references group="nb" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == External links == {{Commons category|Cyclone Freddy}} * [http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/data/20222023/2022RE07.html MFR Track Data] of Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/bsh112023.dat JTWC Operational Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316034034/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc2023/SH/SH112023/ 11S.FREDDY] from the [[:en:United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory|United States Naval Research Laboratory]] * {{ReliefWeb-link|tc-2023-000023-mdg}} {{2022–23 Australian region cyclone season buttons}}{{2022-23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}{{Deadliest meteorological events in 2023}}{{Category 4 Australian region tropical cyclones}}{{Very intense tropical cyclones}} 38md8ci3lakerwtntujryo1nr7k3357 0 21036 122736 120256 2026-09-28T03:49:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu''' (Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation, panji CHRR) ni wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Malaŵi. Wakapangika mu Febuluwale 1995 nga ni wupu wa vyawanangwa, wambura vya ndyali, uwo uli kulembeska mu 1962 ku United States. Wupu uwu ukapangika na ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakawerako ku caru cawo na cilayizga ca demokilase mu 1994. Wupu uwu uli na wanangwa wa kupeleka mauteŵeti ghake kulikose mu Malaŵi. Kulembeka kwa wupu uwu kuyana na [[Dango]] la mu 1962, ndiko kukovwira kuti wupu uwu uŵe na udindo kweniso ntchito. Pasono mapulogiramu agha ghakuchitika mu vigaŵa vyose vitatu, kumwera, pakati na kumpoto. Wupu uwu ukuwovwira na kukhozga mitheto ya [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] iyo yikukolerana na demokilase na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ntchito ya CHRR nkhusungilira, kukhozga na kukhozga muwuso uwemi mwa kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na mu misumba ya ku Malawi kuti ŵamanye makora wanangwa wawo na kuwulondezga kwizira mu kafukufuku, masambiro, kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kupanga maukonde. CHRR yikukhumba kovwirapo pa kufiska mulimo uwu kwizira mu mapulogiramu ghanandi agho ghakucitika mu mapulogiramu ghaŵiri ghakuru, nga ni: Kuwovwira na Kovwira Ŵanthu na Kulondezga na Kusambizga pa Nkhani ya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu. == Mbiri == Nkhani iyi yafuma kwa Undule Mwakasungura, uyo ni mulara wa CHRR.<ref name="autogenerated1">Undule Mwakasungura, Feb 2, 2008</ref> [[File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|thumb|The Flag of Malawi: The sun represents rising hope, black the people of the country, the red people who died for liberation and green represents nature.]] Wupu wa Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR) ukapangika mu 1994. Gulu ili likapangika na ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakafumamo mu caru cawo mu vyaka vya m'ma 70 na 80. Ŵakambiraso kukhala mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ŵakamba kuchita bizinesi. Ŵakaweleraso mu 1994 apo ŵakaŵikapo ndondomeko yakuti paŵe maungano gha vipani vinandi. Wupu uwu ukazomera kugwiliskira nchito ivyo ukawona na kumanya kuti uvikilire wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Munthu yumoza pera uyo wakukhalapo wa gulu la awo ŵakambiska ni mulongozgi wa sono wa Undule Mwakasungura.. == Kawonelo Kakuru ka Gulu == === Mission Statement === Contribute towards the protection, promotion and consolidation of good governance byempowering rural and urban communities in Malawi to increase awareness of and exercise their rights through research, education, advocacy and networking in order to realize human development. === Objectives === -Raising awareness and understanding of human rights, democracy, and good governance among Malawians -Enhancing community awareness of safety issues -Acquiring information that is of national importance -Providing mediation to marginalized groups in Malawi -Lobbying for the repeal of laws that infringe on the rights of men, women, and children of Malawi. -Networking with other organizations with similar objectives on a national, regional, and international level. === Programs === •Community Mobilization and Empowerment •Human Rights Monitoring and Training. === Major Challenges CHRR faces === 1.) '''Sustainability''' in terms of financial support 2.) '''Duplication and Competition''' amongst local and international organizations 3.) '''Negative government attitude''' towards NGOs 4.) '''Staff turnover''' due to competition between NGOs 5.) '''Widespread illiteracy and ignorance''' among the population has contributed to the lack of appreciation and understanding of human rights and democracy. == Background on Malawi ==<!--Deleted image removed: [[Image:Malawi map.png|thumb|Map of Malawi]]--> The following information comes from the CIA world fact book.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa :: Malawi — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> ''Capital'': Lilongwe ''Population'': 13,603,181 (2007 est.) ''GDP per capita'': $800 (2007 est.) ''Type of Government'': Multiparty democracy ''History of current leader'': Malawi, established in 1891, gained its independence from Britain in 1964. It held its first multi party election in 1994, after three decades of rule under President Hastings Kamuzu. President Bingu wa Mutharika, who was elected in May 2004, currently holds the position. He formed his own party called the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). Malawi has seen some economic improvement, but because of a political deadlock in the legislature, Mutharika has been unable to pass significant legislation. This has stalled the fight against corruption. ''Legal System:'' based on English common law, judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of appeal. === Challenges Malawi is facing === (following information from CHRR <ref name="autogenerated1" />) 1.) Lack of constitutionalism 2.) Lack of Respect for court rulings 3.) Lack of Political Parties (many groups are under represented. Women are not given leadership positions) 4.) Lack of Political Tolerance 5.) HIV and Aids == CHRR Achievements == CHRR has contributed to the promotion of human rights through programs like Civil Education: Bring awareness in communities through radio programs, community debates, training, and voter education. Research: CHRR has carried out research projects on issues related to governance, human rights, and other issues pertaining to governance and human rights. This research has been used as a tool for awareness and lobbying. Advocacy and Networking: CHRR has been in the forefront of advocacy for democratic governance. They have collaborated with organizations with similar interests. Some of the '''networks''' they are a part of include: CONGOMA HRCC Gender Support Network MEJN MESN Malawi Social Forum Amnesty International Some of their '''partners''' include: One World Africa Fahamu Education Training Centre For Children Affairs Civil Liberties Committee Christian Agency for Responsible Democracy and Unity Coalition on Violence Against Women Citizens for Justice Foundation for Community Support Service === Specific examples of work === The following table gives specific case examples of work that CHRR has been involved in. {| class="wikitable" !Country !Issue !Action |- |Zimbabwe |Political instability in the country (2006) |Took a public stance, calling the Southern African Development Community to take action in Zimbabwe <ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ccd21.org/pdf/DemAlertZimb.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905145712/http://www.ccd21.org/pdf/DemAlertZimb.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2008 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.ccd21.org}}</ref> |- |Malawi |Problems that have arisen from the overpopulation of Zimbabwean refugees. (2007) |Called public officials to offer more programs to deal with economic issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi Nyasa Times - |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/ |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Malawi |Lucius Kamanga shot by police officer who was in the car of a member of Parliament (5/04) Felix Chikoti was arrested and beat while in custody, later he was found strangled to death (5/04) Kennedy Chirombo was shot by police on his way to buy paraffin (5/04) |Offered the families a lawyer for litigation, and won settlements from the government for each of these families.<ref>[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_42320.html Centre For Human Rights & Rehabilitation - Malawi<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092557/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_42320.html|date=July 7, 2011}}</ref> |- |Malawi |World Bank national report: Governance and Corruption Baseline Survey Team, which is in place to assess the amount of corruption in Malawi and design methods of disseminating information. (5/2005) |B. Kondowe Participated in this committee on behalf of CHRR <ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION BASELINE SURVEY |url=http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/capacitybuild/pdf/gac_survey_malawi_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510105919/http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/capacitybuild/pdf/gac_survey_malawi_2006.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-10 |access-date=2022-09-19}}</ref> |- |Malawi |Controversy over Uranium mining project: Environmental and safety studies were done by company, rather than the government. Now there are accusations that the company lied about the results of these tests. (11/2006) |CHRR presented information in a press briefing in Lilongwe. Gave information on how mining could be detrimental.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MALAWI: Bingu misled on uranium miningâ€"civil society {{!}} corpwatch |url=https://corpwatch.org/article/malawi-bingu-misled-uranium-mining%C3%A2%E2%82%ACcivil-society |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=corpwatch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621104059/https://corpwatch.org/article/malawi-bingu-misled-uranium-mining%C3%A2%E2%82%ACcivil-society |archive-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> |} == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [http://www.nyasatimes.com/index.php?news=2139 CHRR Advocates for Legislation to Curb Stigma Against HIV] * [http://www.nyasatimes.com/index.php?news=2120 Tembo refuses to budge on Section 65] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418152141/http://www.mcgilldaily.com/view.php?aid=7061 Ben Travers reports on the anxieties about China’s rise in Africa, as Malawi ditches Taiwan for a new allegiance] * [http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=8322 Govt urged to revive Compensation Tribunal]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051112005012/http://www.chrr.org.mw/ www.chrr.org.mw official website] 8ea2aqi2490k0marr0sfn0zoypwbdxx 0 21052 122554 63690 2026-09-28T01:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Professor|name=John Saka|honorific-suffix=|image=|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|order=[[Mzuzu University#Vice Chancellors of the university|Vice-Chancellor of Mzuzu University]]|term_start=15 May 2019|term_end=|predecessor=Robert Ridley|successor=|order2=[[University of Malawi#Vice Chancellors of the university|Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malawi]]|term_start2=2 December 2013|term_end2=2019|chancellor=|deputy=|predecessor2=Emmanuel Fabiano|successor2=Mkali Idruss Samson Sajidu|birth_date=|birth_place=|nationality={{MWI}}|spouse=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=[[University of Malawi]] (BSc)<br>[[University of East Anglia]] (PhD)|profession=Chemist}} '''Pulofesa John Danwell Kalenga Saka''' ndiye wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa yunivesite ya [[Mzuzu]] yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Dr.Robert Ridley yemwe adachotsa ntchito zake mu 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mzuzu University has a new Vice Chancellor:Professor John Kalenga Saka |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mzuzu-university-has-new-vice-chancellor-professor-john-kalenga-saka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517090445/https://www.nyasatimes.com/mzuzu-university-has-new-vice-chancellor-professor-john-kalenga-saka/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |work=Malawi Nyasa Times-Malawi Breaking News in Malawi}}</ref> Saka wakaŵa Vice Chancellor wa University of Malawi uyo wakadangira Professor Mkali Idruss Samson Sajidu.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNIMA Council Appoints Professor Sajidu as new vice-chancellor |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/unima-council-appoints-professor-sajidu-as-new-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325012844/https://www.nyasatimes.com/unima-council-appoints-professor-sajidu-as-new-vice-chancellor/ |archive-date=2022-03-22 |work=Malawi Nyasa Times-Malawi Breaking News in Malawi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof John Saka is new Vice Chancellor University of Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/11/27/prof-john-saka-is-new-vice-chancellor-university-of-malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129083030/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/11/27/prof-john-saka-is-new-vice-chancellor-university-of-malawi/ |archive-date=2013-11-29 |work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi}}</ref> Wakababikira ku Malawi ndipo wakasambira pa Chancellor College, University of Malawi na University of East Anglia (PhD, Chemistry).<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor John Danwell Kalenga Saka |url=http://www.acgt.co.za/profiles/professor-john-danwell-kalenga-saka |work=acgt.co.za |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425190841/http://www.acgt.co.za/profiles/professor-john-danwell-kalenga-saka |archive-date=2017-04-25}}</ref> Pamanyuma wakazgoka nkhwantha ya Physical Chemistry pa University of Malawi mu 1986 apo wakazgoka Professor mu 2002. Wakimikika kuŵa Vice Chancellor wa University of Malawi pa 2 December 2013. Kweniso ni mulongozgi wa Malawi National Examinations Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=New board members hired for Malawi National Examinations Board, National Library |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2015/03/17/new-board-members-hired-for-malawi-national-examinations-board-national-library/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730015829/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2015/03/17/new-board-members-hired-for-malawi-national-examinations-board-national-library/ |archive-date=2015-07-30 |work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{authority control}} b05u3p1pkpuckekq1zelqpjg7ythh29 0 21063 122552 63704 2026-09-28T01:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Malawian theologian}} '''{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}''' {{Infobox academic|name=Isabelle Apawo Phiri|honorific_suffix=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=<!-- use only if different from full/othernames -->|birth_date=<!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->|birth_place=Malawi|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=|death_cause=|nationality=<!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->|citizenship=<!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->|other_names=|occupation=Theologian|period=2012|known_for=|title=|boards=<!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation-->|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|awards=<!--notable national-level awards only-->|website=https://www.oikoumene.org/news/isabel-apawo-phiri-joins-wcc-as-new-associate-general-secretary|education=[[University of Malawi]], [[University of Lancaster]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]] <!--will often consist of the linked name of the last-attended higher education institution-->|thesis_title=Women, Presbyterianism and Patriarchy: Religious Experience of Chewa Women in Malawi|thesis_url=|thesis_year=1997|school_tradition=|doctoral_advisor=|academic_advisors=|influences=<!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->|era=|discipline=<!--major academic discipline – e.g. Physicist, Sociologist, New Testament scholar, Ancient Near Eastern Linguist-->|sub_discipline=<!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th-century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->|workplaces=[[University of KwaZulu Natal]]|doctoral_students=<!--only those with WP articles-->|notable_students=|main_interests=|notable_works=|notable_ideas=|influenced=<!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->|signature=|signature_alt=|signature_size=|footnotes=}} '''Isabel Apawo Phiri''' ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa ya ku Malawi ndipo wakumanyikwa na milimo yake pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa wanalume na mwanakazi, HIV/AIDS, na vya cisopa ca ku Africa. Iyo ni movwiri wa Secretary wa World Council of Churches kufuma mu 2012. == Umoyo na masambiro == Phiri, wa mtundu wa Chewa, wakababikira ku Malawi ndipo wakakulira mu tchalitchi la Central African Presbyterian.<ref name="global">{{cite web |last=Cairney |first=Jim |date=25 July 2018 |title=Global Partner Dr. Isabel Apawo Phiri |url=https://generalcouncil43.ca/news/global-partner-dr-isabel-apawo-phiri |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=The United Church of Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521123346/https://generalcouncil43.ca/news/global-partner-dr-isabel-apawo-phiri |archive-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>Wali na digiri ya bachelor mu vya masambiro kufuma ku University of Malawi, master mu vya masambiro gha chisopa kufuma ku University of Lancaster ku England na PhD kufuma ku University of Cape Town ku South Africa. Ku South Africa ndiko wakamba kusambira vya cisopa ca ŵanakazi na cisopa ca wanangwa. Pa nkhani ya cisambizgo cake ca ucimi, wakasanda umo ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakacitiranga vinthu na cisopa cawo ku Malawi. Wakalemba buku lake lakwamba, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba lakulembeka na mwanakazi wakusambira vya cisopa wa ku Malawi.<ref name="first">{{cite web |date=January 2007 |title=Women, Presbyterianism and Patriarchy. Updated Edition |url=http://africultures.com/livres/?no=10465 |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Africultures}}</ref> == Ntchito == Phiri ni msambizgi.<ref name="global" />Ŵanthu ŵakumuwona kuti ni "mama" wa gulu la ŵasambizgi ŵa vya cisopa ŵa ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa ku Malawi. Wakachitapo chigaŵa pa chiphikiro cha Circle mu 1989 ndipo wakambiska Circle ku Malawi mu 1993, ndipo ungano wake wakwamba ukachitikira ku nyumba yake ku Chirunga mu 1994. Wakakolerana na ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵatatu ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Malawi kuti ŵasande na kulemba nkhani za ŵanakazi. Mu 1995, wakalongosora ivyo ŵakasanga pa kafukufuku wawo wakukhwaskana na nkhaza za kugonana pa sukulu ya pa yunivesite iyi. Nyumba yake yikaŵa yakuzura na malibwe ndipo ofesi yake yikanangika. Pamasinda, ŵakamuwofya kuti ŵamufumiskenge mu mpingo wa Blantyre Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Central Africa cifukwa cakuti "wakaciskanga ŵanakazi ŵa mu matchalitchi kuti ŵapenje urunji". Chifukwa cha vinthu ivi, Phiri wakafumako ku Malawi kuya ku Namibia mu 1996. Phiri wakakhwimiskaso kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵikike pa udindo waulongozgi wa tchalitchi ku Blantyre, ndipo wakalimbana na ndondomeko ya tchalitchi iyi ya kukanizga ŵanakazi kuŵa na udindo waulongozgi wa tchalitchi mu 1995.<ref name="circle">{{cite web |last1=Fiedler |first1=Rachel NyaGondwe |last2=Hofmeyr |first2=JW |title=The birth and growth of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians in Malawi 1989-2011 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/she/v37n2/04.pdf}}</ref> Phiri wakaŵa msambizgi wa theoloji na visambizgo vya cisopa pa Chancellor College ya University of Malawi, pambere wandaŵe Professor wa African Theology na Dean wa School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics pa University of KwaZulu-Natal ku Pietermaritzburg. Wakasambizgaso ku Zomba Theological College ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa. Kufuma mu 2002 mpaka mu 2007 wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mulaŵiliri wa Komiti ya Wupu wa pa Charu Chose ya Visopa pa Nkhani ya Masambiro na Kusambizga Ŵanthu vya Chiuta. Phiri wakutemwa chomene vya cisopa ca ku Africa, cisopa ca ŵanakazi na HIV/AIDS. Wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa vya cisopa wa Africa Bible Commentary, ndipo wakalemba nkhani za Ruth, Rape, The Bible and Polygamy, and Weddings and Lobola. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Phiri wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi mulara wa Wupu Wakulongozga pa Nkhani ya Kupharazga na Kupharazga. Ntchito yake yikulaŵiska pa nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, kugonana, kusintha kwa nyengo na urunji. Mu 2017, wakalongosora "Fez Plan of Action" (Fez Plan of Action for Religious Leaders and Actors to Prevent Incitement to Violence that Could Lead to Atrocity Crimes) ku United Nations ku New York, wakati ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwa mu maudindo gha kulongozga mu tchalitchi kuti ŵaleke kuchita viheni munthazi. Mu Disembala 2017, ŵalara ŵa boma la Israel ŵakamukora pa ndege ya Ben Gurion kwa maora ghankhondi na ghatatu ndipo ŵakamukanira kunjira mu Israyeli kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa cisopa ku Yerusalemu. Cifukwa ico ŵakapelekera pa nyengo iyo cikaŵa cakuti "Kukanizga ŵanthu kuluta ku caru cinyake mwambura kuzomerezgeka", nangauli pamasinda ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti WCC yikazomerezga kuti Ŵaisrayeli ŵaleke kuluta ku caru ici. Olav Fykse Tveit, mulembi mukuru wa WCC, wakalemba mazgu ghakuti "ntchinthu chambura kumanyikwa" ndipo wakati "WCC yikudandawura comene cifukwa cakuti Ŵaisrayeli ŵakususkana na ivyo WCC yikucita kuti paŵe mtende na urunji ku Ŵapalestina na Ŵaisrayeli". Mu Okutobala 2018, khoti la apilu la ku Yerusalemu likakanizga boma kuti Phiri wanjire mu charu ichi. Mu 2018, Phiri wakawonekeranga pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka "Faith in Gender Justice" ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Scotland, pamoza na chithuzi na mazgu ghake ghakuti: "Theology ya uchimi yanovwira kuti niŵe wakugomezgeka pa nkhani ya urunji wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi". Wakacema ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza pa ŵanakazi. Mu 2020 na 2021, Phiri wakakhwaskika na mabuku gha WCC pa nkhani ya kuzgorapo pa masuzgo gha umoyo na vyachuma gha nthenda ya COVID-19 na kuvikilira wanangwa wa katemera.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2020 |title=COVID-19: Calling for an economy of life |url=https://www.lutheranworld.org/news/covid-19-calling-economy-life |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=The Lutheran World Federation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2020 |title=WCC releases 'Health and Hope' online publication as a resource amid COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/pressreleases/wcc-releases-health-and-hope-online-publication-as-a-resource-amid-covid-19-pandemic/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=World Council of Churches}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kenny |first=Peter |date=28 April 2021 |title='Do to others, what you want them to do to you' is simple churches' vaccination message |url=https://www.ecumenicalnews.com/article/do-to-others-what-you-want-them-to-do-to-you-is-simple-vaccination-message/60863.htm |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Ecumenical News}}</ref> == Mphoto == * 1995, "Woman of the Year", ''[[:en:The_Nation_(Malawi)|Nation Newspaper]]'' for bringing gender justice into public debate in Malawi<ref name="acns">{{cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Scottish Parliament hosts faith-based gender justice exhibition showcasing women activists |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2018/03/scottish-parliament-hosts-faith-based-gender-justice-exhibition-showcasing-women-activists.aspx |access-date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref> * 1998, Honorable mention, [[:en:Noma_Award_for_Publishing_in_Africa|Noma Award for Publishing in Africa]] for ''Women, Presbyterianism and Patriarchy''<ref name="first" /> == Umoyo wa munthu == Phiri wakukhala ku Geneva, uko ni mulara mu mpingo wa Church of Scotland. Wakutengwa kwa Maxwell Agabu Phiri, pulofesa wa vya malonda. Ŵakalemba pamoza nkhani ya mu 2017 yakuchemeka kuti "HIV and AIDS, Gender Violence and Masculinities: A Case of South Africa" iyo yikalongosoranga umo ŵanthu ŵakutorana awo ŵakuluta ku tchalitchi ŵakugwilira ntchito. Ŵali na ŵana ŵatatu.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=The Challenges and Implications of Corporate Re-branding:A Case Study of Amalgamated Beverage Industries (ABI)|url=https://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/3843/Phiri_Maxwell_Agabu_2006.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|first=Maxwell Agabu|last=Phiri|publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal|year=2006}}</ref> == Vyakulemba == === Mabuku === * {{cite book|year=1994|title=Christianity and African Women: Liberation Or Oppression?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPzUGwAACAAJ|publisher=Chancellor College|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri}} * {{cite book|title=Women, Presbyterianism and Patriarchy:Religious Experience of Chewa Women in Central Malawi|publisher=CLAIM|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|year=2000|isbn=9783926105790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4IRAQAAIAAJ}} * {{cite book|year=2002|title=Her-stories: hidden histories of women of faith in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMHYAAAAMAAJ|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Devarakshanam Betty|last2=Govinden|first3=Sarojini|last3=Nadar|author-link3=Sarojini Nadar|publisher=Cluster|isbn=9781875053339}} * {{cite book|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzGOAAAAMAAJ|title=African Women, HIV/AIDS, and Faith Communities|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Bev|last2=Haddad|first3=Madipoane Joyce|last3=Masenya|publisher=Cluster Publications|isbn=9781875053421}} * {{cite book|title=African Women, Religion and Health: Essays in Honour of Mercy Amba Ewudziwa Oduyoye|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGpNAwAAQBAJ|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Sarojini|last2=Nadar|publisher=Wipf and Stock|year=2012|isbn=9781620320921}} * {{cite book|title=Handbook of Theological Education in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giOOmwEACAAJ|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Dietrich|last2=Werner|first3=Priscille|last3=Djomhoué|first4=James|last4=Amanze|publisher=Regnum Books International|year=2013|isbn=9781908355195}} * {{cite book|title=Anthology of African Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwogzgEACAAJ|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Dietrich|last2=Werner|first3=Chammah J.|last3=Kaunda|first4=Kennedy|last4=Owino|publisher=1517 Media|year=2016|isbn=9781506474922}} === Nkhani za mu manyuzipepara === * {{cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/9b67f96da6e834b39b6183a819db76c7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37817|year=1997|title=Doing Theology In Community: The case of African women theologians in the 1990s|journal=Journal of Theology for Southern Africa|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|volume=99|pages=68–76}} * {{cite journal|year=2002|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f4ccb92efd7e12797cfa25a804a5d374/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37817|title="Why does God allow our husbands to hurt us?" Overcoming violence against women|journal=Journal of Theology for Southern Africa|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|volume=114|pages=19–30}} * {{cite journal|url=https://ixtheo.de/Record/164512536X|year=2002|title=Life in fullness: gender justice: a perspective from Africa|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=71–84}} * {{cite journal|year=2003|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/33/4/article-p401_5.xml|title=President Frederick J.T. Chiluba of Zambia: The Christian Nation and Democracy|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|volume=33|issue=4|pages=401–428|doi=10.1163/157006603322665332}} * {{cite journal|year=2004|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/b8ce5472c09bd03ed994c8a8d07e880b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41812|title=HIV/AIDS: An African Theological Response in Mission|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|volume=56|issue=4|journal=The Ecumenical Review|pages=422–431|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2004.tb00528.x}} * {{cite journal|year=2004|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0519866dd2fd6236e5dfae61cf37aa5c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37817|title=A Theological Analysis of the Voices of Teenage Girls on 'Men's Role in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS' in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|journal=Journal of Theology for Southern Africa|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|volume=120|pages=34–45}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10130950.2004.9676034|title=African women's theologies in the new millennium|first=Isabel|last=Phiri|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|year=2004|volume=18|issue=61|pages=16–24|doi=10.1080/10130950.2004.9676034|s2cid=142650519}} * {{cite journal|year=2006|title=What's in a Name? Forging a Theoretical Framework for African Women's Theologies|url=https://ixtheo.de/Record/1644943964|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Sarojini|last2=Nadar|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=12|issue=2|pages=5–24}} * {{cite journal|title=Major Challenges for African Women Theologians in Theological Education (1989-2008)|journal=International Review of Mission|volume=98|number=1|year=2009|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1758-6631.2009.00009.x|pages=105–119|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6631.2009.00009.x|hdl=10500/4525}} * {{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24764316|title="Going Through the Fire with Eyes Wide Open":African Women's Perspectives on indigenous Knowledge, Patriarchy and Sexuality|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Sarojini|last2=Nadar|journal=The Study of Religion in Southern Africa|year=2009|volume=22|issue=2|pages=5–21|jstor=24764316}} * {{cite journal|year=2011|title="The personal is political" : faith and religion in a public university|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC111092|first2=Sarojini|last2=Nadar|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|journal=Acta Theologica|volume=sup-4|pages=81–94}} * {{cite journal|year=2012|title=Charting the Paradigm Shifts in HIV Research: The Contribution of Gender and Religion Studies|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/490256/summary|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|first1=Sarojini|last1=Nadar|first2=Isabel|last2=Phiri|volume=28|issue=2|pages=121–129|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.28.2.121|s2cid=144142146}} * {{cite journal|title=HIV and AIDS, Gender Violence and Masculinities: A Case of South Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09709274.2016.11906958|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|volume=53|number=1|first1=Isabel|last1=Apawo Phiri|first2=Maxwell Agabu|last2=Phiri|pages=74–86|year=2017|doi=10.1080/09709274.2016.11906958|s2cid=158391037}} * {{cite journal|year=2020|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/erev.12492|title=Reaching the Champions of Social Justice: Blind Spots in the Ecumenical Racial and Gender Response|first=Isabel|last=Apawo Phiri|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=72|issue=1|pages=62–72|doi=10.1111/erev.12492|s2cid=213335603}} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{authority control}} 7oou0tuqca2kk2a1zuha5kwgdc677zw 0 21072 122528 119293 2026-09-28T00:58:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fulata Lusungu Mbano Moyo''' ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa ya ku [[Malawi]] ndipo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa banakazi. == Umoyo na masambiro == Fulata Mbano wakababikira kumpoto kwa Malaŵi, ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba. Sekuru wake, Songea, wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nkhondo. Zina lake lakuti Fulata likung'anamura kuti wakababika na malundi ghakwamba. Adada ŵake ŵakambiska mpingo wawo pamanyuma pakuti ŵandamuzomerezge mu matchalitchi ghanyake chifukwa cha kutora mitala.<ref name="discussion">{{cite web |date=20 May 2016 |title=A Discussion with Fulata L. Moyo, World Council of Churches |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-fulata-l-moyo-world-council-of-churches |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=Georgetown University}}</ref> Moyo wakasuzgika comene apo wakaŵa mwana. Wakakulira mu muzi ucoko wakucemeka Engcongolweni Lazaro Jere ndipo wakasambiranga ku tawuni yapafupi, Ekwendeni. Wakasambira ku sukulu ya Roman Catholic, Marymount Girls Secondary School, pambere wandambe masambiro ku University of Malawi, Chancellor College. Moyo wakamalizga masters degree mu Christian thought, systematic and feminist theology kufuma ku University of Zimbabwe mu 1993, ndipo wakapokera PhD kufuma ku School of Religion and Theology ku University of KwaZulu-Natal mu South Africa mu 2009, pakudodoliska pa ethics, gender and religion, kusazgapo ntchito zinyake za kafukufuku ku Yale University's Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS. Wakasambiraso umo wangapharazgira ŵanthu na kuŵasambizga fundo za Viktor Frankl..<ref name="harv">{{cite web |title=Dr. Fulata Moyo |url=https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202023429/https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo |archive-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> == Ntchito == Moyo wakaŵa movwiri wa masambiro pa sukulu ya vya cisopa na vya cisopa pa yunivesite ya KwaZulu-Natal, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵasambizgi pa yunivesite ya Malawi mu dipatimenti ya vya cisopa na vya cisopa. Kweniso wakacitako mulimo wa Tamar Campaign, uwo ukakhumbanga kumazga nkhaza za ŵanakazi na ŵana. Wakachita kafukufuku wa ŵanthu mu Malaŵi, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu banja lakwamba "ŵangamba kulamulira ŵana ŵawo", kweni wakakhuŵara chomene kuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kulamulira ŵana ŵawo chifukwa cha Chikhristu. Pa nyengo iyi, caru cikaŵa pa suzgo likuru comene la HIV/AIDS, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wacite kafukufuku pa nkhani ya kugonana. Wakafumba kuti waŵe wasembe mu tchalitchi la Presbyterian kweni "wakakanika".<ref name="discussion" /> Moyo wakagwiranga nchito ku World Council of Churches nga ni Program Executive for Women in Church and Society kufuma mu 2007 mpaka 2019. Iyo wakakhalanga ku Geneva ndipo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa "A Just Community of Women and Men". Wakachiska matchalitchi kuti ghachitenge upharazgi wa "Thursdays in Black" wakususkana na nkhaza na kukaka ŵanthu, uwo ukafuma ku gulu la Mothers of the Disappeared ku Argentina ilo likachitanga viyezgelero pa Plaza de Mayo pa Lachinayi, na Women in Black ku Israel.<ref name="pp">{{cite web |title=Fulata L. Moyo, Malawi – Mediator |url=https://peaceandpluralism.org/portfolio-item/fulata-l-moyo-malawi-mediator/ |publisher=Peace and Pluralism}}</ref> Mu chaka cha masambiro cha 2016/2017, Moyo wakaŵa msambizgi wakuwona vya ŵanakazi na visopa vya ku Africa ku Harvard Divinity School, uko wakapangiska Ethic of Care kuti yovwire ŵanthu ŵavisopa kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na ŵanakazi awo ŵakuguliskika. Wakagwiraso lumoza nchito na Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza pa nkhani ya kusanda vinthu vya ŵanakazi. Mu chaka cha 2018, wakasankhika kuŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira pawekha kuti ŵawonepo ndondomeko na ndondomeko za UNAIDS zakumazgira na kugega nthambuzgo. Mu 2020, Moyo wakambiska bungwe la "Stream", ilo lili kulembeska ku US ndipo likovwira na kusambizga ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliskika. Moyo ni yumoza wa banakazi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakumanya vya cisopa, wakayamba ku Nairobi ndipo wakawuskaso Malawi chapter ndipo wakaŵa Secretary wa Board for Theological Studies mu 1996. Wakaŵa General Coordinator kufuma mu 2007 mpaka 2013. Kweniso ni muteŵeti wa gulu la Community Voices in Peace and Pluralism mu Africa, na Board of Life and Peace Institute mu Sweden. Ni muwusi wa komiti ya AfriAus iLEAC.<ref name="harv" /> === Kulemba === Moyo wali kulemba mabuku ghakujumpha 29 mu viyowoyero vinkhondi. Ivyo wakalemba vikulongosora chomene vya chisopa na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kugonana. Iyo wakuti malemba gha cisopa ghakwenera kulongosoreka mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanakazi ŵakukumana navyo. Moyo wakalemba buku la AfricaPraying: buku ilo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵangasambizgira na kusambizga pa nkhani ya HIV-AIDS. Wakalemba buku lakuti Women Writing Africa: Eastern African Region, ilo likafuma ku Feminist Press mu 2007.<ref name="berk">{{cite web |title=Fulata L. Moyo |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/fulata-l-moyo |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, Georgetown University}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulembi wa magazini ya Ecumenical Review mu 2012 na International Review of Mission mu 2015.<ref name="berk" /> == Vyakulemba vyakusankhika == === Nkhani za mu manyuzipepara === * {{cite journal|year=2001|title=The role of the Church in combating HIV/AIDS in Malawi: challenges and prospects|first1=Dixie M.|last1=Banda|first2=Fulata Lusungu|last2=Moyo|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=7|number=1|pages=45–61}} * {{cite journal|year=2004|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066604|title=Religion, spirituality and being a woman in Africa: gender construction within the African religio-cultural experiences|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|volume=61|issue=61|pages=72–78|jstor=4066604}} * {{cite journal|title=Sex, gender, power and HIV/AIDS in Malawi: threats and challenges to women being Church|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=10|number=1|pages=85–102|year=2004}} * {{cite journal|year=2004|title=Can Divorce be a Solution to Marital Problems in a Christian Marriage?|first=Fulata|last=Moyo|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=56|number=4|pages=437–447|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2004.tb00530.x|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/40e0156b6919ec17c04ece4654e605bc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41812}} * {{cite journal|year=2005|title=The red beads and white beads: Malawian women's sexual empowerment in the HIV and AIDS era|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=11|number=1|pages=53–66}} * {{cite journal|title=We Demand Bread and Roses When We are Hired: Gender Justice in Workplaces: A Feminist Ethical Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecumenical-review_2012-10_64_3/page/n23|year=2012|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=64|number=3|pages=254–266|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2012.00172.x}} * {{cite journal|year=2016|title="Traffic Violations": Hospitality, Foreignness, and Exploitation: A Contextual Biblical Study of Ruth|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=32|number=2|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|pages=83–94|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.07|jstor=10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.07|s2cid=152203277|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.07}} * {{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/irom.12305|title=Healing Together: Mission as a Journey of Healing Traumatic Memories|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|journal=International Review of Mission|year=2020|volume=109|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1111/irom.12305|s2cid=219493390}} === Vigaŵa vya mabuku === * {{cite book|year=2002|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|chapter=Singing and dancing women's liberation: my story of faith|title=Her-stories : hidden histories of women of faith in Africa|editor1=[[Isabel Apawo Phiri]]|editor2=Devarakshanam Betty Govinden|editor3=[[Sarojini Nadar]]|publisher=Cluster Publications|oclc=50682475|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50682475}} * {{cite book|chapter=Navigating Healing: A Narrative Theology of Eschatological Hopes Healing|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|pages=243–256|title=African Women, Religion, and Health: Essays in Honor of Mercy Amba Ewudziwa Oduyoye|editor1=Isabel Apawo Phiri|editor2=Sarojini Nadar|publisher=Wipf and Stock|year=2012}} * Moyo, Fulata Lusungu (2017). "'Ukugqiba inkaba'—Burying the Umbilical Cord: An African Indigenous Ecofeminist Perspective on Incarnation". In Grace Ji-Sun Kim; Hilda P. Koster (eds.). ''Planetary Solidarity: Global Women's Voices on Christian Doctrine and Climate Justice''. Fortress Press. pp. 179–192. * {{cite book|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|chapter=Church and Politics: The Case of Livingstonia Synod|pages=133–146|title=Church, Law and Political Transition in Malawi 1992-1994|editor1=S Nzunda|editor2=R Ross|publisher=African Books Collective|year=2020}} * {{cite book|chapter=Called to Lament Injustice and Prophesy Equality, Justice, Peace and Healing for all|first=Fulata Lusungu|last=Moyo|pages=47–57|title=That all may live!: essays in honour of Nyambura J. Njoroge|publisher=University of Bamberg Press|year=2021|isbn=9783863098117|editor1=Ezra Chitando|editor2=Esther Mombo|editor3=Masiiwa Ragies Gunda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DZMEAAAQBAJ}} == Umoyo wa munthu == Moyo wakatorana na Solomon Moyo mpaka apo wakafwira na kansa ya chiwindi mu 1999. Wakalemba ivyo vikachitika apo wakagowokera mfumu wake..<ref name="discussion" /> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * {{Twitter|fulamoyo}} {{authority control}} isgcyqkmx9rmu00y5nyrzzkv5t2y8ov 0 21074 122572 109758 2026-09-28T01:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Malawi since 2020}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=[[His Excellency]]|name=Lazarus Chakwera|image=Lazarus Chakwera Profile.png|caption=Chakwera mu 2020|office1=[[Mlongozgi wa Malaŵi]] wa nambala 6|term_start1=28 June 2020|term_end1=|vicepresident1=[[Saulos Chilima]]|predecessor1=[[Peter Mutharika]]|successor1=|office2=[[Nduna ya Chitetezo]]|term_start2=28 June 2020|term_end2=|deputy2=Jean Munaowauza Sendeza|predecessor2=[[Peter Mutharika]]|office3=[[Mlala wa chipani chakususka]]|term_start3=May 2014|term_end3=February 2019|predecessor3=[[John Tembo]]|successor3=[[Lobin Lowe]]|office4=[[Member of Parliament]]<br /> from Lilongwe North West|term_start4=May 2014|term_end4=May 2019|birth_name=Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera|birth_date={{birth date and age|1955|4|5|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Lilongwe]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]])|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Malawi Congress Party]]|spouse=Monica Chakwera (m. 1977)|children=4|alma_mater=[[University of Malawi]]<br />[[University of Limpopo|University of the North]]<br />[[University of South Africa]]<br />[[Trinity International University]]}}'''Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera''' (wakababika pa 5 Epulero 1955) ni nkhwantha ya vya cisopa na ndyali wa ku [[Malawi]] uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni purezidenti wa Malawi kwamba pa Juni 2020.Ŵakamulongosolera kuti wakaŵa "wakutemweka comene ku Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Britain".<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Lazarus Chakwera sworn in as Malawi president after historic win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53210473 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Wakugwiraso nchito nga ni Minister of Defence ku malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Who is Malawi's new leader Lazarus Chakwera? {{!}} DW {{!}} 27.06.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-malawis-new-leader-lazarus-chakwera/a-53935077 |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref>Wakaŵa purezidenti wa Malawi Assemblies of God kufuma 1989 mpaka 2013. Chakwera wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka mu chalo ichi pamanyuma pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pa 21 May 2019 ndipo khoti la constitutional court likagwiliska ntchito yayi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Historic! Malawi court nullifies presidential elections {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2020/02/03/historical-malawi-court-nullifies-presidential-elections/|work=[[Malawi24]]|date=3 February 2020}}</ref> Wakimikika kuŵa mulaŵiliri wa SADC pa 17 Ogasiti pa ungano wa pa caka wa 41 wa SADC uwo ukacitika pa 9 Ogasiti mpaka 19 Ogasiti mu Lilongwe, Malawi. == Umoyo wa munthu == Lazarus Chakwera wakababikira mu Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa Malawi, pa Epulero 5, 1955, apo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain.<ref name="zodiakmalawi">{{cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=Man of God, Welcome to Cut Throat Politics |url=http://zodiakmalawi.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=6669:man-of-god-welcome-to-cut-throat-politics&Itemid=113 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630175457/http://zodiakmalawi.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=6669:man-of-god-welcome-to-cut-throat-politics&Itemid=113 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Zodiakmalawi.com}}</ref> Adada ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa ku pulayimale ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga mu famu.<ref name="agtv">{{cite web |date=24 June 2010 |title=Personal Story of Lazarus Chakwera : AGTV |url=http://agtv.ag.org/personal-story-of-lazarus-chakwera |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Agtv.ag.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522070649/http://agtv.ag.org/personal-story-of-lazarus-chakwera |archive-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>Wakatorana na Monica Chakwera pa Okutobala 8, 1977, ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵanayi (mwana mwanalume na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵatatu).<ref name="nyasatimes">{{cite web |date=15 April 2013 |title=Malawi on the road to 2014: Rev. Dr. Lazarous Chakwera |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/15/malawi-on-the-road-to-2014-rev-dr-lazarous-chakwera/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075249/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/15/malawi-on-the-road-to-2014-rev-dr-lazarous-chakwera/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 October 2013 |work=Nyasa Times}}</ref> == Masambilo == Chakwera wakamalizga masambiro ghake pa University of Malawi mu 1977. Wakasambira vya cisopa ndipo wakapokera digirii yakufuma ku University of the North mu South Africa ndipo wakapokera digirii ya masters (MTh) ku University of South Africa mu 1991.<ref name="nyasatimes" /> Yunivesite ya Trinity International ku United States yikamupa digiri ya ucimi (D. Min) mu 2000. Mu 2005, wakazgoka pulofesa pa sukulu yakuchemeka Pan-African Theological Seminary.<ref name="zodiakmalawi" /> == Ntchito ya theoloje == Wakagwiranga nchito nga ni msambizgi pa Sukulu ya vya cisopa ya Assemblies of God kufuma mu 1983 m'paka mu 2000 uko wakazgoka Mulara mu 1996. Wakaŵa mulara wa sukulu iyi na kusambizga pa sukulu ya All Nations Theological Seminary. Kufuma mu 1989 kufika mu 2013 wakalaŵiliranga Malawi Assemblies of God.<ref name="malawivoice">{{cite web |title=On the Road to 2014: Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2013/04/16/on-the-road-to-2014-dr-lazarus-mccarthy-chakwera-34714/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215810/http://www.malawivoice.com/2013/04/16/on-the-road-to-2014-dr-lazarus-mccarthy-chakwera-34714/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Malawi Voice}}</ref> Pa 14 April 2013 wakadandawura apo wakapharazga khumbo lake lakwimilira pa chiphikiro cha Malawi Congress Party (MCP) pakuŵa purezidenti uku wakukhalilira mu Assembly of God Presidency.<ref name="mwnation.com">{{cite web |title=Chakwera guns for MCP presidency |url=http://www.mwnation.com/sports-nation-on-sunday/international-sports/17996-chakwera-guns-for-mcp-presidency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516082730/http://www.mwnation.com/sports-nation-on-sunday/international-sports/17996-chakwera-guns-for-mcp-presidency |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Mphekesera zakukhumba kwa Chakwera kuphalizgana pa mpikisano wa purezidenti wa MCP zidayamba kuwoneka pa intaneti pa 9 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev Chakwera, Munlo linked to MCP leadership contest: Malawi on the road to 2014 &#124; Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/09/rev-chakwera-munlo-linked-to-mcp-leadership-contest-malawi-on-the-road-to-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214741/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/09/rev-chakwera-munlo-linked-to-mcp-leadership-contest-malawi-on-the-road-to-2014/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |work=Nyasa Times}}</ref> Iwo ŵakakhorwa pa 14 Epulero 2013. Chakwera pamasinda wakapeleka vikalata vyake apo wakaŵa wa Malawi Assemblies of God. Ungano wa MCP uwo ukeneranga kucitika pa 27 Epulero 2013 ukasinthika pa 10 na 11 Ogasiti uko wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa MCP ndipo wakayimilira chipani mu viwoneskelo vya 2014. Pa nyengo ya mavoti gha Malawi mu chaka cha 2014, mphekesera zikayowoyeka mu malo ghakupambanapambana kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakubudika. Chakwera wakaphalira ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mtende, kuzomera ivyo vyachitika, na kulindilira mavoti ghakulondezgapo. Padera pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka, iyo wakaŵaso wa mphala ya malango ya Lilongwe North West Constituency. Chakwera wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa Mulongozgi wa Malawian Assemblies of God, kwambira pa 14 May 2013.<ref name="nyasatimes.com">{{cite web |author=Politics |title=Chakwera steps down as Malawi Assemblies of God president: To concentrate on front-line politics |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/05/03/chakwera-steps-down-as-malawi-assemblies-of-god-president-to-concentrate-on-front-line-politics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214515/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/05/03/chakwera-steps-down-as-malawi-assemblies-of-god-president-to-concentrate-on-front-line-politics/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |work=Nyasa Times}}</ref> Iyo wakati ivi vimovwirenge kuti waŵikengepo mtima comene pa ndyali, cifukwa wakawonanga kuti wachali kuteŵetera Ciuta mu malo ghanyake. Chakwera wakakolerana na mulongozgi wa UTM Saulos Chilima na maboma ghanyake ghanandi kuti wapange 'Tonse Alliance' pakunozgekera mavoti gha Malawi mu Juni 2020. Ivi vikachitika apo khoti likakana mavoti gha 2019 chifukwa cha viheni vikuru ivyo vikachitika apo DPP yikati yapambana. Chakwera wakathereska pulezidenti Peter Mutharika pa chisankho cha 2020, ndipo wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 59%. Chakwera wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa 6 wa Malawi pa 28 Juni. Pa nyengo iyi, Malaŵi yikaŵa chalo chakwamba mu Africa kuti mavoti gha pa chisankho ghaleke kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura kwenelera ndipo mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition ndiyo wakathereska. Khoti Likuru la ku Kenya ndilo likakanizga chisankho ichi mu 2017, kweni mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition ndiyo wakatonda..<ref name="BBC News" /> == Wupu Wakulongozga == [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_with_Malawian_President_Lazarus_Chakwera_(52391326180).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Delivers_Remarks_with_Malawian_President_Lazarus_Chakwera_(52391326180).jpg|thumb|Chakwera wakuyowoya mu 2022.]] === Cabinet appointments === Chakwera wakati wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti, ŵakamususka cifukwa ca kusankha ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yake kuti ŵaŵe mu nduna. Boma la Chakwera la mamembala 31 ilo likapharazgika pamanyuma pa kujura ofesi ili likaŵa na mamembala 6. Mo Sidik Mia, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa Chakwera mu 2019, wakasankhika kuŵa Minister of Transport and Public Works ndipo muwoli wake Abida Mia wakazgoka Deputy Minister of Lands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi president under fire for family appointments to cabinet |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/malawi-president-fire-family-appointments-cabinet-200709144741714.html |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kenny Kandodo na mudumbu wake Khumbize Kandodo wose ŵakaŵa na maudindo gha nduna, yumoza wakaŵa nduna ya vya ntchito apo munyake nduna ya vyaumoyo. Mwachiwonekere, Gospel Kazako wakazgoka Minister of Information apo mkamwana wake Nkhuso Nkhuma wakazgoka Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakujumpha 70 peresenti ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa chapakati cha Malawi, uko Chakwera wakukhala. Chakwera wakavikilira vyeruzgo vyake, wakati wazgorenge ivyo vikukhwaska ma appointments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiuta |first=Wongani |date=10 July 2020 |title=Malawi: Chakwera Defends His First Malawi Cabinet Appointments, Denies It Stinks of Incest |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202007100045.html |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana ŵakachitiska viphikiro mu Okutobala 2020 kuti ŵakane ivyo Chakwera wakachita. Ŵakuvikilira banthu ŵara ŵakasuska President Chakwera kuti wakuyuyura dango la Malawi la gender equality Act ilo likuti ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kuŵa na maudindo ghakukwana 40 peresenti. Ŵakuchita chiphokoso ŵadandawura na purezidenti chifukwa cha kusankhana pakati pa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu maudindo ghake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chakwera sued over gender|url=https://malawi24.com/2020/10/16/chakwera-sued-over-gender/|work=[[Malawi24]]|date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender Equality is a legal requirement. |url=https://twitter.com/SocialJusticeMW/status/1314952278923714561 |publisher=Social Justice Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi Women Protest Gender Imbalance in Public Service Appointments {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/malawi-women-protest-gender-imbalance-public-service-appointments|work=[[VOA]]|publisher=Voice of America|date=9 October 2020|language=en}}</ref> Mulandu uwu uchali ku khoti. === Trimming executive powers === Chakwera wati wakugwira ntchito yakuchepeska mazaza gha boma kuti ma purezidenti ghaŵe na udindo ku ŵanthu na kusazgirako mazaza gha maboma ghanyake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi President Working to Trim Executive Powers &#124; Voice of America - English |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/malawi-president-working-trim-executive-powers |website=www.voanews.com}}</ref> === Chairperson of SADC === Lazarus Chakwera wakasankhika na vyaru vya SADC kuŵa Mulara wa gulu ili. Pasono ni purezidenti wa SADC uyo wakatora udindo uwu kufuma kwa uyo wakadangira, purezidenti wa Mozambique Filipe Nyusi mu Ogasiti 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2020 |title=Chakwera to lead Sadc from 2021: Malawi to hosts Heads of State summit |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-to-lead-sadc-from-2021-malawi-to-hosts-heads-of-state-summit/ |website=www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> === Daughter's appointments === Chakwera wakususkika cifukwa ca kwimika mwana wake mwanakazi na nyinavyara wa muwusi Saulos Chilima pa maudindo gha boma. Pulezidenti wakimika mwana wake mwanakazi Violet Chakwera kuŵa mulembi wa vyaru vinyake ku Brussels na ku EU. Ndipouli, pulezidenti wakakanaso mauthenga agha kuti ngawakawaka ndipo wakayowoyapo pa nkhani ya BBC apo wakaluta ku UK mu 2021. Malipoti gha mu manyuzipepara ghakulongora kuti mwana wake msungwana walije maluso gha nchito iyi, cifukwa wali kusambira ku yunivesite yinyake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chakwera's Brussels' daughter obtained degree from 'Jerusalem' University {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/07/09/chakweras-brussels-daughter-obtained-degree-from-jerusalem-university/|publisher=[[Malawi24]]|date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi president criticised for picking daughter as diplomat|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/clm1wxp5pert/malawi?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=60e852e70b3dca32bbbff6c3%26Malawi%20president%20criticised%20for%20picking%20daughter%20as%20diplomat%262021-07-09T16%3A10%3A01.577Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:e814bdfd-6c18-4c74-9c62-81d36301d44b&pinned_post_asset_id=60e852e70b3dca32bbbff6c3&pinned_post_type=share|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chakwera masks his daughter to Brussels {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/07/09/chakwera-masks-her-daughter-to-brussels/|publisher=Malawi24|date=9 July 2021}}</ref> === Foreign policy === [[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Malawian_President_Lazarus_Chakwera_(52389622307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Malawian_President_Lazarus_Chakwera_(52389622307).jpg|thumb|Chakwera with US Secretary of State [[:en:Antony_Blinken|Antony Blinken]] in 2022]] Pulezidenti Chakwera wali na ubwezi wakukhora na Prime Minister wa ku Britain Boris Johnson, wakuyowoya kuti ubwezi wawo "nwakuzirwa". Prime Minister Boris Johnson wakalongosora chigomezgo cha ubali wa nyengo yitali pakati pa UK na Malawi uwo ukuyowoya chomene za kukhozga ma green technologies mu Malawi, ndipo muyowoyeri wa boma la Malawi na Minister of Information, Gospel Kazako wakati Prime Minister Johnson na President Chakwera bakudumbiskana "vyakuchitika vyakupambanapambana vya chitukuko, malonda na ndalama, ivyo mpaka sono vyaŵa vyakukondweska chomene ndipo Malawi yikukhumba kupindula chomene". Pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 2021 ku Zambia apo Edgar Lungu wakataya ku Hakainde Hichilema ndipo wakazomera ivyo vikachitika, Pulezidenti Chakwea wakati: "Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu chigaŵa chithu mu vyaka vyasonosono apa vikulongora kuti pali mtende.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa hails Zambian democracy after opposition win |url=https://news.yahoo.com/southern-africa-hails-zambian-democracy-114639907.html}}</ref> == Second term == Mu chiyankhulo na Zodiak Broadcasting Station, wayilesi ya ku Malawi, Chakwera wakati ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumusankha mu 2025, para Malawi wazakachita chisankho chakulondezgapo. Ndimo viliriso na mamembala ghanyake gha Malawi Congress Party agho ghakulongora kuti Chakwera wazamuyimilira mu 2025 chifukwa cha dango la chipani chake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chakwera not focusing on second term {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2020/08/09/chakwera-not-focusing-on-second-term/|work=Malawi 24|publisher=Malawi24|date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Mu chiyankhulo na Zodiak Broadcasting Station, wayilesi ya ku Malawi, Chakwera wakati ŵanthu ndiwo ŵazamumusankha mu 2025, para Malawi wazakachita chisankho chakulondezgapo. Ndimo viliriso na mamembala ghanyake gha Malawi Congress Party agho ghakulongora kuti Chakwera wazamuyimilira mu 2025 chifukwa cha dango la chipani chake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chilima says he will be presidential candidate in future {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2020/05/26/chilima-says-he-will-be-presidential-candidate-in-future/|publisher=[[Malawi24]]|date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UTM focusing on Tonse promises – Mwenifumbo {{!}} Malawi 24 - Malawi news|url=https://malawi24.com/2021/05/17/2025-election-not-a-priority-for-utm-mwenifumbo/|publisher=[[Malawi24]]|date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Chakwera wandayowoyepo mwakudunjika kuti wakukhumba kuwina pa manda ghaciŵiri. == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Peter Mutharika]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Malawi]]|years=2020–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}}{{Heads of State of Malawi}}{{Heads of state of republics}}{{Commonwealth heads of government}}{{authority control}} 4a2je0jvgshn12zb6rilslc1lcdrr6c 0 21079 122612 120259 2026-09-28T02:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maximiano Mcwilliam Lunguzi''' wakaŵa Inspector General of Police mu [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Wapresident [[Bakili Muluzi]] wakamuwuskapo pa udindo wake na kumwimikaso nga ni mulara wa vyaru vinyake kwambura kumulongosolera. Khoti likususka fundo iyi ndipo likati njakususkana na [[dango]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Citizens for Justice, "The state of rule of law in Malawi" |url=http://websites.inets.info/CFJ%20Malawi%20III/Reports/State%20of%20RoL%20in%20Malawi-Citizens%20for%20Justice-(CFJ).pdf |website=Websites.inets.info |accessdate=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073612/http://websites.inets.info/CFJ%20Malawi%20III/Reports/State%20of%20RoL%20in%20Malawi-Citizens%20for%20Justice-(CFJ).pdf |archive-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> Wakaŵa na mulandu wa kupangana kuti wakome pamoza na John Tembo, Cecilia Kadzamira kweni ŵakamufumiska.<ref name="manualzz 2001 p205-227">{{cite web |title=Protesting Politics of "Death and Darkness" in Malawi, Reuben Makayiko Chirambo |url=https://manualzz.com/doc/17600292/a-democracy-of-chameleons--politics-and-culture-in-the-ne |work=Journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Sep - Dec 2001) |pages=205–227}}</ref> HWakayowoyeka kuti wakakhwaskika na kukoma ŵanthu ku Mwanza, uko ŵantchito ŵatatu na mphala ya malango ŵakakomeka ku Mwanza. Lunguzi, John Tembo, Cecilia Kadzamira na ŵapolisi McDonald Kalemba na Leston Likawombe ŵakayimbika mulandu wa kupangana kuti ŵakome munthu. Wose ŵakasoleka na Mweruzgi Mackson Mkandawire.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=LA Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-24/news/mn-17461_1_banda|title=Malawi's Ex-Dictator, Aides Acquitted of Ordering 4 Politicians' Murders|date=December 24, 1995}}</ref> Mu 1995, wati wapumura pa ntchito, wakanjira mu ndyali ndipo wakalongora kuti wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi Congress Party. Wakafwa pambere wandaŵe pulezidenti, mu ngozi ya galimoto pa Julayi 2, 1996. Pulezidenti Bakkili Muluzi wakambiska kafukufuku pa nyifwa yake cifukwa ca ngozi ya galimoto iyo yikacitika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi News Online (15) - 09/06/96 |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/mno15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106122214/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/mno15.html |archive-date=2013-01-06 |access-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> == Mwambo wa Pop == * Wakuzunulika mu buku lakuti, And Crocodiles Are Hungry at Night na Jack Mapanje, pakuŵa Mulaŵiliri wa Jere uyo wakadumbiskana pakati pa Mapanje na Pulezidenti Banda apo Mapanje wakaŵa mu jere..<ref>{{cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=African Library: And crocodiles are hungry at night by Jack Mapanje |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/african-library-crocodiles-hungry-night-jack-mapanje/ |website=LitNet.co.za |accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> * Wakayowoyeka mu buku lakuti Discourses of Empire and Commonwealth, lakulembeka na Jack Mapanje. == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=}} {{s-ttl||title=[[Inspector Generals of Malawi]]}} {{s-aft|after=Joseph Aironi}} {{s-end}} ars0mtvk6r3tam7caofog6ead2gxbvt 0 21081 122580 63741 2026-09-28T01:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loti Dzonzi''' wakaŵa Inspector General of Police ku [[Malawi]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Mukhito fired, Dzonzi new Malawi Police chief &#124; Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/08/mukhito-fired-dzonzi-new-malawi-police-chief/ |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413134400/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/08/mukhito-fired-dzonzi-new-malawi-police-chief/ |archive-date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/04/09/3161145/police-chief-replaced-in-malawi.html#storylink=rss |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Wakababikira ku Ntchisi District Malawi.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Malawi's new police chief declares clear-out on corruption &#124; Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/10/malawis-new-police-chief-declares-clear-out-on-corruption/ |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614171808/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/10/malawis-new-police-chief-declares-clear-out-on-corruption/ |archive-date=2012-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Of Police Mukhito Fired Dzonzi Takes Over |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/04/08/inspector-of-police-mukhito-resigns-dzonzi-takes-over-86017/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131002182114/http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/04/08/inspector-of-police-mukhito-resigns-dzonzi-takes-over-86017/# |archive-date=2013-10-02 |publisher=Malawi Voice |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref> He was the former Police Commissioner prior to this appointment. He has been in the police force since 1987. His appointment was the first replacement under President [[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] administration, therefore succeeding [[:en:Peter_Mukhito|Peter Mukhito]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> He has vowed to stamp out corruption within the Malawi Police Service.Pambere wandaŵe mulara wa ŵapolisi. Wakaŵa mu polisi kwamba mu 1987. Kusankhika kwake kukaŵa kwa wakwamba kunjira mu malo gha pulezidenti Joyce Banda, ntheura wakasintha Peter Mukhito. Iyo walayizga kuti wawuskengepo vimbundi mu ŵapolisi ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Awo ŵakimikika mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakati ghajumphapo kuti ŵateŵetere pasi pake ni Finely Binali na Doreen Kapanga.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Binali, Kapanga appointed deputy Malawi Police bosses &#124; Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/20/binali-kapanga-appointed-deputy-malawi-police-bosses/ |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422021217/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/20/binali-kapanga-appointed-deputy-malawi-police-bosses/ |archive-date=2012-04-22}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Kweniso ni diakoni mu mpingo wa CCAP. Wakasambira ku Police College ndipo wali na digiri ya Bachelor of Arts na Masters of Business Administration.<ref name="autogenerated1" />{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Peter Mukhito]]}} {{s-ttl||title=[[Inspector Generals of Malawi]]}} {{s-aft|after=R. P. Kanyama}} {{s-end}} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> d9zwx5fdmqs6yazx7tqvj2dcc1ookbe 0 21082 122557 119306 2026-09-28T01:15:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Malawi from 2012 to 2014|noreplace|pagetype = }} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[Wakulemekezeka Mama]] <br/>|name=Joyce Banda|image=President of Malawi Joyce Banda (8985928177).jpg|caption=Banda mu 2013|office=[[Mlongozgi wa Malaŵi]] wachinayi|vicepresident=[[Khumbo Kachali]]|term_start=7 April 2012|term_end=31 May 2014|predecessor=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|successor=[[Peter Mutharika]]|office1=[[Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti wa Malawi|Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.opc.gov.mw/index.php/presidency/menu-showcase-2/dr-joyce-banda |title=Dr Joyce Banda |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426082920/http://www.opc.gov.mw/index.php/presidency/menu-showcase-2/dr-joyce-banda |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|president1=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start1=29 May 2009|term_end1=7 April 2012|predecessor1=[[Cassim Chilumpha]]|successor1=[[Khumbo Kachali]]|office2=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malawi)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|president2=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start2=1 June 2006|term_end2=29 May 2009|predecessor2=[[George Chaponda]]|successor2=[[Etta Banda]]|office3=Minister of Gender, Child Welfare, and Community Service|president3=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start3=2004|term_end3=2006|birth_name=Joyce Hilda Ntila|birth_date={{birth date and age|1950|4|12|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Malemia, Zomba|Malemia]], [[Nyasaland]]<br />{{small|(now [[Malawi]])}}|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] {{small|(Before 2004)}}<br />[[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] {{small|(2004–2010)}}<br />[[People's Party (Malawi)|People's Party]] {{small|(2011–present)}}|spouse=Roy Kachale {{small|(Before 1981)}}<br />[[Richard Banda]]|children=5|alma_mater=[[Columbus University (Louisiana)|Columbus University]]<br />[[Atlantic International University]]<br />[[Royal Roads University]]}} '''Joyce Hilda Banda''' (wakababika pa 12 Epulero 1950<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2014 |title=EW's big Interview: Joyce Banda |url=https://mwnation.com/ew’s-big-interview-joyce-banda/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926005214/http://mwnation.com/ew%E2%80%99s-big-interview-joyce-banda/ |archive-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>) ngwa ndyali wamu [[Malawi]] uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Malawi kufuma pa 7 April 2012 mpaka 31 May 2014. Banda wakamba kuwusa pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya President Bingu wa Mutharika. Wakaŵa mweneko wa chipani cha People's Party, icho chikapangika mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malawi |first=People's Party |title=People's Party |url=http://www.peoples-party-malawi.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415140346/http://www.peoples-party-malawi.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=People's Party Malawi |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wakaŵa wasambizgi na wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi, wakaŵa nduna ya vyalo vyakuwaro kufuma mu 2006 kufika mu 2009 ndipo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wa Malawi kufuma mu Meyi 2009 mpaka April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2012 |title=Joyce Banda sworn in as new Malawi president |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17644009 |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=The BBC}}</ref> She had served in various roles as a member of Parliament and as Minister of Gender and Child Welfare before she became the President of the Republic of MalawiWakaŵa msambizgi kweniso wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake kufuma mu 2006 m'paka mu 2009 ndipo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Malawi kufuma mu Meyi 2009 m'paka Epulero 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Joyce Banda |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/joyce-banda |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=[[Wilson Center]] |language=en}}</ref> Pambere wandachitepo ndyali, wakaŵa mweneko wa Joyce Banda Foundation, mweneko wa National Association of Business Women (NABW), Young Women Leaders Network na Hunger Project. Banda wakaŵa pulezidenti wachinayi wa Malaŵi ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti kweniso mwanakazi wachiŵiri kuŵa mulongozgi wa chalo, pamanyuma pa Elizabeth II. Wakaŵa mwanakazi waciŵiri kuŵa purezidenti mu Africa, pamanyuma pa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wa ku Liberia. Kweniso wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakwamba mwanakazi.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite journal|last=Olamitoke|first=Toluwani|date=14 April 2012|title=As Fate Throws Leadership in Joyce Banda's Path...Becomes Malawi's First Female President|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/sat/index.php/women-affairs/7087-as-fate-throws-leadership-in-joyce-bandas-pathbecomes-malawis-first-female-president.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414171037/http://www.tribune.com.ng/sat/index.php/women-affairs/7087-as-fate-throws-leadership-in-joyce-bandas-pathbecomes-malawis-first-female-president.html|archive-date=14 April 2012|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Mu Juni 2014, Forbes wakathya President Banda kuŵa mwanakazi wankhongono comene pa caru cose ndiposo mwanakazi wankhongono comene mu Africa. Mu Okutobala 2014, wakalembeka mu BBC's 100 Women.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2014 |title=Who are the 100 Women 2014? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu na wa mbumba == Joyce Hilda Ntila wakababika pa 12 Epulero 1950 ku Malemia, muzi wa mu chigaŵa cha Zomba ku Nyasaland (uno Malawi). Awiske ŵakaŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi. Wakamba nchito yake ya umishonale ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakumanyikwa comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hastings Banda (wakutemwana nayo yayi).<ref name="Mponda">{{cite web |last=Mponda |first=Felix |date=6 April 2012 |title=Joyce Banda poised for Malawi presidency |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOpjFWpYrm2b4Zl0peP6slJ4dB3A?docId=CNG.d8ee654dd734a2011258c4f87f9da37b.b21 |access-date=20 April 2012 |work=Google hosted news: AFP}}</ref> Wali na digiri ya Cambridge School Certificate, Bachelor of Arts Degree in Early Childhood Education from Columbus University (a unaccredited distance education institution), Bachelor of Social Studies in Gender Studies from Atlantic International University (also a distance learning institution) and a Diploma in Management of NGOs from the International Labour Organization (ILO) Centre in Turin, Italy. Pasono wakusambira digiri ya Master of Arts in Leadership ku Royal Roads University ku Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=The President's Profile |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=197 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112091140/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=197 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref>Mu 2013, wakapokera digiri ya udokotala ku Jeonju University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean University honour Malawi President: Now Dr. Joyce Banda |url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/30690}}</ref> Wakatora Roy Kachale, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵatatu. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 25, wakakhalanga ku Nairobi, Kenya.<ref name="Nairobi">{{cite journal|last=Sigei|first=Julius|title=How Nairobi shaped future president|journal=Sunday Nation|publisher=Nation Media Group|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=15 April 2012|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/How+Nairobi+shaped+future+president+/-/1056/1386170/-/item/1/-/c4548d/-/index.html|access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> Mu 1975, gulu la ŵanakazi ku Kenya likapangiska Banda kuti watore ŵana ŵake ŵatatu na kufumamo mu nthengwa yake. Nthengwa yake na Roy Kachele yikamara mu 1981. Pasono wali kutengwa kwa Richard Banda, mulara wa ŵeruzgi ŵa ku Malawi, ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri.<ref name="energy">{{cite web |last=Tenthani |first=Raphael |date=13 April 2012 |title=Malawi's new president takes charge with energy |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malawis-president-takes-charge-energy-16129884#.T4zdcNUzCSo |access-date=16 April 2012 |work=ABC News, Associated Press, 2nd page}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |last=Mutasa |first=Haru |date=10 April 2013 |title=Malawi to begin treason trial of ex-officials |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/04/201341073057327861.html |access-date=10 April 2013 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Pakati pa 1985 na 1997 Banda wakadangilira na kukhazikiska mabizinesi na mabungwe ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo Ndekani Garments (1985), Akajuwe Enterprises (1992), na Kalingidza Bakery (1995).<ref name="malawi">[http://www.malawi.gov.mw/information1/New%20Malawi/joycebpro.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> Ivyo wakachita vikamovwira kuti wawovwire ŵanakazi ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵe na ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na ukavu.<ref name="unfpa">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130625070631/http://www.americansforunfpa.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=353 Friends of UNFPA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202061622/http://www.americansforunfpa.org/netcommunity/page.aspx?pid=353|date=2 December 2010}}. Americansforunfpa.org. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> Ni mudumbu wa Anjimile Oponyo, CEO wakale wa Raising Malawi Academy for Girls, uyo wakawovwirika na Madonna.<ref name="Madonna">{{cite journal|last=Fekadu|first=Mesfin|title=Madonna: I'm happy Joyce Banda is Malawi's leader|journal=Boston Globe|publisher=Associated Press|location=Seattle, WA|date=13 April 2012|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2012/04/13/madonna_im_happy_joyce_banda_is_malawis_leader/|access-date=17 April 2012}}</ref> == Umoyo wa ndyali == === Public offices (1999–2009) === Joyce Banda wakanjira mu ndyali mu chaka cha 1999. Wakawina mpando wa chalo mu chalo cha Malawi pa chisankho chachitatu cha demokilase nga ni chiŵaro cha chipani cha President Bakili Muluzi, United Democratic Front. Wakaŵa mwimiliri wa chigaŵa cha Zomba Malosa. Muluzi wakamwimika kuŵa Minisita wa vya Mkhalidwe na Vyakovwira Ŵanthu.<ref name="Mponda" /> Apo wakaŵa nduna, wakalimbikira kuti paŵe dango lakukanizga nkhaza za pa nyumba, ilo likathera yayi kwa vyaka 7. Wakapangiska National Platform for Action on Orphans and Vulnerable Children na Zero Tolerance Campaign Against Child Abuse.<ref name="unfpa" /> Mu chaka cha 2004, wakasankhikaso kuŵa yumoza wa chipani cha Muluzi. Bingu wa Mutharika wakaŵa purezidenti. Nangauli Banda wakaŵa wa chipani chakwake yayi, kweni Mutharika wakamwimika kuŵa Minisita wa vyalo vinyake mu 2006. Banda wakasintha kuti Malawi wamanye boma la China kufuma ku Republic of China (ku Taiwan) kuya ku People's Republic of China ku mainland. Iyo wakati kusintha uku kukovwira Malawi pa vyachuma. Mu 2010, boma la China likamalizga kuzenga Nyumba ya Ufumu ku Lilongwe.<ref name="parliament">{{cite web |date=22 May 2010 |title=China hands over new parliament building to Malawi |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6994852.html |access-date=22 April 2012 |work=People's Daily Online, English |publisher=Xinhua}}</ref> === Vice-President (2009–2012) === Banda wakimilira nga ni vice-presidential candidate wa Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) mu 2009 presidential election, wakimilira pamoza na Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa presidential candidate wa DPP.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20090517062152198C571749 "Women are ready to stand in Malawi poll"], Sapa-AFP (''IOL''), 17 May 2009.</ref> Wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa mwanakazi wakwamba wa Malawi. Pa 12 Disembala 2010, Joyce Banda na wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti Khumbo Kachali ŵakachimbizgika pa udindo wawo chifukwa cha milimo yakususkana na chipani. Mu kuyezga kumucimbizga, Pulezidenti wakalutizga kupeleka maudindo agho wakaŵa nagho kale kwa Callista Mutharika, uyo wakaŵikika mu kabini mu Seputembala 2011. Khoti likakanizga ivyo Mutharika wakakhumbanga kuchita kuti waleke kuŵa mulaŵiliri wa boma. Ivi vikasazgapo kupoka galimoto yake ya boma na kumukanizga kulembeska chipani chake. Pa 8 Seputembala 2011, udindo wa Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti udachotsedwa pakusintha nduna. Ndipouli, iyo wakaŵa waka wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti chifukwa dango likati ndiyo waŵenge pulezidenti. Wakapempheka na muyowoyeri wa DPP Hetherwick Ntaba kuti wafumeko pa udindo wa Vice-President.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120904192203/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/ntaba-argues-vp%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98constructive-resignation%E2%80%99/ Ntaba argues VP’s ‘constructive resignation’] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904192203/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/ntaba-argues-vp%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98constructive-resignation%E2%80%99/|date=4 September 2012}}. ''Nyasa Times''. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref> [[File:Joyce_Banda_Department_for_International_Development_photo_crop.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joyce_Banda_Department_for_International_Development_photo_crop.jpg|thumb|Banda in 2012]] === Factions in DPP === Ubwezi pakati pa Banda na Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika ukaŵa wakusuzga comene cifukwa cakuti Mutharika wakayezga kuti waŵike mubali wake, Peter Mutharika kuŵa mulondezgi wake.<ref name="google">{{cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=AFP: Malawi ruling party fires two vice presidents |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hL67jrYgDT7owjKuvbRyuFCXkkqg?docId=CNG.52397de5df64c519397daac1afa54385.ed1 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>Nangauli wakachimbizgika pa udindo wa Vice-President wa DPP pamoza na Second Vice-President Khumbo Kachali, kweni wakalutilira kuteŵetera nga ni Vice-President wa Malawi nga umo malango ghakulongosolera. Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chipani cha DPP ŵafumepo na kupanga mabungwe agho ghakamovwira kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa Malawi pa chisankho cha 2014. DPP yikakananga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaleka nchito ndipo yikati ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakaleka nchito..<ref name="woes">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Vice-President's woes dominate Malawi media |url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi:-vice-president%27s-woes-dominate-malawi-media-2010121864614.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220022503/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/malawi%3A-vice-president%27s-woes-dominate-malawi-media-2010121864614.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> === People's Party === Joyce Banda ndiyo wakambiska na kulongozga chipani cha People's Party, icho chikapangika mu chaka cha 2011 pamanyuma pakuti Banda wakachimbizgika mu chipani cha DPP apo wakakana kuvikilira munung'una wa President Mutharika Peter Mutharika pakuŵa mulondezgi wa president pa chisankho cha 2014.<ref>Jomo, Frank. (13 December 2010) [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-13/malawi-s-vice-president-joyce-banda-expelled-from-ruling-party.html Malawi’s Vice President Joyce Banda Expelled From Ruling Party]. Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People's Party file for registration &#124; Malawi news |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/people%E2%80%99s-party-file-for-registration.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515105420/http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/people%E2%80%99s-party-file-for-registration.html |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> === President (2012 – May 2014) === ==== Transition of power ==== Pa Epulero 5, 2012, Mutharika wakafwa. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, boma likakana kuphalira ŵanthu kuti pulezidenti wafwa. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kopa kuti mu Malawi muŵenge suzgo la malango.<ref>{{cite web |author=Faith Karimi |date=6 April 2012 |title=Potential crisis looms in Malawi amid reports of president's death |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-04-06/africa/world_africa_malawi-president_1_malawians-president-bingu-wa-mutharika-patricia-kaliati?_s=PM:AFRICA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515054125/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-04-06/africa/world_africa_malawi-president_1_malawians-president-bingu-wa-mutharika-patricia-kaliati?_s=PM%3AAFRICA |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |publisher=Articles.cnn.com |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2012 |title=Bingu Wa Mutharika's death leaves Malawi in constitutional crisis – One News Page [UK&#93; |url=http://www.onenewspage.co.uk/n/World/74r755rd3/Bingu-Wa-Mutharika-death-leaves-Malawi-in.htm |access-date=23 May 2012 |publisher=Onenewspage.co.uk}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130127043447/http://www.kitv.com/news/national/Banda-sworn-in-as-Malawi-president/-/8905418/10322828/-/14mg6em/-/ Banda sworn in as Malawi president | National News – KITV Home]. Kitv.com. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-malawi-mutharika-update-3-pix-tvl6e8f701d-20120407,0,2897156.story?page=1 Malawi VP Banda takes over after Mutharika death]{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 7 April 2012.</ref> Wupu wa France-Presse ukati pulezidenti wakale wa Malawi Bakili Muluzi wakukosera pa "ndondomeko ya malango", wakuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwenera kutora mazaza mwakuyana na dango. "Nkhupempha kuti paŵe ndondomeko ya malango, mtende na ndondomeko. Malango gha ku Malawi ghakulongosora makora kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga para pulezidenti uyo wali mu malo ghake wangakwaniska yayi kuwusa. Tikwenera kugega vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Tiyeni tilondezge dango. Tikwenera kulondezga malango gha boma. Nchakuzirwa comene kuti paŵe mtende". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Malawi nawo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma liŵikengepo malango. Bungwe la Malawi Law Society likati kuyana na chigaŵa cha 83 (4) cha malango gha Malawi, iyo ndiyo wakeneranga kunjira m'malo mwa pulezidenti.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120407104248/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/06/joyce-banda-next-malawi-leader-muluzi-and-law-society-say/ Joyce Banda next Malawi leader, Muluzi and Law Society say] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407104248/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/06/joyce-banda-next-malawi-leader-muluzi-and-law-society-say/|date=7 April 2012}}, ''Nyasa Times'', 6 April 2012</ref> Pa 7 Epulero, boma la Malawi likapempha khoti kuti liŵakanizge Banda kuŵa pulezidenti. Iyo wakaimbira foni mulara wa ŵasilikari, Henry Odillo, na kumufumba usange wangamovwira. Mfumu wake wakazomera ndipo wakaŵika ŵasilikari kuzingilizga nyumba yake. Joyce Banda wakalapizga pa 7 Epulero 2012 pakuŵa purezidenti wa Malawi, mwanakazi wakwamba kugwira ntchito iyi. Mweruzgi Waluso Lovemore Munlo ndiyo wakadangiliranga pa ciphikiro ico cikacitikira pa Nyumba ya Malango ya chalo ku Lilongwe. Wakati walapa, Banda wakapempha kuti paŵe kukolerana. "Nkhukhumba kuti tose tilutire kunthazi na cigomezgo ndiposo mzimu wa umoza na kukolerana... Nkhugomezga kuti tiŵenge ŵakukolerana, ndipo nkhugomezga kuti nga ni mtundu wakopa Ciuta tizomerezgenge Ciuta kuti waŵe panthazi pithu, cifukwa usange tikuleka kucita nthena, ndikuti tatondeka".<ref name="swornin">[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/201247111815207836.html Joyce Banda sworn in as president of Malawi – Africa], ''Al Jazeera English'', 4 October 2011</ref> The Malawian and international media reported on Joyce Banda's smooth inauguration. They called it a triumph for democracy. A ''Malawi Sunday Times'' editorial said that the new president's inauguration had "helped to entrench and cement a democratic culture in the country."<ref name="Mwagiru">{{Cite journal|last=Mwagiru|first=Ciugu|date=18 April 2012|title=Malawi's Joyce Banda and the rise of women in African politics|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1388740/-/diw45/-/|url-status=dead|journal=[[Daily Monitor]]|location=Kampala, Uganda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205525/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1388740/-/diw45/-/|archive-date=2014-06-06|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> ==== Cabinet appointments and loss of 2014 presidential election ==== Pa 26 Epulero 2012, Pulezidenti Banda wakasankha nduna zake, izo zikaŵa na nduna 23 na madokotala ghaŵiri. Wakajipa maudindo ghanandi kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake pakuŵa mulongozgi wa caru.<ref name="newcabinet">{{cite web |last1=Mapondera |first1=Derek |last2=Tenthani |first2=Raphael |date=26 April 2012 |title=Malawi's Pres Joyce Banda sacks predecessor's brother, hires new cabinet which includes ex-leader's son |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-political-news/855-malawi-s-pres-joyce-banda-sacks-predecessor-s-brother,-hires-new-cabinet-which-includes-ex-leader-s-son.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118064944/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-political-news/855-malawi-s-pres-joyce-banda-sacks-predecessor-s-brother,-hires-new-cabinet-which-includes-ex-leader-s-son.html |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=26 April 2012 |work=The Maravi Post}}</ref> Pa 10 Okutobala 2013, mazuŵa ghachoko waka wati wawerako ku UN, Pulezidenti Joyce Banda wakachimbizga nduna yake pamanyuma pa nkhani ya Capital Hill Cashgate. Pa Okutobala 15, nduna yiphya yikimikika, ndipo nduna ya vyachuma Ken Lipenga na nduna ya vya malango Ralph Kasambara ŵakasezgeka mu nduna. Mu Meyi 2014 Joyce Banda wakatondeka chomene pa chisankho cha pulezidenti. Wakayezgayezga kuti waparanye mavoti, kweni wakatondeka. Wakaŵapo yayi pa nyengo iyo Peter Mutharika wakapelekeranga mazgu gha chilapo. Wakakhala kuwaro kwa Malawi kwambira mu 2014. Pa 31 July 2017, boma likapharazga kuti lifumiskenge dango lakumukora chifukwa cha vimbundi ivyo wakachitanga apo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Iyo wakakana ivyo ŵakamuphalira ndipo wakati wawelerenge kuti wazakawonane nawo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170802141807/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1AI0RC-OZATP "Malawi's former president says "innocent" of graft, will return home"], Reuters, 2 August 2017.</ref> ==== International relations ==== Pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Mutharika, Malawi wakaŵa mu suzgo la vyachuma chifukwa cha suzgo la vyalo vinyake. Mu caka caumaliro ca muwuso wa Mutharika, Britain, United States, Germany, Norway, European Union, World Bank, na African Development Bank, vyose vikayimiska wovwiri wa ndalama. Ŵakafipa mtima na umo Mutharika wakucitira vinthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu caru cawo kweniso fundo zake izo zikuwoneka kuti ni zambura kwenelera. Mu Malichi 2012, Mutharika wakaphalira ŵanthu aŵa kuti "ŵalute ku helo". Wakaŵapa mulandu wakuti ŵakakhumbanga kupoka boma lake.<ref name="Somerville">{{cite web |last=Somerville |first=Keith |date=10 April 2012 |title=Malawi: New president must build support and mend donor relations (analysis) |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/21370.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027212215/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/21370.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=20 April 2012 |work=African Arguments |publisher=The Norwegian Council for Africa |df=dmy}}</ref> Cinyake ico Banda wakacita pakuŵa pulezidenti cikaŵa kuwezgerapo ubwezi na awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Kweniso wakaŵa na suzgo la kuwezgerapo ubwezi na vyaru vinyake nga ni Mozambique na Botswana. Mu sabata yakwamba ya kuwusa kwake, Banda wakambiska nkhondo ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana kuti wanozge ubwezi wa Malawi na vyaru vinyake. Wakadumbiskana na Henry Bellingham wa ku United Kingdom. Wakamusimikizgira kuti wazamutuma thenga liphya la Britain "mu nyengo yichoko waka". Wakadumbiskana na Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton wakalayizga kuti walutilirenge kudumbiskana vya ndalama zakukwana madola 350 miliyoni za munthazi. Banda wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuyowoyeskana na Baroness Ashton wa ofesi ya European Union's Foreign Affairs Office na Malawi's IMF Resident Representative, Ruby Randall. Iyo na pulezidenti wa Zambia Michael Sata ŵakadumbiskana za kwambaso kwendera lumoza.<ref name="JB">{{cite web |last=Munthali |first=Kondwani |date=11 April 2012 |title=JB cleans up Capital Hill |url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/124476-joyce-banda-starts-cleaning-capital-hill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914030353/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/124476-joyce-banda-starts-cleaning-capital-hill |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=22 April 2012 |work=[[The Nation (Malawi)]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paumaliro, boma la Banda likakana kuchitiska ungano wa wupu wa African Union uwo ukachitika mu mwezi wa Julayi mu 2012, chifukwa chakuti wupu uwu ukakhumbanga kuti pulezidenti wa Sudan Omar al-Bashir waŵe na chigomezgo kuti Malawi wakukana kugwira ntchito ya khoti la International Criminal Court. Pulezidenti Banda wakucemeka na Forbes kuti ni mwanakazi wankhongono comene wa nambara 40 pa caru cose, zina likuru comene la mu Africa pa ndondomeko iyi.<ref name="Forbes14">{{cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall |access-date=24 June 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref> ==== Domestic policy ==== [[File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Malawi's flag was created in 1964 and readopted by MPs in 2012.]] [[File:Flag_of_Malawi_(2010–2012).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malawi_(2010%E2%80%932012).svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Malawi's unpopular 2010–2012 flag]] Pa 18 May 2012, Banda wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuwuskapo dango lakuzomerezga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhozgeka kale na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango. Usange vingachitika, Malawi ndiyo yizamuŵa caru caciŵiri mu Africa kuzomerezga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kwambira mu 1994. Bungwe la Amnesty International likati mu Novembala 2012, Malawi "wakakanizga" malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/06/world/africa/malawi-antigay-laws/index.html|agency=CNN|title=Amnesty: Malawi suspends anti-gay laws|date=6 November 2012|access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Pa upharazgi wa International Monetary Fund, mu Meyi 2012 Banda wakachepeska mtengo wa Malawi kwacha, icho Mutharika wakakana kuchita. BBC News yikati, pharazgo lakuti kwacha yikhizgikenge pa 33 peresenti pakuyaniska na dola ya ku United States, pakukhumba kusanga ndalama za wovwiri, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba ya ku Malawi "ŵagure vinthu mwakofya".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17982062|agency=BBC News|title=Malawi devalues kwacha by 33%, leading to panic-buying|date=7 May 2012|access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Wakati waŵa purezidenti, Banda wakasankha kuguliska ndege yake na kupeleka 30% ya malipiro ghake ku Malawi Council for the Handicapped. Ndipouli, ndalama izo zikafuma pa kuguliska ndege iyi zikalembeka yayi. Joyce Banda wakalongosora kuti ndege iyi yikaguliskika ku kampani yinyake ya ku South Africa iyo boma la Malawi likaŵa na ngongoli. Pakaŵavya ukaboni panji vikalata vyakukhozgera fundo iyi. Pa 17 January 2013, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakachitapo kanthu ku Blantyre kwimikana na kukwera kwa unandi wa ndalama pamanyuma pakuti Banda, pamoza na mulara wa IMF Christine Lagarde, ŵakavikilira kuchepeskeka kwa ndalama ya kwacha na kuyowoya kuti wazgorengepo yayi pa ivyo ŵakadumura.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2013/01/06/jb-says-wont-reverse-malawi-kwacha-devaluation-imf-chief-defends-move/|title=JB says won't reverse Malawi Kwacha devaluation|agency=Nyasa Times|date=6 January 2013|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111085601/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2013/01/06/jb-says-wont-reverse-malawi-kwacha-devaluation-imf-chief-defends-move/|archive-date=11 January 2013|df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malawi-protests-idUKBRE90G0O120130117|work=Reuters|date=17 January 2013|access-date=17 January 2013|title=Malawi sees first major protest under President Banda}}</ref> ==== Presidential Initiatives ==== Pulezidenti Banda walongora kuti wakujipeleka pa umoyo wa mama na wanangwa wake wa kubaba, comenecomene mwa kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi ku Malawi. Wakalongora kuti wakukhozgera ndondomeko iyi apo wakambiska upharazgi wakuyowoya za umoyo wa ŵamama. Mu vilimika viŵiri pera, ciŵelengero ca ŵanakazi awo ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi cikakhira kufuma pa 675 pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo kuya pa 460 pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Flag ==== {{Main|Flag of Malawi}} Boma la Mutharika likati lasintha ndembera mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵakasuska. Magulu ghanandi ghakususka kuti ndembera njakwenelera. Pa Meyi 28, 2012, Banda wakalongozga mamembara gha chalo ichi kuti ŵawelere ku ndembera ya wanangwa, iyo yikatoleka mu 1964. Maphwando onse, kupatula DPP, adavotera kubwerera ku mbendera ya ufulu.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2012 |title=Malawi MPs vote to fly old rising sun flag |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18255188 |access-date=8 June 2012 |work=BBC News Africa}}</ref> === Post-presidential life === Banda wakakhalanga ku United States kwa vyaka vitatu nga ni nkhwantha ya Woodrow Wilson Center na Center for Global Development, pambere wandawelere ku Malawi mu 2018.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-politics/former-malawi-president-joyce-banda-returns-from-exile-idUSKBN1HU2G8 Former Malawi president Joyce Banda returns from exile], [[Reuters]]</ref>Pa nyengo yasono, palije mulandu uwo Banda wali kupelekeka. Banda wakaluta ku mavoti gha 2019 nga ni munthu uyo wakimilira chipani cha People's Party, kweni wakafumako pambere mavoti ghandambe myezi yiŵiri.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=Joyce Banda Withdraws from Malawi Presidential Race |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/joyce-banda-withdraws-from-malawi-presidential-race/4831130.html |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Malawi ex-leader Banda seals another opposition pact |url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/03/18/malawi-ex-leader-banda-seals-another-opposition-pact |website=AFP via Eyewitness News South Africa |language=en}}</ref> Pambuyo pa chisankho cha purezidenti cha 2019 chitathetsedwa, adathandizanso Chakwera kachiwiri mu 2020. Mwana wa Banda, Roy Kahele-Banda, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vya vyamalonda. == Wupu wa Joyce Banda == Pambere wandaŵe vice-president, wakaŵa mweneko wa Joyce Banda Foundation for Better Education, wupu uwo ukovwira ŵana na ŵana ŵalanda ŵa ku Malawi. Ni sukulu ya primary na secondary mu chigaŵa cha Chimwankhunda ku Blantyre. Pa malo agha pali malo ghakusungirako ŵana ŵalanda agho ghali na ŵana 6.<ref name="thejackbrewerfoundation1">[http://www.thejackbrewerfoundation.org/programs-partnerships/partnerships/joyce-banda-foundation/]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref>Kweniso likovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi yapafupi mwa kupeleka ngongoli ku ŵanakazi 40 na magulu 10 gha ŵawukirano. Wakapeleka mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵakujumpha 10,000 na vyawanangwa vinyake. Wupu uwu uli kuzenga ma clinic ghanayi mu mizi yinayi pa mizi 200 iyo ukuwovwira. Wupu uwu ukovwiraso pa mulimo wa kuzenga vikaya. Yili na ubali na Jack Brewer Foundation, wupu wa pa caru cose uwo ukayambiskika na Jack Brewer. == National Association of Business Women == Banda ndiyo wakambiska bungwe la National Association of Business Women ku Malawi ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1990. Ni wupu wakuwona vya ndalama yayi uwo uli kulembeka mu Malawi. Wupu uwu uli na cilato cakuti ŵanakazi ŵafumemo mu ukavu mwa kukhozga maluso ghawo na kuŵapa nkhongono pa vya cuma. Iyi ni Intaneti ya ŵanakazi 30,000, ndipo yikovwira ŵanakazi awo ŵakukhumba kuchita bizinesi. Ntchito zake zikusazgapo masambiro gha bizinesi, masambiro gha maluso, kusungilira mabuku na maluso gha kuwusa. Ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵambiskane maungano na ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga malango kuti ŵanakazi awo ŵali na mabizinezi ŵasange chandulo. Mulara wake sono ni Mary Malunga. Kufuma mu 2003, wupu uwu uli kukolerana na Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation (Hivos) ku The Hague, Netherlands.<ref name="hivos">{{cite web |date=31 December 2008 |title=National Association of Business Women / Partners / Home – Ontwikkelingsorganisatie Hivos |url=http://www.hivos.nl/dut/community/partner/10003036 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304054222/http://www.hivos.nl/dut/community/partner/10003036 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=Hivos.nl |language=nl |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Philanthropy and development initiatives == Banda wakakhwaskika na milimo yinandi ya ŵanakazi kwambira waka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 25 kuti wasinthe ndondomeko, comenecomene mu vya masambiro. Wakayambiska Joyce Banda Foundation for Better Education. Wakayambiska bungwe la Young Women Leaders Network, National Association of Business Women na Hunger Project ku Malawi. Iyo pamoza na pulezidenti Joaquim Chissano wa Mozambique ŵakapokera chawanangwa cha 1997 cha Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger na Hunger Project, bungwe la boma yayi ilo lili ku New York. Wakagwiliskira nchito ndalama izo wakapokera kuti wawovwirepo pakuzenga Joyce Banda Foundation ya ŵana. Mu chaka cha 2006, wakapokera chawanangwa cha International Award for the Health and Dignity of Women chifukwa cha kujipeleka kwake pa wanangwa wa ŵanakazi ŵa ku Malawi kufuma ku American for United Nations Population Fund.<ref name="unfpa" /> Wakateŵeteranga nga ni mwimiliri wa "Bridging a World Divided" pamoza na ŵanthu nga ni Bishop Desmond Tutu, na United Nations Human Rights Commissioner, Mary Robinson. Banda wakaŵaso mu gulu la ŵapharazgi ŵa vya masambiro ku Washington, D.C., kweniso mu gulu la ŵapharazgi ŵa Federation of World Peace and Love ku Taiwan (China). Mu Okutobala 2012, boma likadumura malipiro ghake na 30%. Kweniso wakapharazga kuti ndege ya pulezidenti yizamuguliskika.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210041137.html|title=Malawi: President Slashes Her Own Salary|year=2012|publisher=[[Allafrica.com]]|location=Africa|access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> === Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health === Mu 2010, Banda wakazgoka yumoza wa Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health, gulu la ŵanthu 16 awo ŵalipo kale na ŵalara ŵa vyaru, ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakulimbikira kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Ŵalongozgi aŵa, awo ŵakulongozgeka na Mary Robinson, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Ireland, ŵakukhumba kukhozga khumbo la ŵandyali na kusanga ndalama zakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu wose ŵasange wovwiri pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵana m'paka mu 2015.<ref name="womendeliver">{{cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=Updates " The Launch of the Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health |url=http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/the-launch-of-the-global-leaders-council-for-reproductive-health/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715020428/http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/the-launch-of-the-global-leaders-council-for-reproductive-health |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Women Deliver |df=dmy}}</ref> == Malumbo == === National awards === * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1997<ref name="malawi" /> * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1998<ref name="malawi" /> * Nyasa Times Multimedia 'Person of the Year', 2010<ref>{{cite web |last=Lungu |first=M'theto |date=30 December 2010 |title=Media house awards Malawi Veep Joyce Banda 'Person of the Year 2010' accolade |url=http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/en/southern-africa/malawi/504-malawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116154347/http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/en/southern-africa/malawi/504-malawi.html |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=The Africa Global Village |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === International awards === * Martin Luther King Drum Major Award, 2012, Washington DC<ref>{{cite web |title=JB receives Martin Luther King 'Drum Major' award &#124; Malawi news, Malawi – NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/06/12/jb-receives-martin-luther-king-drum-major-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618191308/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/06/12/jb-receives-martin-luther-king-drum-major-award/ |archive-date=18 June 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |df=dmy}}</ref> * Legends Award for Leadership, 2012, Greater African Methodist Episcopal Church<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2012 |title=Society delivers the latest Malawi breaking news and information on the latest top stories |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-society/1119-unwavering-pres-banda-gets-legend-award-for-leadership.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128065909/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-national-news/malawi-society/1119-unwavering-pres-banda-gets-legend-award-for-leadership.html |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Maravipost.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * Women of Substance Award, 2010, African Women Development Fund<ref>{{cite web |title=nationmw.net |url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10104:another-international-accolade-for-banda&catid=62:national-news&Itemid=59 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=nationmw.net}}</ref> * Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger, 1997, Hunger Project of NY<ref name="malawi" /> * International award for entrepreneurship development, 1998, Africa Federation of Woman Entrepreneurs and Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)<ref name="malawi" /> * 100 Heroines award, 1998, Rochester, New York<ref name="malawi" /> * Certificate of Honors, 2001, Federation of World Peace and Love, Taiwan, Republic of China<ref name="malawi" /> === Honors === * Most powerful woman in the world 2014, Forbes Magazine – rank #40<ref name="Forbes14" /> * Most powerful woman in the world 2013, Forbes Magazine – rank #47 * Most powerful woman in the world 2012, Forbes Magazine – rank #71 * Most powerful woman in Africa 2012, Forbes Magazine – rank #1 * Most powerful woman in Africa 2011, Forbes Magazine – rank #3 == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Malawian_Constitutional_Crisis_2012|Malawian Constitutional Crisis 2012]] * [[:en:List_of_current_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Malawi|List of current members of the National Assembly of Malawi]] == Wonani vinandi == * {{cite journal|title=Constitutional provisions and executive succession: Malawi's 2012 transition in comparative perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2013-01_112_446/page/111|author=Kim Yi Dionne, Boniface Dulani|journal=[[African Affairs]]|date=January 2013|volume=112|issue=446|pages=111–137|doi=10.1093/afraf/ads067|jstor=23357150}} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{commons category}} * [https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol11no2/briefs3.htm United Nations 1997 Africa Prize] * {{cite journal|last=Donnelly|first=John|title=Joyce Banda: "Women lacked training, credit and information"|journal=Global Pulse|publisher=Global Post|location=Boston, Mass.|date=10 October 2011|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/global-pulse/joyce-banda-women-lacked-training-credit-and-information|access-date=15 April 2012}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Chaponda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister of Foreign Affairs|years=2006–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Etta Banda]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Cassim Chilumpha]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Malawi|Vice President of Malawi]]|years=2009–2012}} {{s-aft|after=[[Khumbo Kachali]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Malawi]]|years=2012–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Peter Mutharika]]}} {{s-end}}{{MalawiPresidents}}{{Authority control}} 90ahlvzk8jgelf35wamaxsbi966wqka 0 22653 122726 100570 2026-09-28T03:44:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Politics of Malawi}} Mbiri ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu [[Malaŵi]] mu virimika vyasonosono apa njakusuzga, ndipo vinthu vikusintha comene. M'paka mu 1994, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu chaka chenechicho, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Malawi lazomera dango liphya la "kusintha vinthu"<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Under the Malawian Constitution |url=http://jutalaw.co.za/products/human-rights-under-the-malawian-constitution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218211805/http://www.jutalaw.co.za/products/human-rights-under-the-malawian-constitution |archive-date=February 18, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Ndipouli, apo Bingu wa Mutharika, uyo wakafwa mu Epulero 2012, wakaŵa pafupi kumara kuwusa, vinthu vikamba kunangikirathu, kweni pamanyuma apo Joyce Banda, wachiŵiri wa Mutharika, wakamba kuwusa, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora.. == Umo vinthu vikaŵira == Wupu wa International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights ukati mu 2011 charu cha Malawi "chikatemwekanga kuti ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mwakufwatuka".<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawian human rights defender Rafiq Hazat short listed for 2012 Front Line Award for Human Rights Defenders at Risk |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/RafiqHajat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407073028/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/RafiqHajat |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Frontline Defenders}}</ref> Lipoti la mu 2010 la British High Commission likati ku Malawi "kwenda makora comene pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu kwambira apo boma la Malawi likambira kulamulira na vipani vinandi" mu 1994, apo dango la Malawi likamba kugwira ntchito. Lipoti la ku Britain likati dango la Malawi likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuti chalo ichi chili kulembeska ku vyaru vinandi, kweniso kuti kulije ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali mu jele la Malawi nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya chipani chimoza. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso za umo vinthu vyendekera mu vyaru ivyo vili na mtende wa ndyali kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵangasangira wanangwa wa vinthu nga ni umoyo uwemi, masambiro, chakurya na urunji.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights in Malawi |url=http://ukinmalawi.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-malawi/human-right/ |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=British High Commission Lilongwe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000347/http://ukinmalawi.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-malawi/human-right/ |archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref> Lipoti la mu 2010 la British High Commission likati ku Malawi "kwenda makora comene pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu kwambira apo boma la Malawi likambira kulamulira na vipani vinandi" mu 1994, apo dango la Malawi likamba kugwira ntchito. Lipoti la ku Britain likati dango la Malawi likuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuti chalo ichi chili kulembeska ku vyaru vinandi, kweniso kuti kulije ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali mu jele la Malawi nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya chipani chimoza. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso za umo vinthu vyendekera mu vyaru ivyo vili na mtende wa ndyali kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵangasangira wanangwa wa vinthu nga ni umoyo uwemi, masambiro, chakurya na urunji.<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Malawi |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=US Department of State}}</ref> Boma likati lawona ivyo vikacitikanga ku North Africa, likacitapo kanthu mwacikanga. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakukhuŵilizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacitire nkhaza ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu wa vyawo. Ndimo vikaŵiraso na lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likulongosora kuti wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Malawi "wakanangika chomene mu 2011 apo boma la Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika likachitanga vinthu mwakutalulira". Mu chaka ichi, Mutharika ′′wakasaina malango ghaphya ghakukanizga, kusazgapo chigaŵa cha 46 cha dango la milandu, ico cikovwira nduna ya vya makani kuti yikanizge mabuku agho ghakuwoneka kuti 'ghakwimikana na vyakukhumba vya ŵanthu.' ′′ Dango liphya lakukanizga ŵanthu kupeleka milandu ku ŵalara ŵa boma. Ŵasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite na ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakasuskanga boma cifukwa ca kutondeka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga, ndipo mwana wa yunivesite uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Youth for Freedom and Democracy (YFD) wakasangika wakufwa pa sukulu ya Polytechnic na chilonda pa mutu. Nangauli ŵapolisi ŵakuti wakajikoma, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususka boma kuti likukolerana na nyifwa ya Chasowa.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Report 2012: Malawi|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/malawi|work=Human Rights Watch|date=22 January 2012|access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The human-rights crisis in Malawi came to a head on July 20, 2011, when Malawian police killed 19 unarmed individuals who were taking part in nationwide protests against economic conditions and against the increasing repression under President Mutharika. About five hundred persons were arrested, and a number of journalists were beaten or otherwise restrained from covering the protests and atrocities.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web |date=23 March 2012 |title=Malawi: Arrests Signal Deteriorating Rights Environment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/03/23/malawi-arrests-signal-deteriorating-rights-environment |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Mutharika's aggression toward human-rights activists and other opponents of his regime continued. In September firebombs were thrown at the homes or offices of several critics of the government; in October police arrested five anti-government activists for “holding an illegal demonstration.” In March 2012, journalists and activists were warned that anyone insulting the president would be prosecuted and face jail time. On March 16, the head of the Malawi Human Rights Commission was arrested without a warrant and charged with possession of “materials with seditious words,”<ref name="hrw.org" /> although no such materials were in fact found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Arrest of Human Rights Official Part of Larger Crackdown |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/malawi-arrest-human-rights-official-part-larger-crackdown |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Freedom House}}</ref> On March 21, a leading member of the opposition party, the United Democratic Front, was arrested and charged with inciting violence.<ref name="hrw.org" /> On March 23, Human Rights Watch commented with concern on the Mutharika government's “recent surge of arrests and threats against critics,” which it described as reflecting a “broader crackdown on free speech and other basic rights.” The human-rights situation in Malawi became so dire that over the course of 2011, Britain, the United States, Germany, the World Bank, the EU, the African Development Bank, and Norway all suspended or partially froze aid to the country, in response to which an angry Mutharika refused to meet with World Bank and IMF delegations accused donor nations of providing financial support to his opponents.<ref>{{cite web |last=Somerville |first=Keith |title=Malawi: New president must build support and mend donor relations (analysis) |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/21370.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027212215/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/21370.html |archive-date=October 27, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Africa.no}}</ref> In April 2012, President Mutharika died suddenly, and Vice-President Joyce Banda became president. In August 2012, Human Rights Watch noted that Malawi had “made notable progress” in human rights since the accession to the presidency of Banda, who had introduced greater media freedom, was calling for the repeal of antigay laws, and was threatening “to arrest President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, who is wanted for war crimes by the International Criminal Court, if he tries to enter her country.”<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2012 |title=Africa: Clinton Should Urge Leaders to Address Abuse |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/01/africa-clinton-should-urge-leaders-address-abuse |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Under Banda, the donor nations that had wholly or partly suspended their aid to Malawi resumed providing support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawian Analysts Look for Improved Politics, Economy in 2013 |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/malawian-analysts-look-for-improved-politics/1573075.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Voice of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230060035/http://www.voanews.com/content/malawian-analysts-look-for-improved-politics/1573075.html |archive-date=December 30, 2012}}</ref> At a June 2012 press conference in Malawi, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang said that Banda had “swiftly moved to tackle many pressing human rights concerns” and praised “her strong commitment to advancing human rights and the welfare of the people of Malawi.” Observing that “Malawi has a very progressive constitution with strong human rights provisions, and a good set of laws and institutions in place to promote and protect human rights,” Kyung-wha Kang said that “[i]t is now time to strengthen a culture of human rights and the rule of law in Government institutions and in the individuals responsible for the protection, promotion and fulfilment of the full range of human rights for the people of Malawi.” Kyung-wha Kang emphasized that Malawians, emerging “from a period of political repression,” needed “to hear from their leadership that the fundamental freedoms of expression, association and assembly will be respected fully, and to see concrete actions taken to demonstrate this commitment.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening remarks by UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang at a press conference during her mission to Malawi |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12262&LangID=E |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> One indication of the change in attitude toward human rights under Banda was her announcement in June 2012 that Malawi, which had been scheduled to host the African Union (AU) summit in July, would not host it if President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, who is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity, were allowed to attend. “Malawian President Joyce Banda took a strong stance in support of justice despite tough pressure from the African Union,” said Undule Mwakasungula, director of the Malawi Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation. “Malawi has done right by Darfur victims today.”<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2012 |title=AU Summit: Malawi Stands With Darfur Victims |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/08/au-summit-malawi-stands-darfur-victims |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Although the human-rights situation has definitely improved under Banda, “some Malawians,” according to the [[:en:Voice_of_America|Voice of America]], “have been accusing human rights groups of deliberately muting their criticisms of the new administration,” saying that it “has failed to respond to consumers affected by currency devaluation and price hikes.” The VOA quotes Billy Banda, executive director of the human-rights organization Malawi Watch, as saying that his and other groups “were not deliberately keeping quiet” but were instead “lobbying silently” in order to help Banda's government survive through a difficult time. “But by giving support, that does not necessarily mean that were condoning the current administration. We are urging the administration to open a window of interaction so that whenever people raise concerns they should take heed.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Lameck |first=Masina |title=Malawian Analysts Look for Improved Politics, Economy in 2013 |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/malawian-analysts-look-for-improved-politics/1573075.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Voice of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230060035/http://www.voanews.com/content/malawian-analysts-look-for-improved-politics/1573075.html |archive-date=December 30, 2012}}</ref> The following chart shows Malawi's ratings since 1972 in the [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|Freedom in the World]] reports, published annually by [[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]]. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".<ref name="FH1972">{{cite web |author=[[Freedom House]] |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref>{{ref|a|1}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Historical ratings |- | {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |Year |Political Rights |Civil Liberties |Status |[[:en:List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malawi|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 |7 |6 |Not Free |[[:en:Hastings_Banda|Hastings Banda]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 |7 |6 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 |6 |7 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 |6 |5 |Not Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Hastings Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 |2 |3 |Free |[[:en:Bakili_Muluzi|Bakili Muluzi]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 |2 |3 |Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 |2 |3 |Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 |2 |3 |Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 |3 |3 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 |3 |3 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 |4 |3 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Bakili Muluzi |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 |4 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 |4 |3 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Bingu wa Mutharika |} |} == Malawi Human Rights Commission == The Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC) was established by the country's 1994 constitution and became fully functional in 1998<ref name="ibanet.org">{{cite web |title=Rule of Law in Malawi: The Road to Recovery |url=http://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=C9872074-1DF6-47E7-B2AA-728144009382 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050535/http://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=C9872074-1DF6-47E7-B2AA-728144009382 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=IBAHRI}}</ref> or 1999.<ref name="eisa.org.za">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Malawi Human Rights Commission |url=http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/malagency1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729073852/https://eisa.org.za/wep/malagency1.htm |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa}}</ref> It is charged with protecting human rights and investigating violations. The Commission has “broad powers to hear and obtain any necessary evidence, to conduct searches after obtaining a warrant issued by a magistrate, and to exercise 'unhindered authority' to visit detention center[s] 'with or without notice.'” It does not have the power to prosecute offenders, but it “can intervene in court cases and it has acted as amicus curiae.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> Transparency International reported in 2004 that “the MHRC is perceived as one of the most efficient public institutions in the country.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> or 1999<ref name="eisa.org.za" /> During the presidency of Bingu wa Mutharika, the Human Rights Commission was hampered by a lack of resources and a fear of reprisals. Even under Mutharika, however, the MHRC retained its independence, according to the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association, as “exhibited through the concerted efforts of the outgoing chair of the MHRC, John Kapito,” whose open criticism of Mutharika's government resulted in threats and harassment. Despite concerns about its sustainability, the MHRC continued under Mutharika “to execute its mandate to the best of its ability.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> In June 2012, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang said that the MHRC had “done exemplary work, including through very difficult times in the past year. It is important that the independence and broad mandate of the MHRC are maintained and respected.” Swearing in new members of the Commission in August 2012, President Banda assured them of her support for their work and of her commitment to their independence. She urged them to make the most of their “advisory role” and assured them “that nobody will be arrested by my office and I shall not hesitate to seek advice from your institution.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Human Rights Commissioners Sworn In |url=http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/malawi-human-rights-commissioners-sworn-in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817041844/http://www.malawidemocrat.com/politics/malawi-human-rights-commissioners-sworn-in/ |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=The Malawi Democrat}}</ref> == Basic rights == [[File:School_Children_On_a_Mission.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_Children_On_a_Mission.jpg|thumb|500x500px|School Children funded by the [[:en:Development_Fund_of_Norway|Development Fund of Norway]] march on International Women's Day, 2016]] The Malawian Constitution has often been described as very strong in its human-rights guarantees. The Bill of Rights included in the Constitution, according to the International Bar Association, explicitly protects “the rights to life, dignity, equality and the right to freedom of conscience, belief, thought and religion and to academic freedom.” It also protects “freedom of expression, freedom of information, freedom of movement and freedom of assembly. Any limit or restriction imposed on rights and freedoms must be consistent with Malawi’s obligations under international human rights law.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> The 2012 report of the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association indicates that even in the last days of Mutharika's regime, when the news media were subjected to “interference and harassment” and “incidents of intimidation,” they “remained relatively free” and continued to “present a diversity of opinion.” The report cited “the burning of vehicles of independent radio service Zodiak,” the death threats reportedly received by journalists, the arrest and beating of journalists at the July 2011 demonstrations, and the government-ordered “media blackout” of those demonstrations.<ref name="ibanet.org" /> Under Banda, the constitutional protections of fundamental rights are being respected by the government to a far greater degree than during Mutharika's last years. For example, Section 46 of the Penal Code, under which a cabinet minister could shut down newspapers that were considered “contrary to the public interest,” has been repealed. The Injunction Law, under which government officials enjoyed immunity from prosecution, has also been repealed.<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web |title=Opening remarks by UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang at a press conference during her mission to Malawi |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12262&LangID=E |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> During her June 2012 visit to Malawi, UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang noted that there were a “number of draft laws on matters including HIV/AIDS, gender equality, and trafficking in persons that are pending consideration,” and expressed hope “that the new laws will be in line with international human rights standards.”<ref name="ohchr.org" /> == LGBT rights == {{Main|LGBT rights in Malawi}} The topic of LGBT rights has been unusually prominent, and has been the focus of great contention, during the last years of the Mutharika regime and the early months of the Banda administration. Under Malawi's colonial-era sodomy laws, consensual same-sex behavior between men is punishable by up to 14 years in prison for men. In December 2009, under the presidency of Bingu wa Mutharika, two men were convicted of “unnatural practices between men and gross public indecency” and sentenced to 14 years at hard labor. After widespread public criticism of this harsh punishment, the president pardoned the men. In the same month, however, the parliament passed legislation that criminalized sex between women,<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/malawi |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Amnesty International}}</ref> making it punishable by as much as 5 years in prison. Two Malawian activist groups, the Center for the Development of People (CEDEP) and the Center for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR), have long lobbied Malawian officials to change the law. In May 2012, in her first address to the nation after becoming president, Joyce Banda said that the laws against “unnatural acts and indecency” would be reviewed “as a matter of urgency,” and suggested that she would decriminalize homosexual acts by repealing Sections 153 and 156 of the Penal Code.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pomy |first=Matthew |title=Malawi president vows to decriminalize homosexuality |url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2012/05/malawi-president-vows-to-decriminalize-homosexuality.php |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=The Jurist}}</ref> This statement was widely noticed and applauded, with Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird praising Banda for her “commitment to repeal discriminatory legislation, including legislation that persecutes gays and lesbians.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Applauds Malawi's Position on Human Rights |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/05/23a.aspx?view=d |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade}}</ref> In September 2012, however, Banda “told reporters from international media in September that Malawians might not be ready for such a change, and suggested that members of parliament should take the question of decriminalization back to their constituencies.” In a radio debate on November 5, 2012, Justice Minister Ralph Kasambara announced a moratorium on arrests on charges of sodomy, an act that Human Rights Watch characterized as “a compromise position, which will permit parliament to debate possible legislative change.” At least part of the reason for Kasambara's action, reportedly, was a concern that Malawi's antigay law might violate the constitution's strong language about the “inherent dignity and worth of each human being” and “the rights and views of all individuals,” and that it was incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, of which Malawi is a signatory. Tiseke Kasambala of Human Rights Watch congratulated Malawi for taking “this bold step forward, putting respect for its own constitutional guarantees of equality front and center.”<ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2012 |title=Malawi: Courageous Move to Suspend Anti-Gay Laws |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/06/malawi-courageous-move-suspend-anti-gay-laws |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A representative of Amnesty International said that the organization “welcomes Minister Kasambara’s statement and hopes it serves as the first step towards ending discrimination and persecution based on real or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity in Malawi.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Suspension of anti-homosexuality laws in Malawi a historic step forward |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/suspension-anti-homosexuality-laws-malawi-historic-step-forward-2012-11-05 |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Amnesty International}}</ref> However, three days following his announcement of the moratorium, which had been fiercely criticized by Malawian church officials and by the Law Society, Minister Kasambara claimed that he had never declared any such moratorium and said “that laws carrying up to 14 years in prison for committing homosexual acts were still being enforced.”<ref>{{cite news|title=Churches force Malawi to change tune on anti-gay law|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-malawi-gays-idAFJOE8A702I20121108|work=Reuters|date=8 November 2012|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == HIV/AIDS rights == There is great stigma associated with [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi|HIV/AIDS status in Malawi]], and considerable discrimination. MHRC Commissioner [[:en:Dalitso_Kubalasa|Dalitso Kubalasa]] said in October 2012 that “HIV and AIDS is a human rights issue in that lack of respect for human rights increases the spread and impact of the epidemic. Furthermore, the disease exposes people who are affected by the virus to various human rights violations through stigma and discrimination.” He urged that district commissioners be given training that would reduce this stigma and discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrate human rights in HIV activities |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/10/21/integrate-human-rights-in-hiv-activities-urges-malawi-human-righsts-commission/ |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Malawi News Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026153930/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/10/21/integrate-human-rights-in-hiv-activities-urges-malawi-human-righsts-commission/ |archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> == Rights of persons under arrest == A 2012 report by the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association, based on observations made before Banda's accession to the presidency, noted “the use of excessive force by the police, especially in the context of handling political dissent.” The report criticized police conduct during the demonstrations in July 2011, and focused on “the suspicious death of student activist and Youth for Freedom and Democracy Vice President, Robert Chasowa,” in September 2011, pointing out that “a post-mortem report contradicted police claims that Chasowa committed suicide,” indicating rather “that his injuries were most likely due to assault.” The reported noted “with satisfaction” that Banda had “appointed a commission of inquiry to investigate Chasowa’s death.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> In July 2012, the UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang expressed “serious concerns about ill treatment and violence, in some cases leading to death, by the police against crime suspects.” Praising Banda's government for its determination to restore public trust in the police, Kyung-wha Kang said she looked forward “to seeing this commitment backed up by concrete actions, including training and efforts to fight impunity for such violations.” As a “welcome step in the right direction” she praised the “new police complaints mechanism.”<ref name="ohchr.org" /> == Rights of persons on trial == During her July 2012 visit to Malawi, the UN human-rights official Kyung-wha Kang noted “shortcomings in the administration of justice in Malawi.”<ref name="ohchr.org" /> The MHRC has alleged “that certain members of the judiciary appear aligned to the executive and that this undermines the effectiveness of the MHRC.” Also, the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association noted in 2012 that the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions “is currently severely understaffed,” and lacking in experienced staffers. This causes major delays in the administration of justice, with “criminal cases...taking two to three years on average before trial.” According to the International Bar Association, “the remuneration of judges and judicial support staff is a serious problem,” leading to concerns “that some judges might be more inclined to look to other, sometimes improper, ways of earning extra income.” Furthermore, the International Bar Association noted with concern that there is no specific qualification, training, or code of conduct for magistrates, and that most High Court and Supreme Court of Appeal judges “obtained their law degrees during the one party era, when human rights were not covered extensively in the curriculum,” a problem that the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and other organizations have sought to remedy by organizing “workshops and seminars on human rights for the judiciary.”<ref name="ibanet.org" /> == Rights of persons in prison == The UN Deputy Hugh Commissioner for Human Rights Kyung-wha Kang noted in July 2012 the persistence of a number of serious problems in Malawian prisons, including "[p]rolonged detention in severely overcrowded holding cells, due to a backlog of cases and the slow processing of bail applications." She noted that the efforts were being made to resolve this problem "and to explore alternatives to detention and imprisonment," and praised "this shift in thinking."<ref name="ohchr.org" /> == Human-rights groups == Malawi Watch Human Rights, founded in 1992, “is an advocacy and lobbying non-governmental organization that works in areas of political and economic governance.” Its website has not been updated since January 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official website |url=http://www.malawiwatch.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220153432/http://www.malawiwatch.org/ |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Malawi Watch Human Rights}}</ref> The Centre For The Development Of People (CEDEP) is a human-rights organization “dedicated to addressing the needs, improving the lives, and providing support for some of Malawi's most neglected minority groups through civic education, training, capacity building, networking and research.” Its members believe “that improving the welfare of minority groups, including prisoners, sex workers, and those in same-sex relationships, is crucial to the health and well-being of all peoples.”<ref>{{cite web |title=CEDEP: Centre for the Development of People |url=http://www.cedepmalawi.org/ |access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> The Human Rights Consultative Committee, founded in 1995, is a network consisting of church institutions, human-rights groups, and the Law Society of Malawi, all of which work together on advocacy, monitoring, and other activities with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in Malawi. The home of the HRCC's acting national coordinator, was a target of an arson attack in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi: Arson Attacks Target Rights Activists |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109192179.html |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=All Africa}}</ref> The Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR) is another leading Malawian human rights organization, also founded in 1995. The Institute for Policy Interaction is another Malawian human-rights group. Its director, Rafiq Hajat, was forced to go into hiding during the presidency of Mutharika. On September 3, 2011, a petrol bomb was thrown into IPI offices in Blantyre, causing considerable damage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawian human rights defender Rafiq Hazat short listed for 2012 Front Line Award for Human Rights Defenders at Risk |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/RafiqHajat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407073028/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/RafiqHajat |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2013 |work=Frontline Defenders}}</ref> == International treaties == Malawi is a signatory of the following international agreements: • African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981) • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1987) • African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) • Convention on the Rights of the Child (1991) • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1993) • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1993) • Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1996) • First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1996) • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1996) • Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) • Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2005) • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2009) • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children. Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2009) • Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2010).<ref name="ibanet.org" /> == See also == {{Portal|Malawi}} * [[:en:Human_trafficking_in_Malawi|Human trafficking in Malawi]] * [[:en:LGBT_rights_in_Malawi|LGBT rights in Malawi]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Malawi|Politics of Malawi]] == Notes == : 1.{{note|a}}Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on. : 2.{{note|b}}As of January 1. : 3.{{note|c}}The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation. == References == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125859/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/malawi/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[:en:Amnesty_International|Amnesty International]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203720/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/malawi Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]] * [https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-malawi World Report 2012], by [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]] {{Africa in topic|Human rights in}}{{Malawi topics}} 95j4tdh5rqoa2zc8ewoooxr9a4tzgha 0 22686 122541 111688 2026-09-28T01:05:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Zambia | Badge = Flag of Zambia.svg | Badge_size = 195px | Nickname = {{lang|bem|Chipolopolo}} (The Copper Bullets) | Association = [[Football Association of Zambia]] (FAZ) | Sub-confederation = {{nowrap|[[Council of Southern Africa Football Associations|COSAFA]] (Southern Africa)}} | Confederation = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] (Africa) | Coach = [[Avram Grant]] | Captain = | Most caps = [[Kennedy Mweene]] (122) | Top scorer = [[Godfrey Chitalu]] [[List of international goals scored by Godfrey Chitalu|(79)]] | Home Stadium = [[Levy Mwanawasa Stadium]]<br>[[National Heroes Stadium]] | FIFA Trigramme = ZAM | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ZAM}} | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = February – May 1996, August 1996 | FIFA min = 102 | FIFA min date = February 2011 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Zambia}} | Elo max = 27 | Elo max date = 6 April 1994 | Elo min = 106 | Elo min date = October 2009 | pattern_la1 = _zambia2021h | pattern_b1 = _zambia2021h | pattern_ra1 = _zambia2021h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = _zambia2021h | leftarm1 = 0E8000 | body1 = 0E8000 | rightarm1 = 0E8000 | shorts1 = 0E8000 | socks1 = 0E8000 | pattern_la2 = _zambia2021a | pattern_b2 = _zambia2021a | pattern_ra2 = _zambia2021a | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = _zambia2021a | leftarm2 = FF9900 | body2 = FF9900 | rightarm2 = FF9900 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FF9900 | pattern_la3 = _zambia2021t | pattern_b3 = _zambia2021t | pattern_ra3 = _zambia2021t | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = _zambia2021t | leftarm3 = FFFFFF | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = FFFFFF | shorts3 = FFFFFF | socks3 = FFFFFF | First game = {{nowrap|{{fb|Southern Rhodesia}} 0–4 {{fb-rt|Northern Rhodesia}} }}<br/> ([[Southern Rhodesia]]; 1946) | Largest win = {{fb|ZAM|1964}} 11–2 {{fb-rt|SWZ|name=Swaziland}} <br/> ([[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]; 5 February 1978) <br/> {{fb|ZAM|1964}} 9–0 {{fb-rt|KEN}} <br/> ([[Lilongwe]], [[Malawi]]; 13 November 1978) <br/> {{fb|ZAM|1964}} 9–0 {{fb-rt|LES|1987}} <br/> ([[Botswana]]; 8 August 1988) | Largest loss = {{fb|COD|1966}} 10–1 {{fb-rt|ZAM|1964}} <br/> ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]; 22 November 1969) <br/> {{fb|BEL}} 9–0 {{fb-rt|ZAM|1964}} <br/> ([[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]; 3 June 1994) | World cup apps = | World cup first = | World cup best = | Regional name = [[Africa Cup of Nations]] | Regional cup apps = 17 | Regional cup first = [[1974 African Cup of Nations|1974]] | Regional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]]) | 2ndRegional name = [[COSAFA Cup]] | 2ndRegional cup apps = 19 | 2ndRegional cup first = [[1997 COSAFA Cup|1997]] | 2ndRegional cup best = '''Champions''' ([[1997 COSAFA Cup|1997]], [[1998 COSAFA Cup|1998]], [[2006 COSAFA Cup|2006]], [[2013 COSAFA Cup|2013]], [[2019 COSAFA Cup|2019]], [[2022 COSAFA Cup|2022]]) | medaltemplates = {{MedalCompetition|[[Africa Cup of Nations|CAF Africa Cup of Nations]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012 Gabon and Equatorial Guinea]]|[[2012 Africa Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[1974 African Cup of Nations|1974 Egypt]]|[[1974 African Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994 Tunisia]]|[[1994 African Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1982 African Cup of Nations|1982 Libya]]|[[1982 African Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1990 African Cup of Nations|1990 Algeria]]|[[1990 African Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1996 African Cup of Nations|1996 South Africa]]|[[1994 African Cup of Nations squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[African Nations Championship|CAF African Nations Championship]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[2009 African Nations Championship|2009 Ivory Coast]]|[[2009 African Nations Championship squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Cup]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1997 COSAFA Cup|1997 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[1998 COSAFA Cup|1998 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2006 COSAFA Cup|2006 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2013 COSAFA Cup|2013 Zambia]]|[[2013 COSAFA Cup squads#Zambia|Team]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2019 COSAFA Cup|2019 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2004 COSAFA Cup|2004 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2005 COSAFA Cup|2005 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2007 COSAFA Cup|2007 Southern Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2009 COSAFA Cup|2009 Zimbabwe]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2017 COSAFA Cup|2017 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2018 COSAFA Cup|2018 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalBronze|[[2008 COSAFA Cup|2008 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[CECAFA Cup]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1984 CECAFA Cup|1984 Uganda]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[1991 CECAFA Cup|1991 Uganda]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[1976 CECAFA Cup|1976 Zanzibar]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[1977 CECAFA Cup|1977 Somalia]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[1978 CECAFA Cup|1978 Malawi]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[1988 CECAFA Cup|1988 Malawi]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2006 CECAFA Cup|2006 Ethiopia]]|}} {{MedalBronze|[[1981 CECAFA Cup|1981 Tanzania]]|}} {{MedalBronze|[[1992 CECAFA Cup|1992 Tanzania]]|}} {{MedalBronze|[[2013 CECAFA Cup|2013 Kenya]]|}} }} '''Gulu la bola la Zambia''' ni gulu la bola ilo lili mu charu cha Zambia. [[Bola Wupu wa Zambia]] (FAZ). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti '''KK 11''' kufuma apo Dr. [[Kenneth Kaunda]] ("KK") uyo wakawusa Zambia kufuma 1964 mpaka 1991. Pamanyuma pakuti caru cazomera ndyali za vyaru vinandi, gulu ili likamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti “Chipolopolo” panji kuti "Vipolopolo vya Mkuŵa". <ref name="FAZ history">{{cite web | url=http://www.fazfootball.com/content/history-of-zambia-national-team | title=History of Zambian National Team | website=fazfootball.com | publisher=Football Association of Zambia | access-date=20 Malichi, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324233326/http://www.fazfootball.com/content/history-of-zambia-national-team | archive-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> Chipani ichi chili na ma final ghatatu gha [[Africa Cup of Nations]], ndipo chawina chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations mu 2012 [[Gulu la bola la Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] mu final. Gulu ili lindasankhikepo ku [[FIFA World Cup]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2012 Africa Cup of Nations Final - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-verizon&sxsrf=ALeKk01Vuk0QmwsNiGsuVNV2G6mKaI8ISg:1621795032825&q=2012+Africa+Cup+of+Nations+Final&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgecR4lJFb4OWPe8JSuxknrTl5jXELIxdXcEZ-uWteSWZJpZAdFxuUJcfFJ8Wln6tvkGVkkZKdpMEgxcOFxDcS4eLVT9c3NMwqKDLITipIEnj4dgajUqiR-65L086xOQoyAMEHpmAHKU0tIS52z2Kf_OTEHMG2P0wHDH-9t9cS5uIISazIz8vPrQQpbfj__729EicnAxg8sNdicGBs2rfiEBsLB6MAQxA_1LK03MqirIyMIp5FrApGBoZGCo5pRZnJiQrOpQUK-WkKfoklmfl5xQpumXmJOQD_GhKp7gAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3rtGmueDwAhWCRxUIHTd2CUoQ3LoBegQIBBAB&biw=360&bih=511|access-date= 20 Malichi, 2023|website=www.google.com}}</ref> ==Mbiri== ===1929–1970=== Maseŵera ghakwamba gha Zambia ghakaŵako pa Julayi 3, 1964, pa chigaŵa chawo na Tanzania. "Chipolopolos" ni zina la ku Zambia ilo likung'anamura "Copper Bullets" chifukwa cha mkuŵa uwo uli mu Zambia. Pa nyengo iyi, Zambia yikaŵa kuti yindaŵepo na wanangwa uwu, pakuti charu cha Zambia chikapoka wanangwa uwu pa Okutobala 24, 1964. Pa Novembala 22, 1969, Zambia yikathereskeka na DR Congo pa 10/1 mu charu ichi. Kufuma waka mu 1970 apo charu cha Zambia chikakumananga na chiphalizgano cha World Cup, charu ichi chindachitikepo. ===Chikho cha Africa cha 1974=== Pamanyuma pa kuyezgapo kaŵiri kuti ŵanjire mu Africa Cup of Nations, timu ya mpira ya Zambia yikatora malo ghakwamba mu 1974. Mu chigaŵa chakudanga, ŵakathereska Cote d'Ivoire (1°0, chigoli cha Simon Kaushi), ŵakataya ku Egypt (1-3, chigoli cha Godfrey Chitalu) na kuthereska Uganda (1°0, chigoli cha Obby Kapita), ŵakafika pa chigaŵa chachiŵiri mu gulu ndipo ŵakafika ku semi-final, uko ŵakathereska Congo (4°2, chigoli cha Bernard Chanda na chigoli cha Joseph Mapulanga). Mu finale, Zaire na Zambia ŵakawina 2-2 (goli la Simon Kaushi na Brighton Sinyangwe) ndipo ŵakeneranga kuseŵera kachiŵiri kuti ŵapokere chiphalizgano ichi kweni, mazuŵa ghaŵiri pamanyuma pa chiphalizgano chakwamba, Zambia yikathereska 2-0 na kuwona kuti vilato vyawo vya chiphalizgano ichi vyamara. Kweni ŵanthu ŵakakondwa chomene chifukwa aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵachite maseŵera agha. ===1974–1993=== Ŵakati ŵafika paumaliro mu 1974, timu ya mpira ya ku Zambia yikatondeka kunjira pa mpikisano wakulondezgapo mu 1976. Mu chaka cha 1978, Zambia yikathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba na chigonjetso chimoza (2-0 pa Burkina Faso, goli la Patrick Phiri na Bizwell Phiri), draw (0-0 pa Nigeria) na kutondeka (1- 2 pa Ghana, goli la Obby Kapita). Mu 1980, ŵakatondeka kunjira mu viphalizgano ivi, kweni mu 1982 ŵakafika ku semi-final ndipo ŵakakhala pa malo ghacitatu. Mu chaka cha 1984, Zambia yikatondeka kunjira mu viphalizgano; mu chaka cha 1986, yikatorapo chimoza pa viphalizgano ivi. Mu 1988, ŵakatondeka kunjira mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1990, pamanyuma pa kumalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu, Zambia yikathereska ku semi-finals na Nigeria, kweni yikathereska Senegal (1°0, chigoli cha Webster Chikabala) na kusanga malo ghachitatu. Mu 1992, charu cha Zambia chikathereskeka na Côte d'Ivoire (0-1). Nyengo iyi yikulongora kuti Zambia ni charu chakukhora pa maseŵera gha mpira, kweni pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira na mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vindafikepo. ===Ndege ya Zambia Air Force 319=== Cinthu cinyake ico cikacitiska kuti timu ya ku Zambia yiŵe na masuzgo ghakuru nchakuti ndege ya ŵasilikari (REG: AF-319) iyo yikalutanga ku Senegal kukacitako maseŵero ghakukhozga maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha 1994 FIFA World Cup yikawa usiku comene, pa Epulero 27, 1993. Pakanozgeka kuti paŵe malo ghatatu ghakwimikapo mafuta, kweni pa malo ghakwamba, ku Brazzaville, pakaŵa suzgo la injini pa ndege ya Buffalo DHC-5D ya Zambia Air Force. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ndege yikalutilira kwenda ndipo pamanyuma pa maminiti ghacoko waka kufuma ku Libreville, Gabon, uko kukaŵa malo ghaciŵiri ghakukhalako, injini yimoza yikatora moto na kumalira. Uyo wakendeskanga ndege iyi wakafuma kale ku Mauritius zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ndipo mwangozi wakazimya injini iyo yikaŵa kuti yichali kugwira ntchito. Pakuti ndege yikaleka kugwiliskira nchito nkhongono pa nyengo iyo yikukwera, yikadukira mu maji mamita 500 kufupi na nyanja. Ŵanthu wose 30 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi, kusazgapo ŵaseŵero 18, ŵakafwa. <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://fourfourtwo.com/blogs/africacupofnations2012/archive/2012/02/12/zambia-s-remarkable-journey-makes-them-winners-regardless.aspx |title=Zambia's remarkable journey makes them winners regardless |magazine=FourFourTwo |date=12 February 2012 |access-date= 20 Malichi, 2023}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa gulu na musambizgi Kalusha Bwalya ŵakaŵapo yayi. Wakaŵikika mu Netherlands kuti wakawonelerane na kilabu cake, PSV Eindhoven. Gulu liphya likapangika mwaluŵiro, ndipo Kalusha ndiyo wakaŵa musambizgi wake: wakaŵa na mulimo wakusuzga wa kulongozga Zambia mu vigaŵa vya FIFA World Cup na kunozgekera vigaŵa vya Africa Cup of Nations. Cikaŵa cinthu cambura macitiko ndipo Zambia yikatondeka kunjira mu maseŵera gha pa caru cose. ===Chikho cha Africa cha 1994=== Mu 1994, pamanyuma pakutonda na Sierra Leone (0-0, Zambia yikathereska Côte d'Ivoire (1-0, chigoli cha Kenneth Malitoli) na kumalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu. Mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, ŵakathereska Senegal (goli la Evans Sakala), ndipo mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, Zambia yikathereska Mali (goli la Elijah Litana, Zeddy Saileti, Kalusha Bwalya na Kenneth Malitoli). Mu chiphalizgano chaumaliro, ku Tunis, ŵakakumana na Nigeria ndipo nangauli Elijah Litana wakajura chiphalizgano mu miniti yachitatu, Nigeria yikathereska 2 ̊1. ===1994–2012=== Pa Juni 3, 1994, mu Brussels, timu ya mpira ya Zambia yikataya ku Belgium, ndipo yikathereskeka na mavoti gha 9 ku 0. Pa CAN 1996, ŵakafika pakwamba mu gulu na vithuzi viŵiri (51 pakutonda Burkina Faso, vigoli vya Kenneth Malitoli, vigoli viŵiri vya Kalusha Bwalya, vigoli vya Dennis Lota na Johnson Bwalya); 4 0 pakutonda Sierra Leone (hat-trick ya Kalusha Bwalya na chigoli cha Mordon Malitoli) na drew (0 0 pakutonda Algeria), ŵakatimba Egypt (3 1) mu vigoli viŵiri vyaumaliro na kutondeka ku Tunisia (2 4) kweni ŵakatora malo ghachitatu pakutonda Ghana (1 0, chigoli cha Johnson Bwalya). Kalusha Bwalya ndiyo wakaŵa muwemi chomene pa chiphalizgano ichi na vigoli 5. Kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2006, Zambia yikatondeka kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakwamba, kupatulako mu 2004 apo yikatondeka kujumpha. Pa Seputembala 3, 2006, pa nyumba yawo, Zambia yikasanga chigonjetso chachikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yawo motsutsana ndi Djibouti, ndikupambana 10 ¢ 0. Mu nyengo ya Africa Cup of Nations ya 2008, Zambia yikamalizga pa chitatu mu gulu na kutonda na Sudan 3'0 (goli la James Chamanga, Jacob Mulenga na Felix Katongo), draw (1'1 na Egypt, goli la Chris Katongo) na kutondeka (1'5 na Cameroon, goli la Chris Katongo). Mu chaka cha 2010, Zambia yikamalizga pa malo ghakwamba mu gulu lake ndipo yikakumana na Nigeria mu viphalizgano vya vigaŵa viŵiri apo yikathereskeka pa penalty. Jacob Mulenga na Emmanuel Mbola ndiwo ŵakaŵa mu timu ya Best XI. <ref>{{cite web |title=CAF releases Top XI of Orange CAN |url=http://www.cafonline.com/competition/african-cup-of-nations-angola_2010/news/4614-caf-releases-top-11-of-orange-can.html |website=CAF Online}}</ref> ===COSAFA Cup=== Chikwata cha mpira cha ku Zambia chikaloŵamo mu COSAFA Cup mu nyengo zake zose, ndipo chawina kaŵirikaŵiri maulendo 6 mu (1997, 1998, 2006, 2013, 2019 na 2022) ndipo chawina kaŵirikaŵiri mu 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2017 na 2018. Mu 2005, Collins Mbesuma ndiyo wakaŵa na vigoli vinandi pa maseŵera agha. ===Chikho cha Africa cha 2012=== Gulu la mpira la Zambia likamalizga 1st mu gulu lawo apo likathereska Senegal (1-2, goli la Emmanuel Mayuka na Rainford Kalaba) ndipo ŵakagaŵana mapointi na Libya (2-2, goli la Mayuka na Christopher Katongo) ndipo paumaliro ŵakathereska Equatorial Guinea (0-1, goli la C. Katongo). Mu vigaŵa vyaumaliro, Zambia yikathereska Sudan (3-0, goli la Stoppila Sunzu, C. Katongo na James Chamanga). Mu semi-final, Zambia yikathereska Ghana na 1 -0, ndipo Emmanuel Mayuka ndiyo wakalemba chigoli. Mu chigamulo chaumaliro, Zambia yikakanizga Côte d'Ivoire (0°0) ndipo yikathereska pa penalty (8°7) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230320163525/https://zambiansports.com/zambia-vs-ivory-coast-final-2012-africa-cup-of-nations-all-penalty-kicks-8-7/ Laŵiskani] Paumaliro wa chiphalizgano ichi cha 28 cha Africa Cup of Nations, kapiteni Chris Katongo wakamalizga chiphalizgano cha wosewera waluso chomene kweniso wakukora viphalizgano vinandi pamoza na Emmanuel Mayuka ku Zambia. ===Mu 2013=== Mu chaka cha 2013, Zambia yikathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha CAN 2013 kwambura kutondeka maseŵero ghamoza. Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri, Zambia yikasanganaso na viyezgo pa maseŵera gha AFCON, kweni yikathereskeka mu cigaŵa cakwamba. Zambia yikatondeka kufika ku finals kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vyaka 13 pa mpikisano wa 2017 ndipo yikataya ku Guinea-Bissau. Pa chiyanjano cha CAN 2019, Chipolopolos wakalephera kupambana, wakamalizga pa 7 points, point yimoza kupatulako Namibia, pa 2nd, na points ziŵiri kupatulako Guinea-Bissau uyo wakamalizga pachanya pa gulu. Ichi nchakukhuŵazga chomene ku Zambia chifukwa yikutondeka kuseŵera pa nyengo yaciŵiri yakulondezgana ya CAN nangauli yikapoka mphaka iyi vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri kumasinda ndipo yikaŵa yaumaliro pa nyengo iyo yikaseŵeranga. Ku Zambia kukaŵa kovwira chomene pa nyengo iyi, chifukwa ŵakafika pa malo ghachitatu ndipo ŵakafika pa malo gha Zimbabwe. == Uyo wakupeleka vinthu== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Uyo wakupeleka vinthu ! Nyengo |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Adidas]] |1993–1996 |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] |1997–2000 |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Diadora]] |2001–2002 |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Umbro]] |2003 |- |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] |2004–2015 |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Kappa]] |2016 |- |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Mafro]] |2017 |- |{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[KoPa]] |2018–present |- |} ==Ŵalongozgi== Awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ofesi ya munthavi ŵali kulembeka mu vilembo vyakudumura. {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Ted Virba]] (1978) *{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Brian Tiler]] (1978–80) *{{flagicon|ROM|1965}} [[Ted Dumitru]] (1980–81) *{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Ante Bušelić]] (1981–82) *{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bill McGarry]] (1982–83) *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wieslaw Grabowski]] (1983–84) *{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jeff Butler (football manager)|Jeff Butler]] (1984) *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Roy Mulenga]] (1984) *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Brightwell Banda]] (1984–86) *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Samuel Ndhlovu]] (1987–92) *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Moses Simwala]] (1993) *{{flagicon|ZAM|1964}} [[Godfrey Chitalu]] (1993) *{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Roald Poulsen]] (1993–94) *{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ian Porterfield]] (1994) *{{flagicon|DEN|1964}} [[Roald Poulsen]] (1994–96) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Freddie Mwila]] (1996–97) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} ''[[George Mungwa]]'' (1997) *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Burkhard Ziese]] (1997–98) *{{Flagicon|ZAM}} ''[[George Mungwa]]'' (1998) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} ''[[Obby Kapita]]'' (1998) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Fighton Simukonda]] (1998) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Ben Bamfuchile]] (1999–00) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} ''[[George Mungwa]]'' (2000) *{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jan Brouwer]] (2000-01) *{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Roald Poulsen]] (2002) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Patrick Phiri]] (2002–03) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Kalusha Bwalya]] (2003–06) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Patrick Phiri]] (2006–08) *{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Hervé Renard]] (2008–10) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Wedson Nyirenda]] & {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Honour Janza]] (2010) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[George Lwandamina]] (2010) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Dario Bonetti]] (2010–11) *{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Hervé Renard]] (2011–2013) *{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Patrice Beaumelle]] (2013–2014) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Honour Janza]] (2014–2015) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[George Lwandamina]] (2015–2016) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Wedson Nyirenda]] (2016–2018) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Beston Chambeshi]] (2018) *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Sven Vandenbroeck]] (2018–2019) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Aggrey Chiyangi]] (2019–2020) *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Milutin Sredojević]] (2020–2021) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Beston Chambeshi]] (2021–2022) *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Aljosa Asanovic]] (2022) *{{flagicon|ZAM}} ''[[Moses Sichone]]'' (2022) *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Avram Grant]] (2022–present) {{div col end}} ==Ŵaseŵero== ===Current squad=== * Ŵaseŵera aŵa ŵakachemeka ku maseŵera gha ku Africa Cup of Nations mu 2023. <ref>{{cite web |title=Final 27-Man Squad For AFCON Qualifiers |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=759850532465443&set=a.253984303052071 |publisher=Football Association of Zambia - Facebook |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> * Zuŵa la maseŵera: 23 na 26 Malichi 2023 * Ŵakwimikana: {{flag|Lesotho}} * Ma caps ndi zigoli zolondola kuyambira: 17 November 2022, pambuyo pa machesi ndi {{flag|Israel}}. {{nat fs g start|background=#008000|color=white}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Allan Chibwe]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|3|22}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[Forest Rangers F.C.|Forest Rangers]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Lawrence Mulenga]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1998|8|21}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Power Dynamos F.C.|Power Dynamos]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Toaster Nsabata]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1993|11|24}}|caps=34|goals=0|club=[[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]]|clubnat=RSA}} {{nat fs break|background=#008000}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Dominic Chanda]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|2|26}}|caps=18|goals=1|club=[[Kabwe Warriors F.C.|Kabwe Warriors]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Benedict Chepeshi]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|6|10}}|caps=27|goals=0|club=[[Red Arrows F.C.|Red Arrows]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Rodrick Kabwe]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1992|11|30}}|caps=34|goals=0|club=[[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]]|clubnat=RSA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aaron Katebe]]|age={{bda|1992|1|24|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=1|club=[[Free agent]]}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Teddy Khumalo]]|age=''Unknown''|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Free agent]]}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aimé Mabika]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|8|16|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]]|clubnat=USA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Frankie Musonda]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|12|12|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr United]]|clubnat=SCO}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Tandi Mwape]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1996|7|20}}|caps=20|goals=1|club=[[TP Mazembe|Mazembe]]|clubnat=COD}} {{nat fs break|background=#008000}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Emmanuel Banda]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|9|29|df=y}}|caps=14|goals=0|club=[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]]|clubnat=CRO}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Larry Bwalya]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1995|5|29}}|caps=10|goals=0|club= [[Amazulu FC|Amazulu]]|clubnat=RSA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Clatous Chama]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|6|18}}|caps=30|goals=5|club=[[Simba S.C.|Simba]]|clubnat=TAN}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kelvin Kampamba]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|11|24|df=y}}|caps=32|goals=4|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kelvin Kapumbu]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|4|6}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kings Kangwa]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1999|4|6}}|caps=15|goals=4|club=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|clubnat=SER}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Patson Kwataine]]|age=''Unknown''|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Mufulira Wanderers F.C.|Mufulira Wanderers]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Lubambo Musonda]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1995|3|1}}|caps=41|goals=2|club=[[AC Horsens|Horsens]]|clubnat=DEN}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Benson Sakala]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|9|12|df=y}}|caps=32|goals=0|club=[[FK Viagem Primbam|Viagem Primbam]]|clubnat=CZE}} {{nat fs break|background=#008000}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Lameck Banda]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|2001|1|29}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[U.S. Lecce|Lecce]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Edward Chilufya]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1999|9|17}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[FC Midtjylland|Midtjylland]]|clubnat=DEN}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Patson Daka]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1998|10|9}}|caps=31|goals=9|club=[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Lazarous Kambole]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1994|1|20}}|caps=15|goals=7|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Kennedy Musonda]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1994|12|28}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Young Africans S.C.|Young Africans]]|clubnat=TAN}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Joseph Phiri]]|age={{bda|1988|8|1|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Red Arrows F.C.|Red Arrows]]|clubnat=ZAM}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Fashion Sakala]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1997|3|14}}|caps=19|goals=6|club=[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]|clubnat=SCO}} {{nat fs end|background=#008000}} ===Kucemeka Sonosono=== Ŵaseŵero awo ŵali pasi apa ŵakacemeka ku Zambia mu myezi 12 yajumpha. {{nat fs r start|background=#008000|color=white}} {{nat fs r player|no=18|pos=GK|name=[[Cyril Chibwe]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1993|6|17}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=[[2022 COSAFA Cup]]}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Kelvin Malunga]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|2|23}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Nkana F.C.|Nkana]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=23|pos=DF|name=[[Prosper Chiluya]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1998|4|2}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[Red Arrows F.C.|Red Arrows]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|BEN}}, 27 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Donashano Malama]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|9|1}}|caps=38|goals=1|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Simon Silwimba]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|12|25}}|caps=24|goals=1|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Solomon Sakala]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1997|4|28}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=#008000}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Spencer Sautu]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1994|10|5}}|caps=34|goals=4|club=[[Power Dynamos F.C.|Power Dynamos]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=[[2022 COSAFA Cup]]}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prince Mumba (footballer)|Prince Mumba]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|3|24|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[NK Istra 1961|Istra]]|clubnat=CRO|latest=[[2022 COSAFA Cup]]}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Enock Mwepu]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1998|1|1}}|caps=24|goals=6|club=''Retired''|clubnat=|latest=v. {{fb|MLI}}, 23 and 27 September 2022 ^RET}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Harrison Chisala]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1997|8|4}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Nkana F.C.|Nkana]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Chanda Mukuka]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|2000|3|3}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[ZESCO United F.C.|ZESCO United]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=#008000}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Gamphani Lungu]]|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1998|8|19}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[SuperSport United F.C.|SuperSport United]]|clubnat=RSA|latest=[[2022 COSAFA Cup]]}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Alex Ngonga]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|8|21}}|caps=20|goals=1|club=[[Nkana F.C.|Nkana]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Albert Kangwanda]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1999|4|7}}|caps=7|goals=2|club=[[Kafue Celtic F.C.|Kafue Celtic]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Patrick Gondwe]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2002|6|5}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Nkana F.C.|Nkana]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Derrick Bulaya]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|2003|3|8}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Green Eagles F.C.|Green Eagles]]|clubnat=ZAM|latest=v. {{fb|IRQ}}, 18 March 2022}} {{nat fs break|background=#0B0B3F}} ;Notes *^DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up. *^INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. *^PRE Preliminary Squad. *^RET Player has retired from international football. *^SUS Suspended from the national team. {{nat fs end|background=#0B0B3F}} ==Mabuku== {{Updated|14 July 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/zam-recintlp.html |title=Zambia&nbsp;– Record International Players |author=Jerry Muchimba and Roberto Mamrud |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |access-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref> Awo ŵalemba mu vilembo vyakusuzga ŵachali ku Zambia. ===Kuwonekera kwakuluska=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !style="background:#198A00" width="20px"|<span style="color:white;">Rank</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="150px"|<span style="color:white;">Name</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="50px"|<span style="color:white;">Caps</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="50px"|<span style="color:white;">Goals</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="100px"|<span style="color:white;">Career</span> |- |1 |align=left| '''[[Kennedy Mweene]]''' |122 |2 |2004–present |- |2 |align=left|[[David Chabala]] |115 |0 |1983–1993 |- |3 |align=left|[[Godfrey Chitalu]] |111 |79 |1968–1980 |- |4 |align=left|[[Joseph Musonda]] |108 |0 |2002–2014 |- |rowspan=2|5 |align=left|[[Christopher Katongo]] |rowspan=2|103 |23 |2003–2016 |- |align=left| [[Rainford Kalaba]] |15 |2005–2018 |- |7 |align=left|[[Alex Chola]] |102 |43 |1975–1985 |- |8 |align=left|[[Elijah Tana]] |101 |4 |1995–2009 |- |9 |align=left|[[Derby Makinka]] |98 |10 |1985–1993 |- |10 |align=left|[[Kalusha Bwalya]] |87 |39 |1983–2004 |} {{col-2}} ===Ŵakuponya magoli ghanandi=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- !style="background:#198A00" width="20px"|<span style="color:white;">Rank</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="150px"|<span style="color:white;">Name</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="50px"|<span style="color:white;">Goals</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="50px"|<span style="color:white;">Caps</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="50px"|<span style="color:white;">Ratio</span> !style="background:#198A00" width="100px"|<span style="color:white;">Career</span> |- |1. |align=left|[[Godfrey Chitalu]] |79 |111 |{{#expr:79/111 round 2}} |1968–1980 |- |2. |align=left|[[Alex Chola]] |43 |102 |{{#expr:43/102 round 2}} |1975–1985 |- |3. |align=left|[[Kalusha Bwalya]] |39 |87 |{{#expr:39/87 round 2}} |1983–2004 |- |4. |align=left|[[Bernard Chanda]] |29 |68 |{{#expr:29/68 round 2}} |1971–1980 |- |5. |align=left|[[Christopher Katongo]] |23 |103 |{{#expr:23/103 round 2}} |2003–2016 |- |6. |align=left| [[Collins Mbesuma]] |22 |65 |{{#expr:22/65 round 2}} |2003–2017 |- |7. |align=left|[[Dennis Lota]] |21 |78 |{{#expr:21/78 round 2}} |1994–2002 |- |8. |align=left|[[Kenneth Malitoli]] |19 |80 |{{#expr:19/80 round 2}} |1988–1999 |- |9. |align=left|[[James Chamanga]] |17 |63 |{{#expr:17/63 round 2}} |2005–2015 |- |10. |align=left| '''[[Justin Shonga]]''' |16 |33 |{{#expr:16/33 round 2}} |2017–present |} {{col-end}} ==Nkhani ya mpikisano== === Mbiri ya FIFA World Cup=== Apo charu cha Northern Rhodesia chikaŵa pasi pa Britain, charu cha Zambia chikaŵapo yayi pa maseŵero ghakwimira charu ichi pa Chikho cha Charu Chose m'paka apo chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Wupu wa vyamaseŵera wa charu ichi ukapangika mu 1929 ndipo ukanjira mu FIFA mu 1964. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !colspan=9|[[FIFA World Cup]] record !width=1% rowspan=39| !colspan=6|[[FIFA World Cup qualification]] record |- !Year !Round !Position !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|W|Won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}* !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|W|Won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} |- |{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]] to {{flagicon|England}} [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]] |colspan=8|''did not enter'' |colspan=6|''did not enter'' |- | {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] |colspan=8 rowspan=14 |''did not qualify'' | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 6 |- | {{flagicon|West Germany}} [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 11 |- | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 5 |- | {{flagicon|Spain}} [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 |- | {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 6 |- | {{flagicon|Italy|1946}} [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 6 |- | {{flagicon|United States}} [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 5 |- |{{flagicon|France|1974}} [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 8 |- | {{flagicon|South Korea|1997}} {{flagicon|Japan}} [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] | 10 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 11 |- | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] | 13 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 21 | 11 |- |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]] | 10 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 4 |- | {{flagicon|Russia}} [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 7 |- |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]] |6 |2 |1 |3 |8 |9 |- |{{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|United States}} [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] |colspan=8|''to be determined'' |colspan=6|''to be determined'' |- !Total||–||'''0/22'''||–||–||–||–||–||– !103 !47 !23 !33 !153 !97 |} ===Mbiri ya Africa Cup of Nations=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !colspan=9|[[Africa Cup of Nations]] record |- !Year !Round !Position !{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}} !{{Tooltip|W|Won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}* !{{Tooltip|L|Lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} |- |{{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[1957 Africa Cup of Nations|1957]] to {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[1963 Africa Cup of Nations|1963]]||colspan=8|''Not affiliated to CAF'' |- |{{flagicon|Tunisia|1964}} [[1965 Africa Cup of Nations|1965]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''did not enter'' |- |{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[1968 Africa Cup of Nations|1968]] |- |{{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[1970 Africa Cup of Nations|1970]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''did not qualify'' |- |{{flagicon|Cameroon|1961}} [[1972 Africa Cup of Nations|1972]] |- |- bgcolor="silver" |{{flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[1974 Africa Cup of Nations|1974]] | '''[[1974 African Cup of Nations Final|Runners-up]]''' | '''2nd''' | '''5''' | '''3''' | '''0''' | '''2''' | '''9''' | '''7''' |- |{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1975}} [[1976 Africa Cup of Nations|1976]] |colspan=8|''did not qualify'' |- |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[1978 Africa Cup of Nations|1978]] | Group stage | 5th | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 |- |{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[1980 Africa Cup of Nations|1980]] |colspan=8|''did not qualify'' |- bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[1982 Africa Cup of Nations|1982]] | '''Third place''' | '''3rd''' | '''5''' | '''3''' | '''0''' | '''2''' | '''7''' | '''3''' |- |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[1984 Africa Cup of Nations|1984]] |colspan=8|''did not qualify'' |- |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[1986 Africa Cup of Nations|1986]] | Group stage | 7th | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 |- |{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[1988 Africa Cup of Nations|1988]] |colspan=8|''Withdrew'' |- bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[1990 Africa Cup of Nations|1990]] | '''Third place''' | '''3rd''' | '''5''' | '''3''' | '''1''' | '''1''' | '''3''' | '''2''' |- |{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[1992 Africa Cup of Nations|1992]] | Quarter-finals | 7th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |- bgcolor="silver" |{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[1994 Africa Cup of Nations|1994]] | '''[[1994 Africa Cup of Nations Final|Runners-up]]''' | '''2nd''' | '''5''' | '''3''' | '''1''' | '''1''' | '''7''' | '''2''' |- bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[1996 Africa Cup of Nations|1996]] | '''Third place''' | '''3rd''' | '''6''' | '''4''' | '''1''' | '''1''' | '''15''' | '''6''' |- |{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[1998 Africa Cup of Nations|1998]] |rowspan=3|Group stage | 10th | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |- |{{flagicon|Ghana}} {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[2000 Africa Cup of Nations|2000]] | 13th | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 |- |{{flagicon|Mali}} [[2002 Africa Cup of Nations|2002]] | 14th | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |- |{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[2004 Africa Cup of Nations|2004]] |colspan=8|''did not qualify'' |- |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[2006 Africa Cup of Nations|2006]] |rowspan=2|Group stage | 11th | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 |- |{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations|2008]] | 9th | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 |- |{{flagicon|Angola}} [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations|2010]] | Quarter-finals | 6th | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 |- bgcolor="gold" |{{flagicon|Gabon}} {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations|2012]] | '''[[2012 Africa Cup of Nations Final|Champions]]''' | '''1st''' | '''6''' | '''5''' | '''1''' | '''0''' | '''9''' | '''3''' |- |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]] |rowspan=2|Group stage | 12th | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 |- |{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[2015 Africa Cup of Nations|2015]] | 13th | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |- |{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[2017 Africa Cup of Nations|2017]]||colspan=8 rowspan=3|''did not qualify'' |- |{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations|2019]] |- |{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations|2021]] |- |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[2023 Africa Cup of Nations|2023]] |rowspan=2 colspan=8| ''To be determined'' |- |{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[2025 Africa Cup of Nations|2025]] |- !'''Total''' !'''1 Title''' !'''17/33''' !'''66''' !'''27''' !'''18''' !'''22''' !'''81''' !'''67''' |} === COSAFA Cup=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !colspan=9|[[COSAFA Cup]] Record |- !Year !Rank !M !W !D !L !GF !GA |- |[[1997 COSAFA Cup|1997]] |1st||5||3||2||0||11||4 |- |[[1998 COSAFA Cup|1998]] |1st||5||3||2||0||5||2 |- |[[1999 COSAFA Cup|1999]] |Semis-Final||2||0||1||1||1||2 |- |[[2000 COSAFA Cup|2000]] |Quarter-Finals||2||1||1||0||3||0 |- |[[2001 COSAFA Cup|2001]] |Semis-Final||3||1||2||0||3||2 |- |[[2002 COSAFA Cup|2002]] |Semis-Final||2||1||0||1||3||1 |- |[[2003 COSAFA Cup|2003]] |Semis-Final||2||1||1||0||5||3 |- |[[2004 COSAFA Cup|2004]] |2nd||3||2||1||0||3||1 |- |[[2005 COSAFA Cup|2005]] |2nd||4||2||1||1||7||3 |- |[[2006 COSAFA Cup|2006]] |1st||4||4||0||0||8||1 |- |[[2007 COSAFA Cup|2007]] |2nd||2||1||1||0||3||0 |- |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2008 COSAFA Cup|2008]] |3rd||3||1||1||1||2||1 |- |{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[2009 COSAFA Cup|2009]] |2nd||3||2||0||1||4||3 |- |{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[2013 COSAFA Cup|2013]] |1st||3||2||1||0||5||1 |- |{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2015 COSAFA Cup|2015]] |Plate final||3||1||1||1||3||1 |- !Total !21/21 !-!!-!!-!!-!!-!!- |} ==Kulemekezgeka== :*[[File:Coppa Africa.svg|20px]] '''[[Africa Cup of Nations]]''' :'''Champions''': [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] '''[[2012 African Cup of Nations|2012]]''' :: Runners-up: [[File:Silver medal africa.svg|15px]] [[1974 African Cup of Nations|1974]], [[File:Silver medal africa.svg|15px]] [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]] :'''[[COSAFA Cup]]''' :: '''Champions''': '''[[1997 COSAFA Cup|1997]]''', '''[[1998 COSAFA Cup|1998]]''', '''[[2006 COSAFA Cup|2006]]''', '''[[2013 COSAFA Cup|2013]]''', '''[[2019 COSAFA Cup|2019]]''', '''[[2022 COSAFA Cup|2022]]''' :: Runners-up: [[2004 COSAFA Cup|2004]], [[2005 COSAFA Cup|2005]], [[2007 COSAFA Cup|2007]], [[2009 COSAFA Cup|2009]], [[2017 COSAFA Cup|2017]], [[2018 COSAFA Cup|2018]] :'''[[CECAFA Cup]]''' :: '''Champions''': '''[[1984 CECAFA Cup|1984]]''', '''[[1991 CECAFA Cup|1991]]''' :: Runners-up: [[1976 CECAFA Cup|1976]], [[1977 CECAFA Cup|1977]], [[1978 CECAFA Cup|1978]], [[1988 CECAFA Cup|1988]], [[2006 CECAFA Cup|2006]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bola]] nbjwx4zt47oby8c1gy9vhxwfsdc66rh 0 23042 122741 122373 2026-09-28T03:54:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country at the crossroads of Southern, Central, and East Africa}} {{About|the African nation|the 18th-century BC king of Isin|Zambiya|the part of Kaliningrad Oblast|Sambia Peninsula}}{{further|Name of Rhodesia}}<!--{{pp-move|small=yes}}--> {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Coord|15|S|30|E|type:country_region:ZM|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Charu cha Zambia|common_name=Zambia|image_flag=Flag of Zambia.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|image_map=Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|image_map2=|national_motto=<br />"One Zambia, One Nation" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation-->|national_anthem="[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;">{{center|[[File:Zambian national anthem.oga]]}}</div>|official_languages=English, Nyanja and Icibemba (Bemba)|regional_languages={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 28.5% [[Bemba language|Bemba]] | 13.8% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]] | 11.4% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] | 10.6% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | 5.5% [[Lozi language|Lozi]] | 4.5% [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | 3.0% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] | 1.9% [[Lunda language|Lunda]] | 1.9% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] | 1.8% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]] | 1.8% [[Lamba language|Lamba]] | 1.7% English | 1.5% [[Luvale language|Luvale]] | 1.3% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]] | 1.2% [[Lenje language|Lenje]] | 1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]] | 1.0% [[Lala-Bisa language|Bisa]] | 0.9% Ushi | 0.7% [[Ila language|Ila]] | 0.7% [[Mbunda language|Mbunda]] | 0.7% [[Ngoni language|Ngoni]] | 0.7% [[Tumbuka-Senga language|Senga]] | 0.6% [[Lungu language|Lungu]] | 0.5% Toka-Leya | 4.7% Others }}|demonym=Zambian|ethnic_groups={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 19.0% [[Bemba people|Bemba]] | 13.6% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] | 7.5% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 6.0% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 5.7% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 5.3% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]] | 3.0% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 3.1% Lala | 3.9% Kaonde | 2.8% Namwanga | 2.6% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Northern)]] | 2.5% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]] | 2.2% Luvale | 2.4% [[Lamba people|Lamba]] | 1.9% Ushi | 1.6% Bisa | 1.6% Lenje | 1.2% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] | 0.9% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Luapula)]] | 0.9% [[Senga people|Senga]] | 0.8% [[Ila people|Ila]] | 0.8% [[Lungu people|Lungu]] | 0.7% [[Tabwa]] | 0.7% Soli | 0.7% [[Kunda people|Kunda]] | 0.6% Ngumbo | 0.5% Chishinga | 0.5% [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] | 0.5% [[Nkoya people|Nkoya]] | 5.4% Other ethnics | 0.8% Major racial | 0.4% Unclassified }}|ethnic_groups_year=2010<ref name="ZMBCSO2016">[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114001635/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |date=14 November 2017 }} Central Statistical Office, Zambia</ref>|religion=[[Christianity]] ([[State religion|official]])|capital=[[Lusaka]]|coordinates={{Coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|type:city_region:ZM}}|largest_city=capital|government_type=[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]|leader_title1=[[President of Zambia|President]]|leader_name1=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]|leader_title2=[[Vice-President of Zambia|Vice President]]|leader_name2=[[Mutale Nalumango]]|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker]]|leader_name3=[[Nelly Mutti]]|leader_title4=[[Chief Justice of Zambia|Chief Justice]]|leader_name4=[[Mumba Malila]]|legislature=[[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]]|area_km2=752,617|area_sq_mi=290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|area_rank=38th <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->|area_footnote=<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2007}}</ref>|percent_water=1|population_estimate=19,610,769<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Zambia : Preliminary data shows Population grew from 13.1 million in 2010 to 19.6 million in 2022 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/12/24/preliminary-data-shows-population-grew-from-13-1-million-in-2010-to-19-6-million-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>|population_estimate_year=2022|population_estimate_rank=63rd|population_density_km2=26.1|population_density_sq_mi=67.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|GDP_PPP_year=2022|GDP_PPP={{increase}}$76.325&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/ZMB|title=Zambia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>|GDP_PPP_rank=102nd|GDP_PPP_per_capita={{increase}}$3,803<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=158th|GDP_nominal={{increase}}$27.02&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_year=2022|GDP_nominal_rank=112nd|GDP_nominal_per_capita={{increase}}$1,348<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=160th|Gini_year=2015|Gini_change=<!--increase/decrease/steady-->|Gini=57.1 <!--number only-->|Gini_ref=<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>|Gini_rank=|HDI_year=2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->|HDI_change=decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|HDI=0.565 <!--number only-->|HDI_ref=<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>|HDI_rank=154th|sovereignty_type=[[History of Zambia|Independence]]|sovereignty_note=from the [[United Kingdom]]|established_event1=[[North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date1=27 June 1890|established_event2=[[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date2=28 November 1899|established_event3=[[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]|established_date3=29 January 1900|established_event4=[[Northern Rhodesia|Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia]]|established_date4=17 August 1911|established_event5=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]|established_date5=1 August 1953|established_event6=[[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Republic of Zambia]]|established_date6=24 October 1964|established_event7=[[Constitution of Zambia|Current constitution]]|established_date7=5 January 2016|currency=[[Zambian kwacha]]|currency_code=ZMW|time_zone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|date_format=dd/mm/yyyy|drives_on=left|calling_code=[[+260]]|cctld=[[.zm]]|today=|date_start=|religion_ref=|religion_year=}}'''Zambia''' ''(Zambiya)'', mwadango '''''Republic ya Zambia''''', ntcharu icho chilije [[nyanja]] icho chili pamphambano ya Central, Southern na [[East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Ian|date=1970|title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180923|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=11|issue=4|pages=591–603|doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471|jstor=180923|s2cid=154296266|issn=0021-8537}}</ref> nangauli kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]] ndipo chili pakatikati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Population, Capital, Language, Flag, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>Charu ichi chili na vyaru nga ni [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] kumpoto, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Mozambique]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Botswana]] kumwera, [[Namibia]] kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Angola]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa Zambia ni [[Lusaka]]. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 20.1 miliyoni (2023) ndipo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Lusaka kumwera na [[Copperbelt Province]] kumpoto. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Khoisan]] ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakati ŵafika mu caru ici mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mafuko 73. Mu 1911, vyaru ivi vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia. Mu nyengo yose iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, boma la Zambia likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika kufuma ku [[London]]. Pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Zambia yikajiyimira pawekha ndipo nduna yikuru Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Gulu la Kaunda la United National Independence Party (UNIP) likalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1991. Kaunda wakawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, ndipo wakakolerananga comene na boma la United States pakusanga nthowa zakumazgira nkhondo izo zikaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, na Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Kufuma mu 1972 kufika mu 1991 Zambia yikaŵa chalo cha chipani chimoza na UNIP nga chipani chimoza pera cha ndyali pasi pa fundo yakuti "Zambia Yimoza, Charu Chimoza" icho chapangika na Kaunda. Mu 1991, [[Frederick Chiluba]] wa Social-Democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ndiyo wakamusankhira Kaunda. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Zambia chili na vipani vinandi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kusintha mazaza mwa mtende. Mu Zambia muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kusanga vyakurya, vyakumera, makuni, maji ghawemi, na malo ghakukolerana.<ref>Karlyn Eckman (FAO, 2007).GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN FORESTRY IN AFRICA ZAMBIA.</ref> In 2010, the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries.<ref>Ngoma, Jumbe (18 December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161009/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/18/world-bank-president-praises-reforms-zambia-underscores-need-continued-improvements-policy-governance "World Bank President Praises Reforms In Zambia, Underscores Need For Continued Improvements In Policy And Governance"]. World Bank.</ref> Wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ([[COMESA]]) uli ku Lusaka. {{TOC limit|3}} == Kazilo ka zina == Chigaŵa cha Zambia chikachemekanga [[Northern Rhodesia]] kufuma mu 1911 m'paka 1964. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu ichi chikati chafwatuka ku boma la Britain, chikachemeka Zambia. Zina lakuti Zambia lili kufuma ku zina la [[Mlonga wa Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1589|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=7 December 2017|isbn=9780192556462}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya Zambia}}<!--many paragraphs have no citations--> === Mbili ya nyengo ya chiyamwaka === Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu [[Dambo la Zambezi]] na ku [[Kalambo Falls]] vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vyakale ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa msasa kufupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000. Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku [[Broken Hill]] (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti [[Kabwe Man]]) ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 [[B.C.E.]], vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey|date=2019|title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|journal=Rocks & Minerals|volume=94:2|pages=114–149|doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Munthu wa ku Broken Hill wakasangika ku Zambia mu chigaŵa cha Kabwe. === Khoisan na Batwa === [[File:NsaluCave.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NsaluCave.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, ku Kasanka National Park kumpoto kwa Zambia]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Khoisan]] na [[Batwa]] m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Timothy|title=Cultures of the World: Zambia|publisher=Times Books International|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5|location=Tarrytown, New York|pages=19–20}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku [[East Africa]] ndipo ŵakapharazgika kumwera vyaka 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa kwa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue Flats na Lukanga Twa awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Lukanga Swamp]]. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na malukwa agho ghakaŵako kale chomene ku Zambia, nga ni ivyo ŵakulemba pa malukwa gha [[Mwela]], Mumbwa, na Nachikufu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto ku Central na Southern Africa. === The Bantu (Abantu) === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Bantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Zambia cili pa mphambano ya caru ca [[Central Africa]], [[Southern Africa]], na [[Africa Great Lakes]], ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza, ntheura mbiri ya Zambia, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yingalongosoreka makora yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku ghakulembeka, ndipo ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa yayi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> ==== Bantu origins ==== [[File:Batonga_women.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batonga_women.png|thumb|Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusazgikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakacita. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakumera mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: Yimoza yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu [[Nyanja zikuru za mu Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=9780190277734}}</ref> ==== First Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ndipo pakati pawo pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakuchemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanandi") na ŵa Ba-Ila na Namwanga, awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga ŵakulemba vikulongora kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakurya. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vikuruvikuru vya ng'ombe.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika ku Great Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Kalanga/Shona ŵa ufumu uwu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pa Ingombe Ilede.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha. Yumoza wa ŵamishonale aŵa wakati: "Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, na vya mu nyumba, ŵakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka ŵasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita". Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakachitanga malonda pa malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Pa malo agha, ŵakakumana na ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa Kalanga na Shona ŵakufuma ku Great Zimbabwe kweniso ŵa Swahili ŵakufuma ku East Africa. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵa gha ku Swahili nga ni Sofala. Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa vyakuvwara, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake ivi vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku India, China, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pikirayi|first=Innocent|date=August 2017|title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17000953/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|volume=91|issue=358|pages=1085–1086|doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95|s2cid=158120419|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.. ==== Second Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba, kweni palije ukaboni. ===== Luba-Lunda states ===== [[File:Mwata.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mwata.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa icho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga chikaŵa na ŵalimi ŵakwambilira na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwambira m'ma 300. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu na vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuwa, visulo, na mchere kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene. Mu Ufumu wa Luba mukaŵa mabuku ghanandi. Nkhani yinyake yakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano iyo yilipo pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba.{{blockquote|Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yakufipa, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mwanalume wakuloŵera ndiposo wankhaza, ndipo Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe ni karonga muwemi ndiposo wakuzika. Nkongolo the Red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni gha ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luba {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>}} [[File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|left|thumb|A drawing of [[:en:Lunda_people|Lunda]] houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.]] Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Mwakuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba, wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda mu 1600 apo wakatora Lueji. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Apo muwusi Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakakolerananga chomene na ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga. Kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, iwo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ku vyaru vyose viŵiri. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Democratic Republic of the Congo kuluta ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> ===== The Maravi Confederacy ===== Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga kuti Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa (Achewa), awo ŵakamba kusangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nga mba Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> [[File:Kalonga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalonga.jpg|left|thumb|The kalonga (ruler) of the [[:en:Chewa_people|AChewa]] today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.]] Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) wa fuko la Phiri, limoza mwa mafuko ghakurughakuru. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi likaŵa nga ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakendanga na mino gha zovu ndipo ŵakaghaguliskanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵajikorenge malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na masks. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano za umo ŵakakhalira mu ufumu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> ===== Mutapa Empire and Mfecane ===== [[File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Three young [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Zambia]] from [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu]] in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.]] Apo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa pafupi kumara, yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵa charu ichi, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumamo mu ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakuchemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Apo Mutapa wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakatumanga golide na njovu ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵazakapokere silika na vinthu vinyake vya ku Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu mu ufumu wawo mwa kupanga misika na kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Ici cikakwiyiska comene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu uwu na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu ya njovu. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu ma 1600, Mutapa wakamba kunangika cifukwa ca mphindano na nkhondo za mukati. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakarwa nawo. Kweniso Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru ghakuchemeka Prazos. Ŵakaŵasambizganga umo ŵangacitira nkhondo na kuŵapa vilwero. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵa njovu ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chikunda. Ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, Ŵachikunda ŵakaluta ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Litunga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litunga.jpg|left|thumb|Inside the palace of the [[:en:Litunga|Litunga]], ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka]] Ceremony.]] Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na mtundu wa nkhondo wa WaZimba wa Ŵamaravi, awo ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵapwitikizi, ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakalutilira kuthandazgika mwa kupoka ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona ku nkhondo, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania. Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakufuma mu fuko la Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi awo ŵakafuma mu vigaŵa vya Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Kololo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakagalukira na kuwiskira pasi Ŵakololo. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0900966386}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono. === Colonial Period === ==== Europeans ==== [[File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|thumb|An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]]]] Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha wakaŵa Francisco de Lacerda wa ku Portugal. Lacerda wakalongozga ulendo kufuma ku Mozambique kuya ku Kazembe ku Zambia (uyo wakakhumbanga kuwona na kwambuka kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku nyanja yimoza m'paka ku yinyake kakwamba), ndipo wakafwa pa ulendo uwu mu 1798. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, mubwezi wake Francisco Pinto ndiyo wakalongozganga ulendo uwu. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Mozambique na Angola. Mu ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Europe nawo ŵakiza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa David Livingstone, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga. Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Europe kuwona maji ghakunyang'amira gha mu Mlonga wa Zambezi mu 1855. Wakalongosora kuti: "Ŵangelo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakawonanga vinthu viwemi comene apo ŵakachimbiranga". Ku malo agha, maji agha ghakucemeka "Mosi-o-Tunya" panji "musi wakugolera" mu ciyowoyero ca Lozi panji Kololo. Tawuni ya Livingstone, kufupi na maji gha Falls, yili na zina lake. Nkhani za maulendo ghake izo zikaŵa zakumanyikwa comene zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, ŵamishonale na ŵamalonda ŵize ku malo agha. British South Africa Company Mu 1888, British South Africa Company (BSA Company), yakulongozgeka na Cecil Rhodes, yikapokera wanangwa wa migodi kufuma ku Litunga wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lozi, Mulara Mulara wa ku Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu chigaŵa icho pamasinda chikazgoka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mu Disembala 1897 gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Angoni panji Ngoni (awo ŵakafuma ku Zululand) ŵakagalukira Tsinco, mwana wa Themba Mpezeni, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Cigaŵa ici cikacemekanga Rhodesia wa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book|last=Burnham|first=Frederick Russell|author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham|editor-first=Walter H.|editor-last=Wills|title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.|year=1899|pages=177–180|chapter=Northern Rhodesia|title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> North-Eastern Rhodesia na Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ghakaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1911, apo vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia, boma la Britain. Mu 1923, kampani ya BSA yikapeleka mazaza gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ku boma la Britain pamasinda pakuti boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo chikalata cha kampani iyi. ==== British colonisation ==== Mu 1923, charu cha Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Mu 1924, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likasamira ku British Colonial Office. ===== Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ===== Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi) viŵe chigaŵa chimoza. Ivi vikacitika nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakususka mu 1960-61. Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro. Pakwamba, chipani cha African National Congress (ANC) cha Harry Nkumbula ndicho chikalongozganga kampeni iyi, ndipo pamasinda chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) cha Kenneth Kaunda ndicho chikamba. === Independence === [[File:Zambia123f.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Kenneth_David_Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]], first Republican president, on a state visit to [[:en:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania|Romania]] in 1970]] Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. {{cn|date=February 2023}} Boma ili likamara pa 31 Disembala 1963, ndipo mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakathereska pa chisankho cha pera cha Prime Minister wa Northern Rhodesia. Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na kazembe wa vigaŵa, Evelyn Hone. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ku mpoto kwa charu kukawuka chigaluka chakuchemeka Lumpa Uprising icho chikaŵa na Alice Lenshina. Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala 1964, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. John Willson ndiyo wakawovwirapo. Mu 1964, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakujumpha 70,000, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na nchito yikuru comene.<ref name="Zambia">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia]. [[BBC]] 'On This Day'.</ref> === Post-independence === Kaunda wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Patriotic Front kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Rhodesia, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha ndyali. Malo ghakuzenga magesi gha Kariba agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi nangauli charu cha Rhodesia ndicho chikaŵa na magesi agha. Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia mu 1965 yikakhwaska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa paubwezi na ŵandyali. Pa 3 Seputembala 1978, ndege ya ŵanthu wose, ndege ya Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yikadumulika kufupi na Kariba na Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Ŵanthu 18, kusazgapo ŵana, ŵakapona pa ngozi iyi kweni ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yikazgora na Operation Gatling, kuwukira maboma gha Nkomo mu Zambia, chomene ku likuru lake la ŵasilikari kufupi na Lusaka. Pa zuŵa lenelili, maofesi ghanyake ghaŵiri mu Zambia ghakaŵawukira na vilwero vya nkhondo vya mu mlengalenga na vya ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Njanji yakuya ku Dar es Salaam ku Tanzania, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 1975 na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. M'paka apo njanji iyi yikamalira, nthowa yikuru ya ku Zambia yakwendeskera katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku vyaru vinyake yikaŵa mu nthowa ya TanZam Road, iyo yikendanga kufuma ku Zambia kuya ku misumba ya ku Tanzania. Kweniso ŵakanozga nthowa yakufumiskira mafuta ya Tazama kufuma ku Dar es Salaam kuluta ku Ndola ku Zambia. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1970, Mozambique na Angola vikafwatuka ku Portugal. Boma la ku Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, likapeleka chikalata cha kujithemba mu 1965, ndipo likakolerana na ivyo chikalembeka mu 1979 mu phangano la Lancaster House. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal kweniso nkhondo ya wanangwa ya ku Namibia, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafume mu vyaru ivi. Msewu wa njanji wa Benguela, uwo ukajumphanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kujumpha mu Angola, ukajalika ku Zambia kuumaliro wa ma 1970. Boma la Zambia likapeleka wovwiri ku gulu lakulimbana na apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Evans, M.|title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf|page=1|journal=Zambezia|year=1984|volume=12}}</ref> ==== Economic troubles ==== Pakati pa ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa, uwo ni usambazi ukuru wa ku Zambia, ukakhira comene pa caru cose. Mu Zambia, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mkuwa mu malo ghatali zikaŵa zinandi. Zambia wakaluta ku vyaru vinyake na ku vyaru vinyake kukapempha wovwiri, kweni cifukwa cakuti mtengo wa mkuŵa ukakhala waka pacoko, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti wapeleke ngongoli yake. Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, nangauli ngongoli yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni ngongoli ya Zambia yikaŵa yitali comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> ==== Democratisation ==== Mu Juni 1990, vivulupi vya ku Kaunda vikakura comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na boma mu Juni 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=David M. C.|date=2000|title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637411|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=429–446|doi=10.1080/030570700750019655|jstor=2637411|s2cid=143480603|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Mu 1990 Kaunda wakapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ndipo mu 1991 wakazomera kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, wati wakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza pasi pa Chona Commission ya 1972. Pa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakafumiskika pa udindo wake (wonani pasi apa). Pa Disembala 30, 1991, pa ciphikiro cinyake, Frederick Chiluba, pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, wakapharazga kuti Zambia ni caru ca Cikristu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma chikakhazikika, ndipo mu 2006 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ndalama chikakwera chomene. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chikure ni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuguliska mu migodi kweniso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa pa charu chose. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵambe kukondwa na wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka. Pa 20 Janyuwale 2015, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu wakathereska mavoti 807,625. == Vya ndale == {{Main|Politics of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|thumb|Zambia National Assembly building in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Ndyali mu Zambia zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya presidental representative democratic republic, apo President wa Zambia ni mutu wa boma na mutu wa boma mu ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu cha Zambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 22 January 2015, ŵakachita chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pa 24 January 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe purezidenti wa 6. Wakawina mavoti 48.33% ndipo wakuluska Hakainde Hichilema uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo pa 46.67%.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race]. ''Associated Press'' via ''Yahoo News''. 24 January 2015</ref> Ŵanyake 9 wose ŵakapokera pacoko waka pa 1 peresenti. Mu Ogasiti 2016 pa mavoti gha chalo cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya. Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia pa chiphikiro icho chikaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa vyaru kusazgapo mulongozgi wa Commonwealth icho chikachitikira ku Heroes Stadium mu msumba wa Lusaka.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=HH SWORN-IN AS ZAMBIAN PRESIDENT ~ |url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/hh-sworn-in-as-zambian-president/ |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Further|Foreign relations of Zambia}} [[File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|thumb|President [[:en:Edgar_Lungu|Edgar Lungu]] with Russian President [[:en:Vladimir_Putin|Vladimir Putin]], 26 July 2018]] Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, vyalo vya ku Zambia vikaŵa vyakukhora chomene pakuwovwira maboma gha ku Southern Africa, nga African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. === Military === {{main|Zambian Defence Force}} Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army (ZA), Zambia Air Force (ZAF), na Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yili kupangika kuti yikhozge nkhondo. Mu chaka cha 2019, Zambia yikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Further|Provinces of Zambia}}{{Regions of Zambia Labelled Map}}Boma la Zambia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 10 mu vigaŵa 116, na vigaŵa 156 na vigaŵa 1,281. ; Provinces # [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]] # [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt]] # [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]] # [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula]] # [[:en:Lusaka_Province|Lusaka]] # [[:en:Muchinga_Province,_Zambia|Muchinga]] # [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|North-Western Province]] # [[:en:Northern_Province,_Zambia|Northern Province]] # [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] # [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|Western Province]] === Human rights === {{See also|Human rights in Zambia|LGBT rights in Zambia}} Boma likujipulika makora para ŵanthu ŵakususka panji kuŵasuska, ndipo likuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro pakususka awo ŵakuŵasuska. Malango ghakususkana na ŵanthu ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulemba nkhani.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 "Zambia"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013.</ref> Ku Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakugonana yayi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2 pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biggest Ever Studies on Attitudes to Religion and Morality in Africa Released |url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070152/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |publisher=Newstime Africa}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2019, vikayowoyeka kuti kazembe wa United States ku Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "wakakhuŵara chomene" chifukwa cha kukakika kwa Japhet Chataba na Steven Samba. Foote wakapempha boma la Zambia kuti liwoneso mulandu uwu kweniso malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Foote wakasuzgika chomene ndipo wakaleka kuwonekera pa wumba chifukwa cha kuthaskika pa social media.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Malo gha Zambia|Geology of Zambia}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|thumb|Zambia map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Zambia chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mphepo yakotcha. Ili na malo ghakukwana 290,587 sq mi ndipo ni caru ca nambara 38 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose, ndipo ni cicoko comene kuluska Turkey. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 8° na 18°S, na longitude 22° na 34°E. Mu Zambia muli milonga yikuruyikuru yiŵiri: Yachiŵiri ni ya Zambezi na Kafue iyo yili pakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera. Chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Rukwa, ku Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Zambezi, muli milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, na Zambezi, iyo yikwenda mu charu ichi kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikumalira ku Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe. Mlonga uwu ukufuma ku Zambia, kweni ukuzgokera ku Angola. Mlonga wa Cuando ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, ndipo para wajumpha mu mlonga wa Chobe, maji ghanandi ghakunjira yayi mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mlonga uŵiri ukuru comene wa Zambezi, Kafue na Luangwa, ukwenda mu Zambia. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukukumana na msumba wa Chirundu na Luangwa. Pambere mlonga wa Luangwa undanjire mu maji, ukuŵa mphaka ya Zambia na Mozambique. Kufuma mu tawuni ya Luangwa, Mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma mu Zambia na kunjira mu Mozambike, ndipo paumaliro ukujumpha mu Mozambique Channel. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukuwa mtunda wa mamita 100 pachanya pa Victoria Falls, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1.6. Dambo la Zambezi, ilo likwenda mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumwera, ndakuzika kweniso ndakupambanapambana. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Kariba, yikupangika na ma graben ndipo nga ni madambo gha Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru-wa-Ntipa na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ni dambo la chipalamba. Kumpoto kwa Zambia kuli mapiri ghanandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Barotse Floodplain, icho chili pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ndipo chikuzura kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Juni. Cigumula ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili na maji ghanandi mu caru ici ŵaleke kukondwa na umoyo wawo. Victoria Falls Mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa Zambezi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika chikukwelera kumpoto, ndipo chikuwuka mwambura kuwoneka kufuma pa mamita 900 kumwera m'paka mamita 1,200 pakati, kufika mamita 1,800 kumpoto kufupi na Mbala. Malo agha ghali kumpoto kwa Zambia ndipo World Wildlife Fund yikuti ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ku Central Zambezian miombo woodlands. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Dambo la Luangwa likupatura chipalamba ichi kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri na mapiri vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya chipalamba ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chipalamba cha Nyika (2,200 m panji 7,218 ft) pa mphaka ya Malawi. Mapiri gha Muchinga, agho ghali pakati pa Zambezi na Congo, ghakukolerana na dambo la Luangwa ndipo ghakuŵa kumpoto kwake. Phiri la Mumpu lili kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo lili na mamita 1,892 (6,207 ft). Mphaka ya Congo Pedicle yikazingilizgika na phiri ili. Mlonga wa Congo uwo uli kumwera chomene ukufuma ku Zambia ndipo ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakumpoto. Mlonga wa Luapula ukwenda kumwera kufuma apo kumanjiliro gha dazi pambere undazgoke kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Mweru. Mlonga unyake ukuru uwo ukufuma kumafumiro gha dazi ni Kalungwishi. Mlonga wa Luvua ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo ukufuma kumpoto kwa nyanja iyi kuya ku Mlonga wa Lualaba (Upper Congo River). Nyanja ya Tanganyika nayo njimoza mwa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Congo. Mlonga wa Kalambo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo ili. Mlonga uwu uli na maji ghaŵiri ghatali comene mu Africa. === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Zambia}} Charu cha Zambia chili pa mapiri gha ku Central Africa, pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 1,600. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200. Nyengo ya ku Zambia njakuthukira, ndipo yikusintha para munthu wakwera. Mu charu cha Köppen, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyamuthondo panji vyamuthondo. Nyengo zikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, nyengo ya vula (kwambira Novembala m'paka Epulero) iyo yikukolerana na chihanya, na nyengo ya chilangalanga (May/June m'paka Okutobala/November), iyo yikukolerana na nyengo ya chiwuvi. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (May/June mpaka August), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (September mpaka October/November). Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali pachanya chomene, nyengo ya mu charu ichi njakukondweska chomene.<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1874041148}}.</ref>Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, mu myezi yinkhondi na yitatu panji kujumpha apa, mu mwezi umoza, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 20 °C. === Biodiversity === {{main|Wildlife of Zambia}} {{multiple image|caption_align=left|header_align=center|align=right|direction=horizontal|total_width=500|image1=Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti.jpg|alt1=Rhodesian giraffe|caption1=[[Rhodesian giraffe]] in [[South Luangwa National Park]]|width1=3264|height1=4352|image2=African fish eagle just caught fish.jpg|alt2=African fish eagle|caption2=[[African fish eagle]], the national bird of Zambia|width2=672|height2=673|image3=Barbet-zambian.jpg|alt3=Zambian barbet|caption3=[[Chaplin's barbet|Zambian barbet]], Zambia's only true [[endemic]] bird species|width3=500|height3=375|footer_align=center|footer=}} Mu Zambia muli vyakumera vinandi, nga ni nkhorongo, makuni, na vyakumera vinyake. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu ya vyamoyo pafupifupi 12,505. 63% ya vyamoyo, 33% ya vyakumera, 4% ya bakiteriya na vyamoyo vinyake.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Historical census population in Zambia}}{{Main|Demographics of Zambia}} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakaŵa 13,092,666. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana 73. Mu nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi kufuma mu 1911 m'paka mu 1963, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Europe na ku India. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakakhalako. [[File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Mwata_Kazembe|Mwata Kazembe]] opens the Mutomboko ceremony.]] Pa kalembera wakwamba uyo wakacitika pa Meyi 7, 1911, pakaŵa ŵanthu 1,497 ŵa ku Europe, 39 ŵa ku Asia, na 820,000 ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakuwaro ŵakalembeka yayi mu 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 na 1956, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Kuzakafika mu 1956, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu 65,277, ku Asia 5,450, ndipo ku Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 2,100,000. Zambia yikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakucemeka kuti "ŵakutowa" panji Goffal, gulu ilo likupangika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakufipa ŵa ku Africa na ŵazungu ŵa ku Britain (nyengo zinyake ŵa ku India). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵandalembekepo pa kalembera wa ŵanthu kufuma apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa mu 1964 ndipo ŵalije wanangwa wakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake (ŵazgani: Goffal). Mu 2010, pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka, ŵanthu 99.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 0.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake. {{Graph:Chart|width=350|height=150|xAxisTitle=Year|yAxisTitle=Population|type=line|showSymbols=|yAxisFormat=s|yGrid=|x=1963, 1969, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010|y=3490540, 4056995, 5661801, 7383097, 9885591, 13092666}} Zambia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> === Largest towns === {{Further|List of populated places in Zambia}} The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potts|first=Deborah|date=2005|title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urban-studies_2005-04_42_4/page/583|journal=Urban Studies|volume=42|issue=4|pages=583–609|doi=10.1080/00420980500060137|s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone.{{Largest cities of Zambia|class=info}} === Ethnic groups === {{bar box|title=Ethnic Groups in Zambia|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Ethnic Groups|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Bemba|darkgreen|19}} {{bar percent|Tonga|purple|13.6}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|darkblue|8.4}} {{bar percent|Chewa|red|6.4}} {{bar percent|Lozi|black|5.7}} {{bar percent|Nsenga|orange|4.3}} {{bar percent|Ngoni|white|4}} {{bar percent|Lala|maroon|3.1}} {{bar percent|Kaonde|darkgray|2.9}} {{bar percent|Namwanga|gray|2.8}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Northern)|tan|2.6}} {{bar percent|Mambwe|lime|2.5}} {{bar percent|Luvale|Violet|2.2}} {{bar percent|Lamba|darkgreen|2.1}} {{bar percent|Ushi|purple|1.9}} {{bar percent|Bisa|red|1.6}} {{bar percent|Lenje|black|1.6}} {{bar percent|Mbunda|orange|1.2}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Luapula)|darkblue|0.9}}{{bar percent|Senga|white|0.9}} {{bar percent|Ila|maroon|0.8}} {{bar percent|Lungu|darkgray|0.8}} {{bar percent|Tabwa|gray|0.7}} {{bar percent|Soli|tan|0.7}} {{bar percent|Kunda|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Ngumbo|Violet|0.6}} {{bar percent|Chishinga|darkgreen|0.5}} {{bar percent|Chokwe|purple|0.5}} {{bar percent|Nkoya|red|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other Zambian|black|5.4}} {{bar percent|Major Racial|orange|0.8}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|darkblue|0.4}}}}Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 73, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia pafupifupi 90 peresenti ŵali mu mitundu 9 yikuru: Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya na Lozi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake. Magulu ghanandi ngambura kumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose iyi ŵakusangika mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt. Padera pa chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Zambia.<ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref>Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakukolerana na mbumba zawo panji ŵamazaza. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.<ref>Posner, Daniel (2005). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Zambia]. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|left|thumb|Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia]] Ŵalendo, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain panji ŵa ku South Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵali kufuma ku Britain, ŵakukhala comene mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kumpoto kwa Zambia, uko ŵakugwira nchito mu migodi, mu vyamalonda na milimo yinyake. Mu 1964, mu Zambia mukaŵa ŵanthu 70,000 ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanandi ŵali kufumamo mu caru ici. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Asia, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku India na ku China. Gulu ili lili na mazaza chomene pa vyachuma ndipo likulongozga makampani. Ku Zambia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵa ku China. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵafumamo mu Zimbabwe cifukwa cakuti boma la Zambia likaŵacema kuti ŵambe kulima mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵafipa na ŵatuŵa mu malo gha ŵanthu wose nga ni masukulu, vipatala, na mu nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakusazgikira cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikukura comene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵakulembeka yayi pa kalembera kweni ŵakuwoneka kuti mbacoko mu Zambia. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku United States mu 2009, Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakakhumbanga malo ghakubisamamo pafupifupi 88,900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachimbilira mu charu ichi ŵakafuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo (ŵanthu 47,300 ŵakufuma ku DRC awo ŵakakhalanga mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100; wonani Ŵangoza mu Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) na Rwanda (4,900). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo. Kwambira mu Meyi 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Zambia chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000 ŵakuchimbilira ku misasa ya ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakukhala mu misasa iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchimbilira ku Zambia kuti ŵakagwire nchito ŵakwenera kupempha makalata ghakuŵazomerezga, agho ghangaŵa na mtengo wa madola 500 pa caka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> === Religion === {{Further|Religion in Zambia}} Zambia ni "mtundu wa Cikristu" mwakuyana na dango la boma la 1996, kweni wakuzomerezga wanangwa wa kusopa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska pacanya pa pacanya ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, kweni Cikristu ca ku Zambia cikupambana comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵali mu visopa vya Chiprotesitanti, nga ni Anglicanism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵiri ni ŵa Katolika. Cikristu cikafika mu Zambia kwizira mu mulimo wa umishonale mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ndipo visambizgo na magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakulongora umo mulimo wa umishonale ukasinthiranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Cikatolika cikafuma ku Mozambique, uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, apo Cikatolika cikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitiranga kumwera. Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku tchalitchi linyake kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ku North America na Germany. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagomezganga mu Baibolo ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita mulimo wa umishonale. Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wa Pentekoste, wakati waŵa pulezidenti mu 1991, mipingo ya Pentekoste yikakura comene mu caru cose.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book|author=Steel, Matthew|title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers|id=MSc Dissertation|publisher=University of Wales|year=2005}}</ref>{{Religious affiliation in Zambia}}Mu Zambia muli visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu ivyo ni vichoko. Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵa cisopa ca Seventh-day Adventist pa caru cose. Tchalitchi la Lutheran of Central Africa lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11,000 mu caru ici. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova awo ŵakhala mu Zambia kwambira mu 1911, ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 190,000. Ndipo pafupifupi 800,000 ŵakiza pa Cikumbusko ca nyifwa ya Khristu mu 2021. Ŵanthu 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Zambia ŵali mu tchalitchi la New Apostolic; ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba. Ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 160,000, panji 1.5 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu. Pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia, pafupifupi hafu Mbasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi Mbahindu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 ŵali mu cisopa ca Ahmadiyya, ico ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuciwona nga ni cisopa ca Cisilamu panji cisopa cautesi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbElAQAAIAAJ|title=Some basics of religious education in Zambia|access-date=30 March 2014|year=2007|isbn=9789982073370}}</ref> Paliso Ŵayuda ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Ashkenazi. === Viyowoyelo === TChiŵelengero cha viyowoyero vya ku Zambia nchakumanyikwa yayi, nangauli mabuku ghanandi ghakuyowoya kuti ku Zambia kuli viyowoyero na viyowoyero 73. Ntheura, viyowoyero vya ku Zambia ni 20 panji 30 pera.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book|last=Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2013|isbn=978-9982-03-073-1|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–173}}</ref> {{main|Languages of Zambia}}{{Major language groups in Zambia}}Chiyowoyero cha boma mu Zambia ni Chingelezi, ndipo chikuyowoyeka pa nkhani za bizinesi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyowoyero chikuru ku Lusaka ni Nyanja (Chewa), ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake ni Bemba. Mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ndipo cha Nyanja ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bemba na Nyanja mu matawuni. Viyowoyero ivi ni Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda, na Luvale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts|publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD|year=2015|isbn=978-99945-84-99-4|location=Windhoek, Namibia|pages=190–204}}</ref>{{Dominant regional languages in Zambia}}Ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni nyengo zinyake ŵakupambaniska chiyowoyero cha ku mizi na cha ku mizi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bemba na Nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito pa nkhani za boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya makora pa nyumba zawo. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka na misumba yinyake yikuruŵikulu ŵayowoyenge viyowoyero vya ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ciphwitikizi caŵikikamo mu masukulu cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html Zambia to introduce Portuguese into school curriculum]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html|date=8 December 2012}}</ref> French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the [[:en:University_of_Zambia|University of Zambia]] (UNZA). === Education === {{Main|Education in Zambia}} [[File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|thumb|Pupils at the St Monica's Girls Secondary School in [[:en:Chipata|Chipata]], [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]]]] Dango la Zambia likuti waliyose wakwenera kusambira mwakuyana.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia |publisher=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Dango la vya masambiro la mu 2011 likovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge mwakuyana. Unduna wa vya masambiro ukulaŵilira masambiro ghapacanya kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro. Cakulinga cikuru ca masambiro mu Zambia nchakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusambira ŵasambizgike vinthu vya thupi, vinjeru, umo ŵangakhalira na ŵanyawo, umo ŵangajipulikira, makhaliro ghawo, na vyauzimu. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yili na vigaŵa vitatu: masambiro ghakwambilira na ghakwambilira (magiredi 1 na 7), masambiro ghaciŵiri (magiredi 8 na 12) na masambiro ghapacanya. Pali mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵalara kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu zikukwera kufuma pa 16.1 peresenti mu 2006 kufika pa 20.2 peresenti mu 2015. === Health === {{Main|Health in Zambia|Healthcare in Zambia}} Ku Zambia kuli nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032850/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison/ |archive-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Indonesia caŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS..<ref>{{cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake vya umoyo navyo vyasintha chomene, nangauli pa caru cose vinthu vili makora yayi. Ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo mu 2014 ŵakafwanga 398 pa ŵanthu 100,000, kweni mu 2007 ŵakafwanga 591. == Chuma == {{Further|Economy of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|right|thumb|A proportional representation of Zambia exports, 2019]] Pasono, caru ca Zambia cikuguliska vinthu vya mu vyaru vinyake vyakukwana $7.5 na $8 biliyoni pa caka. Mu 2018, caru ici cikaguliska vinthu vinyake vyakukwana madola 9.1 biliyoni. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu cikakwera comene kufuma pa 60.5% mu 2010. Ŵakavu ku mizi ŵakaŵa 76.6% ndipo mu misumba ŵakaŵa 23.4%. Pa charu chose, ukavu ukafika pa ZMK 214 (US$12.85) pa mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> Kuŵavya nchito na ŵanthu ŵambura nchito mu matawuni ni masuzgo ghakuru. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya vya ku Zambia ŵalimi.{{Recent Annual Budget Expenditure in Zambia}}Pa vyaru 128, Zambia yikaŵa pa nambara 117 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka pa 2007 Global Competitiveness Index. Kweni mu 2019 Zambia yikakhira pa malo 19 mu Africa na 120 pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu 2020 Zambia yili pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha Ease of Doing Business mu Africa na 85 pa vyaru 190. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa ŵanthu vikulutilira kuchepa, comenecomene pa nkhani ya umoyo uwo munthu wakulindilira para wababika (pafupifupi vyaka 40.9) na kufwa kwa ŵanakazi (830 pa ŵanakazi 100,000). Mu ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa ukakhira chomene mu charu cha Zambia. Boma la Socialist likawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunangika cifukwa cakuti likayezgapo kanandi waka kuti likhazikiske mapulogiramu ghakukhozga vinthu gha International Monetary Fund (IMF). Ndondomeko ya kuleka kuguliska vinthu kwizira mu nthowa yikuru yakupelekera vyakurya na njanji yakuya ku nyanja, yikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na masuzgo ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Kaunda, (kwamba mu 1991) maboma ghakulondezgapo ghakamba kusintha vinthu vinyake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa vyambura ndalama mpaka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990. Mu 2007, Zambia yikaŵa na cuma cakukwera comene kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kukwera kwa ndalama kukakwera kufika pa 8.9%, kufuma pa 30% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> [[File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|left|thumb|Zambia Export Treemap (2014)]] Boma la Zambia lichali kulimbana na masuzgo gha vyachuma nga ni ukuru wa boma, kweniso kusintha nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu vya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa charu pali malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera vinthu vya ndalama, ndipo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na malayisensi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu. Ndalama zose izo Zambia yili nazo ku vyaru vinyake zikajumpha $6 biliyoni apo charu ichi chikapokera wovwiri wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative) mu 2000, kweni chikeneranga kufiska fundo zinyake. Pakwamba, Zambia yikagomezganga kuti yizamumalizga ndondomeko ya HIPC, ndipo yizamugowokereka ngongoli yikuru mu 2003. [[File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)]] Mu Janyuwale 2003, boma la Zambia likaphalira wupu wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank kuti likukhumba kwambiraso kudumbiskana vinthu vinyake ivyo likakolerana kuti vichitike. Nangauli ŵakakolerana pa nkhani izi, kweni cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵakacedwa kulekeska ngongoli za ŵa HIPC kufuma kuumaliro wa 2003 m'paka kukwambilira kwa 2005. Kuti ŵamalizge ndondomeko ya HIPC mu 2004, boma likanozga bajeti yakukhozga vinthu mu 2004, ndipo likakanizga malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na kusazgirako misonkho. Kukwezga misonkho na kukanizga ŵantchito kusanga malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Febuluwale 2004 pa charu chose paŵe chiwawa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines]. eurodad.org. 20 February 2008</ref> Boma la Zambia likuyezgayezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya ndalama kuti ndalama zichepe. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa Zambia ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2018, Pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan na Pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu ŵakasazgapo mapangano 12 mu msumba wa Lusaka pa nkhani zakupambanapambana kufuma pa malonda na ndalama mpaka pa vyaulendo na udumura..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> === Mining === {{further|Mining in Zambia}} Vyaka vinandi, chuma cha Zambia chikuthemba pa migodi ya mkuwa. Mu 1998, mulimo wa kupanga mkuŵa ukakhira kufika pa matani 228,000 pamanyuma pa vilimika 30 ivyo mulimo uwu ukakhira cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama, mitengo ya mkuŵa yikaŵa yakukhora, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kumanya usange mulimo uwu ucitikenge mwamahara. Mu 2002, pamanyuma pakuti makampani agha ghaŵikamo ndalama zawo, mkuwa uwo ŵakapanganga ukakwera kufika pa matani 337,000. Vinthu vikwenda makora pa msika wa mkuwa wa pa caru cose, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti ndalama zinjire comene. [[File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|left|thumb|The major Nkana open copper mine, [[:en:Kitwe|Kitwe]]]] Mu 2003, vyakununkhira vyakusangika mu vyaru vinyake vikasazgikira na 25%, ndipo vikaŵa na 38%. Boma la Zambia lili kupeleka malaisensi ku makampani gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi nga ni nickel, tin, copper, na uranium. Boma la Zambia likugomezga kuti nikele ndiyo yizamunjira mu malo mwa mkuwa. Mu 2009, ku Zambia kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110919225012/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5576766.ece Chinese keep low profile to cash in on the slump in Zambia]. The Times. 24 January 2009.</ref> === Agriculture === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Agriculture}} Ku Zambia kuli vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga ntchito kuluska migodi. Ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵapokelera mu Zambia ŵakati ŵachimbizgika na Robert Mugabe. Ŵakulima vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni hona, tirigu, na chizi. Maluso agho ŵakasanga, pamoza na kuweleramo mu vya cuma mu nyengo ya pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa, ghakawovwira kuti vinthu vyambe kwenda makora mu Zambia. Mu 2004, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 26 kuti Zambia yigeŵetere vyakurya vinandi kuluska ivyo yikaguliskanga. Mu Disembala 2019, boma la Zambia likadumura mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge kumwa munkhwala wa cannabis pa vilato vya munkhwala na vyakutumizga katundu pera.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop}}</ref> === Energy === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Energy}} {{see also|List of power stations in Zambia}} Mu 2009, Zambia yikapanga magesi ghakukwana 10.3 TWh ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya dazi na magesi gha maji. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa 2015, Zambia yikamba kusoŵa magesi chifukwa cha vula iyo yikalokwa yayi mu 2014/2015, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene pa chiziŵa cha Kariba. Mu Seputembala 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 150 miliyoni mu famu ya nkhongono ya dazi ya 50 megawatt (MW), pamoza na chigodobu cha ulimi wa milonga na kusazgirako nkhongono ya tirigu ya matani 80,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> == Mwambo == [[File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|thumb|''[[:en:Nshima|Nshima]]'' (top right corner) with three types of [[:en:Relish|relish]]]] Pambere charu cha Zambia chindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikaŵa kukura kwa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kukhala pamoza mu matawuni na misumba, ndipo waliyose wakasambizganga munyake. Kweniso ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya charu chose, chomenechomene umo ŵakavwariranga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo ŵanji ŵali kusintha nkharo zawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake mu Zambia ŵakuchemeka kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia' apo awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia" chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia wose ŵakuŵako.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau.|title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2019|isbn=978-9982-03-105-9|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–206}}</ref>Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kusangana na kusintha mitheto iyi kuti ŵafiske ivyo ŵakuvichema kuti "thuto la ku Zambia". [[File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|A [[:en:Yombe_people|Yombe]] sculpture, 19th century]] Ku Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita viphikiro na maluso agha pa viphikiro vyapadera, nga ni viphikiro vya kukumbukira ivyo ŵacita, viphikiro vya mazuŵa ghaumaliro, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, vya kuwombora na kutozgeka, vya kumalizga masambiro, vya kujipeleka, viphikiro vya kugomezgeka kwa Yesu, vya kutora na kutengwa, viphikiro vya nyifwa, vya kubabika, na vinyake.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakucita viphikiro na maluso agho ghakuvumbukwa na agho ghakuleka kuvumbukwa. Vinthu ivi ni kalendala, nyengo, masuzgo, kuwukwa, kuphalizgana, na viphikiro vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuleka kuvumbura ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mwakubisilizga, nga ni awo ŵakwimba Nyau na Nakisha, kweniso awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi pa nthengwa nga mbanakazi ŵa ku Alangizi. Mu Disembala 2016, boma la Zambia likazomerezga viphikiro vya kalendala 77, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chizamukwera.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Maungano agha ghakuchitika kamoza pa chaka, ndipo ghakuŵa ku Nc?? wala, Kulonga, Kuoboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, na Lyenya. Ivi ni viphikiro vya ku Zambia. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni: Kuomboka na Kathanga (Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mutomboko (Chigaŵa cha Luapula), Kulamba na Ncwala (Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi), Lwiindi na Shimunenga (Chigaŵa cha Kumwera), Lunda Lubanza (Chimwera cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Likumbi Lyamize (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mbunda Lukwakwa (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Chibwela Kumushi (Chigaŵa chapakati), Vinkhakanimba (Chigaŵa cha Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, vyakuŵikamo viŵiya (nga ni viŵiya vya ku Tonga), vyakuŵikamo vinthu, vyakuvwara, mphasa, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya makuni, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya mino gha zovu, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya waya, na vya mkuŵa. Sumu zinandi za ku Zambia zikufuma ku viŵiya (na vyakwimbira vinyake) na kwimba na kuvina. Mu matawuni, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwimba sumu za ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene za rumba za ku Congo, za ku Africa na America, na za reggae za ku Jamaica. === Media === {{Main|Media in Zambia|Telecommunications in Zambia}} Unduna wa vya makani na mawayilesi ku Zambia ndiwo uli na udindo wa Zambia News Agency, apo paliso maboma ghanandi mu chalo ichi agho ghakusazgapo: ma TV, manyuzipepara, mawayilesi gha FM, na mawebusayiti gha nkhani pa intaneti. === Sports and games === Masewera ndi masewera ndizo zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha ku Zambia zomwe zimabweretsa anthu palimodzi kuti aphunzire, kukulitsa luso, kusangalala ndi mphindi zosangalatsa. Maseŵera na maseŵero gha ku Zambia ghakukhala na maseŵero gha mpira, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana, netball, volleyball na maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, kubisa, walyako, na sojo. Agha ni maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi. Maseŵera ghose agha ghakukolerana na mitheto ya ku Zambia. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitako maseŵero agha, ghakukondweska ŵanthu kweniso ghakusambizga. Vinyake mwa maseŵero agha ni ghakale comene nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Ndipouli, Zambia yikamba kuchitako maseŵero ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics mu 1964.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> [[File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|thumb|[[:en:National_Heroes_Stadium|National Heroes Stadium]] in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Zambia yikapharazga wanangwa wake pa zuŵa la kujara maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1964, ndipo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kunjira mu maseŵero gha Olimpiki nga ni caru cimoza, na kufumamo nga ni cinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, Zambia yikawunganaso ka 13 pa maseŵera gha Olympic. Ŵakapokera mendulo ziŵiri. Ŵakapokera mendulo mu nkhonya na mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Mu 1984, Keith Mwila wakatora mendulo ya mkuŵa pa maseŵera gha muvi. Mu 1996, Samuel Matete wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa mtunda wa mamita 400. Zambia yindaciteko maseŵero agha. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola, ndipo timu ya ku Zambia yikuŵa na viwemi vinandi. Pa maseŵero gha ku Seoul mu 1988, timu ya charu ichi yikathereska timu ya ku Italy na mavoti 4 ̊0. Kalusha Bwalya, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Zambia, ndipo njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakalemba chiphalizgano ici. Ndipouli, mpaka lero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti timu yiwemi comene iyo Zambia yikaŵa nayo yikafwa pa Epulero 28, 1993, apo ndege yikawa ku Libreville, Gabon. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni mu 1996, charu cha Zambia chikaŵa pa nambara 15 pa nambara ya FIFA World Football Team. Mu chaka cha 2012, Zambia yikathereskeka kaŵiri pa mpikisano wa African Cup of Nations. Ŵakathereska Cote d'Ivoire na 8-7 pa penalty shoot-out paumaliro, uwo ukacitikira ku Libreville, mtunda wa makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ndege yikawira vyaka 19 kumasinda. Mu chaka cha 2017, Zambia yikapokelera na kuthereska chiphalizgano cha mpira cha Pan-African U-20 African Cup of Nation ku wosewera ŵa vyaka 20 na pasi. Gulu la mpira la azimayi la Zambia, pakadali pano, lachita bwino kwambiri ngati gulu loyamba lochokera kudziko lomwe lilibe nyanja ku Africa kulowa nawo FIFA Women's World Cup, pomaliza gawo lachitatu mu 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Kweniso ni nkhonya yakwamba ya pa caru cose ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero nga ni rugby, nkhonya, na cricket. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, timu ya rugby ya ku Australia na South Africa yikaŵa na ŵasepuka awo ŵakababikira mu chipatala chimoza cha ku Lusaka. Mpaka mu 2014, Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya yikaŵa na Guinness World Record ya malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose gha rugby union. Mbiri iyi sono yili na Wednesbury Rugby Club. Mu Zambia, maseŵero gha rugby ndicoko comene, kweni ghakukulirakulira. Pasono ŵakukhala pa malo gha nambara 73 na IRB ndipo ŵali na ŵaseŵera 3,650 na magulu ghatatu. Zambia yikaseŵeranga cricket apo yikaŵa ku Rhodesia. Zambia yikapelekaso shinty international, Eddie Tembo uyo wakababika ku Zambia uyo wakayimilira Scotland mu maseŵera gha Shinty/Hurling ku Ireland mu 2008. Mu 2011, ku Zambia kukaŵa maseŵero gha nambara 10 gha ku Africa. Sitediyamu ya ku Lusaka yikeneranga kuŵa na ŵanthu 70,000, apo ma sitediyamu ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 50,000. Boma likakhwimiska maboma kuti ghaŵikeko mtima pakuzenga malo gha maseŵero agha cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Zambia yikaleka kuchitiska maseŵero gha ku Africa mu 2011, chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama. Mwantheura, caru ca Mozambique cikapokelera ungano uwu. Zambia yikapangaso munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa (Madalitso Muthiya) uyo wakaseŵera mu United States Golf Open, yimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuru vinayi vya gofu. Mu 1989, timu ya basketball ya mu caru ici yikacita makora comene apo yikafikapo pa FIBA Africa Championship ndipo yikamalizga mu magulu 10 gha ku Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151225205209/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html 1989 African Championship for Men], ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</ref> === Music and dance === Chikhalidwe cha Zambia chakhala gawo lofunikira pakukula kwawo pambuyo pa ufulu monga kuwukira kwa midzi yachikhalidwe ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Sumu iyo yikapangiska kuvina ni cigaŵa ca mitheto yawo ndipo yikulongora utozi wa umoyo wa ku Zambia, kwambira na viwoneskero vya matambulara agho ghakuyowoya mpaka ku matambulara gha Kamangu agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakumanyiska kwamba kwa ciphikiro ca Malaila. Kuvina kukuwovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2016 |title=The Unrivaled Zambian Culture |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174848/http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine}}</ref> ==== Zamrock ==== Zamrock ni sumu iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Zamrock yikulongosoreka kuti yikusazga sumu za ku Zambia na ma riffs ghakuwerezgawerezga ghakuyana na magulu, ŵakwimba nga ni Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Black Sabbath, Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, na Cream. Magulu ghakuzirwa mu mtundu uwu ni Rikki Ililonga na gulu lake Musi-O-Tunya, WITCH, Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo, na Paul Ngozi na Mbumba yake ya Ngozi.<ref name="azambianband">{{cite web |title=We're a Zambian Band |url=http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band |access-date=26 August 2014 |publisher=theappendix.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657 WITCH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657|date=14 September 2017}} on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{main|Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia}} <!---♦♦♦ Chonde musawonjezere mayina a anthu kuno kuwonjezera pa [[Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia]] ♦♦♦---> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Zambia}} * [[:en:Index_of_Zambia-related_articles|Index of Zambia-related articles]] * [[:en:Outline_of_Zambia|Outline of Zambia]] {{-}} == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Wonani vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * DeRoche, Andy, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016) * {{Cite book|author-link=James Ferguson (Anthropologist)|first=James|last=Ferguson|title=Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt|url=https://archive.org/details/expectationsofmo00ferg|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-21701-0}} * Gewald, J. B., et al. ''One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia'' (Brill, 2008) * Ihonvbere, Julius, ''Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratisation: The Case of Zambia'' (Africa Research & Publications, 1996) * LaMonica, Christopher, ''Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia '' (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010) * Mcintyre, Charles, ''Zambia'', (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008) * Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, ''Zambia and Malawi'', Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010) * Phiri, Bizeck Jube, ''A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic'' (Africa Research & Publications, 2005) * [[Andrew D. Roberts|Roberts, Andrew]], ''A History of Zambia'' (Heinemann, 1976) * Sardanis, Andrew, ''Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood'' (I. B. Tauris, 2003) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|Zambia|voy=Zambia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/ Official government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/|date=19 June 2005}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/ Zambia]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]''. [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx Zambia Corruption Profile] from the [[:en:Business-Anti-Corruption_Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Zambia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449 Zambia profile] from [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Zambia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM Key Development Forecasts for Zambia] from [[:en:International_Futures|International Futures]] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia] * [http://phys.org/news/2013-03-early-human-fossil-africa-debut.html First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut] {{Zambia topics|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|list={{Countries of Africa|state=expanded}} {{African Union|state=expanded}} {{Southern African Development Community|state=expanded}} {{Commonwealth of Nations|state=expanded}}}}{{Authority control}} eaau2vm31i51fp644qfpl5z7lnki0tf 0 23426 122722 116288 2026-09-28T03:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country languages |country = South Africa |image = South Africa 2011 dominant language map (hex cells).svg |caption = Viyowoyero vinandi mu South Africa: {{plainlist|style=text-align: left| * {{legend|#8dd3c7|ChiAfrikaans}} * {{legend|#ffffb3|ChiNgelezi}} * {{legend|#fdb462|ChiPedi}} * {{legend|#b3de69|ChiSotho}} * {{legend|#bebada|ChiNdebele&nbsp;cha Kumwera}} * {{legend|#bc80bd|ChiSwazi}} * {{legend|#ffed6f|ChiTsonga}} * {{legend|#fccde5|ChiTswana}} * {{legend|#ccebc5|ChiVenda}} * {{legend|#fb8072|ChiXhosa}} * {{legend|#80b1d3|ChiZulu}} * {{legend|#d0d0d0|None&nbsp;dominant}} * {{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}} }} |official = {{Plainlist| * [[South African English|English]] * [[Afrikaans]] * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] * [[Tswana language|Tswana]] * [[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] * [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Venda language|Venda]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] }} |unofficial = {{Plainlist| *[[Khoekhoegowab]] *[[!Ora language|!Orakobab]] *[[Khoemana|Xirikobab]] *[[Nǁng language|N|uuki]], *[[!Kung languages|!Xunthali]] *[[Khwe language|Khwedam]] *[[Phuthi language|SiPhuthi]] *[[Hlubi language|IsiHlubi]] *[[Bhaca language|SiBhaca]] *[[Lala language (South Africa)|SiLala]] *[[Nhlangwini language|SiNhlangwini ("IsiZansi")]] *[[Sumayela Ndebele language|SiNrebele (SiSumayela)]] *IsiMpondo/IsiMpondro *IsiMpondomise/IsiMpromse/ Isimpomse *[[Lobedu language|KheLobedu]] *SePulana *HiPai *SeKutswe *SeṰokwa *SeHananwa *SiThonga *SiLaNgomane *[[Kgalagadi language|SheKgalagari]] *[[Ronga language|XiRhonga]] *[[Tamil language|Tamil]] }} |main = English |sign = [[South African Sign Language]] |keyboard = [[QWERTY]] |keyboard image= }} {{Culture of South Africa}} [[File:Stellenbosch Magistrate's Office (entrance).JPG|thumb|Chizindikiro cha nyumba za boma mu viyowoyero vitatu mu ChiAfrikaans, CiNgelezi, na ChiXhosa]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Alaric speaking Afrikaans.webm|thumb|A man speaking Afrikaans]] {{bar box |title=Languages of South Africa (2017)<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|title= Africa :: SOUTH AFRICA|date= 8 March 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 22 March 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|archive-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Zulu language|Zulu]]|Blue|24.7}} {{bar percent|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] |Orange|15.6}} {{bar percent|[[Afrikaans]]|Yellow|12.1}} {{bar percent|[[Sepedi language|Sepedi]]|Orange|9.8}} {{bar percent|[[Tswana language|Tswana]]|Red|8.9}} {{bar percent|[[South African English|English]] |Green|8.4}} {{bar percent| [[Sotho language|Sotho]] |Silver|8}} {{bar percent| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] |Green|4}} {{bar percent|[[Swazi language|Swati]]|Purple|2.6}} {{bar percent|[[Venda language|Venda]]|Violet|2.5}} {{bar percent|[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]|Pink|1.6}} {{bar percent|[[South African Sign Language|SA Sign Language]] | Brown| 0.5}} }} Pafupifupi viyowoyero 35 vya ku South Africa vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi, ndipo viyowoyero 11 ivi ni viyowoyero vya boma: [[ChiNdebele]], [[ChiPedi]], [[ChiSotho]], [[ChiSwati]], [[ChiTsonga]], [[ChiTswana]], [[ChiVenda]], [[ChiXhosa]], [[ChiZulu]], [[ChiAfrikaans]], na [[ChiNgelezi]]. Nangauli viyowoyero vichoko waka ndivyo vikuzunulika, kweni Dango la South Africa likuvikilira viyowoyero ivi. Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa ntchakuzomerezgeka na dango, kweni ni chiyowoyero cha boma yayi nangauli pakaŵa kampeni na fundo za mu nyumba ya malango kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero ichi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40752729|title=South Africa could make signing official language|publisher=bbc.com |date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> Viyowoyero vyambura kuzomerezgeka na vyambura kuzirwa ni ivi: ChiKhoekhoegowab, Chi!Orakobab, ChiXirikobab, ChiNantonguuki, Chi!Xunthali, na ChiKhwedam; na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Africa, nga ni ChiPhuthi, ChiHlubi, ChiBhaca, ChiLala, ChiNhlangwini (ChiZansi), ChiNrebele (ChiSumayela), ChiMpondo/ChiMpondro, ChiMpondomise/ChiMpromse/Chimpomse, ChiLobedu, ChiPulana, ChiPai, ChiKutswe, ChiṰokwa, ChiHananwa, ChiThonga, ChiLaNgomane, ChiKgalagari, ChiRhonga, ChiKopa (Chikgaga), na vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo kanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi ŵakuŵa na mphambano pakati pa viyowoyero vyawo. ==Chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = South Africa Nguni speakers proportion map.svg | width1 = 220 | alt1 = | caption1 = Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nguni. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}} {{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}} {{legend|#74C476|40–60%}} |2= {{legend|#31A354|60–80%}} {{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}}}} | image2 = South Africa Nguni speakers density map.svg | width2 = 220 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Chiguni. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} {{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} {{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} {{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |2= {{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} {{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} {{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} {{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} | footer = | direction = | total_width = }} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = South Africa Sotho-Tswana speakers proportion map.svg | width1 = 220 | alt1 = | caption1 = Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chitswana. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}} {{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}} {{legend|#74C476|40–60%}} |2= {{legend|#31A354|60–80%}} {{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}}}} | image2 = South Africa Sotho-Tswana speakers density map.svg | width2 = 220 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Chisotho na Chitswana. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} {{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} {{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} {{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |2= {{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} {{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} {{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} {{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} | footer = }} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = South Africa West Germanic speakers proportion map.svg | width1 = 220 | alt1 = | caption1 = Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku West German. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}} {{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}} {{legend|#74C476|40–60%}} |2= {{legend|#31A354|60–80%}} {{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}}}} | image2 = South Africa West Germanic speakers density map.svg | width2 = 220 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku West German. {{Clear}} {{column |1= {{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} {{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} {{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} {{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |2= {{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} {{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} {{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} {{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} | footer = }} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Cizulu (pafupifupi 23 peresenti). Cingelezi ndico ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose mu caru ici (9.6%), kweni cikupulikikwa mu misumba yinandi, ndipo ndico cikuyowoyeka comene mu boma na mu wayilesi.<ref>''[[The Economist]]'', "Tongues under threat", 22 January 2011, p. 58.</ref> [[File:Witkruisarend-besigtiging, drietalige kennisgewingbord te Walter Sisulu NBT, a.jpg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha viyowoyero vitatu mu Roodepoort, mu Chingelezi, Chifrikaans na Chitswana]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya chiyowoyero cha Bantu: chiyowoyero cha Sotho ʹTswana (chenechicho chikusazgapo viyowoyero vya Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho na Tswana), panji chiyowoyero cha Nguni (chenechicho chikusazgapo viyowoyero vya Zulu, Xhosa, Swati na Ndebele). Pa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi, viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa ivi vikupulikikwa na uyo wakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mesthrie |first1=Rajend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |last2=Rajend |first2=Mesthrie |date=2002-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79105-2 |language=en}}</ref> Viyowoyero vya ku South Africa ivyo ni vyakuzomerezgeka, ndipo ntheura ni vyakuzirwa, vingagaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, viyowoyero vya Nguni vikusangika mu chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi (m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean) ndipo viyowoyero vya Chisotho na Chitswana vikusangika mu chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi. Gauteng ni chigaŵa icho chili na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, na Indo-European ŵakuyana waka. Ivi vikapangiska kuti chiyowoyero cha ku tawuni, cha Tsotsitaal panji S'Camtho/Ringas, chambe kumanyikwa mu misumba yikuru ya mu chigaŵa ichi. Chiyowoyero cha Tsotsitaal icho pakwamba chikachemekanga kuti "Flaaitaal" chikafuma ku chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, icho chili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Chidachi. Ŵanthu 61 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo mbatuŵa ndipo 76 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo mbanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi.<ref name=cib11>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |pages=23–25}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi", chifukwa likuyowoya vya ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanandi awo mbana ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Batavia, nawo ŵakaluta ku Cape, ndipo ŵakakhwaska chomene chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, chomenechomene chiyowoyero cha Malaŵi. Uyo wakambiska chisopa cha Cisilamu ku Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Sheikh Yusuf) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba. Hajji Yusuf wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa wa ku Indonesia wa fuko la fumu. Wakaŵa muzukuru wa Sultan Alauddin wa ku Gowa, mu charu cha Makassar, Nusantara. Yosefe pamoza na ŵalondezgi ŵake 49 kusazgapo ŵawoli ŵaŵiri, ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri na ŵana 12, ŵakapokelereka ku Cape pa 2 Epulero 1694 na kazembe Simon van der Stel. Ŵakaŵasunga pa famu ya Zandvliet, kuwaro kwa msumba wa Cape Town, kuti ŵaleke kuŵakhwaska ŵazga ŵa VOC. Ndipouli, ivyo Yosefe wakakhumbanga vikenda makora yayi, ndipo malo agho wakakhalanga (ghakachemekanga Macassar) ghakazgoka malo ghakusungirako ŵazga. Kufuma ku malo agha, uthenga wa cisopa ca Cisilamu ukathandazgika ku ŵazga ŵa ku Cape Town. Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ntchakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Cape ŵakamba kulemba mabuku ghakwambilira mu Chiarabic, agho ghakalembeka mu Chiarabic. Kweniso chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua (Xiri panji Griekwa). ChiAfrikaans chikayowoyekaso chomene pakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi, nga chiyowoyero chachiŵiri (panji chachitatu panji chachinayi) na ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa awo mbanthu ŵa mitundu ya SiNtu. Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakaŵa nga ni aŵa:<ref name="cib11"/> === Chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !rowspan=2|Language ! colspan=2 | [[First language|L1]] speakers ! colspan=2 | [[Second language|L2]] speakers<ref name="EthnologueZA">{{Cite web |title=South Africa |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ZA/languages |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | Total speakers<ref name="EthnologueZA"/> |- ! Count ! Of population ! Count ! Of population ! Count ! Of population |- |[[Zulu language|Zulu]]||11,587,374||22.7%||15,700,000||||27,300,000||46% |- |[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]||8,154,258||16.0%||11,000,000||||19,150,000||33% |- |[[Afrikaans]]||6,855,082||13.5%||10,300,000||||17,160,000||29% |- |[[English language|English]]||4,892,623||9.6%||14,000,000||||19,640,000||33% |- |[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]||4,618,576||9.1%||9,100,000||||13,720,000||23% |- |[[Tswana language|Tswana]]||4,067,248||8.0%||7,700,000||||11,770,000||20% |- |[[Sotho language|Sotho]]||3,849,563||7.6%||7,900,000||||11,750,000||20% |- |[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]||2,277,148||4.5%||3,400,000||||5,680,000||10% |- |[[Swati language|Swati]]||1,297,046||2.5%||2,400,000||||3,700,000||6% |- |[[Venda language|Venda]]||1,209,388||2.4%||1,700,000||||2,910,000||5% |- |[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]||1,090,223||2.1%||1,400,000||||2,490,000||4% |- |[[South African Sign Language|SA Sign Language]]||234,655||0.5%|||500,000|||| |- |Other languages||828,258||1.6%|||||||| |- |'''Total'''||'''50,961,443'''||'''100.0%'''|||||| |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Language ! 2011 ! 2001 ! Change ([[percentage point|pp]]) |- |[[Zulu language|Zulu]]||22.7%||23.8% |{{font color | red | -1.1% }} |- |[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]||16.0%||17.6% |{{font color | red | -1.6% }} |- |[[Afrikaans]]||13.5%||13.3% |{{font color | green | +0.2% }} |- |[[English language|English]]||9.6%||8.2% |{{font color | green | +1.4% }} |- |[[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]]||9.1%||9.4% |{{font color | red | -0.3% }} |- |[[Tswana language|Tswana]]||8.0%||8.2% |{{font color | red | -0.2% }} |- |[[Sesotho language|Sesotho]]||7.6%||7.9% |{{font color | red | -0.3% }} |- |[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]||4.5%||4.4% |{{font color | green | +0.1% }} |- |[[Swati language|Swati]]||2.5%||2.7% |{{font color | red | -0.2% }} |- |[[Venda language|Venda]]||2.4%||2.3% |{{font color | green | +0.1% }} |- |[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]||2.1%||1.6% |{{font color | green | +0.5% }} |- |[[South African Sign Language|SA Sign Language]]||0.5%|| | |- |Other languages||1.6%||0.5% |{{font color | green | +1.1% }} |- !'''Total'''||'''100.0%'''||'''100.0%''' |} === Viyowoyero vinyake vyakuzirwa mu South Africa === Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu cha South Africa, ivyo vindazunulike mu Dango, ni KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, kweniso viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanakalo (chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka mu migodi), na Tsotsitaal panji S'Camtho. Viyowoyero vinandi vyambura kuzomerezgeka vikayowoyeka kuti ni viyowoyero vya boma, ivyo vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu bantustan ŵakachitanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe, Africa, China, na ku India (chifukwa cha ndyali za ku Britain) ŵakamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi mu vyaru vinyake vya ku South Africa. Mu vyaru vyakale ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukhala, muli ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero ivi: Chigiriki, Chigujarati, Chihindi, Chiputukezi, Chitamili, ChiTelugu, Chibhojpuri, Chiawadhi, Chiurdu, Chiyidish, Chiitaliya, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya Chiholandi, Chifurenchi, na Chijeremani. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitchayinizi, kweni awo ŵiza sono mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chitchayinizi. Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinyake para ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti viyowoyero ivi vikucita milimo yikuru comene mu vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikukolerana comene na ciyowoyero na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal, comenecomene ku Madeira, ndipo pamasinda ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakufuma ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakati ŵafumako ku Portugal. Sonosono apa, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku North, Central na West Africa ŵafika mu South Africa, chomenechomene mu misumba yikuruyikuru, chomenechomene mu Johannesburg na Pretoria, kweniso mu Cape Town na Durban. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Roma ku South Africa. == Ndondomeko za mu Dango== Chaputara 1 (Vinthu vyakwendeskera Dango), chigaŵa 6 (Mazgu) cha Dango la Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikupangiska kuti boma liŵe na ndondomeko ya viyowoyero. Pa 16 Disembala, 1996, pulezidenti Nelson Mandela wakalemba buku lakwamba ilo lili na mazina gha viyowoyero. Chisotho chikung'anamura Southern Sotho, ndipo isiNdebele chikung'anamura Southern Ndebele. Dango lakwamba la mu 1993 likayowoya vya Chisotho sa Leboa, apo Dango la mu 1996 likati "Sepedi" ndilo lizamuŵa lizgu la chiyowoyero cha Northern Sotho.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-act-200-1993#constituant%20and%20formal%20provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> Dango ili likuyowoya za chiyowoyero cha mawoko cha ku South Africa. {{quotation| :# The official languages of the Republic are [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]], [[Sotho language|Sesotho]], [[Tswana language|Setswana]], [[Swati language|siSwati]], [[Venda language|Tshivenda]], [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]], [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|isiNdebele]], [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]] and [[Zulu language|isiZulu]]. :# Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages. :#(a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages.<br />(b) Municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents. :# The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably. :# A [[Pan South African Language Board]] established by national legislation must<br />(a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of -<br /> &nbsp; (i) all official languages;<br /> &nbsp; (ii) the Khoi, Nama and San languages; and<br /> &nbsp; (iii) sign language; and<br />(b) promote and ensure respect for -<br /> &nbsp; (i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Urdu]]; and<br /> &nbsp; (ii) [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and other [[sacred language|languages used for religious purposes]] in South Africa.|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>}} == Dango la Charu cha South Africa mu Viyowoyero Vyakupambanapambana == Mazgu agha ghali mu ndime yakwamba ya Dango la ku South Africa: {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[English language|English]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/preamble.html|title = The SA Constitution}}</ref> !! [[Afrikaans]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-afr-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Southern Ndebele language|isiNdebele]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-nde-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[isiXhosa]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-xho-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[isiZulu]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-zul-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[siSwati]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-swa-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Sepedi]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-sep-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Sesotho]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-sot-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Setswana]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-set-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Tshivenda]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-ven-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> !! [[Xitsonga]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/translations/0/SAConstitution-web-tso-0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |- | Preamble || Aanhef || Isendlalelo || Intshayelelo || Isendlalelo || Sendlalelo || Ketapele || Ketapele || Pulamadibogo || Mvulatswinga || Manghenelo |- | We, the people of South Africa, || Ons, die mense van Suid-Afrika, || Thina, abantu beSewula Afrika, || Thina, bantu baseMzantsi-Afrika, || Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, || Tsine, bantfu baseNingizimu Afrika, || Rena, batho ba Afrika Borwa, || Rona, batho ba Afrika Borwa, || Rona, batho ba Aforika Borwa, || Riṋe, vhathu vha Afrika Tshipembe, || Hina, vanhu va Afrika Dzonga, |- | Recognise the injustices of our past; || Erken die ongeregtighede van ons verlede; || Siyakwazi ukungakaphatheki kwethu ngokomthetho kwesikhathi sakade; || Siyaziqonda iintswela-bulungisa zexesha elidlulileyo; || Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; || Siyakubona kungabi khona kwebulungiswa esikhatsini lesengcile; || Re lemoga ditlhokatoka tša rena tša bogologolo; || Re elellwa ho ba le leeme ha rona nakong e fetileng; || Re itse ditshiamololo tsa rona tse di fetileng; || Ri dzhiela nṱha u shaea ha vhulamukanyi kha tshifhinga tsho fhelaho; || Hi lemuka ku pfumaleka ka vululami ka nkarhi lowu nga hundza; |- | Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; || Huldig diegene wat vir geregtigheid en vryheid in ons land gely het; || Sihlonipha labo abatlhoriswako ngerhuluphelo lokobana kube khona ubulungiswa netjhaphuluko enarheni yekhethu; || Sibothulel’ umnqwazi abo baye bev’ ubunzima ukuze kubekho ubulungisa nenkululeko elizweni lethu; || Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; || Setfulela sigcoko labo labahlushwa kuze sitfole bulungiswa nenkhululeko eveni lakitsi; || Re tlotla bao ba ilego ba hlokofaletšwa toka le tokologo nageng ya gaborena; || Re tlotla ba hlokofaditsweng ka lebaka la toka le tokoloho naheng ya rona; || Re tlotla ba ba bogileng ka ntlha ya tshiamo le kgololosego mo lefatsheng la rona; || Ri ṱhonifha havho vhe vha tambulela vhulamukanyi na mbofholowo kha shango ḽashu; || Hi xixima lava xanisekeke hikwalaho ko hisekela vululami na ntshunxeko etikweni ra hina; |- | Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and || Respekteer diegene wat hul beywer het om ons land op te bou en te ontwikkel; en || Sihlonipha labo abasebenzileko ekwakhiweni nekuthuthukisweni kwephasi lekhethu; begodu || Siyabahlonela abo baye basebenzela ukwakha nokuphucula ilizwe lethu; kwaye || Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi || Sihlonipha labo labaye basebentela kwakha nekutfutfukisa live lakitsi; futsi || Re hlompha bao ba ilego ba katanela go aga le go hlabolla naga ya gaborena; mme || Re tlotla ba ileng ba sebeletsa ho aha le ho ntshetsa pele naha ya rona; mme || Re tlotla ba ba diretseng go aga le go tlhabolola naga ya rona; mme || Ri ṱhonifha havho vhe vha shuma vha tshi itela u fhaṱa na u bveledzisa shango ḽashu; na || Hi hlonipha lava tirheke ku aka no hluvukisa tiko ra hina; no |- | Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. || Glo dat Suid-Afrika behoort aan almal wat daarin woon, verenig in ons verskeidenheid. || Sikholwa bonyana iSewula Afrika ingeyabo boke abandzindze kiyo, sibambisane ngokwahlukahlukana kwethu. || Sikholelwa kwelokuba uMzantsi-Afrika ngowabo bonke abahlala kuwo, bemanyene nangona bengafani. || Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. || Sikholelwa ekutseni iNingizimu Afrika yabo bonkhe labahlala kuyo, sihlangene ngekwehlukahlukana kwetfu; || Re dumela gore Afrika-Borwa ke ya batho bohle ba ba dulago go yona, re le ngata e tee e nago le pharologano || Re dumela hore Afrika Borwa ke naha ya bohle ba phelang ho yona, re kopane le ha re fapane. || Re dumela fa Aforika Borwa e le ya botlhe ba ba tshelang mo go yona, re le ngata e le nngwe ka go farologana || U tenda uri Afrika Tshipembe ndi ḽa vhoṱhe vhane vha dzula khaḽo, vho vhofhekanywaho vha vha huthihi naho vha sa fani. || Tshembha leswaku Afrika Dzonga i ya vanhu hinkwavo lava tshamaka eka rona, hi hlanganile hi ku hambana-hambana ka hina. |} ==See also== {{Portal|Languages|South Africa}} *[[National Language Services]] *[[Official names of South Africa]] *[[Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities]] ==References== {{Cleanup bare URLs|date=June 2022}} {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829152336/http://www.salanguages.com/ Introduction to the languages of South Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050302091202/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=South+Africa Ethnologue Listing of South African Languages] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322025430/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/SouthAfrica PanAfriL10n page on South Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814142934/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/C2001Interactive.asp Statistics SA] * Hornberger, Nancy H. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168870 Language Policy, Language Education, Language Rights: Indigenous, Immigrant, and International Perspectives]." ''[[Language in Society]]'', Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec., 1998), pp.&nbsp;439–458 * Alexander, Mary. [https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/ The 11 languages of South Africa] (January 2018) {{South Africa topics}} {{Languages of South Africa}} {{Life in South Africa}} {{Africa in topic|Viyowoyelo vya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Languages of South Africa}} [[Category:Languages of South Africa| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] bqc52u8db6wep2p8r0bnyfq06adc0z0 0 23827 122483 68535 2026-09-28T00:24:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{malawi-geo-stub}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = Pakati |other_name = |native_name = Central |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps --> |image_skyline = Nkatha Bay from above.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = [[Nkatha Bay]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_mapsize= |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Malawi |subdivision_type = [[Charu]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaŵi}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Chigaŵa (Malaŵi)|Chigaŵa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto|Kumpoto]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Boma (Malaŵi)|Boma]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Boma la Nkhata Bay|Nkhata Bay]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Ukuru]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Nkhata Bay]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics --> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area --> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 14,274 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information --> |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|11|36|00|S|34|18|00|E|region:MW|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes= <!--for references: use<ref></ref> tags--> |elevation_m =471 |elevation_ft =1548 |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} {{Location map | Malawi | width = 150 | lat_deg = -11.3600 | lon_deg = 34.1800 | label = Chigaŵa chavisankho cha Pakati }} '''Pakati''' ni [[chigaŵa chavisankho]] mu [[Boma la Nkhatabay]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto]], [[Malaŵi]]. ==Vyakufumapo vya mavoti== {{Election box begin| title=[[1999 Malawian general election|Parliamentary Election 1999]]: Pakati <ref>[http://www.sdnp.org.mw/election/elect99/html/nkhatabay_candidates.htmlNKHATA BAY DISTRICT] [[SDNP]] </ref> }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Alliance for Democracy (Malawi) |candidate = '''Mr C.W. Salima''' |votes = '''4,824''' |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Malawi Congress Party |candidate = Mr M. B. Chiumia |votes = 4,603 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = United Democratic Front (Malawi) |candidate = Mr. Phillip T. Banda |votes = 2,200 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link| |party = Malawi Democratic Party |candidate = Mrs J.D. Nyimba |votes = 704 |percentage = |change = }} {{Election box end}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Chigaŵa chavisankho (Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto)}} dm4dind0l232iu3pv7mh3ai7u0wha8s 0 24012 122477 110919 2026-09-28T00:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ceza | native_name = KwaCeza | pushpin_map = South Africa KwaZulu-Natal#South Africa | coordinates = {{coord|27.986|S|31.374|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[South Africa]] | subdivision_type1 = Chigaŵa | subdivision_name1 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type2 = Boma | subdivision_name2 = [[Zululand District Municipality|Zululand]] | subdivision_type3 = Municipality | subdivision_name3 = [[Ulundi Local Municipality|Ulundi]] | subdivision_type4 = Main Place | established_title = Established | leader_party = IFP | leader_title = Councillor | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/581012 |title = Main Place Ceza |work=Census 2011}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 4.26 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 449 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]] | demographics1_info1 = 100.0% | demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]] | demographics1_info3 = | demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|White]] | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = [[First language]]s (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | demographics2_info1 = 98.2% | demographics2_title2 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]] | demographics2_info2 = 1.6% | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = Other | demographics2_info5 = 0.2% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street) | postal_code = 3866 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 3866 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]] | area_code = 035 }} '''Ceza, KwaZulu Natal''' ni msumba udoko mu boma likulu la [[Zululand District Municipality]], mu chigaŵa chikulu cha [[KwaZulu Natal, South Africa|KwaZulu Natal]], charu cha [[South Africa]]. ==Mbiri== [[Nkhorongo za Ceza]], <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagekzn.co.za/sites/visit/northern-kzn/item/51-ceza-caves|title=Amafa / Heritage KwaZulu Natal - Ceza Caves|publisher=}}</ref> Pa phiri la Ceza, pakaŵa malo agho pakacitikira nkhondo yaumaliro ya Dinuzulu. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu ya 1879, charu cha Zululand chikagaŵika vigaŵa 13. Kuti wamazge suzgo ili, Hlatshwayo wakawezgekerapo pa udindo wake, kweni ku Zululand kukawuka nkhondo ya pawenenawene ndipo mwana wake Siwelile, ndiyo wakamusankhira ufumu mu 1884. Themba lichoko ili likaŵikika mu mawoko gha gulu la Usuthu, ilo likamusungira mu mphanji mu nkhorongo ya Ceza. Paumaliro Dinuzulu wakathereska Zibhebhu uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake na wovwiri wa Ŵabowa ndipo wakaŵikika kuŵa fumu. Mu malo mwake, ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska charu chose cha Zululand ndipo Dinuzulu wakawezgera mu 1887 mwa kuwukira Ŵazulu ŵakugomezgeka ku Britain na kufumiska ŵamalonda na ŵamishonale mu charu ichi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Natal ŵakapempha wovwiri ku Cape ndipo mu 1888, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakwana 2,000 ŵakatumika ku Eshowe kuti ŵakakome Dinuzulu, uyo wakazingilizga msumba unyake ku mlomo wa mlonga wa iMfolozi. Ŵanalume 600 awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Major McKean, wa Royal Dragoons 6, na Robert Baden-Powell, ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Baden-Powell wakatumika kuti wakalondezge Dinuzulu ndipo pamanyuma pake wakasanga kuti iyo na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakabisama mu mphanji pa phiri la Ceza. Ŵazulu ŵakacimbilira ku Transvaal. Dinuzulu wakamanya kuti wangathereska yayi Ŵabritishi ndipo wakajipeleka. ==Ntchito zaumoyo== ===[[Chipatala cha Ceza]]=== Chipatala cha Ceza <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/cezahospital.htm|title=Ceza Hospital|first=KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Kathryn|last=Potgieter|website=www.kznhealth.gov.za|access-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326201230/http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/cezahospital.htm|archive-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Ceza Hospital|url=http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/cezahospital.htm|publisher=KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health|accessdate=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326201230/http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/cezahospital.htm|archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> wupu uwu ukazengeka mu 1910. Dokotala wakwamba wakiza mu 1938. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1950, kukaŵa mabedi 135, sukulu ya ŵasilikari, na ŵadokotala ŵanandi. {{r|marja|page=92}} Pa chipatala ichi pakaŵa sukulu ya unesi iyo yikasambizganga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Chipatala cha Ceza chili na mabedi 160, kweniso mabedi 12 gha ŵakugona. Paliso maofesi ghankhondi na ghatatu na maofesi ghanyake 30 agho ghakwendakwenda. Palije chipatala icho chikupeleka wovwiri wa maora 24, kweni chipatala cha Ceza ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri uwu. Chipatala ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,353. Malo gha ku Ceza ghali na misewu yiheni chomene. Kweniso kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura nchito na ŵakavu. === [[Chipatala cha Thulasizwe]] === Chipatala cha Thulasizwe <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/thulasizwe/history.htm|title=Thulasizwe Hospital : History|website=www.kznhealth.gov.za|access-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209134930/http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/thulasizwe/history.htm|archive-date=2021-12-09}}</ref> chikamba kugwira ntchito pa Novembala 27, 1965 nga ni chipatala cha Ceza TB wing pasi pa ŵamishonale ŵa ku Sweden. ==Malo== ===Kafukufuku=== Ku Ceza ndiko kuli ofesi ya Ceza Mission Station. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230326201243/https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10413/9202/Ntsimane_Radikobo_Phillip_2012.pdf?sequence=1 {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{KwaZuluNatal-geo-stub}} {{Zululand District Municipality}} [[Category:Misumba yamu boma la Zululand]] [[Category:KwaZulu Natal, South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Zululand, KwaZulu Natal]] 7iru9ya5epyvmtowu98wovp322r31r5 0 24078 122665 120676 2026-09-28T02:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Malawi from 2014 to 2020}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=[[ His Excellency]]|name=Peter Mutharika|image=Arthur Peter Mutharika 2014 (cropped).jpg|alt=|caption=Mutharika mu 2014|order=|office=[[President of Malawi|President-elect of Malawi]]|term_start=TBD|term_end=|vicepresident=[[Jane Ansah]] (elect)|succeeding=[[Lazarus Chakwera]]|successor=|office1=5th [[President of Malawi]]|term_start1=31 May 2014|term_end1=28 June 2020|vicepresident1=[[Saulos Chilima]] <br /> [[Everton Chimulirenji]]|predecessor1=[[Joyce Banda]]|successor1=Lazarus Chakwera|office2=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malawi)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|president2=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start2=8 September 2011|term_end2=26 April 2012|predecessor2=[[Etta Banda]]|successor2=[[Ephraim Chiume]]|office3=Minister of Education, Science and Technology|president3=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start3=9 August 2010|term_end3=8 September 2011|predecessor3=[[George Chaponda]]|successor3=[[George Chaponda]]|office4=[[Ministry of Justice (Malawi)|Minister of Justice]]|president4=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]]|term_start4=15 June 2009|term_end4=9 August 2010|predecessor4=[[Henry Dama Phoya]]|successor4=[[George Chaponda]]|office5=Member of Parliament<br />for [[Thyolo District|Thyolo East]]|term_start5=19 May 2009|term_end5=March 2014|predecessor5=Bapu Khamisa|successor5=Gerson Timothy Solomoni|office6=Advisor to The President on Foreign and Domestic Policy|term_start6=2009|term_end6=2012|birth_name=Arthur Peter Mutharika|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1940|7|18}}|birth_place=Chisoka, [[Thyolo District|Thyolo]], [[Nyasaland]]|nationality=Malawian|party=[[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]] (2004–present)<br />[[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|UDF]] (before 2004)|spouse=Christophine (d. 1990) <br /> {{Marriage|[[Gertrude Maseko]]|2014}}|relatives=[[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (brother)|children=3|alma_mater=[[University of London]] ([[LLB]]) <br />[[Yale Law School|Yale University]] ([[LL.M.|LLM]], [[Doctor of Juridical Science|JSD]])|profession=Lawyer|blank1=Awards|data1=International Jurist Award|signature=|signature_alt=|website=}} '''Arthur Peter Mutharika''' (wakababika pa 18 July 1940)<ref>{{cite web |title=Index Mp-Mz |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm6.html |access-date=8 November 2018 |website=www.rulers.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=malawiindependentblog.com&nbsp;-&nbsp;This website is for sale!&nbsp;-&nbsp;malawiindependentblog Resources and Information. |url=http://ww1.malawiindependentblog.com/2016/11/17/shocking-things-you-did-not-knwo-about-malawi-president-arthur-peter-mutharika/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=ww1.malawiindependentblog.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205090451/http://ww1.malawiindependentblog.com/2016/11/17/shocking-things-you-did-not-knwo-about-malawi-president-arthur-peter-mutharika/ |archive-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Arthur Peter Wa Mutharika – Governance Link Initiative |url=http://www.governancelink.org/prof-arthur-peter-wa-mutharika/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108182020/http://www.governancelink.org/prof-arthur-peter-wa-mutharika/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>ngwa vya ndyali na loya wa ku [[Malawi]] uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Malawi kwambira Meyi 2014 mpaka Juni 2020.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Lazarus Chakwera sworn in as Malawi president after historic win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53210473 |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=bbc.com}}</ref> Mutharika wagwira ntchito mu chigaŵa cha urunji wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana, wakumanya za malango gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulaŵiliri wa mukuru wake, Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika, pa nkhani za vyaru vya kuwaro na mukati kufuma apo wakamba kampeni yake ya kuvota mpaka apo Pulezidenti wakafwira pa 5 Epulero 2012.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Nduna ya vya Malango ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa Nduna ya vya Masambiro, Sayansi na Maukadaulo.<ref name="autogenerated7" /> Mutharika wakaŵaso nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2012. Wakaŵa na udindo wa kovwira kunjizga ubwezi pakati pa Malawi na United Kingdom chifukwa cha kunangika kwa maboma ghaŵiri agha pamanyuma pa suzgo la Cochrane-Dyet.<ref name="autogenerated8">http://www.nyasatimes.com/blog/2011/09/16/malawi-leader-sends-%e2%80%98brother-leader%e2%80%99-for-talks-with-uk/?#comment-30779 {{dead link|date=June 2014}}</ref> Peter Mutharika wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa chalo cha Malawi mu chaka cha 2014.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |title=nationmw.net |url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23846:are-voters-ready-for-peter-mutharika&catid=62:national-news&Itemid=59 |publisher=nationmw.net}}</ref> == Ntchito == === Early career === Mutharika wakapokera digiri ya malango kufuma ku yunivesite ya London mu 1965. Pamanyuma wakapokera digiri ya LL.M. na J.S.D. ku Yale University mu 1966 na 1969. Mutharika wali kuzomerezgeka kuŵa loya wa ku [[Tanzania]] kwambira mu 1971. Pakuŵa pulofesa, wasambizga pa University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Haile Selassie University (Ethiopia), Rutgers University (USA), United Nations Institute for Training and Research Program for Foreign Service Officers from Africa and Asia pa Makerere University (Uganda), na kwa vyaka 37 pa Washington University (USA), ndipo wateŵetera nga Academic Visitor pa London School of Economics (UK). Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mulaŵiliri wa American Bar Association's Rule of Law Initiative for Africa.<ref name="autogenerated7" /> === Late career === Wakawovwiranga nga ni pharazgi la mubali wake, Bingu wa Mutharika kuti waweleremo pa udindo wa purezidenti mu 2009.<ref name="autogenerated7" />Mu 1995 wakadandawura kuti wanjizge mazaza gha pulezidenti mu Malawi.<ref name="autogenerated7" /> Pamanyuma wakatora malo mu ndyali ya Malawi uko wakazgoka nduna mu kabini iyo wakawovwira kupanga. Wakalutizga kuteŵetera nga ni mupelekani wa ulongozgi kwa purezidenti mpaka apo purezidenti wakafwira mu 2012 pa nkhani za vyalo na vyalo.<ref name="autogenerated7" /> === ICSID Arbitration Tribunal === Mutharika wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakeruzganga milandu ya caru cose. Mu Ogasiti 2011, Mutharika wakasankha kufumapo pa milandu yiŵiri ya ku khoti ku International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes iyo wakachitanga pa [[Zimbabwe]] apo ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakazenga mulandu boma la Zimbabwe chifukwa cha kuswa mapangano gha vyamalonda.<ref name="autogenerated9">{{cite web |last=Bhebhe |first=Vusimusi |date=8 July 2010 |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821073953/http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=The Zimbabwean}}</ref> Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca kufipa mtima cifukwa ca umo Bingu Mutharika wakenderananga na boma la Mugabe.<ref name="autogenerated9" /> == Umoyo wa ndyali == [[File:Peter_Mutharika_with_Kevin_Rudd.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Mutharika_with_Kevin_Rudd.jpg|thumb|Mutharika wali na nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro kwa Australia [[:en:Kevin_Rudd|Kevin Rudd]]]] Ni purezidenti wa DPP mu Malawi. Mu Meyi 2009, wakasankhika ku Malawi Parliament, ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhika na munung'una wake Bingu wa Mutharika ku Malawi Cabinet nga ni Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs. Kufuma apo, wakaŵa nduna ya vya masambiro, sayansi na vyakupangapanga ndipo pa 8 Seputembala 2011 wakaŵa nduna ya vyamafumilo gha chalo mu "kabineti ka nkhondo".<ref name="autogenerated8" /> === DPP Factions === Mu chaka cha 2010, masuzgo ghakawuka chifukwa cha kuyowoya kuti President Bingu wa Mutharika wakakhumbanga kusora Peter Mutharika, munung'una wake, kuŵa mulondezgi wa chipani cha Joyce Banda. Wapampando uyu wakafumiskika ku DPP ndipo wakambiska chipani chake, People's Party (PP). Ŵanthu ŵanyake mu DPP ŵakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha kufumiska mulara wa boma. Kuyana na malango gha Malawi, Joyce Banda wakalutilira kuŵa Vice-President wa chalo ichi nangauli wakachimbizgika ku DPP.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Malawi: a monarchy in the making? &#124; Francis Chuma &#124; Comment is free |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/01/malawi-monarchy-making-mutharika |publisher=guardian.co.uk}}</ref> ==== DPP Presidential Endorsement ==== Mu Ogasiti 2011, DPP National Governing Council (NGC) yikakolerana na Peter Mutharika kuŵa mulongozgi wa chalo pa chisankho cha 2014. Chipharazgo ichi chikwiza mazuŵa ghachoko waka pamanyuma pa chipharazgo cha pa 20 Julayi 2011, apo ŵakachitiska ma strike pa charu chose chenechichi kwimikana na boma la Bingu Mutharika. Chipani cha DPP cha DPP NGC chikakolerana nayo chifukwa chipani ichi chindachiteko ungano wakusankha ŵalongozgi ŵaphya. Wakuda Kamanga, Secretary General, wakayowoya kuti fundo iyi yikapelekeka nangauli pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakususka chifukwa chipani chikagomezganga kuti "mkwiyo uwu uzamumara".<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Kuzomerezgeka uku kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndondomeko ya kupika maudindo mu chipani ichi, kusazgapo Joyce Banda, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa chipani ichi na Khumbo Kachali, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa chipani ichi, ŵafumiskike. === US citizenship controversy === Kuyimilira kwa Peter Mutharika pa udindo wa nduna ya boma na kuyenerera kwake pa udindo wa purezidenti kukaŵa kwamaseŵera chifukwa cha kukayika na kukayika pa wanangwa wake wa kukhala wa Malawi. Mubali Mustapha Hussein, uyo wakusambizga vya ndyali na boma pa Yunivesite ya Malawi, wakati: "Munthu uyu wakwenera kuŵa wa ku Malawi chifukwa chakuti wazamuŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 35 mu 2014, ndipo wandaŵikepo mulandu wa kuswa malango kwa vyaka 7. Kweni malango gha Malawi ghakukana kuŵa na wanangwa wa kukhala ku chalo chimoza ndipo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti wakaba wanangwa wa kukhala ku chalo chimoza apo wakakhalanga ku chalo chimoza ndipo wakaleka wanangwa wa kukhala ku chalo chimoza nga umo malango ghakukhumbira. Ndipouli, ofesi ya nthumwi ya United States ku [[Lilongwe]] yikati iyo ni mwenekaya wa charu yayi kweni wali na green card. Chipani cha DPP icho chili na mazaza pa chalo ichi chayowoya kuti Mutharika ni mwenekaya wa chalo cha Malawi ndipo wangasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa chalo ichi. Pakaŵa mphindano yakuti, pakuŵa mweneco wa Green Card wa ku United States, wakaŵa wakugomezgeka ku United States. Ntheura, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu misewu ŵakuwona kuti caru cingawusikika yayi na munthu uyo wakukhala ku United States kwa myezi yitatu pa caka kuti waŵe na malo ghakukhala. Mu Febuluwale 2014, wakaleka green card na malo ghakukhalamo.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2014|title=DPP's Peter Mutharika dumps US Green Card|url=http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/index.php/component/k2/item/471-dpp-s-peter-mutharika-dumps-us-green-card|newspaper=[[The Nation (Malawi)]]|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307003530/http://capitalradiomalawi.com/index.php/component/k2/item/471-dpp-s-peter-mutharika-dumps-us-green-card|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2014 election === Peter Mutharika wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pa chisankho cha 2014. Wakapika kuŵa purezidenti pa 31 May 2014. Mu Juni 2014, Mutharika wakasankha nduna zake ndipo ndiyo wakaŵa na udindo wa kuvikilira chalo. Wakasora munthu wakumanya vya chuma, Goodall Gondwe kuŵa Minisita wa vya Ndalama ndipo wakasora Atupele Muluzi, yumoza wa awo ŵakathereskeka, kuŵa Minisita wa vya Chilengiwa, Magesi na Migodi. Mu Juni 2014, wakakhozgera kuti kulimilira vyakurya vinyake padera pa hona.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=Can Malawi end tobacco addiction? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27737018 |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Nyengo yake yakwamba yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukwenyelera cifukwa ca vimbundi, kusoŵa cakurya ndiposo kuŵavya magesi. Mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta mu misewu mu misumba yinandi ya mu charu ichi kuti ŵakane vimbundi. Mutharika wakasoleka na mulandu wa kupoka vimbundi, wakukayika kuti wakapokera ndalama zakujumpha $200,000 kufuma kwa munthu munyake wa bizinesi uyo wakapanga phangano la madola mamiliyoni ghanandi na ŵapolisi. Bungwe la Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) lazomera kuti Muthatika walije mulandu pa mulandu wa kugura chakurya ku ŵapolisi. ACB yikayowoya kuti kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa chiphikiro cha vyakurya cha Malawi Police Service (MPS) wavumbura kuti Pulezidenti Peter Mutharika wakawovwirika yayi na ndalama zakukwana $200,000 izo zikaŵikika pa akaunti ya Democratic Progressive Party.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khunga |first=Suzgo |date=13 August 2018 |title=ACB backs APM, Clears chilima – The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/acb-backs-apm-clears-chilima/ |access-date=2020-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> === 2019 election === {{main|2019 Malawian general election}} Pa 21 May 2019, chalo cha Malawi chikapeleka mavoti ghakusoleka kuti ŵasankhe purezidenti muphya, mamembala gha pharalamende, na makhansala gha boma. Peter Mutharika wakasankhika na kukhozgeka nga ni mulongozgi wa DPP. Munthu uyo wakamususkiranga comene wakaŵa Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera wa Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Saulos Chilima, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa Mutharika kufuma mu 2014, nayo wakalimbana na Mutharika kufuma apo ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukirana mu Epulero 2018. Chisankhocho chinasokonezeka ndi mikangano ndi zonena za kusokoneza ndi DPP ya Mutharika. Mu vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Nsanje na Chikwawa kumwera kwa Malaŵi, banthu ba Malawi Electoral Commission awo bakwendeska mavoti ŵakasuskika kuti ŵasintha mavoti gha Chakwera kuŵa gha Mutharika. Mubali Fred Thomas, uyo wakugwira ntchito ku chigaŵa cha Nsanje, wakakakika chifukwa cha kunanga mavoti.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sangala |first=Tom |date=24 May 2019 |title=Rigging claims mar elections in Nsanje |url=https://times.mw/rigging-claims-mar-elections-in-nsanje/ |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Nkhani zakuyana na izi zakubendezga mavoti na kuyuzga awo ŵakuwonelera vya chipani cha DPP zikalembeka mu vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Zomba, Thyolo, Mulanje, Lilongwe na Nkhotakota. Mabuku ghanandi agho ghakalembeka ghakaŵaso na nkhani zakupusika. Ŵanthu ŵankhaza ŵa ndyali, awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mba DPP, ŵakasanganga ma results ndipo ŵakasinthanga manambara mwa 'kusisita' manambara ghakwambilira mwa kuŵikapo tippex (chipambi chakupimira). Ivi vikapangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵe ghakucemeka "Tippex Election", ndipo pamanyuma pake Mutharika wakasankhika kuŵa "Tippex President". Pa 27 Meyi 2019 ndipo nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vyambura kwenelera, Mulongozgi wa Malawi Electoral Commission Justice Jane Ansah, wa khoti likuru, wakapharazga kuti Mutharika ndiyo watonda pa chisankho ichi na mavoti 1,940,709 pakususkana na 1,781,740 ya Dr Lazarus Chakwera wa MCP. Saulos Chilima, uyo wakimiranga UTM wakapokera mavoti 1,018,369. Mutharika wakalapizga pa 28 May 2019 kwa nyengo yinyakhe ya vyaka vinkhondi. Chipani cha opposition cha MCP na UTM chikapempha ku khoti likuru la Malawi kuti likanizgeso mavoti gha pa chisankho ichi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakususka boma ŵakalutilira kulongora kuti ŵakususka ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya maungano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi post-election protesters clash with ruling party supporters |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/26/c_138422497.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927014346/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/26/c_138422497.htm |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=5 February 2020 |website=Xinhua}}</ref>Wupu wa Human Rights Defenders Coalition (HRDC) uwo pa nyengo iyo ukalongozgekanga na Timothy Mtambo ukalongozga chivundungwele cha kususka muwuso wa Mutharika pakususka boma lake kuti ndakujikuzga na kukhumba kuti Jane Ansah wafumeko. Pa 3 February, 2020, ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti la Constitutional Court ŵakafika ku Lilongwe court kuti ŵapeleke chigamulo pa chisankho cha purezidenti icho chikaŵa chakukayikiska. Ŵeruzgi ŵakaŵazganga mulandu uwu kwa maora 7. Khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likadumura kuti mavoti gha pa 21 May 2019 ghaleke kugwira ntchito, chifukwa cha viheni ivyo vikachitika na Malawi Electoral Commission. Kweniso likalangura kuti paŵe mavoti ghaphya mu mazuŵa 150. Kuwuskapo mulandu uwu kukaŵa kwachilendo yayi ku Malawi, ndipo kakaŵa kaŵiri pera kuti ivi vichitikenge mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Malawi court annuls election in boost for African democracy |url=https://www.thehour.com/news/article/Malawi-court-annuls-election-in-boost-for-African-15029239.php |access-date=5 February 2020 |website=The Hour}}</ref> === 2020 election === {{main|2020 Malawian general election}} Mutharika wakathereskeka na Lazarus Chakwera pa mavoti gha 2020 apo wakapokera waka mavoti pafupifupi 40%. Chakwera wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa Malawi pa 28 Juni 2020.<ref name="BBC News" /> Pa 17 July, 2022, Peter Mutharika wakachita ungano ku nyumba yake ya Page House ku Mangochi uko wakapa mulandu boma la sono la Tonse Alliance kuti lalekeska ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi na kuleka kufiska ivyo ŵakalayizga. Kweniso wakalayizga kuti chipani chake chizamutonda pa mavoti gha mu 2025 ndipo wachali kughanaghanira usange wangalutizga..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namasani |first=Durrell |date=17 July 2022 |title=Mutharika says DPP will win big in 2025 |url=https://www.247malawi.com/mutharika-says-dpp-will-win-big-in-2025/ |url-status=live |website=www.247malawi.com}}</ref> '''Anti-corruption investigations''' Mu Ogasiti 2020, Malawi Anti-Corruption Commission yikakanizga ndalama za Peter na muwoli wake Gertrude, pakuchita kafukufuku wakususkana na vimbundi pa nkhani ya kunozga simenti ya K5 billion dollars kwambura msonkho. Mu Janyuwale 2021, Khoti Likuru likakana pempho la Mutharika lakuti walekeske kusungiska ndalama zake.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gwede |first1=Wanga |last2=Khamula |first2=Owen |date=2021-01-23 |title=Malawi: Court Says Mutharika Still Can't Access His Bank Accounts - Ex-Malawi Leader Slapped With Costs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101230038.html |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> === Personal life === [[File:Meeting_Malawian_Foreign_Minister_Professor_Arthur_Peter_Mutharika_(6175272731).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_Malawian_Foreign_Minister_Professor_Arthur_Peter_Mutharika_(6175272731).jpg|thumb|Mutharika meeting [[:en:Henry_Bellingham_(Norfolk_MP)|Henry Bellingham]] of the British [[:en:Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office|Foreign Office]]]] Mutharika wali na ŵana ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri na mwana mwanalume kufuma ku nthengwa yake yakwamba. Muwoli wake wakwamba, Christophine, wakafwa apo ŵana ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Wakaŵa Mukatolika wa ku Caribbean.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muheya|first=Green|date=4 April 2014|title=Peter Mutharika touted cultured character as widower for 30-years|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/|newspaper=[[Nyasa Times]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194926/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/|archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Christophine G. Mutharika International Law Award |url=http://law.wustl.edu/registrar/pages.aspx?id=2550 |publisher=[[Washington University School of Law]]}}</ref> Mutharika wakaŵa chokoro kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 30, kweni pa Juni 21, 2014, wakatora Gertrude Maseko, uyo wakaŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Malawi.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 June 2014|title=Mutharika weds partner in colourful ceremony|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mutharika-weds-partner-in-colourful-ceremony-1.1706988#.U6WYm_RDuSo|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]|access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> Mutharika wali mu tchalitchi la Presbyterian.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Mutharika Shuns National Prayers, Opts For Labourers |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/#sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140531165853/http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/%23sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |archive-date=31 May 2014 |website=faceofmalawi.com}}</ref> Ni munung'una wa Bingu wa Mutharika, pulezidenti wachitatu wa Malawi. === Ntchito zosankhidwa === * ''Foreign Investment Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Emerging Policy and Legal Frameworks'' (book). * "Accountability for Political Abuses in Pre-Democratic Malawi: The Primacy of Truth" – Third World Legal Studies, 2003. * "Approaches to Restorative Justice in Malawi", 13th Commonwealth Law Conference, Melbourne, Australia, April 2003. * "Legal System of Malawi", Legal Systems of the World (2002). * "Some Thoughts on Rebuilding African State Capability", ''Washington University Law Quarterly'' (1998). * "Creating an Attractive Investment Climate in the Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Region", ''Foreign Investment Law Journal'' (1997). * "The Role of the United Nations Security Council in African Peace Management: Some Proposals", ''Michigan Journal of International Law'' (1996). * "The 1995 Democratic Constitution of Malawi", ''Journal of African Law'' (1996). * "The Role of International Law in the Twenty-First Century: An African Perspective", ''Fordham International Law Journal'' (1995) and reprinted in ''Commonwealth Law Bulletin'' (1995). * "The Regulation of Statelessness Under International and National Law", Oceana Publications (1986). * "The Alien Under American Law", Oceana Publications (1988). * "The International Law of Development", Oceana Publications (1995). * "The Work of Council International Co-operation Of Humanity", ''African Magazine'' (2003). === Mphoto === He is a recipient of the following awards; * International Jurist Award, 2008 * The African Leadership Award, 2016 and Medal of Honour, 2016 * [[:en:Honorary_Doctor_of_Letters|Honorary Doctor of Letters]] (Hon. D.Litt.), [[:en:University_of_Addis_Ababa|University of Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia in 2016<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230324075512/http://www.aau.edu.et/blog/aau-hosts-the-65th-graduation-ceremony/ AAU hosts the 65th Graduation Ceremony] - website of the [[University of Addis Ababa]]</ref><ref>[https://www.nyasatimes.com/addis-ababa-university-honour-malawi-president-mutharika-doctorate-degree/ ddis Ababa University to Honour Malawi President Mutharika With Doctorate Degree] - website of the Malawian newspaper [[Nyasa Times]]</ref> * State of Georgia Senate Citation of Merit, 2016 * [[:en:Honorary_title_(academic)#Honorary_Professor|Honorary Professor]], [[:en:University_of_International_Business_and_Economics_(Beijing)|University of International Business and Economics]], Beijing, China, 2018<ref>[https://www.nyasatimes.com/top-chinese-university-to-honour-malawis-mutharika-with-another-professorship/ Top chinese university to honour malawis mutharika with another professorship] - website of the Malawian newspaper [[Nyasa Times]]</ref> * Nelson Mandela Leadership Award, National Baptist Convention, 2018 * Honorary [[:en:Doctor_of_Humane_Letters|Doctor of Humane Letters]] (L.H.D.), [[:en:Washington_University_in_St._Louis|Washington University in St. Louis]], [[:en:Missouri,_United_States|Missouri, United States]] in 2018<ref>[https://source.wustl.edu/2018/10/president-of-malawi-receives-honorary-degree-from-washington-university-in-st-louis/ President of Malawi receives honorary degree from Washington University] - news website of the [[Washington University in St. Louis]]</ref> * Senior Of Politics Debate, Indonesian Jakarta Collage, 2019 === Maudindo ghakulu === * President, International Third-World Legal Studies Association, 1986-1993 * Global Fund Replenishment Champion, 2018-2019 * Member, Committee of Ten African Heads of State Championing the Advancement of Education, Science and Technology, appointed by the African Union 2018 * Champion, Global Partnership for Education * African Development Bank, Youth Champion * Co-convenor, Global Commission on Financing Education * Champion, Trade Related Aspects of Property Rights (TRIPS) * UN Women "HeForShe" Champion * UNFPA Global Youth Champion * Advisor in Council of the Economic and Trade Cooperation of African Youth (ETCAY) * Board Chairperson for United Nations Economic and Trade Commission of Africa {{Ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi}} == Ukaboni == <references responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=Q7176020|display=Peter Mutharika}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140601001139/http://www.dppmalawi.com/documents/files/Peter%20Mutharika%20Biographical%20Sketch.pdf The Biographical Sketch of Peter Mutharika] * {{youTube|Iv5MHa7Vzrg|Mutharika's speech at his brother's funeral}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Etta Banda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister of Foreign Affairs|years=2011–2012}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ephraim Chiume]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Joyce Banda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Malawi]]|years=2014–2020}} {{s-aft|after=[[Lazarus Chakwera]]}} {{s-end}}{{Heads of State of Malawi|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} hsdu08q7dfocytix9ofcln9xvssrte4 0 24133 122576 112321 2026-09-28T01:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Capital city of Malawi}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lilongwe | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = | motto = Liľonğwë | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = | photo2a = K.a.r-.clocktower-in-lilongwe.jpg | photo3a = National Bank @ citycenter - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = Parliament building malawi.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | position = centre | border = 0 | color = BLACK }} | imagesize = | image_caption = '''From top:''' Bingu International Conference Centre, K.A.R. Clocktower, National Bank, Parliament Building | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | city_logo = | citylogo_size = | pushpin_map = Malawi#Africa | mapsize = 115 px | map_caption = Location of Lilongwe within Malawi | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Central Region, Malawi|Central Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lilongwe District|Lilongwe]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Juliana Kaduya]]<ref name="nyasatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-mayoral-polls-mcps-bikoko-elected-mayor-lilongwe-city-council-promises-forensic-audit-past-three-financial-years/ |title=Malawi Mayoral polls: MCP's Bikoko elected mayor for Lilongwe City Council, promises forensic audit for past three financial years |work=MaraviPost|date=6 January 2017 }}</ref> | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 727.79 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | population_as_of = 2018 Census<ref>https://malawi.unfpa.org/sites/...pdf/2018%20Census%20Preliminary%20Report.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | population_footnotes = <br /><small>[[National Statistical Office of Malawi]]</small> | population_note = | population_total = 989,318 | population_density_km2 = 1,482 | population_density_sq_mi = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|13|59|S|33|47|E|region:MW|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1050 | elevation_ft = | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = [https://lcc.mw/ lcc.mw] | name = | pushpin_relief = 1 }} '''Lilongwe''' ni msumba ukuru wa [[Malaŵi]], mu Africa. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu tawuni iyi chikaŵa 989,318.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe {{!}} national capital, Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lilongwe |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> In 2020 that figure was 1,122,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe, Malawi Population (2020) - Population Stat |url=https://populationstat.com/malawi/lilongwe |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=populationstat.com}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Malawi, kufupi na mphaka na [[Mozambique]] na [[Zambia]].<ref name="zaragoza.es">https://web.archive.org/web/20200803145636/http://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/medioambiente/onu//issue06/1136-eng.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Zina la msumba uwu lili kufuma ku mlonga wa Lilongwe. == Mbili == Mu 1902, mulongozgi wa mu msumba uwu, Njewa, ndiyo wakambiska boma la Lilongwe. Mu 1904, msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba ukuru. Mu ma 1920, msumba uwu ukaŵa pa nthowa zikuruzikuru ndipo ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene pakuŵa msika wa vyakurya.<ref name="Roman Adrian Cybriwsky 2013, p. 156">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 156</ref> Lilongwe yikaŵa msumba wa malonda, ndipo mu 1947 yikaŵa msumba ukuru. Wakati waŵa wakujiyimira yekha, msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba wakuzirwa comene wa malonda mu chigaŵa chapakati pa Malawi. Mu 1965, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Malaŵi, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, wakasankha malo agha kuŵa malo ghakusangira ndalama kumpoto na pakati pa Malaŵi.<ref name=":0" /> Mu 1975, Lilongwe likazgoka msumba ukuru wa Malawi, ndipo likatora malo gha Zomba. Maofesi ghaumaliro gha boma ghakasamukira ku Lilongwe mu 2005. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, ŵakazenga chiŵanja cha ndege cha Lilongwe International Airport, icho chikugwira ntchito mu msumba uwu. Ŵakazenga njanji yakuya ku Salima kumafumiro gha dazi na ku mphaka ya Zambia kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lilongwe ŵakulutilira kusazgikira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi, ndipo ŵakusazgikira pa chaka pa ciŵelengero ca 4.3%.<ref name="zaragoza.es" /> === Planning history === Ndondomeko yakwamba ya Lilongwe yikalembeka mu 1955, pambere ŵandambe kusamuskira msumba wa Zomba ku Lilongwe mu 1965. Chilato cha ndondomeko iyi chikaŵa chakuti boma liŵe na nkhongono zinandi mwa kuŵika boma mu msumba umoza, kweniso kuti likhwimiske vinthu mu vigaŵa vyapakati na vya kumpoto mwa kuzenga malo ghakurughakuru mu charu. Ŵakapika ntchito ya kunozga pulani ya Lilongwe, iyo yikamara mu 1968. Fundo zinandi izo zikalembeka mu pulani yikuru iyi zikapokelereka mu mapulani ghanyake agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma. Cakwamba cikaŵa ndondomeko ya ku Lilongwe mu 1969. Likanozgeka kuti lipulikiske fundo zikuruzikuru za mu pulani iyi na kusintha vinthu ivyo boma likaghanaghananga kuti ni vyambura kwenelera. Ndondomeko ya Lilongwe Outline Zoning ndiyo yikawovwira kuti msumba uwu uŵe wakutowa. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa mizi yinandi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kunjira mu misewu. Chilato chikaŵa chakuti malo ghakukhalamo, ntchito, na maofesi gha munthavi ghazengekenge pa malo agha kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwenda mtunda utali. Kukaŵa malo ghanayi ghanthena agha, ndipo cilicose cikaŵa cigaŵa ca msumba. (a) Old Town Primary Commercial Center, iyo yili na malo ghaŵiri agho ghali mu Area 2 (Bwalonjobyu) na Area 3 (Kang'ombe) (b) Msumba, uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha Capital Hill (c) Kanengo Primary Commercial Center mu Area 25/2 (Bvunguti) (d) Lumbadzi Primary Commercial Center, yakujintha pa malo ghakuguliskirako mu Area 53/2 (Kalimbakatha). Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora, kupanga vinthu, na malonda. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti msumba uwu uŵe wakutowa ni malo agho ghakaŵa na maluŵaza. Kufuma waka pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti mu msumba ukuru muŵe malo ghawemi ghakukhalamo. Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1970, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghana kuti pakwenera kuŵa pulani yiphya iyo yikulongosora umo msumba uwu uŵirenge. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe pulani ya Lilongwe Urban Structure Plan ya 1978. Ivi vikapangiska kuti malo gha Lumbadzi na Kamuzu International Airport ghasinthe. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo yikawovwira comene pakunozga vinthu. Mu 1986, msumba uwu ukaŵa kuti wafika pa malo ghakwenelera, ndipo ukaŵa kuti ukukura. Mbali yikuru ya misewu yikaŵa kuti yazengeka, ndipo kukaŵa maji na magesi. Mu vigaŵa vyose vinayi vya msumba uwu, ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene. Chigaŵa cha Old Town chikaŵa pafupi kuzengeka; chigaŵa cha Capital Hill chikaŵa pafupifupi hafu; ndipo chigaŵa cha Kanengo na Lumbadzi chikaŵa pafupifupi hafu. Ndondomeko ya Lilongwe Outline Zoning Scheme yikalongosora umo msumba uphya uwu uzamugwilira ntchito. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika ndipo chigaŵa cha msumba uwu chikasazgikira na kusazgako chigaŵa cha 56 na 57. Kufuma apo, chigaŵa cha 58 chikasazgikako ku chigaŵa cha msumba uwu kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu na nyumba wa 2008. Ndondomeko ya malo ya mu 1986 yikakhumbanga kukhozga ndondomeko ya vinthu vya mu matawuni na kugwiliskira nchito malo mwakukwana pa msewu na vinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwira ntchito m'paka mu 2000, kweni yikamara yayi mu 2000 chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, luso, na ŵanthu. Pakuzgora pempho la boma la Malaŵi, boma la Japan likadumura kuti licitenge "Ndondomeko ya Kupanga Vinthu mu Matawuni gha Lilongwe", iyo yikapelekeka ku wupu wa Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), mwakuyana na phangano lakukhwaskana na luso pakati pa boma la Malawi na boma la Japan ilo likalembeka pa Novembala 15, 2008. Kafukufuku uyu wakachitika pamoza na gulu la JICA na wupu unyake wa Malawi kwa myezi 14, kwamba Juni 2009 m'paka Seputembala 2010. Pa Julayi 20, 2011, nduna ya vyalo, nyumba na vyalo yikazomerezga lipoti la kafukufuku wa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha matawuni mu msumba wa Lilongwe. Ntchito ya Urban Planning and Development Management of Lilongwe City yikamba mu Novembala 2012 mpaka sono na wovwiri wa JICA. Ŵadokotala ŵa JICA ŵakawovwira boma la Lilongwe kunozgaso ndondomeko yakuzenga misumba. Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City, kusazgapo Area 58, chili na 393 km2 ndipo chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 989,318 kuyana na Census ya 2018 Population and Housing. Nangauli mu ndondomeko ya malo ghakupangirako tawuni mukaŵa vigaŵa vinayi: (1) Old Town Sector, (2) Capital Hill Sector, (3) Kanengo Sector, na (4) Lumbadzi Sector. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghambura kunozgekera. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakukhala pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito. Ntchakukhumbikwa nadi kusanga malo ghakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalengemo.<ref name="MLHU1">{{cite web |date=17 June 2013 |title=The Urban Structure Plan of Lilongwe City |url=http://www.lands.gov.mw/phocadownload/land_policies_plans/urban%20structure%20plan%20of%20Lilongwe%20City%2017%20june%202013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215204700/http://www.lands.gov.mw/phocadownload/land_policies_plans/urban%20structure%20plan%20of%20Lilongwe%20City%2017%20june%202013.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development, Republic of Malawi}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="134"> File:Hastings Kamuzu Banda-Denkmal Lilongwe.jpg|Malawi Hastings Kamuzu Banda in Lilongwe </gallery> == Vya ndale == [[File:Parliamentbuilding_-_panoramio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliamentbuilding_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[:en:National_Assembly_(Malawi)|National Assembly]].]] === Local government === Lilongwe is governed by Lilongwe City Council, which is dominated by [[:en:Malawi_Congress_Party|Malawi Congress Party]]. === Parliament === The [[:en:National_Assembly_(Malawi)|Malawian parliament]] is in Lilongwe. == Ŵanthu == {{historical populations|11=1966|12=19,425|13=1977|14=98,718|15=1987|16=223,318|17=1998|18=440,471|19=2008|20=674,448|21=2018|22=989,318|percentages=pagr|footnote=sources:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/malawi/cities/ Malawi: Cities, Towns & Urban Localities]</ref><ref name="zaragoza.es"/>|align=right}} === Historical population === Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Lilongwe ŵakukwera kufuma pa 20,000 mu 1966 kufika pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni mu 2018. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu tawuni iyi muŵe mizi yinandi. === Ethnic groups === {{bar box|title=Ethnic Groups in Lilongwe City (2018 Census)<ref name="Census2018" />|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Ethnic Groups|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Chewa|darkgreen|42.28}} {{bar percent|Ngoni|purple|17.13}} {{bar percent|Lomwe|red|14.48}} {{bar percent|Yao|black|12.11}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|orange|6.46}} {{bar percent|Mang'anja|darkblue|1.86}}{{bar percent|Sena|green|1.78}} {{bar percent|Tonga|maroon|1.56}} {{bar percent|Nyanja|darkgray|0.67}} {{bar percent|Nkhonde|gray|0.63}} {{bar percent|Lambya|tan|0.35}} {{bar percent|Sukwa|lime|0.04}} {{bar percent|Other|Violet|0.64}}}}Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, ŵanthu 42.28% ŵa mu msumba wa Lilongwe ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa awo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Gulu likuru comene la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ni Ŵangoni, ndipo ŵanthu 17.13% ŵa mu tawuni iyi. Mitundu yinyake yikaŵa Lomwe na 14.48% ya ŵanthu, Yao na 12.11%, Tumbuka na 6.46%, Mang'anja na 1.86%, Sena na 1.78%, Tonga na 1.56%, Nyanja na 0.67%, Nkhonde na 0.63%, Lambya na 0.35%, Sukwa na 0.04% pera, na mitundu yinyake na 0.64% ya ŵanthu.<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> === Religion === {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption='''Religions in Lilongwe City (2018 Census)<ref name="Census2018" />'''|label1=Church of Central Africa Presbyterian|value1=23.15|color2=#36A|label2=Catholic|value2=17.28|color1=#6A5|label3=Seventh-day Adventist/Baptist/Apostolic|value3=10.35|color3=#FF33AC|label4=Pentecostal|value4=8.6|color4=#1A9|label5=Anglican|value5=2.31|color5=#E17720|label6=Other Christian|value6=21.67|color6=#F0FF00|label7=Muslim|value7=11.12|color7=#64ECDF|label8=Traditional|value8=0.34|color8=#36A|label9=Other|value9=3.38|color9=#6A5|label10=No Religion|value10=1.73|color10=#FF33AC}}Chisopa chikuru chomene mu msumba wa Lilongwe ni cha Central African Presbyterian Church icho chili na 23.15%. Chisopa chikuru chomene mu tawuni iyi ntcha Chikatolika, ndipo ŵanthu 17.28%. Visopa vinyake vikuruvikuru ni vya Chi Adventist, Baptist, na Apostolic (vyose pamoza ni 10.35%), Pentecostal (vyose pamoza ni 8.6%), Anglican (vyose pamoza ni 2.31%), visopa vinyake vya Chikhristu (vyose pamoza ni 21.67%), Islam (vyose pamoza ni 11.12%), Traditional (vyose pamoza ni 0.34%), visopa vinyake (vyose pamoza ni 3.38%) na vyakusopa yayi (vyose pamoza ni 1.73% ya ŵanthu).<ref name="Census2018" /> == Makhalilo == === Topography === Lilongwe ili pa chigaŵa cha Malaŵi, ndipo lili ku chigaŵa cha East African Rift Valley. === Divisions === Msumba wa Lilongwe uli kugaŵika mu chigaŵa chiphya na chakale. Mu vyaru ivi muli mahotelo, maofesi gha maboma, maboma, na maofesi, ndipo mu vyaru ivi muli misika, masiteshoni gha basi, malo ghakurya, na malo ghanyake. Mu tawuni iyi muli mashopu gha mazuŵa ghano agho ghakupambana na misika ya mu misewu na ya mu msumba wakale.<ref name="malawitourism.com">{{cite web |title=Lilongwe – Malawi Tourism – Malawi Safari – Malawi Attractions |url=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426065540/http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=13 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=malawitourism.com}}</ref> ==== Residential ==== Mu chigaŵa cha 12 muli malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵachoko. Mu 2030, mu vigaŵa vinyake mu malo gha 3, 9, 10, 11, 38, 42, 43, 45, 59 na 61 muli malo ghanyake. Mu chigaŵa cha 15 muli malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu 2030, mu vigaŵa ivi muŵenge vigaŵa 2, 6, 14, 41, 43, 47, 52, 54, 55 na 58. Mu vigaŵa vya 7, 18 na 21 ndimo muli malo ghanandi ghakukhalamo ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu 2030, mu vigaŵa vinyake pali vigaŵa 1, 8, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 36, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 58 na 61. Malo ghanandi gha nyumba zakudikanya ghali mu 17. Mu 2030, mu vigaŵa vinyake mu malo gha 3, 9, 26, 33, 37, 42 na 52 muli malo ghanyake. Malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu ghali mu vigaŵa vya 36, 50, 56 na 57. Mu 2030, mu vigaŵa vinyake mu chigaŵa cha 1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 35, 38, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 58, 59, 60, 61 na 62 muli malo ghanyake. 10.2 Kugwiliskira nchito caru pa malonda ==== Commercial ==== Pakwamba, mu ndondomeko ya kuzenga malo ya mu 1986, malo agha ghakaŵanga na malo gha malonda pera. Kuti malo ghakugwiliskirika ntchito ghaŵe ghakutowa kweniso kuti msumba uwu uŵe wakutowa kweniso wakutowa, ndondomeko iyi yikusazgapo malo ghanyake ghakuchemeka "Vipinda Vyakudura". Chigaŵa ichi chikugwiriskirika ntchito ku chigaŵa cha City Center. Malo ghakugwilira nchito gha mu Msumba Wakale ghaŵenge gha malonda. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakukolerana, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska vinthu mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo ghakugwilira nchito ghakwenera kupambanako na malo ghakugwilira nchito mu cigaŵa ca pakati. Malo agho ghakukhumbikwira kunozgekerathu ni malo 4, 5 na chigaŵa chinyake cha malo 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 22, 27, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 43, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60 na 61 mu 2030. Malo agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni malo ghakurughakuru ghakwendeskeka na malonda ni Malo 13, 16, 19, na vigaŵa vinyake vya Malo 31, 32 na 42 mu 2030. 10.3 Kugwiliskira nchito malo gha viŵeto. ==== Industrial ==== The term "industrial" used to be the only category of industrial land use in the 1986 Zoning Scheme. In view of upgrading and diversification of industries, industrial land use shall be classified into two categories. One is "heavy/large-scale industries" located in the Kanengo area. The other is "light industries". There are the whole areas for heavy/large–scale industrial area in Area 28 and 29. There are some areas in Area 26, 27, 39, 50, 51 and 52 in 2030. There are some areas for light industrial areas in Area 38, 46, 47, 49, 60 and 61 in 2030. ==== Government use ==== Maofesi gha boma ghakugwiliskira nchito malo ghanandi. Mwaciyelezgero, malo gha nyumba ya boma mu cigaŵa ca 44 ghali na mahekitala pafupifupi 555. Capital Hill ni malo ghakupambanapambana agho muli maboma. Malo agha ghali pa malo ghakuru comene mu cigaŵa ca 20. Pa nyengo iyi, ofesi ya ŵapolisi yili mu cigaŵa ca 30. Ndondomeko iyi yikati malo agha ndigho ghakwenera kuzengeka na maboma. Fundo iyi njakukhumbikwa comene cifukwa nchito ya kuzenga na kunozga nyumba njakusuzga yayi. Ndipouli, chigaŵa cha 35, uko kuli msasa wa ŵasilikari na vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, chikwenera kuŵa cha ŵasilikari pera. Malo ghakulondezgapo agha ghali kupika ku boma mu Area 40. Mu 2030, boma lizamutora malo ghanandi mu chigaŵa cha 30, 35 na vigaŵa vinyake vya chigaŵa cha 3, 20, 31 na 44. ==== Open Space/Greenery Land ==== Malo Ghakutowa na Malo Ghakutowa Kugwiliskira nchito malo ghakutowa na malo ghakutowa ni vigaŵa vinkhondi ivi: 1) Malo Ghakutowa, 2) Malo Ghakusungirako Vipaka na Vyakusanguluska, 3) Malo Ghakutowa na Malo Ghakutowa, 4) Vyakurima na 5) Vyakulengeska. Msumba wa Lilongwe uli na malo ghakuchemeka Natural Sanctuary. Ichi chikwenera kusungika na kupwelelereka ku miwiro yakunthazi.<ref name="MLHU1" /> ==== Urban spatial development ==== Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika pa kafukufuku wa umo malo ghakugwilira nchito, misumba yinandi yikakura mwakuyana yayi mu vigaŵa vinayi ivi: i) Lumbadzi, ii) Kanengo, iii) Capital Hill, na iv) Old Town. M'malo mwake, kukura kwa msumba uwu kwaŵa mu malo ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru (Mzinda Wakale na Msumba). Pa nyengo yasono, mizi yikwenda kumwera, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi, cifukwa malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu ghali paubwezi na malo gha vyachuma. Pakuyowoya za umo msumba wa Lilongwe uzamuŵira munthazi, ŵakawona kuti ntchiwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mwakuyana waka. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga mapulani gha mizi chifukwa ni nthowa yiwemi yakulongosolera malo agho ghakukhumbikwira kunozgekerathu..<ref name="MLHU1" /> === House numbering and suburbs === ==== Areas ==== [[File:Citycenter_-_panoramio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citycenter_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|City centre]] Msumba wa Lilongwe uli kugaŵika vigaŵa ivyo vili na nambara. Nambara izi zili kulembeka mwakuyana na nyengo iyo vinthu vikacitikira, m'malo mwa kuyana na malo. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu mu msumba wa Lilongwe ghali nga ni chibenekelero icho chili pakati pa Old Town na City Center. Msumba wa Lilongwe uli na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru 58. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikaŵa kuti chaŵika kale chigaŵa cha 58 mu msumba wa Lilongwe. Mu tawuni ya Lilongwe, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene kuzenga nyumba. Pasono msumba uwu ukusanuzgika comene kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo ukuzgokera kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nakuti tawuni zinandi zikuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake kumwera (vigaŵa 36, 38, 46, 56, 57 na 58).<ref name="MLHU1" /> ==== Nambara za nyumba ==== Nyumba za ku Lilongwe zili na nambara: Nambara ya malo/nambara ya mwamwaŵi. Ntheura nyumba iyo yili mu cigaŵa ca 43 yingacemeka 43/123. === Nyengo === Lilongwe yili na nyengo yakuzizima ya subtropical (Köppen: Cwa) iyo yili pafupi na subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima na nyengo yakuzizima. Chifukwa cha mtunda, matenthedwe ngakusiyana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira mu tawuni iyo yili ku malo ghakubiliŵira. Ku Lilongwe, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yitali yayi, kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Malichi. Ndipouli, mu tawuni iyi mukulokwa comene mu nyengo ya vula ya monsoon, ndipo mu myezi iyo kuli vula zinandi, mu mwezi umoza kukulokwa maji pafupifupi mamilimita 200..{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}{{Weather box|location=Lilongwe (extremes 1981–present)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high C=32.5|Feb record high C=31.2|Mar record high C=30.2|Apr record high C=30.5|May record high C=31.5|Jun record high C=28.0|Jul record high C=29.2|Aug record high C=29.5|Sep record high C=33.1|Oct record high C=34.5|Nov record high C=34.2|Dec record high C=32.4|year record high C=34.5|Jan high C=24.8|Feb high C=24.9|Mar high C=24.7|Apr high C=24.7|May high C=23.2|Jun high C=22.0|Jul high C=21.4|Aug high C=22.6|Sep high C=25.9|Oct high C=27.4|Nov high C=27.3|Dec high C=25.6|year high C=24.6|Jan mean C=21.2|Feb mean C=21.1|Mar mean C=21.1|Apr mean C=20.2|May mean C=18.3|Jun mean C=16.2|Jul mean C=16.1|Aug mean C=17.3|Sep mean C=20.6|Oct mean C=22.4|Nov mean C=22.9|Dec mean C=21.8|year mean C=19.8|Jan low C=18.2|Feb low C=17.7|Mar low C=17.3|Apr low C=15.8|May low C=13.1|Jun low C=10.1|Jul low C=9.9|Aug low C=11.1|Sep low C=13.8|Oct low C=16.8|Nov low C=18.5|Dec low C=18.3|year low C=15.1|Jan record low C=11.8|Feb record low C=11.7|Mar record low C=11.3|Apr record low C=8.1|May record low C=3.0|Jun record low C=0.5|Jul record low C=0.1|Aug record low C=1.4|Sep record low C=5.1|Oct record low C=7.9|Nov record low C=10.0|Dec record low C=11.8|year record low C=0.1|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=223|Feb precipitation mm=187|Mar precipitation mm=128|Apr precipitation mm=44|May precipitation mm=12|Jun precipitation mm=1|Jul precipitation mm=0|Aug precipitation mm=0|Sep precipitation mm=1|Oct precipitation mm=10|Nov precipitation mm=63|Dec precipitation mm=199|year precipitation mm=869|unit precipitation days=0.1 mm|Jan precipitation days=18|Feb precipitation days=16|Mar precipitation days=15|Apr precipitation days=8|May precipitation days=4|Jun precipitation days=1|Jul precipitation days=1|Aug precipitation days=1|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=2|Nov precipitation days=8|Dec precipitation days=17|year precipitation days=91|Jan humidity=83|Feb humidity=83|Mar humidity=82|Apr humidity=78|May humidity=74|Jun humidity=69|Jul humidity=65|Aug humidity=60|Sep humidity=52|Oct humidity=53|Nov humidity=62|Dec humidity=78|year humidity=69|Jan sun=136.4|Feb sun=144.1|Mar sun=170.5|Apr sun=213.0|May sun=263.5|Jun sun=243.0|Jul sun=241.8|Aug sun=263.5|Sep sun=294.0|Oct sun=282.1|Nov sun=234.0|Dec sun=139.5|year sun=|Jand sun=4.4|Febd sun=5.1|Mard sun=5.5|Aprd sun=7.1|Mayd sun=8.5|Jund sun=8.1|Juld sun=7.8|Augd sun=8.5|Sepd sun=9.8|Octd sun=9.1|Novd sun=7.8|Decd sun=4.5|yeard sun=7.2|source 1=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_675860_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Lilongwe (Int. Flugh. Kamuzu) / Malawi | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = 10 August 2016}}</ref>|source 2=Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1549 | title = Station Lilongwe | publisher = Météo Climat | language = fr | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>|date=December 2012}} == Vya chuma == {{See also|Economy of Malawi}} [[File:K.a.r-.clocktower-in-lilongwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K.a.r-.clocktower-in-lilongwe.jpg|thumb|[[:en:King's_African_Rifles|King's African Rifles]] War Memorial, Downtown Lilongwe]] Nangauli msumba wa Blantyre ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa malonda mu Malaŵi, kweni boma na maboma ndivyo vikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Lilongwe. Kanengo, kumpoto kwa msumba uwu, ni malo ghakuru gha vyamalonda, uko ŵanthu ŵakuguliska vyakurya, kukolerana hona, kukolerana mbuto, na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na vyamalonda. Mu tawuni iyi, vinthu vikuru comene ni ndalama, banki, malonda, kuzenga, mendero, nduna za boma, vyakusanguluska, na kupanga hona. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma, 27 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma, ndipo 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vyaŵene ndipo 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakujilemba ntchito.<ref name="zaragoza.es" /> == Kayendelo == [[File:FWKI_Terminal.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FWKI_Terminal.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Kamuzu_International_Airport|Kamuzu International Airport]].]] === Malo gha ndege === Malo gha ndege gha Kamuzu International Airport (LLW) ghali kumpoto kwa msumba, pafupifupi makilomita 7 kufuma ku msumba (Central Business District). Ndege ya Kamuzu International Airport ndiyo ni yakale comene mu caru ici.<ref>{{cite web |title=(LLW) Lilongwe International Airport |url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LLW |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013905/http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LLW |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015 |work=flightstats.com}}</ref> === Magalimoto === Ku Lilongwe kuli mabasi agho ghakwenda ku Blantyre, Zomba, Kasungu na Mzuzu. Mazuŵa ghose, mabasi ghakuya ku South Africa, Zambia, na Tanzania ghakwenda pa basi. Misewu yikuru yikusazgapo misewu ya kumpoto na kumwera (M1), misewu ya mukati, misewu ya kuwaro, misewu ya Nacala (chigaŵa cha misewu ya kumanjiliro gha dazi), misewu ya radial na misewu yakufikako ku Kamuzu International Airport (KIA). Msewu wakunjilira ukuwungana na M1 na misewu yinyake yikuruyikuru iyo yikwenda mu vigaŵa vya malonda na maboma. Msewu uwu ukwendeskeka na makampani ndipo ukujumpha yayi mu malo ghakuru gha msumba.<ref name="MLHU1" /> === Sitima === There is a rail service to Lilongwe. To the west the [[:en:Sena_railway|Sena railway]] line runs towards [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]], and to the east the [[:en:Sena_railway|Sena railway]] line runs to [[:en:Salima_(township)|Salima]].<ref>{{cite web |title=(Malawi Rail Map) |url=http://www.rrdc.com/images/map_cdn_cear_print.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092339/http://www.rrdc.com/images/map_cdn_cear_print.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 September 2014 |publisher=Railroad Development Corporation}}</ref> == Masambiro == [[File:Polytechnic_blantyre.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polytechnic_blantyre.jpg|thumb|The Polytechnic (University of Malawi) in Blantyre]] Yunivesite ya Malawi yikambika mu 1964. Mu Lilongwe muli masukulu 38 ghapadera (Bedir Star International School, Bishop Mackenzie International school etc.) na 66 gha boma agho ghali na ŵana 103,602.<ref name="zaragoza.es" /> == Malo ghakusoperapo == Pa malo agha pali visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu: Lutheran Church of Central Africa (Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference), Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Convention of Malawi (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lilongwe (Church Catholic).<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi Malawi], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref> Paliso masisiteri gha Cisilamu. == Maseŵera == Nyumba yiphya ya maseŵero iyo yingaŵa na ŵanthu 40,000, yikazengeka na boma la China ilo likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 70 miliyoni. Sitediyamu iyi yikuchemeka Bingu National Stadium ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2017. Malo ghanyake ghakusoperapo ni Silver Stadium (Area 47), Civo Stadium (Area 9) na Nankhaka Ground (Area 30). Magulu ghakuru mu Lilongwe ni Silver Strikers, Civo Sporting, Blue Eagles na Kamuzu Barracks. Basiketi yikuseŵereka pa sukulu ya African Bible College, Civo Court, Don Bosco, na masukulu ghanyake. Masewera ena ku Lilongwe ndi Netball omwe amasewera ku Gateway Mall, Don Bosco, Nankhaka ndi ABC. Mu tawuni iyi mukuŵaso maseŵero gha Rugby Union, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghakuchitako. == Matawuni ghaŵiri == Lilongwe is [[:en:Twin_towns_and_sister_cities|twinned]] with: * {{flagicon|ROC}} [[:en:Taipei|Taipei]], Taiwan (since 1984)<ref>{{cite web |title=Taipei City Council |url=http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB |work=tcc.gov.tw}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]], Zambia (since 2004)<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2004 |title=Zambia: Lusaka, Lilongwe Cities Twin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200408200493.html |access-date=1 April 2018 |via=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> * Gerke, W. J. C. & Viljoen, Charl J. ''Master Plan for Lilongwe the Capital City of Malawi'' (Johannesburg: Swan Publishing, 1968) {{OCLC|249748486}}. == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * {{Commons category-inline|Lilongwe}} * {{wikivoyage-inline|Lilongwe}} {{List of African capitals}}{{Authority control}}<!--empty space as standard for catmains--> k65rzq8p230f5it3d81xpffh9ljp6tu 0 24225 122441 105065 2026-09-27T23:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kampani ya vyakuvwara ya ku Germany}} {{Infobox company | name = Adidas AG | former_name = Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik (1924–1949) | logo = Adidas-group-logo-fr.svg | image = Herzogenaurach - Adidas - 2016.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Factory outlet in Herzogenaurach, Germany | type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]]) | traded_as = {{FWB|ADS}}<br />[[DAX|DAX component]] | founder = [[Adolf Dassler]] | location_city = [[Herzogenaurach]], [[Bavaria]] | location_country = Germany | area_served = Worldwide<br> (except [[North Korea]], [[Russia]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]) | key_people = {{plainlist| *[[Thomas Rabe (manager)|Thomas Rabe]] ([[chairman]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adidas-group.com/en/about/supervisory-board/ |title=Supervisory Board |website=Adidas Group |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818085730/https://www.adidas-group.com/en/about/supervisory-board/ |archive-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> *[[Kasper Rørsted]] ([[CEO]]) }} | industry = [[Textile industry|Textile]], [[Footwear#Footwear industry|footwear]] | products = [[clothing|Apparel]], [[footwear]], [[sportswear]], [[sports equipment]], [[toiletries]] | revenue = {{Increase}} [[Euro|€]]21.915&nbsp;billion (2018)<ref name="FY2018">{{cite web |url=https://report.adidas-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/adidas_Annual_Report_GB-2018-EN.pdf |title=Adidas Annual Report 2018 |website=Adidas Group |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624060640/https://report.adidas-group.com/fileadmin/user_upload/adidas_Annual_Report_GB-2018-EN.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | operating_income = {{Increase}} €2.368&nbsp;billion (2018)<ref name="FY2018"/> | net_income = {{Increase}} €1.702&nbsp;billion (2018)<ref name="FY2018"/> | assets = {{Increase}} €15.612&nbsp;billion (2018)<ref name="FY2018"/> | equity = {{Increase}} €6.364&nbsp;billion (2018)<ref name="FY2018"/> | num_employees = 57,016 (2018)<ref name="FY2018"/> | subsid = {{ubl|[[Adidas Runtastic]]|Matix}} | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1924|7}} in [[Herzogenaurach]], Germany (as Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik)<br />{{start date and age|1949|8|18|df=yes}} (as Adidas)<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/history/ |title=History |website=Adidas Group |access-date=7 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208215436/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/group/history/ |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.adidas-group.com/en/|adidas-group.com}}<br />{{URL|https://www.adidas.com/|adidas.com}} }} '''Adidas AG''' ({{Audio|De-Adidas.ogg|/ˈædiˌdæs/}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=4465 |title=The History of Adidas |website=On This Day In Fashion |access-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011942/http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=4465 |archive-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> ni [[Germany|German]] ni kampani ya vyaru vinandi iyo yikupangika ku [[Herzegenaurach]], [[Bavaria]]. Ni kampani yikuru chomene yakuzenga vyakuvwara vya maseŵero mu [[Europe]], ndipo ndiyo yikuru chomene pa charu chose, pamanyuma pa [[Nike, Inc.]] Kasi mukumanya kuti ni njani uyo wakupangiska masuzgo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah3ZhaeNWMdM |title=Adidas, Deutsche Telekom, Infineon: German Equity Preview |date=16 January 2008 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |access-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120858/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ah3ZhaeNWMdM |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271302/the-largest-sportswear-manufacturers-worldwide-by-revenue/ |title=Ranking of the largest sporting goods manufacturers worldwide in 2009, based on revenue |work=Statista.com}}</ref> 1vqnek5kgcpp03u7sehhe7q5r78zmtl 0 24227 122595 122355 2026-09-28T01:58:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kawonelo ka masambiro mu Malawi}}[[File:Schoolchildren in Malawi.jpg|thumb|Ŵana ŵa sukulu ya pulayimale pa ungano wa pawaro ku Malawi|300x300px]] '''Masambiro gha ku [[Malawi]]''' ghakovwira munthu kuti waŵe wakunozgeka kuluta ku masukulu gha sekondare na mayunivesite. Ndipouli, mbanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu ya sekondare panji ku yunivesite. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakuleka sukulu, comenecomene awo ŵakusambira pulayimale. ==Sukulu ya pulayimale== Masukulu ghakupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: gha boma na gha ŵekha. Mu mizi na vikaya vinandi mu caru cose muli masukulu agha. Kuzakafika mu 1970, kukaŵa masukulu ghakwambilira pafupifupi 2,000 agho ghakaŵanga na ŵana 35 pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose. Pa ŵana wose ŵa sukulu za pulayimare, 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasambiranga mu masukulu ghapadera agho ghakaŵa gha tchalitchi. ==Sukulu ya sekondare== Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵa ghacedwa comene ku Malawi, cifukwa cakuti mu nyengo ya ukoloni, masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakaŵavya mahara. Mu Malaŵi muli masukulu ghasekondale gha mitundu yinkhondi. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni masukulu ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu, masukulu gha zuŵa, masukulu gha boma, masukulu gha ku sekondare, na masukulu ghapachanya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa masambiro ghaciŵiri ŵali na madigiri panji madipuloma. Mu masambiro agha, ŵana wose ŵakwenera kusambira vya ulimi. Ŵanyamata ŵakuchiskika kuti ŵagwirenge nchito za makuni, visulo, na kupenta, ndipo ŵasungwana ŵakuchiskika kuti ŵagwirenge nchito za panyumba. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakususka pa masukulu gha sekondare mu Malawi ntchakuti ghakusambizga chomene masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba kugwira nchito mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵakukhumbikwira kuŵasambizga vinthu vinyake. Ntheura, masukulu gha sekondare ghakuŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵacoko comene. Nakuti pa ŵawukirano wose ŵa ku Malawi, yumoza pera pa ŵawukirano ŵanayi ndiyo wakumalizga sukulu. <ref>{{Cite book|title = Youth Studies|url = https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl|last = Furlong|first = Andy|publisher = Routledge|year = 2013|isbn = 978-0-415-56479-3|location = Abingdon, Oxon|pages = [https://archive.org/details/youthstudiesintr0000furl/page/233 233]}}</ref> ==System ya Sukulu za boma== Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 1994, boma likakhazikiska sukulu zaulere za ŵana wose. <ref name="ilab">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101111075628/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/malawi.htm "Malawi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm |date=2008-10-06 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''.</ref> Mu 1994, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale cikaŵa 133.9 peresenti, ndipo 102.6 peresenti. <ref name=ilab/> Mu 1995, ŵana 62 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakamba sukulu ya pulayimale ŵakafika mu kilasi laciŵiri, ndipo 34 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafika mu kilasi lacinayi. <ref name=ilab/> Ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakuleka sukulu kuluska ŵanyamata. <ref name=ilab/> ==System ya Sukulu zaŵene== Masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghafuma mu Malaŵi ndipo ghakovwira kuti sukulu za boma zileke kwenda. Masukulu ghaŵene ghakusazgapo masukulu nga ni tukombo private girls secondary school, Bedir IS, Phungu, Lilongwe Girls, Hossana private School na Sunnyside School. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizgika na boma. [[Sukulu yakwamba]] ya ŵasungwana ya Tukombo yikamba mu 1998, ndipo yikwendeskeka na NY nkhatabay development trust. Wupu wa [[Bedir Foundation]], uwo ukambika mu 2000, uli na masukulu ghaŵiri: Bedir Star International School, Lilongwe na Bedir International School, Blantyre. Vyose viŵiri vikugwiliskira nchito masambiro gha Cambridge International Examinations, kweniso MANEB. ===Sukulu za Charitable Foundation=== Masukulu ghanandi gha kujikora ghapangika mu Malawi nga ni mawupu gha vyawanangwa na ŵana ŵa sukulu: * Wupu wa [[Jacaranda Foundation]], <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacarandafoundation.org|title=Jacaranda Foundation: Building Schools, Providing Education, Preventing AIDS in Malawi}}</ref> uwo ukazengeka na mama Marie Da Silva, ndiwo ukuwovwira sukulu iyi. Ili ndilo likaŵa sukulu yimoza pera yaulere ku Malawi ya ŵana ŵa sukulu za pulayimale na sekondare. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa sukulu ya Jacaranda mbalanda chifukwa cha nthenda ya [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], nga umo vikaŵira pa [[CNN Heroes]] mu 2008. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/14/dasilva/|title=CNN Heroes: Giving hope to orphans of AIDS|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> * Sukulu ya St. Patrick Academy & primary * [[Joyce Banda Foundation]] ni wupu uwo ukwendeska masukulu gha primary na secondary mu Malawi. * Wupu wa [[Raising Malawi]] Foundation ukuzenga sukulu ya ŵasungwana ku Malawi. * Sukulu ya Legson Kayira Primary na Community Center * Gulu la [[Youth of Malawi]] lazenga sukulu ya pulayimale iyo yikugwiliskira nchito nkhongono ya dazi, ndipo yikuwunjika maji gha vula mu muzi wa Chimphamba, mu cigaŵa ca Mchinji ku vigaŵa vya ku Malaŵi. ==System ya Yunivesite== Masukulu ghapachanya mu Malawi ghali na masukulu ghanayi gha boma na ghanyake ghapachanya. Palije yunivesite ya ku Malawi iyo yili pa chigaŵa cha [[Times Higher]] panji [[QS World University Rankings]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking |access-date=2023-03-25|website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> Malaŵi ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa caru cose awo ŵakusambira pa yunivesite. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wider access to higher education needs a mindset shift |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180705091345766 |access-date=2023-03-25|website=University World News}}</ref> Ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵasambire masambiro ghapachanya, comenecomene ŵanakazi awo kanandi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=Strengthening Higher Education Access in Malawi Activity (SHEAMA) |url=https://education.asu.edu/projects-and-impact/sheama-higher-education-access-malawi |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College |language=en}}</ref> Masukulu gha boma ni agha (mwakuyana na umo ghakaŵirako): * [[Yunivesite ya Malawi]] ni yunivesite yakwamba na yikuru chomene mu Malawi. Likasangika mu 1964 ndipo lili na masukulu ghanandi. * [[Yunivesite ya Mzuzu]] yikayambika mu chaka cha 1997 ndipo njimoza mwa yunivesite zikuruzikuru za ku Malawi. Sukulu iyi yili mu msumba wa [[Mzuzu]], kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Malaŵi ni malo ghakavu comene, ndipo ŵana wose ŵakuseŵera ndipo ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakulima. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵakovwira ŵalara pa ulimi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu. * [[Lilongwe Yunivesite ya Kulima na Vinthu Vyacilengiwa]] ni yunivesite iyo yili ku [[Lilongwe]], Malawi. Likapangika mu chaka cha 2011 pakusazgikana pakati pa Bunda College of Agriculture of the University of Malawi na Natural Resources College (NRC). * [[Malawi University of Science and Technology]] (MUST), panji [[University of Southern Malawi]], yikambikwa pa 17 Disembala 2012 na Malawi University of Science and Technology Act No. 31 ya 2012 nga ni yunivesite yachinayi ya boma mu Malawi. Likatsegulika mu 2014 na Professor Peter Mutharika, LL.B ((Hons), J.D.S. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha [[Thyolo (ving'anamulilo vinyake)|Thyolo]], ku Malawi. Malo agha ghali pa malo ghakukwana {{convert|215,000 |m2|ha acre|abbr=on}} ndipo chigaŵa chose cha nyumba zake {{convert|46,000| m2|sqyd|abbr=on}}. Yunivesite iyi yili na malo ghakukwana ŵanthu 3,000, kweni yingaŵa na malo ghakujumpha kaŵiri. Nadi, Yunivesite iyi yizamovwira comene boma la Malawi kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire masambiro ghapacanya. Para sukulu iyi yafika pa malo ghake, yizamuŵa na Malawi Institute of Technology, Ndata School of Climate & Earth Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences na Bingu School of Culture and Heritage. Malo gha Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre ghazamuŵa ku MIT. Masukulu ghapachanya gha ku Malawi ni agha: * Yunivesite ya Central Christian ni Yunivesite ya Private-Not-Profit iyo yikupangiska kafukufuku ndipo yikukhumba kupeleka masambiro gha palipose na pa mtunda mu Malawi * Catholic University of Malawi ni sukulu iyi yili mu chigaŵa cha Montfort mu chigaŵa cha Chiladzulu mu Malawi. Likakhazikiskika mu 2004 ndipo likajulika mu 2006, ndipo likaŵa na masukulu gha vya [[sayansi]] na masambiro. Pasono likusambizgaso vya vyachuma, malonda, bizinesi, na kuwerengera ndalama. Malipiro gha pa Yunivesite {{as of when?}} Ndalama izi zikasazgikira kankhondi na kamoza kufika pa pafupifupi mapaundi 380 pa caka, kuluska kaŵiri malipiro ghapachanya gha ku Malawi. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=David|title=Developing pharmacy in Malawi|url=http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/20202748.article|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=Pharmaceutical Journal|date=4 July 2017}}</ref> ==Ntchito ya kusambizga na kusambizga== Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo ukulemba mapulogiramu gha masukulu gha ku Malawi na kulaŵilira masambiro gha ŵasambizgi. Ŵasambizgi ŵakusambira masambiro gha ku sukulu na masambiro ghanyake. Pakusambizga munthu payekha, pakukhumbikwira kuti walongozgekenge. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakwamba kusambizga pa sukulu za pulayimale mu sukulu iyo yili pafupi na malo ghakusambizgira ŵasambizgi. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakusambizga pa gulu ndipo msambizgi uyo wakusambira wakusambizga yekha kilasi kwa masabata 6. Pali mitundu yitatu ya ŵasambizgi awo ŵakusambizga ŵanthu. Ŵasambizgi awo ŵali kumalizga masambiro agha ndiwo ŵakulongozga dipatimenti zinandi, ndipo ŵakovwirika na ŵantchito awo ŵali na maudindo ghapachanya panji ghapachanya. ===Ŵasambizgi ŵa ku pulayimale=== Malawi wali na masukulu ghanayi ghakusambizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Msambizgi wa PT4 wali na chiphaso cha Malawi School Certificate of Education (MSCE) icho ni vyaka vinayi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na chiphaso cha ŵasambizgi cha vyaka viŵiri. Para munthu wafika pa msinkhu wa PT3, wakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kufumba mafumbo. Para munthu wakughanaghana kuti wakumanya vinandi pa nkhani iyi, wakwenera kufumba fumbo. Ndipouli, PT2 ni digiri ya boma (Muteŵeti wa msambizgi mulara) apo PT1 njakovwira kwa msambizgi mulara, ŵasambizgi ŵa pulayimale na awo ŵakulaŵilira ntchito. ===Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za sekondare=== Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakusambizgika pa sukulu ya masambiro. Sukulu iyi yikupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yitatu: Diploma of Education, Bachelor of Education na University Certificate of Education. ===Wasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite=== Ŵasambizgi ŵa pa yunivesite iyi ŵalipo 30 peresenti. Mu 1977, pa ŵasambizgi 199, 87 ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pa ŵasambizgi aŵa, 27 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Malawi, ndipo ŵanyake 48 ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapachanya ku vyaru vinyake. Pali kukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu awo pasono ŵakuteŵetera nga ni ŵasambizgi ŵalutilire kuŵa na maluso kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵasambizgike. ===Wupu wa mawupu gha boma yayi=== {{Third-party}} Wungwero Book Foundation yikusambizga ŵasambizgi ŵa mabuku pa sukulu ya DAPP. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/136-library-partner-wungwero-book-foundation-malawi|title=African Library Project - Library Partner - Wungwero Book Foundation Malawi|work=The African Library Project.|access-date=2023-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211452/http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/136-library-partner-wungwero-book-foundation-malawi|archive-date=2016-06-10}}</ref> Wupu unyake ukuru uwo uli ku Malawi, ndipo ukucemeka AYISE, ukupeleka masambiro ku masukulu gha mu cigaŵa ici. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayisemw.org|title=Cheap Electronics Could Be A Good Idea}}</ref> ==Ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi== * [[Joyce Banda]] - Mtsogoleri wakale wa Malawi, woyambitsa bungwe la [[Joyce Banda Foundation]] * [[Frank Chipasula]] - mulembi, mulembi na wakusambizga * [[Peter Mutharika]] - Pulezidenti wa Malaŵi, pulofesa wa malango, mulaŵiliri wa malango gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana * [[Anjimile Oponyo]] - wakusambizga ==Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Malawi== * [[Frank Chipasula]] - mulembi, mulembi na wakusambizga * [[William Kamkwamba]] - Msambiri wa ku Malawi uyo wakamanya kumanyikwa chifukwa cha kuzenga mphero ya mphepo kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake <ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8yKFVPOD6o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/G8yKFVPOD6o |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=William Kamkwamba: How I built a windmill|date=1 August 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vigaŵa vya kuwaro== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081108102928/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Education/Home%20%20Education.htm Unduna wa vya Masambiro wa ku Malawi (en)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323022613/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-malawi.htm Kafukufuku Wakulongosora vya Masambiro na Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ku Malawi], Wupu wa Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) (en) * [http://www.mef-malawi.org Wupu Wakulongozga ya Malawi (en)] {{Masambiro gha ku Africa}} [[Category: Masambiro gha ku Malawi| ]] [[Category:Masambiro gha ku Africa|Malawi]] l7lfg9995a6qhfnmu40knvl3cv3es1f 0 24455 122732 68149 2026-09-28T03:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lt Mike Hunter 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[United States]] Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo. F.W. "Mike" Hunter wakuvwara suti ya ndege mu Okutobala 1942]] '''Woyendetsa ndege''' ni munthu uyo wakulongozga ndege pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakulongozgera ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakwendeska ndege panji awo ŵakovwira kupanga ndege, nawo ŵakuchemeka ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za drone, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege za ndege, na ŵantchito awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege, ŵakuŵa nga ni awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ndege yayi. Pakuwona maluso na milimo ya awo ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵasilikari ŵanandi na makampani ghanandi gha ndege pa caru cose ŵakuŵapa badges. ==Mbiri== Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupwetekeka mu mlengalenga panji pasi, nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ndege zikakhumbikwiranga kuti nyengo zose munthu uyo wakendeskanga ndiyo wazilongozgenge. Wupu wa Aéro-Club de France ukapeleka satifiketi yakwamba kwa Louis Blériot mu 1908, pamanyuma pake Glenn Curtiss, Léon Delagrange, na Robert Esnault-Pelterie. Mu 1910, gulu la British Royal Aero Club likamba kuwungana, ndipo mu 1911, gulu la Aero Club of America likamba kuwungana. ==Ŵanthu== Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵanthu wose ŵakuwuluka ndege za mtundu uliwose paŵekha kuti ŵasanguluskike, kovwira ŵanthu, panji kuchita bizinesi, panji kuti ŵagwiliskire ntchito ndege za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yayi (charter), za ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege, za katundu (airlines), za makampani, za ulimi (kusesa fuvu pa vyakurya, na vinyake), za kugega moto mu nkhorongo, na za kukora malango. Para munthu wakwenda pa ndege, kanandi wakuchemeka kuti pilot, ndipo uyo wakwendeska ndege wakuchemeka captain. ===Gulu la ndege=== Mu 2017, pa caru cose pakaŵa ŵakwendeska ndege 290,000 ndipo CAE Inc., iyo yikupanga vyakupangiska ndege, yikusachizga kuti mu 2027 paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 255,000. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cae.com/uploadedFiles/Content/BusinessUnit/Civil_Aviation/CAE-Airline-Pilot-Demand-Outlook-Spread.pdf|title=Airline Pilot Demand Outlook|at=10-year view|date=June 2017|publisher=CAE Inc.|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712235720/http://www.cae.com/uploadedFiles/Content/BusinessUnit/Civil_Aviation/CAE-Airline-Pilot-Demand-Outlook-Spread.pdf|archive-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Boeing yikukhazga kuti mu vyaka 20 kufuma mu 2018, paŵenge ŵakwendeska ndege 790,000, 635,000 ŵa ndege za malonda, 96,000 ŵa ndege za bizinesi na 59,000 ŵa ndege za helikopta: 33% mu Asia Pacific (261,000), 26% mu North America (206,000), 18% mu Europe (146,000), 8% mu Middle East (64,000), 7% mu Latin America (57,000), 4% mu Africa (29,000) na 3% mu Russia/Central Asia (27,000). <ref>{{cite web |title= Pilot Outlook: 2018 - 2037 |date= July 23, 2018 |publisher= Boeing |url= http://www.boeing.com/commercial/market/pilot-technician-outlook/2018-pilot-outlook/}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu Novembala 2017, chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ŵakwendeska ndege, ŵakwendeska ndege ŵanyake ŵakafumanga mu ndege za maboma na kuwelera ku ndege. Mu ciyelezgero cimoza, munthu munyake uyo wakendeskanga ndege ya Global 6000, wakapokeranga ndalama zakukwana madola 250,000 pa chaka pa maora 10 panji 15 pa mwezi. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya Gulfstream G650 panji Global 6000 wangasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 245,000 m'paka 265,000, ndipo kuti munthu waŵe mupayiniya wakwenera kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 300,000. Paumaliro wa nkhani iyi, ŵapayiniya ŵachokoŵacoko ŵakulemba ŵapayiniya ŵaphya awo ŵakukhumbikwira maora 300 kuti ŵambe kwendera ndege. Ŵangagwiliskaso nchito awo ŵandaciteko upayiniya, awo ŵali na nchito zinyake, panji awo ŵafuma pa nchito ndipo ŵakukhumba kulutilira kwendera ndege. <ref name=AIN21nonv2017>{{cite news|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-11-21/bizav-leaders-seeing-shortages-qualified-pilot-pool|title=Bizav Leaders Seeing Shortages in Qualified Pilot Pool|work=AIN|author=Kerry Lynch|date=November 21, 2017|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> ====Kugwiliskira nchito makina==== Ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵangamba kuchepa chifukwa chakuti ŵadokotala ŵamba kwendera ŵekha. Mu Janyuwale 2017, Rhett Ross, CEO wa kampani ya Continental Motors, wakati: "Nkhufipa mtima kuti mu vyaka 20 vyakunthazi, panji munthazi chomene, ndege izo zikuyendera paŵekha zizamuŵa kuti zapangika mwakukwana kuti zikhuŵazge malipiro, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyendera ndege, na ntchito izo zikuchitika. Ntheura usange mwana wakufumba fumbo ili sono ndipo wali na vyaka 18, mu vyaka 20 kufuma sono kuzamuŵa chaka cha 2037 ndipo munthu uyo wakukhumba kucita nchito wazamuŵa na vyaka 38 - nanga ni pakati pa nchito yayi. Kasi ni njani wa ise uyo wakughanaghana kuti ndege zizamuwoneka nga umo ziliri sono?" Christian Dries, mwenecho wa kampani ya Diamond Aircraft Austria wakati: "Kumbuyo kwa chithuzithuzi, awo ŵakupanga ndege ŵakuchita ntchito ya kupanga ndege ya munthu yumoza. Paumaliro, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha, ndipo nkhukhazga kuti mu vyaka vinkhondi panji vinkhondi na cimoza, ndege izi zizamuyendera paŵekha". <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avweb.com/blogs/insider/Will-a-Robot-Steal-Your-Pilot-Job-228279-1.html|title=Will A Robot Steal Your Pilot Job?|access-date=31 July 2017|work=AVweb|date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105085148/https://avweb.com/news/pilotless-transport-aircraft-by-2025-says-ubs/|archive-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2017, kampani ya ndalama ya UBS yikayowoyerathu kuti ndege zambura ŵanthu zingawoneka mu 2025, ndipo zingapulumutsa ndalama zakukwana madola 35 biliyoni, comenecomene mu ndalama zakwendeskera ndege: madola 26 biliyoni ku makampani gha ndege, madola 3 biliyoni ku ndege za bizinesi na madola 2.1 biliyoni ku ndege za ŵanthu; madola 3 biliyoni pa caka kufuma ku masukulu ghakukhozga ŵanthu na ndalama za inshuwalansi ya ndege cifukwa ca maulendo ghakuvikilirika. Vinthu vikwenera kunozgekaso kuti katundu uyo wakwendeskeka na ndege waŵe wakuzirwa chomene, kweni ndege zambura ŵanthu zingaŵa na mphaka chifukwa cha nkharo ya ŵanthu. <ref name=UBS7Aug2017>{{citation|url=https://files.static-nzz.ch/2017/8/7/93872795-5ab9-4f94-bb3a-f6ed38c6b886.pdf|title=Flying solo – how far are we down the path towards pilotless planes?|work=UBS Global Research|date=7 August 2017|publisher=UBS|author=Jarrod Castle|display-authors=et al|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817163517/https://files.static-nzz.ch/2017/8/7/93872795-5ab9-4f94-bb3a-f6ed38c6b886.pdf|archive-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Geoff Rapoport, mulembi wa AVweb, wakati: "Vyuni vyambura ŵanthu ni nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti makampani gha ndege ghasange ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, malipiro na masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu vya ku malo ghanyake gha ku United States ghakukwera comene cifukwa cakuti makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege ghakulemba ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha pa msonkho ukuru comene kuti ŵakwaniske kwenda pa ndege cifukwa ca kukura kwa cuma ndiposo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufumapo pa nchito". <ref name="Rapoport07Aug17">{{cite web|url = https://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Pilotless-Transport-Aircraft-by-2025-says-UBS-229474-1.html|title=Pilotless Transport Aircraft By 2025 Says UBS|access-date=9 August 2017|last=Rapoport|first=Geoff|work=AVweb|date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Kuwelera ku ndege zambura ŵanthu kungacitika mwakucita cinthu cimoza panji mwakucita vinthu vinyake vyakusazgikira, nga nkhuchepeska ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mu ndege pa maulendo ghatali panji kuzomerezga ndege za katundu za munthu yumoza. Viŵanda vyandyali vindasankhepo cakucita. Magulu agho ghalipo sono ghakukhala ghapekha yayi ndipo ghakwenera kulongozgeka. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-boeing-is-approaching-the-future-of-pi-440217/|title=How Boeing is approaching the future of pilotless airliners|date=21 Aug 2017|author=Stephen Trimble|work=Flightglobal|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> Chifukwa chakuti ndege ya Airbus A350 yikukhumbikwira kusintha pachoko waka, wupu wa Air Caraibes na French Bee Groupe Dubreuil ukukhumba kuti pa ndege izo zikwenda mtunda utali, paŵe ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. <ref>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/awincommercial/airline-ceo-sees-reduced-long-haul-crew-near-future |title= Airline CEO Sees Reduced Long-Haul Crew In Near Future |date= Dec 11, 2019 |author= Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref> Ndege za munthu yumoza izo zikuyegha katundu zingamba kwendera dera. <ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-airshow-pilotless/freight-first-as-jetmakers-study-single-pilot-airplanes-idUSKBN1FS0SV|date=February 8, 2018|title=Freight first as jetmakers study single-pilot airplanes|author=Jamie Freed, Tim Hepher|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> Bungwe la Air Line Pilots Association likugomezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵakwendeska ndege kungakhwaska umoyo wa ndege ndipo likususka chigaŵa cha 744 cha chikalata cha FAA cha mu Epulero 2018 chakupanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku na chitukuko yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege yimoza kuti ŵendeskenge ndege za katundu. <ref>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/opinion-why-two-pilots-cockpit-remains-essential |title= Opinion: Why Two Pilots In The Cockpit Remains Essential |date= Jul 31, 2018 |author= Tim Canoll |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref> Ku malo ghaku France ghakuchemeka Onera na Thales Group ghakuchemeka Thales, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vya Artificial Intelligence (AI) ŵakumanya yayi umo vinthu ivi vikugwilira nchito. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikwiza, ŵanthu ŵazamulutilira kumanya umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi, chifukwa wupu wa Onera ukukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya umanyi. <ref name=AvWeek26nov2018>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/defense/no-ai-cockpit-anytime-soon-onera-thales-say |title= No AI In Cockpit Anytime Soon, Onera, Thales Say |date= Nov 26, 2018 |author= Thierry Dubois |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref> ===Asia na Africa=== Mu vyaru vinyake, nga ni Pakistan, Thailand, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵasilikari ŵakukolerana comene na makampani ghakurughakuru gha ndege, ndipo ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakwendeska ndege zinandi. {{cn}} Nangauli mu ndege za ku United States na ku Europe muli ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari, kweni ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbacilendo. Nangauli masukulu gha ŵasilikari ghakuŵa ghakusuzga, kweni ghakupambana comene na gha ŵanthu. ===Canada=== Kugwiliskira nchito ndege mu Canada kukwendeskeka na Dango la vya Ndege la 1985 ndipo malango gha Canada ghakukhwaskana na vya ndege ghakulongosora malango ghakwendeskera masambiro gha ndege mu Canada. Gulu lililose la ndege likupeleka vyaka vya kupumura pa nchito, ndipo ŵanji ŵakuŵa na vyaka 60, kweni malango gha ku Canada ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakukanizga ŵanthu kupumura pa nchito. <ref>{{cite web|author=Vanessa Lu|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2013/01/24/air_canada_pilots_can_continue_flying_past_age_60_under_new_rules.html|title=Air Canada pilots can continue flying past age 60 under new rules|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 24, 2013|access-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> ==Wankhondo== [[Image:USAF pilot.jpg|thumb|Wupu wa United States Air Force (USAF) [[F-16]] woyendetsa ndege]] Awo ŵakwendeska ndege za ŵasilikari ŵakuwuluka na ŵasilikari ŵa boma panji ŵa boma. Mauteŵeti ghawo ghakukolerana na nkhondo na milimo yinyake, kusazgapo nkhondo za ku nkhondo na milimo yakovwira. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakusambizgika umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vilwero. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa nga mbalongozgi ŵa ndege za nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za mabomba, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege za pa mtunda, ŵasilikari ŵakuyezgelera ndege, na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari ŵakusambira vinthu vyakupambana na awo ŵakuwovwira ŵasilikari. Vinthu ivi vikupangika cifukwa ca mitundu yakupambana-pambana ya ndege, vilato vya ndege, umo vinthu viliri pa ndege, na milimo iyo yikukhumbikwa. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakuŵa ŵasilikari para ŵafuma mu usilikari. ==Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu== [[File:6th Reconnaissance Squadron - Operator.jpg|thumb|Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa United States Air Force.]] Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu (UAVs, panji kuti "drones") vikwenda kwambura munthu uyo wakuviwovwira ndipo vikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ndege zambura munthu uyo wakuzilongozga pa nyengo iyo zikwenda na Vinthu vyambura ŵanthu ivyo munthu yumoza panji ŵanandi ŵakuviwovwira. Munthu uyo wakwendeska ndege ya UAV iyo yikwendeskeka patali wangamanyikwa kuti ni piloti panji woyendetsa ndege. Kuyana na umo UAV yikugwilira nchito, awo ŵakwendeska panji awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito UAV ŵangakhumbikwira kuŵa na masatifiketi panji masambiro, kweni kanandi ŵakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa na masatifiketi gha awo ŵakwendeska ndege. Vyaru vinandi vili na malango ghakukanizga kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti zileke kugwiliskirika nchito mu malo gha mlengalenga. Ku United States, kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV ni kwakukwana yayi mu malo gha mu mlengalenga agho ghali na mazaza. Para malango ghaŵikika kuti ghazomerezge kugwiliskira nchito ndege za UAV mu malo gha mlengalenga ghakuzomerezgeka, pakwenera kuŵa unandi wa ndege izi, ndipo ntheura pakukhumbikwira ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ndege izi. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rooney|first1=Ben|title=Drone pilot wanted: Starting salary $100,000|url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/11/25/news/drone-pilot-degree/|access-date=March 24, 2015|work=CNN|date=November 25, 2014}}</ref> ==Nyengo zilipo== [[File:Astronaut_Pilot.jpg|thumb|Cithuzithuzi ca munthu uyo wakwenda mu mlengalenga wakucita maseŵero ghakusambizgira ŵanthu.]] Fundo yakuti munthu wakwendeska ndege yingagwiliskikaso ntchito para munthu wakwenda mu mlengalenga. Uyo wakwendeska ndege ndiyo wakwendeska ndege. Lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti "pilot" ilo likuyowoyeka mu ndege. ==Vyakuyegha ndege vyambura ŵanthu== [[File:6th Reconnaissance Squadron - Operator.jpg|thumb|Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa United States Air Force.]] Awo ŵakwendeska ndege ŵakuŵa na maora ghanandi gha masambiro gha umo ŵangayendera, agho ghakupambana mu vyaru na vyaru. Cinthu cakwamba ico mukwenera kucita nkhusanga layisensi ya woyendetsa ndege. Ku United States of America, para munthu wakwera ndege wakuŵa kuti wasambira maora 35 m'paka 40. Ku United States, munthu wangaŵa na layisensi ya ndege ya LSA (Light Sport Aircraft) para wakwera ndege kwa maora 20. Para munthu wakukhumba kuŵa mupayiniya, wakwenera kuŵa na ID (Instrument Rating) panji ID (Multi-Engine Rating). Usange munthu wakukhumba kuchita ntchito panji kuŵa na maluso ghakuyana na ghake, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Kuti munthu waŵe kapitawo wa ndege, wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi ya kulaŵilira ndege. Pamanyuma pa 1 Ogasiti 2013, nanga wangaŵa Mulara Wakwamba (FO), ATPL yikukhumbikwa. <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pope|first=Stephen|title=FAA Finalizes ATP Rule for First Officers|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/news/faa-finalizes-atp-rule-first-officers|access-date=October 15, 2014|magazine=Flying Magazine|date=July 11, 2013}}</ref> Vyaru vinyake vikukhumba panji kugwiliskira nchito chipharazgo cha ŵantchito ŵanandi. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} 13t5c71bmvqg35qbm6n5vjj575i12ry 0 24456 122546 102872 2026-09-28T01:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dot-com company | name = Hollywoodbets | logo = | logo_size = | type = [[Privately Held Company|Private]] | genre = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = 2000 | founder = | defunct = | location_city = [[uMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]] | location_country = South Africa | location = | locations = | area_served = [[South Africa]], [[Mozambique]], [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] | key_people = | industry = [[Kutchova njuga pa Intaneti]] | products = | services = Intaneti & Kugwira Ntchito Kuchita maseŵera | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = 5500+ {{cn}} | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | footnotes = | intl = | website = {{url|www.hollywoodbets.net}} | alexa = }} '''Hollywoodbets''' ni kampani yakuchitiska maseŵero ya ku [[South Africa]]. Kweniso yikucemekaso kuti Hollywood Sportsbook. Pasono likugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland na United Kingdom. Kampani iyi yikupanga ma bets pa webusayiti yake, mobisite, call center, na USSD. Lili na maofesi gha ku South Africa na Mozambique. Hollywoodbets yikupeleka maubet pa maseŵero gha mahachi, bola, cricket, rugby, tenisi, maseŵero gha magalimoto na vinyake. Hollywoodbets yikupereka ma lucky numbers ghakujumpha 1775 pa sabata kuti munthu waguliskepo ndalama. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni Betgames Africa, Ezugi, Evolution, Live Instant Win, Jika Sports, Golden Race, na Spina Zonke. Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 8 pa chigaŵa cha Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide icho chikalembeka na iGaming Business Magazine mu Malichi 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide |url=https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |website=iGaming Business |access-date=19 March 2019 |date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311162402/https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> ==Viyowoyero== Zina lakuti Hollywoodbets likafuma ku [[Hollywood Park Racetrack]] ku [[Los Angeles]], [[USA]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=BetConstruct to power online sportsbook for South African bookmaker|url=http://www.gamingintelligence.com/business/39277-betconstruct-to-power-online-sportsbook-for-south-african-bookmaker|website=Gaming Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Hollywoodbets yikamba mu 1986 nga ni kampani ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Winning Form iyo yikagwiranga ntchito ya kusindikiza na kugaŵira makadi gha mpikisano wa mahachi ku South Africa. Winning Form yikufumiska makadi gha masitima ghose gha ku South Africa. Hollywoodbets yikanjira mu vyakusungirako mabuku apo yikajura ofesi yake yakwamba ku Argyle Road, Durban mu 2000. Pamasinda, ofesi yikuru ya munthavi ya Hollywood Park yikajulika mu [[Springfield Park]], [[Durban]]. ==Charu== Pasono Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito mu vyaru vinayi. Ku South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland, na United Kingdom. Hollywoodbets yikugwira ntchito mu malo gha 96 mu South Africa pasi pa malaisensi gha maseŵero agho ghapelekeka na boma la Gauteng, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Free State, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, na KwaZulu-Natal. Pasono pali maofesi ghaŵiri gha Hollywoodbets ku Maputo, Mozambique; kweniso malo gha pa foni agho munthu wangabetapo. Mu Novembala 2018, Hollywoodbets yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku Ireland. Mu Malichi 2019, kampani iyi yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku United Kingdom. Ŵakaŵa na layisensi yakuchitira njuga iyo yikafuma ku UK Gambling. ==Kupeleka vyawanangwa== Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupwelelera timu ya [[Hollywoodbets Dolphins]]. Ŵakamba kuŵa ŵabwana ŵa timu iyi mu nyengo ya 2015/16, <ref>{{cite web|title=Sunfoil Dolphins sign associate sponsor|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/sport/sunfoil-dolphins-sign-associate-sponsor/|website=East Coast Radio|publisher=GamePlan Media|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Pambere ŵandaŵe ŵalaŵiliri mu nyengo ya 2016/17. <ref>{{cite web|title=Dolphins and Hollywoodbets strike sponsorship deal|url=http://cricket.co.za/news/14364/Dolphins-and-Hollywoodbets-strike-sponsorship-deal|website=cricket.co.za|publisher=Cricket South Africa|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikagwiriska nchito ya kuzenga timu za KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland ku Africa T20 Cup 2017. Hollywoodbets KZN Inland yikalutizga kuwina chiphalizgano ichi, pamanyuma pakuthereska boma la Free State mu chiphalizgano chaumaliro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets KZN Inland win Africa T20 Cup final in style|url=https://northglennews.co.za/117560/hollywoodbets-kzn-inland-win-africa-t20-cup-final-style/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Gameplan Media|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> Pakwamba kwa nyengo ya cricket ya 2018/19, Hollywoodbets yikajipeleka kuti yikovwire timu ya KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland senior provincial teams pa nyengo yose ya nyengo iyi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets backing KZN’s senior provincial teams |url=https://dolphinscricket.co.za/hollywoodbets-backing-kzns-senior-provincial-teams/ |website=Hollywoodbets Dolphins |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na udindo wakupeleka ndalama za [[Murray Cup mu 2018]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=KZN Rugby presents the Hollywoodbets Murray Cup|url=http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|website=Sharks Rugby|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124906/http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Ichi ni chiphalizgano cha rugby icho chikusazgapo mabungwe gha ku KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union. Hollywoodbets adakhala othandizira mutu wa Phaka rugby show pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) mu February 2019. Ubwezi uphya wa Hollywoodbets na seŵero ili uzamutovwira kovwira magulu gha rugby agho ghakukhumbikwira wovwiri na vinthu vinyake kuti ghasambizge makora ŵaseŵero ŵawo. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets new sponsor of SuperSport’s Phaka show |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/hollywoodbets-new-sponsor-of-supersports-phaka-show-20190208 |website=Sport24 |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets ndiyo yikapweleleranga chiphalizgano cha 2019 COSAFA Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Durban kwambira pa 25 May mpaka 8 June 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets to sponsor 2019 COSAFA Cup! |url=https://www.cosafa.com/hollywoodbets-to-sponsor-2019-cosafa-cup/ |website=COSAFA |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> Pa Chinkhondi, Juni 27, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa kupika mazina gha malo gha Greyville Racecourse na Scottsville Racecourse mu phangano la vyaka vitatu. Malo agha sono ghazamumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets Greyville Racecourse na Hollywoodbets Scottsville Racecourse. <ref>{{cite web |title=KZN Racecourses - Groundbreaking Partnership Announced |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=27 June 2019 |language=en-ZA |date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004213/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Pa Mande, Okutobala 7, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa zina la Kingsmead Cricket Ground mu chiphangano cha vyaka 5, icho chizamumara mu Ogasiti 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20191008/281633896986604|title=Hollywoodbets takes on stadium naming rights|last=Mercury Reporter|date=October 8, 2019|work=The Mercury|publisher=IOL}}</ref> Mu February 2020, Hollywoodbets wakazgoka mubwezi wa LaLiga ku South Africa. Mgwirizano uwu ukakhwaska chitukuko cha mpira na ntchito za mu chalo mu vigaŵa vyakutalulira vya South Africa, na cilato ca kukhwaska maseŵero agha. <ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: LaLiga partners with Hollywoodbets to help football development in SA |url=https://citizen.co.za/phakaaathi/world-soccer/2235005/watch-laliga-partners-with-hollywoodbets-to-help-football-development-in-sa/ |website=The Citizen |language=en |date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Pa Sabata, 16 Meyi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni mutu wa chipani cha South African Football Association (SAFA) cha SAFA Women's League (National Women's Soccer League), ndipo chiphalizgano ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Hollywoodbets Super League. <ref>{{cite web |title=SAFA Announce New Sponsor For National Women's Soccer League |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/local/categories/south-africa/safa-announce-new-sponsor-for-national-women-s-soccer-league/699292 |website=Soccer Laduma |access-date=16 May 2021 |date=16 May 2021}}</ref> Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chiwonekerenso kutsogolo kwa ma jerseys a magulu onse a nyengo ya 2021/22. Pa Chisulo, 16 Julayi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni munyamata wakudanga wa Brentford F.C. Kampani ya mpira ya Brentford. Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chidzawonetsedwa kutsogolo kwa nyumba ya kilabu, kuchoka ndi malaya achitatu pa nyengo yonse ya Premier League. Phangano lakwamba likaŵa la vilimika viŵiri. <ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2021|title=Brentford announce Hollywoodbets as new principal partner|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.brentfordfc.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> Mu February 2022, Hollywoodbets yikatora udindo kufuma ku Vodacom pakuŵa mutu wa chiphalizgano cha Durban July Handicap, ndipo yikaŵa chiphalizgano chachitatu mu vyaka 59 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga maseŵera agha. Hollywoodbets Durban July yizamuchitika pa Chisulo 2 Julayi 2022. <ref>{{cite web |title=Durban July - New Sponsor & Increased Stake! |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |website=Sporting Post |language=en-ZA |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010455/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> Mu Juni 2022, wupu wa Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA) ukalembeska chiphangano cha chaka chimoza na Hollywoodbets cha COSAFA Cup, COSAFA Women's Championship, COSAFA Women's Champions League na COSAFA Beach Soccer Championship. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=COSAFA kicks off new season with Hollywoodbets as Title sponsor |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cosafa-kicks-off-new-season-hollywoodbets-title-sponsor- |access-date= |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Udindo wa Umoyo== Nthambi yiliyose ya Hollywoodbets mu South Africa yikovwira wupu wakovwira ŵanthu, kweniso timu ya maseŵero, nga ni cigaŵa ca pulogiramu yawo ya Social Responsibility Programme, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets MyCommunity Programme. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni nyumba za ŵana. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets supports Children’s Care Centre|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/hollywoodbets-supports-childrens-care-centre-20170807|website=News24|publisher=Port Elizabeth Express|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nyumba za ŵacekuru na masukulu. Pa magulu gha maseŵero gha pa muzi, pali magulu gha bola, <ref>{{cite news|last1=Pienaar|first1=David|title=Hollywood Bets sponsors soccer kids|url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/142505/hollywood-bets-sponsors-soccer-kids/|access-date=1 May 2017|publisher=Alberton Record|date=1 May 2017}}</ref> magulu gha cricket,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting Facts around Hollywoodbets Dolphins|url=https://northglennews.co.za/103149/interesting-facts-around-hollywoodbets-dolphins/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Caxton Central|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> rugby, <ref>{{cite web |title=UHollywoodbets noNtunja bafunqula umbhoxo |url=https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |website=I'Solezwe lesiXhosa |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123930/https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |archive-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> na maseŵero ghanyake. Mu Seputembala 2021, a Hollywoodbets adalengeza zakukhazikitsidwa kwa Hollywood Foundation. Wupu wa Hollywood Foundation uzamucita milimo yake nga ni wupu wambura phindu uwo ukucitako milimo yake". Wupu uwu ukugwira nchito pa milimo yakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, masambiro, maseŵero, maluso na mitheto, kweniso ukuŵika ndalama mu makampani ghacoko na ghapakati. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets announces the launch of the Hollywood Foundation |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/849/220508.html |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref> ==Chakurya== Maofesi gha Hollywood Bunny Bar, agho ghali pasi pa Hollywoodbets, sono ghali na maofesi 8 agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Africa nga ni Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape na Western Cape. Maofesi agha ghakumanyikwa na vyakurya vyawo vya Durban, ndipo ghakapokera chawanangwa cha Bunny Chow Best mu 2014 pamanyuma pakutonda Bunny Chow Barometer Challenge 2014. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Moodley|first1=Camara|title=Hollywood Bets crowned the Bunny Chow kings|url=https://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|website=Rising Sun Overport|publisher=Rising Sun Overport|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921144133/http://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref> ==Ŵamishonale== Mu chaka cha 2016, Jerry Sikhosana uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha mpira wa Orlando Pirates na Bafana Bafana wakasankhika kuŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Tseke|first1=Malebo|title=Company welcomes new brand ambassador|url=https://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|website=The Tembisan|publisher=The Tembisan|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422162943/http://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Mu 2017, Kaizer Chiefs F.C., Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. Mamelodi Sundowns na Brian Baloyi uyo ni msilikari wa Bafana Bafana nawo ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|title=Brian Baloyi - New Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador|url=http://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2017/09/brian-baloyi-brand-ambassador.html|website=Hollywoodbets Sports Blog|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2019, ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵa mpira wa rugby Akona Ndungane na Odwa Ndungane ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets nga mbamishonale ŵa Brand. Awiriwo akugwira nawo ntchito yogwirizana ndi Hollywood ndi pulogalamu ya mpira wa Phaka pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) SuperSport, komanso zoyeserera kudzera ku Ndungane Foundation. <ref>{{cite web |title=Former Springbok twins Akhona and Odwa Ndungane place their bets on young talent |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/former-springbok-twins-akhona-and-odwa-ndungane-place-their-bets-on-young-talent-46096249 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Malichi 2020, Anthony Delpech, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero ghakukhozga njuga ku South Africa, wakaŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. Ntchito yake yikuru njakuti wawovwire pakulongozga Hollywood Syndicate, gulu la Hollywoodbets ilo likwendeska maseŵera gha mahachi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Delpech joins Hollywoodbets {{!}} Turf Talk |url=https://www.turftalk.co.za/delpech-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Turf Talk |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Epulero 2020, Mike Procter uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha cricket wa ku South Africa, wakajibatika ku Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Procter signs on as Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador |url=https://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2020/04/mike-procter-hollywoodbets-brand-ambassador.html |website=Hollywoodbets Blog |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikachitika pamoza na wupu wa Mike Procter Foundation, kweniso sukulu ya Ottawa Primary School mu Durban, uko Procter wakwendeska pulogiramu ya kusambizga thupi. Mu chaka cha 2020, msungwana waku South Africa uyo wakuchemeka Nomzamo Mbatha, wakanjira gulu la Hollywoodbets nga ni nthumi ya brand. Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito pamoza na actress uyu na Lighthouse Foundation yake mu milimo yakupambanapambana ya chitukuko cha chalo na vya ndalama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets, Lighthouse Foundation pledge R1m towards bursary project |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/627/211668.html |website=www.bizcommunity.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, Robert Marawa uyo wakwendeska nkhani za maseŵero gha pa wayilesi wakamanyikwa kuti ni thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets Signs Robert Marawa as Ambassador |url=https://sportindustryawards.co.za/hollywoodbets-signs-robert-marawa-as-ambassador/ |website=Sport Industry News |access-date=1 December 2021 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Flames and a marching band: Touch of Hollywood as Marawa named brand ambassador |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2021-12-01-watch--flames-and-a-marching-band-touch-of-hollywood-as-marawa-named-brand-ambassador/ |website=TimesLIVE |publisher=Times Live |access-date=1 December 2021 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu February wa 2022, Carol Tshabalala, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti "First Lady of Sport" wa South Africa, wakalemba chikalata kuŵa Brand Ambassador wa Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=First Lady Of Sport Joins Hollywoodbets |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=10 February 2022 |language=en-ZA |date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010453/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ==Mphotho== Mu chaka cha 2018 pa mphotho ya Gambling Industry Awards iyo yikachitika ku South Africa, Hollywoodbets yikapokera mphotho ya Best Corporate Social Investment (CSI), Best Sports Betting Campaign for 2018, Best Employer of the Year and Best CEO of the Year (Suren Rampersadh). <ref>{{cite web |title=GI AWARDS 2018 WINNERS |url=http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |website=Gambling Industry Awards |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113342/http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |archive-date=2019-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SA’s Leading Bookmaker Shows The Way |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=6 September 2018 |language=en-ZA |date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113341/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |archive-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2021, Hollywoodbets yikasoleka kuŵa Brand ya KwaZulu-Natal ya Chaka pa Standard Bank KZN Top Business Awards. <ref>{{cite web |title=STANDARD BANK KZN TOP BUSINESS AWARDS Supplement-Mercury - eBook 2021 |url=https://online.flipbuilder.com/uczf/pqsh/ |website=online.flipbuilder.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bola]] 2ti7oh3vef99f7f1jjd5d1wz7ux3c9e 0 24513 122745 68337 2026-09-28T03:56:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More citations needed|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Malawi]]|image=File:Malawi single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Malawi in 2020|size_of_population=20,794,353 (2022 est.)|nation=Malawian|official=English|age_0–14_years=45.87%|age_65_years=2.68%|growth=2.34% (2022 est.)|birth=27.94 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)|death=4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)|net_migration=0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)|infant_mortality=33.43 deaths/1,000 live births|life=72.44 years|life_male=69.33 years|life_female=75.59 years|fertility=3.4 children born/woman (2022 est.)}} Nkhani iyi yikulongosora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi, kusazgapo unandi wa ŵanthu, mtundu, masambiro, umoyo wa ŵanthu, chuma, chisopa na vinyake. Zina lakuti Malawi lili kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi awo ŵakafuma kumwera kwa charu cha Congo vyaka 600 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakati ŵafika kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Malawi, mbumba ya Maravi yikagaŵikana. Ŵa Chewa ŵa mazuŵa ghano, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa nyanja iyi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyanja ŵakasamira kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 1500, mafuko ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa kuti ghaŵa na ufumu uwo ukambira kumpoto kwa msumba wa Nkhotakota m'paka ku Mlonga wa Zambezi kumwera, kufuma ku Nyanja ya Malawi kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku Mlonga wa Luangwa ku Zambia kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake na kuwelera ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ndipouli, pa caru cose pali mphindano. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano, kweni pasono palije mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti Malawi ni charu chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhaza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero cikuru ca ŵanthu mu chigaŵa capakati; ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Nyanja ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero cikuru kumwera, ndipo ŵa fuko la Tumbuka ŵali kumpoto. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tonga ŵakukhala kumpoto; Ŵangonizi awo ŵakafuma ku Zulus awo ŵakafuma ku South Africa kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na vyapakati; ndipo Ŵayao, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbasilamu, ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakafumako ku Mozambique. == Ŵanthu == [[File:Malawi-demography.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi-demography.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Demographics of Malawi, Data of [[:en:Our_World_in_Data|Our World in Data]], year 2022 ; Number of inhabitants in millions.]] [[File:Malawi_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_1950-2021_Forecast_2022-2032_UN_World_Population_Prospects_2022.svg|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Population|Population]], [[:en:Fertility_rate|fertility rate]] and [[:en:Net_reproduction_rate|net reproduction rate]], United Nations estimates]] Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu buku la World Population Prospects mu 2022, ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa 19,889,742 mu 2021, apo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 2 881 000. Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa vyaka 15 kukhilira pasi chikaŵa 45.8%, 51.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 65, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 65 panji kujumpha.<ref name="WPP 2010">[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm|date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" ! ! width="80" |Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu (x 1000) ! width="80" |Ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 0-14 (%) ! width="80" |Ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 64 (%) ! width="80" |Ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 65 (%) |- |1950 |2 881 |45.7 |51.2 |3.1 |- |1955 |3 166 |45.7 |51.5 |2.8 |- |1960 |3 525 |45.9 |51.6 |2.6 |- |1965 |3 975 |45.3 |52.3 |2.4 |- |1970 |4 531 |46.3 |51.4 |2.3 |- |1975 |5 302 |46.9 |50.6 |2.5 |- |1980 |6 240 |47.1 |50.3 |2.6 |- |1985 |7 268 |47.5 |50.0 |2.5 |- |1990 |9 381 |45.9 |51.4 |2.7 |- |1995 |9 883 |44.7 |52.2 |3.1 |- |2000 |11 229 |45.8 |51.1 |3.1 |- |2005 |12 823 |46.1 |50.9 |3.1 |- |2010 |14 901 |45.8 |51.1 |3.1 |} Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu pa charu chose na viŵelengero vya ŵanthu pa charu chose (Census 09.03.2018).<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" |Chaka ! width="80" |Ŵanthu ! width="50" |Percent |- | align="right" |Total | align="right" |17,563,749 | align="right" |100 |- | align="right" |0-4 | align="right" |2,552,406 | align="right" |14.53 |- | align="right" |0 | align="right" |522,802 | align="right" |2.98 |- | align="right" |1 | align="right" |509,351 | align="right" |2.90 |- | align="right" |2 | align="right" |490,811 | align="right" |2.79 |- | align="right" |3 | align="right" |511,365 | align="right" |2.91 |- | align="right" |4 | align="right" |518,077 | align="right" |2.95 |- | align="right" |5-9 | align="right" |2,632,878 | align="right" |14.99 |- | align="right" |5 | align="right" |529,111 | align="right" |3.01 |- | align="right" |6 | align="right" |546,708 | align="right" |3.11 |- | align="right" |7 | align="right" |526,347 | align="right" |3.00 |- | align="right" |8 | align="right" |532,846 | align="right" |3.03 |- | align="right" |9 | align="right" |497,866 | align="right" |2.83 |- | align="right" |10-14 | align="right" |2,533,303 | align="right" |14.42 |- | align="right" |10 | align="right" |539,264 | align="right" |3.07 |- | align="right" |11 | align="right" |489,887 | align="right" |2.79 |- | align="right" |12 | align="right" |517,832 | align="right" |2.95 |- | align="right" |13 | align="right" |492,122 | align="right" |2.80 |- | align="right" |14 | align="right" |494,198 | align="right" |2.81 |- | align="right" |15-19 | align="right" |2,035,945 | align="right" |11.59 |- | align="right" |15 | align="right" |452,017 | align="right" |2.57 |- | align="right" |16 | align="right" |339,248 | align="right" |1.93 |- | align="right" |17 | align="right" |384,682 | align="right" |2.19 |- | align="right" |18 | align="right" |497,831 | align="right" |2.83 |- | align="right" |19 | align="right" |362,167 | align="right" |2.06 |- | align="right" |20-24 | align="right" |1,651,576 | align="right" |9.40 |- | align="right" |20 | align="right" |357,667 | align="right" |2.04 |- | align="right" |21 | align="right" |323,511 | align="right" |1.84 |- | align="right" |22 | align="right" |304,519 | align="right" |1.73 |- | align="right" |23 | align="right" |330,222 | align="right" |1.88 |- | align="right" |24 | align="right" |335,657 | align="right" |1.91 |- | align="right" |25-29 | align="right" |1,229,411 | align="right" |7.00 |- | align="right" |25 | align="right" |291,198 | align="right" |1.66 |- | align="right" |26 | align="right" |274,739 | align="right" |1.56 |- | align="right" |27 | align="right" |213,337 | align="right" |1.21 |- | align="right" |28 | align="right" |238,630 | align="right" |1.36 |- | align="right" |29 | align="right" |211,507 | align="right" |1.20 |- | align="right" |30-34 | align="right" |1,107,226 | align="right" |6.30 |- | align="right" |30 | align="right" |243,969 | align="right" |1.39 |- | align="right" |31 | align="right" |209,155 | align="right" |1.19 |- | align="right" |32 | align="right" |226,360 | align="right" |1.29 |- | align="right" |33 | align="right" |218,620 | align="right" |1.24 |- | align="right" |34 | align="right" |209,122 | align="right" |1.19 |- | align="right" |35-39 | align="right" |968,998 | align="right" |5.52 |- | align="right" |35 | align="right" |221,078 | align="right" |1.26 |- | align="right" |36 | align="right" |207,499 | align="right" |1.18 |- | align="right" |37 | align="right" |165,564 | align="right" |0.94 |- | align="right" |38 | align="right" |210,252 | align="right" |1.20 |- | align="right" |39 | align="right" |164,605 | align="right" |0.94 |- | align="right" |40-44 | align="right" |729,600 | align="right" |4.15 |- | align="right" |40 | align="right" |168,637 | align="right" |0.96 |- | align="right" |41 | align="right" |137,967 | align="right" |0.79 |- | align="right" |42 | align="right" |147,438 | align="right" |0.84 |- | align="right" |43 | align="right" |151,363 | align="right" |0.86 |- | align="right" |44 | align="right" |124,195 | align="right" |0.71 |- | align="right" |45-49 | align="right" |535,868 | align="right" |3.05 |- | align="right" |45 | align="right" |129,172 | align="right" |0.74 |- | align="right" |46 | align="right" |121,996 | align="right" |0.69 |- | align="right" |47 | align="right" |89,576 | align="right" |0.51 |- | align="right" |48 | align="right" |112,116 | align="right" |0.64 |- | align="right" |49 | align="right" |83,008 | align="right" |0.47 |- | align="right" |50-54 | align="right" |387,812 | align="right" |2.21 |- | align="right" |50 | align="right" |99,632 | align="right" |0.57 |- | align="right" |51 | align="right" |57,309 | align="right" |0.33 |- | align="right" |52 | align="right" |63,690 | align="right" |0.36 |- | align="right" |53 | align="right" |72,671 | align="right" |0.41 |- | align="right" |54 | align="right" |94,510 | align="right" |0.54 |- | align="right" |55-59 | align="right" |306,921 | align="right" |1.75 |- | align="right" |55 | align="right" |69,274 | align="right" |0.39 |- | align="right" |56 | align="right" |63,914 | align="right" |0.36 |- | align="right" |57 | align="right" |50,534 | align="right" |0.29 |- | align="right" |58 | align="right" |75,091 | align="right" |0.43 |- | align="right" |59 | align="right" |48,108 | align="right" |0.27 |- | align="right" |60-64 | align="right" |234,918 | align="right" |1.34 |- | align="right" |60 | align="right" |69,006 | align="right" |0.39 |- | align="right" |61 | align="right" |38,753 | align="right" |0.22 |- | align="right" |62 | align="right" |44,264 | align="right" |0.25 |- | align="right" |63 | align="right" |40,119 | align="right" |0.23 |- | align="right" |64 | align="right" |42,776 | align="right" |0.24 |- | align="right" |65-69 | align="right" |240,551 | align="right" |1.37 |- | align="right" |65 | align="right" |47,861 | align="right" |0.27 |- | align="right" |66 | align="right" |50,078 | align="right" |0.29 |- | align="right" |67 | align="right" |35,456 | align="right" |0.20 |- | align="right" |68 | align="right" |59,659 | align="right" |0.34 |- | align="right" |69 | align="right" |47,497 | align="right" |0.27 |- | align="right" |70-74 | align="right" |144,788 | align="right" |0.82 |- | align="right" |70 | align="right" |39,380 | align="right" |0.22 |- | align="right" |71 | align="right" |27,618 | align="right" |0.16 |- | align="right" |72 | align="right" |26,622 | align="right" |0.15 |- | align="right" |73 | align="right" |31,656 | align="right" |0.18 |- | align="right" |74 | align="right" |19,512 | align="right" |0.11 |- | align="right" |75-79 | align="right" |124,718 | align="right" |0.71 |- | align="right" |75 | align="right" |25,635 | align="right" |0.15 |- | align="right" |76 | align="right" |28,492 | align="right" |0.16 |- | align="right" |77 | align="right" |19,096 | align="right" |0.11 |- | align="right" |78 | align="right" |35,174 | align="right" |0.20 |- | align="right" |79 | align="right" |16,321 | align="right" |0.09 |- | align="right" |80-84 | align="right" |63,675 | align="right" |0.36 |- | align="right" |80 | align="right" |16,846 | align="right" |0.10 |- | align="right" |81 | align="right" |9,987 | align="right" |0.06 |- | align="right" |82 | align="right" |12,908 | align="right" |0.07 |- | align="right" |83 | align="right" |14,208 | align="right" |0.08 |- | align="right" |84 | align="right" |9,726 | align="right" |0.06 |- | align="right" |85-89 | align="right" |54,754 | align="right" |0.31 |- | align="right" |85 | align="right" |12,054 | align="right" |0.07 |- | align="right" |86 | align="right" |14,628 | align="right" |0.08 |- | align="right" |87 | align="right" |8,331 | align="right" |0.05 |- | align="right" |88 | align="right" |15,327 | align="right" |0.09 |- | align="right" |89 | align="right" |4,414 | align="right" |0.03 |- | align="right" |90-94 | align="right" |15,130 | align="right" |0.09 |- | align="right" |90 | align="right" |5,041 | align="right" |0.03 |- | align="right" |91 | align="right" |2,466 | align="right" |0.01 |- | align="right" |92 | align="right" |2,746 | align="right" |0.02 |- | align="right" |93 | align="right" |2,897 | align="right" |0.02 |- | align="right" |94 | align="right" |1,980 | align="right" |0.01 |- | align="right" |95+ | align="right" |13,271 | align="right" |0.08 |- |} {| class="wikitable" ! width="50" |Age group ! width="80" |Population ! width="50" |Percent |- | align="right" |0-14 | align="right" |7,718,587 | align="right" |43.95 |- | align="right" |15-64 | align="right" |9,188,275 | align="right" |52.31 |- | align="right" |65+ | align="right" |656,887 | align="right" |3.74 |- |} === Kafukufuku wa UN === Manambara agha ghalipo masauzandi ghanandi. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya UN. <ref name="WPP 2010" /> * 2015 17,522 * 2020 20,677 * 2025 24,212 * 2030 28,173 * 2035 32,667 * 2040 37,797 * 2045 43,521 * 2050 49,719 == Vinthu vyakuzirwa == Ku Malaŵi, vinthu vikuruvikuru vikulembeka viŵi yayi. Webusayiti ya Our World in Data yili na maukaboni agho ghakulongora umo vinthu viliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population & Demography Data Explorer |url=https://ourworldindata.org/population-and-demography |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" ! ! style="width:80pt;" |Mid-year population (thousands) ! style="width:80pt;" |Live births (thousands) ! style="width:80pt;" |Deaths (thousands) ! style="width:80pt;" |Natural change (thousands) ! style="width:80pt;" |Crude birth rate (per 1000) ! style="width:80pt;" |Crude death rate (per 1000) ! style="width:80pt;" |Natural change (per 1000) ! style="width:80pt;" |[[:en:Total_fertility_rate|Total fertility rate]] (TFR) ! style="width:80pt;" |[[:en:Infant_mortality|Infant mortality]] (per 1000 live births) ! style="width:80pt;" |[[:en:Life_expectancy|Life expectancy]] (in years) |- |1950 |2 950 000 |  145 000 |  96 000 |  49 000 |49.2 |32.5 |16.7 |6.80 |206.1 |32.75 |- |1951 |  3 001 000 |  149 000 |  96 000 |  53 000 |49.6 |31.8 |17.8 |6.81 |205.8 |32.81 |- |1952 |  3 056 000 |  153 000 |  96 000 |  57 000 |50.1 |31.4 |18.6 |6.83 |204.9 |32.91 |- |1953 |  3 115 000 |  157 000 |  97 000 |  60 000 |50.5 |31.2 |19.4 |6.85 |203.9 |33.10 |- |1954 |  3 176 000 |  160 000 |  98 000 |  62 000 |50.4 |30.8 |19.5 |6.79 |202.9 |33.40 |- |1955 |  3 240 000 |  165 000 |  99 000 |  66 000 |50.9 |30.5 |20.5 |6.83 |201.8 |33.79 |- |1956 |  3 309 000 |  170 000 |  100 000 |  70 000 |51.4 |30.2 |21.3 |6.87 |200.5 |34.22 |- |1957 |  3 381 000 |  176 000 |  101 000 |  74 000 |52.0 |30.0 |22.0 |6.91 |199.3 |34.52 |- |1958 |  3 457 000 |  181 000 |  103 000 |  78 000 |52.4 |29.9 |22.6 |6.95 |197.9 |34.80 |- |1959 |  3 537 000 |  187 000 |  105 000 |  82 000 |53.0 |29.8 |23.2 |7.00 |196.5 |35.02 |- |1960 |  3 621 000 |  193 000 |  108 000 |  85 000 |53.3 |29.7 |23.5 |7.03 |195.2 |35.20 |- |1961 |  3 708 000 |  199 000 |  110 000 |  89 000 |53.7 |29.7 |24.0 |7.07 |193.8 |35.33 |- |1962 |  3 799 000 |  205 000 |  112 000 |  93 000 |54.0 |29.5 |24.5 |7.10 |192.6 |35.65 |- |1963 |  3 894 000 |  212 000 |  116 000 |  96 000 |54.3 |29.7 |24.6 |7.13 |191.8 |35.62 |- |1964 |  3 990 000 |  216 000 |  118 000 |  98 000 |54.1 |29.6 |24.4 |7.10 |191.1 |35.69 |- |1965 |  4 089 000 |  221 000 |  121 000 |  100 000 |54.1 |29.6 |24.4 |7.11 |190.7 |35.72 |- |1966 |  4 191 000 |  227 000 |  124 000 |  103 000 |54.2 |29.5 |24.7 |7.16 |190.1 |35.87 |- |1967 |  4 296 000 |  233 000 |  127 000 |  107 000 |54.3 |29.5 |24.8 |7.22 |189.4 |35.90 |- |1968 |  4 403 000 |  239 000 |  129 000 |  110 000 |54.3 |29.4 |25.0 |7.28 |188.6 |36.04 |- |1969 |  4 513 000 |  244 000 |  131 000 |  113 000 |54.1 |29.1 |25.0 |7.29 |187.7 |36.32 |- |1970 |  4 625 000 |  249 000 |  133 000 |  117 000 |53.9 |28.7 |25.2 |7.32 |186.2 |36.73 |- |1971 |  4 742 000 |  254 000 |  133 000 |  121 000 |53.6 |28.1 |25.5 |7.33 |183.8 |37.24 |- |1972 |  4 866 000 |  260 000 |  134 000 |  127 000 |53.5 |27.4 |26.0 |7.35 |180.6 |37.90 |- |1973 |  4 996 000 |  266 000 |  134 000 |  132 000 |53.2 |26.8 |26.5 |7.36 |176.8 |38.54 |- |1974 |  5 134 000 |  272 000 |  134 000 |  138 000 |53.0 |26.0 |26.9 |7.37 |172.9 |39.27 |- |1975 |  5 281 000 |  279 000 |  133 000 |  146 000 |52.9 |25.2 |27.7 |7.40 |168.6 |40.22 |- |1976 |  5 438 000 |  287 000 |  132 000 |  155 000 |52.8 |24.3 |28.5 |7.43 |164.3 |41.23 |- |1977 |  5 612 000 |  296 000 |  131 000 |  164 000 |52.7 |23.4 |29.3 |7.46 |159.7 |42.23 |- |1978 |  5 809 000 |  305 000 |  131 000 |  174 000 |52.6 |22.6 |30.1 |7.48 |154.9 |43.29 |- |1979 |  6 029 000 |315 000 |  132 000 |  184 000 |52.5 |21.9 |30.6 |7.51 |149.8 |44.27 |- |1980 |  6 267 000 |  329 000 |  134 000 |  195 000 |52.6 |21.4 |31.2 |7.57 |145.7 |45.09 |- |1981 |  6 520 000 |  339 000 |  137 000 |  203 000 |52.3 |21.0 |31.3 |7.54 |142.1 |45.70 |- |1982 |  6 784 000 |  351 000 |  141 000 |  210 000 |51.9 |20.9 |31.1 |7.51 |140.1 |45.99 |- |1983 |  7 058 000 |  361 000 |  147 000 |  214 000 |51.3 |20.9 |30.4 |7.44 |140.0 |46.04 |- |1984 |  7 339 000 |  370 000 |  155 000 |  215 000 |50.7 |21.2 |29.4 |7.36 |141.6 |45.58 |- |1985 |  7 625 000 |  382 000 |  164 000 |  218 000 |50.3 |21.7 |28.7 |7.29 |143.7 |44.95 |- |1986 |  7 910 000 |  393 000 |  174 000 |  220 000 |49.9 |22.0 |27.9 |7.22 |145.2 |44.34 |- |1987 |  8 296 000 |  404 000 |  182 000 |  222 000 |49.5 |22.3 |27.2 |7.15 |145.5 |43.81 |- |1988 |  8 755 000 |  423 000 |  198 000 |  225 000 |48.9 |22.9 |26.0 |7.02 |144.6 |43.38 |- |1989 |  9 175 000 |  439 000 |  204 000 |  234 000 |48.3 |22.5 |25.8 |6.91 |142.6 |43.34 |- |1990 |  9 540 000 |  454 000 |  210 000 |  244 000 |47.8 |22.1 |25.7 |6.81 |139.9 |43.32 |- |1991 |  9 832 000 |  467 000 |  213 000 |  253 000 |47.5 |21.7 |25.8 |6.72 |136.5 |43.31 |- |1992 |  10 115 000 |  477 000 |  215 000 |  262 000 |47.2 |21.3 |25.9 |6.65 |132.4 |43.41 |- |1993 |  10 257 000 |  488 000 |  219 000 |  269 000 |46.9 |21.0 |25.9 |6.59 |128.9 |43.39 |- |1994 |  10 132 000 |  484 000 |  214 000 |  270 000 |46.6 |20.6 |26.0 |6.51 |125.4 |43.56 |- |1995 |  10 113 000 |  470 000 |  206 000 |  264 000 |46.3 |20.3 |26.0 |6.42 |122.4 |43.64 |- |1996 |  10 311 000 |  476 000 |  212 000 |  264 000 |46.0 |20.5 |25.5 |6.31 |120.0 |43.44 |- |1997 |  10 513 000 |  486 000 |  218 000 |  268 000 |46.1 |20.7 |25.4 |6.26 |117.6 |43.13 |- |1998 |  10 732 000 |  497 000 |  224 000 |  273 000 |46.2 |20.8 |25.4 |6.24 |114.6 |42.85 |- |1999 |  10 974 000 |  506 000 |  222 000 |  284 000 |46.0 |20.2 |25.8 |6.15 |110.7 |43.57 |- |2000 |  11 229 000 |  510 000 |  220 000 |  290 000 |45.4 |19.6 |25.8 |6.04 |105.2 |44.52 |- |2001 |  11 499 000 |  520 000 |  214 000 |  306 000 |45.2 |18.6 |26.6 |5.99 |98.1 |45.90 |- |2002 |  11 784 000 |  532 000 |  208 000 |  324 000 |45.1 |17.7 |27.4 |5.96 |90.9 |47.22 |- |2003 |  12 088 000 |  546 000 |  201 000 |  345 000 |45.1 |16.6 |28.5 |5.94 |83.1 |48.79 |- |2004 |  12 411 000 |  559 000 |  193 000 |  366 000 |45.0 |15.5 |29.4 |5.93 |76.7 |50.45 |- |2005 |  12 756 000 |  573 000 |  187 000 |  387 000 |44.9 |14.6 |30.3 |5.91 |71.7 |52.04 |- |2006 |  13 118 000 |  583 000 |  183 000 |  400 000 |44.4 |14.0 |30.4 |5.84 |68.2 |53.24 |- |2007 |  13 495 000 |  589 000 |  182 000 |  407 000 |43.6 |13.5 |30.1 |5.74 |65.8 |53.95 |- |2008 |  13 889 000 |  593 000 |  180 000 |  413 000 |42.7 |13.0 |29.7 |5.61 |62.8 |54.60 |- |2009 |  14 299 000 |  598 000 |  174 000 |  424 000 |41.8 |12.2 |29.6 |5.45 |59.9 |55.45 |- |2010 |  14 718 000 |  601 000 |  168 000 |  433 000 |40.8 |11.4 |29.4 |5.27 |56.9 |56.38 |- |2011 |  15 146 000 |  604 000 |  161 000 |  444 000 |39.9 |10.6 |29.3 |5.11 |53.1 |57.46 |- |2012 |  15 581 000 |  605 000 |  153 000 |  452 000 |38.8 |9.8 |29.0 |4.92 |49.0 |58.68 |- |2013 |  16 025 000 |  607 000 |  146 000 |  461 000 |37.9 |9.1 |28.8 |4.78 |44.6 |59.73 |- |2014 |  16 478 000 |  606 000 |  138 000 |  468 000 |36.8 |8.4 |28.4 |4.61 |41.0 |60.90 |- |2015 |  16 939 000 |  606 000 |  136 000 |  470 000 |35.8 |8.0 |27.8 |4.45 |38.5 |61.38 |- |2016 |  17 406 000 |  606 000 |  131 000 |  475 000 |34.8 |7.5 |27.3 |4.31 |35.9 |62.21 |- |2017 |  17 881 000 |  614 000 |  128 000 |  486 000 |34.3 |7.1 |27.2 |4.22 |33.7 |62.98 |- |2018 |  18 368 000 |  623 000 |  128 000 |  496 000 |33.9 |7.0 |27.0 |4.14 |31.7 |63.28 |- |2019 |  18 867 000 |  634 000 |  125 000 |  509 000 |33.6 |6.6 |27.0 |4.07 |30.1 |64.12 |- |2020 |  19 377 000 |  644 000 |  130 000 |  514 000 |33.2 |6.7 |26.5 |4.00 |28.7 |63.72 |- |2021 |  19 890 000 |  654 000 |  139 000 |  515 000 |32.9 |7.0 |25.9 |3.92 |27.5 |62.90 |- |} {{GraphChart|width=450|height=150|xAxisTitle=year|yAxisTitle=million|yAxisMin=|yGrid=0,1|xGrid=10|legend=|type=line|x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021|y1=2.95,3,3.06,3.12,3.18,3.24,3.31,3.38,3.46,3.54,3.62,3.71,3.8,3.89,3.99,4.09,4.19,4.3,4.4,4.51,4.63,4.74,4.87,5,5.13,5.28,5.44,5.61,5.81,6.03,6.27,6.52,6.78,7.06,7.34,7.63,7.91,8.3,8.76,9.18,9.54,9.83,10.12,10.26,10.13,10.11,10.31,10.51,10.73,10.97,11.23,11.5,11.78,12.09,12.41,12.76,13.12,13.5,13.89,14.3,14.72,15.15,15.58,16.02,16.48,16.94,17.41,17.88,18.37,18.87,19.38,19.89|y1Title=population (million)}} {{GraphChart|width=450|height=150|xAxisTitle=years|yAxisTitle=‰|yAxisMin=|yGrid=0,1|xGrid=10|hAnnotatonsLine=|hAnnotatonsLabel=|legend=|type=line|x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021|y1=16.7,17.8,18.6,19.4,19.5,20.5,21.3,22.0,22.6,23.2,23.5,24.0,24.5,24.6,24.4,24.4,24.7,24.8,25.0,25.0,25.2,25.5,26.0,26.5,26.9,27.7,28.5,29.3,30.1,30.6,31.2,31.3, 31.1,30.4,29.4,28.7,27.9,27.2,26.0,25.8,25.7,25.8,25.9,25.9,26.0,26.0,25.5,25.4,25.4,25.8,25.8,26.6,27.4,28.5,29.4,30.3,30.4,30.1,29.7,29.6,29.4,29.3,29.0,28.8,28.4,27.8,27.3,27.2,27.0,27.0,26.5,25.9|y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)}} {{GraphChart|width=450|height=150|xAxisTitle=years|yAxisTitle=‰|yAxisMin=|yGrid=0,1|xGrid=10|hAnnotatonsLine=|hAnnotatonsLabel=|legend=|type=line|x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021|y1=206.1,205.8,204.9,203.9,202.9,201.8,200.5,199.3,197.9,196.5,195.2,193.8,192.6,191.8,191.1,190.7,190.1,189.4,188.6,187.7,186.2,183.8,180.6,176.8,172.9,168.6,164.3,159.7,154.9,149.8,145.7,142.1,140.1,140.0,141.6,143.7,145.2,145.5,144.6,142.6,139.9,136.5,132.4,128.9,125.4,122.4,120.0,117.6,114.6,110.7,105.2,98.1,90.9,83.1,76.7,71.7,68.2,65.8,62.8,59.9,56.9,53.1,49.0,44.6,41.0,38.5,35.9,33.7,31.7,30.1,28.7,27.5|y1Title=Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)}} {{GraphChart|width=450|height=150|xAxisTitle=years|yAxisTitle=TFR|yAxisMin=|yGrid=0,1|xGrid=10|hAnnotatonsLine=|hAnnotatonsLabel=|legend=|type=line|x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021|y1=6.80,6.81,6.83,6.85,6.79,6.83,6.87,6.91,6.95,7.00,7.03,7.07,7.10,7.13,7.10,7.11,7.16,7.22,7.28,7.29,7.32,7.33,7.35,7.36,7.37,7.40,7.43,7.46,7.48,7.51, 7.57,7.54,7.51,7.44,7.36,7.29,7.22,7.15,7.02,6.91,6.81,6.72,6.65,6.59,6.51,6.42,6.31,6.26,6.24,6.15,6.04,5.99,5.96,5.94,5.93,5.91,5.84,5.74,5.61,5.45,5.27,5.11,4.92,4.78,4.61,4.45,4.31,4.22,4.14,4.07,4.00,3.92|y1Title=Total Fertility Rate}} === Kubaba na kubabika === Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubaba (TFR) (Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakukhumba) na chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika (CBR):<ref>{{cite web |title=MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys |url=http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=9&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk= |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=Microdata.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STATcompiler |url=https://www.statcompiler.com/en/# |access-date=2020-02-17 |website=www.statcompiler.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:50pt;" |Year ! style="width:50pt;" |CBR (Total) ! style="width:50pt;" |TFR (Total) ! style="width:50pt;" |CBR (Urban) ! style="width:50pt;" |TFR (Urban) ! style="width:50pt;" |CBR (Rural) ! style="width:50pt;" |TFR (Rural) |- |1984 | style="text-align:right;" |52 | style="text-align:right;" |7.58 | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- |1992 | style="text-align:right;" |42.9 | style="text-align:right;" |6.73 (5.74) | style="text-align:right;" |40.5 | style="text-align:right;" |5.51 (4.38) | style="text-align:right;" |43.2 | style="text-align:right;" |6.88 (5.92) |- |2000 | style="text-align:right;" |45.5 | style="text-align:right;" |6.3 (5.2) | style="text-align:right;" |40.8 | style="text-align:right;" |4.5 (3.5) | style="text-align:right;" |46.2 | style="text-align:right;" |6.7 (5.5) |- |2004 | style="text-align:right;" |42.4 | style="text-align:right;" |6.0 (4.9) | style="text-align:right;" |37.0 | style="text-align:right;" |4.2 (3.3) | style="text-align:right;" |43.4 | style="text-align:right;" |6.4 (5.2) |- |2010 | style="text-align:right;" |39.2 | style="text-align:right;" |5.7 (4.5) | style="text-align:right;" |36.0 | style="text-align:right;" |4.0 (3.3) | style="text-align:right;" |39.8 | style="text-align:right;" |6.1 (4.8) |- |2015-16 | style="text-align:right;" |32.2 | style="text-align:right;" |4.4 (3.4) | style="text-align:right;" |29.5 | style="text-align:right;" |3.0 (2.5) | style="text-align:right;" |32.6 | style="text-align:right;" |4.7 (3.6) |- |2017 | style="text-align:right;" |32.1 | style="text-align:right;" |4.2 | style="text-align:right;" |27.4 | style="text-align:right;" |2.8 | style="text-align:right;" |33.0 | style="text-align:right;" |4.5 |- |} Fertility data as of 2016 (DHS Program):<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Demographic and Demographic and Health Survey : Health Survey 2015-16 |url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=Dhsprogram.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:100pt;" |Region ! style="width:100pt;" |Total fertility rate ! style="width:100pt;" |Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant ! style="width:100pt;" |Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 |- |[[:en:Northern_Region,_Malawi|Northern]] |4.2 |8.1 |5.7 |- |[[:en:Central_Region,_Malawi|Central]] |4.4 |7.8 |6.2 |- |[[:en:Southern_Region,_Malawi|Southern]] |4.6 |7.3 |5.7 |- |'''Total''' |'''4.4''' |'''7.6''' |'''5.9''' |} == Vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu == Chiwerengero cha anthu malinga ndi World Population Review mu 2019.<ref name="WPR 2019">{{citation|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malawi-population/|title=Malawi Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}</ref> * One birth every 48 seconds * One death every 4 minutes * One net migrant every 65 minutes * Net gain of one person every 59 seconds Chiwerengero cha anthu otsatirawa chikuchokera ku CIA World Factbook pokhapokha ngati tawonetsa zina. === Population === : 20,794,353 (2022 est.) : 19,842,560 (July 2018 est.) : 19,196,246 (July 2017 est.) === Visopa === Ŵaprotesitanti 33.5% (ŵakuphatikizapo Tchalitchi la Central Africa Presbyterian 14.2%, Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 9.4%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 2.3%), Roman Catholic 17.2%, Christian 26.6%, Muslim 13.8%, traditionalist 1.1%, other 5.6%, none 2.1% (2018 est.) === Age structure === [[File:Malawi_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png|thumb|350x350px|Population pyramid of Malawi in 2020]] : ''0-14 years:'' 45.87% (male 4,843,107/female 4,878,983) : ''15-24 years:'' 20.51% (male 2,151,417/female 2,195,939) : ''25-54 years:'' 27.96% (male 2,944,936/female 2,982,195) : ''55-64 years:'' 2.98% (male 303,803/female 328,092) : ''65 years and over:'' 2.68% (2020 est.) (male 249,219/female 318,938) : ''0-14 years:'' 46.17% (male 4,560,940 /female 4,600,184) : ''15-24 years:'' 20.58% (male 2,023,182 /female 2,059,765) : ''25-54 years:'' 27.57% (male 2,717,613 /female 2,752,983) : ''55-64 years:'' 3% (male 284,187 /female 310,393) : ''65 years and over:'' 2.69% (male 234,776 /female 298,537) (2018 est.) === Birth rate === : 27.94 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 38th : 40.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th : 41 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) === Death rate === : 4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206th : 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 100th : 7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) === [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|Total fertility rate]] === : 3.4 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 41st : 4 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th === Population growth rate === : 2.34% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 31st : 3.31% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 3rd : 3.31% (2017 est.) === Median age === : total: 16.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 221st : male: 16.7 years : female: 16.9 years (2020 est.) : total: 16.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 223rd : male: 16.5 years : female: 16.8 years (2018 est.) === Mother's mean age at first birth === : 18.9 years (2015/16 est.) : note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 === Contraceptive prevalence rate === : 59.2% (2015/16) === Net migration rate === : 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 91st : 0 migrants/1,000 population (2017). There is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities. === [[:en:Dependency_ratio|Dependency ratios]] === : total dependency ratio: 91 (2015 est.) : youth dependency ratio: 85.3 (2015 est.) : elderly dependency ratio: 5.7 (2015 est.) : [[:en:Potential_support_ratio|potential support ratio]]: 17.4 (2015 est.) === Urbanization === : urban population: 18% of total population (2022) : rate of urbanization: 4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) : ''urban population:'' 16.9% of total population (2018) : ''rate of [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]]:'' 4.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) {{Largest cities of Malawi}} === Life expectancy at birth === : total population: 72.44 years. Country comparison to the world: 154th male: 69.33 years female: 75.59 years (2022 est.) : total population: 62.2 years (2018 est.) : male: 60.2 years (2018 est.) : female: 64.3 years (2018 est.) : ''total population:'' 61.7 years : ''male:'' 59.7 years : ''female:'' 63.8 years (2017 est.) === Sex ratio === * ''at birth:'' 1.03 male(s)/female * ''under 15 years:'' 1 male(s)/female * ''15-64 years:'' 0.97 male(s)/female * ''65 years and over:'' 0.69 male(s)/female * ''total population:'' 0.97 male(s)/female (2000 est.) === Ratio of medical doctors to general population === 1 Doctor/65,000 Malawians <ref>{{cite journal|last=von Bothmer|first=Eleanore|title=Global lack of medical doctors|journal=Development and Cooperation|volume=36|issue=3|pages=94|publisher=Societäts-Verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main|year=2009|url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/087353/index.en.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726035849/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/087353/index.en.shtml|archive-date=2009-07-26}}</ref> === Major infectious diseases === : degree of risk: very high (2020) : food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever : vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever : water contact diseases: schistosomiasis : animal contact diseases: rabies Manyani: opa 21 March 2022, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yikapeleka chenjezgo la ulendo wa poliyo mu Africa; Malawi sono yikuwoneka kuti yikupweteka chomene awo ŵakwenda chifukwa cha matenda gha poliyo agho ghali kufuma ku katemera (cVDPV); poliyo uyo wali kufuma ku katemera (VDPV) ni nthenda ya poliyo iyo yikaŵa mu katemera wa poliyo ndipo yikasintha mu nyengo ndipo yikuchita nga ni virasi ya mu thengere panji iyo yikuchitika mu naturel; ichi chikung'anamura kuti yingathandazgika mwaluŵiro ku ŵanthu awo ŵalije katemera wa poliyo ndipo ŵakukumana na vyoto panji vyoto vya mu mphepo, nga ni para munthu wakunyunyamura, wa munthu uyo wali na nthenda iyi (cVDPV); CDC yikusachizga kuti munthu waliyose uyo walije katemera wa poliyo, uyo walije katemera, uyo walije katemera, panji uyo wali na katemera wakukwana yayi, panji uyo walije katemera wa poliyo wakwenera kupokera katemera yumoza pambere wandalute ku charu chinyake; CDC yikusachizga kuti munthu waliyose uyo wali na katemera === Nationality === * ''noun:'' Malawian(s) * ''adjective:'' Malawian === Ethnic groups === <ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web |title=Africa :: MALI |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |access-date=2017-08-04 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143332/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> * [[:en:Chewa_people|Chewa]] 34.3% * [[:en:Lomwe_people|Lomwe]] 18.8% * [[:en:Yao_people_(East_Africa)|Yao]] 13.2% * [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] 10.4% * [[:en:Tumbuka_people|Tumbuka]] 9.2% * [[:en:Sena_people|Sena]] 3.8% * [[:en:Mang'anja|Mang'anja]] 3.2% * [[:en:Tonga_people_(Malawi)|Tonga]] 1.8% * [[:en:Nyanja_people|Nyanja]] 1.8% * [[:en:Nyakyusa_people|Nyakyusa]] 1% * [[:en:White_Malawians|Europeans]] 0.04% * Other 2.5% === Languages === <ref name="CIATONGA" />{{Pie chart|caption=Proportion of language speakers in Malawi|label1=[[Chewa language|Chewa]]|value1=49.9|label2=[[Malawi Lomwe language|Lomwe]]|value2=17.6|label3=[[Yao language|Yao]]|value3=13.5|label4=[[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]|value4=9.1|label5=[[Sena language|Sena]]|value5=3.6|label6=[[Tonga (Nyasa) language|Tonga]]|value6=2.1|label7=[[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]]|value7=1.5|label8=[[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa]]|value8=1.1|label9=Other|value9=1.6}} * [[:en:English_language|English]] (official) * [[:en:Chichewa|Chichewa]] (official) - 6,500,000 * [[:en:Chiyao|Chiyao]] - 1,760,000 * [[:en:Chitumbuka|Chitumbuka]] - 1,180,000 * [[:en:Lomwe_language|Chilomwe]] - 2,290,000 * [[:en:Ngoni_language|Chingoni]] - 37,500 * [[:en:Makhuwa_language|Chimakhuwa]] - 200,000 * [[:en:Sena_language|Chisena]] - 468,000 * [[:en:Tonga_(Nyasa)_language|Chitonga]] - 271,000 * [[:en:Nyika_language|Chinyika]] - 5,000 * [[:en:Nyiha_language|Chinyiha]] - 10,000 * [[:en:Ndali_language|Chindali]] - 70,000 * [[:en:Nyakyusa_language|Chinyakyusa]] - 149,000 * [[:en:Lambya_language|Chilambya]] - 59,500 * [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] - 26,000 === Education expenditures === : 2.9% of GDP (2020) : country comparison to the world: 159 === Literacy === {{Further|Literacy}} ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write : ''total population:'' 62.1% : ''male:'' 69.8% : ''female:'' 55.2% (2015 est.) === School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) === : total: 11 years (2011) : male: 11 years (2011) : female: 11 years (2011) === Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 === : total: 8.5% : male: 6.7% : female: 10.6% (2017 est.) === White Malawians === Ŵazungu ŵakukwana 7,400 ndiwo ŵali mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Malaŵi mba ku England na Scotland, kweni ŵalipo ŵachoko waka awo ŵali kufuma ku Netherlands, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Middle East, Belgium, Scandinavia, panji Germany. Ŵazungu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala ku Lilongwe, Dedza, Dowa, Blantyre, Kasungu, Mchinji, Nkhotakota, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, Salima, Chitipa, Karonga, Likoma, Mzimba, Nkhata Bay, Rumphi, Balaka, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Machinga, Mangochi, Mulanje, Mwanza, Nsanje, Thyolo, Phalombe, Zomba, na Mzuzu. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] * [[:en:Malawian_American|Malawian American]] == Ukaboni == {{Commons category|Demographics of Malawi}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Malawi topics}}{{Ethnic groups in Malawi}}{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}} hbegth3t8v9vbvxe2jdruzy10yd621d 0 24562 122744 116591 2026-09-28T03:56:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tribe in East Africa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{for|the people of East Asia|Yao people}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2022}} {{infobox ethnic group||group=Yao|native_name=|native_name_lang=|image=Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi.jpg|image_upright=1.5|image_caption=Ŵanyamata ŵa vyaka 9 m'paka 10 ŵa fuko la Wa-Yao<br>awo ŵakuchita minthondwe ya ukotoli (Malici 2005).|total=3 million+|region1={{Flagu|Malawi}}|pop1=2,321,763 (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226&Itemid=6|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.nsomalawi.mw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329065940/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226&Itemid=6|archive-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>|region2={{Flagu|Tanzania}}|pop2=500,000 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania Language Focus: What Do You Know About the Language Spoken in Tanzania?|url=https://www.tomedes.com/translator-hub/tanzania-language|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.tomedes.com|language=en}}</ref>|region3={{Flagu|Mozambique}}|pop3=450,000 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Yawo People – The I Am Yawo Project|url=http://www.ciyawo.org/about/about-the-yawo/|access-date=2021-07-23|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204231310/http://www.ciyawo.org/about/about-the-yawo/|archive-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>|rels=[[Islam]]|langs=[[Chiyao]], [[Swahili language|Kiswahili]]|related=}}{{Infobox Bantu name|'Myao|WaYao|[[chiYao]]|Uyao<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steere |first1=Edward |title=On East African Tribes and Languages |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1872 |volume=1 |pages=cxliii–cliv |doi=10.2307/2841297 |jstor=2841297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPMRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR143 }}</ref>}} ŵaYao ni fuko likuru la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵakaŵa na mulimo wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya kumwera kwa Africa, comenecomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri awo Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na cikaya cakukhora comene, ndipo ŵakulondezga yayi malango gha caru. == Mbili == [[File:1896._Wa-Yao_dancing_man.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1896._Wa-Yao_dancing_man.jpg|left|thumb|Munthu wakuvina wa chiYao, mu 1896]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Yao ŵalimi na ŵalovi. Ŵarabu ŵakati ŵafika ku Africa, ŵakamba kusinthana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene na ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Niassa ku Mozambique. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga kuluta ku Malaŵi na Tanzania. Cinthu cimoza cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kusopa Ciislamu. Mu 1870, Makanjila III (yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Mangochi Yao ŵa ku Nyasa) wakatora Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa chake. Pamanyuma, ŵalongozgi ŵa Yao (awo ŵakajichemanga kuti ma sultans) ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵalembi awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu vikaya vya Yao, ŵalembi aŵa ŵakakhwaska comene ŵanthu, ŵakasambizganga waka ŵanthu kuŵazga na kulemba yayi, kweni ŵakapelekangaso wovwiri wa mtende, chisopa, na vya cuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Msiska|first1=Augustine W.C.|title=The Spread of Islam in Malawi and its Impact on Yao Rites of Passage, 1870-1960|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|date=1995|volume=48|issue=1|pages=49–86|jstor=29778728}}</ref> Kweniso, mafumu gha Yao ghakalimbana chomene na Ŵapwitikizi, Ŵanandi, na Ŵachijeremani, awo ŵakawonekanga kuti mbanthu ŵaheni chomene. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kukanizga malonda gha maryero na ŵazga. Mulara wa Ŵayao zina lake Mataka wakakana Chikhristu, cifukwa cisopo ca Cisilamu cikaŵapa ndondomeko ya umoyo wa ŵanthu iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto yawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵakati ŵamba kusopa Ciislamu, ŵanthu nawo ŵakamba kusopa. Chisopa ca Ciislamu ico ŵanthu ŵa Yao ŵakulondezga cikukolerana na vigomezgo vyawo vya cisopa ca Ciislamu. === Ku Mozambique === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Mozambique (uko kale kukaŵa ku Portuguese East Africa). Para tingawona mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao mu Mozambique, tingamanya kuti chigaŵa chawo chikaŵa mu muzi uchoko wakuchemeka Chiconono, mu chigaŵa cha Niassa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Yao ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaguliskanga njovu na ŵazga. Ŵakasangana na masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu chifukwa cha kuwerako kwa Ŵapwitikizi (mu chigaŵa cha Niassa) na kukhazikiska kampani ya Niassa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal aŵa ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakazenga matawuni. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵakawuskapo ndondomeko ya ulimi na malonda ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na kusintha ku vyakurya ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal. Ufumu wa Portugal uwo ukakuranga, ukaŵa na malo ghakuguliskirako malonda, vigongwe na virwa mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa cha nthowa iyo ŵakendanga na vyakununkhira. Ndipouli, mu ma 1800, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵanandi chomene. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa wankhongono chomene pa charu chose. Vipambi vya viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa vya Ŵapwitikizi vikamba kusazgikira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi ŵakagwiranga ntchito yakulipira. Kweni ŵakalutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo na kulima. Pakuŵa Ŵasilamu, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakatondeka kuzizipizga muwuso wa Ŵapwitikizi, awo ŵakaŵachichizga kuti ŵasambire Cikhristu mu Ciphwitikizi. Ku Mozambique kuli ŵanthu 450,000 ŵa mtundu wa Yao. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Niassa, ndipo ŵakukwana 40% ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lichinga, msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi. Ŵali na mitheto yinandi, kusazgapo kulondezga viyuni vikuruvikuru ivyo vikulongozga ŵanthu pakusanga uchi. Paumaliro, ŵakufumiska njuchi mu chiŵaya, ŵakuwunjika uchi na kusida sera ku viyuni ivyo vikulongozga njuchi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2016 pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma uchi ku Yao kumpoto kwa Mozambique, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma uchi ŵakapulikanga para ŵakuŵachema kuti brrrr-hmm. Ŵalwani ŵakusambira mazgu agha ku ŵadada ŵawo ndipo ŵakughapeleka ku ŵana ŵawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saha |first1=Purbita |last2=Spottiswoode |first2=Claire |date=2016-08-22 |title=Meet the Greater Honeyguide, the Bird That Understands Humans |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/meet-greater-honeyguide-bird-understands-humans |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=[[National Audubon Society]] |language=en}}</ref> Ŵalwani ŵakasanganga malo ghakukhala njuchi para ŵakuŵachema. Kafukufuku uyu wakulongosoraso kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakughanaghana kuti viyuni vikuru na viwukirano ivyo vikulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa uchi ni vyamoyo vyakupambana.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spottiswoode|first1=Claire N.|last2=Begg|first2=Keith S.|last3=Begg|first3=Colleen M.|title=Reciprocal signaling in honeyguide-human mutualism|journal=Science|date=22 July 2016|volume=353|issue=6297|pages=387–389|doi=10.1126/science.aaf4885|pmid=27463674|bibcode=2016Sci...353..387S|s2cid=206648494|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256963}}</ref> === Kuwalo kwa Mozambique === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa icho sono ni kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Malawi mu ma 1830, apo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi na ŵamalonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵali na mitheto na sumu zinandi, ndipo mbasilikari ŵa visopa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja m'ma 1800. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakakolerananga comene na Ŵaarabu, ŵakaŵa na vilwero, ivyo vikaŵawovwira kuti ŵarwe nkhondo zinandi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyawo, nga ni Ŵangoni na Ŵachiwa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakasuskanga comene ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa (uko sono ni Tanzania, Rwanda, na Burundi). Chiyelezgero cha umo Yao wakachitiranga na ŵanthu ŵakususka chikaŵa mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Kilwa Kivinje, Mikindani, na Lindi, kumwera kwa Tanzania mu 1888, apo ŵasilikari ŵa German East Africa Company ŵakayezga kupoka vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Sultan wa Zanzibar. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵa Yao ŵakalutilira kuvikilira nthowa yawo ya malonda kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Makanjila kumwera kwa Nyasa kuya ku Kilwa Kivinje. Kweni mu 1893, Harry Johnston pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵa ku Britain, ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ŵali kuthereska chigaŵa chose cha Makanjila mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Mu 1890, Themba Machemba likaphalira Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Hermann von Wissmann, kuti likukhumba kuchita malonda kweni likukhumba yayi kujilambika ku boma la Germany. Ndipouli, ŵakati ŵafika ku malo ghanyake, Yao wakajipeleka. Ku Zimbabwe, ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Yao ŵakafika nga mbalendo ndipo ŵakakhazikiska gulu ku Mvurwi, pasi pa muwuso wa fuko la Jalisi. Ŵakaŵa ŵamoza ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba kwiza na cisopa ca Ciislam ku Zimbabwe pa Great Dyke Mountain Pass. Ŵa Yao ŵakagwiraso nchito yikuru mu Ciwukirano ca Maji Maji mu German East Africa. == Chiyowoyelo == {{main|Yao language}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ico cikucemeka Chiyao (chi- ni lizgu lakwamba ilo likung'anamura "ciyowoyero"). Charu chawo chili pakati pa milonga ya Rovuma na Lugenda kumpoto kwa Mozambique. Kweniso ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya boma mu vyaru ivyo ŵakukhala, nga ni Chiswahili mu Tanzania, Chichewa na Chitumbuka mu Malawi, na Ciphwitikizi mu Mozambique. == Umoyo == Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matenda ghakuŵako cifukwa ca vinthu vyakuthupi, kutembeka, panji kuswa malango. Para ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti matenda ghakufuma ku viŵaro viŵiri ivi, ŵakuluta ku maofesi gha boma yayi. Matenda ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakumanya ni undubidwa (matenda agho ghakukhwaska ŵana awo ŵakonkheska mwana chifukwa cha sanji za mubali wawo), kweniso matenda ghanyake gha ndaka agho ghakuŵapo chifukwa cha kukomana na awo ŵakuchita yayi uzaghali.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dicks|first1=Ian|title=An African worldview: the Muslim Amacinga Yawo of Southern Malawi|date=2012|publisher=Kachere Series|isbn=978-99908-87-51-8|oclc=794906947}}{{pn|date=July 2022}}</ref><gallery> File:Asinganga.jpg|A Yao traditional doctor shows his homemade stethoscope he uses for treatment File:Baby injections.jpg|A Yao woman brings her child to a well baby check where it receives an injection in a rural village in northern Mozambique File:Charms on baby 2.jpg|This young Yao mother tries to protect her child through charms worn around the neck File:Charms on baby.jpg|This child being weighed in a Mozambican village screams in fright. This image illustrates the desire for good health from both charms worn around the neck and use of the local health program on offer. File:Health lissiete-1.jpg|A peek inside the health post of Lissiete near Mandimba in Niassa, Mozambique File:Health lissiete-6.jpg|A pharmacist in Lissiete near Mandimba, Niassa Province poses with hospital medication File:Muslim healer.jpg|This Muslim Yao sheik in Malawi practices creating Islamic charms File:Sick francesca-3.jpg|This Yao woman in Mandimba suffers her final days File:Three Yao generations.jpg|A happy grandmother holds a new baby after a successful delivery at the health post in Mandimba, Niassa Province, Mozambique File:Traditional healer reenactment.jpg|This drama troupe practices for a village-based drama about a sick man who refuses to treat his HIV/AIDS with proper medication </gallery> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * [[:en:Jacob_Wainwright|Jacob Wainwright]], attendant to David Livingstone * [[:en:Bakili_Muluzi|Bakili Muluzi]], Malawian former state president * [[:en:Shaaban_bin_Robert|Shaaban bin Robert]], Tanzanian poet * [[:en:Yohanna_Barnaba_Abdallah|Yohanna Barnaba Abdallah]], linguist and historian * [[:en:Hassan_bin_Omari|Hassan bin Omari]] or Makunganya, freedom fighter murdered by the Germans in 1895 * [[:en:Sidi_Mubarak_Bombay|Sidi Mubarak Bombay]], early Tanzanian explorer == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Dances_of_the_Yao|Dances of the Yao]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * [[:en:J._Clyde_Mitchell|J. Clyde Mitchell]], ''The Yao Village: A Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971 {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}}{{Ethnic groups in Mozambique}}{{Ethnic groups in Tanzania}}{{Authority control}} q6ij50bejilaxxyfvb4zicxt2gc3jgs 0 25121 122480 69801 2026-09-28T00:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Use of cannabis in Malawi}} {{Cannabis sidebar}} '''Chamba''' cha Malawi, comenecomene icho chikucemeka Malawi Gold, vikumanyikwa pa caru cose kuti ni vyamoyo viwemi comene vya ku Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=2020-11-24|title=Malawi ready to produce cannabis for industrial and medicinal use|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malawi-cannabis-idUSL8N2IA4VV|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref><ref name="marijuanatipster1">{{cite web |title=Marijuana Wikipedia : Malawi Gold |url=http://www.marijuanatipster.com/tiki-index.php?page=Malawi%20Gold |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034016/http://www.marijuanatipster.com/tiki-index.php?page=Malawi%20Gold |archive-date=2011-07-14 |access-date=2011-04-20 |publisher=Marijuanatipster.com}}</ref>Lipoti linyake la World Bank likati mbanje iyi njimoza mwa "vinjeru na viwemi comene" pa caru cose. Cifukwa ca kutchuka kwa mtundu uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku Malaŵi kuzakawona hona na kusanga ndalama zinandi comene. Mu Febuluwale 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Malawi yikazomerezga kulima na kusamalira chamba kuti chiŵe chakugwiliskirika ntchito mu mafakitale na munkhwala, kweni yikazomerezga yayi kuti chiŵe chakugwiliskirika ntchito pa vyakusanguluska.<ref name="guardian-legal">{{Cite web |last=McCool |first=Alice |date=2020-02-28 |title=Malawi legalises cannabis amid hopes of fresh economic growth - Law change hailed by supporters as chance for country to benefit from rising global demand for medicinal cannabis products |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/28/malawi-legalises-cannabis-amid-hopes-of-fresh-economic-growth |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-24|title=Malawi ready to produce cannabis for industrial and medicinal use|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/malawi-cannabis-idUSL8N2IA4VV|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref> == Kulima == Malaŵi njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga chomene munkhwala wa cannabis ku Southern Africa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakulima mu vigaŵa vyakutali chomene vya pakati na kumpoto. Ku mpoto, yikukura mu mapiri gha Likwawa mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba, na Nkhotakota. Chigaŵa cha Nkhotakota chikumanyikwa kuti chikupambika chomene chamba, comenecomene kufupi na mlonga wa Lupache. Kweniso vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya Ntchisi, Kasungu, Ntcheu na Dedza. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakulima minda yichoko iyo yili pachanya pa mapiri ghakutali, mu vivwati, panji mu minda yinyake. Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakuchita malonda. Lipoti la United Nations Development Assistance Framework likuti kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990, malo ghakujumpha 156,000 mu charu ichi ghakaŵa gha kulima chamba.<ref name="bnltimes1">{{cite web |date=2011-03-02 |title=UDF factions 'agree' |url=http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708075446/http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=378 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2011-04-20 |publisher=Bnltimes.com}}</ref> Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakulima chomene chamba, ndipo ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakuguliska.<ref name="iss.co.za">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/CANNABIS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085640/http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/CANNABIS.PDF |archive-date=2012-06-14 |access-date=2011-12-16}}</ref> Mu Malaŵi, mbanje izo zafuma mu mbanje zikuŵa makora para zavungika makora mu makuni gha banane panji mbuto. Vinthu ivi ŵakuviguliska mu vigaŵa vyakuchemeka 'cobs' ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuvichema kuti'mfani' panji 'bola' mu Chichewa. == Msika wa pa caru cose == Chifukwa cha unandi wake, wakuluska munkhwala uwo ŵanthu ŵakulima mu vyaru vinyake. Magulu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana ghakugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi kugura na kupanga cannabis ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici. Likwendera chomene mu Malawi, Mozambique na Zimbabwe, m'paka ku South Africa. Ku Malaŵi na South Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha kuti ŵakagure matholi. Sonosono apa, hona wa ku Malawi wawukira misika ya hona mu Kenya, Tanzania, na malo ghanyake ghanandi. Ku Kenya, thumba limoza la chamba icho munthu wangasuta ghalipo madola 1.97. Mulimi wakwamba wakupokera ndalama zakukwana madola 0.32.Kweniso yikaŵa mu Netherlands.<ref name="bnltimes1" />Nangauli golide wa ku Malawi wakuwuguliska mwambura kuzomerezgeka mu charu ichi kuti ŵanthu ŵakondwenge nalo. Charu ichi chakhala nyengo yitali kwambura kusanga ndalama zakukwana za misonkho. === Critical Acclaim === Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhweŵa matholi ŵakuwona kuti mtundu wa Malawi Gold uli nga ni munthondwe. Pali mawebusayiti na mabulogu agho ghakuchindika chamba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya munkhwala uwu. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Malawi, ŵakayezga chamba, ndipo ŵakakhumba yayi kuwelera kukwawo. Muyimbi wa reggae wa ku Jamaica, Bob Marley, wakayowoyapo kuti wakatemwanga comene sumu izi cifukwa zikamupangiska kujiwona "mwakuwoneka yayi."<ref name="jstor.org">Sevenzo, Farai. “Bedtime for Banda.” Transition, no. 85 (2000): 4–29. p13, 21 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3137481.</ref> === Marijuana tourism === Malawi wakusangirapo ndalama zinandi pa malonda gha hona. Nangauli ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka, kweni vikukura mu malo ghanandi, ntheura nchakusuzga kuti munthu waleke kurya. Ku vigaŵa vya nyanja, ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakugura munkhwala uwu na kukhweŵa mu vipinda vyawo vya mu mahotelo panji mu nyumba zawo. Ŵalendo ku Malawi ŵakumanya kugura chamba mu chigaŵa cha Nkhotakota icho chili na mbiri ya kupanga mpunga uwemi chomene.<ref name="ospiti.peacelink.it">{{cite web |title=Pag6July |url=http://ospiti.peacelink.it/npeople/lug99/PAG6JULY.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406065800/http://ospiti.peacelink.it/npeople/lug99/PAG6JULY.html |archive-date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref> == Domestic market == Malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka gha chamba ghakukwana 0.2% ya GDP ya Malawi panji K1.4 billion. Vyakumera vinandi vikugwiliskirika ntchito yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa vikulereskeka ku vyaru vinyake. Kujibatika mu msika wa caru cose kwapangiska kuti malonda ghaŵe ghambura urunji, ntheura ŵalimi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupokera malipiro ghacoko. Ŵalimi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupokera pacoko waka pa cipaturo cimoza ca vigaŵa vinkhondi vya mtengo uwo ŵakuguliskira viŵeto vyawo mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma mu vyakurya ivi ni zinandi kuluska za hona. Ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakuguliska mwaluŵiro yayi ku msika, kweni ŵakuguliska ku ŵamalonda ŵa mu charu chawo panji ŵamitundu yinyake.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Ill Gotten Money and Economy |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Ill_gotten_money_and_economy.pdf |access-date=2016-11-16 |website=World Bank Document}}</ref> === Medicinal usage === Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito munkhwala wa cannabis kuti ŵaleke kukhuŵara kweniso kuti ŵagwenthe nthenda zinyake nga ni nthenda ya maleriya, maleriya, na njoka. Ŵarastafari ŵa ku Malawi ndiwo sono ŵakukhozgera kuti makuni gha chamba ghakovwira pa munkhwala. Kafukufuku munyake wakucemeka kuti, "Umo Ŵalwari Ŵakughanaghanira vya Kukhweŵa Chamba (Chipayawa) mu Malaŵi" wakacitika mu cipatala ca Zomba Mental Hospital ndipo wakalembeka mu magazini ya International Journal of the Addictions mu 1998. Ici cikakhwaska comene ndondomeko ya kucitapo kanthu kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito mankhwala gha chamba mu Malawi ŵaleke kulwara. === Kugwiliskira nchito visopa === Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaraasta ŵa ku Malawi ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wakuchemeka marijuana. Ŵanthu ŵa Rastafarian ŵakughanaghana kuti pakugwiliskira nchito khuni ili pali kukolerana na cisopa. === Kugwiliskira nchito vyakusanguluska === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa cannabis kwa miwiro yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kumwa munkhwala wakuchemeka cannabis mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakuti hona wakuŵawovwira kuti ŵapumure na kuŵika maghanoghano ghawo pa vinthu vinyake. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku malo agha ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa cannabis kuti ŵaleke kwenjerwa pambere ŵandayezge. Nangauli ŵapolisi ŵakutemwa kuwukira ŵanthu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa cannabis. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku Malaŵi ŵakutemwa kumwa munkhwala wakuchemeka cannabis. == Nkhani za malango zakukhwaskana na kugwiliskira nchito == Kulima, kuguliska, kugwiliskira nchito, panji kuŵa na cannabis kuti munthu wakondwenge nayo ni mulandu ku Malawi. Nangauli ku Malawi kukwendera njuga nkhukanizgika, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti nkhunjizga munkhwala uwu mu vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha unandi wa vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuliska munkhwala uwu mwambura kuzomerezgeka mu Malawi. Ndipouli, kafukufuku uyo wakacitika sonosono apa na Banki ya Caru Cose, wakalongora kuti ŵalimi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakupokera malipiro ghacoko comene cifukwa ca nchito yawo. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakurya vya chamba vikusangika comene mu Malawi. Ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵaleke kupanga na kuguliska munkhwala uwu. Wupu wakulimbana na minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo, uwo ukulongozgeka na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Malawi, ukakora makilogiramu pafupifupi 70,000 gha munkhwala wa cannabis mu 2010. Nambara ya United Nations yakukhwaskana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka munkhwala wa cannabis mu Malawi kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2000, yili kulembeka mu lipoti la Institute for Security Studies Report 2003:<ref>Peter Gastrow, Institute for Security Studies, Cape town, Published: October 2003</ref> {| class="wikitable" !1995 !1996 !1997 !1998 !1999 !2000 !Total |- |39,911 |8,453 |10,320 |5,202 |27,142 |312,472 |403,500 |} === Campaign to legalize cannabis === Malawi wali kuzomerezga kuti golide la Malawi liŵe la munkhwala na la vyamalonda pamanyuma pa kampeni iyo yikachitika mu nyumba ya malango mu 2015 na Boniface Kadzamira, uyo ni munthu wakujiyimira yekha mu nyumba ya malango. Ŵarastafari mu Malaŵi ŵaluta ku khoti kuti ŵakasange wanangwa wawo wa kukhweŵa hona. Mu 2000, boma likadumbiskanapo mwakudumura za kuzomerezga hemp ya ku India, nangauli ŵapolisi ŵakachenjezga kuti ŵalimi ŵa cannabis ŵangagwiliskira ntchito uheni hemp. Mubali Joe Manduwa, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna ya vyaulimi, wakawovwirapo pa nkhani iyi. Munthu munyake wa ku parliament na dokotala, Hetherwick Ntaba, wakakhozgera fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Otañez|first1=Martin G.|last2=Mamudu|first2=Hadii M.|last3=Glantz|first3=Stanton A.|date=October 2009|title=Tobacco Companies' Use of Developing Countries' Economic Reliance on Tobacco to Lobby Against Global Tobacco Control: The Case of Malawi|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=99|issue=10|pages=1759–1771|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.146217|issn=0090-0036|pmc=2741530|pmid=19696392}}</ref> == Malawi Gold in Pop Culture == === Bob Marley === When reggae musician [[:en:Bob_Marley|Bob Marley]] visited [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] during his Zimbabwe Independence Tour concert in 1980, he smoked Malawi Gold in Harare with his art director, [[:en:Neville_Garrick|Neville Garrick]]. It was wrapped in a banana leaf and had a lasting effect on him. He liked it so much that he commented to reporters that Malawi Gold made him "feel invisible".<ref name="jstor.org" /><ref name="marleynatural.com">{{Cite web |title="Herb was a great inspiration to me." |url=https://www.marleynatural.com/blog/2017/2/27/test |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Marley Natural |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128225710/https://www.marleynatural.com/blog/2017/2/27/test |archive-date=2022-11-28}}</ref><ref name="businesswire.com">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=Marley Natural Celebrates Anniversary with Limited-Edition Cannabis Collection |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170221005426/en/Marley-Natural-Celebrates-Anniversary-with-Limited-Edition-Cannabis-Collection |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> === Fresh Air Fiend (Book) === Malawi cannabis was mentioned in the New York Times Notable list book, ''Fresh air Fiend'': Travel Writing 1985-2000 by American travel writer and author [[:en:Paul_Theroux|Paul Theroux]]. Theroux writes about the usage of Malawi by peacecorps volunteers and hippies when he lived in Malawi. He notes that hippies, backpackers and peacecorps volunteers had the same experience visiting Malawi and smoking marijuana like the hippies who went on the [[:en:Hippie_trail|Hippie trail]] in Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Theroux|first=Paul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42892218|title=Fresh air fiend : travel writings, 1985-2000|date=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=0-618-03406-4|location=Boston|pages=44|oclc=42892218}}</ref> === Marley Natural === In 2021 the weed brand [[:en:Marley_Natural|Marley Natural]] launched a limited edition sativa edition inspired by Malawi Gold, called "Gold". Artist and photographer [[:en:Neville_Garrick|Neville Garrick]], who was also Bob Marley's art director, designed the bottle with an image of African mask, banana leaves, and the Malawi flag.<ref name="marleynatural.com" /><ref name="businesswire.com" /> He had first tried Malawi gold with Bob Marley on his trip to [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] where it was given to them by Zimbabwean soldiers. === Mike Tyson === Former heavy weight champion boxing champion [[:en:Mike_Tyson|Mike Tyson]] was asked to be the Malawian Cannabis Ambassador in 2021 to help promote Malawian Marijuana sales.<ref>BBC News, Nov 24, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59406196</ref> === Strain Hunters Malawi Expedition (2010) === On an episode of strain hunters international, "Strain Hunters Malawi Expedition" (2010) by Green House Seed Company from Netherlands featured an episode on finding the source of Malawi Gold, which is popular in [[:en:Netherlands|Netherlands]], their country of origin. It features Franco Loja, [[:en:Arjan_Roskam|Arjan Roskam]], Simon and Dust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strain Hunters Malawi I (Short 2010) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8806806/ |via=www.imdb.com |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strain Hunters Malawi |url=https://strainhunters.com/expeditions/malawi/ |website=Strain Hunters - Purveyors of Fine Landraces |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Cannabis}} * ''[[:en:Cannabis_sativa|Cannabis sativa]]'' * [[:en:Medical_cannabis|Medical cannabis]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == External links == * [http://www.420magazine.com/forums/420-documentaries/85857-strain-hunters-malawi-gold.html Strain Hunters - hunt for Malawi Gold]. 420 Magazine {{Cannabis by country}} 11hks0pll0xqhy5rh5crk2ltbv77zs7 0 25124 122664 69850 2026-09-28T02:49:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Supreme legislative body of Malawi}} {{Infobox legislature|name=National Assembly|native_name=|native_name_lang=|transcription_name=|legislature=|coa_pic=Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|coa_res=100px|coa_alt=|logo_pic=|logo_res=|logo_alt=|house_type=[[Lower House]]{{refn|group=nb|The Constitution Provides for a Senate - In Practice the Senate has not yet been Established; Compare the [[Council of Representatives of Iraq#The Constitution of 2005|Federation Council of Iraq]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Malawi_1999?lang=en#520 Article 49 of the Constitution of Malawi: "'Parliament' consists of the National Assembly, the Senate and the President as Head of State."]</ref>}}<br />(de facto [[Unicameral]])|body=|houses=|term_limits=|foundation=26 May 1964|disbanded=|preceded_by=|succeeded_by=|new_session=June 2019|leader1_type=[[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Speaker]]|leader1=[[Catherine Gotani Hara]]|party1=[[Malawi Congress Party|MCP]]|election1=19 June 2019|leader2_type=|leader2=|party2=|election2=|leader3_type=Leader of Opposition|leader3=|party3=|election3=|seats=193|house1=|house2=|structure1=File:Malawi Parliament 2019.svg|structure1_res=250px|structure1_alt=|structure2=|structure2_res=|structure2_alt=|political_groups1='''[[Government of Malawi|Government]] (97)'''<ref>https://t.me/africaelects/183 #Malawi: after losing 6 of the 7 recent by-elections, the DPP (centre) has lost its relative majority in the National Assembly for the first time since 2009.</ref> * {{Color box|#F5051C|border=silver}} [[Malawi Congress Party|MCP]] (59) * {{Color box|{{party color|United Transformation Movement}}|border=silver}} [[United Transformation Movement|UTM]] (5) * {{Color box|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|border=silver}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (33) '''[[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] (96)''' * {{Color box|#1E90FF|border=silver}} [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]] (56) * {{Color box|#FFFF00|border=silver}} [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|UDF]] (10) * {{Color box|#FF7F00|border=silver}} [[People's Party (Malawi)|PP]] (4) * {{Color box|#25D9FA|border=silver}} [[Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)|AFORD]] (1) * {{Color box|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|border=silver}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (25)|political_groups2=|term_length=5 years|committees1=|committees2=|joint_committees=|voting_system1=[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]|voting_system2=|last_election1=[[2019 Malawian general election|21 May 2019]]|last_election2=|previous_election1=|previous_election2=|session_room=Parliament Building of Malawi.jpg|session_res=|session_alt=|meeting_place=[[Lilongwe]]|website={{URL|www.parliament.gov.mw}}|footnotes=|motto=}} {{Politics of Malawi}} Nyumba ya Malango ya ku [[Malawi]] ndiyo yikulongozga vinthu mu charu. Likukhala pa Capital Hill, Lilongwe pa Presidential Way. Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo njekha yili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango, ndipo ndiyo yili na mazaza pa maboma ghose gha Malawi. Pa mutu wake pali Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo uyo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref name="un.org">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233219/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan004840.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Kuyambira pa 19 June 2019 Speaker ndi [[Catherine Gotani Hara]]. Dango la 1994 likayowoyapo kuti paŵenge Nyumba ya Malango, kweni Nyumba ya Malango yikaleka. Pa cifukwa ici, Malawi wali na wupu wakulongozga wa nyumba yimoza.<ref name="un.org" /> Nyumba ya Malamulo ili na mamembala 193, awo ŵakusankhika mwakudunjika mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya unandi wa ŵanthu (or first-past-the-post) ndipo ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{cite web |title=africanelectionsportal.org -Malawi- |url=http://www.africanelections.org/malawi/knowledgecenter/?knw=26 |work=africanelections.org |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075358/http://www.africanelections.org/malawi/knowledgecenter/?knw=26 |archive-date=2017-02-28}}</ref> == Current Parliament == Nyumba ya malango ya sono yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni 2019 pamanyuma pa chisankho cha Malawi cha 2019. Pakaŵavya chipani icho chikaŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu nyumba iyi. Peter Mutharika wakathereska pa chisankho cha purezidenti, kweni chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura kwenelera khoti la malango likalangura kuti mavoti gha purezidenti ghachitikeso mu 2020. Pa February 24, 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapeleka ndondomeko ya kusintha malango ghakukhwaskana na ma parliamentary na presidential elections Act (PPEA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Elections May 19 {{!}} The Nation Online {{!}} Malawi Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.mwnation.com/elections-may-19/ |access-date=2020-06-27 |website=The Nation Online |language=en}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:2007_Malawian_political_crisis|2007 Malawian political crisis]] * [[:en:History_of_Malawi|History of Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_legislatures_by_country|List of legislatures by country]] * [[:en:List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Malawi|List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi]] == Vyakulemba == <references group="nb" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == External links == * {{Official website|http://www.parliament.gov.mw}} {{Malawian constituencies}}{{Africa legislatures}}{{National unicameral legislatures}}{{Authority control}}{{Coord|13.9522|S|33.7878|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{legislature-stub}} {{Malawi-stub}} elu40w7kdqrh3v6jgzbd0liqvwr9819 0 25128 122507 119585 2026-09-28T00:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Shire River|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=Shiré, Chire|name_etymology=[[Chewa language|Chewa]] ''chiri'', "steep banks"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29778127|title=SHIRE, SHIRWA, AND NYASA|author=Price, T.|year=1966|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-19|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|title=The Mighty Shire River – History Of Malawi|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075408/https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|archive-date=2023-04-11}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=Shire fluss nsanje.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=The Shire near [[Nsanje]], [[Malawi]]|map=Shire (rivière).png|map_size=280px|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=486 m3/s|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Lake Malawi]]|source1_location=|source1_coordinates={{coord|14|25|25|S|35|14|10|E|display=inline}}|source1_elevation={{convert|474|m|abbr=on}}|mouth=[[Zambezi]]|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{coord|17|41|36|S|35|18|55|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Mlonga wa Shire''' ni mronga ukuru comene mu [[Malaŵi|Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2010 |title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor |url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html}}</ref>Ni maji ghekha agho ghakuthira mu [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] ndipo ghakuthira mu Mlonga wa Zambezi ku Mozambique. Utali wake ni makilomita 402. Mlonga wa Upper Shire ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Malawi ndipo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 19 pambere undafike mu Nyanja ya Malombe. Kufuma apo, maji ghakukhira kufuma mu Nyanja ya Malombe na kuluta kumwera kujumpha mu malo ghakuchemeka Liwonde National Park. Pakati pa matawuni gha Matope na Chikwawa, mlonga wa pakati ukujumpha mamita 400. Madamu ghaŵiri gha maji agho ghakazengeka kumpoto kwa Blantyre. Mlonga uwu ukujumpha ku Chikwawa, ndipo ukuzgokera kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kunjira mu vidika vya Mozambique. Mlonga ukuru comene wa Ruo, uwo njumoza wa milonga iyo yikwenda nyengo yitali, ukunjira mu Shire kufupi na tawuni ya Chiromo ku Malawi. Maji agha ghakwenda mu malo ghakuru ghakuchemeka Elephant Marsh pambere ghandafike apo Mlonga wa Zambezi ukusamira kumwera kwa tawuni ya Sena, ku Mozambique. Mu 1859, David Livingstone wakaluta ku malo ghaŵiri ku Zambezi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|title=Malawi|date=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|page=9|language=en}}</ref> Dambo ili lili mu chigaŵa cha East African Rift system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Search Maps |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> [[File:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Ferry crossing the Shire in Mozambique]] {{clear|left}} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Rivers of Malawi}}{{Rivers of Mozambique}}{{Authority control}} {{Malawi-river-stub}} {{Mozambique-river-stub}} scn7wsw363hhdyx5jrwa1r2nhs9xzel 0 25143 122648 69835 2026-09-28T02:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Defunce national airline of Malawi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox airline|airline=Air Malawi|logo=Air Malawi logo.svg|destinations=|IATA=QM|ICAO=AIM|callsign=MALAWI|parent=[[Government of Malawi]]|founded=March 1964|ceased=February 2013|headquarters=[[Blantyre, Malawi]]|key_people=|hubs=|secondary_hubs=|focus_cities=|frequent_flyer=|lounge=|alliance=|website=}} '''Air Malawi Limited''' yikaŵa ndege ya boma ya [[Malawi]], iyo yikaŵa na ofesi yake mu Blantyre, ndipo yikendeskanga ndege za ŵanthu. Boma la Malawi likapharazga mu Novembala 2012 kuti chifukwa cha ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito, ndege iyi yikaleka kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2013.<ref name="closes shop">{{Cite news|url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/128168-troubled-air-malawi-closes-shop-wednesday|title=Troubled Air Malawi closes shop on Wednesday|date=11 February 2013|publisher=Malawi Today|accessdate=19 May 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213225544/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/128168-troubled-air-malawi-closes-shop-wednesday|archivedate=13 February 2013}}</ref> Ndege iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1964 nga nkhamwana ka Central African Airways, ndipo yikatora wanangwa na kuŵa ndege ya chalo cha Malawi. Kupatulapo maulendo ghachoko waka gha mtunda utali ku London mu ma 1970, ndege iyi yikwenda pa ndege za mu charu na za mu vigaŵa, kufuma ku chipatala cha Chileka International Airport, Blantyre. Nyengo zinandi, ndege ya Air Malawi yikasuzgikanga na ndalama, ndipo boma la Malawi likayezgapo kaŵiri kose kuti liwezgere kampani iyi ku boma. Mu 2003, ŵakayezgapo kankhondi, kweni ŵakatondeka chifukwa munthu uyo wakawina, pamoza na South African Airways, wakatondeka kupeleka ndalama. Mu 2007, ndege iyi yikatondeka cifukwa ca kupambana maghanoghano na Comair wa ku South Africa. Boma, kwizira mu wupu wake wa privatization commission, likapharazga mu Seputembala 2012 kuti liyambeso kupenja munthu munyake uyo wangaŵa mweneko wa Air Malawi, <ref name="MalawiToday0609012">{{Cite news|url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/126621-government-offload-air-malawi|title=Government to offload Air Malawi|date=6 September 2012|publisher=Malawi Today|accessdate=26 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022145052/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/126621-government-offload-air-malawi|archivedate=22 October 2012}}</ref> ndipo mu Julayi 2013 Ethiopian Airlines yikakhazikiskika kuŵa munyawo wa ndege yiphya yakuchemeka Malawi Airlines. == Mbili == === Vyaka vyakwambilira (1964-1967) === Air Malawi yikamba kugwira nchito mu 1964 nga nkhamwana ka Central African Airways (CAA), iyo yikapangaso Air Rhodesia na Zambia Airways. CAA yikapeleka ndege ziŵiri za Douglas DC-3 na zitatu za de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers ku Air Malawi kuti zikwambe kugwira nchito, kweniso yikapeleka wovwiri wa luso, vinthu na ŵanthu. Pa 1 Ogasiti 1964, ndege iyi yikamba kwenda pakati pa Blantyre-Salima-Ndola, na Beira ku Mozambique. Ntchito ya Beira yikagwiranga lumoza na DETA. Kampani iyi yikamba kwendera ndege za DC-3 ku Mzuzu, ndipo pa 18 February 1965 yikamba kwendera ndege za Salisbury-Mauritius. Mu 1967, CAA yikamara ntchito yake, ndipo ndege ya Air Malawi yikamba kujilongozga yekha. Kampani iyi yikapeleka ndege ziŵiri za Vickers Viscounts, ndipo ndege yinyake ya Beech C55 Baron yikaŵa mu ndege iyi. Kuumaliro wa 1967, ndege ya DC-3 yikendanga pa ndege zose za ku Malawi. Central African Airways yikamara pa 31 Disembala 1967, ndipo mulimo wa maulendo ghose ukaluta ku ma airlines ghatatu (Zambia Airways, Air Malawi na Air Rhodesia), agho Air Malawi yikakhazikiskika na parliament Act mu 1967. Wupu wa International Air Transport Association ukaŵa na mamembara pa Janyuwale 1, 1968.<ref name="guttery">{{Cite book|last=Guttery|first=Ben R.|title=Encyclopedia of African airlines|publisher=Ben Guttery|year=1998|pages=116–119|isbn=0-7864-0495-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBmGpaD36cMC&q=%22Air+Malawi%22&pg=PA117}}</ref> === Independent operations (1968–1999) === Nkhondo iyi yikamba pa 2 Epulero 1968 pa msewu wa Blantyre kuya ku Johannesburg, ndipo pamanyuma pake msewu uwu ukaŵa wa Blantyre-Salisbury, na Salisbury-Mauritius kwizira ku Blantyre na Nampula. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1960 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1970, ndege izi zikaŵa zapanyengo yake ndipo zikaŵa za mtundu unyake. Ndege ziŵiri za HS-748 zikapika mu Meyi 1969, ndipo ndege iyi yikapika ndege ziŵiri za Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander mu Julayi 1969. Mu Disembala 1969 na Janyuwale 1970, ndege za HS-748 zikapelekeka, ndipo mu Novembala 1969 na Seputembala 1970, ndege za Islanders zikapelekeka. Wupu uwu ukaguliska ndege yaumaliro ya DC-3 mu Malichi 1970, ndipo mu Novembala 1970 ukagura ndege ya BAC One-Eleven ku Zambia Airways kwa vyaka viŵiri. Pakuŵa na ndege za BAC One-Eleven, Nairobi na Johannesburg nazo zikasazgikako ku ndege izi.<ref name="guttery" /> Mu Febuluwale 1972, ndege iyi yikachita lenti ndege ya Vickers VC-10 ku British Caledonian, ndipo yikenda pa msewu kufuma ku Blantyre kuya ku London. British Caledonian yikaguliska ndege iyi ku Air Malawi mu Novembala 1974, ndipo ndege iyi yikamba kwendera ndege ku London ku Gatwick Airport, kwizira ku Nairobi pa 3 December 1974. Mu 1974, ndege iyi yikamba kwendera ndege za HS-748 kufuma ku Blantyre kuya ku Manzini ku Swaziland. Kuumaliro wa 1975, ndege iyi yikagwiranga nchito ndege ya VC-10, One-Elevens, HS-748 na Islanders, pa nthowa izo zikuphatikizapo Amsterdam, Beira, Harare, Johannesburg, Lusaka, Manzini, Ndola, Nairobi, Salisbury na Seychelles. [[File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_747SP_Fitzgerald.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_747SP_Fitzgerald.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wupu wa Malawi Air ukagura ndege ya Boeing 747SP ku Heathrow Airport mu 1985.]] Mu Seputembala 1978, ndege ya VC-10 yikafumiskika mu ndege chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama zakwendeskera ndege izo zikaŵa zakusuzga pa ndalama za ndege iyi. Mu 1980, ŵakagura magalimoto ghatatu gha Short Shorts Skyvans na Beechcraft King Air. Ndege iyi yikaluta ku Lilongwe mu 1983 kufuma ku Blantyre apo Kamuzu International Airport yikajulika.<ref name="guttery" /> Mu April 1985, ndege iyi yikagura ndege ya Boeing 747SP ku South African Airways na kupenta ndege iyi mu mtundu wa Air Malawi. Ndege iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito pa ulendo wa Pulezidenti Hastings Banda wa ku London, ndipo yikakhala mu rejisiti ya ndege za ŵanthu wose kwa mazuŵa 40 pera. Pa Novembala 6, 1987, ndege ya Shorts Skyvan yikadumulika na ŵasilikari ŵa Mozambique ndipo ŵanthu wose 10 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakafwa. Ndege iyi yikendanga mu charu, nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Mozambike ŵakatenge ndege iyi yikanjira mu malo gha Mozambique. Mu Juni 1989, ndege iyi yikapempha ndege ziŵiri za mtundu wa Boeing 737-500, kweni pambere ŵandazipeleke, yikapeleka ndege ya mtundu wa Boeing 737-300. Mu Epulero 1991, ndege iyi yikapempha ndege ziŵiri za Boeing 737-300 mu mtengo wa madola 65 miliyoni. Mu 1991, ndege ya HS-748 yikasinthikaso na ndege ya ATR 42, ndipo mu Disembala 1993, ndege ya Dornier 228 yikanjira mu ndege izi.<ref name="guttery" /> === Vyakusuzga vya ndalama na vyakukhwaskana na mweneko wa katundu (2000~2011) === Mu Epulero 2000, vikayowoyeka kuti Air Malawi yikaŵa mu suzgo la ndalama, ndipo yikwenera kuti yikeneranga kuguliska katundu kuti yikhalilire pa maji, kweni dipatimenti yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikakana kuyowoyapo. Boma la Malaŵi likaghanaghana kuti likanizgirethu kampani ya Air Malawi mu chaka cha 2000. Mu mwezi wa Malichi chaka cha 2002, ŵantchito 110 ŵakalekeskeka ntchito mwakuti ndalama zileke kunangika. Boma la Malawi likati lazomerezga kuti South African Airways (SAA) na Crown Aviation ŵatore masheya mu kampani ya Air Malawi, mu Epulero 2003, mgwirizano na SAA kuti wawovwire ndege iyi ukamara. Komiti ya Malawi Privatization Committee yikati awo ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka ndalama zakukwana US$250,000, ndipo boma likakhumbanga kuti SAA yikwanepo masheya mu ndege iyi, apo mulara wa SAA wakayowoya kuti ndege iyi yikukhumba kovwira Air Malawi, kweni nchakuzirwa comene kuti ndege iyi yikwanepo ndalama mu ndege iyi. Mu Novembala 2007, boma la Malaŵi likapharazga kuti likuyowoya na Comair wa ku South Africa kuti ŵagomezgane na Air Malawi. Mgwirizanowu ukati Comair watora wanangwa wa ndege wa Air Malawi, katundu munyake uyo wakusazgapo ndege ya Boeing 737-300, na kukhazikiska ndege yiphya yakuchemeka Comair Malawi. Mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2007, kampani ya Air Malawi yikasanga phindu la K135 miliyoni, ilo likukwera chomene pakuyaniska na K854 miliyoni izo yikaŵa nazo mu 2006. Mu 2008, maboma gha Malaŵi ghakatemwa kuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza apo boma la Malaŵi likakhumbanga kuti Comair liŵe na 80% ya kampani iyi. Mu Seputembala 2008, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti lizomelezgenge kuguliska 49% ya masheya gha Air Malawi ku Comair, apo Roy Commsy, Deputy Minister of Transport of Malawi wakati boma likukhumba kuti 49% ya masheya agha ghaŵe ghakovwira ku chalo. Vikavumbukwa kuti Comair yikugura 49% ya masheya gha Air Malawi pa K490,000 (pafupifupi US$3,500), na mwaŵi wakusazgirako masheya agha kufika pa 80%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationmw.net/newsdetail.asp?article_id=2309|title=Malawi govt offers Air Malawi at K0.5 million|date=9 September 2009|publisher=[[The Nation (Malawi)|The Nation]]|accessdate=19 October 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403164621/http://www.nationmw.net/newsdetail.asp?article_id=2309|archivedate=3 April 2015}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2009, yikapharazgika kuti Air Malawi yikudumbiskana na Zambezi Airlines za ubali wawo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/business/air-malawi-in-partnership-talks-with-zambezi-airlines.html|title=Air Malawi in partnership talks with Zambezi Airlines|date=21 August 2009|work=[[Nyasa Times]]|accessdate=18 October 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826143719/http://www.nyasatimes.com/business/air-malawi-in-partnership-talks-with-zambezi-airlines.html|archivedate=26 August 2009}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2009, ndege ya Air Malawi yikamba ntchito ya e-commerce kuti yichepeske ndalama na kupeleka mwaŵi ku ŵakwendakwenda ŵa pa intaneti. === Kulekeska Air Malawi na kupanga Malawi Airlines (2012~2013) === Ethiopian Airlines yikayowoyeka kuti yili pafupi kupoka 49% ya masheya mu Air Malawi, pamanyuma pakuti komiti ya Private Public Partnership (PPP) ya Malawi yikati ndiyo "wakutemwa kupika masheya" kuti waŵe munyawo wa Malawi Airlines uyo wali pafupi kuzgoreka, ndipo wakukhumba kuti waŵe chigaŵa cha pulani yake yakuzenga chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, kuyana na mulara wa Ethiopian Airlines.<ref name="closes shop" /> Mu Julayi 2013, kampani ya Ethiopian Airlines yikakhazikiskika kuti ndiyo yiŵe munyake wa kampani iyi. Kampani yiphya iyi yikenera kucemeka kuti Malawi Airlines kuti yileke kuŵa na mbiri yiheni, kweniso kuti yileke kuŵa na "ŵakweruzgi ŵaheni awo ŵakukhumba kuyuyura kampani iyi".<ref name="MalawiVoice1">{{cite news|title=Air Malawi Now To Be Called Malawian Airlines|url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2013/07/04/air-malawi-now-to-be-called-malawian-airlines-34814/|accessdate=9 September 2013|newspaper=Malawi Voice|date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219223420/http://www.malawivoice.com/2013/07/04/air-malawi-now-to-be-called-malawian-airlines-34814/|archivedate=19 February 2014}}</ref> == Nkhani za kampani == === Ŵenecho na ŵana ŵawo === Gulu la Air Malawi likaŵa la boma la Malawi. Chifukwa chakuti ndege iyi yikaŵa mu suzgo, kwizira mu komiti ya privatization Commission (PC), boma likapangaso kampani yinyake ya Air Malawi; yikapanga kampani yiphya, Air Malawi (2012) Limited, nga ni nthowa yakusankhira munyawo wakwenelera (SEP) kuti watore masheya ghaphya mu Air Malawi kwizira mu ndondomeko ya recapitalization, wakayowoya Jimmy Lipunga, mulara wa PC. Wakayowoya kuti kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu vyaru ivi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakwenera kuŵa na chiŵelengero cha 51 peresenti. Pa cifukwa ici, wupu uphya uwu uzamulekerathu mawupu ghanyake agho ghalipo, nga ni Air Cargo Limited na Lilongwe Handling Company Limited, agho ghakughanaghana kuti ngakovwira.<ref name="MalawiToday0609012" /> === Makhaliro gha bizinesi === Nyengo zose ndege ya Air Malawi yikaŵanga na masuzgo. Viŵelengero ivyo vikaŵapo mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, comenecomene mu Malipoti gha Vyachuma gha Boma la Malawi panji mu mauthenga gha ŵalara ŵa boma, vili pasi apa (kwa vyaka vya ndarama ivyo vikamara pa Juni 30): [[File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_737-500.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Malawi_Boeing_737-500.jpg|thumb|Ndege ya Boeing 737-500 ya Air Malawi, yakuwoneka mu 2006.]] {| class="wikitable" ! !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 |- |Turnover ([[:en:Malawian_kwacha|Km]]) | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |3,078 | align="center" |2,600 | align="center" |1,654 | align="center" |n/a ! align="center" |n/a |- |Net Profits/Losses after tax (Km) | align="center" |{{color|red|−43}} | align="center" |{{color|red|−730}} | align="center" |{{color|red|−854}} | align="center" |132 | align="center" |{{color|red|−922}} | align="center" |{{color|red|−1,471}} | align="center" |{{color|red|−1,169}} | align="center" |n/a ! align="center" |n/a |- |Number of employees (at year end) | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a ! align="center" |c. 270 |- |Number of passengers (m) | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a ! align="center" |n/a |- |Passenger load factor (%) | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a | align="center" |n/a ! align="center" |n/a |- |Number of aircraft (at year end) | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" |3 | align="center" |5 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3 ! align="center" |2 |- |<small>''Notes/sources''</small> | align="center" |<ref name="malawiana">{{cite web |title=Air Malawi lost K20m weekly on Dubai route |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/MALAWIANA/message/13314 |publisher=Malawiana.net |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="malawiana" /> | align="center" |<ref name="bizcommunity">{{cite web |title=Comair's Air Malawi take-over bid grounded |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/415/423/21621.html |publisher=Bizcommunity.com |accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="bizcommunity" /> | align="center" |<ref name="government">{{cite web |title=Annual Economic Report 2011 |url=http://psip.malawi.gov.mw/reports/docs/Economic_Report_2011.pdf |publisher=Malawi Government |accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="government" /><ref name="planespotters">{{cite web |title=Air Malawi fleet |url=http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Air-Malawi |publisher=Planespotters.net |accessdate=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214120352/https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Air-Malawi |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="government" /><ref name="planespotters" /> | align="center" |<ref name="planespotters" /> | align="center" |<ref name="planespotters" /><ref name="chaviation">{{cite web |title=Ethiopian selected as partner for new Air Malawi |url=http://www.ch-aviation.ch/portal/news?search=1&typeGeneral=1&typeRoute=1&carrier=Air+Malawi |publisher=ch-aviation |accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> |} == Malo agho ŵakuluta == Mu Novembala 2011, ndege za Air Malawi zikendanga ku malo agha:<ref name="Route Maps">{{cite web |title=Air Malawi Route Maps |url=http://www.airmalawi.com/Destinations/tabid/129/Default.aspx |publisher=Air Malawi |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814193326/http://www.airmalawi.com/Destinations/tabid/129/Default.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | align="center" width="20pt" bgcolor="#98FB98" |^† |[[:en:Airline_hub|Hub]] |- | align="center" width="20pt" bgcolor="#FFD1DC" |^¤ |[[:en:Focus_city|Focus city]] |} {| class="sortable wikitable toccolours" ! width="100px" |Msumba ! width="100px" |Charu ! width="50px" |IATA ! width="50px" |ICAO ! width="200px" |Malo gha ndege ! class="unsortable" |Refs |- bgcolor="#98FB98" |[[:en:Blantyre,_Malawi|Blantyre]] |{{MWI}} | align="center" |BLZ | align="center" |FWCL | bgcolor="#98FB98" |[[:en:Chileka_International_Airport|Chileka International Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |- |[[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |{{TAN}} | align="center" |DAR | align="center" |HTDA |[[:en:Julius_Nyerere_International_Airport|Julius Nyerere International Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |- |[[:en:Harare|Harare]] |{{ZIM}} | align="center" |HRE | align="center" |FVHA |[[:en:Harare_Airport|Harare Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |- |[[:en:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]] |{{RSA}} | align="center" |JNB | align="center" |FAJS |[[:en:OR_Tambo_International_Airport|OR Tambo International Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |- bgcolor="#FFD1DC" |[[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] |{{MWI}} | align="center" |LLW | align="center" |FWKI | bgcolor="#FFD1DC" |[[:en:Kamuzu_International_Airport|Kamuzu International Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |- |[[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]] |{{ZAM}} | align="center" |LUN | align="center" |FLLS |[[:en:Lusaka_International_Airport|Lusaka International Airport]] | align="center" |<ref name="Route Maps" /> |} == Mndandanda == === Historic fleet === The Air Malawi fleet had previously included the following aircraft: {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="3" border="1" |+'''Air Malawi Historic Fleet''' !Aircraft !Total !Retired in |- |[[:en:BAC_One-Eleven|BAC One-Eleven]] |2 |1991 |- |[[:en:Boeing_737-300|Boeing 737-300]] |1 |2009 |- |[[:en:Boeing_737-500|Boeing 737-500]] |1 |2007 |- |[[:en:Boeing_747SP|Boeing 747SP]] |1 |1985 |- |[[:en:Vickers_VC-10|Vickers VC-10]] |1 |1979 |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{Commons category|Air Malawi}} {{Portal bar|Malawi|Aviation|Companies}}{{Airlines of Malawi}}{{Authority control}} oel3c7cfdgv199vh678ylaq8tkpxdw9 0 25249 122538 70828 2026-09-28T01:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Guajén | native_name = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Guajén and El Perico - OpenStreetMap.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Guajén mu [[OpenStreetMap]] | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|34|53|N|79|45|47|W|display=inline,title|region:CU_type:city}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = Chigawa | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward (consejo popular) | subdivision_name3 = [[Aguada de Moya]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = Wupu Wakulongozga (40th mu Camajuaní) | leader_name = Lázaro González Marrero | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric ''<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->'' ''<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->'' | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = ''<!-- <ref> </ref> -->'' | area_rural_footnotes = ''<!-- <ref> </ref> -->'' | area_metro_footnotes = ''<!-- <ref> </ref> -->'' | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = ''<!-- square kilometers -->'' | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granma |title=Chequea Díaz-Canel la implementación de medidas económicas y proyectos sociales en Villa Clara |url=https://www.radiocubana.cu/noticias-de-la-radio-cubana/noticias-nacionales/chequea-diaz-canel-la-implementacion-de-medidas-economicas-y-proyectos-sociales-en-villa-clara/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=PORTAL DE LA RADIO CUBANA |language=es}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2022 | population_total = 570 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = | iso_code = | website = | module = | footnotes =   | official_name = El Guajén }} '''Guajén''', uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti '''El Guajén''', ni muzi wa [[Camajuaní]], ku [[Cuba]]. Yikugaŵikana mu [[Guajén Camajuaní]] (pa [[Mlonga wa Camajuani]]) na [[Guía Guajén]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Barroso |first1=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> ==Boma== Camajuaní wali na nthumwi zinandi za chigaŵa (Delegado Circunscripción) pa chigaŵa chilichose, Guajén wali na nthumwi ya chigaŵa cha 40 Lázaro González Marrero. <ref name=CMHW>{{Cite web |last=Perera |first=Dalia Reyes |title=Llama Díaz-Canel a reforzar la unidad, el optimismo y la voluntad de vencer en visita a Villa Clara (+Audio y Fotos) |url=https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CMHW |language=es-es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115184445/https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |archive-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> ==Malo== Guajén ni ward la [[Aguada de Moya]]. <ref name="CMHW" /> Misewu yikuru comene ya maji mu malo agha ni Sagua la Chica na Camajuaní, iyo yikwenda mu chigaŵa chose kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku mphepete mwa nyanja. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi. <ref name="EcuRed"> [https://www.ecured.cu/Guaj%C3%A9n_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Guajén (Camajuaní) - EcuRed] </ref> Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose mu tawuni iyi mukuzizima comene, ndipo pakukwana madigiri 30.29 C. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa tawuni iyi, ndipo zikujumpha pa 8,3 km pa ora. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Ku malo agha kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,077.6 pa chaka, ndipo kukulokwa mazuŵa 117.0, ndipo mu mlengalenga muli chithukivu cha 80.67%. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ===CCS "Julio Antonio Mella"=== Guajen wali na CCS ya "Julio Antonio Mella". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Producir, máxima prioridad de los campesinos |url=https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2016-05-12/producir-maxima-prioridad-de-los-campesinos-12-05-2016-22-05-35 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Granma.cu |language=es}}</ref> Rafael Santiesteban Pozo, chiŵaro cha [[Council of State]] na [[Prezidenti|purezidenti]] wa [[National Association of Small Farmers]] wakanozga chiphikiro cha 50th anniversary cha National Association of Small Farmers mu [[CCS "Julio Antonio Mella"]]. <ref name=":1" /> ==Mbiri== Guajén wakaŵa [[San Antonio de las Vueltas|Vueltas]] Municipality m'paka mu 1976. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Aires |first=Club Universitario de Buenos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljg9sloV7eYC&q=guajen&pg=PA19567 |title=Gaceta Oficial |date=1957-10-08 |language=es}}</ref> Uthenga wakwamba wakulongosora za malo agha ngwakufuma mu 1703. Mu cigaŵa ici, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene ndipo vikafika pa vigaŵa vyose vya umoyo wa cuma, ndyali na wa ŵanthu. Pakuyowoya za zina la cigaŵa ico tawuni iyi yili, Camajuaní, pali Mabaibolo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuzomerezgeka comene ndigho ghakuyowoya za lizgu ili, ilo likufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ilo likung'anamura mlonga uwo ukuskamba mu madambo ghake, ndipo likung'anamura, pakati pa vinyake, maji ghakutowa, ghakutowa na ghakwenda. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Chigaluka chakwamba mu vyaru ivi chikachitika pa Febuluwale 14, 1869, ndipo mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Salome Hernández wa ku Venezuela, uyo wakagwiranga nchito mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa na nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa Jesús del Sol, Aquilino Tuñón, na Diego Dorado. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Pa Epulero 25 wa chaka chenechicho, dokotala Juan Bruno Zayas wakawuka kufuma ku munda wapafupi mu Vega Alta, pamoza na gulu lakwamba mu vilwero mu Villa Clara ya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Mubali Leoncio Vidal Caro, kweniso Mubali Roberto Méndez Peñate na Rafael Casallas. Vidal ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira kwa Santa Clara pa Malichi 23, 1896. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Mu vyaka vya Repubulika la New Colonial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito. Vyaka ivi vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi; ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vya shuga na hona ŵakacitanga maungano gha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kuti ŵavikilire vilato vyawo, nga ni kunanga kwa ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira kuti ŵasangire ndalama zakupambana na za ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na batistato. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca mulimo uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika ni Anastasio Cárdenas Ávila, uyo wakafwa ku Trinidad, na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa mu nkhondo ya Sierra Maestra, ndipo wakapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari cifukwa ca nkhongono zake. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa umo nkhondo iyi yikendera cikaŵa kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo Camilo Cienfuegos na Ernesto Che Guevara, mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira, ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, mu Playa Girón na pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhondo. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, Guajén ni malo agho ghakukolerana yayi na chuma panji ntchito. <ref name=":0" /> Msumba uwu uli mu malo gha vyakumera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulima. Vinthu vikuru comene vya mu caru ici ni: vyakurya vya shuga, hona, vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na viŵeto. Mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na msumba uwu muli mafakitale ghakujumpha 20, kusazgapo nyama na moŵa, kweniso fakitare yakupangiramo vinthu vyaulimi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Vinthu vyakwendakwenda== Ku Guajén kuli nthowa ya Guajén (Camino de Guajén) iyo yikujumpha mu Mlonga wa Camajuaní na kuluta ku [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]] na [[Paso Real (Encrucijada)|Paso Real]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Tapia |first=Estéban Pichardo y |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-ACAAAAYAAJ&dq=guajen+camajuani&pg=PA33 |title=Caminos de la isla de Cuba: Itinerarios |date=1865 |publisher=Impr. Militar de M. Soler |language=es}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chikhalidwe== Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha, nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Wovwirani kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la vyakusanguluska, makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuvina, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na vinyake.<ref name="EcuRed"/> Chikondwelero chakukhora chomene mu chigaŵa chose ichi ni parranda, chiphikiro icho chikuchitika mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Cuba, icho chikababikira ku Remedios, ndipo lero ni chiphikiro chakukondweska chomene ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, uko kuli sumu, kuvina, vyakusanguluska vya pulasitiki na vyakuponya moto.<ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Aguada de Moya]] 3amiqii037be27077sf8mspxonebsfq 0 25250 122442 111532 2026-09-27T23:53:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Aguada de Moya | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Villa Clara Map - Aguada de Moya (Camajuaní).png | map_alt = | map_caption = Mapu ya Aguada de Moya (wofiira) mu Camajuaní (Orange) mu Villa Clara (Chikasu) | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = Aguada de Moya | pushpin_map_caption = Aguada de Moya mu Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|32|49|N|79|43|12|W|type:city_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = Chigawa | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Ŵakaŵikapo | established_date = 1793 | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://cu.geoview.info/aguada_de_moya,3569548 | title=Aguada de Moya populated place, Villa Clara, Cuba }}</ref> | elevation_m = 43 | population_footnotes = <ref name="EcuRed"> [https://www.ecured.cu/Aguada_de_Moya_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Aguada de Moya (Camajuani)] </ref> | population_as_of = | population_total = 2967 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Nambala ya positi | postal_code = 52500 <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.getpostalcodes.com/cuba/place-aguada-de-moya-2605/|title= Aguada de Moya Villa Clara Postal / ZIP Codes}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postalcodeinfo.com/cuba/place-aguada_de_moya-camajuani_-villa_clara-3 | title=Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Postal Code - Pin Code of Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba - Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Zip Code }}</ref> | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''Aguada de Moya''' ni tawuni na chigaŵa chichoko mu [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. ==Mbiri== Mu [[1793]] wakaŵa meya wa [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]] Don [[Cristóbal de Moya]], uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 16 awo ŵakazenga tawuni yakwamba ya Santa Clara. Kweniso wakaŵa na munda wa San Antonio kufupi na Santa Clara, ndipo wakati wafwa, mu chilapo chake wakapeleka ndalama zinandi ku munda wake kuluska munda uwu. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Aguada de Moya wakaŵa [[San Antonio de las Vueltas]] Municipality m'paka mu [[1976]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Antonio de las Vueltas |url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vsanantonio/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=www.guije.com}}</ref> ==Malo== Mu ward ya Aguada de Moya muli matawuni na vikaya vya: <ref name="EcuRed"/> * Aguada de Moya * [[El Purial, Camajuaní|El Purial]] * [[Chorrerón, Cuba|Chorrerón]] * [[Ojo de Agua, Camajuaní|Ojo de Agua]] * [[Guajén, Cuba|Guajén]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perera |first=Dalia Reyes |title=Llama Díaz-Canel a reforzar la unidad, el optimismo y la voluntad de vencer en visita a Villa Clara (+Audio y Fotos) |url=https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CMHW |language=es-es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115184445/https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |archive-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> * [[Mochita, Camajuaní|Mochita]] * [[Dolorita, Camajuaní|Dolorita]] * [[Entronque Aguada de Moya]] * [[CPA “Juan B. Montes de Oca”]] * [[CPA “Fructuoso Rodríguez”, Camajuaní|CPA “Fructuoso Rodríguez”]] ==Masambiro== Masukulu mu Aguada de Moya ni agha: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * [[Escuela Primaria Isidro Glez]] (Chorrerón) * [[Escuela Primaria Celestino Pacheco (Camajuaní)|Escuela Primaria Celestino Pacheco]] (El Purial) * [[Escuela "San José" (Aguada de Moya)|Escuela "San José"]] <ref> [https://www.ecured.cu/Isidro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Morales Isidro González Morales - EcuRed] </ref> Iyo wali na masukulu gha viwoneskero mu vigaŵa vinandi. Awo ŵakwendeska ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sukulu iyi ni awo ŵakwendeska ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu iyi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ku Camajuani, Aguada de Moya ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> Wupu wa La Estrella uli na vigaŵa ku [[La Quinta, Camajuaní|La Quinta]], Camajuani, Aguada de Moya, San Antonio de las Vueltas, na [[Taguayabón]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Equipo de Producción |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Agricultura |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegacion-municipal-de-la-agricultura |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní |language=es-es}}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 312. Pa malo agha, 20 ghakurya, ndipo 11 ghakuliska ng'ombe, mbuzi na mbuzi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Chuma chawo chikuthemba pa makoperative gha Credit and Services (CCS) na Cooperatives of Agricultural Production (CPA). Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi awo ŵali mu Wupu Wakulongozga ŵamba kulima chomene balere, anyezi, na chizi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Aguada de Moya wakusazgapo mawupu gha: * [[CPA (agriculture)|CPA]] [[Juan B. Montes de Oca]] * CPA [[Fructuoso Rodríguez]] * [[File:Camajuaní VC - Isidro González.png|22px]] [[CCS (cooperative)|CCS]] [[Isidro González Morales|Isidro González]] * CCS [[Julio Antonio Mella]] (mu [[Guajén, Cuba|Guajen]]) * [[CCS Fortalecida|CCSF]] [[Abel Santamaria]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gC5PJa7ISQC&dq=%22consejo+popular%22+vueltas&pg=PA56 |title=Hekademus - Revista Cientifica de la FIEE. Volumen 02. Numero 06 |publisher=Julio Cesar Antolin Larios |language=es}}</ref> Cinthu cikuru ico cikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama ni hona. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Boma== Camajuaní wali na nthumwi zinandi Chigaŵa chavisankho (Delegado Circunscripción) pa ward yiliyose, ward ya Aguada de Moya iyi: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Consejo Popular Aguada de Moya |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/318-consejo-popular-aguada-de-moya/amp |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=soycamajuani.gob.cu}}</ref> * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 33 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #33]] Yusbyela Peña Orozco * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 40 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #40]] Lázaro González Marrero (mu Guajén<ref name=":0" />) * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 47 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #47]] Elkis Emilio Muros * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 49 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #49]] Hildelisa Montero Hernández * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 50 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #50]] Armando León Orozco * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 56 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #56]] Mildrey Ramos Peña ==Ntchito za ŵanthu== Mu muzi uwu muli mashopu ghanandi agho ghakuguliska vyakurya ivyo vili na malango kweniso ivyo vyafuma mu vyaru vinyake. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakusangika pa malo agha, ndipo ŵakupeleka vinthu vyakukondweska ŵanthu nga ni mapiri, viphikiro, vyakusanguluska, na vinyake. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Umoyo== Mu tawuni iyi muli madokotala ghanandi na ŵanthu ŵaluso awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi. Ŵakupeleka waka mauteŵeti yayi, kweni ŵakusambizga na kuchita kafukufuku. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi kweniso kuti ŵadokotala na ŵalwari ŵenderane makora. Ŵakulimbikira chomene kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo kweniso ntchito ya kupwelelera umoyo. Pali mapulogiramu ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa. <ref name="EcuRed"/> *Ndondomeko ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu. *Ndondomeko ya kupwelelera ŵana. *Ndondomeko ya matenda agho ghakwambukira pa kugonana. *Ndondomeko ya matenda ghambura kupira. Ŵantchito awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵakusangika mu muzi uwu. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chikhalidwe== Chifukwa cha maluso, kukhazikika na kutemwa kwithu kwithu kwithu kwa kwimba sumu za ku Guateque na za ku mizi iyi, gulu lithu la kwimba sumu za ku mizi ili lapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Bungwe la Chikhalidwe la Aguada de Moya limagwira ntchito yochita maphwando ndi guateques. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Mu wupu uwu, mawupu agho ghakuwona vya masambiro gha Baibolo ni: Video Chambers, Religious Women, na Evangelical Church and the World Mission. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Aguada de Moya| ]] [[Category:Council Lakumanyikwa ya Cuba]] msqulr556aplrtnrgk2ltcyh0w9c6tk 0 25268 122608 121596 2026-09-28T02:19:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|History of a region in East Africa}} {{Mbiri ya Tanzania}} Charu cha '''[[Tanzania]]''' icho chili ku [[Afilika]], chikamba mu 1964, apo charu ichi chikapangika kufuma ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Tanganyika na chigaŵa cha [[Zanzibar]]. Charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Germany|German]] East Africa kufuma mu 1880 m'paka mu 1919 apo chikaŵa pasi pa League of Nations. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa malo ghakuliskako ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ndalama, vilwero, na ŵasilikari. Mu 1947, charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, ndipo chikalutilira kulamulira m'paka apo chikapokera wanangwa mu 1961. Chirwa cha Zanzibar chikaŵa malo ghakwendeskera malonda, ndipo pamanyuma pake Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Oman. [[Julius Nyerere]], mulongozgi wa wanangwa na "baba wa taifa" wa Tanganyika (baba wa mtundu wa Tanganyika), wakawusa chalo kwa virimika vinandi, apo Abeid Amaan Karume, wakawusa Zanzibar nga ni president na vice president wa United Republic of Tanzania. Nyerere wakati wafumapo pa udindo mu 1985, vinthu vikasintha pa ndyali na vyachuma. Wakasoleka na Pulezidenti Ali Hassan Mwinyi. == Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale == === Nyengo Yakwambilira ya Malibwe === [[File:OlduvaiGorge TZ MWegmann2012.jpg|thumb|right|Malo gha Olduvai Gorge agho ghakumanyikwaso kuti "Malo gha ŵanthu"]] [[File:Mary Douglas Nicol Leakey (1913-1996) and her husband Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903-1972).jpg|thumb|right|Louis and Mary Leakey]] Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene agho ŵasayansi ŵakasanga. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito na viswaswa vikusangika mu Olduvai Gorge, kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Mu 1931, Louis Leakey wakabowozga kuti malibwe agho Hans Reck wakiza nagho ku Germany kufuma ku Olduvai mu 1913 ni malibwe. Mu chaka chenechicho, Louis Leakey wakasanga vinthu vyakale chomene mu Olduvai Gorge. Ivi ndivyo vikaŵa viyelezgero vyakwamba vya vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakavumbura mu Afilika, ndipo pamasinda vikamanyikwa pa charu chose chapasi kuti Oldowan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efossils.org/site/olduvai|title=Olduvai - eFossils Resources|first=The University of Texas at Austin, Department of|last=Anthropology|website=www.efossils.org|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330150624/http://efossils.org/site/olduvai|archive-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Malibwe === Mu mphanji ya Mumba, kumpoto kwa Tanzania muli vinthu vya mu nyengo ya pakati pa nyengo ya malibwe (MSA) m'paka mu nyengo yaumaliro ya malibwe (LSA). Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito mazuŵa ghano.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2000-11-01|title=The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/06021515512fc56b41e0b766c92598ee722068de|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=453–563|doi=10.1006/jhev.2000.0435|pmid=11102266|issn=0047-2484|last1=McBrearty|first1=Sally|last2=Brooks|first2=Alison S.|s2cid=42968840}}</ref> === Nyengo Yakunthazi ya Malibwe na Nyengo ya Malibwe === Vyaka pafupifupi 10,000 kumasinda mu nyengo ya malibwe, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mu Tanzania mukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakoperanga. Pakati pa vilimika 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, mu nyengo iyo yikumanyikwa kuti nyengo ya viŵeto, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakendanga na ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, na mbunda ŵakiza ku Tanzania kufuma kumpoto.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lane|first=Paul J.|editor1-first=Peter|editor1-last=Mitchell|editor2-first=Paul J|editor2-last=Lane|date=2013-07-04|title=The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa|journal=The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology|url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199569885-e-40|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001|isbn=9780199569885}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (awo ŵanthu ŵawo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Southern Cushitic) na Elmenteitan (awo ŵanthu ŵawo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Southern Nilotic) ndiwo ŵakamanyikwa. Luxmanda ni malo ghakurughakuru comene na ghakumwera comene agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grillo|first1=Katherine|last2=Prendergast|first2=Mary|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=43|issue=2|pages=102–120|doi=10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476|s2cid=135287460|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01783062/file/Grillo%20et%20al%20Journal%20of%20Field%20Archaeology%202018.pdf}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Chitsulo === Pafupifupi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakamba kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Afilika. Magulu agha ghakaŵa na maluso ghakunozga visulo, ulimi, na fundo ziphya zakukhwaskana na ndyali. Ŵakapokeleraso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kushiti awo ŵakakhalako pambere iwo ŵandababike, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chikhoisan. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Nile ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakalutilira kwiza m'paka mu ma 1800.<ref name="O'Meara">{{Cite book | last1 = Martin | first1 = Phyllis | last2 = O'Meara | first2 = Patrick | author-link2 = Patrick O'Meara | title = Africa | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-253-20984-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/africa00mart }}</ref> Yumoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Tanzania agho ghakusangika mu nyengo ya Iron Age ni Engaruka mu Great Rift Valley, uko kuli ulimi na ulimi. == Mbiri Yakwambilira ya Mphepete mwa Nyanja == Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Persian Gulf na Western [[India]] ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku East Africa kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Malemba gha Cigiriki nga ni Periplus of the Erythraean Sea na Ptolemy's Geography ghakalongosora vya misika iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu, ndipo buku la Ptolemy's Geography likuti msumba wa Rhapta ukaŵa msumba wa ndyali. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵandamanye uko kukaŵa msumba wa Rhapta, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ukaŵa pasi pa maji gha mu Mlonga wa Rufiji. Pa mabuku ghakale agha pakaŵavya nkhani zinandi izo zikulongosora vya malo agha. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu matawuni agha vikulongora kuti ghakafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ndipo ciyowoyero ico ŵakayowoyanga, Ciswahili (ico sono ni ciyowoyero ca caru cose ca ku Tanzania), nchimoza mwa viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ivyo vikamba kucitika kumpoto kwa [[Kenya]] pambere Ŵaarabu ŵandambe kuŵapo mu cigaŵa ici. Pakwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., matawuni gha Chiswahili ghakachitanga malonda ghanandi chomene ndipo ghakakumananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati na awo ŵakaguliskanga nawo mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kufuma cha m'ma 1200 m'paka 1500 C.E., tawuni ya Kilwa Kisiwani (Kilwa), ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumwera kwa Tanzania, yikaŵa yikusambazi comene na yankhongono comene pa tawuni izi. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ibn Battuta, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku North Africa, wakaluta ku Kilwa ndipo wakati ni msumba uwemi chomene pa charu chose. Chisilamu chikamba kugwira ntchito ku Swahili mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 panji 900 C.E.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society|url=https://archive.org/details/swahilisociallan0000hort|last1=Horton|first1=Mark|last2=Middleton|first2=John|publisher=Wiley|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500|url=https://archive.org/details/swahilireconstru0000nurs|last1=Nurse|first1=Derek|last2=Spear|first2=Thomas|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1985}}</ref> Mu 1498, Vasco da Gama, uyo wakafuma ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku [[Europe]] kufika ku Afilika.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Walker | first = Eric | title = The Cambridge History of the British Empire | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] | year = 1940 | pages = 85 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ISg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85}}</ref> Mu 1505 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakapoka cirwa ca Zanzibar.<ref name="Notholt">{{Cite book | last = Notholt | first = Stuart | title = Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict | publisher = Troubador Publishing | year = 2008 | pages = 2.52 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E7cNWmXFrNMC&pg=SA2-PA52 | isbn =978-1-906510-47-3}}</ref> Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kuwusa mpaka mu ma 1800, apo Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Ruvuma. Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan Seyyid Said wa ku Oman wakasamuskira msumba wake ukuru ku msumba wa Zanzibar mu 1840.<ref name="Notholt"/> Wakafika pa chirwa ichi na kupanga nthowa zakwendakwenda izo zikendanga m'paka ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Central Africa. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Chifukwa cha muwuso wa Ŵaarabu na Ŵaperesiya, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakatondeka kupulikiska umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakakhalira. Ndipouli, mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kupulikiska makora chiyowoyero ichi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵali kufuma ku Afilika.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |title = History and Origin of Swahili - Jifunze Kiswahili |access-date = 27 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160621021817/http://www.swahilihub.com/JifunzeKiswahili/-/1306806/1333292/-/jbyx02z/-/index.html |archive-date = 21 June 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Tanganyika (1850–1890) == Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na malo na ndyali zinandi chomene, kweni chikaŵako yayi pambere Ufumu wa Wupu Wakulongozga undafike. Ntheura, ico cikuyowoyeka apa ni mbiri ya cigaŵa ico cikeneranga kuzgoka Tanzania. Chigaŵa chinyake cha chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ndiko kuti, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria, chikaŵa na maufumu ghachoko waka, chomenechomene Karagwe na Buzinza, agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Rwanda, Burundi, na Buganda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda malo agha pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Mu 1848, mishonale wa ku Germany, Johannes Rebmann, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Phiri la Kilimanjaro.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Raum | first1 = Otto Friedrich | last2 = Moore | first2 = Sally Falk | title=Chaga Childhood: A Description of Indigenous Education in an East African Tribe | publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster | year=1996 | page=xvi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUaKD0LI4QAC&pg=PR16 | isbn = 978-3-89473-874-7 }}</ref> Richard Burton na John Speke, awo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, ŵakambukira ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika mu Juni 1857.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Wright | first = Thomas | title = The Life of Sir Richard Burton | publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC | year = 2008 | pages = 116–122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3zYevarvTAC&pg=PA116 | isbn =978-0-554-22005-5 }}</ref> Mu Janyuwale 1866, David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Scotland, wakaluta ku Zanzibar kukapenja maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nayelo. Pamanyuma pakuti wakakhala vyaka vinandi kwambura kuyowoyeskana na ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro, ŵakamusanga pa Novembala 10, 1871. Henry Morton Stanley, uyo wakatumika na nyuzipepara ya New York Herald kuti wamusange, wakamutawuzga na mazgu ghakumanyikwa comene ghakuti: "Dr. Livingstone, kasi?" Mu 1877, gulu lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakiza ku Zanzibar. Mu 1879, ŵakazenga siteshoni ku Kigoma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Masiteshoni ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakazengeka na zina la Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, gulu ilo likaŵa lakwamba la Congo Free State. Mu 1884, boma la Germany likamba kukolerana na vyaru vinyake.<ref name="Modern">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC|title=A Modern History of Tanganyika|first=John|last=Iliffe|date=10 May 1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=5 April 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521296113}}</ref>{{rp|page 90}} Karl Peters, uyo wakambiska wupu wakucemeka Society for German Colonization, wakacita mapangano ghanandi agho ghakazomerezganga ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko kuti ŵagaŵire malo ku ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 90}} Mu 1885, boma la Fumu Otto von Bismarck likapeleka civikiliro ku kampani ya German East Africa Company iyo yikapangika na Peters.{{rp|page 90}} Pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1885, boma la Belgium likakondwa comene cifukwa ca umo boma la Kigoma likakhazikiskikira na kupelekera vyakurya kufuma ku Zanzibar na Bagamoyo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghanira, pa ungano wa ku Berlin, caru ca Afilika cikagaŵikana yayi, kweni ŵakawoneseska kuti maboma gha vyaru vinyake na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru vinyake ghaŵe na malango ghakwendeskera vinthu. Apo ŵa ku Belgium ŵakamba kutemwa chomene Mlonga wa Congo, ŵa ku Britain na Germany ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Afilika ndipo mu 1886 ŵakagaŵikana chigaŵa cha East Afilika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, boma la Congo Free State likapeleka ku Germany chigaŵa cha Kigoma (malo ghake ghakale chomene mu Central Africa) na chigaŵa chilichose cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. == German East Africa == {{Main|German East Africa}}Ŵakaleka kulimbana na Ŵachijeremani mu vigaŵa vya mukati, ndipo ŵakamba kwambaso kuwungana mu German East Africa. Ŵakalutilira kucita nkhaza na mazaza ghawo kwambura kuzirwiska malango na mitheto ya uko ŵakakhalanga. Apo boma la Germany likapelekanga vyakurya, njanji, na misewu ku Tanganyika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika. Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chief Mkwawa ŵakalimbana na Ŵachijeremani. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari, Mkwawa wakajikoma mu 1898. === Kulimbana na Maji Maji === {{Main|Maji Maji Rebellion}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakwiya, ndipo mu 1902, ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵachichizganga kugwira ntchito za wuzga. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Julayi 1905 apo Matumbi ŵa ku Nandete ŵakalongozgeka na Kinjikitile Ngwale ŵakagalukira ŵamazaza ŵa ku malo agha (akida) ndipo mwamabuci ŵakamba kusanuzgika kufuma ku Dar Es Salaam kuya ku mapiri gha Uluguru, Kilombero Valley, Mahenge na Makonde plateaus, Ruvuma mu chigaŵa chakumwera chomene na Kilwa, Songea, Masasi, na kufuma ku Kilosa kuya ku Iringa mpaka ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Kuwukira uku kukafika pachanya mu nyengo ya Maji Maji mu 1905-1907. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 ŵa ku Afilika ŵakafwa na njara. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga comene cifukwa ca mitheto yawo. Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhalira mu malo agha kwambira mu 1897 ndipo ŵakasintha comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ŵamishonale ŵakaŵawovwira comene ndipo ŵakayezga kuti ŵaparanyirethu visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, comenecomene ŵakawotcha nyumba za mahoka uko ŵanthu ŵakasopanga mizimu ya ŵasekuru ŵawo. Ici cikaŵa cambura kuluwika panji kugowokereka; nkhondo yakwamba iyo yikacitika pa Uwereka mu Seputembala 1905 pasi pa muwuso wa Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, nyengo yeneyiyo yikasintha kuŵa nkhondo yikuru comene na kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kupambaniska na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi pa vigaŵa vyose. Nkhondo iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Nkhondo ya Maji-Maji, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ngoni ndiwo ŵakathereskeka comene. === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose === {{Main|East African Campaign (World War I)}} [[Image:Battle of tanga.jpg|thumb|200px|Nkhondo ya Tanga, yikacitika pakati pa Ŵanandi na Ŵachijeremani mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose]] Pambere nkhondo yindambe, caru ca German East Africa cikaŵa cakunozgeka kulimbana na cilicose ico cingacitika kwambura kunozgekera. Mu chaka chakwamba cha nkhondo, Ŵachijeremani ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti ŵakamba kuwukira vigaŵa vya ŵazengezgani ŵawo. Mwaciyelezgero, kanandi ŵakasuzganga njanji za ku British East Africa. Nkhondo yikati yamba, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, Jan Smuts, uyo wakadangiliranga ŵasilikari ŵa ku East Africa kwamba mu 1916, wakati ŵakaŵa Ŵachijeremani 2,000 na Ŵaaskari 16,000. Mu 1913, ŵanalume ŵambura kutengwa ŵakaŵapo 3,500 (panji kuti pakaŵavya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujumpha 7,000,000, ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuti ŵagwirenge nchito. "Palije cifukwa ca kukayikira kuti Ŵaciroma ŵakagwiliskira nchito comene vinthu ivi mu myezi pafupifupi 18 iyo yikajumphapo kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mpaka apo ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira caru cawo". Kweniso malo gha ku German East Africa ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanyawo. Ku mumphepete mwa nyanja kukaŵa malo ghacoko waka ghakukwana ghakukhilirapo, ndipo kukaŵa vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa nyanja na mapiri ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian Congo ŵakeneranga kujumpha mu Uganda. Kumwera, mlonga wa Ruvuma ukendanga pera. Ku mpoto, kukaŵa waka malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana makilomita ghankhondi na ghatatu pakati pa mapiri gha Pare na Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ndipo kuno ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakasunkhunyika kwa myezi 18..<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |title=South and East African Year Book and Guide for 1920, 26th issue |url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00628.html#id03489 |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=www.ntz.info |editor-last1=Samler Brown |editor-first1=A. |editor-last2=Gordon Brown |editor-first2=G.}}</ref> Mu 1914, caru ca Germany cikamba nkhondo mwa kuwukira msumba wa Tanga. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamba kuwukira tawuni iyi mu Novembala 1914, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa Jenerale Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck ŵakaŵathereska pa Nkhondo ya Tanga. Mu Janyuwale 1915, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanjira mu caru ca Mafia Island. Ndipouli, "ciwukirano ico cikacitikira ku Tanga na nkhondo zinandi zicoko comene izo zikalondezgana na ici, [vikalongora] nkhongono za... [Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany] ndipo vikalongora kuti pakwenera kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhongono comene pambere ŵandambe kupoka [Afirika Wakumafumiro gha Dazi kwa Germany]. Cinthu ca mtundu uwu cikeneranga kulindilira nyengo yiwemi pa nkhondo za ku Europe na kunyake. Kweni mu Julayi 1915, ŵasilikari ŵaumaliro ŵa Germany ŵakaluta ku Southwest. Ŵafrika ŵakajipeleka ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵakasangika". Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi na ŵa Belgian kufuma kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakamba kuwukira na kuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa Germany kwamba mu Janyuwale 1916. Mu Okutobala 1916, Jenerale Smuts wakalemba kuti: "Kupatulako ku Mahenge Plateau, [Ŵajeremani] ŵali kutaya cigaŵa cilicose ciwemi panji cakuzirwa ca malo ghawo.".<ref name="Brown"/> Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa kutali na Germany, Jenerale Von Lettow wakalutilira kucita nkhondo ya nkhondo mu 1917. Mu Disembala, ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachalipo ŵakafumamo mu tawuni iyi na kwambuka Mlonga wa Ruvuma kuluta ku Mozambique. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa 320 na Askari 2,500. Mu myezi yinkhondi na umoza ya 1917, Ŵachijeremani 1,618 na Ŵaaskari 5,482 ŵakakomeka panji kukakika. Mu Novembala 1918, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakhalako ŵakajipeleka kufupi na ku Mbala, Zambia, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu 155 ŵa ku Europe, 1,165 ŵa ku Askari, 2,294 ŵa ku Afilika, na ŵanakazi 819 ŵa ku Afilika.<ref name="Brown"/> Kuyana na phangano la ku Versailles, caru ca Germany cikapeleka malo ghake ghose agho ghakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo German East Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa3.html|title=Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 118-158, German Rights and Interests Outside Germany|website=net.lib.byu.edu|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Ŵasilikari 3,443 ŵa Britain ŵakafwa pa nkhondo, ndipo 6,558 ŵakafwa na matenda.<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 246}} Chiŵelengero chakuyana na cha Belgium chikaŵa 683 na 1,300..<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 246}} Ŵajeremani ŵakataya ŵanthu 734 ŵa ku Europe na 1,798 ŵa ku Afilika.<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 246}} Ndondomeko ya Von Lettow ya kuwotcha caru na kupoka nyumba zikapangiska kuti boma lileke kusambizga ŵanthu, nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakasungilira visambizgo. Mwakupambana na maboma gha ku Belgium, Britain, France, na Portugal, agho ghakaŵa ku Afilika, ku Germany kukaŵa masukulu ghakwamba, ghaciŵiri, na ghasono. Ŵasambizgi ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maluso, mabuku, na vinthu vinyake vyakusambizgira."<ref name="Miller">{{Cite book | last = Miller | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Miller (author) | title = Battle for the Bundu: the First World War in East Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/battleforbundufi00unse | location = New York| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | year = 1974 | page = [https://archive.org/details/battleforbundufi00unse/page/21 21] | isbn =978-0-02-584930-3}}</ref> Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, wupu wa Phelps-Stokes Commission wa ku America ukayowoya kuti: Pa nkhani ya masukulu, Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani..<ref name="Miller"/> Kweni mu 1920, Dipatimenti ya Masambiro yikaŵa na mulara yumoza na ŵantchito ŵaŵiri, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zikaŵa zakukwana 1% ya ndalama za mu charu. == Boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose == In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000. Mulara wakwamba wa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose wakaŵa Sir Horace Archer Byatt CMG, uyo wakasankhika na Royal Commission pa 31 January 1919.<ref name="Microfilm">{{cite web| url = http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R96996.pdf| title = "Introduction", ''Government Publications Relating to Tanganyika, 1919-1961'', authored by James S. Read, Microform Academic Publishers, 2006, accessed 1 November 2014| access-date = 16 April 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194926/http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R96996.pdf| archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref>{{rp|page 2}} Mu Janyuwale 1920, chigaŵa ichi chikapika zina lakuti Tanganyika Territory.<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 247}}<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 3}}Mu Seputembala 1920, Dango la mu 1920 likakhazikiska mphaka za chigaŵa ichi, wupu wa Executive Council, na maofesi gha kazembe na mulara wa ŵasilikari..<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 2}} Kazembe wakapanganga malango mwakuyana na dango m'paka mu 1926.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 4}} Britain na Belgium ŵakasazga phangano lakukhwaskana na mphaka pakati pa Tanganyika na Ruanda-Urundi mu 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/ibs069.pdf&ved=0CD0QFjAK&usg=AFQjCNGXATsA2TynZR-nfXFINvyANQRV1A&sig2=nCoqdUMIaQvihw7lNCeHbg|title=Protocol respecting the Boundary between Tanganyika Territory and the Belgian Mandated Territory of Ruanda–Urundi, Kigoma, 5 August 1924, "Burundi-Tanzania Border", International Boundary Study, United States Department of State, 16 May 1966|website=fsu.edu|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426224538/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS069.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The administration of the Territory continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946. === Boma la Britain likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha === Kazembe Byatt wakawovwira kuti maboma gha mu Afilika ghaŵeso na nkhongono. Wakazomerezga kuti mu 1922 mabungwe gha ndyali ghapangike nga ni African Civil Service Association ya ku Tanganyika Territory, iyo mu 1929 yikazgoka Tanganyika African Association ndipo pamasinda yikaŵa chigaŵa chikuru cha gulu la ndyali.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Mashaka|first=Riziki|date=August 2018|title=THE HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF TANZANIA (From Colonialism to Political independence)|publisher=University of Campinas|url=https://www.academia.edu/37297346|page=9}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=A paper, that under its "Refferences"[sic], includes "4. Googlesearch/http.www.historyoftanzania.com.wikipedia.". The text is also copied verbatim. The source is potentially one of the others cited in the paper?|date=March 2021}} Kuyana na malango gha mu 1923, ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 6}} Sir Donald Cameron wakaŵa kazembe wa Tanganyika mu 1925.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 5}} "Mulimo wake... ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene pakusintha ndyali za boma, comenecomene pakuyezgayezga kukhazikiska ndondomeko ya 'Ulamuliri Wambura Kuŵa Wakudunjika' kwizira mu ŵamazaza ŵa cikaya".<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 5}} Wakasuskanga comene fundo za Kazembe Byatt zakukhwaskana na muwuso wambura kwenelera ''Native Administration Memorandum No. 1, Principles of Native Administration and their Application''.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 6}} Mu 1926, Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵa na ŵanthu 7 (ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake) na ŵanthu 13 awo ŵakazomerezgekanga na boma.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|pages 4–5}} Mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Afilika ŵakimikika mu wupu uwu.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 5}} Wupu uwu ukapangika mu 1948 pasi pa Kazembe Edward Twining, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 15 (7 ŵa ku Europe, 4 ŵa ku Afilika, na 4 ŵa ku India) kweniso ŵanthu 14 ŵa boma.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 9}} [[Julius Nyerere]] became one of the unofficial members in 1954.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 9}} Mu 1955, wupu uwu ukaŵaso na ŵanthu 44 (10 ŵa ku Europe, 10 ŵa ku Afilika, 10 ŵa ku India, na ŵimiliri 14 ŵa boma) kweniso ŵanthu 17 ŵa boma.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 9}} Mu 1929, Kazembe Cameron wakafumiska dango lakucemeka Native Courts Ordinance No. 5, ilo likawuskapo makhoti agha mu mawoko gha makhoti gha mu vyaru vinyake na kunozga nthowa yakuti kazembe ndiyo wapemphenge dankha.<ref name="Microfilm"/>{{rp|page 6}} === Kupanga njanji === Mu 1928, njanji ya Tabora na Mwanza yikajulika.<ref>{{cite report|title=XVIIth International Geographical Congress|publisher=International Geographical Union|year=1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tanzania: A Political Economy|isbn=978-0-199-67996-6|page=107|last1=Coulson |first1=Andrew |date=25 July 2013 }}{{missing author|date=April 2023}}</ref> Mzere kuchokera ku Moshi mpaka ku Arusha unatsegulidwa mu 1930.<ref name="Modern"/>{{rp|page 136}} === Kalembera wa 1931 === Mu 1931, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakaŵa 5,022,640, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia 32,398 na ŵa ku Europe 8,228. === Vyakuchita vya umoyo na masambiro === Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na nthenda ya tsetse fly (iyo yikwambiska nthenda ya African trypanosomiasis), maleriya na bilharziasis. Mu 1926, boma likapeleka wovwiri ku masukulu agho ghakacitiskikanga na ŵamishonale. Kweni mu 1935, bajeti ya vya masambiro mu charu chose cha Tanganyika yikaŵa madola 290,000 gha ku America pera. === Ndondomeko ya tirigu wa Tanganyika === Boma la Britain likaghanaghana vyakuti likure tirigu kuti lipeleke vyakurya ku Britain, uko kukaŵa nkhondo, kweniso ku Europe, uko ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵathereske paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Mulimi munyake wa ku America wa ku Tanganyika, zina lake Freddie Smith, ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga, ndipo David Gordon Hines ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ndalama. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 50,000 acres (202 km2) mu vidika vya Ardai kufupi na Arusha; 25,000 acres (101 km2) pa Phiri la Kilimanjaro; na 25,000 acres (101 km2) kulazga ku Ngorongoro kumanjiliro gha dazi. Makina ghose ghakafuma ku United States, kusazgapo mathirakitala 30, viŵiya vyakulimira, na viŵiya vyakulimira 30. Pakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi na kuzenga. Ŵanandi mwa ŵantchito aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa nkhondo ŵa ku Italy ŵakufuma ku Somalia na Ethiopia. Mu vigaŵa vya Ardai mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu vigaŵa vya Kilimanjaro na Ngorongoro mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi.<ref name="Ogilvie">{{cite interview|title=Interview with David Hines|last=Ogilvie|first=W.D.|year=1999}}{{publisher missing|date=April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary of David Hines|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=2000-04-08}}</ref> === World War II === Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri kufuma apo Nazi yikapokelera Poland, Britain yikapharazga nkhondo ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Tanganyika ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵakakake ŵanalume ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakakhalanga ku Tanganyika. Boma la Britain likawopanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya Axis aŵa ŵangayezga kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Axis ndipo Ŵachijeremani ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu Dar es Salaam ŵakayezga kuti ŵafumemo mu charu ichi kweni ŵakakanizgika na Roald Dahl na gulu lichoko la ŵasilikari ŵa Tanganyikan ŵa King's African Rifles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Going Solo|url=https://archive.org/details/goingsolo0000dahl_r9w7|last=Dahl|first=Roald|publisher=Puffin Books|date=2008-09-04|isbn=978-0141322742}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari 375,000 ŵa Britain awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Axis. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyikan ŵakarwa mu gulu la King's African Rifles ndipo ŵakarwa mu East African Campaign ku Somalia na Abyssinia kwimikana na ŵa ku Italy, ku Madagascar kwimikana na ŵa Vichy French mu nyengo ya Madagascar Campaign, na ku Burma kwimikana na ŵa ku Japan mu nyengo ya Burma Campaign. Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake zikakura chomene kufuma apo kukaŵa suzgo yikuru. Ndipouli, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi, kweni nkhondo yikapangiska kuti vinthu visinthe mu caru. === Kusamukira ku wanangwa === Mu 1947, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka chigaŵa cha wupu wa United Nations. "Charu cha Tanganyika chili na malo ghanandi, nyengo, ndyali, umo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na mbiri yake."<ref name="Voices">{{cite book|title=Voices from Tanganyika: Great Britain, The United Nations and the Decolonization of a Trust Territory, 1946-1961|last=Lohrmann|first=Ullrich|publisher=Lit Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|year=2007}}</ref>{{rp|page 11}} Kweni ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakakhalanga mu cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 10 vya caru ici cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa maji, kunangika kwa dongo, vula zambura kugomezgeka, viyuni vya tsetse, kweniso cifukwa ca suzgo la kwendera na kwendera.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 11}} [[File:BEA-KUT 1958 MiNr0097 pm B002.jpg|thumb|170px|Sitampu ya British East Africa na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II]] ==== Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ==== Mu 1957, matawuni 15 pera ndigho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 12}} Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ntheura chikaŵa chapadera chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu 1957 ŵakaŵa 123,310 ndipo ŵakasangika mu vyaru ivi: 95,636 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia na Ŵaarabu (ŵakaŵa 65,461 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India, 6,299 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Pakistan, 4,776 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Goan, na 19,100 ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu), 3,114 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia, na 3,782 ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe (Ŵacigiriki, Ŵachitaliya, Ŵachigiriki, na Ŵachijeremani) na ŵa ku South Africa, ŵakaŵa 20,598. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca mitundu yawo kweniso cuma. Ndondomeko yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵaŵikengepo ŵanyawo ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵakhozge chuma cha caru ici. Kweni Ŵanung'una ŵakeneranga kupulikira ivyo Ŵafrika ŵakakhumbanga.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 13}} Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Afilika ŵakaŵa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵantchito, ŵantchito, na ŵakulima vyakurya. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵambura ntchito ndipo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga makora yayi, ŵakavwaranga makora yayi, kweniso vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 12}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na Ŵaarabu ŵakaŵa ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale, ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, kweniso ŵakaŵa na minda, migodi, na mabizinesi ghanyake. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 13}} ==== Kulima mu vyaru vinyake kukamba ==== Britain, kwizira mwa mulongozgi wake David Gordon Hines, wakaciska kuti kulima kwa makoperative kukhazikiskike kuti kovwire kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵeso na ndalama zinandi. Ŵalimi aŵa ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya vyawo ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku India pa mtengo wapasi. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1950, pa caru cose pakaŵa makoperati ghakujumpha 400.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet: East Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/eastafricatravel0000crow_g4a3|edition=3|year=1994|isbn=0-86442-209-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastafricatravel0000crow_g4a3/page/497 497]|last1=Crowther|first1=Geoff|last2=Finlay|first2=Hugh}}</ref> Makampani ghakapanga "magulu" gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo ghakapanga mafakitale gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, mafakitale gha khofi, na vyakumetera hona. Chinthu chikuru icho chikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ni mashopu gha khofi gha ku Moshi agho ghakakopanga ŵanthu ŵanandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikamba mu 1946 ndipo yikamara mu 1951. ==== Malo ghakulongozgeka na UN ==== Ŵanji ŵati ŵamanya kuti charu cha Tanganyika chili pasi pa mawupu gha wupu wa United Nations, Ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhumba kuti vinthu vyende makora. Fundo ya Britain yakuti "kucita vinthu mwakucepa" yikamba kuwoneka kuti njambura kwenelera ndipo yikamara mu vilimika vicoko waka pambere caru cindaŵe na wanangwa. Maofesi gha UN ghankhondi ghakaluta ku Tanganyika, ndipo UN yikapokera makalata ghakukwana mahandiredi ghanandi, kweniso nkhani zinandi izo zikayowoyeka pa maungano gha ku New York pakati pa 1948 na 1960.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 16}} Wupu wa UN na ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika awo ŵakagwiliskira nchito wupu uwu kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo, ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Tanganyika waŵe wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika aŵa ŵakaluta ku maungano ku Tanganyika pamoza na ŵimiliri ŵa UN. Pakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni, ŵantchito ŵa boma, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakalombanga ku UN pa nkhani izo zikakhumbikwiranga kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro. Paumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afilika ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Afilika ŵalute panthazi pa ndyali. Wakawumbika mu 1929 nga ni wupu wa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ŵa ku Afilika mu Dar es Salaam na Zanzibar. Gulu ili likasinthika zina kuti Tanganyika African Association (TAA) mu 1948 ndipo likaleka kunjilirapo pa vya ku Zanzibar.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 17}} ==== Kutemwa caru ca Afilika ==== Kwamba mu chaka cha 1954, mtundu wa Afilika ukaghanaghana chomene vya Tanzania African National Union (TANU), gulu la ndyali ilo likapangika na Julius Nyerere.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 17}} Chipani cha TANU chikapambana pa zisankho za mu 1958, 1959, na 1960, ndipo Nyerere wakazgoka nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 1960. Boma likamba kulamulira pa 1 Meyi 1961, ndipo likamba kujiyimira pawekha pa 9 Disembala 1961.<ref name="Voices"/>{{rp|page 16}} == Zanzibar == {{Main|History of Zanzibar}} [[File:Spice Islands (Zanzibar highlighted) sv.svg|thumb|Malo gha Zanzibar mu Tanzania]] Zanzibar lero likung'anamura cirwa ca zina ili, ico cikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Unguja, na cirwa ca Pemba. Virwa vyose viŵiri vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵapwitikizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na m'ma 1700, kweni Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakaviwuskamo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ulamuliro wa Aarabu ukafika pachanya pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Sultan Said, uyo wakasamuska msumba wake ukuru kufuma ku Muscat, Oman kuya ku Zanzibar, wakambiska ufumu wa Aarabu, ndipo wakakhwimiska vyakumera vya clove, na kugwiliskira nchito ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Zanzibar na Pemba ŵakaŵa ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose cifukwa ca malonda ghawo gha vyakununkhira ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Zanzibar Archipelago. Zanzibar yikaŵaso malo ghakuru ghakulongozgako ŵazga pa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Afilika na mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Zanzibar yikakopanga maboti ghakufuma kutali comene nga ni United States, iyo yikakhazikiska ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya chalo mu 1833. Boma la United Kingdom likamba kutemwa chomene charu cha Zanzibar chifukwa cha malonda na kukhumba kumazga malonda gha ŵazga. Mu 1822, ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano lakwamba na Sultan Said kuti ŵamazge malonda agha, kweni mu 1876 pera ndiwo ŵakakanizga kuguliska ŵazga. Pa phangano la Heligoland-Zanzibar la mu 1890, Zanzibar na Pemba vikazgoka vigaŵa vya Britain, ndipo chigaŵa cha Caprivi mu Namibia chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Germany. Ufumu wa Britain ukendanga mwakuyana waka kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 m'paka mu 1957, apo kukaŵa maungano gha ŵalara. == Kudziyimira pawokha ndi Mgwirizano wa Tanganyika ndi Zanzibar == [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-166-21.jpg|thumb|Julius Nyerere wakakhumbanga kuti Tanganyika yiŵe na wanangwa wa ndyali mu 1961.]] Mu 1954, Julius Nyerere, msambizgi wa sukulu uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera ŵa ku Tanganyikans awo ŵakasambira pa yunivesite, wakambiska chipani cha ndyali (Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Pa Disembala 9, 1961, Tanganyika yikajiyimira pawekha, nangauli themba la Britain likalutilira kuŵa Fumukazi ya Tanganyika. Pa Disembala 9, 1962, boma la Republican likamba kulamulira ndipo Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Tanganyika. Zanzibar yikapokera wanangwa wake kufuma ku United Kingdom pa 10 Disembala, 1963, nga ni boma lachifumu ilo likulongozgeka na Sultan wake. Pa 12 Janyuwale 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Afilika ŵakagalukira themba la ku Zanzibar ndipo boma liphya likapangika na mulongozgi wa ASP, Abeid Karume, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zanzibar kweniso mulongozgi wa Revolutionary Council. Mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha nkhondo iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Zanzibar Revolution, Ŵaarabu na Ŵahindi pakati pa 5,000 na 15,000 ŵakakomeka. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vinandi, ŵalondezgi ŵa John Okello ŵakakolelera ŵanthu ŵanandi na kuparanya nyumba na vinthu vinyake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revolution In Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale|last=Petterson|first=Don|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York, USA|year=2002|page=65}}</ref> Mu masabata ghacoko waka, cigaŵa cimoza mu vigaŵa vinkhondi vya ŵanthu ŵakafwa panji kucimbira. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Tanganyika ŵakagaluka ndipo Julius Nyerere wakapempha Britain kuti watume ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Marines ŵakatumika kufuma ku England kwizira ku Nairobi, ndipo ŵasilikari 40 ŵakakhira pa sitima ya nkhondo yakuchemeka HMS Bulwark. Ŵakapharazga kwa myezi yinandi na ŵasilikari awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vyose. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Marines ŵakafumapo ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Canada ŵakamba kuŵawovwira. Pa 26 Epulero, 1964, charu cha Tanganyika chikakolerana na charu cha Zanzibar ndipo chikazgoka United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Pa Okutobala 29, mu chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikamba kuchemeka United Republic of Tanzania. Zina lakuti Tanzania likusazgikana na mazina gha Tanganyika na Zanzibar ndipo pakwamba likaŵa na ng'anamuro lililose yayi. Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri, boma la Zanzibar lili na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. == Mbiri Yaposachedwapa == Kuti wapange chipani chimoza cha boma mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya chalo ichi, Julius Nyerere wakasazga TANU na chipani cha boma cha Zanzibar, Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar kuti wapange CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), pa February 5, 1977. Nyerere wakagomezganga kuti maboma ghanandi, mu chalo icho chili na mafuko ghanandi, ghangaŵa pangozi ku umoza wa chalo ndipo wakakhumbanga nthowa zakovwilira kuti paŵe chipani chimoza<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/julius-kambarage-nyerere-43589|title=Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Father of Tanzania|last=Boddy-Evans|first=Alistair|date=2019-05-23|publisher=ThoughtCo.}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, Nyerere 'wakamanyanga makora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambana, ntheura wakafumiskamo visopa mu ndyali.'<ref>{{cite book|title=African Cities: Competing Claims on Urban Spaces|series=Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies|volume=3|editor-last1=Locatelli|editor-first1=Francesca|editor-last2=Nugent|editor-first2=Paul|year=2009|url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/13489?language=en|page=252|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789047442486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The urban melting pot in east Africa: Ethnicity and urban growth in Kampala and dar es Salaam|first=Deborah Fahy|last=Bryceson|date=20 May 2009|title=African Cities|pages=241–260|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004162648.i-308.67|isbn = 9789004162648}}</ref> Kuti wawovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, Nyerere wakasankha chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili kuŵa chiyowoyero cha charu. Nyerere wakambiska cisopa ca ku Afilika, panji Ujamaa, kung'anamura'mbumba.' Boma la Nyerere likapangiska Ujamaa kuŵa visambizgo ivyo vikulongozga chitukuko cha chalo cha Tanzania; 'boma likadumulira dala malo gha mu matawuni kuti likanizge na kukanizga kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora...malo ghakuru gha mu matawuni gha mu Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, ghakaŵa ghakusuzgika comene kwa virimika vinandi, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti ghakaŵa 'chakukumbuska Nyerere vya kuhara uko kukacitika mu nyengo ya ukoloni.<ref>{{cite book|last=Myers|first=Garth A.|title=African Cities: Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAWTwEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84813-508-6}}</ref>{{rp|page 44}} Boma ili likakura mwaluŵiro chomene ndipo likakhwaska vigaŵa vyose. Mu 1967, boma likaŵa na nchito yikuru comene mu caru ici cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti caru cose ciŵe cawo. Wakawovwiranga pa vyose, kwambira pa malonda gha malonda gha malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya, na kuphika. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Ndondomeko zinonono za boma na misonkho yinandi iyo ŵakaŵikanga ŵalara ŵa boma, vikapwetekaso comene cuma. Ndalama zinandi za boma zikagwiliskirika nchito mwambura kwenelera. Nkhongono ya kugura yikamba kuchepa comene, ndipo nanga ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo vikamba kusoŵa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakasanganga vimbundi vikuru chomene chifukwa cha kupeleka vimbundi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Wabenzi ("ŵanthu ŵa Benz"). Kuzakafika pakati pa 1979, vimbundi vikafika paheni chomene chifukwa chuma chikamba kunangika.<ref name="Stapenhurst">{{Cite book | last1 = Stapenhurst | first1 = Rick | last2 = Kpundeh | first2 = Sahr John | title = Curbing corruption: toward a model for building national integrity | publisher = [[World Bank Publications]] | year = 1999 | pages = 153–156 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eLh72ZUQcssC&pg=PA153 | isbn =978-0-8213-4257-2}}</ref> Charu cha Tanzania icho chikaŵa pasi pa Nyerere chikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na charu cha China<ref>{{cite book|title=Maoism: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/maoismglobalhist0000juli|last=Lovell|first=Julia|year=2019|pages=[https://archive.org/details/maoismglobalhist0000juli/page/192 192]–216}}</ref>, United Kingdom, na Germany. Mu 1979, caru ca Tanzania cikapharazga nkhondo ku Uganda, pamanyuma pakuti caru ca Uganda ico cikateŵeteranga ku Soviet Union cikanjira mu caru ici na kupoka cigaŵa ca Kagera. Tanzania yikathereska waka ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda yayi, kweni yikaŵaso na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda. Pa Epulero 11, 1979, pulezidenti wa ku Uganda, Idi Amin, wakacicizgika kufumamo mu msumba ukuru wa Kampala, na kumazga nkhondo ya pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Mwakikagile | first = Godfrey | title = Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria | publisher = [[Nova Publishers]] | year = 2001 | page = 221 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gqTjUjdvTQwC&pg=PA221 | isbn =978-1-56072-967-9}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakatora msumba uwu na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda na Rwanda. Amin wakacimbilira ku caru cinyake.'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/597725.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Africa - Obituary: The buffoon tyrant|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>''' Mu Okutobala 1985, Nyerere wakapeleka mazaza kwa Ali Hassan Mwinyi, kweni wakalutilira kuwusa chipani cha Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), nga ni Chairman mpaka 1990, apo wakapeleka mazaza agha kwa Mwinyi. Mu 1990, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na mitheto ya ku Zanzibar likapempha kuti paŵe referendum. Iwo ŵakati cifukwa ca kukolerana na caru cikuru ca Tanzania, ico cikalongozgekanga na cisambizgo ca wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ico sono cafwa, Zanzibar wazgoka caru cakupeleŵera.<ref name="Minahan">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z|last=Minahan|first=James|pages=2088–2089}}</ref> Ŵakapulikira yayi ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Ndipouli, chipani icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatonda pa mavoti uku vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi<ref name="Minahan"/> ndipo wakwimilira wake Benjamin William Mkapa wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Tanzania mu mavoti gha vyaru vinandi pa 23 November 1995.<ref>{{Citation | title = Polling Problems Mar Election in Tanzania | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | page = A4 | date = 30 October 1995 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/30/world/world-news-briefs-polling-problems-mar-election-in-tanzania.html?pagewanted=1 | access-date =11 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Tanzania swears in Mkapa as president | newspaper = [[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] | publisher = [[Block Communications]] | page = 2 | date = 24 November 1995 | url = https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZeE0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bgMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4324,7043753&dq=mkapa&hl=en | access-date =11 March 2010}}</ref> Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2000, pakaŵa masankho agho ghakatimbanizgika, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2001, boma likakoma ŵanthu 35 na kupweteka 600..<ref>{{Citation | title = Tanzania: Zanzibar Election Massacres Documented | newspaper = [[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 9 April 2002 | url = http://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/04/10/tanzan3838.htm | access-date =22 March 2010}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2005, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wachinayi kwa nyengo ya vyaka vinkhondi. Mu 1998, boma la United States likaponya mabomba mu msumba wa Dar Es Salaam, ndipo linyake mu Nairobi, Kenya. Mu 2004, chindindindi icho chikachitika ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean, chikapangiska tsunami mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Tanzania. Cingalaŵa cinyake ico cikanyamuliranga mafuta cikaŵa mu dowoko la Dar Es Salaam, ndipo cikananga maji. Mu 2008, ku Zanzibar kukaŵa suzgo la magesi, ndipo mu 2008 ku Zanzibar kukaŵa suzgo la magesi. Mu 2015, pamanyuma pa nyengo ya vyaka khumi ya purezidenti Jakaya Kikwete, John Magufuli ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha purezidenti..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-29|title=Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34669468|access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2020, pulezidenti Magufoli wakasankhikaso pa chisankho icho chikaŵa na upusikizgi na viheni vinandi kuyana na ivyo ŵakususka ŵakayowoya. Chipani cha Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) chili na mazaza kwambira apo charu chikapokera wanangwa mu 1961. Ndilo gulu la ndyali ilo laŵapo nyengo yitali comene mu Africa. Purezidenti waliyose wa Tanzania wakwimira chipani ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magufuli is Transforming Tanzania's Ruling Party From a "Benign Hegemon" Into a Malevolent One|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/magufuli-transforming-tanzanias-ruling-party-benign-hegemon-malevolent-one|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref> Malinga ndi bungwe la Human Rights Watch, kuyambira chisankho cha Pulezidenti John Magufuli mu December 2015, Tanzania yakhala ikuchepa kwambiri kulemekeza ufulu wa kulankhula, kusonkhana ndi kusonkhana .<ref>{{Cite book|date=2019-01-17|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Tanzania|chapter=Tanzania: Events of 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/tanzania-and-zanzibar|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> Pa 19 March 2021, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Samia Suluhu Hassan wakaŵa pulezidenti muphya pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mwamabuci ya Pulezidenti John Magufuli. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa purezidenti wa Tanzania..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samia Hassan sworn in as Tanzania's first female president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/19/tanzania-to-swear-in-new-president-on-friday-after-death-of-maguf|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga sonosono apa == Mu Febuluwale 2021, akatswiri ofukula zakale aku Poland ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Jagiellonian adalengeza kuti apeza zojambula zakale za miyala yokhala ndi zifaniziro za anthu omwe ali bwino pamalo otetezera miyala a Amak??hee 4 ku Swaga Swaga Game Reserve ku Tanzania..<ref>{{cite journal|title=Amak'hee 4: a newly documented rock art site in the Swaga Swaga Game Reserve|last=Grzelczyk|first=Maciej|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/amakhee-4-a-newly-documented-rock-art-site-in-the-swaga-swaga-game-reserve/E7EACF28F4EA1BEFC3C8142F34353C49|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Antiquity|date=2021-01-14|volume=95|issue=379|page=E1|doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.246|s2cid=231891881 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/eerie-figures-with-giant-heads-found-painted-in-a-rock-shelter-in-tanzania|title=Eerie Figures With Giant Heads Found Painted in a Rock Shelter in Tanzania|last=Starr|first=Michelle|publisher=Science Alert|date=2022-06-29}}</ref> Pa vithuzithuzi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha, pakaŵa mitu ya ng'ombe, mutu na singo ya nkhalamira, na ng'ombe. Vinthu ivi vikalembeka vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vithuzithuzi ivi vingaŵa kuti vikulongosora za kaluso ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Sandawe, nangauli visopa vyawo vya mazuŵa ghano vikulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera mbaŵala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzanian Rock Art Depicts Trios of Bizarre Anthropomorphic Figures {{!}} Archaeology {{!}} Sci-News.com|url=http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/tanzanian-rock-art-09332.html|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Breaking Science News {{!}} Sci-News.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysterious and bizarre: scientists discovered ancient rock art that dates back to several hundred years ago|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/mysterious-and-bizarre-scientists-discovered-ancient-rock-art-that-dates-back-to-several-hundred-years-ago/ar-BB1dDyzY|access-date=2021-02-16|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grzelczyk|first=Maciej|date=2021|title=Amak'hee 4: a newly documented rock art site in the Swaga Swaga Game Reserve|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E7EACF28F4EA1BEFC3C8142F34353C49/S0003598X2000246Xa.pdf/amakhee_4_a_newly_documented_rock_art_site_in_the_swaga_swaga_game_reserve.pdf|journal=Antiquity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=95|issue=379|pages=1–9|doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.246|s2cid=231891881|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Wonani vinandi == * Gibbons, Ann (2007). ''The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor''. Anchor Books. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-7696-3}}. * Hyden, Goran (1980). ''Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry''. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Iliffe, John (1971). ''Agricultural Change in Modern Tanganyika'' (Historical Association of Tanzania Paper no. 10. (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971), 47 pp. * Kjekshus, Helge (1996). ''Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History''. London: James Currey. * Koponen, Juhani (1988). ''People and Production in Late Pre-colonial Tanzania: History and Structures''. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of International Studies. * Koponen, Juhani (1994). ''Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884–1914''. * Paice, Edward (2007). ''Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa''. London: Orion Publishing. * Waters, Tony (2007). ''The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: Life Beneath the Level of the Marketplace''. Lanham: Lexington Books. == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Commons category|History of Tanzania}} * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2843.htm Background Note: Tanzania] {{Tanzania topics}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Tanzania}} [[Category:History of Tanzania| ]] fed28qge3dz8knifzqo5kig7j5eomux 0 25276 122734 70861 2026-09-28T03:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Independent Baptist mission in Malawi}} Ntchito ya ku [[Zambezi]] Industrial Mission yikaŵa ntchito yakujiyimira paŵekha ya Baptist iyo yikapangika mu [[British Central Africa]], sono [[Malaŵi|Malawi]], mu 1892 na Joseph Booth, munthu wakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chisopa uyo chilato chake chikaŵa cha kupanga ntchito yakujiyimira paŵekha iyo yikapelekanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakang'anamukira ku Chikomyunizimu maluso gha masambiro, maluso na vyachuma kuti ŵalongozge chitukuko cha charu chawo. Pamanyuma pa kupambana maghanoghano na ŵanyake, Booth wakaleka uteŵeti wake mu 1897,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Langworthy|first=Harry|title="Africa for the African". The Life of Joseph Booth|publisher=CLAIM-Kachere|year=1996|isbn=99908-16-03-4|location=Blantyre|pages=65–71}}</ref>Kweni likalutilira kuŵa nchito ya vyamalonda mpaka apo kukaŵa suzgo la khofi mu 1929. Pamanyuma, likalutilira kuŵa tchalitchi la ŵamishonale ilo likaŵa na mipingo yinandi. Malaŵi wati waŵa wakujiyimira pawekha, mulimo wa mpingo wa wa mishoni ukagaŵikana mu mpingo wa Zambezi Evangelical Church, uwo ukendeskeka na boma la United Kingdom. Mu 2010, munthu wa ku Malawi ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuŵa Mulara wa ZM ku Blantyre. Mu 2012, tchalitchi ili likaŵa na ŵaliska pafupifupi 150 awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu mipingo yakujumpha 500 na ŵanthu 100,000 mu Malawi. == Ndondomeko ya Ntchito ya Makampani == William Carey, uyo wakaŵa muliska wa tchalitchi la Baptist kweniso uyo wakambiska gulu la Baptist Missionary Society, ndiyo wakambiska fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵamishonale. Mulimo uwu ukaŵa wa kupharazga na kusambizga pamoza na ulimi na malonda.<ref>F D Walker, (1926) William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman pp. 148, 181.</ref> Mu ma 19th century, mu Africa mukaŵa gulu la ŵamishonale awo ŵakawonanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi, awo ŵakakhalanga mu minda, na awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu, ŵakawonanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mbantchito ŵapasi. Maofesi gha ŵapayiniya ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa ku Africa ŵasambirenge vinthu vya mu vyaru vinyake. Para munthu wasambira nthowa za ku Europe zakupangira vyakurya, panji maluso ghanyake nga nkhusona, kupanga vyakuvwara, skapato, na makompyuta, wakeneranga kulutilira na uteŵeti wake. Chilato cha maofesi agha chikaŵa chakuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵakhalenge makora mu vyaru vyawo, kuti ŵaŵe ŵantchito yayi panji ŵantchito awo ŵakuthemba mabungwe gha ku Europe. Ndipouli, visopa vikuruvikuru vya Cikhristu vikaghanaghananga kuti ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵalaŵilirenge ntchito yawo ya ku Indonesia.<ref>W D Wilcox, (1913). The Need of Industrial Missions in Africa, pp. 104-107.</ref> == Joseph Booth na kukhazikiska Zambesi Industrial Mission == === Mbili ya Booth === Joseph Booth wakababikira mu Derby, England, mu 1852. Wakafumapo pa nyumba apo wakaŵa na vilimika 14 ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo wakasambira comene, ndipo ici cikamovwira kuti waŵe na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na ndyali, vya cuma, na vya mtende. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika 20, wakanjira tchalitchi la Baptist, ndipo mu 1872 wakatora. Mu 1880, Booth wakasamira ku Auckland, New Zealand, ndipo pamasinda ku Melbourne, Australia (1887) uko wakazgoka munthu wakwendeska bizinesi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiedler|first=Klaus|title=The Making of a Maverick Missionary. Joseph Booth in Australasia|publisher=Kachere|year=2008|isbn=978-99908-87-45-7|location=Zomba|pages=9–34}}</ref> Wakaŵa mu tchalitchi la Brighton Baptist Church, ndipo wakazgoka diakoni, ndipo wakaleka uteŵeti uwu na kwamba kupharazga mu misewu. Mu 1891, wakaguliska bizinesi yake na kwamba umishonale. Nangauli muwoli wake wakafwa, kweni wakafumako ku Australia pamoza na ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri na kwamba uteŵeti wa umishonale mu Africa.<ref>H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, pp. 24-5.</ref> Booth wakapokera ndalama kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain kuti wakhazikiske gulu lakujiyimira paŵekha mu chigaŵa cha Britain ku Central Africa. Apo wakafikanga ku malo agha mu 1892 pamoza na mwana wake Emmy, wakaŵa na vilimika 40, ndipo wakaŵa mishonale wakujiyimira yekha. Wakadandawura chomene chifukwa cha kufwatuka kwa mpingo wa Presbyterian ku Scotland ku Blantyre kuzomera ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuŵa mamembala gha tchalitchi. Ŵaliska ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu aŵa kuti ŵachitenge ntchito iyi. Cilato cake cikaŵa ca kung'anamura waka ŵanthu yayi, kweni kuti waŵasambizge na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na maluso gha vya cuma, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakang'anamuka mtima ŵalutilire kukura mu caru cawo na kovwira mpingo wa mu caru cawo. Booth wakalongosora makora kuti ŵanthu wose mbana ŵakwithu. Maufumu ghose agho wakambiska ghakakhozgeranga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana.<ref>H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p.&nbsp;24.</ref> === Kuyambiska Ntchito Yakupharazga === Mu 1892, Booth wakamba ntchito yake kwambura malo panji nyumba, ndipo pakwamba wakaŵavya ŵanthu. Pakuti ofesi iyi yikakhumbikwiranga ndalama zinandi, Booth wakayiŵika kufupi na msika wa Blantyre. Nangauli ofesi ya ku Zambesi Industrial Mission yikambira mu 1892, kweni yikagura malo mu 1893 ndipo yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito nyumba zake mu 1894. Munthu yumoza pera wa ku Africa uyo wakapokera Certificates of Claim (Certificates of Claim) (iyo yikayananga na chiharo) pa malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, wakaŵa Kumtaja, uyo wakagura malo ghakukwana maekali 37,947 mu 1888 na 1891. Mu 1893 Kumtaja wakaguliska maekala 26,537 kwa Joseph Booth. Malo agha ndigho ghakaŵa malo gha 'Michiru Estate' gha Zambesi Industrial Mission agho ghakaŵa kufuma ku Mudi m'paka ku Likabula na likuru lake pa Mitsidi Station pachanya pa Sanjika Hill. Apo Booth wakafumanga mu 1897, wakapeleka malo agha ku wupu wakuwovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakendeskanga uteŵeti uwu.<ref>B Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, p. 693.</ref> Booth wakambaso kampani ya Nyassa Industrial Mission mu 1893 kufupi na Blantyre, iyo pamanyuma yikazgoka Evangelical Church of Malawi. Kufuma apo, wakambiska mpingo wa Baptist Industrial Mission mu 1895 kufupi na Ntcheu, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo wakambiska panji kovwira mipingo yinyake, nga ni African Christian Union, British Christian Union, na British African Congress. Nangauli maofesi ghanyake agho wakambiska, kusazgapo la Zambesi Industrial Mission, ghacalipo mazuŵa ghano nga ni maofesi panji matchalitchi gha mu Malaŵi, kweni ghanyake ghakatondeka. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵaŵikapo maofesi agha, kanandi Booth wakakhala nawo nyengo yitali yayi, ntheura ŵakalutilira kuŵa na umoyo cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga kwawo. Ŵanyake ŵakatondeka cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama, masoka ghacilengiwa, panji ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana. Ndipouli, masuzgo ghanyake ghakafuma ku mauteciteci gha Booth, kusazgapo kuti wakaŵa wambura kwenjerwa ndiposo wakatondekanga kucita phangano na ŵanyawo.<ref name="W Langworthy III 1986 p. 26">H W Langworthy III, (1986). Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915, p. 26.</ref> === The Mission under Booth’s leadership === Mu nyengo ya Booth, Zambesi Industrial Mission yikasambizganga comene za ulimi, comenecomene kulima khofi, uyo ukaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain ku Central Africa m'paka apo mitengo ya khofi yikadukira mu 1905. Kweniso ŵakasambizgikanga maluso ghakupambanapambana. Mulimo uwu ukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakure mwauzimu, ndipo mu 1893 na 1894, Booth wakasangana na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Scotland chifukwa chakuti ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika Baibolo ŵaŵe na malipiro ghanandi. Booth ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kulipira ŵantchito mashilingi 18 pa mwezi, apo malipiro ghakaŵa mashilingi 3, ndipo nyengo yinyake wakapelekanga mashilingi 45 kwa munthu uyo malipiro ghake ghakaŵa mashilingi 7 na masenti 6. Nangauli Booth wakacita makora comene pa mulimo wake wa kupanga vinthu vya m'mafakitale, kweniso wakawona kuti mulimo wa ku Zambesi ukaŵa wakujiwovwira wekha, kweni mwaluŵiro ukaŵa pasi pa mawoko gha ŵamishonale ŵa ku Britain. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵamishonale ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain ŵasange ndalama zakukwana zakwendeskera ntchito iyi.<ref>K Fiedler, (1994). The Story of Faith Missions, pp. 80, 132.</ref> Kufika mu 1896 mphindano za Booth na ŵamishonale ŵanyake pa vya ndalama, visambizgo na chomenechomene kujithemba kwa Africa vikamupangiska kuti waleke kwenderana na Zambesi Industrial Mission na Nyasa Industrial Mission.<ref name="W Langworthy III 1986 p. 26" /> === Later Developments === Pamanyuma pakuti Booth wafumapo, Zambesi Industrial Mission yikakura comene mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900. Pakwamba, likateŵeteranga yekha, kweni pamanyuma pa suzgo la khofi mu 1929, likateŵeteraso na ndalama zake yayi. Mu 1930, wupu wake wa ku Britain ukamazga mulimo wake wa ku Indonesia ndipo ukathembanga ndalama za Britain.<ref>K Fiedler, (1994) The Story of Faith Missions, p. 80.</ref> Pamanyuma pa kusintha uku, ofesi iyi yikaghanaghaniranga comene vya mulimo wa uliska na kusambizga awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa ŵateŵeti ŵa Baibolo, kweni mu 1939 pera ndipo ŵakafumiskamo lizgu lakuti'makampani.' Pa nyengo iyo Malaŵi wakapokera wanangwa mu 1964, boma liphya likamba kuchita milimo yinyake ya ku Zambesi Mission. Vinyake (makamaka matchalitchi na maofesi gha vyaumoyo) vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha tchalitchi la Zambezi Evangelical Church, ilo likaŵa kuti lasangika sonosono apa. Kufuma apo boma la Zimbabwe likapokera wanangwa, ofesi ya Zambesi Mission iyo yili ku UK, yikulutilira kovwira ZEC kufiska ntchito yake mu Africa. Ndipouli, mu 2010 pera ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakimikika kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa pa malo (awo ŵakulaŵilira ntchito ya ku Africa) na ŵakunozga mapulojekiti. Likulu la tchalitchi la Zambezi Evangelical Church lichali na zina lakuti Mitsidi kweni sono lili pafupi na muzi wa Sigelegi pamanyuma pakuti ofesi iyi yikasamukira ku malo ghanyake mu 1971 kuti kuŵe nyumba ya pulezidenti. Tchalitchi la Zambezi Evangelical Church likulutilira kuteŵetera Malawi kwizira mu matchalitchi, ma clinic na masukulu. Mu 2012, tchalitchi ili likaŵa na ŵaliska pafupifupi 150 ndipo likaŵa na mipingo yakujumpha 500. Wose pamoza na ZM, ŵakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska ndipo ŵachali kukhozgera Evangelical Bible College of Malawi pakusambizga ŵaliska ŵake. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano gha tchalitchi ghakachitikanga kamoza pa vilimika viŵiri. Mu 2012, vikayowoyeka kuti mipingo yinandi ya Zambezi Evangelical Church yikakhumbanga kuti yiŵe yakujiyimira payekha kufuma ku ofesi yikuru ya ZEC ndipo yikapatukana nayo. Nkhani iyi yikaluta ku khoti ndipo mu 2015 khoti likadumura kuti ZEC ndiyo yili na wanangwa uwu. Gulu ilo likajipatura likati latondeka kulondezga ivyo khoti likadumura, pamanyuma pake likapika mulandu wa kuyuyura khoti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEC break-away church faces contempt charges |url=http://newscentral.exsees.com/item/22734bf7fb7f734665db1a3d7fc4e867-5b48a1d10706eb82b5eccb719bf0cd68 |access-date=2015-11-25 |website=newscentral.exsees.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126035828/http://newscentral.exsees.com/item/22734bf7fb7f734665db1a3d7fc4e867-5b48a1d10706eb82b5eccb719bf0cd68 |archive-date=2015-11-26}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Maukaboni ghanyake == * F D Walker, (1926) ''William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman'', University of Michigan. * W D Wilcox, (1913). ''The Need of Industrial Missions in Africa'', The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 2. * H W Langworthy III, (1986). ''Joseph Booth, Prophet of Radical Change in Central and South Africa, 1891-1915'', Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 16, 1 *G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). ''Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915''. Edinburgh University Press * K Fiedler, (1994) ''The Story of Faith Missions'', OCMS, p.&nbsp;53. {{ISBN|978-1-87034-518-7}}, enlarged 2nd edition: Klaus Fiedler, ''Interdenominational Faith Missions in Africa.'' Mzuzu: Mzuni Press, 2018. * B Pachai, (1973). ''Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy'', The Journal of African History Vol. 14. *Zambesi Mission https://web.archive.org/web/20190209231951/https://www.zambesimission.org/pages/ news10-11b.html * Zambesi Mission http://www.zambesimission.org/pages/malawi.html * Nyasa Times https://web.archive.org/web/20150321075339/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/09/30/malawi-council-of-churches-halt-zambezi-evangelical-break-up/ 5gvlbeitumndzd374swgwizsdgppchg 0 25281 122616 70630 2026-09-28T02:24:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122616 wikitext text/x-wiki Munda wa [[A. L. Bruce]] wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru mu charu cha [[Nyasaland]]. Mu 1893, Alexander Low Bruce, mukweni wa [[David Livingstone]], wakasanga malo ghakuru ku Magomero ku Shire Highlands ku Nyasaland pamoza na ghanyake ghaŵiri. Wakati wafwa, malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni malo ghakupwelelera Ŵakhristu na malonda ku Central Africa. Kweni pamanyuma, ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ŵakapanga kampani ya malonda iyo yikagura malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti yikagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵankhaza na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti mu 1915, John Chilembwe wakambiske ciwukirano ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu kampani iyi ŵafwe. Kampani iyi yikati yaleka kupanga makuni gha katoni na hona, yikapangiska ŵaganyu ŵake kuti ŵalimenge hona m'malo mwa chakurya pa malo ghawo. Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 30, malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito, kweni pakati pa 1949 na 1952, kampani iyi yikaguliska malo agha na phindu chifukwa boma likakhumbikwiranga malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakachimbizgika mu malo agha. Kampani iyi yikamara mu 1959. == Kupangika == === Alexander Low Bruce === [[File:The_grave_of_Alexander_Low_Bruce,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Alexander_Low_Bruce,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Manda gha Alexander Low Bruce (1839-1893), Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh]] Alexander Low Bruce wakababikira mu msumba wa Edinburgh mu 1839, mwana wa Robert Bruce na Ann Low. Wakati wamalizga sukulu, wakamba kugwira ntchito ku kampani ya William Younger and Company apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika vya m'ma 20, Bruce wakagwiranga nchito mu ofesi ya kampani iyi ku London na kukhozga milimo ya kampani iyi mu North America. Mu 1876, wakazgoka mubwezi na mulongozgi munyakeso wa nyumba yikuru yakupangira moŵa ya ku Edinburgh. Mu 1887, Alexander Low Bruce wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Younger, ndipo wakaŵa na vyakukhumba vinyake vya ndalama. Bruce wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Party mpaka apo suzgo ya Irish Home Rule mu 1886 yikapangiska kuti chipani ichi chipatukane ndipo wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu chipani cha Liberal Unionist Party.<ref name="nls">{{cite web |title=Inventory |url=http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc11777.pdf |access-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911141248/http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc11777.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-11}}</ref> Bruce wakatora kaŵiri; na muwoli wake wakwamba wakaŵa na ŵana ŵatatu, Agnes (b. 1865), Robert (wakababika mu 1867) na Daniel (wakababika mu 1869), wose ŵakababika apo wakakhalanga ku Islington, Middlesex. Mu 1875, Alexander Low Bruce wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Agnes (1847-1912), mwana wa David Livingstone na muwoli wake Mary. Mbumba iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵanayi, David Livingstone Bruce (1877-1915), Mary Livingstone Bruce (1879-1883), Alexander Livingstone Bruce (1881-1954), na Annie Livingstone Bruce (1883-1954), awo ŵakatora Thomas Russell mu 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Relations: Descendants |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm}}</ref> Alexander Low Bruce wakazomerezgana na fundo za Livingstone za umo malonda gha ŵazga ghakwendera mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo wakati watora Agnes Livingstone, Bruce wakamba kovwira mabungwe gha vya malonda na umishonale mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Mu 1888, wakaluta ku Kuruman uko Robert Moffat wakambiska upharazgi wake. Wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Royal Scottish Geographical Society ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa African Lakes Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu malo agho sono ni Malawi, kweniso wa Imperial British East Africa Company, iyo yikaŵa na vyakukhumba mu Kenya.<ref name="nls" /><ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, p. 78.</ref> === Magomero === Bruce wakalutapo yayi ku Nyasaland, kweni wakasanga malo ghakukwana maekala 170,000, ghanandi ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Zomba kwizira mu kampani ya African Lakes Company na John Buchanan. Wakathya malo agha zina lakuti Magomero, cifukwa ca mulimo wa umishonale uwo Livingstone wakacitapo pambere wandafike. Wakati wafwa mu 1893, apo wakaŵa na vilimika 54, katundu wake wa ku Africa wakasamira ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust, iyo ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakasangangapo chandulo.<ref>J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 77-9.</ref> Pambere wandafwe mu Novembala 1893, Bruce wakasora ŵantchito ŵaŵiri kuti ŵalaŵilirenge malo ghake mu Nyasaland. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa William Jervis Livingstone, uyo wakatora malo gha Magomero (Chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu) na D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Ritchie ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga malo gha Likulezi ku Mlanje. Pakwamba, Agnes ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ofesi ya A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust m'paka apo ŵahaliri ŵa Bruce, David na Alexander, ŵakafikira pa msinkhu wakwenelera, apo ŵakamba kuwulongozga, ndipo mwanakazi uyu wakalutilira kuŵa mulaŵiliri wawo m'paka apo wakafwira. Ŵadada ŵawo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵachitenge vinthu nga mbalara ŵa nyumba zawo. "... mu cilindizga cakuti ŵaŵenge ŵakunweka na kujura kwa Africa ku Cikristu na Malonda mwakuyana na fundo izo zikayowoyeka na sekuru wawo David Livingstone".<ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, p. 82.</ref> Ndipouli, amama ŵawo ŵakati ŵafwa mu 1912, ndipo malo gha Magomero ghati ghawoneka kuti ghali na nkhongono, David Livingstone Bruce na Alexander Livingstone Bruce ŵakagura katundu wa A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust mu 1913, wakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha mapaundi 41,000 pa malo agha. Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd mu 1913 na capital capital ya £54,000, comene-comene ŵakaŵa na iwo na mudumbu wawo Annie Russell.<ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 110-11</ref> == Ivyo Vikachitika vyakwambilila == Pa nyengo iyo Magomero wakaguliskikira, malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura ŵanthu ndipo ghakaŵa kuti ghandalereskekepo, ntheura pakakhumbikwanga kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera na ŵantchito. Pakati pa 1895 na 1925, kampani iyi yikayezga kulima khofi, katoni, na hona. Mu malo mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ku Magomero ŵakaŵa "Anguru", lizgu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵalongosore ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Lomwe. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora ku Magomero, ndipo pakwamba ŵakeneranga yayi kugwira nchito m'malo mwa kulipira renti. Para nyengo iyi yajumphapo, ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito kwa mwezi umoza pera pa caka. Kuzakafika mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lomwe ndiwo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu 4,926 awo ŵakakhalanga ku Magomero.<ref>J McCracken, (2012).A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 129-30.</ref><ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 100-1.</ref> Khofi wa arabica ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kulima mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Shire Highlands, ndipo wakaseŵeka chomene mu ma 1890, m'paka apo mtengo wa khofi ukadukira pa charu chose mu 1903. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1895, ku Magomero kukaŵa makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mahekita 200 m'paka 300. Kweni mu 1898 na 1899, pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ŵalara ŵa malo agha ŵakamba kupenja chakurya chiwemi. Pamanyuma pakuti mitengo ya khofi yikakhira, mu 1903, malo gha Shire Highlands ghakamba kugwiliskira ntchito makuni gha katoni. Mu chigaŵa cha Shire Highlands, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kulima makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha ku Eguputo, chifukwa ghakaŵa ghakwenelera ku chigaŵa cha Shire Valley. Ndipouli, kwambira mu 1906, W. J. Wakayama Mu 1908, Livingstone wakambiska mtundu unyake wa katoni wakuchemeka Nyasaland Upland. Makuni agha ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵagwirenge nchito nyengo yitali, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaganyu ŵagwirenge nchito zinandi. Pa malo gha Lukulesi gha maekala 7,449, A. L. Wakayama Bruce Trust ndiyo wakambiska vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Kofi nayo wakaŵa wakwenelera yayi mu vigaŵa vya Mulanje ivyo vikaŵa vyakubinkha, kweni ŵakamba kupandamo tiyi. Mu nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵanganozgera tiyi.<ref>R. B Boeder, (1982) Peasants and Plantations in the Mulanje and Thyolo Districts of Southern Malawi, 1891-1951. University of the Witwatersrand African Studies Seminar Paper https://web.archive.org/web/20211222115034/https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/8427/1/ISS-29.pdf</ref> == Thangata == Kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵanthu 3,000 panji 5,000 mu nyengo ya kulima ya myezi yinkhondi na umoza panji yinkhondi na umoza, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵantchito. Lizgu lakuti "thangata" likang'anamuranga milimo iyi. Pakwamba lizgu ili likang'anamuranga wovwiri, nga umo vikuŵira para ŵazengezgani ŵawovwirana, kweni likang'anamuraso ntchito iyo munthu uyo wakukhala mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe wakuchita. Kweniso pakakhumbikwanga ŵantchito ŵanyake m'malo mwa msonkho uwo mweneko wa malo wakalipanga.<ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 88-90.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakuti Alexander Livingstone Bruce ndiyo wakambiska thangata. J. Wakayama Livingstone, wakacitanga makora comene apo malo gha Magomero ghakamba kulima katoni. Nangauli W. J. Wakayama Livingstone wakaŵa manejara, ndipo Alexander Livingstone Bruce wakakhalanga mu Nyasaland ndipo ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga vinthu vyose. Pa malo gha Bruce, ndalama izo ŵakeneranga kulipira zikakwana myezi yinayi panji yinkhondi pa chaka, ndipo zinandi zikeneranga kulima mu nyengo ya kulima. Ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa na vyokoro awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba, ŵakeneranga kugwiranga nchito, nangauli pakwamba ŵakakanizgikanga. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵeneko ŵa nyumba izo ŵakaguliskanga, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu nyumba za ŵene ŵa nyumba izo ŵakagwiranga yayi.<ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, p. 133.</ref> W. J. Wakayama Livingstone wakakomeka mu 1915, apo John Chilembwe wakalongozganga ŵanthu kugaluka. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka, boma likapeleka dango mu 1917, ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za renti. Ndipouli, Alexander Livingstone Bruce, uyo wakaŵa mu Wupu Wakulongozga wa Kazembe, wakalongozga awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghakusungiramo ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵachimbizge mu malo agha usange ivi vichitikenge. Nanga ni apo Livingstone wakakomeka, mulimo wa kuzenga ukaŵa kuti wandaleke. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates wakakhalako myezi yinkhondi na umoza cifukwa ca msonkho wa thangata na Hut. Ndipouli, pakuti malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazura kale, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafuma ku Mozambique. Apo nchito ya kuzenga yikakhira mu ma 1920, ŵeneco ŵa nyumba ŵakayowoya kuti ŵalije nchito yakukwana yakuti ŵeneko ŵa nyumba ŵafiske milimo yawo panji kulipira renti. Iwo ŵakatenge ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mwakufuntha kwambura kulipira renti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵachichizga kuti ŵaguliske vyakurya ivyo ŵangaguliska. Nangauli kufuma mu 1925, kampani iyi yikamba kugwiliskira nchito hona panji ndalama m'malo mwa ŵantchito, kweni dango la thangata likamara apo A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd. wakaguliska Magamero ndipo ŵakukhalamo ŵakafwatuka ku ivyo ŵakaviwonanga nga ni wuzga. <ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 146-9, 210-11.</ref> == John Chilembwe == John Chilembwe wakababikira ku Nyasaland kumwera mu 1870 panji 1871. Wakasambira sukulu ya ŵamishonale, ndipo mu 1892 wakamba kuteŵetera mu nyumba ya Joseph Booth, uyo wakaŵa mishonale. Chilembwe wakamanya maghanoghano gha Booth ghakukhwaskana na cisopa kweniso wanangwa wa ŵanthu ndipo mu 1897, wakaluta ku United States uko wakasambirako ku koleji ya cisopa ya Negro Baptist Theological College.<ref>G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915, pp. 25, 36-8, 47, 85-92, 112-123</ref> Mu 1899, wakimikika kuŵa muliska wa mpingo wa Baptist ndipo wakawelera ku Nyasaland mu 1900. Na wovwiri wa ndalama wa National Baptist Convention of America, Chilembwe wakambiska ntchito ya Providence Industrial Mission mu chigaŵa cha Chiradzulu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakwambilira, ntchito iyi yikalutilira, nangauli yikacitikanga mwakucepa, cifukwa ca wovwiri wa ku America. Wakayowoyanga vya kulimbikira ntchito, kujikuzga na kujiwovwira yekha, ndipo wakasuskanga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakakhalira. Pakwamba wakakananga kususka boma. Kweniso Chilembwe wakachezga na matchalitchi gha mu Africa agho ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha. Ndipouli, mu 1912 panji 1913, Chilembwe wakaŵa kuti wamba kulimbikira chomene ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya Shire Highlands, comenecomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates. Ofesi ya Providence Industrial Mission yikaŵa mu cigaŵa ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kugaluka ŵakati ŵawuka, ŵakacemekanga "Anguru", ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu tchalitchi la Chilembwe. Chilembwe na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambira chomene, awo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo ya 1915, nawo ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakana kuzomera kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mbakuzirwa. Kwambira mu 1910, wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa uteŵeti wake kweniso pa umoyo wake, kusazgapo ngongoli, kutayika kwa ndalama kufuma ku America, nyifwa ya mwana wake mwanakazi, nthenda ya mphumu, na suzgo la maso. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikamupangiska kuti waŵe na citima comene. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, wakaleka kuyowoya vyakususka, ndipo wakamba kughanaghana vyakucita vinthu ivyo wakagomezganga kuti ndivyo vizamumucitikira.<ref>G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). Independent African, pp. 234-5, 240-50, 263</ref><ref>R. I. Rotberg, (1970). Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered, pp. 365-8.</ref> === Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe === Nkhani ikulu: [[Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe|''Kuwukira kwa Chilembwe'']] Nkhondo ya ku Karonga iyo yikacitika mu Seputembala 1914 yikapangiska Chilembwe kuti wasuske nkhondo, wakati ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu caru cake "ŵali kuthiska kale ndopa zawo", ŵanyake "ŵali kupwetekeka umoyo wawo wose" ndipo "ŵali kupempheka kuti ŵafwire cifukwa ca cifukwa cinyake". Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, wakawunganya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na masambiro ghapacanya. Cigaŵa cakwamba ca ndondomeko iyi cikaŵa ca kuwukira maofesi gha boma mu usiku wa pa 23 m'paka pa 24 Janyuwale 1915 kuti ŵasange vilwero na vilwero, ndipo caciŵiri cikaŵa ca kuwukira malo gha ku Europe nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanalume ŵake 200 ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Providence Industrial Missions ku Chiradzulu na Mlanje, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakondwa yayi nawo ŵanganjira. Chigaŵa chakwamba cha pulani iyi chikamara yayi, chifukwa ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakaleka kuwukira, ntheura ŵakaŵavya vilwero vinandi.<ref>R Tangri, (1971). Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915, pp. 309-13.</ref><ref>R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, pp. 81-6.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuwukira malo gha Bruce. J. Wakayama Livingstone, (uyo ŵanthu ŵakamutinkhanga comene) wakakomeka na kudumulika mutu. Ŵalwani ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵaŵiri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵatatu. Pa Zuŵa la Sabata pa 24 Janyuwale, Chilembwe wakacitiska maungano mu tchalitchi la Providence Industrial Mission pafupi na mzati uwo ukaŵa na mutu wa Livingstone, kweni pa 26 Janyuwale, wakamanya kuti kuwukira kukatondeka. Pamanyuma pa kuyezga kucimbira ku Mozambique, wakasangika na kukomeka pa 3 February. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga na ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakakomeka pamanyuma pakuti ŵeruzgi ŵaŵikika pasi pa dango la nkhondo.<ref>R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 87-91.</ref> == Kulima hona == Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulima hona wa ku Virginia. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa na malo ghakukwana maekali 4,507 mu 1911, ndipo mu 1913 vikaŵa na maekali 10,489, ndipo mu 1920 vikaŵa na maekali 14,218. Pambere chaka cha 1920 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito hona, kweni mu 1923, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito hona wakubisika. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kupanga makuni gha virginia, kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la United States la Virginia likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Britain ŵasangirepo chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya msonkho uwo ŵakakhomanga ku vyaru vinyake. Hona uyo wakapangikanga mu vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku vyaru vichoko, ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa ndipo kanandi ukaguliskikanga yayi. Mu 1921, matani 1,500 pera gha tirigu wa matani 3,500 ghakaŵa kuti ghangaguliskika mwaluŵiro. Mu 1924, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakapanga 86% ya hona wa ku Nyasaland, kweni mu 1927 ŵakapanga 57% pera ndipo mu 1933 ŵakapanga 28%. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Major Sanderson wakazgoka W. J. Wakayama Munthu uyo wakazakaŵa mulondezgi wa Livingstone pakuŵa manejara ndipo ndiyo wakamba kulima hona ku Magomero. Mu 1914, Magomero wakaŵa na munda wa makilomita 5,000, kweni mu 1918 ukamba kuŵa wambura phindu, cifukwa ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Native Trust Land, ŵakapanganga makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha mwakudura. Nanga ni para Livingstone wakomeka, dango la thangata pa A. L. Wakayama Malo gha Bruce ghakasinthika pachoko waka, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiranga nchito myezi 6 pa caka. Ndipouli, pakuti malo agho ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazura kale, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga yayi kukhala mwenemumo. A. L. Wakayama Nkhani ya Bruce Estates Ltd yikalongora kuti yikaŵa na suzgo mu 1920, ndipo Sanderson wakayezga kukanizga kuti ŵaleke kusama, wakati palije ntchito yakukwana yakuti ŵaganyu ŵafiske milimo yawo. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti mu 1920, munda wa Magomero wa maekala 15,000 pera pa maekala 162,000, ndiwo ukalimikanga na mweneko panji awo ŵakagwiranga lumoza. Sanderson wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kwambura kulipira lenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵachichizga kuti ŵaguliske vyakurya ivyo ŵangaguliska. Ndipouli, ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasanganga candulo comene na kulima hona wakuŵala pa malo gha Ufumu. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi.<ref>B Pachai, (1978). Land and Politics in Malawi 1875-1975, pp 11-12.</ref><ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 146-54, 181.</ref> === Natives on Private Estates Ordinance === Kampani iyi yikamba kunangika cifukwa ca dango la mu 1928 ilo likayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakwenera kulipira renti mu ndalama panji mu nthowa yinyake. Sanderson wakati wafwa, wakatora malo ghake Kaputeni Kincaid-Smith, uyo wakaŵa manejara mu 1931. Kincaid-Smith wakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kugura hona munandi comene, cifukwa pakakhumbikwanga makilogiramu 70 kuti wagulire renti ya chaka na chaka. Kweniso wakaguranga ndalama zinandi kuluska za renti, ndipo wakapelekeranga m'paka apo wakaguliskira hona. Mtengo wa hona uyu ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska renti ya ndalama, ndipo mu fundo, ŵakuguliska ŵakaguliskanga ku Bruce Estates pera, kweni hona munyake ŵakamuguliskanga pa mtengo uwemi kunyake mwa kuyowoya kuti wakupangika na ŵalimi ŵachoko. Pakakhumbikwanga nkhuni zinandi kuti munthu wapange hona, ndipo mu 1945 nkhorongo yikamara. Mu m'ma 1930, boma lakwamba likaghanaghananga kuti A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd kuti waŵe mweneko wa nyumba wa njuŵi yiwemi, uyo wakwendeska makora malo ghake m'malo mwa kupenja ndalama zakugulira nyumba, ndipo wakuyezga yayi kufumiskapo ŵanthu para waguliska malo. Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1940 vindakwane, charu ichi chikaguliskanga panji kupeleka malo ghachoko waka ku ŵalimi ŵachoko. Ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kujikuzga kwa Alexander Livingstone Bruce, na kukana kwake kuwona vinthu mwakwenelera. A. Wakutemweka wane. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi, kweni wakakana kuguliska malo ghanyake kuti wasange ndalama zinyake. Chifukwa chakuti Bruce wakalutilira kulimbana na ŵalimi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo gha Ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga makora ntchito chifukwa cha ndalama zichoko, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa kampani iyi na awo ŵakagwiranga. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga kulima mbuto za mbuto panji za maniyu kuti ŵaguliske mu misika. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd. pa mtengo wapasi, na malipiro ghakusunkhunyika. Kincaid-Smith, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵantchito, wakalangura kuti vyakurya vyasezgeke, kweni boma likamususka comene. Mu Disembala 1939, Kazembe wakacicizga Kincaid-Smith kuti wafumeko ku Nyasaland cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita.<ref>L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 195, 197-8.</ref> == Vyaka vaumalilo == Kincaid-Smith wakati wafumapo, kampani iyi yikaleka kwendeska malo ghake, ndipo mu 1948 malo agha ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga vyakurya. Magomero wakapanganga hona wakukwana makilogiramu 500,000 m'paka 700,000 pa chaka, kweni kampani iyi yikalipira ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwanga kulima mbuto kuti ŵaguliske mu misika. Mu 1945, A. L. Wakayama Bruce Estates Ltd yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kuguliska Magomero. Boma likati lafufuza malo agha, likasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito uheni malo agha, ŵakagwerapo nkhorongo, kweniso ŵakachitiranga nkhaza dongo na utheka. Ndipouli, Kazembe wakawona kuti nchiwemi kugura malo agha mwa kudumbiskana na kampani, mwakuphalira munthu kuti wagure yayi. Bruce Estates wakakhumbanga ndalama izo zikamazga masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo kwambira mu 1925, kweni ŵakaghanaghana kuti zikaŵa zinandi chomene, ndipo mu 1947, kampani iyi yikazomera kuguliska Magomero kwa munthu payekha pa mtengo wa mapaundi 80,000. Kweni ŵakaguliska yayi. A. Wakutemweka wane. L. Wakayama Mu 1948 na 1949, Bruce Estates Ltd yikaŵa na masuzgo ghanyake, ndipo yikaŵa pafupifupi yakutondeka. Ndipouli, boma likakhumbikwiranga malo ghakuti likakhalengemo ŵanthu ŵaphya pamanyuma pa njara iyo yikachitika mu 1949. Chigaŵa chinyake cha malo agha chikaguliskika ku ŵanthu ŵanyake, kweni mu 1952, boma likagura malo ghakukwana maekala 75,000. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵaguliske malo agho ghakaŵapo kale, ndipo pamanyuma pa mphindano pakati pa awo ŵakaŵa na masheya, kampani iyi yikamara mu 1959. Alexander Livingstone Bruce wakafwa mu 1954, kweni wakakhala wamoyo m'paka apo nyumba iyo adada ŵake ŵakagura yikamara kuguliskika.<ref>L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 196-7, 202-5, 208-11.</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vyakulemba vyamu mabuku == * J McCracken, (2012). ''A History of Malawi, 1859-1966'', Woodbridge, James Currey. {{ISBN|978-1-84701-050-6}}. * L. White, (1987). ''Magomero: Portrait of an African Village'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-32182-4}} * L. White, (1984). '''Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising,'' African Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 333. * G. Shepperson and T. Price, (1958). ''Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915'', Edinburgh University Press. * R. Tangri, (1971). ''Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915'', African Historical Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2. * R. I. Rotberg, (1970). ''Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered'', in R I. Rotberg and A. A. Mazrui, eds., Protest and Power in Black Africa, New York, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-019-500093-1}} * R. I. Rotberg, (1965). ''The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964'', Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press. * F A Stinson, (1956). ''Tobacco Farming in Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1889-1956'', Salisbury, the Tobacco Research Board of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. * R Palmer,(1985). ''White Farmers in Malawi: Before and After the Depression'', African Affairs Vol. 84 No.335. * B Pachai, (1973). ''Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy'', The Journal of African History Vol. 14. c6ohz0ur0rjcgfwdn6ursqfrk0miyzz 0 25415 122725 119535 2026-09-28T03:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wajir''' ni msumba ukulu mu [[Wajir County, Kenya|boma la Wajir]] mu charu cha [[Kenya]] mu chilwa chikulu cha [[Afilika]]. == Mbiri == Gulu la macairn pafupi na Wajir kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakuti ni Maadiinle, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵali na msinkhu wapacanya, awo ŵakukolerana na [[Ŵasomali]]. A. T. Curle (1933) wakayowoya kuti ŵakafukura viŵiri mwa viwangwa vikuruvikuru ivi, ndipo ŵakasanga viwangwa vya viwangwa ivyo vikavunda apo wakavikhwaska, ndiposo viwangwa vya viŵiya vya dongo na mphete ya mkuŵa.<ref>[[Ioan Lewis|I.M. Lewis]], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2797197 "132. The So-Called 'Galla Graves' of Northern Somaliland", ''Man''] 61 (1961), p. 103. Lewis cites an earlier report by Curle, "Prehistoric graves in the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya Colony," ''Man'', 1933, p. 102;</ref> Wajir wakawukirika na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Wajir ndimo ŵanthu ŵa ku Wagalla ŵakakomekera mu 1984. Ŵasilikari ŵa Kenya ŵakawunganya ŵanalume ŵakukwana 5,000 ŵa ku Somalia ŵa fuko la Degodia kufuma mu nyumba zawo mulenji wa pa 10 February. Nangauli cilato cake cikaŵa cakuti ŵalekeske nkhondo ya mafuko, ŵasilikari ŵakaŵasunga ŵazga ŵa ku Degodia pa ciŵanja ca ndege kwa mazuŵa ghankhondi kwambura maji na cakurya, pambere ŵandaŵakome. == Kuwoneseska mwakudumura == Wajir ili mu malo ghakuwomira agho ghakuŵa na chilala. Likukhala pa latitude na longitude ya {{coord|01|45|00|N|40|03|00|E}}. (Latitude:1.75000; Longitude:40.05000). Msumba iyi yikuteŵetereka na chiŵanja cha Ndege cha Wajir, ndipo ndege zikuluta ku [[Nairobi]], [[Galkayo]] na [[Mogadishu]]. == Ŵanthu == Wajir chomene ndi ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Kupenda kwa ŵanthu mu 2019 kukalongora kuti ŵanthu wose ŵakaŵa 150,116.<ref name="Census2019">{{cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |df=dmy}}</ref> == Nyengo == Wajir wali na nyengo yakutentha yakuwomira ([[Köppen]] ''BWh'').{{Weather box | width = auto | location = Wajir | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | temperature colour = pastel | Jan high F = 95 | Feb high F = 96 | Mar high F = 96 | Apr high F = 94 | May high F = 92 | Jun high F = 90 | Jul high F = 88 | Aug high F = 89 | Sep high F = 91 | Oct high F = 92 | Nov high F = 91 | Dec high F = 92 | year high F = | Jan low F = 70 | Feb low F = 72 | Mar low F = 74 | Apr low F = 75 | May low F = 73 | Jun low F = 70 | Jul low F = 69 | Aug low F = 69 | Sep low F = 70 | Oct low F = 71 | Nov low F = 71 | Dec low F = 73 | year low F = | Jan rain inch = 0.2 | Feb rain inch = 0.5 | Mar rain inch = 0.8 | Apr rain inch = 2.7 | May rain inch = 1.4 | Jun rain inch = 0 | Jul rain inch = 0.2 | Aug rain inch = 0.1 | Sep rain inch = 0.2 | Oct rain inch = 1 | Nov rain inch = 1.6 | Dec rain inch = 0.9 | rain colour = green | source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=17636&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Wajir, Kenya |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2026-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013082145/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=17636&refer=wikipedia |archive-date=2022-10-13 }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> | date = November 2011 }} == Sitediyamu == Pamanyuma pa ungano uwo ukachitika pa 3 Febuluwale 2026 pakati pa Kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Wajir, Ahmed Abdullahi, na ŵalara ŵa boma la Wajir, mulembi mulara wa boma, Patrick Mariru, wakapharazga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kenya ŵazamuzenga sitediyamu ya ŵanthu 10,000 ku Wajir.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Abdirahman Khalif |date=3 February 2026 |title=Wajir County to get 10,000-seater stadium as KDF begins construction |url=https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/northern-kenya/285762/wajir-county-to-get-10000-seater-stadium-as-kdf-begins-construction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604154134/https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/northern-kenya/285762/wajir-county-to-get-10000-seater-stadium-as-kdf-begins-construction |archive-date=4 June 2026 |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Eastleigh Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Astariko |first=Stephen |date=4 February 2026 |title=KDF to construct 10,000-capacity stadium in Wajir |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/north-eastern/2026-02-04-kdf-to-construct-10000-capacity-stadium-in-wajir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/h7vtg |archive-date=7 June 2026 |access-date=7 June 2026 |newspaper=[[The Star (Kenya)|The Star]]}}</ref> Ahmed Abdullahi wakati mulimo wa kuzenga uzamuyamba nyengo yeneyiyo ndipo uzamumara pa zuŵa la Madaraka la nambara 63, apo pazamuchitika chinthu ichi. Kuzenga kukayamba mwakuzomerezgeka kuumaliro wa Febuluwale.<ref name="The Star">{{Cite news|author=Stephen Astariko|title=Stadium construction begins in Wajir ahead of Madaraka Day fete|date=26 February 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/north-eastern/2026-02-26-stadium-construction-begins-in-wajir-ahead-of-madaraka-day-fete|newspaper=The Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604153808/https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/north-eastern/2026-02-26-stadium-construction-begins-in-wajir-ahead-of-madaraka-day-fete|archive-date=4 June 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Injiniya wa ntchito iyi, Dennis Oloo, wakati pazamuŵa ntchito ya kuzenga maora 24/7 ndipo ŵantchito ŵazamuchita mu mashifiti ghatatu.<ref name="The Star" /> Boma la charu ichi likapeleka ku boma la chigaŵa cha Wajir pa 29 Malichi.<ref name="From dust to grass">{{Cite news|author=Manase Otsialo|title=From dust to grass: The story of Wajir Stadium|date=1 June 2026|access-date=5 June 2026|newspaper=Daily Nation|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/wajir/the-story-of-wajir-stadium-5480910|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602060656/https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/wajir/the-story-of-wajir-stadium-5480910|archive-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> Kuyana na Pulezidenti William Ruto, vingaŵa vyakukwana Ksh. 900 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lodite |first=Cynthia |date=12 February 2026 |title=Wajir County set to host 2026 Madaraka Day celebrations |url=https://peopledaily.digital/news/wajir-county-set-to-host-2026-madaraka-day-celebrations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/xYnS5 |archive-date=5 June 2026 |access-date=5 June 2026 |website=People Daily}}</ref> Chikondwelero cha charu chose cha zuŵa la 63 cha Madaraka chikachitika pa Sitediyamu ya Wajir.<ref name="Daily Nation">{{Cite news|author=Steve Otieno|date=2 June 2026|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/wajir/wajir-stadium-bear-name-of-shortest-serving-cabinet-minister-5481562|newspaper=Daily Nation|access-date=3 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602234701/https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/wajir/wajir-stadium-bear-name-of-shortest-serving-cabinet-minister-5481562|archive-date=2 June 2026|title=Why Wajir Stadium will bear name of shortest-serving Cabinet minister}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakayowoyanga, Ahmed Abdullahi wakapempha kuti sitediyamu iyi yisinthe zina lake kuti ŵachindikenge Ahmed Mohamed Khalif, uyo wakaŵa nduna yakwamba ya Kabineti kufuma ku Wajir, ndipo pulezidenti wakazomera kuchita nthena. Ahmed wakasankhika na Pulezidenti Mwai Kibaki kuŵa Nduna ya Ntchito mu 2003, mwezi umoza ukaŵa kuti wandafwe mu ngozi ya ndege.<ref name="Daily Nation" /> Sitediyamu ya Wajir yizamuŵa yakwamba ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kuzengeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya pa charu chose, yili na malo ghakukhalapo ghakukwana 10,000, malo ghakuseŵelerapo mpira ghakumanyikwa, msewu wa maseŵero gha maseŵero gha mizere eyiti, vipinda vyakusinthiramo vya mazuŵa ghano, malo ghakukhalapo gha VIP, materasi ghakukhalapo, chibowo cha maji ghanandi.<ref name="From dust to grass" /> == Zina == Zina la Wajir likufumira ku ChiSomali ndipo likung'anamura “chigwa” panji “malo ghapasi.” Zina ili likufumira ku lizgu la ChiSomali lakuti ''Waji'' ilo likung'anamura “kusuzgika mu charu”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wajir |url=https://ifly.co.ke/ifly-destinations/wajir/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=iFly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}}{{Maboma ghamu Kenya}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Malo ghamu Kenya]] [[Category:Misumba yaboma yamu Kenya]] [[Category:Kenya]] 2z563xr18q0qurbu9qc6zlqhsr6rxjg 0 25468 122521 121839 2026-09-28T00:52:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Purial | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = El_Purial_OSM.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mapu ya El Purial | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = El Purial in Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|33|05|N|79|44|41|W|region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = [[Aguada de Moya]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!--<ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 129 | population_footnotes = <ref name=“EcuRed”> [https://www.ecured.cu/Purial_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Purial (Camajuaní) - EcuRed] </ref> | population_as_of = | population_total = 37 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = | official_name = El Purial }} '''El Purial''', wakuchemekaso '''Purial''', ni muzi wa ku [[Aguada de Moya]], [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Pardo |first1=Georges |title=The geology of Cuba |year=2009 |publisher=American Association of Petroleum Geologists |location=Tulsa, Okla |isbn=978-0-89181-065-0 |pages=23 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Office of Geography |first1=United States |title=Cuba : Official Standard Names Approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names |year=1963 |publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off. |location=Washington |pages=460 |language=English}}</ref> Kumwera kwa tawuni iyi kuli tumapiri uto tukucemeka [[Lomas El Purial]] panji Hills El Purial mu Cingelezi. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi kuli Aguada de Moya, kumwera kwa tawuni iyi kuli La [[Piedra, Camajuaní|Piedra]]. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi kuli [[La Luz, Cuba|La Luz]], [[CPA Benito Ramírez|CPA "Benito Ramírez"]], na [[Guerrero, Cuba|Guerrero]]. ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, El Purial ni malo agho ghakukolerana yayi na chuma panji ntchito. <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barroso |first1=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=68}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli mu malo gha vyakumera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulima. Vinthu vikuru comene vya mu caru ici ni: vyakurya vya shuga, hona, vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na viŵeto. Mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na msumba uwu muli mafakitale ghakujumpha 20, kusazgapo nyama na moŵa, kweniso fakitare yakupangiramo vinthu vyaulimi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Nyumba== Mu El Purial muli nyumba zinandi za mu tawuni. Pali masukulu ghaŵiri, ni [[Sukulu ya Leoncio Vidal (Camajuaní)|sukulu ya Leoncio Vidal]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=García Triana |first1=Mauro |last2=Eng Herrera |first2=Pedro |title=The Chinese in Cuba, 1847-now |url=https://archive.org/details/chineseincuba1840000garc |date=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham |isbn=978-0-7391-3343-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseincuba1840000garc/page/42 42] |language=English}}</ref> Zina ili lili kupokera kufuma kwa [[Leoncio Vidal]] wa ku Cuba,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pérez |first1=Francisco |last2=Serrano Rubio |first2=Violeta |title=Máximo Gómez : aproximación a su cronología, 1836-1905 |year=1986 |publisher=Editorial Academia |location=La Habana, Cuba |pages=81 |oclc=1024421297 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024421297 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Franqui |first1=Carlos |last2=Felix |first2=Georgette |last3=Kerrigan |first3=Elaine |last4=Freeman |first4=Phyllis |last5=St. Martin |first5=Hardie |last6=Franqui |first6=Carlos |title=Diary of the Cuban revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofcubanrevo0000fran |year=1980 |publisher=The Viking Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-27217-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diaryofcubanrevo0000fran/page/34 34]}}</ref> and [[Escuela Primaria Celestino Pacheco (Camajuaní)|Sukulu Yakwamba ya Celestino Pacheco]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>Chipatala mu chigaŵa ichi ni [[Consultorio Médico 17 (Camajuaní)|Consultorio Médico 17]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Purial, Camajuaní |url=https://cuba-streets.openalfa.com/places/el-purial-camajuani |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=cuba-streets.openalfa.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> == Malo == Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica na wa Camajuaní ndiwo ni misewu yikuru comene mu tawuni iyi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose mu tawuni iyi mukuŵa chithukivu cha madigiri 30.29 na madigiri 21.66. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi ndipo zikujumpha pa 8.3 km pa ora. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Ku tawuni iyi kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene pa chaka. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Mbili== Uthenga wakwamba wakulongosora za malo agha ngwakufuma mu 1703. Mu cigaŵa ici, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene ndipo vikafika pa vigaŵa vyose vya umoyo wa cuma, ndyali na wa ŵanthu. Pakuyowoya za zina la cigaŵa ico tawuni iyi yili, Camajuaní, pali Mabaibolo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuzomerezgeka comene ndigho ghakuyowoya za lizgu ili, ilo likufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ilo likung'anamura mlonga uwo ukuskamba mu madambo ghake, ndipo likung'anamura, pakati pa vinyake, maji ghakutowa, ghakutowa na ghakwenda. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chigaluka chakwamba mu vyaru ivi chikachitika pa Febuluwale 14, 1869, ndipo mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Salome Hernández wa ku [[Venezuela]], uyo wakagwiranga nchito mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa na nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa Jesús del Sol, Aquilino Tuñón, na Diego Dorado. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Pa Epulero 25 wa chaka chenechicho, dokotala Juan Bruno Zayas wakawuka kufuma ku munda wapafupi mu Vega Alta, pamoza na gulu lakwamba la ŵasilikari mu Villa Clara ya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Mubali Leoncio Vidal Caro, kweniso Mubali Roberto Méndez Peñate na Rafael Casallas. Vidal ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira kwa Santa Clara pa Malichi 23, 1896. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Mu vyaka vya Repubulika la New Colonial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito. Vyaka ivi vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi; ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vya shuga na hona ŵakacitanga maungano gha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kuti ŵavikilire vilato vyawo, nga ni kunanga kwa ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira kuti ŵasangire ndalama zakupambana na za ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na batistato. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca mulimo uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika ni Anastasio Cárdenas Ávila, uyo wakafwa ku Trinidad, na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa mu nkhondo ya Sierra Maestra, ndipo wakapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari cifukwa ca nkhongono zake. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa umo nkhondo iyi yikendera cikaŵa kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo [[Camilo Cienfuegos, Villa Clara|Camilo Cienfuegos]] na Ernesto Che Guevara, mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira, ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, mu Playa Girón na pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhondo. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Chikhalidwe== Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha, nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Wovwirani kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la vyakusanguluska, makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuvina, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na vinyake. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chikondwelero chakukhora chomene mu chigaŵa chose ichi ni parranda, chiphikiro icho chikuchitika mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Cuba, icho chikababikira ku Remedios, ndipo lero ni chiphikiro chakukondweska chomene ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, uko kuli sumu, kuvina, vyakusanguluska vya pulasitiki na vyakuponya moto. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Aguada de Moya]] 2axm2uoeju67pos9fht635pys49k0bd 0 25470 122499 119517 2026-09-28T00:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Rural Town | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Camajuani city map Chorreron.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Chorreron (red) in Aguada de Moya (orange) in Camajuani. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|latitude|longitude|type:city|display=inline,title}} --> | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Cuba|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Consejo popular (Cuba)|Ward]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Aguada de Moya]] | established_title = First settled | established_date = 1703 | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name=“EcuRed”> [https://www.ecured.cu/Chorrer%C3%B3n_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Chorrerón (Camajuaní) - EcuRed] </ref> | population_as_of = | population_total = 614 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 52500 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postalcodeinfo.com/cuba/place-aguada_de_moya-camajuani_-villa_clara-3 | title=Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Postal Code - Pin Code of Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba - Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Zip Code }}</ref> | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = | official_name = Chorrerón }} '''Chorrerón''' ni tawuni yichoko mu [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 614. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Matawuni ghanyake agho ghali pafupi nagho ni Vega de Palma, Vega Alta, Tarafa, Taguayabón, San Benigno, Vueltas, na Oliver. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chorreron, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Postal Code - Pin Code of Chorreron, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba - Chorreron, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Zip Code |url=https://www.postalcodeinfo.com/cuba/place-chorreron-camajuani_-villa_clara-3 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.postalcodeinfo.com}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Mu tawuni iyi muli sukulu yimoza, iyo ni iyi: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> *[[Escuela Primaria Isidro Glez|Isidro Glez Primary]] Ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasanga candulo cikuru comene cifukwa lero ŵali na maofesi gha munkhwala, maofesi gha munthavi gha mazuŵa ghano, na maofesi ghanyake gha munthavi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, Chorrerón ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kutimbanizga vinthu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli mu malo gha vyakumera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulima. Vinthu vikuru comene vya mu caru ici ni: vyakurya vya shuga, hona, vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na viŵeto. Mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na msumba uwu muli mafakitale ghakujumpha 20, kusazgapo nyama na moŵa, kweniso fakitare yakupangiramo vinthu vyaulimi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Malo== [[Mlonga wa Sagua la Chica]] na wa [[Mlonga wa Camajuaní|Camajuaní]] ndiwo ni misewu yikuru comene mu tawuni iyi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kwenda makora, ndipo ghakaŵa na madambo ghanandi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chifukwa cha malo agha, zuŵa lililose mu tawuni iyi mukuŵa chithukivu cha madigiri 30.29 na madigiri 21.66. Mphepo zikufuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi ndipo zikujumpha pa 8.3 km pa ora. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Ku tawuni iyi kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene pa chaka. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ===Arroyo Chorrerón=== {{Location map|Cuba Camajuaní| caption = Arroyo Chorrerón| label = Arroyo Chorrerón|position=right|lat=22.58333|long=-79.68333}} Ili na zina la [[Arroyo Chorrerón, Camajuaní|Arroyo Chorrerón]], kumpoto kwa chigawa ya [[Batalla de Santa Clara (Camajuaní)|Batalla de Santa Clara]]. Umoyo wa mu savani. Kutentha kwapakati ndi 24 °C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Meyi, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Janyuwale, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Meyi. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamita 1,677. Mwezi uwo kukulokwa maji ghanandi ni Meyi, ndipo kukulokwa maji ghakukwana mamilimita 263. <ref>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130806035941/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name=“nasa”>{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Arroyo Chorrerón | 16| 25| 25 | 18| 27| 44 | 17| 29| 44 | 19| 33| 129 | 20| 33| 263 | 21| 31| 199 | 21| 29| 192 | 22| 29| 202 | 21| 27| 222 | 21| 26| 259 | 18| 26| 74 | 17| 24| 25 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Mbili== Uthenga wakwamba wakulongosora za malo agha ngwakufuma mu [[1703]]. Mu cigaŵa ici, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene ndipo vikafika pa vigaŵa vyose vya umoyo wa cuma, ndyali na wa ŵanthu. Pakuyowoya za zina la cigaŵa ico tawuni iyi yili, Camajuaní, pali Mabaibolo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakuzomerezgeka comene ndigho ghakuyowoya za lizgu ili, ilo likufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ilo likung'anamura mlonga uwo ukuskamba mu madambo ghake, ndipo likung'anamura, pakati pa vinyake, maji ghakutowa, ghakutowa na ghakwenda. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chigaluka chakwamba mu vyaru ivi chikachitika pa [[Febuluwale 14]], [[1869]], ndipo mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Salome Hernández wa ku [[Venezuela]], uyo wakagwiranga nchito mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa na nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa Jesús del Sol, Aquilino Tuñón, na Diego Dorado. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Pa [[Epulero 25]] wa chaka chenechicho, dokotala [[Juan Bruno Zayas]] wakawuka kufuma ku munda wapafupi mu [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]], pamoza na gulu lakwamba la ŵasilikari mu Villa Clara ya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Mubali [[Leoncio Vidal Caro]], kweniso Mubali Roberto Méndez Peñate na Rafael Casallas. Vidal ndiyo wakalongozga kuwukira kwa [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]] pa [[Malichi 23]], [[1896]]. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Mu vyaka vya [[Repubulika la New Colonial (Cuba)|Repubulika la New Colonial]], ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito. Vyaka ivi vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi; ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vya shuga na hona ŵakacitanga maungano gha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kuti ŵavikilire vilato vyawo, nga ni kunanga kwa ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira kuti ŵasangire ndalama zakupambana na za ŵantchito ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakwambilira. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Pakukhumba kuti charu chiŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na batistato. Ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakapeleka umoyo wawo cifukwa ca mulimo uwu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika ni Anastasio [[Cárdenas, Cuba|Cárdenas]] Ávila, uyo wakafwa ku [[Trinidad]], na Andrés Cuevas Heredia, uyo wakafwa mu nkhondo ya Sierra Maestra, ndipo wakapika udindo wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari cifukwa ca nkhongono zake. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa umo nkhondo iyi yikendera cikaŵa kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo [[Camilo Cienfuegos]] na [[Ernesto Che Guevara]], mu nyengo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira, ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalongora kuti mbakunozgeka kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari. Ŵakaŵapo pakurwa nkhondo na vigeŵenga, mu [[Playa Girón, Cuba|Playa Girón]] na pakuparanya ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake pa nkhondo. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Chikhalidwe== Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha, nga ni Raúl Planas, Omar González, Juan Manuel García, kweniso Leoncio Yanes na Ruperto Delgado Limendux. Wovwirani kuti muzi uwu uŵe na gulu la vyakusanguluska, makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuvina, malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, na vinyake. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> Chikondwelero chakukhora chomene mu chigaŵa chose ichi ni parranda, chiphikiro icho chikuchitika mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Cuba, icho chikababikira ku Remedios, ndipo lero ni chiphikiro chakukondweska chomene ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, uko kuli sumu, kuvina, vyakusanguluska vya pulasitiki na vyakuponya moto. <ref name=“EcuRed”/> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Aguada de Moya]] d5k7clsexr0nbtv7a0sdwhdupashv8y 0 25507 122548 122348 2026-09-28T01:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Unique numeric book identifier since 1970}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{Infobox identifier|name=International Standard Book Number|image=EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg|image_caption=A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an [[International Article Number|EAN-13 bar code]]|acronym=ISBN|start_date={{Start date and age|1970}}|organisation=International ISBN Agency<!-- Yes, they are really called the International International Standard Book Number Agency -->|digits=13 (formerly 10)|check_digit=Weighted sum|example=978-3-16-148410-0|website={{url|isbn-international.org}}}} Nambala ya '''International Standard Book Number''' (ISBN) ni nambara iyo yikulongora umo mabuku ghakuguliskikira. Ŵakupharazga ŵakugura panji kupokera mazina gha ISBN ku wupu unyake wa International ISBN Agency.<ref>{{cite web |title=The International ISBN Agency |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224032510/https://www.isbn-international.org/ |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN (International Number Number Number) ndipo para lafuma likuŵa na ISBN. Mwachiyelezgero, buku la pa kompyuta, buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghafinyi, na buku lakupelekeka mu mapepara ghakusuzga, waliyose waŵenge na ISBN yake. Nambala ya ISBN njitali manambara 10 usange yapika pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike, ndipo njitali manambara 13 usange yapika pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake. Nthowa yakupelekera ISBN yikupambana mu vyaru na vyaru, ndipo kanandi yikuthemba pa unandi wa mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu vyaru ivi. Mtundu wakwambilira wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967, kufuma pa manambara 9 gha Standard Book Numbering (SBN). Gulu la pa charu chose lakuwona vya ndembera (International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) ndilo likapangiska ISBN ya manambara 10. Mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na ŵanthu ŵekha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na ISBN yayi. Nyengo zinyake wupu wa International ISBN Agency ndiwo ukupeleka mazina gha mabuku agha. Nambara yinyake iyo yikovwira kumanya mabuku nga ni magazini na manyuzipepara ni International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). International Standard Music Number (ISMN) yikung'anamura sumu. == {{anchor|SBN}}Mbili == Nambara ya Buku (SBN) ni nthowa yakupangira mabuku iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha manambara 9. Mu 1965, WHSmith, uyo wakuguliska mabuku ku Britain, wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuŵika manambara gha mabuku ghake. Ŵakalemba ntchito ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire, ndipo Gordon Foster, uyo wakaŵa pulofesa wa masamu pa Trinity College ku Dublin ndiyo wakambiska nthowa iyi. Wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation ukakhumbanga kusintha SBN ya ku Britain kuti yiŵe yakovwira pa caru cose. Mtundu wa ISBN ukapangika mu 1967 ku United Kingdom na David Whitaker (uyo wakucemeka "Wiske wa ISBN") ndipo mu 1968 ku United States na Emery Koltay (uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulongozgi wa U.S. Wupu wa ISBN R. R. Bowker).<ref name="niso.org">{{citation|url=http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf|title=Emery Koltay, David Whitaker Named NISO Fellows|journal=Information Standards Quarterly|date=July 1996|pages=12–13|volume=8|number=3|publisher=National Information Standards Organization|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804153745/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=US ISBN Agency |title=Bowker.com – Products |url=http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219215516/http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |archive-date=19 December 2003 |access-date=11 June 2015 |publisher=Commerce.bowker.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gregory |first=Daniel |title=ISBN |url=http://www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516011735/http%3A//www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |archive-date=16 May 2016 |access-date=11 June 2015 |publisher=PrintRS}}</ref> Fomu ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikapangika na wupu wa ISO ndipo yikalembeka mu 1970 nga ni ISO 2108. Ku United Kingdom ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira nchito nambara ya SBN m'paka mu 1974. Wupu wakuwona vya masisiteri (International ISBN Agency) ndiwo uli na mazaza gha kulembeska masisiteri pa charu chose. Pa Intaneti pali mabuku gha ISO agho ghakulongosora waka vya mu 1978. Nambala ya SBN yingasinthika kuŵa ISBN mwa kuŵikapo chilembo cha "0". Mwaciyelezgero, magazini yaciŵiri ya Mr. J. Wakayama G. Reeder Returns, ilo likalembeka na Hodder mu 1965, lili na "SBN 340 01381 8", apo "340" likung'anamura mupharazgi. Para nambala iyi yalembeka pambere nambara yindalembeke, yingazgoka <nowiki>ISBN 0-340-01381-8</nowiki>; nambara iyi yikukhumbikwa yayi kuŵerengaso. Ŵakupharazga ŵanyake, nga ni Ballantine Books, nyengo zinyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito manambara 12 gha SBNs apo manambara ghatatu ghaumaliro ghakalongoranga mtengo wa buku; nga ni umo viliri na Woodstock Handmade Houses. Kwambira pa Janyuwale 1, 2007, manambara gha ISBN ghali na manambara 13, ndipo ghakukolerana na manambara gha "Bookland" agho ghali na manambara 13..<ref name="LAC FAQ">{{cite web |author=TC 46/SC 9 |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the new ISBN standard from ISO |url=http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160919/http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |website=lac-bac.gc.ca |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Kuona mwapatali patali == Buku lililose likuŵa na ISBN yake (pakuleka kupulinta). Mwaciyelezgero, buku la e-book, la ma audiobook, la mapepara ghapusu, na la buku limoza, lili na ISBN yakupambana.:12 ISBN njitali manambara 13 usange yili kulembeka pa 1 Janyuwale 2007 panji pamanyuma pake, ndipo njitali manambara 10 usange yili kulembeka pambere chaka cha 2007 chindafike.{{efn|name=conversion}}<ref name="LAC FAQ" /> Nambala ya International Standard Book Number yili na vigaŵa vinayi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 10) panji vigaŵa vinkhondi (para ni ISBN ya manambara 13). Pa chigaŵa cha 5 mu buku la International ISBN Agency's official user manual:11 pali kulembeka umo ISBN ya manambara 13 yiliri: [[File:ISBN_Details.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISBN_Details.svg|thumb|Vigaŵa vya ISBN ya manambara 10, EAN-13 na barcode. Wonani manambara agho ghali mu chigaŵa chilichose. Chigaŵa cha EAN-13 icho chili na zina lakuti "EAN" ni code ya charu cha Bookland.]] # pa ISBN ya manambara 13, chigaŵa chakwamba   a GS1 prefix: mpaka sono GS1 yapeleka 978 panji 979, # chigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska (gulu la vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza, charu chimoza panji chigaŵa chimoza),{{efn|Some books have several codes in the first block: e.g. A. M. Yaglom's ''Correlation Theory...'', published by [[Springer Verlag]], has two ISBNs, {{ISBNT|0-387-96331-6|3-540-96331-6|leadout=and}}. Though Springer's 387 and 540 codes are different for English (0) and German (3); the same item number 96331 produces the same check digit for both (6). Springer uses 431 as the publisher code for Japanese (4), and 4-431-96331-? also has a check digit of 6. Other Springer books in English have publisher code 817, and 0-817-96331-? would also have a check digit of 6. This suggests that special considerations were made for assigning Springer's publisher codes, as random assignments of different publisher codes would not be expected to lead by coincidence to the same check digit every time for the same item number. Finding publisher codes for English and German, say, with this effect would amount to solving a linear equation in modular arithmetic.{{Original research inline|This note may contain original research|date=May 2019}}}} # chigaŵa cha uyo wakulembeska, # chigaŵa cha kufumiska, na # Chilembo cha checksum panji chilembo cha digito. Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vyake (vigaŵa vyakwambilira, gulu la kulembeska, munthu uyo wali kulembeska, buku, na nambara ya kuwoneskera), ndipo para vyaŵa nthena, kanandi vigaŵa ivi vikugaŵikana na vilembo vyambura kulembeka. Kugaŵa vigaŵa vya ISBN ya manambara 10 (gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵali kulembeska, awo ŵalembeka, na awo ŵali na nambara iyo ŵakukhumba kuwona) kukucitikaso na ma hyphens panji malo. Ntchipusu yayi kupambaniska makora ISBN, chifukwa vigaŵa vinandi vikugwiliskira ntchito manambara ghanandi yayi.{{efn|The International ISBN Agency's ''ISBN User's Manual'' says: "The ten-digit number is divided into four parts of variable length, which must be separated clearly, by hyphens or spaces", although omission of separators is permitted for internal data processing. If present, hyphens must be correctly placed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation|title=ISBN Ranges|date=2014|publisher=International ISBN Agency|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101326/https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation|url-status=live}}</ref> The actual definition for hyphenation contains more than 220 different registration group elements with each one broken down into a few to several ranges for the length of the registrant element (more than 1,000 total). The document defining the ranges, listed by agency, is 29 pages.}} === Issuing process === Kufumiska ISBN nkhwakuyana waka na charu chilichose, chifukwa ni wupu uwo uli na mazaza pa charu ichi. Vinthu ivyo vikulembeka pa ISBN vikuthemba pa umo mabuku ghakusindikizgika mu charu icho, ntheura vikupambana kuyana na unandi wa mabuku, na unandi, mtundu, na ukuru wa awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Maofesi ghanyake ghakulembeka mazina gha visopa ghakusangika mu malaibulale panji mu maofesi gha boma ghakuwona vya kusambizga ŵanthu Baibolo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nchito ya kulembeska ISBN yikucitika na mawupu agho ghakupokera ndalama yayi kufuma ku boma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=ISBN Canada |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/isbn-canada/Pages/isbn-canada.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421235618/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/services/isbn-canada/Pages/isbn-canada.aspx |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=19 January 2016 |website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada|LAC]]}}</ref> Maofesi ghose gha ISBN ghali pa webusayiti ya International ISBN Agency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find an agency – International ISBN Agency |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/agencies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420020626/https://www.isbn-international.org/agencies |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=isbn-international.org}}</ref> Pa vyaru ivi pali vigaŵa vichoko waka: * Australia – Thorpe-Bowker<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Australian ISBN Agency |url=https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/US_isbn_agency |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416201605/https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/US_isbn_agency |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=23 January 2016 |publisher=[[R. R. Bowker|THORPE-Bowker]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=Bowker – ISBN |url=https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/main |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074747/https://www.myidentifiers.com.au/isbn/main |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Thorpe-Bowker}}</ref> * Brazil – The [[:en:National_Library_of_Brazil|National Library of Brazil]];<ref name="ISBN BR OLD">{{cite web |title=Tabela de preços dos serviços |trans-title=Table of service prices |url=http://www.isbn.bn.br/website/tabela-de-precos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018035854/http://www.isbn.bn.br/website/tabela-de-precos |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=8 September 2015 |publisher=[[National Library of Brazil|Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil]] |language=pt}}</ref> (Up to 28 February 2020)<ref name="isbn-international.org">{{cite web |title=Changes in arrangements for ISBN in Brazil |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/content/changes-arrangements-isbn-brazil/333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220210/https://www.isbn-international.org/content/changes-arrangements-isbn-brazil/333 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> * Brazil – Câmara Brasileira do Livro<ref name="ISBN BR">{{cite web |title=ISBN Brasil |url=http://www.isbn.org.br/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508084634/https://servicos.cbl.org.br/isbn/ |archive-date=8 May 2020 |access-date=20 January 2020 |language=pt}}</ref> (From 1 March 2020)<ref name="isbn-international.org" /> * Canada – English [[:en:Library_and_Archives_Canada|Library and Archives Canada]], a government agency; French [[:en:Bibliothèque_et_Archives_nationales_du_Québec|Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec]]; * Colombia – Cámara Colombiana del Libro, an NGO * Hong Kong – Books Registration Office (BRO), under the [[:en:Hong_Kong_Public_Libraries|Hong Kong Public Libraries]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to Books Registration |url=https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/services/book-registration/introduction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420065651/https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/services/book-registration/introduction.html |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=12 January 2017 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Public Libraries|HKPL]]}}</ref> * Iceland – Landsbókasafn ([[:en:National_and_University_Library_of_Iceland|National and University Library of Iceland]]) * India – The [[:en:Raja_Rammohun_Roy_National_Agency_for_ISBN|Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN]] (Book Promotion and Copyright Division), under Department of Higher Education, a constituent of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Union HRD Minister Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani Launches ISBN Portal |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626201908/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138686 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]]}}</ref> * Israel – The Israel Center for Libraries<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=What is an ISBN ? |url=https://www.icl.org.il/isbn-eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232205/https://www.icl.org.il/isbn-eng |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=ICL – מרכז הספר והספריות}}</ref> * Italy – ''EDISER srl'', owned by ''Associazione Italiana Editori'' (Italian Publishers Association)<ref>{{cite web |title=ISBN – Chi siamo e contatti |trans-title=ISBN – Who we are and contacts |url=http://www.isbn.it/LAGENZIA.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524222541/http://www.isbn.it/LAGENZIA.aspx |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=EDISER srl |language=it}}</ref><ref name="ediser-tariffs">{{cite web |title=ISBN – Tariffe Servizi ISBN |trans-title=ISBN Service Tariffs |url=https://www.isbn.it/TARIFFE.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103161540/http://www.isbn.it/TARIFFE.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=EDISER srl |language=it}}</ref> * Kenya – [[:en:National_Library_Service_of_Kenya|National Library of Kenya]] * Lebanon – [[:en:Lebanese_ISBN_Agency|Lebanese ISBN Agency]] * Maldives – The [[:en:National_Bureau_of_Classification_(NBC)|National Bureau of Classification (NBC)]] * Malta – The [[:en:National_Book_Council|National Book Council]] ({{lang-mt|Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|link=no}})<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=ISBN |url=http://ktieb.org.mt/?page_id=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023123140/http://ktieb.org.mt/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 October 2016 |publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Manwal ghall-Utenti tal-ISBN|url=http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf|publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|language=mt|location=[[Malta]]|edition=6th|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN|archive-date=17 August 2016|pages=1–40|isbn=978-99957-889-4-0|access-date=14 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta' Malta |url=https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-%2023%20January.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220053/https://govcms.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20Gazette/Documents/2015/01/Government%20Gazette%20-%2023%20January.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Government Gazette |page=582}}</ref> * Morocco – The National Library of Morocco * New Zealand – The [[:en:National_Library_of_New_Zealand|National Library of New Zealand]]<ref name="NLNZ">{{cite web |title=ISBNs, ISSNs, and ISMNs |url=http://natlib.govt.nz/publishers-and-authors/isbns-issns-and-ismns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423113348/https://natlib.govt.nz/publishers-and-authors/isbns-issns-and-ismns |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=19 January 2016 |publisher=[[National Library of New Zealand]]}}</ref> * Nigeria – [[:en:National_Library_of_Nigeria|National Library of Nigeria]] * Pakistan – [[:en:National_Library_of_Pakistan|National Library of Pakistan]] * Philippines – [[:en:National_Library_of_the_Philippines|National Library of the Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |title=International Standard Book Number |url=http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node%2F645 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419212749/http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node%2F645 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |access-date=25 December 2017 |publisher=[[National Library of the Philippines|NLP]]}}</ref> * South Africa – [[:en:National_Library_of_South_Africa|National Library of South Africa]] * Spain – [https://www.agenciaisbn.es/ Spanish ISBN Agency – Agencia del ISBN] * Turkey – General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, a branch of the [[:en:Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)|Ministry of Culture]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ISBN – Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü OS |url=http://ekygm.gov.tr/isbn.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419234147/http://ekygm.gov.tr/isbn.html |archive-date=19 April 2020 |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=ekygm.gov.tr}}</ref> * United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland – ''Nielsen Book Services Ltd'', part of [[:en:Nielsen_Holdings|Nielsen Holdings]] N.V.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nielsen UK ISBN Agency |url=https://www.nielsenisbnstore.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029082349/http://www.nielsenisbnstore.com/ |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Nielsen UK ISBN Agency}}</ref> * United States – [[:en:R._R._Bowker|R. R. Bowker]]<ref name="ktieb">{{cite book|title=Manwal ghall-Utenti tal-ISBN|url=http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf|publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb|edition=6th|language=mt|location=[[Malta]]|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN|archive-date=17 August 2016|page=5|isbn=978-99957-889-4-0|access-date=14 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2013 |title=Bowker – ISBN |url=http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/servident_isbn.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331032631/http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/servident_isbn.shtml |archive-date=31 March 2015 |access-date=8 March 2013 |publisher=R. R. Bowker}}</ref> === Chigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska === {{anchor|Registration Group identifier}} {{anchor|ISBN format}} TChigaŵa cha gulu la kulembeska ISBN ni nambara ya manambara 1 m'paka 5 iyo yili na chigaŵa chimoza pera (ya 978 panji 979): 11 ndipo yingapatukana na "978-1-"... Magulu gha kulembeska ghakapelekeka mu chigaŵa cha 978 prefix. Mabungwe gha cilembo cimoza mu cigaŵa ca 978 ni: 0 panji 1 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi; 2 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci; 3 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cigerman; 4 ku Japan; 5 ku vyaru vya ciyowoyero ca Cirushiya; na 7 ku China. Chiyelezgero cha gulu la manambara ghankhondi ni 99936, ku Bhutan. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalipo ni agha: 05, 600, 625, 65, 7, 8094, 950, 989, 9917 na 99901. Mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu viyowoyero vichoko chomene kanandi ghakukhala nyengo yitali. Mu chigaŵa cha 979, chigaŵa cha kulembeska chigaŵa cha 0 chili kulembeka kuti chiŵe chakukolerana na International Standard Music Numbers (ISMNs), kweni chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ISBN yayi. Magulu gha kulembeska agho ghalembeka mu chigaŵa cha 979 ni 8 ku United States of America, 10 ku France, 11 ku Republic of Korea, na 12 ku Italyy.<ref name="C4WDefault-5691881">{{cite web |author=International ISBN Agency |date=5 December 2014 |title=International ISBN Agency – Range Message (pdf sorted by prefix) |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/export_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229084400/https://www.isbn-international.org/export_rangemessagebyprefix.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |website=isbn-international.org |page=29}}</ref> The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. === Registrant element === Wupu wa ku caru cose ukupeleka ISBN (cf. Wupu uwu ukupeleka zina la ISBN ku buku lililose. Mu vyaru vinandi, dango likukhumba yayi kuti mulembi wa mabuku wapelekenge ISBN, nangauli mu mashopu ghanandi ghakurughakuru mukusangika mabuku agho ghali na ISBN. Wupu wa International ISBN Agency ndiwo ukulemba mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni awo ŵali na mazina agha. Mungapenja pa Intaneti. Ŵapharazgi ŵakupokera mazina ghakupambanapambana gha ISBN, ndipo mazina ghakurughakuru ghakupelekeka ku ŵapharazgi awo ŵakukhazga kuti ghaŵawovwirenge. Para mabokosi gha ISBN ghasangika, mupharazgi wangapokera mabokosi ghanyake gha ISBN agho ghali na chigaŵa chakupambana cha uyo wakulembeska. Ntheura, mupharazgi wangaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya munthu wakulembeska. Kweniso mu charu chimoza mungaŵa vimanyikwiro vinandi vya gulu la kulembeska. Ivi vingacitika para ŵanthu wose awo ŵali kulembeska mu gulu limoza ŵapelekeka ku ŵapharazgi. Pakugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, mawupu ghakulembesa mabuku ghangaŵa na mwaŵi wa kupeleka mazina ghakupambanapambana ku awo ŵakulemba mabuku. Mwaciyelezgero, mupharazgi mulara wangapika mabokosi gha ISBN apo manambara ghachoko ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulembeska ndipo manambara ghanandi ghali kupelekeka ku munthu uyo wakulemba mabuku.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Splane|first=Lily|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54527545|title=The book book : a complete guide to creating a book on your computer|date=2002|publisher=Anaphase II|isbn=0-945962-14-2|edition=2nd|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=54527545}}</ref> Apa pali ma code gha ISBN agho ghakulongora umo ma block ghakupambanirana. {| class="wikitable" !ISBN !Charu panji chigaŵa !Wakulemba |- |<code>99921-58-10-7</code><!--ISBN 978-99921-58-10-4--> |Qatar |NCCAH, Doha |- |<code>9971-5-0210-0</code><!--ISBN 978-9971-5-0210-2--> |Singapore |World Scientific |- |<code>960-425-059-0</code><!--ISBN 978-960-425-059-2--> |Greece |Sigma Publications |- |<code>80-902734-1-6</code><!--ISBN 978-80-902734-1-2--> |Czech Republic; Slovakia |Taita Publishers |- |<code>85-359-0277-5</code><!--ISBN 978-80-902734-1-2--> |Brazil |Companhia das Letras |- |<code>1-84356-028-3</code><!--ISBN 978-0-14-015098-8--> |English-speaking area |Simon Wallenberg Press |- |<code>0-684-84328-5</code><!--ISBN 978-0-684-84328-5--> |English-speaking area |Scribner |- |<code>0-8044-2957-X</code><!--ISBN 978-0-8044-2957-3--> |English-speaking area |Frederick Ungar |- |<code>0-85131-041-9</code><!--ISBN 978-0-85131-041-1--> |English-speaking area |J. A. Allen & Co. |- |<code>93-86954-21-4</code><!--ISBN 978-93-86954-21-3--> |English-speaking area |Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd. |- |<code>0-943396-04-2</code><!--ISBN 978-0-943396-04-0--> |English-speaking area |Willmann–Bell |- |<code>0-9752298-0-X</code><!--ISBN 978-0-9752298-0-4--> |English-speaking area |KT Publishing |} ==== Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ==== Vigaŵa vya gulu la kulembeska mu Cingelezi ni 0 na 1 (vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vyakujumpha 220 vya gulu la kulembeska). Vinthu viŵiri ivi vya gulu la kulembeska vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vya munthu wakulembeska mu ndondomeko iyo yikovwira kumanya utali wake, nga ni umo vikuŵira:<ref name="C4WDefault-9122662">{{cite web |author1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 September 2014 <!-- No date available; last modification date used. --> |title=ISBN Ranges |url=https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429101326/https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation |archive-date=29 April 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=isbn-international.org |publisher=International ISBN Agency}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Publication element length ! colspan="3" |0 – Registration group element ! colspan="3" |1 – Registration group element ! rowspan="2" |Total Registrants |- !From !To !Registrants !From !To !Registrants |- !6 digits |0-00-xxxxxx-x |0-19-xxxxxx-x |20 |1-01-xxxxxx-x 1-04-xxxxxx-x |1-02-xxxxxx-x 1-06-xxxxxx-x |5 |25 |- !5 digits |0-200-xxxxx-x 0-229-xxxxx-x 0-370-xxxxx-x 0-640-xxxxx-x 0-646-xxxxx-x 0-649-xxxxx-x 0-656-xxxxx-x |0-227-xxxxx-x 0-368-xxxxx-x 0-638-xxxxx-x 0-644-xxxxx-x 0-647-xxxxx-x 0-654-xxxxx-x 0-699-xxxxx-x |494 |1-000-xxxxx-x 1-030-xxxxx-x 1-100-xxxxx-x 1-714-xxxxx-x |1-009-xxxxx-x 1-034-xxxxx-x 1-397-xxxxx-x 1-716-xxxxx-x |316 |810 |- !4 digits |0-2280-xxxx-x 0-3690-xxxx-x 0-6390-xxxx-x 0-6550-xxxx-x 0-7000-xxxx-x |0-2289-xxxx-x 0-3699-xxxx-x 0-6397-xxxx-x 0-6559-xxxx-x 0-8499-xxxx-x |1,538 |1-0350-xxxx-x 1-0700-xxxx-x 1-3980-xxxx-x 1-6500-xxxx-x 1-6860-xxxx-x 1-7170-xxxx-x 1-7900-xxxx-x 1-8672-xxxx-x 1-9730-xxxx-x |1-0399-xxxx-x 1-0999-xxxx-x 1-5499-xxxx-x 1-6799-xxxx-x 1-7139-xxxx-x 1-7319-xxxx-x 1-7999-xxxx-x 1-8675-xxxx-x 1-9877-xxxx-x |2,852 |4,390 |- !3 digits |0-85000-xxx-x |0-89999-xxx-x |5,000 |1-55000-xxx-x 1-68000-xxx-x 1-74000-xxx-x 1-77540-xxx-x 1-77650-xxx-x 1-77830-xxx-x 1-80000-xxx-x 1-83850-xxx-x 1-86760-xxx-x |1-64999-xxx-x 1-68599-xxx-x 1-77499-xxx-x 1-77639-xxx-x 1-77699-xxx-x 1-78999-xxx-x 1-83799-xxx-x 1-86719-xxx-x 1-86979-xxx-x |22,310 |27,310 |- !2 digits |0-900000-xx-x |0-949999-xx-x |50,000 |1-869800-xx-x 1-916506-xx-x 1-916908-xx-x 1-919655-xx-x 1-987800-xx-x 1-991200-xx-x |1-915999-xx-x 1-916869-xx-x 1-919599-xx-x 1-972999-xx-x 1-991149-xx-x 1-998989-xx-x |113,741 |163,741 |- !1 digit |0-6398000-x-x 0-6450000-x-x 0-6480000-x-x 0-9500000-x-x |0-6399999-x-x 0-6459999-x-x 0-6489999-x-x 0-9999999-x-x |522,000 |1-7320000-x-x 1-7750000-x-x 1-7764000-x-x 1-7770000-x-x 1-8380000-x-x 1-9160000-x-x 1-9168700-x-x 1-9196000-x-x 1-9911500-x-x 1-9989900-x-x |1-7399999-x-x 1-7753999-x-x 1-7764999-x-x 1-7782999-x-x 1-8384999-x-x 1-9165059-x-x 1-9169079-x-x 1-9196549-x-x 1-9911999-x-x 1-9999999-x-x |119,590 |641,590 |- ! colspan="3" |Total |579,052 ! colspan="2" |Total |258,814 |837,866 |} == Check digits == Chiŵerengero cha digito ni nthowa yakuwoneramo maubudi agho ghakovwira kumanya maubudi. Chiŵelengero ichi chili na nambara yimoza. Nthowa ya ISBN ya manambara 10 njakusazgikira kwa iyo ya SBNs, ntheura vyaru viŵiri ivi vikukolerana; SBN iyo yili na cero (ISBN ya manambara 10) yikuŵa na cikozgo cimoza na ca SBN kwambura cero. Chiŵerengero icho chikulembeka ni base 11, ndipo chingaŵa chiŵerengero chose pakati pa 0 na 9, panji 'X.' Nambala ya ISBN ya manambara 13 yikukolerana yayi na ya SBN ndipo kanandi yikupambana na ya manambara 10, ntheura yikuvikilirika yayi. Chifukwa ntchakuti nambara ya manambara 13 yikeneranga kukolerana na EAN, ntheura yikaŵanga na "X" yayi. === <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digits === Kuyana na buku la 2001 la International ISBN Agency's official user manual, nambara ya ISBN (iyo ni nambara yaumaliro ya nambara 10 ya ISBN) yikwenera kuŵa pakati pa 0 na 10 (chimanyikwiro cha 'X' chikung'anamura 10), ndipo yikwenera kuŵa yakuti nambara 10 zose, yimoza na yimoza yikwenera kuŵikamo (nambara yimoza), kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 1, ni nambara yimoza na 11. {{block indent|<math>\sum_{i = 1}^{10} (11-i)x_i \equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}} For example, for an <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-2: {{block indent|<math> \begin{align} s &= (0\times 10) + (3\times 9) + (0\times 8) + (6\times 7) + (4\times 6) + (0\times 5) + (6\times 4) + (1\times 3) + (5\times 2) + (2\times 1) \\ &= 0 + 27 + 0 + 42 + 24 + 0 + 24 + 3 + 10 + 2\\ &= 132 = 12\times 11. \end{align} </math>}} Formally, using [[:en:Modular_arithmetic|modular arithmetic]], this is rendered {{block indent|<math>(10x_1+9x_2+8x_3+7x_4+6x_5+5x_6+4x_7+3x_8+2x_9+x_{10})\equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}} It is also true for <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki>s that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by its weight in ''ascending'' order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this example: {{block indent|<math> \begin{align} s &= (0\times 1) + (3\times 2) + (0\times 3) + (6\times 4) + (4\times 5) + (0\times 6) + (6\times 7) + (1\times 8) + (5\times 9) + (2\times 10) \\ &= 0 + 6 + 0 + 24 + 20 + 0 + 42 + 8 + 45 + 20\\ &= 165 = 15\times 11. \end{align} </math>}} Formally, this is rendered {{block indent|<math>(x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3 + 4x_4 + 5x_5 + 6x_6 + 7x_7 + 8x_8 + 9x_9 + 10x_{10})\equiv 0 \pmod{11}.</math>}} The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki>s differ in at least two digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki>s with eight identical digits and two transposed digits. (These proofs are true because the ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a [[:en:Prime_number|prime number]].) The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN&nbsp;– the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in the publishing house and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN.<ref>For example, ''I'saka: a sketch grammar of a language of north-central New Guinea.'' Pacific Linguistics. ISBN "0-85883-554-4".</ref> In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely). === <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit calculation ===<!--"Damm algorithm" links here--> Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN&nbsp;– excluding the check digit itself&nbsp;– is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11. For example, the check digit for an <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows: {{block indent|<math> \begin{align} s &= (0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2)\\ &= 130. \end{align} </math>}} Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11) – this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. If the value of <math>x_{10}</math> required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used. Alternatively, [[:en:Modular_arithmetic|modular arithmetic]] is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The [[:en:Remainder|remainder]] of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of {{nobr|11 − 0 {{=}} 11}}, which is invalid. (Strictly speaking, the ''first'' "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.) For example, the check digit for the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> of 0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows: {{block indent|<math> \begin{align} s &= (11 - ( ( (0\times 10)+(3\times 9)+(0\times 8)+(6\times 7)+(4\times 6)+(0\times 5)+(6\times 4)+(1\times 3)+(5\times 2) ) \,\bmod\, 11 ) ) \,\bmod\, 11\\ &= (11 - ( (0 + 27 + 0 + 42 + 24 + 0 + 24 + 3 + 10 ) \,\bmod\, 11) ) \,\bmod\, 11\\ &= (11-((130) \,\bmod\, 11))\,\bmod\, 11 \\ &= (11-(9))\,\bmod\, 11 \\ &= (2)\,\bmod\, 11 \\ &= 2 \end{align} </math>}} Thus the check digit is 2. It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding <code>t</code> into <code>s</code> computes the necessary multiples:<syntaxhighlight lang="C"> // Returns ISBN error syndrome, zero for a valid ISBN, non-zero for an invalid one. // digits[i] must be between 0 and 10. int CheckISBN(int const digits[10]) { int i, s = 0, t = 0; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { t += digits[i]; s += t; } return s % 11; } </syntaxhighlight>The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case <code>s</code> could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid <nowiki>ISBN 99999-999-9-X</nowiki>), or <code>s</code> and <code>t</code> could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition. === <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit calculation === Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual<ref name="7th edition Users' Manual">{{cite book|url=https://www.kb.se/download/18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc/1531827912246/ISBN%20International%20Users%20Manual%20-%207th%20edition.pdf|title=ISBN Users' Manual, International Edition|edition=7th|date=2017|publisher=International ISBN Agency|location=London|isbn=978-92-95055-12-4|access-date=9 June 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194637/https://www.kb.se/download/18.71dda82e160c04f1cc412bc/1531827912246/ISBN%20International%20Users%20Manual%20-%207th%20edition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|33}} describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of [[:en:10_(number)|10]]. As ISBN is a subset of [[:en:International_Article_Number#Check_digit|EAN-13]], the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both. Formally, using [[:en:Modular_arithmetic|modular arithmetic]], this is rendered: {{block indent|<math>(x_1 + 3x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 + x_5 + 3x_6 + x_7 + 3x_8 + x_9 + 3x_{10} + x_{11} + 3x_{12} + x_{13} ) \equiv 0 \pmod{10}.</math>}} The calculation of an <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit begins with the first twelve digits of the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed [[:en:Modular_arithmetic|modulo]] 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results. For example, the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit of 978-0-306-40615-''?'' is calculated as follows:<!--This is what we'd like to do, but it is far too wide. :<math>\textstyle \begin{array}{rlllllllllllll} s &{}= 1 \times 9 &{}+ 3 \times 7 &{}+ 1 \times 8 &{}+ 3 \times 0 &{}+ 1 \times 3 &{}+ 3 \times 0 &{}+ 1 \times 6 &{}+ 3 \times 4 &{}+ 1 \times 0 &{}+ 3 \times 6 &{}+ 1 \times 1 &{}+ 3 \times 5 \\ &{}= 9 &{}+21 &{}+ 8 &{}+ 0 &{}+ 3 &{}+ 0 &{}+ 6 &{}+ 12 &{}+ 0 &{}+ 18 &{}+ 1 &{}+ 15 \\ &{}= 93 \end{array}</math>--> s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3 = 9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15 = 93 93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3 10 – 3 = 7 Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7</nowiki>. In general, the <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> check digit is calculated as follows. Let {{block indent|<math>r = \big(10 - \big(x_1 + 3x_2 + x_3 + 3x_4 + \cdots + x_{11} + 3x_{12}\big) \bmod 10\big).</math>}} Then {{block indent|<math> x_{13} = \begin{cases} r, & r < 10, \\ 0, & r = 10. \end{cases} </math>}} Njira iyi ya kuwoneskera njakuyana waka na nthowa ya UPC ya kuwoneskera manambara. Para pali mphambano pakati pa manambara ghaŵiri gha pafupi na limoza, manambara ghaŵiri agha ghakusangika yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, ciyelezgero ico cili pacanya apa cikulongora kuti para nambala 6 yalondezgeka na nambala 1, mbwenu pali suzgo. Para nambala iyi yalembeka mu ndondomeko yiwemi, yikwimira 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 = 19; kweni para nambala iyi yalembeka mu nthowa yinyake (1 na 6), yikwimira 3 × 1 + 1 × 6 = 9. Ndipouli, 19 na 9 vikuyana waka, ndipo vyose vikuyana waka. Fomula ya ISBN yikugwiliskira ntchito nambala ya nambala 11 iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kuwona vinthu mwambura kuwona. Kweniso usange manambara ghaŵiri, ghanayi, ghankhondi na limoza. === <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> to <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> conversion === ISBN yikuzgoka ISBN para pa ISBN pali mazgu ghakuti "978" na kupendeseraso chiŵelengero chaumaliro. Para nambala yikwamba na chilembo chinyake padera pa 978, yingaŵa yayi. === {{anchor|Cancelled ISBN}}Errors in usage === [[:en:Publishing|Publishers]] and [[:en:Library|libraries]] have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book Publishing I|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780973872705|last1=Lorimer|first1=Rowland|last2=Shoichet|first2=Jillian|last3=Maxwell|first3=John W.|publisher=CCSP Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9738727-0-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780973872705/page/299 299]}}</ref> For example, {{ISBN|0-590-76484-5}} is shared by two books – ''Ninja gaiden: a novel based on the best-selling game by Tecmo'' (1990) and ''Wacky laws'' (1997), both published by [[:en:Scholastic_Corporation|Scholastic]]. Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. The [[:en:Library_of_Congress|Library of Congress]] catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN".<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2013 |title=020 – International Standard Book Number (R) – MARC 21 Bibliographic – Full |url=https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd020.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105045654/http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bd020.html |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> However, book-ordering systems will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is entered to its search engine.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} The International Union Library Catalog (a.k.a., [[:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] [[:en:OCLC|OCLC]] – Online Computer Library Center system) often indexes by invalid ISBNs, if the book is indexed in that way by a member library.<ref>{{cite web |title=xISBN (Web service) |url=http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadmin/xoclcnum/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074452/http://xisbn.worldcat.org/xisbnadmin/xoclcnum/index.htm |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=27 May 2013 |publisher=Xisbn.worldcat.org}}</ref> === eISBN === Only the term "ISBN" should be used; the terms "eISBN" and "e-ISBN" have historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in one or more digital ([[:en:E-book|e-book]]) formats, each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three separate [[:en:EPUB|EPUB]], [[:en:Amazon_Kindle|Amazon Kindle]], and [[:en:PDF|PDF]] formats of a particular book will have its own specific ISBN. They should not share the ISBN of the paper version, and there is no generic "eISBN" which encompasses all the e-book formats for a title.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sellbox.com/myth-eisbn-every-ebook-edition-needs-unique-number/|title=The Myth of the eISBN Why Every eBook Edition Needs a Unique Number – Publishing services for self publishing authors and businesses|date=28 June 2013|work=Publishing services for self publishing authors and businesses|language=en-US|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155538/https://www.sellbox.com/myth-eisbn-every-ebook-edition-needs-unique-number/|url-status=live}}</ref> == EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading == Mazuŵa ghano, manambara agho ghali pa chikopi chakumasinda cha buku (panji mukati mwa chikopi chakunthazi cha buku la mapepara) ni EAN-13; ghangaŵa na manambara ghankhondi agho ghakulongora ndalama iyo munthu wakuguliska na mtengo wake. Pa manambara 10 gha ISBN, nambala ya "978", iyo ni Bookland "country code", yikwamba na ISBN mu barcode data, ndipo chiŵelengero cha check digit chikupendekaso kuyana na EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1× na 3× weighting on alternating digits). Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mazina ghanyake gha ISBN, wupu wa International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ukasintha mazina agha. Ndondomeko iyi yikamba pa Janyuwale 1, 2005, ndipo yikeneranga kumara pa Janyuwale 1, 2007. Kufumira mu 2011, manambara ghose 13 ghakwamba na 978. Pakuwona kuti nambala ya ISBN ya 978 yili kumara, ŵakalemba 979. Chigaŵa chimoza cha code 979 chikugwiliskirika ntchito na code ya Musicland pa sumu izo zili na ISMN. Makhodi gha ISMN gha manambara 10 ghakaŵa ghakupambana chifukwa ghakambanga na "M". Ma ISMN ghose sono ghali na manambara 13 agho ghakwamba na Template:Not a typo; Template:Not a typo to Template:Not a typo. Nambara ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero ichi yikuyana yayi na nambala ya chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero chinyake. Kweniso, nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 10 yikuyana yayi na nambara ya ISBN ya manambara 13. Chifukwa chakuti GTIN-13 ntchigaŵa cha Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (iyo yikusazgapo GTIN-14, GTIN-12, na GTIN-8), ISBN ya manambara 13 yili na manambara 14.<ref>{{Citation|title=Standards|contribution-url=http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp|contribution=Are You Ready for <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki>?|publisher=ISBN|access-date=14 October 2005|archive-date=31 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831082318/http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number|ASIN]] (Amazon Standard Identification Number) * [[:en:Book_Item_and_Component_Identifier|BICI]] (Book Item and Component Identifier) * [[:en:Special:BookSources|Book sources search]]&nbsp;– a Wikipedia resource that allows search by ISBNs * [[:en:CODEN|CODEN]] (serial publication identifier currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works) * [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|DOI]] (Digital Object Identifier) * [[:en:English_Short_Title_Catalogue|ESTC]] (English Short Title Catalogue) * [[:en:International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number|ISAN]] (International Standard Audiovisual Number) * [[:en:International_Standard_Recording_Code|ISRC]] (International Standard Recording Code) * [[:en:International_Standard_Text_Code|ISTC]] (International Standard Text Code) * [[:en:International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code|ISWC]] (International Standard Musical Work Code) * [[:en:ISWN|ISWN]] (International Standard Wine Number) * [[:en:Library_of_Congress_Control_Number|LCCN]] (Library of Congress Control Number) * {{ill|License number (East German books)|de|Lizenznummer}} (Book identification system used between 1951 and 1990 in the former GDR) * [[:en:List_of_group-0_ISBN_publisher_codes|List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes]] * [[:en:List_of_group-1_ISBN_publisher_codes|List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes]] * [[:en:List_of_ISBN_registration_groups|List of ISBN registration groups]] * [[:en:Serial_Item_and_Contribution_Identifier|SICI]] (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier) * [[:en:VD_16|VD 16]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Sixteenth Century") * [[:en:VD_17|VD 17]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Seventeenth Century") == Vinandi == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Wikidata property|P957|P212}} {{sisterlinks|d=Q33057|mw=Manual:ISBN|species=no|voy=no|wikt=ISBN|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=no|v=no|c=Category:ISBN}} <!--============================== NoMoreLinks ===============--> <!--DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS--> <!--If you think that your link might be useful, instead of placing it here, put--> <!--it on this article's discussion page first. Links that have not been verified--> <!--WILL BE DELETED. See WP:WPSPAM for motivation.--> <!--======================================================--> * [http://www.iso.org/standard/65483.html ISO 2108:2017 – International Standard Book Number (ISBN)] * [https://www.isbn-international.org/ International ISBN Agency]&nbsp;– coordinates and supervises the worldwide use of the ISBN system ** [https://www.isbn-international.org/range_file_generation Numerical List of Group Identifiers]&nbsp;– List of language/region prefixes ** [https://www.isbn.org/ISBN_converter Free conversion tool: <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> to <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> & <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> to <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki>] from the [http://www.isbn.org/ ISBN agency]. Also shows correct hyphenation & verifies if ISBNs are valid or not. * {{cite web |title=Guidelines for the Implementation of 13-Digit ISBNs |url=http://www.isbn-international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912203458/http://www.isbn-international.org/en/download/implementation-guidelines-04.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2004 |postscript=none |df=dmy-all |access-date=23 April 2023}} * {{IETF RFC|3187}}&nbsp;– Using International Standard Book Numbers as [[:en:Uniform_Resource_Name|Uniform Resource Names]] (URN) {{Audiovisual works|state=uncollapsed}}{{ISO standards}}{{Books}}{{Authority control}} d3jcrff2b5rwscoogab9jk9skibeu3u 0 25591 122599 122356 2026-09-28T02:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|History of the African region}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|right|thumb|Vyaru vya ku Africa ivyo vikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kulamulira]] [[File:Map-Africa-Regions-Islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-Africa-Regions-Islands.png|thumb|312x312px|Mapu gha ndyali gha mu nyengo yithu ya sono gha mu Africa (Kukusazgapo vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa na North Africa)]] [[File:Obelisk_Luxor.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obelisk_Luxor.JPG|right|thumb|Chikhuni cha malibwe mu tempile la Luxor, Egypt. c. 1200 B.C.E.]] [[File:Rytter_fra_Bagirmi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rytter_fra_Bagirmi.jpg|thumb|Msilikari wa ku Baguirmi uyo wali na vyakuvwara vyakofya, kwamba m'ma 1900.]] {{Human history}} Mbiri ya [[Africa]] yikamba na kuwoneka kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa hominid, ŵanthu ŵakale na  vyaka pafupifupi 300,000 - 250,000 vyaka vyajumphapo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Early Modern Homo sapiens |url=https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/homo2/mod_homo_4.htm |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www2.palomar.edu}}</ref> Mbiri yakwambilira iyo yikumanyikwa yikalembeka mu [[Eguputo]] wakale, ndipo pamasinda mu Nubia, [[Sahel]], Maghreb, na ku [[Horn of Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/early-african-civilizations-history-culture-achievements.html#:~:text=The%20first%20civilization%20in%20Africa,a%20united%20kingdom%20of%20Egypt. |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=study.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kuzgoka kwa [[Sahara]] kuŵa mapopa, mbiri ya kumpoto kwa [[Africa]] yikakhwaskana na Middle East na [[Southern Europe]] apo banthu ŵakamba kufumako ku Cameroon (Central West Africa) mu vigaŵa vinandi vya sub-Saharan pakati pa 1000 BC na 1 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Africa: History of Africa |url=https://visitafrica.site/history-of-africa.html |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=visitafrica.site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604170646/http://visitafrica.site/history-of-africa.html |archive-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kusazgikira kufuma ku Arabia m'paka ku Eguputo. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kulamulira mu Africa vikaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran, Ufumu wa Bachwezi, Ufumu wa D'mt, Ufumu wa Adal, Ufumu wa Alodia, Ufumu wa Dagbon, Ufumu wa Warsangali, Ufumu wa Buganda, Ufumu wa Nri, Chikhalidwe cha Nok, Ufumu wa Mali, Ufumu wa Bono, Ufumu wa Songhai, Ufumu wa Benin, Ufumu wa Oyo, Ufumu wa Lunda (Punu-yaka), Ufumu wa Ashanti, Ufumu wa Ghana, Ufumu wa Mossi, Ufumu wa Mutapa, Ufumu wa Mapungubwe, Ufumu wa Sine, Ufumu wa Sennar, Ufumu wa Saloum, Ufumu wa Baol, Ufumu wa Cayor, Ufumu wa Zimbabwe, Ufumu wa Congo, Ufumu wa Kaabu, Ufumu wa Ife, Ise, Carthage wakale, Numidia, Mauretania, na Ufumu wa Aksumite. Pa nyengo iyo caru ca Africa cikaŵa cakutowa comene, pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kulamulira caru ici, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana 10,000 na magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiwusa ŵekha, awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero na mitheto yakupambanapambana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meyerowitz|first=Eva L. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ|title=The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana|date=1975|publisher=Red Candle Press|isbn=9780608390352}}</ref><ref>[http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/31/getting-to-know-africa-50-facts/ Africa Information]</ref> Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=The Portuguese in Africa, 1415–1600 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/agex/hd_agex.htm |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> Mu vyaru ivi mukaŵa malonda gha ŵanthu ŵatatu. Pakwamba Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo pamasinda ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhaza. Ŵakatumanga ŵazga ŵa ku West, Central, na Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Slave Trade, 1788 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/slavetrade.htm}}</ref> Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuzunura charu cha Africa kufuma pa 10% (1870) kufika pa 90% (1914) mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Africa (1881-1914). Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa wanangwa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, kweniso kupeleŵera kwa caru ca Europe pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose (1939-1945), caru cose cikamba kuzgoka caru ca Africa. Vinthu vinyake nga ni kulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu, kusanda malulimi, kusanda vinthu vyakale, na sayansi ya majini, vikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵamanye umo vinthu vikaŵira kale. == Mbili ya chiyamwaka == {{Further|Mbili ya kumwera kwa Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa#Prehistory|Mbili ya Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa|History of Central Africa#Prehistory|History of East Africa#Prehistory|Horn of Africa#Prehistory|History of Southern Africa#Prehistory|African archaeology}} === Mbili yamu nyengo yachiyamwaka ya malibwe === {{Main|Lower Paleolithic|Middle Stone Age|Later Stone Age}} ==== Lower Paleolithic ==== [[File:Bienvenida_al_Museo_de_Lucy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bienvenida_al_Museo_de_Lucy.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of "[[:en:Lucy_(Australopithecus)|Lucy]]"]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Kuyana na ivyo ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya, viwangwa vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira vikaŵa vyakuyana waka na vya gorila na chimpanzee. Ici cikaŵawovwira comene kuti ŵakhalenge mu nkhorongo kweniso mu malo ghambura makuni, nangauli mu nyengo iyi mu Africa mukaŵa vyakumera vinandi. Ivi vikwenera kuti vikachitika vyaka 10 m'paka 5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kweni ŵanthu ŵakususkana navyo chifukwa ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵako vyaka 70,000 m'paka 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi vyaka 4 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, mitundu yinandi ya vikoko vya mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na ku Central Africa yikamba kuŵako. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vinthu na kupanga vinthu. Ŵakasanga nyama ndipo ŵakaryanga vyose..{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=2}} Pafupifupi vyaka 3.3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo vya malibwe pakusanga nyama izo zikakomeka na vinyama vinyake. Pa nyengo ya ulovi, munthu uyu wakwenera kuti wakalimbananga na vinyama vikuruvikuru yayi. H. habilis wakwenera kuti wakibanga mazira mu viŵaya ndipo wakakozganga nyama zichoko waka na kuchepeska nyama zikuruzikuru. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya Oldowan.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=2–3}} Pafupifupi vyaka 1.8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo ergaster ŵakalembeka kakwamba mu malibwe mu Africa. Kufuma ku Homo ergaster, Homo erectus wakasintha vyaka 1.5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu wongo ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo vya malibwe nga ni H. habilis. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, wongo ukakura chomene, ndipo H. erectus wakapangaso vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa chomene. Munthu uyu ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufumamo mu Africa, ndipo wakafika mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa na Eurasia. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu wakwamba uyo wakaŵako kuwaro kwa Africa wakaŵa Homo georgicus, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuti munthu wakwamba uyo wakaŵako kuwaro kwa Africa ni H. georgicus.{{sfnmp|Shillington|2005|Ehret|2002|1p=3|2p=22}} ==== Middle Paleolithic ==== [[File:Pieza_foliácea_africana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieza_foli%C3%A1cea_africana.jpg|right|thumb|Vinthu vya ku Africa ivyo vili na visko viŵiri (mphumphu) ivyo vikulongora kuti vikaŵako mu nyengo ya malibwe]] Vinthu vyakale ivyo vili kulembeka vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens (awo ŵakuchemekaso kuti "ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano" panji "ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano") ŵakakhalanga mu Africa vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuti ni vinyama vya Homo sapiens ni Jebel Irhoud ivyo vili kufuma ku Morocco (pafupifupi vyaka 315,000 ivyo vyajumpha), Florisbad Skull wa ku South Africa (pafupifupi vyaka 259,000 ivyo vyajumpha), na Omo uyo wali kufuma ku Ethiopia (pafupifupi vyaka 233,000 ivyo vyajumpha). Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakamba kuŵako pakati pa vyaka 350,000 na 260,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ukaboni wa nkharo zakupambanapambana ukulongora kuti nkharo za ŵanthu zikamba mu nyengo ya malibwe iyo yikaŵa ku Africa. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona vinthu vyambura kuwoneka makora, umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala makora, kweniso nkharo zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mazuŵa ghano. Mwaciyelezgero, mu mphanji ya Blombos, ku South Africa, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca malibwe ghakututuŵa agho ghali na vithuzithuzi. Pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zinandi zakupimira vyaka, ŵakamanya kuti malo agha ghakaŵako vyaka vyapakati pa 77,000 na 75,000. Mu Diepkloof, South Africa, ŵakasangamo viŵiya ivyo vikaŵa na viwangwa vya tuyuni uto pakalembeka maukaboni agho ghakalembeka vyaka 60,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu vinyake vyakusongoneska vyakusangika ku Morocco ivyo vingaŵa kuti vili na vyaka 130,000. Kweniso, mu mphanji ya Hearths ku South Africa muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka 50,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Zida zapadera zakhala zikupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Middle Stone Age Africa, kuphatikizapo mafupa ndi mivi ya mivi ku malo a South Africa monga Sibudu Cave (pamodzi ndi singano yoyambirira ya mafupa yomwe inapezekanso ku Sibudu) kuyambira pafupifupi zaka 60,000-70,000 zapitazo, ndi ma harpoon a mafupa ku malo a Katanda ku Central Africa kuyambira pafupifupi zaka 90,000 zapitazo. Pali ukaboni wakuti malibwe gha silcrete ghakapangikanga mwakukhazikika kuti ghaŵe ghakutowa chomene, ndipo ghakamba kupangika vyaka 164,000 ivyo vyajumpha pa malo gha Pinnacle Point ku South Africa. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya malibwe (viŵiya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito), ni viŵiya vya malibwe ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakugwiliskira ntchito mikondo, ndipo vikasangika mu 2013 ku Gademotta ku Ethiopia.<ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sahle|first1=Y.|last2=Hutchings|first2=W. K.|last3=Braun|first3=D. R.|last4=Sealy|first4=J. C.|last5=Morgan|first5=L. E.|last6=Negash|first6=A.|last7=Atnafu|first7=B.|editor1-last=Petraglia|editor1-first=Michael D|title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|page=e78092|year=2013|pmid=24236011|pmc=3827237|bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Homo_naledi_facial_reconstruction.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homo_naledi_facial_reconstruction.jpg|left|thumb|190x190px|Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kukhala pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano vyaka pafupifupi 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha.]] Mu 2008, ku Blombos Cave, South Africa, ŵakasanga malo agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kupenta. Kufufuza uku kukulongora kuti mu viswaswa viŵiri ivi mukaŵa viswaswa vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na viswaswa vinandi. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene, nga ni kusanga na kusazga vinthu vyakufuma ku malo ghakupambanapambana (kulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyanga makora umo ŵangachitira), panji ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vyakupangira mafuta kuti ŵafumiskemo mafuta mu viwangwa, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa yinyake kuti ŵapangire munkhwala uwu, kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito viŵiya vyakupimira visulo pakusazga na kusunga kuti ŵazakawusange munthazi.<ref name="bbc.com-15257259">{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Amos|title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15257259|date=13 October 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post-2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL">{{cite news|last=Vastag|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Vastag|title=South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/african-cave-yields-paint-from-dawn-of-humanity/2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL_story.html|date=13 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Henshilwood|first1=Christopher S.|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-10-14_334_6053/page/219|journal=Science|volume=334|issue=6053|pages=219–222|doi=10.1126/science.1211535|pmid=21998386|bibcode=2011Sci...334..219H|s2cid=40455940}}</ref> Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mazuŵa ghano, nga nkhupangira tumabango, viŵiya, na vinthu vinyake vyamalibwe, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe vyaka 78,000 m'paka 67,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti nkharo ya ŵanthu yikusintha chomene chifukwa cha kupenja nyama zinandi. Malo ghanandi ku South Africa ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugomezga chomene visomba. Ku Pinnacle Point, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu nyanja vyaka 120,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mwaciyelezgero, para ŵanthu ŵakuthemba chomene visomba ivyo vili na visomba ivi, ŵangaleka kwendera lumoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mphanji ya Blombos na malo gha 440 mu Sudan, ghose ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga somba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visomba ivyo vikusangika mu mphanji ya Blombos vikaŵa vyamoyo. Ŵanthu ku North Africa (Nazlet Sabaha, Egypt) ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kujimira malibwe, vyaka 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kuti ŵapangire visulo vya malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Yvan Dionne |date=Aug 19, 2014 |title=5 Oldest Mines in the World: A Casual Survey |url=https://www.promine.com/blog/5-oldest-mines-in-the-world-a-casual-survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105054434/https://www.promine.com/blog/5-oldest-mines-in-the-world-a-casual-survey |archive-date=2019-01-05 |access-date=2019-10-31 |work=Promine AutoCAD Tip of the Week}}</ref><ref name="Records2015">{{cite book|title=Guinness World Records 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f896CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=10 September 2015|publisher=Guinness World Records|isbn=978-1-910561-03-4|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg|thumb|290x290px|Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kuŵa na nkharo ziheni ni Homo erectus (yayiwulu), Homo neanderthalensis (ochre), na Homo sapiens (red).]] Mu 2018, pa malo gha Olorgesailie, ku Kenya, pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchita vinthu nga umo ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano. Awo ŵakalemba mabuku ghatatu gha mu 2018 ŵakayowoya kuti ukaboni wa nkharo izi ukusangika mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu Africa (nga ni awo ŵakaŵako ku Jebel Irhoud na Florisbad). Mu 2019, ukaboni unyake wakuti kukaŵa vilwero vyakugwiliskira ntchito futi ku Africa ukasangika ku Adouma, Ethiopia vyaka 80,000-100,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=5|page=e0216716|year=2018|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216716|pmid=31071181|pmc=6508696|vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416716S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Upper Paleolithic ==== Pakati pa vyaka 65,000 na 50,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa na Eurasia. Kusakaza kwawo kukulongosoreka na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, mitheto na majini. Kusama kwa ku Eurasia, comenecomene kusama kwa ku Western-Eurasia, kukayamba mu nyengo ya Holocene panji kale comene mu nyengo ya Paleolithic, nyengo zinyake pakati pa vilimika 30-15,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kulondezgana na kusama kwa nyengo ya Neolithic na Neolithic kufuma ku Middle East, comenecomene ku Northern Africa, Horn of Africa, na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Sahel zone na East Africa.<ref name="Vicente 8–15">{{Cite journal|last1=Vicente|first1=Mário|last2=Schlebusch|first2=Carina M|date=2020-06-01|title=African population history: an ancient DNA perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X20300599|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|series=Genetics of Human Origin|language=en|volume=62|pages=8–15|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008|pmid=32563853|s2cid=219974966|issn=0959-437X}}</ref> [[File:Pre-Neolithic_and_Neolithic_migration_events_in_Africa_(excluding_Basal-West-Eurasian_geneflow_during_the_Paleolithic).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pre-Neolithic_and_Neolithic_migration_events_in_Africa_(excluding_Basal-West-Eurasian_geneflow_during_the_Paleolithic).jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikachitika pambere nyengo ya Neolithic na Neolithic yindambe ku Africa.<ref name="Vicente 8–15" />]] Ukaboni wakwambilira wa umo vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikachitikiranga ni kalendara ya mwezi iyo yikasangika pa chiwangwa cha Ishango icho chili pakati pa 23,000 na 18,000 B.C.E. mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of Congo. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo iyi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti nkhondo yikaŵako yayi mu nyengo yakale chomene, ndipo yikafuma mu ndyali zakusuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa yayi. Ndipouli, ivyo vikasangika pa malo gha Nataruk mu chigaŵa cha Turkana, ku Kenya, uko kukaŵa viwangwa vya ŵanthu 27 awo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kuwukilika na gulu linyake vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kale comene kulimbana.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|journal=Nature|pages=394–398|volume=529|issue=7586|doi=10.1038/nature16477|first1=M. Mirazón|last1=Lahr|first2=F.|last2=Rivera|first3=R.K.|last3=Power|first4=A.|last4=Mounier|first5=B.|last5=Copsey|first6=F.|last6=Crivellaro|first7=J.E.|last7=Edung|first8=J.M. Maillo|last8=Fernandez|first9=C.|last9=Kiarie|bibcode=2016Natur.529..394L|pmid=26791728|year=2016|s2cid=4462435|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726}}</ref> === Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara === {{Further|Neolithic Revolution#In Africa}} [[File:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png|thumb|290x290px|Vegetation and water bodies in early [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] (top), between about 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, and [[:en:Eemian|Eemian]] (bottom)]] Pafupifupi mu 16,000 B.C.E., kufuma ku mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi m'paka ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika mphangwe, vyakumera, na vipasi kuti ŵarye. Kuzakafika mu 13,000 na 11,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika vyakurya vyamuthengere. Ivi vikafika mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia, uko ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima tirigu na balere. Pakati pa 10,000 na 8000 B.C.E., kumpoto kwa Africa kukaŵa vyakurya vya tirigu na balere kweniso mberere na ng'ombe za ku Southwest Asia. Mu Africa, nyengo yakotcha yikapangiska mapiri gha ku Ethiopia kuŵa nkhorongo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Omo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha cha m'ma 6500-5500 B.C.E. Pafupifupi chaka cha 7000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya ku Ethiopia ŵakamba kuzengera mbunda, ndipo mu 4000 B.C.E., mbunda zikafika mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Asia. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cushitic, ŵakaleka kuliska ng'ombe, teff na chiŵegha pakati pa 5500 na 3500 BC. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya ku Africa, ndipo viŵiya vyakwambilira chomene vikafuma ku Mali. Nyengo yichoko waka, nthenda iyi yikathandazgika mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumwera kwa Sahara na Sahel. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri gha Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan na ŵanthu ŵa Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika na kuliska mphoza, mpunga wa ku Africa, na sorghum pakati pa 8000 na 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kuvuna na kupwelelera viŵeto nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, mbuto za castor, na thonje. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kukora viŵeto vya mu thengere na kuviŵika mu viŵaya vyaminga. Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mande ndiwo ŵakamba kulima pafupifupi 4000-3000 BC. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9000 na 5000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na raphia. Vipambi viŵiri vya mbuto, viŵiya vya maso ghafipa na voandzeia (vipasi vya ku Africa), vikamba kulengeka, pamanyuma pake pakaŵa okra na kola. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Niger na Congo ŵakamba kupanga vyakujinthamo malibwe kuti ŵajinyolore. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka pygmy na Khoisan awo ŵakakoperanga na kuvulura. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinyake vyakale chomene. Kwa vyaka vikwi vinandi, chipalamba cha Sahara chikusintha pakati pa mapopa na vyakumera vya mu savanna mu nyengo ya vyaka 41,000 chifukwa cha kusintha ("precession") kwa pasi apo likuzingilira dazi. Para nyengo ya mphepo ya ku North Africa yafika paheni chomene, mu chigaŵa cha Sahara mukuŵa vyakumera vinandi. Para vula ya ku North Africa njakukhora yayi, ndipo yikuchepa chaka chilichose, mbwenu vyakumera vikumara. Sahara ni mapopa kwa vyaka vikwi vinandi, ndipo ghakwenera kuzengekaso mu vyaka 15,000 (17,000 AD).<ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara|journal=American Scientist|volume=94|year=2006|pages=58–65|author1=Kevin White|author2=David J. Mattingly|issue=1|doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> Pambere Sahara wandazgoke mapopa, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo, mu charu icho sono ni Sudan, ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Neolithic ndipo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti malibwe ghakurughakuru agho ghakasangika ku Nabta Playa ni vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskira ntchito pakusanda vya mu mlengalenga. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikachitika pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose na mu nyengo ya Ufumu wakale wa Eguputo ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001131/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213184210/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html|date=2008-02-13}} – Wendorf (1998)</ref> Kufika mu 5000 B.C.E., mu Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo nyengo ya mu chigaŵa cha Sahara yikamba kukamuka. Ŵanthu ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ndipo ŵakendanga mu vigaŵa vyose, kusazgapo ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi kwa Dambo la Chiŵiri, uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. === Central Africa === {{Main|History of Central Africa#Prehistory}} TVinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu Central Africa vyaka 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakasangika ku Zilum, Chad, pafupifupi makilomita 60 kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad. Ivyo ŵasanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Sao, Kanem, Bornu, Shilluk, Baguirmi, na Wadai, ŵakalutilira kuŵa na umoyo uwemi chifukwa cha umo vinthu vikasinthira pa nkhani ya ulimi kweniso malonda. Pafupifupi 1,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes ku Central Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 1,000, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala kumwera kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka Angola.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coelho|first1=Margarida|last2=Sequeira|first2=Fernando|last3=Luiselli|first3=Donata|last4=Beleza|first4=Sandra|last5=Rocha|first5=Jorge|date=2009-01-01|title=On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|page=80|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-80|issn=1471-2148|pmc=2682489|pmid=19383166}}</ref> === Metallurgy === {{Main|Copper metallurgy in Africa|Iron metallurgy in Africa}} [[File:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|9th-century bronze staff head in form of a coiled snake, [[:en:Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo-Ukwu]], Nigeria]] Ukaboni wakuti kale ŵanthu ŵakasungunuranga visulo ∙ lead, copper, and bronze ∙ ukafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ŵaeguputo ŵakasungunuranga mkuŵa mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Farawo. Nubia ndiyo yikapanganga mkuŵa na golide. Kugwiliskira nchito golide na siliva mu Eguputo kukamba mu nyengo ya ufumu wa ufumu wa Persia. Mu mapiri gha Aïr mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Niger, ŵanthu ŵakasungunuranga mkuwa kwambura kughanaghanira ivyo vikachitikanga mu dambo la Nayelo pakati pa 3,000 na 2,500 B.C.E. Ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakupambanapambana iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, kulongora kuti luso ili likafuma kuwaro yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo ku Northwestern Africa, Egypt, na Nubia. Zangato na Holl ŵakalemba ukaboni wakuti mu Central African Republic na Cameroon mukaŵa visulo ivyo vikasongonoka kufuma mu 3,000 m'paka 2,500 B.C.E. Ŵaasiriya ŵakagwiliskira ntchito vilwero vyachisulo kuti ŵafumiske ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia mu Eguputo mu 670 B.C.E. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chisulo mu dambo la Nayelo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga yayi fundo yakuti chisulo chikafika ku vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa kwizira mu tawuni ya Meroe ku Nubia. Ku Africa kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo kwamba mu 2500 B.C.E. ku Egaro kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Termit ku Niger. Ku Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunula visulo mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ku Central Africa kuli ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya chisulo kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Kusungunula zitsulo kunayamba pakati pa Nyanja ya Chad ndi Nyanja za Great African pakati pa 1,000 ndi 600 BC, ndipo ku West Africa pafupi ndi 2,000 BC, kale kwambiri lusoli lisanafike ku Egypt. Pambere chaka cha 500 B.C.E. chindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok mu Jos Plateau ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kusungunula visulo. Malo gha Gbabiri (mu Central African Republic) ghakasangaso ukaboni wa vyakupangira visulo, kufuma ku ng'anjo yakuchepeskeramo visulo na malo ghakusoperapo ŵanthu; ndipo ghakafuma mu 896-773 BC na 907-796 BC.<ref name="Eggert 2014 53–54">{{Cite book|title=Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|last=Eggert|first=Manfred|publisher=Africa Magna Verlag Press|year=2014|isbn=9783937248462|editor-last=Breunig|editor-first=P|location=Frankfurt, Germany|pages=53–54|chapter=Early iron in West and Central Africa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&q=Nok+Breunig&pg=PA38}}</ref> == Antiquity == Mbiri yakale ya kumpoto kwa Africa yikukolerana na ya ku Middle East. Ivi ndivyo vikachitikanga chomene mu Eguputo na Nubia. Mu chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa, ufumu wa Aksum ukalamuliranga Eritrea, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, na chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arabia. Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kukolerana na charu cha Punt mu 2350 B.C.E. Punt wakaŵa munyake wa Eguputo wakale ndipo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti wakaŵa ku Somalia, Djibouti panji Eritrea.<ref>{{cite book|first=Simson|last=Najovits|title=Egypt, trunk of the tree|volume=2|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2004|page=258}}</ref> Misumba ya Ŵafoinike nga ni Carthage yikaŵako mu nyengo ya Mediterranean Iron Age kweniso mu nyengo yakale. Mu nyengo yira, vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa vikamba kujilongozga.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} === Ancient Egypt === {{Main|History of ancient Egypt}} [[File:Lower_Egypt_Nomes_01.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_Egypt_Nomes_01.png|right|thumb|Map of Ancient Egypt and nomes]] Para Sahara wazgoka mapopa, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene mu Dambo la Nayelo. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene vikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Nile Delta ku Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, kweniso ku Dongola Reach ku Nubia. Ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga comene cifukwa ca kulima vyakurya vya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia, nga ni tirigu na balere, kweniso kuŵeta mberere, mbuzi, na ng'ombe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuphalizgana kuti ŵatore malo gha kulima. Ŵakapanga mabungwe gha ŵalara ŵa visopa. Ufumu wakwamba na wankhongono comene ukaŵa wa Ta-Seti, uwo ukazengeka mu 3,500 B.C.E. Fundo yakuti ŵakaronga ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu yikazara chomene mu Eguputo.{{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=143–146}} [[File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|left|thumb|The [[:en:Pyramids_of_Giza|pyramids of Giza]], symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt]] Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakaronga ŵakamba kukolerana mu vyaru vinandi mu Upper na Lower Egypt, ndipo Narmer (Menes) ndiyo wakapangiska kuti charu cha Egypt chiŵe chimoza mu chaka cha 3100 B.C.E. M'malo mwa kuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa cisopo, iyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ciuta. Chisopa chautesi, panji kusopa chiuta yumoza, icho chikachitikanga mu vigaŵa vya ku Upper na Lower Egypt, chikazgoka chisopa chautesi mu Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya mafumu gha Eguputo, maboma ghakaŵa na ŵamazaza, ŵakazembe, ŵakusonkheska msonkho, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵantchito, na ŵantchito. Ŵakapokeleranga misonkho, ŵakanozganga ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu, ŵakazenganga maji, mapiramidi, matempile, na migelo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa muwuso wa ŵanayi (2,620-2,480 B.C.E.), malonda gha mtunda utali ghakacitika, na vyakumera vya ku Levant, na vya golide na vikumba vya ŵanthu vya ku Nubia, na vyakununkhira vya ku Punt, kweniso na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu Wakale, Eguputo wakapangiska vinthu vyakupambanapambana, maboma na mitheto, ndipo nyengo zose wakacitanga ivi kwizira mu boma la boma na Faro.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., Eguputo wakamba kulamulira ŵasilikari na ndyali kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kuzakafika mu 2200 B.C.E., ufumu wakale ukaŵa kuti ulije mtende chifukwa cha kulimbana pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakasuskanga mazaza gha mafaro. Nyengo Yakwamba Yakupambana ya Ndyali yikamba.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} Ufumu wa pakati wa Egypt ukawuka apo Mentuhotep II wa muwuso wa 11 wa Egypt wakambaso kuwungana pakati pa 2041 na 2016 BC kwambira na kuwukira kwake muwuso wa 10 mu 2041 BC.{{sfnp|Grimal|1988|pp=155–156}}{{sfnp|Habachi|1963|pp=16–52}} Ŵanthu ŵakambiraso kuzenga mapiramidi, malonda ghakaŵa kutali chomene, ndipo msumba wa Memphis ukaŵa ku Thebes. Ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Kush, Wawat na Irthet. Kufuma apo, pakaŵa nyengo yaciŵiri, apo Ŵaigupto ŵakamba kuwukira caru cawo na magileta ghakuyegheka na mahaci na vilwero vya mkuŵa. Nyengo yichoko waka, magileta agho ghakotekanga na mahachi ghakafika ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahara na North Africa. Ŵaiguputo ŵakatondeka kusunga malo ghawo, ndipo ŵakamba kukolerana nawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu uphya wa Eguputo (1,580-1,1080 B.C.E.) uwo ukaŵa na muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa muwuso wa 18. Ŵaeguputo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa Nubia na Yudeya, kweniso ŵakalamuliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya na ŵa ku Mediterranean.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} Nga umo vikaŵira kale, Ufumu Uphya ukamara apo ŵakaronga ŵa ku Libya ŵakiza kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kwamba na Shoshenq I, Ufumu wa Ufumu wa Mafumu 22 ukaŵako. Wakawusa kwa vilimika vinandi.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} Kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakambaso kujiyimira paŵekha. Ivyo vikachitika apa vikapangiska kuti Nubia wapoke charu cha Eguputo, icho chikamba na Kashta ndipo chikamara na Piye (Pianhky, 751-730 B.C.) na Shabaka (716-695 B.C.). Ici cikaŵa kwamba kwa muwuso wa ufumu waciŵiri na cinayi wa Egupto. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mitheto ya ku Eguputo. Ŵakawusa Eguputo kwa vilimika 100. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Asiriya ŵakanjira mu msumba uwu, ndipo Taharqa wakawona nkhongono zose za vilwero vya ku Asiriya. Farawo wa ku Nubia, Tantamani wakaŵa waumaliro wa muwuso wa ufumu wa 25.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} Apo Ŵaasiriya na Ŵanubia ŵakafumako, ufumu uphya waciŵiri na citatu ukafuma mu Sais. Ukalutilira m'paka mu 525 B.C.E., apo Ŵaperesiya ŵakanjira mu Eguputo. Mwakupambana na Ŵaasiriya, Ŵaperesiya ŵakakhalako. Mu 332 C.E., Alexander Mukuru wakathereska Eguputo. Ici cikaŵa kwamba kwa muwuso wa Ptolemy, uwo ukamara apo Ŵaroma ŵakathereska caru mu 30 B.C.E. Eguputo wa Farawo wakamara.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=30–33}} === Nubia === {{Main|Nubia#History}} {{See|Kerma Culture|Kingdom of Kush}} [[File:Kushite_empire_700bc.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kushite_empire_700bc.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Nubian Empire]] at its greatest extent]] {{disputed|date=January 2020}} Pafupifupi 3,500 B.C.E., ufumu wakwamba uwo ukaŵa ku Nile ukaŵa wa Ta-Seti, uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Nubia. Ta-Seti wakaŵa ufumu wankhongono uwo ukaŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo pa nyengo ya 1 na 2 C.E. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na msumba uwu. Ta-Seti wakaguliskanga vinthu mu vyaru vya Siriya na Palestina kweniso ku Eguputo. Ta-Seti wakatumanga golide, mkuŵa, nthenga za mbunda, makuni gha ebony, na njovu ku Ufumu Wakale. Kuzakafika m'ma 200 B.C.E., tawuni ya Ta-Seti yikamba kunangika. Pamanyuma pakuti Narmer wakakolerana na Eguputo mu 3,100 B.C.E., Farawo Hor-Aha wa mu muwuso wakwamba wakawukira tawuni ya Ta-Seti. Ta-Seti wakukolerana na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya mipukutu yakale..{{sfnp|Ehret|2002|pp=144–145}}{{dubious|date=January 2020}} [[File:Naqa_Apedamak_temple.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naqa_Apedamak_temple.jpg|left|thumb|Nubian Temple of [[:en:Apedemak|Apedemak]], Naqa]] Maufumu ghachoko waka ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Nubian cha Nile kwa vyaka vinandi kufuma mu 3,000 B.C.E. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 C.E., maufumu ghakupatulika ghakakolerana chomene. Ufumu wa Sai ukaŵa kumwera kwa Eguputo, ndipo ufumu wa Kerma ukaŵa ku chigaŵa chachitatu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 B.C.E., Ufumu wa Kerma ukathereska Ufumu wa Sai, ndipo ukaŵa mulwani wa Eguputo. Kerma wakaŵa mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufuma ku chiziŵa chakwamba m'paka apo Mlonga wa Blue Nile, White Nile, na Atbarah ukukumana. Pakati pa 1575 na 1550 B.C.E., mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ufumu wa 17 wa ufumu wa Peresiya, ufumu wa Kerma ukawukira Eguputo. Ufumu wa Kerma ukakolerana na Ŵaigupto awo ŵakambukira ku Eguputo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ufumu wa Eguputo ukaweleraso ku nkhongono mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ufumu wa nambara 18 ndipo ukathereska ufumu wa Kerma panji Kush. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kush ŵakamba kuzgoka Ŵaeguputo mu nyengo iyi. Kuzakafika mu 1100 B.C.E., Ŵaeguputo ŵakafumako ku Kush. Malo agha ghakaŵaso ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo ghakaŵaso na kakhaliro kawemi. Kush wakazenga cisopa ciphya kuzingilizga Amun ndipo wakapanga Napata kuŵa malo ghake ghauzimu. Mu 730 B.C.E., ufumu wa Kush ukawukira Eguputo, ndipo ukatoranga msumba wa Thebes na kwamba ufumu wa Nubia. Ufumu uwu ukafumanga ku Palestina m'paka apo Mlonga wa Blue Nile, White Nile, na Atbara ukukumana. Mu 664 B.C.E., Ŵaasiriya ŵakachimbizga Ŵakushi mu Eguputo. Pamanyuma, msumba ukuru wa boma ukafumako ku Napata na kuluta ku Meröe, uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nubian. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mero ŵakaŵa na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya Ŵaeguputo. Nubia yikaŵa malo ghakupangira visulo na salu za thonje. Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Meroitic. Ciuta wa nkharamu, Apedemak, wakasazgikako ku ŵachiuta ŵa Ŵaegupto. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakendanga mu Nyanja Yiswesi, ndipo Nubia wakendanga na Greece. Mu msumba uwu muli vinthu vinandi vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vithuzithuzi vya nkhalamu, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, nkhalamira, na zovu. Paumaliro, apo msumba wa Aksum ukakura, malonda gha Nubia ghakamara ndipo charu ichi chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa makuni. Mu 350 C.E., Fumu Ezana ya ku Aksum yikamara kuwusa Meröe.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=42–45}} === Carthage === {{Main|Ancient Carthage#History}} [[File:Carthaginianempire.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carthaginianempire.PNG|thumb|Carthaginian Empire]] Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni mkuŵa, golide, tini, na sulefure vikaŵa vinandi. Ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku North Africa, ndipo ŵakamba kuchita malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber. Mu 814 B.C.E., Ŵafenikiya ŵakufuma ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba wakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya malonda mu Meditereniyani. Pakuti Carthage yikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, ufumu wa Berber, wa Numidia, na Mauretania ukakura. Pafupifupi 500 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakendanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito viŵeto pakuguliska vinthu. Ŵagaramantes ŵa ku Fez ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakofya comene. Ŵakasanganga golide, ŵazga, ngale, na mino gha zovu. [[File:Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of Carthage]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵa Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma. Carthage wakarwa Nkhondo za Punic, nkhondo zitatu na Roma: Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic (264 mpaka 241 BC), pa Sicily; Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Punic (218 mpaka 201 BC), umo Hannibal wakawukira Europe; na Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Punic (149 mpaka 146 BC). Carthage wakataya nkhondo ziŵiri zakwambilira, ndipo mu nkhondo yacitatu yikabwangandulika, ndipo yikazgoka cigaŵa ca Romu ca ku Africa. Ŵaegupto ŵakatenge ŵanthu ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nile, awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Libya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakaŵa ŵalimi nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Maur ku Morocco na ŵa ku Numidia ku Algeria. Ŵakaŵaso ŵakwendendeka, ŵakendanga pa mahachi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakomira na mu mapopa nga umo ŵakachitiranga Ŵagaetuli. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapopa ŵakakolerananga na ŵalimi ŵa ku mizi. Ŵafenikiya ŵakaŵa ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵa ku Meditereniyani awo ŵakendanga pa nyanja nyengo zose na ufumu wa Berber wa Numidia uwo ukawovwiranga Roma. Chigaŵa cha Africa icho chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Roma, ndicho chikapelekanga tirigu, maolive, na mafuta gha maolive ku ufumu wa Roma. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 200, ufumu wa Roma ukamba kulamulira maufumu gha ku Numidia na Mauretania. Mu ma 420 C.E., Ŵavanda ŵakawukira kumpoto kwa Africa ndipo Roma wakataya vigaŵa vyake. Chikhristu chikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E. ku Alexandria mu Africa, ndipo chikafika mu vyaru vya kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kuzakafika mu 313 C.E., pamoza na dango la ku Milan, caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa cikaŵa Cikhristu. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatora Chikhristu cha Chiphwitikizi na kwamba mpingo wakuchemeka Coptic Church. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kugomezga cisopa ca Donat. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakakana kuzomera mazaza gha Tchalitchi la Katolika.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sundkler|first1=Bengt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1p61xARWY4C&q=+Egyptians+adopted+Monophysite+Christianity+and+formed+the+independent+Coptic+Church.+Berbers+adopted+Donatist+Christianity.+Both+groups+refused+to+accept+the+authority+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church&pg=PR14|title=A History of the Church in Africa|last2=Steed|first2=Christopher|date=2000-05-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58342-8}}</ref> ==== Role of the Berbers ==== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2011}} Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Mu Nkhondo ya Ŵasilikari ŵa Nkhondo (241-238 B.C.E.), ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵakambiska chigaluka. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber nawo ŵakachitako nkhondo iyi chifukwa chakuti ŵakapokera malipiro yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara chifukwa cha kutondeka kwa Ŵaroma mu Nkhondo za Punic. Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa Mauretania, uwo ukafika pa mlonga wa Moulouya ku Morocco m'paka ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo ŵa Almohad na Almoravid ŵakaŵirako. Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma. === Macrobia and the Barbari City States === {{Main|Macrobia}} {{Further|Maritime history of Somalia}} [[File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Reconstruction of the [[:en:Oikumene|Oikumene]] (inhabited world) as described by Herodotus in the 5th century BC.]] [[File:Qableh1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qableh1.JPG|right|thumb|Ruins of [[:en:Qa'ableh|Qa'ableh]], an early center of [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] civilization]] Macrobia ukaŵa ufumu wakale uwo ukaŵa ku mphanji ya Africa (sono ni Somalia). Likayowoyeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E. Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo (525 B.C.E.), likatuma mathenga ku Makroba kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya Macrobiya, iyo yikasoleka cifukwa ca msinkhu wake, yikamuzgora mwa kumucenjezga kuti waŵike uta wake mu woko lake: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake. Kweni m'paka pa nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵaciuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kuzenga na usambazi wawo wa golide. Pamanyuma pakuti Macrobia wabwangandulika, misumba yinandi yakale nga ni Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo na Mosylon kufupi na Cape Guardafui yikafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E. 500 C.E. kuti yikwane na ŵanthu ŵa ku Saba, Parthians na Axumites pa nkhani ya malonda gha Indo-Greco-Roman. Ŵakaŵa na malonda ghakurughakuru mu chigaŵa icho chikachemekanga Barbaria.<ref>Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324</ref> === Roman North Africa === {{Further|Africa (Roman province)#History|Numidia#History|Libya in the Roman era#History|Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[File:Roman_Africa.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Africa.JPG|right|thumb|Northern Africa under Roman rule]] Buku linyake likati: "Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru kweniso malo ghakurughakuru ghakasakazikanga apo Ŵaroma ŵakalamuliranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasuzgika chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuchita vinthu paŵekha kweniso ŵakaleka kukolerana na charu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasuskanga comene Ŵaroma. Themba la Ŵaroma zina lake Trajan likakhozga mphaka kumwera mwa kuzingilizga mapiri gha Aurès na Nemencha na kuzenga vigongwe kufuma ku Vescera (lero ni Biskra) m'paka ku Ad Majores (Henchir Besseriani, kumwera kwa Biskra). Malo agha ghakafika m'paka ku Castellum Dimmidi (lero ni Messaâd, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Biskra). Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhazikika mu msumba wa Sitifis (sono ni Sétif) mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., kweni kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kwenda mu misewu yikuru ya ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Metz|first1=Helen|title=Algeria : a country study|date=1994|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C|page=8|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/94043019/|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> [[File:The_Mummy_of_Demetrios,_95-100_C.E.,11.600.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mummy_of_Demetrios,_95-100_C.E.,11.600.jpg|left|thumb|[[:en:Fayum_mummy_portraits|Fayum mummy portrait]] of Demetrios, a citizen of [[:en:Roman_Egypt|Roman Egypt]], {{circa|100 AD}}, [[:en:Brooklyn_Museum|Brooklyn Museum]]]] Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ku North Africa ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene, ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 28,000 mu Numidia na vigaŵa viŵiri vya Mauretanian. Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Padera pa Carthage, ku North Africa kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵasilikari ŵankhondo awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Claudius (uyo wakawusa mu 41-54), Nerva (96-98), na Trajan (98-117). Ku Algeria, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, Cuicul panji Curculum (lero ni Djemila, kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sétif), Thamugadi (lero ni Timgad, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sétif), na Sitifis (lero ni Sétif). Mu misumba yinandi vinthu vikendanga makora chifukwa cha ulimi. Ku North Africa, uko kukachemekanga kuti "malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya gha ufumu wa Roma", ŵanthu ŵakendangamo chomene na vyakurya. Vyakurya vinyake vikaŵa vipambi, vikuyu, mpheska, na nyungu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., mafuta gha maolive ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene kuluska vyakurya vinyake. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukamba kuchepa ku North Africa. Ndipouli, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakagalukira boma. Mu 238 C.E., ŵeneco ŵa caru ŵakagalukira boma la ufumu. Kufuma mu 253 m'paka mu 288, mu nyengo ya suzgo ya mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., mu mapiri gha Mauretanian mukaŵa viwawa vya mafuko. Matawuni agha ghakaŵa na masuzgo gha vya cuma, ndipo nchito ya kuzenga yikakhala pacoko kuti yimare. Mu misumba ya ku North Africa uko kukaŵa Ŵaroma, mukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi. Ŵayuda ŵanyake ŵakachimbizgika mu Yudeya na Palestina mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 na 200 C.E. chifukwa cha kugalukira boma la Ŵaroma. Ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku malo agha na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Punic. Kweniso mafuko ghanyake gha Ŵaberi ghakazgoka Ŵayuda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wells|first1=C. M.|last2=Luttwak|first2=Edward N.|date=1978|title=The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_winter-1978_99_4/page/527|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=99|issue=4|page=527|doi=10.2307/293904|jstor=293904|issn=0002-9475}}</ref> {{multiple image|total_width=365|align=right|image1=Memnon the Ethiopian (detail).jpg|alt1=|caption1=|image2=Antakya Arkeoloji Muzesi 1250320 nevit cr.jpg|alt2=|caption2=|footer='''Left''': Memnon, [[foster child]] of [[Herodes Atticus]]; marble bust (showing [[sub-Saharan]] facial features), ca. 170 AD, from the villa of Herodes Atticus at [[Eva, Arcadia]].<br />'''Right''': an ancient [[Roman mosaic]] from [[Antioch]] depicting a [[sub-Saharan]] African man carrying goods over his shoulder.}} Christianity arrived in the 2nd century and soon gained converts in the towns and among slaves. More than eighty bishops, some from distant frontier regions of Numidia, attended the [[:en:Council_of_Carthage_(256)|Council of Carthage (256)]] in 256. By the end of the 4th century, the settled areas had become [[:en:Christianization|Christianized]], and some Berber tribes had converted ''en masse''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hrsg.|first=Nelson, Harold D.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/642916799|title=Morocco : a country study|date=1986|publisher=American Univ|pages=8|oclc=642916799}}</ref> Mu 313 C.E., Ŵakhristu ŵa ku North Africa ŵakamba kugaŵikana. Ŵadonatisti ŵakayowoyanga chomene vya utuŵa wa tchalitchi ndipo ŵakakana kuzomera mazaza gha awo ŵakapeleka malemba apo ŵakakanizgika na Fumu Diocletian (iyo yikawusa mu 284-305). Kweniso ŵakasuskanga ivyo Constantine Mukuru (uyo wakawusa mu 306 m'paka 337) wakachitanga. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa ŵa Donatist yikamanyikwa kuti yikaŵa pakati pa ŵakususka na ŵakukhozgera boma la Ŵaroma. Augustine, bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius, ndiyo wakadandawura chomene na chisambizgo cha ŵa Donatist. Augustine wakayowoya kuti usange munthu ni muteŵeti wambura kwenelera, ndikuti sakaramenti ndakwenelera yayi cifukwa Yesu Khristu ndiyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wawo nadi. Mu nkhani zake na mabuku ghake, Augustine, uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakulongozga visambizgo vya Cikristu, wakalongosora kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa Cikristu caunenesko ŵali na wenelero wa kugwiliskira nchito nkongono kwimikana na ŵakugaluka. Nangauli nkhani iyi yikamara mu 411 C.E., kweni mu Carthage mukaŵa wupu uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi. Chifukwa chakuti malonda ghakamara, Ŵaroma ŵakaleka kulamulira. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na mu mapopa mukaŵa maufumu ghakujiyimira, misumba yikaparanyika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakasuzgikanga na Ufumu wa Roma ŵakawelera. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ŵananda, Belisarius, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa themba la Byzantine Justinian I, uyo wakakhalanga ku Constantinople, wakafika ku North Africa mu 533 C.E. pamoza na ŵanalume 16,000. Ndipouli, apo boma la Byzantine likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi, pakajumpha vyaka 12, ndipo apo ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa ichi, ukaŵa nga ni mfwiri waka. Nangauli ŵakazenga vigongwe vinandi, kweni boma la Byzantium likasuzgika chifukwa cha vimbundi, ukavu, ukavu wa ŵasilikari, na kuleka kupwelelera nkhani za ku Africa. Ntheura, mizi yinandi yikawelera ku boma la Ŵaberi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=Byzantine+rule+was+compromised+north+africa+Berber+rule&pg=PA195|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45670-2|language=en}}</ref> === Aksum === {{Main|Kingdom of Aksum#History}} {{Further|History of Ethiopia|Ethiopian historiography}} [[File:LocationAksumiteEmpire.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationAksumiteEmpire.png|right|thumb|Aksumite Empire]] [[File:ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Aksum_Obelisk|Aksum Obelisk]], symbol of the Aksumite civilization]] The earliest state in [[:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]] and northern [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Dʿmt|Dʿmt]], dates from around the 8th and 7th centuries BC. D'mt traded through the [[:en:Red_Sea|Red Sea]] with Egypt and the Mediterranean, providing frankincense. By the 5th and 3rd centuries, D'mt had declined, and several successor states took its place. Later there was greater trade with [[:en:South_Arabia|South Arabia]], mainly with the port of [[:en:Sabaeans|Saba]]. [[:en:Adulis|Adulis]] became an important commercial center in the [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopian Highlands]]. The interaction of the peoples in the two regions, the southern Arabia [[:en:Sabaeans|Sabaeans]] and the northern Ethiopians, resulted in the [[:en:Ge'ez|Ge'ez]] culture and language and eventual development of the [[:en:Ge'ez_script|Ge'ez script]]. Trade links increased and expanded from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, with Egypt, Israel, Phoenicia, Greece, and Rome, to the Black Sea, and to Persia, India, and China. Aksum was known throughout those lands. By the 5th century BC, the region was very prosperous, exporting ivory, hippopotamus hides, gold dust, spices, and live elephants. It imported silver, gold, olive oil, and wine. Aksum manufactured glass crystal, brass, and copper for export. A powerful Aksum emerged, unifying parts of eastern Sudan, northern Ethiopia ([[:en:Tigray_Region|Tigre]]), and [[:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]]. Its kings built stone palatial buildings and were buried under megalithic monuments. By 300 AD, Aksum was minting its own coins in silver and gold.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=66–71}} In 331 AD, King [[:en:Ezana|Ezana]] (320–350 AD) was converted to [[:en:Orthodox_Tewahedo|Miaphysite Christianity]] which believes in one united divine-human nature of Christ, supposedly by [[:en:Frumentius|Frumentius]] and Aedesius, who became stranded on the Red Sea coast. Some scholars believed the process was more complex and gradual than a simple conversion. Around 350, the time Ezana sacked Meroe, the Syrian monastic tradition took root within the Ethiopian church.{{sfnp|Iliffe|2007|p=41}} In the 6th century Aksum was powerful enough to add Saba on the Arabian peninsula to her empire. At the end of the 6th century, the [[:en:Sasanian_Empire|Sasanian Empire]] pushed Aksum out of the peninsula. With the spread of [[:en:Islam|Islam]] through [[:en:Western_Asia|Western Asia]] and Northern Africa, Aksum's trading networks in the Mediterranean faltered. The Red Sea trade diminished as it was diverted to the [[:en:Persian_Gulf|Persian Gulf]] and dominated by [[:en:Arabs|Arabs]], causing Aksum to decline. By 800 AD, the capital was moved south into the interior highlands, and Aksum was much diminished.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=66–71}} === West Africa === {{Main|History of West Africa#Iron Age}} {{See also|Serer prehistory|Timeline of Serer history}} Mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahel, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi cifukwa ca kulima mphoza na mphoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakulongora kuti mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Ubwezi wa malonda uwo ukaŵako pambere malonda gha pakati pa Sahara na Sahara ghandambe, ukaŵako chifukwa cha umo vyakumera vya kumpoto na kumwera vikupambanirana. Ŵalimi ŵakapokeranga mchere kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapopa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu mapopa ŵakasanganga nyama na vyakurya vinyake ku ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵalimi ŵa mu malo ghakuliskako viŵeto kweniso ku ŵalovi ŵa mu Mlonga wa Niger. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nkhorongo ŵakapelekanga weya na nyama.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=79–80}} [[File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg|left|thumb|Nok sculpture, terracotta, [[:en:Louvre|Louvre]]]] Dhar Tichitt na Oualata mu Mauritania sono ni malo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba yakwambilira, iyo yikaŵako m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke awo ŵakakhalanga ku Mandé ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakomira chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa, ndipo panyake ŵakasamukira ku Koumbi Saleh. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika. Kumwera, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala ku Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusazgapo chisulo. Mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakafwa. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe ndi ma terracotta a Nok, ziboliboli za mkuwa za ufumu wa Yoruba wa Ife ndi za ufumu wa Bini wa Benin tsopano zikukhulupirira kuti ndizopitilira miyambo ya chikhalidwe choyambirira cha Nok.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=39}} === Bantu expansion === {{Main|Bantu peoples#History|Bantu expansion#Expansion}} [[File:Bantu_Phillipson.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bantu_Phillipson.png|thumb|'''1''' = 3000 – 1500 BC origin'''2''' = c. 1500 BC first migrations {{spaces|4}} '''2.a''' = Eastern Bantu, {{spaces|4}} '''2.b''' = Western Bantu'''3''' = 1000 – 500 BC [[:en:Urewe|Urewe]] nucleus of Eastern Bantu '''4''' – '''7''' = southward advance'''9''' = 500 BC – 0 Congo nucleus '''10''' = 0 – 1000 CE last phase<ref>after Derek Nurse and Gérrard Philipsian: The Bantu Languages. Routledge, London 2003.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kusama chifukwa cha kupanikizgika kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu (mu banja la Niger na Congo) ŵakamba kuyowoya viyowoyero ivi mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Kufuma ku Cameroon kuya kumafumiro gha dazi kukafika ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu vikafika ku vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Gulu linyake likaluta kumwera ku chipalamba cha Zambezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi ku vigaŵa vya ku Angola, ndipo ŵakaluta kumafumiro gha dazi ku Malawi, Zambia, na Zimbabwe mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E. Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu Nyanja Yikuru ghafuluke cikaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi, vyaka 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo ghakafika mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, Kenya, na Tanzania. Paumaliro, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumafumiro gha dazi likakumana na ŵanthu ŵakumwera kufuma ku Malawi, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakalutilira kulazga kumwera, ndipo magulu gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakalutilira kulazga ku Mozambique na kufika ku Maputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ndipo ghakafika m'paka ku Durban. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa cha Great Kei River, icho sono ni South Africa. Vipambi ivi vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo vikakuranga makora yayi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ku Namibia na ku Western Cape. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa.{{sfnp|Iliffe|2007|pp=34–35}}{{qn|date=May 2018}} == {{anchor|500 to 1800}}Medieval and Early Modern (6th to 18th centuries) ==<!--Template:Human history links here--> === Central Africa === {{Main|History of Central Africa#Post-classical history}} ==== Sao civilization ==== {{Main|Sao civilisation#Origins and decline}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakakhalanga ku Central Africa kwambira m'ma 500 B.C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sao ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Chari kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad, mu caru ico pamasinda chikazgoka caru ca Cameroon na Chad. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kusangika mu charu cha Cameroon. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵa kumpoto kwa Cameroon na kumwera kwa Chadi, chomenechomene ŵa Sara, ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sao. Vinthu vya ku malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakaŵa ŵaluso pakupanga mkuŵa, mkuŵa, na chisulo. Vinthu ivi ni vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu na vinyama, ndalama, viŵiya vyakusungiramo ŵakufwa, viteŵetero vya pa nyumba, majuda, viŵiya vya dongo vyakutowa chomene, na mikondo. Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sao ŵakabowozga vikusangika kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad. ==== Kanem Empire ==== {{Main|Kanem–Bornu Empire#History}} [[File:Borno_in_1810.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borno_in_1810.svg|thumb|The Kanem and Bornu Empires in 1810]] Ufumu wa Kanem ukaŵa ku Chad. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa wa Kanem kwambira m'ma 900 C.E. m'paka mu 1893. Pa nyengo iyo nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono chomene, yikaŵa mu charu cha Chad pera yayi, kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Libya, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Niger, kumpoto kwa Nigeria, kumpoto kwa Cameroon, vigaŵa vinyake vya South Sudan, na Central African Republic. Mbiri ya Ufumu wa Roma yikumanyikwa chomene na buku la Royal Chronicle panji Girgam ilo likasangika mu 1851 na Heinrich Barth uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Germany. Kanem wakawuka mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad. Ufumu wa Kanem ukamba kunangika, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 14 C.E., ukawombokwa na ŵalwani ŵa Bilala ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Fitri. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Kanuri ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Kanem. Kanem wakababika cifukwa ca malonda gha mu Sahara. Ŵakapelekanga mahachi kufuma ku vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa kuti ŵagulire ŵazga. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100, Humai (Hummay) ibn Salamna ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Asilamu wa Sayfawa. Ufumu wa Sayfawa ukawusa kwa vilimika 771, ndipo ukaŵa umoza mwa mafumu agho ghakatora nyengo yitali comene mu mdauko wa ŵanthu. Kanem wakafika pachanya chomene mu muwuso wa Mai (themba) Dunama Dibalemi ibn Salma (1210-1248). Ŵanyake ŵakuti ufumu uwu ukaŵa na ŵasilikari 40,000, ndipo ukafumanga ku Fezzan kumpoto m'paka ku Sao kumwera. Chisilamu chikakhazikika mu ufumu wa Roma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalutanga ku Mecca, ndipo ku Cairo kukaŵa nyumba za ŵalendo izo ŵakasungirangamo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kanem.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=182–183}}{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=90}} ==== Bornu Empire ==== {{Main|Kanem–Bornu Empire#Shift of the Sayfuwa court from Kanem to Bornu}} Ŵanthu ŵa Kanuri awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Sayfuwa ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa nyanja, uko ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Bornu. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ufumu wa Bornu ukaŵa kuti wasanuzga na kupoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Kanem ivyo vikaŵa kuti vyatoleka na Bulala. Boma la Bornu likaŵa na chigaŵa cha Damagaram kumanjiliro gha dazi na cha Baguirmi kumwera kwa nyanja ya Chad. Pafupifupi chaka cha 1400, ufumu wa Sayfawa wakasamuskira msumba wake ukuru ku Bornu, msumba uwo ukaŵa kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Chad. Cifukwa ca kuryamo viŵeto vinandi, malo ghakuliskako viŵeto gha mu Kanemu ghakaŵa ghakomira comene. Mwakusazgirapo, mphindano za ndyali pakati pa mbumba ya Bilala zikaŵa zikuru comene. Pakuti ufumu uwu ukasamukira ku Bornu, ukaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuchita malonda na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ca Sahara. Kweniso ŵakamba kukolerana na vigaŵa vya Hausa, ndipo ŵakapelekanga mahachi na mchere kufuma ku Bilma. Mai Ali Gazi ibn Dunama (c. 1475 1503) wakathereska Bilala, ndipo wakambaso kuwusa Kanem. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, muwuso wa Sayfawa ukakhozga mazaza ghake pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Bornu. Mu hafu yaumaliro ya vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., Mai Idris Alooma wakasintha ŵasilikari ŵake. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵasilikari. Ufumu wa Sayfawa ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kumwera kwa Sahara kunozga vilwero. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vyose vya Sahel kufuma ku Darfur kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku Hausaland kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵakaŵa paubwezi na Ufumu wa Ottoman kwizira mu Tripoli. Ŵana ŵa Mai ŵakapelekanga vyawanangwa kwa themba la Ottoman. [[File:CentralEastAfrica1750.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CentralEastAfrica1750.png|thumb|Major states of Middle Africa in 1750]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, tikumanya vinandi yayi vya Bornu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, msumba uwu ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa Bornu ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafwa cifukwa ca kuleka kunozga vilwero viphya, ndipo Kamembu nayo wakamba kuchepa. Nkhondo iyi yikamba chifukwa cha chilangalanga na njara, kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, nkhongono ya Hausa, kweniso ŵasilikari awo ŵakizanga na vilwero. Mu 1841, mai waumaliro wakathereskeka, ndipo ufumu wa Sayfawa ukamara.Mu malo ghake, muwuso wa al-Kanemi ukayamba kuwusa. ==== Ufumu wa Shilluk ==== {{Main|Shilluk Kingdom#History}} Ufumu wa Shilluk ukaŵa ku South Sudan kwambira mu 15th century kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nile, kufuma ku Lake No kufika ku 12° north latitude. Msumba wa Fashoda ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ufumu uwu. Ufumu uwu ukazengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E. na Nyikang, uyo wakaŵa fumu yakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Shilluk ukamba kunangika chifukwa cha nkhondo izo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukambiska kweniso chifukwa cha ufumu wa Britain na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shilluk |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/middle-eastern-history/shilluk |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> ==== Baguirmi Kingdom ==== {{Main|Sultanate of Bagirmi#History}} Ufumu wa Baguirmi ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 17 C.E., kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad. Baguirmi wakafuma kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ufumu wa Kanem ̇ Bornu. Fumu yakwamba ya ufumu uwu yikaŵa Mbang Birni Besse. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ufumu wa Bornu ukathereska caru ici na kucizgora kuŵa cigaŵa cake.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concise History of Islam|last=Syed|first=Muzaffar Husain|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-93-82573-47-0|location=New Delhi, India|page=165}}</ref> [[File:La_ville_d'Abéché,_vue_du_poste_Français_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_ville_d'Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9,_vue_du_poste_Fran%C3%A7ais_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Abéché|Abéché]], capital of Wadai, in 1918 after the French had taken over]] ==== Wadai Empire ==== {{Main|Wadai Empire#Origins}} Ufumu wa Wadai ukaŵa ku Chad na Central African Republic kwambira mu ma 1700. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Wadai kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Bornu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa Maba ŵakagaluka ndipo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Ŵasilamu. Pakwamba, Wadai wakapeleka msonkho ku Bornu na Durfur, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Wadai wakaŵa wakujiyimira yekha ndipo wakawukira ŵazengezgani ŵake. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakanjira mu ufumu wa Sokoto mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya Fulani ya mu 1805, iyo yikasuzga Bornu.{{sfnp|Udo|1970|p=178}} ==== Luba Empire ==== {{Main|Kingdom of Luba#Origins and foundation}} [[File:Luba_pottery-1908.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luba_pottery-1908.jpg|right|thumb|Luba pottery]] Pakati pa 1300 na 1400 C.E., Kongolo Mwamba (Nkongolo) wa fuko la Balopwe wakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya Luba, kufupi na Nyanja ya Kisale. Wakayambiska ufumu wa Kongolo, uwo pamasinda Kalala Ilunga wakawuparanya. Kalala wakasazgirako ufumu wake kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Kisale. Ndondomeko yiphya ya ndyali ya mathemba ghauzimu (balopwe) na wupu wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵa vikaya. Mulongozgi uyu ndiyo wakadumbiskananga na mizimu ya ŵasekuru. Vyaru ivyo vikathereskeka vikaŵanga na ŵimiliri mu nyumba ya themba. Muwuso wa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ukaŵa wauzimu yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda gha mu vigaŵa ivi na kupokera mithulo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakambiska boma ili ŵakayowoya kuti ŵali kufuma mu fuko la Luba. Gulu la Luba likafika mu vigaŵa vyose vya Central Africa, kumwera kwa Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Congo. Maufumu ghaŵiri ghakuru agho ghakayowoya kuti ghakafuma ku Luba ghakaŵa gha Lunda na Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba na Basimba awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Zambia ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba awo ŵakiza ku Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=138–139}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=159–160}} ==== Lunda Empire ==== {{Main|Kingdom of Lunda#Origin}} {{Further|List of rulers of the Lunda Empire}} [[File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|right|thumb|Lunda town and dwelling]] Mu ma 1450, munthu munyake wakuchemeka Luba uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba yacifumu, zina lake Ilunga Tshibinda, wakatora fumukazi ya Lunda, zina lake Rweej. Mwana wawo Mulopwe Luseeng ndiyo wakalutilira kuwusa. Mwana wake Naweej wakalutilira kusazgirako ufumu wake ndipo wakumanyikwa kuti ni themba lakwamba la Lunda, ndipo wakaŵa na zina lakuti mwato yamvo (mwaant yaav, mwant yav), fumu ya njoka. Ndyali za ku Luba zikalutilira, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakathereskeka ŵakaŵamo. Mwato yamvo wakapelekanga cilool panji kilolo (muteŵeti wa themba) na wakusonkheska msonkho ku boma lililose ilo likathereskeka.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=141}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|p=161}} Vyaru vinandi vikayowoya kuti vikafuma ku Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Imbangala awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu cha Angola ŵakatenge mbana ŵa Kinguri, mukuru wa Fumukazi Rweej, uyo wakatinkhanga muwuso wa mulopwe Tshibunda. Kinguri wakaŵa zina la mafumu gha vyaru ivyo vikazengeka na mukuru wa Fumukazi Rweej. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luena (Lwena) na Lozi (Luyani) ku Zambia nawo ŵakugomezga kuti mbana ŵa Kinguri. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, mulongozgi wa Lunda zina lake Mwata Kazembe, wakambiska ufumu wa Lunda kumanjiliro gha dazi mu dambo la Luapula. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lunda ŵakamba kuthandazgikira kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo Ŵakayaka na Ŵapende nawo ŵakayowoya kuti mbana ŵawo. Lunda wakayaniskanga pakati pa Africa na malonda agho ghakacitikanga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ufumu wa Lunda ukamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero, ŵakiza na kuwukira.{{sfnmp|Davidson|1991|Shillington|2005|1p=161|2pp=139, 141}} ==== Kingdom of Kongo ==== {{Main|Kingdom of Kongo#History}} [[File:KingdomKongo1711.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingdomKongo1711.png|right|thumb|Kongo in 1711]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 15 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakongo awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto (ba ndiyo yikaŵa chiŵelengero chikuru) ŵakakolerananga mu Ufumu wa Kongo. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa M'banza-Kongo. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa na ndondomeko yiwemi, ŵakathereskanga ŵazengezgani ŵawo na kupokera msonkho. Ŵakaŵa ŵaluso pakupanga visulo, viŵiya, na kuluka salu za raffia. Ŵakawovwiranga ŵanthu kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu pakati pa vigaŵa vyawo. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska vyakurya nga ni chimanga na manioc ku malo agha. Vipambi ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa ŵasazgikirenge, ndipo mbuto iyi yikanjira mu malo mwa mphoza. Kuzakafika m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa manikongo ŵakaŵa na mazaza kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku mlonga wa Kwango kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa cilicose mukaŵa mani-mpembe (kazembe wa cigaŵa) uyo wakapika na manikongo. Mu 1506, Afonso I (1506-1542), uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu, wakamba kuwusa. Apo Afonso wakathereskanga ŵanthu, malonda gha ŵazga ghakalutilira kukura. Mu 1568 m'paka 1569, Ŵagaga ŵakanjira mu charu cha Kongo, ndipo ŵakaparanya ufumu wose. Mu 1574, Manikongo Álvaro I wakawezgekeramo mu ufumu wake na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1660, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵambe kulamulira charu cha Kongo. Manikongo António I (1661-1665), pamoza na ŵasilikari 5,000 ŵa ku Congo, ŵakaparanyika na ŵasilikari ŵa Afro-Portuguese pa Nkhondo ya Mbwila. Ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka ku nkhondo ŵakaguliskikanga ku wuzga. Boma la Kongo likapoka ŵanthu ku ufumu wa Ndongo. Ndongo yikawusikanga na mtundu wa ngola. Kweniso Ndongo wakaguliskanga ŵazga na Ŵapwitikizi. Ufumu uwu ukaŵapokeleranga makora yayi Ŵapwitikizi nga umo ŵakachitira Ŵakenani. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kupoka charu cha Ndongo, kweni Ŵambundu ŵakaŵathereska. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ndongo ŵakasuzgika comene cifukwa ca kuthereskeka kwa ŵazga. Ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakakhazikiska boma linyake ku Matamba, ilo likaŵa la Fumukazi Nzinga. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵazga ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu, ndipo boma likamba kurwa nkhondo kuti liŵatore. Mbumba ya Imbangala ndiyo yikaŵa na boma la Kasanje, ilo likaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800..{{sfnmp|Shillington|2005|Davidson|1991|1pp=198–199|2p=158}} === Horn of Africa === {{Main|Horn of Africa#Middle Ages and Early Modern era}} ==== Somalia ==== {{Main|History of Somalia}} [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|right|thumb|The [[:en:Citadel|Citadel]] of [[:en:Gondershe|Gondershe, Somalia]] was an important city in the medieval [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] [[:en:Ajuran_Sultanate|Ajuran Empire]]]] Cifukwa cakuti cisopo ca Ciislamu cikababika kufupi na nyanja ya Somalia, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Arabia ŵakamba kulondezga cisopa ici. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya Chisilamu, mbumba za Chisilamu zikaluta ku Somalia, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa Chisilamu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakasintha mitima yawo kuti ŵaŵe Ŵasamariya. Msumba wa Mogadishu ndiwo ukamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Msumba wa Cisilamu ndipo ndiwo ukendeskanga malonda gha golide ku East Africa kwa vyaka vinandi. Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Almnara, Mogadishu. Mu nyengo iyi, mafumu gha ufumu nga ni Ajuran Empire na Mogadishu Sultanate, na ma republics nga ni Barawa, Merca na Hobyo pamoza na vipata vyawo vikakura ndipo vikaguliskanga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake. Vasco da Gama, uyo wakajumpha mu Mogadishu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, wakati msumba uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene ndipo ukaŵa na nyumba zakukwana vigaŵa vinayi panji vinkhondi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Duarte Barbosa wakalemba kuti ngaraŵa zinandi izo zikafumanga ku ufumu wa Cambaya, uwo sono ni India, zikalutanga ku Mogadishu na salu na vyakununkhira. Barbosa wakayowoyaso za unandi wa nyama, tirigu, balere, mahachi, na vipasi ivyo vikasangikanga mu misika ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mogadishu, msumba uwo ukaŵa pakati pa vyakupangira vinthu vya ku Eguputo na Siriya, pamoza na Merca na Barawa, ukaŵa malo ghakwendakwenda gha ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili ŵakufuma ku Mombasa na Malindi. Ŵamalonda Ŵachiyuda ŵakufuma ku Strait of Hormuz ŵakizanga na vyakuvwara vyawo vya ku India na vipambi ku Somali kuti ŵaguliske tirigu na nkhuni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska malaya, ambergris, na porcelain. Ŵakaŵaguliskanga ku Ufumu wa Ming ku China, uko ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pakati pa Asia na Africa. Ŵamalonda ŵa Chihindu ŵakufuma ku Surat na ŵa ku southeast Africa ŵakufuma ku Pate, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito virwa vya Merca na Barawa ku Somalia (ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha maboma ghaŵiri agha) kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu kwambura suzgo.<ref>Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, p. 45.</ref> ==== Ethiopia ==== {{Main|History of Ethiopia}} {{Further|Ethiopian historiography}} Ufumu wa Zagwe ukawusa vigaŵa vinandi vya Ethiopia na Eritrea kufuma mu 1137 m'paka 1270. Zina lakuti dy nasty likufuma ku lizgu la Cushitic lakuti Agaw, ilo likuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa Ethiopia. Kwambira mu 1270 C.E. m'paka vyaka vinandi, ufumu wa Solomoni ndiwo ukalamuliranga ufumu wa Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomonic Dynasty |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Solomonic_Dynasty/ |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> [[File:ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ET_Gondar_asv2018-02_img03_Fasil_Ghebbi.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Fasilides_of_Ethiopia|King Fasilides's Castle]]]] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Etiyopiya wakayezga kukolerana na maufumu gha ku Europe. Kalata iyo Themba Henry IV la ku England likalembera Fumu ya ku Abyssinia yilipo m'paka sono. Mu 1428, Fumu Yeshaq I yikatuma mathenga ghaŵiri kwa Alfonso V wa ku Aragon. Ubwezi wakwamba na caru cinyake ca ku Europe ukamba mu 1508 na ufumu wa Portugal, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Lebna Dengel. Ici cikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene, cifukwa apo ufumu ukawukiranga na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Adal, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (uyo wakacemekanga "Grañ", panji "wa woko lamazere"), caru ca Portugal cikamovwira fumu ya Ethiopia mwa kutuma vilwero na ŵanalume 400, awo ŵakawovwira mwana wake Gelawdewos kuti wathereske Ahmad na kwambaso kuwusa. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yimoza mwa nkhondo zakwambilira izo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukachitanga. Apo Fumu Susenyos yikang'anamukira ku Cikatolika mu 1624, pakacitika viwawa na vivulupi ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵamishonale ŵa cisopo ca Jesuit ŵakakhuŵazga cisopa ca Orthodox ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia, ndipo pa Juni 25, 1632, mwana wa Susenyos, Emperor Fasilides, wakapharazga kuti cisopa ca boma ni Cikhristu ca Ethiopian Orthodox ndipo wakacimbizga ŵamishonale ŵa cisopo ca Jesuit na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe.{{sfnp|Beshah|Aregay|1964|p=105}}<ref>{{cite book|last=van Donzel|first=Emeri|chapter=Fasilädäs|editor-first=Siegbert|editor-last=Uhlig|title=[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2005|page=500}}</ref> === North Africa === {{Main|History of North Africa#Arrival of Islam}} ==== Maghreb ==== {{Main|Maghreb#History}} {{Further|Almoravid dynasty|Almohad Caliphate|Saadi dynasty|Alaouite dynasty}} [[File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosquée_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan_Panorama_-_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan_Panorama.jpg|right|thumb|The [[:en:Mosque_of_Uqba|Great Mosque of Kairouan]] (also known as the Mosque of Uqba), first built in 670 by the Umayyad general Uqba Ibn Nafi, is the oldest and most prestigious mosque in the Maghreb and North Africa,<ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Kng|title=Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm0BfUKwct0C&pg=PA248|year=2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-9423-8|page=248}}</ref> located in the city of [[:en:Kairouan|Kairouan]], [[:en:Tunisia|Tunisia]]]] Yahya ibn Umar na munung'una wake Abu Bakr ibn Umar, ŵana ŵa fumu ya ku Lamtuna, ŵa Almoravid ŵakazenga ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku Sahel m'paka ku Mediterranean. Abdallah ibn Yassin na Yahya ibn Umar ŵakati ŵafwa, Abu Bakr wakagaŵa ufumu pakati pa iyo na Yusuf ibn Tashfin, cifukwa ukaŵa ukuru comene kuti munthu yumoza ndiyo wawusenge. Abu Bakr wakatora kumwera kuti walutilire kurwa nkhondo na Soninke, ndipo Yusuf ibn Tashfin wakatora kumpoto, expMu 711 AD, Umayyad Caliphate wakathereska North Africa yose. Kuzakafika mu 100 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ku North Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Kuzakafika m'ma 900 C.E., umoza uwo ukaŵako cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Cisilamu ku North Africa na kuthandazgika kwa cisopa ca Cisilamu ukamara. Pakaŵa mphindano yakuti ni njani wakeneranga kunjira mu malo gha nchimi iyi. Pakwamba, ŵa Umayyads ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ufumu wa Caliphate, ndipo msumba wawo ukaŵa ku Damaseko. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ŵababasi ŵakamba kuwusa msumba wa Baghdad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha ndipo ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo pa vinthu vyawo kweniso kuti Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵekha ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chisopa cha Orthodox, ntheura ŵakasankha Chisilamu cha Shi'ite na cha Kharijite. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 na 900 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Kharijite ghakiza na kuwa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakufuma ku Siriya, awo ŵakatenge ŵali kufuma kwa mwana mwanakazi wa Muhammad, zina lake Fatimah, ŵakambiska ufumu wa Fatimid ku Maghreb. Kuzakafika mu 950, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵathereska caru cose ca Maghreb, ndipo mu 969, Eguputo yose. Mwaluŵiro ŵakafumamo mu Baghdad. Pakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mtundu wa Sanhaja ŵaŵe na chisopa cha Chiisilamu chakutowa, Abdallah ibn Yasin wakambiska gulu la Almoravid ku Mauritania na Western Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sanhaja Berber, nga ni Soninke, ŵakasopanga visopa vyawo pamoza na Chislamu. Abdallah ibn Yasin wakasanga ŵanthu ŵakunozgeka kuzgokera ku Chiyuda ku Lamtuna Sanhaja, uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke kumwera na ŵa mtundu wa Zenata kumpoto. Mu ma 1040, ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Lamtuna ŵakazgoka ŵa Almoravid. Wakaŵawovwira kuti ŵalute ku Spain. Abu Bakr wakati wafwa mu 1087, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana yayi ndipo nkhondo yikasazgikira kumwera. Ici cikapangiska kuti Soninke wasanuzgikeso. Nyengo yinyake ŵanthu ŵakatenge ŵa Almoravid ndiwo ŵakaparanya Ufumu wa Ghana mu 1076, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵakugomezga yayi fundo iyi.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=90}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka mu 1300, Ŵabedouin ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Arabia. Pafupifupi mu 1050, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 250,000 ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb. Awo ŵakalondezganga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakamanyikwanga kuti Banu Hilal. Awo ŵakendanga kumwera kwa mapiri gha Atlas ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Sulaym. Ivi vikapangiska kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiarabic chikure luŵiro chomene, kweniso kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiberberber chikhalenge makora yayi. Pamanyuma, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ilo likachemekanga kuti Hawwara, likaluta kumwera ku Nubia, kujumpha mu Eguputo. [[File:Almohad1200.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almohad1200.png|right|thumb|Almohad Empire, c. 1200]] Mu 1140 C.E., Abd al-Mu'min wakapharazga kuti ŵa Almoravid ŵazamukomeka, ndipo wakaŵapa mulandu wa uheni na vimbundi. Wakakolerana na Ŵaberi ŵa kumpoto kuti ŵarwe na Ŵalmoravid, ndipo wakaŵathereska na kupanga ufumu wa Almohad. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu ndipo ŵakamanya kuŵazga na kulemba, kusanda malemba gha algebra, na kugwiliskira ntchito manambara gha zero na decimals. Kuzakafika m'ma 1300, ufumu wa Almohad ukagaŵikana mu vyaru vitatu. Ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Castile, Aragon, na Portugal ndiwo ukaparanya chomene visopa vyautesi. Mu 1415, charu cha Portugal chikapoka msumba wa Ceuta, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, charu cha Spain na Portugal vikapoka misumba yinyake ku North Africa. Mu 1492, ku umaliro wa Nkhondo ya Granada, Spain wakathereska Ŵasilamu ku Granada, ndipo ici cikamara muwuso wa Ŵasilamu uwo ukaŵa kuti waŵa na vilimika mahandiredi ghankhondi na ghatatu kumwera kwa Iberia.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=88–92}} [[File:Safi_minaret.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safi_minaret.png|left|thumb|The Almohad minaret in Safi]] {{Citation needed span|text=Portugal and Spain took the ports of [[Tangiers]], [[Algiers]], [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], and [[Tunis]]. This put them in direct competition with the [[Ottoman Empire]], which re-took the ports using Turkish corsairs ([[Piracy|pirates]] and [[privateer]]s). The Turkish corsairs would use the ports for raiding Christian ships, a major source of booty for the towns. Technically, North Africa was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, but only the coastal towns were fully under [[Istanbul]]'s control. Tripoli benefited from trade with [[Borno State|Borno]]|date=November 2021}}. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tripoli ŵakaguliskanga mahachi, vilwero, na vyakuvwara vya nkhondo na mafumu gha ufumu wa Bornu.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=166–167}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Saadi, awo ŵakatenge mbana ŵa mwana mwanakazi wa Muhammad, ŵakathereska charu cha Morocco na kuchikolerana. Ŵakatondeska Ufumu wa Ottoman kufika ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo ŵakachimbizga Portugal kufuma ku Morocco. Ahmad al-Mansur ndiyo wakawovwira kuti ufumu uwu uŵe wankhongono chomene. Mu 1591, wakawukira msumba wa Songhay kuti wawuskepo malonda gha golide agho ghakendanga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Morocco ukamara kulamulira msumba wa Songhay. Mu 1603, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Ahmad, ufumu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Fes na Marrakesh. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Muley al-Rashid, uyo wakambiska ufumu wa Alaouite (1672-1727) wakawovwira kuti msumba uwu uŵeso wakukolerana. Mubali wake Ismail ibn Sharif (1672-1727), wakakhwimiska kukolerana kwa caru ici mwa kwiza na ŵazga kufuma ku Sudan kuti ŵakhozge ŵasilikari ŵake.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=167–168}} ==== Nile Valley ==== {{See|Nile#History}} ===== Egypt ===== {{Main|History of Egypt#Arab and Ottoman Egypt (641–1882)}} {{Further|Lists of rulers of Egypt}} [[File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG|right|thumb|Fatimid Caliphate]] In 642 AD, the [[:en:Rashidun_Caliphate|Rashidun Caliphate]] conquered [[:en:Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt|Byzantine Egypt]]. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Fatimid, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa cakutowa comene. Ŵakakhozga madamu na migelo, ndipo ŵakamba kupanga tirigu, balere, lineni, na thonje. Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakapanganga salu zinandi za salu yiwemi. Malonda ghake ghakasazgikiranga mu nyanja ya Meditereniyani na Nyanja Yiswesi. Ŵaeguputo ŵakapangaso ndalama ya golide yakucemeka dinari ya Fatimid, iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa malonda. Ndalama zinandi zikafumanga ku msonkho uwo ŵakaŵanga nawo ŵalimi (fellahin). Ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitako nkhondo ya ku Fatimid mu 969 C.E., ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga misonkho. Ŵakaronga ŵakapelekanga chigaŵa ku ŵalongozgi ndipo ŵakasunganga ivyo vyakhalapo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵakazgoka ŵenecho ŵa malo ndipo ŵakakhalanga makora. Kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵafike pa msinkhu uwu, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa Mamluk. Ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵa ku Berber nawo ŵakalembeka. M'ma 1150, ndalama za misonkho izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga ku minda zikakhira. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakagaluka na kunanga vikaya, ŵakalekeska malonda, kweniso ŵakatimbanizga mazaza gha ŵasilikari ŵa Fatimid.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=158}} Mu 1160 C.E., Ŵaeguputo awo ŵakaŵa Ŵafatisimu ŵakaŵa pafupi kuparanyika. Cifukwa ca suzgo ili, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Kurdish zina lake Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Saladin), pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, ŵakamba kuvikilira Ŵasilamu. Saladin wakathereska Ŵakhristu awo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo ku mphaka za Eguputo ndipo wakapoka Yerusalemu mu 1187. Mu 1171, apo Al-Adid wakafwa, Saladin wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, Ŵaeguputo ŵakawelera ku chisopa cha Sunni, Cairo likazgoka malo ghakuzirwa ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Chiarabu, ndipo ŵazga ŵa Mamluk ŵakatolekera ku Turkey na kumwera kwa Russia kuti ŵateŵetere usilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵakapelekanga msonkho ku ŵasilikari. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa Mamluk ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵankhongono chomene, ndipo ŵakamazga muwuso wa Ayyubid mu 1250 na kwambiska muwuso wa Mamluk. Ŵa Mamluk awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti amirs. Kwa vilimika 250, Mamluk ghakaŵa na mazaza pa Eguputo yose. Eguputo wakambiska nkhondo ya ku Siriya na Palestina, ndipo wakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ŵaeguputo. Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kuwona Ŵaamamuleki kuti mbakuvikilira chisopa cha Cisilamu, Medina, na Mecca. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, gulu la ŵasilikari la iqta likamba kuchepa ndipo likagomezgeka yayi. Ŵa Mamluks ŵakamba kuwona kuti iqta yawo njakulondezgana na umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu misumba. Vipambi vikamba kuchepa, ndipo madamu na migelo vikamba kunangika. Maluso gha ŵasilikari ŵa Mamluk ghakapambana na gha futi na futi.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=159–161}} [[File:Louis-François_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg|thumb|250x250px|In July 1798, French forces under Napoleon annihilated an Egyptian army at the [[:en:Battle_of_the_Pyramids|Battle of the Pyramids]].]] Ufumu wa Ottoman ukati wamba kuwusa, Eguputo wakathereskeka. Mu 1517, pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya Ottoman-Mamluk, Eguputo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman. Boma la Istanbul likawezgerapo ndondomeko ya iqta. Ŵanthu ŵakambiraso kwenda mu Nyanja Yiswesi, kweni chifukwa chakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakendanga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, Ŵamamluk ŵakambaso kulamulira. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Beys ŵakaŵa Ŵamamuleki. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakimiranga waka boma la Istanbul, ndipo ŵakachitanga vinthu mwakujiyimira. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa Pasha ŵakamba kulamulira. Boma likaŵa lambura nkhongono ndipo likaŵa lambura urunji.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=161}} Mu 1798, Napoleon wakawukira Eguputo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha ŵakatondeka kulimbana na Ŵafarisi. Kweni mu 1801, ufumu wa Britain na Ufumu wa Ottoman ukawuskapo Ŵafarisi. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵa Anglo-Franco ŵambe kulimbana na Ŵaeguputo.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=162}} ===== Sudan ===== {{Main|History of Sudan}} ==== Christian and Islamic Nubia ==== {{Main|Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubia#Islamic Nubia}} {{Further|List of rulers of Makuria}} [[File:Christian_Nubia.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Nubia.png|right|thumb|Christian Nubia and the Nile [[:en:Cataract|cataracts]]]] Ezana wa ku Aksum wakati wapoka msumba wa Meroe, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ballana ŵakasamira ku Nubia kufuma kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo ŵakambiska maufumu ghatatu: Makuria, Nobatia, na Alodia. Ŵakawusa vyaka 200. Malo agha ghakaŵa pachanya pa malo ghachitatu, mumphepete mwa Dongola Reach. Nobadia wakaŵa kumpoto na msumba wake wa Farasi, ndipo Alodia wakaŵa kumwera na msumba wake wa Soba. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Makuria wakawukira Nobadia. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu 500 m'paka 600 C.E. Pakwamba tchalitchi likamba kulemba mu Chicoptic, kufuma apo mu Chigiriki, ndipo paumaliro mu Chi-Nubian chakale, chiyowoyero cha ku Nilo-Sahara. Tchalitchi ili likakolerananga na Tchalitchi la Coptic la ku Eguputo. Mu 641, ufumu wa Rashidun ukathereska Eguputo. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Nubia na Aksum ŵaleke kwendera visopa vyautesi. Mu 651-652, Ŵaarabu ŵakufuma ku Eguputo ŵakanjira mu Nubia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nubia ŵakathereska ŵalwani. Pakajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo pakalembeka phangano la Baqt (panji Bakt), ilo likazomerezga Chikhristu ku Nubia na kwendeska malonda. Phangano ili ndilo likawovwira kuti Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Nubia na Ŵaeguputo ŵalutilire kukolerana kwa vyaka pafupifupi 600. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., caru ca Nubia cikamba kunangika. Tchalitchi na ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika ŵakachepeskanga mazaza gha ufumu. Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kunjira mu Nubia, ndipo ŵakambiska masuzgo ghanyake. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka awo ŵakasopanga visambizgo vya Chisilamu ŵakafika mu Nubia. Kuzakafika mu 1366, caru ca Nubia cikaŵa kuti cagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vicoko comene apo cikapokelereka na Ŵamamuleki. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kwiza ku Nubia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakamba kusambira chiyowoyero cha ku Arabia. Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., Makuria na Nobadia vikaŵa kuti vyazgoka vya Chisilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Abdallah Jamma wakalongozga gulu la Ŵaarabu ilo likaparanya msumba wa Soba, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Alodia. Pamanyuma, Alodia wakaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Funj. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Funj ŵakaluta kumpoto ku Alodia na kukhalamo. Pakati pa 1504 na 1505, ufumu uwu ukathandazgika, ndipo ukafika pachanya chomene. 1644 – 1680). Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵakatumizga ufumu wawo kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Kordofan. Ŵakafika kumafumiro gha dazi, kweni Etiyopiya wakaŵakanizga. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa Nubia m'paka ku Cataract Yachitatu. Vinthu vikendanga makora chifukwa cha ŵalwani awo ŵakakoleka na ŵamalonda awo ŵakendanga mu Sennar. Mu nyengo ya Badi IV (1724-1762), ŵasilikari ŵakagalukira fumu, ndipo yikaŵa nga ni munthu uyo wakuwoneseska. Mu 1821, Funj ŵakathereskeka na Muhammad Ali (1805-1849), Pasha wa ku Egypt.{{sfnp|Page|2001|p=88}}{{sfnp|Lye|2002|p=189}} === Southern Africa === {{Main|History of Southern Africa#Post-classical history}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Limpopo m'ma 400 C.E. Ŵakaŵa ŵalimi na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo. Ŵakamba kusamira kumwera, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti visulo vyakwambilira vya ku KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako cha m'ma 1050.{{Ambiguous|date=March 2020}} Gulu la kumwera chomene likaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa, awo chiyowoyero chawo chikukolerana na chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Khoi-San.<ref>{{Cite web |title=500–1800 – AFRICA |url=https://sites.google.com/site/africasfacts/history/500-1800 |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> ==== Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe ==== {{Main|Great Zimbabwe#Description|Kingdom of Mapungubwe#Origin}} {{Further|List of rulers of Mutapa}} [[File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg|right|thumb|Towers of [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]].]] Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ukaŵa wa ku Southern Africa, ndipo msumba wake ukaŵa ku Mapungubwe. Boma ili likaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E. Chuma chake chikafuma ku malonda gha njovu kufuma ku Limpopo Valley, mkuwa kufuma ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Transvaal, na golide kufuma ku Zimbabwe Plateau pakati pa milonga ya Limpopo na Zambezi, pamoza na ŵamalonda ŵa Swahili ku Chibuene. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., msumba wa Mapungubwe ukakhala waka. Mapungubwe wakati wagumuka, Great Zimbabwe yikakwera pa Zimbabwe Plateau. Zina lakuti Zimbabwe likung'anamura nyumba yakuzengeka na malibwe. Great Zimbabwe ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wakwamba ku Southern Africa ndipo yikaŵa likuru la ufumu uwo ukakhozga maboma ghachoko gha Shona. Nyumba za malibwe zikafuma ku Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzengera mu msumba wa Great Zimbabwe, uwo ukaŵa nga ni linga la Great Enclosure. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito malibwe ghakupangira nyumba kuti ŵazenge nyumba zichoko. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikakura chomene chifukwa cha malonda agho chikachitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Kuwuka kwa Great Zimbabwe kukukolerana na kuwuka kwa Kilwa. Mu charu cha Zimbabwe, golide likasangikanga chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba yake ŵakakhalanga makora, ŵakavwaranga salu za ku India, ŵakavwaranga vinthu vya mkuŵa na golide, ndipo ŵakaryanga vyakurya vyakufuma ku Peresiya na China. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1420 na 1430, caru ca Zimbabwe cikamba kunangika. Mu 1450, msumba uwu ukalekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa vinthu ivi nchakuti msumba wa Ingombe Ilede ndiwo ukakura comene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhani ya Ŵashona yambe kujintha. Nyatsimba Mutota, fumu ya kumpoto kwa Shona ya Karanga, yikaŵa pa nkhondo. Iyo na mwana wake Mutope ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe Plateau, ndipo ŵakenda kujumpha mu Mozambiki m'paka kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ŵakacemanga ufumu wawo kuti Wilayatu 'l Mu'anamutapah panji mwanamutapa (Fumu ya Vyaru Vyakupokeka), panji Ufumu wa Mutapa. Monomotapa ndiyo yikaŵa vimbundi vya ku Portugal. Ŵakazenga nyumba za malibwe yayi; Ŵashona ŵa kumpoto ŵakaŵa na mitheto ya kuzenga na malibwe yayi. Matope wakati wafwa mu 1480, ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: Torwa kumwera na Mutapa kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona, Changa na Togwa, ŵakakwesananga na mbumba ya mwanamutapa. Changa wakathereska chigaŵa cha kumwera, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Butua uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Khami. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukalutilira kumpoto pasi pa muwuso wa mwenemutapa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhazikiska misika mu Mlonga wa Zambezi kuti ŵambe kulamulira Mutapa. Ŵakaŵa ŵakukondwa. Mu 1628, nkhondo yikuru yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵike mwanamutapa munyake zina lake Mavura, uyo wakalemba mapangano agho ghakaŵapa wanangwa wakupeleka vinthu ku Ŵapwitikizi. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamazga muwuso wa mwanamutapa na kunanga malonda. Kuzakafika mu 1667, Mutapa wakaŵa kuti wanangika. Ŵalongozgi ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kugura golide chifukwa cha kopa kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵibenge, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ufumu wa Butua ukalamuliranga na changamire, zina ilo likwiza cifukwa ca uyo wakambiska, Changa. Pamanyuma pake ukazgoka Ufumu wa Rozwi. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵafike ku malo agha, kweni Changamire Dombo wakaŵachimbizga mu 1693. Caka ca m'ma 1600 cikaŵa ca mtende na cimwemwe. Ufumu wa Rozwi ukaparanyika mu ma 1830 chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa Nguni kufuma ku Natal.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=252–254}} ==== Namibia ==== {{Main|History of Namibia}} [[File:Realnam.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Realnam.JPG|thumb|Herero and Nama territories]] Kuzakafika mu 1500 C.E., vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa vikaŵa kuti vyamba kulamulira. Ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Namibia, ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Ovambo ŵakalimanga, ndipo ŵa fuko la Herero ŵakaliskanga viŵeto. Apo viŵeto vikasazgikiranga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero ŵakasamira kumwera ku Namibia kuti ŵakasange malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Ovambanderu, ŵakamba kukhala ku Ghanzi, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nama, awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Khoi, ŵakaliskanga mberere ndipo ŵakaluta kumpoto ndipo ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero. Boma la Lozi likathereska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mbukushu, Subiya, na Yei, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Botei, Okavango, na Chobe, kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|p=218}} ==== South Africa and Botswana ==== {{Main|Early history of South Africa|History of South Africa|History of Botswana}} ===== Sotho–Tswana ===== [[File:Realzulu.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Realzulu.JPG|thumb|South African ethnic groups]] Kukula kwa maiko gha Sotho na Tswana agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Limpopo, kukamba mu 1000 C.E. Nkhongono za mulongozgi zikathembanga pa viŵeto na kukolerana na ŵasekuru ŵake. Ici tingaciwona mu mizi iyo yili pa Toutswemogala Hill, kumpoto kwa mapiri na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Vaal. Kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Vaal kukaŵa vyaru vyakwambilira vya Tswana ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Para pawuka mphindano, ŵanthu ŵakambanga kupanga maboma ghawo.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=153–155}} ===== Nguni peoples ===== Kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Drakensberg kukakhalanga ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Nguni. Iwo nawo ŵakachitanga mulimo wa kuzenga maufumu, ndipo maufumu ghaphya ghakawukanga chifukwa cha mphindano, kupambana maghanoghano, na suzgo la ŵanthu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, nkhondo, kuzenga boma, na kusama vikamanyikwa kuti Mfecane (Nguni) panji Difaqane (Sotho). Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe nthena nchakuti Ufumu wa Ŵazulu ukakhazikika. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kusona visulo, kulima mpunga, na kuliska viŵeto.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=153–155}} ===== Khoisan and Boers ===== [[File:SouthAfrica1885.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthAfrica1885.jpg|thumb|Political map of Southern Africa in 1885]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakakhalanga kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Cape, uko kuli vula zinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, nga mba Sotho na Nguni, kweni chigaŵa ichi chikamara apo kukaŵa vula. Viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu vili na lizgu la chiyowoyero cha Khoisan. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakaguliskanga ng'ombe, mberere, na nyama. Ŵazengezgani ŵawo awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakaguliskanga mkuŵa, chisulo, na hona.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=153–155}} Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikakhazikiska malo ghakusungira maji ku Table Bay kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Khoikhoi ŵagulire maji na nyama. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakapokeranga mkuŵa, chisulo, hona, na mphete. Kuti ŵamanye mtengo wa nyama na viŵeto, kweniso kuti ŵagwirenge makora ntchito, Ŵachidachi ŵakakhazikika ku Table Bay mu 1652. Ŵakalimanga vipasi na vipasi ndipo ŵakazenga chipatala cha ŵasilikari ŵalwari. Kuti ŵasazgireko vyakurya, Ŵachidachi ŵakaghanaghana vya kusazgirako minda mu Table Bay mwa kukhozga ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka kuti mba burgher boers (ŵalimi) pa malo agho pakwamba ŵakagwiranga nchito ŵazga ŵa ku West Africa. Malo agha ŵakaghafumiskapo ku malo ghakuliskako viŵeto gha Khoikhoi, ndipo agha ndigho ghakacitiska nkhondo yakwamba ya Khoikhoi na ŵa Dutch mu 1659. Pakaŵavya uyo wakathereska, kweni Ŵachidachi ŵakamba kupoka chigaŵa chose cha Cape. Mu nkhondo zinandi izo ŵakachitiranga Khoikhoi, ŵa Boer ŵakatora malo ghose gha Khoikhoi na kutora viŵeto vyawo vyose. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Khoikoi na Dutch (1673-1677) yikaŵa nkhondo ya viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakafwa na matenda gha ku Europe. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku Cape, ndipo ŵazga ŵakizanga kufuma ku Madagascar, Mozambique, na Indonesia. Kweniso malo agha ghakamba kusazgikira kumpoto, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari, ndipo nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikapangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kusazgikira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵaburu awo ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto ŵakachemekanga kuti trekboers. Ŵana ŵacekuru awo ŵakakoleka pa nyengo ya kuwukira ndipo ŵapapi ŵawo ŵakakomeka ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vikaya vya Trekboer.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=213–214}} === Southeast Africa === {{Main|Southeast Africa#History}} ==== Prehistory ==== Kuyana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵali kufuma ku Africa, ŵanthu wose ŵali kufuma ku South-East Africa panji ku Horn of Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Nilotic na Bantu ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa ichi.. ==== Swahili coast ==== {{Main|Swahili coast#History}} [[File:Swahili_door_Zanzibar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swahili_door_Zanzibar.jpg|left|thumb|A traditional Zanzibari-style [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] coast door in [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]].]] Pamanyuma pa kusama kwa Bantu, mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku South East Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Arabia na Ŵaperesiya, ndipo ŵakamba kuzgoka misumba ya ku Arabia, Peresiya na Swahili. Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili chomwe chinachokera ku kusinthana uku chikuwonetsa zikhalidwe zambiri zachiarabu ndi Chisilamu zomwe sizikuwoneka mu chikhalidwe cha Bantu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu ambiri a Afro-Arab a Bantu Swahili. Chiyowoyero cha Bantu cha Swahili chili na mazgu ghanandi gha mu Chiarabu agho ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Tanzania (makamaka Zanzibar) na Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Kenya na Tanzania awo ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhapta, Azania, na Menouthias. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Kale, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Kenya na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Ruvuma ku Mozambique. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Arabia ŵakacemanga mphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili kuti ni caru ca zanji (ŵachibulumutira). Template:Sfnp Nangauli kale ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa Ŵaperesiya, kweni sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusanda mdauko, ŵavisopa, na ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Ŵabantu awo ŵakenderananga na ŵamalonda Ŵachisilamu, kwambira m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spear|first=Thomas|year=2000|title=Early Swahili History Reconsidered|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=33|issue=2|pages=257–290|jstor=220649|doi=10.2307/220649}}</ref> [[File:Slaves_ruvuma.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slaves_ruvuma.jpg|right|thumb|Arab slave traders and their captives along the [[:en:Ruvuma_River|Ruvuma River]] in [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] along the Swahili coast.]] Maufumu gha ku Swahili agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo yakale ghakaŵa na vipata vya malonda pa virwa, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mbiri Ŵachigiriki ŵakavizunura kuti "vigaŵa vikuruvikuru". Ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakendanga pa sitima za pa maji nga ni Mombasa, Zanzibar, na Kilwa, ŵakamanyikwanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakendanga pa sitima za pa maji nga ni Zheng He kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Middle Ages awo ŵakamanyanga vya Chisilamu nga ni Abu Abdullah ibn Battuta. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakaguliskanga chomene zovu, ŵazga, na golide. Ŵakachitanga malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, India, Peresiya, na China. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza mu 1498. Pakukhumba kuti ŵazakaŵe na ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵazakaŵe Ŵakhristu, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Kilwa mu 1505. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakasuskanga, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatondeka kucita malonda. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuchepeskako mazaza ghawo pa chigaŵa cha Swahili. Na wovwiri wa Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman, mu 1729 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakafumapo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Oman. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora, kweni vikaŵa nga ni kale yayi.{{sfnp|Page|2001|pp=263–264}} ==== Urewe ==== {{Main|Urewe#Chronology}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Urewe ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Victoria mu Africa. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba vili mu chigaŵa cha Kagera ku Tanzania, ndipo vikafika m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Kivu ku Democratic Republic of Congo, Nyanza na Western ku Kenya, kweniso kumpoto kwa Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi. Malo agho ghakasangika mu nyengo ya Urewe ghakafuma mu nyengo ya Iron Age, kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E. m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Urewe ŵakamba kukhala ku Cameroon. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ku sub-Saharan Africa, wakuchitika pamoza na kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na chiyowoyero cha ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Urewe ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Pakudanga waka kuwona, ŵanthu ŵa ku Urewe ŵakuwoneka nga mbanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale. Kuyana na umo tikumanyira vinthu mazuŵa ghano, palije ico cikuwoneka kuti chasintha kwa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Ndipouli, vinthu vinyake vya ku malo agha vikupambana. Urewe ni zina la malo gha ku Kenya agho ghakamanyikwa comene mu 1948 cifukwa ca ivyo Mary Leakey wakasanga. Wakalongosora za nyengo yakwambilira ya vyaka vya Iron Age mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes ku Central East Africa kuzingilizga Nyanja ya Victoria. ==== Madagascar and Merina ==== {{Main|History of Madagascar|Merina people#History}} [[File:The_Queen's_Ordinary_Style_of_Appearing_in_Public_(edit).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Queen's_Ordinary_Style_of_Appearing_in_Public_(edit).jpg|thumb|Queen [[:en:Ranavalona_I|Ranavalona I]]]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Austronesian ŵakamba kukhala ku Madagascar pambere vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. vindafike. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia ndiwo ŵakamba kulima banane na mpunga. Mu ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku India ŵakamba kwenda kumpoto kwa charu cha Madagascar kuti ŵaguliske vinthu vya mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, ŵamalonda ndiwo ŵakambiska Chisilamu pa chirwa ichi. Mu nyengo ya ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, charu cha Madagascar chikaŵa nga ni dowoko la ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu misumba yinyake ya ku Swahili nga ni Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa, na Zanzibar. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, maufumu ghanandi ghakaŵako: Ufumu wa Sakalava (wa m'ma 1600) ku nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ufumu wa Tsitambala (wa m'ma 1700) ku nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi, na Merina (wa m'ma 15) ku chigaŵa chapakati cha mapiri. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, Merina wakaŵa na mazaza pa cirwa cose ici. Mu 1500, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe kufika pa cirwa ici. Ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Britain ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafuma ku France. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ŵankhungu ŵakendanga chomene mu charu cha Madagascar. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Radama I (1810-1828) wakachema ŵamishonale kuti ŵize ku Yerusalemu. Fumukazi Ranavalona I "Wakusuzga" (1828-1861) yikakanizga Ŵakhristu mu ufumu wake, ndipo Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 150,000 ŵakafwa. Mu muwuso wa Radama II (1861-1863), charu cha Madagascar chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Ŵafarisi. Mu 1895, mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku France na Hova, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu cha Madagascar, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Antsiranana (Diego Suarez).{{sfnp|Lye|2002|pp=242–243}} ==== Lake Plateau states and empires ==== {{Main|History of Buganda|Karagwe District#History}} Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the [[:en:Buganda|Buganda]]<ref name="Roland Oliver 1800. pp. 24–25">Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator", in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.</ref> and [[:en:Karagwe|Karagwe]]<ref name="Roland Oliver 1800. pp. 24–25" /> Kingdoms of [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] and [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2015 |title=Africa Timeline |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-timeline |website=South African History Online}}</ref> ===== Empire of Kitara ===== {{Main|Empire of Kitara#Founding|Bunyoro#History}} By 1000 AD, numerous states had arisen on the [[:en:East_African_Plateau|Lake Plateau]] among the [[:en:Great_Lakes_(Africa)|Great Lakes]] of East Africa. Cattle herding, cereal growing, and banana cultivation were the economic mainstays of these states. The [[:en:Ntusi|Ntusi]] and [[:en:Bigo_bya_Mugenyi|Bigo]] earthworks are representative of one of the first states, the [[:en:Bunyoro_kingdom|Bunyoro kingdom]], which oral tradition stipulates was part of the [[:en:Empire_of_Kitara|Empire of Kitara]] that dominated the whole Lakes region. A [[:en:Luo_peoples|Luo]] ethnic elite, from the Babito clan, ruled over the [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu-speaking]] [[:en:Nyoro_people|Nyoro people]]. The society was essentially Nyoro in its culture, based on the evidence from pottery, settlement patterns, and economic specialization.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=122–123}} The Babito clan claim legitimacy by being descended from the [[:en:Bachwezi|Bachwezi]] clan, who were said to have ruled the [[:en:Empire_of_Kitara|Empire of Kitara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date |url=https://theafricanhistory.com/1812 |website=Theafricanhistory.com |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114212534/https://theafricanhistory.com/1812 |archive-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> ===== Buganda ===== {{Main|History of Buganda}} {{Further|Kabaka of Buganda}} Ufumu wa Buganda ukapangika na Kato Kimera mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kato Kintu ŵakwenera kuti ŵakasamukira kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria mu 1000 B.C.E. Boma la Buganda likalamuliranga na kabaka uyo wakaŵa na bataka. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Kabakas ŵakamba kuchepeska mazaza gha Bataka, ndipo Buganda yikazgoka ufumu wakulamulira. Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., charu cha Buganda chikamba kusazgikira chomene, kweni pakaŵa munthu munyake uyo wakakhumbanga kuti chiŵe na mazaza pa charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu ma 1870, charu cha Buganda chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kabaka wakawusanga na Lukiko wake. Boma la Buganda likaŵa na ngalaŵa zakukwana 100 ndipo ngalaŵa yiliyose yikaŵa na ŵanthu 30. Boma la Buganda ndilo likaŵa lakuzirwa chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Kweni kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Buganda chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain.{{sfnp|Lye|2002|pp=121–122}} ===== Rwanda ===== {{Main|Kingdom of Rwanda#Pre-colonization}} Kumwera kwa Bunyoro, kufupi na Nyanja ya Kivu, ku mphepete kwa mphepete kwa nyanja, kukaŵa ufumu wa Rwanda. Ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi (BaTutsi) ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene, ndipo themba lawo likachemekanga mwami. Ŵahutu ŵakaŵa ŵalimi. Wose ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero chimoza, kweni ŵanthu ŵakakanizgikanga kutengwa na kuchezga. Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, Ufumu wa Rwanda ukaŵako mu nyengo ya Mwami Ruganzu II (Ruganzu Ndori) (c. 1600 1624), ndipo likuru lake likaŵa kufupi na Kigali. Vikatora vyaka 200 kuti Ufumu wa Mwami Kigeli IV (Kigeri Rwabugiri) uŵepo. Chikaŵa chakusuzga chomene kuwusa Ŵahutu kuluska Ŵatutsi. Mulongozgi waumaliro wa Ŵatutsi wakajipeleka kwa Mwami Mutara II (Mutara Rwogera) (1802-1853) mu 1852, kweni chigaŵa chaumaliro cha Ŵahutu chikathereskeka mu ma 1920 na Mwami Yuhi V (Yuli Musinga) (1896-1931).{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=123–124}} ===== Burundi ===== {{Main|Kingdom of Burundi#History}} {{Further|List of Kings of Burundi}} South of the Kingdom of Rwanda was the [[:en:Burundian_monarchy|Kingdom of Burundi]]. It was founded by the Tutsi chief [[:en:Ntare_I_Kivimira_Savuyimba_Semunganzashamba_Rushatsi_Cambarantama|Ntare Rushatsi]] ({{circa|1657}} – 1705). Like Rwanda, Burundi was built on cattle raised by Tutsi pastoralists, crops from Hutu farmers, conquest, and political innovations. Under Mwami [[:en:Ntare_IV_Rutaganzwa_Rugamba|Ntare Rugaamba]] ({{circa|1795}} – 1852), Burundi pursued an aggressive expansionist policy, one based more on diplomacy than force.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=124}} ==== Maravi ==== {{Main|Maravi}} [[File:Maravi_Kingdom_map_c._1650s.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maravi_Kingdom_map_c._1650s.svg|right|thumb|Maravi Kingdom]] The [[:en:Maravi|Maravi]] claimed descent from Karonga (''kalonga''), who took that title as king. The Maravi connected Central Africa to the east coastal trade, with [[:en:Swahili_people|Swahili]] Kilwa. By the 17th century, the Maravi Empire encompassed all the area between [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]] and the mouth of the [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]]. The ''karonga'' was Mzura, who did much to extend the empire. Mzura made a pact with the Portuguese to establish a 4,000-man army to attack the [[:en:Shona_people|Shona]] in return for aid in defeating his rival Lundi, a chief of the Zimba. In 1623, he turned on the Portuguese and assisted the Shona. In 1640, he welcomed back the Portuguese for trade. The Maravi Empire did not long survive the death of Mzura. By the 18th century, it had broken into its previous polities.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=164–165}} === West Africa === {{Main|History of West Africa#Iron Age}} ==== Sahelian empires and states ==== {{Main|Sahelian kingdoms#History of Sahel kingdoms}} ===== Ghana ===== {{Main|Ghana Empire#Origin}} {{See also|Serer history}} [[File:The_Ghana_Empire.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ghana_Empire.svg|thumb|The Ghana Empire]] Ufumu wa Ghana ukwenera kuti ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ukazengeka na Dinge Cisse. Ghana wakazunulika kakwamba na Al-Farazi, uyo wakaŵa Muarabu. Mu Ghana, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni na ku mizi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni agha ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa ufumu uwu, kweniso themba la Ghana ilo likachitanga chisopa chaunenesko. Kukaŵa matawuni ghaŵiri, limoza uko kukaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu na Ŵaarabu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya, ndipo ŵakakolerananga na maboma ghanyake agho ghakalayizga kuti ghaŵenge ghakugomezgeka ku Ghana. Ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni Ciuta, ndipo ŵanthu wose ŵakamuwonanga kuti wali makora. Ghana wakazgoka Muislamu cha m'ma 1050, wakati wapoka Aoudaghost. Ufumu wa Ghana ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi chifukwa cha kukhomeska msonkho pa malonda agho ghakaŵa pakati pa Tiaret na Sijilmasa. Ghana ndiyo wakawoneseskanga malo gha golide gha ku Bambouk, kumwera kwa Koumbi Saleh. Ŵakatoranga mchere na golide ivyo vikendanga mu caru cawo. Ufumu ukacitangako yayi kupanga vinthu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, caru ca Ghana cikamba kunangika. Nyengo yinyake ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti chifukwa chake chikaŵa chakuti Ŵaberi ŵakathereska msumba wa Koumbi Saleh mu 1076. Ici nchakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pali vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti malonda gha golide ghakasamukira kumafumiro gha dazi ku Mlonga wa Niger na ku nthowa ya Taghaza, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Ghana uleke kwenda makora. Cifukwa cinyake ico ŵakuzunura nchakuti ndyali zikuŵa zambura kukhazikika cifukwa ca mphindano pakati pa maboma ghakupambanapambana. Ufumu uwu ukamara mu 1230, apo Takrur, kumpoto kwa Senegal, ndiyo wakapoka msumba ukuru.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=173–174}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Africa&#124; BBC World Service |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter1.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===== Mali ===== {{Main|Mali Empire#Pre-imperial Mali}} {{Further|Keita dynasty}} [[File:MALI_empire_map.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MALI_empire_map.PNG|thumb|Mali Empire at its greatest extent]] Ufumu wa Mali ukamba mu 13th century AD, apo mulongozgi wa Mande (Mandingo), Sundiata (Lord Lion) wa fuko la Keita, wakatonda Soumaoro Kanté, fumu ya Sosso panji Soninke wakumwera, pa Nkhondo ya Kirina mu c. 1235. Sundiata wakalutilira kuwusa kufuma ku nkhorongo na ku Dambo la Niger, kumafumiro gha dazi kukafika ku Niger Bend, kumpoto kukafika ku Sahara, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Atlantic Ocean. Sundiata wakaŵa na zina lakuti mansa. Wakazenga msumba ukuru wa ufumu wake ku Niani. Nangauli malonda gha mchere na golide ghakalutilira kuŵa ghakuzirwa ku Ufumu wa Mali, kweni vyakurya na viŵeto navyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa. Kulima mpheska, mpunga, na mpunga kukaŵa kwakuzirwa comene. Ku mphaka za kumpoto kwa Sahel, viŵeto vya ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, na ngamila vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mande ŵakakhalanga mu mizi na malo. Mu mizi iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka kafu, ndipo ŵakalamuliranga na famu. Famu iyi yikapeleka chawanangwa ku fumu. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi na ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pasi ŵakalongozgekanga na themba. Usange mphakukhumbikwa, ŵasilikari ŵankhongono ŵangasangika mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Munthu wakang'anamukiranga ku Cisilamu pachokopachoko. Nkhongono ya mansa yikathembanga pa kukolerana na vigomezgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale kweniso pa nkhongono zauzimu. Pakwamba, Sundiata wakakananga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mansa ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu awo ŵakasopanga chomene Chiuta, kweni ŵakalondezganga mitheto na viphikiro ivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mande. Chisilamu chikazgoka chisopa cha ku nyumba ya themba mu muwuso wa mwana wa Sundiata, Uli I (1225-1270). Mansa Uli wakaluta ku Mecca, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamumanya. Pa nyumba yacifumu iyi, pakaŵa Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵalembi na ŵalembi. Munthu munyake wa chisopa cha Cisilamu, zina lake Ibn Battuta, wakalemba vinthu vyakukhwaskana na ufumu uwu. Mali yikafika pa msinkhu wa nkhongono zake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, apo Mansa Musa (1312-1337) wakacita ulendo wake wakucemeka Hajj ku Mecca na ŵazga 500. Ulendo wa haji wa Mansa Musa ukapangiska kuti golide lileke kukhumbikwa mu Eguputo kwa vyaka 10. Wakakondweska comene ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ca Cisilamu na ŵa ku Europe. Wakacemera ŵasambizgi na ŵakuzenga nga ni Ishal al-Tuedjin (al-Sahili) kuti ŵalutilire kunjizga Mali mu caru ca Cisilamu. Ufumu wa Mali ukakura chomene pa nkhani ya kusambira na kulemba. Mu 1285, muzga wakufwatuka zina lake Sakura, wakawukira ufumu. Munthu uyu wakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg mu msumba wa Timbuktu na kuwuzgora msumba wa masambiro na malonda. Kuguliska mabuku kukakura comene, ndipo kukopera mabuku kukazgoka nchito yakuzirwa ndiposo yakovwira comene. Timbuktu na Djenné vikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa ghakusambilira visambizgo vya Chisilamu.{{sfnp|Davidson|1971|pp=84–85}} Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Mansa Suleyman (1341-1360) charu cha Mali chikamba kunjira mu suzgo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Mossi ŵakawukira mphaka ya kumwera. Ŵa Tuareg ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuti ŵapoke Timbuktu. Ŵafulani (Fulbe) ŵakathereska mazaza gha Mali kumanjiliro gha dazi mwa kukhazikiska boma lakujiyimira palekha la Futa Toro, ilo likapokelera ufumu wa Takrur. Ubali wa Serer na Wolof ukamara. Mu 1545 m'paka 1546, Ufumu wa Songhai ukatora Niani. Pamanyuma pa 1599, ufumu uwu ukaleka kusanga golide ku Bambouk ndipo ukagaŵikana.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=83–87}} ===== Songhai ===== {{Main|Songhai Empire#History}} {{Further|Askiya dynasty|Sonni dynasty}} [[File:SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG|right|thumb|The Songhai Empire, c. 1500]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Songhai ŵali kufuma ku ŵalovi awo ŵakakhalanga mu Mlonga wa Niger. Ŵakazenga msumba wawo ukuru ku Kukiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. na ku Gao mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Songhai ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Nilo na Sahara. Sonni Ali, uyo wakaŵa wa fuko la Songhai, wakamba kuwukira msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468. Wakafika kumpoto, mu mapopa, wakambiska ufumu wa Mossi kumwera kwa Niger, na kufika ku Djenne. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakaŵa na ŵapamahachi na maboti. Sonni Ali wakaŵa Musulumani wakugomezgeka yayi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber-Arab ŵakamulongosoleranga viheni, comenecomene cifukwa ca kuwukira Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Timbuktu pamanyuma pakuti waŵavikilira na kuŵaponoska ku Ŵatuareg. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu 1492, muhaliri wake wakatoleka na muzukuru wake Askia Mohammad I, mwana wa Kassey, mudumbu wa Sonni Ali. Muhammad Ture (1493-1528) ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Askiya. Wakakhozga vinthu ivyo Sonni Ali wakathereska. Chisilamu chikagwiliskirika nchito kuti wasazgireko mazaza ghake mwa kuphalira ŵanthu ŵa ku Mossi kuti ŵacite nkhondo, kwambaso malonda mu caru ca Sahara, kweniso kuti Khalifa wa ku Cairo uyo wakaŵa "mu mfwiri" wa Ŵababasi, wamuphalire kuti waŵe Khalifa wa ku Sudan. Wakakhazikiska msumba wa Timbuktu kuŵa malo ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Cisilamu. Muhammad Ture wakalutilira kusanuzga ufumu wake mwa kusunkhunya ŵa Tuareg kumpoto, kuwukira Aïr kumafumiro gha dazi, na kuwukira tawuni ya Taghaza iyo yikaŵa na mchere. Wakaŵagwiliskira nchito mu malonda gha Songhay. Wakalutilira kusora ŵateŵeti ŵakugomezgeka na mbumba zawo kuti ŵaŵe ŵalaŵiliri na kuŵapa maudindo mu vigaŵa ivyo wakapoka. Ŵakaŵa na udindo wa kuzenga magulu gha nkhondo. Pakuti Songhay yikaŵa malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi, yikaŵa yakukhora chomene nanga ni apo pakaŵa mphindano. Leo Africanus wakalongosora makora ufumu wa Askiya Muhammad. Askiya Muhammad wakathereskeka na mwana wake mu 1528. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kukuru, mwana waumaliro wa Muhammad Ture, Askiya Daoud (1529-1582) wakatora ufumu. Mu 1591, Morocco wakawukira ufumu wa Songhai mwakulongozgeka na Ahmad al-Mansur wa fuko la Saadi kuti wapoke malo gha golide gha ku Sahel. Pa Nkhondo ya ku Tondibi, ŵasilikari ŵa Songhai ŵakathereskeka. Ŵaroma ŵakathereska msumba wa Djenne, Gao, na Timbuktu, kweni ŵakatondeka kupoka chigaŵa chose. Askiya Nuhu na ŵasilikari ŵa Songhay ŵakakumanaso ku Dendi mu mphepete mwa chigaŵa cha Songhai, uko gulu la ŵasilikari likapoka katundu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, charu cha Songhai chikagaŵikana mu vyaru vinandi. Morocco wakawona kuti mulimo wake ukaŵa wambura phindu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga golide. Ntheura malonda ghanandi agho ghakacitikanga mu caru ca Sahara ghakafika ku Bornu. Vinthu vyakudura ivyo ŵakagura na golide vikeneranga kutumizgika ku mapiri gha mu Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakakhalako ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ndipo ŵakacemekanga Arma panji Ruma. Ŵakajiŵika mu Timbuktu nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Pakati pa vivulupi ivi, magulu ghanyake ghakamba kujikhwimiska, kusazgapo Ŵafulani ŵa ku Futa Tooro awo ŵakiza kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ufumu wa Bambara, umoza mwa maufumu agho ghakafumako ku Songhai, ukaparanya Gao. Mu 1737, ŵa Tuareg ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Arma.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=88–89}}{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=100–102, 179–181}} ===== Sokoto Caliphate ===== {{Main|Sokoto Caliphate#History}} [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]] Ŵafulani ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakusamukira kunyake. Ŵakafuma ku Mauritania na kwamba kukhala ku Futa Tooro, Futa Djallon, na ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 14 C.E., ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kusopa Ciislam. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵakafika ku Macina, kumwera kwa Mali. Mu ma 1670, ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵachitenge jihad ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi. Nkhondo izi zikawovwira kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi nga ni Futa Toro, Futa Djallon, Macina, Oualia, na Bundu. Boma lakuzirwa comene pa maboma agha likaŵa la Sokoto Caliphate panji Ufumu wa Fulani. Mu tawuni ya Gobir, Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) wakasuska ŵalongozgi ŵa Hausa kuti ŵakulondezga chisopa chautesi cha Chisilamu kweniso kuti mbambura kwenelera. Mu 1804, wakambiska Nkhondo ya Fulani, iyo yikaŵa nkhondo ya chigaluka pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakwenyelera chifukwa cha misonkho yikuru kweniso ŵakakondwa yayi na ŵalongozgi ŵawo. Ku Northern Nigeria kukaŵa nkhondo ya Jihad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani na Hausa ŵakakolerana nayo chomene. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Usman wakapanga ufumu uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Nigeria, Benin, na Cameroon, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ukaŵa Sokoto. Wakaleka nchito yake ya kusambizga na kulemba ndipo wakapeleka ufumu kwa mwana wake Muhammed Bello. Ufumu wa Sokoto ukakhala m'paka mu 1903, apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakapoka kumpoto kwa Nigeria.{{sfnp|Lye|2002|p=188}} ==== Forest empires and states ==== ===== Akan kingdoms and emergence of Asante Empire ===== {{Further|Akan people#Origin and ethnogenesis|Bono state#Origin|Ashanti Empire#History|List of rulers of Asante}} [[File:Kent_wove.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Ashanti_people|Ashanti]] [[:en:Kente_cloth|Kente cloth]] patterns]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Akan ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Kwa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya Kwa ŵakagomezgeka kuti ŵakafuma ku East/Central Africa, pambere ŵandafike ku Sahel. Kuzakafika m'ma 1200 C.E., Ufumu wa Akan wa Bonoman (Bono State) ukaŵako. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., apo migodi ya golide mu Mali yikamba kumara, boma la Bonoman na maufumu ghanyake gha Akan ghakamba kutchuka chomene pa nkhani ya malonda gha golide. Ufumu wa Bonoman na maufumu ghanyake gha Ŵaakan nga ni Denkyira, Akyem, na Akwamu ndiwo ghakaŵa pakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma pake ufumu wa Ashanti ukababika. Nyengo na umo Ashante wakafikira ku malo agha vikususkana. Icho tikumanya nchakuti mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Akan ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakakhalanga mu cigaŵa ca Kwaaman. Malo agha ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Bosomtwe. Ndalama izo boma likasanganga zikafumanga ku malonda gha golide na kola, kweniso kuzenga makuni kuti ŵabase yamsungwi. Ŵakazenga matawuni pakati pa milonga ya Pra na Ofin. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵajivikilire na kupeleka msonkho ku charu cha Denkyira. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Ashante ŵakamba kusintha chomene, kusazgapo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi chifukwa cha kulima vyakumera vya mu charu chiphya nga ni manicure na chimanga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 C.E., Osei Kofi Tutu I (c. 1695 1717), na wovwiri wa Okomfo Anokye, ŵakakolerana na mtundu wa Ashante. Osei Tutu wakalutilira kusazgirako chigaŵa chake. Wakazenga gulu la ŵasilikari la Ashante ilo likajintha pa boma la Akwamu, wakambiska gulu liphya na kuzgora gulu la ŵasilikari kuti liŵe la nkhondo. Mu 1701, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ashante ŵakathereska charu cha Denkyira, ndipo ŵakamba kuchita malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ŵa ku Dutch. Opoku Ware I (1720-1745) wakalutilira kusazgirako ufumu wake na kusazgirako vyaru vinyake vya kumwera kwa Akan. Wakazgokera kumpoto na kusazgako Techiman, Banda, Gyaaman, na Gonja, vyaru ivyo vili mumphepete mwa Black Volta. Pakati pa 1744 na 1745, Asantehene Opoku wakawukira chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Dagomba, ndipo wakawusa nthowa zakuzirwa zakwendamo mu charu cha Niger. Kusi Obodom (1750-1764) ndiyo wakatora malo gha Opoku. Wakakhozga vyaru ivyo wakaŵa kuti wapoka. Osei Kwadwo (1777-1803) wakapangiska vyakuti ufumu wake wendenge makora na kulutilira kukura. Osei Kwame Panyin (1777-1803), Osei Tutu Kwame (1804-1807), na Osei Bonsu (1807-1824) ŵakalutilira kukhozga na kusazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Ufumu wa Ashante ukaŵa na chigaŵa chose icho sono chikuchemeka Ghana na vigaŵa vinandi vya Ivory Coast.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=140}} Ashantehene wakapokera udindo wake kufuma kwa anyina. Ku Kumasi, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, wakaŵanga na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga chomene malonda, ndyali, na usilikari. Ŵanalume ŵakufuma ku Arabia, Sudan, na Europe ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu boma, ndipo wose ŵakimikikanga na Ashantehene. Mu msumba ukuru na mu matawuni ghanyake, ŵapolisi ŵapadera ŵakagwiranga nchito nga mbalinda ŵa Ashantehene, nga ni awo ŵakamanyanga vinthu, ndiposo kuti ŵamazge kugaluka. Mu ufumu wose uwu mukaŵa misewu iyo yikendanga kufupi na nyanja m'paka pakati pa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ufumu wa Ashante ukaŵa wankhongono chomene. Mu 1900, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira msumba uwu..{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|p=242}} ===== Dahomey ===== {{Main|History of the Kingdom of Dahomey}} {{Further|Aja people#History}} [[File:Dahomey_amazon2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dahomey_amazon2.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:Dahomey_Amazons|Dahomey Amazons]], an all-women fighting unit]] Ufumu wa Dahomey ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aja ŵa mu ufumu wa Allada ŵakasamira kumpoto na kukhala na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fon. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vicoko waka, ŵakamba kuwusa. Ntheura ŵakambiska ufumu wa Dahomey, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Agbome. Fumu Houegbadja (c. 1645 ‡ 1685) yikapangiska Dahomey kuŵa ufumu wankhongono. Wakayowoya kuti malo ghose nga themba ndipo ghakeneranga kupelekeka msonkho. Ŵakaŵaso na mazaza gha kuwusa nga ni ŵana ŵakwamba. Pakaŵa "kusopa ufumu". Chaka chilichose, ŵazga ŵakeneranga kupelekeka sembe kuti ŵachindike ŵasekuru ŵa themba. Mu ma 1720, boma la Dahomey likapoka vigaŵa vya Whydah na Allada, ivyo vikawovwira kuti Dahomey wasange ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Themba Agadja (1708-1740) likayezga kumazga malonda gha ŵazga mwa kusunga ŵazga pa malo agho ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mafuta gha makuni gha maolive, kweni vyandulo ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasanganga na ŵazga kweniso umo Dahomey wakagomezgekeranga ku vilwero vikaŵa vikuru comene. Mu 1730, mu nyengo ya Themba Agaja, Ufumu wa Oyo ukathereska Dahomey, ndipo Dahomey wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho. Ŵazga ŵakaŵapelekanga msonkho mu viŵiya vya viŵeto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mafuta gha makuni gha maolive ghakaŵa ghakukhumbikwa chomene pa malonda.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=191–192}} France yikathereska Dahomey mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku France na Dahomey (1892-1894) ndipo yikakhazikiska boma la vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na Dahomey ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. ===== Yoruba ===== {{Main|History of the Yoruba people}} {{Further|List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo}} [[File:WestAfrica1625.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WestAfrica1625.png|right|thumb|Oyo Empire and surrounding states, c. 1625]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba ŵakajiwonanga kuti mbanthu ŵa mu ufumu umoza, mwakupambana na umo vinthu viliri mazuŵa ghano. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chihausa ilo likung'anamura Ufumu wa Oyo. Boma lakwamba la Ŵayoruba likaŵa la Ile-Ife, ilo likayowoyeka kuti likazengeka cha m'ma 1000 C.E. na munthu munyake wauzimu, zina lake Oduduwa. Ŵana ŵa Oduduwa ndiwo ŵakambiska misumba yakupambanapambana ya Ŵayoruba, ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵasungwana ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵamama ŵa ma obas, panji mafumu gha Ŵayoruba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, misumba ya Yoruba yikaŵa na wupu wakulongozga. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, misumba iyi yikamba kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo ma obas ghawo ghakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa vyauzimu. Ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba iyi ŵakamba kupindana chomene.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|pp=131–132}} Ufumu wa Oyo ukayamba kulamulira mu ma 1500. Mu 1550, ufumu wa Nupe ukathereska boma la Oyo, ilo likaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa pa mahachi. Themba la Oyo likatolekera ku caru cinyake. Wakati wawerako ku nkhondo, Alafin Orompoto (c. 1560-1580) wakazenga ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuruvikuru. Ici cikaŵapangiska kuti ŵaleke kutonda nkhondo mu vipalamba vya kumpoto na mu nkhorongo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., Oyo wakasazgirako chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger ku mapiri gha Togo, Yoruba ku Ketu, Dahomey, na Fon. Wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Chigaŵa chilichose icho ŵakapanga chikaŵa na mulongozgi. Mbumba zinyake zikateŵeteranga nga ni mafumu. Oyo wakaŵa ufumu wa ku mpoto kwa Yoruba, ndipo wakendeskanga malonda pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Yoruba ŵakapanganga vyakuvwara, vyakupangira visulo, na vyakupangira viŵiya, ndipo ŵakaguliskanga mchere, vikumba, na mahachi kufuma ku Sudan kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na ŵasilikari. Oyo wakalutilira kuŵa wankhongono kwa vilimika 200.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=173–174}}{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=134}} Mu 1888, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, ndipo pamanyuma chikagaŵikana. Boma la Oyo likamara kuwusa mu 1896.<ref>Stride, G.T. & C. Ifeka (1971). ''Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800''. Edinburgh: Nelson. {{ISBN|0-17-511448-X}}.</ref> ===== Benin ===== {{Main|Kingdom of Benin#History}} {{Further|Oba of Benin}} [[File:Benin_bronze_Louvre_A97-14-1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benin_bronze_Louvre_A97-14-1.jpg|right|thumb|"Benin Bronze" (brass)]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Kwa Niger na Congo awo ŵakakhalanga ku Edo ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Benin m'ma 1500. Kufuma waka pakwamba, boma ili likalutilira kusazgikira ndyali. Mu nyengo ya Themba Ewuare (c. 1450 - 1480 C.E.), boma likaŵa lakunozgekera kuwukira. Wakakhozga mazaza gha boma na kwamba nkhondo ya vilimika 30 na ŵazengezgani ŵake. Wakati wafwa, ufumu wa Benin ukafika ku Dahomey kumanjiliro gha dazi, ku Niger Delta kumafumiro gha dazi, mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, na ku misumba ya Ŵayoruba kumpoto. Muzukuru wa Ewuare, Oba Esigie (1504-1550), wakathereska mazaza gha uzama (bungwe la boma) na kusazgirako malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene Ŵapwitikizi awo ŵakapanga mkuwa kuti uŵawovwire pa nyumba ya themba. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakalongozgekanga na Uzama, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa mbumba zakukhora kweniso mulongozgi wa tawuni. Pamanyuma pake, mazaza ghake ghakacepa cifukwa ca kuŵika ŵamazaza. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Fumukazi iyo yikababa oba, yikaŵa na mazaza ghanandi. Buku la Alan Ryder lakuti Benin and the Europeans likulongora kuti caru ca Benin cikaguliskanga comene ŵazga yayi. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, msumba uwu ukaparanyika cifukwa ca nkhondo za ufumu na za mukati. Ndipouli, likambaso kuŵa na nkhongono mu nyengo ya Themba Oba Eresoyen na Themba Oba Akengbuda. Mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakatumizganga vyakurya nga ni phura, njovu, gemu, na salu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal na Dutch. Mu 1897, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka msumba uwu.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=188–189}} ===== Niger Delta and Igbo ===== {{Further|Igbo people#History|Kingdom of Bonny#Early history|Kalabari Kingdom#History|Kingdom of Warri#History|Kingdom of Nri#History|List of rulers of Nri}}{{Igbo land labelled map}}Chigaŵa cha Niger Delta chikaŵa na misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa na maboma ghanandi. Malo agha ghakavikilirikanga na maji na vyakumera vinandi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa ichi. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa nga ni vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ku East Africa. Ŵanyake, nga ni Bonny, Kalabari, na Warri, ŵakaŵa na mafumu. Vinyake, nga ni Brass, vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na maparamendi ghachoko, ndipo ku Cross River na Old Calabar, ŵamalonda ŵa Ekpe ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukendeskanga malonda ndipo ukapanganga malango gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga nawo. Nyumba zinyake nga ni izo ŵakazenganga ku Bonny, zikamanyikwanga chomene ku America na ku Europe. ŴaIgbo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo la Nile (kweni pamoza na ŴaAnioma kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Niger). Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ndipo Eze Nri ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake. Chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ndyali icho chikaŵa na vikaya, ndipo chikaya chilichose chikaŵa na chigaŵa na zina lake. Mu mizi mukaŵanga mazaza gha ŵanalume, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Mu malaro gha ku Igbo-Ukwu (800 C.E.) mukaŵa vinthu vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika ku malo agha kweniso magalasi ghakufuma ku Eguputo na India.{{sfnp|Martin|O'Meara|1995|p=95}}{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=137}} == 19th century == {{Further|History of West Africa#Slave trade|History of Central Africa#Slave trade|History of East Africa#Slave trade|History of Southern Africa#Slave trade|History of North Africa#European colonial period|History of West Africa#Colonial period|History of Central Africa#Colonial period|History of East Africa#Colonial period|History of Southern Africa#Colonial period}} === Southern Africa === {{Main|Southern Africa#History}} Kuzakafika m'ma 1850, ŵamishonale na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain na Germany ŵakanjira mu Namibia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero na Nama ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani ya futi na vilwero. Ŵajeremani ŵakaŵa ŵakukhora comene kuluska ŵa ku Britain mu cigaŵa ici. Kuzakafika mu 1884, Ŵachijeremani ŵakayowoya kuti chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma ku Mlonga wa Orange m'paka ku Mlonga wa Kunene, ntchigaŵa cha Ŵachijeremani. Ŵakachitanga vinthu mwaukali kuti ŵasazgireko malo gha ŵazungu. Ŵakacita nthena cifukwa ca mphindano pakati pa Ŵanaama na Ŵaherero.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=218, 327–329, 340–342}} TŴaherero ŵakakolerana na Ŵachijeremani, ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵangaŵawukira. Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhazikiska msasa mu msumba ukuru wa Herero ndipo ŵakamba kupeleka malo gha Ŵaherero ku ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, kusazgapo malo ghawemi chomene ghakuliskako viŵeto mu chigaŵa chapakati. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero na Ovambanderu ŵakagaluka, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1896 na 1897, nthenda ya nthenda ya ng'ombe yikasuzga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero na Nama. Ŵachijeremani ŵakalutilira na ndondomeko yawo ya kuzgora Namibia kuŵa malo ghakukhalamo ŵazungu mwa kupoka malo na viŵeto vyawo, kweniso ŵakayezga kutolera ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero ku South Africa.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=218, 327}} Mu 1904, Ŵaherero ŵakambaso kugaluka. Lothar von Trotha, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, wakambiska nkhondo ya Waterberg, iyo yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Kalahari. Paumaliro wa 1905, pakaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 pera ŵa mtundu wa Herero. Mu 1907, gulu la Nama likathereskeka. Viŵeto vyose vya Nama na Herero na malo vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, ndipo Nama na Herero awo ŵakakhalapo ŵakaŵa pasi pa ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ovambo ndiwo ŵakeneranga kugwira nchito.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=218, 327}} === Nguniland === {{Main|Nguni people#History}} [[File:Dance_of_Landeens.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_of_Landeens.jpg|thumb|Zulu warriors]] Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, panji kuti "kuswa", kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi kumwera kwa Africa. Ufumu wa Nguni wa kumpoto wa Mthethwa, Ndwandwe, na Swaziland ndiwo ukambiska nkhondo iyi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na njara. Dingiswayo wa ku Mthethwa wakati wafwa, Shaka wa ku Zulu ndiyo wakatora ufumu. Wakakhazikiska ufumu wa Zulu, ndipo wakawusa Ŵandwandwe na kusunkhunya Ŵaswazi kumpoto. Ŵandu ŵa ku Ndwandwe ni ŵa ku Swazi ŵajinjile m'cilambo capasi, mwantheura ŵa Mfecane ŵakamba kuthandazgika. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1820, Shaka wakasazgirako ufumu wake mu vigaŵa vyose vya ku Drakensberg. Wakasinthiska ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru ivyo ŵakathereskeka na kuŵika induna. Wakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka, ŵakugomezgeka, na ŵamahara, awo ŵakamanyikwanga yayi mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1828, Shaka wakakomeka na munung'una wake Dingane, uyo wakaŵavya mahara gha nkhondo na maluso gha kulongozga nga ni Shaka. Mu 1838, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers ŵakayezga kupoka caru ca Ŵazulu. Mu myezi yakwambilira ŵakathereskeka, kweni awo ŵakapona ŵakawungana pa Mlonga wa Ncome na kuthereska Ŵazulu. Ndipouli, Ŵavoretker ŵakaŵavya cikanga kuti ŵakhale mu caru ca Ŵazulu. Dingane wakakomeka mu 1840 pa nyengo ya nkhondo. Mubali wake Mpande ndiyo wakatora ufumu na kukhozga vigaŵa vya Ŵazulu kumpoto. Mu 1879, Britain yikawukira ufumu wa Zulu kuti yikawuse caru cose ca South Africa. Ufumu wa Zulu ukathereska nkhondo ya Isandlwana, kweni ukathereskeka ku Ulundi. Limoza mwa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikafuma mu Mfecane likaŵa Ufumu wa Ŵasotho uwo ukazengeka ku Thaba Bosiu na Moshoeshoe I pakati pa 1821 na 1822. Wakaŵa wupu wa maboma ghakupambanapambana uwo ukazomera mazaza gha Moshoeshoe. Mu ma 1830, ufumu uwu ukacemanga ŵamishonale kuti ŵize na vilwero na mahachi ku Cape. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, boma la Orange Free State likalutilira kunanga ufumu uwu, kweni likamalizga yayi kuwuthereska. Mu 1868, Moshoeshoe wakapempha kuti Ufumu wa Sotho uŵikike mu mawoko gha Britain kuti waponoske awo ŵakakhalako. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakulongozgeka na Britain gha Basutoland.{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=261–262, 271}} === Sotho-Tswana === {{Main|Sotho people#History|Tswana people#History}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana ŵakamba kuwusa chigaŵa ichi (kwambira ku Mlonga wa Vaal m'paka ku Botswana). Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River m'paka ku Indian Ocean. Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na Amandebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka, ndipo ŵakatora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Bakalanga, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong, na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakafika pa phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kugwira ntchito pamoza mwamtende. Mu ma 1820, ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo awo ŵakafuma ku charu cha Zulu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Shaka, ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa Basotho awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri. Mu 1823, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kololo ŵakasamira kumpoto, kujumpha mu chipalamba cha Okavango na kujumpha mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu 1845, Ŵakololo ŵakapoka caru ca Barotseland. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Ŵaburu ŵakamba kunjira mu caru ca Basotho. Nkhondo za Napoleon zikati zamara, charu cha Cape Colony chikapelekeka ku Britain.<ref name="Ross 2009">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=R.|year=2009|title=A Concise History of South Africa|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.</ref><ref name="Thompson 2001">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=L.|year=2001|title=A History of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthaf00thom_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780300087765}}.</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, Moshoeshoe I wakayamba kuwusa maufumu gha Basotho gha kumwera kwa Highveld. Ŵanthu ŵakamulumba comene cifukwa ca luso lake na maluso ghake. Ulongozgi wake ukawovwira kuti mtundu wake upone ku ngozi na viyezgo ivyo vikaŵapo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Mu 1822, Moshoeshoe wakimika msumba wake ukuru ku Butha-Buthe, phiri ilo likaŵa mu mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Drakensberg. Pamanyuma, likuru lake likasamukira ku Thaba Bosiu. Kuti waŵawovwire, Moshoeshoe wakaciskanga ŵamishonale ŵa ku France kuti ŵacite uteŵeti wa umishonale mu ufumu wake. Ŵamishonale awo ŵakatumika na Paris Evangelical Missionary Society ŵakapeleka ulongozgi ku Themba pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake na kovwira kuti liŵe na vilwero vyamazuŵa ghano. Padera pa kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri ŵa boma, ŵamishonale (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Casalis na Arbousset) ŵakawovwira chomene pakulongosora kalembero ka Chisotho na kusindikizga mabuku gha Chisotho pakati pa 1837 na 1855. Baibolo lakwamba mu Chisotho likafuma mu 1878. Mu 1868, wakati wataya vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Boers mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Basotho; Moshoeshoe wakapempha Fumukazi Victoria kuti yipharazge kuti Lesotho (iyo yikachemekanga Basutoland) yikaŵa boma la Britain ndipo boma la Britain likaŵa ku Maseru, uko kukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Lesotho. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya mukati, apo Britain ndiyo wakalamuliranga vyakuthupi na kuvikilira charu. Mu 1869, ŵa ku Britain ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵamanye mphaka za Basutoland. Nangauli mafuko ghanandi ghakaŵa na vigaŵa mukati mwa Basutoland, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chisotho ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivyo vikapelekeka ku Orange Free State. === Voortrekkers === [[File:Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_'n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_'n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[:en:Weenen_massacre|Zulu attack]] on a [[:en:Boer|Boer]] camp in February 1838]] Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamba ulendo wawo wa kupanjilira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga Ukuru wa Somba mu Zuurveld. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "Ŵa Voortrekkers". Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, vigaŵa vinandi vya Khoikhoi vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Ŵaburu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakataya wanangwa wawo pa nkhani za ndyali na za cuma, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans, ico cikafuma ku ciyowoyero ca ku Dutch. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakagwiranga nchito nga ni ŵasilikari ŵa boma pa kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi na ŵa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi, ŵazga, na ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakachemekanga kuti Cape Coloured, nawo ŵakaŵako. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na mphaka ŵakaŵa Kora, Oorlams, na Griqua. Mu 1795, ŵa ku Britain ŵakapoka malo agha ku ŵa ku Dutch. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamba kusama, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga Ukuru wa Somba na kunjira mu Zuurveld. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "Ŵa Voortrekkers". Ŵakazenga vyaru vya Transvaal na Orange Free State, comenecomene mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko comene. Mwakupambana na Khoisan, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya Bantu ŵakathereskeka yayi na Ŵafrika chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Kweniso ŵakamba kujipangira vilwero ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Cape. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga umo vikaŵira pa Nkhondo za Xhosa na Boer, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakafumiskikanga mu vyaru vya Xhosa. Pakakhumbikwanga ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu 1901, caru ca Boer cikathereskeka na Britain mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Boer. Kuwina uku kukakoma maboma ghanandi gha Transvaal na Orange Free State, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene. Mwakupambana na Khoisan, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya Bantu ŵakathereskeka yayi na Ŵafrika chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Kweniso ŵakamba kujipangira vilwero ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Cape. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga umo vikaŵira pa Nkhondo za Xhosa na Boer, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakafumiskikanga mu vyaru vya Xhosa. Pakakhumbikwanga ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu 1901, caru ca Boer cikathereskeka na Britain mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Boer. Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Afrika ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca kutondeka.{{sfnp|Davidson|1991|pp=274–275}}{{sfnp|Shillington|2005|pp=268–271}} === European trade, exploration and conquest === {{Further|European exploration of Africa|African slave trade|Scramble for Africa}} [[File:Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg|right|thumb|1895 .303 tripod mounted Maxim machine gun]] Pakati pa 1878 na 1898, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagaŵikana na kupoka vigaŵa vinandi vya Africa. Kwa vilimika 400, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagwiranga waka nchito mu malo gha malonda agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Africa. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako pa nyengo iyi ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakawelera ku nyanja. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangika pa nyengo iyi vikawovwira kuti suzgo ili lileke kuŵapo. Yimoza mwa nthowa izi yikaŵa ya kupanga futi izo zikang'anamulikanga, izo zikanyanyekanga luŵiro kuluska futi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito comene futi. Mu 1885, Hiram S. Maxim wakapangiska futi yakuchemeka Maxim, iyo ni ciyerezgero ca futi ya mazuŵa ghano. Vyaru vya ku Europe vikasunga vilwero ivi pakati pawo pakukana kuguliska vilwero ivi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa. Matenda gha ku Africa ghakatora umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ndipo ghakatimbanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kukhazikika mu vyaru ivi. Matenda nga ni yellow fever, nthenda ya kugona, nthenda ya yaws, na vyoni ghakacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵaleke kuzgoŵera kuluta ku Africa. Ulwari wakukoma comene ukaŵa maleriya, uwo ukazara comene mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Mu 1854, ŵanthu ŵakasanga quinine na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵambe kuwusa charu. Ŵakaŵa na vifukwa vyakupulikikwa vya kuwukira caru ca Africa. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa pa mafakitale gha ku Europe. Ku Europe, kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ŵakaŵa na mtima wa kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru cawo. Para ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵatoranga vyaru vinyake ŵakalongoranga ŵalwani ŵawo kuti mtundu wawo ngankhongono. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa.{{sfnp|Collins|Burns|2007|p=265}} [[File:David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_attacked_by_a_lion_in_Africa._Lithograph._Wellcome_V0018847.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]], early European explorer of the interior of Africa, is attacked by a [[:en:Lion|lion]].]] [[File:A_journey_to_Ashango-Land,_and_further_penetration_into_equatorial_Africa_(1874)_(14594947249).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_journey_to_Ashango-Land,_and_further_penetration_into_equatorial_Africa_(1874)_(14594947249).jpg|thumb|French explorer [[:en:Paul_Du_Chaillu|Paul Du Chaillu]] confirmed the existence of [[:en:Pygmy_peoples|Pygmy peoples]] of central Africa]] Ŵanthu ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda charu ichi. Munda wa Mungo ukambukanga Mlonga wa Niger. James Bruce wakenda mu Ethiopia ndipo wakasanga uko kukafuma mlonga wa Blue Nile. Richard Francis Burton wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Samuel White Baker wakasanda Mlonga wa Nayelo. John Hanning Speke wakasanga maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nayelo pa Nyanja ya Victoria. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa Heinrich Barth, Henry Morton Stanley (uyo wakalemba mazgu ghakuti "Dark Continent" (Dark Continent) pakuyowoya za Africa mu buku linyake la mu 1878), Silva Porto, Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Rene Caille, Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, Gustav Nachtigal, George Schweinfurth, na Joseph Thomson. Munthu wakumanyikwa comene uyo wakaluta ku Africa ni David Livingstone. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Europe ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵalongozgi na ŵateŵeti ŵa ku Africa, ndipo ŵakendanga mitunda yitali. Ŵamishonale awo ŵakayezga kupharazga Cikhristu ŵakasazgirako kumanya vinthu vya ku Africa. Pakati pa 1884 na 1885, vyaru vya ku Europe vikakumana pa ungano wa ku Berlin ku West Africa kuti viphalirane umo vyaru vya mu Africa vigaŵikenge. Ŵakakolerana kuti ŵeneco ŵa ku Europe ŵamanyenge kuti ŵali na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa pekha para ŵa ku Europe ŵacita nchito yawo. Mu nyengo ya 1890 na 1891, pakaŵa mapangano ghanandi agho ghakaŵa na mphaka ya vyaru. Vyaru vyose vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara vikaŵa vya ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe, kupaturako Ethiopia (Abyssinia) na Liberia. Maufumu gha ku Europe ghakakhazikiska maboma ghakupambanapambana mu Africa. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Britain ku West Africa, ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka ndipo ukaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama, ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, panji kuŵa na pulani ya nyengo yitali. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachiskikanga kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza mu vigaŵa vichoko waka. Mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, mukaŵa vyaru vya East Africa (ivyo sono ni Kenya), Northern na Southern Rhodesia (Zambia na Zimbabwe), na South Africa, uko kukaŵa kale ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi. France wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo paumaliro chiŵe chigaŵa cha France. Pakuti charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pafupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kupanga mapulani ghanthena agha. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, maboma ghakaŵa na ŵanthu yayi panji vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti ghalamulire malo agha. Gulu linyake likagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo iyi kuti liŵe na mazaza mu vyaru vyawo. Cinthu cimoza ico Terence Ranger wakacema kuti "kupangiska maluso". Kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵamanye kuti ŵali na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyawo, ŵakachitanga viphikiro panji kuchita vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵali na mazaza. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika cifukwa ca ndondomeko yiphya. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Africa, maboma ghanandi ghakaŵikapo mtima kuti ghaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga. Paumaliro wa nyengo ya ukoloni, ŵakamba kuchita makora chomene, nangauli mu Africa mukaŵa wuzga.<ref>Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012</ref> === France versus Britain: the Fashoda crisis of 1898 === {{Further|French colonial empire}} [[File:Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en.svg|right|thumb|Central and east Africa, 1898, during the [[:en:Fashoda_Incident|Fashoda Incident]]]] Pakuŵa cigaŵa ca Nkhondo ya ku Africa, caru ca France cikaŵa na cilato cakuti cikhazikiske mphepo ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, mwakupambana na mphepo ya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Britain. Mu Africa, mphindano pakati pa Britain na France zikafika paheni comene. Mu vigaŵa vinandi nkhondo yikaŵa yakuti yingacitika, kweni yikacitika yayi. Cakucitika cikuru comene cikaŵa ca Fashoda Incident ca 1898. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakayezga kupoka chigaŵa ku Southern Sudan, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵankhongono comene ŵakiza kuti ŵaŵawukire. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵafumemo mu msumba uwu. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la France ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Morocco, kweni likathereskeka.<ref>D.W. Brogan, ''France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)'' (1940) pp. 321–326</ref><ref>William L. Langer, ''The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902'' (1951) pp. 537–580</ref>{{clear}} === European colonial territories === [[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Aerial view of one of the Dhulbahante garad & Darawiish king [[:en:Las_Anod#Diiriye_Guure|Diiriye Guure]]'s [[:en:Dhulbahante_Garesa|Dhulbahante Garesa]]'s (forts) in [[:en:Taleh|Taleh]], [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]], the capital of his [[:en:Dervish_State|Dervish State]]. [[:en:Dhulbahante_garesa|Dhulbahante garesas]] were the first places to be airstriked in African history]] [[File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|right|thumb|Areas controlled by European colonial powers on the African continent in 1914; modern-day borders are shown]] '''Belgium''' * [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] and [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] (today's [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) * [[:en:Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda-Urundi]] (comprising modern [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] and [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], between 1916 and 1960) '''France''' {{div col|colwidth=23em}} * [[French West Africa]]: ** [[Mauritania]] ** [[Senegal]] ** [[French Sudan]] (now [[Mali]]) ** [[French Guinea]] (now [[Guinea]]) ** [[Ivory Coast]] ** [[Colony of Niger|Niger]] ** [[French Upper Volta]] (now [[Burkina Faso]]) ** [[French Dahomey]] (now [[Benin]]) * [[French Algeria]] (now [[Algeria]]) * [[French occupation of Tunisia|Tunisia]] * [[French Morocco]] * [[French Somaliland]] (now [[Djibouti]]) * [[Madagascar]] * [[Comoros]] * [[French Equatorial Africa]]: ** [[Gabon]] ** [[Middle Congo]] (now the [[Republic of the Congo]]) ** [[Oubangi-Chari]] (now the [[Central African Republic]]) ** [[Colonial Chad|Chad]] {{div col end}} '''Germany''' * [[:en:German_Kamerun|German Kamerun]] (now [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] and part of [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]) * [[:en:German_East_Africa|German East Africa]] (now [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] and most of [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]) * [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] (now [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]]) * [[:en:German_Togoland|German Togoland]] (now [[:en:Togo|Togo]] and eastern part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) [[File:Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Italian_invasion_of_Libya|Italian invasion of Libya]] in 1911: propaganda postcard made by Italian Army]] '''Italy''' * [[:en:Italian_North_Africa|Italian North Africa]] (now [[:en:Libya|Libya]]) * [[:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]] * [[:en:Italian_Somaliland|Italian Somaliland]] (now part of [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]]) '''Portugal''' {{div col|colwidth=27em}} * [[Portuguese West Africa]] (now [[Angola]]) ** Mainland [[Angola]] ** [[Portuguese Congo]] (now [[Cabinda Province]] of [[Angola]]) * [[Portuguese East Africa]] (now [[Mozambique]]) * [[Portuguese Guinea]] (now [[Guinea-Bissau]]) * [[Cape Verde Islands]] * [[São Tomé e Príncipe]] ** [[São Tomé Island]] ** [[Príncipe Island]] ** [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]] (now [[Ouidah]], in [[Benin]]) {{div col end}} '''Spain''' [[File:Riffian_rebels_during_the_Rif_War_1922.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riffian_rebels_during_the_Rif_War_1922.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rif_Republic|Riffian rebels]] during the [[:en:Rif_War|Rif War]] in [[:en:Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco|Spanish Morocco]], 1922]] {{div col|colwidth=27em}} * [[Spanish Sahara]] (now [[Western Sahara]]) ** [[Río de Oro]] ** [[Saguia el-Hamra]] * [[Spanish Morocco]] ** [[Tarfaya Strip]] ** [[Ifni]] * [[Spanish Guinea]] (now [[Equatorial Guinea]]) ** [[Bioko|Fernando Po]] ** [[Río Muni]] ** [[Annobón]] {{div col end}} '''United Kingdom''' [[File:Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resa_del_bacino_del_Brandewater.jpg|thumb|The result of the [[:en:Boer_Wars|Boer Wars]] was the annexation of the [[:en:Boer_Republics|Boer Republics]] to the British Empire in 1902]] {{div col|colwidth=27em}} * [[Egypt]] * [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (now [[Sudan]]) * [[British Somaliland]] (now part of [[Somalia]]) * [[British East Africa]]: ** [[Kenya]] ** [[Uganda Protectorate]] (now [[Uganda]]) ** [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]] (1919–1961, now part of [[Tanzania]]) * [[Zanzibar]] (now part of [[Tanzania]]) * [[Bechuanaland]] (now [[Botswana]]) * [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) * [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]]) * [[Union of South Africa|British South Africa]] (now [[South Africa]]) ** [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] (now part of [[South Africa]]) ** [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] (now part of South Africa) ** [[Colony of Natal]] (now part of South Africa) ** [[Orange Free State]] (now part of South Africa) * [[The Gambia]] * [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]] * [[Cameroons]] (now parts of [[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]]) * [[British Gold Coast]] (now [[Ghana]]) * [[Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]]) * [[Basutoland]] (now [[Lesotho]]) * [[Swaziland]] {{div col end}} '''Independent states''' * [[:en:Liberia|Liberia]], founded by the [[:en:American_Colonization_Society|American Colonization Society]] of the United States in 1821; declared independence in 1847 * [[:en:Ethiopian_Empire|Ethiopian Empire]] (Abyssinia) had its borders re-drawn with [[:en:Italian_Eritrea|Italian Eritrea]] and [[:en:French_Somaliland|French Somaliland]] (modern [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]]), briefly occupied by Italy from 1936 to 1941 during the [[:en:Abyssinia_Crisis|Abyssinia Crisis]]; * [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]], independent under [[:en:Muhammad_Ahmad|Mahdi]] rule between 1885 and 1899. It was then under British rule from 1899 to 1956.{{sfnp|Martin|O'Meara|1995|pp=135–138}} == 20th century == Mu ma 1880, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakagaŵikana pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Ŵakawusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara apo mtima wa kutemwa caru ukakura comene. Mu ma 1950 na 1960, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma agha vikazgoka vyaru vyakujiyimira. Nangauli nyengo iyi yikaŵa yamtende, kweni pakaŵaso nkhondo zinandi zakukhora na zakuthiska ndopa, nga ni izo zikacitika ku Algeria, Kenya, na kunyake. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa vyaru vyawo cifukwa ca maluso agho ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵakasambira ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, France, na ŵasilikari ŵanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mawupu agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵakoloni yayi. Magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru ghakamba kulimbana na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari ndipo pamasinda ŵakavileka. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kuwusa apo boma la ku Europe likafumako. Ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwa vyaka vinandi. Vinthu ivi ni ndyali, masukulu, visopa, na mawupu ghanyake. Mu virimika vyasonosono apa, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vyathereskeka cifukwa ca mtima wa kutemwera caru, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti boma lileke kuŵa na mazaza.<ref>Gabriel Almond and James S. Coleman, ''The Politics of the Developing Areas'' (1971)</ref><ref>Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, ''Nationalism in colonial and post-colonial Africa'' (University Press of America, 1977).</ref><ref>Thomas Hodgkin, ''Nationalism in Colonial Africa'' (1956)</ref> [[File:1916-Africa-political-map.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916-Africa-political-map.jpg|right|thumb|1916 political map of Africa]] === World War I === [[File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_über_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Battle_of_Ngomano|Battle of Ngomano]] in November 1917]] Pakuti chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha ku Europe, Nkhondo za Caru Cose zikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu mdauko wa Africa. Mu Africa mukaŵa nkhondo zinandi ndipo nkhondo zose ziŵiri zikacitikanga. Kweni chakuzirwa chomene ntchakuti mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ku Africa kukacitika nkhondo zinandi, kusazgapo nkhondo ya ku Togo, nkhondo ya ku Kamerun, nkhondo ya ku South West Africa, na nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Pa nkhondo yiliyose iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain, kweniso ŵa ku France, Belgium, South Africa, na Portugal, ŵakayezga kufumiska Ŵajamani mu vyaru ivyo ŵakaŵa. Mu vyaru vyose ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene, ndipo cifukwa cakuti ŵa Germany ŵakathereska vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ku East Africa ŵakaleka kujipeleka mu nkhondo yose iyi, nangauli ŵakathereska vigaŵa vinyake mu 1917. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca France, Belgium, na Britain vikamba kulamulira vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany. Vinthu vyakuthupi na vya ndyali mu Africa mu 1929 Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, maboma agho ghakalamuliranga caru ca Africa ghakalutilira kukhozga mazaza ghawo pa vyaru vyawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, comenecomene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakakhozga kuti boma liŵawovwire, ndipo ŵakaŵachema kuti "ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba zawo". Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakaŵasuzganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbanthu awo ŵangapoka mazaza gha ndyali. Nkhondo iyi yikakhwaska chomene chuma cha mu Africa, icho chikagwiranga ntchito pa malonda gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Apo unandi wa vyakurya ukakuranga m'ma 1930, chuma cha mu Africa nacho chikakwera. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, caru ca Africa cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo Ŵafasisi ŵakambiska. Italy wakayezga kuti wapoke Ethiopia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, kweni ŵakamukana mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia. Ethiopia yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Italy, ivyo ni Somaliland na Eritrea. Mu Meyi 1936, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakanjira mu Addis Ababa, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. Ethiopia na vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵakakhalanga vikasazgika pamoza na Italy mu East Africa. === World War II: Political === [[File:Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Africa_in_1939.svg|right|thumb|Areas controlled by European powers in 1939. British (red) and Belgian (marroon) colonies fought with the Allies. Italian (light green) with the Axis. French colonies (dark blue) fought alongside the Allies until the Fall of France in June 1940. Vichy was in control until the Free French prevailed in late 1942. Portuguese (dark green) and Spanish (yellow) colonies remained neutral.]] Africa yikaŵa caru cikuru comene ico cikaŵa pa malo ghakwenelera nkhondo. Ku North Africa ndiko kukacitika nkhondo yikuru ya Britain na America kwimikana na Italy na Germany. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene ndipo ghakaŵa na nthowa zikuruzikuru zakwendamo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakendanga pa nyanja kuzingilira charu cha South Africa, nangauli ŵakeneranga kwenda mazuŵa ghanyake 40 kuti ŵajumphe mu Suez. Kanandi katundu uyo Lend Lease wakizanga nayo ku Russia wakendanga mu nthowa iyi. Mu vyaru vinyake, misewu iyo yikaŵa kutali na misewu ya njanji yikawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵachitenge makora nkhondo. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose ndipo likajilamuliranga lekha. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Charu cha Belgian Congo, na vyaru vinyake viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Belgium, vikaŵa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikaguliskanga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakaŵa na chuma. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vya Africa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayezgayezga chomene kunozga vinthu vya mu Africa, kukhozgera ulimi, kusazga vyaru vya mu Africa na vya mu caru cose, na kusanga ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha hafu ya miliyoni.{{sfnp|Jackson|2006|pp=171–239}}<ref>David Killingray and Richard Rathbone, edfs. ''Africa and the Second World War'' (1986).</ref> Pambere nkhondo iyi yindambe, caru ca Britain cikaŵa na mapulani ghacoko comene ghakwendeskera vyaru vya ku Africa, kweni cikakhazikiska mwaluŵiro maofesi gha ŵalongozgi. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku West Africa likakhazikiska gulu la ŵasilikari 200,000. Mu Seputembala 1941, boma la East Africa Command likapangika kuti liwovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Middle East. Wakapeleka ŵanalume ŵanandi comene, ŵakujumpha 320,000, comenecomene ŵa ku Kenya, Tanganyika, na Uganda. Boma la South Africa ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa boma ili. Wupu wa Royal Navy ukakhazikiska ofesi ya South Atlantic Command ku Sierra Leone, iyo yikaŵa malo ghakuru ghakusonkhanira magaleta. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo la Royal Air Force (RAF) ilo likalamuliranga vyaru vya mumphepete mwa nyanja (Coastal Command) likagwiranga ntchito yikuru ya kupenja sitima za pasi pa nyanja (submarine hunting) mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, apo gulu linyake likagwiranga ntchito ya kupenja sitima za pasi pa nyanja (submarine hunting) mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Ntchito yikuru ya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Western Desert Air Force yikaŵa yakuyegha ndege kufuma ku North America na Britain. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵachoko ŵakaŵanga na mawoko ghaŵiri. Pambere chaka cha 1939 chindafike, ŵasilikari ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu Britain, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu. Nkhondo yikati yamba waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakambiska magulu gha nkhondo. Kanandi awo ŵakasangikanga ŵakaŵa ŵakujipeleka ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵakapokeranga ndalama zinandi chomene kuluska izo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakapokeranga. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakaŵa mu magulu ghakuzenga agho ghakachemekanga kuti ŵapayiniya, ndipo ŵakaŵa 82,000. Ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo nawo ŵakacitanga vinthu vinyake. Ŵabali na ŵadumbu 80,000 ŵakateŵetera ku Middle East. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima comene kuti ŵaleke kususka mazaza gha ŵazungu, comenecomene pambere nkhondo yindambe. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasambizgika na kulondezga fundo za ku Europe, ŵakaphalirika vinthu vinandi vyautesi, kweniso ŵakasambira umo ŵangacitira vinthu mwamahara na umo ŵanganozgera vinthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakwiyapo pachoko, kweni pakaŵavya suzgo. Kweni mu 1939, Jan Smuts, uyo wakaŵa Mufurikaner, uyo wakaŵa wakutemwa chomene Ufumu wa Britain, ndiyo wakanjira mu malo gha nduna yikuru ya Afrika. Boma lake likakolerana comene na boma la London ndipo likaŵawovwira ŵanthu 340,000 awo ŵakajipeleka (190,000 ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, panji pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanalume ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera).{{sfnp|Jackson|2006|pp=240–245}} ==== French Africa ==== Kukwambilira kwa 1857, ŵa ku France ŵakakhazikiska magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵafipa mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ŵakacitako nkhondo mu caru cose ico cikalamuliranga, kusazgapo ŵasilikari 171,000 mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose na 160,000 mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga ku Germany. Ŵakaŵawovwira comene pa nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku France. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku West Africa ŵakaphalira boma la Vichy kuti ŵathembenge boma la Vichy, nga umo ŵakacitira ŵasilikari ŵa boma la French Gabon. Mu Novembala 1940, Gabon wakathereskeka na ŵa Free France, kweni vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa vikaŵa pasi pa Vichy m'paka mu Novembala 1942. Ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku North Africa mu Novembala 1942. Mwamabuci Admiral François Darlan wa ku Vichy wakasintha gulu ndipo nkhondo yikamara. Ŵalwani ŵakamupa Darlan mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵa ku North Africa kuti waŵawovwire. Vichy sono yikaŵa kuti yindacitikepo mu Africa. Mu Disembala, Darlan wakakomeka, ndipo magulu ghaŵiri gha Free French, agho ghakalongozgekanga na Charles de Gaulle na Henri Giraud, ghakamba kulimbana kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Paumaliro De Gaulle wakathereska.<ref>Arthur Layton Funk, ''Charles de Gaulle: the crucial years, 1943–1944'' (1959).</ref> === World War II: Military === Pakuti ku Germany kukaŵavya vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Africa, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikatora malo gha ku Africa. Pa Juni 25, charu cha France chikati chawa, maboma gha Vichy ghakamba kulamulira vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamasinda pakuti caru ca France cawa, caru ca Africa ndico cikaŵa cimoza pera ico ŵakalwerapo nkhondo mpaka apo ŵa ku Italy ŵakanjilira mu Greece mu Okutobala. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Western Desert, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanjire mu Eguputo. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereska malo ghanyake gha ku Britain agho ghakaŵa ku Somaliland na ku Kenya. Apo Italy yikayezgayezga kuti yipoke Eguputo na Sudan, ŵakasoŵa nthowa yakwendeskera vyakurya ku Italy. Mu 1941, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na South Africa ŵakathereska charu cha Italy ku East Africa. Ku North Africa, Mwaluŵiro ŵa Italy ŵakapempha wovwiri ku ŵa German awo ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Rommel. Na wovwiri wa ŵa German, ŵasilikari ŵa Axis ŵakambaso kuwusa, kweni ŵakatondeka kuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa El Alamein. Kuumaliro wa 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku America na ku Canada, ŵakanjira mu vyaru vya ku France ivyo vikaŵa ku North Africa. Nkhondo yaciŵiri yikasuska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Egypt awo ŵakamba kusunkhunyika kumanjiliro gha dazi kuti ŵakumane na ŵasilikari ŵa Torch. Mu May 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakanjira mu charu cha Madagascar, icho chikaŵa pasi pa France. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France awo ŵakaŵa ku Madagascar ŵakajipeleka mu Novembala 1942. === Post-war Africa: decolonization === {{Further|Historical African place names|Decolonisation of Africa|Neocolonialism}} [[File:Africa_independence_dates.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_independence_dates.svg|right|thumb|Dates of independence of African countries]] Mu 1951, charu cha Libya ndicho chikamba kusuzga ŵanthu kuti ŵafumemo mu vyaru vyawo. Vyaru vinandi vikamulondezga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, ndipo mu 1960 vikaŵa na chaka cha Africa, apo vyaru 17 vya mu Africa vikapharazga kuti vyafwatuka. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vikakhalako vikapokera wanangwa mu m'ma 1960, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake (mwakudumura Portugal) ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuleka mazaza ghawo, ntheura nkhondo zikamara. Vyaru vyaumaliro vya mu Africa ivyo vikajiyimira pavyekha ni Guinea-Bissau (1974), Mozambique (1975) na Angola (1975) kufuma ku Portugal; Djibouti kufuma ku France mu 1977; Zimbabwe kufuma ku United Kingdom mu 1980; na Namibia kufuma ku South Africa mu 1990. Mu 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikapatuka ku Ethiopia.<ref>Henry S. Wilson, ''African decolonization'' (E. Arnold, 1994).</ref> ==== East Africa ==== {{Main|History of East Africa#Post-colonial period}} Nkhondo ya Mau Mau yikacitika mu Kenya kufuma mu 1952 mpaka mu 1956 kweni yikakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku malo agha. Boma likapeleka dango lakuti paŵe vyenjezgo mpaka mu 1960. Mu 1963, charu cha Kenya chikamba kujiwusa chekha, ndipo Jomo Kenyatta ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1960, kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi mu Rwanda na Burundi. Mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800,000 ŵakakomeka ku Rwanda.<ref>Christopher C. Taylor, ''Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994'' (Berg Publishers, 1999).</ref> ==== North Africa ==== {{Main|History of North Africa#Post-colonial period}} Mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakamba kutemwana chomene. Mu 1953, themba la Morocco, Mohammed V, likapempha kuti charu ichi chijiyimire paŵekha. Pa Malichi 2, 1956, charu cha Morocco chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Mohammed V wakaŵa fumu ya Morocco. Mu 1954, charu cha Algeria chikapangika na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN). Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya ku Algeria, iyo yikatora nyengo yitali m'paka mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa. Muhammad Ahmed Ben Bella wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa Algeria. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku France, comenecomene ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noirs, ŵakafumamo mu caru ici, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ndalama zileke kwenda makora. Mu 1934, chipani cha "Neo Destour" (Bungwe Liphya) chikapangika na Habib Bourguiba uyo wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Tunisia chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu 1955, charu cha Tunisia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Muwusi wawo wakathereskeka ndipo Habib Bourguiba wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Tunisia. Mu 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser wakawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu wa Eguputo mu 1952 ndipo wakamba kuwusa. Muammar Gaddafi ndiyo wakalongozga boma la Libya mu 1969 ilo likathereska Idris wa ku Libya. Gaddafi wakalutilira kuwusa mpaka apo wakafwira mu nkhondo ya ku Libya mu 2011. Eguputo wakarwa nkhondo zinandi na Israyeli ndipo wakakolerana na vyaru vinyake vya Ŵaarabu. Cakwamba cikaŵa Nkhondo ya Ŵaarabu na Ŵaisrayeli ya mu 1948, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Israyeli lasangika. Mu 1967, Eguputo wakambaso nkhondo ya mazuŵa 6 ndipo Israyeli wakataya chigaŵa cha Sinai. Ŵakaweleraso ku nkhondo ya Yom Kippur mu 1973. Mu 1979, pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo Anwar Sadat na nduna yikuru ya ku Israyeli Menachem Begin ŵakasazga mapangano gha Camp David Accords, agho ghakawezgera chigaŵa cha Sinai ku Eguputo. Mapangano agha ghacali kugwira nchito lero. Mu 1981, Sadat wakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la Islamic Jihad la ku Eguputo ilo likawusikanga na Khalid Islambouli. Awo ŵakamukoma ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa ca Ciislam awo ŵakakhumbanga kukoma Sadat cifukwa ca kulemba mapangano agha..<ref>Joseph Finklestone, ''Anwar Sadat: visionary who dared'' (Routledge, 2013).</ref> [[File:South_Africa_Border_War_Map.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_Border_War_Map.png|thumb|South African-occupied [[:en:South_West_Africa|South West Africa]] (1915–1990) and maximum extent of [[:en:South_African_Border_War|South African]] and [[:en:UNITA|UNITA]] operations in Angola and Zambia during the [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Angolan Civil War]]]] ==== Southern Africa ==== {{Main|History of Southern Africa#Post-colonial period}} Mu 1948, boma la South Africa likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukolerana na ndondomeko iyo yikaŵapo kale; kweni pakaŵa mphambano pakati pa ndondomeko ya "kusintha kwapadera" (Apartheid). Apo ndyali izo zikaŵapo kale zikaŵa zakupambanapambana pakuyezgayezga kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa, Apartheid yikaŵa visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa ŵanthu. Mu 1994, apartheid yikamara, ndipo Nelson Mandela wa African National Congress wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pamanyuma pa mavoti gha ku South Africa mu 1994, mavoti ghakwamba gha caru ici agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana.<ref>Rita Barnard, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela'' (Cambridge UP, 2014).</ref> ==== Central Africa ==== {{Main|History of Central Africa#Post-colonial period}} [[File:Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Southern_Cameroons.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Southern_Cameroons.svg|thumb|[[:en:Ambazonian|Ambazonian]] nationalism gained steam in 1982]] Malo gha pakati pa Africa ghakaŵa pakati pa Kilwa na mlomo wa mlonga wa Zambesi. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali kutali chomene na nyanja, ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya mdauko wa ku Africa ŵakughanaghanirapo viŵi yayi vya malo agha. Kweniso yikaŵa na umoza mwa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe, kusazgapo Germany ku Cameroon, Britain ku Northern Cameroons, Belgium ku Congo, na France ku CAF. Cifukwa ca malo ghake, pakati pa vyaru vyakucemeka kuti Central Africa pali vyaru ivyo vikwenda mu malo gha vyaru vyakututuka. Kwambira mu 1982, suzgo likuru comene mu Central Africa ndakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Ambazonia ŵakukhumba kujipatura. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Cameroon na Ambazonia yikakura comene mu 1992 apo Fon Gorji-Dinka wakazenga mulandu wa pa caru cose kwimikana na Cameroon, wakati caru ici cikukhala mu malo gha Ambazonia kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 15, suzgo ili likakura comene apo boma la Abmazonia likamba kujilongora kuti ni Federal Republic of Ambazonia.<ref>Hennebel, Ludovic. "Chronique des Décisions du Comité des Droits de L'Homme des Nations Unies (2007/2010)(United Nations Human Rights Committee's Case-Law Review (2007/2010))." Law Review (2010): 545.</ref> ==== West Africa ==== {{Main|History of West Africa#Post-colonial period}} Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mukawuka vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene mu Ghana. Mu 1957, charu cha Ghana ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kujiyimira paŵekha kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira apo vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa vikapokera wanangwa wawo, vikatimbanizgika na vimbundi na vinthu vyambura kwenda makora. Vyaru vinandi vikutondeka kukura nangauli vili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi.<ref>David Apter, ''Ghana in transition'' (Princeton University Press, 2015).</ref><ref>David Owusu-Ansah, ''Historical dictionary of Ghana'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)</ref><!--See also [[2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone]], [[2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea]], and [[2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html|title=2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa {{!}} History {{!}} Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) {{!}} CDC|date=2019-03-29|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>--> == Mbiri ya Kuzenga kwa ku Africa == {{Main|Architecture of Africa}} == History of science and technology in Africa == {{Main|History of science and technology in Africa}} == Economic history of Africa == {{Main|Economic history of Africa}} == Military history of Africa == {{Main|Military history of Africa}} == Genetic history of Africa == {{Main|Genetic history of Africa}} == Historiography == {{Main|African historiography}} === Historiography of British Africa === Kafukufuku wakwamba wakulongosora mdauko mu Cingelezi wakacitika mu ma 1890, ndipo wakalondezga nthowa zinayi. 1) Kanandi nkhani ya chigaŵa yikalembeka na msilikari panji wantchito wa boma uyo wakawonanga chomene ivyo wakawona. 2) "Apologia" yikaŵa nkhani izo zikalongosoranga umo boma la Britain likenderanga. 3) Awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye unenesko ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye unenesko. 4) Compendia yikapangika kuti yikolerane na masambiro gha ku yunivesite. Pafupifupi mu 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vya bizinesi, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku gha boma na mabuku ghanyake. Mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵalongosore umo vinthu vyasinthira mu vyaka 50 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu 1935, William L. Langer wakafumiska buku lakuti The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890~1902, ilo lichali kuzunulika comene. Mu 1939, pulofesa wa ku Oxford, Reginald Coupland wakalemba buku linyake lakucemeka The Exploitation of East Africa, 1856-1890: The Slave Trade and the Scramble. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaghanaghanirenge chomene vya nkhondo. Mu ma 1950, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambiranga ku yunivesite za ku Britain, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga masambiro ghaphya, ndipo nawo ŵakamba kughapeleka. Yunivesite ya Oxford yikazgoka likuru la masambiro gha vya mu Africa, kweniso ku Cambridge University na London School of Economics. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, chomenechomene vya kusankhana mitundu. Ivyo Ronald Robinson na John Andrew Gallagher ŵakachita vikovwira chomene pa nkhani ya malonda mu Africa. Mu 1985, buku la The Oxford History of South Africa (2 vols.) likalembeka, ndipo likayezga kupangiska mabuku agho ghakaŵapo. Mu 2013, ŵakafumiska buku la Oxford Handbook of Modern African History. === Historiographic and Conceptual Problems === Kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Pakuti golide ndilo likawovwira kuti Ŵasaidi ŵanjire mu Ufumu wa Songhai, ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu uwu ŵambe kuwona ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black nga mbanthu ŵa ku Africa. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kachitiro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵa khungu lakuda, ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghrebi ŵa khungu lakuda ŵakaŵakoleka mwankhongono mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ismail Ibn Sharif nga ni Black Guard, chifukwa ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Suzgo likuru ilo Mohamed (2010/2012) wakalongosora pa nkhani ya masambiro gha ku Africa ni chisopa, chisopa cha ku Orientalis, na ufumu wa ku Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Africa na ku America nawo ŵali na udindo wakukhozga fundo iyi. Pakulondezga fundo izo Leo Africanus na Hegel ŵakayowoya za Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakagaŵa Africa kuŵa vigaŵa viŵiri. Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa, nga ni malo ghakusankhana mitundu, ni chigaŵa cha "Africa proper", "Africa noire", panji "Black Africa". Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ŵakuwonekaso kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu umoza na ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kumpoto kwa Africa kuli chigaŵa cha "Afurika wa ku Europe" icho chili kutali na vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ndipo chili pafupi na Middle East, Asia, na Islamic world. Chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu na kupatukana kwa vyaru vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakukhala ku Maghreb kwa nyengo yitali, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Haratin, awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Sahara yayi, ŵali kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa. Nangauli zina lakuti "Haratin" likamba kumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni likwenera kuti likafuma mu nyengo ya m'ma 1700 C.E. ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa ndiwo ŵakalizunuranga. Pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti Haratin kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti bidan panji bayd (mutuŵa), sumr/asmar, suud/aswad, panji Sudan/sudani (mufipa/swesi) nga ni lizgu la Chiarabu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu ŵa khungu lakufipa. "Haratin" ni lizgu ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakuliwona kuti likukhuŵazga. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Morocco ŵakuliwona kuti ndakukhuŵazga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti Haratin ni mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Africa chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti Haratin. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Saadi. Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵa Shurafa ŵa mu nyengo yasono ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vyakucitika ivi mu nkhani zakukhwaskana na kufwatulika kwa ŵazga ŵa "Hartani" (mazgu ghambura kupulikikwa, agho ghakukhumbikwira kulongosoreka makora, ndipo mbukaboni wakuti mbukaboni wakuti vinthu vikacitika nadi. Nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Shurafa ŵakalemba, zikati zamara, zikaŵa nga ni nkhani za ku America (nga ni za malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Sahara, ŵazga ŵa ku Sub-Saharan West Africa, ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipirwa) izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakuchita mazuŵa ghano. M'malo mwa kupangika na kafukufuku wa pa malo, kuyana kwa ivyo vikuchitika mazuŵa ghano mu charu cha Europe, uko kukupatura ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa, na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa mu charu chose cha Chisilamu. Chifukwa chake, mbiri yodalirika, mosiyana ndi mbiri yakale yofananira, yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda yakuda. Chigaŵa chinyake cha malemba ghakusambizga kuti munthu wakuŵa na thupi lakufipirwa para wababa muteŵeti. Chiphunzitso cha ku Europe cha ku Africa chikugwiliskira ntchito fundo iyi pakuzenga nthano za ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakaŵa na khungu lakufipa (mwachiyelezgero, ŵazga ŵakufuma ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara). Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Chisilamu ŵakuŵa na khungu lakufipirwa, ndipo nkhani zinyake izo zikulembeka zikuyowoya za malonda gha ŵazga agho ghakachitikanga mu charu cha Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku North Africa awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa chomene (nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa chomene kweniso awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa chomene), ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Chisilamu awo ŵali na khungu lakufipa chomene, na awo ŵakuguliska ŵazga mu charu cha Sahara, wose ŵakaŵa ŵazga.<ref name="Mohamed">{{cite journal|last=Mohamed|first=Mohamed Hassan|title=Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib: casualties of Analogy|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2010.486573|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|year=2010|volume=15|issue=3|pages=349–374|doi=10.1080/13629387.2010.486573|s2cid=145782335}}</ref> Kuguliska ŵazga mu charu cha Trans-Saharan, ni nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakulemba nkhani izo zikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵakambira. Ŵanthu ŵakuyaniska magaleta na ngalaŵa za ŵazga, ndipo ŵakuyowoya kuti unandi wa ŵazga ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatolekera ku caru ca Sahara ukuyana waka na unandi wa ŵazga ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatolekera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya vikususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵakuyowoya. Mu nyengo yakale, ku Eguputo kukaŵaso minda. Cinthu cinyake ico ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani iyi nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi ŵakughanaghana kuti Ŵamoabu, ŵanakazi ŵankhondi, na ŵanalume ŵantchito ndiwo ŵakugonana comene. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵali nga mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakugwiliskirika ntchito. Ŵalinda aŵa ŵakalindanga nyumba izi. Nkhani iyi yikukolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakaŵa Ŵaberi, awo ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake chifukwa cha kupambaniskana mitundu na ŵanakazi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nkhani ya chisopa iyo yikulongosora masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakumana nagho chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Barbary, yikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Nangauli nkhani za chisopa izo zikalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, zikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana ŵakukolerana yayi na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakuyowoya. Nkhani za chisopa izo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵakayowoyanga za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa ku Africa (nga ni nkhani zakukhwaskana na chisopa) zikukhalilira waka chete, kweni zikulutilira kusungika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mowabu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo iyi ŵakafuma mu Baibolo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu vileke kunangika mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo za mu Baibolo. Cingaŵa kuti cilato ca mabuku agha cikaŵa cakuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti Baibolo ndakuluska Koran, kweniso kuti ŵamanye maghanoghano gha awo ŵakaŵazganga mabuku agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu vileke kunangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ŵakamba kuyowoya vya chisopa chawo chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakalemba. Kuyowoya za ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana chomene na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakutemwa kugonana chomene na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵambura kutemwana na ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchemeka kuti Ŵamoabu, nkhwakuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachitiranga mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chitukuko mu kafukufuku wa m'munda wokhudzana ndi ukapolo m'magulu a Chisilamu, izi zapangitsa kuti mtundu wamakono wa ku Ulaya wa ku Africa uzidalira malingaliro osadalirika a malonda a akapolo a Trans-Saharan. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa vinthu, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kugwiliskira nchito fundo za ku Europe izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukondwa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb, chomenechomene ŵa ku Morocco, ŵakukwiya chomene na umo ŵasayansi ŵakuŵalongolera lusungu. M'malo mwa kulutilira kugomezga pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakuchita mazuŵa ghano, Mohamed (2012) wakuchiska kuti ŵasinthe na kunozga ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakuchita sono (nga nkhusanda uko kukafuma ulendo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahara; kughanaghaniraso ivyo vikupangiska kuti malonda gha ŵazga gha mu Sahara ghaŵe ghakupambana na malonda gha ŵazga gha mu Atlantic; kughanaghanirapo ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakuchita).<ref name="Mohamed II">{{cite journal|last=Mohamed|first=Mohamed Hassan|title=Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib II: casualties of secularity|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2011.635450|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|year=2012|volume=17|issue=3|pages=409–431|doi=10.1080/13629387.2011.635450|s2cid=144763718}}</ref> === Conceptual Problems === Merolla (2017) wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakasambira vya vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa na North Africa, ndipo ivyo ŵakasambira vikulongora kuti vyaru vya ku North Africa vikukolerana na vyaru vya Middle East na vyaru vya ku Arab. Ndondomeko ya kupatukana kwa Africa mu vigaŵa viŵiri ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira vya umo vinthu viliri mu vigaŵa vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa yikulutilira m'paka sono. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti suzgo ili likulutilira kumanyikwa, ŵanthu ŵakamba kudumbiskana za umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵaliri ŵakupambana. Charu cha Sahara chili nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala. Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana (nga ni Algeria, Cameroon, Sudan) mu Africa ŵakususka fundo yakuti Sahara ni chigoti cha vigaŵa, ndipo ŵakususka fundo izo zikulongora kuti Africa yikukolerana. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, mazgu ghakuti "Africa" ghakung'anamura "Africa ya ku Black Africa", "Africa South of the Sahara", na "Africa Sub-Saharan". Kumpoto kwa Africa kuli "mafumiro gha dazi" ndipo kuli kupatukana na vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Nangauli umo vinthu vikaŵira vikamba kuwoneka mu nyengo yitali, kweni umo vinthu vikaŵira (nga ni umo vikaŵira, umo vikaŵira) vikalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pa nkhani ya mabuku gha mu Africa na mu viyowoyero vya ku Berber, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi umo mabuku agha ghakalembekera. Para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi na Chifurenchi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa chili kutali chomene na charu cha Africa, ŵakughanaghana kuti charu cha Africa chili kutali chomene na charu chawo. Apo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi ŵakulondezga chomene fundo yakuti charu cha Africa chipatukane, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵakuchita vinthu mwakupambanapambana. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ndiwo ŵakamba kusambira vya chiyowoyero ichi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukana kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu chikaŵa cha ku Africa. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chifurenchi, ŵanthu ŵakukana panji kuchepeska ivyo vikuchitika pakati pa vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Middle East na kumpoto kwa Africa ŵakukana panji kuchepeska ivyo vikuchitika pakati pa vyaru ivi. Mu vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi, vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Black Africa (Afirika ŵa ku Sub-Saharan) na White Africa (Afirika ŵa ku North, nga ni Berbers na Ŵaarabu), navyo vili kukura. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Africa (nga ni North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa) kuti ŵakanizge mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ku North Africa kuti ŵakanizge mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ku Arabia na Islamu. Nangauli masambiro gha chi Berber ghakukhumba chomene kukhozga ubwezi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber na kumpoto kwa Africa na Ŵaarabu na Middle East, Merolla (2017) wakalongora kuti milimo ya kukhozga ubwezi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber na kumpoto kwa Africa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa na Sub-Saharan Africa yayamba sonosono apa.<ref name="Merolla">{{cite web |last1=Merolla |first1=Daniela |title=Beyond 'two Africas' in African and Berber literary studies |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2722003/view |website=Scholarly Publications Leiden University |publisher=African Studies Centre Leiden}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Africa|History}} * [[:en:Economic_history_of_Africa|Economic history of Africa]] * [[:en:African_historiography|African historiography]] * [[:en:Category:Historians_of_Africa|Historians of Africa]] * [[:en:List_of_history_journals#Africa|List of history journals#Africa]] * [[:en:List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa|List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa]] * [[:en:List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa]] * [[:en:Outline_of_Africa#History_of_Africa|Outline of Africa#History of Africa]] * [[:en:Africa-Europe_relations|Africa-Europe relations]] * [[:en:Africa-United_States_relations|Africa-United States relations]] * [[:en:Africa–China_relations|Africa–China relations]] * [[:en:Soviet_Union-Africa_relations|Soviet Union-Africa relations]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == * {{cite book|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Bates|first2=Robert H.|last3=Nunn|first3=Nathan|last4=Robinson|first4=James|title=Africa's Development in Historical Perspective|date=11 August 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04115-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kv4OBAAAQBAJ|language=en}} * {{cite book|last1=Appiah|last2=Gates|date=2010}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} * {{cite book|last1=Beshah|first1=Girma|last2=Aregay|first2=Merid Wolde|year=1964|title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632)|location=Lisbon|publisher=Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos}} * {{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Robert O.|last2=Burns|first2=James M.|year=2007|title=A History of Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsubsaha0000coll|location=NY|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68708-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|date=1971|title=Great Ages of Man: African Kingdoms|location=New York|publisher=[[Time Life|Time Life Books]]|lccn=66-25647}} * {{cite book|author-link=Basil Davidson|last=Davidson|first=Basil|date=1991|title=Africa In History, Themes and Outlines|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_5544534016007|edition=Revised and expanded|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-684-82667-4}} * {{cite book|author-link=Christopher Ehret|last=Ehret|first=Christopher|year=2002|title=The Civilizations of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationsofa0000ehre|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|publisher=University of Virginia|isbn=0-8139-2085-X}} * {{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|title=A History of Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&pg=PA27|access-date=2013-05-06|date=2008-04-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47203-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Grimal|first1=Nicolas|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|year=1988|publisher=Librairie Arthéme Fayard}} * {{cite journal|last1=Habachi|first1=Labib|year=1963|title=King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods|journal=Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte|volume=19|pages=16–52}} * {{cite book|last1=Iliffe|first1=John|year=2007|title=Africans: The History of a Continent|url=https://archive.org/details/africanshistoryo0000ilif_e7r2|edition=2nd|location=NY|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68297-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Ashley|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|date=9 March 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-4049-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cghbp0WbhxAC|language=en}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Lye|editor-first=Keith|date=2002|title=Encyclopedia of African Nations and Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000unse_u8g7|location=New York|publisher=Diagram Group|isbn=0-8160-4568-2|series=Facts on File library of world history}} * {{cite journal|last1=Manning|first1=Patrick|year=2014|title=The African Diaspora: Slavery, Modernity, and Globalization|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3335703931/the-african-diaspora-slavery-modernity-and-globalization|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=47|issue=1|page=147}} * {{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|year=2009|title=The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/africandiasporah0000mann|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press}} Looks at the slave trade, the adaptation of Africans to new conditions, their struggle for freedom and equality, and the establishment of a "black" diaspora and its local influence around the world; covers 1430 to 2001. * {{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Phyllis M.|last2=O'Meara|first2=Patrick|title=Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/africa00mart|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=0-253-20984-6|edition=3rd}} * {{cite book|last1=Nicholson|first1=Paul T.|first2=Ian|last2=Shaw|year=2000|title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45257-1}} * {{cite book|last=Page|first=Willie F.|date=2001|title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From Conquest to Colonization (1500–1850)|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000page_r6w4|location=New York|publisher=Learning Source Books|isbn=0-8160-4472-4}} * {{cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|author-link=Kevin Shillington|year=2005|title=History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica0002shil|edition=Revised 2nd|location=New York City|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-333-59957-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Diamond|first1=Jared M.|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies|date=1997|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-03891-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLKTa_OeoNIC|language=en}} * {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged|editor=[[Peter Stearns|Stearns, Peter]]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|oclc=644651969|year=2001|title-link=Encyclopedia of World History}} * {{cite book|last1=Udo|date=1970}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Africa|volume=1|pages=320–358}} == Further reading == * Byfield, Judith A. et al. eds. ''Africa and World War II'' (Cambridge UP, 2015). * [[:en:John_Desmond_Clark|Clark, J. Desmond]] (1970). ''The Prehistory of Africa''. Thames and Hudson * [[:en:Basil_Davidson|Davidson, Basil]] (1964). ''The African Past''. Penguin, Harmondsworth * Devermont, Judd. "World Is Coming to Sub-Saharan Africa. Where Is the United States?" (Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2018) [http://dehai.org/dehai/assets/dehai/2020/277087-The%20World%20Is%20Coming%20to%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20Where%20Is%20the%20United%20States.pdf online]. * Duignan, P., and L. H. Gann. ''The United States and Africa: A History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1984) * Fage, J.D. and Roland Oliver, eds. ''[[:en:The_Cambridge_History_of_Africa|The Cambridge History of Africa]]'' (8 vol 1975–1986) * Falola, Toyin. ''Africa'', Volumes 1–5. * FitzSimons, William. "Sizing Up the 'Small Wars' of African Empire: An Assessment of the Context and Legacies of Nineteenth-Century Colonial Warfare". ''Journal of African Military History'' 2#1 (2018): 63–78. {{doi|10.1163/24680966-0020100}} * {{Cite book|last=French|first=Howard|year=2021|title=Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans, and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/borninblacknessa0000howa|location=New York|publisher=Liveright Publishing Company|isbn=9781631495823|oclc=1268921040}} * [[:en:Bill_Freund_(historian)|Freund, Bill]] (1998). ''The Making of Contemporary Africa'', Lynne Rienner, Boulder (including a substantial "Annotated Bibliography" pp.&nbsp;269–316). * Herbertson, A. J. and O. J. R. Howarth. eds. ''The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire'' (6 vol 1914) [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.172714/page/n1/mode/2up|on Africa]]; 550pp; comprehensive coverage of South Africa and British colonies * July, Robert (1998). ''A History of the African People'', (Waveland Press, 1998). * Killingray, David, and Richard Rathbone, eds. ''Africa and the Second World War'' (Springer, 1986). * Lamphear, John, ed. ''African Military History'' (Routledge, 2007). * [[:en:Théophile_Obenga|Obenga, Théophile]] (1980). ''Pour une Nouvelle Histoire'' [[:en:Présence_Africaine|Présence Africaine]], Paris * Reader, John (1997). ''Africa: A Biography of the Continent''. Hamish Hamilton. {{ISBN|0-241-13047-6}} * Roberts, Stephen H. ''History of French Colonial Policy (1870–1925)'' (2 vols., 1929) [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.84402|vol 1 online]] also [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.89866|vol 2 online]]; comprehensive scholarly history * Shillington, Kevin (1989). ''History of Africa'', New York: St. Martin's. * Thornton, John K. ''Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800'' (Routledge, 1999). * [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] (1980–1994). ''[[:en:General_History_of_Africa|General History of Africa]]'' {{free access}}. 8 volumes. * Worden, Nigel (1995). ''The Making of Modern South Africa'', Oxford UK, Cambridge US: Blackwell. === Atlases === * Ajayi, A.J.F. and Michael Crowder. ''Historical Atlas of Africa'' (1985); 300 color maps. * Fage, J.D. ''Atlas of African History'' (1978) * Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. ''The New Atlas of African History'' (1991). * Kwamena-Poh, Michael, et al. ''African history in Maps'' (Longman, 1982). * McEvedy, Colin. ''The Penguin Atlas of African History'' (2nd ed. 1996). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0140513213/ excerpt] === Historiography === * Boyd, Kelly, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers'' (Rutledge, 1999) 1:4–14. * {{citation|url=http://www.manning.pitt.edu/pdf/2013.Manning.JAH.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0021853713000753|title=African and World Historiography|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=54|issue=3|pages=319–330|year=2013|last1=Manning|first1=Patrick|s2cid=33615987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114212226/http://www.manning.pitt.edu/pdf/2013.Manning.JAH.pdf|access-date=2026-09-25|archive-date=2022-11-14}} * {{cite journal|last1=Manning|first1=Patrick|year=2016|title=Locating Africans on the World Stage: A Problem in World History|journal=Journal of World History|volume=27|issue=3|pages=605–637}} * [[:en:John_Edward_Philips|Philips, John Edward, ed.]] ''Writing African History'' (2005) == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * "[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-evolution-and-the-science-of-human-origins/ Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins]" by Allison Hopper, ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]'' (5 July 2021). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815022804/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa Worldtimelines.org.uk – Africa] [[:en:The_British_Museum|The British Museum]]. 2005 * [http://historyscoper.com/africahistoryscope.html The Historyscoper]. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index.shtml The Story of Africa] BBC World Service. * [https://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_wn.htm Wonders of the African World], [[:en:PBS|PBS]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200833/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/ABOUT.HTM#Purpose Civilization of Africa by Richard Hooker], [[:en:Washington_State_University|Washington State University]]. * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Africa African Art] Metropolitan Museum of Art. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms, by Khaleel Muhammad]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181050/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=12651%2F Mapungubwe Museum] at the [[:en:University_of_Pretoria|University of Pretoria]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211018021941/https://www.omarviktor.com/project-diaspora Project Diaspora]. * [http://www.kushcom.co.uk/history-of-africa/programme-information/ Kush Communications | Media Production Company London]. {{History of Africa}}{{Africa topics}}{{History by continent}} 9xk0segh9edbx2ddx6ceh0l5oxpmi48 0 25596 122484 71198 2026-09-28T00:24:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian footballer}} {{Infobox football biography|name=Chikondi Banda|image=|image_size=|caption=|fullname=|birth_date={{birth date|1979|12|28|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date={{death date and age|2013|8|8|1979|12|28|df=y}}|death_place=|height=|position=[[Midfielder]]|youthyears1=|youthclubs1=|years1=1999–2006|clubs1=[[Big Bullets F.C.|Big Bullets]]|caps1=|goals1=|years2=2007|clubs2=[[Michiru Castles]]|caps2=|goals2=|totalcaps=|totalgoals=|nationalyears1=2000–2001|nationalteam1=[[Malawi national football team|Malawi]]|nationalcaps1=7|nationalgoals1=1}} '''Chikondi Banda''' (wakababika pa 28 Disembala, chaka cha 1979 mpaka pa 8 Ogasiti, chaka cha 2013) wakaŵa mulembi wa mpira wa ku [[Malawi]].. == Career == Banda wakaseŵera mpira ku Big Bullets na Michiru Castles.<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=4097|accessdate=}}</ref> Wakamba kuseŵera mu timu ya Malawi mu chaka cha 2000, ndipo wakawoneska timu iyi mu vigaŵa 7..<ref>{{FIFA player|181747}}</ref> == Ulwari na nyifwa == Banda wakafwa pa 8 August 2013, chifukwa cha maleriya gha mu wongo, wali na vyaka 33.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeremy Kadewere |date=8 August 2013 |title=Ex-Malawi football star Chikondi Banda dies |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/08/08/ex-malawi-football-star-chikondi-banda-dies/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Nyasa Times |accessdate=8 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811094701/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/08/08/ex-malawi-football-star-chikondi-banda-dies/ |archivedate=11 August 2013}}</ref> == Umoyo wamunthu == Ni wiske wa Peter Banda uyo wakaseŵeranga bola..<ref>{{Cite web |title=PETER BANDA SAYS JOINING MOLDOVA CHAMPIONS SPRINGBOARD FOR CAREER IN EUROPE |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/02/16/malawi-peter-banda-says-joining-moldova-champions-springboard-for-career-in-europe/ |publisher=en.africatopsports.com |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132407/https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/02/16/malawi-peter-banda-says-joining-moldova-champions-springboard-for-career-in-europe/ |archive-date=2023-04-23}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Malawi-footy-bio-stub}} [[Category:Wotchaya bola ŵa ku Malaŵi]] [[Category:Wochita vyamaseŵela wa ku Malaŵi]] s8ojvvu8b38qf7x2xjikvks1l15rsam 0 25640 122606 119318 2026-09-28T02:17:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Historical development of Kenya}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{History of Kenya}} {{Culture of Kenya}} Chigaŵa chinyake cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Africa]], icho sono chikuchemeka [[Kenya]], ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo kwamba mu nyengo ya Lower Paleolithic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ku Kenya kuli mitundu yinandi ya ŵanthu, ndipo charu ichi chili pa mphambano ya mitundu ya Bantu, Nilo-Sahara, na Afro-Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] na Ŵaarabu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Mombasa ŵakamba kuŵako mu nyengo ya kuuyambiro wa nyengo yithu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ufumu wa Britain ukakhazikiska East Africa Protectorate mu 1895, kufuma mu 1920 yikamanyikwa kuti Kenya Colony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCormack|first=Robert|date=April 1984|title=The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya. 1800–1920. by Cynthia BrantleyThe Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya. 1800–1920. by Cynthia Brantley. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981. xiii. 196 pp. $30.00|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-history_1984-04_19_1/page/147|journal=Canadian Journal of History|volume=19|issue=1|pages=147–148|doi=10.3138/cjh.19.1.147|issn=0008-4107}}</ref> Mu 1963, charu cha Kenya chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na wupu wa Kenya African National Union (KANU), uwo ukalongozgekanga na Jomo Kenyatta kufuma mu 1963 m'paka 1978. Kufuma apo, Daniel arap Moi ndiyo wakalongozga mpaka mu 2002. Moi wakayezga kusintha chalo cha Kenya icho chikaŵa na chipani chimoza mu ma 1980, kweni Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikati yamara, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikaleka kuzomerezga nkhaza na kutambuzga ŵanthu. Mubali Moi wakasuzgika chomene na Smith Hempstone, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa ku United States, kuti waŵeso na vipani vinandi. Moi wakathereska pa mavoti gha mu 1992 na 1997, agho ghakaŵa na vifukwa vya ndyali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ukaboni ukulongora kuti Moi wakachitanga vinthu viheni na vimbundi nga ni nkhani ya Goldenberg. Wakazomerezgeka yayi kwimilira pa mavoti gha mu 2002, agho Mwai Kibaki ndiyo wakathereska. Vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya visankho vya mu 2007 vikapangiska kuti mu Kenya muŵeko masuzgo gha mu 2007 na 2008. Kibaki wakasankhika na Uhuru Kenyatta mu mavoti gha 2013. Pakaŵa milandu yakuti mpikisano wake Raila Odinga ndiyo wakathereska, kweni khoti likuru chomene la Supreme Court likati lawona ukaboni wakukwana, likasanga kuti pakaŵavya viheni ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya mavoti gha 2013 kufuma ku IEBC na Jubilee Party ya Uhuru Kenyatta. Uhuru wakasankhikaso mu 2017. Kweni ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani ya kupambana kwake. Khoti likuru likati Uhuru watonda pamanyuma pakuti Raila Odinga wakususka ivyo vikachitika kwizira mu petition iyo khoti likuru likapeleka. Raila Odinga pamasinda wakawukiraso mavoti agho khoti likalangura kuti ghachitikenge, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Uhuru Kenyatta waleke kususkika na 98% ya mavoti. == Nyengo ya Paleolithic == {{See also|Early Stone Age|Middle Stone Age|3=Later Stone Age}}Mu 1929, ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaŵako kale chomene ku Kenya ukawoneka apo Louis Leakey wakabowozga minwe ya Acheulian iyo yikaŵa na vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Pamanyuma, vinyama vinandi vyakwambilira vikasangika mu Kenya. Cinthu cikuru comene ico ŵakasanga ni Orrorin tugenensis, ca vyaka 6 miliyoni, ico ŵakakoperapo pa Tugen Hills. Ni visomba vya ŵanthu vyakukhora comene pa caru cose. Mu 1995, Meave Leakey wakathya mtundu uphya wa Australopithecus anamensis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga visomba vinandi kufupi na Nyanja ya Turkana mu 1965, 1987 na 1994. Lili na vyaka pafupifupi 4.1 miliyoni.:35 Mu 2011, ku Lomekwi, kufupi na Nyanja ya Turkana, ŵakasanga vinthu vyaka 3.2 miliyoni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalembapo kale chomene. Yimoza mwa viwangwa vya ŵanthu vyakumanyikwa comene na vyakumalirapo ivyo vikavumbukwa ni Homo erectus uyo wakaŵa na vyaka 1.6 miliyoni, ndipo wakucemeka Nariokotome Boy. Kamoya Kimeu ndiyo wakasanga chiwangwa ici mu 1984 apo Richard Leakey ndiyo wakalongozganga. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikusangika pa charu chapasi vikufuma ku West Turkana, ndipo vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.76 miliyoni ivyo vikaŵako mu 2011. Charu cha East Africa, kusazgapo charu cha Kenya, ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhalenge. Mu 2018, pa malo gha Olorgesailie, ku Kenya, pakaŵa ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchita vinthu nga umo ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku ghatatu mu 2018 ŵakayowoya kuti ukaboni wa nkharo izi ukusangika mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu Africa (nga ni awo ŵakaŵako ku Jebel Irhoud na Florisbad). Mu 2021 pakaŵa ukaboni unyake wakuti ŵanthu ŵakachitanga nthena. Mu mphanji ya Panga ya Saidi ŵakasanga dindi la mwana wa vyaka vitatu ilo lili na vyaka 78,000. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti mutu wa mwana uyu ukaŵa nga waŵikika pa pilo. Thupi ili likaŵa mu nthumbo. Michael Petraglia, pulofesa wa vya kusanduka kwa ŵanthu na mbiri yakale pa Max Planck Institute, wakati, "Ni malo ghakale comene ghakusungako ŵanthu mu Africa. Vikutovwira kumanya umo tikuwonera vinthu, umo tikucitira vinthu na ŵanyithu, ndiposo umo tikucitira vinthu.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=5 May 2021|title=Ancient child grave was Africa's earliest funeral|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56986457|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=5 May 2021|title=Archaeologists uncover oldest human burial in Africa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/may/05/archaeologists-uncover-oldest-human-burial-in-africa|url-status=live|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Nyengo ya Neolithic == {{See also|Pastoral Neolithic|Savanna Pastoral Neolithic|3=Elmenteitan}} Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Kenya ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kansyore awo ŵakakhalanga pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E. na 1500 B.C.E., ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kupanga vinthu vya ku East Africa. Chikaya ichi chikaŵa ku Gogo Falls mu chigaŵa cha Migori kufupi na Nyanja ya Victoria. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mu miyala ku Kenya vili kulembeka pakati pa 2000 B.C.E. na 1000 C.E. Cizgoŵi ici cikakura comene pa cirwa ca Mfangano, mapiri gha Chelelemuk, Namoratunga na Lewa Downs. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa, awo kale ŵakakhalanga ku East Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinandi ivyo vikalimanga vyakurya ndipo ŵakamba kusamira ku Kenya kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Kenya kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, nga ni ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, na mbunda. Malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika mu nyengo iyi ni Namoratunga, agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Turkana. Malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na majalawe ghakuru chomene nga ni Lothagam North Pillar Site, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakwamba na ghakuru chomene ku East Africa. Pa dindi ili pali vitanda pafupifupi 580. Kufika mu 1000 B.C.E. panji kumasinda wuwo, viŵeto vikafika ku Kenya na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Ol Doinyo Eburru pafupi na Nyanja ya Nakuru kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cushitic ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Tanzania kufupi na Nyanja ya Eyasi. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyeranga mu viyowoyero vinyake, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Highland Savanna. Kwamba mu 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotic awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakasamira kumwera ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Nilotes ŵakiza ku Kenya pambere chisulo chindafike ku East Africa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakaŵako kale chomene, nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera mazina gha malo, mazgu agho ŵakagwiliskira ntchito na maluso agho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga.<ref name="books.google.co.ke">{{Cite book|title=From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa|vauthors=Ambrose SH|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|veditors=Clark JD, Brandt SA|pages=234|chapter=The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa|isbn=9780520045743|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C&pg=PA234}}</ref> == Nyengo ya Chitsulo == {{See also|Bantu expansion|Nilotic expansion|Iron metallurgy in Africa}} Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakamba kupanga visulo mu 3000-2500 B.C.E. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakafumako ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kupanga visulo na maluso gha ulimi apo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku Kenya cha m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Urewe ndiwo ŵakacitanga kupanga visulo vyakale comene mu Africa. Kufuma mu 550 B.C.E. m'paka 650 B.C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, kusazgapo Kenya. Ku Kenya kuli malo nga ni Urewe, Yala na Uyoma kumpoto kwa Nyanza. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu mu chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ŵakamba kupanga visulo ivyo vikaŵawovwiranga kupanga visulo vya karboni. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ku Tanzania. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵasanga vikulongora kuti mu 100 B.C.E. m'paka 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vya Misasa ku Tanzania, Kwale ku Kenya, na Ras Hafun ku Somalia. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Pakati pa 300 AD-1000 AD, kwizira mu nthowa ya malonda ya ku Indian Ocean, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na India, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakure. Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Luo ŵakamba kusamira ku Western Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake vya Nile (makamaka Acholi na Padhola) awo ŵakafuma ku South Sudan na kuluta ku Uganda na kunjira ku Kenya. Apo ŵakasamukiranga ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Malo ghakuzingilizgika na viliŵa gha Thimlich Ohinga, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa malo 138 agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Nyanza. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba na awo ŵakusanda malulimi ŵakuyowoya vikulongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 550. Para ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵakuwona malo agha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mdauko, viyowoyero, na majini, ŵakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakazenga, kusunga, na kukhala mu malo agha ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana..<ref>Thimlich Ohinga Archeological Site. Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage list. National Museums of Kenya. Available from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1450/documents/ pages 17–42</ref> == Chikhalidwe cha Chiswahili ndi malonda == {{See also|Swahili people|Shirazi people|Swahili culture|Islam in Kenya|History of Mombasa}} Ŵanthu ŵa ciSwahili ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku South East Africa. Charu ichi chili na virwa vinandi, misumba na matawuni nga ni Sofala, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Comoros, Mombasa, Gede, Malindi, Pate Island na Lamu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, chigaŵa ichi chikachemekanga Azania. Buku la Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ni mupukutu wa Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma uwo ukalembeka m'ma 100 C.E. Likulongosora za mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa (Azania) na nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Ku East Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 3000 B.C.E. Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga viŵiya na kulima vikusangika mumphepete mwa nyanja na pa virwa vinyake. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake nga ni viŵiya vya ku Greece na Roma, viŵiya vya ku Siriya, viŵiya vya ku Persia vya ku Sassania, na malibwe gha ku Tanzania, ivyo vikamba mu 600 B.C.E. vikusangika mu chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Rufiji. Mu 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoyanga Chibantu ŵakalutilira kusama na kuluta kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakakumana nawo mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Swahili Coast ŵakusangika ku Kwale, Kenya, Misasa, Tanzania, na Ras Hafun, Somalia. Ku Kenya kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga visulo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku East Bantu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi, awo ŵakaliskanga somba na kuvwara visulo. Pakati pa 300 C.E. na 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Azanian na Zanj awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili ŵakalutilira kukura. Pakati pa 500 na 800 C.E., ŵakamba kwenda pa nyanja na kwamba kusama. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska vinthu nga ni golide, mino gha zovu, na ŵazga mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuŵa mu misumba iyo yikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba ya Mombasa, Malindi, na Zanzibar ŵakamba kuchita malonda na Ŵaarabu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵalutilire kuŵa na ndalama zinandi, Chisilamu chikamba kwiza, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusambira chiyowoyero ichi. Chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kusazgikira mu Africa pakati pa 614 AD na 900 AD. Kwambira apo ŵalondezgi ŵa ntchimi Muhammad ŵakafikanga ku Ethiopia, chisopa cha Chisilamu chikafika mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba iyi ŵakamba kuchita malonda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ndiwo ŵakambiska misumba iyi, kweni ŵasayansi ŵakumanya kuti misumba iyi yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Azanian na Zanj ŵakasangananga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Fundo iyi yikuwoneka mu ciyowoyero, cikaya, na luso lwa maluso ivyo vikucitika mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaciyerezgero, pakati pa 630 AD - 890 AD, maukaboni ghakulongora kuti visulo vyakukolera vikapangikanga ku Galu, kumwera kwa Mombasa. Ŵasayansi awo ŵakasanda vinthu vyachisulo, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1000 na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu misumba iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malibwe ghakale chomene agho ghakasangika pa malo ghakusungako vinthu gha ku Gedi ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi. Kweniso malemba ghakale chomene gha Chiswahili agho ghalipo sono, ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi. Vikalembeka na vilembo vyakale vya Ciswahili (vilembo vya Ciswahili na Cirabishi) vyakuyana na vilembo vya Cirabishi. Ili ni lemba ilo likasangika pa malibwe ghakale chomene.<ref name=Zhukov>A. Zhukov. Old Swahili-Arabic Script and the Development of Swahili Literary Language. Sudanic Africa Vol. 15, LANGUAGE IN AFRICA (2004), pp. 1–15 (15 pages) Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653410</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku Morocco, zina lake Ibn Battuta, wakaluta ku Mombasa mu 1331. Wakulongosora kuti Mombasa ni cirwa cikuru ico cili na makuni gha banane, mandimu na mandimu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, ndipo wakaŵazunura kuti "mbanthu ŵakusopa, ŵakugomezgeka, na ŵarunji". Wakayowoya kuti masisiteri ghawo ghakaŵa gha makuni ndipo ghakazengeka mwaluso. Munthu munyake uyo wakendanga mu charu cha China zina lake Zheng He, wakaluta ku Malindi mu 1418. Ngalaŵa zake zinyake zikwenera kuti zikamira kufupi na cirwa ca Lamu. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika sonosono apa wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵa ku China. ChiSwahili, chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chili na mazgu ghanandi gha mu Chiarabu, chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasopanga Chiswahili. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Peresiya ŵakagwilira ntchito na kusamira ku charu chinyake. Mu nyengo ya ku Middle Ages,<blockquote> Ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili ku East Africa [kusazgapo Zanzibar] kukaŵa malo ghakutowa na ghakutowa, agho ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya ŵamalonda. Vinthu vikendanga makora mu misumba iyi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakendanga pakati pa ŵamalonda ŵa ku India, Persia, Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Africa, na China. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ndiwo ŵakasambizganga Ciswahili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakamba kulemba viyowoyero vyawo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵasambazi awo chifukwa cha usambazi wawo, ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa misumba ya mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.endingstereotypes.org/african_history.html|title=The Swahili, African History|date=2007|website=Ending Stereotypes for America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040805/http://www.endingstereotypes.org/african_history.html|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=12 March 2019}} </ref> </blockquote> == Vinthu vya ku Portugal na Oman == {{See also|Vasco da Gama|Portuguese Empire|Omani Empire|Said bin Sultan}} Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza ku Africa. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kukhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu, kweni ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska misasa ya ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja kuti ŵachitire ufumu wa ku India. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi ku Kenya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ku Europe kusanda charu icho sono chikuchemeka Kenya. Vasco da Gama wakaluta ku Mombasa mu Epulero 1498. Ulendo wa Da Gama ukafika ku India (Meyi 1498), ndipo ukayambiska malonda gha ku Portugal na kumwera kwa Asia. (Kasi Republic of Venice yikamba kuwusa pawuli? Ŵakapanga ndalama zinandi pa malonda gha pakati pa Europe na Asia. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakati ŵapoka msumba wa Constantinople mu 1453, ŵakakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Turkey kwenda pa misewu ya ku Europe na India. (Portugal yikagomezganga kuti nthowa ya pa nyanja iyo da Gama wakambiska yizamumazga masuzgo gha ndyali, gha ŵamazaza, na gha msonkho.) Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira ku East Africa, ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Mombasa. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mu 1505, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Dom Francisco de Almeida ŵakathereska chilumba cha Kilwa, icho chili kumwera kwa Tanzania. Chifukwa chakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalanga ku East Africa, ŵakendanga mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujandizga nthowa za pa nyanja izo zikakolerananga Europe na Asia. Ngalaŵa za ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal zikasuzganga malonda gha ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Indian, ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵagulirenge msonkho ukuru pa vinthu ivyo ŵakendeskanga, chifukwa chakuti ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghakutowa chomene. Kuzenga Fort Jesus ku Mombasa mu 1593 kukawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵalutilire kulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ndiwo ŵakasuzganga chomene Ŵapwitikizi ku East Africa. Mu 1698, ŵasilikari ŵa Oman ŵakapoka msumba wa Fort Jesus, kweni mu 1728 ŵakaluza msumba uwu. Kweni mu 1730 ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman ŵakachimbizga Ŵapwitikizi awo ŵakakhalapo ku Kenya na Tanzania. Pa nyengo iyi, Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa kuti waleka kale kukopeka na malonda gha vyakununkhira. (Madera agho ghakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ŵapwitikizi, na malo ghanyake ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mozambique m'paka mu 1975.) Mu nyengo ya Seyyid Said (uyo wakawusa mu 1807 m'paka mu 1856), uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Oman ndipo wakasamuskira msumba wake ukuru ku Zanzibar mu 1824, [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Ŵaarabu ŵakambiska masitima ghakurughakuru ghakwendamo mu Africa. Ku vigaŵa vyamumpoto kukaŵa viŵeto vinandi yayi. Kumwera, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵalimi ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kuphalizgana malo chifukwa misewu ya mitunda yitali yikaŵakumananga na nyanja ya Kenyan kumafumiro gha dazi na maufumu gha Uganda kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/africato1875mode00hall/page/n15|title=Africa to 1875: A Modern History|last=Hallett|first=Robin|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1970|isbn=9780472071609|location=Ann Arbor|oclc=601840204|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>{{Rp|227}} == Mbiri ya m'ma 1800 == {{See also|Indian Ocean slave trade}} {{further|Muscat and Oman}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku Kenyan na Tanzania ŵakamba kulamulira misumba iyi. Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kumanyuma, Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakathereskanga vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja pera. Ndipouli, Seyyid Said wakambiska vyaru vinyake, ndipo mu 1839 wakambiska malonda gha ŵazga na kusamuskira msumba ukuru wa Oman ku Zanzibar. Kuguliska ŵazga kukayamba kuchepa comene kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, apo mu Zanzibar mukaŵa msika ukuru wa ŵazga. Apo Sultan Seyyid Said wakasamuskira msumba wake ku Zanzibar, minda yikuru ya clove na spice yikalutilira kukura. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakafumanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanyuma. Ŵazga ŵakendanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Kenya m'paka ku mapiri gha Phiri la Kenya, Nyanja ya Victoria na Nyanja ya Baringo. Boma la Ŵaarabu likalutilira kulamulira virwa vikuruvikuru vyose mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kugwiliskira ntchito'malibwe gha ku India' na kupanga malonda pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika mphindano pa boma la Oman. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamazga chomene malonda gha ŵazga. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman ŵakakhumbanga yayi kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Royal Navy awo ŵakakhumbanga kukanizga ŵazga. Nga ni umo phangano la Moresby likalongolera, apo Oman wakakhumbanga mazaza pa maji ghake, Seyyid Said wakawona kuti palije cifukwa cakuti wanjilirengepo pa malonda gha ŵazga, cifukwa awo ŵakaguranga ŵazga ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe. Nga ni umo Farquhar wakayowoyera mu kalata yake, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Europe agho ghakacitikanga ku Western Indian Ocean ghakamara pekha para Sayidi wanjilirapo. Pakuti boma la Oman likalutilira kuŵapo mu Zanzibar na Pemba m'paka mu 1964, boma la Oman likalutilira yayi kuŵapo mu Kenya cifukwa cakuti ŵa German na British ŵakakora malo ghakuru gha ku Kenani na kupanga ubwezi na ŵalongozgi ŵa mu charu ichi mu ma 1880. Ndipouli, chiharo cha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, pasono chikuwoneka kwizira mu ŵana ŵawo ŵanandi awo ŵakusangika mumphepete mwa nyanja. Msumba wakwamba wa Cikhristu ukazengeka pa Ogasiti 25, 1846, na Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf, wa ku Germany, uyo wakawovwirika na Church Missionary Society of England.:561 Wakakhazikiska msasa pakati pa Mijikenda ku Rabai mumphepete mwa nyanja. Pamanyuma, wakang'anamura Baibolo mu Chiswahili. Ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakathaskika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kuno. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene pakati pa 1875 na 1884. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ku Kenyan kukaŵa ŵazga 47,000, awo ŵakakwimira 44 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Mu 1874, msumba wa Frere Town ukaŵa ku Mombasa. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵazga awo ŵakathaskika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Nangauli boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga ku East Africa, kweni ŵakalutilira kuguliska ŵazga m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Kuzakafika mu 1850, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kupanga mapu gha vyaru vya mukati.:229 Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vitatu vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kutemwa vyaru vya ku East Africa.:560 Chakwamba, kukaŵa chirwa cha Zanzibar, icho chili kufupi na nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.:560 Zanzibar yikaŵa malo ghakusangirako ŵanthu awo ŵakendeskanga malonda na kupenjerezga vyaru vya ku Africa.:560 Kuzakafika mu 1840, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵavikilire vyakusanguluska vyawo, ku Britain, France, Germany, na ku America, ŵakajura maofesi gha ŵasilikari. Mu 1859, matani gha ngaraŵa za ku vyaru vinyake izo zikafikanga ku Zanzibar ghakaŵa matani 19,000.:561 Mu 1879, matani gha ngaraŵa izi ghakaŵa matani 89,000. Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska kuti ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kutemwa comene vyakurya vya ku Africa, nchakuti ŵakakhumbanga comene vyakurya vya ku Africa, nga ni njovu na cinkhara. Cacitatu, caru ca Britain cikamba kukhumba comene kumazga malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|560–61}} Pamanyuma pa vyaka ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵa ku Germany. == Ufumu wa Britain (1895-1963) == ===East Africa Protectorate=== {{main|East Africa Protectorate}} {{See also|Imperial British East Africa Company|Uganda Railway|Nandi Resistance|Mekatilili Wa Menza}} Mu 1895, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo likati chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Naivasha. Mu 1902, mphaka iyi yikasazgikira ku Uganda, ndipo mu 1920, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka koloni la ufumu. Mu 1895, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakasuska kuti malo agha ghapelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Ŵazungu ŵakalimanga chomene khofi ndipo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India na ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kwambana. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene ndipo nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakusamukiranga ku malo agha na kutimbana. Ku South Africa kukaŵavya vinthu vyakututuŵa ivyo vikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu 1885, ufumu wa Germany ukakhazikiska boma la ku Zanzibar, ndipo mu 1888, kampani ya British East Africa Company (BEAC) ya Sir William Mackinnon yikamba kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1890, apo boma la Germany likapeleka malo ghake ku Britain. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga awo ŵakalondezganga boma ili: Waiyaki Wa Hinga, mulongozgi wa Kikuyu uyo wakalamuliranga Dagoretti, wakawotcha linga la Lugard mu 1890. Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri, Wayaki wakakoleka na Ŵacigiriki na kukomeka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Kenya|vauthors=Maxon RM, Ofcansky TP|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2000|isbn=9780810836167|edition=2nd|location=Lanham, Md.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000maxo}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghakuru gha ndalama gha British East Africa Company, boma la Britain pa Julayi 1, 1895, likakhazikiska boma la ku East Africa Protectorate. [[File:Britisheastafrica 1.png|thumb|420px|mapu yamu 1911 ]] Cinthu cinyake ico cikawovwira kuti caru ca Kenya ciŵe cakutowa ni njanji iyo yikambira ku Mombasa kuya ku Kisumu, pa Nyanja ya Victoria. Iyi yikaŵa njanji yakwamba ya ku Uganda. Boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kuzenga njanji iyo yikakolerananga Mombasa na charu cha Uganda. Mu 1903, ŵakazenga njanji yikuru ya Uganda (iyo yikaŵa njanji iyo yikalongozgera ku Uganda) iyo yikaŵa ntchito yikuru chomene. Pakuŵa kazembe wa Kenya, Sir Percy Girouard wakawovwira chomene pakwambiska ndondomeko ya kusazgirako misewu ya njanji iyo yikalongozgera ku kuzenga misewu ya Nairobi-Thika na Konza-Magadi. Ŵantchito pafupifupi 32,000 ŵakafuma ku Britain ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito iyi. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalako, nga ni ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa ku India na ŵamalonda ŵacokoŵacoko awo ŵakawona mwaŵi wa kujura vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Kenya. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakazgoŵera kulima kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo m'malo mwa kulima vyakurya vyakununkhira, boma likaghanaghana kuti likhozge ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa vya mapiri. Njanji iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati ŵa Europe, ŵalimi, ŵamishonale, na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa boma, ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na wuzga, ufwiti, matenda, na njara. Ŵafrika ŵakawonanga kuti ufwiti uli na nkhongono comene pa umoyo wawo ndipo kanandi ŵakacitanga nkhaza na ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbafwiti. Kuti ivi vileke kucitika, boma la Britain likapeleka malango ghakukanizga mauloŵevu kwambira mu 1909. Malango agha ghakapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza. Apo njanji iyi yikazengekanga, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ŵakaleka kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakamba kudandawura cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya ku Europe. Kazembe Percy Girouard wakukolerana na ivyo vikachitika pa phangano laciŵiri la Maasai ilo likacitika mu 1911, ilo likaŵapangiska kuti ŵafumemo mu malo gha Laikipia na kuluta ku Ngong. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Britain na ŵazungu ŵakufuma ku South Africa) ŵafike ku malo agha, Ŵamaasai ŵakakhala mu mapiri gha kumwera kwa Loieta mu 1913. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu ŵakakhumbanga malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwona kuti ŵakapokako yayi chiharo chawo. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa maboma, boma likathembanga ŵanthu awo ŵakadumbiskananga, kanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi. Apo boma likamba kulamulira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora, ŵanalume ŵawukirano awo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafuma waka ku sukulu ŵakamba kwendera lumoza na ŵalongozgi ŵalara mu mipingo ya ku malo agha. Pakuzenga njanji iyi, Ŵabritishi ŵakasangana na ŵanthu ŵakususka comene, comenecomene Koitalel Arap Samoei, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Nandi. Kwa vilimika 10, wakalimbana na awo ŵakazenganga njanji. Mu 1907, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakapika mwaŵi wa kuyowoyapo pa nkhani za boma kwizira mu wupu wakuwona vya malango, uwo ukaŵa wupu wa ku Europe. Kweni pakuti mazaza ghanandi ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Kazembe, ŵakukhazikika mu charu ichi ŵakamba kucitiska kuti Kenya waŵe malo gha ufumu. Ŵakafiska cilato ici mu 1920, na kuzgora wupu uwu kuŵa wakwimira comene ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kweni Ŵafrika ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kunjira ndyali mpaka mu 1944, apo ŵaŵiri ŵakwamba ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakazomerezgeka..<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">{{Cite book|title=Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970|url=https://archive.org/details/kenyafromcoloniz0000gath|vauthors=Gatheru RM|publisher=McFarland & Co.|year=2005|isbn=9780786421992|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref> ==== Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose ==== {{main|East African campaign (World War I)}} Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918), caru ca Kenya cikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵasilikari ŵa Britain cifukwa cakuti ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵathereske caru ca Germany. Nkhondo yikati yamba mu Ogasiti 1914, maboma gha British East Africa na German East Africa ghakakolerana kuti ghaleke kurwa nkhondo. Ndipouli, Lt. Col. Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakatora mazaza pa ŵasilikari ŵa Germany, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Britain. Von Lettow wakaŵa kutali comene na caru ca Germany, ndipo wakacitanga nkhondo ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari. Paumaliro wakajipeleka ku Zambia mazuŵa 11 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasaina phangano la kuleka nkhondo mu 1918. Kuti ŵalondezge von Lettow, Ŵacigiriki ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ŵa Indian Army kufuma ku India, ndipo ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵayeghe katundu. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Carrier Corps likapangika ndipo paumaliro likawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakujumpha 400,000, ndipo likaŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano gha ndyali.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/> === Charu cha Kenya === {{main|Kenya Colony}} {{See also|White Highlands|Harry Thuku|Kikuyu Central Association|Mumboism|Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)|}} Ku Nyanza kumwera, kukaŵa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga muwuso wa Britain. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakamba kuliwona kuti ni chisopa chautesi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, gulu ili likucemeka kuti Anti-Colonial Movement. Mu 1913, Onyango Dunde wa ku Kavirondo wakati wakatumika na Ciuta njoka wa mu Nyanja ya Victoria, Mumbo kuti wapharazge visambizgo vyake. Boma ili likawona kuti gulu ili likususka mazaza ghawo cifukwa ca cisambizgo ca Mumbo. Mumbo wakalayizga kuti wazamucimbizga ŵakoloni na awo ŵakaŵawovwiranga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵavya nkhongono zakuchitira nkhondo na Ŵabritishi. Ntheura, gulu ili likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵagomezge kuti ufumu wa ŵasilikari umalirenge. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo na wa Kisii ŵakamba kusopa vikozgo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakakanizga gulu ili mwa kuwufumiska mu charu chawo na kuŵakaka mu jele mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 na 1930. Mu 1954, boma likakanizga vyakusanguluska ivi. Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵambeso kwendera ndyali mu charu cha Kenya vikaŵa vyakususka fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamanyanga vinandi yayi. Kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha misonkho yiphya, malipiro ghakukhizgika, kweniso ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakhale mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ghakachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambeso kusama. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambira mu nkhondo iyi, pamoza na kukhazikiskika kwa charu cha Kenya icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵazungu, vikawovwira kuti paŵe ndyali. Ishmael Ithongo wakacema ungano wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Meyi 1921 kuti wakane kucepeskeka kwa malipiro gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Harry Thuku wakambiska bungwe la Young Kikuyu Association (YKA) ndipo wakambiska buku lakucemeka Tangazo ilo likasuskanga boma na mautumiki. Gulu la YKA likawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Kikuyu kuti ŵatemwenge charu chawo. YKA yikapeleka malo ku Kikuyu Association (KA) iyo yikaŵa wupu wa fuko uwo ukamanyikwanga na Harry Thuku kuŵa mulembi wake. Kwizira mu KA, Thuku wakavikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Pakughanaghana kuti nchambura mahara kuti gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghaŵo liŵe la fuko limoza, Thuku wakasintha zina la wupu wake kuŵa East African Association ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵaŵepo. Boma likamupa mulandu Thuku kuti wakuwukira boma, ndipo likamukora na kumujalira mu jele mpaka mu 1930. Ku Kavirondo (pambuyo pake chigawo cha Nyanza), kunyanyala ku sukulu ya umishonale, komwe kunakonzedwa ndi Daudi Basudde, kunadzutsa nkhawa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa umwini wa nthaka ku Africa chifukwa chosintha kuchokera ku East African Protectorate kupita ku Kenya Colony. Maungano ghanandi agho ghakachemekanga kuti "Piny Owacho" (Lizgu la Ŵanthu) ghakafika pa msinkhu ukuru mu Disembala 1921, ndipo ghakachiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mabuku ghakulongosora katundu wawo, kuwuskamo ndondomeko ya kipande, na kuŵa na misonkho yiwemi. Muteŵeti Mukuru W. E. Owen, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa Anglican ndipo wakavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndiyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. James Beauttah nayo wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka ndipo wakambiska mgwirizano pakati pa Ŵakuyu na Ŵaluo. Pakati pa ma 1920, Wupu wa Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) ukapangika. Gulu ili likalongozgekanga na Joseph Kengethe na Jesse Kariuki. Johnstone Kenyatta wakaŵa mulembi na mulembi wa magazini ya Mugwithania (The unifier). KCA yikakhumbanga kuti Kikuyu wose ŵaŵe mu boma limoza, kweni pakaŵa mphindano chifukwa cha mitheto, kugaŵa malo, na kukanizga ŵanakazi kukotoleka. Ŵakalimbikiraso kuti Harry Thuku wafwatulike. Thuku wakati wafwatulika, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa KCA. Boma likakanizga KCA Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamba apo Jesse Kariuki wakayaniska kusamuska ŵanthu ŵa Kikuyus awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na malo gha ŵazungu na ndyali za Nazi za kusamuska ŵanthu. Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachitanga ndyali, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo ku Kenya ndiwo ŵakachitanga chomene ndyali. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1930, boma likamba kunjilirapo pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa kwizira mu malonda, kulongozga masambiro, na kusintha malo. Ŵalongozgi ŵavisopa ŵakaŵavya ntchito, ndipo ŵanalume ŵachoko ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuyowoyeskana. Boma la Kenya likati lachichizga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasinthe vinthu mu m'ma 1930 m'paka mu 1950, vikawovwira kuti magulu gha ndyali ghaŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nawo. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa cha mapiri. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, ŵanthu 15,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/> ==== Kuyimilira ==== {{See also|Happy Valley set}} Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kukhala mu Kenya. Usange ŵakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 1,000, ŵakasanganga malo ghambura kulipira ghakukwana maekala 1,000 (4 km2). Ŵakazenga minda ya khofi, iyo yikakhumbikwiranga makina ghakudura, ŵantchito ŵakukhazikika, na vilimika vinayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Nangauli ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaleka kuŵa na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha boma na kukhomeska misonkho ku Britain, kweni ŵakatondeka. Cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu mu ndyali ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ŵazungu ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵacoko. Ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku caru ici ŵakati ŵaŵa na wanangwa. Nkhongono zikalutilira kuŵa mu mawoko gha kazembe; ndipo mu 1906, pakaŵaso wupu wakulongozga na wakwimika malango. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakazomerezgeka kusankha ŵimiliri mu wupu wakulongozga mu 1920, apo malo agha ghakakhazikiskikanga. Ŵazungu 30,000 awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe boma ilo lingaŵawovwira. Iwo ŵakasuskanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India ŵakakhumbanga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako, kweni ŵakakhalanga waka mu Nyumba ya Malango ya Ŵaindiya na Ŵaarabu. Boma likimika munthu munyake wa ku Europe kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu "Devonshire declaration" ya 1923, ofesi ya Colonial Office yikati vilato vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (awo ŵalipo 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu) vikwenera kuŵa pakwamba. Charles Mowat, wakulemba mdauko, wakalongosora masuzgo agha: :[The Colonial Office in London ruled that] native interests should come first; but this proved difficult to apply [in Kenya] ... where some 10,000 white settlers, many of them ex-officers of the war, insisted that their interests came before those of the three million natives and 23,000 Indians in the colony, and demanded 'responsible government', provided that they alone bore the responsibility. After three years of bitter dispute, provoked not by the natives but by the Indians, vigorously backed by the Government of India, the Colonial Office gave judgment: the interest of the natives was 'paramount', and responsible government out of the question, but no drastic change was contemplated – thus in effect preserving the ascendancy of the settlers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britain between the wars, 1918–1940|vauthors=Mowat CL|publisher=Methuen & Co|year=1968|isbn=9780416295108|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/britainbetweenwa00mowa/page/109 109–10]|oclc=10833602|url=https://archive.org/details/britainbetweenwa00mowa/page/109}}</ref> ====Second World War==== {{main|Kenya in World War II}} In the [[Second World War]] (1939–45) Kenya became an important British military base for successful campaigns against Italy in the [[Italian Somaliland]] and [[Ethiopia]]. The war brought money and an opportunity for military service for 98,000 men, called "askaris". The war stimulated African nationalism. After the war, African ex-servicemen sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the [[King's African Rifles]] (KAR). Looking for middle class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their aspirations could best be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defence forces, created a new class of modernised Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brands H|date=2005|title=Wartime Recruiting Practices, Martial Identity and Post-World War II Demobilization in Colonial Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2005_46_1/page/103|journal=[[The Journal of African History|J. Afr. Hist.]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=103–125|jstor=4100831|doi=10.1017/S0021853704000428|s2cid=144908965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Meshack O|title='For your tomorrow, we gave our today': A history of Kenya African soldiers in the Second World War|date=2004|degree=Doctor of Philosophy|publisher=Rice University|hdl=1911/18678}}</ref> ====Rural trends==== British officials sought to modernise Kikuyu farming in the Murang'a District 1920–1945. Relying on concepts of trusteeship and scientific management, they imposed a number of changes in crop production and agrarian techniques, claiming to promote conservation and "betterment" of farming in the colonial tribal reserves. While criticised as backward by British officials and white settlers, African farming proved resilient and Kikuyu farmers engaged in widespread resistance to the colonial state's agrarian reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mackenzie AF|date=2000|title=Contested Ground: Colonial Narratives and the Kenyan Environment, 1920–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_2000-12_26_4/page/697|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies|J. South. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=26|issue=4|pages=697–718|doi=10.1080/713683602| jstor=2637567| s2cid=145084039}}</ref> Modernisation was accelerated by the Second World War. Among the [[Luo people|Luo]] the larger agricultural production unit was the patriarch's extended family, mainly divided into a special assignment team led by the patriarch, and the teams of his wives, who, together with their children, worked their own lots on a regular basis. This stage of development was no longer strictly traditional, but still largely self-sufficient with little contact with the broader market. Pressures of overpopulation and the prospects of cash crops, already in evidence by 1945, made this subsistence economic system increasingly obsolete and accelerated a movement to commercial agriculture and emigration to cities. The Limitation of Action Act in 1968 sought to modernise traditional land ownership and use; the act has produced unintended consequences, with new conflicts raised over land ownership and social status.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Odenyo AO| date=1973| title=Conquest, Clientage, and Land Law among the Luo of Kenya|journal=[[Law & Society Review|Law Soc. Rev.]] |volume=7|issue=4|pages=767–778|doi=10.2307/3052969|jstor=3052969}}</ref> As Kenya modernized after the war, the role of the British religious missions changed their roles, despite the efforts of the leadership of the [[Church Missionary Society]] to maintain the traditional religious focus. However the social and educational needs were increasingly obvious, and the threat of the Mau Mau uprisings pushed the missions to emphasize medical, humanitarian and especially educational programs. Fundraising efforts in Britain increasingly stressed the non-religious components. Furthermore, the imminent transfer of control to the local population became a high priority.<ref>John Stuart, "Overseas Mission, Voluntary Service and Aid to Africa: Max Warren, the Church Missionary Society and Kenya, 1945–63." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 36.3 (2008): 527–543.</ref><ref>David Anderson, ''Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire'' (2005) pp. 35–41.</ref> ====Kenya African Union==== {{main|Kenya African Union}} As a reaction to their exclusion from political representation, the [[Kikuyu people]], the most subject to pressure by the settlers, founded in 1921 Kenya's first African political protest movement, the [[Young Kikuyu Association]], led by [[Harry Thuku]]. After the Young Kikuyu Association was banned by the government, it was replaced by the [[Kikuyu Central Association]] in 1924. In 1944 Thuku founded and was the first chairman of the multi-tribal Kenya African Study Union (KASU), which in 1946 became the Kenya African Union (KAU). It was an [[African nationalist]] organization that demanded access to white-owned land. KAU acted as a constituency association for the first black member of Kenya's legislative council, [[Eliud Mathu]], who had been nominated in 1944 by the governor after consulting élite African opinion. The KAU remained dominated by the Kikuyu ethnic group. However, the leadership of KAU was multitribal. [[Wycliff Awori]] was the first vice president followed by [[Tom Mbotela]]. In 1947 [[Jomo Kenyatta]], former president of the moderate Kikuyu Central Association, became president of the more aggressive KAU to demand a greater political voice for Africans. In an effort to gain nationwide support of KAU, Jomo Kenyatta visited [[Kisumu]] in 1952. His effort to build up support for KAU in Nyanza inspired [[Oginga Odinga]], the ''Ker'' (chief) of the Luo Union (an organisation that represented members of the Luo community in East Africa) to join KAU and delve into politics.<ref name="Kyle">The Politics of The Independence of Kenya by Kyle Keith. Palgrave MacMillan 1999</ref> In response to the rising pressures, the British Colonial Office broadened the membership of the Legislative Council and increased its role. By 1952 a multiracial pattern of quotas allowed for 14 European, 1 Arab, and 6 Asian elected members, together with an additional 6 Africans and 1 Arab member chosen by the governor. The council of ministers became the principal instrument of government in 1954. ====Mau-Mau Uprising==== {{main|Mau Mau Uprising}} {{See also|Dedan Kimathi|Forty Group}} A key watershed came from 1952 to 1956, during the [[Mau Mau Uprising]], an armed local movement directed principally against the colonial government and the European settlers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clough, Marshall S.|title=Mau Mau memoirs : history, memory, and politics|url=https://archive.org/details/maumaumemoirshis0000clou|date=1998|publisher=Lynne Rienner|isbn=1-55587-537-8|oclc=605625460}}</ref> It was the largest and most successful such movement in British Africa. Members of the [[Forty Group|forty group]], [[World War II]](WW2) veterans, including [[Stanley Mathenge]], [[Bildad Kaggia]] and [[Fred Kubai]] became core leaders in the rebellion. Their experiences during the WW2 awakened their political consciousness, giving them determination and confidence to change the system. Key leaders of KAU known as the [[Kapenguria Six|Kapenguria six]] were arrested on the 21st of October. They include [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[Paul Ngei]], [[Kungu Karumba]], [[Bildad Kaggia]], [[Fred Kubai]] and [[Achieng Oneko]]. Kenyatta denied he was a leader of the Mau Mau but was convicted at trial and was sent to prison in 1953, gaining his freedom in 1961. An intense propaganda campaign by the colonial government effectively discouraged other Kenyan communities, settlers and the international community from sympathising with the movement by emphasising on real and perceived acts of barbarism perpetrated by the Mau Mau. Although a much smaller number of Europeans died compared to Africans during the uprising, each individual European loss of life was publicised in disturbing detail, emphasising elements of betrayal and bestiality.<ref name=Kyle/> As a result, the protest was supported almost exclusively by the Kikuyu, despite issues of land rights and anti-European, anti-Western appeals designed to attract other groups. The Mau Mau movement was also a bitter internal struggle among the Kikuyu. [[Harry Thuku]] said in 1952, "To-day we, the Kikuyu, stand ashamed and looked upon as hopeless people in the eyes of other races and before the Government. Why? Because of the crimes perpetrated by Mau Mau and because the Kikuyu have made themselves Mau Mau." That said, other Kenyans directly or indirectly supported the movement. Notably, [[Pio Gama Pinto]], a Kenyan of Goan descent, facilitated the provision of firearms to forest fighters. He was arrested in 1954 and detained until 1959.<ref name=Kyle/> Another notable example was the pioneering lawyer [[Argwings Kodhek]], the first East African to obtain a law degree. He became known as the Mau Mau lawyer as he would successfully defend Africans accused of Mau Mau crimes pro bono.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaleastafrica.org/global-lives/argwings-kodhek-1923-69|title = Argwings Kodhek (1923-69) &#124; Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s}}</ref> 12,000 militants were killed during the suppression of the rebellion, and the British colonial authorities also implemented policies involving the incarceration of over 150,000 suspected Mau Mau members and sympathizers (mostly from the Kikuyu people) into [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blacker J|date=2007|title=The demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A demographer's viewpoint|journal=[[African Affairs|Afr. Aff.]]|volume=106|issue=425|pages=751|doi=10.1093/afraf/adm066|postscript=. According to John Blacker, demographers have refuted the often repeated allegation that 300,000 Kikuyu died in the uprising. The number was exaggerated by a factor of 10.|doi-access=free}}</ref> In these camps, the colonial authorities also used various forms of [[torture]] to attempt information from the detainees.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-02-16/churchill-was-more-villain-than-hero-in-britain-s-colonies| title = Churchill Was More Villain Than Hero in Britain's Colonies - Bloomberg| website = [[Bloomberg News]]| date = 16 February 2019}}</ref> In 2011, after decades of waiting, thousands of secret documents from the British Foreign Office were declassified. They show that the Mau Mau rebels were systematically tortured and subjected to the most brutal practices, men were castrated and sand introduced into their anus, women were raped after introducing boiling water into their vaginas. The Foreign Office archives also reveal that this was not the initiative of soldiers or colonial administrators but a policy orchestrated from London.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-documents-show-how-britain-sanctioned-mau-mau-torture-rcjwwhjhwb2 | title=New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture }}</ref> The Mau Mau uprising set in play a series of events that expedited the road to Kenya's Independence. A Royal Commission on Land and Population condemned the reservation of land on a racial basis. To support its military campaign of counter-insurgency the colonial government embarked on agrarian reforms that stripped white settlers of many of their former protections; for example, Africans were for the first time allowed to grow coffee, the major cash crop. Thuku was one of the first Kikuyu to win a coffee licence, and in 1959 he became the first African board member of the Kenya Planters Coffee Union. The East African Salaries Commission put forth a recommendation – 'equal pay for equal work' – that was immediately accepted. Racist policies in public places and hotels were eased. [[John David Drummond, 17th Earl of Perth]] and [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies|Minister of State for Colonial affairs]] stated: "The effort required to suppress Mau Mau destroyed any settlers illusions that they could go it alone; the British Government was not prepared for the shedding of [more] blood in order to preserve colonial rule."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinsha0000klos|last=Klose|first=Fabian|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2013|isbn=9780812244953|translator-last=Geyer|translator-first=Dona|jstor=j.ctt3fhw4p|name-list-style=vanc|chapter=The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cooper F|date=2014|title=Fabian Klose. Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_2014-04_119_2/page/650|journal=[[The American Historical Review|Am. Hist. Rev.]]|volume=119|issue=2|pages=650–651|doi=10.1093/ahr/119.2.650}}</ref><ref name=Kyle/> ====Trade Unionism and the struggle for independence==== {{See also|Makhan Singh (Kenyan trade unionist)|Fred Kubai|Bildad Kaggia|Tom Mboya}} The pioneers of the trade union movement were [[Makhan Singh (Kenyan trade unionist)|Makhan Singh]], [[Fred Kubai]] and [[Bildad Kaggia]]. In 1935, [[Makhan Singh (Kenyan trade unionist)|Makhan Singh]] started the [[Labour trade union of Kenya]]. In the 1940s, Fred Kubai started the [[Transport and Allied Workers Union]] and Bildad Kaggia founded the [[Clerks and Commercial Workers Union]]. In 1949, Makhan Singh and Fred Kubai started the [[East Africa Trade Union Congress]]. They organised strikes including the railway workers strike in 1939 and the protest against granting of a Royal Charter to Nairobi in 1950. These pioneering trade union leaders were imprisoned during the crackdown on Mau Mau.<ref name=cotu/><ref name=Kyle/> Following this crackdown, all national African political activity was banned. This ban was in place even when the first African members of the legislative council (MLCs) were elected. To manage and control African political activity, the colonial government permitted district parties starting in 1955. This effectively prevented African unity by encouraging ethnic affiliation. Trade unions led by younger Africans filled the vacuum created by the crackdown as the only organisations that could mobilise the masses when political parties were banned.<ref name=cotu>History of COTU. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326180400/https://cotu-kenya.org/history-of-cotuk/</ref><ref name=Kyle/> The [[Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions (KFRTU)]] was started by [[Aggrey Minya]] in 1952 but was largely ineffective.<ref name=cotu/> [[Tom Mboya]] was one of the young leaders who stepped into the limelight. His intelligence, discipline, oratory and organisational skills set him apart. After the colonial government declared a state of emergency on account of Mau Mau, at age 22, Mboya became the Director of Information of KAU. After KAU was banned, Mboya used the KFRTU to represent African political issues as its Secretary General at 26 years of age. The KFRTU was backed by the [[Western Bloc|western leaning]] [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions|International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)]]. Tom Mboya then started the [[Kenya Federation of Labour|Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL)]] in place of KFRTU, which quickly became the most active political body in Kenya, representing all the trade unions. Mboya's successes in trade unionism earned him respect and admiration. Mboya established international connections, particularly with labour leaders in the [[United States of America]] through the ICFTU. He used these connections and his international renown to counter moves by the colonial government.<ref name=cotu/><ref name=Kyle/> Several trade union leaders who were actively involved in the independence struggle through KFL would go on to join active politics becoming members of parliament and cabinet ministers. These include [[Arthur Ochwada|Arthur Aggrey Ochwada]], [[Dennis Akumu]], [[Clement Lubembe]] and [[Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo]].<ref name=cotu/><ref>https://cotu-kenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/WEBSITE-Labour-Day-Speech-2018.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.president.go.ke/2017/05/01/speech-by-his-excellency-hon-uhuru-kenyatta-c-g-h-president-of-the-republic-of-kenya-and-commander-in-chief-of-the-defence-forces-during-the-2017-labour-day-celebrations-at-uhuru-park-grounds-nai/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170504114639/http://www.president.go.ke/2017/05/01/speech-by-his-excellency-hon-uhuru-kenyatta-c-g-h-president-of-the-republic-of-kenya-and-commander-in-chief-of-the-defence-forces-during-the-2017-labour-day-celebrations-at-uhuru-park-grounds-nai| archive-date = 4 May 2017| title = SPEECH BY HIS EXCELLENCY HON. UHURU KENYATTA, C.G.H., PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE DEFENCE FORCES DURING THE 2017 LABOUR DAY CELEBRATIONS AT UHURU PARK GROUNDS, NAIROBI – Presidency}}</ref> The trade union movement would later become a major battlefront in the proxy [[cold war]] that would engulf Kenyan politics in the 1960s.<ref>Kwame Nkurumah's Theory and Practice of Labour and Their Manifestation in the Kenyan Trade Unionism to 1966. by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20230424071342/https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/4904</ref> ====Constitutional Debates and the Path to Independence==== {{See also|Jaramogi Oginga Odinga|Nairobi People's Convention Party|Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)|The Kennedy Airlift}} After the suppression of the Mau Mau rising, the British provided for the election of the six African members to the Legislative Council (MLC) under a weighted franchise based on education. Mboya successfully stood for office in the first election for African MLCs in 1957, beating the previously nominated incumbent, [[Argwings Kodhek]]. [[Daniel Arap Moi]] was the only previously nominated African MLC who kept his seat. [[Oginga Odinga]] was also elected and shortly afterwards nominated as the first chairman of the African elected members. Mboya's party, the [[Nairobi People's Convention Party|Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP)]], was inspired by [[Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkurumah's]] [[People's Convention Party]]. It became the most organised and effective political party in the country. The NPCP was used to effectively mobilise the masses in Nairobi in the struggle for greater African representation on the council. The new colonial constitution of 1958 increased African representation, but African nationalists began to demand a democratic franchise on the principle of "one man, one vote." However, Europeans and Asians, because of their minority position, feared the effects of universal suffrage. In June 1958, [[Oginga Odinga]] called for the release of Jomo Kenyatta. This call built momentum and was taken up by the NPCP. Agitation for African suffrage and self-rule picked up in pace. One major hindrance to self-rule was the lack of African human capital. Poor education, economic development and a lack of African technocrats were a real problem. This inspired Tom Mboya to begin a programme conceptualised by a close confidante [[Blasio Vincent Ndale Esau Oriedo|Dr. Blasio Vincent Oriedo]], funded by Americans, of sending talented youth to the United States for higher education. There was no university in Kenya at the time, but colonial officials opposed the programme anyway. The next year Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] helped fund the programme, hence its popular name – [[The Kennedy Airlift]].<ref>''Airlift to America. How Barack Obama Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours'', by Tom Shachtman</ref> This scholarship program trained some 70% of the top leaders of the new nation, including the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, environmentalist [[Wangari Maathai]] and [[Barack Obama]]'s father, [[Barack Obama Sr.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/29/AR2008032902031.html?hpid=topnews|title=Obama Overstates Kennedys' Role in Helping His Father|last=Dobbs M|date=2008|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> At a conference held in 1960 in London, agreement was reached between the African members and the British settlers of the [[New Kenya Group]], led by [[Michael Blundell]]. However many whites rejected the New Kenya Group and condemned the London agreement, because it moved away from racial quotas and toward independence. Following the agreement a new African party, the [[Kenya African National Union|Kenya African National Union (KANU)]], with the slogan "Uhuru," or "Freedom," was formed under the leadership of Kikuyu leader [[James Gichuru|James S. Gichuru]] and labour leader [[Tom Mboya]]. KANU was formed in May 1960 when the [[Kenya African Union|Kenya African Union (KAU)]] merged with the [[Kenya Independence Movement|Kenya Independence Movement (KIM)]] and [[Nairobi People's Convention Party|Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP)]].<ref>The Politics of The Independence of Kenya by Kyle Keith. Palgrave MacMillan 1999 p 93-111</ref> Mboya was a major figure from 1951 until his death in 1969. He was praised as nonethnic or antitribal, and attacked as an instrument of Western capitalism. Mboya as General Secretary of the Kenya Federation of Labour and a leader in the Kenya African National Union before and after independence skilfully managed the tribal factor in Kenyan economic and political life to succeed as a Luo in a predominantly Kikuyu movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Goldsworthy D|date=1982|title=Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: The 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1982-03_20_1/page/107|journal=[[Journal of Modern African Studies|J. Mod. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=20|issue=1|pages=107–126|jstor=160378|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00000082|s2cid=154841201 }}</ref> A split in KANU produced the breakaway rival party, the [[Kenya African Democratic Union|Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU)]], led by [[Ronald Ngala]] and [[Masinde Muliro]]. In the [[Kenyan legislative election, 1961|elections of February 1961]], KANU won 19 of the 33 African seats while KADU won 11 (twenty seats were reserved by quota for Europeans, Asians and Arabs). Kenyatta was finally released in August and became president of KANU in October. ==Independence== {{See also|Kenya Independence Movement|Kenya African National Union|Kenya African Democratic Union}} Mu 1962, boma la KANU-KADU likapangika, pamoza na Kenyatta na Ngala. Mu 1962, boma likakhazikiska wupu wakulongozga uwo uli na ŵanthu 117. Charu chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa 7, cilicose cikaŵa na wupu wake. Ndondomeko ya kuŵika mipando ya ŵanthu ŵambura kufumako ku Africa yikamara, ndipo mu Meyi 1963 ŵakacita mavoti. KADU yikamba kuwusa mipingo ya ku Rift Valley, Coast na Western. KANU yikasanga mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango na mu Nyumba za Malango, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya Central, Eastern na Nyanza.<ref>No assembly could be formed in the Northeast Region, because separatist Somalis had boycotted the elections, and its House and Senate seats also remained vacant.</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Kenya chikaŵa na boma lakujiwusa na Jomo Kenyatta uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ŵa Britain na KANU ŵakakolerana kuti mu Okutobala 1963 ŵasinthe dango ilo likakhozga boma lapakati.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mutua |first=Makau |date=2001 |title=Justice under Siege: The Rule of Law and Judicial Subservience in Kenya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489325 |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=96–118 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2001.0010 |jstor=4489325 |s2cid=144841688 |issn=0275-0392}}</ref> Charu cha Kenya chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Disembala 12, 1963<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1212.html#article|title=Joyful Kenya Gets Independence From Britain|last=Conley R|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ndipo likapharazgika kuŵa republic pa 12 December 1964 na Jomo Kenyatta nga mutu wa boma. Mu 1964, boma likasintha malango gha boma na kwambiska maboma ghanyake. Yimoza mwa maofesi gha boma ni Central Bank of Kenya iyo yikapangika mu 1966. Boma la Britain likaguliska ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakakhalanga mu Kenya ndipo ŵanandi ŵakafumamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda mu misumba na matawuni ghanandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵagomezganga yayi. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵanthu 120,000 pa ŵanthu 176,000 ŵa ku India ŵakasunga pasipoti yawo yakale ya ku Britain m'malo mwa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa Kenya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The politics of the independence of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofindepe0000kyle_r0d0|vauthors=Keith K|publisher=Macmillan|year=1999|isbn=9780333720080}}</ref> ===Kenyatta tenure (1963–1978)=== {{See also|Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta|Shifta War|Pio Gama Pinto|Kenya People's Union|Kisumu massacre}} [[File:Kenya.ogv|thumb|1973 newsreel about Kenyatta's rule]] Once in power Kenyatta swerved from radical nationalism to conservative bourgeois politics. The plantations formerly owned by white settlers were broken up and given to farmers, with the Kikuyu the favoured recipients, along with their allies the Embu and the Meru. By 1978 most of the country's wealth and power was in the hands of the organisation which grouped these three tribes: the Kikuyu-Embu-Meru Association (GEMA), together comprising 30% of the population. At the same time the Kikuyu, with Kenyatta's support, spread beyond their traditional territorial homelands and repossessed lands "stolen by the whites" – even when these had previously belonged to other groups. The other groups, a 70% majority, were outraged, setting up long-term ethnic animosities.<ref name="opendemocracy.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/kenya_roots_of_crisis/|title=Kenya: roots of crisis|last=Prunier G|date=2008|website=[[openDemocracy]]|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> The minority party, the [[Kenya African Democratic Union]] (KADU), representing a coalition of small tribes that had feared dominance by larger ones, dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and former members joined KANU. KANU was the only party 1964–66 when a faction broke away as the [[Kenya People's Union]] (KPU). It was led by [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], a former vice-president and [[Luo (Kenya)|Luo]] elder. KPU advocated a more "scientific" route to socialism—criticising the slow progress in land redistribution and employment opportunities—as well as a realignment of foreign policy in favour of the [[Soviet Union]]. On 25 February 1965, [[Pio Gama Pinto]], a Kenyan of [[Goan]] descent and freedom fighter who was detained during the colonial period was assassinated in what is recognised as Kenya's first political assassination. He was also [[Oginga Odinga|Oginga Odinga's]] chief tactician and link to the eastern bloc.<ref>Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission 2013. Excerpts available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20211020091213/http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/gvuk_files/Pio_Gama_Pinto_TRJC_2013.pdf</ref> His death dealt a severe blow to the Oginga Odinga's organisational efforts.<ref>Freedom and suffering. Chapter in: Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963 – 2011 by Daniel Branch. Yale University Press. Nov 2011</ref> The government used a variety of political and economic measures to harass the KPU and its prospective and actual members. KPU branches were unable to register, KPU meetings were prevented and civil servants and politicians suffered severe economic and political consequences for joining the KPU. A security Act was passed in Parliament in July 1966 and granted the government powers to carry out detention without trial, which was used against KPU members.<ref>K. Conboy. Detention without trial in Kenya. GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Volume:8 Issue:2 Dated:(SPRING 1978) Pages:441-461M</ref> In a series of dawn raids in August 1966, several KPU party members were arrested and detained without trial. They included [[Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo|Ochola Mak'Anyengo]] (the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (Oginga Odinga's private secretary) and Peter Ooko (the general secretary of the East African Common Services Civil Servants Union).<ref>“Five Opposition Leaders Seized by Kenya Police” Pasadena Independent (Pasadena, California) Fri Aug 5 1966. Page 1 Available from: https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15272844/5-opposition-leaders-seized</ref> In June 1969, Tom Mboya, a Luo member of the government considered a potential successor to Kenyatta, was assassinated. Hostility between Kikuyu and Luo was heightened, and after riots broke out in Luo country the KPU was banned. The specific riots that led to the banning of the KPU resulted in the incident referred to as the [[Kisumu massacre]].<ref>"Dark Saturday in 1969 when Jomo's visit to Kisumu turned bloody." Daily Nation. Wed October 24, 2018. Available from: https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/dark-saturday-in-1969-when-jomo-s-visit-to-kisumu-turned-bloody-101870</ref> Kenya thereby became a one-party state under KANU.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mueller SD|date=1984|title=Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966-9|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1984-09_22_3/page/399|journal=[[The Journal of Modern African Studies|J. Mod. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=22|issue=3|pages=399–427|jstor=160453|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055105|hdl=2144/39906|s2cid=154614480 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ignoring his suppression of the opposition and continued factionalism within KANU the imposition of one-party rule allowed Mzee ("Old Man") Kenyatta, who had led the country since independence, to claim he had achieved "political stability." Underlying social tensions were evident, however. Kenya's very rapid population growth and considerable rural to urban migration were in large part responsible for high unemployment and disorder in the cities. There also was much resentment by blacks at the privileged economic position held by Asians and Europeans in the country. At Kenyatta's death (22 August 1978), Vice-president [[Daniel arap Moi]] became interim President. On 14 October, Moi formally became president after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee. In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state. On 1 August members of the [[Kenyan Air Force]] launched [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|an attempted coup]], which was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the [[General Service Unit]] (GSU) – paramilitary wing of the police – and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties.<ref name=":1" /> ====Foreign policies==== Independent Kenya, although officially non-aligned, adopted a pro-Western stance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation|url=https://archive.org/details/britainkenyacold0000perc|vauthors=Percox DA|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2004|isbn=9781850434603|location=London}}</ref> Kenya worked unsuccessfully for East African union; the proposal to unite Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda did not win approval. However, the three nations did form a loose East African Community (EAC) in 1967, that maintained the customs union and some common services that they had shared under British rule. The EAC collapsed in 1977 and was officially dissolved in 1984. Kenya's relations with Somalia deteriorated over the problem of Somalis in the North Eastern Province who tried to secede and were supported by Somalia. In 1968, however, Kenya and Somalia agreed to restore normal relations, and the Somali rebellion effectively ended.<ref name=":1" /> ===Moi regime (1978–2002)=== {{See also|Presidency of Daniel Moi|1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|Wagalla massacre}} Kenyatta wakafwa mu chaka cha 1978 ndipo wakimikika na Daniel Arap Moi (wakababika mu 1924, wakafwa mu 2020) uyo wakawusa nga ni President 1978-2002. Moi, wa fuko la Kalenjin, wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ndipo wakawusa mwauryarya. Kuzakafika mu 1986, Moi wakaŵa kuti waŵika mazaza ghake ghose ndiposo vyandulo vinandi mu mawoko gha Kalenjin na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵachoko waka.<ref name=":1" /> Pa 1 Ogasiti, 1982, ŵasilikari ŵa pasi ŵa mu ndege, ŵakulongozgeka na Senior Private Grade-I Hezekiah Ochuka ndipo ŵakakhozgeka na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku yunivesite, ŵakayezga kupoka boma kuti ŵathereske Moi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mwaluŵiro na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari, Mahamoud Mohamed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ|title=Society|publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited|year=1992|pages=12}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakavu ŵa ku Kenya ku Nairobi ŵakawukira na kwiba mashopu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Robert Ouko, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Luo mu nduna ya Moi, wakasankhika kuti wavumbure upusikizgi wa pa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, kweni wakakomeka myezi yicoko waka pamanyuma pake. Mubali wa Moi uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo chomene ndiyo wakakhwaskika na kukoma Ouko. Boma la Germany likamuchema kazembe wake kuti walongore kuti likususkana na "nkhaza" za boma ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinyake ŵakachichizga Moi kuti wazomerezge vyaru vinyake kuti viŵepo.<ref name=":1" /> Pamanyuma pa kukoma ŵanthu ku Garissa mu 1980, ŵasilikari ŵa Kenya ŵakacita kukoma ŵanthu ku Wagalla mu 1984 kwimikana na ŵantu ŵanandi mu cigaŵa ca North Eastern. Mu 2011, khoti likadumura kuti pachitike kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001|title=Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe|date=11 February 2011|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> ==== Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi ==== [[File:Daniel arap Moi 1979c.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Daniel arap Moi]] in 1979]] Mu Disembala 1991, pamanyuma pa kukakamizgika na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, nyumba ya malango yikalekeska dango lakuti pali cipani cimoza. Mu 1992, pakaŵa maungano gha vyaru vinandi.<ref name=":2" /> Chipani cha Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) chikawoneka nga ni chipani chakususkana na KANU, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa KANU ŵakasintha chipani. Kweni gulu la FORD, ilo likalongozgekanga na Oginga Odinga (1911-1994), wa ku Luo, na Kenneth Matiba, wa ku Kikuyu, likagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri. Mu mavoti ghakwamba mu chaka cha 1992, Moi wakatora mavoti 37%, Matiba wakatora 26%, Mwai Kibaki (wa Democratic Party) 19%, ndipo Odinga 18%. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, KANU yikapokera vithuzi 97 pa vithuzi 188. Mu 1993, boma la Moi likazomera kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, nga umo Banki ya Caru Cose na International Monetary Fund vikayowoyera.<ref name=":1" /> Pakutondeska ŵapharazgi kuti ŵaleke kupharazga pambere maungano gha 1992 ghandambe, kweniso pamanyuma pake, Moi wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti vyaru vinandi vikovwira kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Boma lake likagwiliskiranga nchito uheni uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu. Mu muwuso wa Moi, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo waliyose wakaŵanga na ŵamazaza awo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa ghakaŵavya mazaza, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalondezganga waka boma, ilo likalongozgekanga na pulezidenti. Mu 1990-91, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likakhumbanga. Boma ili likathembanga Kalenjin ndipo likakhuŵilizga Ŵamaasai kuti ŵawukire Ŵakuyu. Ŵandyali ŵa boma ŵakasuskanga Ŵakikuyu kuti mbapusikizgi, ŵakaŵakanizganga kulembeska mavoti na kuŵachenjezga kuti ŵaŵapokenge katundu wawo. Mu 1993 na pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kikuyu ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo, ndipo kanandi ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵalinda ŵa viŵeto ŵakaŵapo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klopp JM|date=2001|title='Ethnic Clashes' and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya's Electoral Despotism|journal=[[Canadian Journal of African Studies|Can. J. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=473–517|doi=10.2307/486297|jstor=486297}}</ref> Mu Novembala 1997, apo boma likalutilira kufiska malango gha vyaru vinyake, vikaŵa makora kuti vipani viŵiri viŵepo. Pulezidenti Moi wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha mu Disembala 1997, ndipo chipani chake cha KANU chikasungapo chiŵelengero chikuru mu nyumba za malango. Moi wakawusa mwa kupangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵatemwenge mitundu yinyake, kukanizga boma, na kusuzga awo ŵakususka boma. Wakagwiliskira nchito kukakika na kutambuzgika, kwiba ndarama za boma na kupoka caru na katundu munyake. Moi wakawovwiranga ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luo, Luhya na Kikuyu, ndipo wakakana kuti ndiyo wakapangiska vivulupi ivi.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roessler PG|date=2005|title=Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2005-01_37_2/page/207|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–227|doi=10.2307/20072883|jstor=20072883}}</ref> Kwamba mu 1998, Moi wakambiska ndondomeko ya umo wangalondezgera mazaza gha pulezidenti kuti iyo na chipani chake ŵasange chandulo. Pakukumana na suzgo la kukolerana na mitundu yinandi, Moi wakasintha ivyo wakakhumbanga kuchita pa viphikiro vya mu 2002 kufuma pa mtundu kuya pa mphindano za pakati pa miwiro. Ndondomeko iyi yikatimbanizga, ndipo yikapangiska kuti chipani chake chitimbanizgike, ndipo mwanalume wa Kenyatta, uyo wakaŵa wakunjilirapo, wakatondeka pa mavoti gha mu Disembala 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steeves J|date=2006|title=Presidential succession in Kenya: The transition from Moi to Kibaki|journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|Commonw. Comp. Politics]]|volume=44|issue=2|pages=211–233|doi=10.1080/14662040600831651|s2cid=154320354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kagwanja PM|date=2006|title='Power to Uhuru': Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya's 2002 Elections|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2006-01_105_418/page/51|journal=[[African Affairs|Afr. Aff.]]|volume=105|issue=418|pages=51–75|doi=10.1093/afraf/adi067}}</ref> ===Recent history (2002 to present)=== {{further|Politics of Kenya}} ====2002 elections==== [[File:Mwai Kibaki & wife at White House, October 2003.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mwai Kibaki]] and (the late) Mrs. [[Lucy Kibaki]] with US President [[George W. Bush]] and Mrs. [[Laura Bush]] at the [[White House]] during a state visit in 2003.]] Constitutionally barred from running in the December 2002 presidential elections, Moi unsuccessfully promoted [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], the son of Kenya's first President, as his successor. A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Moi's former vice-president [[Mwai Kibaki]], was elected president by a large majority. On 27 December 2002, by 62% the voters overwhelmingly elected members of the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) to parliament and NaRC candidate Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) to the presidency. Voters rejected the Kenya African National Union's (KANU) presidential candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, the handpicked candidate of outgoing president Moi. International and local observers reported the 2002 elections to be generally more fair and less violent than those of both 1992 and 1997. His strong showing allowed Kibaki to choose a cabinet, to seek international support and to balance power within the NaRC. ====Economic trends==== Kenya witnessed a spectacular economic recovery, helped by a favourable international environment. The annual rate of growth improved from −1.6% in 2002 to 2.6% by 2004, 3.4% in 2005, and 5.5% in 2007. However, social inequalities also increased; the economic benefits went disproportionately to the already well-off (especially to the Kikuyu); corruption reached new depths, matching some of the excesses of the Moi years. Social conditions deteriorated for ordinary Kenyans, who faced a growing wave of routine crime in urban areas; pitched battles between ethnic groups fighting for land; and a feud between the police and the Mungiki sect, which left over 120 people dead in May–November 2007 alone.<ref name="opendemocracy.net"/> ====2007 elections and ethnic violence==== {{further|2007–2008 Kenyan crisis}} [[File:Raila and the media.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orange Democratic Movement]] leader Prime Minister [[Omolo Odinga]] speaking with the Kenyan media.]] Once regarded as the world's "most optimistic," Kibaki's regime quickly lost much of its power because it became too closely linked with the discredited Moi forces. The continuity between Kibaki and Moi set the stage for the self-destruction of Kibaki's National Rainbow Coalition, which was dominated by Kikuyus. The western Luo and Kalenjin groups, demanding greater autonomy, backed Raila Amolo Odinga (1945– ) and his Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Murunga GR, Nasong'o SW|date=2006|title=Bent on self-destruction: The Kibaki regime in Kenya|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies|J. Contemp. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1080/02589000500513713|s2cid=154675141}}</ref> In the December 2007 elections, Odinga, the candidate of the ODM, attacked the failures of the Kibaki regime. The ODM charged the Kikuyu with having grabbed everything and all the other tribes having lost; that Kibaki had betrayed his promises for change; that crime and violence were out of control, and that economic growth was not bringing any benefits to the ordinary citizen. In the December 2007 elections the ODM won majority seats in Parliament, but the presidential elections votes were marred by claims of rigging by both sides. It may never be clear who won the elections, but it was roughly 50:50 before the rigging started.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-28|title=National-level Data on the 2007–2008 Postelection Violence|journal=Political Violence in Kenya|pages=317–318|doi=10.1017/9781108764063.013|isbn=9781108764063|s2cid=238119891}}</ref> "[[Majimbo]]ism" was a philosophy that emerged in the 1950s, meaning federalism or regionalism in Swahili, and it was intended to protect local rights, especially regarding land ownership. Today "majimboism" is code for certain areas of the country to be reserved for specific ethnic groups, fuelling the kind of ethnic cleansing that has swept the country since the election. Majimboism has always had a strong following in the Rift Valley, the epicenter of the recent violence, where many locals have long believed that their land was stolen by outsiders. The December 2007 election was in part a referendum on majimboism. It pitted today's majimboists, represented by Odinga, who campaigned for regionalism, against Kibaki, who stood for the status quo of a highly centralised government that has delivered considerable economic growth but has repeatedly displayed the problems of too much power concentrated in too few hands – corruption, aloofness, favouritism and its flip side, marginalisation. In the town of Londiani in the [[Rift valley|Rift Valley]], Kikuyu traders settled decades ago. In February 2008, hundreds of Kalenjin raiders poured down from the nearby scruffy hills and burned a Kikuyu school. Three hundred thousand members of the Kikuyu community were displaced from Rift Valley province.<ref name="alertnet">{{Cite news|url=http://alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=in_detail|title=Kenya violence: Election turmoil|date=2008|work=[[Reuters AlertNet]]|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620021022/http://alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=in_detail|archive-date=20 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kikuyus quickly took revenge, organising into gangs armed with iron bars and table legs and hunting down Luos and Kalenjins in Kikuyu-dominated areas like [[Nakuru County|Nakuru]]. "We are achieving our own perverse version of majimboism," wrote one of Kenya's leading columnists, Macharia Gaitho.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/world/africa/15kenya.html|title=Signs in Kenya of a Land Redrawn by Ethnicity|last=Gettleman J|date=2008|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)|Luo]] population of the southwest had enjoyed an advantageous position during the late colonial and early independence periods of the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in terms of the prominence of its modern elite compared to those of other groups. However the Luo lost prominence due to the success of Kikuyu and related groups (Embu and Meru) in gaining and exercising political power during the [[Jomo Kenyatta]] era (1963–1978). While measurements of poverty and health by the early 2000s showed the Luo disadvantaged relative to other Kenyans, the growing presence of non-Luo in the professions reflected a dilution of Luo professionals due to the arrival of others rather than an absolute decline in the Luo numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Morrison LB|date=2007|title=The nature of decline: distinguishing myth from reality in the case of the Luo of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_2007-03_45_1/page/117|journal=[[Journal of Modern African Studies|J. Mod. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=45|issue=1|pages=117–142|doi=10.1017/S0022278X06002308|jstor=4486722|s2cid=55019548}}</ref> ====Demographic trends==== {{further|Demographics of Kenya}} [[File:Kenya-demography.png|thumb|right|Kenya demography (1961–2003)]] Between 1980 and 2000 total fecundity in Kenya fell by about 40%, from some eight births per woman to around five. During the same period, fertility in Uganda declined by less than 10%. The difference was due primarily to greater contraceptive use in Kenya, though in Uganda there was also a reduction in pathological sterility. The [[Demography|Demographic]] and Health Surveys carried out every five years show that women in Kenya wanted fewer children than those in Uganda and that in Uganda there was also a greater unmet need for contraception. These differences may be attributed, in part at least, to the divergent paths of economic development followed by the two countries since independence and to the Kenya government's active promotion of family planning, which the [[Uganda]] government did not promote until 1995.<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=3|vauthors=Blacker J, Opiyo C, Jasseh M, Sloggett A, Ssekamatte-Ssebuliba J|date=2005|title=Fertility in Kenya and Uganda: A Comparative Study of Trends and Determinants|journal=Population Studies|volume=59|issue=3|pages=355–373|doi=10.1080/00324720500281672|pmid=16249155|jstor=30040477|s2cid=6415353}}</ref> ==== Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013-2022) ==== The 3rd President of Kenya [[Mwai Kibaki]] ruled since 2002 until 2013. After his tenure Kenya held its first general [[2013 Kenyan general election|elections]] after the new constitution had been passed in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Kenya|url=http://kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010|url-status=live|website=Kenya Law|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225103514/http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010|archive-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] (son of the first president Jomo Kenyatta) won in a disputed election result, leading to a petition by the opposition leader, [[Raila Odinga]]. The supreme court upheld the election results and President Kenyatta began his term with [[William Ruto]] as the deputy president. Despite the outcome of this ruling, the Supreme Court and the head of the Supreme Court were seen as powerful institutions that could carry out their role of checking the powers of the president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-30|title=Uhuru Kenyatta's election victory is upheld by Kenya's supreme court|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/31/kenya-court-upholds-kenyatta-victory|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Uhuru Kenyatta won a second term in office in another disputed [[2017 Kenyan presidential election|election]]. Following the defeat, Raila Odinga again petitioned the results in the Supreme Court, accusing the electoral commission of mismanagement of the elections and Uhuru Kenyatta and his party of rigging. The Supreme Court overturned the election results in what became a landmark ruling in Africa and one of the very few in the world in which the results of a presidential elections were annulled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-25|title=Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/25/kenya-presidential-election-rerun-to-go-ahead-supreme-court|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> This ruling solidified the position of the Supreme Court as an independent body.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-01|title=Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law|url=https://www.idlo.int/kenya-court-decision-demonstrates-respect-rule-of-law|access-date=2021-05-30|website=IDLO - International Development Law Organization|language=en}}</ref> Consequently, Kenya had a second round of elections for the presidential position, in which Uhuru emerged the winner after Raila refused to participate, citing irregularities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-07|title=Kenya profile - Timeline|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13682176|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-31|title=Kenya country profile|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref> The historical [[2018 Kenya handshake|handshake]] in March 2018 between president Uhuru Kenyatta and his long-time opponent Raila Odinga meant reconciliation followed by economic growth and increased stability.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/59339450-d555-11e9-8d46-8def889b4137 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Become an FT subscriber to read &#124; Financial Times|newspaper=Financial Times|date=November 2019|last1=Wilson|first1=Tom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenyaconnection.org/the-handshake-that-shaped-a-nation/|title=The Handshake that Shaped a Nation|date=31 May 2018}}</ref> ==== Presidency of William Ruto (2022-) ==== In August 2022, Deputy President William Ruto narrowly won the [[2022 Kenyan general election|presidential election.]] He took 50.5% of the vote. His main rival, Raila Odinga, got 48.8% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210 |work=BBC News |date=15 August 2022}}</ref> On 13 September 2022, William Ruto was sworn in as Kenya's fifth president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Obulutsa |first1=George |last2=Mersie |first2=Ayenat |title=William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/ |work=Reuters |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Timeline of Kenya]] * Leaders: **[[Colonial Heads of Kenya]] **[[Heads of Government of Kenya]] (12 December 1963 to 12 December 1964) **[[Heads of State of Kenya]] (12 December 1964 to today) *[[Politics of Kenya]] * History of cities in Kenya: ** Mombasa [[Mombasa#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Mombasa|timeline]] ** Nairobi [[History of Nairobi|history]] and [[Timeline of Nairobi|timeline]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[History of Uganda]] *[[History of Tanzania]] *[[List of human evolution fossils]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{Cite book|title=Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/kenya0000bars|last=Barsby|first=Jane|publisher=Kuperard|year=2007|isbn=9781857333497|series=Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette|location=London|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya|last=Haugerud|first=Angelique|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780521595902|edition=1st|series=African Studies|volume=84|location=Cambridge|pages=266|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/kenyatodaybreaki0000mwau|last=Mwaura|first=Ndirangu|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2005|isbn=9780875863214|pages=238|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/kenya0000tomp|last1=Parkinson|first1=Tom|last2=Phillips|first2=Matt|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2006|isbn=9781740597432|edition=6th|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetokeny0000tril|last1=Trillo|first1=Richard|last2=Jacobs|first2=Daniel|last3=Luckham|first3=Nana|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2006|isbn=9781843536512|edition=8th|location=London|name-list-style=vanc}} * Ogot, Bethwell A., ''History of the Southern Luo: Volume I, Migration and Settlement, 1500–1900'', (Series: ''Peoples of East Africa''), [[East African Publishing House]], Nairobi, 1967 ===History=== *{{Cite book|title=Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire|last=Anderson|first=David|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2005|isbn=9780393059861|edition=1st|location=New York|name-list-style=vanc|url=https://archive.org/details/historiesofhange00davi}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6xeK3r4ybkC|title=Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa|last1=Berman|first1=Bruce|last2=Lonsdale|first2=John|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550991|volume=2|location=USA|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya. Between Hope and Despair, 1963–2011|url=https://archive.org/details/kenyabetweenhope00dani|last=Branch|first=Daniel|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780300148763|location=New Haven, Connecticut|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Making ethnic ways: communities and their transformations in Taita, Kenya, 1800-1950|last=Bravman|first=Bill|publisher=James Currey|year=1998|isbn=0852556837|location=Oxford|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Labour and Poverty in Kenya, 1900–1980|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Lal|first2=Deepak|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=9780198285052|location=New York|name-list-style=vanc|url=https://archive.org/details/labourpovertyink0000coll}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/eastafricaprotec00eliouoft/#page/n8/mode/2up|title=The East Africa Protectorate|last=Eliot|first=Charles|publisher=E. Arnold|year=1905|ol=13518463M|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/britainsgulag0000caro|last=Elkins|first=Caroline|publisher=Holt Paperbacks|year=2005|isbn=9781844135486|edition=1st|location=New York|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888-1970|url=https://archive.org/details/kenyafromcoloniz0000gath|last=Gatheru|first=Mugo R.|publisher=McFarland & Co.|year=2005|isbn=9780786421992|location=USA|name-list-style=vanc|author-link=Mugo Gatheru}} *{{Cite book|title=The First Human: The Race to Discover Our Earliest Ancestors|url=https://archive.org/details/firsthumanraceto0000anng|last=Gibbons|first=Ann|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2007|isbn=9781400076963|location=New York|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Western Educated Elites in Kenya, 1900–1963: The African American Factor|last=Harper|first=James C.|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9780415977302|editor-last=Asante|editor-first=Molefi|series=African Studies|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=African Womanhood In Colonial Kenya: 1900-1950|url=https://archive.org/details/africanwomanhood0000kano|last=Kanogo|first=Tabitha|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780821415689|edition=1st|series=Eastern African Studies|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kanyinga K|date=2009|title=The legacy of the white highlands: Land rights, ethnicity and the post-2007 election violence in Kenya|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies|J. Contemp. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=27|issue=3|pages=325–344|doi=10.1080/02589000903154834|s2cid=154527979}} *{{Cite book|title="They called us Bloody Foreigners." Jewish Refugees in Kenya, 1933 until the 1950s|last=Kasper-Holtkotte|first=Cilli|publisher=Hentrich & Hentrich|year=2019|isbn=978-3-95565-361-3|location=Berlin/Leipzig, Germany|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite-Bourgeoisie|last=Kitching|first=Gavin N.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1980|isbn=9780300023855|name-list-style=vanc|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/classeconomiccha0002kitc}} *{{Cite book|title=The Politics of the Independence of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofindepe0000kyle_r0d0|last=Kyle|first=Keith|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1999|isbn=9780333760987|location=UK|doi=10.1057/9780230377707|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5Ge4gqxLuIC|title=Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya, 1925–52|last=Lewis|first=Joanna|publisher=James Currey|year=2000|isbn=9780852557853|location=Oxford|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lonsdale J, Berman B|date=1979|title=Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914|journal=[[The Journal of African History|J. Afr. Hist.]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=20|issue=4|pages=487–505|doi=10.1017/S0021853700017503|jstor=181774|doi-access=free}} *{{Cite book|title=Land, Ecology and Resistance in Kenya, 1880–1952|vauthors=Mackenzie F|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780748610211}} *{{Cite book|title=Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt|url=https://archive.org/details/maumaukenyaanaly0000malo|last=Maloba|first=Wunyabari O.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780253336644|edition=1st|series=Blacks in the Diaspora|location=Bloomington|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Kenya|vauthors=Maxon RM, Ofcansky TP|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2000|isbn=9780810836167|edition=2nd|location=Lanham, Md.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000maxo}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/library/120091691/going-their-separate-ways-agrarian-transformation|title=Going Their Separate Ways: Agrarian Transformation in Kenya, 1930–1950|last=Maxon|first=Robert M.|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780838638934|location=Madison, NJ|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity|vauthors=Miller NN, Yeager R|publisher=Westview Press|year=1994|isbn=9780813382012|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/kenyaquestforpro00mill}} *{{Cite book|title=British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912|vauthors=Mungeam GH|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1966|location=Oxford|oclc=418768}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRV1g62M34C|title=Health, State, and Society in Kenya|last=Ndege|first=George Oduor|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2001|isbn=9781580460996|series=Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora|jstor=10.7722/j.ctt1bh2msr|name-list-style=vanc|chapter=Faces of Contact and Change}} *{{Cite book|title=Economic History of Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo00ochi|publisher=East African Educational Publishers Ltd.|year=1992|isbn=9789966469632|veditors=Ochieng' WR, Maxon RM|location=Nairobi, Kenya|oclc=655670874}} *{{Cite book|title=Themes in Kenyan History|url=https://archive.org/details/themesinkenyanhi0000unse|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780821409770|veditors=Ochieng' WR}} *{{Cite book|title=A Modern History of Kenya: In Honour of Professor B. A. Ogot|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0237510820|publisher=Evans Brothers|year=1989|isbn=9780237510824|veditors=Ochieng' WR|location=Nairobi, Kenya}} *{{Cite book|title=Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority, and Narration|url=https://archive.org/details/maumaunationhood0000unse|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780821414835|veditors=Odhiambo A, Lonsdale J|location=Athens, USA}} *{{Cite journal|vauthors=Odhiambo A|date=2006|title=Ethnic Cleansing and Civil Society in Kenya 1969–1992|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary African Studies|J. Contemp. Afr. Stud.]]|volume=22|issue=1|pages=29–42|doi=10.1080/0258900042000179599|s2cid=153973377}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationin0000unse|title=Decolonization & Independence in Kenya, 1940-93|publisher=James Currey|year=1995|isbn=9780852557051|veditors=Ogot BA, Ochieng WR|location=London|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|title=Historical dictionary of Kenya|vauthors=Ogot BA|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=1981|isbn=9780810814196|series=African historical dictionaries|volume=29|location=Metuchen, N.J.|oclc=7596161}} *{{Cite book|title=Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation|last=Percox|first=David A.|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2004|isbn=9781850434603|series=International Library of African Studies|volume=13|location=London|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=The International Politics of East Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalpol0000pink|last=Pinkney|first=Robert|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780719056161|location=UK|name-list-style=vanc}} Compares Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. *{{Cite book|title=Peaceful Resistance: Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms|url=https://archive.org/details/peacefulresistan0000pres|last=Press|first=Robert M.|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=9780754647133|location=Aldershot, UK|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Church, State and Society in Kenya: From Mediation to Opposition, 1963–1993|last=Sabar|first=Galia|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd.|year=2002|isbn=9780714650777|location=London|name-list-style=vanc|author-link=Galia Sabar}} *{{Cite book|title=Christianity and the Kikuyu: Religious Divisions and Social Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/christianitykiku0000sand|last=Sandgren|first=David P.|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Inc.|year=2000|isbn=9780820448671|edition=2nd|location=USA|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau|last=Smith|first=David Lovatt|publisher=Mawenzi Books|year=2005|isbn=9780954471323|location=Herstmonceux, UK|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpoacherswhi0000stei|last=Steinhart|first=Edward I.|publisher=James Currey|year=2006|isbn=9780852559611|location=Oxford, UK|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, 1945-1963|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismnation0000tign|last=Tignor|first=Robert L.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780691015842|location=New Jersey, USA|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wamagatta EN|date=2009|title=British Administration and the Chiefs' Tyranny in Early Colonial Kenya: A Case Study of the First Generation of Chiefs from Kiambu District, 1895–1920|journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies|J. Asian Afr. Stud.]]|volume=44|issue=4|pages=371–388|doi=10.1177/0021909609105090|s2cid=146279215}} Argues that the chiefs' tyranny in early colonial Kenya had its roots in the British administrative style since the Government needed strong-handed local leaders to enforce its unpopular laws and regulations. *{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/12951008|title=The agricultural history of Kenya to 1939|last=van Zwanenberg|first=Roger|publisher=East African Publishing House|year=1972|series=Historical Association of Kenya|volume=1|location=Nairobi|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Economics of Colonialism: Britain and Kenya, 1870–1930|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofcolon0000wolf|last=Wolff|first=Richard D.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1974|isbn=9780300016390|location=USA|name-list-style=vanc}} ==Primary sources== *{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26402/|title=From Mau Mau to Harambee: Memoirs and Memoranda of Colonial Kenya|volume=17|last=Askwith|first=Tom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780902993303|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=Joanna|location=Cambridge, UK|name-list-style=vanc|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://derekrpeterson.com/books/the-life-of-charles-muhoro-kareri/|title=The Life of Charles Muhoro Kareri|last=Kareri|first=Charles Muhuro|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|year=2003|editor-last=Peterson|editor-first=Derek R.|series=Wisconsin African Studies Program|translator-last=Muriithi|translator-first=Joseph Kariuki|name-list-style=vanc}} *{{Cite book|title=Unbowed: A Memoir|last=Maathai|first=Wangari Muta|publisher=Knopf|year=2006|isbn=9780307263483|name-list-style=vanc|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/unbowedmemoir0000maat}} {{Years in Kenya}} {{Kenya topics}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya, History of}} [[Category:History of Kenya| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] pht4kh4bawlr3let2wtzm9adnvbxftb 0 25643 122584 122352 2026-09-28T01:49:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Capital of Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2021}} {{other uses}}{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lusaka | native_name = Mwalusaka | nickname = | settlement_type = City | motto = | image_skyline = {{photomontage | photo1a =Lusaka, Zambia at Night.jpg | photo2a =Downtown Lusaka.JPG | photo3a = | photo3b = | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | position = centre | border = 0 | color = white }} | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = '''From top''': Lusaka city at night; Downtown Lusaka; and Lusaka National Museum | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | city_logo = | citylogo_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia#Africa <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Lusaka in Zambia | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type = | subdivision_name = Zambian Kwacha | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lusaka Province]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Zambia#Lusaka Province|District]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Lusaka District]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Mayor-council government]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Lusaka|Mayor]] | leader_name = Chilando Chitangala [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|(PF)]] | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 1905 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = City status | established_date3 = 25 August 1960 | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> = | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.lcc.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=72 City of Lusaka Website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420091956/http://www.lcc.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=72 |date=20 April 2012}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 360 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2010 Census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 1,747,152<ref>{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office |title=Population and Demography of Zambia |url=https://zambia.opendataforafrica.org/ZMPAD21016/population-and-demography-of-zambia |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> | population_metro = 2,238,569 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1279<ref>Airport altitude, http://climexp.knmi.nl/ Retrieved 7 March 2015</ref> | elevation_ft = 4190 | postal_code_type = 10101 <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = 0211<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia |work=[[International Telecommunication Union]] |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=15 July 2021 |url=https://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000E8/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915203403/http://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000E8/en |archive-date=15 September 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.664<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br/>{{color|#FFD215|Medium}} | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | website = http://www.lcc.gov.zm | footnotes = | name = | population_est = 2,731,696<ref>{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office |title=Population and Demographic Projections |url=https://zambia.opendataforafrica.org/ZMPHC2015/population-and-demographic-projections-2011-2035 |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = 2020 }} '''Lusaka''' ni msumba ukuru wa [[Zambia]]. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukukura mwaluŵiro comene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa [[Afilika|Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa's fastest-growing cities |url=https://www.dw.com/en/africas-fastest-growing-cities/g-49895423 |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>Msumba wa Lusaka uli kumwera kwa chigaŵa chapakati pa mapiri ndipo uli pa mtunda wa mamita 1,279. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa 3.3 miliyoni, apo mu 2018 ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni agha ŵakaŵa 2.5 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia Population 2020 (Live) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/zambia-population/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>Msumba wa Lusaka ndiwo uli pakatikati pa vyamalonda na boma mu Zambia. Chiyowoyero cha boma mu tawuni iyi ni Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya mu misewu nga ni Bemba, Tonga, Lenje, Soli, Lozi, na Nyanja. Ukaboni wakwambilira wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ni wa m'ma 500 C.E., ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi m'ma 1000 C.E. Kufuma mu 17 panji 18 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Lenje na Soli ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1905, apo ukaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain ilo likalamuliranga Northern Rhodesia. Gulu la BSAC likazenga njanji iyo yikakhwaskananga migodi yawo ya Copperbelt na Cape Town ndipo Lusaka ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakukhazikako maji pa msewu uwu. Pamanyuma, ŵalimi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu Lusaka. Mu 1929, pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi kufuma apo boma la Britain likapokelera charu cha Northern Rhodesia, likasintha msumba ukuru wa charu ichi kufuma ku Livingstone kuya ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakanozganga vinthu vya mu tawuni iyi, kusazgapo Stanley Adshead, ndiwo ŵakazenga msumba uwu. Mu 1953, msumba wa Lusaka ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa charu cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland, ndipo sono ni Harare mu charu cha Zimbabwe. Kweni mu 1964, msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa Zambia. Pamanyuma, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi mu msumba uwu, kusazgapo nyumba za boma, Yunivesite ya Zambia, na chiŵanja cha ndege chiphya. Ku Lusaka kuli malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Zambia pambere charu chindafume mu mawoko gha boma, kweniso pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Zambia chafwatuka. == Mbili == {{see also|Nyengo ya Lusaka}} [[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-235.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-235.jpg|left|thumb|Nyumba ya Boma, yakuzengera Kazembe wa Northern Rhodesia]] === Mbiri Yakwambilira === Ukaboni wakwamba wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ni Lusaka ni wa m'ma 600 C.E. Msumba wakwambilira uwo tikumanya ni uwo ukazengeka m'ma 1100 C.E., ndipo ukaŵa pafupi na msumba wa Olympia. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakasintha chomene mu chigaŵa ichi m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa Lenje na Soli ŵakafikira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 panji 1800.{{sfn|Myers|2016|p=48}} Ŵasayansi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soli ŵakafika mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba ŵakasamanga mu Mlonga wa Luapula. Mazuŵa ghano, Lusaka wali pa mphaka ya vigaŵa vya magulu ghaŵiri agha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵakamba kwiza kufuma ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Tanzania, Mozambique, na Angola. Chifukwa chakuti ŵakeneranga kugega ŵanthu aŵa, kweniso ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ulimi wakuseŵa, ŵakasamukiranga ku malo ghanyake pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soli na Lenje. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Britain kweniso wandale, wakambiska kampani yakuchemeka British South African Company (BSAC). Rhodes wakagomezganga chomene kuti pali njanji yakufuma ku Cape kuya ku Cairo, nangauli German East Africa yikaŵa kuti yikujandizga nthowa yakuya kumpoto kwa BSAC, kweni wakatondeka kuyiyambiska apo wakaŵa wamoyo. Rhodes wakawoneseska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵalutilire kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo wakalutilira kusazgirako ufumu wake m'paka ku Salisbury (uko sono ni Harare mu Zimbabwe). Gulu la BSAC likamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Lusaka mu 1899. Pakwamba msumba uwu ukaŵa ku Kalomo, ndipo mu 1907 ukasamukira ku Livingstone. Mu 1911, chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikana na chigaŵa cha North-Eastern Rhodesia kuti chiŵe Northern Rhodesia. Pakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakugalukira boma lawo, kweniso kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti ŵakukhumba kusazgirako migodi ya ku Copperbelt, kumpoto kwa Zambia, BSAC yikalutilira kuzenga njanji yakufuma ku South Africa kuya ku Northern Rhodesia. Msumba wa Lusaka ukazengeka mu 1905, ndipo ukachemekanga Lusaaka, mulongozgi wa muzi wa Lenje. Chigaŵa icho chikajumphanga mu Lusaka chikazengeka na Mashonaland Railway Company, ndipo chikaŵa mtunda wa makilomita 452 kufuma ku Kalomo m'paka ku tawuni ya Broken Hill (iyo sono ni Kabwe). Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵalimi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Kuzakafika mu 1913, mashopu ghanandi na hotelo vikaŵa kuti vyajulika, ndipo ŵakakhorweska BSAC kuti Lusaka waŵe msumba wakuzomerezgeka na kuŵapa mazaza pa vinthu vya mu msumba. Msumba wakwambilira uwu ukawusikanga na Lusaka Village Management Board, uyo wakasankhika na ŵalimi, ndipo ukaŵa na malo ghakukwana makilomita 5 mu utali na makilomita 1.5 mu usani.{{sfn|Mulenga|2003|p=2}} Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca United Kingdom cikamba kuwusa Tanganyika (uyo sono ni Tanzania). Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinandi kufuma ku South Africa m'paka ku Egypt. Mu 1924, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Rhodesia kwizira mu kazembe na wupu wakulongozga, kweni BSAC yikalutilira kuŵa na wanangwa wa kunozga migodi. Boma liphya likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha, nangauli ŵakaŵavya wanangwa. Makampani gha migodi, kweniso ŵalimi ŵa ku Lusaka ŵakakondwa yayi na kusintha uku. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mu matawuni ghakupambanapambana kuti ŵalongore mazaza ghawo.{{sfn|Home|2013|p=7}} === Kucemeka msumba ukuru wa Northern Rhodesia === Mu Malichi 1929, ofesi ya ku Britain yikatumizga uthenga ku boma la Northern Rhodesia kuti likusamure msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. Ndipouli, pa nyengo iyo, ŵakamanyiskapo yayi cifukwa ico ŵakasamira ku caru cinyake. James Maxwell, uyo wakaŵa dokotala ndipo wakaŵa kazembe wa charu ichi kwambira mu 1927, wakiza na David Alexander, uyo nayo wakaŵa kazembe wa charu ichi. Pakukhumba kuti mizi iyo yikaŵa pafupi na migodi yileke kuzengeka, Alexander wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusanga munthu wakunozga mapulani gha msumba. Pamanyuma, Maxwell na Alexander ŵakasanda malo gha msumba uphya uwu, ndipo paumaliro ŵakasankha Lusaka chifukwa chakuti ukaŵa pa msewu wa njanji kweniso pa mphambano ya Great North Road na Great East Road. Maxwell wakapempha ofesi ya Colonial Office kuti yimupenge munthu wakunozga vinthu vya mu tawuni. Adshead wakasanda malo ghanandi agho likuru la charu ichi likate likhalengemo, ndipo paumaliro wakamanya kuti Lusaka ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwenelera. Iyo wakaghanaghananga vya kuŵika msumba ukuru mu Copperbelt, kweni cifukwa cakuti maboma na mabungwe gha migodi ghakamugomezgana yayi, wose ŵakakhumbanga kuti msumba ukuru uleke kuŵa kutali na migodi. Munthu uyo wakumanya vya maji wakati wasanda, wakasanga kuti pasi pa maji pakaŵa maji ghakukwana, ndipo mu Julayi 1931, wupu wakulongozga ukazomerezga kuti Lusaka ndiyo uŵe msumba ukuru.{{sfn|Home|2013|p=8}}<ref name="hans_Nort">{{Cite web |date=19 April 1932 |title=Northern Rhodesia - Tuesday 19 April 1932 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1932-04-19/debates/1f41fb52-1c18-4352-b5e4-c0f545d159f3/NorthernRhodesia |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=[[Hansard]] |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Mu 1932, Ronald Storrs ndiyo wakanjira mu malo gha Maxwell pakuŵa kazembe, kweni cifukwa ca suzgo likuru la vya ndalama, ndalama zikakhalanga pachoko ndipo vinthu vikenda makora yayi mu Lusaka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaluta ku msumba uwu kukapenja nchito ya kuzenga, kweni kukaŵavya nchito, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe ŵakavu, ŵanjara, na kugaluka. Ivyo Storrs wakakhumbanga comene pa mulimo uwu ni nyumba ya boma, iyo yikayananga waka na iyo wakambiska apo wakaŵa kazembe wa ku Cyprus. Pakukhumba kulondezga nyumba ya ku Cyprus, kweniso nyumba ya themba ku New Delhi iyo yikaŵa kuti yamara waka kuzengeka, Storrs wakapempha ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga comene kuti ndiwo ŵanozge pulani iyi. Ndalama izo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti zizagwire ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba iyi zikaŵa pafupifupi mapaundi 43,000. Nyengo yicoko waka Storrs wakaleka udindo wake pakuŵa kazembe cifukwa ca ulwari. Pa nyengo iyi, mulimo uwu ukaŵa kuti wamalizgika waka, ndipo ukaŵa na misewu yichoko waka (nga ni Cairo Road, iyo yikachemeka nthena chifukwa cha malo agho yikaŵa pa Cape to Cairo Road) kweniso nyumba na nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa boma. Storrs wakasankhika na Hubert Winthrop Young, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa charu cha Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi). Mu Epulero 1934, Themba George, mwana wachinayi wa Themba George V, wakiza ku Lusaka. Pa nyengo iyi, George wakaŵika libwe la fawundeshoni la nyumba za boma za ku Lusaka, kweniso wakajura misewu iyo yikathya mazina gha adada ŵake na ghake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo wacifumu, Young wakalembera kalata ofesi ya Colonial Office kuti "wakukhorwa na ivyo vicitikirenge Lusaka munthazi", ndipo wakasankha Eric Dutton kuti ndiyo walongozge mulimo uwu. Ŵazungu ŵa mu tawuni ya Livingstone ŵakasuskanga comene cifukwa cakuti ŵakaghanaghananga kuti msumba uzamuparanyika. Nangauli Young wakakana kuŵapa ndalama izo ŵakakhumbanga, kweni wakakhumba kuŵakhozga mwa kuŵika msumba wa Livingstone kuŵa likuru la vyalo vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda. Mu 1935, Lusaka wakaŵa msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. Boma likapeleka sitima yapadera, iyo yikanyamura ŵantchito wose ŵa boma kufuma ku Livingstone kuluta ku Lusaka mu sabata yimoza. Kuyana na ivyo Adshead wakakhumbanga, Lusaka wakeneranga kuŵa msumba wakuzirwa comene, wambura mafakitale panji ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa. Kuyana na ndondomeko iyo Bowling wakanozga, kukaŵa malo ghakugwilira nchito ya vyamaseŵero vikuru na vikuru. Wakakhozga comene ciŵanja ca ndege, kweniso nyumba ya boma, nangauli yikaŵa yipusu kuluska iyo Storrs wakakhumbanga. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakagaŵa tawuni iyi mu vigaŵa vya "ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi" na "ŵambura mu charu ichi". Nangauli Adshead na Bowling ŵakalemba mapulani agha, kweni ŵakafumamo mu Rhodesia pambere sabata ya Lusaka yindakwane. Msumba uwu ukaŵa ukuru comene nangauli ukaŵa kuti undazengekepo. Ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ndondomeko iyo Adshead wakambiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kukura mu msumba m'malo mwa kuzenga msumba ukuru.{{sfn|Home|2013|p=16}}<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Ithaca Journal]]|date=4 June 1935|page=9|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79818324/|via=Newspapers.com|title=Modern City New African Colony Seat}}</ref> === Vyaka vyakunthazi vya koloni === Kuzenga kwa Lusaka kukalutilira mu hafu yaciŵiri ya m'ma 1930, kweni vinthu vikalutilira yayi cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama. Boma la Northern Rhodesia likakhumbanga kusanga ndalama kwizira mu msonkho wa makampani gha migodi, kweni ghanandi mwa makampani agha ghakalembeka mu United Kingdom ndipo ghakalipanga msonkho wose pa ndalama izo ghakasanganga. Kabungwe ka Beit Trust kakaŵavikilira ndalama izo ŵakagulira ntchito iyi, kweni pakaŵavya malo ghakukwana ghakuzengera vinthu vinyake. Mu 1938, boma la United Kingdom likamba kufufuza usange vyaru vya Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland vingaŵa pamoza. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma ndilo liŵe na ndalama zinandi.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Windsor Star]]|date=2 February 1938|page=4|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79814592/the-windsor-star/|access-date=18 June 2021|via=Newspapers.com|title=Politics – and Other Subjects: Rhodesia}}</ref>Kweniso mu 1938, boma la Northern Rhodesia likapempha Alan Pim kuti walembe lipoti lakukhwaskana na ndalama. Ivi vikalongora kuti nangauli msonkho wa migodi ukaŵa wapachanya, boma (ilo likathembanga chomene ndalama izo likasanganga) likapokeranga yayi. Pim wakadandawuraso umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhalanga mu Lusaka, wakati pa ŵanthu 10,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ŵanthu 1,500 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na nyumba zakukhalamo. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakazomerezgekanga kukhala mu msumba uwu cifukwa ca kupika wanangwa wa kugwira nchito kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, nchito ya mkuŵa yikakura comene cifukwa ca kukhumba visulo. Kukura kwa vinthu kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu matawuni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Lusaka ŵakakwera kufuma pa ŵanthu 2,000 mu 1931 kufika pa ŵanthu 19,000 mu 1946, ndipo ŵakakuranga na 15 peresenti pa chaka. Mu 1948, boma likapeleka dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakhalenge mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵaganyu ŵakeneranga kulipira nyumba za ŵantchito ŵawo. Ŵalara ŵa tawuni iyi ŵakambiska wupu wa African Housing Board. Ŵantchito ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu Lusaka ŵakaŵa ŵambura maluso, kweni ŵakasanga chandulo yayi nga umo vikaŵira ku Copperbelt, uko kukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵaluso ŵakugwira ntchito mu migodi. Mu 1952, boma likapeleka ndondomeko ya umo lingazengera msumba wa Lusaka. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti malo ghanandi gha mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa ghazengekenge, kweni pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu ivi ndicho chikazengeka. Mu 1953, boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti Northern Rhodesia yikanjire pamoza na vyaru viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu ichi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ku London ŵakayowoyapo kuti charu ichi chiŵenge na ndalama zinandi ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti charu ichi chizamuŵa "charu cha mitundu yinandi" kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu mu South Africa. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, chomenechomene ku Southern Rhodesia, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga chomene. Lusaka wakaŵa msumba ukuru wa Northern Rhodesia, kweni maofesi ghanandi gha boma kweniso makampani ghanyake ghakasamukira ku Salisbury. Ivi vikapangiska kuti chuma cha Lusaka chambe kunangika. Kuchepa kwa chuma uku, pamoza na kukhira kwa mtengo wa mkuwa mu ma 1950, kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na ku Lusaka ŵaleke ntchito. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kusazgikira, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamanga ku mizi na kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Mwakupambana na caru ca South Africa, uko boma likaŵaparanyanga nyengo na nyengo, boma la Rhodesia likalekelera ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi nangauli ŵakaŵavya nchito.{{sfn|Hansen|1982|p=124}} === Msumba ukuru wa Zambia === Apo ŵanthu ŵakakhorwa yayi na umo charu ichi chikaŵira, gulu liphya la ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa likawuka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1950, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti Northern Rhodesia yiŵe na mazaza ghanandi kweniso kuti yiŵe yakujiyimira payekha nga umo vikaŵira ku Ghana. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu mu 1962, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na gulu la Kenneth Kaunda la United National Independence Party (UNIP), boma la Britain likazomera dango liphya ilo likazomerezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵalongozgenge boma. Mu 1963, charu ichi chikamara, ndipo mu 1964, charu cha Northern Rhodesia chikajiyimira pachekha. Lusaka ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa Zambia. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi mu msumba uwu, kusazgapo nyumba za boma, Yunivesite ya Zambia na chiŵanja cha ndege chiphya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kusama kufuma ku mizi na kuluta ku Lusaka. Mu ma 1960, boma likazenga nyumba zinandi, kusazgapo nyumba za New Kamwala na Chilenje South. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵazengere nyumba za mtundu uwemi izo zikaŵa na vinthu vyakovwira ŵanthu.<ref name="BlackPast">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Evan |date=3 November 2014 |title=Lusaka, Zambia (1913–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/places-global-african-history/lusaka-zambia-1913/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[Blackpast.org]]}}</ref> Nangauli Zambia, Malawi, na Tanzania vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka mu 1960, kweni vigaŵa vinyake vya Mozambique, Angola, Southern Rhodesia, na South Africa vikaŵa kuti vichali pasi pa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Ŵanandi awo ŵakachitanga vinthu mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasamira ku Lusaka, ndipo pamanyuma, Evan Wade, wakulemba mdauko wa ku America, wakati Lusaka "ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa". Mu 1969, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ungano wa nambara 5 wa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya pakati pa Africa. Pa ungano uwu pakalembeka chikalata chakuchemeka Lusaka Manifesto, icho chikulongora kuti awo ŵakasazgapo ŵakaŵanga ŵakukolerana pakuyezgayezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kulamulira kumwera kwa Africa. Chikaŵa na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵadumbiskane m'malo mwa kuchita nkhaza. Mu 1965, charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikapika wanangwa wa kujilongozga, ndipo pamasinda UN yikaŵakanizga kuluta ku charu ichi. Mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha kujiwombora, cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo zikafumanga ku vyakurya ivyo vikaguliskikanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵasayansi ŵakalongosora kuti Zambia ni "caru ca ndalama zicoko comene" ico cingaŵa na mwaŵi wa kukura comene. Ndipouli, kwamba mu ma 1970, chuma cha Zambia chikamba kunangika cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mtengo wa mkuŵa na mafuta. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakhira na 50% pakati pa 1974 na 1994. Kuchepeska uku kukalongoraso ivyo nkhwantha ya vya ndyali ya ku America John Harbeson wakalongosora kuti ni "vigaŵa vikuruvikuru na vyambura kuyana na boma kweniso boma likutemwa chomene vinthu vya mu matawuni". Cifukwa ca kusoŵa nchito, ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku misumba mu Zambia, kweni cifukwa ca kunangika kwa makampani gha mkuŵa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Lusaka kufuma ku misumba ya ku Copperbelt. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka ŵakure pafupifupi 4%, ndipo ichi chikaluska cha mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha Zambia chikakura chomene, ndipo boma likambiska mapulojekiti ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu Lusaka. Mu vyaru ivi mukaŵa ndondomeko yikuru yakuzenga matawuni, iyo yikalembeka na boma la Zambia na wupu wakuwona vya ku Japan (JICA). Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura kunozgekerathu, ndipo mu 2015 ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha. Mu 2018, boma la msumba uwu likamba kunozga misewu kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kunjira chomene mu misewu, kweni mu 2021 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nyumba zakukwana.{{sfn|Chigudu|2021|pp=6–7}} == Makhalilo == [[File:Kafue_round_about.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_round_about.jpg|thumb|Kuwona msewu wa Cairo Road ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Lusaka kuchokera ku nyumba ya Zanaco]] Malo gha ku Zambia ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Lusaka ili pa chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Zambia pa 15°25′S 28°17′E, pa mtunda wa mamita 1,280 (4,200 ft). Ili pa mtunda wa makilomita 472 (293 mi) kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa likuru la vyalo, Livingstone, na makilomita 362 (225 mi) kufuma ku Kitwe pa Copperbelt, msumba ukuru waciŵiri mu Zambia. Mpulungu, tawuni yikuru ya Zambia iyo yili kutali comene na Lusaka, yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,074 (667 mi) mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Msumba wa Lusaka uli pafupi na chigaŵa cha Lusaka, ndipo ndiwo msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Lusaka, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Zambia. Chigaŵa cha Lusaka chili na mphaka na chigaŵa cha Chilanga kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera, chigaŵa cha Kafue kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na chigaŵa cha Chongwe kumafumiro gha dazi, vyose vili mu chigaŵa cha Lusaka. Kweniso lili na mphaka na chigaŵa cha Chibombo kumpoto.<ref name="LusakaCityCouncil">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=About Lusaka |url=https://www.lcc.gov.zm/AboutLusaka.aspx |access-date=27 June 2021 |publisher=Lusaka City Council}}</ref> Charu cha Lusaka chili na malibwe ghakupambanapambana agho ghakusangika ku mpoto, na malibwe gha malibwe gha dolomiti kumwera. Malibwe agha ghakupambika maji ghanandi gha pasi kuluska malibwe gha mu malo gha pasi agho ghali na viswaswa vinandi comene mu Zambia. Mu vigaŵa vya malibwe gha malibwe gha malibwe gha kaliki muli malo gha pasi pa charu agho maji ghakufuma mu maji, ntheura palije milonga yikuruyikuru. Msumba uwu uli pa chigaŵa cha maji, ndipo maji agho ghali kumpoto kwa msumba uwu ghakukhira mu mlonga wa Chongwe, kwizira mu milonga ya Ngwerere na Chalimbana. Mlonga wa Chongwe na wa Kafue wose ukufuma mu maji na kukhira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Dongo lake ni leptosols mu chigaŵa cha shaist na phaeozems pa dolomite. Chifukwa cha dongo la dongo yayi ili, maji gha mu nthaka ghakwenda makora yayi pambere ghandafike mu maji.{{sfn|Grönwall|Mulenga|McGranahan|2010|p=50}} === Mkati mwa msumba === [[File:LusakaSuburbs.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LusakaSuburbs.jpg|thumb|Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghachi tauni]] Chigaŵa cha bizinesi cha Lusaka (CBD) chili pafupi na Cairo Road, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia Railways line kufuma ku Livingstone kuya ku Copperbelt. Iyi ni malo ghakale apo tawuni yakwambilira yikapangika kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900. Cairo Road, msewu wa kumpoto-kumwera wa makilomita ghanayi (2+1⁄2 mi) mu utali, ni msewu ukuru wa CBD, uwo uli na maofesi kweniso mashopu, malo ghakusungirako vyakurya na malonda ghanyake. Ndipouli, magalimoto ghakutalulira (malori) ngakukanizgika kwenda pa msewu wa Cairo Road (ŵakuciskika kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito msewu wa Lumumba kuti ŵajumphe msewu uwu para ŵakwenda kumpoto na kumwera). Nyumba zinayi zikuruzikuru za mu Zambia zili pa Cairo Road, kusazgapo nyumba yikuru chomene, Findeco House ya mamita 90. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cairo Road kuli misika yikuru yiŵiri, Central Market na New City Market. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa CBD kuli boma, kusazgapo Nyumba ya Ufumu na maofesi ghakupambanapambana, kuzingilizga Cathedral Hill na Ridgeway. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, mumphepete mwa Independence Avenue, kuli malo ghakucemeka Woodlands, agho ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Lusaka ŵakukhalamo. Malo ghanyake gha ku mpoto kwa msumba uwu ni Makeni, Ibex Hill, na Rhodes Park. Malo ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Kalingalinga, Kamwala, Kabwata, Olympia Park, Roma, Fairview, na Northmead. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Lusaka ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura kunozgekera, agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumwera na kumpoto kwa msumba. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Matero, Chilenje, na Libala. Mu nthowa ya Great East Road muli malo ghakurughakuru ghatatu gha ku Zambia: Arcades shopping mall (na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu), East Park shopping mall na Manda Hill shopping mall (malo ghakusungiramo vinthu), agho ghakazengekaso ndipo muli mashopu ghanandi gha ku vyaru vinyake na malo ghakurughakuru. Pa msewu wa Katimamulilo, pafupi na hotelo ya Radisson Blu pali Sun Share Tower. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa na msinkhu wa mamita 58. Vimanyikwiro na vimanyikwiro vya chalo mu Lusaka vikusazgapo National Museum, nyumba za boma kuzingilizga CBD, African Freedom statue na chikumbusko ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka na ndege iyo yikawa mu 1993 ku Zambia, iyo yili pa National Heroes Stadium.{{sfn|Myers|Subulwa|2018|p=124}} === Nyengo === Chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, Lusaka ali ndi nyengo yonyowa ya subtropical (Cwa) malinga ndi kuphatikiza kwa Köppen. Mwezi wakuzizima comene ni Julayi, ndipo pa mwezi uliwose, muhanya wose ŵakuzizima comene. Mu Lusaka, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene ndipo nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, ndipo zuŵa lililose mu mwezi uwu, ŵakuzizima chomene. Nyengo zikupambana mu vigaŵa vitatu: nyengo yakuzizima pakati pa Novembala na Malichi, nyengo yakuzizima pakati pa Epulero na Ogasiti, kweniso nyengo yakuzizima mu Seputembala na Okutobala.{{Weather box|width=auto|location=Lusaka|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high C=39.6|Feb record high C=36.4|Mar record high C=33.6|Apr record high C=33.0|May record high C=32.0|Jun record high C=29.9|Jul record high C=29.7|Aug record high C=33.5|Sep record high C=38.5|Oct record high C=37.2|Nov record high C=38.6|Dec record high C=33.9|year record high C=39.6|Jan high C=27.4|Feb high C=27.4|Mar high C=27.5|Apr high C=27.1|May high C=25.8|Jun high C=23.8|Jul high C=24.0|Aug high C=26.5|Sep high C=30.3|Oct high C=31.7|Nov high C=30.4|Dec high C=27.7|year high C=27.5|Jan mean C=21.5|Feb mean C=21.5|Mar mean C=21.1|Apr mean C=19.9|May mean C=17.4|Jun mean C=15.2|Jul mean C=14.9|Aug mean C=17.3|Sep mean C=21.3|Oct mean C=23.5|Nov mean C=23.4|Dec mean C=21.7|year mean C=19.9|Jan low C=17.6|Feb low C=17.4|Mar low C=16.4|Apr low C=14.0|May low C=10.7|Jun low C=7.8|Jul low C=7.2|Aug low C=9.2|Sep low C=12.9|Oct low C=16.2|Nov low C=17.4|Dec low C=17.8|year low C=13.7|Jan record low C=13.0|Feb record low C=12.9|Mar record low C=10.0|Apr record low C=8.0|May record low C=5.4|Jun record low C=0.2|Jul record low C=0.7|Aug record low C=2.8|Sep record low C=5.8|Oct record low C=9.0|Nov record low C=10.8|Dec record low C=10.4|year record low C=0.2|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=245.4|Feb precipitation mm=185.9|Mar precipitation mm=95.0|Apr precipitation mm=34.7|May precipitation mm=3.1|Jun precipitation mm=0.0|Jul precipitation mm=0.1|Aug precipitation mm=0.4|Sep precipitation mm=1.7|Oct precipitation mm=18.4|Nov precipitation mm=89.3|Dec precipitation mm=208.1|year precipitation mm=882.1|Jan humidity=82.3|Feb humidity=82.5|Mar humidity=80.7|Apr humidity=75.8|May humidity=69.3|Jun humidity=65.2|Jul humidity=61.1|Aug humidity=53.6|Sep humidity=46.3|Oct humidity=48.6|Nov humidity=60.2|Dec humidity=78.6|year humidity=67.0|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=18|Feb precipitation days=15|Mar precipitation days=10|Apr precipitation days=3|May precipitation days=0|Jun precipitation days=0|Jul precipitation days=0|Aug precipitation days=0|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=2|Nov precipitation days=8|Dec precipitation days=16|Jan sun=176.7|Feb sun=168.0|Mar sun=220.1|Apr sun=246.0|May sun=275.9|Jun sun=270.0|Jul sun=294.5|Aug sun=303.8|Sep sun=291.0|Oct sun=272.8|Nov sun=234.0|Dec sun=182.9|source 1=NOAA<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/ZA/67665.TXT |title = LUSAKA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = 6 November 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>|date=August 2010}} == Ŵanthu == Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka ŵakaŵa 1,715,032, ndipo 838,210 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 876,822 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Ivi vikulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikukwera chomene kufuma mu 2000, ndipo msumba uwu ukukura mwaluŵiro chomene. Nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa pa mphaka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Soli na Lenje, kweni sono mu Lusaka mulije mtundu uwo ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zambia ŵakwimira. Ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya caru ici awo ŵakuluta mu msumba uwu, kweniso cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya boma ya "Zambia Yimoza, Mtundu Umoza" iyo yikuciska ŵantchito ŵa boma kuti ŵagwirenge nchito mu caru cose kwambura kupwelerako uko ŵakufuma. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Lusaka mba ku Africa ndipo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu Lusaka ŵakukhala nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵazungu, ŵana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na njanji iyi mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa mawoko gha boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku India awo ŵakuyowoya Chigujarati. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Zambia.<ref name="BritannicaPeople">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Zambia – People|last=Roberts|first=Andrew D.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 April 2021|access-date=1 July 2021|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People}}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === Nga umo vikuŵira mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu Lusaka. Kweniso ni ciyowoyero ico ŵamalonda, manyuzipepara ghanandi, na maboma ghakuyowoya. Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga mu tawuni iyi m'paka m'ma 1980 chikaŵa Chiyanja. Ndipouli, kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufumako ku Copperbelt ndipo ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Viyowoyero vitatu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Lusaka muŵe chiyowoyero chinyake chakuchemeka Town Nyanja. Buku ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Nyanja, kweni lili na mazgu gha Chingelezi na Chibemba kweniso Nsenga.{{sfn|Mutunda|2007|p=2}} == Boma == [[File:Zambia_Supreme_Court.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Supreme_Court.JPG|thumb|Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Zambia]] Pakuŵa msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, Lusaka ndiwo uli na maboma gha malango, gha ŵalara, na gha ŵeruzgi. Nyumba iyi yili mu nyumba ya Nyumba ya Ufumu, iyo yili na vipinda 15. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli likuru la chigaŵa cha Lusaka, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vigaŵa 10 vya charu ichi. Bungwe la mzindawu likutsogoleredwa ndi Meya wa Lusaka, pomwe Chilando Chitangala ndiye woyang'anira kuyambira 2021. <ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Chilando Chitangala Was Duly Elected As Lusaka Mayor ~ |url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/chilando-chitangala-was-duly-elected-as-lusaka-mayor/ |access-date=25 January 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125150659/https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/chilando-chitangala-was-duly-elected-as-lusaka-mayor/ |archive-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> == Msambilo == [[File:University_of_Zambia_Sports_Centre_and_Clinic.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Zambia_Sports_Centre_and_Clinic.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Yunivesite ya Zambia]] Yunivesite ya Zambia ndiyo ni yunivesite yakale comene na yikuru comene ya ku Zambia. Ma yunivesite na makoleji ghanyake agho ghali mu Lusaka ni: University of Lusaka (UNILUS), Zambian Open University (ZAOU), Chainama Hills College, Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce, Zambia Centre for Accountancy Studies University (ZCASU), Natural Resources Development College (NRDC), National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA), Cavendish University, Lusaka Apex Medical University and DMI-St. Yunivesite ya Eugene. Lusaka wali na masukulu ghanyake ghawemi chomene mu Zambia, nga ni American International School of Lusaka, Rhodes Park School, Lusaka International Community School, French International School, Italian international School, Lusaka Islamic Cultural, and Educational Foundation (LICEF), Chinese International School, Lusaka Russian Embassy School, na Baobab College. Sukulu ya Rhodes Park ni sukulu ya caru cose yayi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola, Nigeria, Congo, South Africa, na China ŵakusangika. Ŵana ŵa pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa, kweniso ŵana ŵa mulara wa pulezidenti George Kunda, ŵakasambiranga ku sukulu ya Rhodes Park. Masukulu ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Lusaka ni Matero Boys' Secondary School (MaBoys), Parklands High School, Roma Girls' Secondary School, Munali Boys' and Girls' Secondary Schools, Chudleigh House School, Kabulonga Boys' and Girls' Secondary Schools, Lake Road PTA School, David Kaunda Technical School (DK), Ibex Hill School, Kamwala Secondary, Libala Secondary, Silverest Secondary School and St. Sukulu ya Mary's Secondary. == Malo ghakusoperapo == [[File:Zambia_Lusaka_catholic_church_Krzysztof_Błażyca_2011_P01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Lusaka_catholic_church_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011_P01.jpg|right|thumb|Lusaka Catholic church]] Pa malo agha, pali matchalitchi ghanandi gha Cikhristu nga ni: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lusaka (Chisopa ca Katolika), icho chili pa Cathedral of the Child Jesus; Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Cross mu Cathedral Hill; Seventh-day Adventist (SDA); United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches); New Apostolic Church; Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches); Baptist Union of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance); na Assemblies of God. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova na matchalitchi gha LDS ghose ghali na mipingo yinandi. Paliso nyumba zikuruzikuru za visopa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵasopenge. Ku malo agha kulije masunagoge. == Mwambo == Pa malo agha, pali matchalitchi ghanandi gha Cikhristu nga ni: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lusaka (Chisopa ca Katolika), icho chili pa Cathedral of the Child Jesus; Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Cross mu Cathedral Hill; Seventh-day Adventist (SDA); United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches); New Apostolic Church; Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches); Baptist Union of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance); na Assemblies of God. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova na matchalitchi gha LDS ghose ghali na mipingo yinandi. Paliso nyumba zikuruzikuru za visopa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵasopenge. Ku malo agha kulije masunagoge. == Chuma == Lusaka ni msumba ukuru wa vyachuma na vya ndalama wa Zambia, ndipo ni malo ghakuru chomene ghakwendako ku vyaru vinyake. Nangauli mu Zambia mulije viŵelengero vya GDP pa chigaŵa, kweni chigaŵa cha Lusaka ndicho chikaŵa na GDP yikuru chomene mu Zambia mu 2014, ndipo chikaŵa na 27.2% ya GDP ya charu chose. Mwakupambana na Zambia yose, umo kulimilira na migodi ni vyakuzirwa comene, mu Lusaka vinthu vikwenda makora comene cifukwa ca malonda. Mu tawuni iyi muli nchito zinandi, nga ni ndalama, inshuwalansi, katundu, kwendeska, kwendeska mawoko, kwendeska mawoko, nkhongono, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinyake. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli maofesi gha mabanki gha ku Zambia, kweniso Lusaka Stock Exchange, iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1993.{{sfn|United Nations|2011|p=19}} === Kuodeska katundu === {{see also|Mndandanda wa malo ogulitsira ku Zambia}} Lusaka is home to the largest and most numerous shopping centres in the country, including [[:en:List_of_shopping_centres_in_Zambia|Manda Hill, Levy Junction, EastPark, Cosmopolitan]], and the smaller but well-known Arcade Shopping Centre. It also has newly built shopping malls such as Lewanika shopping mall, Centro mall, Novare Pinnacle malls in Woodlands and along the Great North Road. == Nyumba == === Transport === [[File:Lusaka_International_Airport.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lusaka_International_Airport.jpg|left|thumb|Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, main terminal]] [[File:Lusaka_Intercity_Bus_stand.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lusaka_Intercity_Bus_stand.jpg|alt=Lusaka Intercity Bus Station|thumb|Lusaka Intercity Bus Station]] [[File:Public_transport-01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_transport-01.jpg|thumb|Pedestrian getting on minibus at the local bus stop in Lusaka]] Ku Lusaka ndiko kuli chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (chomwe chikugwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito za ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari). Paliso chiŵanja cha ndege cha Lusaka City Airport, icho chikugwiliskirika nchito na mawumba gha nkhondo gha Zambia. Msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa vya Cape to Cairo Railway, ivyo vikukolerana na Lubumbashi na Bulawayo. Malo gha ndege gha pa caru cose ghakukolerana na njanji. Msumba uwu ukujumpha pa Trans-African Highway 9 (TAH 9), iyo yikukolerana na misumba ya Harare na Lubumbashi, kweniso pa Trans-African Highway 4 (TAH 4), iyo yikukolerana na Dodoma na Bulawayo. Msumba wa Lusaka uli pa mphambano ya misewu yikuru yitatu, Great North Road (T2), Great East Road (T4) na Mongu Road (M9). Msewu wa Great North Road ukwendera kumpoto kwa Kabwe, Mpika na ku Tanzania (kufumako ku Ndola, Kitwe na DR Congo) na kumwera kwa Choma, Livingstone na Zimbabwe. Msewu wa Great East Road ukulazga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chipata na Malawi (na msewu unyake uwo ukulazga ku Mozambique). Msewu wa Mongu ukwendera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kaoma na Mongu (ndipo unganjira mu Angola kwizira mu msewu wa Barotse Floodplain Causeway). Ŵanthu ŵakwenda mu mabasi ghakurughakuru, kweniso mabasi ghakurughakuru na matekisi. Pa misewu yinandi, magalimoto ghakwenda pakati pa vigaŵa vinyake vya msumba uwu na malo ghanayi agho ghali mu chigaŵa cha bizinesi (ghakuchemeka Town): Kulima Tower, City Market, Millennium na Lumumba. Mu Lusaka mulije mapu gha msewu wakwendamo ŵanthu, kweni mu 2014 ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga mapu gha msewu. Vinthu vyose vyakwendeskera mendero mu Lusaka vikwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵekha. Mabasi agho ghakwendera mu vigaŵa vya Lusaka, CBD, na matawuni ghakuzingilizga Lusaka, nga ni Siavonga na Chirundu, ghakugwiliskira ntchito siteshoni ya mabasi ya Lusaka City Market, Inter-city Bus Terminus, Millennium Bus Station, na Kulima Tower Station. === Healthcare === Ku Zambia kuli vipatala vinkhondi, ndipo viŵiri vili ku Lusaka. Chipatala chikuru chomene pa vyose ivi ni cha University Teaching Hospital (UTH), icho chili na mabedi 1655 na malo gha ŵana 250. Chipatala ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Kweniso chikupeleka ŵanthu ku maofesi ghanyake mu charu chose. Likuteŵetera nga ni malo ghakuru gha Zambia ghakusambizgirako ŵadokotala na ŵantchito ŵa mu vipatala. Chipatala chachiŵiri cha Lusaka ni cha Chainama Hills, icho chili na vipatala 210 na vipatala 167 vyambura kuzomerezgeka. Malo gha ku Chainama Hills ghakugwiraso nchito nga ni malo ghakusambizgirako ŵantchito ŵa ku Zambia. Mu 2007, mu Lusaka mukaŵa vipatala 34 vya boma, kweniso 134 vya boma. Boma la Lusaka likukhumba kuti ŵapharazgi ŵalutilire kupeleka wovwiri wa munthavi kufuma ku Unduna wa vyaumoyo. Mu 2007, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na matenda gha maleriya, matenda gha kufumiska ŵana, maleriya, vyoni, HIV na matenda ghanyake agho ghakwambukira pa kugonana. Boma la Zambia lili na chilato cha nyengo yitali cha kupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo ku ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zambia. Kufumira mu 2017, boma likaŵa kuti lapeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo kwa waliyose kwambura kulipiliska, kweni ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya nkhongono. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, Unduna wa vyaumoyo ukakolerana na JICA pa mulimo wa kutora nthowa zakukhumbikwa kuti ŵafiske UHC..<ref name="idsi_Univ">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Claire |date=7 August 2017 |title=Universal Health Coverage: what can the Republic of Zambia learn from Thailand? |url=https://idsihealth.org/blog/universal-health-coverage-what-can-the-republic-of-zambia-learn-from-thailand/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=iDSI}}</ref> == Vyamasewela == Malo ghakurughakuru gha maseŵero mu Lusaka ni National Heroes Stadium, agho ghakazengeka na wovwiri na ndalama za ku China. Malo agha ghakazunulika kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege iyo yikachitikira timu ya ku Zambia mu 1993, ndipo ghakajulika mu 2014. Sitediyamu iyi yikugwiliskirika nchito pakunozgekera maseŵera gha timu ya mpira ya Zambia, ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa malo ghaŵiri agho kukacitikira nkhonyo ya Africa U-20 mu 2017 ku Zambia, pamoza na Sitediyamu ya Levy Mwanawasa ku Ndola. Mpikisano uwu ukathereskeka na Zambia pa National Heroes Stadium, ndipo ŵakathereska Senegal pa chigonjetso cha 2-0. Sitediyamu iyi yikugwiliskirika nchito pa maseŵero gha maseŵero gha palipose, kusazgapo maseŵero gha 2021 All Comers Tournament. Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, magulu 6 mwa magulu 18 mu mpikisano wa mpira wa Zambia Super League ali ku Lusaka. Gulu lakutchuka chomene mu tawuni iyi ni Zanaco F.C., ilo lapambana maudindo 7 pa charu chose, laumaliro likaŵa mu 2016. Zanaco yikakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1978 nga ni timu ya Zambia National Commercial Bank, ndipo yikamba kuseŵera mu chigaŵa chapachanya kufuma mu chaka cha 1989. Gulu linyake la ku Lusaka ilo likutonda chomene ni Green Buffaloes. Kuwonjezera pa sitediyamu ya National Heroes, magulu a mpira a Lusaka amasewera masewera awo kunyumba ku Nkoloma Stadium, Sunset Stadium ndi Woodlands Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambian Super League Fixtures & Results: 27th June 2021 – 3rd July 2021 |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/fixtures/_/date/20210627/league/zam.1 |access-date=10 July 2021 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ku Lusaka ndiko kuli timu ya basketball ya UNZA Pacers, iyo yili ku University of Zambia. == Vinthu vya pa caru cose == Lusaka wali maphaska na: * {{flagicon|TJK}} [[:en:Dushanbe|Dushanbe]], [[:en:Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], since 1966 * {{flagicon|LIB}} [[:en:Beirut|Beirut]], [[:en:Lebanon|Lebanon]], (2018) * {{flagdeco|THA}} [[:en:Udon_Thani|Udon Thani]], Thailand, (2015) * {{flagicon|USA}} [[:en:Los_Angeles|Los Angeles]], [[:en:United_States|United States]], since 1968 * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Izhevsk|Izhevsk]], Russia == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * The [[:en:Rugby_union|rugby]] union players [[:en:Corné_Krige|Corné Krige]] and [[:en:George_Gregan|George Gregan]], who respectively captained the {{nrut|South Africa}}n and {{nrut|Australia}}n teams in both the [[:en:2002_Tri_Nations_Series|2002]] and [[:en:2002_Tri_Nations_Series|2003]] [[:en:Tri_Nations_Series|Tri Nations Series]], were coincidentally born in the same hospital in Lusaka.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Gregan - Player Profile |url=http://www.georgegregan.com/george/ggprofile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109095618/http://www.georgegregan.com/george/ggprofile.html |archive-date=9 November 2008 |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Georgegregan.com}}</ref><ref name="Courageous">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717001407/http://www.thegoal.com/players/rugby/krige_corne/captain.html "Captain Courageous: Corné Krige"] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726204312/http://www.thegoal.com/players/rugby/krige_corne/captain.html|date=26 July 2011}}, ''TheGoal.com'', retrieved 26 June 2006.</ref><ref name="SA World Cup 2003">[http://sport.guardian.co.uk/rugbyworldcup2003/story/0,,1054302,00.html "Rugby Union World Cup Special Reports: South Africa"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119034506/http://sport.guardian.co.uk/rugbyworldcup2003/story/0,,1054302,00.html|date=19 January 2008}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 October 2003.</ref> * The former [[:en:Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team|Zimbabwe]] [[:en:Cricketer|cricketer]] [[:en:Henry_Olonga|Henry Olonga]] was also born in Lusaka. He was the first black cricketer – and the youngest person – to play for Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 1999 |title=Henry Olonga- a short biography |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/83938.html |access-date=4 September 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> * Lusaka is the hometown and place of residence of [[:en:Joseph_and_Luka_Banda|Joseph and Luka Banda]], the first [[:en:Conjoined_twins|conjoined twins]] to be successfully separated by [[:en:Ben_Carson|Ben Carson]] and his team.<ref name="Terris13Nov">{{cite news|last1=Terris|first1=Ben|last2=Kirchner|first2=Stephanie|title=The Story of the Surgery that made Ben Carson Famous|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-story-of-the-surgery-that-made-ben-carson-famous--and-its-complicated-aftermath/2015/11/13/15b5f900-88c1-11e5-be39-0034bb576eee_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=13 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> * Former professional [[:en:Association_football|footballer]] [[:en:Enock_Mwepu|Enock Mwepu]] was born in Lusaka. * Zambian model [[:en:Lukundo_Nalungwe|Lukundo Nalungwe]] grew up in Lusaka. == Wonaniso == {{portal|Zambia|Cities}} * [[:en:Southern_Africa_Freedom_Trail|Southern Africa Freedom Trail]] * [[:en:Kafue_Railway_Bridge|Kafue Railway Bridge]] (railway bridge from [[:en:Livingstone,_Zambia|Livingstone]] to Lusaka) * [[:en:Komboni|Komboni]] == Vyakulemba == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Bibliography == * {{cite book|last1=Auzias|first1=Dominique|last2=Labourdette|first2=Jean-Paul|publisher=Petit Futé|year=2017|title=Zambie – Escapade au Malawi|language=fr|isbn=979-1-03314-501-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gI0BDgAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2007|title=The World Factbook 2007|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-078580-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&pg=PA479|ref={{sfnref|CIA|2007}}}} * {{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia |year=2017 |title=Research Paper on Provincial Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/National_Accounts/RESEARCH%20PAPER%20ON%20PROVINCIAL%20GROSS%20DOMESTIC%20PRODUCT.pdf |access-date=12 July 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Central Statistical Office|2017}}}} * {{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia |year=2018 |title=Zambia in Figures |url=https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/Dissemination/Zambia%20in%20Figure%202018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712183520/https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/Dissemination/Zambia%20in%20Figure%202018.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |ref={{sfnref|Central Statistical Office|2018}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Chigudu|first=Andrew|year=2021|title=The Changing Institutional and Legislative Planning Framework of Zambia and Zimbabwe: Nuances for Urban Development|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104941|volume=100|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343213616|journal=Land Use Policy|page=104941|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=Chongo|first=Clarence|year=2016|title=A Good Measure of Sacrifice: Aspects of Zambia's Contribution to the Liberation Wars in Southern Africa, 1964-1975|journal=Zambia Social Science Journal|volume=6|number=1|at=Article 3}} * {{cite journal|last=Clough|first=G.D.|title=The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition|journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law|year=1924|series=3|volume=6|number=4|pages=278–282|publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law|jstor=752781|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/752781}} * {{cite journal|last=Fagan|first=B.M.|title=A Collection of Nineteenth-Century Soli Ironwork from the Lusaka Area of Northern Rhodesia|year=1961|volume=91|number=2|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=228–250|doi=10.2307/2844415|jstor=2844415|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844415}} * {{cite journal|last=Fox|first=H. 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C.|editor2-last=Hagen|editor2-first=Joshua|title=The City as Power: Urban Space, Place, and National Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/cityaspowerurban0000unse|year=2018|isbn=9781538118276}} * {{cite journal|last=Ranger|first=Terence|title=Making Northern Rhodesia Imperial: Variations on a Royal Theme, 1924-1938|journal=African Affairs|date=July 1980|volume=79|number=316|pages=349–373|publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal African Society|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097229|jstor=722045|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722045}} * {{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Andrew D.|title=Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|year=1982|volume=16|number=2|pages=347–359|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Canadian Association of African Studies|doi=10.2307/484302|jstor=484302|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/484302}} * {{cite web |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |year=2011 |title=An Investment Guide to Zambia: Opportunities and Conditions |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcb201008_en.pdf |access-date=12 July 2021}} * {{cite journal|editor-last=Winchester|editor-first=Clarence|publisher=Amalgamated Press|url=https://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/rhodesia-railways.html|title=Progress in Rhodesia: An important railway system in the heart of Africa|journal=Railway Wonders of the World|date=2 August 1935|volume=27|ref={{sfnref|Winchester|1935a}}}} * {{cite journal|editor-last=Winchester|editor-first=Clarence|publisher=Amalgamated Press|url=https://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/rhodesia-railways.html|title=Progress in Rhodesia: An important railway system in the heart of Africa|journal=Railway Wonders of the World|date=9 August 1935|volume=28|ref={{sfnref|Winchester|1935b}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wragg|first1=Emma|last2=Lim|first2=Regina|year=2014|title=Urban visions from Lusaka, Zambia|volume=46|journal=Habitat International|pages=260–270|doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.10.005}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Commons category|Lusaka}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Lusaka}} * [http://www.lcc.gov.zm/ Lusaka City Council] * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/cities/lusaka.htm Zambia Tourism page on Lusaka] {{List of African capitals}}{{Largest cities of Zambia}}{{Authority control}}<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> qk80kz8y5yzv2vr8w2nkqfl23t1rb4b 0 25665 122690 113421 2026-09-28T03:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Zambian town}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Solwezi | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Solwezi Coat of Arms.jpg | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[North-Western Province, Zambia|North-Western Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#North-Western Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Boma la Solwezi]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = metric<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 Census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 90856 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|12|08|36|S|26|23|09|E|region:ZM|display=inline, title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1397 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cwb)|Cwb]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Solwezi''' ni tawuni ya ku [[Zambia]]. Ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha North-Western Province. Solwezi ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Solwezi, umoza wa vigaŵa 11 vya North-Western Province.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=Hildah Lumba and Jowit Saluseki |date=21 June 2015 |title=Solwezi: Mining Town On The Rise |url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=62046 |access-date=26 May 2020 |location=Ndola |newspaper=[[Times of Zambia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424231242/https://www.times.co.zm/?p=62046 |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> == Makhalilo == Solwezi ili pa Chingola ∼Solwezi ∼[[Mwinilunga]] Road (T5 Road of Zambia), pafupifupi makilomita 177 (110 mi) kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa [[Chingola]]<ref name="2R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Chingola,+Zambia/Solwezi,+Zambia/@-12.3594213,25.9982772,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x196da8b521fd32c3:0x8dbeb4ea4ef91482!2m2!1d27.8545867!2d-12.5419553!1m5!1m1!1s0x196fd55ea47c1e0f:0x724a4e5fa6d6233f!2m2!1d26.3839765!2d-12.1668712!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Chingola, Zambia And Solwezi, Zambia|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> ndipo pafupifupi makilomita 275 (171 mi) kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mwinilunga, kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu.<ref name="3R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mwinilunga,+Zambia/Solwezi,+Zambia/@-12.0669184,24.2635164,7.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x197b741db2dfb0b1:0x85f2628c9bd62628!2m2!1d24.4232735!2d-11.7401439!1m5!1m1!1s0x196fd55ea47c1e0f:0x724a4e5fa6d6233f!2m2!1d26.3839765!2d-12.1668712!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Mwinilunga, Zambia And Solwezi, Zambia|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Malo agho msumba uwu ulipo ni:12°08'36.0"S, 26°23'09.0"E (Latitude:-12.143333; Longitude:26.385833).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|title=Location of Solwezi, Zambia|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/12%C2%B008'36.0%22S+26%C2%B023'09.0%22E/@-12.2655056,26.2092635,392741m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-12.1433333!4d26.3858333|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Malo gha Solwezi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,397 (4,583 ft) pachanya pa nyanja.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=Flood Map |date=26 May 2020 |title=Elevation of Solwezi, Zambia |url=https://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=897045 |access-date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> Pafupifupi makilomita 6 (4 mi) kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha bizinesi, kuli "Kifubwa Rock Stream Shelter", kweniso Kifubwa Rock National Monument. Malo agha ghali pafupi na Mlonga wa Kifubwa, ndipo pali mipukutu iyo yili kulembeka m'ma 600 B.C.E. Malo agha ghakukwana pafupifupi 2,590 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi) ndipo pakati pake pali Kifubwa Stream Cave.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Nkole Nkole |date=30 September 2014 |title=Kifubwa Monument: Solwezi's Unique Treasure |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kifubwa-monument-solwezis-unique-treasure/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |location=Lusaka |newspaper=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == Mu 1990, ŵanthu ŵa ku Solwezi ŵakaŵa 23,435. Mu 2000, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 38,121. Pa kalembera wa ŵanthu wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,856..<ref name="7R">{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=14 July 2019 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Mwinilunga |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/zambia/cities/?cityid=21535 |access-date=28 May 2020 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1990|23,435|2000|38,121|2010|90,856|||align=none|footnote=source:<ref name="7R"/>}} == Economy == Solwezi ni tawuni ya migodi. Mu 2015, tawuni iyi yikalutilira kukura, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukura. Pa nyengo iyi, msewu ukuru pera ndiwo ukachemekanga Independence Road. Misewu yinandi yikaŵavya mazina ndipo yikaŵa yambura kujitozga. Mkuŵa ndiwo ni visulo vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito, nangauli mu malo agha mukusangikaso cobalt, golide, na uranium.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="11R">{{cite web |author=Mining for Zambia |date=2016 |title=The Solwezi Effect |url=https://miningforzambia.com/the-solwezi-effect/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Miningforzambia.com}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Kalumbila icho chili pafupi nacho chili na Mine ya Lumwana, iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 65 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Solwezi. Kalumbila wakwendeskeka na First Quantum Minerals. Mu 1961, ŵakabowozga malo gha Lumwana, kweni pakaŵavya nchito yikuru iyo yikacitika m'paka mu 1999, apo Equinox Minerals Limited yikaŵapo. Uranium nayo wakuyulika mu chigaŵa cha Kalumbila pa mgodi wa Lumwana. Ntchito yikuru ya chigaŵa cha Solwezi ni migodi ya mkuwa ku Kansanshi Mine (iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto) iyo yikwendeskeka na First Quantum Minerals. Mu migodi ya Kansanshi muli mkuŵa na golide. Kufuma waka kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, malo agha ghakaŵa na migodi ya mkuwa na golide.<ref name="12R">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.015|title=The electricity crisis in Zambia: Blackouts and social stratification in new mining towns|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=30|pages=94–102|year=2017|last1=Kesselring|first1=Rita|url=https://edoc.unibas.ch/55388/1/20180320195447_5ab158f7de1ef.pdf}}</ref> == Mitundu ya ŵanthu == Kaonde ndiyo ni fuko likuru comene mu Solwezi, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Lunda na Luvale. Kaonde ni fuko ilo, nga mbanthu ŵa ku Lunda, ndakufuma ku ufumu wa Luba-Lunda ku Congo. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kugumura mkuwa ku Zambia. Fuko la Kaonde lili mu fuko likuru la ku Zambia. Mtundu wa Kaonde uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000 mu Zambia na ŵanthu 30,000 kumwera kwa DRC.<ref name="1R" /> == Mayendelo == Msumba wa Solwezi uli pa msewu ukuru wa T5, uwo ukukolerana na chigaŵa cha Copperbelt na Angola. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pasi panji kwendeska galimoto kuti ŵalute ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ndege ya Solwezi yili pafupi na msewu wa T5.<ref name="13R">{{cite web |author=Skybray |date=26 May 2020 |title=About Solwezi Airport |url=https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/FLSW |access-date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Skybray.aero}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://earthworks.stanford.edu/catalog/stanford-yc436vm9005 Zambian 2006 to 2010 Constituency and Ward Boundaries] {{Authority control}} nllnno2xxgw96jy7cdhprcy7lxeatse 0 25666 122486 73786 2026-09-28T00:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Chililabombwe | other_name = Bancroft | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Chililabombwe Coat of Arms.gif | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Zambia#Chililabombwe#Chililabombwe City | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Copperbelt Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chililabombwe District]] <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Municipal Council]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Lucky Sichone | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 90530 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | occupation_blank1 = Mining | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = Christian <!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|12|22|00|S|27|49|40|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111476/Chililabombwe|title = Chililabombwe &#124; Zambia}}</ref> <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->| elevation_m = 1360 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = 210028 | area_code = 10101 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Chililabombwe''' (Bancroft) ni tawuni yichoko mu [[chigaŵa cha Copperbelt]], [[Zambia]]. Msumba uwu uli pafupi na mphaka ya Democratic Republic of Congo. Zina lakuti Chililabombwe likung'anamura'malo gha chibenekelero' mu ciyowoyero ca ku Lamba. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu 87,000 kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ndipo ni umoza mwa misumba yikuru mu Copperbelt. Msumba uwu uli pa msewu wa T3, 26 km kumpoto kwa Chingola, ndipo uli 10 km kumwera kwa Kasumbalesa. Kweniso kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ni vinkhara vya caru nga ni Eston Mulenga, uyo wakafwa. Ni nyumba ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bundu. Mu tawuni iyi, ntchito yikuru njakuti ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mkuwa. Msumba wa Chililabombwe uli na ŵanthu ŵachoko nga ni Konkola. Mu tawuni ya Konkola ndimo muli migodi ya mkuwa. == Ndyali == Meya wa sono ni [[Lucky Sichone]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Chililabombwe Mayor sends back vulnerable kids to school |url=https://tiozambia.com/chililabombwe-mayor-sends-back-vulnerable-kids-to-school/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707213330/https://tiozambia.com/chililabombwe-mayor-sends-back-vulnerable-kids-to-school/ |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Wakateŵeteranga na muwusi wa tawuni iyi, Getrude Witola. Msumba uwu uli na chigaŵa cha Chililabombwe mu Nyumba ya Malango. == Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi == Chililabombwe wali na migodi 16. Malo ghakwamba kugwilira nchito ni Konkola Copper Mines. Konkola Copper Mine njimoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha mkuŵa mu Africa. Pambere ŵandambe kupanikizgira migodi mu 2000, migodi iyi yikaŵa ya ZCCM, kampani ya migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Zambia. Boma la Zambia likaŵa na masheya gha 60,3% mu ZCCM. Lubambe Copper Mine, iyo pakwamba yikachemekanga Konkola North, ni mgodi uwo ukwendeskeka na kampani yakuchemeka EMR Capital Resources.. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=EMR acquires 80 percent stake in Lubambe Mine |url=http://www.miningnewszambia.com/emr-acquires-80-percent-stake-lubambe-mine/. |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424231820/http://www.miningnewszambia.com/emr-acquires-80-percent-stake-lubambe-mine/ |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> == Kukopa ŵalendo == Chililabombwe wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kupokelera ŵalendo na misika yinandi. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zinandi za ŵalendo, nga ni nyumba yakwamba ya ŵalendo, Tabernacle Guest Lodge. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, malo ghanyake ghakucemeka Hillview Guest House, Skyways Guest Lodge, Dopchim Guest Lodge, na King Dezza lodge nagho ghakumanyikwa comene mu cigaŵa ca Copperbelt. == Maseŵera == Chililabombwe ndi kwawo kwa mpira wa ku Zambia, Konkola Blades. Gulu ili likuchita maseŵera ghawo pa Konkola Stadium ku Chililabombwe, iyo yili na ŵanthu 25,000. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Zambia|Railway stations in Zambia]] * [[:en:Chingola|Chingola]] * [[:en:Kitwe|Kitwe]] * [[:en:Ndola|Ndola]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} {{Zambia-geo-stub}} 4bugvklarwbqayskco2ss5kzxf0qdzp 0 25667 122487 106066 2026-09-28T00:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Chipata | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> City | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = chipata_skyline.jpeg | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Chipata Coat of Arms.jpg | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Malo mu Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Eastern Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chipata District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Local Government]] | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = George Mwanza | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = Founded <!-- Settled --> | established_date = {{Start date and years ago|1898}} | established_title2 = City status | established_date2 = 2017 | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 153.94 | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2022 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 327,059 | population_density_km2 = 193.4 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = 327,059 | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|13|38|43|S|32|38|47|E|region:ZM|display=inline, title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1181 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = 51 | area_code = +260 216 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = | name = Chipata }} '''Msumba wa Chipata''' ndi [[msumba]] wa chigaŵa cha Eastern Province of [[Zambia]] na [[Boma la Chipata]]. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa nambara 5 mu charu ichi, pamanyuma pa [[Lusaka]], [[Ndola]], [[Kitwe]] na [[Livingstone]], na pulezidenti [[Edgar Lungu]] pa 24 February 2017. Msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro pa nkhani ya [[vyachuma]] na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawovwira kuti uŵe msumba.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |last=Mwendabai |first=Darlington |date=25 February 2017 |title=Chipata: Newest city on the hills |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chipata-newest-city-on-the-hills/ |access-date=22 November 2018 |location=Lusaka |newspaper=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-30 |title=Times of Zambia |url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=94070 |access-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004807/https://www.times.co.zm/?p=94070 |archive-date=2023-04-23}}</ref> == Makhalilo == Chipata chili makilomita 570 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=Globefeed.com |date=22 November 2018 |title=Distance between Lusaka, Zambia and Chipata, Zambia |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zambia_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lusaka%2C%20Zambia&toplace=Chipata%2C%20Zambia&dt1=ChIJSaq8PH3zQBkR6xMgRsGT0NA&dt2=ChIJpXP06sXrGBkR9XzTViAfdgY&sr=dc |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 150 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Lilongwe, msumba ukuru wa [[Malaŵi|Malawi]].<ref name="3R">{{cite web |author=Viajes Con Mochila |date=September 2015 |title=Traveling through Zambia with backpack. Chipata to Lilongwe (it´s only 150 km) |url=http://www.nomad-as.com/2015/09/traveling-through-zambia-with-backpack.html |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Nomad-as.com}}</ref> Malo agho Chipata walipo ni 13°38'43.0"S, 32°38'47.0"E (Latitude:13°38'43.0"S; Longitude:32°38'47.0"E). Chipata chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,181 pachanya pa nyanja.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=Floodmap.net |date=22 November 2018 |title=Elevation of Chipata, Zambia |url=http://www.floodmap.net/elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=918702 |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> == Mwakudumula == Ku Chipata kuli msika wamakono, chipatala, malo ghakugulira, yunivesite, makoleji na masukulu ghanandi. Mu tawuni iyi muli hotelo ya nyenyezi zinayi, malo ghakucitira gofu, ciŵanja ca ndege, na "mphepete mwa phiri". Mu vigaŵa ivi muli Kalongwezi, Moth, na Little Bombay. Chipata ni mulongozgi wa chigaŵa wa mtundu wa Ngoni wa ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya mafuko agho ŵakathereska, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga Chichewa na Chinsenga. Ili kufupi na mphaka na Malawi, ndipo lili pa Great East Road iyo yikukolerana na Lilongwe 150 km (93 mi) kumafumiro gha dazi, na Lusaka 570 km (354 mi) kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name="4R">{{cite web |title=Location of Chipata, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/13%C2%B038'43.0%22S+32%C2%B038'47.0%22E/@-13.633657,32.6446554,4096m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-13.6452778!4d32.6463889 |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> Malo agha ndigho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku South Luangwa National Park. == Mbili == Zina lakuti Chipata likufuma ku lizgu la [[Chichewa]] lakuti "Chimpata" ilo likung'anamura "malo ghakuru". Zina la chigaŵa cha Kapata, ilo likaŵa likuru la tawuni iyi, lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Chewa ilo likung'anamura "malo ghachoko". Chipata wakachemekanga kuti Fort Jameson (panji kuti "Fort Jimmy"), ndipo wakachemeka na zina la [[Sir Leander Starr Jameson]], wandale wa ku [[Britain]] wa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Nanga ni mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari, mbanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Jameson, uyo wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kucitako nkhondo yakucemeka [[Jameson Raid]], wakeneranga kuŵa na zina la msumba uwu. Nga ni 'Fort Manning' na 'Fort Rosebery,' Fort Jameson nayo wakacemekanga "nkhongono" cifukwa maofesi gha boma, panji "Boma", ghakaŵa na malinga. Fort Jameson yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa boma la Britain la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia pakati pa 1900 na 1911. == Boma == Mulara wa msumba wa Chipata ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma. == Ŵanthu == Mu 2010, mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu 455,783,<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office Zambia |date=14 November 2018 |title=The Population of Chipata in 2010 |url=http://www.citypopulation.info/php/zambia-admin.php?adm1id=03 |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=Citypopulation.info Quoting Central Statistical Office Zambia}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Chipata ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Mu 2010, mu tawuni ya Chipata mukaŵa ŵanthu 116,600. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu tawuni iyi mba Chichewa, Tumbuka, Ngoni, na Nsenga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Africa EENI Global Business School & |title=Study in Chipata (Oriental province, Zambia) |url=https://www.hauniversity.org/en/Zambia-Chipata.shtml |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Africa EENI Global Business School & University |language=en}}</ref> == Chuma == [[File:Chipata_side_street.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chipata_side_street.JPG|right|thumb|Siku la pachisulo ku Chipata]] Chipata ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwendeskera malonda pakati pa Zambia na Malawi. Malo ghakusungirako vyakurya ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Chipata. Malo ghaŵiri ghakuzirwa ni Kavulamungu Bargain Centre, na Ally & Sons. == Vyawalendo == Ciphikiro ca Nc'wala ca ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni cikucitikira ku Mutenguleni, kufupi na Chipata. Ciphikiro ici cikucitika kuumaliro wa Febuluwale, ndipo cikulongora kuti vipambi vikwamba kuvuna<ref name="1R" /> == Kupokelera ŵalendo == Chipata wali na mahotelo ghankhondi na nyumba zinandi za ŵalendo. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Chipata ni Protea Hotel. Crystal Springs Hotel yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1.5 kufuma mu msumba wa Malawi ndipo yili na holo ya maungano na chiziŵa. Yafiska vyaka vyakujumpha 25. Nyamfinzi Hotel, Fort Jameson and Luangwa House operated by Hostels Board of Zambia. Nyumba zinyake zakucemeka Guest Houses and Lodges ni izi: • Dean's Hillview Lodge • Eastern Comfort Lodge • Pineview Guest House • La Rochelle • Franklin Gardens • Jemita Guest House • Dredel Lodge • Travel Lodge • Golf Rest House • Chiwayu Guest House • Yanja Lodge • Mama Rula's campsite • Kigelia Campsite • Mwana Chanda Lodge • Mukels Lodge • Fort Young's Lodge • Chikhute Guest House • Wise Donkey Guest House • Roadside Guest House • Sunnyside Lodge • Katuta Lodge • Crossroads Lodges • Gloka Guest House • Calmrest Lodge • Mercury one Lodge • CTV Lodge • Streamside Guest House • Chipata Motel • VNT Motel • Tilandile Guest House • Murphy Guest House • Hom's cottage • Rombando Executive Lodge • Chansolo Lodge • Malent • Escape view Lodge • New Horizon view Lodge • Eastlands Lodge • Redmont Guest House • Chatowa Lodge • Kum'mawa Lodge == Mtunda == [[File:A_Bus_and_Taxi_Stop_Shelter.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bus_and_Taxi_Stop_Shelter.jpg|thumb|Malo ghakukhala mabasi na ma taxi pa Great East Road]] Mu Ogasiti 2011, njanji ya Sena yikajulika, ndipo yikafika mu msumba wa Chipata ku Malawi. Sono Chipata ndiyo yizamuŵa malo ghakulongozgera njanji ya ku Zambia kufuma ku Malawi na kunyake. Kufuma waka mu 1982, chipata chichoko ichi, icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 35, chikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵafike ku chipatala cha Nacala ku Mozambique. Msewu uwu uli kunozgeka kale, ndipo uli na chipata cha Chipata na nyumba yikuru ya siteshoni. Nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti munthu wafike ku misewu yiŵiri iyo yilipo ya sitima iyo yikuluta ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ku Dar es Salaam na Beira. Mu 2015 ŵakakhumbanga kuzenga sitima yakuya ku Serenje, tawuni iyo yili pa msewu wa TAZARA Railway.<ref name="10R">{{cite web |author=Community News |date=3 August 2017 |title=Chipata-Tazara railway project hits a snag |url=http://breezefmchipata.com/?p=9367 |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=Breeze FM Chipata |location=Chipata, Zambia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124005358/http://breezefmchipata.com/?p=9367 |archive-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> === Intra-city Transportation === Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Chipata ŵakwenda mu matekisi, ndipo ghanandi mwa matekisi agha ni Toyota Corolla. Mtundu unyake uwo ŵanthu ŵakwenda nawo ni njinga. Vinthu ivi vikwendeska ŵanthu pa ndalama zichoko chomene pakuyaniska na tekisi. Msumba wa Chipata ukumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chifukwa cha njinga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pa njinga chifukwa chakuti mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa fakitare ya Luangwa iyo yikaŵako m'ma 1990. Ndipouli, matekisi gha pa njinga ghakumalira pa njinga zamoto izo zikuzara comene mu msumba uwu. Njinga, njinga zamoto zingayegha ŵanthu pafupifupi kulikose, nanga nkhu malo agho galimoto zingafikako yayi. Kweniso, mabasi ghaswesi agho ghakaŵa na mphete yiphya (mbala ya chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi) agho ŵanthu ŵakughacemanga kuti "Bongo" ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni galimoto za ŵanthu wose mu Chipata kwa vyaka pafupifupi 10. Mu Chipata, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda na mabango. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwenda mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakusangika mu misewu yichoko chomene chifukwa ŵakukhala mu malo agho muli ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni Mchini, Navutika, Sido, Kapata na Magazine. Vigaŵa vinyake vikupelekekaso yayi chifukwa cha ŵamalonda yayi kweniso misewu yinonono. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chipata ŵakwenjerwa comene cifukwa cakuti mabasi na matekisi ghakuleka kulondezga malango gha msewu. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni galimoto zinandi zambura kulembeska, izo ni zambura kwenelera kwenda pa msewu, kweniso njinga zamoto izo zikuzomerezgeka kwenda pa msewu. Mu nyengo yasono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutimbana na kwiba njinga. === Inter District Transportation === Mabasi na matekisi ghakwendeskaso ŵanthu ku mizi yakutali kuwaro kwa Chipata na matawuni ghanyake mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mungaluta ku Katete, Sinda, Petauke na Nyimba pa basi ya Lunkhwakwa/pa msika wa COMESA. Ndipo awo ŵakuluta ku Chadiza ŵakukhala ku Mbanyane Station. Ŵanyamata awo ŵakuluta ku Lundazi ŵakusangika pa Old Welcome pafupi na Kobil Petrol station. Ndipo para munthu wakuluta ku Mfuwe panji South Luangwa wakuluta ku Kapata Main bus station. Mabasi ghakwendeskera katundu agho ghakuluta ku Mwami ghakusangika pa msewu wa Umodzi panthazi pa Saturday Market ndipo Gondar Barracks station yili pa basi ya Highway bakers. == Madambo == Chipata chili na milonga yinayi iyo yikuthira mu mlonga wa Luangwa. Mlonga wa Luangwa ukufuma ku Lilonda na Mafinga Hills kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia pa mtunda wa mamita pafupifupi 1500 kufupi na mphaka na Tanzania na Malawi, ndipo ukwenda kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi kujumpha mu dambo likuru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa River In Zambia |url=https://www.victoriafalls-zambiatravel-safaris.com/country-info/rivers/luangwa-river |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=AfricanMecca Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maji gha mu milonga na mu mlonga wa Luangwa pakulima. == Dongo na Vyakumera == Pali mitundu yitatu ya dongo, Acrisols, Fersiallitic, na Lithosols. Pali mitundu yinayi ya vyakumera, ndipo yikuru ni ya Brachystegia (Miombo) na Munga. == Nyengo == <div>{{Weather box|location=Chipata|single line=Yes|metric first=Yes|Jan record high C=32.1|Feb record high C=31.8|Mar record high C=32.4|Apr record high C=32.7|May record high C=32.2|Jun record high C=29.9|Jul record high C=29.9|Aug record high C=33.0|Sep record high C=36.1|Oct record high C=37.5|Nov record high C=38.0|Dec record high C=34.9|year record high C=38.0|Jan high C=27.2|Feb high C=27.4|Mar high C=27.8|Apr high C=27.6|May high C=26.6|Jun high C=25.0|Jul high C=24.9|Aug high C=27.1|Sep high C=30.3|Oct high C=32.1|Nov high C=31.2|Dec high C=28.1|year high C=27.9|Jan mean C=22.1|Feb mean C=22.0|Mar mean C=22.0|Apr mean C=21.4|May mean C=20.0|Jun mean C=18.2|Jul mean C=18.1|Aug mean C=20.4|Sep mean C=23.9|Oct mean C=25.6|Nov mean C=24.9|Dec mean C=22.6|year mean C=21.8|Jan low C=18.2|Feb low C=18.0|Mar low C=17.9|Apr low C=16.7|May low C=14.2|Jun low C=11.7|Jul low C=11.8|Aug low C=14.2|Sep low C=17.7|Oct low C=19.9|Nov low C=19.6|Dec low C=18.6|year low C=16.5|Jan record low C=13.2|Feb record low C=13.2|Mar record low C=11.8|Apr record low C=9.7|May record low C=6.5|Jun record low C=3.3|Jul record low C=4.0|Aug record low C=3.7|Sep record low C=7.2|Oct record low C=12.4|Nov record low C=12.8|Dec record low C=13.3|year record low C=3.3|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=252.7|Feb precipitation mm=225.4|Mar precipitation mm=166.9|Apr precipitation mm=49.6|May precipitation mm=4.4|Jun precipitation mm=1.1|Jul precipitation mm=0.3|Aug precipitation mm=0.0|Sep precipitation mm=0.8|Oct precipitation mm=13.1|Nov precipitation mm=81.9|Dec precipitation mm=220.7|year precipitation mm=1016.9|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=20|Feb precipitation days=18|Mar precipitation days=14|Apr precipitation days=7|May precipitation days=0|Jun precipitation days=0|Jul precipitation days=0|Aug precipitation days=0|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=1|Nov precipitation days=9|Dec precipitation days=19|year precipitation days=88|Jan humidity=80.7|Feb humidity=81.5|Mar humidity=78.8|Apr humidity=72.1|May humidity=64.4|Jun humidity=59.8|Jul humidity=55.9|Aug humidity=48.9|Sep humidity=42.7|Oct humidity=45.2|Nov humidity=56.6|Dec humidity=75.4|year humidity=63.5|Jan sun=158.1|Feb sun=148.4|Mar sun=201.5|Apr sun=234.0|May sun=266.6|Jun sun=258.0|Jul sun=260.4|Aug sun=275.9|Sep sun=276.0|Oct sun=269.7|Nov sun=216.0|Dec sun=167.4|year sun=2732.0|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67581.TXT | title = Chipata MET Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = March 8, 2015}}</ref>|date=November 2011}}</div> == Masukulu na Masukulu Ghakusambizga == === Sukulu ya pulayimale === * SPS (Shakespeare private school) * Hillside Primary School * Mpezeni Primary School * Chipata Primary School * Kapata Primary School * Chongololo School * St Anne's Primary School * Trinity private School * Mem private School * Lunkwakwa Primary school * St. Betty Primary school * Munga Primary school * Mchini Primary school * Nadalisika primary school * Msekera primary school * Walela Primary school * Madaliso Primary school * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421233439/https://www.crownhillschool.com/ Crownhill School] === Sukulu ya sekondare === * Anoya Zulu Boys Secondary School * Chizongwe Technical Secondary School * St. Monicas Girls Secondary School * Chipata Day Secondary School * Hillside Girls High School * St. Atanazio Secondary School * St. Mary's Seminary School * Damview Secondary School * Muziphas high school * Katopola Day secondary school * Kanjala Day secondary school * St. Magrets Girls secondary school * Lutembwe Day secondary school * Mazimoyo Day Secondary school * Gondar Day secondary school === Masambiro ghapachanya === * Chipata Teacher's Training College * Chipata Trades Training Institute * Chipata School of Nursing * DMI-St. Eugene University == Malo gha ku mizi == * Kalongwezi * Kalongwezi Extension * Kapata * Umodzi * Moth * Muchini * Nabvutika * Little Bombay * Mchenga * Damview * Old Gym * New Gym * Chimwemwe * Magazine * Eastrise * Walela * Chawama * Munga * Chipata Motel * Nadalitsika * Katopola * Maferendum * Rose * Hillview * Gash * Msekera * Messengers * David Kaunda area * Hollywood * Kalongola site and service * Hillview * Chimzere * Gondar Barracks * Highlands * Aslot == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Zambia|Railway stations in Zambia]] * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Malawi|Railway stations in Malawi]] * [[:en:Transport_in_Zambia|Transport in Zambia]] * [[:en:Transport_in_Malawi|Transport in Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Wikivoyage|Chipata}} * [https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/zambia.pdf UN Map] * [http://citypopulation.de/Zambia-Cities.html Largest cities of Zambia] {{Authority control}} g7v5axbe7cl4ao68biryblnol0w0c3e 0 25670 122561 121626 2026-09-28T01:18:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EngvarB|date=October 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Kasama | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = Aba saamike akatambala ku chimuti | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Northern Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kasama District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 101845 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|12|42|S|31|10|42|E|region:ZM|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1374 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = Kasama town and other areas districts of northern province use the 410 postcode | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kasama''' ni msumba wa kumpoto kwa [[Zambia]]. Ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Kasama..<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=Zambia Advisor |date=4 October 2018 |title=About Kasama Town, Northern Province, Zambia |url=https://www.zambia-advisor.com/kasama-town.html |access-date=4 October 2018 |work=Zambia-Advisor.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030842/https://www.zambia-advisor.com/kasama-town.html |archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> == Makhalilo == Charu ichi chili pa chigaŵa cha pakati na kumwera kwa Africa, pafupifupi makilomita 856 (532 mi), pa msewu, kumpoto kwa Lusaka, msumba ukuru na ukuru chomene wa Zambia.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=Globefeed.com |date=4 October 2018 |title=Distance between Lusaka, Zambia and Kasama, Zambia |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zambia_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lusaka%2C%20Zambia&toplace=Kasama%2C%20Zambia&dt1=ChIJSaq8PH3zQBkR6xMgRsGT0NA&dt2=ChIJA9tXgRzGCBkRviTKP1u-0n8&sr=dc |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Kasama ili pa msewu wa M1 (msewu wakale wa Great North Road) kuchokera ku Mpika kumwera kupita ku Mbala ndi Mpulungu, kumapeto kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, kumpoto. == Ŵanthu == Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakakura comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980 pamanyuma pa kuzenga njanji ya TAZARA iyo yikajumphanga mu tawuni iyi, na kujara pa Great North Road, Zambia. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopedia Britannica, mu 2000 mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu 74,243 ndipo mu 2010 ŵakafika 113,779.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)) |date=4 October 2018 |title=Population of Kasama Town, Zambia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kasama |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States}}</ref> == Mbili == Mu 1898/1899, suzgo la chiharo cha Chitimukulu likapangiska Bishop Joseph 'Moto Moto' Dupont kuti wazomerezgane na ŵalongozgi ŵa Bemba kuti Robert Codrington, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Britain ku North-Eastern Rhodesia, ndiyo walaŵilirenge chigaŵa ichi. Codrington wakimika boma ku Kasama. Chifukwa chakuti msumba uwu ukaŵa pafupi na nyumba ya themba la ku Chitimukulu, ukazgoka msumba ukuru chomene mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia. == Ntchito zaumoyo == Mu tawuni iyi muli vinthu vinandi vya mazuŵa ghano. Msumba uwu uli na maofesi gha mabanki gha Zambia agho ghakusazgapo Zambia National Commercial Bank, National Savings & Credit Bank, Atlas Mara Bank Zambia Limited, Standard Chartered Zambia, Cavmont Bank, Barclays Bank of Zambia, Access Bank Zambia na Indo-Zambia Bank Limited. Mu tawuni iyi muli ma ATM na ma visa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Kasama ŵalije nchito, ndipo ŵakugwira nchito zicoko kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. Chipatala ichi ni Kasama General Hospital, ndipo chikupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵapolisi ŵanandi. Awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa foni ni MTN Group, Airtel Zambia na Zamtel. Mu Kasama muli makampani ghanandi agho ghakusanga vyakurya, nga ni Northern Coffee Company Limited (NCCL), kampani ya Olam International, iyo yikukuzga khofi ku Kateshi Estates, na Kalungwishi Estates iyo yikukuzga mkaka na kupanga Kasama Sugar. == Ethnic Groups == Kasama wali mu mtima wa mtundu wa Bemba, uwo mukuru wawo Chitimukulu wali na likuru lake pa mtunda wa makilomita 9 kufuma ku Malole, mtunda wa makilomita 51 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Globefeed.com |date=4 October 2018 |title=Distance between Kasama, Zambia and Malole, Zambia |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zambia_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasama%2C%20Zambia&toplace=Malole%2C%20Zambia&dt1=ChIJA9tXgRzGCBkRviTKP1u-0n8&dt2=ChIJm5UZX-emCBkRD9aqYtbYp5s&sr=dc |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Malo gha ku mizi == Kasama wali na malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu ghakulondezgapo mu mphaka za chigaŵa: * Central Town (the largest) * New Town or Mbulo * Location * Mukulumpe * Chikumanino Vinthu ivi vili ku chigaŵa cha msumba uwu: * Mulenga Hills * Jazz * Tazara * Misamfu * Milima * Chiba * Chitamba * Brown * Winberg * Kasama Village * Kungu * Mutale/Milenge * Chisanga * Soft Katongo * Lua Luo == Mtunda == Kasama wali na misewu yinandi yikuruyikuru. Ili pa msewu wa M1, uwo ukuya kumwera ku Mpika na kumpoto ku Mbala. Msewu wa M3 ukuyaniska Kasama na Luwingu, Mansa na Congo Pedicle kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msewu wa D18 ukuyaniska Kasama na Mungwi na Isoka kumafumiro gha dazi. {{RailGauge|1067mm|al=on|lk=on}} Msewu wa TAZARA Railway ukukumana na [[Tanzania]] kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira ku Kasama, na Zambia Railways ku Kapiri Mposhi kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa ndege pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kasama. Malo agha ghakukwaniska kunyamura ndege zichoko, ndipo pasono ghakunozgekerathu kuti ghatore ndege zikuruzikuru. Ŵakaghanaghananga kuti yiŵenge yakunozgeka kuumaliro wa 2017. == Vyakusanguluska == [[File:Mutumuna_falls_Northern_Zambia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutumuna_falls_Northern_Zambia.jpg|right|thumb|Mutumuna Falls]] [[File:Chishimba_Falls.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chishimba_Falls.jpg|right|thumb|Chishimba Falls]] Vipinda vyakusanguluskira vya ku Kasama ni Kasama Golf Club, iyo yikusangikaso na maseŵero gha tenisi, volleyball, badminton, thupi, na malo gha mpira ghachoko waka agho ghakukwana ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵangaseŵera bola. Ku Chishimba Falls kuli malo ghakusungirako ŵalendo nga ni Chinchi's Nest na Kings Guest House. == Madambo == Chigaŵa cha Kasama chili na milonga yikuru yinkhondi, Chambeshi, Lukulu, Lukupa, Lubansenshi na Luombe. Maji gha Chishimba ghakusangika kusirya linyake la Mlonga wa Luombe ndipo ndigho ghakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia. Mu maji agha ndimo muli maji gha Chishimba agho ghali na nkhongono ya ma megawati 15.<ref>{{cite web |author=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> == Nyengo == {{Weather box|location=Kasama|single line=Yes|metric first=Yes|Jan record high C=30.5|Feb record high C=31.2|Mar record high C=31.5|Apr record high C=31.2|May record high C=31.3|Jun record high C=30.6|Jul record high C=30.0|Aug record high C=32.4|Sep record high C=36.5|Oct record high C=35.6|Nov record high C=34.8|Dec record high C=32.0|year record high C=36.5|Jan high C=26.3|Feb high C=26.8|Mar high C=26.8|Apr high C=26.5|May high C=26.0|Jun high C=24.9|Jul high C=24.9|Aug high C=26.9|Sep high C=29.8|Oct high C=30.9|Nov high C=28.9|Dec high C=26.7|year high C=27.1|Jan mean C=19.7|Feb mean C=19.9|Mar mean C=20.2|Apr mean C=20.2|May mean C=18.9|Jun mean C=17.2|Jul mean C=17.1|Aug mean C=18.9|Sep mean C=21.8|Oct mean C=23.1|Nov mean C=21.6|Dec mean C=20.1|year mean C=19.9|Jan low C=16.1|Feb low C=16.2|Mar low C=16.1|Apr low C=15.2|May low C=12.5|Jun low C=9.6|Jul low C=9.3|Aug low C=11.0|Sep low C=13.8|Oct low C=15.9|Nov low C=16.4|Dec low C=16.2|year low C=14.0|Jan record low C=8.2|Feb record low C=13.3|Mar record low C=12.2|Apr record low C=9.8|May record low C=2.4|Jun record low C=1.0|Jul record low C=2.5|Aug record low C=4.7|Sep record low C=8.5|Oct record low C=11.4|Nov record low C=12.6|Dec record low C=10.9|year record low C=1.0|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=285.3|Feb precipitation mm=242.8|Mar precipitation mm=233.1|Apr precipitation mm=91.3|May precipitation mm=10.5|Jun precipitation mm=0.4|Jul precipitation mm=0.1|Aug precipitation mm=0.1|Sep precipitation mm=3.0|Oct precipitation mm=23.3|Nov precipitation mm=158.3|Dec precipitation mm=295.0|year precipitation mm=1343.2|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=23|Feb precipitation days=20|Mar precipitation days=20|Apr precipitation days=8|May precipitation days=1|Jun precipitation days=0|Jul precipitation days=0|Aug precipitation days=0|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=3|Nov precipitation days=14|Dec precipitation days=24|year precipitation days=113|Jan humidity=82.7|Feb humidity=82.3|Mar humidity=82.1|Apr humidity=77.3|May humidity=69.5|Jun humidity=63.2|Jul humidity=57.6|Aug humidity=51.9|Sep humidity=44.4|Oct humidity=50.2|Nov humidity=67.4|Dec humidity=80.6|year humidity=67.4|Jan sun=133.3|Feb sun=134.4|Mar sun=179.8|Apr sun=222.0|May sun=288.3|Jun sun=297.0|Jul sun=306.9|Aug sun=306.9|Sep sun=279.0|Oct sun=251.1|Nov sun=207.0|Dec sun=151.9|year sun=2757.6|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67475.TXT | title = Kasama MET Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 5 April 2015}}</ref>|date=April 2015}} == Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose == [[File:Chambeshi_Monument_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chambeshi_Monument_03.jpg|right|thumb|Chipilala cha Chambeshi icho chikukumbukira uthenga wa von Lettow-Vorbeck wa kusazgikira kwa nkhondo paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, mazuŵa ghatatu pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Europe.]] Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose, apo yikaŵa na maofesi gha boma ghachoko waka na mashopu ghanandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamufumamo chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa German East Africa ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. Pakumanya yayi kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵati ŵafika ku [[Europe]] zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Ŵachijeremani ŵakatora tawuni iyi pa Novembala 12, 1918 ndipo ŵakalutilira kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi (pakaŵavya nkhondo pa Kasama chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ku Abercorn). Ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ku Mlonga wa Chambeshi pa Novembala 14 apo ŵakaphalirika kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵafika ku Europe. Kuti mumanye vinandi wonani Von Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial. == Luso == Kasama wakumanyikwa na vinthu vya mu miyala ivyo vili mu malo agha. Kufupi na tawuni iyi kuli maji gha Chishimba Falls. == Ŵanthu Ŵakumanyikwa == * [[:en:Alexander_Chikwanda|Alexander Chikwanda]] - Minister of Finance, 2011-2016, born in Kasama. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Zambia|Railway stations in Zambia]] * [[:en:St._John_the_Apostle_Cathedral,_Kasama|St. John the Apostle Cathedral, Kasama]] == Ukaboni == {{Wikivoyage|Kasama}} <references responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} s4ceg5wahpb594gtbv85jlibio1k7dm 0 25672 122581 71389 2026-09-28T01:47:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Luanshya | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = wall fence town | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Luanshya1.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Luanshya Coat of arms.jpg | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Copperbelt Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Luanshya District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = municipal government | leader_title = Town Clerk | leader_name = Andrew Mwanakulanga | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = 1902 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = 1953 | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 1007.6087 | area_urban_sq_mi = 389 | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2020 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 154863 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|13|08|S|28|24|E|region:ZM|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1225 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = (+260) 2 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Luanshya''' ni tawuni ya ku [[Zambia]], mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt kufupi na Ndola. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 117,579 (kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008). Luanshya yikapangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 pamanyuma pakuti William Collier uyo wakaŵa wakusanda vinthu, wakakoma nyerere yinyake pa Mlonga wa Luanshya. Nyama iyi yikawa pasi, mutu wake ukaŵa pa jalawe apo pakaŵa mkuŵa. Kampani iyo yikagwiliskiranga nchito migodi iyi yikacemekanga Roan Antelope Copper Mines Ltd. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mkuŵa ukagumanga chomene ku Luanshya, kweni kuumaliro wa vyaka ivi, ntchito ya kuyuzga mkuŵa yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene. Pa charu chapasi paliso mkuŵa unandi. Kuti msumba uwu uŵeso wakukondwa panji yayi vikuthemba pa umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito na kuguliska mkuwa. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo mukababikira John Edmond, wakwimba sumu za ŵanthu. C. Kuŵa wakukondwa. Grayling na wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakale wa Zambia, George Kunda. Roan Antelope Rugby Club ku Luanshya ndiyo yikaŵa na mbiri ya kuŵa na vipata vikuru chomene pa charu chose. Ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene.<ref name="RugbyDis107">Cotton, Fran (Ed.) (1984) ''The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records''. Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7126-0911-3}}, p107</ref> == Nthano == Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti njoka ya mu mlonga ndiyo yikachitiska kuti maji ghatutuke na kufwa pa nyengo iyo ŵakazenganga migodi ya Roan Antelope. Ŵaganyu ŵa ku Roan ŵakalwaranga comene na kufwa cifukwa ca maleriya na malungo gha maji ghamdambo, kweniso nthenda ya typhus, nthenda ya kusulura, na nthenda ya maphapu, mwakuti migodi yikaŵa na suzgo comene kuti ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa ŵalutilire kugwira nchito.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=Brian|date=14–15 April 2000|title=Water Spirits and Mermaids: The Copperbelt Case|url=http://www.ecu.edu/african/sersas/Siegel400.htm|journal=Spearpoint 1937:3-8; Watson 1953:13-14, 92-93|pages=3–8}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Lamba ŵakatenge njoka yikuru ndiyo yikupangiska masuzgo agha. Njoka iyi yikalutanga mu mlonga na mu migodi, ndipo yikachitiskanga kuti maji ghatutuke na kunanga vinthu. Kuzakafika mu 1928, mulimo wa kuzenga msumba uwu ukayamba mwaluŵiro chomene. Suzgo la kututuka kwa maji likamalizgika apo mu 1929-32 apo kukaŵa nkhondo ya kulekeska maleriya, Mlonga wa Luanshya ukatoleka na maji ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya ng'anamuro leneko la zina lakuti Dambo la Nyifwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Ndipouli, zina lakuti Luanshya likung'anamura mlonga wa vinyama chifukwa cha vinyama vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kunozga migodi. Malo agho ghakucemeka nthena ni Luanshya River, Luanshya Stream, Luanshya Town na Luanshya Township. Zina la tawuni iyi likwenera kuti likafuma ku Luanshia. Vinthu vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu migodi vikachemeka na mazina gha vinyama ivi, Rietbok, Roan Antelope na Luanshia Mining Claims.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book|last=Coleman|first=Robert L|publisher=Manchester University, Augustus M Kelly|year=1971|isbn=0-7190-0419-5|pages=46}}</ref> For those who are confused about the meaning of the name it is better to think of it in this manner "Once upon a time there was a river and stream which derived its name from the antelopes that would go to drink from there. Then some foreigners came and found some copper and started mining works on the land. In the style of the local chiefs, they also adopted the two animal totems and named their mine after the antelopes, roan being the mpelembe, nsha being the duiker. They amassed a lot of wealth from the mine and lived happily ever after." == Masambilo == Ku Luanshya ndiko kuli sukulu ya Technical and Vocational Teacher's College (TVTC) iyo ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu charu ichi. Msumba uwu uli na Luanshya Technical and Business College (LTBC) iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha vya tekinoloje ku ŵana ŵa sukulu. LTBC na TVTC vili kupatukana waka na mpanda, ndipo kusirya kwa msewu wa kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli sukulu ya Da Gama, yimoza mwa masukulu ghacilendo mu cigaŵa ca Copperbelt, iyo yikulongozgeka na masisiteri ndipo yikucemeka na zina la Vasco da Gama, uyo wakaŵa wakumanya comene vya caru ca Portugal. Pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha, masukulu ghakaŵa ghakupambana mitundu. Pakaŵa masukulu ghaŵiri gha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵatuŵa: Luanshya Primary School, iyo sono yikuchemeka Central, na Luanshya High School. Pafupi na malo agha pakaŵa sukulu ya Asoka Primary School for Asians, iyo pamasinda ŵakayithya Gandhi. Ku Africa kukaŵa sukulu ya Arusha Primary School ku Mikomfwa, Mwaiseni ku Mpatamatu na Fisansa ku Roan townships. Pamanyuma pa kujiwombora, ŵakazenga masukulu ghanandi. Mu Mikomfwa, masukulu ghaphya ghakaŵa Ndelela, East School sono ni Twatemwa, West School sono ni Muchinshi, Mipundu, Mikomfwa ndipo Arusha pamanyuma pake wakacemeka Bwananyina. Mu tawuni ya Roan mukaŵa masukulu gha Roan, Chaisa, Makoma, Kafubu, apo ku Mpatamatu kukaŵa masukulu gha Mpatamatu, Nkulumashiba, Nkambo, na Primary. Mu tawuni ya Luanshya mukaŵa tawuni ya Rivercross, Harrison, iyo sono ni Mpelembe, na Convent, iyo sono ni Buteko. MASUKULU GHA CHIYEREKEZO: Mu tawuni ya Mikomfwa mukaŵavya sukulu ya sekondare, mu tawuni ya Luanshya mukaŵa sukulu ya Luanshya High School ya ŵanyamata na Luanshya Girls High School, mu tawuni ya Roan mukaŵa waka Roan Antelope ndipo mu tawuni ya Mpatamatu mukaŵa sukulu ya sekondare ya Mpatamatu. == Ntchito zachuma == Mu nyengo ya kupanikizgika kwa Zambia, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa migodi ŵakalekeka na kampani ya ku India yakucemeka RAMCOZ. Mu nyengo ya Levy Mwanawasa, msumba uwu ukaweleramo apo Luanshya Copper Mines yikambaso kupanga migodi na kusanga ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mwaluŵiro, kampani yinyake ya ku China yikatora migodi iyi. Ŵaganyu ŵa ku China ŵakususkika kuti ŵakutondeka kucita makora milimo yawo na kuswa malango gha nchito. Mu 2011, ŵantchito ŵatatu ŵa ku China ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kuyuzga ŵasungwana ŵa ku malo agha. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2012, nduna ya za ntchito ndi masewera ndipo membala wa Nyumba ya Malamulo Chishimba Kambwili adapita mwadzidzidzi ku Mulyashi Mine Project ya madola mamiliyoni ambiri koma adakanidwa ndi olemba ntchito achi China. Nangauli ku Luanshya kukaŵa masuzgo ghanyake cifukwa ca kugura migodi iyi, kweni nchito yikukwera ndipo tawuni iyi yikwambaso. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakuchita vinthu vinandi nga nkhuzenga malo ghaphya ghakusungiramo vyakumera vya soya. Vyaru vikukura cifukwa cakuti ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakusazgirako vyakurya vyawo. Vipambi vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuseŵa ni mbuto za mbuto, tirigu, na soya. == Ntchito zaumoyo == Msumba uwu uli na vipatala vitatu: * Roan General Hospital – acute care facility with emergency facilities * Thomson Hospital – government district hospital * Luanshya Hospital == Ndyali == Luanshya sono yili na vigaŵa viŵiri, Luanshya Central yikupharazga chigaŵa chikuru cha tawuni apo Roan yikupharazga vigaŵa vinandi vya ku mizi. Kwa nyengo yitali, tawuni iyi yikaŵa malo ghakukhora gha chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). Ndipouli, pa nyengo ya kusintha uko kukacitika mu chalo chose mu viwoneskelo vya General Elections, Patriotic Front yikasanga vitumbiko viŵiri vikuru apo munthu wakumanyikwa wa bizinesi Steve Chungu wakasankhika kuŵa M.P. wa Lunshya Central apo nduna ya vya maseŵero Chishimba Kambwili wakasankhika ku malo gha Roan. Kweni pali ma phangano agho ghakuyowoya kuti ŵawukirano ŵa chigaŵa ichi ŵimilire. Kasambo Kalussa, uyo wali na vyaka 21 ndipo wakusambira vya malango ndipo wakukhala ku Luanshya, wakuti ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵakujipulika kuti ŵali kutali. Kalussa, wandale wakukwera ndipo wakulemba nkhani za ndale, wakulongosora za unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito cifukwa cakuti ŵawukirano ŵa ku malo agha ŵakujiwona kuti mbambura kwenelera. Mu ma 1960, Luanshya wakacemekanga kuti "Mzinda wa Copperbelt". Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Bill na Doreen Altern, awo ŵakapanga mapaki na minda. Mazuŵa ghano, mu tawuni iyi muli vinthu vichoko waka vyakovwira ŵawukirano, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura ntchito. Kalussa wakudandawura kuti ici caŵakhwaska comene ŵawukirano ŵanandi awo ŵali pakati pa kusoŵa nchito na ukavu. Sonosono apa, Luanshya wakalemba unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumwa chomene moŵa na minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Mulara wa msumba uwu ni Chola Magaret. Wakababika mu 1975. Mu tawuni iyi muli mulembi wa tawuni na wupu wake uwo uli na ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi: * Administration * Finance * Engineering * Social Services * Planning * Environmental Housing Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 30 ndipo uli na ŵanthu 28 ŵakusoleka na ŵaŵiri kufuma ku Nyumba ya Malamulo.<ref>http://www.lga-zambia.org.zm/LGAZ%20Information/LGAZ%20Materials/Council%20Contributions%201-08/2008-01%20Luanshya%20MC%201.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka == === Ndege === Ndege ya Luanshya (ICAO: FLLA) ni malo ghachoko gha ndege agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni yakuchemeka Ndeke kung'anamura "Ndege". Pa nyengo yasono, malo agha ghakukwaniskika yayi ndipo ghali na malo ghambura kupimika. Pa malo agha pakaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuwuluka ndege. Msumba uwu uli na maofesi gha ndege ghaŵiri: * [[:en:Simon_Mwansa_Kapwepwe_International_Airport|Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia Advisor |url=http://www.zambia-advisor.com/Luanshya.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610222525/http://www.zambia-advisor.com/Luanshya.html |archive-date=2017-06-10}}</ref> in [[:en:Ndola|Ndola]] * [[:en:Southdowns_Airport|Southdowns Airport]] in [[:en:Kitwe|Kitwe]] === Malo === Luanshya wali kuumaliro wa msewu uwo ukufumako ku Ndola kuya ku Kitwe. Pali misewu yichoko waka iyo yikukolerana na vigaŵa vinyake vya Zambia (misewu iyo yikuluta kumafumiro gha dazi ku Kafulafuta na misewu iyo yikuluta kumwera ku Masaiti na Mpongwe). Ntchito ya Zambia Railways ku Luanshya yikaŵa ya katundu pera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliska visulo ŵakabwangandura njanji iyo yikafumanga ku Luanshya kuya ku Ndola. Pasono Luanshya na Ndola ŵakukolerana yayi na njanji. Mkuŵa uwo ukufumiskika mu Luanshya sono ukuyegheka pa msewu kuluta ku msika wa kuwaro. Misewu yinandi ya mu tawuni ya Luanshya yili na mazina gha makuni, ntheura lizgu lakwamba la makuni mu vilembo vya alifabeti ndilo likuzunulika chomene pa misewu iyi. Msewu wa Datura ukazgoka D Avenue. Eucalyptus Ave wakazgoka E Ave etc... Misewu yinandi yili kulembeka mu ndondomeko ya alifabeti mwakuti misewu ya A, B, C, D, E, na F yili mu ndondomeko ya alifabeti. Magulu ghanyake gha vilembo agha nagho ghakusangika pamoza mu mizere yakuyana H, G, J na l mu malo ghakucemeka New Town nangauli K, O, P, W avenue yili ku sirya linyake la tawuni ndipo yikuyana waka na N avenue. == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == John Edmond wakababika ku Luanshya pa 18 November 1936. Anthony Clifford Grayling wakababika mu Luanshya pa 3 April 1949. == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043307/http://ex-luanshya.com/ Website with history & photographs of Luanshya] * [http://www.facebook.com/groups/luanshya/ Luanshya Facebook group] {{coord|13|08|S|28|24|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}}{{Authority control}} 77d9wn8dhwrup4f32a0hzoni94268p2 0 25679 122577 120255 2026-09-28T01:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Livingstone | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Livingstone.Zambia.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Livingstone Coat of arms.jpg | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia#Africa<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Southern Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Livingstone District]] | subdivision_type3 = Number of wards | subdivision_name3 = 17 | subdivision_type4 = Number of [[Electoral district|Constituencies]] | subdivision_name4 = 1<!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mapuwo Eugene | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = Elevated to city status: 1997<!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = 695 | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 census | population_footnotes = | population_total = 134,349 | population_note = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = [[Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga, Baleya (Leya people), Toka people]], and [[Lunda people]] | population_blank2_title = Languages | population_blank2 = English (official language), [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga language]] and [[Lozi language]] | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|17|51|S|25|52|E|region:ZM|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 986 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = [http://livcity.org/ Livingstone City Council] | footnotes = }} '''Livingstone''' ni msumba wa [[Zambia]].<ref name="Mwakikagile 2010">{{Cite book|last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFVS4IixY5oC&q=Livingstone+City+suffered+economic+decline+in+the+1970s&pg=PA187|title=Zambia: Life in an African Country|date=2010|publisher=New Africa Press|isbn=978-9987-16-011-2|language=en}}</ref> M'paka mu 1935, msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Zambia. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone |url=https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Zambia Let's Explore |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |archive-date=2021-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Information |url=https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.livingstone-info.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605175043/https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |archive-date=2020-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/victoria-falls/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> ndipo ni tawuni iyo yili ku mphaka na [[Zimbabwe]], iyo yili ku sirya linyake la Victoria Falls. Msumba uwu ukaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain. Mu 2010, ŵanthu 134,349 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Zina la msumba uwu lili kufuma kwa David Livingstone, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa ku Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone - Biography, Expeditions, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Mdauko wa Pambere Charu Chindambe == Mukuni, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 9.6 kumwera kwa Livingstone, ndiwo ukaŵa muzi ukuru comene mu cigaŵa ici pambere Livingstone wandazengeke. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Baleya, awo ŵakafuma mu fuko la Rozwi ku Zimbabwe, ŵakathereskeka na Mulara Mukuni uyo wakafuma ku Congo mu ma 1500. Gulu linyake la Ŵaleya ilo likaŵa pasi pa Mulara Sekute likakhalanga kufupi na mlonga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa Ŵabatoka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Musokotwane uyo wakakhalanga ku Senkobo, mtunda wa makilomita 30 kumpoto. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Tonga kweni ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaleya.<ref name="LTC">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm Livingstone Tourism website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm|date=2007-10-12}} accessed 10 March 2007.</ref> [[File:Livingstone1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livingstone1.jpg|left|thumb|273x273px|Chikumbusko cha David Livingstone]] Subiya wakapeleka msonkho ku ŵa Lozi ŵa ku Barotseland kweni mu 1838 Ŵakololo, fuko la Ŵasotho kufuma ku South Africa, awo ŵakasuzgika na nkhondo za Ŵazulu, ŵakaluta kumpoto na kuthereska ŵa Lozi. Ŵanthu ŵa Kololo ŵakaŵika ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵanthu ŵa Subiya ŵa ku Sesheke pa Tokaleya. Mu 1855 mishonale munyake wa ku Scotland, zina lake David Livingstone, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku [[Europe]] kuwona maji gha Victoria Falls, agho ghakaŵa kufupi na Zambezi..<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> == Colonial history == Mu ma 1890, kampani ya British South Africa Company ya Cecil Rhodes yikakhazikiska boma la Britain kumpoto kwa Zambezi ndipo yikambiska ntchito ya kupenja na kupenja vinthu vyamunyengo na vinthu vinyake nga ni makuni, njovu na vikumba vya nyama mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka North-Western Rhodesia. Pakwamba ŵakendanga mu boti la visulo ilo likendeskekanga na ŵanthu 8 ŵa mtundu wa Lozi. Chigodobu cha Batoka na chigodobu chakunyang'amira na vigodobu vya pakati pa Zambezi (sono vili na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha chigodobu cha Kariba) vikang'anamuranga kuti pakaŵavya malo ghawemi ghakwambukirako pakati pa maji na chigodobu cha Kariba, 483 km (300 mi) kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo nthowa ya Old Drift yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kukhazikika mu malo agha. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo agho nyerere zikuberekako, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwanga na maleriya, ndipo pamanyuma pa 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasamukira ku malo ghapacanya agho ghakachemekanga Constitution Hill panji Sandbelt Post Office.<ref name="NRJ">{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}</ref> Pakati pa ma 1890, Railways ya ku Rhodesia yikafika ku Bulawayo ku Southern Rhodesia ndipo yikapangiska kuti ku malo agha kuŵe vyamaseŵera, ivyo vikapangika na migodi ya malasha ku Hwange (iyo yikachemekanga Wankie) makilomita 110 kumwera kwa Mosi-oa-Tunya. Njanji iyi ŵakayizingilizga ku Hwange cifukwa ca malasha, kweni Rhodes wakakhumbanga kuti walutilire kwenda kumpoto kuti wakhozge ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1904, njanji yikafika ku Falls kumwera ndipo ŵakamba kuzenga Victoria Falls Bridge. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakalindiliranga yayi kuti ŵamalizge kuzenga, Rhodes wakazenga msewu kufuma ku Livingstone m'paka ku Kalomo, ndipo ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito njinga yimoza iyo ŵakayegha pakudumura mlatho.<ref>[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Railway/Rail.html ''Horizon'' magazine: "Zambia's Second Industry", February 1965, pp4-11.]</ref> Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1905. Mu 1907, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikasamuskira msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ku malo agha. Mu 1911, kampani iyi yikasazga chigaŵa ichi na Northern Rhodesia. Msumba wa Livingstone ukaŵa wakutowa cifukwa cakuti ukendanga pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi. Kweniso ukaŵa wakutowa cifukwa ca ulimi uwo ukacitikanga mu cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa Mlonga uwu. Ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zilipo m'paka sono. Nangauli likuru la caru ici likasamukira ku Lusaka mu 1935 kuti likhalenge kufupi na msumba wa Copperbelt, kweni makuni, vikumba, hona, katoni (mwakusazgapo vyakuvwara) na vyakurya vinyake vikakura. Ŵakazenga malo ghakuzenga magesi agho ghakatoranga maji kufuma ku chiziŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu tawuni ya Victoria Falls ku Southern Rhodesia ndimo ŵanthu ŵakendanga, kweni vinthu vinandi ŵakaguranga kwa Livingstone. Mu matawuni ghose gha ku Northern Rhodesia, tawuni ya Livingstone ndiyo yikaŵa yakumanyikwa comene ku Britain. Pakuti yikazingilizgika na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa, yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakupambanako comene, ndipo nangauli yikaŵa dango la apartheid yayi, kweni yikaŵa na vyakucitika vyakuyana waka. Malo gha kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi gha tawuni iyi na pakati pake ghakaŵa gha maboma gha ŵazungu na mabizinezi gha ŵazungu, ndipo malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukhalako. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na mabizinezi pakati pa msumba uwu, kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo boma la Britain likamba kudumbiskana vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kopa kuti boma la Britain lingaŵaleka. Ntheura, ŵanandi ŵakamba kusamira kumwera ku Southern Rhodesia panji South Africa. Apo Northern Rhodesia yikapokera wanangwa kuŵa Zambia, ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kuluta. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Britain mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakapika caru ico mukaŵa waka ŵanthu 100 ŵa mitundu yakufipa awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku koleji, ndipo pafupifupi wose ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa sayansi ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Fort Hare mu South Africa. Mu 1968, boma la chipani cimoza likakhazikiskika ilo likapoka katundu wa ŵanthu ŵambura kuwira, comenecomene wa ŵazungu. Ntheura, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Northern Rhodesia awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafumako ku Zambia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Libby|first1=Ronald T.|last2=Woakes|first2=Michael E.|date=1980|title=Nationalization and the Displacement of Development Policy in Zambia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523462|journal=African Studies Review|volume=23|issue=1|pages=33–50|doi=10.2307/523462|jstor=523462|s2cid=143579889|issn=0002-0206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burdette|first=Marcia M.|date=1977|title=Nationalization in Zambia: A Critique of Bargaining Theory|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/483722|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=11|issue=3|pages=471–496|doi=10.2307/483722|jstor=483722|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> == Post-independence == Nyumba zinyake za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa zikabwangandulika na kuzgoka nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, nangauli msumba wa Livingstone ndiwo ukaŵa malo gha tawuni ya ku Rhodesia ya m'ma 1950 mu filimu ya mu 1981 yakuchemeka The Grass Is Singing (iyo yikukolerana na buku la Doris Lessing). Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama zinandi izo boma la Britain likapeleka ku Zambia apo likapokera wanangwa, zikagwiliskirika nchito ku Livingstone. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu tawuni ya Livingstone cifukwa cakuti mafakitale ghakaŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo pamasinda boma la Zambia na la Rhodesia likamazga mphaka.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Martin, D|author2=Johnson, P.|name-list-style=amp|year=1981|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe|url=https://archive.org/details/struggleforzimba0000mart|publisher=Faber & Faber|pages=400}}</ref> Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha{{When|date=August 2022}}, Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta kukawona malo agha. Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu makampani agha, kufuma ku mahotelo gha mazuŵa ghano nga ni Sun International, na malo ghanyake ghakugulira. Padera pa vyalo vyakukwelera ŵanthu, vinthu vinyake ivyo Livingstone wakulindizga ni vyakuti walondezge nthowa ya Walvis Bay Corridor, iyo yikovwira kuti chipata cha Katima Mulilo chijinthe na kumalizga Trans-Caprivi Highway, iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 200 kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000830/https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |archive-date=2023-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Esser |first=Leonore |title=The bridge over the Zambezi at Katima Mulilo is a symbol of freedom and cornerstone of economic development |url=https://www.kfw.de/stories/kfw/stories/economy/infrastructure/sambesi-bruecke/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=KfW Stories |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000830/https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |archive-date=2023-04-25}}</ref> == Nyengo == Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli nyengo yakuzizima chomene (Köppen: BSh), nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzura na vula, nyengo yakuzizima chomene na nyengo yakuzizima.{{Weather box|location=Livingstone, Zambia (extremes 1918–present)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high C=39.8|Feb record high C=38.0|Mar record high C=43.6|Apr record high C=37.0|May record high C=36.0|Jun record high C=32.4|Jul record high C=32.5|Aug record high C=36.0|Sep record high C=38.8|Oct record high C=40.9|Nov record high C=41.1|Dec record high C=39.5|year record high C=43.6|Jan high C=30.0|Feb high C=29.7|Mar high C=30.3|Apr high C=29.9|May high C=28.0|Jun high C=25.6|Jul high C=25.5|Aug high C=28.4|Sep high C=32.5|Oct high C=34.0|Nov high C=32.6|Dec high C=30.4|year high C=29.7|Jan mean C=23.6|Feb mean C=23.2|Mar mean C=23.1|Apr mean C=21.9|May mean C=18.9|Jun mean C=16.0|Jul mean C=16.1|Aug mean C=19.3|Sep mean C=23.9|Oct mean C=26.2|Nov mean C=25.1|Dec mean C=23.6|year mean C=21.7|Jan low C=18.9|Feb low C=18.6|Mar low C=17.6|Apr low C=14.8|May low C=10.1|Jun low C=6.7|Jul low C=6.3|Aug low C=9.2|Sep low C=14.2|Oct low C=18.2|Nov low C=19.1|Dec low C=18.9|year low C=14.4|Jan record low C=10.5|Feb record low C=11.9|Mar record low C=10.9|Apr record low C=4.3|May record low C=1.0|Jun record low C=-3.7|Jul record low C=-3.0|Aug record low C=-1.7|Sep record low C=1.0|Oct record low C=8.1|Nov record low C=12.2|Dec record low C=10.8|year record low C=-3.7|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=173.7|Feb precipitation mm=141.1|Mar precipitation mm=79.5|Apr precipitation mm=24.0|May precipitation mm=6.0|Jun precipitation mm=0.6|Jul precipitation mm=0.2|Aug precipitation mm=0.5|Sep precipitation mm=1.8|Oct precipitation mm=24.8|Nov precipitation mm=70.4|Dec precipitation mm=169.1|year precipitation mm=691.7|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=16|Feb precipitation days=14|Mar precipitation days=9|Apr precipitation days=3|May precipitation days=0|Jun precipitation days=0|Jul precipitation days=0|Aug precipitation days=0|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=4|Nov precipitation days=11|Dec precipitation days=16|year precipitation days=73|Jan humidity=74.8|Feb humidity=77.3|Mar humidity=72.2|Apr humidity=65.1|May humidity=57.7|Jun humidity=55.0|Jul humidity=51.8|Aug humidity=43.3|Sep humidity=35.1|Oct humidity=41.7|Nov humidity=55.2|Dec humidity=71.0|year humidity=58.4|Jan sun=213.9|Feb sun=196.0|Mar sun=251.1|Apr sun=273.0|May sun=303.8|Jun sun=288.0|Jul sun=310.0|Aug sun=319.3|Sep sun=297.0|Oct sun=279.0|Nov sun=228.0|Dec sun=207.7|year sun=3166.8|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67743.TXT | title = Livingstone MET Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = April 5, 2015}}</ref>|source 2=Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1570 | title = Station Livingstone | publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref>|date=August 2010}} == Kayendelo == {{See also|Transport in Zambia}} === Ndege === [[File:HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HarryMwaagaNkumbulaAirport.jpg|thumb|Main terminal of the Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport]] Msumba uwu uli na chiŵanja cha ndege cha Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport, icho chikupokelera ndege zakufuma ku Lusaka ndipo chikukolerana na misumba yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Johannesburg, Cape Town, Mbombela & Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/travel-info/airports/harry-mwaanga-nkumbula-international-airport/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/LVI}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2023}} === Njanji === Msumba uwu uli na migelo ya Cape to Cairo Railway, iyo yikukolerana na Lusaka kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi na Bulawayo kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi. Sitima ya ku Lusaka yikucemekaso kuti Zambia Railway. Sitima ya Mulobezi yikukumaniska Livingstone na makampani gha makuni gha Mulobezi kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways in Zambia |url=https://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/zambia.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.sinfin.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909083428/https://www.sinfin.net/railways/world/zambia.html |archive-date=2022-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracks4Africa |url=https://tracks4africa.co.za/listings/item/w147511/harry-mwanga-nkumbula-international-airport-lvi/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Tracks4Africa |language=en}}</ref> === Msewu === Msewu wa Lusaka-Livingstone (msewu wa T1) ukukumana na Kalomo, Choma na likuru la charu (Lusaka) kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi. Mseu womwewo umalumikizana kumwera, kudutsa ku Zimbabwe kudzera pa Victoria Falls Bridge (zoletsa kulemera zimagwira ntchito) (kukhala mseu wa A8 kumbali ya Zimbabwe ndikudutsa Victoria Falls Town musanapite ku Bulawayo). Msewu wa M10 ukulazga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kazungula (uko Kazungula Bridge, kale Kazungula Ferry, yikukolerana na mphaka ya ku Botswana) na Sesheke (uko yikwambuka Zambezi nga ni Katima Mulilo Bridge na kufika ku Katima Mulilo Border na Namibia). Msewu uwu ukufuma ku Livingstone m'paka ku Katima Mulilo Bridge uli mu msewu wa Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi Development Road. M10 yikulutilira kukolerana na Senanga na Mongu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref> == Malo ghakusoperapo == Pa malo agha pali visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu: Roman Catholic Diocese of Livingstone (Chisopa ca Katolika), United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Mount Zion Christian Centre - Livingstone (Pentecostal Church), Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Union of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God. Paliso nyumba za cisopa ca Cisilamu na za Cihindu. Kale, mu tawuni ya Livingstone mukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi. == Mwambo == [[File:Livingstone_Museum,_Livingstone_(Maramba)_Krzysztof_Błażyca_2011.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livingstone_Museum,_Livingstone_(Maramba)_Krzysztof_B%C5%82a%C5%BCyca_2011.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Livingstone_Museum|Livingstone Museum]]]] Mu tawuni ya Livingstone muli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale nga ni Livingstone Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya ŵasayansi, ŵanthu na mbiri yakale, kweniso yili na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na David Livingstone), Maramba Cultural Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya kuvina, kwimba, na vyakuvwara), Railway Museum of the Mulobezi Railway, na Victoria Falls Field Museum (iyo yikulongosora vya geology na archeology mu tawuni ya Victoria Falls).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Museum - National Museums Board - Zambia |url=https://www.museumszambia.org/our-museums/national-museums/livingstone-museum |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.museumszambia.org |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809120128/https://museumszambia.org/our-museums/national-museums/livingstone-museum |archive-date=2020-08-09}}</ref><ref name="Mwakikagile 2010" /> [[File:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|thumb|225x225px|Livingstone Water Tank]] [[File:Kobus_ellipsyprimus,_male_portrait_(Livingstone,_Zambia).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobus_ellipsyprimus,_male_portrait_(Livingstone,_Zambia).jpg|thumb|Ellipsen Waterbuck at Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone, Zambia.]] == Matawuni ghaŵiri == {{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Zambia|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Zambia}} Livingstone wali na ŵadumbu: * {{flagicon|POR}} [[:en:Funchal|Funchal]], Portugal<ref>{{cite web |title=Acordos de Geminação |url=http://www.cm-funchal.pt/en/rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=cm-funchal.pt |publisher=Funchal |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212025027/https://www.cm-funchal.pt/en/rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es-internacionais/179-acordos-de-gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html |archive-date=2021-12-12}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[:en:Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico|Santa Fe]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.santafenm.gov/sister_cities |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=santafenm.gov |publisher=City of Santa Fe}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]] (the adjacent Zimbabwean city) * Annual-State-of-Cross-Border-Operations-Report-2019-20.pdf (cbrta.co.za)[https://www.cbrta.co.za/uploads/files/Annual-State-of-Cross-Border-Operations-Report-2019-20.pdf] == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == # Apthorpe R (1960)-Rhodes Livvingstone Institute Journal-Problems of African History, the Nsenga of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 58.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia ([[:en:Manchester_University_Press|Manchester University Press]], Manchester) pages 95,103 and 129.Douglas S.D. (1961) – The Stories of the Ancient Lore of the Bene Mukuni page 19.Manchishi P.C. and Musona E.T. – The People of Zambia – The Short History of the Soli (Multimedia, Lusaka) page 2 Poole L. (1938) – The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45 # Muntemba, M (1970), Zambia Museums Journal, Volume 1- The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia page 29. Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Poole L. (1938), The Native Tribes of the East Luangwa Province of Northern Rhodesia (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 45.Undi Gawa Kalonga Chivunga, Paramount Chief (1970) Interview. # Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 73.Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Lenje Soli People (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 75.Colson E. (1960)-Kariba Studies (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 168.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 132.Fagan, B.M and Philipson D.W (1965), the Iron Age Sequence at Lochnivar and the Tonga, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Volume 95 part 2.Field, S. A. (1961) Visilano, History Project U.M.C.A Msoro. Chapters 41, 42, 43, 45, 46 and 47.Government of Zambia – Statutory Instrument number 146 of 1998 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 521.Government of Zambia – Statutory Instrument numbers 22 and 23 of 1999 (Government Printer, Lusaka) page 43 and 45.Kaulu, M. G. (1995) District notes (ODG/SIN/102/15/2) – A Brief History of Mwemba Chieftainship pages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) page 23.Liteta Chinkuli Wilson – Senior Chief Mukuni N’gombe (1990) interview.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Mukuni Siloka II (1957), A Short History Of the Baleya People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 4, 5, 6 and 7.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereighnty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. page 29.Mwale B.B. – About the Acewa, History and customs of the Cewa people chapter V.Siampande Siamayuwa Senior Chief Mwemba (1990) interview.Sekute Kalonga Chief (1957) Interview # Brelsford , W. V. (1965) – The Tribes of Zambia – The Gwembe Valley People (Government Printer, Lusaka) pages 70 and 72.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Lozi of Barotseland (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 19.Colson E. and Gluckman M (1961)-Seven Tribes of British Central Africa – The Plateau Tonga (Manchester University Press, Manchester) page 96 Gyenkye (1996) The African Chief, page 109.Langworthy, H.W. (1972), Zambia Before 1890: Aspects of Pre-Colonial History (Dai Nippon Printing Company (HG) Limited Hong Kong) pages 25 and 119.Malala Muzamba II- Be-Dyango XV (1958) interview.Memo 376/27/5/B (1933)Minutes – Kalomo Native Authority meeting (1936)Malahasi Lwangulamombo, Sikukwila (1958) interview.Mubila Philemon, Mwendambeli (1987) interview.Munongo Bantu Mwenda Msiri Mwami (2006) interview.Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume 1. The Political and Ritual Sovereighnty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia. pages 30, 31 and 32.Sialutaba Josephat, Mutoozi We Namunaki (1987) interview.Vogel Joseph, O. (1975) Simbusenga (Oxford University Press, Oxford) page 47.Yanina Munchindu, Inabuze (1987) Interview. # Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34 # Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila Mwendambeli (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience. # Muntemba, M (1970) Zambia Museums Journal Volume I – The Political and Ritual Sovereignty Among the Mukuni Leya of Zambia – pages 30 and 34 # Malala Muzamba II Be-Dyango XV (1958) Interview.Mubila Mwendambeli (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Mukasimalweza Muzamba III Be-Dyango XVIII (1986)conducting coronation rites.Mukanyemba Mukalaso Siamachoka Mwanengwelele (1986) assisting in the Siloka III Mukuni XIX Investiture rites.Siloka III Mukuni XIX (1986) coronation rites, personal experience. == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Wikivoyage|Livingstone}} {{commons category-inline|Livingstone (Zambia)|'''Livingstone'''}} * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/victoria.htm Zambia National Tourist Bureau page] * https://www.zambiatourism.com/towns/livingstone/ {{Authority control}}{{coord|17|51|S|25|52|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}} hg29v6i9nsxp2slkecgyrl2fj7ez1dr 0 25680 122635 71406 2026-09-28T02:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Town in Zambia}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Mufulira | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = Mufulira Coat of arms.jpg | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = Zambia | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province|Copperbelt]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Copperbelt Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Mufulira District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 151309 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|12|32|08|S|28|14|31|E|region:ZM|display=inline, title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 4180 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mufulira''' ni tawuni iyo yili mu [[chigaŵa cha Copperbelt]] mu [[Zambia]]. Mufulira wakung'anamura "Malo gha Mtende na Usambazi". Msumba uwu ukazengeka kuzingilizga Mufulira Copper Mine mu ma 1930. Msumba uwu ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Mufulira.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=Zambia-Info |date=2019 |title=Mufulira Travel Information |url=https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1340/mufulira |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Zambia-info.org |location=Lusaka}}</ref> == Mkhalilo == Mufulira uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 19 kumwera kwa mpoto kwa tawuni ya Mokambo, pa mphaka na Democratic Republic of Congo. Msewu wa asphalt kumwera-kumadzulo (M4 Road) umagwirizanitsa Mufulira ndi Kitwe, makilomita 43 (27 mi). Mzinda wa Ndola, malo ogulitsira ndi kutumiza katundu wa Copperbelt, uli pafupifupi makilomita 105 (65 mi), pamsewu, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mufulira. Pali msewu ufupi (M4 Road) uwo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 70. Mufulira wakukolerana na mphaka ya Mokambo na Luapula mu Zambia na msewu wa Congo Pedicle. Chigaŵa icho chikwenda kufuma ku Mufulira m'paka ku Mokambo chikuchemeka M5 Road apo nthowa iyo yikujumpha ku Congo Pedicle m'paka ku Chembe Border yikuchemeka Congo Pedicle road. Malo agho Mufulira walipo ni:12°32'08.0"S, 28°14'31.0"E (Latitude:-12.535556; Longitude:28.241944). Mufulira wali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,274.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Weather Spark |date=22 May 2020 |title=Elevation of Mufulira, Zambia |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/95297/Average-Weather-in-Mufulira-Zambia-Year-Round |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Weatherspark.com}}</ref> == Mwakudumula == Msumba wa Mufulira ukazengeka kuzingilizga Mufulira Copper Mine mu ma 1930. Mu migodi iyi mukuŵa munthavi wa Zambia Railways, uwo ukwendeska katundu pera. Mufulira ni mphelerekezgo ya kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msewu wa Congo Pedicle uwo ukukumana na chigaŵa cha Copperbelt na chigaŵa cha Luapula, ndipo ichi chikupangiska chigaŵa ichi kuŵa chigaŵa cha malonda cha Mufulira.<ref name="1R" /> == Ŵanthu == Mu 1990, mu muzi uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu 123,936. Mu 2000, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 122,336. Pa kalembera wa ŵanthu wa mu 2010, ŵanthu 151,309 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi.<ref name="7R">{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=14 July 2019 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Mufulira |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/zambia/cities/?cityid=21535 |access-date=28 May 2020 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}</ref> Pa cithuzithuzi ico cili pasi apa, palembeka vinthu vyakuyana waka. {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Ŵanthu |- |1990 |123,936<ref name="7R" /> |- |2000 |122,336<ref name="7R" /> |- |2010 |151,309<ref name="7R" /> |} == Chuma == Mgodi wa Mufulira sono uli mu mawoko gha Mopani Copper Mines, uwo uli na ŵantchito 10,000 ndipo mu 2007 ukapanga matani pafupifupi 300,000 (330,693) gha mkuwa. SMEC South Africa ndiyo yikanozga malo ghakusungiramo mkuŵa gha Mufulira. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu charu ichi mu 1969 apo charu cha Zambia chikaŵa pa nambara 4 pa vyaru ivyo vikapanganga mkuwa.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="8R">{{cite web |author=Mbendi South Africa |date=17 November 2000 |title=Overview of Copper Mining In Zambia |url=http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/cppr/af/za/p0005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217192619/http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/cppr/af/za/p0005.htm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Mbendi South Africa |location=Cape Town |format=Archived from the original on 17 February 2007}}</ref> == Maseŵera == Mu Zambia, Mufulira wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ndiko kuli Mufulira Wanderers F.C., gulu la maseŵero gha bola.<ref name="1R" /><ref name="9R">{{cite web |author=David Isabirye |date=3 April 2020 |title=Goalkeeper Bwete quits Mufulira Wanderers over Coronavirus concerns |url=https://kawowo.com/2020/04/03/goalkeeper-bwete-quits-mufulira-wanderers-over-coronavirus-concerns/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Kawowo.com |location=Kampala}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * [[:en:Abe_Bekker|Abe Bekker]], boxer, lived here * [[:en:Kalusha_Bwalya|Kalusha Bwalya]], national soccer player and [[:en:African_Footballer_of_the_Year|African Footballer of the Year]] winner, in 1988, was born here.<ref name="1R" /> * [[:en:Frederick_Chiluba|Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba]] (1943–2011), who served as the second president of Zambia, from 1991 until 2001, lived in Mufulira in the 1960s.<ref name="11R">{{cite web |author=Elias Munshya |date=17 February 2013 |title=A Sort Man Who Walked Tall: The Life And Times of Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (1943—2011) |url=https://eliasmunshya.org/2013/02/17/a-short-man-who-walked-tall-life-and-times-of-frederick-jacob-titus-chiluba-1943-2011/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Elias Munshya Organization |location=Lusaka}}</ref> * [[:en:Robert_Earnshaw|Robert Earnshaw]], soccer player * [[:en:Mike_Harris_(racing_driver)|Mike Harris]], racing driver who competed in the [[:en:1962_South_African_Grand_Prix|1962 South African Grand Prix]]. * [[:en:Dafydd_James|Dafydd James]], international [[:en:Rugby_Union|rugby]] player * [[:en:Simon_Kapwepwe|Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe]] (1922–1980), who served as Vice President of Zambia from 1967 until 1970. He served as member of parliament for Mufulira West Constituency from December 1971 until February 1972, under the [[:en:United_Progressive_Party_(Zambia)|UPP]] political party, the only UPP MP elected.<ref name="12R">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=Simon+Kapwepwe+Mufulira&pg=RA2-PA297|title=Dictionary of African Biography: Kapwepwe Simon Mwansa (1922-1980)|author=Andy DeRoche|editor=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong and Henry Louis Gates Jr|volume=1|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York City|isbn=9780195382075|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> * [[:en:Christopher_Katongo|Christopher Katongo]], soccer player * [[:en:Felix_Katongo|Felix Katongo]], soccer player * [[:en:Kenneth_Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]] (born 1924), the founder President of Zambia, in office from 1964 until 1991. In 1948, he served as a teacher and boarding master at Mufulira Upper School.<ref name="10R">{{cite web |author=The Gale Group, Inc |date=2010 |title=Kenneth David Kaunda Facts |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography |location=Burlingame, California, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518104214/https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda |archive-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> * [[:en:Robert_Lange|Robert John "Mutt" Lange]], songwriter and record producer * [[:en:Levy_Mwanawasa|Levy Patrick Mwanawasa]] (1948–2008), who served as President of Zambia from 2001 until 2008, was born in Mufulira.<ref name="1R" /> * [[:en:Samuel_"Zoom"_Ndhlovu|Samuel "Zoom" Ndhlovu]], soccer player and Zambia Soccer Team coach * [[:en:Stevie_Vann|Stevie Vann]], singer * [[:en:Kåre_Becker|Kåre Becker]] == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Kitwe#Mopani_Copper_Mines|Mopani Copper Mines]] * [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt Province]] including the history of copper mining in Zambia == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516061856/http://www.smec.com/Default.aspx?aProjId=953 Malachite Plant Extension in Mufulira] * https://www.britannica.com/place/Mufulira * https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1340/mufulira * https://www.mindat.org/loc-4345.html * https://www.airbnb.com/mufulira-zambia/stays {{Authority control}}{{Commons category|Mufulira}} j62ckf5f9gqcf739gk1w5jyjo0jfgh8 0 25744 122685 119519 2026-09-28T03:08:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 11 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Christian charismatic evangelical preacher from Malawi}} {{use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox Christian leader|type=|honorific_prefix=|name=Shepherd Bushiri|honorific_suffix=|title=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name_lang=|church=[[Enlightened Christian Gathering]]|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Mzuzu]], Malawi|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=<!-- as birth_place -->|buried=<!-- or | tomb = -->|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=Malawian|religion=Christian|residence=[[Malawi]]|spouse=Mary Bushiri|occupation=Preacher, motivational speaker, author, businessman|profession=<!-- or | previous_post = -->|education=Moyale Secondary School<br/>Therapon University|signature=|signature_alt=}} '''Shepherd Bushiri''' (wakubabika Chipiliro Gama) uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti Major 1 ni mupharazgi, nchimi, wamalonda, wakupeleka vifukwa, na mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Malawi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/latest-and-current-affairs/current-posts/conversation-one-africas-biggest-pastors/|title=In conversation with one of Africa's biggest pastors - New African Magazine|last=NewWork|date=2017-10-11|work=New African Magazine|access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/bushiri-finalises-200mil-deal-south-sudan-roads-mining/|title=Bushiri finalises a $200mil deal with South Sudan for roads and mining - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2017-11-10|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=ALM Business Excellence Awards and African Leadership CEOS HALL OF FAME |url=https://www.hanergyoil.com/general/alm-business-excellence-awards-and-african-leadership-ceos-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2018-09-10 |website=Hanergy Oil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228225805/http://www.hanergyoil.com/general/alm-business-excellence-awards-and-african-leadership-ceos-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Ni munthu uyo wakususkana chomene na ŵanthu ndipo wakamba kutchuka chomene wati wafumiska vidiyo iyo yikulongora kuti wakwenda mu mlengalenga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manyowa |first=Maynard |title=OPINION {{!}} Inside Bushiri's world: How a Malawian cleric's media strategy took him to the top |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/opinion-inside-bushiris-world-how-a-malawian-clerics-media-strategy-took-him-to-the-top-20220326 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Pamanyuma, bwana munyake uyo wakendeskanga vinthu vya Bushiri wakavumbura kuti Bushiri wakachitanga minthondwe kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye. Bushiri wakwendeska tchalitchi la Christian non-denominational charismatic evangelical church lakumanyikwa kuti Enlightened Christian Gathering ilo lili ku South Africa. Sono mpingo uwu uli na ofesi yikuru ku [[Lilongwe]], Malawi, ndipo uli na maofesi ghanyake mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake. Zuŵa lililose ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku tchalitchi ili. Wakulongosora kuti mpingo ni uteŵeti waucimi uwo ukujintha pa fundo yakuti "Ciuta wakupwelelera na kutemwa ŵanthu ndipo wakukhumba kuyowoya nawo mwakudunjika".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prophetic Calling|last=Bushiri|first=Shepherd|publisher=SB Publishers|year=2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kampani ya Bushiri yakuzenga ndalama, Shepherd Bushiri Investments, yikubenekelereka na milandu yinandi ya upusikizgi, ndipo ndalama zakubisika na katundu wake zinandi zakopeka na ŵapolisi pamanyuma pakuti pulani ya Ponzi iyo yikendeskanga yikatondeka ndipo ŵapenshoni ŵakapusikika. Kampani iyi nayo yikadandawura ku boma la [[United States of America]] ndipo yikapika mulandu wa upusikizgi. Kampani iyi yikaŵa ku Sandton, kufupi na Johannesburg, ndipo yikaŵa na migodi yakujumpha 27, ndipo yikaguliskanga ndalama mu vyaru vinyake, malo na ndege. Kweniso wali na wayilesi ya TV, kampani yakupharazga, minda yakupambanapambana, malo, masukulu gha maseŵero na mayunivesite. Bushiri wakamba bizinesi apo wakaŵa muwukirano kuti wawovwire ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya cake na kupharazga makani ghawemi pa caru cose. Munthu uyu wakaŵa musambazi comene cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakupambanapambana pakupanga malonda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/current-affairs/conversation-one-africas-biggest-pastors/|title=In conversation with one of Africa's biggest pastors - New African Magazine|date=2017-10-11|work=New African Magazine|access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref> == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Bushiri wakababika na kukulira ku Mzuzu, kumpoto kwa Malawi. Amama ŵake ŵakamuthya zina lakuti Muliska cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo apo wakababikanga. Wakwendendeka mu caru cose na kucita maungano na maungano ghakukhwaskana na kusambizga, kuzunura na kucizga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/International/the-major-one-worships-in-south-korea-20180830|title=THE MAJOR ONE WORSHIPS IN SOUTH KOREA|work=DailySun|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/bushiri-on-gospel-crusade-in-south-korea-scores-turn-up-to-receive-prophet-at-airport/|title=Bushiri on gospel crusade in South Korea: Scores turn up to receive prophet at airport - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2018-08-29|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/prophet-bushiri-gets-thunderous-welcome-nigeria/|title=Prophet Bushiri gets thunderous welcome in Nigeria - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2017-05-07|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref name="nyasatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/prophet-bushiri-globalises-gospel-charity-takes-central-americas-island-nicaragua-storm/|title=Prophet Bushiri globalises gospel, charity: Takes Central America's Island of Nicaragua by storm - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2017-06-02|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref name="UG Christian News">{{Cite news|url=http://ugchristiannews.com/famous-south-africa-based-malawian-prophet-bushiri-expected-in-uganda/|title=Famous South Africa-based Malawian prophet, Bushiri expected in Uganda|date=2017-12-05|work=UG Christian News|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2018, wakacemeka nga ni mulendo wakuchindikika pa Zuŵa la Malurombo la Charu chose cha South Africa ilo likachitikira pa Emirates Airline Stadium mu Johannesburg, apo wakapempheranga kuti ŵanthu ŵaphemane na kukolerana. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa ŵa ku South Africa kweniso David Mabuza, uyo wakaŵa mwimiliri wa pulezidenti wa caru ici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy President David Mabuza: Inter-Faith National Prayer Day {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/speeches/deputy-president-david-mabuza-inter-faith-national-prayer-day-18-aug-2018-0000 |access-date=2018-09-10 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> === Given name controversy === The Citizen mu February 2019 yikati Bushiri wakababika nga ni Chipiliro Gama; "faktura iyo yikatumizgika ku Baloyi Attorneys mwakubudiska yikagwiliskira ntchito zina la Shepherd Bushiri yayi, kweni yikamuchema Chipiliro Gama".<ref name="Citizen 2019">{{cite news|title=Social media goes wild over Bushiri's 'real' name|website=The Citizen|date=7 February 2019|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/social-media/2078558/social-media-goes-wild-over-bushiris-real-name/|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref> Lipoti linyake mu nyuzipepara ya The Sunday Times mu Febuluwale 2019 likati: "Adada ŵa Bushiri, Huxley, na amama ŵake, Cristina, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku [[Zambia]], ŵakamulera nga ni Chipiliro Gama". Mu Seputembala 2019, muyowoyeri wa Bushiri kweniso mulongozgi wa vya kutumizgana, Ephraim Nyondo, wakakana ivyo ŵakayowoya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maravipost.com/prophet-bushiri-is-not-chipiliro-gama-says-his-spokesperson-nyondo|title=Prophet Bushiri is not Chipiliro Gama says his spokesperson Nyondo|publisher=The Mararbi Post|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=14 September 2019}}</ref> == Ntchito == Sono Bushiri wakumanyikwa kuti ni muliska musambazi comene pa caru cose ndiposo yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene mu Africa. Wakulongozgeka na munthu wa bizinesi wa ku Zimbabwe uyo ni mulongozgi wa mpingo wa Good News Church mu UK, Prophet Uebert Angel.<ref name="UG Christian News" /> Ŵanthu ŵakuti Bushiri ni "mwana wauzimu" wa nchimi Angel. === Enlightened Christian Gathering church === {{Main|Enlightened Christian Gathering (ECG)}} === Shepherd Bushiri Investments === Kampani ya Bushiri, Shepherd Bushiri Investments, ni kampani yakususkana iyo yikukhwaskika na upusikizgi, kunanga ndalama, kunjilirapo pa msonkho na ma Ponzi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title=South African pensioners could lose R100 million to Prophet Bushiri |url=https://savannanews.com/south-african-pensioners-could-lose-r100-million-to-prophet-bushiri/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119183114/https://savannanews.com/south-african-pensioners-could-lose-r100-million-to-prophet-bushiri/ |archive-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>Wapolisi wa ku South Africa wakakora katundu na maakaunti gha banki gha kampani iyi pamanyuma pakumanya kuti yikupusika ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zakukwana $6 million USD. Kampani iyi yikujiyowoya kuti ni kampani ya vyamalonda iyo yili ku Sandton kufupi na Johannesburg, ndipo yikugwira ntchito mu vyamalonda nga ni mafuta, migodi, katundu, mendero, na vyamalonda. Pa 20 February 2018, Bushiri wakambiska umoza wa ma hotel investment ghake, property ya mamiliyoni ghanandi mu South Africa. Hotelo iyi njimoza mwa malo agho ŵapolisi ŵa South Africa ŵakayora pamanyuma pakuti Bushiri watondeka kufumapo na kuwelera kukwake. SBI yikukhumbisiska comene kovwira maboma, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo muli masuzgo gha vyachuma. Mu chaka cha 2017, Bushiri wakasangika na Vice President wa South Sudan Dr. Mubali James Igga, uyo ni kazembe wa Reserve Bank na nduna ya vya ndalama, nayo wakalembeska phangano la bizinesi pa nkhani ya vyakuzenga na vyakutukuka. Mu chaka cha 2018 Shepherd Bushiri wakapokera chawanangwa chapadera na kunjira mu CEO Hall of Fame na magazini ya African Leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FORMER PRESIDENT OF MADAGASCAR, 25 CEOS RECEIVE AFRICAN LEADERSHIP AWARDS … INDUCTED INTO CEOS HALL OF FAME {{!}} African Leadership Magazine |url=http://africanleadership.co.uk/former-president-madagascar-25-ceos-receive-african-leadership-awards-inducted-ceos-hall-fame/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=africanleadership.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218174326/http://africanleadership.co.uk/former-president-madagascar-25-ceos-receive-african-leadership-awards-inducted-ceos-hall-fame/ |archive-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/bushiri-gets-inducted-2018-africas-ceo-hall-fame-receives-bussines-excellence-award/|title=Bushiri gets inducted in 2018 Africa's CEO Hall of Fame: Receives bussines[sic] excellence award - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|date=2018-02-26|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ALM Business Excellence Awards and African Leadership CEOS HALL OF FAME – Hanergy Oil Ghana Ltd |url=https://www.hanergyoil.com/general/alm-business-excellence-awards-and-african-leadership-ceos-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.hanergyoil.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228225805/http://www.hanergyoil.com/general/alm-business-excellence-awards-and-african-leadership-ceos-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia's Taa Wongbe Inducted into The African Leadership Magazine's CEO Hall of Fame {{!}} Liberian Observer |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/liberias-taa-wongbe-inducted-into-the-african-leadership-magazines-ceo-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.liberianobserver.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050634/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/liberias-taa-wongbe-inducted-into-the-african-leadership-magazines-ceo-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=2 March 2021}}</ref> === Charity work === Bushiri wali kuchitako milimo yinandi yakovwira ŵanthu pa charu chose, kusazgapo ku Malawi, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Botswana, na South Africa. Wakambiska wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakucemeka "Shepherd Bushiri Foundation" uwo Duncan Zgambo ndiyo ni CEO wake. Wakupeleka vyawanangwa, kusazgapo wovwiri wa ndalama; wovwiri wa masambiro ku ŵalanda; wovwiri wa ŵanthu kwizira mu wovwiri wa vyakurya.<ref name="The Nation Online">{{Cite news|url=http://mwnation.com/bushiri-commended-for-helping-the-needy/|title=Bushiri commended for helping the needy - The Nation Online|date=2016-01-13|work=The Nation Online|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref name="nyasatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://khulumaafrika.com/2017/07/19/20-million-rand-charity-programs-for-mandela-by-prophet-|title=Mandela Day: Prophet Bushiri launches R20 million charity in honour of struggle icon birthday|date=2017-07-19|work=Khuluma Afrika|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref>Mu chaka cha 2017, wakaluta na chibage ku Lilongwe ndipo wakapeleka K85 Million ku Malawi Charity. Wakugwiliskira nchito sukulu yake ya maseŵero gha maseŵero na Major 1 Records, iyo yikovwira na kusambizga ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza ku sukulu iyi. Pa 18 July 2018, Zuŵa la Nelson Mandela, Bushiri wakambiska pulogiramu ya kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Africa yose na kupeleka vyawanangwa ku sukulu yinyake. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la South Africa. Mu Malichi 2019, Bushiri wakaluta kukawona Alexandra ku South Africa, uko moto ukawotcha nyumba zakujumpha 100. Wakayowoya kuti wapelekenge ndalama zakukwana R400000 (kwimira madola pafupifupi 29,000 gha ku United States) ku mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri wa mwaluŵiro "awo ghakwenera kovwira ŵana ŵa mu cigaŵa ici".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/03/07/shepherd-bushiri-visits-alexandra-after-blaze|title=BUSHIRI DONATES R400K TO ALEX RESIDENTS AFTER BLAZE {{!}} EWN - Eyewitness News|date=7 March 2019|work=Malawi 24|access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> === Other === Pa 11 February 2020, zikalembeka na nyuzipepara ya Nyasa Times na Malawi24 kuti Bushiri wakapharazga kuti wamuguliska chiŵiya cha chiŵiya mu Malawi pa mtengo wa MK5 000 (US$6.85) pa 50 kg (110 lbs), panji US$124.55 pa tani. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakapharazgiranga, mtengo wa vyakurya vya makoroni (yellow maize) pa caru cose ukaŵa USD 150 pa tani limoza panji USD 7.50 pa makilogiramu 50. Mtengo wa chimanga uwo ukaguliskikanga ku Malawi ukaŵa wakukwana katatu panji kanayi kuluska uwo Bushiri wakayowoya.<ref name="Malawi Nyasa Times -Feb 2020">{{cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Bushiri's cheap maize shakes Salima: Thousands scramble to buy - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/bushiris-cheap-maize-shakes-salima-thousands-scramble-to-buy/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi}}</ref><ref name="Malawi Feb 2020">{{cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Dzuka Malawi singer Kalawe echoes academicians in hailing Bushiri over cheap maize sales - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dzuka-malawi-singer-kalawe-echoes-academicians-in-hailing-bushiri-over-cheap-maize-sales/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi}}</ref><ref name="Malawi 25 Feb 2020">{{cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Chaos in Phalombe as scores buy Bushiri cheap maize: Chiefs pleads for more - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chaos-in-phalombe-as-scores-buy-bushiri-cheap-maize-chiefs-pleads-for-more/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi}}</ref><ref name="ZIM NEWS 2020">{{cite web |date=8 March 2020 |title=Prophet Shepherd Bushiri rescues ED Mnangagwa |url=https://zwnews.com/zimbabwe-buys-250-000-tonnes-of-maize-from-shepherd-bushiri/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=ZIM NEWS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309134444/https://zwnews.com/zimbabwe-buys-250-000-tonnes-of-maize-from-shepherd-bushiri/ |archive-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> == Controversies == === Curing HIV/AIDS === Bushiri wakayowoyapo kuti "wakuchizga HIV". Wakamuzgora kuti wandacitepo munthondwe mu umoyo wake cifukwa ni Yesu pera uyo wangacita. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni minthondwe yambura kusimikizgika, boma la Botswana likamukanizga kunjira mu caru pambere makhoti ghandadumure kuti mpingo wa ECG ulutilire kugwira nchito mu caru ici. Pakwamba wakaŵa mwanangwa kunjira mu caru ici, kweni sono wakwenera kupempha visa para wakukhumba kunjira mu Botswana.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bosaletswe|first=Calistus|title=Botswana shows Bushiri no mercy {{!}} City Press|url=https://city-press.news24.com/News/botswana-shows-bushiri-no-mercy-20190225|accessdate=19 March 2019|agency=City Press|publisher=News 24|date=25 February 2019}}</ref> === Fees for public dinners === Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukondwa na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakulipira para ŵiza ku viphikiro vya Bushiri. Wakaghanaghananga kuti wakapoka ndalama zakukwana R25000 kuti wakhale pa thebulu lake pa chiphikiro icho chikachitika pa 23 December 2017 ku Pretoria Showground, na N$1000 kuti wanjire pa chiphikiro icho chikachitika ku Windhoek, Namibia mu January 2016. Bushiri mu nkhani zinandi wakakanira ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya vya "vyakurya vyakusanguluska" ivyo ŵakalemba kuti ni vyautesi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogtify.com/shepherd-bushiri-childhood-biography/|title=Shepherd Bushiri Childhood Biography & Net Worth - Blogtify - Famous Celebrities, tmz.com|date=2018-08-05|work=Blogtify - Famous Celebrities, tmz.com|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> === Investment schemes === Allegedly, during a church service in March 2017, Bushiri announced that he wanted to make members of his church into millionaires. Congregants were then told via e-mail to invest at least [[:en:South_African_rand|R]]100 000 in cash with him within the next two days and were promised a 50% return within 30 banking days. Those that could not bring cash with them to the church were sent banking details of a company, Rising Estates, the directors of which are Bushiri lieutenants, Willah Mudolo, Duncan Oduor Otieno and Kit Ching Catherine Kum. Almost two years later, the people who gave Bushiri money claimed to have not received anything back.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mashego |first=Abram |date=25 February 2019 |title='Robbed' from the pulpit: How Bushiri conned investors out of millions |url=https://city-press.news24.com/News/robbed-from-the-pulpit-how-bushiri-conned-investors-out-of-millions-20190225 |website=City Press |publisher=News24.com |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> The investment scheme appears to be linked to Palambano Investments as six congregants from Bushiri's church claim they were told that the money they donated would be invested in Zambia in "gold minerals" as part of a Palamabo investment scheme. The congregants provided proof that the money had been paid into the ECG's First National Bank account. [[:en:East_London,_Eastern_Cape|East London, Eastern Cape]] police spokesperson Captain Mluleki Mbi confirmed that a case had been opened against Palambano Investments and its directors in response to a complaint by Nombeko Dwesini, one of Bushiri's congregants.<ref name="Fuzile 2019">{{cite web |last=Fuzile |first=Bongani |date=10 February 2019 |title=Major One Bushiri 'duped us with gold scam' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2019-02-10-major-one-bushiri-duped-us-with-gold-scam/ |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> === Paternity === It is alleged that in 2010, Bushiri impregnated a teenage Malawian woman, whom he met in 2007 in their home town, Mzimba. It is further claimed that he bribed her with a cheque for {{val|80000|fmt=gaps}} Malawian kwacha (about R{{val|1500|fmt=gaps}}) to have an abortion but that the cheque bounced. The woman subsequently gave birth in 2011 to a girl who "is the spitting image of Bushiri and it is widely known in the district that he is the biological father", according to the father of the woman. The woman is now married and the family alleges that they "kept quiet out of fear". The village that the woman and child live in broke the news before the family approached Bushiri. Bushiri claims that the cheque was stolen from him and that, on the day the woman claims he made her pregnant, Bushiri was at a police station dealing with an attempted hijacking. In 2018, the mother again tried to get maintenance via the courts but was unsuccessful. Family members of the girl claim that Bushiri admits to the allegations in private, despite his public denials and have demanded a paternity test. His lawyer, Terrence Baloyi, did not respond to emails, text messages and calls from ''City Press'' seeking comment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Makhoba |first=Ntombizodwa |date=11 March 2019 |title=Bushiri's hidden baby: Family says he tried to bribe woman to have abortion {{!}} City Press |url=https://city-press.news24.com/News/bushiris-hidden-baby-family-says-he-tried-to-bribe-woman-to-have-abortion-20190311 |website=News 24 |publisher=City Press |accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref> === Non-payment for clothing === Darlington Manyawu, a businessman based in Hong Kong, claims to have sold Bushiri clothing to the value of R{{val|450000|fmt=gaps}} but had not received payment for them. He claims that the clothing was given to Bushiri's spokesman, Maynard Manyowa on 28 June 2019 and Bushiri has subsequently been seen wearing the clothes at public church gatherings. Ephraim Nyondo, the spokesman for the Elightened Christian Gathering church, did not dispute the claim but stated that the matter did not concern Bushiri as it was between Manyawu and Manyowa.<ref name="DailySun 2019">{{cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title='BUSHIRI OWES ME MONEY! |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/bushiri-owes-me-money-20191018 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=DailySun}}</ref> === Radio Veritas === The South African Catholic radio station, Radio Veritas, was reprimanded by the [[:en:Broadcasting_Complaints_Commission_of_South_Africa|Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa]] (BCCSA) for airing a one-sided programme laced with allegations against Bushiri on 1 December 2019. Bushiri had claimed that the broadcast was "malicious, damaging to his reputation, libelous, contained lies, was unfounded" and did not afford him the right of reply. The BCCSA noted that Veritas Radio had contravened the broadcasting act in not presenting the opposing view from Bushiri.<ref name="NyasaTimes2020">{{cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Prophet Bushiri wins case against Veritaas Radio of SA - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/prophet-bushiri-wins-case-against-veritaas-radio-of-sa/ |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi}}</ref><ref name="NPA">{{cite web |title=Bushiri welcomes BCCSA ruling against Catholic Radio station Veritas |url=https://www.nampa.org/index.php?model=categories&function=display&id=19785973 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=Namibia Press Agency}}</ref> === Alleged infidelity === On 20 February 2020, former deputy finance minister of Zimbabwe, [[:en:Terence_Mukupe|Terence Mukupe]], accused Bushiri of an adulterous affair with Mukupe's musician wife, Rachel, which resulted in the impregnation of Rachel. He claimed to have WhatsApp evidence of his wife and the preacher arranging to meet for "sex romps in [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]], [[:en:Pretoria|Pretoria]] and [[:en:Rustenburg|Rustenburg]]". He also claimed that Bushiri had taken R{{val|100000|fmt=gaps}} (approx ${{val|7500|fmt=gaps}}) from him to finance his church, Enlightened Christian Gathering.<ref name="Zimbabwe News Now 2020">{{cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Shepherd Bushiri took my R100k then slept with my wife: Mukupe |url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/02/20/shepherd-bushiri-took-my-r100k-then-slept-with-my-wife-mukupe/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Zimbabwe News Now}}</ref> Bushiri responded to the allegations, saying that he had not left South Africa in the past 13 months and therefore could not have met with Rachel Mukupe. He also claimed that he had not used WhatsApp or iMessage for the past 3 years and hence could not have sent her the messages Terence Mukupe claimed to have found. Bushiri also said that he had engaged his lawyers in Zimbabwe to "urgently seek legal recours".<ref name="eDuzeNet 2020">{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=20 February 2020 |title=Bushiri threatens to sue Mukupe over 'sex with wife' message |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-179606.html |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref><ref name="Malawi 24 2020">{{cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Prophet Shepherd Bushiri in trouble again: Accused of impregnating ex-Minister's wife - Malawi news |url=https://malawi24.com/2020/02/19/prophet-shepherd-bushiri-in-trouble-again-accused-of-impregnating-ex-ministers-wife/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Malawi 24}}</ref><ref name="ZimEye 2020">{{cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Bushiri Denies Bedding Mukupe's Vulgar Singing Wife |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2020/02/21/bushiri-denies-bedding-mukupes-vulgar-singing-wife/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=ZimEye}}</ref> Mukupe's response to Bushiri was that Bushiri had not used his own phone to contact Rachel and that Mukupe had paid for the tickets for Bushiri to travel.<ref name="Zimbabwe News Now 2020" /><ref name="eDuzeNet 2020" /> According to reports, "Mukupe's public spat with Bushiri has divided opinion among [[:en:ZANU–PF|ZANU–PF]] members over his psychological fitness to head the ZanuPF youth league."<ref name="Bulawayo24 2020">{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=25 February 2020 |title=Battle for ZANU PF top youth league post heats up |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-180004.html |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> On 3 March, Rachel (known as Rachel J) responded to the allegations between Bushiri and Mukupe. In her statement, released via her family, it was stated that: # She was not married to Terence Mukupe although the man did live in her home and she had had children with him.<ref name="Ndoro 2020">{{cite web |last=Ndoro |first=Timothy |date=3 March 2020 |title=Rachel J, Minister's Wife Allegedly Impregnated By Prophet Bushiri Speaks Out |url=https://iharare.com/rachel-j-zim-finance-ministers-wife-allegedly-impregnated-by-prophet-shepherd-bushiri-speaks-out/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=iHarare News}}</ref> # She looked after him and his 10 children.<ref name="Ndoro 2020" /> # Rachel had terminated their relationship because she had discovered that Terence Mukupe had once again impregnated Tracy Winterboer, the second child sired with the same woman during Rachel's relationship with Mukupe.<ref name="Ndoro 2020" /> # The claims of her impregnation by Bushiri are unbelievable since Mukupe's evidence shows that they met in 2018. "How is it possible for her to carry a pregnancy for two years?" they asked.<ref name="Ndoro 2020" /> On 4 March, Rachel J's family demanded a paternity test be performed on the child to prove that he was not Bushiri's.<ref name="Pindula 2020">{{cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title="We're Confidently Waiting For Terence," New Twist To Mukupe, Shepherd Bushiri And Rachel J Adultery Case ⋆ Pindula News |url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2020/03/04/were-confidently-waiting-for-terence-new-twist-to-mukupe-shepherd-bushiri-and-rachel-j-adultery-case/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=Pindula ⋆ Simple & Latest Zimbabwe News}}</ref> On 6 March, Rachel gave birth to a daughter she referred to as "Najah, Deborah, Makomborero".<ref name="Ndoro March 2020">{{cite web |last=Ndoro |first=Timothy |date=10 March 2020 |title=PICS: Rachel J Gives Birth To Child 'Hubby' Claims Belongs To Prophet Bushiri |url=https://iharare.com/pics-rachel-j-gives-birth-to-child-hubby-claims-belongs-to-prophet-bushiri/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=iHarare News}}</ref> No paternity tests had been conducted at that point. === Rape and Sexual Assault === On March 21, 2021, South African Police charged Shepherd Bushiri with 16 counts of rape relating to 8 different victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCain |first=Compiled by Nicole |title=Self-proclaimed prophet Shepherd Bushiri faces rape charges - report |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/self-proclaimed-prophet-shepherd-bushiri-faces-rape-charges-report-20210319 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time the police had already issued 3 warrants of arrests relating to three separate charges of rape against Bushiri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-23 |title=Three warrants of arrest issued against Prophet Bushiri for rape |url=https://40.123.250.247/breaking-news/bushiri-rape/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Sunday World |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The police claimed that Bushiri targeted women and girls at his church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Shepherd Bushiri faces slew of new rape claims |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2021-03-18-shepherd-bushiri-faces-slew-of-new-rape-claims/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> According to police documents, the girls, including some as young as 15 and who were sisters were kept in hotel rooms and brutally raped for hours before being given between $500 and $700 and being asked to leave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shepherd Bushiri: Rape allegations and denials — what you need to know |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-08-31-shepherd-bushiri-rape-allegations-and-denials-what-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Police later announced they were investigating Bushiri's associates whom they accused of intimidating victims, and reported that several victims had come forward between 2016 and 2018 and accused Bushiri of rape before recanting their testimonies after being intimidated or paid off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shepherd Bushiri accused of rape {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/shepherd-bushiri-accused-rape-two-congregants |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425213839/https://www.enca.com/news/shepherd-bushiri-accused-rape-two-congregants |archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> In December 2021, police arrested Brigadier Rosey Resondt’s husband, Clifford Cornelius Resondt, who was Bushiri’s head of security and charged them with corruption and defeating the ends of justice after Bushiri sent them R500,000 which was given to a rape victim who later recanted her allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cop 'received R500k from Bushiri Ministries to make husband's rape charge go away' - LNN |url=https://midrandreporter.co.za/lnn/1148516/cop-received-r500k-from-bushiri-ministries-to-make-husbands-rape-charge-go-away/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Midrand Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> === Fraudulent permit === On 24 October 2020 South African Police revealed that Shepherd Bushiri's residency in the country may have been irregular after noticing that his South African issued identity card was issued in 1996 but Bushiri and his wife had first travelled to South Africa in 2010 on tourist visas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bushiri's SA permanent residency in question {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/bushiris-sa-permanent-residency-question |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424222245/https://www.enca.com/news/bushiris-sa-permanent-residency-question |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> The police later announced that Bushiri had paid for a fraudulent residency permit and deemed him an illegal immigrant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bushiris are definitely in SA illegally - home affairs minister |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/bushiris-are-definitely-in-sa-illegally-home-affairs-minister-20201027 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> After the announcement, 5 officials were suspended for having issued Bushiri fraudulent identity documents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=makinana |first=andisiwe |title=Five officials suspended for Bushiri's fraudulent permanent residency docs |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2021-09-07-five-officials-suspended-for-bushiris-fraudulent-permanent-residency-docs/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Arrest == On 1 February 2019, Bushiri was arrested together with his wife by South Africa's Directorate for Priority Investigations ([[:en:Hawks_(South_Africa)|HAWKS]]) for fraud and money laundering.<ref>{{cite news|title=Breaking: Shepherd Bushiri arrested in South Africa|url=https://malawi24.com/2019/02/01/breaking-sheperd-bushiri-arrested-in-south-africa/|accessdate=1 February 2019|publisher=Malawi24|date=1 February 2019}}</ref> The Hawks said the case against the couple was linked to alleged offences of fraud and money laundering, as well as the contravention of South Africa's Prevention of Organised Crime Act (POCA), which had been committed from 2015. The contravention of the Act was in relation to Exchange Control Regulations relating to foreign currency of ${{val|1147200|fmt=gaps}}. On 28 August 2019, Bushiri's court case was postponed until 29 November 2019 to allow his legal team, including Terrence Baloyi and [[:en:Barry_Roux|Barry Roux]],<ref name="Sicetsha Feb19">{{cite web |last=Sicetsha |first=Andile |date=5 February 2019 |title=Pastor Bushiri recruits the services of Barry Roux in fraud case |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/pastor-bushiri-recruits-services-barry-roux-fraud-case/ |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=The South African |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927184357/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/pastor-bushiri-recruits-services-barry-roux-fraud-case/ |archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> to make representations to the [[:en:National_Prosecuting_Authority|National Prosecuting Authority]].<ref name="Sicetsha Aug19">{{cite web |last=Sicetsha |first=Andile |date=29 August 2019 |title=Shepherd Bushiri fraud case postponed: This is what we know |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/shepherd-bushiri-fraud-case-postponed-why/ |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=The South African |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927184355/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/shepherd-bushiri-fraud-case-postponed-why/ |archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The case was subsequently postponed to 27 July 2020 for trial,<ref name="Jordaan 2019">{{cite web |last=Jordaan |first=Nomahlubi |date=29 November 2019 |title='Prophet' Bushiri to stand trial next year on fraud and money laundering charges |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-11-29-prophet-bushiri-to-stand-trial-next-year-on-fraud-and-money-laundering-charges/ |access-date=2 March 2020 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> at which time it was postponed to October 2020.<ref name="Maromo July 2020">{{cite web |last=Maromo |first=Jonisayi |date=27 July 2020 |title='Prophet' Bushiri and wife's fraud, money laundering trial postponed until October |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/prophet-bushiri-and-wifes-fraud-money-laundering-trial-postponed-until-october--a6491d50-b2b0-4980-a10b-a769079a6764 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=IOL}}</ref> In November 2019, application was made by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for the forfeiture of a 1984 Gulfstream aircraft owned by Bushiri and hangared at [[:en:Lanseria_International_Airport|Lanseria airport]], north of Johannesburg. The NPA claimed that the aircraft had been procured with funds illegally obtained. Bushiri claimed that it was legitimately acquired in 2016 for ${{val|1250000|fmt=gaps}} (R{{val|17000000|fmt=gaps}}). The application for forfeiture was not ready to go ahead and was removed from the court roll.<ref name="IOL Nov2019">{{cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Prophet Shepherd Bushiri fights to keep $1.2m luxury jet - Pretoria News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/prophet-shepherd-bushiri-fights-to-keep-12m-luxury-jet-38100551 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=IOL |language=id}}</ref> Bushiri and his wife were each granted R{{val|100000|fmt=gaps}} (approx ${{val|7500|fmt=gaps}}) bail after appearing in the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Pretoria on 6 February 2019. Among the bail conditions were that the couple remain in Gauteng and their travel documents remain with the state. If they needed to travel, they would need to get written permission from investigating officers. Bushiri and wife were also not allowed to make contact with any of the witnesses.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sesona Ngqakamba |date=6 February 2019 |title=Self-proclaimed prophet Shepherd Bushiri and his wife granted R100 000 bail |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/self-proclaimed-prophet-shepherd-bushiri-and-his-wife-granted-r100-000-bail-20190206 |work=News 24 |accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref> On 20 October 2020, prior to their court appearance on 30 October 2020, the Bushiris were arrested on charges which were not included in the previous cases. Conflicting reports implicated various combinations of Landiwe Sindani, Landiwe Ntokwana, Willah Mudolo and Zethu Mudolo in the fraud case as co-accused with the Bushiris.<ref name="Maromo 2020">{{cite web |last=Maromo |first=Jonisayi |date=21 October 2020 |title=Hawks arrest Shepherd Bushiri, wife over R100m fraud case |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/hawks-arrest-shepherd-bushiri-wife-over-r100m-fraud-case-0a1c54ac-a55f-4470-8c27-a967032ed9c8 |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=iol.co.za}}</ref><ref name="Molosankwe 2020">{{cite web |last=Molosankwe |first=Botho |date=25 October 2020 |title=Home Affairs trouble for Shepherd and Mary Bushiri |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/home-affairs-trouble-for-shepherd-and-mary-bushiri-0b5c30b9-8723-484b-b1e2-792c5824e611 |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=iol.co.za}}</ref><ref name="POWER 98.7 2020">{{cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=Scores of Bushiri supporters gathered outside Pretoria's Magistrate Court |url=https://www.power987.co.za/news/scores-of-bushiri-supports-gathered-outside-pretorias-magistrate-court/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=POWER 98.7}}</ref> The Bushiris are also accused of being illegally in South Africa and of having contravened the immigration regulations on several occasions since at least 2015.<ref name="Molosankwe 2020" /> Their bail application was set for 30 October.<ref name="kedsta 2020">{{cite web |author=kedsta |date=22 October 2020 |title=Prophet Shepherd Bushiri, Wife To Get Bail Application |url=https://kedsta.com/latest-news/south-africa/prophet-shepherd-bushiri-wife/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Kedsta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029140314/https://kedsta.com/latest-news/south-africa/prophet-shepherd-bushiri-wife/ |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> The Bushiris had not been released from prison as they were considered a flight risk as evidenced by the allegations that they had illegally exported a Bentley and a Maserati to Malawi earlier in 2020.<ref name="TimesLIVE 2020">{{cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=Bentley & Maserati shipped illegally to Malawi: state in Shepherd Bushiri bail bid |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-10-30-bentley-maserati-shipped-illegally-to-malawi-state-in-shepherd-bushiri-bail-bid/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=TimesLIVE}}</ref> The trial date for the fraud case was set for May 2021.<ref name="SABC News">{{cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=ECG Pastor Shepherd Bushiri and his wife are in South Africa illegally: Motsoaledi |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ecg-pastor-shepherd-bushiri-and-his-wife-are-in-south-africa-illegally-motsoaledi/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=SABC News}}</ref> On 14 November 2020, reports surfaced that Bushiri and his wife had fled back to Malawi, breaking bail conditions due to fears for their safety.<ref>{{cite web |title=SHEPHERD & MARY BUSHIRI FLEE SA TO 'SAVE' THEIR LIVES', DEFYING BAIL CONDITIONS |url=https://ewn.co.za/2020/11/14/shepherd-and-mary-bushiri-flee-sa-to-save-their-lives-defying-bail-conditions |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> On November 20, Bushiri and his wife, who were arrested in their native country on November 18,<ref name="malawiarrest">{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/malawian-prophet-shepherd-bushiri-arrested-after-fleeing-south-africa|title=Malawian 'Prophet' Shepherd Bushiri Arrested After Fleeing South Africa|first=Larneck|last=Masina|publisher=Voice of America|date=18 November 2020|accessdate=25 December 2020}}</ref> were released from a Malawi prison after their arrest was deemed unprocedural.<ref name="released">{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/malawi-court-frees-preacher-bushiri-after-deeming-his-arrest-illegal|title=Malawi Court Frees Preacher Bushiri After Deeming His Arrest Illegal|first=Larneck|last=Masina|publisher=Voice of America|date=20 November 2020|accessdate=25 December 2020}}</ref> The following week, Bushiri and his wife were arrested again and arraigned before the court's where Malawi prosecutors sought to extradite them to South Africa. They were released on bail and their extradition case is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maphanga |first=Canny |title=Bushiri extradition: Case delayed by argument over SA witnesses |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/bushiri-extradition-case-delayed-by-argument-over-sa-witnesses-20220211 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2022 the high court refused to throw out Bushiri's challenge of his extradition and instead sent the case to the Magistrate's court for ruling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maphanga |first=Canny |title=Bushiri extradition case: Malawi High Court orders lower court to continue with committal proceedings |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/bushiri-extradition-case-malawi-high-court-orders-lower-court-to-continue-with-committal-proceedings-20220208 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Personal life == Bushiri was born to a Malawian father and a Zambian mother.<ref name="Citizen 2019" /> He is married to Mary Bushiri, who is active in charity work.<ref name="Byo">{{Cite web |title=BUSHIRI FOR BYO |url=http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/bushiri-for-byo/ |access-date=2018-09-11 |website=www.sundaynews.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref> They have two daughters together.<ref name="Byo" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/shocking-photos-of-prophet-shepherd-bushiri-35-who-now-owns-4-private-jets/|title=Shocking photos of Prophet Shepherd Bushiri (35) who now owns 4 private jets|date=2018-07-01|work=The Zambian Observer|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> On 29 March 2021, Bushiri announced the passing away of his first daughter Israella in Kenya after a lengthy respiratory illness, and stated that as a father it was his desire to see her grow and serve the Lord.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tshikalange |first=Shonisani |date=29 March 2021 |title=Shepherd Bushiri's daughter, 8, dies |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-03-29-shepherd-bushiris-daughter-8-dies/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == References == <references responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190211225102/http://www.voiceofdominion.com/2017/04/11/prophet-shepherd-bushiri/ Official Biography of Prophet Shepherd Bushiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809084403/http://shepherdbushirimajor.one/ "Major One"], Shepherd Bushiri Ministries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190624095814/https://www.prophetshepherdbushiri.com/ Prophet Shepherd Bushiri website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230425204947/https://www.ecg-church.org/ Enlightened Christian Gathering website] {{authority control}} q9xt6lwin8gcd7gdi22khfdpwqcrx9q 0 25745 122532 71918 2026-09-28T01:00:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Ganderbal district | type = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District of Jammu and Kashmir]] | image_skyline = Sonmarg - Paradise.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Views of peaks around [[Sonamarg]], Ganderbal district, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India [[File:Ganderbal district.jpg|thumb|Ganderbal district (district of Jammu and Kashmir, India) Clock Tower Ganderbal , located at gousia chowk dudherhama ganderbal]] | image_map = Jammu and Kashmir Ganderbal district.svg | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|34.23|N|74.78|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | seat_type = [[Headquarters]] | seat = [[Ganderbal]] | area_total_km2 = 1979 | population_total = 297446 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Shahruk, Ganderbaluk, Ganderbali, Ganderbalia, Ganderbalian | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = Other | demographics1_info2 = [[Pahari language (Kashmir)|Pahari]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Pincode | postal_code = 191201 | area_code_type = | area_code = 194 | iso_code = 0194 | website = {{url|http://ganderbal.nic.in/}} | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''Chigaŵa cha Ganderbal''', panji chakuchemeka kuti '''District Ganderdal''', ni chigaŵa icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Jammu na [[Kashmir]], [[India]]. Mzinda wa Ganderbal ndiwo uli likuru la chigaŵa ichi. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika mu 2007 ndipo chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri (tehsil): Kangan, Ganderbal, Tullamulla, Wakura, Lar, na Gund.<ref name="Tehsils2020">{{citation|url=https://ganderbal.nic.in/tehsil/|title=Subdivision and Tehsils|access-date=23 July 2020|work=District Ganderbal, Government of Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> Sheikh Ul Alam Research University of Kashmir nayo yizamuzengeka ku Ganderbal na Karwan-I-Islami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Karwan-I-Islami J&K |url=http://www.karwaniislami.com/intro_saruk.php |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.karwaniislami.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929033138/http://www.karwaniislami.com/intro_saruk.php |archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> == Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale == === Kheer Bhawani === Kheer Bhawani ni tempele lakupelekeka kwa chiuta mwanakazi Bhavani, ilo likazengeka pa chisimi chakupatulika mu muzi wa Tulmul. Lizgu lakuti kheer likung'anamura mpunga uwo ukupelekeka mu nyengo ya chihanya kuti waphepiskire chiuta. Nga umo vikuŵira na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵa Chihindu.. === Naranag Temple === Tempile la Naranag ndi limoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakale mu caru ici. Malo ghakale agha ghakaŵa na visopa vinandi ndipo ghakaŵa mu muzi wa Naranag kufupi na Phiri la Harmukh, makilomita 50 kufuma ku msumba wa Srinagar. Zina lakale la malo agha ni Sodarteertha; Bhuteshwara (sono But Sher, pakati pa ulendo wakuya ku nyanja ya Gangbal) na Nandikshetra (chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Nundkol) ni malo ghanyake ghaŵiri ghatuŵa agho ghakukolerana na malo agha. Malo agha ghakaŵa na tempile ilo likaŵa kutali mamita 100. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakuti tempile ili likapelekeka kwa Fumu Shiva na Lalithdatiya Muktapid, uyo wakaŵa fumu mu vyaka vya m'ma 800. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Themba Awantivarman likaluta ku Bhutsher na kupeleka malo ghakusoperapo. Nanga ni lero munthu wakuzizwa na luso lwa awo ŵakuzenga tempele ili. Nyumba zake zikuruzikuru zikuvumbura umo vinthu vikaŵira kumanyuma, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakacitiranga vinthu vyaucindami mu vyaka vya m'ma 800. Boma lili kuzenga vipata sonosono apa kuti livikilire caru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakunjira mu caru ici. Pasono chili kupasuka, ndipo palije kanthu ako kakukhalira. == Makhalilo == Chigaŵa cha Ganderbal chili na likuru lake pa 33.73°N 75.15°E mu tawuni ya Ganderbal. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 21 kufuma ku msumba wa Srinagar. Chigaŵa cha mapiri cha Ganderbal chili mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Sind. Ni mlonga umoza pera mu Jammu na Kashmir uwo uli na malo ghakupangira magesi ghatatu. Mchenga (bajri) wa mu mlonga uwu ngwakuzirwa comene. Harmukh ni phiri likuru comene mu cigaŵa ici ndipo Gangbal ni nyanja yikuru comene ya mu mapiri. Dera ili lili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza (tehsils):<ref name="Tehsils2020" /><ref name="AmdminSetUp">{{citation|url=https://ganderbal.nic.in/administrative-setup/|title=Administrative Setup|access-date=23 July 2020|work=District Ganderbal, Government of Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> * [[:en:Kangan,_Jammu_and_Kashmir|Kangan]] * [[:en:Ganderbal|Ganderbal]] * Tullamulla * [[:en:Wagoora|Wakoora]] * Lar * Gund Malo agha ghali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru: Ganderbal, Wakoora, Lar, Kangan, Gund, Shearpathri, Phaag, Manigam na Batwina. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na vigaŵa vinandi. Chigawo cha Ganderbal chili ndi zigawo ziwiri: Kangan ndi Ganderbal.<ref name="AmdminSetUp" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ERO's and AERO's |url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/ERos_AERos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022185235/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/eros_aeros.html |archive-date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2012-04-24 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> == Demographics == {{Bar box|title=Religion in Ganderbal district (2011)<ref name="Ganderbal district Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/ganderbal-population.html|title=Ganderbal district Population|work=Census India|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|97.69}} {{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.88}} {{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.43}}}}{{bar box|title=Sex Ratio in Ganderbal District in 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C01"/><br />(no. females per 1,000 males)|float=left|width=360px|left1=Religion (and population)|right1=Sex Ratio|bars={{bar pixel|Muslim (pop 290,581)|green|90.456||905 }} {{bar pixel|Hindu (pop 5,592)|darkorange|7.912||79 }} {{bar pixel|Other (pop 1,273)|grey|31.644||316 }} {{bar pixel|Total (pop 297,446)|black|87.403||874 }}}}{{Pie chart|thumb=left|caption=Languages of Ganderbal district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>|label1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]|value1=68.92|color1=lightgreen|label2=[[Gujari language|Gojri]]|value2=20.21|color2=tomato|label3=[[Pashto]]|value3=3.49|color3=purple|label4=[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]]|value4=2.61|color4=pink|label5=[[Hindi]]|value5=1.31|color5=orange|label6=Others|value6=3.46|color6=grey}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="10" |Ganderbal district: religion, gender ratio, and % urban of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> |- ! !Hindu !Muslim !Christian !Sikh !Buddhist !Jain !Other !Not stated !Total |- | rowspan="2" |Total |5,592 |290,581 |406 |486 |25 |8 |4 |344 |297,446 |- |1.88% |97.69% |0.14% |0.16% |0.01% |0.00% |0.00% |0.12% |100.00% |- | colspan="10" | |- |Male |5,182 |152,571 |255 |458 |19 |1 |3 |231 |158,720 |- |Female |410 |138,010 |151 |28 |6 |7 |1 |113 |138,726 |- |Gender ratio (% female) |7.3% |47.5% |37.2% |5.8% |24.0% |87.5% |25.0% |32.8% |46.6% |- |Sex ratio <small>(no. of females per 1,000 males)</small> |79 |905 |– |– |– |– |– |– |874 |- | colspan="10" | |- |Urban |389 |46,498 |53 |38 |3 |0 |1 |57 |47,039 |- |Rural |5,203 |244,083 |353 |448 |22 |8 |3 |287 |250,407 |- | % Urban |7.0% |16.0% |13.1% |7.8% |12.0% |0.0% |25.0% |16.6% |15.8% |- |} Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa 2011, 68.92% ya ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Kashmiri, 20.21% Gojri, 3.49% Pashto, 2.61% Pahari na 1.31% Hindi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri ŵakuyowoyaso chiyowoyero ichi.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>{{clear|left}} == Mizi ==<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> * [[:en:Haripora|Haripora]] * [[:en:Nawabagh_Ganderbal|Nawabagh Ganderbal]] * [[:en:Wakura|Wakura]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == External links == * [https://ganderbal.nic.in/ Official website] {{Commons category|Ganderbal district}}{{Geographic location|Centre=Ganderbal district|North=[[Bandipore district]]|Northeast=|East=[[Kargil district]]|Southeast=[[Anantnag district]]|South=[[Srinagar district]]|Southwest=[[Baramula district]]|West=|Northwest=}}{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} iydwbhua37domntc0jym4pjx3s4okdm 0 25761 122735 104808 2026-09-28T03:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox organization|name=Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants|bgcolor=|fgcolor=|image=|image_border=|size=|alt=|caption=|map=|msize=|malt=|mcaption=|abbreviation=|motto=|formation=|extinction=|type=Professional association|status=|purpose=Encourage professionalism in accountancy in Zambia|headquarters=|location=|region_served=|membership=|language=English|leader_title=|leader_name=|main_organ=|parent_organization=|affiliations=|num_staff=|num_volunteers=|budget=|website=http://www.zica.co.zm/|remarks=}} '''Wupu wa Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants''' (ZICA) ndiwo uli na udindo wa kupwelelera ndalama. Ndiwo wupu wekha mu [[Zambia]] uwo uli na wanangwa wa kupeleka zina la Chartered Accountant; ndipo kuti ŵachitenge ntchito mu Zambia, ma accountants ŵakwenera kulembeska na ZICA (Accountants Act of 2008) ZICA ndi chiŵaro cha [[International Federation of Accountants]] (IFAC)).<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia Institute of Chartered Accountants |url=http://web.ifac.org/about/member-body/zamb1 |access-date=2011-06-30 |publisher=ICAN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710003759/http://web.ifac.org/about/member-body/zamb1 |archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> ZICA nayo ni chiŵaro cha [[Pan African Federation of Accountants]], icho chikajulika pa 5 May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBAA BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE PAN AFRICAN FEDERATION OF ACCOUNTANTS (PAFA) |url=http://www.nbaa-tz.org/nbaanews/pafa.pdf |access-date=2011-06-11 |publisher=NBAA}}</ref> == Kakhalilo == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="250" | colspan="1" |Current ZICA Council members * Mrs Cecilia M Zimba President * Mr. Bbenkele Hachitwe Vice President * Mrs. Chilala Banda * Mr. Moonga Hamukale * Mrs. Muyaka E. Ngwira * Mr. Julius Zgambo * Dr. Kennedy Musonda * Ms. Thulile Kavimba * Mr. Malama Milambo * Ms. Changwe Mulimbika * Ms. Peggy Banda |} Wupu wa ZICA, uwo ukakhazikiskika na Dango la 1982 (CAP) 390, ukwendeskeka na wupu wa ŵanthu 12 ndipo ŵanthu 10 ŵakusankhika na wupu uwu pa ungano wa chaka na chaka. == Ndondomeko ya vya Kwendeska == Pulogalamu ya ZICA Accountancy Program yikamba mu 2007 ndipo yapokera kuzomerezgeka na wupu wa International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) na Pan African Federation of Accountants (PAFA). Chiphaso ichi chikasinthika ndipo chikamba kugwira ntchito pa 17 August 2017 ndipo chikachemeka kuti ((Chartered Accountant Zambia)), ndi ndondomeko ya ma level ghatatu agho ghali na ma level ghatatu: Knowledge, Application and Advisory Levels. Para munthu wafika pa sukulu iyi, wakuchita masambiro gha vyaka vitatu pa malo ghapachanya (Accountant, Auditor) pasi pa mulaŵiliri wa Chartered Accountant. 1] Awo ŵali na maukaboni gha maofesi ghanyake ghakuwona vya ndalama, ndiposo awo ŵali na maukaboni gha maofesi ghanyake ghakuwona vya ndalama, ndiposo awo ŵali na maukaboni.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121230232347/http://www.zica.co.zm/index.php/membership/membership] Kumanya vinthu: Vinthu 6 ivyo vikovwira munthu kuti waŵe na luso la kulemba mabuku. 1.1 ¢ Kuwerengera Ndalama ¢ 1.2 ¢ Kuwerengera Ndalama 1.4 - Malango gha Malonda na Makampani Nchito: Nchito iyi yikusazgapo masambiro ghankhondi. Para munthu wakusambira, wakuŵa wakunozgeka kugwira ntchito ya kuwerengera ndalama iyo yikupangika na ŵantchito ŵa pakati. 2.1 Kulemba Ndalama 2.2 Kulemba Ndalama 2.3 Kuwerengera Ndalama 2.4 Kulipira Misonkho Nambara ya Wupu Wakulongozga: Nambara yaumaliro iyo yikusazgapo masambiro ghankhondi ndipo yikunozga msambiri kuti waŵe mu wupu wakulongozga pa nkhani za ndalama. Awo ŵali na masambiro gha ku Accounting ŵangaluta ku sukulu iyi. P3.1 - Advanced Financial Reporting 3.2 - Advanced Audit & Assurance 3.3 - Strategic Business Analysis 3.4 - Advanced Taxation 3.5 - Advanced Management Accounting 3.6 - Advanced Financial Management 3.7 - Public Sector Audits and Assurance 3.8 - Public Sector Financial Management Buku ili lili na mapepara ghatatu. Masambiro ghanyake ghali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu, nga ni: Business route comprising 3.5 & 3.6 Public Practice route comprising 3.4 & 3.7 Public Sector route comprising 3.7 & 3.8 CA status yikupelekeka para munthu wakwaniska viyezgelero na kusambira kwa vyaka vitatu. Kafukufuku uyu wakuŵa wa nyengo zose yayi.<!--===Examination Rules and Regulations=== - No candidate shall be allowed to sit for more than four (4) subjects at any one sitting. - A candidate with more than two (2) arrears at any level, shall NOT be allowed to attempt any subjects at the next stage. - A candidate shall not be allowed to attempt a subject at a high level if s/he has not passed the foundation subject at a lower level. - A candidate registered through the Mature Age Entry Route (MAER) will only be allowed to attempt two subjects only i.e. Financial Accounting and Mathematics and Statistics at any one sitting at the ZICA Technician Level. - Credit shall be given for any subject passed with a grade of 50% and above.--> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{IFAC Members}}{{Authority control}} 85jjtj1ldtzywkgp73ear27yv23h8gj 0 25767 122587 91706 2026-09-28T01:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} '''{{Infobox officeholder|name=Mainza Chona|image=|imagesize=|caption=|office=3rd [[Vice-President of Zambia]]|president=[[Kenneth Kaunda]]|term_start=October 1970|term_end=August 1973|predecessor=[[Simon Kapwepwe]]|successor=''Office abolished''|office2=1st [[Prime Minister of Zambia]]|term_start2=25 August 1973|term_end2=27 May 1975|predecessor2=''Position re-created''|successor2=[[Elijah Mudenda]]|term_start3=20 July 1977|term_end3=15 June 1978|predecessor3=[[Elijah Mudenda]]|successor3=[[Daniel Lisulo]]|office4=[[Minister of Home Affairs (Zambia)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|term_start4=1966|term_end4=1969|office5=[[Zambian Ambassador to the United States]]|term_start5=1969|term_end5=1970|office6=[[Minister of Legal Affairs (Zambia)|Minister of Legal Affairs]] and [[Attorney-General(Zambia)|Attorney-General]]|term_start6=1975|term_end6=1977|office7=[[Secretary General of UNIP|Secretary General]] of [[UNIP]]|term_start7=1978|term_end7=1981|office8=[[Zambian Ambassador to China]]|term_start8=1984|term_end8=1989|office9=[[Zambian Ambassador to France]]|term_start9=1989|term_end9=1992|birth_name=Sikaye Chingula Namukamba|birth_date={{Birth date| 1930|01|21|df=yes}}|birth_place={{flagicon|Northern Rhodesia}}&nbsp;Nampeyo, near [[Monze]], [[Northern Rhodesia]]|death_date={{Death date and age |2001|12|11|1930|01|21|df=yes}}|death_place={{flagicon|South Africa}}&nbsp;[[Milpark Hospital]], [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]|nationality={{flagicon|Zambia}}&nbsp; [[Zambia]]|spouse=[[Yolanta Mainza]] (m. 1953)|awards=|relatives={{flat list| * [[Lulu Haangala]] (granddaughter) }}}}''' '''Mainza Mathias Chona''' (wakababika pa 21 Janyuwale 1930 ndipo wakafwa pa 11 Disembala 2001) wakaŵa wandale wa ku [[Zambia]] ndipo wakambiska [[UNIP]]. Wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Zambia kufuma mu 1970 mpaka 1973 ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma mu nyengo ziŵiri: kufuma pa 25 Ogasiti 1973 mpaka 27 Meyi 1975 na kufuma pa 20 Julayi 1977 mpaka 15 Juni 1978. Wakaŵa Secretary General wa [[United National Independence Party (UNIP)]], chipani chakulongozga, kufuma mu 1978 mpaka 1981. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri mu ndyali za Zambia mu nyengo ya boma la chipani cimoza (1973-1991). Wakateŵeteraso mu mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana gha boma, kusazgapo nduna ya vya urunji (1964-1968), nduna ya vya mukati (1968-1969), nduna ya vya malango na loya mukuru (1975-1978). Wakaŵa Secretary General wa UNIP kufuma mu 1978 mpaka 1981 ndipo wakaŵa [[Ambassador]] ku [[People's Republic of China]] kufuma mu 1984 mpaka 1989. Pamanyuma, wakaŵa kazembe wa caru ca France mpaka apo == Umoyo na masambiro == Chona wakababika Sikaye Chingula Namukamba pa 21 Janyuwale 1930 ku Nampeyo, kufupi na [[Monze]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Batoka]] mu [[Northern Rhodesia]]. Dada wake wakaŵa Hameja Chilala (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti Chief Chona). Amama ŵake, a Nhandu (Chinyama), ŵakaŵa yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵankhondi ŵa awiske. Chona wakapokera masambiro ghake ghapachanya ku sukulu ya Chona ku Nampeyo (iyo yikapangika na ŵamishonale ŵa Yesu pa pempho la awiske), na Chikuni (malo ghakulongozgera ŵa Yesu). Ku Chikuni ndiko Chona wakazgokera ku Cikatolika. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha kusekondale ku Munali Secondary School ku Lusaka mu 1951 ndipo wakagwira nchito ya kung'anamulira mu khoti likuru ku Livingstone. Kweni wakakhumbanga kuŵa loya. Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake, Chona wakasanga mwaŵi wakuluta ku London mu 1955, uko wakasambiranga ku Gray's Inn. Wakacemeka kuŵa loya mu 1958. Apo wakaŵa ku England, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa, nga ni Harry Nkumbula na Kenneth Kaunda. Kweniso wakadumbiskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku London awo ŵakakolerananga na chisopa ichi, nga ni Simon Zukas na Doris Lessing. Pa nyengo iyi, wakachemekaso Mathias Mainza Chona. == Nkhondo ya kujithemba == Chona wakawelera ku Northern Rhodesia mu Disembala 1958. Apo wakafumanga ku Northern Rhodesia, ndyali yikamba kwenda mu vigaŵa vinandi. Wupu wa Central African Federation (CAF) uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ndiwo ukapangika pa Ogasiti 1, 1953, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakasuskanga chomene ivyo vikachitika. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukana apo Nkumbula wakakhwaskika comene na ŵanthu ŵacindele ndipo wakawonekanga kuti ngwakukhumbisiska kucita phangano pa nkhani ya muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Paumaliro Kaunda wakafumamo mu ANC mu Okutobala 1958 na kupanga Zambia African National Congress (ZANC), apo Nkumbula wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa ANC. Chona wakaŵa mu ANC apo wakaŵa ku London ndipo wakasankhapo yayi pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa ZANC na kukana kwake kupangana pa nkhani ya "kufwatuka sono", Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa chipani chiphya ŵakakakika na ŵamazaza ŵa CAF, ndipo ZANC yikakanizgika mu Malichi 1959. Chona wakasankha kuti wanjilirengepo pa milimo ya ANC iyo yikaŵa kuti njilamulo, kweni wakasuska muwuso wa Nkumbula. Chona pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakafumamo mu ANC ndipo mu Okutobala 1959, Chona wakazgoka purezidenti wakwamba wa United National Independence Party (UNIP). Ndipouli, wakajiwonanga kuti ni mweneko wa chipani yayi ndipo wakafumapo apo Kaunda wakafuma mu jele mu Janyuwale 1960. Monga wachiwiri kwa Kaunda, Chona adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa UNIP, koma adayenera kuchoka ku Northern Rhodesia kuti asayimbidwe mlandu woukira boma wochokera kwa akuluakulu a CAF omwe adakhumudwa kwambiri. Wakakhala ku London nga ni mwimiliri wa UNIP kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 1. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mwimiliri wa UNIP pa ungano wa Federal Review Conference ku London mu Disembala 1960 ndipo wakawelera kukwake mu Febuluwale 1961. Mu Juni 1961, Chona wakasankhika kuŵa Secretary National wa UNIP ndipo wakakhala pa udindo uwu vyaka vinkhondi na vitatu. Wakawovwira chomene pakukhazikiska wupu wa UNIP na ANC mu January 1963. Mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakapangiska nduna yakudanga ya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuda ku Northern Rhodesia, ndipo wakapeleka kwa Chona udindo wa Minisita wa vya Malango mu boma la UNIP pambere lindambe kujiyimira pawekha. == Pamasinda pa ufulu == Pa nyengo ya kujithemba mu Okutobala 1964, Kaunda wakapeleka udindo kwa Chona wa Minisita wa vya mukati. Pakati pa 1966 na 1969, Chona wakaŵa na mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana ghankhondi. Mu 1969, wakatumika ku United States kuŵa kazembe. Mu Novembala 1970, wakawelera ku Zambia ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa charu ichi. Chinthu icho Chona wakawovwira chomene pakusintha malango gha mu Zambia chikaŵa Komiti ya Chona, iyo yikakhazikiskika mu Febuluwale 1972 kuti yivikilire boma la chipani chimoza. Chifukwa cha mazaza ghake, Commission yikazomerezgekanga yayi kudumbiskana vya uwemi na uheni wa ivyo Kaunda wakayowoya. Chipani chimoza pera icho chikapona, cha ANC, chikakanira komiti iyi ndipo chikadandawura kuti dango ili lindasinthe. Lipoti la Chona likafuma ku maungano gha ŵanthu kwa myezi yinayi ndipo likapelekeka mu Okutobala 1972. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti chikalata ichi chikaŵa cha "ŵakujiyuyura". == The Second Republic == Nangauli boma la Republic laciŵiri likamba kuwusa mu Disembala 1972, wupu wa National Assembly ukazomera yayi dango liphya mpaka mu Ogasiti 1973. Chikaŵa chakuyana na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza iyo yikaŵa mu Soviet Union. Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti chipani chimoza (UNIP) ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, kweni yikaŵavya malango ghanyake agho Commission yikayowoya, nga ni kuŵika mphaka pa kukakika kwambura kweruzgika, kukanizga pulezidenti kuti wateŵeterenge nyengo ziŵiri za vilimika vinkhondi pera, na kugaŵana mazaza gha pulezidenti na nduna yikuru. Malango gha ŵa liberal ghakeneranga kukhumba kuti paŵe mpikisano wa kusankha pulezidenti, ndipo wakeneranga yayi kuŵika veto pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Nangauli fundo zinandi izo zikalembeka mu lipoti ili zikapulikikwa yayi, kweni zikawovwira comene. Kufuma mu 1973 m'paka mu 1975, Chona wakapika mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru, mulimo uwo ukaŵa pasi pa wa pulezidenti. Wakateŵeterapo kachiŵiri kufuma mu 1977 m'paka mu 1978, pamanyuma pa kuŵa nduna ya vya malango na loya mukuru. Kaunda wakasora Chona kuŵa Secretary General wa UNIP mu 1978 ndipo wakalutilira kukhala pa udindo uwu mpaka February 1981. Chona na Kaunda ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵabwezi mpaka paumaliro wa nyengo ya UNIP. == "Ku malo ghakuzizima" gha ku wuzga == Chona wakati wafumiskika mu komiti yikuru ya UNIP, wakakana kuŵa kazembe wa ku China ndipo wakawelera ku nchito yake. Paumaliro, mu 1984, wakazomera kuluta ku Beijing ndipo wakakhalako vyaka vinkhondi. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuwelera ku Zambia para nyengo yake ya kukhala ku China yamara, kweni Kaunda wakamutumizga ku Paris, uko wakateŵeteraso nga ni thenga kwa vilimika vitatu, kwamba mu 1989 mpaka 1992. Apo wakazomerezgekanga kuwelera ku Zambia, wakambiraso nchito yake. Wakaŵa loya, ndipo wakawungana na gulu la Oasis Forum ilo likakana kuti Chiluba waŵe pulezidenti. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakamuchindikanga chomene Chona pakuŵa muwusi muwemi ndiposo movwiri wakugomezgeka wa Kaunda. Wakawovwira comene kuti paŵe wupu wa UNIP kweniso kuti Zambia yisange wanangwa. Nangauli mulimo wake wa kukhazikiska boma la chipani cimoza ku Zambia ukaŵa wakususka, kweni wakalemba nkhani yiwemi comene pa nkhani iyi. Wakawonekanga kuti walije mtima wa kukhumba maudindo ndipo wakajikusanga na vinthu vinandi yayi. Chitemwa chake pa mitheto, chiyowoyero na mbiri ya ku Tonga chikamupangiska kuti waŵikengepo mtima pa mabuku gha ku Tonga: buku lake la Chitonga, Kabuca Uleta Tunji, likapokera chawanangwa cha Margaret Wrong mu 1956. Mwana wake Elizabeth Muyovwe wakaŵa Justice wa Supreme Court of Zambia kufuma mu 2010 mpaka 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sichi |first=Perpetual |date=24 January 2017 |title=Court Upholds Randy Cop's 20-Year Sentence |url=http://www.times.co.zm/?p=92858 |location=Lusaka |accessdate=7 November 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of Zambia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222142/http://www.times.co.zm/?p=92858 |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Munung'una wake Mark Chona nayo wakacitapo kanthu comene pa ndyali na umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Zambia. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pa chipatala cha Milpark ku Johannesburg, South Africa, Mainza Chona wakafwa pa 11 December 2001. Wakasungika pa 16 Disembala ku Monze, Zambia. [[Category:Ŵandyali ŵa Chipani cha United National Independence Party (Zambia)]] == Ukaboni == {{more footnotes|date=July 2010}} <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * Hugh Macmillan, ''Chona, (Mathias) Mainza (1930–2001)'', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Jan 2005 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76554, retrieved 18 May 2006] * D. C. Mulford, ''Zambia: the politics of independence'', 1957–1964 (1967) * C. Gertzel, C. Baylies, and M. Szeftel, ''The dynamics of the one-party state in Zambia'' (1984) * E. Colson, ''The history of Nampeyo'' (Lusaka, 1991) * J. J. Grotpeter, B. V. Siegel, and J. R. Pletcher, ''Historical dictionary of Zambia'', 2nd edn (1998) * D. Lessing, ''Walking in the shade: volume two of my autobiography'', 1949–1962 (1997) * S. Wina, ''The night without a president'' (1985) * S. Zukas, ''Into exile and back'' (2002) * K. Mlenga, ed., ''Who's who in Zambia'', 1967–68 [1968] {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|before=[[Simon Kapwepwe]]|after=''Office abolished''|years=1970–1973}} {{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Zambia]]|before=(–)|after=[[Elijah Mudenda]]|years=1973–1975}} {{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Zambia]]|before=[[Elijah Mudenda]]|after=[[Daniel Lisulo]]|years=1977–1978}} {{s-end}}{{ZambianVicePresidents}}{{ZambianPrimeMinisters}}{{Authority control}} 83ulsezje34leqz3xlre0dhps9or2e2 0 25788 122543 77303 2026-09-28T01:05:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Zambian politician}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{for|the American jurist and politician|Guy C. Scott}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[Wakulemekezeka]] [[Doctor (title)|a]]<br>|name=Guy Scott|office=[[President of Zambia]]|status=Acting|image=Guy Scott.png|caption=Scott mu Ogasiti 2014|predecessor=[[Michael Sata]]|successor=[[Edgar Lungu]]|vicepresident=''Position vacant''|party=[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] {{small|(1990–1996)}}<br />[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] {{small|(2001–2016)}}<br />[[United Party for National Development]] {{small|(2021–present)}}|office1=12th [[List of Vice-Presidents of Zambia|Vice-President of Zambia]]|predecessor1=[[George Kunda]]|president1=[[Michael Sata]]|successor1=[[Inonge Wina]] (2015)|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|6|1}}|birth_place=[[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]], Batoka Province, [[Northern Rhodesia]] {{small|(present-day [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]], [[Zambia]])}}|death_date=|death_place=|spouse={{marriage|[[Charlotte Harland Scott]]|1994}}|children=4|alma_mater=[[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[University of Sussex]]<br />[[University of Oxford]]|term_start=29 October 2014|term_end=25 January 2015|term_start1=23 September 2011|term_end1=29 October 2014}} '''Guy Lindsay Scott''' (wakababika pa 1 Juni 1944) ni ndyali wa ku [[Zambia]], uyo wakachitanga mulimo wa President wa Zambia kufuma mu 2014-15, ndipo wakaŵa Vice President kufuma mu 2011-14. Scott wakazgoka President wakuchitapo kanthu pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata pa 28 October 2014.<ref name="phd">{{cite news|last=Laing|first=Aislinn|date=29 October 2014|title=I am Africa's first white democratic leader, says Zambian vice-president|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11195196/I-am-Africas-first-white-democratic-leader-says-Zambian-vice-president.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=Cape Town|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2014|title=Cabinet appoints Guy Scott as Interim President – reaction from Gen Miyanda|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/10/29/cabinet-appoints-guy-scott-acting-president-reaction-gen-miyanda/|newspaper=[[Lusaka Times]]|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe mulongozgi wakwamba wa caru wa ku Europe mu Africa kwambira pa F. W. de Klerk mu 1989, ndipo ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuŵa na boma lakusoleka mwa demokilase.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/29/world/africa/zambia-white-president/|title=Zambia's Guy Scott makes history as white president in sub-Saharan Africa|last=Karimi|first=Edith|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=29 October 2014}}</ref> == Umoyo na masambiro == Guy Lindsay Scott wakababika pa Juni 1, 1944, mu tawuni ya Livingstone, iyo yikaŵa ku mphepete mwa charu cha Northern Rhodesia (sono ni Zambia). Awiske, Alec Scott, ŵakaŵa dokotala uyo wakafumako ku Glasgow, Scotland, UK mu 1927 na kuluta ku Northern Rhodesia kukagwira nchito pa njanji ya Cecil Rhodes, apo amama ŵake Grace, ŵakafuma ku England mu 1940. Scott ni munung'una wa Alexander "Sandy" Scott, wasayansi wakumanyikwa, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Beverton Medal cha Fisheries Society of the British Isles mu 2014 chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita pa sayansi ya somba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/30/zambians-dont-care-about-president-guy-scott-skin-colour-white|title=Zambians don't care about our new president's skin colour|author=Namwali Serpell|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=5 November 2014|date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FSBI Information: The Medals |url=http://www.fsbi.org.uk/information/medals/ |access-date=4 October 2017 |publisher=[[Fisheries Society of the British Isles]]}}</ref> Mu ma 1950, adada ŵake ŵakaŵa mamembala gha pharalamende ya Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, ŵakimiranga Lusaka nga ndi Independent. Ivyo Scott wakachitanga pa nkhani za ndyali vikakhwaskika comene na adada ŵake, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ndipo ŵakambiska manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakalweranga wanangwa wa charu.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Guy Scott of Zambia now sub-Saharan Africa's only white head of state |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-zambia-president-20141029-story.html |access-date=5 October 2017 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Scott wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha ku pulayimale na sekondare ku sukulu ya Springvale School na Peterhouse Boys' School, ndipo wose ŵakaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (uko sono ni Zimbabwe). Wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku England, uko wakasanga digiri ya vyachuma mu 1965 ku Trinity Hall, koleji ya Cambridge University. Pamanyuma, Scott wakawelera kukwake kuti wakateŵetere mu boma la Zambia, uko wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa vya ndalama. Pa nyengo iyi, wakaŵaso movwiri wa mulembi wa magazini yinyake yakucemeka The Business and Economy of East and Central Africa. Mu 1970, Scott wakambiska bizinesi ya vyakurya yakuchemeka Walkover Estates, iyo yikaŵa na vyakurya vyakuzirwa nga ni tirigu wakunkhizgika, mabulosi, na vyakurya vinyake. Ma strawberries agho ghakupangika na Walkover Estates kanandi ghakaŵanga mu mashopu gha ku Sainsbury. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni bwana muwemi uyo wakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha uko wakakhalanga. Paumaliro, Scott wakawelera ku England kuti wakalutilire masambiro ghake pa Yunivesite ya Sussex, uko wakasambira vya umanyi na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Nkhani yake ya udokotala yikaŵa ya mutu wakuti "Local and global interpretation of moving images".<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=D.Phil.|last=Scott|first=Guy L.|year=1986|title=Local and global interpretation of moving images|publisher=University of Sussex|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373294}}</ref> Pamanyuma wakasambira vya maroboto pa yunivesite ya Oxford.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brady|first1=M.|last2=Brint|first2=A.|last3=Dickson|first3=W.|last4=Foulkes|first4=P.|last5=McIvor|first5=A.|last6=Scott|first6=G.|date=24 January 1989|title=Vision and the Oxford Autonomous Guided Vehicle|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/197757|journal=IEE Colloquium on Computer Vision for Robotics|pages=5/1–520}}</ref><ref name="phd" /> == Ntchito ya ndale == Mu 1990, Scott wakanjira mu gulu la Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa Chairman wa Agriculture Committee pa ungano wakwamba wa chipani. Wakasankhika kuŵa mphala ya malango ya Mpika Central pa tikiti ya MMD ku National Assembly pa chisankho cha 1991 ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhika kuŵa Minister of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. Wakalongozga ndondomeko zinandi zakunozga vinthu ndipo wakaŵa na mulimo wa kumazga "civuŵa ca mu vilimika 100" mu Janyuwale na Febuluwale 1992. Mu Zambia mukaŵavya vyakurya vyakukwana, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa, ntheura pakakhumbikwanga kunozga mwaluŵiro vyakurya ivi kuti vifike mu Zambia. Wakalongozgaso mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya mu 1992-93. Kweni pa Epulero 15, 1993, pulezidenti Chiluba wakamuchimbizga.<ref>Jacqueline Audrey Kalley, Elna Schoeman & Lydia Eve Andor (1999) ''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997'' Greenwood Publishing Group, p703</ref> Mu 1996, Scott wakafumapo mu MMD kuti wapange chipani cha Lima pamoza na Ben Kapita, purezidenti wa ZNFU. Wakachitiska kuti chipani cha Lima na vipani vinyake vyasazgikane pamoza, kusazgapo chipani cha Zambia Democratic Congress cha Dean Mungomba. Mu 2001, wakawelera ku ndyali na kunjira chipani cha Patriotic Front, wakawelera ku National Assembly wati wasankhika kuŵa MP wa Lusaka Central mu 2006 general election.. === Wapampando Wachiŵili kwa mlongozgi charu === [[File:President_Obama_Chats_With_Mozambique's_President_Guebuza_and_Zambia's_Vice_President_Scott.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Obama_Chats_With_Mozambique's_President_Guebuza_and_Zambia's_Vice_President_Scott.jpg|thumb|Guy Scott attending the [[:en:United_States–Africa_Leaders_Summit|United States–Africa Leaders Summit]].]] Chisankho cha purezidenti chinachitika pa 20 September 2011, ndipo zotsatira zomaliza zomwe zidatulutsidwa pa 23 September 2011 zidawonetsa kuti mtsogoleri wa Patriot Front, Michael Sata, adapambana pa MMD's Rupiah Banda ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Scott wakalapizga kuŵa Vice-President wa Republic of Zambia pa 29 September 2011, mulongozgi wakwamba wa mzungu wa Zambia kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo wakasankhikira, nyuzipepara ya The Guardian yikati Scott wakati: "Nkhaŵa kuti nkhugomezga kale kuti caru ca Zambia cikuzgoka caru ca ŵanthu ŵanandi. Maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ghakusintha: ŵakukhalapo waka yayi na kughanaghanira ivyo vikaŵa viheni mu muwuso wa ŵanthu". Wakayowoyapo pa ungano uwo wakacita mu 2012 na mulara munyake wa boma la United States. Pulezidenti George W. Bush (uyo wakupeleka wovwiri ku mawupu ghakupambanapambana mu Zambia), wakati, "para ŵakanilongora kuti ndine wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakuteta".<ref name="Dr Scott">{{cite web |date=10 March 2012 |title=Dr Scott, I presume? |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/7699583/dr-scott-i-presume/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125657/http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/7699583/dr-scott-i-presume/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=16 March 2013 |work=[[The Spectator]]}}</ref> === Acting President === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata pa 28 Okutobala 2014, Scott wakazgoka mulongozgi wa chalo kwa nyengo yakujumpha mazuŵa 90 mpaka apo mavoti ghaphya ghachitikirenge kuti ofesi iyi yikwane, nga umo fundo ya 38 ya Dango la Zambia yikukhumbira. Pakuti fundo ya ŵapapi mu ndime 34 ya Dango la Zambia yikukhumba kuti ŵapapi ŵa wose ŵa awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa chalo ŵaŵe "Ŵa Zambian pakubabika panji kufuma ku fuko linyake", chifukwa ŵapapi ŵake mba ku Scotland na ku England, Scott wakawonekanga kuti wangakwaniska yayi kwimilira pa udindo uwu pa chisankho cha January 2015. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵikika na Pulezidenti Frederick Chiluba kuti Kenneth Kaunda ∙ uyo awiske ŵakababikira mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi ∙ waleke kuŵa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Zambia, ilo likadumura mulandu wakuyana waka mu 1998, likate limukhozgerenge kuti waŵe wakwenelera. Ndipouli, Scott wakajipeleka yayi pakuŵa pulezidenti wa chipani chake cha Patriotic Front. Pa Novembala 3, 2014, Scott wakamuchimbizga Edgar Lungu pa udindo wa Secretary General wa Patriotic Front; kweni wakamuwezgerapo zuŵa lakulondezgapo, pamanyuma pa viwawa vya mu misewu ku Lusaka. Pa Disembala 17, 2014, Scott wakakana mafoni kufuma ku mamembala gha nduna za boma agho ghakamupempha kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake. Lungu, uyo wakaŵa wakwimilira wa PF, wakathereska pa chisankho cha mu Janyuwale 2015 ndipo wakasankha Scott kuŵa purezidenti wa 6 wa Zambia pa 25 Janyuwale 2015.<ref>Matthew Hill, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-25/edgar-lungu-sworn-in-as-president-of-zambia-in-lusaka.html "Zambian Ruling Party's Edgar Lungu Inaugurated as President"], Bloomberg, 25 January 2015.</ref> === Post-Presidency === Scott wakaleka chipani cha PF pambere mavoti gha 2016 ghandambe. Mu chaka cha 2021, wakanjira chipani cha United Party for National Development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2021 |title=Former VP Dr Guy Scott joins UPND |url=https://zambianews365.com/former-vp-dr-guy-scott-joins-upnd/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=ZambiaNews365.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817123155/https://zambianews365.com/former-vp-dr-guy-scott-joins-upnd/ |archive-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2019 Scott wakafumiska buku la Adventures in Zambian Politics: A Story in Black and White, buku lakulongosora mbiri ya Zambia na umoyo wake wa ndyali. == Umoyo wa munthu == Scott wakatora dokotala wakubabika ku Britain, Charlotte Harland Scott, mu viphikiro ivyo vikachitikira ku Lusaka Civic Centre mu 1994.<ref name="jz">{{cite news|first=Jack|last=Zimba|title=Interview – Charlotte Scott: I was the cheekiest child|url=http://jackjzimba.blogspot.com/2014/11/charlotte-scott-i-was-cheekiest-child.html|work=Jack Zimba|date=20 November 2014|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Sono ŵakukhala ku Lusaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=A look at British-born Zambian Economic and Social Development Specialist Dr. Charlotte Harland Scott |url=http://rainbownewszambia.com/2020/01/26/a-look-at-british-born-zambian-economic-and-social-development-specialist-dr-charlotte-harland-scott/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Rainbow news zambia |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154507/http://rainbownewszambia.com/2020/01/26/a-look-at-british-born-zambian-economic-and-social-development-specialist-dr-charlotte-harland-scott/ |archive-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Zambia : Kambwili visits ailing Guy Scott, declares his readiness for 2021 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2020/01/22/kambwili-visits-ailing-guy-scott-declares-his-readiness-for-2021/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=LusakaTimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Scott wali na nthenda ya Parkinson.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Adventures in Zambian politics : a story in black and white|last=Scott, Guy (Guy Lindsay), 1944–|isbn=9781626377592|location=Boulder, Colorado|oclc=1044772938|year=2019}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|q=no|b=no|n=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=Q153986|display=Guy Scott}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141208205408/http://www.pf.org.zm/index.php/leadership/dr-guy-scott-vice-president Profile] on the party website * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00r3qkr Interview] on BBC Hardtalk {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Kunda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=2011–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Inonge Wina]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Michael Sata]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Zambia]]<br />Acting|years=2014–2015}} {{s-aft|after=[[Edgar Lungu]]}} {{s-end}}{{ZambianPresidents}}{{ZambianVicePresidents}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Ŵandyali ŵa Chipani cha United National Independence Party (Zambia)]] sxdfs2tgo1w31bbuhu4swlhffknvvdu 0 25791 122517 79522 2026-09-28T00:50:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|President of Zambia (2015–2021)}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} '''{{Infobox officeholder|name=Edgar Lungu|office=6th [[ President of Zambia]]|image=Edgar-Lungu 2021.jpg|caption=Lungu mu 2021|predecessor=[[Guy Scott]] ({{small|acting}})|successor=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]|vicepresident=[[Inonge Wina]]|party=[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] {{small|(current)}}|office1=[[Ministry of Defence (Zambia)|Minister of Defence of Zambia]]|president1=[[Michael Sata]]<br />Guy Scott|predecessor1=[[Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba]]|successor1=[[Davies Chama]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|11|11}}|birth_place=[[Ndola]], Loangwa, [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] {{small|(present-day [[Copperbelt Province]], [[Zambia]])}}|death_date=|death_place=|spouse={{marriage|[[Esther Lungu]]<br />|1986||end=}}|children=6|alma_mater=[[University of Zambia]]|education=[[Mukuba secondary school]]|term_start=25 January 2015|term_end=24 August 2021|term_start1=24 December 2013|term_end1=25 January 2015}}''' '''Edgar Chagwa Lungu''' (wakababika pa 11 Novembala 1956) ni wandale wa ku [[Zambia]] uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa 6 wa Zambia kwambira pa 25 Janyuwale 2015 mpaka 24 Ogasiti 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2016-08-15|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-24|title=Zambia Defence Minister Lungu wins presidential election|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30970952|access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref> Pa nyengo ya Pulezidenti [[Michael Sata]], Lungu wakaŵa Minisita wa vya Malango na Minisita wa vya Chitetezo. Pamasinda pa nyifwa ya Sata mu Okutobala 2014, Lungu wakapokeleleka ngati wakuyimira wa Patriotic Front ku Convention of the [[Patriotic Front]] ku [[Kabwe, Zambia|Kabwe]], pa chisankho chapulezidenti cha Januware 2015, icho chikawa kumanya uyo wazamutumikila ku mbali ya Sata. Mu chisankho, wakathereska mwaluŵiro munthu wakususka [[Hakainde Hichilema]] ndipo wakamba kuwusa pa 25 January 2015. Lungu wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 2016, wakathereska Hichilema. Pakwamba Hichilema wakasuska ivyo vikachitika ndipo wakachita apilu ku Khoti la Vyamalango. Kweni pa Seputembala 5, khoti likakana mulandu uwu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clare |first1=Spencer |last2=Zane |first2=Damian |date=5 September 2016 |title=Africa Live: Zambia election challenge dismissed, Somalia suspends Kenya khat fights |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-36883332and |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=bbc.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>Lungu wakapika mazaza ghakwamba pa 13 September 2016. Mu chaka cha 2021, Lungu wakathereskeka na mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition uyo wakawungana nyengo yitali Hakainde Hichilema (uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake mu 2015 na 2016), pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa [[Electoral Commission of Zambia]] wapharazga kuti Hichilema watonda pa chisankho cha president chaka chenechicho.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mfula|first=Chris|title=Zambia opposition leader Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election|publisher=Reuters|date=16 August 2021|url=http://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/|accessdate=16 August 2021}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwambilira == [[File:Edgar_Lungu_January_2015.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Lungu_January_2015.jpg|thumb|Edgar Lungu mu Janyuwale 2015]] Lungu wakababika pa 11 November 1956 ku [[Ndola Central Hospital]]. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake pa yunivesite ya Zambia mu 1981, wakalembeska ku kampani ya malango ya Andrea Masiye and Company ku [[Lusaka]]. Pamanyuma pake wakasambira vya usilikari ku [[Miltez, Kabwe|Miltez]] ku Kabwe pasi pa [[Zambia National Service]] (ZNS). Kufuma apo, wakawelera ku nchito yake. Pamanyuma wakamba kuchita ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-09 |title=Spotlight on Zambia's President Edgar Lungu |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/3261/spotlight-on-zambias-president-edgar-lungu/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Lungu wakababika pa 11 November 1956 ku Ndola Central Hospital. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake pa yunivesite ya Zambia mu 1981, wakalembeska ku kampani ya malango ya Andrea Masiye and Company ku Lusaka. Pamanyuma pake wakasambira vya usilikari ku Miltez ku Kabwe pasi pa Zambia National Service (ZNS). Kufuma apo, wakawelera ku nchito yake. Pamanyuma wakamba kuchita ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zambian Watchdog |date=29 July 2010 |title=LAZ suspends MISA lawyer Edgar Lungu |url=https://zambia.co.zm/news/headlines/2010/07/29/laz-suspends-misa-lawyer-edgar-lungu/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607145928/https://zambia.co.zm/news/headlines/2010/07/29/laz-suspends-misa-lawyer-edgar-lungu/ |archive-date=7 June 2020}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Pambuyo poti chipani cha PF chiwine chisankho cha 2011, Lungu adakhala nduna yaying'ono mu ofesi ya Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti. Pamanyuma pake wakakwezgeka kuŵa Minister of Home Affairs pa 9 July 2012. Wakazgoka Minister of Defence pa 24 December 2013 pamanyuma pakuti Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba wafumapo pa udindo wake, ndipo wakachitanga mulimo wa acting President apo President Michael Sata wakalwara nyengo yitali mu 2013-14. Wakaŵaso na maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu chipani chake, kusazgapo mulongozgi wa Komiti yikuru ya PF pa Discipline, ndipo wakazgoka Secretary General wa PF na Minister of Justice pa 28 August 2014 kuti wanjire mu malo mwa Wynter Kabimba, uyo wakachimbizgika. Maofesi agha ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri pa gha vya kuvikilira. Pa 19 Okutobala 2014, Sata wakaluta ku caru cinyake kuti wakapwelelereke, ndipo Lungu ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga caru uku iyo kulije. Sata wakafwa pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Wupu Wakulongozga Dr. Guy Scott wakatora udindo wa President Acting, ndipo Lungu wakawonekanga nga ni yumoza wa awo ŵakakhumbanga kutolera malo gha Sata pa chisankho cha president. Pa Novembala 3, 2014, Mubali Dr. Guy Scott wakamuchimbizga Lungu pa udindo wa Secretary General wa PF. Wakamusintha na Davis Mwila, mulara wa Chipili. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Scott wakawezgerapo Lungu. Pa Novembala 30, Lungu wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa Patriotic Front pa ungano wa chalo wa chipani ichi uwo ukachitikira ku Kabwe, Zambia. Ndipouli, ungano uwu ukaŵa wapadera cifukwa kukaŵavya kuvota. M'malo mwake, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakamusora mwa kuwuska mawoko. Umo mzinda ukawonekeranga pa ungano wa kujura Pa 20 Janyuwale 2015, Lungu wakathereska Hakainde Hichilema wa chipani cha United Party for National Development na mavoti ghakukwana 27,757 (1.66%), apo 32.36% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeska ŵakachitako. Wakasoleka na wupu wakuwona vya mavoti wa Zambia pa 24 January.<ref name=":0" /> === Kumalizga nyengo ya Sata (2015~2016) === Lungu wakapika udindo wa President wa Zambia pa 25 January 2015 pa National Heroes Stadium ku Lusaka. Mwezi wakulondezgapo, Lungu wakacicizga mulongozgi wa banki ya ku caru cose kuti waleke nchito na kulayizga kuti wapikenge ndalama zinandi. Wakasora Inonge Wina kuŵa Vice-President wakudanga wa mwanakazi wa Zambia. Mu Malichi 2015 Lungu wakawa apo wakachitanga nkhani yakukumbukira Zuŵa la Ŵanakazi ku Lusaka. Wakati wakhalamo nyengo yicoko waka mu cipatala ca ku Zambia, wakacitika opareshoni mu Pretoria, South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Edgar Lungu collapse: Zambian president 'needs treatment abroad' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31795526 |access-date=3 January 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2015 |title=Zambia's president recovering after surgery in South Africa |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-lungu-surgery-idUSL6N0WG02620150314 |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Lungu wakasintha vyeruzgo vya nyifwa vya ŵakayidi 332 kuŵa vyeruzgo vya umoyo wose pa 16 Julayi 2015 ndipo wakadandawura chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵakayidi mu jele la Mukobeko, ndipo wakati "ntchimbundi ku ŵanthu". Mu Okutobala 2015, Lungu wakalangura kuti paŵe zuŵa la lurombo kuti ŵaleke kunanga chomene chuma. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa visopa na ŵandyali nawo ŵakiza, ndipo maungano ghanyake ghakaleka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-19 |title=Zambia : Zambians mark the day of National Prayers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2019/10/19/zambians-mark-the-day-of-national-prayers/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=LusakaTimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Prayer Day in Zambia in 2021 |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/zambia/national-prayer-day |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Office Holidays |language=en}}</ref> === Nyengo yakwamba (2016~2021) === [[File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(1).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Lungu na Pulezidenti wa Russia [[Vladimir Putin]], 26 July 2018]] Lungu wakaluta ku mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016 ndipo wakawina pa mavoti gha mu 2015 pakati pa Lungu na Hakainde Hichilema. Lungu wakathereska mavoti 50.32% pa mavoti ghose agho wakapokera. Kweniso wakathereska Hichilema na mavoti 100,530, panji 2.72%. Hichilema wakakana kuzomera kuti wathereskeka pamanyuma pakuti ma results gha boma ghapharazgika ndipo wakalemba petition ku Constitutional Court, kupempha kuti ma results ghaleke kugwira nchito cifukwa ca viheni ivyo vikacitika. Khoti likadumura mulandu uwu pa 5 September 2016 ndipo Lungu wakasankhika pa 13 September kuti waŵe na nyengo yakufiska vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambian court dismisses presidential election challenge |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/zambian-court-dismisses-presidential-election-challenge/641359 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2016-09-05 |title=Zambian court throws out election petition case, Lungu to hold inauguration |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/09/05/zambian-court-throws-out-election-petition-case-lungu-to-hold-inauguration/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2019, Lungu wakayowoya mazgu ghakwimikana na LGBT, wakati "Nanga ni vinyama vikuchita yayi, chifukwa wuli ise tikwenera kuchichizgika kuchita nthena?... chifukwa tikukhumba kuwoneka nga ndise ŵamahara, ŵasambizgi, na ŵakusazgikira".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50630026|title=US diplomat 'threatened' in Zambia gay rights row|date=2019-12-02|access-date=2019-12-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Lungu wakatorana na Esther Lungu mu 1986 ndipo wali na ŵana 6, kusazgapo Tasila Lungu, uyo ni mphala ya malango ya Chawama (wakasoleka mu 2021). Iyo na mbumba yake Mbakatolika ŵakugomezgeka.<ref name="zdm">{{cite news|title=Lungu is a kind man|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=75667|work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]|date=9 August 2016|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> == Mabuku == Against All Odds, buku la Lungu ilo wakalemba [[Anthony Mukwita]], mulembi wa nkhani wa ku Zambia, wakalilemba pa 5 January 2017.<ref name="post1">{{cite news|title=Against All Odds: Zambia's President Edgar Chagwa Lungu's Rough Journey to State House|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/against-all-odds-anthony-mukwita/1125443683|date=5 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="post2">{{cite news|title=Against All Odds - Paperback (by Anthony Mukwita (Author))|date=5 January 2017|isbn=978-1482877243|last1=Mukwita|first1=Anthony}}</ref> <ref name="post11">{{cite news|title=Lungu's Rough Journey to State House goes global|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lungus-rough-journey-to-state-house-goes-global/|date=9 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="post20">{{cite news|title=Mukwita Says Book On Pres. Lungu's Journey To Plot One Selling Like Hot Cake|url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/03/11/mukwita-says-book-pres-lungus-journey-plot-one-selling-like-hot-cake/|date=11 March 2017|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190554/https://zambiareports.com/2017/03/11/mukwita-says-book-pres-lungus-journey-plot-one-selling-like-hot-cake/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Buku ili likaŵa lakwamba kuguliskika ku Barnes & Noble ndipo likaŵa buku lakwamba la ku Zambia lakukhwaskana na mulongozgi wa boma ilo likaŵa pa London Book Fair ku Hammersmith.<ref name="post1" /><ref name="post2" /><ref name="post13">{{cite news|title=Against All Odds: Zambia'S President Edgar Chagwa Lungu'S Rough Journey to State House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMPkDQAAQBAJ|date=5 January 2016|isbn=9781482877250|last1=Mukwita|first1=Anthony}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Edgar_Lungu|List of international presidential trips made by Edgar Lungu]] == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Ukaboni == * {{YouTube|gUfu7f8awuE|2015 Campaign video}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Guy Scott]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Zambia|President of Zambia]]|years=2015–2021}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]}} {{s-end}}{{Edgar Lungu}}{{ZambianPresidents}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Ŵandyali ŵa Chipani cha United National Independence Party (Zambia)]] 80f3g3ol872uvuxxcpnhcyz8cxlbw5g 0 25796 122570 71759 2026-09-28T01:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = La Quinta | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Village <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/3586491364 | title=Node: ‪La Quinta‬ (3586491364) }}</ref> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Photo of La Quinta | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = Quinta, Quinto, Poblado la Quinta | motto = | image_map = Villa_Clara_Map_-_La_Quinta_(Camajuaní).png | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of La Quinta (Red) in Camajuaní (Orange) in Villa Clara (Yellow) | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|30|30|N|79|45|46|W|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara Province|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = Municipality | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 0.3153 | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2012 Census | population_total = 1026 <ref name="2605005__la_quinta">{{cite web | url=https://citypopulation.de/en/cuba/villaclara/camajuan%C3%AD/2605005__la_quinta/ | title=La Quinta (Camajuaní, Villa Clara Province, Cuba) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 3,254/km² <ref name="2605005__la_quinta"/> | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''La Quinta''', wakucemekaso '''Quinta''', '''Quinto''', na '''Poblado la Quinta''' ni tawuni yichoko iyo muli ŵanthu 1,026 mu [[Camajuaní|Camajuani]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. Matawuni ghapafupi agha ni Romano, La Mano, Piedra, Aguijón, Matilde Blanquizal, na La Flora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Cities near Quinta in Villa Clara, Cuba |url=http://www.gomapper.com/travel/list-of-cities-near/quinta-villa-clara-cuba-0.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043816/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/list-of-cities-near/quinta-villa-clara-cuba-0.html |archive-date=2023-04-17}}</ref> == Mbili == [[Juan Bruno Zayas]], uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakupambana na Boma ya ku Cuba]], wakakhalanga mu La Quinta, ndipo pamanyuma wakamba kukhala mu [[Vega Alta, Cuba|Vega Alta]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuando Las Villas entró a la historia |url=https://www.juventudrebelde.cu/cuba/2010-04-27/cuando-las-villas-entro-a-la-historia |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.juventudrebelde.cu |language=es}}</ref> Kufikira [[1976]] La Quinta wakaŵa [[San Antonio de las Vueltas]] Municipality. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Antonio de las Vueltas |url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vsanantonio/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=www.guije.com}}</ref> == Masambiro == La Quinta wali na sukulu yimoza: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * Andrés Cuevas == Chuma == Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ya Camajuani, La Quinta ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> Wupu wa La Estrella uli na Villa Clara ku La Quinta, Camajuani, [[Aguada de Moya]], San Antonio de las Vueltas, na [[Taguayabón]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Equipo de Producción |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Agricultura |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegacion-municipal-de-la-agricultura |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní |language=es-es}}</ref> Ku La Quinta, Taguayabón, San Antonio de las Vueltas, na [[Vega de Palma]], kuli malo ghakukwana 13 ghakusonkherako ndalama. Kweniso ku La Quinta kuli fakitare yinyake ya Twisted Factory na malo ghakusungiramo mazira. Munthu uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa malo agha wakaŵa Carlos Quintanal Feito. <ref name=":0"/> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba]] aq7thwmwj8le1au7co1rukfdbhr2yix 0 25815 122563 119265 2026-09-28T01:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Kitwe | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = City | motto = Lets Build Us A City | image_skyline = Kitwe cityscape2 - Flickr.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = View towards the City of Kitwe, Zambia | image_flag = Kitwe_Flags.gif | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagdeco|ZAM}} [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province|Copperbelt]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Copperbelt Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kitwe District|Kitwe]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = Mayor-Council | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Christopher Kang'ombe | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 census | population_footnotes = | population_demonym = Kitwean | population_note = | population_total = 517,543 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|12|49|S|28|12|E|region:ZM|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = 0212 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.658<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#FFD215|Medium}} | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = [http://www.kcc.gov.zm/ Kitwe City Council] | footnotes = }} '''Kitwe''' ni msumba ukuru comene wacitatu mu [[Zambia]] (panyuma pa Lusaka na Ndola) ndiposo msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Zambia (panyuma pa Lusaka). Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 517 543 (2010 census provisional). Ku mpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu kuli migodi yinandi.<ref name="Google">[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 2007.</ref> Kitwe yili mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt ndipo yili na matawuni na malo gha ku mizi nga ni Parklands, Riverside, Buchi, Chimwemwe, Kwacha, Nkana East, Nkana West, Garneton, Ndeke, Miseshi, Wusakile, Mindolo, Chachacha na Race Course. Nyengo zinyake msumba uwu ukuchemeka Kitwe-Nkana. Nkana wakafuma ku zina la Mulara Nkana wa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiLamba mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Malo ghake ghakukwana matawuni gha Kitwe, Mufulira, Kalulushi-Chibuluma na Chambishi. Kitwe yili na masukulu gha boma na ghapadera agho ghakuphatikizapo Lechwe School, Mpelembe Secondary School, Kitwe Boys Secondary School, Parklands Secondary School, Mukuba Secondary School, Nkana Trust School na Helen Kaunda Secondary School. Kweniso ku Zambia kuli yunivesite ya Copperbelt University, iyo ni yunivesite yaciŵiri pa yunivesite zose mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Copperbelt University |url=https://www.cbu.ac.zm/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www.cbu.ac.zm |language=en}}</ref> == Mbili == Zina lakuti Kitwe likufuma ku lizgu Lachilumba lakuti Ichitwe (mutu ukuru), cifukwa pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kupanga vinthu mu vyaru ivi, Ŵalumba ŵakasanga mutu wa njovu yakufwa. Msumba wa Kitwe uli mu cigaŵa ca Mulara Nkana. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵavya migodi apo migodi yikambanga mu m'ma 1930. Kitwe yikapangika mu 1936 kumpoto kwa Zambia apo njanji yikazengekanga na kampani ya Cecil Rhodes. Pakwamba, likapangika kuti liŵe chigaŵa chakusazgako ku malo ghakusangirapo mkuwa ku Nkana. Nkana ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa cha migodi ya mkuwa iyo yikaŵa pafupi, ndipo Kitwe wakamba kukura chomene mu vyaka ivi. Mu 1937, nthowa yikuru ya Railways ya ku Rhodesia yikafika mu tawuni iyi, ndipo yikendanga m'paka ku Bulawayo, mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka [[Zimbabwe]]. Mzere uwu ukafika ku DR Congo, ndipo kufuma kura ukakhwaskana na Benguela Railway ku Atlantic port ya Lobito ku Angola, uko kukaŵa vyakurya vinyake vya mkuwa ivyo Zambia yikaguliskanga kweni sono kulije. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu ma 1950, Kitwe yikakura kufuma ku tawuni yichoko chomene kuya ku msumba ukuru waciŵiri mu Zambia, ndipo yikaŵa msumba mu 1966. Kufuma apo, malo agha ghakazgoka malo gha vyamalonda, ndipo pamasinda ghakazgoka gha ulimi. Chifukwa chakuti msumba uwu uli pakati pa chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwuzenga. == Migodi == {{Main|Mining in Zambia}} Mu Kitwe ndimo muli migodi yinandi, kusazgapo migodi ya mkuwa ya Mopani. Ku Kitwe kuli mkuŵa, cobalt, na smaragd. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli Nkana Cobalt Plant, umoza mwa migodi yikuru comene mu Africa. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa 1 km kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kitwe. Mina ya Nkana ndiyo njakunyang'amira comene mu Zambia. Lili na migodi yiŵiri pasi pa mamita 1,300 na migodi yitatu yakujulika. Pa malo agha, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mabomba gha cobalt kuti ŵapange visulo vya cobalt. Ku Nkana, mkuwa na cobalt vikupangika kufuma ku malo ghankhondi: migodi yinayi ya pasi, Mindola North Shaft, Mindola Sub Vertical Shaft, Central Shaft, South Ore Body (SOB) Shaft na migodi yakujulika iyo yili mu Nkana Oxide Cap. Pano pali mazina gha makampani gha migodi mu Kitwe (kufika mu 2019), * Mopani Copper Mines Nkana Cobalt Plant * Konkola Copper Mines Copper Refining Plant * EC Mining * Grizzly Mining * Kagem Mining Ltd * African Mining Consultants * Sandvik Mining * AAC Mining Executors Ltd Such a concentration of mining companies makes Kitwe the mining hub of Zambia == Ma Kampani == Ku Kitwe kuli makampani ghanandi agho ghakupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba uwu ukupangiska vinthu vinandi nga ni vyakurya, visulo, vinthu vya magesi na vyamagesi, vinthu vya makemikali, maofesi gha munthavi na vinyake vinandi. Makampani ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa ni SCAW Limited, Piggot Maskew Limited, na Monarch. == Kuyowoya == === Njanji === Kitwe wali ku mphelerekezgo ya Zambia Railways ya ŵanthu kufuma ku Livingstone, Lusaka na Ndola, kweni katundu wakuluta ku matawuni gha migodi kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi. === Misewu === Msewu ukuru wa Copperbelt (T3 Highway) ukufuma kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi mu msumba uwu, m'paka ku Ndola (mwakuyana na msewu unyake) kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na Chingola (mwakuyana na msewu unyake) na Chililabombwe kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msewu wa laterite (M7 Road) ukufika kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kalulushi na Kasempa.<ref name="ITM">Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> === Malo gha Ndege === Malo gha ndege gha Southdowns ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 12 kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi kweni ghakupokelera maulendo ghanandi yayi. Mu 2005, ndege iyi yikajalika kuti yinozgeke, ndipo yikajulika mu 2008. Ndege ya Ndola yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 50 kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo yikwenda maulendo gha ndege kufuma ku Lusaka, Solwezi, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, na [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="Google" /> == Masambilo == === Sukulu === A student and teacher exchange programme was introduced in 1999 with teacher exchange visits by [[:en:Kingsmead_School,_Wiveliscombe|Kingsmead Community School]] in [[:en:Wiveliscombe|Wiveliscombe]], England with two Kitwe schools – Helen Kaunda High School and Mukuba High School. This started a series of partnerships between Zambian schools such as Chamboli, Mukuba, Ndeke Secondary, Ndeke Basic, Kitwe Boys, Kitwe Basic, Wesely Nyerenda, Fatima, Nkana High, etc. and UK schools, and there are now over 30 such school partnerships. Students from Kingsmead paid a visit to the Kitwe schools in 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051112165259/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=8&id=1123874431 "Zambia/UK student partnerships fostering multi-cultural relations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112165259/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=8&id=1123874431|date=12 November 2005}}, Gethsemane Mwizabi, [[Times of Zambia]], 2005</ref> Kitwe has a number of private schools, six being: '''Kitwe International School''' is a privately owned international school with a campus in Nkana West at plot 10, 9th Avenue, off Boma Street. It offers quality tuition in sciences and arts. It also offers tuition for degree programs especially to students studying by distance. It offers consultancy services in project proposals and dissertation writeup. The school became operational on 1 June 2012: '''Lechwe School''' ni sukulu yikuru comene mu msumba uwu. Ili ni sukulu ya caru cose, ndipo likusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sekondare, na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa masambiro ghapachanya. Sukulu ya Lechwe yili na visopa vinandi, ntheura palije visambizgo vinandi vya cisopa, kweni pali masambiro ghanandi gha masambiro gha ku sekondare. Sukulu iyi yikumanyikwa na ndondomeko yiweme ya kulanga ŵana na milimo yinandi yakufumapo pa sukulu nga ni chess, table tennis, volleyball, basketball, tennis, squash, rugby, hockey, football, cricket, athletics, swimming, softball, netball, handball, baseball, rounders, a Duke of Edinburgh program, and martial arts. Sukulu ya Lechwe yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha maluso gha ŵana ŵake: wakuseŵera Ellen Hight wakayimira Zambia pa maseŵera gha ku Summer Olympic mu 2000, ŵakuseŵera Andre na Ursula Kuenzli ŵakayimira Zambia pa maseŵera gha Commonwealth mu England mu Julayi 2002, Jacob Mulenga wakaseŵera pa timu ya mpira wa ku Zambia, ndipo wakuseŵera Jade Howard wakayimira Zambia pa FINA World Championship. Eppa Tembo, uyo wakuchita maseŵero gha chesi, wakayimira charu cha Zambia pa maseŵero gha pa charu chose mu 2008. '''Mpelembe Secondary School''' Sukulu iyi njimoza mwa masukulu ghakurughakuru mu msumba uwu. Likupeleka masambiro gha ku Zambia na masambiro gha ku Cambridge. Pa sukulu 10 zakwamba chomene mu Zambia, Mpelembe yili na masukulu ghanandi chomene agho ghakupokelera ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa kilasi la 8 na 10. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakujipeleka ndipo ŵakulembeka ŵakujumpha 150. Mpelembe wali na mapulogiramu gha viyezgelero vya Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate. Ŵasambiri awo ŵakufiska masambiro agha ŵakuluta ku yunivesite za ku United Kingdom, United States, Canada, South Africa, na vyaru vinyake vyakutukuka. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku Mpelembe ŵakutemwa chomene masukulu agha: University of Manchester, Birmingham, UMIST, Imperial College, Leeds University. Sukulu ya Migodi ya ku Camborne ndiyo yikovwira ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakusambira vya migodi. Pa sukulu iyi pakaŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakasambiranga makora chomene. Ŵasambiri aŵa ŵali na wupu wakuchemeka MESA [Mpelembe Ex-Students Association] uwo ukupeleka wovwiri ku ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakukhumba kusambira mu kilasi la 10 na 12. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Mpelembe ŵali palipose pa caru cose ndipo ŵakuteŵetera mabungwe ghakupambanapambana, kwambira ku maboma mpaka ku Google. '''Nkana Trust School''' ni sukulu iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu, ya pulayimale, na ya sekondare. Likupeleka masambiro gha ku Zambia. Sukulu ya Nkana Trust School yikumanyikwa kuti njimoza mwa masukulu gha maseŵero na masambiro ghapachanya chomene mu msumba uwu na mu charu chose. Ŵana ŵa sukulu za Nkana Trust ŵakuŵa na vilato viwemi chomene pa viyezgelero vyaumaliro vya kilasi la nambara 7 kweniso vya kilasi la nambara 10 na 12. Nkana trust, panji kuti Kitana trust, yikupangiska kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa nga ni themba la Zambia la vyakusekeska na mulongozgi wa mafilimu, Bob Nkosha. '''Elim Primary School''' ni sukulu yichoko iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu na masambiro gha ku pulayimale (pre-school and primary school) ku Zambia (makamaka Macmillan na Longman), ndipo yikupeleka masambiro gha kuskamba na maseŵero gha maseŵero ghankhongono kanayi pa sabata. Nangauli sukulu iyi njakutowa, kweni yikupeleka mafumbo ghanandi gha mu kilasi la nambara 7. [[File:St_John_Convent_School_Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_John_Convent_School_Kitwe.jpg|thumb|350x350px|St John's Convent Catholic School in Kitwe.]] '''St. Johns Convent School''' Sukulu iyi njimoza mwa masukulu ghakurughakuru gha Katolika mu chigaŵa ichi, sukulu iyi yikupeleka masambiro gha kusukulu, masambiro gha ku pulayimale na masambiro gha ku sekondare kuyana na masukulu gha ku Zambia. Sukulu iyi yikambiska na kwendeska na ŵadumbu ŵa Yohane Mubatizi (Ŵabatizini). '''Sukulu ya Kawama Pentecostal Holiness Schoo'''l (yakuti yinganangika yayi na sukulu ya Kawama School mu Kamitondo) pasono yikuzengeka na sukulu ya Cranleigh School mwakukolerana na bungwe la UK, Beyond Ourselves. Sukulu iyi yili ku Kitwe, mu cigaŵa ca Kawama. Mu Ogasiti 2011, ŵana ŵa sukulu 17 ŵa ku Cranleigh School ŵakagwiliskira ntchito masabata ghaŵiri kuti ŵajare nyumba ya vipinda vinayi. Ulendo unyake wa ku sukulu ya Cranleigh ukunozgekera mu Okutobala 2011 na cilato cakuti nyumba ya sukulu iyi yimare kuzengeka na kujurira sukulu yiphya ku ŵana ŵa sukulu 210 (awo pasono ŵakusambira mu nyumba ya mpingo wa cipinda cimoza) mu Janyuwale 2012. Ntchito ya kuzenga iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito na ndalama izo zikawuskika pa ungano wa Sponsored Walk uwo ukacitika mu cihanya ca 2010, ndipo uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wambiro wa ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa Cranleigh na Kawama School. Sukulu ya Cranleigh sono yikugwira nchito ya kupanga pulogiramu ya kovwira ŵana ku Kawama iyo yizamupeleka malipiro ku ŵantchito (kuti ŵafiske masambiro ghawo) pamoza na cakurya ca mise ndiposo yunifomu ya sukulu kwa mwana waliyose. Ndondomeko ya vyakurya iyo yikupeleka chakurya njakuzirwa comene cifukwa yikovwira ŵanakazi ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti ŵagwirenge nchito mu khichini, kweniso yikovwira kuti ŵana ŵaryenge cakurya cimoza zuŵa lililose. Mu cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na HIV na AIDS, ndipo ŵana ŵanandi ŵakumwa munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi, ntchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵaryenge makora. Sukulu ya Cranleigh sono yikukhumba kovwira ŵana wose awo ŵakusambira pa sukulu ya Kawama. Ŵakucita nthena kwizira mu kuŵeyelera ŵapapi, ndiposo mu makampeni agho ghakucitika mu nyumba yiliyose ya ŵana. Ku Kitwe kuli sukulu ya migodi, Konkola Trust School, iyo yikusambizga ŵanthu ŵakugwilira nchito mu migodi ya mkuwa; ndiposo gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege ilo likusambizga ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa ndege pafupi na malo ghakuwonelerapo. Gulu ili lili pa malo agho pakaŵa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kitwe. === Universities, Colleges and Institutes === Kitwe has three universities: '''[[:en:Copperbelt_University|CBU (Copperbelt University)]]''' is a public university that was initially the Zambia Institute of Technology (ZIT), then part of [[:en:University_of_Zambia|UNZA (University of Zambia)]] (oddly, as University of Zambia, Ndola campus, "UNZANDO"). It was separated and established as an independent institution in 1987. It is one of the biggest universities in the country as it has 5,000 students and 600 members of staff. The university is organised under a lifelong education directorate and ten schools namely:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programmes |url=http://www.cbu.edu.zm/index.php/programs# |access-date=2016-06-03 |website=www.cbu.edu.zm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525231635/http://www.cbu.edu.zm/index.php/programs |archive-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> * School of [[:en:Built_environment|Built Environment]] * School of Business * School of Engineering * Dag Hammarskjöld Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies * School of Mathematics and [[:en:Natural_science|Natural Sciences]] * School of Medicine * School of Communication, Information, and Technology * School of [[:en:Natural_resource|Natural Resources]] * [[:en:Distance_education|Distance Education]] * [[:en:Graduate_school|Graduate Studies]] '''[[:en:Copperstone_University|Copperstone University]]''' a privately owned university, located in the adjacent [[:en:Luanshya_District|Luanshya District]] on the [[:en:T3_road_(Zambia)|Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway]]. '''[[:en:Zambia_Catholic_University|Zambia Catholic University]]''' a private university owned and run by the Zambia Episcopal Conference is located in [[:en:Kalulushi_District|Kalulushi]], 15.2&nbsp;km (15 minutes drive) from the city of Kitwe. '''[[:en:Mukuba_University|Mukuba University]]''' formerly known as Copperbelt Secondary Teachers' College (cosetco), has had the important specialized function of training teachers of Science, Mathematics and Home Economics for the nation's secondary schools, a task it has performed since it was first opened by the Ministry of Education in 1974. The city is also home to many colleges and institutes. KCE (Kitwe College of Education) opened in 1935 – formerly called KTTC (Kitwe Teachers' Training College) – The largest Primary teachers' College in Zambia. Currently, It offers certificates in Primary and Pre-school teachers' education. From 2011 it will start offering diploma courses in primary teachers Education. '''ZIBSIP (Zambia Institute of Business Studies and Industrial Practice)'''-an institute that provides Business courses. '''Kitwe Community Development Staff Training College--- A government institution, officially opened in September 1966, that provides training in Community Development''' === Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation === The Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation, founded in 1958, in Mindolo Township, Kitwe. Mindolo is an interdenominational center that serves as a place of worship, study, consultation and reconciliation. The campus includes: * [[:en:DMI_St._Eugene_University|DMI-St. Eugene University]], Kitwe centre.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160716171935/http://www.dmisteugene.org/] * Africa Literature Center * [[:en:YWCA|Young Women's Christian Association]] * United Church of Zambia Theological College * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230428071651/http://teezambia.org/ Theological Education by Extension in Zambia (TEEZ)] * St. John's Anglican Seminary * A peace training programme called "The Dag Hammarskjöld 'Messengers of Peace' Training Programme" * It used to host the "Africa Literature Centre (ALC)" a journalism school co-sponsored by churches that drew its students across African countries and the Americas. It was established in 1958, under the name All Africa Christian Literature Centre, as a pan-African institution specializing in the training of African journalists, writers and artists. Currently widely known as Africa Literature Centre for Art and Journalism Training and as Pan-African School for Journalism and Art, but closed in 1998 due to financial difficulties. The Dag Hammarskjöld 'Messengers of Peace' Training Programme is run by the Foundation. The objectives of this bi-annual two-week training programme are: * To spread information and knowledge of conflict resolution at different levels of society in Africa and the world; * To promote a culture of peaceful conflict resolution among people. In addition to this two-week training programme, the Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation (MEF), which executes the programme, offers a three-month Peace Certificate covering conflict analysis, conflict resolution, human rights, training of trainers, mediation skills, restorative justice and non-violent strategies. A nine-month Peace Certificate in conflict resolution, peace-building, computer training and democracy is also offered. == Health care == Kitwe has a good health care system. Dentist surgeries include: * Sinozam hospital * Wusakile Mine Hospital * Tejani's Surgery * Esthetix Optical clinics include: * Kitwe central hospital (State Hospital) Other health facilities and Hospitals include: * Wusakile Mine Hospital * Hillview Medical Centre * Company Clinic * Progress Hospital * Kitwe Central Hospital * Sinozam Hospital * Lubambe Medical Centre * Kitwe Polyclinic * Ndeke Village Hospital == Demographics == === Population === Kuyana na boma la Kitwe City Council, ku Kitwe kukaŵa ŵanthu 24 peresenti mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt mu 2019. Wupu wa United Nations World Population Prospects ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Kitwe mu 2021 chikaŵa 710,000 apo wupu wa Zambia Statistics Agency ukati chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa 738,320. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. === Religion === [[File:Churches_in_Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churches_in_Kitwe.jpg|thumb|350x350px|St Margaret's church of [[:en:United_Church_in_Zambia|United Church in Zambia]] (right) and Catholic parish of Sacred Heart run by [[:en:Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual|Conventual Franciscans]] (left), on the corner of Obote Avenue and Independence Avenue.]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kitwe, pafupifupi 98.5%, Mbakhristu kweni paliso magulu ghanyake nga Mbasilamu na Ŵahindu. Paliso Ŵasikh, Ŵajaini, na Ŵayuda. {| class="wikitable" !Religion !Population !Percentage |- |Christians |538,995 |98.5% |- |Muslims |7,400 |1.4% |- |Other |600 |0.6% |} === Nationality === Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku [[Europe]] kuluska mu msumba unyake uliwose wa ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kitwe ŵalipo 2% ŵa ku Europe, 1% ŵa ku Asia, hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, na 1.5% ŵa ku Africa. Apo ntchito ya migodi yikambanga mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chigaŵa cha Luapula, chigaŵa cha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lambas ŵakakhumbanga yayi kugwira ntchito iyi. Ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni ŵa ku Tanzania na Malawi. Mazuŵa ghano, mu tawuni ya Kitwe muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghose gha ku Zambia na ŵamitundu yinyake. Kuyana na boma la Kitwe City Council, ku Kitwe kuli ŵanthu 24 peresenti mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. == Vinthu Vyakumanyikwa vya Kitwe == * Obote Ave [[:en:Market_(place)|Market]]: arts and crafts stalls, including copper craft items.<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723075524/http://www.cbu.edu.zm/ Copperbelt University] * Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation Campus * Kitwe Central Hospital * [[:en:Nkana_FC|Nkana FC]] * Nkana Golf Club * [[:en:Power_Dynamos_FC|Power Dynamos FC]] * [[:en:Kitwe_United_Football_Club|Kitwe United Football Club]] * [[:en:Arthur_Davies_Stadium|Arthur Davies Stadium]] * [[:en:Chisokone_Market|Chisokone Market]] * [[:en:Nkana|Nkana Mine]] * [[:en:Ek_Park|Ek Park]], a [[:en:Cricket|cricket]] ground which in 1962 played host to two [[:en:First-class_cricket|first-class]] matches, which are to date the only first-class matches to have been played anywhere in Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ground profile: Ek Park, Kitwe |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/92/1811.html |access-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> * Eureka Tech Solutions Limited – The one-stop technical services company, a key player in the economy and image of the Kitwe town. Also known for services and aid to orphanages, widows, churches and support of underprivileged people/communities and organizations. == Around Kitwe == === Sightseeing === The [[:en:Landscape|landscape]] around Kitwe is an attractive mix of gently undulating woodland, [[:en:Dambos|dambos]], farmland and rivers such as the [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue River]] flowing along Kitwe's eastern and southern edges. * Mindolo Dam 7&nbsp;km west of the city centre towards [[:en:Kalulushi|Kalulushi]] has a boating club, motorcross racing track, canoeing, table tennis, a dam, a good field for picnicking, [[:en:Swimming_pool|swimming pool]] and bar.<ref name="Spectrum" /> * Mwekwera Falls 9&nbsp;km south east just off the Kitwe-Ndola freeway, with a small lake and fish farms. The falls are small but scenic with an attractive pool below.<ref name="Spectrum" /> * Chembe Bird Sanctuary 20&nbsp;km west on the Kasempa Road has a small lake surrounded by woodland and is excellent for birdwatching, fishing, camping and picnics. The shady lake shore has campsites with a communal amenities block, firewood, and water. Boats are available for hire and fishing is permitted. It is run by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209202456/http://www.wcsz.org.zm/ Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia].<ref name="Spectrum" /> * Kumasamba Lodge, a lodge that has a swimming pool and facilities such as fishing, picnicking and boating. There are a variety of animals that can be seen including crocodiles, pythons, cobras and monitor lizards. There is a big forest where people can move around seeing some other animals such as lions etc. === Recent development === Kitwe wali na malo ghakusungirako vinthu ghatatu: Copper Hill (pa msewu wa Kitwe-Chingola), Mukuba Mall (mu Parklands pa malo ghakale gha Kitwe zoo) na ECL Business Park (Freedom Park). Mukuba Mall yikajulika mu Epulero 2015 na pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu. Malo ghanyake ghakuzengera mu msumba uwu. Malo agha ghakeneranga kujura mu 2014, ndipo ntchito ya kuzenga yikamba na kumara kanandi waka. Mu Meyi 2016, ntchito zidayambiranso ndipo mu Disembala 2018, malo ogulitsira adatsegulidwa mwalamulo ndipo adatchulidwanso (kutengera Purezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia : Edgar Chagwa Lungu Business Park Commissioned |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/12/29/edgar-chagwa-lungu-business-park-commissioned/ |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=LusakaTimes.com}}</ref> == Ma banki == Kitwe is [[:en:Commerce|commercially]] rich as almost all banks in Zambia have at least one branch in Kitwe. The following banks are in Kitwe. * [[:en:Access_Bank_Zambia|Access Bank]] * [[:en:Ecobank|Eco Bank]] * [[:en:Investrust_Bank|Investrust Bank]] * [[:en:Bank_of_China|Bank of China]] * [[:en:Cavmont_Bank|Cavmont Capital Bank]] * [[:en:Zambia_National_Commercial_Bank|Zanaco]] * [[:en:Atlas_Mara_Bank_Zambia_Limited|Atlas Mara Bank]] * [[:en:First_National_Bank_(South_Africa)|First National Bank]] * National Saving and Credit Bank * [[:en:Indo-Zambia_Bank_Limited|Indo-Zambia Bank]] * [[:en:Intermarket_Bank|InterMarket Bank]] * [[:en:Stanbic_Bank|Stanbic Bank]] * [[:en:Standard_Chartered|Standard-Chartered Bank]] * [[:en:Absa_Group_Limited|Absa Group Limited]] * Corporative Bank * [[:en:First_Alliance_Bank_Zambia_Limited|First Alliance Bank]] * African Commercial Bank * [[:en:United_Bank_for_Africa_Zambia_Limited|UBA Zambia]] [[File:Shopping_Street_Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shopping_Street_Kitwe.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Shopping area in the city centre. Independence Avenue – between Obote Avenue and Matuka Avenue.]] Kitwe is home to local and international stores and restaurants, including: * [[:en:Shoprite_(South_Africa)|Shoprite]] * [[:en:Pick_n_Pay_Stores|Pick 'n' Pay]] * [[:en:Game_(South_Africa_brand)|Game]] * Hungry Lion * [[:en:Spur_Steak_Ranches|Spur Steak Ranches]] * [[:en:Nando's|Nando's]] * [[:en:Wimpy_(restaurant)|Wimpy]] * Keg and Coppersmith [[:en:List_of_shopping_centres_in_Zambia|Mukuba Mall]] is the largest shopping centre (mall). == Market == Kitwe has a variety of markets. The two major ones are:{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} * Chisokone Market, located near Matuka Avenue, one of the largest and oldest in the city. * Obote Market, located behind Chisokone Market, has art and craft stalls including copper craft items. * Nakadoli Makert, located in Chimwemwe suburb along the Chingola road. * Chamboli Market == Known personalities == * [[:en:Denise_Scott_Brown|Denise Scott Brown]], American architect, planner, writer, educator. * [[:en:Jane_Ohlmeyer|Jane Ohlmeyer]], Irish historian. * [[:en:Richie_Boucher|Richie Boucher]], former [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|Chief Executive]] of the [[:en:Bank_of_Ireland|Bank of Ireland]]. Born and raised in Kitwe to [[:en:Irish_people|Irish]] parents, his father being from [[:en:Dublin|Dublin]] and his mother being from [[:en:County_Cavan|County Cavan]]. * [[:en:Rainford_Kalaba|Rainford Kalaba]], footballer. * [[:en:Blaaze|Blaaze]], Hip-hop rap singer, he is from M9 Lubambe Centre a.k.a. LUBZ. * [[:en:Frederick_Chiluba|Frederick Chiluba]], 2nd President. * [[:en:Jacob_Mulenga|Jacob Mulenga]], footballer. * [[:en:Kennedy_Mweene|Kennedy Mweene]], [[:en:Goalkeeper_(association_football)|goalkeeper]] of the Zambian football team. * [[:en:Zeddy_Saileti|Zeddy Saileti]], ex-footballer and football coach. * [[:en:Edgar_Chagwa_Lungu|Edgar Chagwa Lungu]], 6th [[:en:President_of_Zambia|President of Zambia]]. * [[:en:Ronald_Kampamba|Ronald Kampamba]] [[:en:Nkana_Football_Club|Nkana Football Club]] [[:en:Striker_(association_football)|Striker]]. * [[:en:His_Worship|His Worship]] [[:en:Christopher_P_Kang'ombe|Christopher P Kang'ombe]] Current Kitwe [[:en:Mayor|Mayor]]. == Twin towns – sister cities == Kitwe's has five [[:en:Twin_towns_and_sister_cities|twin towns and sister cities]]: * {{flagicon|ROU}} – [[:en:Baia_Mare|Baia Mare]], [[:en:Romania|Romania]] * {{flagicon|SRB}} – [[:en:Bor,_Serbia|Bor, Serbia]] * {{flagicon|UK}} – [[:en:Sheffield|Sheffield]], [[:en:South_Yorkshire|South Yorkshire]], England, United Kingdom * {{flagicon|USA}} – [[:en:Detroit,_Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]], United States * {{flagicon|BRA}} – [[:en:Ponta_Grossa|Ponta Grossa]], [[:en:Paraná_(state)|Paraná]], [[:en:Brasil|Brasil]] == See also == * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Zambia|Railway stations in Zambia]] == Ukaboni == <references responsive="0"></references> == Kuwalo == {{Commons category|Kitwe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043522/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/maps/nkana_kitwe/ Historical, vector-based map of Nkana-Kitwe, 1961] * https://www.britannica.com/place/Kitwe * https://www.zambiatourism.com/towns/copperbelt/kitwe/ * https://www.zambia-info.org/country/town/1325/kitwe * https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g789429-Kitwe_Copperbelt_Province-Vacations.html {{Coord|12|49|00|S|28|12|00|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}{{Authority control}}{{Largest cities of Zambia}} gmvj8hue8w8pfax88ywumzmgte5wlk9 0 25823 122719 112537 2026-09-28T03:39:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Geografic division of Angola}} [[Angola]] walikugawika mu vigawa 18,ndipo mu chi Phwitikizi vikuchemeka kuti ''províncias'': {| style="width:100%; background:transparent;" |- valign="top" | {|map = Angola Province Map.svg | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |-bgcolor=#ACE1AF !Makhalilo !Chigaŵa !Msumba Ukulu !Area (km²) <ref>[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930004212/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx |date=2016-09-30 }}</ref> !Population <br> (2014 Census)<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |df=dmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2019 }}</ref> !Region |- |[[File:Bengo in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Bengo, Angola|Bengo]] |[[Caxito]] |align="right"|15,506 |align="right"|356,641 |Greater Luanda |- |[[File:Benguela in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Benguela, Angola|Benguela]] |[[Benguela]] |align="right"|31,788 |align="right"|2,231,385 |Central |- |[[File:Bié in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Bié, Angola|Bié]] |[[Cuíto]] |align="right"|70,314 |align="right"|1,455,255 |Central |- |[[File:Cabinda in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Cabinda, Angola|Cabinda]] |[[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]] |align="right"|7,270 |align="right"|716,076 |North |- |[[File:Cuando Cubango in Angola.svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Cuando Cubango, Angola|Cuando Cubango]] |[[Menongue]] |align="right"|199,049 |align="right"|534,002 |East |- |[[File:Cuanza Norte in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Cuanza Norte, Angola|Cuanza Norte]] |[[N'dalatando]] |align="right"|24,190 |align="right"|443,386 |Greater Luanda |- |[[File:Cuanza Sul in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Cuanza Sul, Angola|Cuanza Sul]] |[[Sumbe]] |align="right"|55,660 |align="right"|1,881,873 |Central |- |[[File:Cunene in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Cunene, Angola|Cunene]] |[[Ondjiva]] |align="right"|89,342 |align="right"|990,087 |South West |- |[[File:Huambo in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Huambo, Angola|Huambo]] |[[Huambo]] |align="right"|34,274 |align="right"|2,019,555 |Central |- |[[File:Huila in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Huíla, Angola|Huíla]] |[[Lubango]] |align="right"|75,002 |align="right"|2,497,422 |South West |- |[[File:Luanda in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Luanda, Angola|Luanda]] |[[Luanda]] |align="right"|18,283 |align="right"|6,945,386 |Greater Luanda |- |[[File:Lunda Norte in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Lunda Norte, Angola|Lunda Norte]] |[[Dundo]] |align="right"|102,783 |align="right"|862,566 |East |- |[[File:Lunda Sul in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Lunda Sul, Angola|Lunda Sul]] |[[Saurimo]] |align="right"|45,649 |align="right"|537,587 |East |- |[[File:Malanje in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Malanje|Malanje]] |[[Malanje]] |align="right"|97,602 |align="right"|986,363 |North |- |[[File:Moxico in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Moxico|Moxico]] |[[Luena, Moxico Province|Luena]] |align="right"|223,023 |align="right"|758,568 |East |- |[[File:Namibe in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Namibe, Angola|Namibe]] |[[Moçâmedes]] |align="right"|58,137 |align="right"|495,326 |South West |- |[[File:Uíge in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Uíge, Angola|Uíge]] |[[Uíge]] |align="right"|58,698 |align="right"|1,483,118 |North |- |[[File:Zaire in Angola (2024).svg|100px]] |[[Chigaŵa cha Zaire, Angola|Zaire]] |[[M'banza-Kongo]] |align="right"|40,130 |align="right"|594,428 |North |} | [[File:Angola, administrative divisions - en - colored (2024).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Provinces of Angola]] | {{Ndyali ku Angola}} |} ==Wonaniso== *[[List of provinces of Angola by Human Development Index]] *[[Municipalities of Angola]] * [[Communes of Angola]] * [[ISO 3166-2:AO]], the ISO codes for Angola. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Mabuku== * {{cite book|title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 |author= Gwillim Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |location=US |isbn=0786407298 |chapter=Angola |pages=27–29 |year=1999 }} {{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of African countries}} {{Provinces of Angola}} {{Angola topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Provinces of Angola| ]] [[Category:Subdivisions of Angola]] [[Category:Lists of administrative divisions|Angola, Provinces]] [[Category:Administrative divisions in Africa|Angola 1]] [[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|Provinces, Angola]] [[Category:Angola geography-related lists]] <!--Categories--> |} f8irkl0no034021p3awuv4znaixa82g 0 25844 122592 71994 2026-09-28T01:56:03Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Zimbabwe-geo-stub}} '''Chibungwe''' ni mapiri gha ku [[Zimbabwe]]. Malo agha ghali mu [[chigaŵa cha Midlands]], kumwera kwa charu ichi, makilomita 400 kumwera kwa Harare, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. <ref name = "gn7374568">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=7374568|name=chibungwe}} Chibungwe] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2012-01-21; database download sa 2017-02-28</ref> ==Malo== Nyengo yake njakuthukira na ya chiwuvi. Pafupipafupi kutentha kwake nkhakukwana 24 °C. Mwezi wakotcha chomene ni Okutobala, 30 °C, ndipo wakuzizima chomene ni Juni, 17 °C. Pa avereji, pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene. Mu Janyuwale, kukaŵa vula ya mamita 157, ndipo mu Julayi kukaŵa vula ya mamita 1. <ref name = "koppen">{{cite journal |last= Peel|first= M C|last2= Finlayson|first2= B L|date= |title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher= |volume= 11|issue= |pages= 1633-1644|doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016}}</ref> <ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|archive-date= 2020-05-11}}</ref> <ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 Enero 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|archive-date= 2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |- |{{climate chart | Chibungwe | 21| 36| 157 | 20| 33| 94 | 19| 29| 89 | 17| 28| 34 | 13| 28| 6 | 11| 23| 8 | 10| 25| 1 | 14| 30| 2 | 16| 37| 5 | 19| 40| 35 | 20| 38| 49 | 21| 36| 129 |float=left |clear=left |source = <ref name = "nasa"/> }} |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} i22gnqcyc4xsehnzvqu921as70w59zm 0 25880 122668 72272 2026-09-28T02:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Phiri la Mpande | map = Zambia#Eastern Province#Chasefu }} '''Phiri la Mpande''' ni phiri mu [[Zambia]]. Mpande yili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 600 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa Lusaka. Malo ghakuzingilizga Mpande ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,027 (mamita 63,40) na mtunda wa makilomita 1.1 kumwera kwa Mpande.<ref name="nasapop">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090306/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu Mpande mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene, ndipo mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene.<ref name="nasalandcover">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/MODIS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090356/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha Mpande, mapiri ghakaŵa ghakuzizwiska. Nyengo njakuthwa chomene kweniso njakuthwa chomene. Nyengo ya chihanya yikusintha na kufika 23 °C. Mwezi wa Okutobala ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 31 °C, ndipo mwezi wa Malichi ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 20 °C.<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Mvula yikukwana pafupifupi mamilimita 1,060 pa chaka, ndipo mu mwezi wa January yikukwana mamilimita 315 pa chaka, ndipo mu Juni yikukwana mamilimita 1.<ref name="nasarain">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |archive-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |{{climate chart|Mpande|19|22|315|18|22|284|16|23|161|19|24|59|17|25|2|15|25|1|16|27|2|17|32|2|19|38|1|22|40|11|22|37|54|21|26|167|float=left|clear=left|source=<ref name = "nasa"/>}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} [[Category:Mapiri gha Zambia|Mpande]] {{Boma la Chasefu (Mapiri)}} {{zambia-geo-stub}} 24hsdnmfw3jodhzuj1tlanfaj30x3o4 0 25882 122591 72273 2026-09-28T01:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Mapiri a Mafupasi | map = Zambia#Eastern Province#Chasefu }} '''Mapiri a Mafupasi''' ni maphiri mu [[Zambia|Zambiya]]. Mpande yili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 600 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa Lusaka. Malo ghakuzingilizga Mpande ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,027 (mamita 63,40) na mtunda wa makilomita 1.1 kumwera kwa Mpande.<ref name="nasapop">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090306/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu Mpande mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene, ndipo mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene.<ref name="nasalandcover">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/MODIS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090356/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha Mpande, mapiri ghakaŵa ghakuzizwiska. Nyengo njakuthwa chomene kweniso njakuthwa chomene. Nyengo ya chihanya yikusintha na kufika 23 °C. Mwezi wa Okutobala ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 31 °C, ndipo mwezi wa Malichi ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 20 °C.<ref name="nasa2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Mvula yikukwana pafupifupi mamilimita 1,060 pa chaka, ndipo mu mwezi wa January yikukwana mamilimita 315 pa chaka, ndipo mu Juni yikukwana mamilimita 1.<ref name="nasarain2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |archive-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |{{climate chart|Mpande|19|22|315|18|22|284|16|23|161|19|24|59|17|25|2|15|25|1|16|27|2|17|32|2|19|38|1|22|40|11|22|37|54|21|26|167|float=left|clear=left|source=<ref name = "nasa"/>}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} [[Category:Mapiri gha Zambia|Mafupasi]] {{Boma la Chasefu (Mapiri)}} {{zambia-geo-stub}} m9pswbhrjjxnt8hj0xkw42ejz0ma22r 0 25885 122667 73681 2026-09-28T02:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Phiri la Manda | map = Zambia#Malawi#Eastern Province#Northern Region#Chasefu#Mzimba }} '''Phiri la Manda''' ni phiri la [[Zambia]], ilo lili ku mphaka ya [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Ili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 700 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Lusaka]]. Malo ghakuzingilizga Mpande ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,027 (mamita 63,40) na mtunda wa makilomita 1.1 kumwera kwa Mpande.<ref name="nasapop2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090306/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu Mpande mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene, ndipo mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene.<ref name="nasalandcover2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/MODIS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090356/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha Mpande, mapiri ghakaŵa ghakuzizwiska. Nyengo njakuthwa chomene kweniso njakuthwa chomene. Nyengo ya chihanya yikusintha na kufika 23 °C. Mwezi wa Okutobala ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 31 °C, ndipo mwezi wa Malichi ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 20 °C.<ref name="nasa2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Mvula yikukwana pafupifupi mamilimita 1,060 pa chaka, ndipo mu mwezi wa January yikukwana mamilimita 315 pa chaka, ndipo mu Juni yikukwana mamilimita 1.<ref name="nasarain2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |archive-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |{{climate chart|Mpande|19|22|315|18|22|284|16|23|161|19|24|59|17|25|2|15|25|1|16|27|2|17|32|2|19|38|1|22|40|11|22|37|54|21|26|167|float=left|clear=left|source=<ref name = "nasa"/>}} |} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mapiri gha Zambia|Manda]] [[Category:Mapiri gha Malaŵi|Manda]] [[Category:Manda Hill]] [[Category:Boma la Chasefu]] {{Boma la Chasefu (Mapiri)}} {{zambia-geo-stub}} {{malawi-geo-stub}} cdmv32aq2opv5ldesrd8tntbyw9t47z 0 25898 122666 72464 2026-09-28T02:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Phiri la Kampakata | map = Zambia#Malawi#Eastern Province#Chasefu#Mzimba }}'''Phiri la Kampakata''' ni phiri la [[Zambia]], ilo lili ku mphaka ya [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Ili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, mtunda wa makilomita 700 kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Lusaka]]. Malo ghakuzingilizga Mpande ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,027 (mamita 63,40) na mtunda wa makilomita 1.1 kumwera kwa Mpande.<ref name="nasapop2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090306/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu Mpande mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene, ndipo mukaŵa chigaŵa cha mapiri ghakuru chomene.<ref name="nasalandcover2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/MODIS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090356/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archive-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha Mpande, mapiri ghakaŵa ghakuzizwiska. Nyengo njakuthwa chomene kweniso njakuthwa chomene. Nyengo ya chihanya yikusintha na kufika 23 °C. Mwezi wa Okutobala ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 31 °C, ndipo mwezi wa Malichi ukaŵa wakutowa chomene, pa 20 °C.<ref name="nasa2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Mvula yikukwana pafupifupi mamilimita 1,060 pa chaka, ndipo mu mwezi wa January yikukwana mamilimita 315 pa chaka, ndipo mu Juni yikukwana mamilimita 1.<ref name="nasarain2">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |access-date=30 Enero 2016 |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101843/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M |archive-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> {| |{{climate chart|Mpande|19|22|315|18|22|284|16|23|161|19|24|59|17|25|2|15|25|1|16|27|2|17|32|2|19|38|1|22|40|11|22|37|54|21|26|167|float=left|clear=left|source=<ref name = "nasa"/>}} |} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mapiri gha Zambia|Kampakata]] [[Category:Mapiri gha Malaŵi|Kampakata]] [[Category:Manda Hill]] [[Category:Boma la Chasefu]] {{Boma la Chasefu (Mapiri)}} {{malawi-geo-stub}} {{zambia-geo-stub}} nj5rmqj84c2axrnxmoa1unueun7daer 0 25997 122481 107045 2026-09-28T00:22:46Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}}{{short description|Province of Zambia}}{{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Luapula | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | city_logo = | citylogo_size = | image_map = Districts of Luapula Province Zambia.svg | mapsize = 277px | map_caption = Luapula Province showing its districts | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | seat_type = Capital | seat = [[Mansa, Zambia|Mansa]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = Provincial Administration | leader_title = Provincial Minister | leader_name = Derricky Chilundika | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 50567 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 991927 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | timezone = | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.520<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of Zambian provinces by Human Development Index|8th]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Chigaŵa cha Luapula''' ntchimoza mwa vigaŵa 10 vya [[Zambia]]. Chigaŵa cha Luapula chili na zina la Mlonga wa Luapula ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni Mansa. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2010 wa Zambia, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 991,927, ndipo ichi chikaŵa 7.57 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa Zambia. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) ndipo chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Luapula. Mu cigaŵa ici muli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, awo ndiwo ni fuko likuru comene mu caru ici. Chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Vyakurya vikuru ni vyakurya na somba. Ciphikiro ca Mutomboko nchakuzirwa comene pa viphikiro vyose. Maji gha Lumangwe Falls, Mumbuluma Falls, Mumbotuta Waterfalls, Kundabwika Waterfalls na Chilongo Waterfalls ndigho ni maji ghakuru. Msewu waukulu wa chigawochi ndi Samfya-Mansa-Mwansabombwe-Nchelenge msewu waukulu wotchedwa Zambia Way. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphaka na Mlonga wa Luapula, Nyanja ya Mweru na kumpoto kwa DR Congo. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80.5 pa 100 ŵali mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Mu tawuni iyi muli vimaji vikuruvikuru vinkhondi na viŵiri, vinyama vyamuthengere, na vinthu vinyake vya ku malo agha. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikusangika mu chigaŵa ichi ni manganese, lime, mkuwa, na visulo vyakuzirwa. == Mbili == [[File:Congo_Pedicle_map_showing_neighbouring_Zambia.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_Pedicle_map_showing_neighbouring_Zambia.png|alt=Map showing divide with borders of the country with Congo Pedicle|thumb|212x212px|Map showing the Congo Pedicle relative to the borders formed by the Luapula River and Congo-Zambezi watershed.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu dambo ili mukaŵa Ufumu wa Lunda wa Mwata Kazembe. Malire gha chigaŵa ichi pakati pa Zambia na DR Congo ghakaŵa ghakususkana kwa vyaka vinandi, kwambira mu 1894 m'paka m'ma 1960. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mbiri yitali yakususkana na boma la ŵakoloni. Kwambira mu 1950, pakaŵa magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakugaluka agho ghakawovwiranga African National Congress. Pambuyo pa ufulu, chigawochi chinali maziko a zigawenga za United National Independence Party (UNIP). Ku Laupula, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku charu cha DR Congo kweniso ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wakasora ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa ichi kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa panji ŵa mu komiti yikuru ya UNIP. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵakakhalira mu vigaŵa vinyake apo ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakasankhikanga kuŵa ŵalongozgi. Mwata Kazambe wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa chigaŵa cha chigaŵa ichi na pulezidenti mu ma 1980.<ref>[[Luapula Province#Gould|Gould 2002]], p. 321</ref> Frederick Chiluba, mulongozgi wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), uyo wakazgoka purezidenti wa Zambia mu 1991, wakapokera mazaza ghanandi mu nyengo ya mavoti gha 1991. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo mukaŵa njara iyo yikachitika mu 1991. Vyaru vikasuzgika comene mu cigaŵa ici cifukwa ca kulekeska wovwiri wa vyakurya na ndondomeko za ngongoli za ku mizi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphaka na Mlonga wa Luapula, Nyanja ya Mweru na kumpoto kwa DR Congo. Chigaŵa cha Congo Pedicle chili pakati pa chigaŵa ichi na chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, icho chili pakati pa mafakitale na malonda. Vinthu vikaŵa makora chifukwa cha kuzenga Luapula Bridge na msewu wa Samfya-Serenje. Msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi ni Mansa, ndipo ndiwo uli likuru la chigaŵa cha Mansa..<ref name="M68">[[Luapula Province#Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile 2010]], p. 68</ref> == Makhalilo == Chigaŵa ichi chili kufupi na DR Congo ndipo chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mlonga kufuma ku nyanja ya Bangweulu m'paka ku nyanja ya Mweru.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ieuan|last=Griffiths|title=The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=152|issue=2|date=July 1986|pages=204–216|doi=10.2307/634762|jstor=634762}}</ref> Congo Pedicle, chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Katanga mu charu cha DR Congo, icho chikunjira mu charu cha Zambia, chikuchipatura mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Chigaŵa ichi chili na mphaka na Northern Province kumafumiro gha dazi na Central Province kumafumiro gha dazi. Matawuni ghakuru mu chigaŵa ichi ni Samfya, Mansa, Nchelege na Mwamsombwe. Pafupifupi vigaŵa 40 pa 100 vya Luapula vili na maji ndipo pali milonga na nyanja zinandi. Mu tawuni iyi muli vinthu 8 ivyo vikukondweska. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikusangika mu chigaŵa ichi ni manganese, lime, mkuwa, na visulo vyakuzirwa.<ref>[[Luapula Province#IMF|International Monetary Fund]] 2007, p. 335</ref>{{Weather box|location=Luapula (Zambia)|metric first=Yes|single line=Yes|Jan high C=20.8|Feb high C=20.9|Mar high C=20.9|Apr high C=20.6|May high C=18.8|Jun high C=16.5|Jul high C=16.6|Aug high C=18.6|Sep high C=21.8|Oct high C=23.2|Nov high C=22.2|Dec high C=20.8|year high C=23.2|Jan record high C=27.1|Feb record high C=27.3|Mar record high C=27.4|Apr record high C=27.3|May record high C=26.7|Jun record high C=25.2|Jul record high C=25.2|Aug record high C=27.3|Sep record high C=30.4|Oct record high C=31.2|Nov record high C=29.2|Dec record high C=27.1|year record high C=31.2|Jan low C=16.8|Feb low C=16.8|Mar low C=16.6|Apr low C=15.4|May low C=12.3|Jun low C=9.1|Jul low C=8.6|Aug low C=10.4|Sep low C=13.5|Oct low C=16.1|Nov low C=16.9|Dec low C=16.8|year low C=8.6|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=22|Feb precipitation mm=18|Mar precipitation mm=17|Apr precipitation mm=7|May precipitation mm=1|Jun precipitation mm=0|Jul precipitation mm=0|Aug precipitation mm=0|Sep precipitation mm=0|Oct precipitation mm=4|Nov precipitation mm=15|Dec precipitation mm=22|year precipitation mm=106|source 1=<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather statistics for Luapula (Zambia)|url=http://www.yr.no/place/Zambia/Luapula/Mansa/statistics.html|year=2007|access-date=20 October 2016|publisher=Norwegian Meteorological Institute and Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|location=Norway|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020174209/http://www.yr.no/place/Zambia/Luapula/Mansa/statistics.html|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>|date=October 2016}} == Ŵanthu == {{Historical populations|1964|357000|1969|336000|1980|728775|1990|750542|2000|775353|2010|991927|align=left|footnote=Sources: * 1964–69:<ref>{{cite report|title=Census of population and housing, 1969 |publisher=Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia |location=Lusaka |year=1970 |ref=Census |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Census/2010/National/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |pages=A6–7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026014633/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Census/2010/National/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-26 }}</ref> * 1980–2000:<ref>{{cite report|title=Summary report for the 2000 Census of population|publisher=Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia|location=Lusaka|year=2003|page=6|url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/about_us/abt_publications.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014033205/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/about_us/abt_publications.htm|archive-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> * 2010:<ref name=c7/>}}Kuyana na kalembera wa 2010 wa Zambia, chigaŵa cha Luapula chikaŵa na ŵanthu 991,927 ndipo ichi chikaŵa 7.57 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Zambia 13,092,666. Pakaŵa ŵanalume 488,589 na ŵanakazi 503,338, ntheura pa ŵanalume 1,000, ŵanalume 1,030 ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ŵakaŵa 62.60 peresenti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya ŵakaŵa 80.39% ndipo awo ŵakakhalanga mu misumba ŵakaŵa 19.61%. Chigaŵa chose cha chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa 50,567 km2 (19,524 sq mi) ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ukaŵa 19.60 pa km2. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Zambia ŵakaŵa 19.60 pa chaka cha 2000.<ref>[[Luapula Province#Census|Census 2012]], p. 17</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi chikakwera na 2.50 peresenti. Ŵanandi ŵakutorana mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa na vyaka 20.3. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakalongozganga mbumba, ndipo ŵanalume ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakazomerezgeka kuvota mu chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa 65.40 peresenti. Cikaŵa ca 7.70 peresenti. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 7.3, chiŵelengero cha ŵana wose awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 6.5, chiŵelengero cha ŵana wose awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 39.0, chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 835, chiŵelengero cha ŵana wose awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 172, chiŵelengero cha ŵana wose awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 2.7 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana wose awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 1.8. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ŵakaŵa 58.60 peresenti. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira nchito, ŵanalume ŵakaŵa 66.2% ndipo ŵanakazi 51.7%. Kukura kwa ŵantchito pa chaka kukaŵa 1.9 peresenti. Chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo ili ŵalije khungu, sisi, panji maso. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa 2,278. Ŵanthu awo ŵakababikanga na umoyo utali ŵakaŵa na vyaka 45, kweni ku caru cose ŵanthu 51 ndiwo ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo. Chigaŵa cha Luapula ntchimoza mwa vigaŵa vikavu chomene mu Zambia. Mu 2010, ŵanthu 80.5% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu ndipo 64.9% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu chomene. Mu vigaŵa vyose, Luapula ndiyo yikaŵa na chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa pa nyengo ya nthumbo (infant mortality rate) cha 7.3, kweniso chiŵelengero chikuru chomene cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa pa nyengo ya nthumbo (infant mortality rate) cha 100 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakubabika.<ref>[[Luapula Province#Census|Census 2012]], p. 49</ref> == Maofesi gha vyachuma == {| class="toccolours" ! colspan="3" |HIV infected & AIDS deaths<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=AIDS and HIV statistics of Laupula Province |url=http://zambia.opendataforafrica.org/apps/atlas/Luapula/Number-of-AIDS-Deaths |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Zambia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=AIDS and HIV statistics |url=http://zambia.opendataforafrica.org/apps/atlas/Number-of-AIDS-Deaths |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Zambia}}</ref> |- |'''Year''' |'''HIV infected''' |'''AIDS deaths''' |- |1990 |6,971 |198 |- |1995 |32,447 |1,478 |- |2000 |46,293 |3,682 |- |2005 |49,798 |5,131 |- |2010 |51,211 |5,209 |} Kuyana na lipoti la kafukufuku wa vyalo vya mu 2014 ilo likalembeka na Central Statistical Office of Zambia, nchito yikuru iyo yikacitikanga mu cigaŵa ici yikaŵa somba. Msewu wa Samfya-Mansa-Mwansabombwe-Nchelenge, uwo ukumanyikwa kuti Zambia Way, ndiwo ni nthowa yikuru ya chigaŵa ichi. Nangauli chigaŵa ichi chili na vinthu vinandi, kweni ntcha ku mizi. Mu 2004, ŵanthu 79 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Chigaŵa chose cha vyakurya ivyo vyaseŵeka mu chaka cha 2014 mu chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa mahekitala 57,966.31 (143,237.9 acres) icho chikaŵa 3.06 peresenti ya chigaŵa chose icho chikaseŵeka mu Zambia. Vyakumera ivi vikapangika matani 150,029, ndipo vikaŵa 3.68 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikapangika mu caru ici. Mbuto ya mbatata ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu cigaŵa ici, yikaŵa na matani 11,356, panji kuti 7.56 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose vya mu caru. Mu 2004, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na masukulu gha pulayimale 527, na masukulu gha sekondare 20. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 15 awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakaŵa 527. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) lakuyowoya vya kuchepeska ukavu mu Zambia ilo likalembeka mu 2007, mu 2000 mu Zambia mukaŵa masukulu gha boma ghakujumpha 360, masukulu gha sekondare 18, koleji yimoza yakusambizgira ŵasambizgi, na koleji yimoza yakusambizgira ŵanthu vya malonda. Ntchito ku chigaŵa ichi zikalutilira kuchepa, kufuma pa 14.3 peresenti mu 1990 kufika pa 8.1 peresenti mu 2000. Ŵachinyamata ŵakagwiranga nchito yayi ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito yayi. Mu 2005, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵadokotala 30. Mu 2005, pa ŵanthu 1,000 mu chigaŵa ichi, 407 ŵakafwa na maleriya, ndipo 5,209 ŵakafwa na AIDS. Chigaŵa ichi chili na misewu ya makilomita 700 kufuma mu 2007. Makilomita 2,000 (1,200 mi) gha misewu yambura kujintha ghakukolerana na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya msumba uwu.<ref name="IMF336">[[Luapula Province#IMF|International Monetary Fund]] 2007, p. 336</ref> == Kulamulira == {| class="toccolours" |'''Profession'''<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Labour force survey |url=http://zambia.opendataforafrica.org/rgtzwag/labourforce-survey-2008-zambia?regionId=ZM-04 |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Zambia}}</ref> |'''% of working population''' |- |Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (by Industry) |10.50 |- |Community, Social and Personal |3.10 |- |Construction |3.10 |- |Electricity, Gas, and water |0.00 |- |Financial & Insurance activities |2.40 |- |Hotels and Restaurants |1.40 |- |Manufacturing |4.30 |- |Mining & Quarrying |0.90 |- |Transportation and Storage |3.20 |- |Wholesale & Retail Trade |4.80 |} Boma la chigaŵa likupangika kuti lilongozgenge waka vinthu. Chigaŵa ichi chikulongozgeka na nduna iyo yikusoleka na pulezidenti. Mulara wa boma wa chigaŵa ichi ni Secretary Permanent, uyo wakuchemeka na pulezidenti. Pali movwiri wa Secretary Permanent, ŵalongozgi ŵa maofesi gha boma na ŵateŵeti ŵa boma pa chigaŵa. Chigawo cha Luapula chili ndi zigawo khumi ndi chimodzi: Chigawo cha Chembe, Chigawo cha Chiengi, Chigawo cha Chifunabuli, Chigawo cha Chipili, Chigawo cha Kawambwa, Chigawo cha Lunga, Chigawo cha Mansa, Chigawo cha Milenge, Chigawo cha Mwansabombwe, Chigawo cha Mwense, Chigawo cha Nchelenge ndi Chigawo cha Samfya. Maofesi ghose gha chigaŵa ghakuyana waka na mazina gha vigaŵa. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli makonsili 11, ndipo waliyose wakuŵa na mwimiliri wake. Wose ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vitatu. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakusankhika kufuma mukati panji kuwaro kwa chigaŵa. Ofesi ya boma la chigaŵa yili mu malo ghose gha chigaŵa ndipo muli ŵalara ŵa boma la chigaŵa na awo ŵakuwona vya ndalama. Wupu uliwose ukupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vya mu cigaŵa, ndipo bajeti yawo yikuwunika na kupelekeka caka cilicose pamanyuma pa bajeti ya cilimika. Ŵabali awo ŵakusankhika na boma ŵakulipira malipiro yayi, kweni boma likuŵapa ndalama. Luapula ni cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vyaru vyamuthondo ndipo kulije matawuni panji maboma. Boma likupeleka milimo yakupambanapambana 63 ku makonsili, ndipo yinandi mwa milimo iyi njakuti ghakwendeskera vinthu vyapasi na boma. Mipingo yikwenera kupwelelera malo gha ŵanthu wose, malo ghakusungirako vinyama, malo ghakusungirako vyakurya, malo ghakusungiramo maji, malo ghakuseŵelerako, malaro, malo ghakusungiramo vinthu, malaibulale, nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu, na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vya maluso. Kweniso ŵakukolerana na maofesi gha boma kuti ŵawovwirepo pa vyakurya, kuvikilira vinthu vyakuthupi, kutumizga makalata, kupanga na kupwelelera vipatala, masukulu, na makoleji. Makonsili ghakunozga ndondomeko izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa vyose ŵaŵepo.<ref>{{cite report|title=The local government system in Zambia|url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Zambia.pdf|publisher=Common Wealth Local Government Forum|pages=218–220|access-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018234327/http://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Zambia.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> == Chikhalidwe ndi Ulendo == [[File:Lumangwe_falls_on_the_Kalungwishi_river_during_the_dry_season(September-October).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lumangwe_falls_on_the_Kalungwishi_river_during_the_dry_season(September-October).jpg|alt=Stream of water gushing out from a falls|left|thumb|250x250px|Maji gha Lumangwe]] Lumangwe Falls ili mu chigaŵa cha Mporokoso, Ntumbacushi Falls mu chigaŵa cha Kawambwa, Kabwelume Waterfalls pa Kalungwishi River, Mumbuluma Falls mu Mansa, Mumbotuta Waterfalls mu malo agho mukusangika milonga ya Mumbotuta na Luapula River, Kundabwika Waterfalls, Chilongo Waterfalls ili pa mtunda wa makilomita 85 (53 mi) kufuma ku Kawambwa boma. Malo ghanyake ghakukondwelera vyakurya mu chigaŵa ichi ni Samfya Beach mu nyanja ya Bangweulu, nyanja ya Mweru mu chigaŵa cha Chienge, na Nchelemge Beach mu nyanja ya Mweru. Malo ghakuchemeka Lusenga Plain National Park na Bangweulu Wetlands ni malo agho kuli vyamoyo vinandi mu chigaŵa ichi. Nyanja ya Mweru, Luapula River, Lake Bangweulu na malo ghake ghakututuŵa ghali na viyuni, nyama za mu maji, na somba.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=National parks in Luapala province |url=http://www.luapulaprovince.gov.zm/Tourism/national-parks.html |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Zambia Tourism Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020041458/http://www.luapulaprovince.gov.zm/Tourism/national-parks.html |archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> Phwando la Mutukumbo ndilo phwando lalikulu lomwe limakondwerera m'chigawo cha Luapala Valley. Chaka chilichose mu mwezi wa Julayi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakwiza ku ungano uwu. Cinthu ici cikulongosora za kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba Lunda na kuwukira kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa fuko ili. Chiphikiro cha Kwanga chikuchitika mu Okutobala na fuko la Njumba ku Samfya. Ŵakuwona kuti ni nyengo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili ŵawunganenge pamoza kuti ŵasungilire mitheto yawo. Vikondwelero vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu chigaŵa ichi ni Malaila Ceremony, chiphikiro cha nyifwa ya nkhalamu yiheni, Musubilwa Mpemba Ceremony, na Ubwilile traditional ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Ceremonies in Luapala province |url=http://www.luapulaprovince.gov.zm/Tourism/Traditional-ceremonies.html |access-date=19 October 2016 |publisher=Zambia Tourism Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040642/http://www.luapulaprovince.gov.zm/Tourism/Traditional-ceremonies.html |archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> == Vyakulemba == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Ukaboni == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|title=Multi-party elections in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLvSYzHNTHcC&q=luapula+province+history|page=314|chapter=Zambia:contesting Democracy|editor1-last=Laakso|editor1-first=Liisa|last1=Gould|first1=Jeremy|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=2002|isbn=9780852558430|ref=Gould}} * {{cite book|title=Zambia: Life in an African Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFVS4IixY5oC&q=zambia+provinces|last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|publisher=New Africa Press|year=2010|isbn=9789987160112|ref=Mwakikagile}} * {{cite report|title=Summary report for the 2010 Census of population|publisher=Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia|location=Lusaka|year=2012|ref=Census|url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Census/2010/National/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026014633/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Census/2010/National/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-26}} * {{cite report|title=Zambia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iAatckEiIQC&q=luapula+province&pg=PA335|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2007|ref=IMF}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Clear}}{{Districts of Zambia}}{{Authority control}} {{Coord|11|00|S|29|00|E|region:ZM_type:adm1st|display=title}} 4kjksfkdegiua85tufacb6g17t0xgv4 0 26515 122504 122343 2026-09-28T00:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Chinese philosopher and politician (551–479 BCE)}}{{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Infobox philosopher|name=Confucius|native_name={{nobold|孔子}}|region=[[Chinese philosophy]]|era=[[Hundred Schools of Thought]]<br />([[Ancient philosophy]])|image=Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg|caption=Imaginary portrait by [[Wu Daozi]] (685–758), [[Tang dynasty]]|birth_name=Kǒng Qiū|birth_date={{circa|551 BCE}}|birth_place=Zou, [[Lu (state)|State of Lu]]<br />(modern-day {{ill|南辛镇|zh|lt=Nanxin}}, [[Qufu]], [[Shandong]], [[China]])|death_date={{circa|479 BCE}} (aged 71–72)|death_place=[[Si River]], [[Lu (state)|State of Lu]]|death_cause=|resting_place=[[Cemetery of Confucius]], [[Lu (state)|State of Lu]]|resting_place_coordinates=|spouse=[[Lady Qiguan]]|partner=|children=[[Kong Li]] (son) <br /> Kong Jiao (daughter)|family=[[Shuliang He]] (father) <br /> [[Yan Zhengzai]] (mother)|school_tradition=[[Confucianism]]|notable_students=[[Yan Hui]], [[Zengzi]]<br />[[Disciples of Confucius]]|main_interests=[[Moral philosophy|Ethics]], [[education]], [[music]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Kirkendall|first=Jensen Armstrong|title=The Well-Ordered Heart: Confucius on Harmony, Music, and Ritual|url=https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/998/2018/11/JensenKirkendall-TheWellOrderedHeart.pdf|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2021-04-13|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045728/https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/998/2018/11/JensenKirkendall-TheWellOrderedHeart.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[poetry]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cai|first=Zong-qi|title=In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry|journal=Philosophy East and West|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399898|date=July 1999|volume=49|issue=3|pages=317–345|doi=10.2307/1399898|jstor=1399898|access-date=2021-04-13|archive-date=2021-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601212134/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399898|url-status=live}}</ref> [[political philosophy]], [[Social philosophy]]|influences={{flatlist| * Cultural values of the [[Xia dynasty|Xia]], [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] and [[Western Zhou dynasty|Western Zhou dynasties]]{{sfn|Fung|2008|p=163}} * ''[[I Ching]]'' * ''[[Book of Rites]]'' * ''[[Classic of Poetry]]'' }}|influenced={{longitem|Virtually all subsequent [[Chinese philosophy]], particularly [[Mencius]], [[Xun Kuang]], [[Zhu Xi]], [[Wang Yangming|Wang Shouren]], the [[Neotaoism|Neotaoists]], as well as [[Han Yu]] and the [[Neoconfucianism|Neoconfucians]]. Also influenced multiple [[Western philosophy|Western thinkers]] including [[Niels Bohr]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allinson|first=Robert E.|title=Complementarity as a Model for Eastwest Integrative Philosophy |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/ROBCAA-5v1|date=December 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity and Confucianism: Culture, Faith and Politics|date=2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKYFEAAAQBAJ&q=niels+bohr+confucius+schiller+only+wholeness+leads+to+clarity&pg=PA382|location=[[London, United Kingdom]]|page=382|isbn=9780567657688|access-date=2021-05-03|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809162059/https://books.google.com/books?id=xKYFEAAAQBAJ&q=niels+bohr+confucius+schiller+only+wholeness+leads+to+clarity&pg=PA382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holton|first=Gerald|title=Niels Bohr and the Integrity of Science: Integrity in science involves not merely the avoidance of dishonorable behavior but also some principles of action that are exemplified in the life and work of Niels Bohr|journal=American Scientist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27854096|date=June 1986|volume=74|issue=3|pages=237–243|jstor=27854096|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27854096|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Benjamin Franklin]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Dave|title=Benjamin Franklin and China|url=http://www.benfranklin300.org/_etc_pdf/franklinchina.pdf|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411003104/http://www.benfranklin300.org/_etc_pdf/franklinchina.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hornung|first=Alfred|title=Confucius and Benjamin Franklin: Chinese Ideas in the Foundation of the United States|url=https://owllife.kennesaw.edu/event/2893541|date=November 2018|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411003104/https://owllife.kennesaw.edu/event/2893541|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucius and Benjamin Franklin|url=https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2017/eirv44n17-20170428/33-34_4417.pdf|date=2017-04-28|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725073702/https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2017/eirv44n17-20170428/33-34_4417.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Allen Ginsberg]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ginsberg and China|url=https://allenginsberg.org/2017/09/s-s-9/|date=9 September 2017|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010951/https://allenginsberg.org/2017/09/s-s-9/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Brian|title=Modernist Looking: Surreal Impressions in the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40928069|date=September 2010|volume=52|issue=3|pages=298–323|doi=10.1353/tsl.2010.0003|jstor=40928069|s2cid=162063608|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40928069|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chan|first=Tsz Shan|title=Visions of Enlightenment: Aspects of Buddhism in Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550408.pdf|date=January 2011|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010948/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550408.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burstein|first=Andrew|title=Review: Jefferson in Confucian Relief|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096753|date=October 2007|jstor=25096753|journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]]|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096753|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucius influenced America's founding fathers: scholar|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2017-09/26/content_41649958.htm|date=2017-09-26|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161834/http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2017-09/26/content_41649958.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Kirill|title=Traditional Chinese Concepts and 17th–18th Century Enlightenment Ideals: Reflections on the IHS Conference on Freedom, Equality, Democracy, and the Rise of Market Economy, October 2015|url=http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntuihs/10publications02_3806kirill.htm|date=October 2015|access-date=2021-01-01|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010950/http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntuihs/10publications02_3806kirill.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[Robert Cummings Neville]], [[Alexander Pope]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warburton|first=William|title=The works of Alexander Pope ... With notes by Dr. Warburton, and ilustrations on steel by eminent artists. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others.|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=ABJ8179.0001.001|date=1779|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121173839/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=ABJ8179.0001.001|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Feng|first=Dong|title=The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism|url=https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/86514/1/2(1)p53-97.pdf|date=December 2008|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411181331/https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/86514/1/2(1)p53-97.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ezra Pound]], [[François Quesnay]], [[Friedrich Schiller]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Danton|first=George|title=Schiller and Confucius|journal=The German Quarterly|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/400763|date=November 1943|volume=16|issue=4|pages=173–182|doi=10.2307/400763|jstor=400763|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161803/https://www.jstor.org/stable/400763|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schiller|first=Friedrich|title=Proverbs of Confucius|journal=The Open Court|url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1905/iss5/9/|date=2010-11-18|volume=1905|issue=5|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010950/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1905/iss5/9/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Von Schiller|first=Johann Christian Friedrich|title=Proverbs of Confucius|url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/proverbs-confucius-1access=date-2021-03-02}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Voltaire]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment|url=https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/198219/mod_resource/content/1/Davis_China%2C%20the%20Confucian%20Ideal%2C%20and%20the%20European%20Age%20of%20Enlightenment_JHI_1983.pdf|date=December 1983|access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160144/https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/198219/mod_resource/content/1/Davis_China,%20the%20Confucian%20Ideal,%20and%20the%20European%20Age%20of%20Enlightenment_JHI_1983.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rowbotham|first=Arnold H.|title=Voltaire, Sinophile|journal=PMLA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/457929|date=December 1932|volume=47|issue=4|pages=1050–1065|doi=10.2307/457929|jstor=457929|s2cid=251028175 |access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=2021-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503044603/https://www.jstor.org/stable/457929|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Paul|title=Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century|journal=History of European Ideas|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019165999290168C|date=2002-07-19|volume=14|issue=6|pages=817–837|doi=10.1016/0191-6599(92)90168-C|access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160142/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019165999290168C|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]]}}|notable_ideas=[[Confucianism]], [[Silver Rule]]}} {{Infobox Chinese||pic=Kongzi (Chinese characters).svg|piccap="Confucius (''Kǒngzǐ'')" in [[seal script]] (top) and [[kaishu|regular]] (bottom) Chinese characters|picupright=0.425|c={{linktext|孔子}}|l="Master Kǒng"|p=Kǒngzǐ|bpmf=ㄎㄨㄥˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄗˇ|w=Kʻung³-tzŭ³|mi={{IPAc-cmn|k|ong|2|.|zi|3}}|gr=Koongtzyy|myr=Kǔngd|j=Hung2zi2|y=Húngjí|ci={{IPAc-yue|h|ung|2|.|z|i|2}}|wuu=Khon-tzy|poj=Khóng-chú|tl=Khóng-tsú|mc=khúwng tsí|oc-b92=*{{IPA|khongʔ tsɨʔ}}|oc-bs=*{{IPA|[k]ʰˤoŋʔ tsəʔ}}|altname=Kong Qiu|c2={{linktext|孔|丘}}|p2=Kǒng Qiū|bpmf2=ㄎㄨㄥˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄑㄧㄡ|w2=Kʻung³ Chʻiu¹|mi2={{IPAc-cmn|k|ong|3|-|q|you|1}}|gr2=Koong Chiou|myr2=Kǔng Chyōu|j2=Hung2 Jau1|ci2={{IPAc-yue|h|ung|2|-|j|au|1}}|y2=Húng Yāu|h2=Kung³ Hiu¹|poj2=Khóng Khiu|tl2=Khóng Khiu|wuu2=Khon Chieu|mc2=K^húwng K^hjuw|oc-bs2=*{{IPA|[k]ʰˤoŋʔ [k]ʷʰə}}|showflag=p|hanja=|hangul=|rr=|mr=|koreanipa={{IPA-ko|ko(ː)ŋ.dʑa|}}|kanji=|hiragana=|romaji=|vie=|hn=孔子}} '''Confucius''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ən|ˈ|f|j|uː|ʃ|ə|s}} {{respell|kən|FEW|shəs}}; {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|孔|夫|子}}|p=Kǒng Fūzǐ}}, "'''Master Kǒng'''"; or commonly {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|孔|子}}|p=Kǒngzǐ|labels=no}}; {{circa|551}} – {{circa|479 BCE}}) wakaŵa wavinjeru na wandale wa ku [[China]] wa nyengo ya [[Chigumula]] na Chigumula uyo kanandi wakuwoneka nga ni munthu wakuzirwa chomene pa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa ku China. Visambizgo vya Confucius na vinjeru vyake ndivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku East Asia ŵakhalenge makora.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Life and Significance of Confucius |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/confucius.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227143137/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/confucius.htm |archive-date=2019-12-27 |access-date=2017-09-27 |website=www.sjsu.edu}}</ref> Confucius wakajiwonanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakachitanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu nyengo yakale, kweni wakati ŵanthu ŵakavileka. Visambizgo vyake vya vinjeru vya ŵanthu, ivyo vikumanyikwa kuti Confucianism, vikayowoyanga chomene za nkharo yiwemi ya munthu na ya boma, umo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kucitira vinthu, urunji, lusungu, na kugomezgeka. Ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakasuskananga na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi mu nyengo ya Masukulu Ghakukwana 100 gha Maghanoghano. Ufumu wa Qin ukati wabwangandulika, ndipo ufumu wa Han ukati watonda boma la Chu, fundo za Confucius zikazomerezgeka na boma liphya. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Tang na Song, chisopa cha Confucian chikamba kuwoneka ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chisopa cha Confucius chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku China. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba panji kung'anamura mabuku ghanandi gha ku China, kusazgapo mabuku gha Classics ghankhondi. Vinyake ivyo wakasambizganga vikaŵa vyakale chomene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Philosophers of the Warring States |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/zhou-qin-han-china/a/the-philosophers-of-the-warring-states |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=[[Khan Academy]] |language=en}}</ref> Mu buku la Analects mukalembeka mazgu ghakukhwaskana na visambizgo vyake, kweni ghakalembeka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo wakafwira. Fundo za Confucius zikuyana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku China. Cifukwa ca kutemwa comene Ciuta, wakaciska kuti mbumba yiŵe yakugomezgeka, ŵana ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵapapi ŵawo, ndipo ŵawoli ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵacekuru. Iyo wakazomera fundo yakuti: "Lekani kuchitira ŵanyinu ivyo mungatemwa yayi kuti ŵamuchitirani". == Zina == {{anchor|Etymology|Name|Titles}} Zina lakuti "Confucius" lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子, "Master Kong"), ndipo likaŵako m'ma 1500. Zina la mbumba ya Confucius likaŵa Kong ({{Old Chinese|kʰˤoŋʔ|孔|suppress_reconstruction_link=yes|show_lang=no}}) Zina lake lakwamba likaŵa Qiu({{Old Chinese|[k]ʷʰə|丘|suppress_reconstruction_link=yes|show_lang=no}}). Zina lake lakuti Zhongni, ilo likwenera kuti ndilo ŵanthu wose ŵakamumanyanga, likaŵa lakuti Zhongni ({{Old Chinese|N-‍truŋ-‍s nr[əj]|仲尼|suppress_reconstruction_link=yes|show_lang=no}}), "Zhòng" wakulongora kuti wakaŵa mwana wachiŵiri mu mbumba yake.{{sfn|Nivison|1999|p=752}}{{sfn|Wilkinson|2015|p=133}} {{anchor|Biography|History}} == Umoyo == === Umoyo wakwamba === [[File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg|left|thumb|300x300px|Lu wakuwoneka kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa China.]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakababika pa Seputembala 28, 551 B.C.E., mu msumba wa Zou. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha mathemba gha ku Zhou, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Lu, awo ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku msumba wa Qufu. Dada wake Kong He (panji Shuliang He) wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Lu. Mbumba yake yikamba kufuma ku fuko la Song m'paka ku fuko la Shang ilo likaŵako pambere fuko la Zhou lindaŵeko. Nkhani za umoyo wa Confucius zikulongora kuti sekuru wa Kong He wakasamuska mbumba yake kufuma ku Song kuya ku Lu. Ŵasambiri wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Confucius wakafuma mu mbumba ya Song. Kong wakafwa apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu, ndipo Confucius wakalereka na anyina Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) mu ukavu. Pamasinda, anyina ŵakafwa apo ŵakaŵa na vilimika 40. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19, wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Qiguan, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka, ŵakaŵa na mwana wawo wakwamba, Kong Li. Qiguan na Confucius ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri, yumoza wakafwa apo wakaŵa mwana ndipo munyake zina lake wakaŵa Kong Jiao. Confucius wakasambira mu masukulu gha ŵanthu bweka, uko wakasambiranga maluso 6. Confucius wakababikira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka shi (士). Ŵakayowoya kuti wakagwiranga nchito zinandi za boma apo wakaŵa na vyaka vya m'ma 20, kweniso wakaŵa wakulemba mabuku na kupwelelera mberere na mahachi. Para anyina ŵafwa, Confucius (wa vilimika 23) wakayowoyeka kuti wakalira kwa vilimika vitatu, nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale.<ref name="buryl">{{cite book|last1=Burgan|first1=Michael|title=Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher|date=2008|publisher=Capstone|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&pg=PT12|access-date=August 12, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230252/https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&pg=PT12|archive-date=April 16, 2017|isbn=978-0-7565-3832-3}}</ref> === Ndale === Mu nyengo ya Confucius, ufumu wa Lu ukalongozgekanga na mbumba ya mafumu. Mu nyumba ya kazembe mukaŵa mbumba zitatu za ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika. Mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ŵanthu", iyo yikaŵaso "Nduna Yikuru". Mbumba ya Meng yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ntchito". Mu cihanya ca {{BCE|505}}, Muwukirano munyake, zina lake Yang Hu, wakawukira mbumba ya Ji na kupoka mazaza. Ndipouli, mu cihanya ca {{BCE|501}}, Mbumba zitatu izi zikaŵa kuti zafumiska Yang Hu mu Lu. Pa nyengo iyi, Confucius wakaŵa kuti wamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake, ndipo mbumba zikamanya kuzirwa kwa nkharo yiwemi na urunji, mwakuti zileke kugomezgeka ku boma. Ntheura, mu caka ici, Confucius wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa msumba. Pamanyuma, wakazgoka nduna yakuwona vya vigeŵenga. Confucius wakakhumbanga kuwezgera mazaza gha boma kwa fumu mwa kuwuskapo vigongwe vya msumba ivyo vikaŵa vya mbumba zitatu. Mu nthowa iyi, wangakhazikiska boma lakuŵa na mazaza. Ndipouli, Confucius wakagomezganga waka pa ndyali cifukwa wakaŵa na mazaza yayi pa nkhani ya nkhondo. Mu {{BCE|500}}, Hou Fan, kazembe wa Hou, wakagalukira fumu yake ya mbumba ya Shu. Nangauli mbumba za Meng na Shu zikatondeka kuzingilizga Hou, kweni munthu munyake wakugomezgeka wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa Hou na kuchichizga Hou Fan kuti wachimbilire ku chigaŵa cha Qi. Vinthu vikwenera kuti vikamwendera makora Confucius cifukwa ici cikapangiska kuti Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakhorweske ŵanthu ŵacindami kuti ŵaparanyenge mizi yawo. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa cilimika cimoza na hafu, Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakakhorweska mbumba ya Shu kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Hou, mbumba ya Ji kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Bi, ndipo mbumba ya Meng kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Cheng. Cakwamba, mbumba ya Shu yikalongozga ŵasilikari kuluta ku msumba wawo wa Hou na kubwangandura viliŵa vyake. mu {{BCE|498}}.{{sfn|Dubs|1946|p=277}} {{multiple image|align=right|image1=Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|width1=200|alt1=|caption1=|image2=Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|width2=220|alt2=|caption2=|footer=Fresco ya kumadzulo kwa Han (BCE 202) yojambula Confucius (ndi Laozi), kuchokera ku manda a Dongping County, chigawo cha Shandong, China}} SPamanyuma pake, Gongshan Furao (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Gongshan Buniu), uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba ya Ji, wakawukira na kuwusa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Bi. Nyengo yeneyiyo wakawukira msumba wa Lu. Kumanyuma uku, Gongshan wakaluta kwa Confucius kuti waŵe nayo lumoza, ndipo Confucius wakawona kuti ni mwaŵi wakwendeskera fundo zake, kweni paumaliro wakaleka. Confucius wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge viwawa, nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na mazaza pa boma la Lu kwa vyaka vinandi. Creel (1949) wakayowoya kuti, mwakupambana na muwukirano Yang Hu, Gongshan wakwenera kuti wakakhumbanga kuparanya mbumba zitatu zakuthupi na kuwezgerapo mazaza gha fumu. Ndipouli, Dubs (1946) wakayowoya kuti Viscount Ji Huan ndiyo wakachiska Gongshan kuti waparanyenge linga la Bi. Mulimose umo vinthu vikaŵira, Gongshan wakawonekanga kuti ni munthu wakunyoloka uyo wakalutilira kuvikilira boma la Lu, nangauli wakacimbira. Pa nyengo ya kugaluka kwa Gongshan, Zhong You wakasunga kazembe na ma Viscount ghatatu pamoza pa nyumba ya ufumu. Zhong You wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ndipo Confucius wakanozga vyakuti waŵe kazembe wa mbumba ya Ji. Confucius wakati wapulika za ciwukirano ici, wakapempha Viscount Ji Huan kuti wazomerezge kuti kazembe na nyumba yake yacifumu ŵafumemo mu nyumba yake. Pamanyuma, ŵalongozgi ŵa mbumba zitatu na fumu ŵakawelera ku nyumba ya fumu ya ku Ji na kukwelera ku Wuzi Terrace. Confucius wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri kuti ŵadangilire kuwukira ŵakugaluka. Pa ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa, yumoza wakaŵa muteŵeti wa mbumba ya Ji, kweni ŵakatondeka kukana ulongozgi uwu apo ŵakaŵapo na Duke, Viscounts, na khoti. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵalondezga na kuŵathereska pa nkhondo ya ku Gu. Nyengo yeneyiyo, mbumba ya Ji yikaparanya viliŵa vya msumba wa Bi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera nyuma ŵakati ŵamanya kuti ŵagalukirenge boma na fumu yawo. Kwizira mu ivyo Confucius wakacita, ŵalara ŵa boma la Bi ŵakagalukira fumu yawo, ntheura vikapangiska Viscount Ji Huan kuti waparanye viliŵa vya Bi (pakuti mphanyi vikaŵa na ŵakugaluka aŵa) panji kuzomera kuti ndiyo wakacitiska suzgo ili. Dubs (1949) wakayowoya kuti cakucitika ici cikavumbura umo Confucius wakawoneranga vinthu, maluso ghake gha ndyali, ndiposo umo wakawoneranga mikhaliro ya ŵanthu. Apo nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵabwangandure viliŵa vya msumba wa Meng, kazembe wakakhumbanga yayi kuti viliŵa vya msumba wake vibwanganduke. Zuozhuan wakukumbuka kuti kazembe wakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kubwangandura viliŵa vya msumba uwu, cifukwa wakati ichi chingapangiska kuti Cheng waŵe wambura kuvikilirika na boma la Qi. Nangauli Viscount Meng Yi wakalayizga kuti waleke kunjilirapo pa nkhondo, kweni wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga. Pamanyuma, Duke Ding wakalongozgana na ŵasilikari ŵake kukaka msumba wa Cheng, kweni wakatondeka. Ntheura, Confucius wakatondeka kufiska ivyo wakakhumbanga, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo muwuso wa fumu. Wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵankhongono mu boma, comenecomene Viscount Ji Huan, cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita. Kuyana na buku la Zuozhuan na Shiji, Confucius wakafumako ku caru cake mu {{BCE|497}} after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.{{sfn|Riegel|1986|p=13}} He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.<ref name="dubs46-281">{{Harvnb|Dubs|1946|loc=281}}.</ref> === Kuchimbizgika mu uzga === [[File:Journey_of_Confucius.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Journey_of_Confucius.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Mapu agho ghakulongora ulendo wa Confucius pakati pa 497 BCE na 484 BCE]] Shiji wakayowoya kuti boma la Qi ilo likaŵa pafupi nalo likafipanga mtima kuti Lu waŵenge wankhongono chomene apo Confucius wakaŵa mu boma la Lu. Kuyana na nkhani iyi, Qi wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga ndondomeko ya Lu mwa kutuma mahachi 100 na ŵasungwana 80 ŵakutowa kuti ŵakambe kuvina. Duke wakacitanga waka vyakusanguluska ndipo wakagwira nchito yayi kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Confucius wakakhuŵara comene ndipo wakakhumbanga kuleka Lu na kupenja mwaŵi uwemi, kweni para wangafumapo mwaluŵiro mbwenu nkharo yiheni ya fumu yingavumbukwa. Ntheura Confucius wakalindilira kuti kazembe uyu wapange ubudi ucoko. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, kazembe uyu wakaleka kutuma kwa Confucius cigaŵa ca nyama iyo wakeneranga kupeleka sembe mwakuyana na kaluso, ndipo Confucius wakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu kuti waleke nchito yake na caru ca Lu. Confucius wakati wafumapo, wakamba ulendo utali kuzingilira vyaru vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa China. Ku makhoti gha mu vyaru ivi, wakalongosoranga vigomezgo vyake vya ndyali kweni wakaviwona yayi kuti vikufiskika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient China: Confucius Biography |url=https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/confucius.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602174710/https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/confucius.php |archive-date=2022-06-02 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.ducksters.com}}</ref> === Kuwelerani ku nyumba === [[File:Confuciustombqufu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confuciustombqufu.jpg|thumb|Dindi la Confucius mu dindi la Kong Lin, Qufu, chigaŵa cha Shandong]] Buku la Zuozhuan likuti Confucius wakawelera kukwake ku Lu apo wakaŵa na vyaka 68, wati wachemeka na Ji Kangzi, nduna yikuru ya ku Lu. Buku la Analects likulongosora kuti mu vyaka vyake vyaumaliro wakasambizganga ŵasambiri 72 panji 77 na kuŵasambizga vinjeru vyakale. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Apo wakaweranga, Confucius wakawovwiranga ŵalara ŵa boma ku Lu, kusazgapo Ji Kangzi, pa nkhani za muwuso na kuswa malango. Wakaŵa na citima comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya mwana wake na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakafwa na nthenda iyi apo wakaŵa na vilimika 71 panji 72. Confucius wakasungika mu dindi la Kong Lin ilo lili mu chigaŵa cha Qufu mu chigaŵa cha Shandong. Manda ghakwambilira agho ghakazengeka pa Mlonga wa Sishui, ghakaŵa ghakuyana na nkhwantha. Kweniso kunthazi kwa cikumbusko pali malo gha njerwa agho ŵanthu ŵakupelekerapo vyakununkhira na vipasi. == Filosofi == {{Confucianism}} {{Main|Confucianism}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Confucianism, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuti cisambizgo ici nchambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵantu. Ndipouli, awo ŵakukhozgera cisambizgo ici ŵakuti nangauli cisambizgo ca Confucian cikuyowoya vya caru, kweni cikujintha pa cisambizgo ca cisopa.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Berger|first=Peter|url=http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/02/15/is-confucianism-a-religion/|title=Is Confucianism a Religion?|magazine=The American Interest|date=February 15, 2012|access-date=August 13, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817062142/http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/02/15/is-confucianism-a-religion/|archive-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> Chisopa cha Confucian chikudumbiskana vya umoyo wa munthazi na ivyo vikuchitika kuchanya, kweni chikuyowoyapo yayi vya vinthu vyauzimu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya chisopa. Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakujiyowoya kuti ni "munthu uyo wakapharazga kwambura kupanga cinthu". Iyo wakuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya kusambira, ndipo cilembo ca ku China ico cikung'anamura kusambira (學) ndico cikujura nkhani iyi. M'malo mwa kughanaghana vya kuzenga fundo za mu Baibolo, iyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambiri ŵake ŵamanye makora mabuku ghakale chomene mwakuti ŵamanye umo ŵangalongosolera masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho mazuŵa ghano. === Makhaliro === {{Main|Confucian ethics}} [[File:Rongo_Analects_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rongo_Analects_02.jpg|left|thumb|Buku la Analects]] Cimoza mwa visambizgo vikuru comene vya Confucius cingaŵa cakuti ciyelezgero ca munthu yumoza nchakuzirwa comene kuluska malango ghakudunjika. Visambizgo vyake vya makhaliro vikayowoyanga comene za kujisambizga, kuyezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na makhaliro ghawemi, ndiposo kumanya umo munthu wangacitira vinthu m'malo mwa kumanya malango. Ntheura, fundo za Confucius zingawoneka nga ni za nkharo yiwemi. Visambizgo vyake vikuthemba pa fundo zakupulikikwa yayi, ndipo fundo zaurunji na nthowa zake zikuyowoyeka mwakudunjika yayi. Kuti tipulikiske ivyo wakasambizganga, tikwenera kusanda nkhani yose. Cakuwonerapo ciwemi nchakuti: {{blockquote|{{lang|zh|廄焚。子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬。| size = 110% }} Apo viŵaya vikawotcheka, Confucius wakati wawerako ku nyumba yacifumu, wakati: "Kasi walipo uyo wapwetekeka?" Wakafumbapo yayi za mahachi.|''Analects'' X.11 (tr. [[Arthur Waley|Waley]]), 10–13 (tr. [[James Legge|Legge]]), or X-17 (tr. [[D.C. Lau|Lau]])}} Para Confucius wakuleka kufumba za mahachi, wakulongora kuti munthu wavinjeru wakuzirwiska chomene ŵanthu kuluska katundu. Yimoza mwa visambizgo vyake yikaŵa fundo yinyake ya mu Baibolo iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Golden Rule. {{blockquote|{{lang|zh|子貢問曰：有一言而可以終身行之者乎？子曰：其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施於人。| size = 110% }} Zi Gong [musambiri] wakafumba kuti: "Kasi pali lizgu limoza ilo lingalongozga munthu mu umoyo wake wose?" Fumu yikazgora kuti: "Wuli pakuyowoya za 'kuwezgera'? Lekani kuphalira ŵanyinu vinthu ivyo imwe mungatemwa yayi".|''Analects'' XV.24, tr. David Hinton}} Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga fundo za Confucius ŵakuzirwiska yayi vinthu viwemi ivyo munthu wakuchita. Kucita vinthu viwemi na ŵanji kukwamba na kughanaghana vinthu viwemi na vyaunenesko. Munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi kwambura kumanya vinthu, wangasuzgika, ndipo kucita nkharo yiwemi kwambura mtima wose ni urunji waunenesko yayi. Kuŵa na umanyi ndiposo mtima wakufikapo nkhwakuzirwa cifukwa ca munthu; munthu muwemi wakutemwa kusambira cifukwa ca kusambira ndiposo urunji cifukwa ca urunji. Fundo ya Confucius yakukhwaskana na nkharo, nga umo yiliri mu nkhani ya lǐ (禮), yikukolerana na fundo zitatu zakuzirwa za umoyo: (a) viphikiro vyakukhwaskana na kupeleka sembe ku ŵasekuru na ŵachiuta ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, (b) vinthu vya ndyali na vya ndyali, na (c) nkharo ya zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti liyi likafuma kuchanya, kweni Confucius wakadidimizga kuti liyi likapangika na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru. Ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya lǐ vikulongora kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura vinthu vyose ivyo munthu wakuchita kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Chikonfyushasi, lǐ wakachitanga vinthu vyakwenelera pa nyengo yakwenelera; wakayezganga kusungilira fundo izo zilipo kuti vinthu viŵe makora, na kuziphwanya kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Para munthu wakusambira mu Baibolo, wakuŵa na mikhaliro yiwemi iyo yikovwira kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Mu cisopa ca Confucian, lizgu lakuti li likuyana comene na lizgu lakuti yì (義), ilo likujintha pa fundo yakuti munthu wakuŵa wakuyana na munyake. Yì lingang'anamulika kuti urunji, nangauli lingang'anamura ico nchakwenelera kucita mu nyengo yinyake. Lizgu ili likupambana na ivyo munthu wakucita cifukwa ca kujighanaghanira yekha. Nangauli munthu wangaŵa muheni yayi usange wakulondezga vyakukhumba vyake pera, kweni wangaŵa muwemi ndiposo murunji usange wakulondezga nthowa iyo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ntheura chilato cha yì nkhucita ico nchiwemi cifukwa ca cifukwa ciwemi. Nga umo kachitiro ka vinthu kuyana na lǐ kakwenera kukolerana na khumbo la kulondezga yì, ntheura yì wakukolerana na fundo yikuru ya rén (仁). Rén wali na mikhaliro yinkhondi yakuzirwa: kucita vinthu mwamahara, kuŵa na mtima wakupa, kuŵa wakugomezgeka, kulimbikira, na lusungu. Lizgu lakuti Rén likung'anamura kuti munthu wakucita makora milimo yake ku ŵanji, ndipo kanandi likung'anamulika kuti "lusungu", "mtima wacitemwa", panji "mtima wacitemwa". Fundo za Confucius zikukolerana na lusungu na kupulikiska ŵanji, m'malo mwa kulondezga malango gha Ciuta. Kuti munthu waŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera pa nkhani ya "rén" mwakuti wachitengepo kanthu mwamahara, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene kuluska kuŵa na nkharo ya "yi". Confucius wakati nkharo yiwemi njakwenelera. Mwachiyelezgero, munthu uyo ngwakupa wakupeleka mwakuyana na ndalama izo wakukhumbikwira, kweni wakupeleka zinandi yayi panji zichoko.<ref name="Bonevac09-40">{{Harvnb|Bonevac|Phillips|2009|loc=40}}.</ref> === Vya ndale === Fundo za Confucius za ndyali zikujintha pa fundo zaurunji. Wakayowoya kuti boma liwemi ni ilo likulongozga kwizira mu "maluso" (lǐ) na nkharo yiwemi ya ŵanthu. Wakalongosora kuti ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene: "Usange ŵanthu ŵakulongozgeka na malango, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵalangike mwakuyana waka, ŵayezgenge kuti ŵaleke kulangika, kweni ŵakucita soni yayi. Usange ŵakulongozgeka na nkharo yiwemi, ndiposo usange ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge umo ŵakukhumbira, ŵazamukhozgeka soni yayi, kweniso ŵazamuŵa ŵarunji". (Ŵerengani 2.3, tr. M'malo mwake, ŵakasuzgikanga. "Mtima wa soni" uwu ni mulimo uwo munthu wakuchita, apo cilango cikulondezgapo yayi para wacita cinthu ciheni, kweni para wacita mwakuyana na dango. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Confucius wakalaŵiska ku mazuŵa ghakwambilira, ndipo wakaciska Ŵachinayi, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha ndyali, kuti ŵacitenge nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale. Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa kugaŵikana, vivulupi, na nkhondo pakati pa ŵamazaza, iyo wakakhumbanga kuwezgerapo Ufumu wa Kuchanya (天命) uwo ukakolerananga "charu" (天下, "chose icho chili kusi ku kuchanya") na kupeleka mtende na usambazi ku ŵanthu. Chifukwa chakuti kawonero kake ka vinthu viwemi na vyakukondweska ŵanthu kakaŵa ka kuwuskako ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale, kanandi Confucius wakuwoneka kuti wakutemwa chomene vinthu vyachikale, kweni para tingawona mwakupwelelera ivyo wakuyowoya, tingamanya kuti wakagwiliskiranga ntchito malango na maluso gha mu nyengo yakale kuti waŵike maghanoghano ghake pa ndyali. Ŵazamuŵa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakujipeleka ku ŵanthu ŵawo, ŵakuyezgayezga kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge makora, ndipo ŵazamupharazga mikhaliro yiwemi m'malo mwa kuŵika malango na malango ghakwenelera. Nangauli Confucius wakakhozgera fundo yakuti fumu yiwemi ndiyo yilongozgenge boma, kweni fundo zake zikaŵa na fundo zinandi zakukanizgira ŵamazaza mazaza ghawo. Wakayowoya kuti unenesko ukwenera kulongosoreka mu kayowoyero, ndipo kugomezgeka nkhwakuzirwa comene. Nanga ni para munthu wakuyowoya, nyengo zose wakwenera kuyowoya unenesko. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti usange muwusi wakukhumba kulongozga makora, ntheura ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kuŵika malango. Pakuyowoya za ubwezi uwo ukaŵanga pakati pa fumu na ŵanthu ŵake (panji pakati pa dada na mwana wake), wakalongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kucindika ŵamazaza. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti awo ŵali pasi ŵakwenera kuphalira awo ŵakuŵalongozga usange ŵakuwona kuti ŵakucita cinthu ciheni. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti munthu wakwenera kulongora ciyelezgero ciwemi. Usange munthu wakulongozga makora, ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kumukanizga panji kumulanga.<ref>{{cite web |last=Violatti |first=Cristian |date=August 31, 2013 |title=Confucianism |url=http://www.worldhistory.org/Confucianism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818150049/http://www.worldhistory.org/Confucianism/ |archive-date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015 |publisher=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> === Sumu na ndakatulo === {{Main|Ritual and music system}} [[File:Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn Manuscript from Shanghai Museum 1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn Manuscript from Shanghai Museum 1.jpg|left|thumb|Shijing, panji Buku la Sumu]] Confucius wakaciska comene sumu kuti ziŵe zakovwira pakusopa. Nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Li Zehou, yikati cisopa ca Confucian cikujintha pa maluso. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti maluso agha ndigho ghakovwira munthu waliyose kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Cifukwa ca fundo iyi, Confucius wakagomezganga kuti "nyimbo zikukolerana pakati pa kucanya na caru capasi; maluso ni ndondomeko ya kucanya na caru capasi". Mwantheura, kwimba sumu mu maluso kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Buku la Shijing na la Classic of Music ndilo likawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye sumu za Confucius. Buku la Shijing ndimoza mwa mabuku ghakale chomene gha Chikonfyushasi. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba mabuku agha. Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakalongosora kuzirwa kwa luso pa umo ŵanthu ŵangakulira:<ref name="Confucius, The Analects - 17">{{Cite web |date=1901-12-13 |title=Confucius, The Analects - 17 |url=https://china.usc.edu/confucius-analects-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045737/https://china.usc.edu/confucius-analects-17 |archive-date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> {{poemquote|The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the Book of Poetry? "The Odes serve to stimulate the mind. "They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation. "They teach the art of sociability. "They show how to regulate feelings of resentment. "From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince. "From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants."<ref name="Confucius, The Analects - 17"/>}} == Chiharo == {{More citations needed section|date=August 2018}} [[File:Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg|thumb|Confucius pamoza na Mozesi na Muhammad pakati pa ŵalembi ŵa malango ŵakumanyikwa comene, na Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (1827), Louvre Palace]] Pamanyuma ŵasambiri na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgora visambizgo vya Confucius kuŵa malango na vyakucita. Ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius na muzukuru wake yumoza pera, Zisi, ŵakalutilira kusambira vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti visambizgo vya Confucius vifike na ku ŵasambiri awo ŵakazgoka ŵantchito mu nyumba zacifumu ku China. Ŵalondezgi ŵaŵiri ŵa Confucius awo ŵakamanyikwa comene ŵakayowoya fundo zakupambana comene. Mu vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, Mencius (孟子) na Xunzi (??子) wose ŵakalemba visambizgo vyakuzirwa ivyo vikulongosora fundo izo Confucius wakasambizga. Mencius ({{BCE|4th century}}) Wakalongosora uwemi uwo uli mu ŵanthu nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani ya nkharo ({{BCE|3rd century}}) Buku la Confucius likavumbura fundo zaunenesko na zakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mabuku ghawo pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa nga ni Analects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Confucianism |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism |access-date=2023-04-30 |website= |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> Kusintha uku mu kaghanaghaniro ka Confucius kukaŵa kwakuyana waka na kusanduka kwa Legalism, uko kukawonanga kuti kusopa kwa mwana ni kupenja vyakukhumba vya iyomwene, ndipo kukaŵa kwakovwira yayi kuti muwusi wapange boma lakwenelera. Kuyana yayi pakati pa visambizgo viŵiri ivi kukakura comene mu {{BCE|223}} apo boma la Qin likapoka caru cose ca China. Li Si, nduna yikuru ya muwuso wa Qin, wakapangiska Qin Shi Huang kuti waleke kughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa Confucius ŵapelekenge malo ghakuyana waka na gha muwuso wa Zhou. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Confucius ŵakati ŵafika pa fundo yawo, Li Si wakakoma ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa Confucius na kotcha mabuku ghawo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han na Tang, fundo za Confucius zikamba kumanyikwa chomene. Mu muwuso wa Wudi, mabuku gha Confucius ghakazgoka visambizgo vya ufumu ndipo ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuŵazgika pa viyezgelero vya uteŵeti wa boma. {{BCE|140}} ndipo ivi vikalutilira mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Apo chisopa cha Mohism chikapulikikwanga yayi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisopa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa Legalism, awo Confucian wakati ŵali kuchigwiliskira ntchito, visambizgo vya Laozi, awo ŵakaŵikapo mtima pa vinthu vyauzimu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene fundo za Confucius kweniso ŵamazaza awo ŵakasambizgika na Confucius mu muwuso wa Ming na Yuan, nangauli Kublai Khan wakakananga kuŵapa mazaza gha vigaŵa. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Song, nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Zhu Xi ({{CE|1130–1200}}) wakasazgirapo fundo za cisopa ca Dao na ca Chibuda mu cisopa ca Confucian. Mu umoyo wake wose, ŵanthu ŵakamupulikiskanga yayi Zhu Xi, kweni pamanyuma pakuti wafwa, maghanoghano ghake ghakazgoka maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake pa nkhani ya ng'anamuro la mabuku gha Confucius. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti Zhu Xi wali kulenga chinthu chinyake chakupambana na ichi. Chikhulupiriro cha Neo-Confucian chikalutilira mu China, Japan, Korea, na Vietnam m'paka mu ma 1800. [[File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg|thumb|Buku la Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, likalembeka na ŵamishonale ŵa Yesuit ku Paris mu 1687]] Ŵamishonale ŵa Yesuit ndiwo ŵakang'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu viyowoyero vya ku Europe. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakang'anamura Baibolo ili wakaŵa Michele Ruggieri, uyo wakawelera ku Italy mu 1588 ndipo wakalutilira kung'anamura apo wakakhalanga ku Salerno. Matteo Ricci wakamba kulemba ivyo Confucius wakaghanaghananga, ndipo gulu la ŵa Jesuit - Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri - ŵakafumiska mabuku ghakung'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu 1687. François Noël, wakati watondeka kukhorweska Clement XI kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakusopa ŵasekuru ŵawo na Confucius yayi, wakamalizga kulemba buku la Confucius ku Prague mu 1711, ndipo wakalemba mabuku ghanyake na kung'anamura mabuku gha Mencius. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mabuku agha ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta waliko kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasambizgenge vinthu vyaunenesko. Mu nyengo yithu yino, visambizgo vya Confucianism, nga ni New Confucianism, vichalipo, kweni mu nyengo ya Cultural Revolution, visambizgo vya Confucianism kanandi vikasuzgikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani cha Communist Party cha China. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵavinjeru na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambe kususka chisopa cha Confucian m'ma 1900. Ŵasambiri ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia ŵakusambira mabuku gha Confucius, chomenechomene ŵa ku China nga ni Korea, Japan, na Vietnam. Vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici vicali kucita ciphikiro ici caka cilicose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tibet ŵakutemwa kusopa Confucius, uyo ni themba lituŵa kweniso wakumanya vya masalamusi, kuwukwa, na vya nyenyezi. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chibuda ŵakumuwona kuti wakusambira kuwukwa kwa Buddha Manjushri (ndipo vinjeru ivi vikaluta ku Tibet kwizira mwa Mfumukazi Wencheng), apo ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Bon ŵakumuwona kuti ni Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, uyo wakambiska chisopa ichi. Ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakaŵa nchimi ya Ciuta, nga umo vikaŵira na Lao-Tzu na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku China. Mu nyengo yithu yino, cinthu cinyake cakucemeka Asteroid 7853, "Confucius", cikacemeka na zina la munthu munyake wa ku China.<ref>[https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=7853IAU IAU Minor Planet Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121173846/https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search|date=2022-01-21}}. ''International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center''. Accessed 12 September 2018.</ref> === Walondezgi === {{main|Disciples of Confucius}} [[File:The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_(開宗明義章_畫).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_(%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB).jpg|thumb|Zengzi (kumalyero) wakujikama panthazi pa Confucius (pakati), nga ni umo viliri pa cithuzithuzi ca mu buku la Chiyelezgero Cakuyowoya za Kujipeleka kwa Ŵana, la muwuso wa Song]] Confucius wakamba kusambizga ŵanthu apo wakaŵa na vilimika 30, ndipo wakasambizga ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 3,000, ndipo 70 ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene. Ŵasambiri ŵake na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga chisambizgo cha Confucius ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe na America. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Sima Qian, wakalemba vya ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius. Sima Qian wakalemba mazina gha ŵasambiri 77 mu buku lake, apo Kongzi Jiayu wakalemba mazina 76. Mabuku ghaŵiri agha ghakuzunura mazina gha ŵasambiri 96. Mabuku gha Analects ghakuzunura mabuku 22 ndipo Mencius wakulemba 24. Confucius wakatoranga ndalama yayi, ndipo wakapemphanga waka kuti waliyose uyo wakukhumba kuŵa msambiri wake wamupenge nyama yakomira. Zigong, msambiri wake, wakati msambizgi wake wakacitiranga ŵasambiri ŵake vinthu nga umo ŵadokotala ŵakucitira na ŵalwari. Ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Lu, uko kukaŵa kwawo kwa Confucius, ndipo pakaŵa ŵasambiri 43, kweni wakazomera ŵasambiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku China. Confucius wakawonanga kuti ivyo ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakasambiranga ni vyakuzirwa yayi, ndipo wakazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika, ŵanthu bweka, na ŵakugaluka nga ni Yan Zhuoju na Gongye Chang. Ŵasambiri ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ŵakeneranga kupeleka ndalama zakukwana na usambazi wawo. Msambiri uyo Confucius wakatemwanga comene wakaŵa Yan Hui, uyo wakwenera kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene. Mwakupambana na Yan Hui, Sima Niu wakafuma ku mbumba ya fuko la Song. Mu visambizgo vya Confucius, ŵasambiri ŵakamanya makora fundo na nthowa za boma. Kanandi wakadumbiskananga na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakazirwiskanga chomene nkhani za mdauko, sumu, na maluso. Confucius wakasambizganga kuti tikwenera kugomezgeka ku fundo za mu Baibolo m'malo mwa kugomezgeka ku vinjeru vithu. Nangauli Confucius wakaŵasuska cifukwa ca nkharo zawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakakondwa comene na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe na ŵamazaza ŵakugomezgeka awo ŵakasambizgika makhaliro ghawemi. Nakuti msambiri wake zina lake Zilu wakafwa apo wakavikiliranga fumu yake ku Wey. Yang Hu, uyo wakaŵa pasi pa fuko la Ji, ndiyo wakawusa boma la Lu kwambira mu 505 m'paka mu 502. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Confucius ŵakimikika mu mauteŵeti gha boma. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa Confucius ŵakamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapacanya, ndipo ŵanyake Confucius ndiyo wakaŵapa. Apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika 50, mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa kuti yakhozga mazaza ghawo mu caru ca Lu. Nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikacitanga vinthu ivyo Confucius wakakolerana navyo yayi, kweni ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ŵakasanganga nchito zinandi. Confucius wakalutilira kukumbuska ŵasambiri ŵake kuti ŵalutilire kugomezgeka ku fundo zawo ndipo wakakananga awo ŵakachitanga nthena yayi..{{sfn|Creel|1949|pp=32–33}} === Visual portraits === [[File:孔子聖蹟圖.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png|thumb|Chithunzi cha Qiu Ying (1494-1552), Ming dynasty]] Palije vithuzithuzi vya Confucius ivyo vilipo mazuŵa ghano, ndipo vikulongora waka umo wakawonekeranga mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora umo wakakumaniranga na Laozi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulongora kuti Confucius wakaŵa munthu muwemi chomene. Mu mutu wakuti "Vinthu Vyakuwaro" muli mazgu ghakwambilira gha Confucius ({{zh|labels=no|c=外物|p=Wàiwù}}) mu buku la Zhuangzi ({{zh|labels=no|c=莊子|p=Zhuāngzǐ}}), Wakamalizga kuzingilira mu 3 C.E., pati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo Confucius wakafwira. Cithuzithuzi cakale comene ca Confucius cavumbukwa mu dindi la fumu ya Han, Marquis of Haihun (kufwa {{BCE|59}}). Chithuzithuzi ichi ŵakachijambura pa khuni ilo likaŵa pa gilasi la mkuŵa. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵakachitanga kuŵika vithuzithuzi mu tempile la Confucius. Kweni mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) wa muwuso wa Ming, ŵakawona kuti chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chikwenera kuŵa mu tempile la ku tawuni yake ya Qufu mu Shandong. Mu visopa vinyake, Confucius wakuzunulika pa libwe. Mu 2006, China Confucius Foundation yikapempha kuti paŵe chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chakuyana na cha Wu Daozi. Cikhuni ca ku South Wall mu khoti la Supreme Court of the United States cikulongora Confucius nga ni msambizgi wa mtende, kusambira, na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Supreme Court Courtroom Friezes |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/northandsouthwalls.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713031226/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/northandsouthwalls.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> === Vinthu vyautesi === Pali mafilimu ghaŵiri agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa Confucius: la Confucius la mu 1940 ilo Tang Huaiqiu ndiyo wakalilemba, na la Confucius la mu 2010 ilo Chow Yun-fat ndiyo wakalilemba.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt1397498|Confucius}}</ref> === Malo ghakukumbukirako === [[File:First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius,_Ching-hai.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius,_Ching-hai.jpg|thumb|Chipata chakwamba cha tempile la Confucius ku Zhenhai]] [[File:20130918-嘉定孔庙-2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg|thumb|Tempile la Confucius ku Jiading, sono ni tawuni ya ku Shanghai. Sono mu tempile la Confucius ku Jiading muli nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale iyo yikulongosora ivyo vikachitikanga pa maungano gha ufumu.]] Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Confucius wakafwira, msumba wa Qufu, uwo ukaŵa kukwake, ukazgoka malo ghakusoperako na kukumbuka ŵanthu. Mu buku la Han Dynasty Records of the Grand Historian muli nkhani izo zikulongora kuti msumba uwu ukaŵa kale malo ghakusoperapo ŵasembe. Ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukawona visopa. Mu visopa vya Cinic, muli visopa vinandi ivyo vili na vikozgo vya Buddha, Laozi, na Confucius. Paliso matempile ghanandi agho ghakazunulika kwa iyo. Awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Confucian ŵakutemwa kuchita viphikiro vya kukumbukira Confucius chaka chilichose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kaluso aka kakamara kwa vyaka vinandi mu charu cha China, uko chipani cha Communist na boma vikazomerezganga kuti ivyo Confucius na Confucianism ŵakagomezganga vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga. Ntheura, viphikiro vyose ivi vikakanizgika. Mu ma 1990, ŵakaŵaso na ciphikiro ici. Pakuti pasono ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ntchakuzirwa kusopa mbiri na mitheto ya ku China, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵapo nanga ŵangaŵa ŵa chipani cha Communist. Ku Taiwan, uko chipani cha Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) chikakhozgeranga chomene vigomezgo vya Confucius pa nkhani ya makhaliro na nkharo, boma likukhozgera kaluso ka kukumbukira Confucius (祭孔). Nangauli ni holide ya caru cara, kweni yikuwoneka pa kalendara yiliyose, nga ni umo viliri na Zuŵa la Ŵadada panji Khisimasi ku vyaru vya ku Western. Ku South Korea, pa zuŵa la kubabika kwa Confucius na pa zuŵa la nyifwa yake, ŵakuchita viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya Seokjeon Daeje.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunbar |first1=Jon |title=Sungkyunkwan Confucian Ceremony |url=http://www.raskb.com/content/confirmed-pls-pay-upon-registration-sungkyunkwan-confucian-ceremony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418040456/http://www.raskb.com/content/confirmed-pls-pay-upon-registration-sungkyunkwan-confucian-ceremony |archive-date=18 April 2015 |website=RASKB |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> === Ŵana === {{See also|Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent}} Ŵana ŵa Confucius ŵakamanyikwanga kanandi waka na kucindikwa na maboma ghacifumu. Ŵakapika udindo wa marquis maulendo 35 kufuma apo ŵakacitira Gaozu mu muwuso wa Han, ndipo ŵakakwezgeka kuŵa duke maulendo 42 kufuma mu muwuso wa Tang mpaka mu muwuso wa Qing. Themba Xuanzong la ku Tang ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kumupa zina lakuti "Duke Wenxuan" Kong Suizhi wa muwiro wa 35. Mu 1055, Themba Renzong la ku Song likapeleka zina lakuti "Duke Yansheng" kwa Kong Zongyuan wa muwiro wa 46. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa muwuso wa Southern Song, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou wakachimbilira kumwera pamoza na Emperor Song ku Quzhou ku Zhejiang, apo muwuso wa Jin (1115-1234) uwo ukakhazikiskika mwasonosono kumpoto ukimika Kong Duanyou mubali wake Kong Duancao uyo wakakhala ku Qufu kuŵa Duke Yansheng. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi m'paka mu muwuso wa Yuan, kukaŵa mafumu ghaŵiri gha Yansheng, limoza kumpoto ku Qufu ndipo linyake kumwera ku Quzhou. Themba Kublai Khan la muwuso wa Yuan likamuchema kuti wawelere ku Qufu. Mbumba ya kumwera yikaleka kuŵa na zina ili chifukwa chakuti Kong Zhu wakakana, ntheura mbumba ya kumpoto yikalutilira kuŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Munthavi wa kumwera ukakhala mu msumba wa Quzhou, uko ŵakukhala m'paka lero. Ŵana ŵa Confucius mu Quzhou pera ŵalipo 30,000. Muwuso wa Hanlin Academy wa Wujing boshi 五經博士 ukapelekeka ku munthavi wa kumwera ku Quzhou na Fumu ya Ming apo munthavi wa kumpoto ku Qufu ukaŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ca kumwera ni 孔祥 Kong Xiangkai. Mu 1351, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Fumu Toghon Temür wa muwuso wa Yuan, mwana waciŵiri wa muwuso wa Kong Huan (孔??) Kong Shao (孔昭) wakasama kufuma ku China kuya ku Korea mu muwuso wa Goryeo, ndipo wakapokelereka makora na Mfumukazi Noguk (muwoli wa Themba Gongmin uyo wakababika ku Mongolia). Wakati waŵa mwenekaya wa charu cha Korea, wakasintha zina lake kufuma pa "昭" kuŵa "紹" ({{Korean|공여|孔帤}}), 1329–1397), ntheura wakambiska mbumba ya Changwon Gong ({{Korean|창원 공씨|昌原 孔氏}}), malo agho ŵakakhalanga ghakaŵa ku Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province. Kufuma apo, mbumba iyi yikamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu muwuso wa Joseon.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-05-19 |title=Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou |url=http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150204113943/http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm |archive-date=2015-02-04 |access-date=February 4, 2015 |website=Quzhou.China}}</ref> Mu 1794, mu nyengo ya Themba Jeongjo, mbumba iyi yikasintha zina kuŵa Gokbu Gong ({{Korean|곡부 공씨|曲阜 孔氏}}) Ku Qufu uko kukababikira Confucius ({{ko-hhrm|곡부|曲阜|Gokbu}}).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Doosan Encyclopedia 공 孔|publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]]|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1062982&cid=200000000&categoryId=200000185&mobile|access-date=2017-10-20|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121173837/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1062982&mobile=&cid=40942&categoryId=31639|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵana ŵake ŵakumanyikwa ni Gong Yoo (zina lake leneko Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) na Gong Hyo-jin (공효진); na ŵanthu nga ni Gongchan (zina lake leneko Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), Minzy (zina lake leneko Gong Min-ji (공민지)), kweniso ŵadadavyara, awo ŵakwimba ŵanthu. {{ill|Gong Ok-jin|ko|공옥진}} (공옥진). Nangauli mu China mukaŵa kusintha kwa muwuso, kweni zina lakuti Duke Yansheng likapelekeka ku miwiro yakulondezgapo ya mphapu yake m'paka apo likamara kulembekera mu 1935. Munthu waumaliro uyo wakaŵa na zina ili, Kung Te-cheng wa mu muwiro wa 77, ndiyo wakasankhika kuŵa Mulara wa Kupeleka Sembe kwa Confucius. Kung Te-cheng wakafwa mu Okutobala 2008, ndipo mwana wake, Kung Wei-yi, uyo wakaŵa wa nambara 78, wakafwa mu 1989. Muzukuru wa Kung Te-cheng, Kung Tsui-chang, uyo wakaŵa wa mu mzere wa 79, wakababika mu 1975. Mudumbu wa Te-cheng, Kong Demao, wakukhala ku China ndipo wali kulemba buku lakulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira apo wakakuranga mu nyumba ya mbumba yake ku Qufu. Mudumbu munyake, Kong Deqi, wakafwa wacali mwana mucoko. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa Confucius ŵachali kukhala mu msumba wa Qufu. H. wakaŵa wa mphapu ya Confucius. H. Kung, wakaŵa Mulara wa Boma la China. Yumoza wa ŵana ŵake, {{ill|Kong Lingjie|zh|孔令傑}}(孔令傑), wakatora Debra Paget uyo wakababa Gregory Kung (孔德基). Mbumba ya Confucius, ya Kong, ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru capasi. Mbumba iyi yili mu muwiro wake wa nambara 83, ndipo yili kufuma kwa Confucius. Wupu wakuwona vya miwiro ya ŵanthu (Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, CGCC) ukati Confucius wali na ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghatatu. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, masauzandi ghanandi ghakukhala kuwaro kwa China. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400, munthu munyake wa fuko la Kong wakaluta ku Korea, uko mazuŵa ghano kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 34,000 awo mbana ŵa Confucius. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakachimbira ku Qufu mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakukhora ya ku China mu 1940, ndipo paumaliro wakakhazikika ku Taiwan. Paliso minthavi yinyake ya mbumba ya Kong iyo yikang'anamukira ku Cisilamu pamanyuma pa kutengwa ku ŵanakazi ŵa Cisilamu, mu Dachuan mu cigaŵa ca Gansu mu ma 1800, ndiposo mu 1715 mu Xuanwei mu cigaŵa ca Yunnan. Ŵanandi mwa Ŵasilamu awo ŵali kufuma kwa Confucius ŵali kufuma ku nthengwa ya Ma Jiaga (馬甲??), mwanakazi Musulumani, na Kong Yanrong (孔??), muwiro wa 59 wa Confucius mu chaka cha 1480, ndipo ŵakusangika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Hui na Dongxiang. Mu mdauko uphya uwu muli Ŵasilamu. Kong Dejun (孔德軍) ni nkhwantha ya Chisilamu yakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Qinghai. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mbumba ya Confucius, ku China kukaŵa pulogiramu ya kuyezga DNA ya ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵali mu mbumba za Confucius. Ivi vingawovwira kuti ŵasayansi ŵamanye kuti ŵana ŵanalume ŵa Confucius ŵali na chikhomozomu chakuchemeka Y. Usange mphapu ya munthu yikufuma ku dada kuya ku mwana, kufuma mu nyengo ya Confucius, ŵanalume wose mu mbumba iyi ŵaŵenge na chikhomozomu chakuyana waka na cha munthu uyo ŵali kufuma kwa iyo. Chilato cha kuyezgelera majini chikaŵa chakuti kovwire ŵanthu awo ŵali ku chigaŵa chinyake mu charu cha China awo ŵali kutaya mbiri yawo kuti ŵalongore kuti mbanthu ŵa mu mbumba yawo. Ndipouli, mu 2009, maofesi ghanandi ghakazomera yayi kuyezga DNA. Bryan Sykes, pulofesa wa sayansi ya majini pa Yunivesite ya Oxford, wakapulikiska fundo iyi. Ni fumbo la sayansi pera yayi". Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasazgireko ŵanthu ŵaphya mu mbumba ya Confucius. Ŵabali awo ŵakachimbilira ku Taiwan ŵakakhwaskika yayi na DNA. Mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yinyake ŵakachita kafukufuku wa DNA ndipo ŵakasanga kuti wose ŵakaŵa na chikhomozomu chakuyana na cha Y. Buku la Confucius genealogy la nambara 5 na laumaliro likasindikizgika na CGCC. Chikavumbukwa pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Qufu pa Seputembala 24, 2009. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanakazi nawo ŵalipo..<ref>{{Harvnb|China Daily|2007|loc=[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm online]}}.</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> === Maghu ghakulembeka === <references group="" responsive="0"></references> === Mabuku ghanyake === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Mirza Tahir |year=n.d. |title=Confucianism |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003035638/http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=7 November 2010 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community}} * {{cite book|last1=Bonevac|first1=Daniel|last2=Phillips|first2=Stephen|title=Introduction to world philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo0000bone|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-515231-9}} * {{cite book|last=Chin|first=Ann-ping|title=The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics|year=2007|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7432-4618-7|url=https://archive.org/details/authenticconfuci00chin}} * {{cite web |date=21 August 2007 |title=Confucius Descendants Say DNA Testing Plan Lacks Wisdom |url=http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013208/https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013208/http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |publisher=Bandao |ref={{harvid|Bandao|2007}} |access-date=5 May 2023}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm|title=Confucius Family Tree to Record Female Kin|newspaper=China Daily|date=2 February 2007|ref={{harvid|China Daily|2007}}|access-date=30 May 2009|archive-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602095336/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm|url-status=live}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm|title=Confucius' Family Tree Recorded Biggest|newspaper=China Daily|date=24 September 2009|ref={{harvid|China Daily|2009}}|access-date=24 September 2009|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075013/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Creel|first=H. G.|title=Confucius: The Man and the Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/confuciusmanmyth00cree|url-access=registration|year=1949|publisher=John Day Company|location=New York|author-link=Herrlee Glessner Creel}} * {{cite journal|last=Dubs|first=Homer H.|title=The political career of Confucius|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1946_66_4/page/273|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1946|volume=66|issue=4|pages=273–282|author-link=Homer H. Dubs|jstor=596405|doi=10.2307/596405}} * {{cite book|last=Hobson|first=John M.|title=The Eastern origins of Western civilisation|url=https://archive.org/details/easternoriginsof0000hobs|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-54724-6|edition=Reprinted}} * {{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Michael|title=Confucius Beyond the Analects|year=2017|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=978-9-004-33902-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI72DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|access-date=2021-04-09|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161736/https://books.google.com/books?id=nI72DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Huang|first1=Yong|title=Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-9653-8}} * {{cite book|last=Karlgren|first=Bernhard|author-link=Bernhard Karlgren|title=Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese|year=1972|orig-year=1923|publisher=[[Dover Publications|Dover Books]]}} * {{cite web |date=4 January 2009 |title=Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants |url=http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092536/http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2012 |access-date=30 May 2009 |publisher=China Economic Net |ref={{harvid|China Economic Net|2009}}}} * {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBHHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|first1=Tae Hyun|last1=Kim|first2=Mark|last2=Csikszentmihalyi|chapter=Chapter 2|title=Dao Companion to the Analects|editor-first=Amy|editor-last=Olberding|pages=21–36|isbn=978-94-007-7112-3|publisher=Springer|year=2010|access-date=2018-10-27|archive-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225135029/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBHHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first1=David R.|last1=Knechtges|author-link=David R. Knechtges|first2=Hsiang-ling|last2=Shih|chapter=''Lunyu'' 論語|editor-first=David R.|editor-last=Knechtges|editor-first2=Taiping|editor-last2=Chang|title=Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=645|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2010|pages=645–650|isbn=978-90-04-19127-3|access-date=2018-10-27|archive-date=2021-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620161629/https://books.google.com/books?id=mED9Vx10WokC&pg=645|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Fung|first=Yiu-ming|editor-first=Jeffrey|editor-last=Richey|year=2008|title=Teaching Confucianism|chapter=Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804256-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8vSE2lN0H4C|access-date=2021-02-21|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083241/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8vSE2lN0H4C|url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Hutton|first=Eric L.|date=11 June 2019|orig-date=26 May 2016|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online|Oxford Bibliographies]]: Philosophy|title=Confucius|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195396577-0290|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0290.xml|url-access=subscription|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308003431/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0290.xml|url-status=live}}{{subscription}} * {{cite book|last1=Jansen|first1=Thomas|last2=Klein|first2=Thoralf|last3=Meyer|first3=Christian|year=2014|title=Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-27151-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ|access-date=2016-04-21|archive-date=2021-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025215513/https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Kong|first1=Demao|last2=Ke|first2=Lan|last3=Roberts|first3=Rosemary|title=The house of Confucius|year=1988|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=London|isbn=978-0-340-41279-4|edition=Translated}} * {{citation|last=Legge|first=James|author-link=James Legge|contribution=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Confucius|Confucius]]|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''9th ed., Vol. VI''|date=1887|pages=258–265|title-link=:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume VI}}. * {{cite web |date=18 June 2006 |title=DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion |url=http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055952/http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=31 May 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China |ref={{harvid|Ministry of Commerce of the PRC|2006}}}} * {{cite book|last=Nivison|first=David Shepherd|author-link=David Shepherd Nivison|chapter=The Classical Philosophical Writings – Confucius|editor-first1=Michael|editor-last1=Loewe|editor-link1=Michael Loewe|editor-first2=Edward|editor-last2=Shaughnessy|editor-link2=Edward Shaughnessy|title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew|url-access=limited|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew/page/n782 752]–759|isbn=978-0-521-47030-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Nylan|first1=Michael|first2=Thomas A.|last2=Wilson|year=2010|title=Lives of Confucius: Civilization's Greatest Sage through the Ages|isbn=978-0-385-51069-1|url=https://archive.org/details/livesofconfucius00nyla}} * {{cite book|last=Parker|first=John|title=Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730|year=1977|publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-89073-050-8|url=https://archive.org/details/windowsintochina00park_0}} * {{cite book|last=Phan|first=Peter C.|title=Catholicism and interreligious dialogue|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicisminter0000unse|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-982787-9|chapter=Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue}} * {{cite book|last=Rainey|first=Lee Dian|title=Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Richey|first=Jeffrey L.|date=28 August 2018|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online|Oxford Bibliographies]]: Chinese Studies|title=Confucius|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199920082-0163|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0163.xml|url-access=subscription|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308003435/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0163.xml|url-status=live}}{{subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Riegel|first=Jeffrey K.|title=Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1986_106_1/page/13|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1986|volume=106|issue=1|pages=13–22|jstor=602359|doi=10.2307/602359}} * {{cite journal|last=Riegel|first=Jeffrey|title=Confucius|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/|website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=2012-03-25|archive-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202061214/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Qiu |date=13 August 2008 |title=Inheriting Confucius |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029141657/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |access-date=31 May 2009 |publisher=Seed Magazine}} * {{cite book|last=Shen|first=Vincent|title=Dao Companion to Classical Confucian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-2936-2|access-date=2018-12-04|archive-date=2019-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233113/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|first=Endymion|last=Wilkinson|author-link=Endymion Wilkinson|title=Chinese History: A New Manual|edition=4th|year=2015|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-08846-7}} * {{cite web |last=Yan |first=Liang |date=16 February 2008 |title=Updated Confucius family tree has two million members |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002217/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=30 May 2009 |publisher=Xinhua}} * {{cite book|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|title=Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|year=1997|isbn=978-1-898723-76-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC|access-date=2015-11-07|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021150349/https://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-64430-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C|access-date=2015-11-07|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729120529/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C|url-status=live}} * {{cite news|last=Zhou|first=Jing|title=New Confucius Genealogy out next year|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm|date=31 October 2008|publisher=China Internet Information Center|access-date=1 November 2008|archive-date=3 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103060844/http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm|url-status=live}} {{refend}} == Mabuku == ''See {{harvnb|Richey|2018}} and {{harvnb|Hutton|2019}} for extensive bibliographies'' {{refbegin}} * [[Jonathan Clements|Clements, Jonathan]] (2008). ''Confucius: A Biography''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7509-4775-6}}. * Confucius (1997). ''Lun yu'', (in English ''The Analects of Confucius''). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. {{ISBN|0-393-04019-4}}. * Confucius (2003). ''Confucius: Analects – With Selections from Traditional Commentaries''. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. {{BCE|551–479}}) {{ISBN|0-87220-635-1}}. * [[Herrlee Glessner Creel|Creel, Herrlee Glessner]] (1949). ''Confucius and the Chinese Way''. New York: Harper. * {{cite book|last=Creel|first=Herrlee Glessner|author-link=Herrlee Glessner Creel|title=Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesethoughtfr00cree|url-access=registration|year=1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}} * Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia'' of Religion'' (Vol. C, pp.&nbsp;1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference * {{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Raymond|title=Confucius|url=https://archive.org/details/confucius0000daws|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-287536-5}} * {{cite book|last=Fingarette|first=Hebert|title=Confucius : the secular as sacred|year=1998|publisher=Waveland Press|location=Long Grove, Ill.|isbn=978-1-57766-010-1|url=https://archive.org/details/confuciussecular00fing}} * {{cite book|last=Kaizuka|first=Shigeki|title=Confucius. His life and thought|year=1956|publisher=G. Allen and Unwin|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Ssu-ma Ch'ien|title=Records of the Historian|url=https://archive.org/details/recordsofhistori0000szum_i5a5|year=1974|publisher=Commercial Press|location=Hong Kong|others=Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans}} * Sterckx, Roel. ''Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding.'' London: Penguin, 2019. * Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). ''Confucius and the Analects: New Essays''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-513396-X}}. {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|v=no|n=no|s=Author:Confucius|b=Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Confucius and Confucianism|c=Category:Confucius}} * {{cite SEP|url-id=confucius|title=Confucius|last=Csikszentmihalyi|first=Mark}} * {{cite IEP|url-id=confuciu|title=Confucius}} * {{In Our Time|Confucius|p00547k8|Confucius}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130124210603/http://confucius.org/ Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020011747/http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/Mypapers/DaoofKongzi.pdf The Dao of Kongzi], introduction to the thought of Confucius. * {{Gutenberg author|id=1180}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author|id=3104}} * [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4094 Confucian Analects] (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation) * [http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zhexuejialu/Analects_PEM.html Core philosophical passages] in the ''Analects of Confucius''. {{Navboxes|title=Links to related articles|list1={{Chinese philosophy}} {{philosophy of language}} {{Ethics}} {{Social and political philosophy}} {{Qin list}} {{Religious Confucianism}}}}{{Portal bar|China|Biography|Philosophy}}{{Authority control}} jhw100m2ubgb25gw4h6k5x9wfokpiyq 0 26563 122445 122332 2026-09-27T23:55:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)}} {{other uses}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox philosopher | name=Aristotle | image=Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg | caption=Roman copy (in marble) of a [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek bronze]] bust of Aristotle by [[Lysippos]] ({{circa|330 BC}}), with modern alabaster mantle. | birth_date=384 BC | birth_place=[[Stagira (ancient city)|Stagira]], [[Chalcidian League]] | death_date={{nowrap|322 BC (aged 61–62)}} | death_place=[[Chalcis]], [[Euboea]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] | education=[[Platonic Academy]] | era=[[Ancient Greek philosophy]] | region=[[Western philosophy]] | school_tradition={{Flatlist}} * [[Peripatetic school]] {{Endflatlist}} | notable_students = [[Alexander the Great]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Aristoxenus]] | main_interests={{Flatlist}} * [[Logic]] * [[Physis|Natural Philosophy]] * [[Metaphysics]] * [[Ethics]] * [[Politics]] * [[Rhetoric]] * [[Aesthetics|Poetics]] {{Endflatlist}} | notable_ideas=[[Aristotelianism]] {{collapsible list | title = Theoretical philosophy | [[Aristotelian logic]], [[syllogism]] | [[Four causes]] | [[Genus–differentia definition|Genus and differentia]] | [[Hylomorphism]], [[substance theory|substance]], [[essence]], [[accident (philosophy)|accident]] | [[Hypokeimenon]] | [[Potentiality and actuality]] | [[Aristotle's theory of universals|Theory of universals]] | [[Unmoved mover]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Natural philosophy | [[Aristotelian biology]] | [[Aristotelian physics]] | [[Common sense]] | [[Eternity of the world]] | [[Five wits]] | ''[[Horror vacui (physics)|Horror vacui]]'' | [[Classical elements#Aristotle|Theory of elements]], [[Aether (classical element)|aether]] | [[Rational animal]] }} {{collapsible list | title = Practical philosophy | [[Aristotelian ethics]] | [[Catharsis]] | [[Deliberative rhetoric|Deliberative]], [[epideictic]] and [[forensic rhetoric|forensic]] [[rhetoric]] | [[Enthymeme]] and [[Paradeigma]] | [[Family as a model for the state]] | [[Golden mean (philosophy)|Golden mean]] | [[Kyklos#Aristotle|Kyklos]] | [[Magnanimity]] | [[Mimesis]] | [[Natural slavery]] | [[Intellectual virtue]]s: [[sophia (wisdom)|sophia]], [[episteme]], [[nous]], [[phronesis]], [[techne]] | [[Three appeals]]: [[ethos]], [[logos]], [[pathos]] | [[Aristotle's views on women|Views on women]] }} | influences={{Flatlist}} * [[Plato]] * [[Socrates]] * [[Heraclitus]] * [[Parmenides]] * [[Empedocles]] * [[Phaleas of Chalcedon|Phaleas]] * [[Hippodamus of Miletus|Hippodamus]] * [[Hippias]] {{Endflatlist}} | influenced={{longitem| [[Averroism]], [[Avicennism]], [[Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)|Literary Neo-Aristotelianism]], [[Maimonideanism]], [[Objectivism]], [[Peripatetics]], [[Scholasticism]] ([[Llullism]], [[Neo-scholasticism|Neo]], [[Scotism]], [[Second scholasticism|Second]], [[Thomism]], etc.), additionally [[Middle Platonism]] and [[Neoplatonism]]. See: [[List of writers influenced by Aristotle]], [[Commentaries on Aristotle]], [[Pseudo-Aristotle]] }} |notable_works= {{Flatlist}} *''[[Organon]]'' *[[Physics (Aristotle)|''Physics'']] *[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|''Metaphysics'']] *''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' *[[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']] *[[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|''Rhetoric'']] *[[Poetics (Aristotle)|''Poetics'']] {{Endflatlist}} }} '''Aristotle''' (/ˈærɪstɒtəl/; Greek, 384-322 B.C.) wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru wa ku [[Greece]]. Mu mabuku ghake muli nkhani zinandi, nga ni za sayansi, za umoyo, za vinyama, za vinthu vyakuthupi, za kaghanaghaniro, za makhaliro, za kawonekero, za sumu, za maseŵero, za sumu, za kuyowoya, za maghanoghano, za malulimi, za vyachuma, ndyali, vya nyengo, vya charu, na vya boma. Pakuŵa uyo wakambiska sukulu ya Peripatetic ya vinjeru vya ŵanthu ku Lyceum ku Athens, wakambiska cisambizgo ca Aristotle ico cikapangiska kuti sayansi yasinthe. Tikumanya vinandi yayi vya Aristotle. Wakababikira mu msumba wa Stagira kumpoto kwa Greece. Wiske wake, Nicomachus, wakafwa apo Aristotle wakaŵa mwana mucoko, ndipo wakalereka na munthu munyake. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 17 panji 18, wakanjira sukulu ya Plato ku Athens ndipo wakakhala kwenekura m'paka apo wakaŵa na vyaka 37. 347 B.C.E.). Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo Plato wakafwira, Aristotle wakafumako ku Ateni ndipo pa pempho la Philip II wa ku Makedoniya, wakasambizga mwana wake Alexander Mukuru kwamba mu 343 B.C.E. Wakambiska layibulare ku Lyceum iyo yikamovwira kupanga mabuku ghanandi agho wakalemba pa mipukutu ya papyrus. Nangauli Aristotle wakalemba mabuku ghanandi kuti ghalembeke, kweni vigaŵa vitatu pera ndivyo vichalipo. Aristotle wakalongosora makora visambizgo vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikaŵako pambere iyo wandaŵeko. Cikaŵa cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake kuti caru ca ku virwa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi cikapokera lizgu lake la vinjeru, kweniso masuzgo na nthowa zake zakufufuzira. Lekani vinjeru vyake vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E. Sayansi ya vyaumoyo yikathandazgika kufuma mu nyengo ya kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 m'paka mu nyengo ya Renaissance, ndipo yikasintha yayi m'paka apo vinthu vikasinthira. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezga yayi ivyo Aristotle wakalemba pa nkhani ya viŵeto, nga ni ivyo wakalemba pa chiŵaro cha chibenene icho chikubaba ŵana. Wakakhwaskaso visambizgo vya Chiyuda na Chisilamu mu nyengo ya ku Middle Ages, kweniso visambizgo vya Chikhristu, chomenechomene vya chisopa cha Katolika. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu ŵakamuchindikanga chomene Aristotle ndipo ŵakamuchemanga kuti "Msambizgi Wakwamba". Mu mabuku ghake ndimo mukaŵa fundo zakwambilira izo zikulongosora vya vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Aristotle wakalutilira kovwira ŵanthu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kweniso fundo zake za makhaliro, nangauli zikaŵa zakovwira comene, zikamba kukhumbikwa comene mu nyengo yasono. == Umoyo == Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Aristotle. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalembanga kale vikulongora waka ivyo vikachitika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakukolerana pa fundo zichoko waka.{{efn-ua | See {{harvnb|Shields|2012|pp=3–16}}; {{harvnb|Düring|1957}} covers ancient biographies of Aristotle.}} Aristotle wakababika mu 384 B.C.E. ku Stagira, Chalcidice, mtunda wa makilomita 55 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Tesalonika. Wiske wake, Nicomachus, wakaŵa dokotala wa Themba Amyntas la ku Makedoniya. Apo wakaŵa muwukirano, Aristotle wakasambira vya umoyo na munkhwala kufuma kwa awiske. Ŵapapi ŵa Aristotle wose ŵakafwa apo wakaŵa na vilimika pafupifupi 13, ndipo Proxenus wa ku Atarneus ndiyo wakaŵa mulinda wake. Nangauli pasono palije vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Aristotle apo wakaŵa mwana, kweni wakwenera kuti wakakhalako kanyengo kanyake mu nyumba ya ufumu wa Makedoniya, uko wakamba kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa ufumu wa Makedoniya.{{sfn|Anagnostopoulos|2013|page=4}} [[File:20160518 092 mieza nympheum.jpg|thumb|left|Sukulu ya Aristotle ku Mieza, Macedonia, Greece]] Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 17 panji 18, Aristotle wakasamira ku Ateni kuti wakalutilire kusambira pa sukulu ya Plato. Wakwenera kuti wakakumanapo na vinthu vyamabuchi ivyo vikachitika ku Eleusinian Mysteries. Aristotle wakakhala mu Ateni vyaka pafupifupi 20 pambere wandafumeko mu 348/47 B.C.E. Nkhani yakukhwaskana na kufuma kwake yikulongora kuti wakakhuŵara na ivyo vikachitikanga ku sukulu iyi apo muwuso wake ukaluta kwa Speusippus, mwana wa mubali wa Plato. Pamanyuma pake Aristotle wakaluta na Xenocrates ku nyumba ya mubwezi wake Hermias wa ku Atarneus ku Asia Minor. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Hermias, Aristotle wakaluta na msambiri wake Theophrastus ku cirwa ca Lesbos, uko ŵakasambira vyakumera na vyamoyo vya pa cirwa ici. Apo wakaŵa ku Lesbos, Aristotle wakatora Pythias, mwana wa Hermias panji muzukuru wake. Wakababa mwana msungwana, uyo ŵakamuthya zina lakuti Pythias. Mu 343 B.C.E., Philip II wa ku Makedoniya wakachema Aristotle kuti waŵe msambizgi wa mwana wake Alexander. Aristotle ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa sukulu ya ku Makedoniya. Apo Aristotle wakaŵa ku nyumba yacifumu ku Makedoniya, wakasambizga Alekizanda kweniso mathemba ghanyake ghaŵiri: Ptolemy na Cassander. Aristotle wakaciska Alexander kuti watore vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo Aristotle nayo wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu ciyelezgero cimoza cakumanyikwa comene, wakaphalira Alexander kuti waŵe "mulongozgi wa Ŵagiriki na muwusi wa ŵanthu ŵankhaza, kuti wapwelelerenge Ŵagiriki nga ni ŵabwezi na ŵabali ŵake, ndipo waŵapwelelerenge nga ni nyama panji vyakumera". Kuzakafika mu 335 B.C.E., Aristotle wakawelera ku Ateni, ndipo wakazenga sukulu yake yakuchemeka Lyceum. Aristotle wakasambizganga sukulu iyi vyaka 12. Apo wakaŵa ku Ateni, muwoli wake Pythias wakafwa ndipo Aristotle wakatorana na Herpyllis wa ku Stagira. Usange buku la Suda, ilo ni buku ilo likalembeka mu nyengo ya ŵapositole, likuneneska, ndikuti wakwenera kuti wakaŵaso na erômenos, Palaephatus wa ku Abydus. Chithuzithuzi cha Aristote; buku la Ufumu wa Roma (cha m'ma 100 panji 200 C.E.) la chikozgo cha Lysippos Nyengo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa 335 na 323 B.C.E. apo Aristotle wakalemba mabuku ghake ghanandi. Iyo wakalemba nkhani zinandi izo zilipo m'paka sono. Mu mabuku agha muli mabuku ghanandi agho ghakalembeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mabuku ghake ghakuzirwa comene ni Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul and Poetics. Aristotle wakasambira chomene vya sayansi ndipo wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu pa nkhani ya "kulondezga fundo za mu Baibolo, masamu, sayansi, vyamoyo, vyakumera, makhaliro, ndyali, ulimi, munkhwala, kuvina, na vyakusanguluska". Kuumaliro wa umoyo wake, Alexander na Aristotle ŵakamba kutemwana cifukwa ca ubwezi uwo wakaŵa nawo na Ŵaperesiya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu nyengo yakale ŵakagomezganga kuti Aristotle ndiyo wakacitiska kuti Alekizanda wafwe. Kweni ukaboni wa fundo iyi ngwakuti wakacita ivi pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Alexander, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ateni ŵakamba kutinkha Ŵaroma. Mu 322 B.C.E., Demophilus na Eurymedon the Hierophant ŵakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakaŵa wambura kopa Chiuta, ndipo ŵakamuchiska kuti wachimbilire ku nyumba ya anyina ku Chalcis, ku Euboea. Wakafwira ku Chalcis, Euboea, mu chaka chenechicho, ndipo wakasankha Antipater kuti waŵe mulara wake.{{sfn|Haase|1992|p=3862}} == Fundo za kuganiza == === Vyamaganizo === {{Main|Term logic}} {{further | Non-Aristotelian logic}} Aristotle ndiyo wakalemba buku la Prior Analytics, ndipo ndiyo wakamba kusambira chomene vya vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Kant wakayowoya mu buku lake lakuti Critique of Pure Reason kuti Aristotle ndiyo wakawovwira kuti fundo za Aristotle zifiskike. ==== ''Organon'' ==== {{Main|Organon}} {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ One of Aristotle's [[Syllogism#Types|types of syllogism]]{{efn-ua|This [[Syllogism#Types|type of syllogism]], with all three terms in 'a', is known by the traditional (medieval) [[mnemonic]] [[Baralipton|Barbara]].{{sfn|Lagerlund|2016}}}} ! In words !! In<br /> terms{{efn-ua|M is the Middle (here, Men), S is the Subject (Greeks), P is the Predicate (mortal).{{sfn|Lagerlund|2016}}}} !! In equations{{efn-ua|The first equation can be read as 'It is not true that there exists an x such that x is a man and that x is not mortal.'{{sfn|Predicate Logic}}}} |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All men are mortal.<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All Greeks are men.<br /><br />[[Therefore sign|∴]] All Greeks are mortal.||M a P<br /><br />S a M<br /><br />S a P||[[File:Modus Barbara Equations.svg|180px]] |} Ivyo mazuŵa ghano vikuchemeka kuti Aristotle's logic na mitundu yake ya syllogism (nthowa zakugwiliskira ntchito fundo zaunenesko), Aristotle ndiyo wakavichema kuti "analytics". Mazgu ghakuti "logica" wakaghaŵika kuti ghangang'anamuraso kuyowoya. Vinthu vinandi ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikwenera kuti vikaŵako yayi, chifukwa vikalembeka na ŵasambiri kweniso ŵasambizgi. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikalembeka mu mabuku 6 ghakuchemeka Organon, ndipo Andronicus wa ku Rhodes panji ŵanyake awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakalemba mabuku agha mu 40 B.C.{{sfn| Pickover | 2009 | page=52}}Mabuku agha ni agha: # ''[[Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]]'' # ''[[On Interpretation]]'' # ''[[Prior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Posterior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Topics (Aristotle)|Topics]]'' # ''[[On Sophistical Refutations]]'' [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg| thumb | upright | Plato (kumazere) na Aristotle pa cithuzithuzi ico Raphael wakajambura mu 1509 pa The School of Athens. Aristotle wakuyowoya fundo za mu buku lake la Nicomachean Ethics, ndipo wakuyowoya na charu chapasi, kulongora umo wakuwonera vinthu, apo Plato wakuyowoya na kuchanya, kulongora fundo yake ya Theory of Forms, ndipo wakuyowoya na buku lake la Timaeus.{{sfn| School of Athens}}{{sfn|Stewart|2019}}]] Ntchakumanyikwa yayi umo mabuku agha ghakalembekera, kweni fundo izo zili mu mabuku agha zikafuma mu ivyo Aristotle wakalemba. Likufuma ku fundo zakwamba, kusanda mazgu ghapusu mu vigaŵa, kusanda fundo na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana mu buku la On Interpretation, na kusanda mitundu yakusuzga chomene, nga ni syllogisms (mu Analytics) na dialectics (mu Topics and Sophistical Refutations). Mabuku ghatatu ghakwambilira agha ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Buku la The Rhetoric likusangikamo yayi, kweni likuyowoya kuti likuthemba pa Nkhani.{{sfn| Smith | 2017}} === Vinthu vyakuthupi === {{Main|Metaphysics (Aristotle)}} Lizgu lakuti "metaphysics" likwenera kuti likapangika na mulembi munyake wa m'ma 100 C.E. uyo wakawunjika mabuku gha Aristotle mu buku la Metaphysics. Aristotle wakalimanya kuti "filosofi yakwamba", ndipo wakalipatura ku masamu na sayansi ya cilengiwa (physics) nga ni filosofi ya kughanaghanirapo (theoretikē) iyo ni "ciuta" ndipo yikusanda vya Ciuta. Mu buku lake la Metaphysics (1026a16) wakalemba kuti: {{blockquote |Usange palije vinthu vinyake vyakujiyimira vyekha padera pa vinthu vyakujiyimira vyekha, mbwenu kusanda cilengiwa ndiyo ni nthowa yakwamba ya kumanya vinthu. Kweni usange pali cinthu cinyake cakujiyimira ca, ndipo nchakuzirwa comene, ndipo nchakuzirwa comene. Ndipo nchinthu ca mtundu uwu ca vinjeru vya ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire umo vinthu viliri, ndiposo ivyo vikuŵako cifukwa ca umo vinthu viliri.}} ==== Chinthu ==== {{see | Hylomorphism }} Mu buku lake la Metaphysics (Buku VII), Aristotle wakalongosora fundo ya substance (ousia) na essence (to ti ên einai, "icho chikaŵa kuti chiŵeko") ndipo wakati chinthu chinyake ntchakusazgikana na vinthu vinyake. Mu buku la nambara 8, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vili mu thupi ni vyakuthupi. Mwaciyerezgero, vinthu vya nyumba ni njerwa, malibwe, mathabwa, na vinyake, panji cilicose ico cikupangiska nyumba iyo yilipo, apo kawonekero ka vinthu ni nyumba yeneco, panji kuti 'kuvwara mathupi na vinthu vinyake' panji cilicose ico cikulongora kuti cinthu ni nyumba. Fomula ilo likuyowoya za vigaŵa ivi likuyowoya za vinthu, ndipo fomu iyo yikuyowoya za upusikizgi yikuyowoya za umo vinthu viliri.{{sfn| Metaphysics | p=VIII 1043a 10–30}}{{sfn| Cohen | 2000}} ===== Kuwona vinthu mwakwenelera ===== {{Main|Aristotle's theory of universals}} [[File:Platonic and Aristotelian Forms.svg| thumb | upright=1.5 | Vinthu ivyo Plato wakalemba vikaŵa vya palipose, nga umo vikuŵira na apulo. Kwa Aristotle, vinthu na kawonekero ni vinthu vya munthu (hylomorphism).]] Nga ni msambizgi wake Plato, Aristotle nayo wakasambizganga vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Fundo ya Aristotle yikulongora kuti vinthu vya pa charu chose (katholou) vili mu vinthu vyapadera (kath' hekaston), vinthu ivyo vili mu charu, apo Plato wakati vinthu vya pa charu chose ni vinthu ivyo vikuyana waka. Kwa Aristotle, "kawonekero" kakaŵa waka ka vinthu ivyo vikuchitika, kweni "kaŵa ka vinthu" mu chinthu chinyake. Plato wakati vinthu vyose vili na kawonekero kake, ndipo kawonekero kake nkhanthu kanyake panji kukolerana na vinthu vinyake. Mwaciyerezgero, para munthu wakulaŵiska pa cipambi, wakuwona cipambi, ndipo wangasanda kawonekero kake. Pa mphambano iyi, pali apulo limoza na mtundu unyake. Kweniso munthu wangaŵika apulo pafupi na buku, mwakuti buku na apulo viŵe pafupi. Plato wakayowoya kuti pali mitundu yinyake ya vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chose. Mwaciyelezgero, cingaŵa kuti palije ciwemi ico cilipo, kweni "ciwemi" ni cigaŵa ca vinthu vyose. Aristotle wakakolerana yayi na Plato pa fundo iyi, wakati vinthu vyose ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chapasi vikuchitika mu nyengo yinyake, ndipo palije vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa charu chapasi ivyo vikukolerana yayi na vinthu ivyo vikaŵako kale. Kweniso Aristotle wakakolerana yayi na Plato pa nkhani ya malo agho kuli vinthu vyose. Apo Plato wakayowoyanga za umo vinthu viliri kupaturako ku vinthu ivyo vilimo, Aristotle wakati vinthu vyose ivyo vilipo vikukolerana na ivyo vilipo. Ntheura, kuyana na Aristotle, kawonekero ka maapulo kali mu maapulo ghose, m'malo mwa kawonekero ka vinthu vinyake.{{sfn| Cohen | 2000}}{{sfn| Lloyd | 1968 | pages=43–47}} ===== Umo vinthu vingaŵira nadi ===== Pakuyowoya za umo vinthu vikusinthira (kinesis) na vifukwa vyake, nga umo wakulongosolera mu buku lake lakuti Physics and On Generation and Corruption (319b ̇320a), wakupambaniska pakati pa ivyo vikwiza (genesis, kung'anamulikaso kuti'mphapu') na: * Kukura na kuchepa, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa unandi. * Kusintha kwa malo, ndipo * Kusintha, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa mikhaliro. [[File:Flute-player dolphin Alcesti Group MAN.jpg| thumb | Aristotle wakayowoya kuti munthu wangasambira kuvina para wangakwaniska.]] Kuŵako ni kusintha uko chinthu icho chasintha chikusintha. Mu kusintha uku, wakambiska fundo ya nkhongono (dynamis) na unenesko (entelecheia) mu vinthu na kawonekero. Para tikuyowoya za nkhongono, tikung'anamura kuti chinthu chinyake chingachita panji kuchitapo kanthu usange vinthu vili makora ndipo palije icho chikutondeska. Mwaciyelezgero, mbuto ya cinthu ico cili mu dongo yikuŵa cinthu ico cikukura, ndipo para palije ico cikukanizga, cikuŵa cinthu ico cikukura. Vinthu ivyo vingaŵako vingaŵa kuti 'vikuchita' (poiein) panji 'vingachitikaso' (paschein), ndipo vingaŵa kuti vili kubabika panji kusambira. Mwaciyelezgero, maso ghali na nkhongono ya kuwona (kucita vinthu mwakuyana na umo munthu wakughanaghanira), kweni munthu wangamanya kuseŵera seŵero para wasambira (kucita maseŵero). Cakucitika nchakuti umaliro wa nkhongono ukufiskika. Cifukwa cakuti umaliro (telos) ndiwo nkharo ya kusintha kose, ndipo nkhongono zilipo cifukwa ca umaliro, ntheura unenesko ndiwo umaliro. Para tikughanaghanira za ciyelezgero cakwambilira, tingayowoya kuti cinthu ico cikucitika para cinyama cacita cinthu cimoza ico cinyama cikucita.{{sfn| Cohen | 2000}} {{blockquote |Pakuti ico cinthu ciliri cifukwa caco, nchakwamba cake, ndipo ico cikuŵa cifukwa ca cilato; ndipo ico cilipo cifukwa ca cilato, ndipo cifukwa ca cilato ici ndipo nkhongono zikuŵa. Pakuti vinyama vikuwona yayi kuti viwone, kweni vikuwona kuti viwone.}} Kuyowoya mwakudumura, vinthu ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito kupanga nyumba vingaŵa kuti ni nyumba, ndipo mulimo wa kuzenga na umo nyumba yaumaliro yizamuŵira ni vinthu vyaunenesko, ivyo ni cifukwa caumaliro panji umaliro. Kufuma apo, Aristotle wakalutizga na kuyowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikuchitika nadi ndivyo vikwamba kuchitika pambere vindachitike. Aristotle wakayezga kumazga suzgo la umo vinthu viliri, nga ni "ntchivichi chikupangiska munthu kuŵa yumoza"? Pakuti kuyana na ivyo Plato wakayowoya, pali vinthu viŵiri: cinyama na viŵeto viŵiri, kasi munthu wakuŵa wuli cigaŵa cimoza? Ndipouli, kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu ivyo vingawoneka (vinthu) na ivyo vikuwoneka (ntchinthu) ni cinthu cimoza.{{sfn| Cohen | 2000}}{{sfn| Metaphysics | p=VIII 1045a–b}} === Kuwona vinthu === Fundo ya Aristotle yakuti vinthu vikuchitika nadi yikung'anamura kuti ivyo wakumanya vikukolerana na ivyo vikuchitika mu charu, ndipo vikukwelera ku kumanya vinthu vyose, apo Plato wakati ivyo wakumanya vikwamba na kumanya vinthu vyose (panji maghanoghano) ndipo vikukwelera ku kumanya vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na ivyo vikuchitika. Aristotle wakugwiliskira ntchito viyelezgero pakuchita vinthu, apo Plato wakuthemba fundo za mu Baibolo.{{sfn|Smith|2017}} == Filosofi ya cilengiwa == "Vinthu vyakuthupi" ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikulongosora vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu chilengiwa, kusazgapo vinthu ivyo pasono vikumanyikwa na sayansi ya vyaumoyo na sayansi zinyake. Kuyana na mazgu gha Aristotle, "nthanthi zacilengiwa" ni munthavi wa vinjeru vyacilengiwa uwo ukuwona vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu caru, ndipo ukuŵa na vigaŵa ivyo lero vikucemeka physics, biology, na vinyake. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Aristotle wakati vinjeru ni "sayansi". Ndipouli, mazgu ghakuti sayansi agho wakayowoya ghakupambana na ghakuti "masambiro gha sayansi". Kwa Aristotle, "sayansi yose (dianoia) njakovwira, yakulembeka, panji ya vinjeru" (Metaphysics 1025b25). Sayansi yake yikusazgapo nkharo na ndyali; sayansi yake ya vyamasalimo yikusazgapo kusambira vya maluso, kusazgapo vyamasalimo; sayansi yake ya vyamasalamusi yikusazgapo sayansi ya physics, mathematics na metaphysics.{{sfn|Wildberg|2016}} === Physics === [[File:Four Classical Elements in Burning Log.svg| thumb | The four [[classical element]]s (fire, air, water, earth) of [[Empedocles]] and Aristotle illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.]] {{Main|Aristotelian physics}} ==== Five elements ==== {{Main|Classical element}} Mu buku lake lakuti On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle wakayaniska vinthu vinayi ivyo Empedocles wakayowoya, vyakuti caru, maji, mphepo, na moto, na vinthu viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya, moto, kuzizima, kuthukira, na kuuma. Mu ndondomeko ya Empedoclean, vinthu vyose vikapangika na vinthu vinayi ivi. Aristotle wakasazgirapo mzimu wakucemeka ether, uwo ni mzimu wa Ciuta uwo ukupangiska vinthu vya kucanya, nyenyezi, na mapulaneti.{{sfn| Lloyd | 1968 | pages=133–139, 166–169}} {| class="wikitable" |+ [[Classical element|Aristotle's elements]]{{sfn|Lloyd|1968|pages=133–139, 166–169}} ! Element !!{{font color|red|Hot}}/{{font color|blue|Cold}} !!{{font color|green|Wet}}/{{font color|brown|Dry}} !! Motion !! Modern [[State of matter|state<br />of matter]] |- |'''[[Earth (classical element)|Earth]]'''||{{font color|blue|Cold}}||{{font color|brown|Dry}}||Down||[[Solid]] |- |'''[[Water (classical element)|Water]]'''||{{font color|blue|Cold}}||{{font color|green|Wet}}||Down||[[Liquid]] |- |'''[[Air (classical element)|Air]]'''||{{font color|red|Hot}}||{{font color|green|Wet}}||Up||[[Gas]] |- |'''[[Fire (classical element)|Fire]]'''||{{font color|red|Hot}}||{{font color|brown|Dry}}||Up||[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] |- |'''[[Aether (classical element)|Aether]]'''||(divine<br />substance)||—||Circular<br />(in heavens)||[[Vacuum]] |} ==== Motion ==== {{see | History of classical mechanics}} Aristotle wakalongosora za mitundu yiŵiri ya vyakuchitika: "vyakofya" panji "vyambura kwenelera", nga ni malibwe agho ghakuponyeka mu buku la Physics (254b10), kweniso "vyakuchitika", nga ni vinthu ivyo vikuwa mu buku la On the Heavens (300a20). Para munthu wakuchita vinthu mwakofya, para wakaleka waka kuchitiska, wakuleka kuchitaso vinthu vinyake. Para tapulikiska fundo iyi, tingamanya kuti nga umo Aristotle wakayowoyera, vinthu vizito vikukhumbikwira nkhongono zinandi kuti visendelere. Ici cikung'anamura kuti ciyerezgero ici :: <math>F=mv</math>, incorrect in modern physics.{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Cinthu ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora cikuthemba pa umo vinthu viliri: Eteri wakuzingilira mtambo, apo vinthu vinayi vya Empedoclean vikukwelera muchanya (nga ni moto) panji pasi (nga ni caru) uko vikukhala. Malango gha Aristotle ghakukhwaskana na kwenda. Iyo wakati vinthu vikughanda mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska uzito wake ndipo vikughanda mwakuyana waka na unandi wa maji agho vili mu maji. Ici nchigaŵa cakwenelera ca vinthu ivyo vikwenda mu maji panji mu mphepo. Mu buku lake la Physics (215a25), Aristotle wakalemba dango la unandi, lakuti mlingo wa v, wa thupi ilo likuwa, ukuyana waka na uzito wake, W, ndipo ukuyana waka na unandi, ρ, wa maji agho likuwa;{{sfn|Rovelli|2015|pp=23–40}}{{sfn|Drabkin|1938|pp=60–84}} :: <math>v=c\frac{W}{\rho}</math> Aristotle wakang'anamuranga kuti para munthu wali mu malo ghambura kanthu, wakuwa mwaluŵiro chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vyakupambana pa nkhani ya usange Aristotle wakakhumbanga kuyowoya malango ghakukhwaskana na unandi wa vinthu. Henri Carteron wakagomezganga kuti fundo ya Aristotle ya nkhongono njakovwira, kweni ŵanyake ŵakukana fundo iyi. Archimedes wakanozga fundo ya Aristotle yakuti mathupi ghakusendelera ku malo ghake ghakupumulirako; maboti gha visulo ghangayandukira para ghakusintha maji ghakukwana; mu ndondomeko ya Archimedes, kuyandukira kukuthemba pa unandi na unandi wa chinthu, ndipo nga umo Aristotle wakaghanaghaniranga yayi, umo chili kupangikira. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu m'paka mu nyengo yaumaliro. John Philoponus (mu nyengo yakale) na Galileo (mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano) ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakalongora kuti ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya kuti chinthu chikuru chikuwa luŵiro chomene kuluska chinyake ntchautesi. Carlo Rovelli wakayowoya fundo yinyake iyo yikususkana na fundo iyi. Iyo wakati fundo ya Aristotle yakuti vinthu vikwenda makora yikukolerana na fundo yakuti vinthu ivyo vikuŵa mu malo gha gravity pa charu chapasi vikuŵa mu maji nga ni mphepo. Mu cigaŵa ici, mathupi ghakututuŵa agho ghakuwa nyengo zose ghendanga luŵiro comene kuluska mathupi ghapusu, ndipo ghakuwa pacoko comene mu malo ghakututuŵa. Newton wakalongosora kuti para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono ya nkhongono iyi, wakuŵa na nkhongono yakuwuskira vinthu mu malo ghake. Kweni Aristotle wakati para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono iyi, wakuŵa na nkhongono yakuwuskira vinthu mu malo ghake. ==== Vifukwa vinayi ==== {{Main|Four causes}} [[File:Aristotle's Four Causes of a Table.svg| thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle wakayowoya kuti chinthu chikupangika chifukwa cha vinthu vinayi: pa tebulo, nkhuni izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito (kanthu ako kakupangiska kuti chinthu chipangike), umo chili kupangikira (kanthu ako kakupangiska kuti chinthu chipangike), vinthu ivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito (kanthu ako kakupangiska kuti chinthu chipangike makora), kweniso chifukwa icho chikuchitira vinthu vinyake.]] Aristotle wakati pali vinthu vinayi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu vichitike. Lizgu lakuti aitia likung'anamulika kuti "cifukwa", kweni ni nyengo zose yayi apo vinthu vikucitika mu nyengo yimoza..{{sfn| Lloyd | 1996 | pages=96–100, 106–107}}{{sfn| Hankinson | 1998 | page=159}} * Cinthu ico cikupangiska cinthu cikulongosora vinthu ivyo vilipo. Ntheura, mathabwa ndigho ghakupangiska kuti paŵe thebulu. Fundo njakuti tichitengepo kanthu yayi. Cikung'anamura kuti cimayi cimoza cikugadabura cinyake yayi.{{sfn| Lloyd | 1996 | pages=96–100, 106–107}} * Cinthu ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe nthena ni umo vinthu viliri. Likutiphalira umo cinthu ciliri, kuti cinthu cikulongosoreka na ng'anamuro lake, umo ciliri, umo ciliri, umo ciliri nadi, cigaŵa cake cose, umo ciliri, panji ciyelezgero cake cikuru. Likuyowoya za vifukwa ivyo vikupangiska vinthu mu fundo za mu Baibolo panji mu malango ghanyake, pakuti vyose (mwachiyelezgero, makrostructure) ni vifukwa ivyo vikupangiska vinthu vinyake. Kuyowoya mwakupulikikwa makora, cifukwa ico munthu wakupangira cikozgo ni maghanoghano agho wakuŵa nagho. Cakuwonerapo ciwemi comene ca cifukwa ico munthu wakupangira vinthu ni maghanoghano agho munthu wakucita kupanga vinthu, nga ni kujambura vinthu.{{sfn| Lloyd | 1996 | pages=96–100, 106–107}} * Cinthu ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe ni "cinthu cakwamba", panji ico cikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Likulongosora 'ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora na ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe' ndipo likulongora kuti pali vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe, kwali ni vyamoyo panji yayi. Pakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakupulikiskira fundo yakuti pali vifukwa na umaliro, fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti "vifukwa" ni munthu panji vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika. Para pali ma domino ghaŵiri, para yimoza yawa, yimoza nayo yikuwa. Ku vinyama, ciŵaro ici cikusazgikana na umo cikukulira kufuma ku sumbi na umo thupi likugwilira nchito.{{sfn| Leroi | 2015 | pages=91–92, 369–373}} * Chifukwa chaumaliro (telos) ni cilato cake, cifukwa ico cinthu ciliripo panji cakucitikira, kusazgapo vyakucita na vyakucita ivyo vili na cilato ndiposo ivyo vikucitika mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri. Cinthu ico cikupangiska cinthu cinyake kuti cicitike ni cilato ico cinthu ici cikwenera kufiska. Fundo iyi yikusazgapo fundo za mazuŵa ghano izo zikulongora kuti munthu wali na khumbo. Para vikuyowoya za vyamoyo, chikung'anamura kuzgoŵera umoyo unyake.{{sfn| Leroi | 2015 | pages=91–92, 369–373}} ==== Kuwona vinthu ==== {{further | History of optics}} Aristotle wakalongosora ivyo wakachita pakusanda vinthu vya mu maso. Chiŵiya ichi chikaŵanga na chipinda chamdima icho chikaŵa na chijaro chichoko icho chikapelekanga ungweru. Wakawona kuti nanga wangaŵa na kawonekero wuli, kawonekero ka dazi kakulutilira kuŵa kazingilika. Wakayowoyaso kuti para munthu wakusazgirako mtunda pakati pa jiso lake na jiso la cikozgo, cikozgo cikukura comene..{{sfn| Lahanas}} ==== Mwaŵi na kuzgoka ==== {{further | Accident (philosophy)}} Kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu vinyake vikuchitika mwamabuchi panji mwamabuchi. Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mwangozi vikuchitika mwangozi. Paliso mwaŵi unyake uwo Aristotle wakuwuthya kuti "mwaŵi", uwo ukuyowoya waka za nkharo ya ŵanthu.{{sfn| Miller | 1973 | pp=204–213}} === Sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga === {{further | History of astronomy}} Aristotle wakasuska fundo ya Democritus yakuti mtambo wa Milky Way uli na "nyenyezi izo caru cikubenekelera na ungweru wa dazi". Iyo wakati usange "dazi likuru kuluska caru ndipo mtunda uwo ulipo pakati pa nyenyezi na caru ngukuru comene kuluska dazi, ipo... dazi likuŵala pa nyenyezi zose ndipo caru cikubenekelera yayi". === Geology na sayansi ya cilengiwa === {{further | History of geology}} [[File:Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg| thumb | Aristotle wakawona kuti malo gha mu virwa vya Aeolian ghakasintha pambere vula yindaphye.]] Aristotle wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kulemba ivyo ŵakawona. Wakayowoya kuti kusintha kwa malo kukucitika mwakucedwa comene mwakuti munthu yumoza wangaviwona yayi. Charles Lyell, wakalongosora kuti Aristotle wakalongosora umo vinthu vikasinthira, kusazgapo "maziŵa agho ghakawomira" na "mapopa agho ghakamira mu milonga". Aristotle wakawonaso vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo maji ghakwendera kweniso umo vinthu vikuŵira pa charu chapasi. Mwaciyelezgero, wakawona kuti para maji gha mu nyanja ghakutentheka, maji gha mu nyanja ghakusunkhunyika, ndipo nyanja zikusunkhunyikaso na vula.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aristotle|translator-last=Lee|translator-first=H.D.P.|title=Meteorologica, Chapter II |year=1952 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |page=156 |edition=Loeb Classical Library |url=http://archive.org/details/L397AristotleMeteorologica |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> === Vya umoyo === {{Main|Aristotle's biology}} [[File:Tremoctopus violaceus5.jpg| thumb | upright | Pakati pa vinthu vinandi ivyo Aristotle wakachita pakusanda vyamoyo, wakalongosora vya ciŵiya ca hectocotyl ico cikupanga viŵeto vya viyuni ivi.]] ==== Kafukufuku wakukhazikika ==== Aristotle ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kusambira vya umoyo, ndipo wakalemba vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo. Wakakhala vyaka viŵiri kuti wawone na kulongosora vyamoyo vya ku Lesbos na vyakumwera. Ivyo wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti History of Animals, Generation of Animals, Movement of Animals, and Parts of Animals, vikukolerana na ivyo wakawona, ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya vinandi, nga mbalimi ŵa njuchi na ŵalovi, ŵakayowoya, kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya. Ivyo wakalemba vyakukhwaskana na vyakumera na vinyama ni vyacilendo: mabuku ghake ghakukhwaskana na vyakumera ghali kutayika, kweni mabuku ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na vyakumera gha Theophrastus, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wake, ghachalipo. Aristotle wakalemba za vyamoyo vya mu nyanja ivyo vikawonekanga pa Lesbos na ivyo ŵalovi ŵakakora. Wakulongosora mwakukwana za somba za sumbi, magesi, na somba za nkhonyo. Wakulongosoraso za viyuni vinyake nga ni viyuni vya maphapu (octopus na paper nautilus). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezga yayi ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya mawoko gha viyuni vyambura mawoko, ivyo vikagwiranga ntchito pakuseŵa. Wakalongosora makora umo viŵaro vinayi vyakunthazi vya nyama izo zikukhweŵa vikuŵira, kweniso umo viŵaro ivi vikuŵira para munthu wafwa. Iyo wakuti thupi la nyama likukolerana makora na umo likugwilira ntchito, ntheura pakati pa viyuni, kankhongono ako kakukhala mu mathipa gha mathipa ghapusu ndipo kakukora somba, kali na singo yitali, malundi ghatali, na nthonga zakuthwa nga ni mkondo, uku bakambuku awo ŵakuthunda ŵali na malundi ghafupi na malundi gha viŵegha. Darwin nayo wakawona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa vinyama vyakupambanapambana, kweni wakakolerana yayi na Aristotle. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona kuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikulongora kuti vinthu vikachita kusintha kufuma ku vinyake. Kuyana na Aristotle, vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mwamabuchi vikuyana waka na kuthukira kwa nyengo yakuzizima. Ntheura wakasuskanga fundo ya Empedocles yakuti vyamoyo na viŵaro vyawo vikuŵa na "umoyo". Kuti wayowoye maghanoghano ghake mu mazgu gha mazuŵa ghano, palije apo wakayowoyapo kuti vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana vingaŵa na dada yumoza, panji kuti mtundu unyake ungasintha kuŵa unyake, panji kuti mitundu yinyake yingamara.{{sfn| Leroi | 2015 | page=273}} ==== Nthowa ya sayansi ==== [[File:Two of Aristotle's Growth Laws.svg| thumb | left | upright=1.4 | Aristotle wakamanya kuti para munthu wakura, thupi lake likukwera, kweni para wakura wakwamba kubaba. Wakayowoya unenesko pa ivyo wakayowoyerathu, nanga vingaŵa vya vinyama vyakumera.]] Aristotle wakachitanga viyezgo nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano yayi. Wakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu Lachigiriki lakuti pepeiramenoi kuti walongosore umo vinthu viliri, panji kuti umo ŵakuchitira pakusanda vinthu nga nkhupima. Mu buku lakuti Generation of Animals, wakusanga chiŵiya cha nkhuku icho chili na nthumbo ndipo wakuchijura kuti wawonenge umo mtima wa chiŵaro ichi ukuwira. M'malo mwake, wakasanda vinthu mwakupambana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira. Nthowa iyi njakumanyikwa chomene mu sayansi ya vinthu vyamoyo mazuŵa ghano, para ŵanthu ŵamanya vinandi pa nkhani yinyake nga ni genomics. Likuŵa lakugomezgeka yayi nga umo viliri na sayansi, kweni likulongosora fundo zakukhorweska na kulongosora ivyo vikuchitika. Mu fundo iyi, ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikukolerana na sayansi. Ivyo Aristotle wakasanga na kulemba vikamovwira kuti wamanye malango ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wa viyuni ivyo wakasambiranga. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni ivi: Para munthu wakura, chiŵeto chikukwera, ntheura njovu yikuŵa na ŵana ŵachoko chomene (kanandi yumoza pera) kuluska mbeŵa. Umoyo wa njovu ukukura para zaŵa na nthumbo, kweniso para zaŵa na thupi likuru. Mwaciyelezgero caumaliro, para munthu wakukhala nyengo yitali, wakuŵa na ŵana ŵacoko comene.{{sfn| Leroi | 2015 | page=408}}{{-}} ==== Kusandula vyamoyo ==== {{further|Scala naturae}} [[File:Scyliorhinus retifer embryo.JPG|thumb |Aristotle wakalemba kuti nthumbo ya somba iyi yikaŵa na chingwe icho chikayegheka ku chiŵaro chinyake (placenta), nga ni nyama yinyake yapachanya.]] Aristotle wakalemba mitundu ya vinyama yakujumpha 500, ndipo mu buku lake la History of Animals wakalemba mitundu iyi kuti yiŵe yakufikapo. Vinyama ivi vikaŵa na magulu 11, kufuma pa viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono chomene kufika pa viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono zichoko chomene. Vinyama vikaŵa pachanya pa vyakumera, ndipo vyakumera navyo vikaŵa pachanya pa visomba. Iyo wakalemba kuti viŵeto vyambura msana ni "vyamoyo vyambura ndopa". Viŵeto ivyo vikaŵa na ndopa vikagaŵikanga mu viŵeto vyamoyo (vyakumera), na vyakumera (viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na somba). Viyuni ivyo vikaŵavya ndopa vikaŵa vibenene, vibenene (vyambura vibenene) na vibenene. Iyo wakawona kuti vinyama vikukolerana yayi na maselo, ndipo wakawona kuti pali vinyake ivyo vikupambana na maselo agha. Munthu munyake uyo wakusanda vya umoyo wa mazuŵa ghano wakuwona kuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba ni vyautesi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya sayansi ŵakuti Aristotle wakakhumbanga yayi kusambira vya vinyama, kweni awo ŵakasambira vya vinyama mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakaghanaghana vyakupambana. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikucitika mu cilengiwa vikulongozgeka na cilato ico vili na cilato..{{sfn|Mason|1979|pp=43–44}} {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;" |+ Aristotle's ''[[Scala naturae]]'' (highest to lowest) ! Group !! Examples<br/>(given by Aristotle) !! Blood !! Legs !! Souls<br/>(Rational,<br/>Sensitive,<br/>Vegetative) !! Qualities<br/>({{font color|red|Hot}}–{{font color|blue|Cold}},<br/>{{font color|green|Wet}}–{{font color|brown|Dry}}) |- |Man||Man||with&nbsp;blood||2 legs||R, S, V||{{font color|red|Hot}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} |- |[[Mammal|Live-bearing tetrapods]]||Cat, [[hare]]||with&nbsp;blood||4 legs||S, V||{{font color|red|Hot}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} |- |[[Cetaceans]]||[[Dolphin]], [[whale]]||with&nbsp;blood||none||S, V||{{font color|red|Hot}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} |- |[[Birds]]||[[Bee-eater]], [[nightjar]]||with&nbsp;blood||2 legs||S, V||{{font color|red|Hot}}, {{font color|green|Wet}}, except {{font color|brown|Dry}} eggs |- |[[Reptile|Egg-laying tetrapods]]||[[Chameleon]], [[crocodile]]||with&nbsp;blood||4 legs||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} except scales, eggs |- |[[Snakes]]||Water snake, [[Ottoman viper]]||with&nbsp;blood||none||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} except scales, eggs |- |Egg-laying [[fish]]es||[[Sea bass]], [[Sparisoma cretense|parrotfish]]||with&nbsp;blood||none||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}}, including eggs |- |(Among the egg-laying fishes):<br />placental [[selachian]]s||[[Shark]], [[Skate (fish)|skate]]||with&nbsp;blood||none||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}}, but [[placenta]] like tetrapods |- |[[Crustaceans]]||[[Shrimp]], [[crab]]||without||many legs||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} except shell |- |[[Cephalopods]]||[[Squid]], [[octopus]]||without||tentacles||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} |- |[[Mollusc|Hard-shelled animals]]||[[Cockle (bivalve)|Cockle]], [[Charonia variegata|trumpet snail]]||without||none||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|brown|Dry}} (mineral shell) |- |Larva-bearing insects||[[Ant]], [[cicada]]||without||6 legs||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|brown|Dry}} |- |[[Spontaneous generation|Spontaneously generating]]||[[Sponges]], [[worm]]s||without||none||S, V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|green|Wet}} or {{font color|brown|Dry}}, from earth |- |[[Plants]]||[[Common fig|Fig]]||without||none||V||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|brown|Dry}} |- |[[Mineral]]s||Iron||without||none||none||{{font color|blue|Cold}}, {{font color|brown|Dry}} |} === Umoyo === ==== Mzimu ==== {{further | On the Soul}} [[File:Aristotelian Soul.png| thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle proposed a three-part [[Soul#Aristotle|structure for souls]] of plants, animals, and humans, making humans unique in having all three types of soul.]] Aristotle wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti On the Soul (peri psychēs) kuti pali mitundu yitatu ya mzimu ("psyches"): mzimu wa vyakumera, mzimu wakujipulika, na mzimu wa vinjeru. Ŵanthu ŵali na mzimu wavinjeru. Umoyo wa munthu uli na nkhongono za mitundu yinyake: Nga ni mzimu wa vyakumera, ungakura na kujipwelelera; nga ni mzimu wakujipulika, ungapulikiska vinthu na kusunkhunyika. Cinthu capadera comene ico munthu wali naco, nchakuti wakumanya kupokelera vinthu vinyake na kuviyaniska. Kuyana na Aristotle, mzimu ni wunthu. Pakuti vyamoyo vyose ni vinthu vyakuyana waka, ntheura vyamoyo vili na mikhaliro iyo yikovwira kuti viŵe na nkhongono zakwendera. Mwakupambana na ŵavinjeru ŵakwambilira, kweni mwakuyana na Ŵaegupto, iyo wakaŵika mzimu wa munthu mu mtima, m'malo mwa mu wongo. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikupambana chomene na ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga. Mu buku lake lakuti On the Soul, Aristotle wakasuska fundo ya Plato yakuti munthu wali na umoyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka ivyo Aristotle wakalemba mu buku lake la Timaeus. Ŵanyake ŵakuti munthu uyo wali na mzimu wakuŵa na nkhongono zakwendakwenda. Ŵasayansi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakughanaghana kuti fundo ya Aristotle njakwenelera yayi. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikulongora kuti munthu uyo wababikaso wakuyana yayi na thupi lake. Fundo ya Aristotle yakuti mzimu ni cinthu ico cili na umoyo yikukhumba kuti munthu waleke kubabikaso.<ref>There's a large scholarly discussion of this dialectic between Plato and Aristotle here: Douglas R. Campbell, "The Soul's Tool: Plato on the Usefulness of the Body," ''Elenchos'' 43 (1): 7-27. 2022.</ref> ==== Kukumbukila ==== Kuyana na Aristotle, mu buku lake lakuti On the Soul, kukumbukira ni luso la kusungilira ivyo munthu wakuwona mu maghanoghano ghake na kupambaniska pakati pa "kuwoneka" kwake na ivyo vikacitika kumanyuma. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti munthu wangakumbuka vinthu vinyake. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti munthu wakusintha thupi lake kuti liŵe na ivyo wakukumbuka. Munthu wakukumbuka vinthu para vinthu ivyo wakuwona panji kupulika ni vyakusuzga chomene kuti wongo wake upokelere nyengo yimoza. Vinthu ivi vikuyana waka na ivyo vikuchitika para munthu wakughanaghana. Aristotle wakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti 'kukumbuka' kuti walongosore umo munthu wakukumbukirana vinthu ivyo vikamuchitikira. Kukumbuka vinthu ni vyakumasinda, kuyowoya vyamunthazi ni vyamunthazi, ndipo kupulika ni vya sono. Para munthu wawona vinthu ivyo vyalembeka, wangachita mwamabuchi yayi. Pakukhumbikwa nthowa yakwendamo ndipo yikwenera kuŵa mu ivyo vikacitikanga kumanyuma, kwali ni ivyo vikacitikanga kumanyuma panji ivyo vikucitika sono. Cifukwa cakuti Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵakupokera vinthu vyakupambanapambana na kuviwona nga ni vinthu ivyo ŵakuwona, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kupanga vinthu viphya. Kuti munthu wasange vinthu ivi, wakughanaghanirapo pa ivyo wakukumbuka. Para munthu wakuwona cinthu cimoza mu malo mwa cinthu cinyake, wakukana cinthu ici mpaka wasange ico wakupenja. Para munthu wakumbuka vinthu vinyake, wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Usange "vinthu" ivi vikukhumbikwa, cinthu cimoza cikovwira cinyake. Para ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka ivyo vikaŵacitikira kumanyuma, ŵakukhozga ivyo vikaŵacitikira kumasinda mpaka kufika pa ivyo ŵakukhumba. Ntheura, munthu wakujikumbuska vinthu para wakuŵikapo mtima kuti wasange ivyo wasunga. Ŵanthu pera ndiwo ŵakukumbuka vinthu ivyo ŵakumanya, nga ni manambara na mazgu. Viyuni ivyo vikumanya nyengo vingaŵakumbuska ivyo vikawonanga kale. Kukumbuka kukung'anamura kumanya waka vinthu ivyo tikukumbuka ndiposo nyengo iyo yajumphapo. [[File:Aristotle Senses Perception Memory Dreams Action.svg| thumb | upright=2.25 | Maghanoghano, kaghanaghaniro, kukumbuka vinthu, maloto, kacitiro mu kaghanaghaniro ka Aristotle. Vinthu ivyo munthu wakuwona vikusungika mu mtima wake (sensorium), ndipo vikukolerana na malango ghake (kuyana, kupambaniska, na kukolerana).]] Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti maghanoghano agho ghakumalira pa kukumbuka vinthu vinyake, ghakakolerananga na vinthu vinyake nga ni kuyana, kupambaniska, na kukolerana. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti vinthu ivyo vikachitika kumanyuma vikubisika mu maghanoghano. Nkhongono yimoza yikuwuska vinthu vyakubisika kuti viwoneke makora. Kuyana na Aristotle, kukolerana ni nkhongono iyo munthu wali nayo mu maghanoghano, iyo yikugwira nchito pa vinthu vyambura kulongosoreka ivyo vikacitika kumasinda, ndipo yikumuzomerezga kuti waŵakumbuke.{{sfn| Warren | 1921 | p=259}}{{sfn | Sorabji | 2006 | p=54}} ==== Maloto ==== {{see | Dream#Other}} Aristotle wakalongosora za tulo mu buku lake lakuti On Sleep and Wakefulness. Para munthu wakugona, wakugwiliskira ntchito chomene nkhongono zake zakugona. Para munthu wagona, vinthu vyakuzirwa nga nkhughanaghana, kupulika, kukumbuka, vikwenda makora yayi nga umo vikuŵira para wagona. Pakuti munthu wakuŵa wambura mahara para wagona, wangakhumba yayi vinthu vinyake. Kweni para munthu wagona, nkhongono zake zikugwira ntchito mwakupambana. Para tikulota tikuwona cinthu cinyake yayi. Mu maloto, para munthu wakulota wakupulikiska vinthu vinyake. Aristotle wakalongosora kuti para munthu wakulaŵiska pa maji, ndipo waleka kulaŵiska, chinthu icho wakuwona chikuwoneka kuti chikwenda. Para munthu wawona cinthu cinyake ico cikumukhuŵazga, ndipo cinthu ico cikumukhuŵazga nchakuti wakuciwona yayi, cinthu ici cikuŵa na kawonekero. Para thupi lili maso ndipo maghanoghano ghakugwira ntchito makora, munthu wakukumana na vinthu viphya ivyo vikupangiska kuti wapulikiske vinthu vinyake. Ndipouli, para munthu wakugona, wakuwona vinthu ivyo wawona zuŵa lose. Ntheura, maloto ghakucitika cifukwa ca vinthu ivi. Pakuti vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka mu maloto ni ivyo munthu wakuwona yayi, vikupambana na ivyo vikuchitika para munthu wagona. Para munthu wakugona, maghanoghano ghake ghakusintha. Aristotle wakayaniska munthu uyo wakugona na munthu uyo wakuŵa na citima comene. Mwaciyelezgero, munthu uyo wakutemwa comene munthu munyake wangamba kughanaghana kuti wakuwona munthu uyu kulikose cifukwa cakuti wakutemwa comene. Cifukwa cakuti munthu uyo wagona wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera ndipo wakumanya yayi kughanaghana, wakupusikika luŵiro na ivyo wakuwona mu maloto ghake, nga ni munthu uyo wali na citima. Ici cikupangiska munthu kugomezga kuti maloto ngaunenesko, nangauli ngambura kupulikikwa. Mu buku lake la De Anima iii 3, Aristotle wakayowoya kuti munthu wangapanga, kusunga, na kukumbuka vinthu para palije maghanoghano. Fundo yinyake iyo Aristotle wakayowoya yakukhwaskana na maloto yikususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga. Wakayowoya kuti maloto ghakuyowoya vyamunthazi yayi panji kutumika na Ciuta. Aristotle wakaghanaghananga kuti para maloto ghakuyana na ivyo vicitikenge munthazi vikucitika waka mwamwaŵi. Aristotle wakati maloto ghakwamba cifukwa cakuti munthu wakugona. Usange munthu wawona cinthu mu mdima, ici cikuwoneka nga ni loto yayi cifukwa wakaŵa maso apo cikacitikanga. Caciŵiri nchakuti para munthu wakugona, wakuwona vinthu vinyake yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, para munthu wakugona, cijaro cikujalika ndipo mu loto lake wakupulika kuti cijaro cajalika, mbwenu ciyezgo ici nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikucitika yayi. Paumaliro, vithuzithuzi ivyo munthu wakuwona mu maloto vikwenera kuŵa nga ni vinthu ivyo wakawona apo wakaŵa maso.{{sfn| Modrak | 2009 | pp=169–181}} == Fundo zinyake == Fundo za Aristotle zikovwira pa nkhani za makhaliro, ndyali, vyachuma, na kuyowoya.{{sfn| Wildberg | 2016}} {| class="wikitable floatright" align=right style="font-size: 80%;" |+ Virtues and their accompanying vices{{sfn|Humphreys|2009}} ! Too little !! Virtuous mean !! Too much |- |Humbleness||High-mindedness||Vainglory |- |Lack of purpose||Right ambition||Over-ambition |- |Spiritlessness||Good temper||Irascibility |- |Rudeness||Civility||Obsequiousness |- |Cowardice||Courage||Rashness |- |Insensibility||Self-control||Intemperance |- |Sarcasm||Sincerity||Boastfulness |- |Boorishness||Wit||Buffoonery |- |Shamelessness||Modesty||Shyness |- |Callousness||Just resentment||Spitefulness |- |Pettiness||Generosity||Vulgarity |- |Meanness||Liberality||Wastefulness |} === Makhaliro === {{Main|Aristotelian ethics}} Aristotle wakawonanga kuti nkharo yiwemi njakovwira chomene m'malo mwa kughanaghana waka. Wakalemba mabuku ghanandi ghakulongosora makhaliro ghawemi, chomenechomene buku la Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti nkharo yiwemi yikukolerana na mulimo uwo munthu wakucita. Jiso likuŵa liwemi pekha para likuwona, cifukwa mulimo wake ngwakuwona. Aristotle wakati ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuŵa na mulimo unyake, ndipo mulimo uwu ukwenera kuŵa wa mzimu (psuchē) mwakuyana na fundo (logos). Aristotle wakawona kuti umoyo wa munthu ukuŵa na viwemi vinandi, panji kuti ukuŵa na viheni vinandi. Kuti munthu waŵe wakukondwa, wakwenera kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ēthikē aretē). Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti kuti munthu waŵe na nkharo yiwemi ndiposo wakondwenge, wakwenera kuŵa na mwaŵi wakuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Para ŵanthu ŵawemi ŵakucita nthena, vinjeru vyawo (phronesis) na vinjeru vyawo (nous) vingapulikiskika na kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene, vinjeru vya munthu uyo wakughanaghana makora, panji wavinjeru. === Ndyali === {{Main|Politics (Aristotle)}} Padera pa kulemba vya munthu, Aristotle wakalemba vya msumba mu buku lake la Politics. Aristotle wakawonanga msumba kuŵa cigaŵa ca ŵanthu. Nakuti wakawonanga kuti msumba ngwakuzirwa comene kuluska mbumba, iyo nayo njakuzirwa comene kuluska munthu, "pakuti cilicose cikwenera kuŵa cakuzirwa comene kuluska cigaŵa". Wakayowoya kuti "munthu ni nyama ya ndyali" ndipo wakati munthu wakuchita vinthu mwamahara. Aristotle wakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali zili nga ni vyamoyo, m'malo mwa mashini. Aristotle wakawonanga msumba nga ni vinthu vyamoyo, ndipo wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuwona msumba mu nthowa iyi.{{sfn| Ebenstein | Ebenstein | 2002 | page=59}} [[File:Aristotle's constitutions.svg| thumb|upright=1.5 | Ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya pa nkhani ya ndyali]] Ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga pa nkhani ya ndyali ni vyakupambana chomene na ivyo Aristotle wakagomezganga. Nangauli wakamanyanga kuti maufumu ghakurughakuru ghakaŵako, kweni Aristotle wakati msumba (polis) ndiwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha ndyali. Cilato ca msumba uwu nchakuti uleke kuŵa na vinthu vyambura urunji panji kuti ukhazikike pa vya cuma pera yayi, kweni kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi na kucita vinthu viwemi. Fundo iyi yikupambana na fundo za mazuŵa ghano, izo zikwamba na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita phangano la umoyo wawo wose..{{efn-ua | For a different reading of social and economic processes in the ''Nicomachean Ethics'' and ''Politics'' see Polanyi, Karl (1957) "Aristotle Discovers the Economy" in ''Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi'' ed. G. Dalton, Boston 1971, 78–115.}} Mu buku la Protrepticus, munthu uyo wakuzunulika kuti 'Aristotle' wakuti:{{sfn| Hutchinson | Johnson | 2015 | p=22}} {{blockquote |Pakuti tose tikuzomerezga kuti munthu muwemi comene ndiyo wakwenera kuwusa, ndiko kuti, uyo ngwapacanya comene, ndiposo kuti dango ndilo likulongozga ndipo ndilo pera lili na mazaza; kweni dango ni vinjeru, ndiko kuti, kayowoyero ako kakujintha pa vinjeru. Kweniso, kasi tili na fundo wuli yakukhwaskana na viwemi iyo njakwenelera kuluska ya munthu wamahara? Pakuti vyose ivyo munthu uyu wakusankha, usange wakusankha mwakuyana na ivyo wakumanya, ni viwemi ndipo vyakupambana navyo ni viheni. Ndipo pakuti waliyose wakusankha comene ico cikukolerana na mikhaliro yake (munthu murunji wakusankha kuŵa murunji, munthu wacikanga kuti waŵe na cikanga, kweniso munthu wakujikora kuti waŵe na cikanga), nchakuwonekerathu kuti munthu wavinjeru wakusankha comene kuŵa wavinjeru; cifukwa ni ncito ya nkhongono iyi. Ntheura nchakuwonekerathu kuti, mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira, vinjeru ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene.}} Pakuŵa msambiri wa Plato, Aristotle wakasuskanga chomene demokilase, ndipo pakulondezga fundo za mu buku la Plato lakuti The Statesman, wakambiska fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mazaza pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana. {{blockquote|Ni dango la boma kutolera ku ŵamazaza kuti maofesi ghakwenera kusankhika, ndipo ku demokilase kuti ivi vikwenera kucitika mwakuyana na katundu yayi. Ivi ndivyo vikucitika para ŵanthu ŵakusazga vinthu ivi, ndipo para munthu wangayowoya kuti pali dango limoza la demokilase na oligarchy, ndikuti wakuŵa na demokilase na oligarchy.|Aristotle. ''Politics'', Book 4, 1294b.10–18|source=}} Kuti walongosore makora fundo iyi, Aristotle wakayowoya fundo yakwamba pa nkhani ya mawerengero gha mavoti, nangauli yikalembeka mu malemba..{{sfn| Tangian | 2020 | pages=35-38}} === Vya Chuma === {{Main|Politics (Aristotle)}} Aristotle wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, chomenechomene mu vyaka vyapakati. Mu buku lake lakuti Politics, Aristotle wakalemba vya msumba, katundu, na malonda. Kuyana na umo Lionel Robbins wakawonera, umo wakazgoleranga ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵekha, vikalongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵasayansi na ŵasayansi ŵa vyachuma. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti nangauli vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita paŵekha vingawoneka nga ni viwemi ku ŵanthu, kweni viheni ivi vikufuma ku ŵanthu. Mu buku lake la Politics, Aristotle wakayowoyapo umo ndalama zikambira. Ndalama zikamba kugwira nchito cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuthemba ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu ŵakazomerezganga kugura vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vyakovwira kweniso vyakovwira, nga ni visulo na siliva. Ivyo Aristotle wakayowoya pa nkhani ya malonda na chiwongolara vikawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma mu vyaka vyapakati. Iyo wakawonanga malonda ghambura kwenelera, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti malonda gha malonda ghakovwira munthu kusanga phindu. Lekani likugwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni nthowa yakufiskira cilato, m'malo mwa kuŵa cilato cake. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti malonda ghanthena agha ngaheni. Mwakuyana waka, Aristotle wakawonanga kuti kusanga chandulo na chiwundikiro ntchambura kwenelera, chifukwa ndalama zikovwira munthu kusanga chandulo. Aristotle wakalemba fundo yakulongosora ntchito ya ndalama iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa yiwemi chomene mu nyengo yake. Iyo wakalemba kuti cifukwa cakuti nchambura macitiko kumanya mtengo wa cinthu cilicose mwa kupenda unandi wa vinthu vinyake ivyo ni vyakuzirwa, ntheura pakukhumbikwa nthowa yimoza yakuyezgera. Ntheura, ndalama zikovwira kuti vinthu vyakupambanapambana viŵe pamoza ndipo vikuyana. Wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti ndalama ni zakovwira pa kusinthana vinthu munthazi. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti, "usange tikukhumba yayi cinthu sono, tingacisanga para tacisanga". === Kuyowoya na kuyowoya === {{Main|Rhetoric (Aristotle) | Poetics (Aristotle)}} [[File:Bénigne Gagneraux, The Blind Oedipus Commending his Children to the Gods.jpg| thumb | upright=1.35 | The Blind Oedipus Commending his Children to the Gods (1784) yakulembeka na Bénigne Gagneraux. Mu buku lake la Poetics, Aristotle wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhani ya Sophocles yakuyowoya vya Oedipus Tyrannus kuŵa ciyelezgero ca umo nkhani yiwemi yikwenera kuŵira, ndipo wakuŵa na munthu uyo wakwamba makora, kweni wakutaya vyose cifukwa ca kwananga.]] Buku la Aristotle la Rhetoric likuti munthu uyo wakuyowoya wangagwiliskira ntchito nthowa zitatu kuti wakhorweske ŵanthu: ethos (kuyowoya na munthu uyo wakuyowoya), pathos (kuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya), na logos (kuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana makora). Kweniso wakapatura mazgu ghakuphakazgira mu vigaŵa vitatu: epideictic (mazgu ghakuyowoya vya malumbo panji kususka), forensic (mazgu ghakuyowoya vya mulandu panji kuleka mulandu), na deliberative (mazgu ghakuchema ŵategherezgi kuti ŵasankhe chakuchita pa nkhani yinyake). Aristotle wakalongosoraso vifukwa viŵiri vyakulongosolera mazgu: nthimeme (kulongosolera na mazgu) na paradeigma (kulongosolera na ciyelezgero). Aristotle wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Poetics kuti sumu za nthano, zachitima, zakukondweska, zachitima, vyakujambura, vyakujambura, sumu, na kuvina, vyose ni vyakuyana waka. Iyo wakugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti mimesis pakuyowoya za mulimo wa luso kweniso ivyo munthu wakucita. Aristotle wakati ŵanthu ŵali na luso lwa kulondezga vinthu ivyo vili kulengeka. Pa cifukwa ici, Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti luso la kutolera vinthu likuŵa na ivyo Stephen Halliwell wakuvichema kuti "nthowa zapachanya zakufiskira vilato vyake". Mwaciyelezgero, sumu zikulongora umo sumu ziliri, uku kuvina kukulongora waka umo ziliri, ndipo sumu zikulongora umo mazgu gha mu Baibolo ghaliri. Vinthu ivi vikupambanaso pa nkhani ya kuvilondezga. Mwaciyelezgero, maseŵero ghakusekeska ghakulongora ŵanthu ŵaheni comene kuluska ŵanthu wose, apo masoka ghakulongora ŵanthu ŵaheni comene kuluska ŵanthu wose. Paumaliro, mitundu iyi yikupambana mu umo yikulondezgera vinthu, nga ni nkhani panji nkharo, kusintha panji kuleka kusintha, kweniso maseŵero panji kuleka kuseŵerezga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti buku la Aristotle la Poetics likaŵa na mabuku ghaŵiri, limoza likulongosora vya vyakusekeska ndipo linyake likulongosora vya masoka. Aristotle wakasambizganga kuti nkhani zachitima zili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika mu ntharika iyi ŵakovwira waka kuti ntharika iyi yimare. Masoka ni vyakucita ivyo vikucitiska munthu kuŵa na citima na wofi, ndipo vikupangiska munthu kuti waŵe na citima. Aristotle wakamalizga buku la Poetics na kudumbiskana za nkhani iyo yikuluska zinyake. Iyo wakati chifukwa chakuti masoka ghali na mikhaliro yose ya sumu, panji ghali na mikhaliro yinyake nga ni sumu, ghakukolerana chomene, ndipo ghakufiska chilato chake. Aristotle wakatemwanga kuwunganya vidokoni, nkhani za ŵanthu, na ntharika. Iyo pamoza na awo ŵakasambiranga nawo ŵakatemwanga chomene vidokoni vya mu buku la Aesop.{{sfn| Aesop | 1998 | pages=Introduction, xi–xii}} === Umo ŵakawonera ŵanakazi === {{Main|Aristotle's views on women}} {{further | Aristotle's biology#Inheritance}} Aristotle wakalongosora kuti para mwanalume wakubaba, mzimu wake ukuwuska mwanakazi. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti thupi la mwanakazi liŵe lakutowa comene mwakuti lileke kufumiska ŵana. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ŵakuti Aristotle wakutinkha ŵanakazi. Ndipouli, Aristotle wakazirwiskanga comene cimwemwe ca ŵanakazi nga umo wakacitira na ca ŵanalume, ndipo mu buku lake la Rhetoric wakayowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikupangiska munthu kuŵa wakukondwa vikwenera kuŵa mu ŵanakazi nga umo viliri mu ŵanalume..{{efn-ua | "Where, as among the Lacedaemonians, the state of women is bad, almost half of human life is spoilt."{{sfn| Rhetoric | p=Book I, Chapter 5}}}} == Kuŵa na Nkhongono == {{see | List of writers influenced by Aristotle}} Nangauli pajumpha vyaka vyakujumpha 2,300 kufuma apo Aristotle wakafwira, kweni wachali munthu uyo wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu. Iyo wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi, ndipo wakambiska vinandi. Munthu munyake wavinjeru zina lake Bryan Magee wakati: "Palije munthu uyo wakumanya vinandi nga ni iyo". Padera pa vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo Aristotle wakachita, ndiyo wakambiska fundo zaunenesko, wakambiska kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vyamoyo, kweniso wakawovwira chomene ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyanga vya sayansi. Taneli Kukkonen, uyo wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti The Classical Tradition, wakati ivyo wakachita pakwambiska masayansi ghaŵiri ni vyapadera chomene, ndipo wakakhwaska "vigaŵa vyose vya umanyi", kusazgapo visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western vya makhaliro na ndyali, vya cisopa, kuyowoya, na kusanda mabuku. Kukkonen wakati chifukwa cha fundo iyi, munthu waliyose uyo wakusanda vinthu mazuŵa ghano "waŵenge na maghanoghano gha Aristotle. Jonathan Barnes wakalemba kuti: "Para munthu wangalongosora umo Aristotle wakajipulikiranga pamanyuma pa nyifwa, wangaŵa nga wakulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Aristotle ndiyo wakambiska sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi, sayansi ya umoyo, sayansi ya ndyali, sayansi ya vinyama, sayansi ya viŵeto, malango gha chilengiwa, masambiro gha sayansi, kusambizga ŵanthu kuyowoya makora vinthu, sayansi ya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu, kusanda vinthu, kusanda munthu payekha, sayansi ya vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, na sayansi ya nyengo.{{refn|name=LitList|1= * "the father of logic": Wentzel Van Huyssteen, Encyclopedia of Science and Religion: A-I, p. 27 * "the father of biology": S. C. Datt, S. B. Srivastava, Science and society, p. 93.{{sfn|Leroi|2015|page=352}} * "the father of political science": N. Jayapalan, Aristotle, p. 12, Jonathan Wolff, Lectures on the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, p. 48. * the "father of zoology": Josef Rudolf Winkler, A Book of Beetles, p. 12 * "the father of embryology": D.R. Khanna, Text Book Of Embryology, p. 2 * "the father of natural law": {{cite journal |last=Shellens |first=Max Solomon |title=Aristotle on Natural Law |journal=Natural Law Forum |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=1959 |pages=72–100 |doi=10.1093/ajj/4.1.72 |url=https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nd_naturallaw_forum |ref=none}} * "the father of scientific method": {{cite news |first=Martyn |last=Shuttleworth |url=https://explorable.com/history-of-the-scientific-method/ |title=History of the Scientific Method |newspaper=Explorable |ref=none}}, Riccardo Pozzo (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vayp8jxcPr0C&pg=PA41 ''The impact of Aristotelianism on modern philosophy'']. CUA Press. p. 41. {{ISBN|0-8132-1347-9}} * "the father of psychology": Margot Esther Borden, Psychology in the Light of the East, p. 4 * "the father of realism": Russell L. Hamm, Philosophy and Education: Alternatives in Theory and Practice, p. 58 * "the father of criticism": Nagendra Prasad, Personal Bias in Literary Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Matthew Arnold, T.S. Eliot, p. 70. [[Henry Home, Lord Kames|Lord Henry Home Kames]], Elements of Criticism, p. 237. * "the father of meteorology":{{cite news |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/what/what-is-meteorology|title=What is meteorology? |newspaper=Meteorological Office}}{{cite web |url=http://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1994/5/94.05.01.x.html |title=94.05.01: Meteorology |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160721205842/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1994/5/94.05.01.x.html |archive-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=dead}} * "the father of individualism": Allan Gotthelf, Gregory Salmieri, A Companion to Ayn Rand, p. 325. * "the father of teleology": Malcolm Owen Slavin, Daniel H. Kriegman, The Adaptive Design of the Human Psyche: Psychoanalysis, Evolutionary Biology, and the Therapeutic Process, p. 292.}} === Pa Theophrastus, uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake === {{Main|Theophrastus | Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)}} [[File:161Theophrastus 161 frontespizio.jpg| thumb | upright | [[Book frontispiece|Frontispiece]] to a 1644 version of [[Theophrastus]]'s ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]'', originally written around 300 BC]] Theophrastus, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa Aristotle, wakalemba buku lakuti History of Plants. Mazuŵa ghano napo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu agha, nga ni carpel kufuma ku carpos, chipambi, na pericarp kufuma ku pericarpion, chipinda cha mbuto. Theophrastus wakafipiranga mtima yayi vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora kuluska Aristotle.{{sfn| Mason | 1979 | p= 46}} === Pa ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa ŵa ku Greece === {{further | Peripatetic school}} Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikakhwaska chomene sukulu iyi. Ŵasambiri ŵa Aristotle ŵakaŵa Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius wa ku Phalerum, Eudemos wa ku Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason wa ku Phocis, Nicomachus, na Theophrastus. Ivyo Aristotle wakachita vikulongora kuti Alexander Mukuru wakatora ŵanthu ŵanandi pa ulendo wake. Kweniso msambizgi wake wakamuphalira vya mitheto ya ku Peresiya. Nangauli wakaleka kuchindika Aristotle apo wakendanga, kweni wakati wawona kuti vinthu vinandi ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikaŵa vyautesi, wakachita chitima. === On Hellenistic science === {{further | Ancient Greek medicine}} Pamanyuma pa Theophrastus, Lyceum yikatondeka kupanga mabuku ghanyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutemwa visambizgo vya Aristotle, kweni ŵanthu ŵakaviwonanga mwakupepuka. Mu nyengo ya Ptolemy, apo msumba wa Alexandria ukaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ptolemy, ndimo vinthu vikasinthira chomene. Herophilus wa ku Chalcedon, uyo wakaŵa msambizgi wakwamba wa vyadokotala ku Alexandria, wakasintha maghanoghano gha Aristotle. Herophilus wakalongosoraso mphambano pakati pa misipa na misipa. Nangauli ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakale nga ni Lucretius ŵakasuskanga fundo ya Aristotle yakukhwaskana na umoyo, kweni Baibolo likayowoya kuti sayansi ya vinthu vyamunthazi ndiyo yikambiska vinthu ivi. Ernst Mayr wakati: "Pakati pa nyengo ya Lucretius na Galen m'paka mu nyengo ya Renaissance, pakaŵavya chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vyamoyo". === Pa ŵasambizgi ŵa ku Byzantine === {{See also|Commentaries on Aristotle | Byzantine Aristotelianism}} Ŵalembi Ŵachigiriki ŵakawovwira chomene kuti Aristotle waleke kufwa. Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyapo vya Aristotle ŵakaŵa Philoponus, Elias, na David, awo ŵakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. kweniso Stephen wa ku Alexandria, uyo wakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E. John Philoponus wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wamuyirayira wa charu chapasi, umo vinthu vikwendera, kweniso fundo zinyake za Aristotle. Philoponus wakadandawura na ivyo Aristotle wakasambizganga pa nkhani ya sayansi, ndipo wakalembapo maubudi ghake. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, Eustratius na Michael ŵa ku Efeso ŵakalembapo fundo zinyake za mu Baibolo, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti Anna Comnena ndiyo wakalemba. === Nkhani ya Chisilamu cha mu nyengo ya ŵapositole === {{further|Logic in Islamic philosophy|Transmission of the Greek Classics}} [[File:Arabic aristotle.jpg|thumb|upright|Ivyo Ŵasilamu ŵakuyowoya vya Aristotle, c. 1220]] Aristotle wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mabuku ghanandi gha Aristotle agho ghachalipo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Chigiriki agho ghakalembeka pakwambilira, ghakang'anamulika mu Chiarabic ndipo ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasayansi, na ŵasambizgi ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Averroes, Avicenna, na Alpharabius, awo ŵakalemba vya Aristotle, nawo ŵakakhwaska chomene Thomas Aquinas na ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa Chikhristu. Alkindus wakazirwiskanga chomene vinjeru vya Aristotle, ndipo Averroes wakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakaŵa "ciyelezgero" ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kusambira vinjeru. Ŵasambiri ŵa visopa vya Cisilamu ŵakacemanga Aristotle kuti "Msambizgi Wakwamba". Pamanyuma, ŵavinjeru ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi (nga umo viliri mu sumu ya Dante) ndiwo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito zina ili.{{sfn|Nasr|1996|pp=59–60}} === Mu mbili ya Europe mu nyengo za pakati === [[File:Aristotle and Phyllis.jpg| thumb | upright | left | Chithuzithuzi cha Aristotle wakwera pa Phyllis, Hans Baldung, 1515]] {{further|Aristotelianism|Syllogism#Medieval}} Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira Chigiriki chakale chomene mu chigaŵa cha Latin West. 600 C.E. m'paka c. 1100 C.E. kupaturako Baibolo la Latin ilo Boethius wakang'anamura. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa chomene Aristotle, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Latin ŵakang'anamura Baibolo kufuma mu Chiarabic, nga ni ilo Gerard wa ku Cremona wakang'anamura, kweniso kufuma mu Chigiriki chakwambilira, nga ni ilo la James wa ku Venice na William wa ku Moerbeke. Thomas Aquinas wakati walemba buku lake la Summa Theologica, wakalemba kufuma mu Mabaibolo agho Moerbeke wakang'anamura ndipo wakachemanga Aristotle kuti "The Philosopher". Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasazga visambizgo vya Aristotle na Chikhristu, ndipo ŵakamba kughanaghana vya Ŵagiriki ŵa mu nyengo yakale. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake nga ni Boethius, Peter Abelard, na John Buridan ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya Aristotle. Mulembi munyake wa ku England, Chaucer, wakati msambiri wake wakakondwanga para wali na {{blockquote | <poem>Wakughanaghanira pa malo ghake ghakugona. Mabuku 20 ghakupakika na thete panji thete, Aristotle na vinjeru vyake,{{sfn| Allen|Fisher|2011|p=17}}</poem>}} Nkhani yinyake ya mu nyengo yakale yikulongora kuti Aristotle wakaphalira mwana wake Alexander kuti waleke kwenda na Phyllis, uyo wakaŵa wakutemweka wa themba. Phyllis wakaphalira Alexander mwakubisilizga ivyo wakeneranga kulindizga, ndipo wakawona apo Phyllis wakalongosoranga kuti nkhongono za mwanakazi zingatonda nanga ni vinjeru vya mwanalume uyo wakaŵa wavinjeru comene. Ŵaluso ŵanyake nga ni Hans Baldung, ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi vinandi vya nkhani iyi. Mulembi munyake wa ku Italy zina lake Dante wakayowoya za Aristotle mu buku lake lakuti The Divine Comedy kuti: {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ ! [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]<br />''L'Inferno'', Canto IV. 131–135 !! Translation<br />''Hell'' |- |<poem>{{lang|it|vidi 'l maestro di color che sanno seder tra filosofica famiglia. Tutti lo miran, tutti onor li fanno: quivi vid'ïo Socrate e Platone che 'nnanzi a li altri più presso li stanno;}}</poem>||<poem>I saw the Master there of those who know, Amid the philosophic family, By all admired, and by all reverenced; There Plato too I saw, and Socrates, Who stood beside him closer than the rest. </poem> |} Padera pa ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku gha Dante, Aristotle ndiyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani iyi. Dante wakazenga vinjeru vya maseŵero agha na mabuku gha Aristotle, nga umo ŵasembe ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Aristotle. Dante wakamumanyanga makora Aristotle kwizira mu mabuku agho wakang'anamura kufuma ku Chilatini. Nanga ni apo Virgil wakalongosora umo helo liliri, wakayowoya fundo za mu buku la Nicomachean Ethics.<ref>''Inferno'', Canto&nbsp;XI, lines 70-115, Mandelbaum translation.</ref> === Pa Ciyuda ca mu nyengo za pakati === Mozesi Maimonides (uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakaŵa munthu wakumanya vinandi comene pa nkhani ya Ciyuda ca mu nyengo yakale) wakazomera cisambizgo ca Aristote kufuma ku ŵasambizgi ŵa Cisilamu ndipo wakalemba buku lake lakuti Guide for the Perplexed. Maimonides nayo wakawonanga Aristotle kuŵa wavinjeru comene kuluska wose awo ŵali kuŵako. Kweniso, mu kalata iyo wakalembera Samuel ibn Tibbon, Maimonides wakati Samuyeli wakeneranga yayi kusambira ivyo ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵakalemba pambere Aristotle wandababike cifukwa cakuti ivyo Aristotle wakalemba "ni vyakukwana ndipo ni vyapacanya kuluska vyose ivyo vikalembeka pambere iyo wandababike. Vinjeru vyake, vya Aristotle, ndivyo vikuluska vinjeru vyose vya ŵanthu, padera pa iyo, uyo mzimu wa Ciuta wafika m'paka pa kuŵa nga ni ucimi, ndipo palije cinthu cinyake capadera kuluska ici".<ref>Menachem Kellner, Maimonides on Judaism and the Jewish People, p. 77.</ref> === Ŵasayansi Ŵakale === [[File:William Harvey ( 1578-1657) Venenbild.jpg| thumb | Buku la William Harvey lakuti De Motu Cordis, la mu 1628, likulongora kuti ndopa zikendanga, mwakupambana na umo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghaniranga.]] Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵasayansi nga ni William Harvey wa ku England na Galileo Galilei wa ku Italy, ŵakasuska fundo za Aristotle na ŵanyake awo ŵakaghanaghananga nga ni Galen. Harvey wakalongosora umo ndopa zikwendera, ndipo wakalongora kuti mtima ni mphepo yayi, kweni ni mphepo. Galileo wakagwiliskira nchito fundo zakukayikiska kuti wasuske fundo za Aristotle, wakati mathupi ghose ghakuwa mwaluŵiro lumoza, kwali ghaŵe na uzito wuli.{{sfn| Machamer | 2017}} === Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga vya m'ma 1700 na 1800 === Munthu munyake wa ku Germany, Friedrich Nietzsche, uyo wakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, wakasambira vinjeru vya Aristotle pa nkhani ya ndyali. Aristotle wakapatura vyakuchita na kupanga, ndipo wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵakujilambika ("ŵazga ŵa chilengiwa"), kweniso kuti ŵanyake ŵaŵe ŵakuzirwa chomene. Martin Heidegger ndiyo wakalongosora makora fundo ya Aristotle, ndipo ni Nietzsche yayi. Munthu munyake wa ku England, zina lake George Boole, wakazomera fundo za Aristotle, kweni mu buku lake la mu 1854 (The Laws of Thought) wakayowoya kuti fundo izi ni zautesi. Fundo iyi yikovwira masamu kuti ghaŵe na ma equation, ghakovwira kuti ghamare ma equation kweniso kuti ghaŵe ghakwenelera, kweniso yikovwira kuti ghamare masuzgo ghanandi. Charles Darwin wakawonanga Aristotle kuti ndiyo wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vyamoyo. Mu kalata yinyake iyo wakalemba mu 1882, wakati: "Linnaeus na Cuvier ŵakaŵa ŵachiuta ŵane ŵaŵiri, nangauli ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana, kweni ŵakaŵa waka ŵana ŵa sukulu kwa Aristotle". Kweniso mu buku la On the Origin of Species, Darwin wakalongosora umo vinthu vikasinthira kufuma ku vinyake m'paka ku Aristotle. James Joyce wakatemwanga chomene Aristotle, uyo wakamumanyanga kuti ni "munthu wamahara comene". Samuel Taylor Coleridge wakati: "Waliyose wakubabika kuŵa Platonist panji Aristotelian. Ayn Rand wakazomerezga kuti Aristotle ndiyo wakamovwira chomene ndipo wakayowoya kuti mu mbiri ya vinjeru vya ŵanthu wangapeleka waka ulongozgi wa "A" ghatatu: Aristotle, Aquinas, na Ayn Rand. Kweniso wakati Aristotle ndiyo wakaŵa wavinjeru chomene. Karl Marx wakati Aristotle wakaŵa "munthu wamahara chomene mu nyengo yakale" ndipo wakamumanyanga kuti "munthu wamahara chomene" kweniso "chisambizgi".<ref>F. Novotny, The Posthumous Life of Plato, p. 573</ref><ref>Matt Vidal, Tony Smith, Tomás Rotta, Paul Prew, The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx, p. 215.</ref><ref>Judith A. Swanson, C. David Corbin, Aristotle's 'Politics': A Reader's Guide, p. 146.</ref> === Modern rejection and rehabilitation === [[File:Alexander and Aristotle.jpg| thumb|upright=1.35 | "Ivyo vikulongora kuti Aristotle wakasambizganga Alexander". Chithunzi cha Charles Laplante [fr], 1866]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska ivyo Aristotle wakalemba. Bertrand Russell wakati: "Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusambira vikamba na kususka visambizgo vya Aristotle". Russell wakati fundo za Aristotle zikaŵa "zakukhozga yayi", ndipo wakayowoya kuti fundo zake "nkhakale chomene nga umo viliri na sayansi ya Ptolemy". Russell wakati maubudi agha ghakachitiska kuti Aristotle waleke kupulikiska ivyo vikachitika kale. Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis, wakulemba mdauko wa sayansi wa ku Netherlands, wakalemba kuti Aristotle na ŵanyake awo ŵakamuteŵeterapo ŵakalongora kuti sayansi njakusuzga chomene. Mu 1985, Peter Medawar, uyo wakumanya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, wakayowoya kuti Aristotle wakalemba "vinthu viheni chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti ni viwemi yayi, kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga". Kweni kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumughanaghanira chomene Aristotle. Kukkonen wakati: "Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Aristotle wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene. Alasdair MacIntyre wakayezga kusintha ivyo wakuchema kuti mitheto ya Aristote mu nthowa iyo yikususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga. Kukkonen wakayowoyaso kuti "vinthu vyakukondweska chomene ivyo Aristotle wakachitanga pakusambizga Alexander" vikalutilira, nga umo vikaŵira mu filimu ya mu 2004 yakuchemeka Alexander. Ŵasayansi ŵa vinthu vyamoyo ŵachali kukhumba kumanya maghanoghano gha Aristotle. Armand Marie Leroi wakazengaso umoyo wa Aristotle, apo mafumbo ghanayi gha Niko Tinbergen, agho ghakajintha pa vifukwa vinayi vya Aristotle, ghakovwira kusanda nkharo ya vinyama.{{sfn|MacDougall-Shackleton|2011|pp=2076–2085}}{{sfn|Hladký|Havlíček|2013}} == Milimo iyo yikulutilira == === Corpus Aristotelicum === {{main|Corpus Aristotelicum}} [[File:Aristotelis De Moribus ad Nicomachum.jpg| thumb | upright | peji lakwamba la buku la 1566 la Nicomachean Ethics mu Cigiriki na Cilatini]] Mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakapona kufuma mu nyengo yakale, ghakusangika mu buku la Corpus Aristotelicum. Malemba agha, ghakupambana na mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakazgeŵa. Ŵakuzunurika mu buku la Immanuel Bekker la Royal Prussian Academy (Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831~1870), ilo likujintha pa malemba ghakale gha milimo iyi..{{sfn|Aristotelis Opera}} === Kuzgeŵa na kusungika === {{see|Recovery of Aristotle}} Aristotle wakalembanga mabuku ghake pa mipukutu ya papyrus, iyo yikaŵa yakumanyikwa pa nyengo yira. Mabuku ghake ghakupambana mu magulu ghaŵiri: gha "exoteric", agho ghakulembekera ŵanthu wose, na gha "esoteric", agho ghakulembekera sukulu ya Lyceum. Ivyo Aristotle wakalemba vikupambana chomene na ivyo vili kulembeka mu Baibolo. Nangauli mabuku agho ghakazgeŵa ghakulongora kuti ghakalembeka kuti ghazakalembeke pamanyuma, kweni ghanyake agho ghalipo ghali nga ni mabuku gha nkhani izo zikalembeka kuti zilembeke. Ivyo Cicero wakayowoya vya kalembero ka Aristotle kuti "mlonga wa golide" vikwenera kuti vikaŵa vya mabuku agho wakalemba. Fumbo likuru comene pa nkhani ya ivyo Aristotle wakalemba ni lakuti, kasi vikacitika wuli kuti mabuku gha mu Baibolo ghaleke kusangika? Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Andronicus wa ku Rhodes wakawunjika mabuku gha Aristotle agho ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa vichokovichoko, ndipo wakaŵapambaniska na mabuku gha Theophrastus na Peripatetics.{{sfn|Anagnostopoulos|2013|page=16}}{{sfn|Barnes|1995|pp=10–15}}{{-}} == Chiharo == === Vyakulongola === ;Vyakupenta Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, na Francesco Hayez, ndiwo ŵakamujambura. Pa vithuzithuzi vyakumanyikwa comene ni ivyo Raphael wakajambura pa nyumba yake yakucemeka The School of Athens, mu Vatican's Apostolic Palace, apo ŵanthu ŵa Plato na Aristotle ŵali pa malo ghakuzirwa comene. Aristotle wa Rembrandt uyo wali na chiŵegha cha Homer nayo ni mulimo wakumanyikwa comene, wakulongora munthu wavinjeru na wachibulumutira Homer uyo wakaŵa muchoko: nga umo Jonathan Jones wakulembera, "ciŵegha ici cikhalilirenge cimoza mwa vyakuzizwiska comene pa caru cose, ndipo cikutikora na kumanya nyengo."{{sfn|Held|1969}}{{sfn|Jones|2002}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="170px"> Aristotle in Nuremberg Chronicle.jpg| ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' [[anachronism|anachronistically]] shows Aristotle in a medieval scholar's clothing. Ink and watercolour on paper, 1493 Gent, Justus van - Aristotle - c. 1476.jpg| ''Aristotle'' by [[Justus van Gent]]. Oil on panel, c. 1476 Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Phyllis und Aristotle (1530).jpg| ''Phyllis and Aristotle'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]. Oil on panel, 1530 Biblioteka Marciana, Aristotel.jpg| ''Aristotle'' by [[Paolo Veronese]], Biblioteka Marciana. Oil on canvas, 1560s Turchi-AristoteIMG 1713.JPG| ''Aristotle and [[Campaspe]]'',{{efn-ua | Compare the medieval tale of Phyllis and Alexander above.}} [[Alessandro Turchi]] (attrib.) Oil on canvas, 1713 Aristotle by Jusepe de Ribera.jpg| ''[[Aristotle (Ribera painting)|Aristotle]]'' by [[Jusepe de Ribera]]. Oil on canvas, 1637 Rembrandt - Aristotle with a Bust of Homer - WGA19232.jpg| ''Aristotle with a Bust of [[Homer]]'' by [[Rembrandt]]. Oil on canvas, 1653 Johann Jakob Dorner d Ä (attr) Aristoteles.jpg| ''Aristotle'' by [[Johann Jakob Dorner the Elder]]. Oil on canvas, by 1813 (Venice) Aristotele by Francesco Hayez in gallerie Accademia Venice.jpg| ''Aristotle'' by [[Francesco Hayez]]. Oil on canvas, 1811 </gallery> ;Vyakuŵaja <gallery mode="packed" heights="170px"> Aristoteles Louvre.jpg|Roman copy of 1st or 2nd century from original bronze by [[Lysippos]]. [[Louvre Museum]] DSC00218 - Aristotele - Copia romana del 117-138 dC. - Foto di G. Dall'Orto.jpg|Roman copy of 117-138 AD of Greek original. Palermo Regional Archeology Museum Formella 21, platone e aristotele o la filosofia, luca della robbia, 1437-1439.JPG|Relief of Aristotle and Plato by [[Luca della Robbia]], [[Florence Cathedral]], 1437–1439 Llyfrgell Sant Deiniol and Gladstone's Library Hawarden Penarlâg 05.JPG|Stone statue in niche, [[Gladstone's Library]], [[Hawarden]], Wales, 1899 Uni Freiburg - Philosophen 4.jpg|Bronze statue, [[University of Freiburg]], Germany, 1915 </gallery> === Mazina gha ŵanthu === Mapiri gha Aristotle agho ghali ku Antarctica ghali na zina la Aristotle. Mu buku lake la Meteorology, wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya kuti ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Antarctica kuli mtunda ukuru. Aristotle ni crater iyo yili pa mwezi ndipo yili na zina la Aristotle.{{sfn| Aristoteles}} == Wonaniso == * [[Aristotelian Society]] * [[Conimbricenses]] * [[Perfectionism (philosophy)|Perfectionism]] == Ukaboni == === Vyakulemba === {{notelist-ua | 30em}} === Citations === {{Reflist | colwidth=25em}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |author=Aesop |author-link=Aesop |title=The Complete Fables By Aesop |date=1998 |translator-last=Temple |translator-first=Olivia |translator-last2=Temple |translator-first2=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB-rVxPvtPEC&pg=PR3 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=978-0-14-044649-4 }} * {{cite journal |last=Aird |first=W. C. |title=Discovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey |year=2011 |pages=118–129 |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis |volume=9 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x |pmid=21781247 |s2cid=12092592}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Allain |first1=Rhett |title=I'm So Totally Over Newton's Laws of Motion |magazine=Wired |date=21 March 2016 |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/03/im-totally-newtons-laws-motion/ |access-date=11 May 2018 }} * {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Mark |last2=Fisher |first2=John H. |title=The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMSUXumf6psC&pg=PA17 |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-15-506041-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Anagnostopoulos |first=Georgios |title=A Companion to Aristotle |year=2013 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-59243-4}} * {{cite book |last=Annas |first=Julia |title=Classical Greek Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientphilosoph0000anna |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285357-8}} * {{cite book |last=Aquinas |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Aquinas |title=Summa Theologica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiJCBAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=e-artnow |isbn=978-80-7484-292-4 }} * {{cite web |editor-first=Immanuel |editor-last=Bekker |orig-year=1831 |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jMz9zVYu9Q0C |title=Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica Aristoteles graece |last=Aristoteles |date=31 January 2019 |publisher=apud Georgium Reimerum |access-date=31 January 2019 |via=Internet Archive |ref=CITEREFAristotelis Opera }} * {{cite web |title=Aristoteles |url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/nomenclature/SearchResults;jsessionid=BE8F9834B709207DDD5D36EFA5506C7F |website=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. United States Geological Survey |access-date=19 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristoteles }} * {{cite web |title=Aristoteles-Park in Stagira |url=http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park |publisher=Dimos Aristoteli |access-date=20 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristoteles-Park in Stagira |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810211755/http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park |archive-date=10 August 2022 }} * {{cite IEP |last=Humphreys |first=Justin |title=Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) |date=2009 | url-id=aristotl |issn=2161-0002 }} * {{cite web |title=Aristotle (Greek philosopher) |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34560/Aristotle |website=Britannica.com |access-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422103155/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34560/Aristotle |archive-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFAristotle (Greek philosopher) }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Metaphysics |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=30 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFMetaphysics }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Meteorology |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=30 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFMeteorology }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Nicomachean Ethics |author=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |ref=CITEREFNicomachean Ethics }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=On the Soul |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=30 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFOn the Soul }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Physics |author=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=31 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFPhysics }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Poetics |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=30 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFPoetics }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Politics |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=30 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFPolitics }} * {{cite web |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prior.html |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |title=Prior Analytics |last=Aristotle |website=classics.mit.edu |ref=CITEREFPrior Analytics }} * {{cite web |author=Aristotle |title=Rhetoric |translator-first=W. Rhys |translator-last=Roberts |url=http://rhetoric.eserver.org/aristotle/rhet1-5.html |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=CITEREFRhetoric |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213075039/https://web.archive.org/web/20150213075039/http://rhetoric.eserver.org/aristotle/rhet1-5.html |access-date=5 May 2023 }} * {{cite web |title=Aristotle Mountains |url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137410 |work=[[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|SCAR]] [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]] |publisher=[[Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide]] |agency=[[Department of the Environment and Energy]], [[Australian Antarctic Division]], [[Australian Government]] |access-date=1 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristotle Mountains }} * {{cite book |author=Aristotle |title=Politics-Ethics, In Early Economic Thought: Selections from Economic Literature Prior to Adam Smith |date=1948 |editor=Monroe, Arthur E. |publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{cite book |author=Aristotle |title=The Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/politics0000aris |url-access=registration |date=1984 |editor=Lord, Carnes |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-92184-6 }} * {{cite book |author=Aristotle |title=Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/politics0000aris_d5v5 |date=2009 |others=Translated by Ernest Barker and revised with introduction and notes by R.F. Stalley |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953873-7 |edition=1st |orig-date=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Aristotle | translator-last1=Sachs | translator-first1=Joe |title=Aristotle's ''Metaphysics'' |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlesmetaph0000aris_m3c8 |year=1999 |publisher=Green Lion Press}} * {{cite web |title=Aristotle and Phyllis |url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/20121 |publisher=Art Institute Chicago |access-date=22 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristotle Phyllis }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aristotle |title=Aristotle definition and meaning |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |ref=CITEREFCollins English Dictionary }} * {{cite news |title=Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, Rembrandt (1653) |date=27 July 2002 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/jul/27/art.homer |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=23 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristotle with Bust2002 }} * {{cite book |last=Averroes |title=Commentarium Magnum in Aristotelis De Anima Libros|editor-last=Crawford|editor-first=F. Stuart |publisher=Mediaeval Academy of America |oclc=611422373 |date=1953}} * {{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Jonathan |title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction |date=1982 |author-link=Jonathan Barnes |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285408-7}} * {{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Jonathan |chapter=Life and Work |title=The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle |date=1995 |author-link=Jonathan Barnes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42294-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBqQOqM5dfsC }} * {{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Barnes |last2=Griffin |first2=Miriam Tamara |title=Philosophia Togata: Plato and Aristotle at Rome. II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r18BAAAACAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-815222-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bergstrom |first1=Carl T. |last2=Dugatkin |first2=Lee Alan |title=Evolution |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-92592-0 }} * {{cite journal |last=Blits |first=Kathleen C. |title=Aristotle: Form, function, and comparative anatomy |date=15 April 1999 |pages=58–63 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=257 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990415)257:2<58::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-I |pmid=10321433|doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=David |title=Aristotle on Memory and Recollection |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwTHng_5RqAC&q=Aristotle+on+Memory+and+Recollection&pg=PR9 |isbn=978-90-04-16046-0 }} * {{cite book |chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/logic-ancient/ |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |first=Susanne |last=Bobzien |chapter=Ancient Logic |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-last=Zalta |date=2015 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy }} * {{cite book |last=Boole |first=George |author-link=George Boole |title=The Laws of Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUEQAQAAIAAJ |year=2003 |orig-date=1854 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-089-9 }} * {{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Michael |title=Behind the Name: Meaning, Origin and History of the Name "Aristotle" |url=http://www.behindthename.com/name/aristotle |website=Behind the Name |access-date=6 April 2012 }} * {{cite book |last=Carruthers |first=Mary |title=The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dntrAnqfIasC&q=The+book+of+memory:+the+study+of+memory+in+medieval+times&pg=PR8 |isbn=978-0-521-42973-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Carteron |first1=Henri |title=Notion de Force dans le Systeme d'Aristote |date=1923 |publisher=J. Vrin |language=fr}} * {{cite book |last=Cicero |first=Marcus Tullius |author-link=Cicero |chapter=Book II, chapter XXXVIII, §&nbsp;119 |title=The Academica of Cicero 106–43 BC |date=1874 | editor-first=James S. | editor-last=Reid |publisher=Macmillan}} * {{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=S. Marc |title=Aristotle's Metaphysics |date=8 October 2000 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Winter 2016 |access-date=14 November 2018}}<!--edition based on access-date--> * {{cite journal |last=Corcoran |first=John |title=Aristotle's Demonstrative Logic |date=2009 |pages=1–20 |journal=History and Philosophy of Logic |volume=30|doi=10.1080/01445340802228362 |citeseerx=10.1.1.650.463|s2cid=8514675 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=J. |title=Botany meets archaeology: people and plants in the past |year=2013 |pages=5805–5816 |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=64 |issue=18 |doi=10.1093/jxb/ert068 |pmid=23669575|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Degnan |first=Michael |title=Recent Work in Aristotle's Logic |date=1994 |pages=81–89 |journal=Philosophical Books |volume=35 |issue=2 (April 1994)|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02858.x}} * {{cite book |last1=Deslauriers |first1=Marguerite |last2=Destrée |first2=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haCyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle's Politics |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00468-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Dijksterhuis |first1=Eduard Jan |title=The Mechanization of the World Picture |date=1969 |translator=C. Dikshoorn |publisher=Princeton University Press}} * {{cite journal |last1=Drabkin |first1=Israel E. |title=Notes on the Laws of Motion in Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_1938_59_1/page/60 |date=1938 |pages=60–84 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=59 |issue=1 |jstor=90584|doi=10.2307/290584}} * {{cite book |last=Durant |first=Will |title=The Story of Philosophy |date=2006 |author-link=Will Durant |orig-date=1926 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-73916-4 | title-link=The Story of Philosophy}} * {{cite book |last=Düring |first=Ingemar |title=Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition. By Ingemar Düring |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnKAQwAACAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell in Komm. }} * {{cite book |last1=Ebenstein |first1=Alan |first2=William |last2=Ebenstein |title=Introduction to Political Thinkers |date=2002 | author-link=Alan O. Ebenstein |publisher=Wadsworth Group}} * {{cite journal |last=Evans |first=Nancy |s2cid=143750010 |date=2006 |title=Diotima and Demeter as Mystagogues in Plato's Symposium |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-2006_21_2/page/1 |journal=Hypatia |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.2006.tb01091.x |issn=1527-2001}} * {{cite journal |last=Filonik |first=Jakub |title=Athenian impiety trials: a reappraisal |date=2013 |pages=72–73 |journal=Dike |volume=16 |issue=16 |doi=10.13130/1128-8221/4290 | doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last=Freeland |first=Cynthia A. |title=Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle |date=1998 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-01730-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Garver |first1=Eugene |title=Aristotle's Rhetoric: An Art of Character |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-28425-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2ldWwIQhHwC&q=Aristotle+ethos+pathos+logos }} * {{cite book |last=Gigon |first=Olof |title=Vita Aristotelis Marciana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3ldDwAAQBAJ |date=2017 |orig-date=1965 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082017-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander of Macedon |url=https://archive.org/details/alexanderofmaced0000gree |url-access=registration |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27586-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Grimaldi |first=William M. A. |chapter=Studies in the Philosophy of Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' |title=Landmark Essays on Aristotelian Rhetoric |date=1998 |page=71 |series=Landmark Essays |volume=14 |editor1-last=Enos |editor1-first=Richard Leo |editor2-last=Agnew |editor2-first=Lois Peters |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=978-1-880393-32-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMihW5GdDzoC&q=Aristotle+paradeigma+and+enthymeme&pg=PA71 }} * {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy Vol. 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29420-1}} * {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. |title=A history of Greek philosophy Vol. 6: Aristotle: An Encounter |date=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EG0yV0cGoEC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38760-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Haase |first=Wolfgang |title=Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik. Philosophie (Doxographica &#91;Forts. &#93;) |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifqGuiHo6eQC&pg=PA3862 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-013699-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Edith |title=Aristotle's Way: How Ancient Wisdom Can Change Your Life |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotleswayhow0000hall |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Bodley Head]] |isbn=978-1-84792-407-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Halliwell |first1=Stephen |chapter=Inside and Outside the Work of Art |title=The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems |date=2002 |pages=152–59 |author-link=Stephen Halliwell (academic) |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09258-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8wctGFg12MC&q=Aristotle+mimesis }} * {{cite book |last=Hankinson |first=R.J. |title=Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/causeexplanation0000hank |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-823745-7 |doi=10.1093/0199246564.001.0001}} * {{cite SEP |last=Hasse |first=Dag Nikolaus |title=Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West |date=2014 | url-id=arabic-islamic-influence}} * {{cite book |last=Held |first=Julius |title=Rembrandt's Aristotle and Other Rembrandt Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/rembrandtsaristo0000held |url-access=registration |year=1969 |author-link=Julius S. Held |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03862-9 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hladký |first1=V. |last2=Havlíček |first2=J |year=2013 |url=http://ishe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/HEB_2013_28_4_3-11.pdf |title=Was Tinbergen an Aristotelian? Comparison of Tinbergen's Four Whys and Aristotle's Four Causes |journal=Human Ethology Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=3–11 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Holowchak |first1=Mark |title=Aristotle on Dreaming: What Goes on in Sleep when the 'Big Fire' goes out |date=1996 |pages=405–423 |journal=Ancient Philosophy |volume=16 |issue=2 |url=http://www.pdcnet.org/ancientphil/Ancient-Philosophy |doi=10.5840/ancientphil199616244 }} * {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Sir William Jackson |author-link=William Jackson Hooker |title=The British Flora: Comprising the Phaenogamous, Or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns |year=1831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-IYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219 |publisher=Longman |oclc=17317293 }} * {{cite book |last=House |first=Humphry |title=Aristotle's Poetics |date=1956 |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlespoetic032945mbp |publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis }} * {{cite web |last1=Hutchinson |first1=D. S. |last2=Johnson |first2=Monte Ransome |title=Exhortation to Philosophy |date=2015 |page=22 |url=http://www.protrepticus.info/protr2017x20.pdf |website=Protrepticus }} * {{cite book |title=Aristotle: Introductory Readings |editor-first1=Terence |editor-last1=Irwin |editor-first2=Gail |editor-last2=Fine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx8zjmHZ2NMC |year=1996 |publisher=Hackett Pub. |isbn=978-0-87220-339-6 }} * {{cite news |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |title=Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, Rembrandt (1653) |date=27 July 2002 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/jul/27/art.homer |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] }} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=W. T. |title=The Classical Mind: A History of Western Philosophy |date=1980 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-538312-8}} * {{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |author-link=Immanuel Kant |title=Critique of Pure Reason |date=1787 |edition=Second |oclc=2323615}} * {{cite book |last=Kantor |first=J. R. |title=The Scientific Evolution of Psychology, Volume I |year=1963 |publisher=Principia Press |isbn=978-0-911188-25-7}} * {{cite book |last=Kaufmann |first=Walter Arnold |title=Tragedy and Philosophy |date=1968 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02005-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTk9-180NbsC&q=Aristotle+Oedipus+the+King }} * {{cite book |last1=Kennedy-Day |first1=Kiki |chapter=Aristotelianism in Islamic philosophy |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1998 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-H002-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6}} * {{cite book |last=Knight |first=Kelvin |title=Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics & Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotelianphil0000knig |date=2007 |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0-7456-1977-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Kraut |first1=Richard |title=Aristotle's Ethics |date=1 May 2001 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=19 March 2018 }} * {{cite SEP |last=Kuhn |first=Heinrich |title=Aristotelianism in the Renaissance |date=2018 | url-id=aristotelianism-renaissance}} * {{cite book |last=Kukkonen |first=Taneli |title=The classical tradition |year=2010 | editor-last=Grafton | editor-first=Anthony | display-editors=etal |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0}} * {{cite SEP |last=Lagerlund |first=Henrik |title=Medieval Theories of the Syllogism |date=2016 | url-id=medieval-syllogism}} * {{cite SEP |last=Lagerlund |first=Henrik |title=Medieval Theories of the Syllogism | url-id=medieval-syllogism}} * {{cite web |last=Lahanas |first=Michael |title=Optics and ancient Greeks |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Optics.htm |website=Mlahanas.de |access-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411051535/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Optics.htm |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ellen Wardwell |last2=Robinson |first2=Anne |title=Indianapolis Museum of Art: Highlights of the Collection |year=2005 |publisher=[[Indianapolis Museum of Art]] |isbn=978-0-936260-77-8}} * {{cite web |last1=Leroi |first1=Armand Marie (Presenter) |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi |title=Aristotle's Lagoon: Embryo Inside a Chicken's Egg |date=3 May 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gqlyy |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 November 2016 }} * {{cite book |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |date=2015 |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4}} * {{cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David |title=The Beginnings of Western Science |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest00lind |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=G. E. R. |title=The critic of Plato |date=1968 |author-link=G. E. R. Lloyd |work=Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-09456-6}} * {{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=G. E. R. |title=Causes and correlations |date=1996 | author-link=G. E. R. Lloyd |work=Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into ancient Greek and Chinese science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55695-8}} * {{cite book |last=Lovejoy |first=Arthur O. |title=The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea |date=31 January 1976 |author-link=Arthur O. Lovejoy |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36153-9}} * {{cite web | title=Lucas Cranach the Elder{{!}} Phyllis and Aristotle | url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2008/important-old-master-paintings-including-european-works-of-art-n08404/lot.78.html | publisher=[[Sotheby's]] | access-date=23 March 2018 | date=2008 | ref=CITEREFLucas Cranach the Elder }} * {{cite book |last=Lyell |first=Charles |title=Principles of Geology |date=1832 |author-link=Charles Lyell |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog |oclc=609586345 |publisher=J. Murray, 1832 }} * {{cite journal |last=MacDougall-Shackleton |first=Scott A. |title=The levels of analysis revisited |date=27 July 2011 |pages=2076–2085 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1574 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0363 |pmc=3130367 |pmid=21690126}} * {{cite SEP |last=Machamer |first=Peter |title=Galileo Galilei |date=2017 | url-id=galileo}} * {{cite book |last=Magee |first=Bryan |title=The Story of Philosophy |date=2010 |author-link=Bryan Magee |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-241-24126-4}} * {{cite book |last=Mason |first=Stephen F. |title=A History of the Sciences |date=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLlMAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Collier Books |isbn=978-0-02-093400-4 |oclc=924760574 }} * {{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/growthofbiologic00mayr |url-access=registration |date=1982 |publisher=Belknap Press |isbn=978-0-674-36446-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |date=1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36446-2}} * {{cite book |last=McLeisch |first=Kenneth Cole |title=Aristotle: The Great Philosophers |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92392-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle00mcle }} * {{cite book |title=Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotletozoos0000unse |year=1984 |last1=Medawar |first1=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Medawar |last2=Medawar |first2=J. S. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283043-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Willard M. |title=Aristotle on Necessity, Chance, and Spontaneity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-catholic-philosophical-quarterly_the-new-scholasticism_spring-1973_47_2/page/204 |year=1973 |pages=204–213 |journal=New Scholasticism |volume=47 |issue=2 |doi=10.5840/newscholas197347237}} * {{cite journal |last1=Modrak |first1=Deborah |title=Dreams and Method in Aristotle |date=2009 |pages=169–181 |journal=Skepsis: A Journal for Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Research |volume=20}} * {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Ruth |title=The Earth We Live On |url=https://archive.org/details/earthweliveonsto00moor |url-access=registration |year=1956 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |oclc=1024467091 }} * {{cite journal |last=Morsink |first=Johannes |title=Was Aristotle's Biology Sexist? |date=Spring 1979 |pages=83–112 |jstor=4330727 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/bf00128136 |pmid=11615776 |s2cid=6090923}} * {{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |title=The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia |date=1996 |publisher=Curzon Press |isbn=978-0-7007-0314-2}} * {{cite web |last1=Phelan |first1=Joseph |title=The Philosopher as Hero: Raphael's The School of Athens |date=September 2002 |url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2002-09.html |publisher=ArtCyclopedia |access-date=23 March 2018 }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/phyllis-and-aristotle |title=Phyllis and Aristotle |date=1 February 2019 |via=Musee du Louvre |ref=CITEREFPhyllis and Aristotle |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811092041/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/phyllis-and-aristotle |archive-date=11 August 2022 }} * {{cite book |last=Pickover |first=Clifford A. |title=The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA52 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-1-4027-5796-9 }} * {{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/alexander*/3.html |title=Plutarch – Life of Alexander (Part 1 of 7) |date=1919 |publisher=Loeb Classical Library |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=31 January 2019 |ref=CITEREFPlutarch1919 }} * {{cite web |title=Predicate Logic |url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~schrum2/cs301k/lec/topic04-predicateLogic.pdf |publisher=University of Texas |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329221535/https://web.archive.org/web/20180329221535/https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~schrum2/cs301k/lec/topic04-predicateLogic.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live |ref=CITEREFPredicate Logic }} * {{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Frank Harold Trevor |title=Evolution |date=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWGt0bff8agC |publisher=Golden Press |isbn=978-0-307-64360-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Robbins |first=Lionel |title=A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures |date=2000 |editor1=Medema, Steven G. |editor2=Samuels, Warren J. |publisher=Princeton University Press}} * {{cite book |last1=Rorty |first1=Amélie Oksenberg |chapter=Structuring Rhetoric |date=1996 |title=Essays on Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' |editor-last=Rorty |editor-first=Amélie Oksenberg |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20227-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd7fEb1wOmYC&q=Aristotle+deliberative+forensic+and+epideictic&pg=PA6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysonaristotl0000unse }} * {{cite journal |last1=Rovelli |first1=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Rovelli |title=Aristotle's Physics: A Physicist's Look |year=2015 |pages=23–40 |journal=Journal of the American Philosophical Association |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/apa.2014.11 |arxiv=1312.4057 |s2cid=44193681}} * {{cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |title=A history of western philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc3AAAAIAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-31400-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Sedley |first=David |title=Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgRuJEfzUG8C |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25364-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Shields |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Aristotle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTVsrl0mnH4C |date=2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-518748-9 }} * {{cite SEP |last=Shields |first=Christopher |title=Aristotle's Psychology |date=2016 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/aristotle/ |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University | editor-last=Zalta | editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2016}} * {{cite book |last1=Shute |first1=Clarence |title=The Psychology of Aristotle: An Analysis of the Living Being |date=1941 |publisher=Columbia University Press |oclc=936606202}} * {{cite book |last=Sikka |first=Sonya |title=Forms of Transcendence: Heidegger and Medieval Mystical Theology |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNYIDrA0zrYC&pg=PA265 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3345-4 }} * {{cite SEP |last=Smith |first=Robin |title=Aristotle's Logic |date=2017 | url-id=aristotle-logic}} * {{cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek09smitgoog |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |last=Smith |first=William George |orig-date=1869 |year=2007 |publisher=J. Walton |access-date=30 January 2019 |via=Internet Archive }} * {{cite book |last1=Sorabji |first1=R. |title=Aristotle on Memory |date=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=54 |edition=2nd |quote=And this is exactly why we hunt for the successor, starting in our thoughts from the present or from something else, and from something similar, or opposite, or neighbouring. By this means recollection occurs...}} * {{cite book |last=Sorabji |first=Richard |title=Aristotle Transformed |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotletransfo0000unse_s6y5 |date=1990 |author-link=Richard Sorabji |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-7156-2254-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Staley |first1=Kevin |title=Al-Kindi on Creation: Aristotle's Challenge to Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_july-september-1989_50_3/page/355 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |date=1989 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=355–370 |jstor=2709566|doi=10.2307/2709566}} * {{cite web |last1=Susskind |first1=Leonard |title=Classical Mechanics, Lectures 2, 3 |date=3 October 2011 |author-link1=Leonard Susskind |url=http://theoreticalminimum.com/courses/classical-mechanics/2011/fall/lecture-2 |website=The Theoretical Minimum |access-date=11 May 2018 }} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Henry Osborn |chapter=Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology |title=Greek Biology and Medicine |date=1922 |author-link=Henry Osborn Taylor |archive-date=27 March 2006 |chapter-url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327222953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |url-status=dead |access-date=3 January 2017 }} * {{cite web |title=The School of Athens by Raphael |url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-paintings/school-of-athens.htm |publisher=Visual Arts Cork |access-date=22 March 2018 |ref=CITEREFSchool of Athens }} * {{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Jessica |title=The Story Behind Raphael's Masterpiece 'The School of Athens' |url=https://mymodernmet.com/school-of-athens-raphael/ |quote=Plato's gesture toward the sky is thought to indicate his Theory of Forms. ... Conversely, Aristotle's hand is a visual representation of his belief that knowledge comes from experience. Empiricism, as it is known, theorizes that humans must have concrete evidence to support their ideas |website=My Modern Met |year=2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 }} * {{cite book |last= Tangian |first=Andranik |date=2020 |title=Analytical theory of democracy. Vols. 1 and 2|series=Studies in Choice and Welfare |publisher=Springer |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-39690-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6 |s2cid=216190330 }} * {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=D'Arcy |author-link=D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson |title=Historia animalium |date=1910 |work=The works of Aristotle translated into English |editor1=Ross, W. D. |editor2=Smith, J. A. |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/index.html |oclc=39273217 |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140240/https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140240/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/index.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Warren |first=Howard C. |title=A History of the Association of Psychology |date=1921 |isbn=978-0-598-91975-5 |author-link=Howard C. Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4IXAAAAYAAJ&q=The+history+of+the+association+of+psychology&pg=PA3 |oclc=21010604 <!--dlc--> }} * {{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Wilse |title=Dreamtime and dreamwork: Decoding the language of the night |date=1990 |publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher |isbn=978-0-87477-594-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamtimedreamwo00kriprich }} * {{cite news |title=When libraries were on a roll |date=19 May 2001 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4723624/When-libraries-were-on-a-roll.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4723624/When-libraries-were-on-a-roll.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph |access-date=29 June 2017 |ref=CITEREFWhen libraries were2001}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite SEP |last=Wildberg | first Christian |title=John Philoponus |date=2016 | url-id=philoponus}} * {{cite SEP |title=Aristotle's Influence |date=2018 | url-id=aristotle-influence |edition=Spring 2018 |ref=CITEREFAristotle's Influence2018}} * {{citation |last = Darwin |first = Charles |year = 1872 |title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life |edition = 6th |location = London |publisher = John Murray |url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 |access-date = 9 January 2009 }} * {{cite book|title=Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right|last=Burns|first=Jennifer|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-532487-7|title-link=Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right}} * {{cite book|title=Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical|last=Sciabarra|first=Chris Matthew|author-link=Chris Matthew Sciabarra|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-271-01440-1|title-link=Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical}} {{refend}} == Further reading == The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following is only a small selection. {{refbegin|30em}} * [[J. L. Ackrill|Ackrill, J. L.]] (1997). ''Essays on Plato and Aristotle'', Oxford University Press. * {{cite book |last=Ackrill |first=J.L. |title=Aristotle the Philosopher |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlephiloso0000ackr |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1981 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Adler |first=Mortimer J. |author-link=Mortimer Adler |title=Aristotle for Everybody |publisher=Macmillan |date=1978 | title-link=Aristotle for Everybody |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Ammonius | editor1-last=Cohen | editor1-first=S. Marc | editor2-last=Matthews | editor2-first=Gareth B |title=On Aristotle's Categories |url=https://archive.org/details/onaristotlescate0000ammo |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-8014-2688-9 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Aristotle |title=The Works of Aristotle Translated into English Under the Editorship of W.D. Ross, 12 vols |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |date=1908–1952 |ref=none}} These translations are available in several places online; see External links. * Bakalis, Nikolaos. (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing, {{ISBN |978-1-4120-4843-9}}. * {{cite book |last=Bocheński |first=I. M. |title=Ancient Formal Logic |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientformallog0000jose |publisher=North-Holland |date=1951 |ref=none}} * Bolotin, David (1998). ''An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.'' Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. * [[Myles Burnyeat|Burnyeat, Myles F.]] ''et al.'' (1979). ''Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. * {{cite book | editor1-last=Cantor | editor1-first=Norman F. | editor2-first=Peter L. | editor2-last=Klein |title=Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle |volume=1 |series=Monuments of Western Thought |publisher=Blaisdell |date=1969 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last1=Chappell |first1=V. |year=1973 |title=Aristotle's Conception of Matter |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-philosophy_1973-11-08_70_19/page/679 |journal=Journal of Philosophy |volume=70 |issue=19 |pages=679–696 |doi=10.2307/2025076 |jstor=2025076 |ref=none}} * Code, Alan (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. * {{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=S. Marc |last2=Reeve |first2=C. D. C. |title=Aristotle's Metaphysics |date=21 November 2020 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Winter 2020 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=John |title=Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000ferg |url-access=registration |publisher=Twayne Publishers |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-8057-2064-8 |ref=none}} * De Groot, Jean (2014). ''Aristotle's Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th century BC'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN |978-1-930972-83-4}}. * Frede, Michael (1987). ''Essays in Ancient Philosophy''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * {{cite book |last=Fuller |first=B.A.G. |author-link=Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould_Fuller |series=History of Greek Philosophy |volume=3 |title=Aristotle |publisher=Cape |date=1923 |ref=none}} * [[Eugene Gendlin|Gendlin, Eugene T.]] (2012). ''[http://www.focusing.org/aristotle/ Line by Line Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327012857/http://www.focusing.org/aristotle/ |date=27 March 2017 |ref=none}}'', Volume 1: Books I & II; Volume 2: Book III. The Focusing Institute. * Gill, Mary Louise (1989). ''Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity''. Princeton University Press. * {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W.K.C. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy |volume=6 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1981 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Halper |first=Edward C. |year=2009 |title=One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha – Delta |publisher=Parmenides Publishing |isbn=978-1-930972-21-6 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Halper |first=Edward C. |year=2005 |title=One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books |url=https://archive.org/details/onemanyinaristot0000halp |publisher=Parmenides Publishing |isbn=978-1-930972-05-6 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |author-link=Terence Irwin |last=Irwin |first=Terence H. |year=1988 |title=Aristotle's First Principles |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-824290-5 |ref=none |url=http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Aristotle%27s%20first%20principles.pdf}} * {{cite book |last=Jaeger |first=Werner |title=Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development | editor-first=Richard | editor-last=Robinson |edition=2nd |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1948 |ref=none}} * [[Alberto Jori|Jori, Alberto]] (2003). ''Aristotele'', Bruno Mondadori (Prize 2003 of the "[[International Academy of the History of Science]]"), {{ISBN |978-88-424-9737-0}}. * {{cite book | editor-last=Kiernan | editor-first=Thomas P. |title=Aristotle Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CUZ-418 |publisher=Philosophical Library |date=1962 |ref=none}} * Knight, Kelvin (2007). ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre'', Polity Press. * Lewis, Frank A. (1991). ''Substance and Predication in Aristotle''. Cambridge University Press. * Lord, Carnes (1984). ''Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle''. Chicago University Press. * Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. * Maso, Stefano (Ed.), Natali, Carlo (Ed.), Seel, Gerhard (Ed.) (2012) ''Reading Aristotle: Physics'' VII. 3: ''What is Alteration?'' ''Proceedings of the International ESAP-HYELE Conference'', Parmenides Publishing. {{ISBN |978-1-930972-73-5}}. * {{cite book |last=McKeon |first=Richard |title=Introduction to Aristotle |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1973 |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last=Owen |first=G. E. L. |year=1965c |title=The Platonism of Aristotle |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=50 |pages=125–150 |ref=none}} [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R.R.K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). ''Articles on Aristotle'' Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] * {{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511498282 |title=Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship |year=2002 |last=Pangle |first=Lorraine Smith |isbn=978-0-511-49828-2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Plato |author-link=Plato |title=The Worlds of Plato and Aristotle | editor1-first=Harold Joseph | editor1-last=Allen | editor2-first=James B | editor2-last=Wilbur |publisher=Prometheus Books |date=1979 |ref=none}} * Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). ''Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Hackett. * {{cite book |last=Rose |first=Lynn E. |title=Aristotle's Syllogistic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-042-806 |publisher=Charles C Thomas |date=1968 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Sir David |author-link=W. D. Ross |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge |edition=6th |date=1995 |ref=none}} * Scaltsas, T. (1994). ''Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Cornell University Press. * Strauss, Leo (1964). "On Aristotle's ''Politics''", in ''The City and Man'', Rand McNally. * {{cite book |last=Swanson |first=Judith |title=The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/publicprivateina00swan |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-8014-2319-2 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Veatch |first=Henry B. |author-link=Henry Babcock Veatch |title=Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation |url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlecontemp0000veat |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1974 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Woods |first=M. J. |year=1991b |chapter=Universals and Particular Forms in Aristotle's Metaphysics |series=[[Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy]] |title=Aristotle and the Later Tradition |volume=Suppl |pages=41–56 |ref=none}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links | b=no | n=no | s=Author:Aristotle}} {{Wikisourcelang | el | Αριστοτέλης | Ἀριστοτέλης}} {{Library resources box | by=yes | onlinebooks=yes | others=yes | about=yes | label=Aristotle | viaf= | lccn= | lcheading= | wikititle= }} * {{PhilPapers|category|aristotle}} * {{InPho | thinker | 2553}} * At the [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: *: {{hlist | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ Aristotle (general article)] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-bio/ Biology] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-eth/ Ethics] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-log/ Logic] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-met/ Metaphysics] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/ Motion and its Place in Nature] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-poe/ Poetics] | [https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-pol/ Politics]}} * At the [https://web.archive.org/web/20230127142051/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index.html Internet Classics Archive] * From the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: *: {{hlist | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle Aristotle (general article)] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/ Aristotle in the Renaissance] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/ Biology] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/ Causality] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/ Commentators on Aristotle] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ Ethics] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Logic] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-mathematics/ Mathematics] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ Metaphysics] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/ Natural philosophy] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Non-contradiction] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ Political theory] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Psychology] | [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ Rhetoric]}} * {{cite CE1913 | first=William | last=Turner | wstitle=Aristotle | volume=1 | short=x |ref=none}} * {{cite LotEP |chapter=Aristotle |ref=none}} ;Collections of works * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle}} * At [https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124653/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology] * {{Gutenberg author | id=2747}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author | id=602}} * {{OL author | OL22105A}} * {{in lang|en|el}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Any&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Aristotle Perseus Project] at [[Tufts University]] * At the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215160252/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ University of Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215160252/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ |date=15 February 2017 }} * {{in lang|el|fr}} [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/table.htm P. Remacle] * The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of ''Aristotle's Works'' in Greek ([https://web.archive.org/web/20221124034819/http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ PDF]{{dot}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192647/http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ DJVU]) {{Aristotelianism}} {{Navboxes|list= {{Peripatetics}} {{Metaphysics}} {{Ethics}} {{Natural history}} {{History of biology}} {{Philosophy of science}} {{Philosophy of language}} {{Jurisprudence}} {{Social and political philosophy}} {{Litcrit}} {{Ancient Greece topics}} }} {{Portal bar|Physics|Biology|Earth science|Psychology|Philosophy|Politics|Economics|Literature|Biography|Ancient Greece|History of science}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aristotle| ]] [[Category:Aristotelianism|*]] [[Category:384 BC births]] [[Category:322 BC deaths]] [[Category:4th-century BC mathematicians]] [[Category:4th-century BC philosophers]] [[Category:4th-century BC writers]] [[Category:Academic philosophers]] [[Category:Acting theorists]] [[Category:Ancient Greek biologists]] [[Category:Ancient Greek epistemologists]] [[Category:Ancient Greek ethicists]] [[Category:Ancient Greek logicians]] [[Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians]] [[Category:Ancient Greek metaphysicians]] [[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers of language]] [[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers of mind]] [[Category:Ancient Greek physicists]] [[Category:Ancient Greek political philosophers]] [[Category:Ancient Greek political refugees]] [[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers of art]] [[Category:Ancient literary critics]] [[Category:Ancient Stagirites]] [[Category:Aphorists]] [[Category:Aristotelian philosophers]] [[Category:Attic Greek writers]] [[Category:Ancient Greek cosmologists]] [[Category:Greek male writers]] [[Category:Greek geologists]] [[Category:Greek meteorologists]] [[Category:Greek social commentators]] [[Category:Humor researchers]] [[Category:Irony theorists]] [[Category:Metic philosophers in Classical Athens]] [[Category:Natural philosophers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Peripatetic philosophers]] [[Category:Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great]] [[Category:Philosophers of ancient Chalcidice]] [[Category:Philosophers of culture]] [[Category:Philosophers of education]] [[Category:Philosophers of history]] [[Category:Philosophers of law]] [[Category:Philosophers of literature]] [[Category:Philosophers of logic]] [[Category:Philosophers of love]] [[Category:Philosophers of psychology]] [[Category:Philosophers of science]] [[Category:Philosophers of time]] [[Category:Philosophers of sexuality]] [[Category:Philosophers of technology]] [[Category:Philosophical logic]] [[Category:Philosophical theists]] [[Category:Philosophy academics]] [[Category:Philosophy writers]] [[Category:Rhetoric theorists]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Students of Plato]] [[Category:Trope theorists]] [[Category:Virtue ethicists]] [[Category:Zoologists]] [[Category:Natural law ethicists]] 97vjcsbn5379jvmipy22lmial88ppxm 0 26600 122626 74004 2026-09-28T02:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|None}}{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Politics of Malawi}} Nkhani iyi yikulongosora vya vyaru vya [[Malawi]]. Malaŵi wali na vipani vinandi ndipo vili na vipani vyakujumpha 40. Ndyali za ku Malawi zikucita vinthu mu nthowa yakuti ŵandyali ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza. Maphwando amagwira nawo ntchito ya chisankho. Maboma agho ghali na ŵimiliri ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango ni People's Party (PP), Malawi Congress Party (MCP), United Democratic Front (UDF), na Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). == Kuwuka kwa boma la vyaru vinandi mu Malawi == Bungwe la African Congress la Nyasaland ndilo likalongozganga gulu lakususkana na ukoloni mu Malawi pasi pa muwuso wa Kamuzu Banda. Apo NAC yikakanizgika, yikasintha zina kuŵa Malawi Congress Party iyo yikapangiska kuti Malawi yiŵe na wanangwa ndipo yikalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1994, mu ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵakususka boma ili, kweni boma la Banda likakanizga awo ŵakasuskanga boma ili. Kufika mu 1992, Chakufwa Chihana, uyo wakacitanga milimo ya wupu wa ŵantchito, msambizgi, na munthu wakulimbikira vinthu, wakazgoka cakupangiska kuti mu Malawi muŵe vyaru vinandi.<ref name="philly1993">{{cite web |last=Cordrey |first=James |date=13 June 1993 |title=Malawi Opposition Leader Tells of Years in Prison Chakufwa Chihana Thanked The Local Chapter of Amnesty International For His Release. - Philly.com |url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-11-17/news/25947879_1_political-prisoner-chakufwa-chihana-multiparty-elections/2 |publisher=Articles.philly.com |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913170728/http://articles.philly.com/1993-11-17/news/25947879_1_political-prisoner-chakufwa-chihana-multiparty-elections/2 |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> Wakalongozga gulu la ndyali ilo likakhumbanga kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi. Wakaŵa munthu wakwamba kususka ndyali. Wakakakika mu 1992 apo wakawelera ku Malawi ndipo kukakika kwake kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi na vyaru vinyake ŵambe kumusuzga. Chihana wakafwatulika na Amnesty International kweniso Robert F. Wupu wa Kennedy. Chifukwa cha kukhuŵara, Banda wakazomera kucita referendum kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhepo cimoza pa nkhani ya maboma ghanandi. Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi ndipo chikaŵa chamahara kuti munthu wapange vipani. Chilato cha Chihana chikawovwira kuti wapange chipani chake cha Alliance for Democracy (AFORD). Maphwando ena otchuka adapangidwanso ndikuwonekera, makamaka United Democratic Front yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Bakili Muluzi. Mu 1994, ku Malawi kukacitika maungano gha vyaru vinandi. Chipani cha MCP nacho chikapangana pa mavoti agha. Chipani cha UDF cha Bakili Muluzi chikapambana pa chisankho ichi ndipo chikaŵa chipani chakwamba icho chikapokera mazaza mu Malawi. Chihana wakaŵa wacitatu, ndipo wakapika udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shola Adenekan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jul/13/guardianobituaries.mainsection|title=Obituary: Chakufwa Chihana &#124; News|work=The Guardian|date=12 July 2006}}</ref>Ndipouli, Chihana wali kulembeka mu mbiri ya Malawi ndipo wakumanyikwa kuti ni "wiske wa demokilase" mu Malawi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to nginx eaa1a9e1db47ffcca16305566a6efba4!185.15.56.1 |url=http://fearlessgeneration.com/?p=36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710035229/http://fearlessgeneration.com/?p=36 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=fearlessgeneration.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chakufwa Chihana Video &#124; Interviews |url=http://www.ovguide.com/chakufwa-chihana-9202a8c04000641f8000000000e12725 |publisher=Ovguide.com}}</ref> Malaŵi wakambiska muwuso wa vyaru vinandi uwo ukuŵako m'paka sono. == Vipani ivyo vikugwira nchito == === Maboma agho ghali na ŵimiliri mu Nyumba ya Malamulo === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Chipani !Chimanyikwilo !Mlala !Udindo wa chpani !Ideology ![[:en:National_Assembly_(Malawi)|MPs]] |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Malawi Congress Party}}" | |[[:en:Malawi_Congress_Party|Malawi Congress Party]] |MCP |[[:en:Lazarus_Chakwera|Lazarus Chakwera]] |[[:en:Centre-right_politics|Centre-right]] |[[:en:Ubuntu_philosophy|Ubuntu]][[:en:Conservatism|Conservatism]][[:en:African_nationalism|African nationalism]][[:en:Anti-colonialism|Anti-colonialism]][[:en:Anti-communism|Anti-communism]] |{{composition bar|59|193|{{party color|Malawi Congress Party}}}} |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)}}" | |[[:en:Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] |DPP |[[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] |[[:en:Centrism|Centre]] |[[:en:Corruption|Anti-corruption]][[:en:Liberalism|Liberalism]] |{{composition bar|58|193|{{party color|Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)}}}} |- | bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Front (Malawi)}}" | |[[:en:United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] |UDF |[[:en:Atupele_Muluzi|Atupele Muluzi]] |[[:en:Centrism|Centre]] |[[:en:Liberalism|Liberalism]] |{{composition bar|10|193|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Malawi)}}}} |- | bgcolor="{{party color|United Transformation Movement}}" | |[[:en:United_Transformation_Movement|United Transformation Movement]] |UTM |[[:en:Saulos_Chilima|Saulos Chilima]] |[[:en:Centrism|Centre]] |[[:en:Liberalism|Liberalism]] |{{composition bar|5|193|{{party color|United Transformation Movement}}}} |- | bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Malawi)}}" | |[[:en:People's_Party_(Malawi)|People's Party]] |PP |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |[[:en:Centre-right_politics|Centre-right]] |[[:en:Conservatism|Conservatism]] |{{composition bar|4|193|{{party color|People's Party (Malawi)}}}} |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)}}" | |[[:en:Alliance_for_Democracy_(Malawi)|Alliance for Democracy]] |AFORD |[[:en:Chakufwa_Chihana|Chakufwa Chihana]] |[[:en:Centre-left_politics|Centre-left]] |[[:en:Social_democracy|Social democracy]] |{{composition bar|2|193|{{party color|Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)}}}} |} === Vipani vinyake === * [[:en:Mgwirizano_Coalition|Mgwirizano Coalition]] ** [[:en:Malawi_Democratic_Party|Malawi Democratic Party]] ** [[:en:Malawi_Forum_for_Unity_and_Development|Malawi Forum for Unity and Development]] (MAFUNDE) ** [[:en:Movement_for_Genuine_Democratic_Change|Movement for Genuine Democratic Change]] ** [[:en:National_Unity_Party_(Malawi)|National Unity Party]] (NUP) ** [[:en:People's_Progressive_Movement_(Malawi)|People's Progressive Movement]] ** [[:en:People's_Transformation_Party|People's Transformation Party]] (PETRA) ** [[:en:Republican_Party_(Malawi)|Republican Party]] * [[:en:National_Democratic_Alliance_(Malawi)|National Democratic Alliance]] * [[:en:Umodzi_Party|Umodzi Party]] (UP) - Founded in 2013 by [[:en:John_E_Chisi|John E Chisi]] == Tchati ya vipani == {| class="wikitable sortable" !'''Chipani''' !Mu ufupi !Year Founded !Founder !President !Vice-president !Party colours !Slogan !Emblem !Status ! |- |[[:en:Alliance_for_Democracy_(Malawi)|Alliance for Democracy]] |AFORD |1993 |[[:en:Chakufwa_Chihana|Chakufwa Chihana]] |[[:en:Dindi_Gowa-Nyasulu|Dindi Gowa-Nyasulu]] | | | | |Active |- |[[:en:Congress_for_Democracy_(Malawi)|Congress for Democracy (Malawi)]] |CODE |YR |[[:en:Ralph_Kasambara|Ralph Kasambara]] |[[:en:Ralph_Kasambara|Ralph Kasambara]] | |Light blue | | |Active |- |[[:en:Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] |DPP |2005 |[[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] |[[:en:Peter_Mutharika|Peter Mutharika]] |[[:en:Goodall_Gondwe|Goodall Gondwe]] |Light blue | | |Active |- |[[:en:Malawi_Congress_Party|Malawi Congress Party]] |MCP |1959 |[[:en:Kamuzu_Banda|Kamuzu Banda]] |[[:en:Dr_Lazarus_Chakwera|Dr Lazarus Chakwera]] | |Black, red, green |Kwacha |cockerel |Active |- |[[:en:Malawi_Forum_for_Unity_and_Development|Malawi Forum for Unity and Development]] |MAFUNDE |2004 | | | | | | |Active |- |[[:en:Movement_for_Genuine_Democratic_Change|Movement for Genuine Democratic Change]] |A |2004 | | | | | | |unknown |- |[[:en:Malawi_Democratic_Party|Malawi Democratic Party]] |MDP |2004 |[[:en:Kamlepo_Kalua|Kamlepo Kalua]] |[[:en:Kamlepo_Kalua|Kamlepo Kalua]] | | | | |unknown |- |[[:en:National_Democratic_Alliance_(Malawi)|National Democratic Alliance]] |NDC |YR |[[:en:Brown_Mpinganjira|Brown Mpinganjira]] | | | | | |Dissolved |- |[[:en:National_Unity_Party_(Malawi)|National Unity Party]] |NUP |2004 | | | | | | |Active |- |[[:en:New_Republican_Party|New Republican Party]] |NRP |2009 |[[:en:Gwanda_Chakuamba|Gwanda Chakuamba]] |[[:en:Gwanda_Chakuamba|Gwanda Chakuamba]] | | | | |unknown |- |[[:en:People's_Party_(Malawi)|People's Party]] |PP |2011 |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] |[[:en:Joyce_Banda|Joyce Banda]] | |Orange |Unity, Equality, Development |lock and key |Active |- |[[:en:People's_Progressive_Movement_(Malawi)|Peoples Progressive Movement]] |PPM |2003 |[[:en:Mark_Katsonga|Mark Katsonga]] & [[:en:Aleke_Banda|Aleke Banda]] |[[:en:Mark_Katsonga|Mark Katsonga]] | | | | |unknown |- |[[:en:People's_Transformation_Party|People's Transformation Party]] |PETRA |YR |[[:en:Kamuzu_Chibambo|Kamuzu Chibambo]] |[[:en:Kamuzu_Chibambo|Kamuzu Chibambo]] | | | | |Active |- |[[:en:Republican_Party_(Malawi)|Republican Party]] |RP |2004 |[[:en:Stanely_Masauli|Stanely Masauli]] & [[:en:Gwanda_Chakuamba|Gwanda Chakuamba]] |[[:en:Stanely_Masauli|Stanely Masauli]] | | | | |unknown |- |[[:en:Umodzi_Party|Umodzi Party]] |UP |2013 |[[:en:Prof_John_Chisi|Prof John Chisi]] |[[:en:Prof_John_Chisi|Prof John Chisi]] |[[:en:Timothy_Kamulete|Timothy Kamulete]] |Royal Blue |Umodzi wafika! | |Active |- |[[:en:United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] |UDF |1992 |[[:en:Bakili_Muluzi|Bakili Muluzi]] |[[:en:Austin_Muluzi|Austin Muluzi]] | |Yellow | | |Active |} == Mabungwe gha vipani == {| class="wikitable sortable" !'''Coalition Name''' !Acronym !Coalition Parties !Year(s) !President !Vice-President !Party Colors !Slogan !Emblem !Status ! |- |[[:en:Mgwirizano_Coalition|Mgwirizano Coalition]] |MC |[[:en:Malawi_Democratic_Party|MDP]], [[:en:Malawi_Forum_for_Unity_and_Development|MAFUNDE]], [[:en:Movement_for_Genuine_Democratic_Change|MGDC]], [[:en:National_Unity_Party_(Malawi)|NUP]], [[:en:People's_Progressive_Movement_(Malawi)|PPM]], [[:en:People's_Transformation_Party|PETRA]], [[:en:Republican_Party_(Malawi)|RP]] |2004 |P |VP |PC |S |E |Dissolved |- |Grand Coalition |GC |CODE, [[:en:People's_Party_(Malawi)|PP]], [[:en:People's_Progressive_Movement_(Malawi)|PPM]], [[:en:People's_Transformation_Party|PETRA]], [[:en:United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)|UDF]] |2011–present |P |VP |PC |S |E |Active |} == Chipani kwendela chaka == * 2014–Present (DPP) * 2012 - 2014 (PP) * 2009 – 2012 (DPP) * 1994 – 2009 (UDF) * 1964 – 1994 (MCP) == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Cabinet_of_Malawi|Cabinet of Malawi]] * [[:en:Politics_of_Malawi|Politics of Malawi]] * [[:en:Elections_in_Malawi|Elections in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_political_parties_by_country|List of political parties by country]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Malawian political parties}}{{Africa in topic|List of political parties in}} 56v7f63g6lhqof8ovowck0u4u1icmxk 0 28773 122720 111308 2026-09-28T03:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox subdivision type|legislation_begin|name=London borough|map=[[File:Greater London in England (wo City of London) (zoom).svg|Greater London within England|255px]]<br />The thirty-two London boroughs in [[England]]|category=[[Districts of England|Local authority districts]]|territory=[[Greater London]]|start_date=1 April 1965|legislation_begin=''[[London Government Act 1963]]''|current_number=32|number_date=|type=[[Inner London]] (12)|type1=[[Outer London]] (20)|status=[[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] (1)|status1=[[Royal borough]] (3)|population_range=150,000–400,000|area_range=12–150 km²|government=London borough council}} '''Vigaŵa vya London''' ni vigaŵa 32 ivyo pamoza na msumba wa [[London]] vikupanga Greater London. Vigaŵa vyose vya London ivyo vilipo sono vikapangika pamoza na Greater London pa 1 Epulero 1965 na London Government Act 1963 ndipo ni vigaŵa vya boma. Vigaŵa 12 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya mukati mwa London ndipo 20 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa London. Msumba wa London, uwo uli pakati pa msumba uwu, ni cigaŵa ca malo ghakupambanapambana ndipo uli na milimo yakupambana na ya cigaŵa ca London. Ndipouli, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi pamoza vikupanga chigaŵa cha Greater London kweniso chigaŵa cha London. Mu vigaŵa vya London muli ŵanthu pakati pa 150,000 na 400,000. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba. Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma ghakale. Mu 1987 m'paka 1992, boma likasintha vigaŵa vinyake. Maboma gha mu tawuni ya London ghakupeleka mauteŵeti ghanandi gha boma (masukulu, maofesi ghakusungirako vinthu, maofesi ghakusungiramo mabuku), mwakupambana na boma la Greater London Authority, ilo lili na mazaza ghachoko pa msumba wose wa London. Makonsili agha ghakasankhika kakwamba mu 1964, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga m'paka pa Epulero 1, 1965. Chigaŵa chilichose chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vyakusankhira, ndipo nyengo na nyengo ŵakuwonerapo kuti ŵasankhenge ŵanthu ŵa mu wumba. Pa vilimika vinayi vilivyose pakuŵa maungano gha ŵalara, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2022, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2026. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya London, ŵandyali ŵa Conservative, Labour, na Liberal Democrat ndiwo ŵakulongozga. Mipingo 28 yikulondezga ndondomeko ya mulongozgi na nduna za boma, ndipo yinyake 5 yili na meya uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika. Mzinda wa London ukulamulirika na City of London Corporation (na Inner na Middle Temples, ivyo vikulongozgeka na City of London Corporation yayi). == Mndandanda == {{Main list|List of London boroughs}} {| style="width=100%;" |{{London boroughs imagemap}} | # [[City of London]] (not a London borough) # [[City of Westminster]] # [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] # [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] # [[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] # [[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] # [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] # [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] # [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] # [[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] # [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] # [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] # [[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] # [[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] # [[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] # [[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] # [[London Borough of Merton|Merton]] | # [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]] # [[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] # [[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] # [[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] # [[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] # [[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] # [[London Borough of Havering|Havering]] # [[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] # [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] # [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] # [[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] # [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] # [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] # [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] # [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] # [[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] |} Pali maboma ghanayi agho ghalije "London Borough" mu mazina ghawo: City of Westminster, na Royal Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington na Chelsea, na Greenwich. == Mbili == === Kupangika === Kwambira m'ma 1930, mu Greater London mukaŵa maboma ghanayi. Kukaŵa vigaŵa vya vigaŵa, vya mizi, vya mizi, na vya misumba. Maboma ghakurughakuru ghakapelekanga mauteŵeti ghose gha boma ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana na gha maboma. Maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi chifukwa chakuti maboma gha vigaŵa ghakapelekanga milimo nga nkhusambizga ŵana vya ku pulayimale na mabuku ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Ku London, boma likakhumbanga kusintha vinthu ivi. Wupu wa Royal Commission on Local Government mu Greater London ukakhazikiskika mu 1957 ndipo lipoti lake likalembeka pa 19 Okutobala 1960. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa vigaŵa 52 vya "Greater London Boroughs" ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu 100,000 m'paka 250,000. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri panji vitatu ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu Disembala 1961, boma likayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivi muŵe vigaŵa 34 m'malo mwa 52, ndipo likalongosora makora mphaka zake. Mu 1962, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuŵapo chikakhira kufika pa 32. Pa Epulero 1, 1965, vigaŵa 32 vya London na Greater London vikapangika na London Government Act 1963. Mu vigaŵa 12 vya mu tawuni ya London, mukaŵa vigaŵa vya mukati mwa tawuni ya London, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake 20 vikaŵa vya kuwaro kwa tawuni ya London. Mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba wa London yikaŵa ya boma, kweni mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London yikaŵikika kuti yilutilire kuŵa na wupu wakuwona vya masambiro. Msumba wa London ukalutilira kulongozgeka na City of London Corporation, ndipo Inner na Middle Temples zikalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vyawo.{{NoteTag|Local government legislation makes special provision for the City of London Corporation, Inner Temple and Middle Temple to perform the functions of London borough councils in their areas.}} Pa Meyi 7, 1964, pakaŵa mavoti, ndipo ma komiti ghaphya ghakaŵa nga ni maboma gha mu mfwiri pambere ghandambe kuwusa. === Nkhongono zapakwamba === Vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakulondezgapo ivi. Kwambira mu 1965, malo ghanyake ghakasintha, ndipo ghaŵiri ghakasintha mazina. [[File:Greater_London_composite_parts.PNG|center|thumb|600x600px|Malo agho kale ghakaŵa maboma mu Greater London * County boroughs * Metropolitan boroughs * Municipal boroughs * Urban districts ]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !chigaŵa cha London !Designation ! colspan="5" class="unsortable" |Malo ghakale |- |[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead|Hampstead]] (11a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras|St Pancras]] (11b) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Holborn|Holborn]] (11c) | | |- |[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] (22a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich|Woolwich]] (part) (22b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] (9a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]] (9b) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]] (9c) | | |- |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith]]{{NoteTag|Later renamed Hammersmith and Fulham.}} |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith|Hammersmith]] (4a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Fulham|Fulham]] (4b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Islington|Islington]] (10a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury|Finsbury]] (10b) | | | |- |[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Kensington|Kensington]] (3a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea|Chelsea]] (3b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] (6a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] (part) (6b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] (21a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Deptford|Deptford]] (21b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey|Bermondsey]] (7b) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell|Camberwell]] (7c) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] (7a) | | |- |[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green|Bethnal Green]] (8a) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Poplar|Poplar]] (8c) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Stepney|Stepney]] (8b) | | |- |[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Battersea|Battersea]] (5b) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] (part) (5a) | | | |- |[[City of Westminster|Westminster]] |Inner |[[Metropolitan Borough of Paddington|Paddington]] (2c) |[[Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone|St Marylebone]] (2b) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Westminster|Westminster]] (2a) | | |- |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking]]{{NoteTag|Renamed Barking and Dagenham in 1980.}} |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Barking|Barking]] (part) (25a) |[[Municipal Borough of Dagenham|Dagenham]] (part) (25b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] |Outer |[[Barnet Urban District|Barnet]] (31a) |[[East Barnet Urban District|East Barnet]] (31b) |[[Municipal Borough of Finchley|Finchley]] (31d) |[[Municipal Borough of Hendon|Hendon]] (31c) |[[Friern Barnet Urban District|Friern Barnet]] (31e) |- |[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] (23b) |[[Municipal Borough of Erith|Erith]] (23a) |[[Crayford Urban District|Crayford]] (23c) |[[Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District|Chislehurst and Sidcup]] (part) (23d) | |- |[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Wembley|Wembley]] (12a) |[[Municipal Borough of Willesden|Willesden]] (12b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] (20c) |[[Municipal Borough of Beckenham|Beckenham]] (20b) |[[Orpington Urban District|Orpington]] (20e) |[[Penge Urban District|Penge]] (20a) |[[Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District|Chislehurst and Sidcup]] (part) (20d) |- |[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] |Outer |[[County Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] (19a) |[[Coulsdon and Purley Urban District|Coulsdon and Purley]] (19b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Acton|Acton]] (13b) |[[Municipal Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] (13a) |[[Municipal Borough of Southall|Southall]] (13c) | | |- |[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Edmonton|Edmonton]] (30c) |[[Municipal Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] (30a) |[[Municipal Borough of Southgate|Southgate]] (30b) | | |- |[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Hornsey|Hornsey]] (29b) |[[Municipal Borough of Tottenham|Tottenham]] (29c) |[[Municipal Borough of Wood Green|Wood Green]] (29a) | | |- |[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] (32) | | | | |- |[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Romford|Romford]] (24a) |[[Hornchurch Urban District|Hornchurch]] (24b) | | | |- |[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] |Outer |[[Hayes and Harlington Urban District|Hayes and Harlington]] (33c) |[[Ruislip Northwood Urban District|Ruislip Northwood]] (33b) |[[Municipal Borough of Uxbridge|Uxbridge]] (33a) |[[Yiewsley and West Drayton Urban District|Yiewsley and West Drayton]] (33d) | |- |[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Brentford and Chiswick|Brentford and Chiswick]] (14c) |[[Feltham Urban District|Feltham]] (14a) |[[Municipal Borough of Heston and Isleworth|Heston and Isleworth]] (14b) | | |- |[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] (16a) |[[Municipal Borough of Malden and Coombe|Malden and Coombe]] (16b) |[[Municipal Borough of Surbiton|Surbiton]] (16c) | | |- |[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Mitcham|Mitcham]] (17c) |[[Merton and Morden Urban District|Merton and Morden]] (17b) |[[Municipal Borough of Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] (17a) | | |- |[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] |Outer |[[County Borough of West Ham|West Ham]] (27a) |[[County Borough of East Ham|East Ham]] (27b) |[[Municipal Borough of Barking|Barking]] (part) (27c) |[[Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich|Woolwich]] (part) (27d) | |- |[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Ilford|Ilford]] (26a) |[[Municipal Borough of Wanstead and Woodford|Wanstead and Woodford]] (26b) |[[Municipal Borough of Dagenham|Dagenham]] (part) (26c) |[[Chigwell Urban District|Chigwell]] (part) (26d) | |- |[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Barnes|Barnes]] (15a) |[[Municipal Borough of Richmond (Surrey)|Richmond]] (15b) |[[Municipal Borough of Twickenham|Twickenham]] (15c) | | |- |[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Beddington|Beddington]] (18c) |[[Carshalton Urban District|Carshalton]] (18b) |[[Municipal Borough of Sutton and Cheam|Sutton and Cheam]] (18a) | | |- |[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] |Outer |[[Municipal Borough of Chingford|Chingford]] (28a) |[[Municipal Borough of Leyton|Leyton]] (28c) |[[Municipal Borough of Walthamstow|Walthamstow]] (28b) | | |} === Greater London Council === Pakati pa 1965 na 1986, maboma agha ghakaŵa na maboma ghaŵiri ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza pamoza na Greater London Council (GLC). Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na milimo kukang'anamuranga kuti Greater London Council yikaŵa na mulimo wa "vigaŵa vinandi" nga ni moto, galimoto ya ambulense, kugega kututuka kwa maji, na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Maboma ghanandi gha ku London na GLC ghakanjilirapo pa kugaluka kwa mu 1985. Pa 1 Epulero 1986, GLC yikalekeka ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa agha ghakapika milimo yinyake iyo yikacitikanga na Greater London Council, nga nkhusunga viswaswa. Wupu wa Inner London Education Authority ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza. Mu 1990, boma la London likamazga sukulu iyi ndipo maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakazgoka maboma gha ku malo agha. === Zina na mphaka === Dango la Boma la ku London la mu 1972 likaŵa na ndondomeko ya kusintha zina la tawuni ya London. Malo agha ghakaŵa mu tawuni ya Hammersmith (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Hammersmith na Fulham) pa Epulero 1, 1979, kweniso mu tawuni ya Barking (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Barking na Dagenham) pa Janyuwale 1, 1980. Mazina gha vigaŵa agho ghakaŵako chifukwa cha kuwunganya mazina gha vigaŵa viŵiri ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma gha mu muzi. Dango la boma la London Act 1963 likapeleka nthowa yakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo yili kufupi na Greater London ŵapemphenge kuti ŵasamuke mu tawuni iyi na kuluta ku tawuni yinyake. Mu 1969, ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi pakusamuskira maboma gha Knockholt ku Bromley na Kent, kweniso Farleigh na Hooley ku Croydon na Surrey. Dango ili likayowoyangaso za kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku London na vigaŵa vyapafupi, usange pali kukolerana pakati pa maboma ghose. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito pakusinthana virwa viŵiri pa Mlonga wa Thames pakati pa Richmond na Surrey. (Wonani List of Greater London boundary changes.) Bungwe la England's Local Government Boundary Commission likakhazikiskika na Local Government Act 1972 kuti liwoneso mphaka za Greater London na vigaŵa vya London. Ndondomeko yakwamba yakulongosora mphaka yikamba pa 1 Epulero 1987 ndipo yikayowoyeka mu 1992.<ref>{{cite web |date=1992 |title=The Local Government Boundary Commission for England, The Boundaries of Greater London and The London Borough, Report 627 |url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/11419/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=Lgbce.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215171752/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/11419/627-the-boundaries-of-greater-london-and-the-london-boroughs.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kuyezgaso, ŵakasintha vigaŵa vinyake, nga nkhukolerana malo ghose gha Becontree ku Barking na Dagenham. Komiti iyi yikati fundo zake zinandi zikususkika comene ndipo zikalondezgeka yayi. Mphepete mwa msumba wa London na vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵa vyakupambana.<ref>{{cite web |title=The City and London Borough Boundaries Order 1993 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/1445/made |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya London, wupu wa malango ni boma yayi, nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru ici, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakuŵa wupu wa malango. Ntheura, zina la boma la London ni "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of X" (panji "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminste")r"). === Greater London Authority === Mu 2000, boma la Greater London Authority likapangika, ilo lili na meya wa London na London Assembly. Pakuŵa wupu wakulongozga, ukaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, nga ni misewu yikuru na ndondomeko ya mapulani. == Maboma gha London == <!-- [[London borough councils]] redirects here --> {{Politics of London}} Mu vigaŵa vyose vya London muli maboma gha vigaŵa (LBCs), agho ghakusankhika pa vilimika vinayi. Iwo ndiwo ni maboma gha mu msumba wa London ndipo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu vinandi nga ni masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kutozga vimaji na misewu. Maboma ghanyake gha ku London ghakulongozgeka na Greater London Authority, ndipo maboma ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na mawupu gha ku London. Mipingo yinyake yikukolerana pakupeleka mauteŵeti nga nkhuwunjika na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Vigaŵa ivi ni vigaŵa vya boma ndipo vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya msumba. Wupu wa vigaŵa uliwose ni wupu wakuwona vya masambiro. {{London local authority functions}} === Shared services === Maofesi gha boma ni maofesi gha boma agho ghakugaŵikana na maboma ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga kupeleka mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakavikiliranga mazaza ghawo. Ndipouli, apo ŵakeneranga kuchepeska bajeti yawo kuumaliro wa m'ma 2000, maboma ghanyake ghakamba kupenja nthowa zakugwilira lumoza nchito. Mu 2011, boma la Westminster na Hammersmith & Fulham ŵakeneranga kusazga maofesi ghawo gha masukulu, kusazgapo gha sukulu zakupharazgira na ghakwendakwenda. Mu Okutobala 2010, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea na Westminster ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kusazga maofesi ghawo ghose kuti ŵaŵe "super-council". Waliyose wa iwo waŵenge na wanangwa wake wa ndyali, ŵalongozgi, na ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga, kweni ŵantchito na bajeti vizamusazgikana. Lambeth na Southwark nawo ŵakukhumba kucitira lumoza maungano.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lambeth and Southwark councils to merge some services under Labour plan |url=http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/4456 |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=London-se1.co.uk}}</ref> Pulofesa John Seddon, uyo wakambiska nthowa ya Vanguard, wakati mapulojekiti agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake, ghakusazgapo vinthu viŵiri. Iyo wakuti mapulojekiti ghakuchitira lumoza vinthu ghakutondeka (ndipo kanandi ghakumalira ndalama zinandi kuluska umo ŵakagomezgera) chifukwa ghakutimbanizga ntchito chifukwa cha kusamukira ku malo ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Systems Thinking in the Public Sector, John Seddon, Page 57.</ref> Mu 2012, Seddon wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shared illusions &#124; Public Finance Opinion |url=http://opinion.publicfinance.co.uk/2012/07/shared-illusions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421042212/http://opinion.publicfinance.co.uk/2012/07/shared-illusions/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> == Chiwonetsero cha zotsatira za chisankho ku London == {{Gallery|title=Results across Greater London Boroughs at ward level.|align=centre|width=200|height=200|Citywide ward results of the 2002 London local elections.svg|2002 results map|Citywide ward results of the 2006 London local elections.svg|2006 results map|Citywide ward results of the 2010 London local elections.svg|2010 results map|Citywide ward results of the 2014 London local elections.svg|2014 results map|Citywide ward results of the 2018 London local elections.svg|2018 results map|Citywide ward results of the 2022 London local elections.svg|2022 results map}} == Wonaniso == {{Portal|London}} * [[Borough]] * [[ISO 3166-2:GB]], subdivision codes for the United Kingdom * [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom]] == Vyakuona == {{NoteFoot}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406212109/https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/who-runs-london/essential-guide-london-local-government London Councils' page on the Boroughs] * [http://citymayors.com/local-government/london-boroughs.html Directory of current Borough Leaders and Mayors] {{-}} {{London}} {{Subdivisions of England}} {{Borough status in the United Kingdom}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:London Borough}} [[Category:London boroughs| ]] [[Category:Local government in London]] [[Category:Interested parties in planning in England]] [[Category:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Boroughs in England|*]] sk1dye39dr9g0jefj4ejt7uxmbgbcxl 0 28791 122585 118109 2026-09-28T01:52:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} Iyi ni ndandanda ya vigaŵa vya [[England]], mtundu wa vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na boma. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Chingelezi vikuchemeka kuti vigaŵa vyambura msumba ukuru ndipo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya msumba ukuru yayi. Kweni mu matawuni ndimo muli vigaŵa vinyake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na chigaŵa chimoza, kupaturako Stockton-on-Tees, icho chili kugaŵika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali nga ni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. {{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}} kufuma ku [[Office for National Statistics]].<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}</ref> == Nomenclature == Pasono pali maboma {{English district total}} mu England. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulongosora mazaza na milimo ya boma. * 32 [[Mphanda za London]] * 36 [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan districts]] * 181 [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan districts]] (in a two-tier county arrangement) * 58 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]] (all also non-metropolitan districts, but with the combined powers of [[Non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]] and [[Districts of England|districts]]) * [[City of London]] (sui generis) * [[Isles of Scilly]] (sui generis) Chigaŵa chilichose chingaŵa na maudindo gha borough, city, na royal borough, kweni ichi chikukhwaska yayi mazaza na milimo ya boma. == Mndandanda wa maboma == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Zina ! class="unsortable" |Webusaiti !Wanthu<br />({{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}}) !Zina la mtundu !Mtundu !Charu cha mwambo wako |- |[[Adur (district)|Adur]] |[http://www.adur.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000223}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Allerdale]] |[http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000026}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Amber Valley]] |[http://www.ambervalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Arun District|Arun]] |[http://www.arun.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000224}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Ashfield, Nottinghamshire|Ashfield]] |[http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000170}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Ashford (borough)|Ashford]] |[http://www.ashford.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000105}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Babergh District|Babergh]] |[http://www.babergh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000200}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025163946/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000002}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] |[http://www.barnet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000003}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley|Barnsley]] |[http://www.barnsley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000016}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Barrow-in-Furness (borough)|Barrow-in-Furness]] |[http://www.barrowbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Basildon (district)|Basildon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622025104/http://www.basildon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000066}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011058/http://www.basingstoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000084}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Bassetlaw District|Bassetlaw]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530022511/http://www.bassetlaw.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000171}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |[http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000022}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |[http://www.bedford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000055}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] |[http://www.bexley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000004}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Birmingham|Birmingham]] |[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000025}} |City (1889) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Blaby (district)|Blaby]] |[http://www.blaby.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000129}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208211710/http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000008}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]] |[http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000009}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Bolsover (district)|Bolsover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022124/https://www.bolsover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000033}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]] |[http://www.bolton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000001}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Boston (borough)|Boston]] |[http://www.boston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000136}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |[http://www.bcpcouncil.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000058}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Bracknell Forest]] |[http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[City of Bradford|Bradford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160509013149/http://www.bradford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000032}} |City (1897) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Braintree (district)|Braintree]] |[http://www.braintree.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000067}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Breckland (district)|Breckland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051211091729/http://www.breckland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000143}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] |[http://www.brent.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000005}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Brentwood (borough)|Brentwood]] |[http://www.brentwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000068}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] |[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000043}} |City (2000) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Bristol]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820043630/http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/WardFinder/pdfs/cliftonmap-high.pdf website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000023}} |City (1542) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bristol]] |- |[[Broadland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325021638/http://www.broadland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000144}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] |[http://www.bromley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000006}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Bromsgrove (district)|Bromsgrove]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312185509/http://www.bromsgrove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000234}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Broxbourne (borough)|Broxbourne]] |[http://www.broxbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000095}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Broxtowe|Broxtowe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102001122/http://www.broxtowe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000172}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Buckinghamshire (district)|Buckinghamshire]] |[https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000060}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Burnley (borough)|Burnley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110756/http://www.burnley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000117}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bury|Bury]] |[http://www.bury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000002}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Calderdale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042334/http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000033}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Cambridge]] |[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000008}} |City (1951) | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] |[http://www.camden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000007}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Cannock Chase (district)|Cannock Chase]] |[http://www.cannockchasedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000192}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]] |[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000106}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]] |[http://www.carlisle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000028}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Castle Point]] |[http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000069}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |[http://www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000056}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Charnwood (borough)|Charnwood]] |[http://www.charnwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000130}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[City of Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] |[http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000070}} |City (2012) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Cheltenham (borough)|Cheltenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140403232901/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000078}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990125094139/http://www.cherwell-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000177}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Cheshire East]] |[http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000049}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |[http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000050}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]] |[https://www.chesterfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Chichester (district)|Chichester]] |[http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000225}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Chorley (borough)|Chorley]] |[http://www.chorley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000118}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Colchester (borough)|Colchester]] |[http://www.colchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000071}} |City (2022) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101020624/http://www.copelandbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000029}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Cornwall]] |[http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000052}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Cotswold (district)|Cotswold]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529205712/http://www.cotswold.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000079}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Coventry|Coventry]] |[http://www.coventry.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000026}} |City (1345) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Craven District|Craven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327174650/http://www.cravendc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000163}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Crawley]] |[http://www.crawley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000226}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715035518/http://www.croydon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000008}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Dacorum]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140410110649/http://www.dacorum.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000096}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Darlington (borough)|Darlington]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20021130091335/http://www2.darlington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000005}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Dartford (borough)|Dartford]] |[http://www.dartford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000107}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Derby]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115308/http://www.derby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000015}} |City (1977) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140213192417/http://www.derbyshiredales.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000035}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Doncaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19991126044042/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000017}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |[http://www.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000059}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Dover (district)|Dover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105014846/http://www.dover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000108}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Dudley|Dudley]] |[http://www.dudley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000027}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |[http://www.durham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000047}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] |[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000009}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[East Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000009}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[East Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501150845/http://eastdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000040}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[East Hampshire]] |[http://www.easthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000085}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[East Hertfordshire]] |[http://www.eastherts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000242}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[East Lindsey]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427002503/http://www.e-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000137}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] |[http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000011}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[East Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927183751/http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000193}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |[http://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000244}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Eastbourne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817045556/http://www.eastbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000061}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Eastleigh (borough)|Eastleigh]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140320141424/http://www.eastleigh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000086}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081105160240/http://www.eden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000030}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]] |[http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000207}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] |[http://www.enfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000010}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest]] |[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000072}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Epsom and Ewell]] |[http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000208}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Erewash|Erewash]] |[http://www.erewash.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Exeter]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205833/https://exeter.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000041}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Fareham (borough)|Fareham]] |[http://www.fareham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000087}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Fenland District|Fenland]] |[http://www.fenland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000010}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |[http://www.shepway.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000112}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Forest of Dean (district)|Forest of Dean]] |[http://www.fdean.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000080}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Fylde (borough)|Fylde]] |[http://www.fylde.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000119}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130805223753/http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000037}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Borough of Gedling|Gedling]] |[http://www.gedling.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000173}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[City of Gloucester|Gloucester]] |[http://www.gloucester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000081}} |City (1541) | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Gosport|Gosport]] |[http://www.gosport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000088}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Gravesham]] |[http://www.gravesham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000109}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Great Yarmouth (borough)|Great Yarmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228021952/http://www.great-yarmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000145}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] |[http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000011}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20030528204035/http://www.guildford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000209}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222093915/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000012}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Halton (borough)|Halton]] |[http://www.halton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000006}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Hambleton District|Hambleton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140706221940/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000164}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |[http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000013}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harborough District|Harborough]] |[http://www.harborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000131}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] |[http://www.haringey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000014}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harlow]] |[http://www.harlow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000073}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] |[http://www.harrogate.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000165}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] |[http://www.harrow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000015}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |[http://www.hart.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000089}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]] |[http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000001}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Hastings]] |[http://www.hastings.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000062}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Havant (borough)|Havant]] |[http://www.havant.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000090}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]] |[http://www.havering.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000016}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060243/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000019}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Hertsmere]] |[http://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000098}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]] |[http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000037}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] |[http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000017}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |[http://www.hinckleyandbosworthonline.org.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000132}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]] |[http://www.horsham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000227}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] |[http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000018}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kingston upon Hull]] |[http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000010}} |City (1299) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Huntingdonshire]] |[http://www.huntsdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000011}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Hyndburn]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060530050349/http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000120}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Ipswich (borough)|Ipswich]] |[http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000202}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060334/http://www.iwight.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000046}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Isles of Scilly]] |[http://www.scilly.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000053}} | |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] |[http://www.islington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000019}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] |[http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000020}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |[http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000146}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] |[http://www.kingston.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000021}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kirklees]] |[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/beta/default.aspx website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000034}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729122520/http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000011}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] |[http://www.lambeth.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000022}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022608/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000121}} |City (1937) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Leeds|Leeds]] |[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000035}} |City (1895) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Leicester]] |[http://www.leicester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000016}} |City (1919) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Lewes (district)|Lewes]] |[http://www.lewes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000063}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] |[http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000023}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Lichfield (district)|Lichfield]] |[http://www.lichfielddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000194}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] |[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000138}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Liverpool]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060328002145/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000012}} |City (1880) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of London]] |[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000001}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[City of London]] |- |[[Borough of Luton|Luton]] |[http://www.luton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Maidstone (borough)|Maidstone]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522024129/http://www.digitalmaidstone.co.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000110}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Maldon (district)|Maldon]] |[http://www.maldon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000074}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140608095352/http://www.malvernhills.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000235}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of Manchester|Manchester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110303042405/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000003}} |City (1853) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Mansfield (district)|Mansfield]] |[http://www.mansfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000174}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Medway]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040124162034/http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/leisure/localhistory/timeline/17909.htm website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000035}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Kent]] |- |[[Melton (borough)|Melton]] |[http://www.melton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000133}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Mendip District|Mendip]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130416233913/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000187}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]] |[http://www.merton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000024}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Mid Devon]] |[http://www.middevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000042}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Mid Suffolk]] |[http://www.midsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000203}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]] |[http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000228}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165155/https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000002}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City of Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214812/http://www.miltonkeynes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000042}} |City (2022) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Mole Valley]] |[http://www.molevalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000210}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |[http://www.newark-sherwooddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000175}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)|Newcastle-under-Lyme]] |[http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000195}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200135/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000021}} |City (1882) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[New Forest (district)|New Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044829/http://nfdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000091}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] |[http://www.newham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000025}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[North Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233241/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000043}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[North East Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205101637/http://www.ne-derbyshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000038}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |[http://www.nelincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000012}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Hertfordshire]] |[https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000099}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[North Kesteven]] |[http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000139}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041738/http://www.northlincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000013}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Norfolk]] |[http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000147}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[North Northamptonshire]] |[https://www.northnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[North Somerset]] |[http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000024}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[North Tyneside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012827/https://northtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000022}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[North Warwickshire]] |[http://www.northwarks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000218}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[North West Leicestershire]] |[http://www.nwleics.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000134}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Northumberland]] |[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000057}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Norwich]] |[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000148}} |City (1195) | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Nottingham]] |[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000018}} |City (1897) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |[http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000219}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Oadby and Wigston]] |[http://www.oadby-wigston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000135}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]] |[http://www.oldham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000004}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[City of Oxford|Oxford]] |[http://www.oxford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000178}} |City (1542) | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025859/http://www.pendle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000122}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Peterborough|Peterborough]] |[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000031}} |City (1541) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Plymouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130821085851/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000026}} |City (1928) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Portsmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200226/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000044}} |City (1926) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] |[http://www.preston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000123}} |City (2002) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Reading|Reading]] |[http://www.reading.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000038}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] |[http://www.redbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000026}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902105910/http://www.redcar-cleveland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000003}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Redditch|Redditch]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040122/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000236}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Reigate and Banstead]] |[http://www.reigate-banstead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000211}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Ribble Valley]] |[http://www.ribblevalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000124}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] |[http://www.richmond.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000027}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Richmondshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163824/http://www.richmondshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000166}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]] |[http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000005}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Rochford (district)|Rochford]] |[http://www.rochford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000075}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]] |[http://www.rossendale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000125}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Rother District|Rother]] |[http://www.rother.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000064}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham|Rotherham]] |[http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000018}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]] |[http://www.rugby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000220}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Runnymede (borough)|Runnymede]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618081206/http://www.runnymede.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000212}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Rushcliffe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326160416/http://www.rushcliffe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000176}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Rushmoor]] |[http://www.rushmoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000092}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Rutland]] |[http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000017}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Rutland]] |- |[[Ryedale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406211149/http://www.ryedale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000167}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City and District of St Albans|St Albans]] |[http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000240}} |City (1877) | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]] |[http://www.sthelens.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000013}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of Salford|Salford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327011636/http://www.salford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000006}} |City (1926) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Sandwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20020925171742/http://smbc.sandwell.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000028}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005065205/https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000168}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sedgemoor]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080617/http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000188}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] |[http://www.sefton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000014}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Selby (district)|Selby]] |[http://www.selby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000169}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]] |[http://www.sevenoaks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000111}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]] |[http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} |City (1893) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000051}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Borough of Slough|Slough]] |[http://www.slough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000039}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Solihull|Solihull]] |[http://www.solihull.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000029}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510081103/http://somersetwestandtaunton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000246}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.scambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000012}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[South Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012317/http://www.south-derbys.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000039}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] |[http://www.southglos.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000025}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[South Hams]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990429120847/http://www.south-hams-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000044}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[South Holland, Lincolnshire|South Holland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050657/http://www.sholland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000140}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Kesteven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20000304023227/http://www.skdc.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000141}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Lakeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031933/http://www.southlakeland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000031}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[South Norfolk]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060102223444/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000149}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[South Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.southoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000179}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[South Ribble]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025041957/http://www.south-ribblebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000126}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[South Somerset]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124829/http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000189}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615101642/http://www.sstaffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000196}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[South Tyneside]] |[http://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000023}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Southampton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218194008/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000045}} |City (1964) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Borough of Southend-on-Sea|Southend-on-Sea]] |[http://www.southend.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000033}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] |[http://www.southwark.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000028}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]] |[http://www.spelthorne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000213}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Stafford (borough)|Stafford]] |[http://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000197}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Staffordshire Moorlands]] |[http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000198}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stevenage]] |[http://www.stevenage.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000243}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]] |[http://www.stockport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000007}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]] |[http://www.stockton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000004}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Stoke-on-Trent]] |[http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000021}} |City (1925) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stratford-on-Avon (district)|Stratford-on-Avon]] |[http://www.stratford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000221}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Stroud (district)|Stroud]] |[http://www.stroud.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000082}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203200247/http://www.sunderland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000024}} |City (1992) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Surrey Heath]] |[http://www.surreyheath.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000214}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]] |[http://www.sutton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000029}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Swale|Swale]] |[http://www.swale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000113}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |[http://www.swindon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000030}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Tameside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115437/http://www.tameside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000008}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tamworth (borough)|Tamworth]] |[http://www.tamworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000199}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Tandridge (district)|Tandridge]] |[http://www.tandridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000215}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Teignbridge]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150805/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000045}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |[http://www.telford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000020}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Tendring District|Tendring]] |[http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000076}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Test Valley]] |[http://www.testvalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000093}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Tewkesbury (borough)|Tewkesbury]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133610/http://www.tewkesburybc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000083}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Thanet (district)|Thanet]] |[http://www.thanet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000114}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Three Rivers (district)|Three Rivers]] |[http://www.threerivers.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000102}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Thurrock]] |[http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Tonbridge and Malling]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112247/http://www.tmbc.gov.uk/cgi-bin/buildpage.pl?mysql=996 website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000115}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Torbay]] |[http://www.torbay.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Torridge District|Torridge]] |[http://www.torridge.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000046}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] |[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000030}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Trafford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921184244/http://www.trafford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000009}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tunbridge Wells (borough)|Tunbridge Wells]] |[http://www.tunbridgewells.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000116}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Uttlesford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829190520/http://www.uttlesford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000077}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Vale of White Horse]] |[http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000180}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]] |[http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000036}} |City (1888) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Walsall|Walsall]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905165129/https://www.walsall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000030}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] |[https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000031}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] |[http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000032}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Warrington|Warrington]] |[http://www.warrington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000007}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Warwick (district)|Warwick]] |[http://www.warwickdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000222}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Watford]] |[http://www.watford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000103}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Waverley, Surrey|Waverley]] |[http://www.waverley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000216}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Wealden District|Wealden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201009122858/https://www.wealden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000065}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Welwyn Hatfield]] |[http://www.welhat.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000241}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[West Berkshire]] |[http://www.westberks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000037}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[West Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927031925/http://www.westdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000047}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Devon]] |- |[[West Lancashire]] |[https://www.westlancs.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000127}} |District | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[West Lindsey]] |[http://www.west-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000142}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[City of Westminster|Westminster]] |[http://www.westminster.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000033}} |City (1540) |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[West Northamptonshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095331/https://www.westnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.westoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000181}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |[http://www.westsuffolk.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000245}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wigan|Wigan]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095320/http://www.wiganmbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000010}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Wiltshire]] |[http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000054}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[City of Winchester|Winchester]] |[http://www.winchester.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000094}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|Windsor and Maidenhead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20180925232902/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000040}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] |[http://www.wirral.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000015}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Borough of Woking|Woking]] |[http://www.woking.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000217}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Wokingham|Wokingham]] |[http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000041}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Wolverhampton]] |[http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000031}} |City (2000) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Worcester, England|Worcester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094146/https://www.worcester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000237}} |City (1189) | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Worthing]] |[http://www.worthing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000229}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Wychavon]] |[http://www.wychavon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000238}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060804091037/http://wyrebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000128}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Wyre Forest (district)|Wyre Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406161721/http://wyreforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000239}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of York|York]] |[http://www.york.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000014}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |} == Maboma ghakale == Ndondomeko ya vigaŵa iyo yilipo sono yikamba mu 1974 mu England na Wales, ndipo yikanjira m'malo mwa vigaŵa vyakale nga ni municipalities, urban districts, rural districts na county boroughs. Ku England, vinthu vikasintha, kweni mu ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako. Malo ghakale gha Chingelezi ni agha: {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Status !Date abolished !Former county !Successor |- |[[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Blyth Valley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] and [[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Bridgnorth (district)|Bridgnorth]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Brighton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Caradon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Carrick, Cornwall|Carrick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Castle Morpeth]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Chester (district)|Chester]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Chester-le-Street (district)|Chester-le-Street]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Congleton (borough)|Congleton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Corby (borough)|Corby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Daventry (district)|Daventry]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Derwentside]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Durham (district)|Durham]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Easington (district)|Easington]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[East Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[East Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Forest Heath]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Hereford]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Kennet (district)|Kennet]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Kerrier]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Kettering|Kettering]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Kingswood (borough)|Kingswood]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] (part to [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]) |- |[[Macclesfield (borough)|Macclesfield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] and [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] |- |[[Medina (borough)|Medina]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Mid Bedfordshire (district)|Mid Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[North Cornwall]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[North Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[North Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[North Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Borough of Northampton|Northampton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Northavon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Oswestry (borough)|Oswestry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Penwith]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[Restormel]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester-upon-Medway]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Salisbury (district)|Salisbury]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[South Herefordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[South Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[South Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Wight]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[St Edmundsbury (borough)|St Edmundsbury]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Suffolk Coastal]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Taunton Deane]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Tynedale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Vale Royal]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Wansbeck District|Wansbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Waveney District|Waveney]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Wear Valley]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Wellingborough|Wellingborough]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[West Somerset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[West Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Weymouth and Portland]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |} In most cases, these districts were merged to form [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]], which are indicated in the right. The exceptions were [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]], which were both split between the new district of [[Herefordshire]] and a new district of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]]. See [[List of rural and urban districts of England]] for a list of the districts as they stood immediately before 1 April 1974. <!-- ==New districts== Districts created post-1974, ignoring unitary authorities run as counties, are {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !District !Date created !Predecessor(s) |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], [[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] and [[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] || 1 April 1997 || [[Brighton]] and [[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] || 1 April 2019 || [[East Dorset]], [[North Dorset]], [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]], [[West Dorset]], [[Weymouth and Portland]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]], [[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]], [[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Suffolk Coastal]], [[Waverney District|Waveney]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Hereford]], [[Malvern Hills]] (part), [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) [[South Herefordshire]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] || 1 April 1995 || [[Medina (borough)|Medina]], [[South Wight]] |- |[[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] (part) and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) |- |[[Medway]] || 1 April 1998 || [[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester]] and [[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]], [[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Taunton Deane]], [[West Somerset]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Kingswood, South Gloucestershire|Kingswood]], [[Northavon]] |- |[[City of York|York]] || 1 April 1996 || [[York]], [[Borough of Harrogate|Harrogate]] (part), [[Ryedale]], [[Selby District)|Selby]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |} --> == Renamings == Under section 74 of the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the council of a district, county or London borough (or [[county borough]] in Wales) may change its name, providing the resolution to do so gains two-thirds of the votes at a special meeting. Until 1 April 1978, the council had to have the permission of the Secretary of State, but since that date they may do so unilaterally. At least one district name change was vetoed: the shadow authority for North Wolds wished to become "Bridlington and Yorkshire Wolds" before 1974 at the same time as other name changes were allowed. Several English districts have done this, whilst others have been renamed under the [[1990s UK local government reform]]. A few districts have even changed names twice. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Original name !New name ! data-sort-type="date" |Date !Notes |- |Barking |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |1 January 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Basingstoke |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |20 January 1978 |<ref>* {{London Gazette|issue=47453|date=2 February 1978|page=1397}}</ref> |- |Beaconsfield |[[South Bucks]] |1 April 1980 |<ref name="7980bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities October 1979 to April 1980 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213221611/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Bedford |North Bedfordshire |15 October 1975 |<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46725|date=31 October 1975|page=13813}}</ref> |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |1 October 1992 |<ref name="bulletin9293">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1 April 1992 – 31 March 1993 |url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805150954/https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Department of The Environment}}</ref> |- |Beverley |[[Beverley (borough)|East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |12 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Blackburn |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |2 May 1997 |(before unitary) |- |Bosworth |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |20 November 1973 |† |- |Bracknell |[[Bracknell Forest]] |27 April 1988 |<ref name="8788bull">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1st April 1987- 31st March 1988 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033524/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Crewe |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Ellesmere Port |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |21 June 1976 | |- |Grimsby |[[Great Grimsby]] |1 January 1979 | |- |Hammersmith |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |1 April 1979 | |- |Hartley Wintney |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Herefordshire |[[Herefordshire|County of Herefordshire]] |20 June 1997 | |- |Huntingdon |[[Huntingdonshire]] |1 October 1984 |<ref name="bull8485">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 April 1984 – 31 March 1985 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072726/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Langbaurgh |Langbaurgh-on-Tees |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- |Medway |[[Rochester-upon-Medway]] |3 December 1979 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Medway Towns |[[Medway]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Newark |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |- |Newbury |[[West Berkshire]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |North Wolds |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |1 February 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Nuneaton |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |1 October 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Pastonacres |[[North Norfolk]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |Petersfield |[[East Hampshire]] |8 October 1973 |† |- |Poole |[[Poole|Borough and County of the Town of Poole]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Rutland |[[Rutland|Rutland County Council]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Shepway |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |1 April 2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title=We've changed our name |url=https://www.shepway.gov.uk/news/name-change |website=www.shepway.gov.uk |language=EN}}</ref> |- |Shrewsbury |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |12 June 1974 | |- |Thamesdown |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |effective 1 April 1997 |(soon before unitary)<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20031924.htm The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(Borough of Swindon) Order 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Tiverton |[[Mid Devon]] |6 February 1978 |<ref name="1978bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration in Status and Areas of Local Authorities for Period February 1978 - September 1978 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603044241/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Wallingford |[[South Oxfordshire]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |West Derbyshire |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |1 January 1987 | |- |West Norfolk |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |14 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes in Local Authority Areas, Names and Status 1980-1982 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072710/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- |Wimborne |[[East Dorset]] |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |Woodspring |[[North Somerset]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- | rowspan="2" |Wrekin |The Wrekin |7 February 1974 |† |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Yeovil |[[South Somerset]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |} † Malango gha kusintha zina la cigaŵa ici ghakapelekeka na maboma gha "mithunzi" agho ghakasankhika pa 7 Juni 1973. Kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha ku England ŵali kuchinthaso zina. Pakwamba, tawuni ya Shropshire yikacemekanga Salop. Zina lake likasintha kufuma pa Epulero 1, 1980. == Wonaniso == * [[List of rural and urban districts in England in 1973]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakuona vya kuwalo == * [[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039) {{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}} {{Subdivisions of England}} [[Category:Districts of England|*02]] [[Category:England geography-related lists|Districts of England]] [[Category:Lists of subdivisions of the United Kingdom|English districts]] [[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom|Districts, English02]] [[fr:Liste des districts d'Angleterre]] [[no:Distrikt (England)]] gokyisfvn9d67o1i1by103el8fvdikt 0 29120 122573 118893 2026-09-28T01:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Swiss-French architect (1887–1965)}} {{Good article}} {{Redirect|Charles Jeanneret|the Australian politician|Charles Jeanneret (politician)}} {{Redirect|Corbusier|other uses of the term|Corbusier (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox architect|image=Le Corbusier (1964).jpg|image_size=|caption=Le Corbusier mu 1964|nationality=Swiss, French|birth_name=Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris<ref name="Ministère de la Culture">[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=NOM&VALUE_98=%27JEANNERET-GRIS%27&DOM=All Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Archives nationales; site de Fontainebleau, Légion d'honneur recipient, birth certificate]. Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 27 February 2018.</ref>|birth_date={{birth date|1887|10|6|df=y}}|birth_place=[[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]], Switzerland|death_date={{death date and age|1965|8|27|1887|10|6|df=y}}|death_place=[[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin]], [[Alpes-Maritimes]], France|signature=Le_Corbusier_signature.svg|significant_buildings=[[Villa Savoye]], Poissy<br />[[Villa La Roche]], Paris<br />[[Unité d'Habitation|Unité d'habitation]], Marseille<br /> [[Notre Dame du Haut]], Ronchamp<br /> Buildings in [[Chandigarh]], India|significant_projects=[[Ville Radieuse]]|awards={{ubl|[[AIA Gold Medal]] (1961)|[[Legion of Honour|Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur]] (1964)}}}} '''Charles-Édouard Jeanneret''' (6 Okutobala 1887 27 Ogasiti 1965), wakucemeka '''Le Corbusier<ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Le+Corbusier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126075540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/le_corbusier|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-01-26|title=Le Corbusier|dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Le Corbusier|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Corbusier, Le|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref>''' ({{IPA-fr|lə kɔʁbyzje|lang}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-16 |title=Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/jul/17/architecture |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>),wakaŵa mulembi, wakulemba mapulani, kweniso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska vinthu ivyo sono vikuchemeka kuti mapulani gha mazuŵa ghano. Wakababikira ku [[Switzerland]] ndipo wakaŵa mwenekaya wa [[France]] mu 1930. Mu vyaka 50 ivyo wakachitanga mulimo wake, wakapanganga nyumba ku [[Europe]], [[Japan]], [[India]], North na South America.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Birksted|first=Ian|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/le-corbusier-and-occult|title=Le Corbusier and the Occult|publisher=MIT Press|year=2009|isbn=9780262026482|location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref> He considered that "the roots of modern architecture are to be found in [[:en:Eugène_Viollet-le-Duc| Viollet-le-Duc]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Froissart|first=Rossella|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2.php/attachment.pdf?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-02336495%2Fdocument|title=Avant-garde et tradition dans les arts du décor en France. Lectures critiques autour de Guillaume Janneau.|publisher=Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille|year=2011|pages=73|language=french}}</ref> Le Corbusier wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakanozga pulani ya msumba wa Chandigarh ku India, ndipo wakapanga mapulani gha nyumba zinandi, comenecomene za boma. Pa Julayi 17, 2016, mapulojekiti 17 gha Le Corbusier mu vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ghakalembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Le Corbusier wachali munthu wakususka. Malingaliro ghake ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi ghakususkika cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵikako mahara ku malo agho ghakaŵako kale, umo ŵanthu ŵakalongoleranga maghanoghano ghawo, ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01lng0m |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The profound anti-Semitism of Le Corbusier|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/the-profound-anti-semitism-of-le-corbusier-1.5355572|access-date=2021-05-25|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=2015-07-12|title=Le Corbusier's Architecture and His Politics Are Revisited|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/arts/design/le-corbusiers-architecture-and-his-politics-are-revisited.html|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Antliff, Mark, "Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939"</ref> Le Corbusier wakapangaso mipando yakumanyikwa nga ni LC4 Chaise Lounge Chair, na ALC-3001. Vyose viŵiri vili kupangika na vikumba vya visulo. == Umoyo Wakwambilira (1887-1904) == [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Still_Life,_oil_on_canvas,_80.9_x_99.7_cm,_Museum_of_Modern_Art.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-%C3%89douard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Still_Life,_oil_on_canvas,_80.9_x_99.7_cm,_Museum_of_Modern_Art.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Nature morte (Nature morte), mafuta pa canvas, 80.9 cm × 99.7 cm (31.9 in × 39.3 in), Museum of Modern Art, New York]] Charles-Édouard Jeanneret wakababika pa 6 Okutobala 1887 ku La Chaux-de-Fonds, tawuni yichoko mu chigaŵa cha Neuchâtel, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Switzerland, mu mapiri gha Jura, makilomita 5 kufuma ku France. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa mafakitale, ndipo ukapanganga mawoko. Mu tawuni ya La Chaux-de-Fonds mukaŵa nyumba ya Loge L'Amitié, iyo yikaŵa na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na makhaliro, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti fundo izi ni "zinthu ivyo nkhusankha" ndiposo "manyanipo kale comene, ndipo ni zakukhora mu maghanoghano ghane, nga ni ivyo vili mu buku la visambizgo vya cisopa". (Mu 1920, wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier.) Adada ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵamisiri ndipo ŵakasoranga mabokosi na mawotchi, ndipo amama ŵake ŵakasambizganga kwimba piyano. Mubali wake mulara, Albert, wakaŵa wakwimba viŵeya. Wakasambiranga ku sukulu iyo ŵakasambizgiranga vinthu vya Fröbeli.<ref>Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier et l'urbain – la rectification du damier froebelien, pp. 93–117.</ref><ref>Actes du colloque La ville et l'urbanisme après Le Corbusier, éditions d'en Haut 1993 – {{ISBN|2-88251-033-0}}.</ref><ref>Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier entre Raphael et Fröbel, pp. 9–27, Journal d'histoire de l'architecture N°1, Presses universitaires de Grenoble 1988 – {{ISBN|2-7061-0325-6}}.</ref> Nga umo vikaŵira na Frank Lloyd Wright na Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier wakaŵavya masambiro gha kuzenga. Wakakopeka na luso lwa kuwoneka; apo wakaŵa na vilimika 15, wakanjira sukulu ya vya matalente mu tawuni ya La-Chaux-de-Fonds, iyo wakasambizganga vya matalente ghakukhwaskana na kupanga maora. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, wakasambira ku yunivesite ya ku Budapest na Paris. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamuzgora "munthu wa mu nkhorongo" ndipo wakamusambizga umo wangapangira vithuzithuzi. Kanandi adada ŵake ŵakalutanga nayo ku mapiri ghakuzingilizga tawuni. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nyengo zose tikakweranga mapiri, ndipo tikazgoŵera kuwona vinthu vinandi". Msambizgi wake wa vyakuzenga ku sukulu ya Art School wakaŵa René Chapallaz, uyo wakawovwira chomene pakunozga nyumba za Le Corbusier. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti msambizgi wake wa vya maluso, L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamupangiska kuti wasankhe vyakuzenga. Wakalemba kuti: "Nkhatinkhanga chomene vyakuzengeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga. "... Nkhaŵa na vyaka 16, nkhapokelera cheruzgo na kupulikira. Nkhasambira vya kuzenga".<ref>Cited by Jean Petit, ''Le Corbusier lui-meme'', Rousseau, Geneva 1970, p. 28.</ref> == Ulendo na nyumba zakwamba (1905-1914) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Cdffallet.jpg|Ntchito ya Le Corbusier, Villa Fallet, nyumba ya ku La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905) File:Maison_blanche_01.jpg|Nyumba ya Le Corbusier ku La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912) File:Villa_Favre-Jacot_2.JPG|Villa Favre-Jacot ku Le Locle, Switzerland (1912) </gallery>Le Corbusier wakamba kujisambizga yekha mwa kuluta ku layibulare kuti wakasambirenge vya vyakuzengeka na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Mu 1905, iyo pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, mwakulongozgeka na msambizgi wawo, René Chapallaz, ŵakanozga na kuzenga nyumba yawo yakwamba, Villa Fallet, kwa Louis Fallet, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa msambizgi wake Charles L'Eplattenier. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yikuru chomene, ndipo yikaŵa na mtenje wakudumuka mu kawonekero ka mapiri gha ku Alps. Cifukwa cakuti nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska, wakazenga nyumba ziŵiri zakuyana waka, za Villas Jacquemet na Stotzer. Mu Seputembala 1907, wakaluta ku Italy, ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi wakafika ku Budapest na ku Vienna. Apo wakaŵa ku Florence, wakaluta ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, ndipo wakakondwanga chomene. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nkhukhumba kukhala mu selo lawo. "Iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi comene yakuzengera nyumba za ŵantchito". Wakaluta ku Paris, ndipo kwa myezi 14 pakati pa 1908 na 1910 wakagwiranga nchito ya kujambura mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kugwiliskira nchito simenti yakukhozga mu nyumba za ŵanthu. Pakati pa Okutobala 1910 na Malichi 1911, wakaluta ku Germany ndipo wakagwira nchito kwa myezi yinayi mu ofesi ya Peter Behrens, uko Mies van der Rohe na Walter Gropius nawo ŵakagwiranga nchito na kusambira. Mu 1911, wakambaso ulendo wa myezi yinkhondi pamoza na mubwezi wake August Klipstein; nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Balkan ndipo wakaluta ku Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, kweniso ku Pompeii na Rome, ndipo wakalemba mu mabuku ghakujumpha 80 ivyo wakawona, kusazgapo viphambano vinandi vya Parthenon, ivyo pamanyuma pake wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Vers une architecture (1923). Wakalongosora ivyo wakawona pa ulendo uwu mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|pages=32–33}} Mu 1912, wakamba kuzenga nyumba yiphya ya ŵapapi ŵake, iyo yikaŵa pafupi na La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Nyumba ya Jeanneret-Perret yikaŵa yikuru kuluska nyumba zinyake, ndipo yikaŵa yapachanya chomene. Malo gha mukati ghakanozgekanga kuzingilizga ntchindamiro zinayi za chipinda chakulyeramo mu pakati, ndipo ghakalongosoranga umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu nyumba zake. Ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakudura comene kuluska umo wakaghanaghaniranga; ŵapapi ŵake ŵakacicizgika kufumamo mu nyumba iyi mu vilimika khumi, na kusamukira ku nyumba yambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, ŵakamupa nchito ya kuzenga nyumba yapachanya comene mu muzi wapafupi wa Le Locle, kwa munthu munyake musambazi, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba yiphya mu mwezi umoza pera. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza lutali kuti paŵe ungweru.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|pages=48–9}} == Nyumba ya Domino na Nyumba ya Schwob (1914-1918) == [[File:Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret_(Le_Corbusier),_1914-15,_Maison_Dom-Ino.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-%C3%89douard_Jeanneret_(Le_Corbusier),_1914-15,_Maison_Dom-Ino.jpg|left|thumb|Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1914-15, Nyumba ya Dom-Ino]] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Le Corbusier wakasambizganga pa sukulu yake yakale ku La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Wakasambira chomene vya umo ŵanthu ŵakuzengera nyumba.<ref name="Choay">{{cite book|last=Choay|first=Françoise|title=Le Corbusier|url=https://archive.org/details/lecorbusier0000choa/page/10|year=1960|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lecorbusier0000choa/page/10 10–11]|publisher=George Braziller, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8076-0104-4|url-access=subscription}}</ref> IMu Disembala 1914, pamoza na injiniya Max Dubois, ŵakamba kusanda mwakupwelelera umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito simenti yakukhozga. Pakwamba wakasanga konkire mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kupanga konkire mu Paris, kweni sono wakakhumbanga kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu nthowa ziphya. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Chingwe cakukhozga cikanovwira kuti niŵe na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kweniso kuti niŵe wakukhazikika. Ivi vikamovwira kuti wacite pulani ya nyumba ya Dom-Ino (1914-15). Chiyelezgero ichi chikaŵa na mapulagi ghatatu gha konkire agho ghakaŵa na mizati 6 ya konkire yakukhora. Pakwamba, ŵakazenganga nyumba zinandi za kanyengo kachoko pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Mu kalata iyo wakalemba, wakati ni "nthowa yakuzengera iyo yikukolerana na mapulani ghanandi. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Ici cikovwiranga kuti vipata viŵe pa malo ghose pa nyumba panji mukati". [[File:CF05.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF05.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Anatole Schwob ku La-Chaux-de-Fonds (1916-1918)]] Mu nyumba iyi, ŵanthu ŵakawonanga yayi kuwaro kwa nyumba, kweni ŵakasunganga makuni ghakupambanapambana. Le Corbusier wakati walemba patent, wakapangaso nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa na mabokosi ghatuŵa. Nangauli vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikazengeka yayi, kweni vikalongosora makora umo wakazengera nyumba izo zikaŵa za mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1927, wakalemba buku lakuti Five Points of a New Architecture. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikalondezgana na ivi, wakajura nyumba iyi kuti yileke kukolerana na viliŵa, kweniso wakajura mapulani na visalu. Mu Ogasiti 1916, Le Corbusier wakapika mulimo ukuru comene wa kuzenga nyumba ya Anatole Schwob, uyo wakaŵa na mawoko ghafupi. Wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ndipo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga nyumba pera yayi, kweni wakapangaso vyakukongoletsera mukati na kusankha vinthu vinyake. Pakulondezga ulongozgi wa Auguste Perret, wakazenga nyumba iyi na simiti yakukhozga ndipo wakazuzga malo agho ghakaŵapo na njerwa. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa bokosi likuru la konkire ilo likaŵa na mizati yiŵiri, ilo likalongoranga umo wakawoneranga maonekedwe gha vinthu. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa holo yikuru yakuzura na makandulo. Mu Julayi 1916, wakalembera Auguste Perret kuti: "Mukuwona kuti Auguste Perret ndiyo wakanovwira chomene kuluska Peter Behrens". Ivyo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga vikakolerananga yayi na maghanoghano na bajeti ya uyo wakakhumbanga kumovwira. Schwob wakaluta ku khoti ndipo wakakana kuti Le Corbusier wasangike pa malo agha, panji kuyowoya kuti ndiyo wakazenga. Le Corbusier wakazgora kuti: "Kwali mukukhumba panji yayi, kweni nyumba yinu yili na mazgu ghane". Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakukondwa comene na nyumba iyi ndipo wakalembapo vithuzithuzi mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|page=50}} == Kupenta, Cubism, Purism na L'Esprit Nouveau (1918-1922) == [[File:Le_Corbusier,_1921,_Nature_morte,_oil_on_canvas,_54_x_81_cm,_Musée_National_d'Art_Moderne.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier,_1921,_Nature_morte,_oil_on_canvas,_54_x_81_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d'Art_Moderne.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1921, Nature morte, mafuta pa salu, 54 x 81 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles_Edouard_Jeanneret),_1922,_Nature_morte_verticale_(Vertical_Still_Life),_oil_on_canvas,_146.3_x_89.3_cm,_Kunstmuseum,_Basel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles_Edouard_Jeanneret),_1922,_Nature_morte_verticale_(Vertical_Still_Life),_oil_on_canvas,_146.3_x_89.3_cm,_Kunstmuseum,_Basel.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1922, Nature morte verticale (Vertical Still Life), mafuta pa canvas, 146.3 cm × 89.3 cm (57.6 x 35.2 inches), Kunstmuseum Basel]] [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Guitare_verticale_(2ème_version),_oil_on_canvas,_100_x_81_cm,_Fondation_Le_Corbusier,_Paris.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-%C3%89douard_Jeanneret),_1920,_Guitare_verticale_(2%C3%A8me_version),_oil_on_canvas,_100_x_81_cm,_Fondation_Le_Corbusier,_Paris.jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, 1920, Guitare verticale (2ème version), mafuta pa canvas, 100 cm × 81 cm (39 in × 32 in), Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris]] Mu 1917, Le Corbusier wakasamira ku Paris ndipo wakamba kugwira ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba pamoza na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret. Mu 1918, Le Corbusier wakakumana na Amédée Ozenfant, uyo wakaŵa na mzimu wakuyana na wake. Ozenfant wakamukhwimiska kuti wapange vithuzi, ndipo wose ŵakamba kwenderana. Ŵakakananga kuti Cubism njambura mahara ndiposo "yautesi", ndipo wose ŵaŵiri ŵakalembapo fundo yawo yakucemeka Après le cubisme. Ozenfant na Le Corbusier ŵakamba kulemba mabuku gha L'Esprit Nouveau. Mu magazini yakwamba, mu 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier (zina la sekuru wake, Lecorbésier) kulongora kuti wakagomezganga kuti munthu waliyose wangajipangaso yekha. Mu nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga zina limoza, comenecomene ku Paris. Pakati pa 1918 na 1922, Le Corbusier wakazengapo yayi, kweni wakaŵika mtima wake wose pa nkhani ya umo vinthu vikalengekera. Mu 1922, iyo na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret ŵakajura studio ku Paris pa 35 rue de Sèvres. Ŵakazenga nyumba ya kuzenga pamoza. Mu 1927 m'paka 1937, ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na Charlotte Perriand pa studio ya Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret. Mu 1929, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakanozga chigaŵa cha "House fittings" pa chiphikiro cha Decorative Artists Exhibition ndipo ŵakapempha kuti paŵe gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵeteranga pa malo agha. Komiti ya Vyakutozga yikakana. Ŵakaleka ntchito iyi ndipo ŵakambiska bungwe la Union des artistes modernes ("Union des artistes modernes": UAM). Nyengo yichoko waka, wakasanda nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Citrohan. Zina la nyumba iyi likulongora kuti Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vinthu ivyo vikapangika mu nyumba iyi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anti-object : the dissolution and disintegration of architecture|last=Ken|first=Kuma|date=2008|publisher=Architectural Association|others=Architectural Association (Great Britain)|isbn=978-1-902902-52-4|location=London|oclc=67375498}}</ref> Mu nyumba ya Citrohan, Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba ya makwelero ghatatu. Pa mtenje wa nyumba iyi pakaŵa malo ghakupumulirako dazi. Kuwaro, Le Corbusier wakaŵika makwelero agho ghakaŵawovwiranga kufika pa chipinda chachiŵiri. Pa malo agha, nga umo vikaŵira na maofesi ghanyake gha mu nyengo iyi, wakapangaso mawindo ghakuru. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa, ndipo pa vipata vya kuwaro pakaŵavya mawindo. Le Corbusier na Jeanneret ŵakaleka kuzenga mu nyumba iyi, ndipo ŵakasunga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa nga ni viŵiya. Kanandi vyakuŵikapo nyali vikaŵanga na nyali yimoza. Makuni gha mukati nagho ghakaŵa ghatuŵa. == Kuyana na Kafukufuku wa Vyakulemba nyumba (1920-1923) == Mu 1922 na 1923, Le Corbusier wakajipeleka kukhozgera fundo zake ziphya za kuzenga na kunozga matawuni mu nkhani izo zikalembeka mu L'Esprit Nouveau. Pa ungano wa Paris Salon d'Automne mu 1922, wakalongosora ivyo wakakhumbanga kuzakachita pa msumba wa Ville Contemporaine, uwo uzamuŵa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu. Mu 1923, wakalemba buku lake lakwamba, Towards an Architecture. Wakayowoya fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu vizamuŵira munthazi, ndipo wakati: "Nyengo yikuru yayamba waka. Pali mzimu uphya. Pali milimo yinandi iyo yikucitika mu mzimu uphya, comenecomene mu vyakupangapanga. Vinthu ivyo vikuzengeka sono vikukoma ŵanthu. Mazgu ghakuti "nthowa" ngautesi. Kavwaliro nkhukolerana kwa visambizgo ivyo vikupangiska mulimo wose wa nyengo yinyake kuŵa wambura kusuzga kuwuwona. Nyengo yithu yikupanga kawonekero kake zuŵa lililose. Maso ghithu, mwacitima, ghakumanya yayi umo ghakuwonera". Vithuzithuzi vinandi na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili mu buku ili vikafuma ku malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi.{{Sfn|Le Corbusier|1923|pages=1–150}} == L'Esprit Nouveau Pavilion (1925) == Mulimo wakuzirwa wa Le Corbusier ukaŵa wa Esprit Nouveau Pavilion, uwo ukazengeka mu 1925 pa ungano wa Paris International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts. Le Corbusier wakazenga nyumba iyi pamoza na Amédée Ozenfant na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret. Le Corbusier na Ozenfant ŵakaleka kusopa kwa Cubism ndipo ŵakambiska gulu la Purism mu 1918, ndipo mu 1920 ŵakambiska magazini yawo ya L'Esprit Nouveau. Mu magazini yake yiphya, Le Corbusier wakayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora za luso lwa kujitozga, wakati: "Kupambana na makina, luso lwa kujitozga ndakupelekeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito na mawoko, ndipo likufwa". Kuti walongosore makora ivyo wakaghanaghananga, iyo na Ozenfant ŵakaghanaghana vya kupanga chipinda chichoko waka pa malo agha. Wakalemba kuti nyumba "ni selo ilo lili mu msumba. Selo lili na vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikovwira kuti nyumba yiŵe yakukhora. Vinthu vyakujitozga vikususkana na fundo za mu Baibolo. Mu nyumba yithu muzamuŵa waka vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuvipanga mu mafakitale na kupanga mu unandi, vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano. Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵakapika malo agho ghakaŵa kuseri kwa Grand Palais. Malo agha ghakaŵa na makuni ghanandi, ndipo awo ŵakawoneleranga ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kudumura makuni, ntheura Le Corbusier wakazenga nyumba yake na khuni pakati, ilo likafumanga pa mtenje. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza na mawindo. Mu chipinda ichi mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vichoko waka vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Awo ŵakalongozganga chiphikiro ichi ŵakakwiya comene ndipo ŵakazenga mpanda kuti ŵaleke kuwona malo agha. Le Corbusier wakachita apilu ku Unduna wa vya Maluso, uwo ukalangura kuti ŵakome mpanda uwu. Padera pa vyakuvwara, mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa 'Plan Voisin' iyo wakalemba, iyo yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kuzengaso chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghakuru gha kumpoto kwa Seine ghazgulike na mabuludogi na kunjizga misewu yifinyi, vikhwangwani, na nyumba mu malo mwa vigongwe vikuruvikuru vya makwelero 60 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mphinjika. Ŵandyali na ŵamalonda ŵa ku France ŵakamususka, nangauli ŵakakolerana na fundo za Taylor na Ford. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa kuti yindaghanaghanirikepo, kweni yikapangiska kuti paŵe kudumbiskana za umo ŵangachitira na ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi ya ku Paris. Ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga nyumba iyi ŵakayiseka, kweni Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Cinthu cimoza nchakuti, mu 1925 pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa vinthu vyakale na viphya. Para caka ca 1925 cajumphapo, awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakale ŵazamuŵa kuti ŵafwa... Cinthu cikuluta panthazi cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga, ndipo cakuzirwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti 'vyaphya' ndivyo vicitikenge". == ''The Decorative Art of Today'' (1925) == Mu 1925, Le Corbusier wakasazga nkhani zakukhwaskana na luso lwa kujitozga kufuma mu "L'Esprit Nouveau" mu buku lakuti L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui (The Decorative Art of Today).<ref>Le Corbusier, ''L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui'', Paris, G. Crès, « L'Esprit nouveau », 1925. Réédition</ref><ref>[http://books.openedition.org/pupo/2422?lang=en Yannis Tsiomis, ''Le Corbusier, L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui et « la loi du ripolin »''], Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2012</ref> Buku ili likaŵa lakukhozga maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kutozga vinthu. Fundo yake yikuru, iyo yikuyowoyeka kanandi waka mu buku ili, njakuti: "Vikuto vya mazuŵa ghano vikutowa yayi". Wakasuska mwakukondwa masitayelo agho ghakaŵa pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu 1925 (Exposition of Decorative Arts). Chisopa cha vinthu vyakutowa chili mu suzgo yikuru. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo ghanthena agha. Iyo wakazunura buku la mu 1912 la Adolf Loos, ilo lili na mutu wakuti "Ornament and Crime", ndipo wakazunurapo mazgu gha Loos ghakuti: "Para ŵanthu ŵakukura chomene, mbwenu vinthu vikusintha". Wakasuska umo ŵanthu ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu nyengo yakale, ndipo wakati "Louis Philippe na Louis XVI moderne". Ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵakaphikanga vyakurya viwemi chomene". Wakasuska masitayelo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakapelekeka pa ungano uwu, agho ghakafuma ku China, Japan, India na Persia. Mazuŵa ghano, pakukhumbikwa nkhongono kuti munthu wakhozge mitheto ya ku Western. Wakasuska "vinthu vyakuzirwa na vyambura kuzirwa ivyo vikaŵa pa mashelufu" mu masitayelo ghaphya. Wakasuzga "masikini gha silika, malibwe gha marble agho ghakusintha, viŵiya vyamalibwe, masiliva gha ku Byzantium na ku Orient... Tiyeni tileke waka!" "Chifukwa wuli mabotolo, vitanda, mabasiketi, na vinthu vinyake vikucemeka vyakusongonora?" Le Corbusier wakafumba. "Ni vinthu vyakovwira.... Vinthu vyakukongoletsera ni vyakukhumbikwa yayi. Nchito ya luso njakukhumbikwa". Wakayowoya kuti kunthazi ŵanthu ŵazamupangaso "vinthu ivyo ni vyakovwira, vyakovwira, kweniso vyakutowa chomene. Para munthu wakuchita vinthu mwamahara kweniso mwakukwana, wakuŵa na nkharo yiwemi". Wakalongosora umo vinthu vizamuŵira kunthazi, wakati: "Chilato nchakuti munthu wagwirenge nchito mu ofesi yiwemi comene ya fekitare yasono, ya makona ghanayi, yakuŵala makora, yakuŵa na malibwe ghatuŵa gha Ripolin (makampani ghakurughakuru gha ku France agho ghakuŵa na malibwe ghakupangira vinthu); uko ŵanthu ŵakucita vinthu mwakukondwa kweniso ŵakukondwa". Wakamalizga na mazgu ghakuti: "Vinthu vyakusongoneska mazuŵa ghano vilije vinthu vyakusongoneska". Buku ili likaŵa la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga masitayelo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakujitozga. Mu m'ma 1930, nga umo Le Corbusier wakayowoyera, vinthu vya Louis Philippe na Louis XVI ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba na mapepara gha maluŵa gha mitundu yakutowa, vikasinthika na masitayelo ghanyake. Pachoko na pachoko, visambizgo vya Le Corbusier vya umo vinthu vikaŵira vikamba kusintha. Mu 1966, nkhwantha ya vya mdauko, Bevis Hillier, yikasintha mazina agho Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti, 1925 Expo: Arts Deco. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura kalembero aka kuti Art Deco.<ref>Benton, Charlotte, Benton, Tim, Wood, Ghislaine, ''Art Déco dans le monde 1910–39'', 2010, Renaissance du Livre, {{ISBN|978-2-507-00390-6}}, pp. 16–17.</ref> == Malo Ghankhondi Ghakulongosolera Nyumba za Villa Savoye (1923-1931) == {{Main|Villa Savoye|Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:Villa_La_Roche_2013.jpg|Villa La Roche-Jeanneret (sono ni Fondation Le Corbusier) ku Paris (1923) File:Weissenhofsiedlung.jpg|Corbusier Haus (kumalyero) na Citrohan Haus ku Weissenhof, Stuttgart, Germany (1927) File:VillaSavoye.jpg|Villa Savoye mu Poissy (1928-1931) </gallery>Chifukwa chakuti Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha ivyo wakalemba kweniso chifukwa cha chiphikiro icho chikachitika mu 1925, ŵanthu ŵakamupa ntchito yakuzenga nyumba 12 mu Paris. Mu nyumba izi mukaŵa nyumba ya La Roche na Albert Jeanneret (1923-1925), iyo sono ni Fondation Le Corbusier; nyumba ya Guiette ku Antwerp, Belgium (1926); nyumba ya Jacques Lipchitz; nyumba ya Cook, na nyumba ya Planeix. Mu 1927, German Werkbund yikamuchema kuti wakazenge nyumba zitatu mu msumba wa Weissenhof kufupi na Stuttgart. Iyo wakalongosora makora comene mulimo uwu mu buku lake lakucemeka Five Points of Architecture. Chaka chakulondezgapo wakamba kuzenga nyumba ya Villa Savoye (1928-1931), iyo yikazgoka yimoza mwa nyumba zakumanyikwa chomene za Le Corbusier. Nyumba iyi yili mu muzi wa Poissy, ndipo yili pakati pa makuni na utheka ukuru. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu (malo ghakusungirako magalimoto, vipinda vya ŵateŵeti, na chipinda chakugezeramo) ghali kusi kwa nyumba. Ŵalendo ŵakunjira mu nyumba iyo yili na malo ghakukwera. Vipinda vya kugona na vyakusungiramo vinthu vya mu nyumba iyi vili kuzingilizga munda wakudikanya. Pa mtenje pakaŵa makwelero agho ghakalongozgera ku chipinda cha pasi. Villa Savoye wakalongosora mwakudumura fundo zinkhondi izo wakalongosora mu L'Esprit Nouveau na mu buku lakuti Vers une architecture, ilo wakalemba mu ma 1920. Chakwamba, Le Corbusier wakawuskapo chigaŵa chikuru cha nyumba iyi, ndipo wakawovwira kuti yiŵe yakukhora. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora. Chinthu ichi chikaŵa chakuti nyumba iyi yiŵe na visalu vyambura kujima, kung'anamura kuti yiŵe na viliŵa vyambura kujima, ivyo vikakhumbikwanga nga umo munthu wakakhumbiranga. Mu chipinda chachiŵiri cha nyumba ya Villa Savoye muli mawindo ghatali agho ghakulazga ku munda ukuru uwo uli pafupi. Cinthu cacinkhondi cikaŵa munda wa pa mtenje uwo ukaŵa wakunozga malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa malo ghakukwera agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Chikhwangwani chakutowa ichi chikukumbuska umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito pa sitima izo zikwenda pa nyanja. Mu 1930, Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake la Precisions kuti: "Pulani iyi njakutowa, ndipo yikukolerana na ivyo nyumba iyi yikukhumba. Malo agha ndigho ghakwenera kuti ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Poissy. Ni sumu na malemba, ivyo vikukhozgeka na luso". Nangauli nyumba iyi yikaŵa na masuzgo, kweni yikaŵa yakumanyikwa chomene ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Le Corbusier wakalemba.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|page=83}} == Mpikisano wa League of Nations ndi Pessac Housing Project (1926-1930) == Cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba mu magazini ya L'Esprit Nouveau, na ivyo wakacita pa ungano wa 1925 wakucemeka Decorative Arts Exposition, kweniso nkhani izo wakapharazganga za mzimu uphya wa vyakuzenga, Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene mu caru ca vyakuzenga. Mu 1926, wakaluta ku ungano wa kuzenga ofesi yikuru ya Wupu wa Vyaru ku Geneva. Pakaŵa mapulojekiti 337. Vikawoneka kuti mulimo wa Corbusier ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa awo ŵakanozga nyumba izi, kweni ŵakati ŵajumphapo nyengo yitali, ŵeruzgi ŵakamanya kuti palije uyo wangasankhika. Le Corbusier wakadandawura yayi; wakapharazga vilato vyake ku ŵanthu mu nkhani na nkhani kuti walongore mwaŵi uwo wupu wa League of Nations ukataya.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|page=116}} === The ''Cité Frugès'' === {{Main|Cité Frugès de Pessac}} Mu 1926, Le Corbusier wakapokera mwaŵi uwo wakapenjanga. Munthu munyake wa ku Bordeaux, zina lake Henry Frugès, uyo wakatemwanga chomene maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi, wakamutuma kuti wakazenge nyumba za ŵantchito, zina lake Cité Frugès, ku Pessac, mu tawuni ya Bordeaux. Le Corbusier wakalongosora kuti Pessac wakaŵa "nga ni buku la Balzac". Mu chigaŵa cha Fruges ndimo wakazengera nyumba zakukhalamo. Nga umo vikaŵira na nyumba izo zikaŵa pa chiphikiro cha 1925, nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Nyumba zacibali izo wakazenga zikaŵa na viliŵa vyakuwaro vyatuŵa, kweni kwa Pessac, pa pempho la ŵamalonda ŵake, wakasazgirapo mtundu; vyakuvwara vyafipa, vyaciŵinda na vyaciŵinda, vyakulongozgeka na Le Corbusier. Pakwamba ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mu nyumba iyi muŵenge nyumba pafupifupi 200, kweni paumaliro mu nyumba izi mukaŵa pafupifupi 50 m'paka 70. Pessac ndiyo wakaŵa chakuwonerapo cha mapulojekiti gha Cité Radieuse agho wakacita pamanyuma.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/15/arts/architecture-view-le-corbusier-s-housing-project-flexible-enough-endure-ada.html|title=Architecture View; Le Corbusier's Housing Project-Flexible Enough to Endure; by Ada Louise Huxtable|date=15 March 1981|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Kupanga CIAM (1928) na Athens Charter == Mu 1928, Le Corbusier wakacita cinthu cinyake cikuru comene pakukhozga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Le Corbusier wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Germany na Austria awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa nyengo iyo ŵakachitiranga phangano la League of Nations mu 1927. Mu chaka chenechicho, German Werkbund yikanozga chiphikiro cha vyakuzengeka vya mu nyumba ya Weissenhof Estate ku Stuttgart. Ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene pa nkhani ya kuzenga nyumba ku Europe ŵakacemeka kuti ŵazenge nyumba 21. Mu 1927, Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau, na ŵanyake ŵakapeleka fundo yakuti paŵe ungano wa mitundu yose. Ungano wakwamba wa International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM) uwo ukachitikira pa Nyanja ya Leman ku Switzerland pa Juni 26-28, 1928. Ŵanthu awo ŵakiza pa ungano uwu ŵakaŵa Le Corbusier, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Auguste Perret, Pierre Chareau, na Tony Garnier ŵakufuma ku France; Victor Bourgeois wakufuma ku Belgium; Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Ernst May, na Mies van der Rohe ŵakufuma ku Germany; Josef Frank wakufuma ku Austria; Mart Stam na Gerrit Rietveld ŵakufuma ku Netherlands, na Adolf Loos wakufuma ku Czechoslovakia. Ŵakapempha ŵantchito ŵa Soviet kuti ŵize ku ungano uwu, kweni ŵakatondeka kusanga visa. Pamanyuma, mu gulu ili mukaŵa Josep Lluís Sert wa ku Spain na Alvar Aalto wa ku Finland. Pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakafuma ku United States. Mu 1930, Victor Bourgeois wakanozga ungano waciŵiri ku Brussels, pa mutu wakuti "Ndondomeko za kuzenga nyumba". Ungano wacitatu, wa mutu wakuti "Mzinda Wakukhorweska", ukeneranga kucitikira ku Moscow mu 1932, kweni ukakanika pa nyengo yaumaliro. M'malo mwake, ŵimiliri aŵa ŵakakumananga pa sitima iyo yikendanga pakati pa Marseille na Athens. Pa boti ili, wose ŵakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo mizi yikwendera mazuŵa ghano. Buku ili likachemeka The Athens Charter, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵalisintha, likafumiskika mu 1943 ndipo likaŵa buku lakovwira chomene awo ŵakanozganga vinthu vya mu misumba mu ma 1950 na 1960. Gulu ili likakumanaso ku Paris mu 1937 kuti likadumbiskane vya nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Chiharo cha CIAM chikaŵa kaghanaghaniro na chisambizgo icho chikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵakuzengera nyumba mazuŵa ghano mu Europe na United States..{{Sfn|Bony|2012|pages=84–85}} == Mapulojekiti (1928-1963) == === Ntchito za ku Moscow (1928-1934) === {{Main|Le Corbusier in the USSR}} [[File:Centrosoyuz_Moscow_-_Ak_Sakharova_view.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrosoyuz_Moscow_-_Ak_Sakharova_view.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Tsentrosoyuz, likuru la mawupu gha ŵantchito gha Soviet, Moscow (1928-34)]] Le Corbusier wakawonanga kuti wupu uphya uwo ukaŵako mu Soviet Union pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia ndiwo ungamovwira kuti waŵe na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na vyakuzenga. Wakakumana na Konstantin Melnikov, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vinthu vya ku Russia, pa chiphikiro cha ku Paris mu 1925. Pakumucema Melnikov, wakaluta ku Moscow, uko wakasanga kuti mabuku ghake ghakalembeka mu Cirasha; wakapharazganga na kufumba mafumbo ndipo pakati pa 1928 na 1932 wakazenga ofesi ya Tsentrosoyuz, likuru la mawupu gha Soviet. Mu 1932, wakacemeka kuti wazakacite nawo mpikisano wa caru cose wa kuzengako Nyumba ya Ufumu ya ku Moscow, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka pa malo agho pakaŵa tchalitchi la Khristu Muponoski, ilo likabwangandulika na Stalin. Le Corbusier wakalemba pulani yakupambanapambana, iyo yikaŵa na nyumba zakupambanapambana zakupambanapambana. Mubali Le Corbusier wakakwenyelera comene apo Stalin wakakana ivyo wakakhumbanga, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga cipinda cikuru ca ku Europe ico pakaŵa cikozgo ca Vladimir Lenin. Nyumba iyi yikazengeka yayi, kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵakazengapo chiziŵa, ndipo yikati yabwanganduka, tchalitchi ili likazengekaso pa malo ghake. === Cité Universitaire, Immeuble Clarté na Cité de Refuge (1928–1933) === [[File:Geneve_immeuble_Clarte_2011-08-02_13_55_36_PICT3664.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geneve_immeuble_Clarte_2011-08-02_13_55_36_PICT3664.JPG|left|thumb|Nyumba ya Clarté ku Geneva (1930-1932)]] Pakati pa 1928 na 1934, apo Le Corbusier wakakuranga, wakapika nchito ya kuzenga nyumba zinandi. Mu 1928, boma la Soviet likamutuma kuti wakazenge ofesi yikuru ya mawupu gha ŵantchito. Wakazenga Villa de Madrot mu Le Pradet (1929~1931); na nyumba mu Paris kwa Charles de Bestigui pa nyumba iyo yikaŵa pa Champs-Élysées 1929~1932, (iyo pamanyuma yikaparanyika). Mu 1929-1930 wakazenga malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵambura pakukhala gha Salvation Army pa Mlonga wa Seine ku Pont d'Austerlitz. Pakati pa 1929 na 1933, wakazenga nyumba yikuru na yakuzirwa comene ya Salvation Army, Cité de Refuge, mu rue Cantagrel mu cigaŵa ca 13 ca Paris. Kweniso wakazenga Swiss Pavilion mu Cité Universitaire mu Paris na nyumba za ŵana ŵa sukulu 46 (1929-33). Wakanozga vinthu vyakuti viŵe mu nyumba iyi. Mu chipinda chikuru mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vyakututuŵa. Mu 1948, wakasintha chithuzithuzi ichi na chithuzithuzi chinyake icho wakajambura yekha. Ku Geneva, wakazenga nyumba ya nyumba zinandi za makuni 45 yakuchemeka Immeuble Clarté. Pakati pa 1931 na 1945 wakazenga nyumba ya nyumba zinandi zakukwana 15, kusazgapo nyumba na studio yake pa 6th na 7th floor, pa 24 rue Nungesser-et-Coli mu 16th arrondissement mu Paris. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba na studio yake ni vya Fondation Le Corbusier ndipo ŵanthu ŵangaluta kukaviwona. === Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin na Cité Radieuse (1922–1939) === {{See also|Unité d'habitation|Ville Radieuse}} Apo suzgo likuru la vyachuma likaŵa mukati mu Europe, Le Corbusier wakapatura nyengo yinandi kuti waghanaghanirepo pa umo vinthu viŵirenge mu misumba. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti nyumba izo wakazenga zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Mu 1922, wakalongosora umo msumba wa Paris wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu ukaŵira. Mu pulani yake mukaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru za maofesi izo zikazingilizgika na nyumba zakukhalapo. Iyo wakati: "Kupenda vinthu kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakupambana chomene na umo viliri sono, ndipo munthu wangakwaniska yayi kuviwona". Nyumba ya Ville Contemporaine, iyo yikulongora msumba wa mu maghanoghano, yikatondeka kukopa ŵanthu nga umo Le Corbusier wakakhumbiranga. Pa ivyo wakalemba mu 1925 (Plan Voisin), wakachita vinthu mwakutalulira chomene. Wakakhumbanga kuti chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris chipasuke na kuŵikamo maofesi gha makuni 60 ghakuzingilizgika na mapaki. Fundo iyi yikaŵa yakukhozga comene ku awo ŵakawoneleranga. Mu mapulani agha mukaŵa malo ghakusungirako mabasi na matayala gha matayala gha sitima. Le Corbusier wakaghanaghananga kuti ndege zikhilirenge pakati pa nyumba zikuruzikuru izi. Wakapatura nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo na misewu. Pakati pa nyumba za maofesi pakaŵa nyumba zakudikanya. Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Mzinda wa Paris, uwo pasono uli pangozi ya kufwa, uli nga ni migodi ya dayamondi... Kulekelera msumba wa Paris kuti uŵe waka wekha, mbukaboni wakuti munthu waleka kuwukira ŵalwani". Nga ni umo Le Corbusier wakaghanaghaniranga, palije uyo wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti wafiske fundo ya Plan Voisin, kweni wakalutilira kughanaghanirapo pa fundo iyi na kusanga ŵalondezgi. Mu 1929, wakaluta ku Brazil uko wakapharazganga vya umo wakazengera nyumba. Wakawerako na vithuzithuzi vya umo Rio de Janeiro wakeneranga kuŵira. Wakalemba vithuzithuzi vya nyumba zakudikanya izo zikaŵa nga ni njoka. Mu 1931, wakapangaso pulani ya msumba unyake wa Algiers, uwo ukaŵa ku France. Nga umo vikaŵira na Rio Janeiro, pulani iyi yikayowoyerathu kuti ŵazenge msewu ukuru wa konkire uwo uzamwendamo nyumba. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na ya Plan Voisin, chifukwa yikaŵa kuti yikukhumba kuti msumba wakale wa Algiers uparanyike yayi. Ndondomeko iyi, nga umo yikaŵira mu Paris, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵadumbiskane, kweni yikafiskika yayi. Mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakaluta kakwamba ku United States. Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku America ŵakati ŵamufumba umo wakawoneranga nyumba zakudikanya za mu msumba wa New York, wakazgora kuti "ni zicoko comene". Wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira ku United States, lakuti Quand Les cathédrales étaient blanches, Voyage au pays des timides (Apo matchalitchi ghakaŵa ghatuŵa; ulendo wa ku caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na wofi).{{Sfn|Journel|2015|page=218}} Wakalemba vinandi, kweni wakazenga vichoko waka m'ma 1930. Mazina gha mabuku ghake ghakulongora kuti uthenga wake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Kasi muli na vilwero? Yayi, nawonga. (1938) na The lyricism of modern times and urbanism (1939). Mu 1928, Louis Loucheur, nduna ya vya ncito ya ku France, wakathereska dango la ku France lakukhwaskana na nyumba za ŵanthu wose, ilo likayowoya kuti mu vilimika vinkhondi ŵazenge nyumba 260,000. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Le Corbusier wakamba kupanga nyumba yiphya yakuzengeka mwakuyana waka, iyo wakayichema kuti Maison Loucheur. Maofesi agha ghakaŵa gha mamita 45, ndipo ghakaŵanga na mafuremu gha visulo, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakupangika kuti ghapangikenge na kutumizgika ku malo agha. Mu buku linyake ilo wakalemba mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti nyumba za nyumba zinandi zikwenera kuŵa zakuyana waka. The Radiant City yikaŵa yakuyana waka na Contemporary City na Plan Voisin, kweni malo ghakukhala ghakapelekekanga ku ŵanthu kuyana na unandi wa mbumba, m'malo mwa kuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Mu buku lake la mu 1935, wakalongosora maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na msumba uphya, uwo milimo yikuru yikeneranga kuŵa yakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, pambere ŵandambe kuzenga, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikamba. === Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose na Kuzengaso; Unité d'Habitation mu Marseille (1939-1952) === <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:Módulo_de_vivienda_tipo_de_Unité_d´Habitation.jpg|Nyumba izo zili mu nyumba iyi zikwenera kuŵa zapadera File:Unite_d'Habitation_salon.jpg|Malo ghakusungiramo vinthu mu nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation, sono ghali ku Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine ku Paris (1952) </gallery>Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru Cose na nyengo iyo caru ca France cikapokelerekanga na ŵa German, Le Corbusier wakacita vyose ivyo wangafiska kuti wakhozge mulimo wake. Wakasamira ku Vichy kwa nyengo yicoko waka, uko kukaŵa boma la Marshal Philippe Petain, ndipo wakapeleka mauteŵeti ghake pa milimo ya kuzenga, kusazgapo ndondomeko yake ya kuzenga Algiers, kweni ŵakakana. Wakalutilira kulemba, ndipo wakalemba buku lakuti Sur les Quatres routes mu 1941. Mu 1942, Le Corbusier wakafumako ku Vichy na kuluta ku Paris. Wakakhalapo nyengo yicoko waka nga ni mulaŵiliri wa vya sayansi pa bungwe la Alexis Carrel, ndipo wakaleka mulimo uwu pa Epulero 20, 1944. Mu 1943, wakambiska wupu wa Ascoral, uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano. Apo nkhondo yikamalira, Le Corbusier wakaŵa na vilimika pafupifupi 60, ndipo wakaŵa kuti wandacitepo mulimo uliwose mu vilimika 10. Wakayezgayezga kuti wawovwirepo pa milimo yinyake yikuru ya kuzenga, kweni ŵakakana. Ndipouli, wakalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Le Corbusier wakasanga munyawo mubali Raoul Dautry, nduna yiphya ya vya kuzenga. Dautry wakazomera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito yake yinyake, yakuchemeka "Unité habitation de grandeur conforme". Uwu ukaŵa mulimo wake wakwamba ku ŵanthu wose ndipo ukaŵa wakovwira chomene kwa Le Corbusier. Wakathya nyumba iyi zina lakuti Cité Radieuse, ilo likalongosoreka pambere nkhondo yindambe. Wakalondezga fundo izo wakasambira pambere nkhondo yindambe. Nga ni Villa Savoye, nyumba iyi yikazengeka pa vigongwe vya konkire, kweni chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa visulo, vigongwe ivi vikaŵa vikuru chomene. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa nyumba zakukwana 337 ndipo ŵanthu 1,600 ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo. Chigaŵa chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri, ndipo chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri. Nyumba izi zikaŵa zakupambana, ndipo nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Ŵakaŵika pamoza nga ni vigaŵa vya chiphapha cha ku China, ndipo pakaŵa nthowa iyo yikaŵa pakati pa nyumba ziŵiri izi. Ŵalendo ŵakasankhanga nyumba zakupambanapambana 23. Le Corbusier wakapangiska vinthu vya mu nyumba, matapi na nyali kuti viŵe vyakwenelera. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa waka vyakuvwara vyakutowa ivyo vikaŵa pa mtenje. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukhalamo waka yayi, kweni yikaŵa na vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa pakukhala. Pa chipinda chilichose chachitatu, pakati pa nyumba izi pakaŵa nthowa yikuru, iyo yikaŵa nga ni msewu wa mukati. Malo agha ghakaŵa na mashopu, malo ghakulyerako, sukulu ya ŵana na malo ghakusanguluskira. Pa mtenje uwu pakaŵa malo ghakusoperapo na malo gha maseŵero. Nyumba iyi yikazingilizgika na makuni kweniso paki. Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti fundo ya Unité d'Habitation yikafuma pa ulendo uwo wakacita ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, Italy, mu 1907 na 1910. Iyo wakalemba kuti wakakhumbanga kupanga malo ghawemi "ghakughanaghanirapo". Wakayowoyaso kuti wakasambira ku nyumba ya ŵachiuta kuti "kurondezga malango ghakupambanapambana kukupangiska munthu kuŵa wakufikapo", kweniso kuti "munthu wakulimbikira umoyo wake wose kuti nyumba yake yiŵe tempele la mbumba". Mulimo wa Le Corbusier ukasinthika comene cifukwa ca nyumba iyi. Mu 1952, wakapika zina lakuti Commander of the Legion d'Honneur. Wakafuma pa kuŵa munthu wakucimbira na kususka vinthu vya ku malo ghakupangirako vyakuzengeka, ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakuzirwa comene wa ku France.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|pages=152–158}} === Mapulojekiti gha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ofesi yikuru ya United Nations (1947-1952) === [[File:67º_Período_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg|right|thumb|Malo ghakulongozgera mawupu gha wupu wa United Nations ghakapangika na Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, na Wallace K. Harrison (1947-1952)]] Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba yinyake yakuyana na iyi ku Rezé-les-Nantes mu chigaŵa cha Loire-Atlantique pakati pa 1948 na 1952, kweniso zinyake zitatu mu Berlin, Briey-en-Forêt na Firminy. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikambira, Le Corbusier wakamba kumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha umo wakazengera na umo wakanozgera vinthu. Kukwambilira kwa 1947, Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani ya ofesi yikuru ya wupu wa United Nations, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka mumphepete mwa East River ku New York. M'malo mwa kuphalizgana, pulani iyi yikeneranga kusankhika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuwona vya mapulani ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, kusazgapo Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer wa ku Brazil, Howard Robertson wa ku Britain, Nikolai Bassov wa ku Soviet Union, na ŵanyake ŵankhondi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Komiti iyi yikalongozgekanga na Wallace K. Harrison, uyo nayo wakaŵa musono wa nyumba ya Rockefeller, uyo wakapeleka malo agha. Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yake ya Secretariat, iyo yikacemekanga Plan 23 pa mapulani 58 agho wakapeleka. Mu maofesi gha Le Corbusier, vipinda vya ŵalara na Nyumba ya Ungano vikaŵa mu nyumba yimoza pakati pa malo agha. Wakayezgayezga chomene kuti mulimo wake wende makora, ndipo wakapempha Mubali Niemeyer, uyo wakaŵa muwukirano, kuti wamovwire. Niemeyer, kuti wawovwire Le Corbusier, wakakana kupeleka pulani yake ndipo wakaluta yayi ku maungano m'paka apo Harrison, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili, wakakhumbanga. Niemeyer wakapeleka pulani yake ya 32, iyo yikaŵa na ofesi, maofesi, na Nyumba ya Maungano. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, komiti iyi yikasankha pulani ya Niemeyer, kweni yikamuphalira kuti wagwirenge lumoza nchito na Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wakaciska Niemeyer kuti waŵike Nyumba ya Ungano ya Wupu Wakulongozga pakatikati pa malo agha, nangauli ici cikapangiska kuti Niemeyer waleke kuŵa na malo ghakuru. Niemeyer wakazomerezga fundo ya Le Corbusier, ndipo likuru lake likazengeka mwakuyana na pulani yawo.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Oscar Niemeyer and the United Nations Headquarters (1947–1949) |url=https://archives.un.org/content/oscar-niemeyer-and-united-nations-headquarters |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> === Nyumba za cisopa (1950-1963) === <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:RonchampCorbu.jpg|Chapel ya Notre-Dame-du-Haut ku Ronchamp (1950~1955) File:Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette_2007.jpg|Nyumba ya tchalitchi ya Sainte Marie de La Tourette kufupi na Lyon (1953~1960) File:EgliseSaintPierreLeCorbusierFirminy.jpg|Tchalitchi la Saint-Pierre, Firminy (1960~2006) </gallery>Le Corbusier wakaŵa wambura kugomezga Ciuta, kweni wakagomezganga comene kuti vyakuzengeka vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵatuŵa. Mu vyaka vya pamanyuma pa nkhondo, wakapangaso nyumba ziŵiri zakuzirwa za cisopa; chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut ku Ronchamp (1950-1955), na Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette (1953-1960). Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti dada munyake wa ku Dominican, zina lake Père Couturier, ndiyo wakamovwira chomene pakuzenga nyumba za cisopa. Le Corbusier wakaluta kakwamba ku malo ghakutali gha mu mapiri gha Ronchamp mu Meyi 1950, wakawona mabingu gha chalichi lakale, ndipo wakajambura vithuzithuzi vya umo vinthu vingaŵira. Pamasinda wakalemba kuti: "Apo nkhazenga chalichi ili, nkhakhumbanga kuti paŵe bata, mtende, lurombo, na chimwemwe. Cifukwa cakuti tikagomezganga kuti vinthu ni vyakupatulika, tikalimbikira comene. Vinthu vinyake ni vyakupatulika, vinyake ni vyakupatulika yayi, kwali ni vya cisopa panji yayi". Mulimo unyake ukuru wa cisopa uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga nyumba ya Sainte Marie de La Tourette ku L'Arbresle mu cigaŵa ca Rhône (1953-1960). Pa nyengo iyi, dada Couturier ndiyo wakapempha Le Corbusier kuti wagwire nchito iyi. Wakamuchema Le Corbusier kuti wakawone nyumba ya Le Thoronet Abbey iyo yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 13 C.E. ku Provence, ndipo wakalongosora ivyo vikachitika apo wakaŵa muwukirano. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa chalichi, layibulare, cipinda cakulyeramo, vipinda vyakusoperamo, na malo ghakukhala ŵasembe. Pa malo ghakukhalamo, wakagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo yakuyana waka ya Modulor kuti wapime malo ghawemi ghakukhalamo agho wakagwiliskira ntchito mu nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille. Le Corbusier wakagwiliskira nchito simiti kuti wazenge nyumba iyi. Malo ghakukhalapo ghakaŵa ghatatu, ndipo ghakaŵa gha U. Nyumba iyi yili na mtenje wakudikanya ndipo yili pa ntchindamiro za konkire. Cinyumba cilicose ico ŵakakhalanga cikaŵa na malo ghacoko agho ghakaŵa na cikhuni cakuvikilira zuŵa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa kabokosi ako wakacemanga kuti "Bokosi la Minthondwe". Mwakupambana na visakasa vya nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation, visakasa vya chapel vili na simenti yambura kumalizgika. Wakalongosora vya nyumba iyi mu kalata iyo wakalembera Albert Camus mu 1957: "Nkhuwona kuti ni "bokosi la minthondwe". Ili na maucenjezi ghacilendo yayi, kweni lili na nkhongono yakucitira minthondwe". Mu cipinda ici muli vinthu viwemi comene. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa mabenchi agho ghakaŵa mu bokosi la konkire, ndipo ungweru ukafumanga pa mtenje. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa maluŵa gha buluu, ghaswesi, na ghaswesi. Mu nyumba iyi muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kuluwika nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakupakika mu vipinda vyakusoperamo, mawindo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora vinthu, kweniso mabomba gha konkire na gha visulo agho ghakaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵawonenge makora zuŵa. Vinthu ivi ŵakavichemanga kuti "viŵiya vyakwimbira" vya mu malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyauzimu na "viŵiya vyakugolera". Mu 1960, Le Corbusier wakamba kuzenga tchalitchi lachitatu la chisopa, la Church of Saint Pierre mu tawuni yiphya ya Firminy-Vert, umo wakazengera Unité d'Habitation na malo ghakusoperapo na maseŵero. Nangauli ndiyo wakapangiska pulani iyi, kweni mulimo wa kuzenga ukayamba pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi kufuma apo wakafwira. Cinthu cakuzizwiska comene ca tchalitchi ili ni cigongwe ca konkire ico cili mukati mwenemumo. Mawindo agho ghali pachanya chomene pa chigongwe agha ghakungweluska mukati. Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti mawindo ghacoko waka ghakwenera kuŵa nga ni nyenyezi. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakapangiska tchalitchi ili kuti liwonenge nyenyezi ya Orion.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|page=165}} === Chandigarh (1951–1956) === <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Chandigarh_High_Court.jpg|Khoti Likuru, Chandigarh (1951-1956) File:Chandigarh_Secretariat.jpg|Nyumba ya Secretariat, Chandigarh (1952~1958) File:Palace_of_Assembly_Chandigarh_2006.jpg|Nyumba ya Maungano (Chandigarh) (1952~1961) </gallery>Mulimo ukuru comene uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga msumba wa Chandigarh, msumba ukuru wa Punjab na Haryana, uwo ukazengeka pamanyuma pakuti India wapokera wanangwa mu 1947. Le Corbusier wakadumbiskana na nduna yikuru ya ku India, Jawaharlal Nehru, mu 1950, ndipo wakamupempha kuti waŵaphalire ivyo wakakhumbanga. Mu 1947, Albert Mayer, uyo wakaŵa muyimbi wa vyakuzenga wa ku America, wakapanga pulani ya msumba wa ŵanthu 150,000, kweni boma la India likakhumbanga msumba ukuru comene. Corbusier wakagwiranga lumoza nchito iyi na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain, Maxwell Fry na Jane Drew, kweniso na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, uyo wakasamira ku India na kulaŵilira mulimo uwu mpaka apo wakafwira. Le Corbusier, nga umo wakacitiranga nyengo zose, wakalongosoranga mwakukondwa comene za mulimo wake. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Uzamuŵa msumba wa makuni, maluŵa, maji, nyumba zipusu nga ni izo zikaŵako mu nyengo ya Homerus, na nyumba zakutowa comene za mazuŵa ghano izo zizamuŵa na malango gha masamu". Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti kuŵe malo ghakukhalamo, gha malonda, na gha mafakitale, kweniso malo ghakutowa na ghakwendapo. Pakati pake pakaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru zinayi za boma. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, Khoti Likuru la Malango, Nyumba ya Mlembi wa Boma, na Nyumba ya Kazembe. Cifukwa ca ndalama na ndyali, Nyumba ya Kazembe yikaleka kuzengeka, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mulimo uwu uleke kwenda makora. Kufuma waka pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiranga nchito, nga ni munthu uyo wakapangika kugwira nchito. Iyo wakakanaso fundo izo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni zautesi, ndipo wakati misewu njakuzura na malo ghakugwilira magalimoto. Iyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka 40 ivyo wakasambiranga vya mizi, kweniso kuti walongore boma la France mwaŵi uwo likasoŵa pakukana kumusankha kuti wazengeso misumba ya ku France. Wakagwiliskira nchito vinthu vinandi ivyo wakatemwanga: malo ghakuzengako nyumba, agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vya pa malo agha, ungweru wa dazi, na mfwiri. Wakagwiliskiranga nchito Modulor kuti munthu waliyose waŵe na kawonekero kawemi. Wakaŵika cikozgo cikuru ca woko lakujulika pa malo ghakuzirwa. Mulimo wa Le Corbusier ukaŵa wa kugwiliskira ntchito simenti yambura kupangika makora, iyo yikaŵa yambura kusunkhunyika panji kutowa, kweniso yikaŵa na vilembo vya umo yikomira. Pierre Jeanneret wakalembera kalata mubali wake kuti nyengo zose wakalimbananga na ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga, awo ŵakatondekanga kuzizipizga kuti ŵanozge na kumalizga kuzenga, comenecomene para ŵalendo ŵakuzirwa ŵiza ku malo agha. Pa nyengo yinyake, pakaŵa ŵantchito 1,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa malo agho pakaŵa khoti likuru. Le Corbusier wakalembera anyina kuti: "Ni sumu ya kuzenga iyo yikuluska vyose ivyo nkhagomezganga, iyo yikuŵala na kukura mu ungweru. Para munthu wakuwona patali, wakuzizikika comene. Wakaŵa wakutowa comene. Mu vilimika vyose ivi, palije uyo wali kuwonapo ivi". Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara kuzengeka mu 1956. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa comene, yikaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo iyo yili na chibenekelero. Pa viliŵa ivi pakaŵa makhonde ghatali agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana mamita 1.5. Pa mulyango wa tempile pakaŵa malo ghakuru chomene na mizati iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mphepo yende makora. Pakwamba, mizati iyi yikaŵa ya malibwe ghatuŵa, kweni mu ma 1960 ŵakayipaka mitundu yakutowa kuti yikhozge nyengo. Nyumba yikuru comene iyo mukaŵa maofesi gha boma, yikazengeka pakati pa 1952 na 1958. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuru comene, ghakaŵa na mamita 250 mu utali na vigaŵa vinkhondi na vitatu mu msinkhu. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene. Pakuti pa nyengo iyo ŵakazengeranga nyumba iyi pakaŵavya magudumu gha mazuŵa ghano, nthowa yimoza pera iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito yikaŵa yakujumphilira. Mu ofesi iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakavipangira nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille. Nyumba yakuzirwa comene mu msumba wa Capitol yikaŵa Nyumba ya Maungano (1952-61), iyo yikaŵa kunthazi kwa nyumba ya Khoti Likuru. Nyumba iyi yili na luŵaza lutali, ndipo pachanya pake pali holo yikuru ya ungano. Pa mtenje wa kumanyuma kwa nyumba iyi pakaŵa nyumba yikuru ya Le Corbusier, iyo yikaŵa nga ni chitoliro cha sitima ya pa nyanja panji nyumba ya vyakumera. Le Corbusier wakasazgirako mtundu na vyakuvwara vinyake mu holo ya maungano. Pakuyowoya za nyumba iyi, iyo wakalemba kuti: "Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yiwemi comene cifukwa cakuti yikazengeka na vinthu viphya. Ntchakuzizwiska na chakofya.<ref>Letter to his brother Albert, 26 March 1961, FLC-R1-10-586, cited by Journal, p. 185.</ref> == Umoyo na ntchito (1955-1965) == <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:National_museum_of_western_art05s3200.jpg|National Museum of Western Art ku Tokyo (1954~1959) File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-02-East_view.jpg|Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts ku Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960~1963) File:Centre_Le_Corbusier_-_'Teich'_-_Blatterwiese_2013-09-21_17-48-26.JPG|Malo gha Le Corbusier ku Zurich (1962-1967) </gallery>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, Le Corbusier wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa umoyo wake. Muwoli wake Yvonne wakafwa mu 1957, ndipo anyina, awo ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora, ŵakafwa mu 1960. Wakalutilira kucita milimo yakupambanapambana; mu 1955 wakafumiska buku la Poéme de l'angle droit, ilo likaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakupambanapambana. Mu 1958, wakakolerana na wakwimba Edgar Varèse pa mulimo wakucemeka Le Poème électronique, chiwonetsero cha mazgu na ungweru, ku Philips Pavilion pa International Exposition ku Brussels. Mu 1960, wakafumiska buku liphya lakuti L'Atelier de la recherche patiente (The workshop of patient research). Wakamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kuzenga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti nyumba yake ya Villa Savoye, iyo yikaŵa pafupi kubwangandulika, yiŵe malo ghakukumbukirako vinthu vyakale. Mu 1962, mu chaka chenechicho apo Nyumba ya Maungano mu Chandigarh yikajulika, chiwonetsero chakwamba cha ntchito yake chikachitikira ku National Museum of Modern Art mu Paris. Mu 1964, mu upharazgi uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba yake ya ku Rue de Sèvres, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya, yikamupa mphumphu ya Grand Cross of the Legion d'honneur. Mulimo wake wa kuzenga ukaŵa wakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi wakajintha pa mapulani agho wakachita kumanyuma. Mu 1952 na 1958, wakapangiska nyumba zinandi za ku Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Wakajizengera nyumba yakuyana na iyi, kweni wakamalizga yayi m'paka apo wakafwira. Kufuma mu 1953 m'paka mu 1957, wakapangiska nyumba ya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Brazil ku Cité de la Université ku Paris. Pakati pa 1954 na 1959, wakazenga National Museum of Western Art mu Tokyo. Mulimo wake unyake ukaŵa wa kuzenga malo ghakusoperapo na sitediyamu mu tawuni ya Firminy, uko wakazenga nyumba zake zakwamba (1955-1958), na sitediyamu ku Baghdad, Iraq (iyo yikasintha comene kufuma apo yikazengekera). Kweniso wakazenga nyumba zitatu za Unités d'Habitation mu msumba wa Marseille, yakwamba ku Berlin (1956-1958), yachiŵiri ku Briey-en-Forêt mu chigaŵa cha Meurthe-et-Moselle, ndipo yacitatu ku Firminy (1959-1967). Kufuma mu 1960 m'paka mu 1963, wakazenga nyumba yake yimoza pera ku United States, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts ku Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jørn Utzon, uyo wakazenganga nyumba ya Sydney Opera House, wakapempha Le Corbusier kuti ndiyo wapange vinthu vya mu nyumba iyi. Le Corbusier wakapangaso chithuzithuzi chakuchemeka Les Dés Sont Jetés, icho chikamara kupangika mu 1960. Le Corbusier wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima apo wakaŵa na vilimika 77 mu 1965 wati wasambira mu nyanja ya French Riviera. Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, pakaŵa mapulojekiti ghanandi: tchalitchi la Saint-Pierre mu Firminy, ilo likamara kuzengeka mu 2006; Nyumba ya Maungano gha Boma mu Strasbourg (1962-65) na chipatala mu Venice (1961-65), kweni ŵakazenga yayi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska nyumba ya vyakuvwara mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Zürich kwa mwenecho wa nyumba iyi Heidi Weber mu 1962 na 1967. Sono yikucemeka Le Corbusier Centre, ndipo ni yimoza mwa milimo yake yaumaliro.{{Sfn|Journel|2015|page=212}} == Malo ghakukhalapo == [[File:Cabanon_Le_Corbusier.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabanon_Le_Corbusier.jpg|thumb|Nyumba iyo wakakhalako mazuŵa ghaumaliro ku Roquebrune-Cap-Martin]] Wupu wa Fondation Le Corbusier (FLC) ndiwo uli na mazaza pa nyumba iyo wakazenga. Wimiliri wa fundo za ku America za Fondation Le Corbusier ni Artists Rights Society.<ref name="rights">{{cite web |year=2003 |title=Our Most Frequently Requested Prominent Artists |url=http://arsny.com/requested.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131151943/http://arsny.com/requested.html |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Artists Rights Society}}</ref> == Maganizo == === ''Vinthu Vinkhondi Ivyo Vingawovwira Kuti Nyumba Zizengeke Makora'' === {{Main|Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture}} [[File:Barriodelasflores5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barriodelasflores5.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Chithuzi cha Barrio de las Flores, Coruña, Galicia, (Spain), icho chikazengeka na kuyezgela luso la Le Corbusier.]] Le Corbusier wakalongosora fundo za nyumba zake ziphya mu buku lake la Les cinq points de l'architecture moderne, ilo likalembeka mu 1927. Mu mabuku agha, wakalongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ndipo wakaviŵika mu nyumba zake za ku Savoye (1928-1931). Fundo zinkhondi izi ni izi: * Piloti, panji mzati. Nyumba iyi yili pa vigongwe vya konkire, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge mwakufwatuka, ndipo palije malo ghamdima panji ghakututuŵa. * Pa Malo Ghakupatulika. Pa mtenje uwu pakaŵa mtenje wakudaya, ndipo pa mtenje uwu pakaŵanga munda, malo ghakukhalapo ŵanthu, maseŵero, panji chiziŵa. * Ndondomeko ya Ufulu. Makuni ghakutolera katundu ghakusinthika na makuni gha visulo panji ghakukhozga, ntheura mukati mungasintha mwakukwana, ndipo makuni ghakutolera katundu ghangasungika kulikose, panji ghangasangika yayi. Nyumba iyi yikuwoneka yayi kuwaro. * Jalawe la Ribbon. Pakuti viliŵa vikukhozga yayi nyumba, mawindo ghakuŵa mu nyumba yose, ntheura vipinda vyose vikuŵa na ungweru wakuyana. * Malo Ghakupatulika. Pakuti nyumba iyi yili na mizati mukati, nyumba iyi yingaŵa yakupepuka chomene panji yakuzengeka na galasi. Palije cifukwa ca kuŵikira mphingilizgo pa mawindo. === "Architectural Promenade" === Fundo yinyake iyo Le Corbusier wakatemwanga chomene ni "Malo Ghakutolekera ku Nyumba za Mafumu". Mu 1928, mu buku lake la Une Maison, un Palais, wakalongosora kuti: "Vinthu vya ku Arabia vikutisambizga fundo yakuzirwa comene. Para mukwenda, para mukwenda kufuma ku malo ghanyake kuya ku ghanyake, ndipo mukuwona umo vyakuzengeka vikukulira. Mu nyumba iyi (Villa Savoye) muli malo ghakutowa comene, agho ghakusintha nyengo zose, ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakukondweska". Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ghakaŵa pa mtenje.<ref>Le Corbusier, ''Une maison – un palais'', G. Crès & Cie (1928), pp. 70–78</ref> === ''Ville Radieuse'' na Urbanism === Mu ma 1930, Le Corbusier wakasazgirako maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vya mu tawuni, ndipo pamanyuma wakagaŵira mu buku la La Ville radiieuse (The Radiant City) mu 1935. Panyake mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa msumba wa Contemporary City na wa Radiant City njakuti msumba wa Radiant City ukaleka kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana; nyumba zikapelekekanga kuyana na unandi wa mbumba, m'malo mwa ndalama. Mwaciyelezgero, Le Corbusier wakawona kuti mu msumba wa Stockholm mukaŵa waka "vinthu vyakofya na vyakuseluska". Iyo wakakhumbanga "kutozga na kusisita" msumba uwu, na kuwuzenga "muzi wakutowa na wankhongono". Nangauli mapulani gha Le Corbusier ghakatondeka, kweni pamasinda ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakazenganga ŵakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano ghake na "kuparanya" msumba uwu. Le Corbusier wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵa vya ndyali ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵangalongozga pa kunozga vinthu. Nga ni umo Norma Evenson wakayowoyera, "ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti msumba uwu uzamuŵa nga ni charu chiphya, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti ni malo ghambura kuzengeka makora". Le Corbusier wakati: "Vinthu ivyo wakalemba vikupambana na ivyo wakalemba vya mapulani gha matawuni kweniso vya vyakuzenga". Mu buku lake la La Ville radiueuse, wakalongosora za wupu wa ŵanthu wambura ndyali, uwo boma likuwuskamo maburoko. Le Corbusier wakaŵa na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, awo ŵakamanyanga vinthu vyambura kunozgeka. Pali kuyana kukuru pakati pa fundo ya unité na ya Fourier. Kufumira kwa Fourier, Le Corbusier wakasankha fundo yakuti boma liŵe lakulongozga m'malo mwa ndyali. === Modulor === {{Main|Modulor}} Modulor wakaŵa ciyerezgero ca munthu ico Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mu nyumba zake. Kweniso ndiyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakupambanapambana pakati pa metric system na British panji American system cifukwa Modulor wakendanga nayo yayi. Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito chiŵerengero cha golide mu nthowa yake ya Modulor kuti walongosore chiŵerengero cha vyakuzenga. Iyo wakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikukolerana na umo Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, na ŵanyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti vinthu viwonekenge makora. Padera pa fundo ya chiŵerengero cha golide, Le Corbusier wakambiska fundo iyi pa nkhani ya kupima kwa ŵanthu, manambara gha Fibonacci, na manambara ghaŵiri. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti Modulor ni mazgu ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti: Ni mathematisation ya thupi, standardization ya thupi, rationalization ya thupi". Iyo wakatora fundo ya Leonardo yakuti munthu waŵe na chiŵerengero cha golide mu thupi lake, ndipo wakagaŵa chiŵerengero cha thupi la munthu mu msana na vigaŵa viŵiri mu chiŵerengero cha golide. Mu 1927, Le Corbusier wakajambura nyumba yakuchemeka Villa Stein ku Garches. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene, kweniso yikaŵa yakutowa chomene. Le Corbusier wakaŵika vinthu vyakukolerana na kuyana mu fundo zake, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikukolerana. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikupangiska munthu kuchita vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa caru capasi. === Kujura woko === [[File:Open_Hand_Monument_in_Chandigarh.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Hand_Monument_in_Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|''[[:en:Open_Hand_Monument|Open Hand Monument]]'' in Chandigarh, India]] Mulimo wa Le Corbusier wa kuzenga ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Munthu wakupeleka na kupokera". Cinthu cikuru comene pa vikozgo vinandi ivyo Le Corbusier wakapanga ni ico cili na msinkhu wa mamita 26 mu msumba wa Chandigarh, ku India, ndipo cikucemeka Open Hand Monument. == Mipando == {{Main|Le Corbusier's Furniture}} Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakususka comene pa vinthu vyakupangika mwakupambanapambana, vyakuzengeka na mawoko, vyakupangika na makuni ghacilendo, na vyakuvwara, ivyo vikapelekeka pa 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts. Pakulondezga nthowa yake, Le Corbusier wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo vinthu vya mu nyumba vikupangikira. Mu buku lake la L'Art Décoratif d'aujourd'hui, ilo wakalemba mu 1925, wakalemba kuti pakwenera kuŵa vinthu vyakudura ivyo vingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Le Corbusier wakalongosora mitundu yitatu ya vyakuvwara: vyakukhumbikwa, vyakuvwara vya mtundu unyake, na vinthu vya viŵaro vya munthu. Wakalongosora kuti viŵaro vya munthu ni: "Vinthu ivyo vikusazgikira ku viŵaro vithu ndipo vikukolerana na milimo ya munthu. Munthu uyo wali na chiŵaro ni muteŵeti wakugomezgeka. Muteŵeti muwemi wakuŵa wamahara na wakujiyuyura kuti waleke kufiska ivyo fumu yake yikukhumba. Nadi, vyakucita vya maluso ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene. Lutilirani kukondwa na vinthu viwemi ivyo mukusankha makora". Wakayowoyaso kuti: "Vipinda ni vyakuzengeka, sofa ni za ŵanthu ŵacaru." [[File:LC4_Chair_by_Le_Corbusier_and_Perriand_1927-28.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LC4_Chair_by_Le_Corbusier_and_Perriand_1927-28.jpg|thumb|Frame of an LC4 chair by Le Corbusier and Perriand (1927–28) at Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris]] Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyakunozgeka kufuma ku Thonet pakunozga vinthu vyake, nga ni nyumba yake ya pa chiphikiro cha vyamalonda cha 1925. Mu 1928, wakati wapharazga fundo zake, wakamba kuyezga kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba. Mu 1928, wakacema Charlotte Perriand kuti wazakateŵetere nayo pa studio yake. Mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, nayo wakalembapo vinthu vinandi. Pakupanga vinthu vyake, wakalaŵiska ku kampani ya Gebrüder Thonet ya ku Germany, iyo yikamba kupanga mipando ya viŵiya vyakuŵa nga ni matayipi mu m'ma 1920. Le Corbusier wakakondwa comene na ivyo Marcel Breuer na Bauhaus ŵakacita, awo mu 1925 ŵakamba kupanga mipando yiwemi comene. Mu 1927, Mubali Mies van der Rohe wakamba kupanga vikozgo vyakulungika na mpando wa thete. Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha kukolerana pakati pa Le Corbusier na Perriand vikaŵa vitundu vitatu vya mipando iyo yikapangika na vithuzithuzi vyakututuŵa vyakupakika na chrome: LC4, Chaise Longue, (1927~28), iyo yikaŵa na vyakuvwara vya chikumba cha ng'ombe, icho chikapangiska kuti yiŵe yakuzizwiska. Vipinda ivi vikapangika kuti viwovwire pa milimo yake yiŵiri, Maison la Roche ku Paris na nyumba ya Barbara na Henry Church. Vyose vitatu vikaŵa na nkharo ya Mies van der Rohe na Marcel Breuer. Mu 1929, Le Corbusier wakapangaso vinthu vinyake vyakunozga nyumba. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kuti mipando yake yiŵe yakudura yayi kweniso kuti yingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni pakwamba yikakhalanga ndarama zinandi chomene ndipo yikapangika yayi m'paka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi. {{Sfn|Riley|2004|page=383}} == Vyakususkana == Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu. Mu ma 1920, wakawovwira kukhazikiska magazini gha Plans, Prélude na L'Homme Réel. Kweniso wakalembanga nkhani za kutinkha Ŵayuda izo zikalembekeranga mu manyuzipepara agha. Pakati pa 1925 na 1928, Le Corbusier wakaŵa paubwezi na Le Faisceau, chipani cha French fascist icho chikadangiliranga na Georges Valois. (Valois wakazgoka munthu wakususka visopa.) Le Corbusier wakamanyanga munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa mu gulu la Faisceau, zina lake Hubert Lagardelle. Mu 1934, Lagardelle wakati wasanga nchito ku ofesi ya ku France ku Rome, wakanozga vyakuti Le Corbusier wasambizge vya ku Italy. Pamasinda, Lagardelle wakaŵa nduna ya vya ntchito mu boma la Vichy. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakapempha boma la Vichy kuti limupenge ntchito yinyake, kweni wakatondeka. Wakaŵa mu komiti iyo yikasambiranga vya mizi. Alexis Carrel, uyo wakaŵa dokotala, wakasora Le Corbusier kuti waŵe mu Dipatimenti Yakusambira vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ya Foundation for the Study of Human Problems. Le Corbusier ŵakamupa mulandu wa kususka Ŵayuda. Iyo wakalembera kalata anyina mu Okutobala 1940, pambere boma la Vichy lindanozge vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vyaru vinyake. Nyengo zinyake nkhuŵa na chitima. Kweni vikuwoneka kuti cifukwa ca kukhumba ndalama, caru cavunda". Kweniso ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyuyura Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Algeria. Apo Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers, wakakanizga nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga, wakati ni zakupambana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria. Ndondomeko yake yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers yikakanika, ndipo pamanyuma pake Le Corbusier wakajipatura ku ndyali.<ref>{{cite book|last=Antliff|first=Mark|title=Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADTdniFtnuwC|year=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9047-3}}</ref> == Kuzuzulika == Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakalumbikanga chomene nga ni Le Corbusier. Mu upharazgi wake wakulumba Le Corbusier pa ungano wakukumbukira munthu uyu mu luŵaza lwa Louvre pa Seputembala 1, 1965, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya ya France, yikati: "Le Corbusier wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵanandi, kweni palije nanga njumoza wa iwo uyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa comene mu kuzgoka kwa vyakuzengeka, cifukwa palije uyo wakazizipizga nthombozgo mwakuzikira ndiposo kwa nyengo yitali".<ref>André Malraux, funeral oration for Le Corbusier, 1 September 1965, cited in Journal (2015), p. 3.1</ref> Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi. Mu 1998, mulembi wa mbiri ya vyakuzenga Witold Rybczynski wakalemba mu magazini ya Time kuti:<blockquote>Wakacicema kuti Ville Radieuse, msumba wakuŵala. Nangauli wakaŵa na mutu wa sumu, kweni kawonero kake ka vinthu mu tawuni kakaŵa kakusuzga, kakusuzga ndipo kakaŵa kakupepuka. Kulikose uko Le Corbusier wakayezga kuchita nthena ku Chandigarh panji ku Brasilia, ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakatondeka. Kuŵa na malango ghakupambanapambana kukaŵa kwaukazuzi ndiposo kukaŵa kwachitima. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghaheni comene, ndipo ndondomeko iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito yikaŵa yakupweteka comene. Ku United States, tawuni ya Radiant City yikaŵa na mapulani ghakuru gha kunozga tawuni na nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba zikuruzikuru izi zikubwangandulika, ndipo nyumba zinandi zikuzengeka mu misewu. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵawona kuti cinthu cakuzirwa comene kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora nkhukolerana, kuleka kupatukana. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu, ghakale na ghaphya wuwo. Msumba uli kusambira kuti ntchiwemi kusungilira mdauko kuluska kwambiraso waka. Ili likaŵa sambiro lakuzirwa comene, ndipo ni sambiro ilo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga yayi, kweni nalo ndakuzirwa comene".<ref>Rybcznski, Witold, ''Time'' magazine, 8 June 1998.</ref></blockquote>Munthu munyake wakumanya mdauko wa tekinoloje na kusanda vya vyakuzenga, zina lake Lewis Mumford, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Yesterday's City of Tomorrow kuti nyumba zikuruzikuru za Le Corbusier zikaŵavya chifukwa chakuŵirapo. Mumford wakalemba kuti malo ghakupatulika agho ghakaŵa pakati pa nyumba yake ghakaŵavya cifukwa cakuŵirako, cifukwa wakawonanga kuti pa zuŵa la bizinesi pakaŵavya cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵendenge mu ofesi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu msumba uwu. Ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu wose iyo yikakhwaskika na maghanoghano ghake yikadumulika cifukwa ca kupatura ŵanthu ŵakavu mu nyumba zakudikanya na kuswa mikhaliro ya ŵanthu. Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga ni Jane Jacobs, uyo wakasuska chomene fundo za Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya kuzenga vinthu mu misumba mu buku lake lakuti The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu vya mu tawuni. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba mazgu gha Le Corbusier apo wakalemba kuti "ni ŵanthu wose yayi awo ŵangaŵa ŵalongozgi. Ŵantchito awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, ŵamalonda, ŵasambazi, mainjiniya, na ŵanthu ŵa maluso ŵakeneranga kukhala mu msumba, apo ŵantchito ŵakeneranga kukhala mu mizi".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urbanism 1|last=Le Corbusier|page=39}}</ref> Alessandro Hseuh-Bruni wakalemba mu "Le Corbusier's "Fatal Flaws ′′ A Critique of Modernism" kuti<blockquote>"Kweniso mapulani gha Le Corbusier ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵanozgeke makora vinthu vya mu tawuni. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikakoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ndipo yikachitiska kuti mu misumba yinandi ya ku Europe, kufuma ku England m'paka ku Soviet Union, muŵe nyumba zinandi. Le Corbusier wakawona kuti ni suzgo kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mulimo uwu ukawoneka mu "Cité Radieuse" (Mzinda Wakuŵala), uwo uli mu msumba wa Marseille, France. Kuzenga malo ghakupatulika agha kukathemba pa kuparanyika kwa mizi ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Vigaŵa vyose vikabwangandulika kuti viŵe malo gha makuni ghanthena agha. Usange mphanyi wakachita ivyo wakhumba, mphanyi msumba wa Marais ukaparanyika. Mwakusazgirapo, fundo ya kupatukana iyo yikaŵa mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha Le Corbusier yikalutilira mu mboniwoni iyi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhongono ŵankhondi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kusangwa na vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=fypapers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628075003/https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=fypapers |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref></blockquote> == Kunhnyeka == [[File:MESP4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MESP4.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Gustavo_Capanema_Palace|Gustavo Capanema Palace]], Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)]] Le Corbusier wakafipanga mtima na masuzgo agho wakawona mu misumba iyo yikaŵa na mafakitale ghakurughakuru. Iyo wakaghanaghananga kuti nyumba za mafakitale zikupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵanandi chomene, kufipiskika, kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵa na nkharo ziheni. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Buku la Ebenezer Howard lakuti Garden Cities of Tomorrow likawovwira chomene Le Corbusier na ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga nayo nyengo yimoza. Le Corbusier wakapangiska kusintha kwa vinthu mu misumba, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kumanya umo galimoto zingasinthira umoyo wa ŵanthu. Iyo wakaghanaghana vya msumba wa munthazi uwo uzamuŵa na nyumba zikuruzikuru izo zizamuŵa nga ni mapaki. Ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za ŵanthu wose ku Europe na ku United States ŵakakolerana na mapulani gha Le Corbusier. Ku Britain, ŵanthu awo ŵakunozga vinthu vya mu tawuni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito buku la Le Corbusier lakuti "Cities in the Sky" kuti ŵazenge nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Le Corbusier wakasuskanga mulimo uliwose wakutozga nyumba. Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuzengeka mu matawuni, kweni ni vigaŵa vya msumba yayi, vikususkika cifukwa cakuti vikuŵa vyakukwenyerezga na vyambura kukondweska ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na Le Corbusier mu studio yake ŵakamanyikwa comene, kusazgapo Nadir Afonso, uyo wakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier. Ndondomeko ya msumba wa Brasília iyo Lúcio Costa wakanozga na msumba wa Zlín uwo František Lydie Gahura wakanozga ku Czech Republic, yikukolerana na fundo zake. Maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier ghakawovwira chomene pakunozga misumba na kuzenga mu Soviet Union. Le Corbusier wakakolerana na fundo yakuti mlengalenga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta. Iyo wakawoneseska kuti galimoto njakugomezgeka pakupeleka vinthu mu misumba. Visambizgo vyake vikaŵa vyakovwira ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba mu misumba ya ku America pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose chifukwa vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti malo gha mu matawuni ghaŵe ghakutowa chomene. Misewu yikuruyikuru yikasazga mizi yiphya iyi na mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko, yakudura, na yakovwira chomene. Mu ndondomeko iyi mukaŵavya kukolerana pakati pa vikaya vya mu matawuni agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyapakati na ŵantchito, kweniso malo agho Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga: vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa tawuni na vikaya, na malo gha malonda. Nga ni umo ŵakacitira, misewu yikuruyikuru yikendanga mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵakavu, nga ni nyumba za Cabrini Green ku Chicago. Cifukwa cakuti mapulojekiti agha ghakaŵavya malo ghakufumira pa msewu ndipo ghakaŵa kutali na msewu, ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na milimo na maofesi agho ghakaŵa ku malo agho Le Corbusier wakendangamo. Apo ntchito zikasamukiranga ku mizi yapafupi na tawuni, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakwendamo mu mizi yawo panji nthowa za ŵanthu ŵanandi zakwendamo. Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira ntchito ghakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakusoŵerwa chomene mwakuti ŵakamba kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera basi kufuma ku tawuni yinyake kuya ku yinyake kuti ziŵawovwire kusanga ntchito za ŵantchito na za ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu lapakati. Le Corbusier wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya mizi pa charu chose. Ku United States, Shadrach Woods; ku Spain, Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza; ku Brazil, Oscar Niemeyer; ku Mexico, Mario Pani Darqui; ku Chile, Roberto Matta; ku Argentina, Antoni Bonet i Castellana (munthu wakucimbira ku Catalonia), Juan Kurchan, Jorge Ferrari Hardoy, Amancio Williams, na Clorindo Testa mu nyengo yakwamba; ku Uruguay, ŵasambizgi Justino Serralta na Carlos Gómez Gavazzo; ku Colombia, Germán Samper Gnecco, Rogelio Salmona, na Dicken Castro; ku Peru, Abel Hurtado na José Carlos Ortecho; ku Lebanon, Joseph Philippe Karam; ku India Shiv Nath Prasad. == Wupu wa Corbusier == [[File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-Édouard_Jeanneret),_reproduced_in_Život_2_(1922).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Corbusier_(Charles-%C3%89douard_Jeanneret),_reproduced_in_%C5%BDivot_2_(1922).jpg|thumb|Le Corbusier, mulimo uwo uli mu Život 2 (1922)]] Fondation Le Corbusier ni wupu wa ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakuwona milimo ya Le Corbusier. Likuŵa na nyumba ya vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale yakuchemeka Maison La Roche, iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha 16 ku 8 ̊10, square du Dr Blanche, Paris, France. Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1968. Pasono ni nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (iyo ni likuru la wupu uwu), kweniso nyumba iyo Le Corbusier wakakhalanga kufuma mu 1933 m'paka 1965 pa rue Nungesser et Coli mu Paris 16e, na "Nyumba Yichoko" iyo wakazengera ŵapapi ŵake ku Corseaux mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Lac Leman (1924). Nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (1923~24), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti nyumba ya La Roche-Jeanneret, ni nyumba ziŵiri izo Le Corbusier wakazenga ku Paris. Vipinda ivi vili mu ngodya yakwenelera, ndipo vili na visalu, simiti, na visalu vyambura kanthu. Pasono nyumba ya La Roche yili na vyakujambulira vyakujumpha 8,000 vya Le Corbusier (wakateŵeteranga lumoza na Pierre Jeanneret kufuma mu 1922 m'paka mu 1940), kweniso vithuzithuzi vyake vyakujumpha 450, vyakujambulira vya enamel pafupifupi 30, na vinyake vyakujumpha 200, kweniso mabuku ghanandi. Likulongosora kuti lili na vithuzithuzi vinandi chomene vya Le Corbusier.<ref name="foundation">{{cite web |title=Foundation: History |url=http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=19&IrisObjectId=7778&sysLanguage=en-en&itemPos=1&sysParentId=19&clearQuery=1 |access-date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Fondation Le Corbusier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318220302/http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=19&IrisObjectId=7778&sysLanguage=en-en&itemPos=1&sysParentId=19&clearQuery=1 |archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="parisinfo">{{cite web |title=Musée: Fondation Le Corbusier – Maison La Roche |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/paris-museum-monument/71409/Fondation-Le-Corbusier-Maison-La-Roche |access-date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau}}</ref> == Vyawanangwa == * Mu 1937, Le Corbusier wakapika zina lakuti Chevalier of the Legion d'honneur. Mu 1945, wakimikika kuŵa Mulara wa Legiyoni ya Cindi. Mu 1952, wakacemeka Commandeur of the Legion d'honneur. Paumaliro, pa Julayi 2, 1964, Le Corbusier wakapika zina lakuti Grand Officer of the Legion d'honneur. * Wakaŵa na Frank P. Brown Medal na AIA Gold Medal mu 1961. * Mu Juni 1959, Yunivesite ya Cambridge yikamupa digiri Le Corbusier.<ref name="cambridge">{{cite web |title=About the Faculty |url=http://www.aha.cam.ac.uk/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302185218/http://www.aha.cam.ac.uk/about |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=18 March 2014 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> == Malo Ghakumanyikwa na Ŵanthu Ŵanandi == Mu 2016, nyumba 17 za Le Corbusier izo zili mu vyaru 7 zikapika zina lakuti UNESCO World Heritage Sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |language=en}}</ref> == Malo ghakukumbukirako == Cithuzithuzi ca Le Corbusier cikaŵa pa ndalama za ku Switzerland zakukwana ma francs 10, ndipo wakavwara magalasi. Mazina gha malo agha ghakumanyikwa na zina lake: * Place Le Corbusier, Paris, near the site of his ''[[wiktionary:atelier|atelier]]'' on the Rue de Sèvres * Le Corbusier Boulevard, [[:en:Laval,_Quebec|Laval, Quebec]], Canada * Place Le Corbusier in his hometown of [[:en:La_Chaux-de-Fonds|La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Switzerland * Le Corbusier Street in the ''[[:en:Partidos_of_Buenos_Aires|partido]]'' of [[:en:Malvinas_Argentinas|Malvinas Argentinas]], [[:en:Buenos_Aires_Province|Buenos Aires Province]], Argentina * Le Corbusier Street in ''Le Village Parisien'' of [[:en:Brossard,_Quebec|Brossard, Quebec]], Canada * Le Corbusier Promenade, a promenade along the water at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin * Le Corbusier Museum, Sector – 19 [[:en:Chandigarh|Chandigarh]], India * Le Corbusier Museum in Stuttgart am Weissenhof == Ntchito == {{Main|List of Le Corbusier buildings}} * 1923: [[:en:Villa_La_Roche|Villa La Roche]], Paris, France * 1925: [[:en:Villa_Jeanneret|Villa Jeanneret]], Paris, France * 1926: [[:en:Cité_Frugès_de_Pessac|Cité Frugès]], [[:en:Pessac|Pessac]], France * 1928: [[:en:Villa_Savoye|Villa Savoye]], [[:en:Poissy-sur-Seine|Poissy-sur-Seine]], France * 1929: [[:en:Cité_du_Refuge|Cité du Refuge]], [[:en:Armée_du_Salut|Armée du Salut]], Paris, France * 1931: [[:en:Palace_of_the_Soviets|Palace of the Soviets]], Moscow, USSR (project) * 1931: [[:en:Immeuble_Clarté|Immeuble Clarté]], Geneva, Switzerland * 1933: [[:en:Tsentrosoyuz_building|Tsentrosoyuz]], Moscow, USSR * 1947–1952: [[:en:Unité_d'Habitation|Unité d'Habitation]], [[:en:Marseille|Marseille]], France * 1949–1952: [[:en:United_Nations_headquarters|United Nations headquarters]], New York City, U.S. (Consultant) * 1949–1953: [[:en:Curutchet_House|Curutchet House]], [[:en:La_Plata|La Plata]], Argentina (project manager: [[:en:Amancio_Williams|Amancio Williams]]) * 1950–1954: Chapelle [[:en:Notre_Dame_du_Haut|Notre Dame du Haut]], Ronchamp, France * 1951: [[:en:Maisons_Jaoul|Maisons Jaoul]], [[:en:Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly-sur-Seine]], France * 1951: Buildings in [[:en:Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]], India ** 1951: [[:en:Sanskar_Kendra|Sanskar Kendra]] Museum, Ahmedabad ** 1951: [[:en:ATMA_House|ATMA House]] ** 1951: [[:en:Villa_Sarabhai|Villa Sarabhai]], Ahmedabad ** 1951: [[:en:Villa_Shodhan|Villa Shodhan]], Ahmedabad ** 1951: Villa of [[:en:Chinubhai_Chimanlal|Chinubhai Chimanlal]], Ahmedabad * 1952: Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé, [[:en:Nantes|Nantes]], France * 1952–1959: Buildings in [[:en:Chandigarh|Chandigarh]], India ** 1952: [[:en:Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court|Palace of Justice]] ** 1952: [[:en:Government_Museum_and_Art_Gallery,_Chandigarh|Museum and Gallery of Art]] ** 1953: [[:en:Secretariat_Building_(Chandigarh)|Secretariat Building]] ** 1953: [[:en:Governor's_Palace_(Chandigarh)|Governor's Palace]] ** 1955: [[:en:Palace_of_Assembly_(Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]] ** 1959: Government College of Art (GCA) and the [[:en:Chandigarh_College_of_Architecture|Chandigarh College of Architecture]] (CCA) * 1957: [[:en:Maison_du_Brésil|Maison du Brésil]], [[:en:Cité_Internationale_Universitaire_de_Paris|Cité Universitaire]], Paris, France * 1957–1960: [[:en:Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette|Sainte Marie de La Tourette]], near [[:en:Lyon|Lyon]], France (with [[:en:Iannis_Xenakis|Iannis Xenakis]]) * 1957: [[:en:Unité_d'Habitation_of_Berlin|Unité d'Habitation of Berlin]]-Charlottenburg, Flatowallee 16, Berlin, Germany * 1962: [[:en:Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts|Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]] at [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard University]], [[:en:Cambridge,_Massachusetts|Cambridge, Massachusetts]], U.S. * 1964–1969: [[:en:Patrimoine_Le_Corbusier_de_Firminy-Vert|Firminy-Vert]], France ** 1964: [[:en:Unité_d'Habitation_of_Firminy-Vert|Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert]] ** 1965: [[:en:Maison_de_la_Culture_de_Firminy|Maison de la Culture de Firminy]] * 1967: [[:en:Heidi_Weber_Museum|Heidi Weber Museum]] (Centre Le Corbusier), Zürich, Switzerland == Mabuku gha Le Corbusier == * 1918: ''Après le cubisme'' (''After Cubism''), with [[:en:Amédée_Ozenfant|Amédée Ozenfant]] * 1923: ''[[:en:Toward_an_Architecture|Vers une architecture]]'' (''Towards an Architecture'') (frequently mistranslated as "Towards a New Architecture") * 1925: ''Urbanisme'' (''Urbanism'') * 1925: ''La Peinture moderne'' (''Modern Painting''), with Amédée Ozenfant * 1925: ''L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui'' (''The Decorative Arts of Today'') * 1930: ''Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme'' (''Precisions on the present state of architecture and urbanism'') * 1931: ''Premier clavier de couleurs'' (''First Color Keyboard'') * 1935: ''Aircraft'' * 1935: ''La Ville radieuse'' (''The Radiant City'') * 1942: ''[[:en:Athens_Charter|Charte d'Athènes]]'' (''Athens Charter'') * 1943: ''Entretien avec les étudiants des écoles d'architecture'' (''A Conversation with Architecture Students'') * 1945: ''Les Trois établissements Humains'' (''The Three Human Establishments'') * 1948: ''[[:en:Modulor|Le Modulor]]'' (''The Modulor'') * 1953: ''Le Poeme de l'Angle Droit'' (''The [[:en:Poem_of_the_Right_Angle|Poem of the Right Angle]]'') * 1955: ''Le Modulor 2'' (''The Modulor 2'') * 1959: ''Deuxième clavier de couleurs'' (''Second Colour Keyboard'') * 1964: ''Quand les Cathédrales Etáient Blanches'' (''When the Cathedrals were White'') * 1966: ''Le Voyage d'Orient'' (''The Voyage to the East'') == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Butterfly_roof|Butterfly roof]] * [[:en:Crystal_Cubism|Crystal Cubism]] * [[:en:Mathematics_and_art|Mathematics and art]] * [[:en:Raoul_Albert_La_Roche|Raoul Albert La Roche]] (Swiss donator and collector of art) == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Vyakulemba === * {{cite book|last=Arwas|first=Victor|title=Art Deco|url=https://archive.org/details/artdeco0000arwa|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Inc.|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8109-1926-6}} * Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014) ''Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture'', CreateSpace, {{ISBN|978-1-4959-0625-1}}. * {{cite book|last=Bony|first=Anne|title=L'Architecture moderne|url=https://archive.org/details/larchitecturemod0000bony|publisher=Larousse|year=2012|isbn=978-2-03-587641-6}} * Behrens, Roy R. (2005). ''Cook Book: Gertrude Stein, William Cook and Le Corbusier''. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books. {{ISBN|0-9713244-1-7}}. * Brooks, H. Allen (1999) ''Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-Fonds'', Paperback Edition, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-07582-6}}.. * Eliel, Carol S. (2002). ''L'Esprit Nouveau: Purism in Paris, 1918–1925''. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8109-6727-8}}. * [[:en:William_J._R._Curtis|Curtis, William J.R.]] (1994) ''Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms'', Phaidon, {{ISBN|978-0-7148-2790-2}}. * {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Fishman|title=Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier|url=https://archive.org/details/urbanutopiasintw0000fish|isbn=978-0-262-56023-8|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=1982}} * [[:en:Kenneth_Frampton|Frampton, Kenneth]]. (2001). ''Le Corbusier'', London, Thames and Hudson. * [[:en:Charles_Jencks|Jencks, Charles]] (2000) ''Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution in Architecture'', The Monacelli Press, {{ISBN|978-1-58093-077-2}}. * Jornod, Naïma and Jornod, Jean-Pierre (2005) ''Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint'', Skira, {{ISBN|88-7624-203-1}}. * {{cite book|last=Journel|first=Guillemette Morel|title=Le Corbusier- Construire la Vie Moderne|publisher=Editions du Patrimoine: Centre des Monument Nationaux|year=2015|language=fr|isbn=978-2-7577-0419-6}} * Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. (2015) 'Transgression and Ekphrasis in Le Corbusier's ''Journey to the East''' in ''Transgression: Towards the Expanded Field in Architecture'', edited by Louis Rice and David Littlefield, London: Routledge, 57–75, {{ISBN|978-1-13-881892-7}}. * {{cite book|last=Le Corbusier|title=L'Art décoratif d'aujourdhui|year=1925|publisher=G. Crés et Cie|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Le Corbusier|title=Vers une architecture|year=1923|publisher=Flammarion (1995)|language=fr|isbn=978-2-0812-1744-7}} * {{cite book|title=''Le Corbusier- Lettres a ses maitres''|editor=Dumont, Marie-Jeanne|year=2002|language=fr|publisher=Editions du Linteau}} * Solitaire, Marc (2016) ''Au retour de La Chaux-de-Fonds: Le Corbusier & Froebel'', editions Wiking, {{ISBN|978-2-9545239-1-0}}. * {{cite book|last=Riley|first=Noël|title=Grammaire des Arts Décoratifs|publisher=Flammarion|year=2004|language=fr}} * Von Moos, Stanislaus (2009) ''Le Corbusier: Elements of A Synthesis'', Rotterdam, 010 Publishers. * Weber, Nicholas Fox (2008) ''Le Corbusier: A Life'', Alfred A. Knopf, {{ISBN|0-375-41043-0}}. == Ukaboni wakuwalo == {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Le Corbusier}} {{wikiquote}} {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160916060559/https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/3460627 Le Corbusier architectural drawings, 1935–1961]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190623062924/http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/ Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives], [http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/ Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100226073221/http://www.fondationlecorbusier.asso.fr/ Fondation Le Corbusier] – Official site * [https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/offices/le-corbusier Projects by Le Corbusier] – [[:en:ArchDaily|ArchDaily]] * [http://www.archsociety.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.24 Le Corbusier's Working Lifestyle: 'Working with Le Corbusier'] * Plummer, Henry. [http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=806910 ''Cosmos of Light: The Sacred Architecture of Le Corbusier'']. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013. * {{cite web |title=Le Corbusier and the Sun |url=http://solarhousehistory.com/blog/2013/10/28/le-corbusier-and-the-sun |publisher=solarhousehistory.com}} {{Le Corbusier}}{{Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century}}{{Authority control (arts)}}<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> pbirjf1kvtbtzfnaq2jox6tv3qnywbc 0 29161 122693 122367 2026-09-28T03:14:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue|name=Stediyamu ya Kamuzu|image=Kamuzu Stadium exterior.JPG|caption=Kuwalo kwa sitediyamu|location=[[Blantyre]], Malawi|opened=1964|renovated=1968, 2004|surface=[[Act Global]] [[Artificial Turf]], FIFA Certified|tenants=[[Nyasa Big Bullets FC]]<br>[[Mighty Wanderers FC]]<br>[[Malawi national football team]] (until 2017)}} '''Stediyamu ya Kamuzu''' ni sitediyamu ya ntchito zinandi ku [[Blantyre]], [[Malawi]]. Pasono malo agha ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa maseŵero gha bola. Malo agha ghali na ŵanthu 65,000. Vinthu ivi vingaŵa vyakukanizgika cifukwa ca kuvikilira umoyo. Big Bullets na Be Forward Wanderers ndiwo ŵakukhalamo.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2016 |title=Top 10 Largest Stadiums in Africa 2016 |url=http://www.africaranking.com/top-10-largest-stadiums-in-africa/2/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211246/http://www.africaranking.com/top-10-largest-stadiums-in-africa/2/ |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> == Mbili == Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa [[Britain]], malo agha ghakachemekanga [[Rangeley Stadium]]. J. Wakayama Rangeley. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, malo agha ghakacemeka Kamuzu Stadium, kutolera zina la pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Malawi, [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]]. L. Jeffery na [[Steve Price]] ndiwo ŵakapanga vyakuwonerapo vikuruvikuru. Pambuyo pa utsogoleri wa Kamuzu, dzina lake linasinthidwa kukhala Chichiri Stadium pansi pa Purezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]]; kwene, pansi pakunjila m'malo mwa Muluzi, Bingu wa Mutharika, zina la Kamuzu Stadium likayambilaso mu 2004.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13370512_ITM "Malawian president orders three facilities named after founding father Banda"], BBC Monitoring International Reports, September 15, 2004.</ref> [[FIFA]] yikovwira kuti malo agha ghazgoke malo ghakupangira bola. Malo agha ghakuchemeka Xtreme Turf, ndipo ghakapangika na Act Global. Ungano wa kujura kwa Pulezidenti Peter Mutharika ukachitikira ku Kamuzu Stadium pa 2 June 2014.<ref>Zawadi Chilunga, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212425/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/06/02/mutharika-regrets-jbs-snub-in-power-handover-muluzi-cheered/ "Mutharika regrets JB's snub in power handover: Muluzi cheered"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212425/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/06/02/mutharika-regrets-jbs-snub-in-power-handover-muluzi-cheered/|date=2014-06-06}}, ''Nyasa Times'', 2 June 2014.</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313200324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/specials/1333_malawi_fifa/ Illustrated BBC World Service story about an AIDS awareness event held at Kamuzu] * [https://cafe.daum.net/stade/Dlwn/14 Photos] at [https://cafe.daum.net/stade/ cafe.daum.net/stade] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711090630/http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/africa/malawi/blantyre_kamuzu.shtml Photos] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060316095418/http://www.worldstadiums.com/ worldstadiums.com] {{coord|15|47|56|S|35|2|4.2|E|type:landmark|display=title}} {{Malawi-sports-venue-stub}} ffhscqcr1tdce22z4xa85vv2ny37ynt 0 29162 122489 77158 2026-09-28T00:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{Infobox Hospital||Name=Chipatala cha Mercy James Institute Chakuchitila Opaleshoni na Kupwelelela Ŵana|Org/Group=[[Raising Malawi]]|Image=|Caption=<!-- optional -->|Logo=<!-- optional -->|Location=[[Blantyre]], [[Malawi]]|Coordinates=|Region=|State=|Country=[[Malawi]]|HealthCare=Public, [[Non-profit]]|Type=Paediatric|Specialty=[[Paediatrics]], [[Surgery]], [[Intensive Care]]|Standards=|Emergency=I|Affiliation=[[University of Malawi]]|Beds=50+|Founded={{Start date and age|df=yes|2017|07|11}}|Closed=<!-- optional -->|Website=|Wiki-Links=Hospitals in Malawi}}'''Chipatala cha Mercy James Institute Chakuchitila Opaleshoni na Kupwelelela Ŵana''', panji kuti, '''Mercy''' '''James Centre for Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care (MJC)''', Mercy James Centre, panji Mercy James Hospital, ni chipatala cha ŵana ku [[Malawi]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Phiri |first=Frank |date=11 July 2017 |title=Malawi hails Madonna's 'motherly spirit' at opening of new hospital |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-madonna/malawi-hails-madonnas-motherly-spirit-at-opening-of-new-hospital-idUSKBN19W1XX |accessdate=17 September 2017 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> == Malo == Sukulu iyi yili mu msumba wa [[Blantyre]], uwo ni msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Malawi. Chipatala ichi chili pa malo gha "Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital", chipatala chikuru chomene ku [[Blantyre]]. Kweniso kuli pafupi na Yunivesite ya Malawi College of Medicine, iyo yikugwiliskira nchito chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth Central, ico chili na mabedi 1,000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ameca UK |date=17 September 2017 |title=Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi |url=http://ameca.org.uk/directory/listing/queen-elizabeth-hospital-malawi |publisher=Ameca.org.uk (Ameca UK) |location=London |accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> == Mwapatali == Malo agha ghakaŵako cifukwa ca wupu wa Raising Malawi, wupu wa mawupu ghambura vya boma, uwo Madonna wakambiska, pamoza na unduna wa vyaumoyo wa Malawi, kuti upelekenge wovwiri wakulwaralwara ku ŵana na kusazgirako unandi wa maopareshoni gha ŵana agho ghakucitika pa chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth Central. Mercy James Centre ni chipatala cha mazuŵa ghano icho chili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital mu msumba wa Blantyre, Malawi.<ref name="About">{{cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Mercy James Institute of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care |url=http://www.raisingmalawi.org/health/ |publisher=Raising Malawi Organisation (RMO) |accessdate=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912194714/http://www.raisingmalawi.org/health/ |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Pambere MJC yindambe, chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth Central chikasanganga vipatala vyambura kukwana 10. Mu caru cose ici mukaŵa ŵanthu 17 miliyoni, ndipo 15 peresenti ya ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵacoko kuluska vilimika 15. Wupu uphya uwu ukuzgora mafumbo agha. Malo agha ghakusambizgirako ŵadokotala ŵa ŵana ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name="About" /> == Mbili == Mu Novembala 2014, boma likapharazga vya kuzenga sukulu iyi. Ntchito ya kuzenga yikamba mu 2015 ndipo chipatala ichi chikajulika pa Julayi 11, 2017..<ref>{{cite web |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=11 July 2017 |title=Madonna Celebrates Opening of Malawi Pediatric Surgery Center with Her Children: 'Never Give Up on Your Dreams' |url=http://people.com/babies/madonna-mercy-james-institute-opening-with-children/ |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Education_in_Malawi|Education in Malawi]] * [[:en:Eric_Borgstein|Eric Borgstein]] * [[:en:Healthcare_in_Malawi|Healthcare in Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [http://www.raisingmalawi.org/ Website of Raising Malawi] * [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/madonnas-song-of-hope-for-malawis-children/ Madonna's song of hope for Malawi's children] {{Authority control}} {{coord|15|48|07|S|35|01|08|E|display=title}} nfx4kr6qflx35wgrcbcbdb60l38xrcq 0 29197 122488 112327 2026-09-28T00:28:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian public referral hospital}} {{Infobox hospital|name='''Chipatala cha Kamuzu'''|org/group=|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|13|58|37|S|33|47|11|E|display=inline, title}}|location=[[Lilongwe]], [[Malawi]]|region=|state=|country=|pushpin_map=Malawi|map_caption=Malo agho kuli Lilongwe|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=|type=|affiliation=[[University of North Carolina]]|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=Yes|beds=780|speciality= |image = Kamuzu Central Hospital.jpg |helipad=No|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|founded={{start date and years ago|1977}}|closed=|demolished=|website=<!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->|other_links=[[List of hospitals in Malawi]]|module=}}'''Chipatala cha Kamuzu Central''' ni chipatala cha tertiary referral mu msumba wa [[Lilongwe]], (likulu la [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]). Pa malo agha pali mabedi 780, kweni unandi wa ŵalwari ukujumpha unandi wa mabedi. Likuteŵetera ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni, ŵakufuma ku vipatala vinkhondi vya mu vigaŵa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Malawi na vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique na Zimbabwe.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |date=May 2020 |title=About Kamuzu Central Hospital |url=https://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/apps/first_wave/malawi_middlesbrough/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222005533/http://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/apps/first_wave/malawi_middlesbrough/en/ |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva Switzerland}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=The Electives Network |date=12 May 2020 |title=Profile of Kamuzu Central Hospital |url=https://www.electives.net/hospital/4879/preview |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=Electives.net |location=Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918112347/https://www.electives.net/hospital/4879/preview |archive-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> == Malo == Chipatala ichi chili mu chigaŵa cha Lilongwe icho chikuchemeka Area 33 (nangwagwa), kumwera kwa Lingazi Namilomba Forest Reserve na Lilongwe Wildlife Centre; pafupi na Kamuzu College of Nursing. Malo gha chipatala agha ni:13°58'37.0"S, 33°47'11.0"E (Latitude:-13.976944; Longitude:33.786389).<ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Location of Kamuzu Central Hospital|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/13%C2%B058'37.0%22S+33%C2%B047'11.0%22E/@-13.9769444,33.7863889,381m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-13.9769444!4d33.7863889|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> == Mwakudumula == Chipatala cha Kamuzu Central ni chipatala chikuru icho chikovwira chipatala cha Central Region of Malawi. Ni cipatala ico ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ŵakuluta. Mu Meyi 2020, pakaŵa ŵadokotala pafupifupi 60 na manesi pafupifupi 300. Mu 2019, chipatala ichi chikapokeleranga ŵana 25,000 pa chaka. Pa avereji, ŵana 70 ŵakufwa zuŵa lililose. Mu mwezi wa Epulero chaka cha 2012, Bingu wa Mutharika (24 February 1934 - 5 April 2012), purezidenti wachitatu wa Malawi, wakalaŵiskika ku Kamuzu Central Hospital ndipo ŵakamusanga na nthenda ya mtima.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=Agencies |date=6 April 2012 |title=Malawi president 'in critical condition' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/201245175737562122.html |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=[[Aljazeera.com]] |location=Doha}}</ref> == Mbili == Chipatala ichi chikazengeka mu 1977 na Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), na ndalama izo boma la Denmark likapeleka. Kweni pambere chipatala ichi chindazengeke, pakaŵa masuzgo gha ndyali. Cigaŵa cakwamba pera ndico cikamara. Ŵadokotala awo ŵakaŵaleka ŵakaŵa (a) awo ŵakumanya vya nthumbo na matenda gha ŵanakazi (Gynecology) kusazgapo awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵati ŵababa. Kufuma mu 1977 mpaka mu 2004, chipatala ichi chikachemekanga Lilongwe Central Hospital. Mu 2004, likasintha zina lake na kucemeka.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Tarek Meguid and Elled Mwenyekonde |date=January 2005 |title=The Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Kamuzu Central Hospital and Bottom Hospital, Malawi: A Situation Analysis |url=https://www.who.int/management/country/mwi/kamuzu_hospital.pdf |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Lilongwe |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref> == Kugwilira lumoza na kucitirana vinthu pamoza == Chipatala cha Kamuzu Central chili na ubwezi na Yunivesite ya North Carolina. Chilato cha ntchito iyi nkhupenja nthowa ziphya zakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Chipatala ichi chikovwirikaso na Baylor Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI). Wupu wa German Hospital Partnership MAGNET, uwo ukwendeskeka na German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH (GIZ), nawo ukawovwira. Ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zikalutilira m'paka mu 2015, ndipo zikamba mu 2008.<ref name="9R">{{cite web |author=Esther–Magnet Organisation |date=4 July 2011 |title=Esther–Magnet: Malawi German Networking for Capacity Building in Treatment, Training and Research at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi |url=http://esther-magnet.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801102326/http://esther-magnet.org/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=Esther–Magnet Organisation © Institute of Public Health, University Hospital Heidelberg |format=Archived from the original on 1 August 2015}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_hospitals_in_Malawi|List of hospitals in Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://www.malawiproject.org/the-halls-of-kamuzu-central-hospital/ The Halls of Kamuzu Central Hospital] As of 4 August 2007. * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272165912_Self-directed_e-learning_at_a_tertiary_hospital_in_Malawi_-_A_qualitative_Evaluation_and_Lessons_learnt Self-directed e-learning at a tertiary hospital in Malawi – A qualitative Evaluation and Lessons learnt] Article (PDF Available) in German medical science : GMS e-journal 32(1) · February 2015 with 635 Reads.  * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273832159_Hospital_Partnership_MAGNET_Malawi_German_Networking_for_Capacity_Building_in_Treatment_Training_and_Research_at_Kamuzu_Central_Hospital_KCH_Lilongwe_Malawi Hospital Partnership MAGNET: Malawi German Networking for Capacity Building in Treatment, Training and Research at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi] Conference Paper (PDF Available) · November 2014 with 444 Reads.  {{Authority control}} 8ugdl3c1wzblboo3gqd7ijb6b45gd94 0 29267 122651 77315 2026-09-28T02:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Political system of Zambia}}{{Good article}} {{Politics of Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} Ndyali za [[Zambia]] zikuchitika mu chalo cha presidental representative democratic republic, apo president wa Zambia ni mutu wa chalo, mutu wa boma na mulongozgi wa chipani. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Kumanyuma kukachemekanga Northern Rhodesia, ndipo mu Okutobala 1964, Zambia yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira payekha. Nangauli Zambia yikaŵa boma la demokilase kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa, kweni likasintha na kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza kwa vyaka 19 kwambira pa Disembala 8, 1972, m'paka apo boma la chipani chimoza likambiraso pa Disembala 4, 1990. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia ni charu icho chili na demokilase yakukhora, ndipo mwa mtende, maboma ghanayi (UNIP, MMD, PF na UPND) ghakusintha mazaza..<ref>{{Cite web |title=47. Zambia (1964–present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/zambia-1964-present/ |access-date=2019-01-29 |website=uca.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510013349/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/zambia-1964-present/ |archive-date=10 May 2023}}</ref> The [[:en:Economist_Intelligence_Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU) rated Zambia as a hybrid regime in 2020. The EIU has also consistently put Zambia among the top ten most democratic African countries, ranking it 8th in Africa and 99th in the world as of 2018 (167 states).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year|title=Global democracy has a very bad year|newspaper=The Economist|date=2 February 2021}}</ref> This is also while [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|Freedom House]] ranks Zambia as ‘Partly Free’, with a score of 52/100 (0 least free and 100 mostly free) as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/zambia/freedom-world/2021}}</ref> == Boma na dango == Pa Ogasiti 25, 1973, ŵakafumiska dango lakwamba ilo likaŵa mu 1964. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango na maungano gha boma agho ghakacitika mu Disembala 1973 ghakaŵa ghaumaliro kuti paŵe "democracy". Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1973 yikalongora kuti paŵe pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti yikuru ya United National Independence Party (UNIP), ndiyo yikapanganga ndondomeko ya ndyali. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru. Mwakukolerana na khumbo la UNIP lakuti liŵe na mazaza pa boma liphya, dango la boma likati munthu yekha uyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu waciŵiri mu wupu wa Zambia wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa UNIP. Mu Disembala 1990, paumaliro wa chaka cha vivulupi ico mukaŵa vivulupi mu msumba ukuru na kuyezga kutimbanizga boma, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakalemba dango ilo likamazga mazaza gha UNIP. Pakuzgora kupempha kwa ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na vyaru vinandi, ndipo pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pakati pa boma la Kaunda na magulu ghakwimikana na boma, Zambia yikalemba dango liphya mu Ogasiti 1991. Dango ili likasazgirako wupu wa National Assembly kufuma pa ŵanthu 136 kufika pa ŵanthu 158, likakhazikiska komiti ya vyakusankha, ndipo likazomerezga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakujumpha yumoza awo ŵangaŵa ŵimiliri ŵa UNIP. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthikaso mu 1996 kuti yikhazikiske vigaŵa viphya pa udindo wa purezidenti (mwakusazgapo vigaŵa viŵiri vyakudumura nyengo, na kukhumba kuti ŵapapi wose ŵa munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti ŵababike mu Zambia). Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakusankhika, ŵanthu 10 (kanandi 8) awo ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso muyowoyeri. Charu cha Zambia chili na vigaŵa 10, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa chigaŵa. Kufumira mu 2010, dango liphya la boma lili kunozgeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release : Draft National Constitution |url=http://www.zambian-economist.com/2010/06/press-release-draft-national.html |website=www.zambian-economist.com}}</ref> == Mbiri ya ndyali == Munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Zambia kwamba mu 1964 mpaka mu 1991, wakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakalongozga nkhondo ya kujiwombora na kumazga mphindano pakati pa vigaŵa na mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Kaunda wakayezga kukhazikiska boma pa fundo ya "ŵanthu", iyo yikukanira ŵanthu kuti ŵacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndipo yikayowoyanga chomene vya kukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu, kweni kuti munthu ndiyo wakeneranga yayi. Pa nyengo iyo Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghose ŵakaŵa na ŵantchito mu boma. Chipani cha Kaunda, United National Independence Party (UNIP), chikakhazikiskika mu 1959 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza kufuma mu 1964 mpaka 1991. Pambere chaka cha 1972 chindafike, Zambia yikaŵa na vipani vikuruvikuru vitatu: UNIP, Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, na United Progressive Party (UPP). Gulu la ANC likasanga nkhongono kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera, apo UPP yikasanga wovwiri pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiBemba mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vyose vya caru ici ŵanthu ŵakakolerana nayo yayi, kweni UNIP pera ndiyo yikaŵa na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi pa caru cose.{{fact|date=May 2023}} === Boma la chipani cimoza === Mu Febuluwale 1972, Zambia yikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza, ndipo vipani vinyake vyose vya ndyali vikakanizgika. Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti, wakasankhika pa maungano gha mu 1973. Pakaŵaso maungano gha chigaŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa UNIP pera ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga kwimilira, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chomene. Mu Disembala 1978 na Okutobala 1983, pulezidenti Kaunda wakimikikaso. Mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 pa 100 awo ŵakalembeska ŵakavota, ndipo 93% ŵakazomera.{{fact|date=May 2023}} === 1991: Kusamukira ku boma la vyaru vinandi === Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga umo UNIP yikugwilira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu 1990 gulu la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) likure. Gulu la MMD likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Zambia, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakafumako ku UNIP na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵantchito. Mu chaka chenechicho, Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti paŵe referendum ya boma la chipani chimoza kweni, chifukwa cha kukana, wakawuskapo fundo iyi ndipo wakalembapo chikalata chakusinthira dango ilo likapangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na vyaru vinandi. Pa 31 Okutobala, 1991, ku Zambia kukacitika mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi kufuma mu ma 1960. Wakunjilirapo wa MMD Frederick Chiluba wakaluska Kenneth Kaunda pa mavoti 76% pa mavoti gha pa presidenti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia: 1991 Presidential election national results &#124; EISA |url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-1991-presidential-election-national-results |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210407/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-1991-presidential-election-national-results |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-07-03}}</ref> Kuonjezera pa chigonjetso cha MMD, pa chisankho cha nyumba za malamulo MMD inapeza mipando 125 pa mipando 150 yosankhidwa ndipo UNIP yotsala 25. Ndipouli, UNIP yikatonda mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo yikapokera vithuzithuzi 19. === 1991-2001: MMD na [[Frederick Chiluba]] === Paumaliro wa nyengo yakwamba ya Chiluba pakuŵa pulezidenti (1996), chilato cha MMD cha kusintha ndyali chikaŵa kuti chachepa chifukwa cha ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵakambiska magulu ghakwimikana. Pakuthemba pa chiŵelengero chikuru cha MMD mu nyumba ya malango, Pulezidenti Chiluba mu mwezi wa Meyi 1996 wakakhwimiska kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo Pulezidenti wakale Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa chipani cha opposition mu mavoti gha 1996 gha pulezidenti. Mu Novembala 1996, Chiluba wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na pa mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango. Chipani cha UNIP cha Kaunda chikakana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango kuti chichitire chipani chake chipani cha UNIP chipani cha UNIP chikana mavoti gha pa nyumba ya mavoti chifukwa cha kuleka kusankha mulongozgi wawo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti. Nangauli UNIP yikakana, kweni mavoti ghakacitika mwamtende, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhondi awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pulezidenti na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 awo ŵakalindiliranga kuŵa pa maparamende ŵa vipani 11 ŵakanjira. Kweni pamasinda, vyaru vinyake na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghambura urunji. Apo Pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba uteŵeti wake waciŵiri mu 1997, ŵakususka ŵakalutilira kukana ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2001, ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Pulezidenti Chiluba ŵakambiska kampeni ya kusintha ndyali kuti Chiluba wazakaŵepo pa udindo wake kachitatu. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, magulu ghakwimikana na boma, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu chipani icho chili na mazaza, ŵakakondwa chomene na ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga Chiluba kuti waleke kuwina. Pa Disembala 27, 2001, ŵakachita maungano gha purezidenti, ghaparamende, na gha boma. Maphwando khumi na yimoza ghakapangana pa mavoti agha. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵalwani ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa maubudi ghakuru. Ndipouli, mulongozgi wa MMD, Levy Mwanawasa, wakathereskeka na mphaka yichoko waka, ndipo wakapika mazaza pa 2 Janyuwale 2002. Magulu ghatatu ghakapempha ku Khoti Likuru kuti liŵasuske pa ivyo vikachitika pa ungano wa chigaŵa. Makhoti ghakati palije viheni ivyo vikacitika, kweni vikaŵa vikuru yayi mwakuti vikhwaskenge umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nyengo iyo, ntheura vikazomerezgeka. === 2001–2008 === Mu 2006 chisankho cha purezidenti chikapikisana kwambiri, ndipo Mwanawasa adasankhidwanso ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuposa omwe akutsutsana nawo Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front ndi Hakainde Hichilema wa United Party for National Development (UPND). Pa mavoti gha pa parliament gha chaka chenechicho MMD yikapokera vithuzi 72, vithuzi 84 vyakukhalapo vikapelekeka ku vipani vinyake ndipo vithuzi vinandi vikaluta ku Patriotic Front. Pulezidenti wa Levy Mwanawasa mpaka imfa yake pakati pa chaka cha 2008, adali wosiyana ndi ndalama zambiri komanso ziphuphu zowonekera kwambiri mzaka zomaliza za ulamuliro wa Frederick Chiluba. Nakuti, pulezidenti wakale uyu wakakakika na kupelekeka mulandu wa kunanga vinthu na vimbundi, ndipo ivi vikawuskapo wofi wakuti pulezidenti Mwanawasa wangaleka kupulika ivyo munthu uyo wakaŵa kumanyuma kwake wakacita. Mwanawasa ŵakamupa mulandu na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti wakalongora nkharo ya wupu wakulamulira mu 2004 apo nduna yake ya vya mukati yikapeleka dango lakuti Roy Clarke uyo wakaŵa wa ku Britain kweniso wakukhala ku Zambia kwa nyengo yitali, wafumiskike. Ndipouli, apo Clarke wakadandawura ku Khoti Likuru, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti dango ili likaŵa lakwenelera yayi. Pulezidenti Mwanawasa, wakapulikira dango lake lakuti walongozgenge boma la malango, ndipo wakachindika ivyo khoti likadumura ndipo Clarke wakazomerezgeka kwambiraso kulemba nkhani zake za kususka. Mwamphu uwo Mwanawasa wakaŵa nawo pakwamba kuti wawuskemo vimbundi nawo ukakhira, ndipo ŵakaboni ŵakuzirwa mu mulandu wa Chiluba ŵakafumamo mu caru. Wupu wakuwona vya malango uwo Mwanawasa wakhazikiska nawo ukaŵa na masuzgo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira uko wangatumizga ivyo wasanga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakawonanga kuti Mwanawasa wakuluska Chiluba. Mwanawasa wati wafwa mu Ogasiti 2008, wapampando wa Zambia Rupiah Banda ndiyo wakamusankhira udindo wa purezidenti, ndipo wakakhalapo nyengo yitali m'paka pa mavoti gha mwaluŵiro pa 30 Okutobala 2008. Banda wakathereska mulongozgi wa chipani chakususkana na boma Michael Sata, ndipo wakamalizga nyengo ya Mwanawasa. === visankho vya 2011 === Rupiah Banda wakatondeka kuwuskika pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti na cha Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 2011, wakataya kwa Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵatatu ŵa MMD ŵaleke kuwusa kwa vilimika 20. === Mu 2015 mpaka pano === Edgar Chagwa Lungu wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pa 25 Janyuwale 2015, ndipo wakasankha Guy Scott uyo wakachitanga mlimo wa purezidenti. Pa nyengo iyo Lungu wakaŵa pulezidenti, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga cifukwa ca kutondeka kukanizga kwacha. Pakaŵaso malipoti ghambura kukhorweska ghakuti Lungu wakumwa chomene moŵa. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti Zambia yiŵe na masuzgo gha vyachuma, comenecomene kwacha, ni ukhuluku wa malonda. Boma la Zambia likusangirapo ndalama zinandi pa vinthu ivyo likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Pa 5 January 2016, Lungu wakamalizga makora nkhani zakukhozga malango apo wakazomerezga ndondomeko ya kusintha malango ya 2015. Ndondomeko iyi yikwiza chifukwa cha ntchito yikuru iyo yikamba mu nyengo ya Mwanawasa (The Mwanakatwe Commission) ndipo yikulutilira na komiti ya Michael Chilufya Sata. Pakuŵa nduna ya vya malango, Lungu wakaŵa kuti wapeleka kale ndondomeko ya dango ku pharalamende, apo pamanyuma pake ŵakadumura kuti nkhani izo zilije mphindano zizadumbiskanenge mu pharalamende ndipo nkhani izo zili na mphindano zizamuzgoreka pa referendum. Mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani cha chipani cha opposition cha Patriotic Front (PF) chakana ivyo chipani cha opposition cha UPND chikayowoya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>Kweni mu 2020, Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa ofesi ya nduna ya vya malango (Given Lubinda) yikapeleka fundo yakuchemeka Bill 10, iyo yikakanika mu Nyumba ya Malamulo pa maŵazgo ghachitatu. Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html}}</ref> == Wupu Wakulongozga == Boma la Zambia lili mu mawoko gha pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi ndipo nyengo yawo yikuŵa yiŵiri. Pambere kusintha kwa malango gha chalo cha Zambia kwa chaka cha 2016 kwamanyikwa na pulezidenti, kweni kusintha kwa sono kwa chaka cha 2016 kukuŵika mulara wa pulezidenti pa thikiti limoza na pulezidenti (running mate) (Article 110 Sec 2, 3 and 4) ndipo para pali malo gha pulezidenti wakusankhika mulara wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakulondezga pulezidenti ndipo wakulutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka pa chisankho chakulondezgapo (Article 106 Sec 5 ((a) na Sec 6).<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Assembly of Zambia |date=5 January 2015 |title=Constitution of Zambia (Amendment) |url=41.77.4.167:6510/www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/amendment_act/Constitution%20of%20Zambia%20%20(Amendment),%202016-Act%20No.%202_0.pdf |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=Parliament of Zambia}}</ref>Ivi vikupambana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 1996 apo chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe mavoti ghachokoghachoko mu mazuŵa 90 kufuma apo pulezidenti wasankhika ndipo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuchitapo kanthu (nga umo vikaŵira na pulezidenti wakale Guy Scott mu Okutobala 2014 m'paka Janyuwale 2015 na pulezidenti wakale Rupiah Banda mu 2008 pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Sata na Mwanawasa). Hakainde Hichilema ndiyo ni pulezidenti ndipo Mutale Nalumango ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. == Wupu wamalango == Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Zambia ndiyo yikupanga malango. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya sono, yikapangika pamanyuma pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pa 12 August 2021, yili na mamembala 167. Mamembala 156 ghakusankhika mwakudunjika mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya unandi wa ŵanthu. Ŵabali wose ŵakuteŵetera vyaka vinkhondi. == Vipani vya ndyali na mavoti == {{main|Mndandanda wa Vipani vyandale ku Zambia|Visankho ku Zambia}} === Chisankho cha Pulezidenti === {{main|Visankho vyamu 2021 ku Zambia}}{{#section-h:2021 Zambian general election|President}} === Masankhiro gha Nyumba za Malamulo === {{main|2021 Zambian general election}}{{#section-h:2021 Zambian general election|National Assembly}} == Wupu Wa waweruzgi == [[File:Zambia_Supreme_Court.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Supreme_Court.JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|Nyumba ya Khoti Likuru ku Lusaka]] Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene kweniso lakwamba; ndipo kusi kwa khoti ili kuli khoti likuru, khoti la milandu, na makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Khoti la Malango likakhazikiskika mu 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201603220653.html|first=James|last=Kunda|title=Zambia: Constitutional Court Judges Sworn in|journal=Times of Zambia|date=22 March 2016|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> == Wankhondo == {{main|Zambian Defence Force}} Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo, na wupu wa Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yikapangika kuti yivikilire ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵa boma yayi, kweni ŵali kupangika kuti ŵachitenge milimo ya kuvikilira ŵanthu. == Ubali na vyaru vinyake == Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Commonwealth, African Union (ndipo gulu la African Unity panji OAU), Southern African Development Community (SADC), na Common Market for Africa (COMA), ilo lili na likuru lake ku Lusaka. Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa wakulimbikira ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti vinthu visinthe mu Southern Africa, wakakhozgera magulu gha wanangwa mu Mozambique, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), na South Africa. Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa ku Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, pulezidenti Chiluba wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kukolerana na khoti la ku Rwanda pa mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994. Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001. Zambia nayo ni munyawo wa International Criminal Court (ICC) uyo wali na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States (kulingana na ndime 98). === Kucitako milimo ya mawupu gha vyaru === Zambia is a member of [[:en:ACP_(Lomé_Convention)|ACP]], [[:en:African_Development_Bank|AfDB]], [[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]], [[:en:United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa|ECA]], [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|FAO]], G-19, [[:en:Group_of_77|G-77]], [[:en:International_Atomic_Energy_Agency|IAEA]], [[:en:International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development|IBRD]], [[:en:International_Civil_Aviation_Organization|ICAO]], [[:en:International_Criminal_Court|ICCt]], [[:en:International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions|ICFTU]], [[:en:International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement|ICRM]], [[:en:International_Development_Association|IDA]], [[:en:International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development|IFAD]], [[:en:International_Finance_Corporation|IFC]], [[:en:International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement|IFRCS]], [[:en:International_Labour_Organization|ILO]], [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|IMF]], [[:en:Interpol_(organization)|Interpol]], [[:en:IOC|IOC]], [[:en:International_Organization_for_Migration|IOM]], [[:en:International_Telecommunication_Union|ITU]], [[:en:MONUC|MONUC]], [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|NAM]], [[:en:Organisation_of_African_Unity|OAU]], [[:en:Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons|OPCW]], [[:en:Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration|PCA]], [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|SADC]], [[:en:United_Nations|UN]], [[:en:United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone|UNAMSIL]], [[:en:United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development|UNCTAD]], [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]], [[:en:United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization|UNIDO]], [[:en:United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea|UNMEE]], [[:en:United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo|UNMIK]], [[:en:Universal_Postal_Union|UPU]], [[:en:World_Confederation_of_Labour|WCL]], [[:en:World_Customs_Organization|WCO]], [[:en:World_Health_Organization|WHO]], [[:en:World_Intellectual_Property_Organization|WIPO]], [[:en:World_Meteorological_Organization|WMO]], [[:en:World_Tourism_Organization|WToO]] na [[:en:World_Trade_Organization|WTO]]. == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Zambia/Government|Zambia Government}} {{Zambian political parties}}{{Africa in topic|Politics of}} * [https://zambianpolitics.com/ Zambian Politics News] * 4afcysvfy8to85254v7cbphzuv8mvw1 0 29268 122638 113378 2026-09-28T02:34:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}{{Short description|Zambian politician}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=W.K. Mutale Nalumango|image=Mutale Nalumango (cropped).jpg|caption=|office=14th [[Vice President of Zambia]]|term_start=24 August 2021|term_end=|successor=|predecessor=[[Inonge Wina]]|succeeding=|president=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]|office1=Deputy Speaker of the [[National Assembly of Zambia]]|term_end1=2011|term_start1=2006|president1=[[Levy Mwanawasa]]<br>[[Rupiah Banda]]|1blankname1=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker]]|1namedata1=[[Amusaa Mwanamwambwa]]|office2=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zambia]]|constituency2=[[Kaputa (constituency)|Kaputa]]|predecessor2=[[Paul Bupe]]|successor2=[[Maxas Ng'onga]]|term_start2=27 December 2001|term_end2=20 September 2011|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|01|01}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]]<br>[[United Party for National Development|UPND]]|spouse=Max Lubinda Nalumango|nationality=Zambian|alma_mater=}} '''W.K. Mutale Nalumango''' (wakababika pa 1 Janyuwale 1955) ni nkhwantha ya masambiro na wa ndyali wa ku [[Zambia]]. Pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni Vice President wa 14 wa Zambia, wati wasankhika mu August 2021. Nalumango ni mwanakazi wachiŵiri waka kuŵa na udindo uwu, uwo ukuwoneka kuti ngwapacanya chomene mu ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=W.K Mutale Nalumango {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/4130 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref> Pambere wandafike ku ndyali, Nalumango wakagwiranga ntchito ya kusambizga ndipo wakaŵa Vice-President wa Secondary Schools' Teachers Union of Zambia. Pamanyuma wakaleka udindo wake kuti wachite ndyali ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mphala ya chalo mu chaka cha 2001, kwimilira chigaŵa cha Kaputa pa tikiti ya Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). Nalumango wali na maudindo ghanandi mu ndyali ya Zambia, kusazgapo muteŵeti wa Deputy Minister of Information na Deputy Speaker mu Parliament. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa wachiŵiri wa Speaker, ndipo wakawovwira chomene pakusintha ndondomeko ya malango mu charu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How educated is your local MP? |url=http://www.zambian-economist.com/2010/02/how-educated-is-your-local-mp.html |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> == Ntchito == Mutale wakababika mu 1955, ndipo ni msambizgi. Wakateŵeteranga nga ni vice-president wa Secondary Schools Teachers Union of Zambia pambere wandafike ku ndyali mu chaka cha 2001. Wakateŵeteraso nga nduna ya vyaumoyo na vyakupharazga mu boma la Levy Mwanawasa. Monga nduna yowona za nkhani ndi mawailesi, zochita zake zidadzutsa nkhawa pa ufulu wa atolankhani ku Zambia pambuyo poti apolisi awukira Omega TV ya a Richard Sakala pambuyo pa kalata yolembedwa ndi loya wamkulu wa nthawiyo a Sunday Nkonde momwe adanenera kuti TV ikugwira ntchito mosaloledwa ndipo ikuyenera kutsekedwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=Zambia : Richard Sakala wants his TV back |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2010/09/21/richard-sakala-tv/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=LusakaTimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2006 apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya malango ku Kaputa, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri wa speaker wa National Assembly of Zambia ndipo wakathereskeka. Pambuyo pa zisankho za 2011 adataya mpando wake wa nyumba yamalamulo kwa Maxas Ng'onga wa PF. Wakaluta ku chipani cha UPND uko wakasankhika kuŵa wapampando wa chipani ichi mu chaka cha 2013, udindo uwo wakachita mpaka mu mwezi wa February 2021 apo wakazgoka vice president wa chipani ichi..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digest |first=Zambian |date=19 May 2021 |title=Hichilema Unveils Mutale Nalumango As Running-Mate; Holds Huge Rally After Nominations |url=https://zambiandigest.com/2021/05/hichilema-unveils-mutale-nalumango-as-running-mate-holds-huge-rally-after-nominations/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Zambian Digest |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521112330/https://zambiandigest.com/2021/05/hichilema-unveils-mutale-nalumango-as-running-mate-holds-huge-rally-after-nominations/ |archive-date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MUTALE NALUMANGO APPOINTED AS UPND VEEP |url=https://rcvoice.co.zm/news/mutale-nalumango-appointed-as-upnd-veep/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Radio Christian Voice |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521150108/https://rcvoice.co.zm/news/mutale-nalumango-appointed-as-upnd-veep/ |archive-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}}{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Inonge Wina]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=2021–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}}{{ZambianVicePresidents}} 2u8heraq4egb41fpv3f3hcwpy78kvok 0 29269 122727 77314 2026-09-28T03:44:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Politics of Zambia}} Dango la [[Zambia]] likuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ndipouli, lipoti la [[United States Department of State]] lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Zambia mu 2012 (ilo ni limoza la malipoti gha [[United States]] ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu) likati boma likulutilira kusuzga pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu.<ref name="USDOS-2012-HumanRightsReportforZambia">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 "Zambia 2012 Human Rights Report"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</ref> Lipoti la 2021 likulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha mu vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/zambia/]</ref> == Kucita vinthu mwambura kwenelera == Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Vyaru ya ku United States lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Zambia mu 2012 likati ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa uwu:<ref name="USDOS-2012-HumanRightsReportforZambia" /> * Nkhaza izo zikuchitika na ŵasilikari, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na dango, kutambuzga na kutimba; * vinthu vyakofya mu jele; * kukanizgika kwa wanangwa wa kuyowoya, kuwungana, na kuwungana; wanangwa wa vyalo, pakumanya kuti kutondeka kuzomerezga na kutambuzga ŵapharazgi kwasazgikira mu 2016 na kukanizgika kwa wayilesi ya Itezhi-Tezhi na MuviTV .<ref>{{Cite web |title=muvi tv |url=https://www.muvi.com |website=muvi television}}</ref> * kukakika mwakuyana na khumbo lake na kukakika nyengo yitali pambere mulandu undaperekedwe; * kuswa wanangwa wa munthu; * [[:en:Corruption_in_Zambia|government corruption]]; * [[:en:Violence_against_women_in_Zambia|violence and discrimination against women]], kucitira nkhaza ŵana na kusuzga ŵanthu; * kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵalemala na chifukwa cha kugonana; * kuchepeska wanangwa wa ŵantchito, ntchito zachiwawa, na ntchito za ŵana; na * Boma likakana kususka panji kulanga ŵamazaza awo ŵakacitanga vinthu viheni. * Ŵakapika mulandu wa kukaka ŵanthu kwambura mulandu. Mwaciyelezgero, mulandu wa Hakainde Hichilema wa kugaluka mu 2017. * Ŵanthu wose ŵangasanga fundo: Dango likupeleka yayi fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵangasanga fundo za boma. * Vimbundi na kuleka kujikora mu boma. * Kuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera panji kwambura kuzomerezgeka na dango pa nkhani ya umoyo wa munthu, mbumba, nyumba, panji makalata. == Wanangwa mu Charu == Ivi ndivyo vyalongosoreka kufuma mu 1972 mu lipoti la Freedom in the World, ilo likupharazgika chaka chilichose na Freedom House.<ref name="FH1972">{{cite web |date=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, Freedom in the World 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=22 August 2012 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |format=XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |Chaka |Wanangwa wa Ndyali |Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu |Umo vilili |[[:en:List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia|President]]{{ref|a|1}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 |5 |5 |Partly&nbsp;Free |[[:en:Kenneth_Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 |5 |6 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1982 |5 |6 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 |5 |6 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 |5 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 |6 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 |6 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 |6 |5 |Partly Free |Kenneth Kaunda |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 |2 |3 |Free |[[:en:Frederick_Chiluba|Frederick Chiluba]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 |2 |3 |Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 |5 |4 |Partly Free |Frederick Chiluba |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 |4 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Levy_Mwanawasa|Levy Mwanawasa]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Levy Mwanawasa |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Levy&nbsp;Mwanawasa |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Levy Mwanawasa |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Levy Mwanawasa |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Levy Mwanawasa |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 |3 |3 |Partly Free |[[:en:Rupiah_Banda|Rupiah Banda]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Rupiah Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Rupiah Banda |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 |3 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Michael_Sata|Michael Sata]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2012<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/zambia#.UuCHT14o6IE "Zambia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702133845/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/zambia#.UuCHT14o6IE|date=2017-07-02}}, ''Freedom in the World 2013'', Freedom House. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</ref> |3 |4 |Partly Free |Michael Sata |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Michael Sata |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 |3 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Guy_Scott|Guy Scott]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 |3 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Edgar_Lungu|Edgar Lungu]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Edgar Lungu |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Edgar Lungu |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Edgar Lungu |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Edgar Lungu |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Edgar Lungu |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 |4 |4 |Partly Free |[[:en:Hakainde_Hichilema|Hakainde Hichilema]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 |4 |4 |Partly Free |Hakainde Hichilema |} == Wanangwa wa vyakupharazga == {{Main|Ufulu wa ŵatolankhani ku Zambia}} Mu Zambia muli wanangwa wa kuyowoya na wa manyuzipepara, kweni kanandi boma likukanizga wanangwa uwu. Nangauli chipani cha Patriotic Front icho chili kuwusa chalo ichi chalayizga kuti vipatala vya boma ivyo ni Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) na Zambia Daily Mail na Times of Zambia ivyo vikupharazgika chomene vizamupokeka na boma yayi, kweni vipatala ivi vikulutilira kulemba nkhani za boma. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakujighanaghanira ŵekha, chifukwa manyuzipepara ghanandi gha boma ghakuŵerenga pambere ghandalembeke. ZNBC ndiyo yikupharazga chomene, nangauli masiteshoni ghanyake ghapachanya ghakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu la Freedom House, lomwe limafalitsa malipoti a chaka chilichonse pa nkhani ya ufulu wa atolankhani, lalemba kuti atolankhani a ku Zambia ndi "Osamasuka" ngakhale mu 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=freedomhouse.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |archive-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Zambia}} * [[:en:Human_trafficking_in_Zambia|Human trafficking in Zambia]] * [[:en:Telecommunications_in_Zambia#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance|Internet censorship and surveillance in Zambia]] * [[Wanangwa wa LGBT mu Zambia]] == Vyakulemba == : 1.{{note|a}}As of January 1. == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/zambia Human Rights in the Republic of Zambia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915222535/https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/zambia|date=2014-09-15}}, Amnesty International. * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet_0.pdf Freedom in the World 2013 Booklet], [[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]]. {{Africa in topic|Human rights in}}{{Zambia topics}} 86apf2zajv79mmqk3iv48k85n9ybwmp 0 29286 122746 122374 2026-09-28T03:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Descendants of Afrikaners beyond the Cape Colony frontier}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Redirect|Boer|the surname|Boer (surname)|other uses|Boer (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|text=[[Dutch Surinamese|Boeroe]]s, descendants of Dutch settlers in [[Suriname]]}} {{See also|Afrikaners|Cape Dutch}} {{Use South African English|date=August 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa | native_name = {{native name|af|Boere|paren= omit}} | image = Boerfamily1886.jpg | caption = Mbumba ya ŵa Boer mu 1886 | pop = {{circa|1.5 million}}<ref>{{cite book|url= http://www.pology.com/article/051213.html|first= Jan|last= Stürmann|title= New Coffins, Old Flags, Microorganisms and the Future of the Boer|year= 2005|access-date= 2011-12-02}}</ref> | languages = [[Afrikaans]] | religions = [[Protestant Christianity]] | related = {{hlist|[[Afrikaners]]| [[Basters]]|{{nowrap|[[Cape Coloureds]]}}| {{nowrap|[[Cape Dutch]]}}|[[Griquas]]}} }} '''Ŵanthu ŵachi Buwa''', panjni kuti, '''Boers,''' pachiZungu ({{IPAc-en|b|uːr|z}} {{respell|BOORZ}}; {{lang-af|Boere}} ({{IPA-af|ˈbuːrə}})) ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Ciholanji awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Cape]], kumwera kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, 18 na 19. Kufuma mu 1652 m'paka mu 1795, kampani ya Dutch East India Company ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha, kweni mu 1806 charu cha United Kingdom chikagwiliskira ntchito malo agha. Zina la gulu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "boer", ilo likung'anamura "mulimi" mu Ciholandi na Cifurikansi.<ref name="isbn0-624-00533-X">{{cite book|author1=Bosman, D. B.|author2=Van der Merwe, I. W.|author3=Hiemstra, L. W.|title=Tweetalige Woordeboek Afrikaans-Engels|url=https://archive.org/details/tweetaligewoorde0000bosm|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers|year=1984|isbn=0-624-00533-X}}</ref> Kweniso, lizgu lakuti Boeren likang'anamuraso awo ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 kuti ŵakakhalenge mu Orange Free State, Transvaal, na ku Natal. Ŵakafumako ku Cape kuti ŵakhalenge kutali na boma la Britain, ndipo cifukwa cikuru ico ŵakacitira nthena cikaŵa cifukwa ca dango liphya la cikaya ilo likaŵa mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi ndiposo cifukwa ca kulekeska wuzga mu 1833.<ref name="Cameron 1991">{{cite book|author1=Trewhella Cameron|author2=S. B. Spies|title=A new illustrated history of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqcvAQAAIAAJ|date=October 1991|publisher=Southern Book Publishers|isbn=9781868123612}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2018}}<ref>Compare:{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Eric Anderson|author-link1=Eric A. Walker (historian)|chapter=14: The Formation of new states, 1835–1854|editor1-last=Walker|editor1-first=Eric Anderson|editor1-link=Eric A. Walker (historian)|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISg9AAAAIAAJ|volume=8: South Africa, Rhodesia and the protectorates|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1936|pages=320–321|access-date=2018-09-15|quote=In the latter part of 1834, the frontier districts were full of talk of a mass trek. Exploring parties rode out to South-West Africa, to the north-eastern Transvaal, and along the coast belt to Natal. [...] These preparations are conclusive evidence against the traditional idea that the two primary causes of the Great Trek were the inadequate compensation paid for emancipated slaves and the upsetting of D'Urban's settlement of the eastern frontier after the Kaffir War of 1834–5 by the combined forces of Downing Street and Exeter Hall. It is true that many Trekkers, and those the most vocal, came from the eastern frontier lands, but others came from the northern districts where there was no Kaffir menace. The overthrow of the settlement was only a subsidiary cause though a powerful one.}}</ref> Lizgu lakuti Ŵafrikaans panji ŵanthu ŵa Afrikaans<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pollak|first=Sorcha|title='The Irish remind me of Afrikaans people. They're quite reserved'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/the-irish-remind-me-of-afrikaans-people-they-re-quite-reserved-1.4154039|access-date=2021-06-21|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="iolDontCallMeBoer">{{Cite news|title=Don't call me a boer|url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/opinion/dont-call-me-a-boer-1610759|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrikaans culture (ZA) |url=https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel/article/the-rich-and-diverse-afrikaans-culture |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.southafrica.net}}</ref>likugwiliskirika nchito mu nyengo yithu yino ku South Africa pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans (wo ni gulu likuru comene la ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa) kweniso ŵana ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Dutch awo ŵakaluta yayi ku Africa. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likusazgapo yayi ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵa mtundu unyake. == Kwiza == === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe === [[File:Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg|thumb|Ndembera ya Dutch East India Company]] Kampani ya Dutch East India Company (Dutch) yikapangika mu charu cha Netherlands mu 1602, ndipo pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Dutch ŵakamba kuphalizgana pa nkhani ya malonda gha ku Southeast Asia. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu mu 1648, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakambininikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Germany, Scandinavia, na Switzerland ŵakaluta ku Netherlands na cigomezgo cakuti ŵasangenge nchito ku VOC. Mu caka cenecici pera, ngaraŵa yawo yimoza yikanjira mu Table Bay kufupi na uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Ŵakazizwa comene na usambazi wa caru ici mwakuti ŵakati ŵawelera ku caru cawo, ŵakalongosolera ŵalongozgi ŵa VOC umo vinthu vikaŵira viwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Dutch East uko ŵakaguliskanga vinthu. Ntheura, mu 1652, VOC yikatuma ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan van Riebeek, awo ŵakazenga linga na kuzenga minda ya mpheska pa Table Bay. Wakati wafika ku Table Bay, Van Riebeek wakathereska msumba wa Cape Town, ndipo mu 1662, wakati walongozga tawuni iyi kwa vyaka 10 na mwezi umoza, Jan van Riebeeck wakafumapo pa udindo wake. === Ŵanthu Ŵakufwatuka === {{Main|Free Burghers}} VOC yikakondwanga na fundo yakuti ku Cape kuŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, ndipo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa VOC ŵakapempha kuti ŵaŵaleke kuti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka. Pa cifukwa ici, Jan van Riebeeck wakazomerezga fundo yakuti vinthu viŵe makora, ndipo mu 1657, wakapatura malo ghaŵiri kufupi na mlonga wa Liesbeek kuti ghaŵe gha kulima. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, vikachemekanga Groeneveld na Dutch Garden. Malo agha ghakapambananga na mlonga wa Amstel (Liesbeek). Ŵanthu 9 awo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kusanga malo ŵakasankhika kuti ŵakagwiliskirenge nchito ulimi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa VOC ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵateŵeti ŵake yayi. Mu 1671, ŵa Dutch ŵakagura malo kufuma ku Khoikhoi, agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa linga ilo likazengeka na Van Riebeek. Mu 1685, mulara wa boma wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusanga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi. Ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵantchito awo ŵakachemekanga vrijlieden, panji kuti vrijburgers ("ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka"). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vrijburg ŵakamba kulimira ŵekha ndipo ŵakapempha boma la VOC kuti liŵape malo, mbuto, na vyakukhumbikwa vinyake.<ref name="Hunt1">{{cite book|last=Hunt|first=John|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Heather-Ann|title=Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708|date=2005|pages=13–35|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1904744955}}</ref> === Ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku Netherlands === Ŵalara ŵa boma la VOC ŵakayezgayezga kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kuti ŵafume ku Europe na kuluta ku South Africa, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ŵakaŵa na mbumba zicoko waka izo zikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni Cape yikaŵa yambura kukondweska pakuyaniska na iwo. Kweni mu Okutobala 1670, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Amsterdam yikapharazga kuti mbumba zinyake zikukhumba kuluta ku Cape na Mauritius mu Disembala. Ŵanyake awo ŵakamba kuchemeka ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa Jacob na Dirk van Niekerk, Johannes van As, Francois Villion, Jacob Brouwer, Jan van Eden, Hermanus Potgieter, Albertus Gildenhuis, na Jacobus van den Berg.<ref>G. M. Theal (1888). ''History of South Africa''. London. pp. 205–206</ref> === Ŵa Huguenot ŵa ku France === Mu 1688 na 1689, ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 ŵa ku France awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Ŵaguenot ŵakafika mu France. Ŵakakolerana na maboma gha Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, Franschhoek na Paarl. Ŵaguguenot ŵakakhwaska comene nkharo ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ntheura mu 1701 VOC yikadumura kuti mu masukulu mukwenera kusambizgika Ciholanishi pera. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Huguenot ŵanjire mu caru cawo ca Cifurenci pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, malo agha ghakafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mu 1754, malo agho ghakafika ku Algoa Bay ghakaŵamo. Pa nyengo iyi, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu pakati pa 8,000 na 10,000. Ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi, ŵakakuranga tirigu unandi mwakuti ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na vinyo lawo liwemi. Kweni usambazi wawo ukuru ukaŵa wa viŵeto. Ŵakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1800, pakaŵa masuzgo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi na boma. Ndondomeko yake yikaŵa yakuti yikondweske VOC yayi. VOC yikajara malo agha kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza, yikasungilira malonda ghose mu mawoko ghake, yikasazga mauteŵeti, malango, na vyeruzgi mu wupu umoza. === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Trekboers === {{Main|Trekboers}}Nyengo na nyengo, ŵateŵeti ŵa VOC awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa nchito ŵakaŵanga na wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka, kweni VOC yikaŵa na mazaza gha kuŵakanizga kuti ŵambeso kuteŵetera para ŵacita nthena. Wanangwa uwu wa kuŵagwiliska nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakamukwiyiska kazembe panji ŵalara ŵa boma, ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵekha yayi. Kweni boma likayowoyanga kuti ŵana ŵawo nawo ŵakeneranga kugwiliskirika nchito. Nanga ni apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kwenda mu 1700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhuŵara chifukwa cha nkhaza. Mu 1780, Joachim van Plettenberg, kazembe wa cigaŵa ici, wakapharazga kuti Sneeuberge ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumpoto ya cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakayowoya kuti "wakulindilira kuti cigaŵa ici cileke kusazgikaso, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵambura kwenelera ŵalangike comene". Mu 1789, ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakwiya comene mwakuti ŵakatuma ŵanthu kufuma ku Cape kuti ŵakayowoye na ŵalara ŵa boma ku Amsterdam. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵafumiskapo, ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake.<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Burchell02.jpg|Wakukhilira ku Sneeuberge, pafupi na Graaff-Reinet, Burchell File:Charles_Michell03.jpg|Kujumpha pa Cradock Pass, Outeniqua Mountains, na Charles Collier Michell File:Daniell_Trekboer.jpg|Buku la Samuel Daniell la ŵanthu ŵa ku Trekboers awo ŵakazenga misasa File:TrekBoers_crossing_the_Karoo.jpg|Ŵalendo ŵakujumpha mu Karoo na Charles Davidson Bell </gallery>Ŵalimi ŵakendanga kutali na boma kuti ŵaleke kuyuzgika. VOC yikakhazikiska boma ku Swellendam mu 1745 na ku Graaff Reinet mu 1786. Mu 1740, mlonga wa Gamtoos ndiwo ukaŵa mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa malo agha, kweni mwaluŵiro ŵakamalizga. Ndipouli, mu 1780, ŵa ku Dutch ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵakumane na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu. Mu 1795, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyapafupi na mphaka awo ŵakaŵa na misonkho yinandi, ŵakachimbizga ŵamazaza ŵa VOC na kukhazikiska maboma ghaŵekha ku Swellendam na Graaff Reinet. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi m'ma 1800{{who|date=February 2021}} Ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Trekboers ya mu ma 1800. Paumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, boma la VOC mu Transvaal likambaso kulondezga fundo za ŵanthu ŵankhaza. Usange fundo yakuti, "Mu vinthu vyose vya ndyali, muwuso wa ŵamazaza pera; mu vinthu vyose vya malonda, muwuso wa ŵamazaza pera", yikaŵa yaunenesko ku boma la VOC mu virimika vya m'ma 1800, yikaŵaso yaunenesko ku boma la Kruger mu virimika vya kuumaliro wa virimika vya m'ma 1900. Cinthu ico cikapangiska kuti ulendo uwu ucitike nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ŵakaliskanga viŵeto vyawo yayi, kweni ŵakaliskanga viŵeto vyawo. Ŵanthu aŵa, awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵakakhala nyengo yitali kwambura kukanizgika na dango, mwakuti mu 1815, apo "Makomiti Ghakwendakwenda" ghakawovwira kuti ŵeruzgi ŵafike kufupi na nyumba zawo, ŵakasanga milandu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ŵakafumako ku boma ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ndipouli, mu 1815 "Makomiti gha Circuit" ghakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike pa milandu iyo ŵakachitanga. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakakondwa yayi na milandu iyi, ndipo ŵakawonanga kuti yikuŵatimbanizga.<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Trekboer_migration_map.png|Mapu agho ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Trekboers ŵakakulira (1700-1800) File:Nederlandse_Kaapkolonie.svg|Umo Vinthu Vikaŵira ku Dutch Cape Colony (1700-1800) File:Kapkolonie_1795.jpg|Malo ghakulongozgera mu Dutch Cape Colony </gallery><!--Quote is too big. Either convert to prose or remove (August 2018) {{Quote box |quote = The Dutch colony prospered to the extent that the Cape Town market for agricultural produce became glutted. With market stagnation and with slaves providing most of the manual labour in the colony, there were few economic opportunities for the burgeoning white population. Eventually more than half of these people turned to the self-sufficient life of the trekboeren (literally “wandering farmers” but perhaps better translated as "dispersed ranchers").<br>The Boers were hostile toward indigenous African peoples, with whom they fought frequent range wars, and toward the government of the Cape, which was attempting to control Boer movements and commerce. They overtly compared their way of life to that of the Israel patriarchs of the Bible, developing independent patriarchal communities based upon a mobile pastoralist economy. Staunch Calvinists, they saw themselves as the children of God in the wilderness, a Christian elect divinely ordained to rule the land and the backward natives therein. By the end of the 18th century the cultural links between the Boers and their urban counterparts were diminishing, although both groups continued to speak a type of Flemish.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/71276/Boer Encyclopædia Britannica Online] Boer (people)</ref> |source = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |align = right |width = 45em }}--> == Kuwukira Charu cha Cape == {{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony}} Nkhondo ya ku Cape Colony yikaŵa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain iyo yikamba mu 1795 kwimikana na ŵa Dutch ku Cape of Good Hope. Charu cha Netherlands chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Jenerale Sir James Henry Craig ŵakatumika ku Cape Town kuti ŵakavikilire malo agha ku Ŵafarisi. Pakwamba kazembe wa ku Cape Town wakakana kupulikira ivyo fumu yikamuphalira, kweni apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kunyamura ŵasilikari, wakajipeleka. Wakacita nthena cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi, awo ŵakacimbiranga ku ŵazga ŵawo, ŵakamba kulondezga fundo za Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Graaff Reinet ŵakagongowa yayi m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakaŵatumira. Mu 1799 na 1801, ŵakagaluka. Mu Febuluwale 1803, cifukwa ca mtende wa ku Amiens (February 1803), malo agha ghakapelekeka ku Batavian Republic, ilo likasintha vinthu vinandi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa ku Britain mu vilimika vinkhondi na vitatu ivyo ŵakalongozganga. Cimoza mwa vinthu vyakwamba ivyo Jenerale Craig wakacita cikaŵa cakuti walekeske kutambuzga ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa cha Ŵadachi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene. Pa nyengo iyi, ndalama izo boma la Britain likagwiliskiranga nchito pa mulimo uwu zikaŵa mapaundi 16,000,000. Boma la Batavia likaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya kwendeska caru, kweni likaŵa na mwaŵi ucoko comene wa kughalondezga. Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Cacitatu yikati yamba mu 1803, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza ku Cape. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo (January 1806) mumphepete mwa Table Bay, ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ŵa Castle of Good Hope ŵakajipeleka ku Britain, ndipo mu 1814 phangano la Anglo-Dutch likati malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Britain. Pa nyengo iyi, malo agha ghakaŵa na mapiri agho ghakavikiliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati, ndipo ghakachemekanga Bushmansland (zina la ŵanthu ŵa ku San). === Wakutinkha Ufumu wa Britain === Nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa, kweni ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakondwa yayi na boma la Britain nga umo ŵakaŵira na boma la VOC. Mu 1792, ku Moravia kukaŵa ŵamishonale awo ŵakakhumbanga kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi, ndipo mu 1799 gulu la London Missionary Society likamba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi na Bantu. Ŵamishonale ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo Ŵakoyokoy ŵakachitanga. Mu 1812 dango likapelekeka ilo likapeleka mazaza ku ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakake ŵana ŵa Ŵakoyokoy kuŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu. Nyengo yeneyiyo, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito ku England likakura chomene. === Mphepete mwa Chipata cha Slachter === Mulimi munyake zina lake Frederick Bezuidenhout wakakana kupulikira dango la Khoikhoi, ndipo wakati watuma ŵanthu kuti ŵakamukore, ŵakamukoma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1815, paŵe chigaluka chichoko waka, chakuchemeka Slachters Nek, icho Henry Cloete wakachilongosora kuti "ntchimoza mwa viyezgo viheni chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na themba lawo". Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵakakomeka pa malo agho ŵakalapa kuti ŵafumiskengepo "ŵanalume ŵankhaza ŵa ku England". Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca umo ŵakakomekera, cifukwa cikhwangwani ico ŵakugalukira ŵakakhomekerapo pa nyengo yimoza cikaphyoka cifukwa ca kulemera kwawo, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵakakomeka yumoza na munyake. Mu 1827, khoti likadumura kuti makhoti ghakale gha ku Netherlands gha landdrost na heemraden ghaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi, milandu yose yikeneranga kucitika mu Cingelezi. Mu 1828, cifukwa ca ivyo ŵamishonale ŵakayowoya, Khoikhoi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa ŵakapika wanangwa wakuyana na wa ŵazungu, mu 1830 ŵakalangika comene cifukwa ca kucitira nkhaza ŵazga, ndipo mu 1834 ŵazga ŵakafwatulika. Kweniso, awo ŵakagwiranga ŵazga ŵakawona kuti malipiro agho ŵakapelekanga ghakaŵa ghambura kwenelera cifukwa ca kufwatura ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakendanga nyengo yitali mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka 150, kweni sono ŵakendanga chomene. == Nkhondo za ku Cape Frontier (1779-1879) == {{main|Nkhondo za Chixhosa}} [[File:Cape_Colony00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Colony00.jpg|thumb|Mapu gha charu cha Cape Colony mu 1809, nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Britain]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakati ŵafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku Eastern Cape ku South Africa, ŵakambiska nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer na Xhosa. Mu 1775, boma la Cape likakhazikiska mphaka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku trekboer na ŵa ku Xhosas pa milonga ya Bushman na Upper Fish. Ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskanga mphaka, ndipo wose ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa chimoza na chinyake. Kazembe Van Plettenberg wakayezga kuphalira magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghasungilire mphaka, kweni wakatondeka. Ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakwiba viŵeto ndipo mu 1779 pakawuka nkhondo zinandi pa mphaka izo zikambiska Nkhondo Yakwamba. Mphepete mwa charu ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi, ndipo mu 1789 Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Mphepete mwa Charu yikamba. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer na ŵa Xhosas ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1795, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakiza na kuwukira charu cha Cape Colony. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Britain lakora charu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakamba kunozga ndondomeko ya kumazga mphaka. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti mafuko gha Khoisan ghasangane na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Xhosa pakurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Frontier (1799-1803). Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵaso mtende apo Ŵacigiriki ŵakawezgera Cape Colony ku Dutch Batavian Republic mu 1803. Mu Janyuwale 1806, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira malo agha. Vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu Zuurveld, ndipo boma na ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakachimbizga mafuko ghanandi gha Xhosa. Nkhondo ya pa mphaka ya pakati pa Ŵakhosa yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachinkhondi mu 1819. Chifukwa cha kukwiya na ivyo boma likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosas ŵakamba kwiba viŵeto pa mphaka. Boma la Cape likapeleka ulongozgi wa nkhondo. Mu 1834, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakanjira mu charu cha Cape, ndipo ivi vikambiska Nkhondo ya Nambara 6. Boma likazengaso vigongwe vinyake, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakendanga pa mahachi ŵakakondwa yayi na Ŵakhosa, awo ŵakalutilira kuwukira minda mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Nambara 7 (1846-1847). Nkhondo ya Nambara 8 (1850-1853) na ya Nambara 9 (1877-1878) yikalutilira nga umo vikaŵira na nkhondo zinyake. Paumaliro, Ŵachixosa ŵakathereskeka ndipo vigaŵa vyose vikapika mazaza gha Britain..<ref name="SMSA">"A short chronicle of warfare in South Africa", Compiled by the Military Information Bureau, Published: ''Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies'', Vol. 16, Nr. 13, 1986</ref> == Ulendo Ukuru == {{Main|Ulendo Ukuru}} [[File:Great_Trek_map_full.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Trek_map_full.png|thumb|Mapu agho ghakulongosora nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo pa ulendo wakwamba wa Great Trek (1835-1840) pamoza na nkhondo zikuruzikuru.]] Nkhondo iyi yikacitika pakati pa 1835 na 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakukwana 12,000 m'paka 14,000, kusazgapo ŵanakazi na ŵana, ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony na kuluta ku vidika vikuru ivyo vikaŵa kusirya kwa Mlonga wa Orange. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku East Cape ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhazikika. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape ŵakazgoka Ŵagrensboere ("ŵalimi ŵa ku mphaka"). Ŵa Boer ŵakalembera makalata ghanandi boma la Britain pambere ŵandafumeko ku Cape Colony. Piet Retief, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵa Boer pa nyengo iyi, wakalembera kalata boma pa 22 Janyuwale 1837 mu Grahamstown kulongora kuti ŵa Boer ŵakawonanga yayi mtende panji cimwemwe ku ŵana ŵawo mu caru ico mukaŵa masuzgo ghanthena agha. Retief wakadandawuraso cifukwa ca masuzgo ghakuru agho ŵakaŵa nagho cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Britain. Nangauli ŵakaŵapa ndalama kuti ŵaŵafwature, kweni ŵakawona kuti zikaŵa zakukwana yayi. Kweniso ŵakawonanga kuti tchalitchi la Chingelezi likakolerananga yayi na la Dutch Reformed Church. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Boer ŵakaŵa kuti ŵanozga kale malango ghanyake kuti ŵanozgekere ulendo wawo ukuru. Retief wakamalizga kalata yake na mazgu ghakuti: "Tikufumamo mu koloni ili na cigomezgo cose kuti boma la England likukhumba cinthu cilicose yayi kwa ise, ndipo litovwirenge kuti tijilamulirenge tekha kwambura kunjilirapo".<ref>History of the Emigrant Boers in South Africa, 2nd ed, G.M. Theal, London 1888.</ref> == Vyaru na vyaru vya Boer == {{Main|Maboma gha Boer}} [[File:BoerGriquaRepublics.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoerGriquaRepublics.svg|thumb|Maboma gha Boer na Griqua]] Apo Ŵavorekker ŵakalutanga ku vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, ŵakalutilira kukhazikiska vyaru vya Ŵabura mu charu cha South Africa. {| class="wikitable" !Kulongosola !Siku !Malo |- |{{flagi|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[:en:Swellendam|Republic of Swellendam]] |17 June - 4 November 1795 |[[:en:Swellendam,_Western_Cape|Swellendam, Western Cape]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[:en:Graaff-Reinet|Republic of Graaff-Reinet]] |1 February 1795–November 1796 |[[:en:Graaff-Reinet,_Eastern_Cape|Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape]] |- |{{flagi|Voortrekker Flag.svg}} [[:en:Zoutpansberg|Zoutpansberg]] |1835–1864 |[[:en:Limpopo|Limpopo]] |- |{{flagi|Voortrekker Flag.svg}} [[:en:Winburg|Winburg]] |1836–1844 |[[:en:Free_State_(province)|Free State]] |- |{{flagi|South African Burgers Flag.svg}} [[:en:Potchefstroom|Potchefstroom]] |1837–1844 |[[:en:North_West_(South_African_province)|North West]] |- |{{flag|Natalia Republic}} |1839–1902 |[[:en:Eastern_Cape|Eastern Cape]] |- |{{flagi|South African Burgers Flag.svg}} [[:en:Potchefstroom|Winburg-Potchefstroom]] |1844–1843 |[[:en:Potchefstroom,_North_West|Potchefstroom, North West]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of Natalia Republic.svg}} [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|Republic of Klip River]] |1847–1848 |[[:en:Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[:en:Lydenburg_Republic|Lydenburg Republic]] |1849–1860 |[[:en:Lydenburg,_Mpumalanga|Lydenburg, Mpumalanga]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[:en:Utrecht_Republic|Utrecht Republic]] |1852–1858 |[[:en:Utrecht,_KwaZulu-Natal|Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal]] |- |{{flag|South African Republic}} |1852–1877, 1881–1902 |[[:en:Gauteng|Gauteng]], [[:en:Limpopo|Limpopo]] |- |{{flag|Orange Free State}} |1854–1902 |[[:en:Free_State_(province)|Free State]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of Transvaal.svg}} [[:en:Klein_Vrystaat|Klein Vrystaat]] |1876–1891 |[[:en:Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga|Piet Retief, Mpumalanga]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of the Republic of Goshen.svg}} [[:en:State_of_Goshen|State of Goshen]] |1882–1883 |[[:en:North_West_(South_African_province)|North West]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of Stellaland (early 1883).svg}} [[:en:Republic_of_Stellaland|Republic of Stellaland]] |1882–1883 |[[:en:North_West_(South_African_province)|North West]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of Stellaland (1883-5).svg}} United States of Stellaland |1883–1885 |[[:en:North_West_(South_African_province)|North West]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg}} [[:en:Nieuwe_Republiek|New Republic]] |1884–1888 |[[:en:Vryheid,_KwaZulu-Natal|Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal]] |- |{{flagi|Flag of the German Empire.svg}} [[:en:Upingtonia|Republic of Upingtonia/Lijdensrust]] |1885–1887 |[[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] |} == Anglo-Boer wars == {{Main|First Boer War|Second Boer War}} [[File:Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg|thumb|Mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer, ŵakwenda pa ngolo yakujalika cha m'ma 1900]] Pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵanjira mu Transvaal mu 1877, Paul Kruger wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene pakunozga nkhondo ya ku Boer iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵa ku Britain ŵafumemo mu Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakarwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ŵa Boer kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 kwimikana na ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵaŵe na boma la Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) na Orange Free State..<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Meredith|title=Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa|publisher=Public Affairs|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/diamondsgoldwarb00mere/page/74 74]|isbn=978-1-58648-473-6|url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsgoldwarb00mere/page/74}}</ref> === Nkhondo ya ku Boer === {{See also|Afrikaner#Post Boer War diaspora|l1=Nkhondo ya ku Boer}} Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 1903, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku Argentina na Brazil. Gulu linyake likafumira ku Kenya, uko ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku South Africa mu ma 1930, apo gulu lacitatu lakulongozgeka na Jenerale Ben Viljoen likafumira ku Mexico na New Mexico na Texas kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States. == Kuwukira kwa Ŵabuwa mu 1914 == {{Main|Maritz Rebellion}} Kuwukira kwa Maritz (uko kukumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Boer Revolt, Five Shilling Rebellion panji Third Boer War) kukacitika mu 1914 pakwamba Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu boma ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Boer awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku Maritz. Louis Botha na Jan Smuts ndiwo ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Jopie Fourie, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵakamupa mulandu wa upusikizgi apo wakakana kukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. == Makhaliro == === Chiyowoyero === {{Main|ChiAfrikaans}} ChiAfrikaans ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ku South Africa na Namibia. Lizgu ili likafuma ku chiyowoyero cha ku South Holland (Dutch dialect) icho ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakayowoyanga. Ntheura, ni chiyowoyero cha ŵana ŵa Chidachi, ndipo pakwamba chikachemekanga kuti Chidachi cha ku Cape (pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape) panji Chidachi cha ku khitchini (zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakwamba). Ndipouli, likuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka (nangauli ndambura kupulikikwa makora) nga ni chiyowoyero cha Creole panji chiyowoyero icho chili na viyowoyero vinyake. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachidachi lakuti Afrikaans-Hollands, ilo likung'anamura kuti Chidachi cha ku Africa. === Mwambo === [[File:THE_BULLOCK-WAGONS_WOUND_SLOWLY_OVER_THE_BILLOWY_PLAINS.gif|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THE_BULLOCK-WAGONS_WOUND_SLOWLY_OVER_THE_BILLOWY_PLAINS.gif|thumb|Chithuzithuzi icho chikulongora magileta gha Bullock ghakujumpha mu vidika, 2 Janyuwale 1860]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakutemwa kwendendeka. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamanyikwa chomene m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Trekboer ŵakamba kukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cape, kweniso mu nyengo ya Great Trek apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers ŵakafumanga ku Eastern Cape, kweniso apo ŵakazenga vyaru vikuruvikuru mu nyengo ya Thirstland ('Dorsland') Trek. Munthu munyake uyo wakaluta ku caru cinyake wakati: "Tikaŵa na mzimu wakwendendeka mu mitima yithu, ndipo tikawumanyanga yayi. Tikaguliska minda yithu ndipo tikaluta kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kukapenja nyumba yiphya". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakamba kuŵa na mikhaliro na maluso gha ku mizi apo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya ŵazungu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakakhumbanga kujithemba, ndipo ŵakambapo kale kupharazga vya charu chawo pambere ŵa ku Britain ŵandafike.<ref name="Mills">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Wallace G. |title=White Settlers in South Africa to 1870 |url=http://husky1.smu.ca/~wmills/course316/18White_Settlers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235742/http://husky1.smu.ca/~wmills/course316/18White_Settlers.html |archive-date=26 September 2007 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> === Chigomezgo === Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakujiyimira ŵekha. Ŵa Boer ŵakaleka kukolerana na ŵa ku Europe apo ŵakafumanga mu gulu la Trekboer. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Reformed. Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk ('Tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed Church') likaŵa tchalitchi la ku South Africa (1852-1902). Chigaŵa cha Orange Free State (1854-1902) chikachemeka kuyana na nyumba ya Orange ku Netherlands. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakulondezga malango gha boma na kuzomera masuzgo nga ni mulimo wawo wa Cikhristu. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵali kuzgoka ndipo sono ŵali mu matchalitchi gha Baptist, Charismatic, Pentecostal, na Lutheran. == Kugwiliskira nchito mazuŵa ghano == Mu nyengo yasono, comenecomene mu nyengo ya kusinthika kwa muwuso wa katangale na mu nyengo iyo yikati yajumpha mu 1994, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans, comenecomene awo ŵali na vigomezgo vya ndyali, ndiposo awo mba Trekboer na Voortrekker, ŵasankha kucemeka kuti Mbaboere, m'malo mwa Ŵafrikaans, kuti ŵamanyikwe makora. Iwo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko la Voortrekker ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Boer na kukhazikiskika kwa South Africa mu 1910. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa ndyali ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakujiwona kuti mbanthu ŵakumanjiliro yayi. Iwo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa na Orange Free State ŵakazomerezgeka kuŵa ŵanthu panji gulu la mitheto mwakuyana na malango gha charu chose na Sand River Convention (iyo yikapangiska South African Republic mu 1852), Bloemfontein Convention (iyo yikapangiska Orange Free State Republic mu 1854), Pretoria Convention (iyo yikakhazikiskaso wanangwa wa South African Republic mu 1881), London Convention (iyo yikapeleka wanangwa ku South African Republic mu 1884), na Vereeniging Peace Treaty, iyo yikamazga nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Anglo-Boer pa 31 May 1902. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti mapangano agha ghakukhwaskana waka na ivyo maboma ghakuchita, ndipo ghakung'anamura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakumanya yayi umo ŵaliri. Awo ŵakukhozgera fundo izi ŵakugomezga kuti kufuma mu ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchema ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuti Ŵafrikaans. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer yikambira, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakamba kuzunura waka lizgu lakuti Boerevolk mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boerevolk ndiwo ŵakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito zina ili. Awo ŵakukhozgera zina la Chiburu ŵakuwona kuti lizgu lakuti Afrikaner ni lizgu la ndyali ilo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya mbiri yawo na mitheto yawo. Iwo ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Western Cape awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakendanga yayi kumafumiro gha dazi panji kumpoto, ŵakagwiliskira ntchito uheni uwo Ŵaburu ŵakakumana nawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika ŵakayezga kuti ŵaŵasange ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080422063509/http://www.chico.mweb.co.za/art/2007/2007mar/070309-bang.html Yolandi Groenewald. Bang bang – you're dead."], ''Mail & Guardian Online,'' March 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.oulitnet.co.za/seminarroom/marais_swart.asp Sandra Swart. ''Journal of Southern African Studies.'' 30.4, Dec 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308014642/http://www.oulitnet.co.za/seminarroom/marais_swart.asp|date=8 March 2010}}.</ref><ref>Adriana Stuijt (former South African journalist). "Boer, Afrikaner Or White – Which Are You?" 2004.</ref> Mazuŵa ghano mu South Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito viyowoyero vinyake.{{dubious|date=May 2018}} Ŵa Boer ndiwo mbachoko chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuchemeka Ŵafrikaans, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Dutch mbanandi chomene. Mu ciyowoyero ici, lizgu lakuti Afrikaans likung'anamura ŵanthu wose awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer mba gulu linyake ilo likuyowoya Chifurikansi. Mu nyengo ya apartheid, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti Boer mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kung'anamura mabungwe nga ni National Party; panji magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵapolisi, ŵasilikari, ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, panji ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa.<ref name="mg1">{{Cite web |last=Quintal |first=Genevieve |date=19 May 2011 |title='Shoot the boer': Lost in translation? |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-19-shoot-the-boer-lost-in-translation/ |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=The M&G Online |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dmh">{{Cite web |last=Brkic |first=Branko |date=29 March 2010 |title='Kill the Boer': a brief history |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2010-03-29-kill-the-boer-a-brief-history/ |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti mazgu agha ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boer - definition of Boer in A Dictionary of South African English - DSAE |url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/boer/e00946 |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=dsae.co.za}}</ref><ref name="iolDontCallMeBoer" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ConCourt rules 'boer' not offensive racist term {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/concourt-rules-boer-not-offensive-racist-term |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514174621/https://www.enca.com/news/concourt-rules-boer-not-offensive-racist-term |archive-date=14 May 2023}}</ref> === Ndale === * [[:en:Boere-Vryheidsbeweging|Boere-Vryheidsbeweging]] * [[:en:Boerestaat_Party|Boerestaat Party]] * [[:en:Freedom_Front_Plus|Freedom Front Plus]] * [[:en:Front_National_(South_Africa)|Front National]] * [[:en:Herstigte_Nasionale_Party|Herstigte Nasionale Party]] * [[:en:National_Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa|National Conservative Party of South Africa]] === Msambilo === Movement for Christian-National Education ni wupu uwo uli na masukulu 47 gha Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, comenecomene mu Free State na Transvaal..<ref>{{cite web |title=Beweging vir Christelik Volkseie Onderwys |url=http://www.bcvo.co.za/ |access-date=2011-12-01}}</ref> === Wayilesi === Ma wayilesi ghanyake ghakuthandazga fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer, nga ni Radio Rosestad 100.6 FM (mu Bloemfontein), Overvaal Stereo na Radio Pretoria. Wayilesi ya Boerevolk Radio, iyo yikupharazga pa Intaneti, yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer kuti ŵapatukane na ŵanyawo. === Vigaŵa === {{See also|Volkstaat}} Vigaŵa vya Boerestaat ("Boma la Boer") vikupangika kuŵa malo ghakukhalamo ŵa Boer/Afrikaner pera, comenecomene Orania ku Northern Cape na Kleinfontein kufupi na Pretoria. == Ŵanthu Ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Boer ==<!--This section is linked from [[Lists of people by nationality]]--> '''Voortrekker leaders''' * [[:en:Sarel_Cilliers|Sarel Cilliers]] * [[:en:Andries_Hendrik_Potgieter|Andries Hendrik Potgieter]] * [[:en:Andries_Pretorius|Andries Pretorius]] * [[:en:Piet_Retief|Piet Retief]] '''Great trek''' * [[:en:Racheltjie_de_Beer|Racheltjie de Beer]] * [[:en:Dirkie_Uys|Dirkie Uys]] * [[:en:Marthinus_Jacobus_Oosthuizen|Marthinus Jacobus Oosthuizen]] '''Participants in the Second Anglo-Boer War''' * [[:en:Koos_de_la_Rey|Koos de la Rey]], general; regarded as being one of the great military leaders of the Second Anglo-Boer War * [[:en:Danie_Theron|Danie Theron]], soldier * [[:en:Christiaan_Rudolf_de_Wet|Christiaan Rudolf de Wet]], general * [[:en:Siener_van_Rensburg|Siener van Rensburg]], considered a prophet by some '''Politicians''' * [[:en:Louis_Botha|Louis Botha]], first prime minister of South Africa (1910–1919) and former Boer general * [[:en:Petrus_Jacobus_Joubert|Petrus Jacobus Joubert]], general and cabinet member of the Transvaal Republic * [[:en:Paul_Kruger|Paul Kruger]], president of the [[:en:Transvaal_Republic|Transvaal Republic]] * [[:en:Martinus_Theunis_Steyn|Martinus Theunis Steyn]], 6th State President of the [[:en:Orange_Free_State|Orange Free State]] '''Spies''' * [[:en:Robey_Leibbrandt|Robey Leibbrandt]] * [[:en:Fritz_Joubert_Duquesne|Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], Boer captain known as the ''Black Panther'' who served in the [[:en:Second_Boer_War|Second Boer War]] == Mu mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano == Mu 1980, mulembi munyake wa ku America zina lake James A. Michener. == Wonaniso == {{columns-list|* [[Boerboel]] * ''[[Boerehaat]]'' * [[Boer goat]] * [[Boer music]] * [[Great Trek]] * [[Natalia Republic]] * [[Orange Free State]] * [[South African farm attacks]] * [[South African Republic]] * [[Transvaal civil war]] * [[Transvaal Colony]] * [[Volkstaat]] * [[Voortrekker]]|colwidth=18em}} == Vyakulemba == <references group="n" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Vyakulemba vinyake === {{refbegin|2}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q14xoaXj1UC|title=Nations, language, and citizenship|first=Norman|last=Berdichevsky|year=2004|publisher=Norman Berdichevsky|isbn=9780786427000|access-date=31 May 2010}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT6E6YdAh-MC|title=The Phonology of Dutch.|first=Geert|last=Booij|work=Oxford Linguistics|year=1999|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-823869-X|access-date=24 May 2010}} * {{Citation|url=http://cs.engr.uky.edu/~gstump/periphrasispapers/Progressive.pdf|title=Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch.|first=Geert|last=Booij|work=Paradigms and Periphrasis|year=2003|publisher=[[University of Kentucky]]|access-date=19 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503201606/https://web.archive.org/web/20110503201606/http://cs.engr.uky.edu/~gstump/periphrasispapers/Progressive.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2011}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fSsa7DPlNQC|title=The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"|work=Historical Linguistics 2005|access-date=29 May 2010|first=C. Jac|last=Conradie|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2005|isbn=9027247994}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYNHubXRzJAC|title=Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans|work=Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages|access-date=29 May 2010|first=Ana|last=Deumert|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2002|isbn=9027247471}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-qM3Wk4nZ0C&pg=PA15|title=Germanic standardizations: past to present|access-date=28 May 2010|first1=Ana|last1=Deumert|first2=Wim|last2=Vandenbussche|work=Trends in Linguistics|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2003|isbn=9027218560}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC|title=Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations|access-date=19 May 2010|first1=G.|last1=Geerts|first2=Michael G.|last2=Clyne|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=1992|isbn=9783110128550}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/dialectology/papers/prasa08.pdf|title=The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects|first1=Wilbert|last1=Heeringa|first2=Febe|last2=de Wet|pages=445–467|year=2007|publisher=[[University of Groningen]]|access-date=19 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011940/https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011940/http://www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/dialectology/papers/prasa08.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/HinskensAuerKerswill2005Conv.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/HinskensAuerKerswill2005Conv.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations.|first1=Frans|last1=Hiskens|first2=Peter|last2=Auer|first3=Paul|last3=Kerswill|year=2005|publisher=[[Lancaster University]]|access-date=19 May 2010}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC|title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey|access-date=19 May 2010|first=John A.|last=Holm|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1989|isbn=9780521359405}} * {{Citation|url=http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/bitstream/2066/56692/1/56692_JS&N20070001.pdf|title=The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch.|first1=Carel|last1=Jansen|first2=Robert|last2=Schreuder|first3=Anneke|last3=Neijt|work=Written Language & Literacy 10:2|year=2007|publisher=[[Radboud University Nijmegen]]|access-date=19 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011926/http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/bitstream/2066/56692/1/56692_JS%26N20070001.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011}} * {{Citation|url=https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/152|title=Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview|first1=Ineke|last1=Mennen|first2=Clara|last2=Levelt|first3=Ellen|last3=Gerrits|work=Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10|year=2006|publisher=[[Queen Margaret University College]]|access-date=19 May 2010}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC|title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics|access-date=23 August 2008|first=Rajend|last=Mesthrie|publisher=New Africa Books|year=1995|isbn=9780864862808}} * {{Citation|url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf|first1=Thomas|last1=Niesler|first2=Philippa|last2=Louw|first3=Justus|last3=Roux|year=2005|title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases|journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies|volume=23|issue=4|pages=459–474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221175729/http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2012|doi=10.2989/16073610509486401|s2cid=7138676}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9uNEf_FPVoC|title=Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages|access-date=28 May 2010|first1=Nils|last1=Langer|first2=Winifred V.|last2=Davies|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2005|isbn=9783110183375}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC|title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles|access-date=19 May 2010|first=Mark|last=Sebba|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1997|isbn=9780312175719}} * {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC|title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world|access-date=19 May 2010|first=Mark|last=Sebba|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=9781139462020}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Wikiquote}} * {{Commons category-inline|Boers}} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=South Africa|display=South Africa § III. History|volume=25|pages=469–81|short=x}} * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Boer|year=1905|short=x}} {{Ethnic groups in South Africa}}{{Authority control}} b1ook2b1rolvpk5nto9ifai8qgcas43 0 29350 122738 122372 2026-09-28T03:52:10Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Video-sharing platform owned by Google}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{For|the company's channel on YouTube|YouTube (channel)}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox website|name=YouTube LLC|logo=YouTube Logo 2017.svg|logo_caption=Logo used since 2017|logo_size=250px|logo_alt=The YouTube logo is made of a red round-rectangular box with a white "play" button inside and the word "YouTube" written in black.|screenshot=YouTube homepage.png|caption=Screenshot of homepage on November 2, 2022|collapsible=<!-- the "no" setting neither works nor prevents collapse -->|company_type=[[Subsidiary]]|type=[[Online video platform]]|founded={{start date and age|2005|2|14}}|location=901 Cherry Avenue<br />[[San Bruno, California]]|country=United States|area_served=Worldwide (excluding [[censorship of YouTube|blocked countries]])|owner=[[Google LLC]]|founder={{ubl|[[Steve Chen]]|[[Chad Hurley]]|[[Jawed Karim]]}}|key_people={{ubl|[[Neal Mohan]] (CEO)| Matt Halprin (vice president)|Chad Hurley (advisor)}}|industry={{ubl|[[Internet]]|[[Video hosting service]]}}|products={{ubl||[[YouTube Kids]]|[[YouTube Music]]|[[YouTube Premium]]|[[YouTube Shorts]]|[[YouTube TV]]}}|revenue={{increase}} {{USD|28.8 billion}} (2021)<ref name="Weprin">{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=February 1, 2022 |title=YouTube Ad Revenue Tops $8.6B, Beating Netflix in the Quarter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-tops-8-6b-beating-netflix-in-the-quarter-1235085391/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>|parent=[[Google LLC]] (2006–present)|url={{URL|https://www.youtube.com/|youtube.com}}<br />(see [[#International_and_localization|list of localized domain names]])|content_license=Uploader holds copyright (standard license); [[Creative Commons]] can be selected.|programming_language=[[Python (programming language)|Python]] (core/API),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Claburn |first1=Thomas |title=Google's Grumpy code makes Python Go |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/05/googles_grumpy_makes_python_go/ |website=The Register |access-date=September 16, 2017 |language=en |date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> [[C (programming language)|C]] (through [[CPython]]), [[C++]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (through [[Guice]] platform),<ref>{{cite web|first=Jesse |last=Wilson |title=Guice Deuce |url=https://googlecode.blogspot.no/2009/05/guice-deuce.html |website=Official Google Code Blog |date=May 19, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://highscalability.com/blog/2008/3/12/youtube-architecture.html |title=YouTube Architecture |publisher=High Scalability |access-date=October 13, 2014 |archive-date=October 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004091618/http://highscalability.com/blog/2008/3/12/youtube-architecture.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Go (programming language)|Go]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Golang Vitess: a database wrapper written in Go as used by Youtube |website=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/youtube/vitess|date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> [[JavaScript]] (UI)|advertising=[[Google AdSense]]|registration={{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:left; background-color:transparent | title = Optional | Not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists, liking or disliking videos, and posting comments }}|users={{increase}} 2.562 billion [[Monthly active user|MAU]] (January 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 2022 |title=Most used social media 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users// |access-date= January 5, 2023 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>|launched={{start date and age|2005|02|14}}|current_status=Active}} '''YouTube''' ni kampani yaku [[America]] iyo yikupanga mavidiyo pa intaneti ndipo yikukhala ku [[San Bruno]], [[California]], United States. Wakapangika pa Febuluwale 14, 2005, na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Webusayiti iyi njakovwira chomene pa Intaneti. Pa mwezi, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 biliyoni ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo pa YouTube. Mu Meyi 2019, mavidiyo ghakaŵanga na maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti.<ref name="500 hours per minute">{{cite news|author=Loke Hale, James|date=May 7, 2019|title=More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute|work=[[TubeFilter]]|location=Los Angeles, CA|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neufeld |first=Dorothy |date=January 27, 2021 |title=The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-50-most-visited-websites-in-the-world/ |access-date=December 6, 2021 |website=Visual Capitalist |language=en-US}}</ref> <!-- History -->Mu Okutobala 2006, Google yikagura YouTube pa mtengo wa madola 1.65 biliyoni. Google yikati yamba kugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yikamba kupanga malonda ghanandi chomene. Kweniso likupeleka YouTube Premium, nthowa yakulipira kuti munthu wawonelerenge vinthu kwambura malonda. Kweniso YouTube yikazomerezga awo ŵakulemba nkhani kuti ŵachiteko nawo ntchito ya Google ya AdSense, iyo yikukhumba kuti wose ŵawovwirepo. Mu 2022, YouTube yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana $29.2 billion. Mu 2021, ndalama zakupanga malonda pa YouTube zakwera mpaka $ 28.8 biliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za 9 biliyoni kuchokera chaka chatha.<ref name="Weprin">{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=February 1, 2022 |title=YouTube Ad Revenue Tops $8.6B, Beating Netflix in the Quarter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-tops-8-6b-beating-netflix-in-the-quarter-1235085391/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><!-- Content and operations --> Kufuma waka apo Google yikagulira YouTube, yikasazgikira kujumpha pa webusayiti yakwamba na kuŵa na ma app gha pa mafoni, ma TV gha pa Intaneti, kweniso yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi. Mavidiyo agho ghali pa YouTube ni mavidiyo gha sumu, mavidiyo, nkhani, mafilimu ghapafupi, mafilimu, sumu, mavidiyo ghapang'anamuliro gha mafilimu, ma teaser, ma livestreams, vlog, na vinyake vinandi. Vinthu vinandi vikupangika na ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha, kusazgapo awo ŵakuwungana na makampani. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Disney, Paramount, NBCUniversal, na Warner Bros. Kweniso ŵakamba na kusazgirako mawayilesi ghawo gha pa YouTube kuti ŵapharazgirenge ŵanthu ŵanandi. YouTube yikupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene, yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kutemwana pa Intaneti. Nangauli YouTube yikukura chomene ndipo yikwenda makora, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka. Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi kuti ŵapharazge mautesi, kuswa malango gha ŵanthu, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa pa webusayiti iyi. == {{Anchor|Company history}}{{Anchor|Website history}}Mbiri == {{Main|Mbiri ya YouTube}} === Kukhazikiska na kukura kwapakwamba (2005~2006) === [[File:Youtube_founders.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, na Jawed Karim, awo ŵakambiska YouTube]] YouTube yikapangika na Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, na Jawed Karim. Ŵanalume ŵatatu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵantchito ŵakwambilira ŵa PayPal, ndipo ŵakasambazga comene pamanyuma pakuti kampani iyi yagulika na eBay. Hurley wakasambira vya kupanga vinthu pa yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, ndipo Chen na Karim ŵakasambira vya kompyuta pa yunivesite ya Illinois ku Urbana-Champaign. Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka kanandi waka mu manyuzipepara, Hurley na Chen ŵakapanga pulani ya YouTube mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2005, pamanyuma pakuti ŵakasangana na masuzgo pakugwiliskira nchito mavidiyo agho ŵakajambura pa ciphikiro ca mu nyumba ya Chen ku San Francisco. Karim wakaluta yayi ku ciphikiro ici ndipo wakakana kuti vikacitika nadi, kweni Chen wakati maghanoghano ghakuti YouTube yikapangika pamanyuma pa ciphikiro "ghakwenera kuti ghakakhozga comene maghanoghano gha malonda ghakukhwaskana na kulenga nkhani iyo yikwenera kuti yikasangika makora". Karim wakati chenjezgo la YouTube likamba kufuma ku nkhani ya Super Bowl XXXVIII apo chifuŵa cha Janet Jackson chikavumbukwa na Justin Timberlake. Karim wakawona kuti ntchipusu yayi kusanga mavidiyo gha chindindindi icho chikachitika mu 2004 pa Intaneti. Hurley na Chen ŵakayowoya kuti maghanoghano ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa gha chigaŵa cha mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ndipo ghakafuma pa webusayiti ya Hot or Not. Ŵakalemba nkhani pa Craigslist, kupempha ŵanakazi ŵakutowa kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghawo pa YouTube kuti ŵaŵape ndalama zakukwana madola 100. Chifukwa cha suzgo la kusanga mavidiyo ghakukwana gha ŵanthu ŵakutorana, ŵakasintha ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|title=YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website|work=The Guardian|date=March 16, 2016|access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Youtube_logo.jpg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pomwe chinayambika mpaka 2007; chinabwerera mu 2008 chisanachotsedwe kachiwiri mu 2010. Chizindikiro chinyake icho pakaŵavya mazgu ghakuti "Sindikizgani Mwekha" chikagwiranga ntchito m'paka mu 2011.]] YouTube yikamba kuŵa kampani iyo yikagwiliskiranga nchito vinthu vya teknoloji. Pakati pa Novembala 2005 na Epulero 2006, kampani iyi yikasanga ndalama kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵakupambanapambana, ndipo Sequoia Capital, $11.5 miliyoni, na Artis Capital Management, $8 miliyoni, ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuru chomene. Malo ghakwambilira gha YouTube ghakaŵa pachanya pa malo gha pizza na malo gha vyakurya gha ku Japan mu San Mateo, California. Mu Febuluwale 2005, kampani iyi yikajura webusayiti ya www.youtube.com. Vidiyo yakwamba yikaŵa pa Epulero 23, 2005. Chithunzichi chili ndi mutu wakuti "Ine ku zoo" ndipo chikusonyeza woyambitsa mnzake Jawed Karim ku San Diego Zoo ndipo chikhoza kuwonedwabe pa webusaitiyi. Mu Meyi, kampani iyi yikambiska beta ya ŵanthu wose ndipo mu Novembala, chipharazgo cha Nike icho muli Ronaldinho chikaŵa vidiyo yakwamba kuwoneka pa intaneti. Webusayiti iyi yikamba kugwira ntchito pa Disembala 15, 2005, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu 8 miliyoni ŵakayiwonanga zuŵa lililose. Pa nyengo iyo, vithuzithuzi ivi vikaŵa vya mameghabayiti 100, panji kuti masekondi 30. YouTube yikaŵa malo ghakwamba yayi kugaŵirako mavidiyo pa Intaneti. Vimeo yikambiska mu Novembala 2004, nangauli pa nyengo iyo, malo agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Sabata iyo YouTube yikambira, pa NBC-Universal pa Saturday Night Live pakaŵa sumu ya The Lonely Island yakuchemeka "Lazy Sunday". Padera pa kovwira kuti Saturday Night Live yiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, "Lazy Sunday" yikawovwira kuti YouTube yiŵe malo ghakuzirwa. Pa February 2006, vidiyo iyi yikawonekerathu pa YouTube ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni ŵakawonelera pambere ŵandayiwuskemo. Nangauli paumaliro ŵakawuskapo vidiyo iyi, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi pa YouTube. Webusayiti iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro chomene. Mu Julayi 2006, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 65,000 ŵakujura mavidiyo zuŵa lililose. Kusankha zina lakuti www.youtube.com kukapangiska kuti webusayiti yinyake yiŵe na zina lakuyana waka lakuti www.youtube.com. Mweneko wa webusayiti iyi, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, wakadandawura na YouTube mu Novembala 2006 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga waka kuwonelera vidiyo iyi. Universal Tube wakasintha webusayiti yake kuŵa www. utubeonline .com.<ref>{{cite news|title=Help! YouTube is killing my business!|author=Zappone, Christian|publisher=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm|access-date=November 29, 2008|date=October 12, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Utube sues YouTube|author=Blakely, Rhys|work=The Times|location=London|url=https://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece|access-date=November 29, 2008|date=November 2, 2006|archive-date=April 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234216/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nyengo ya Broadcast Yourself (2006~2013) === [[File:901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg|left|thumb|Likulu la YouTube ku San Bruno, California]] Pa Okutobala 9, 2006, Google yikapharazga kuti yagura YouTube pa mtengo wa $1.65 biliyoni. Phangano ili likamara pa Novembala 13, 2006. IAC, iyo sono yikaŵa na Vimeo, yikamba kovwira awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo kuti ŵapatukeko ku YouTube. Pa nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Jipharazgirani". Kampani iyi yikakura mwaluŵiro. The Daily Telegraph yikalemba kuti mu 2007, YouTube yikagwiliskiranga nchito bandwidth yinandi comene nga ni Intaneti yose mu 2000. Kufika mu 2010, kampani iyi yikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha mavidiyo pafupifupi 43 peresenti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghakujumpha 14 biliyoni. Chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasintha vinthu vinyake kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge nyengo yitali pa webusayiti iyi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga mavidiyo ghakujumpha mabiliyoni ghatatu zuŵa lililose. Ndipouli, mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakawonanga ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Mu chaka chenechicho, kampani iyi yikasinthaso chigaŵa chake ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo, yikapelekaso logo yiphya ya mdima wakufipa. Mu 2013, pakaŵaso kusintha kwa kompyuta, TV, na foni. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa Intaneti maora ghakujumpha 100 pa miniti yiliyose.<ref>{{cite web |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=May 19, 2013 |title=YouTube users now upload 100 hours of video every minute |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/19/4345514/youtube-users-upload-100-hours-video-every-minute |access-date=March 26, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=E. Solsman |first=Joan |date=November 12, 2014 |title=YouTube's Music Key: Can paid streaming finally hook the masses? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-key-googles-stab-at-taking-paid-streaming-songs-mainstream/ |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> [[File:Logo_of_YouTube_(2015-2017).svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2017]] Pa nyengo iyi, gulu likasintha vinthu vinyake. Mu Okutobala 2006, YouTube wakasamira ku ofesi yiphya ku San Bruno, California. Hurley wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa CEO wa YouTube kuti waŵe na udindo wa kuphalira ŵanthu vya YouTube. Mu Disembala 2009, YouTube yikakolerana na Vevo. Mu Epulero 2010, sumu ya Lady Gaga ya "Bad Romance" yikaŵa vidiyo iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonelera chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba kuwonelera ŵanthu mamiliyoni 200 pa Meyi 9, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 9, 2010|url=https://pulse2.com/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views/|title=Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views}}</ref> === Susan Wojcicki and going mainstream (2014–2018) === [[File:YouTube_Logo_2017.svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube kuyambira 2017]] Susan Wojcicki wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2014. Mu Janyuwale 2016, YouTube yikasazgirako ofesi yake yikuru ku San Bruno mwa kugura malo gha maofesi gha $215 miliyoni. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakukwana mamita 51,468 ndipo ghangakwana ŵanthu 2,800. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa Intaneti. Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikayezga nthowa zinandi zakupambanapambana kuti yisangirepo ndalama. Mu 2013, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya viwoneskero kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti ŵapelekenge ma TV ghapachanya. Ntchito iyi yikamara mu Janyuwale 2018 ndipo yikambaso mu Juni, na maubwezi gha US$4.99. Kulembeska pa wayilesi iyi kukakhozga nthowa ya Super Chat, iyo yikamba mu 2017, iyo yikovwira kuti awo ŵakuwonelera ŵapeleke ndalama zakukwana $1 na $500 kuti ŵawonenge ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga za "Music Key", iyo yikaŵa na nkhani za sumu pa YouTube. Mu 2015, YouTube yikapharazga vya YouTube Red, yeneiyo yikaŵa nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira ŵanthu kwambura kuŵika malonda pa Intaneti. Kweniso YouTube yikafumiska YouTube Music, app yacitatu iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kumanya sumu izo zili pa YouTube. Kweniso kampani iyi yikayezga kupanga vinthu vyakuti viŵawovwire. Mu 2015, YouTube yikafumiska pulogiramu ya pa foni yakuchemeka YouTube Kids. Lili na nthowa yipusu yakugwiliskira ntchito TV iyi, na mavidiyo ghakwenelera ŵana awo ŵafika pa msinkhu wawo. Kweniso mu 2015, YouTube yikambiska YouTube Gaming, app ya mavidiyo na mavidyo gha pa Intaneti. Kampaniyi idaukiridwa pa Epulo 3, 2018, pomwe kuwombera kunachitika ku likulu la YouTube ku San Bruno, California, komwe kudavulaza anayi ndikupangitsa munthu m'modzi kufa (womenya).<ref name="shooting">{{Cite news|date=April 4, 2018|title=YouTube shooting: Suspect visited shooting range before attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43645812|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> === Mbiri yaposachedwapa (2019~pano) === Kuzakafika mu Febuluwale 2017, maora 1 biliyoni gha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakawoneleranga zuŵa lililose, ndipo maora 400 gha mavidiyo ghakaŵikikanga pa intaneti miniti yiliyose. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakakweranga mavidiyo agha maora ghakujumpha 500 pa miniti. Mu nyengo ya nthenda ya COVID-19, apo caru cose cikaŵa pasi pa dango la kukhala pa nyumba, kugwiliskira nchito vinthu nga ni YouTube kukakwera comene. Kampani yimoza ya data yikati YouTube yikupangiska 15% ya intaneti yose, kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira pambere nthenda iyi yindambe. Pakuzgora ku ŵamazaza ŵa EU awo ŵakapempha kuti mautumiki agha ghachepeske bandwidth kuti ŵasimikizge kuti ŵantchito ŵa ku chipatala ŵali na bandwidth yakukwana kuti ŵagaŵiranenge fundo, YouTube na Netflix ŵakayowoya kuti ŵalutilirenge kuchepeska umanyi wa ma TV kwa mazuŵa 30 kuti ŵapepuske bandwidth ya mautumiki ghawo na 25%. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikati yilutizgenge mulimo uwu pa caru cose: "Tikulutilira kwenderana na maboma na ŵantchito ŵa pa caru cose kuti tileke kusuzgika comene na vinthu ivi". Pamasinda pa kudandawura uko kukacitika mu 2018 cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha Child's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), kampani iyi yikapika cilango ca $170 miliyoni na FTC cifukwa ca kupokera fundo za ŵanthu ŵacoko comene. Kweniso boma likalangura kuti YouTube yipange nthowa zakovwilira ŵana kuti ŵaleke kufipa mtima. Pamanyuma pa kususkika cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, pa Janyuwale 6, 2020, YouTube yikamba kuwona mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa "ghakupangikira ŵana" nga nga nga nga nga ni malango gha COPPA. Pakunjira mu app ya YouTube Kids, kampani iyi yikapangiska kuti mu 2021 paŵe nthowa yakuwonera, iyo yikunozgekera ŵawukirano. Kweniso kuti yikolere TikTok, YouTube yikamba kupanga vidiyo yifupi yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts. Mu nyengo iyi, YouTube yikamba kulimbana na makampani ghanyake gha vya tekinoloje. Kwa chaka chimoza, mu 2018 na 2019, pakaŵavya app ya YouTube iyo yikagwiliskirika pa Amazon Fire. Mu 2020, Roku wakawuskamo app ya YouTube TV mu sitoro yake chifukwa chakuti makampani ghaŵiri agha ghakatondeka kukolerana. Pambuyo poyesa kale mu 2021, YouTube idachotsa kuwonetsera pagulu kwa kusakonda kwamavidiyo mu Novembala 2021, ponena kuti chifukwa chochotsera chinali, kutengera kafukufuku wake wamkati, kuti ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kusakonda ngati njira yochitira nkhanza pa intaneti. Nangauli ŵanyake ŵakulumba kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti para munthu wangaleka kutinkhana, vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona mavidiyo ghambura kovwira. Uyo wakawovwira kukhazikiska YouTube, Jawed Karim, wakati kusintha uku "nkhuzeleza", ndipo cifukwa ceneko ca kusintha uku "nkhwakwenelera yayi, ndipo nchakuti ŵanthu ŵamanyenge yayi". Iyo wakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti ŵamanye vinthu viheni. Iyo wakati: "Nthowa iyi yikugwira nchito, ndipo yili na zina lakuti vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Para pulogiramu yikususka, ndondomeko iyi yikumara. Para vyaŵa nthena, pulatifomu yikuleka kugwira ntchito". Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, Dmitry Selivanov, uyo wakapanganga mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta, wakambiska pulogiramu ya Return YouTube Dislike. Mu kalata iyo yikapharazgika pa January 25, 2022 na Susan Wojcicki, CEO wa YouTube, wakazomerezga kuti kuwuskamo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi chikaŵa chakujandizga, kweni wakawerezgapo kuti wakukhalilira na fundo iyi, wakati "yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutinkhana". Mu 2022, YouTube yikamba kuyezga umo yikulongolera ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo ghatali pa TV, malonda ghafupi ghambura kujumpha. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵakwiya chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa mapulogiramu ghaphya agho ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi, pa Seputembala 19 wa chaka chenechichi, YouTube "yikamalizga" ntchito iyi. Mu Okutobala, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na vigaŵa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (nga ni @MrBeast6000) kusazgapo mazina gha wayilesi, agho ghangazgokaso ma URL gha wayilesi. Pa Febuluwale 16, 2023, Wojcicki wakapharazga kuti wafumenge pa udindo wake wa CEO, ndipo Neal Mohan ndiyo wamupenge malo. Wojcicki wazamovwira Google na Alphabet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |last2=Roth |first2=Emma |date=January 16, 2023 |title=YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> == Ŵalara ŵa kamupani == YouTube yikulongozgeka na CEO kufuma waka apo yikambira mu 2005, ndipo yikalutilira kuŵa na mulongozgi nangauli Google yikayigura. CEO wa sono ni Neal Mohan, uyo wakasankhika pa February 16, 2023.<ref name=":15" /> === Mndandanda wa ma CEO === # [[Chad Hurley]] (2005–2010) # [[Salar Kamangar]] (2010–2014) # [[Susan Wojcicki]] (2014–2023)<ref name=":15" /> # [[Neal Mohan]] (since February 2023)<ref name=":15" /> == Vinthu vyake == === Vidiyo === YouTube yikugwiliskira nchito VP9 na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs, na Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP protocol. MPEG-4 Part 2 streams izo zili mu 3GP containers nazo zikupelekeka pa bandwidth yachepa. Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikamba kupanga mavidiyo mu AV1. Mu 2021, ŵakayowoya kuti kampani iyi yikughanaghana vya kukhumba AV1 mu hardware ya streaming kuti yichepeske bandwidth na kusazgirako quality. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo pamoza na Opus na AAC. Pakwamba mu 2005, kuti munthu wawone mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa kompyuta, wakeneranga kuŵa na Adobe Flash Player. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti iyi pa chiyezgo. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo kwambura kuŵika Adobe Flash Player panji pulogini yinyake. Pa Janyuwale 27, 2015, YouTube yikapharazga kuti HTML5 ndiyo yizamuŵa nthowa yakulondezgera pa ma browser. Mavidiyo gha HTML5 ghakugwiliskira ntchito Dynamic Adaptive Streaming pa HTTP (MPEG-DASH), nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito HTTP iyo yikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na vithuzi vinandi. Pa foni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti gha mtundu wa 144p. Ungweru uwu ungasinthika mwakuyana na luŵiro lwa foni panji ungasinthika na mawoko. Kwambira mu 2008 m'paka mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kusazgako "mavidiyo" ku mavidiyo ghawo, nga ni mauthenga gha pa kompyuta na ma hyperlink. Kufika mu 2019 mazgu ghose gha mu mavidiyo ghakafumiskikapo, ndipo mavidiyo ghanyake ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito. YouTube yikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu pa Intaneti, nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakumalizgira. Mu 2018, YouTube yikazgoka rejisitala ya ISNI, ndipo yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kwamba kupanga vimanyikwiro vya ISNI kuti yimanyiske ŵanyimbo awo mavidiyo ghawo ghalipo. Awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakumanya kuti ŵangawoneseska kuti nkhani yawo njaunenesko. Apo YouTube yikambanga mu 2005, vikaŵa vyamachitiko kuŵika mavidiyo ghatali, kweni mu Malichi 2006 ŵakaŵikamo nyengo ya maminiti 10 pamanyuma pakuti YouTube yamanya kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa ghatali chomene ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu Julayi 2010, nyengo ya maminiti 10 yikakwera kufika pa maminiti 15. Mavidiyo ghangaŵa ghakukwana 256 GB panji maora 12, kuyana na unandi wake. Kufumira mu 2021, mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agho ghangalembeka mu viyowoyero 13, ndipo ghangalembeka na mashini. YouTube yikupelekaso mazgu ghakupangika na ŵanthu nga ntchigaŵa cha makompyuta. Kale YouTube yikapelekanga fundo yakuti 'Community Captions' apo awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo ŵakeneranga kulemba na kupeleka mazgu ghakupulikizga para munthu uyo wakujura mavidiyo wazomerezga. Kweni mu Seputembala 2020 ŵakaleka. YouTube yikuzomera mafayilo gha mtundu wa MP4, Matroska, FLV, AVI, WebM, 3GP, MPEG-PS, na QuickTime. Vyakupanga mavidiyo vinyake (nga ni ProRes) navyo vikuzomerezgeka. YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu umo ŵangakopera. Vidiyo yiliyose yikumanyikwa na alphanumerical Base64 string ya vilembo 11 mu Uniform Resource Locator (URL) iyo yingaŵa na vilembo, manambara, chakukhozgera (_), na dash (-). Mu 2018, YouTube yikaŵaso na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Premiere icho chikupeleka uthenga kwa munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo. Para nyengo yakutemeka yakwana, vidiyo iyi yikuŵa pa TV ndipo yikutora maminiti ghaŵiri. Para mungakhumba, mungamba kuwonelera nyengo yeneyiyo.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are YouTube Premieres, and How Do You Use Them? |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/367588/what-are-youtube-premiers-and-how-do-you-use-them/}}</ref> ==== Maonekelo ==== Pakwamba YouTube yikapelekanga mavidiyo gha mtundu umoza pera, agho ghakaŵa na ma pixels 320×240 pakugwiliskira nchito codec ya Sorenson Spark (iyo ni H.263), pamoza na sumu za MP3 za mtundu umoza. Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo mu 3GP pa mafoni. Mu Malichi 2008, ŵakasazgirako mtundu wa high-quality mode, uwo ukasazgirako ma pixels 480×360. Mu Disembala 2008, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 720p. Pa nyengo ya kukhazikiskika kwa 720p, YouTube player yikasinthika kufuma ku 4:3 aspect ratio kuya ku widescreen 16:9. Na fundo iyi, YouTube yikamba kusintha kuti yiŵe na H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Mu Novembala 2009, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 1080p. Mu Julayi 2010, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yapanga mavidiyo ghanandi gha mtundu wa 4K, agho ghangaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana 4096×3072. Mu Julayi 2010, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya mtundu wa 4K. Mu Juni 2015, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya 8K, ndipo mavidiyo agha ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 7680×4320. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵakasazgirako vidiyo ya HDR iyo yingalembeka na HLG panji PQ. Vidiyo ya HDR yingalembeka na mtundu wa Rec. 2020. Mu Juni 2014, YouTube yikamba kovwirapo pa mavidiyo gha vithuzithuzi ivyo vikuŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakukwana vithuzithuzi 60 pa sekondi. YouTube yikati ivi viwovwirenge kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo agho ghali na vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghalipo mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera ŵakukhwaska waka kawonekero ka vidiyo. Mu mafoni agha, ŵanthu ŵakusankhapo "Auto", iyo yikusintha umo vinthu viliri pa Intaneti, "High Picture Quality" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora mavidiyo, "Data saver" iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito makora mavidiyo, na "Advanced" iyo yikovwira kuti munthu wasankhenge makora. Pa kompyuta, ŵanthu ŵakusankha "Auto" panji mtundu unyake. Munthu uyo wakuwonelera vidiyo iyi wangasankha yayi vithuzi ivyo vili na vithuzi vinandi. Kwambira mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha 3D. Mu 2015, YouTube yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito mavidiyo gha madigiri 360. Kufuma mu Epulero 2016, yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa 360°, kweniso mavidiyo gha pa 360° na gha pa 1440p. Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa digirii zakujumpha 90, yikamba kukhozgera vidiyo yinyake yakuchemeka VR180. Chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulaŵilira mavidiyo agha, YouTube yikasintha nyengo yichoko waka. YouTube yikapanga chip chake, chakuchemeka Argos, kuti chiwovwire pakukopera mavidiyo ghapachanya mu 2021. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, YouTube yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura kuti wasinthe mavidiyo agho ghakaŵako kale chomene. Ubwezi unyake uwo ŵakachita na Universal Music Group ukaŵa wa kupanga mavidiyo 1,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 19, 2019 |title=YouTube partners with Universal to upgrade nearly 1,000 classic music videos to HD |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/19/youtube-partners-with-universal-to-upgrade-nearly-1000-classic-music-videos-to-hd/ |access-date=March 9, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kuŵerenga pa Intaneti ==== YouTube yikachita viyezgo vyakwambilira pa nkhani ya kuwonelera vinthu vyamuyirayira, kusazgapo ungano wa U2 mu 2009, na ungano wa mafumbo na mazgoro na pulezidenti wa ku United States Barack Obama mu Febuluwale 2010. Kuyezgelera uku kukajintha pa maukadaulo gha ŵabwezi ŵachitatu, kweni mu Seputembala 2010, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yake yakwendeskera. Mu Epulero 2011, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yivulenge YouTube Live. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵekha ndiwo ŵakawoneleranga vidiyo iyi. Kanema uyu wakagwiliskirika ntchito pa nkhani za pa nyengo yake nga ni maseŵero gha ku London mu 2012. Mu Okutobala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8 miliyoni ŵakawonelera umo Felix Baumgartner wakadukira kufuma ku mphepete mwa mlengalenga. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero chakukwana 1,000 ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuwonelera pa Intaneti. Mu Febuluwale 2017, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera vidiyo iyi pa foni. Pakwamba, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni iyi ŵakaŵa waka na ŵanthu 10,000, kweni mu 2017 ŵakachepeskeka kufika pa ŵanthu 100. Vidiyo iyi yikovwira kuti munthu wawonenge vinthu mu HDR.<ref name="Verge 2016">{{cite web |last=Garun |first=Natt |date=November 30, 2016 |title=YouTube now supports 4K live-streaming for both 360-degree and standard video |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13783272/youtube-update-4k-live-streaming-support-360-video |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=December 8, 2020 |title=YouTube live streams now support HDR |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/8/22162889/youtube-live-stream-hdr-support |access-date=May 10, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> === Vinthu vya mugwiliski === ==== Comment system <span class="anchor" id="User_comments"></span> ==== {{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube user comments}} Mu 2006, magazini ya Time yikalumba Web 2.0 cifukwa ca kovwira "ŵanthu kuti ŵateŵeterenge lumoza na kucitirana vinthu pamoza mu nthowa iyo yindacitikepo nakale", ndipo yikasazgirapo kuti YouTube "yikugwiliskira nchito ucindere wa ŵanthu kweniso vinjeru vyawo. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube vikupangiska munthu kulira chifukwa cha umo ŵanthu ŵakulemberana, kweniso chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakuyowoya". Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The Guardian yikati:<ref>{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=November 3, 2009|title=Our top 10 funniest YouTube comments – what are yours?|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/nov/03/youtube-funniest-comments|access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref> {{blockquote|Ŵawukirano, ŵankhaza, ŵambura kupulikiska makora, ŵakususkana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ŵakutemwa ŵanthu ŵanyawo, ŵakukwiya chomene na ivyo vili mu vidiyo ndipo ŵakulongosora mwakupwelelera, ndipo pamasinda ŵakulemba mazgu ghakukhozga soni.}} Mu Seputembala 2008, nyuzipepara ya Daily Telegraph yikati YouTube "njakumanyikwa chomene" chifukwa cha "mauthenga ghakupambanapambana pa Intaneti". Mu Epulero 2012, nyuzipepara ya Huffington Post yikati ntchakusuzga yayi kusanga mazgu pa YouTube agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti "ngaheni, ngaubendezi, kweniso ngaheni". Pa Novembala 6, 2013, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakuyowoyera pa Google+ iyo yikukhumba kuti wose awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Google+ kuti ŵayowoyepo pa mavidiyo. Chilato cha kusintha uku chikaŵa chakuti awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵasangenge nkhongono zakumazgira na kujandizga mazgu, na kumazga viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ma URL ghaŵeso mu mazgu, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghafumiskikapo chifukwa cha masuzgo. Pakuzgora, uyo wakambiska YouTube, Jawed Karim wakalemba fumbo lakuti "chifukwa wuli nkhwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti niyowoyepo pa vidiyo?" pa YouTube kuti walongosore maghanoghano ghake ghambura kwenelera. Pa YouTube, ŵanthu 20,097 ŵakazomera ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 32,000 ŵakayowoyapo mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Chase Melvin wakalemba mu magazini ya Newsday ya Silicon Island kuti "Google+ njakutchuka yayi nga ni Facebook, kweni yikupangiska ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵaleke kuleka kuyowoyapo pa mavidiyo". Mu nkhani yeneyiyi, Melvin wakalutilira kuyowoya kuti:<ref>{{cite news|last=Chase|first=Melvin|date=November 20, 2013|title=YouTube comments require Google+ account, Google faces uproar|newspaper=Newsday|url=https://www.newsday.com/business/technology/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420}} {{subscription}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000813/https://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420 Alternate link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000813/https://www.amny.com/silicon-island-1.1521604/youtube-comments-require-google-account-google-faces-uproar-1.6429420|date=December 3, 2013}}.</ref> {{blockquote|Panyake ŵanthu ŵakudandawura, kweni fundo ya kunozgaso ndondomeko yakale njakofya yayi. Ghanaghanirani waka za vinthu viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa YouTube mu vyaka 8 ivyo vyajumpha. Kasi palije cinthu cinyake ico tingacita kuti tileke kusesa ŵanthu? Ndondomeko iyi njambura kufikapo, kweni Google yikwenera kulumbika cifukwa ca kuyezga kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca kukwiya kwa ŵanthu ŵa pa YouTubers awo ŵakujibisa na kutondeka kumanyikwa.}} Pamanyuma, pa Julayi 27, 2015, Google yikapharazga mu blog kuti yizamuwuskapo dango lakuti munthu wakwenera kuŵa na akaunti ya Google+ kuti walembepo ivyo wakuyowoya pa YouTube. Pa Novembala 3, 2016, YouTube yikapharazga ndondomeko ya kuyezga iyo yikovwira awo ŵakupanga mavidiyo kuti ŵasankhepo ŵekha usange ŵakukhumba kuzomerezga, kubisa, panji kupeleka lipoti pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵangasankha kusunga panji kufumiska mazgu agho ghali na maulayizgano panji ma hashtag kuti ŵaleke kutumizga mauthenga ghaheni. Ŵangazomerezgaso ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti ŵaŵikengepo maghanoghano ghawo. Mu Disembala 2020, vikaŵa vyakuti YouTube yizenge na fundo yiphya iyo yizamucenjezga awo ŵakulemba mazgu agho "ngangaŵa ghakukhuŵazga ŵanji".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=December 3, 2020 |title=YouTube will ask commenters to rethink posting if their message seems offensive |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/3/22150197/youtube-comments-posting-hurtful-hate-videos-discrimination-monetization-search |access-date=December 9, 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2020 |title=YouTube introduces new feature to address toxic comments |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/12/03/youtube-introduces-new-features-to-address-toxic-comments/ |access-date=December 9, 2020 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Mulimo wa kuzenga ==== Pa Seputembala 13, 2016, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Community", icho chikovwira ŵanthu kutuma mauthenga, vithuzithuzi (nga ni GIF), mavidiyo, na vinyake mu chigaŵa cha "Community". Pambere ŵandafumiske vidiyo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumbika kuti ŵayowoyepo ivyo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The Game Theorists, Karmin, The Key of Awesome, The Kloons, Peter Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, Sam Tsui, Threadbanger na Vsauce3. Chithunzi:Chinthu chinanso chofunikira Para chigaŵa ichi chafumiskika, chigaŵa ichi chikuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na chigaŵa ichi. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufuma pa 10,000 kufika pa 1,500, kufuma pa 1,000 kufika pa 500. Malo agho gulu la ŵanthu likugwirako ntchito, ghazamumazga kudumbiskana kwawo, m'malo mwa kukhala pamoza panji kusama.<ref name="community-help">{{Cite web |title=Engage with creators on Community posts – Computer – YouTube Help |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7124175?co=GENIE.Platform=Desktop |website=support.google.com}}</ref> ==== TestTube ==== Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa YouTube mungaviwona pa webusayiti iyi. Mwachiyelezgero, mu Okutobala 2009, pakapangika pulogiramu yakupenja mazgu mu chigaŵa cha /comment_search. Kweni pamasinda ŵakawuskamo. Mu chaka chenechichi, YouTube Feather yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni webusayiti yiphya ku vyaru ivyo vikuŵavya Intaneti.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2009 |title=Slow YouTube? Try Feather, Made for India |url=https://www.gtricks.com/youtube/slow-youtube-feather-india/ |website=Gtricks}}</ref> === Kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kuŵerenga === YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghake pa Intaneti. Vidiyo yiliyose ya pa YouTube yili na code ya HTML iyo mungaŵika pa webusayiti yiliyose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube pa Intaneti. Awo ŵakukhumba kutumizga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora vya munthu munyake, panji iyo yikukolerana na vidiyo yake, ŵangalemba "video response". Chizindikiro cha mavidiyo a YouTube cha zilembo khumi ndi chimodzi (64 zilembo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalo aliwonse), zimalola chiwerengero chapamwamba cha 6411 kapena pafupifupi 73.8 quintillion (73.8 biliyoni biliyoni) ma ID apadera. Pa Ogasiti 27, 2013, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizamuwuskapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Uyo wali na vidiyo wangatondeska kuŵikamo, kuŵika, na kuzgora. Kanandi YouTube yikupeleka yayi mavidiyo ghake kuti ghaŵikike pa Intaneti, ndipo yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵawone pa webusayiti yake. Mavidiyo ghachoko waka ghangakopereka nga ni MP4. Mawebusayiti ghanandi gha ŵanyawo, na mapulogiramu agho ghakovwira kuti munthu wawonenge mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu Febuluwale 2009, YouTube yikapharazga vya uteŵeti wa kuyezgelera, uwo ukazomerezganga ŵantchito ŵanyake kuti ŵapelekenge mavidiyo kwaulere panji kulipira malipiro kwizira mu Google Checkout. Mu Juni 2012, Google yikatumizga makalata ghakukanizga mawebusaiti ghanyake kuti ghatolere na kusintha mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Pakuzgora, Zamzar wakawuskapo mwaŵi wa kukopera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito YouTube ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo ŵali navyo mwakuyana na laisensi ya YouTube, kweni ŵangasankha kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vinyake mwakuyana na laisensi yiliyose iyo ŵangasankha. Kwambira mu Julayi 2012, ŵanthu ŵangasankha Creative Commons kuti ŵaŵe na layisensi yakupangira vinthu. ==== Malo ghakuliskako ŵanthu ==== Mazuŵa ghano, mafoni ghanandi gha m'manja ghangawoneska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube, kwali ni mu app panji pa webusayiti. YouTube Mobile yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni 2007, ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito RTSP pakutumizga mavidiyo. Ni mavidiyo ghose yayi gha pa YouTube agho ghali pa foni. Kwambira mu Juni 2007, mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghakusangika pa Apple. Ivi vikang'anamuranga kuti ivyo vikaŵa pa YouTube vikwenera kung'anamulika mu H.264 (H.264 standard) iyo Apple yikutemwa. Mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ghangawoneskeka pa vinthu nga ni Apple TV, iPod Touch na iPhone. Webusayiti iyi yikaŵa ya mafoni ndipo yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito HTML5 mu Julayi 2010. Kweniso pa foni pali app ya Android. Mu Seputembala 2012, YouTube yikambiska app yake yakwamba ya iPhone, pamanyuma pa kusankha kuleka YouTube nga ni app yimoza ya pre-loaded mu iPhone 5 na iOS 6. Kuyana na GlobalWebIndex, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni gha m'manja, 35% ŵakagwiliskira ntchito YouTube pakati pa Epulero na Juni 2013. Mu Julayi 2008, TiVo yikasintha ntchito yake ndipo yikatora mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu Janyuwale 2009, YouTube yikambiska "YouTube for TV", mtundu wa webusayiti wakunozgekera ma set-top boxes na ma TV ghanyake agho ghali na ma web browser, ndipo pakwamba yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti mavidiyo ghake ghawonekenge pa PlayStation 3 na Wii. Mu Juni chaka chenechichi, YouTube XL yikamba kusangika pa Intaneti. YouTube yikusangikaso nga ni app pa Xbox Live. Pa Novembala 15, 2012, Google yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito app ya Wii, iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo gha pa YouTube kufuma pa Wii. Pakaŵa app ya Wii U na Nintendo 3DS, kweni yikamara mu Ogasiti 2019. Mavidiyo ghangawonekaso pa Wii U Internet Browser na HTML5. Google yikapanga YouTube pa Roku player pa December 17, 2013, ndipo, mu October 2014, pa Sony PlayStation 4. YouTube yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa Nintendo Switch mu Novembala 2018. ==== Kufumira ku vyaru vinyake ==== Pa Juni 19, 2007, mulara wa Google, Eric Schmidt, wakawonekera ku Paris kuti wazakambiske nthowa yiphya yakupharazgira. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mabuku gha viyowoyero vinyake mu vyaru 104, chigaŵa chimoza (Hong Kong) na pa charu chose.<ref>See the YouTube localization list at the bottom of the YouTube website.</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+Countries with YouTube localization | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:YouTube_Localisation.svg|600x600px]] |- ! scope="col" |Charu ! scope="col" style="width: 25% " |Viyowoyelo ! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Siku lakuyambiskila ! scope="col" |{{Reference heading}} |- ! scope="row" |[[United States]] (and worldwide launch) |[[American English|English]], [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 14, 2005 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Brazil]] |[[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[France]] |[[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local">{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Sayer|url=https://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772|title=Google launches YouTube France News|publisher=PC Advisor|date=June 19, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |[[Hiberno-English|English]], [[Irish language|Irish]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Italy]] |[[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Japan]] |[[Japanese language|Japanese]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Netherlands]] |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Poland]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Spain]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[United Kingdom]] |[[British English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2007 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Mexico]] |[[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 11, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html|title=Presentan hoy YouTube México|newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=October 11, 2007|access-date=September 9, 2010|language=es|trans-title=YouTube México launched today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html|archive-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Hong Kong]] |[[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Hong Kong English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 17, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|title=中文上線&nbsp;– YouTube 香港中文版登場！|publisher=Stanley5|date=October 17, 2007|access-date=January 2, 2012|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011221455/https://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Taiwan]] |[[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 18, 2007 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Australia]] |[[Australian English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2007 |<ref name="AUS-NZ">{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=https://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/|title=YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=October 22, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[New Zealand]] |[[New Zealand English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2007 |<ref name="AUS-NZ" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Canada]] |[[Canadian English|English]], [[Canadian French|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 6, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=https://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/|title=YouTube Canada Now Live|date=November 6, 2007|publisher=[[Mashable]]|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Germany]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 8, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Ostrow|url=https://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/|title=YouTube Germany Launches|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=November 8, 2007|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Russia]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 13, 2007 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/|title=YouTube перевелся на русский|language=ru|publisher=Kommersant Moscow|date=November 14, 2007|access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[South Korea]] |[[Korean language|Korean]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Martyn|last=Williams|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|magazine=[[PC World]]|date=January 23, 2008|access-date=March 22, 2012|title=YouTube Launches Korean Site|archive-date=April 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428184917/http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[India]] |[[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Indian English|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 7, 2008 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|url=https://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510222042/https://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2008|title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation|date=May 8, 2008|access-date=August 3, 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Israel]] |[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language in Israel|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 16, 2008 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Czech Republic]] |[[Czech language|Czech]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 9, 2008 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Petr|last=Bokuvka|url=https://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/|title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks|work=The Czech Daily Word|publisher=Wordpress.com|date=October 12, 2008|access-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Sweden]] |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 22, 2008 |<ref>[https://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden] October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[South Africa]] |[[South African English|English]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 17, 2010 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Argentina]] |[[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 8, 2010 |<ref name="countries">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2010 |title=YouTube launches in Argentina |url=https://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912172902/https://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |archive-date=September 12, 2010 |access-date=September 9, 2010}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Algeria]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1">{{cite web |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |url=https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314234447/https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |archive-date=March 14, 2011 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |publisher=ArabCrunch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Jordan]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Morocco]] |[[French language|French]], [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Saudi Arabia]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Tunisia]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Yemen]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 9, 2011 |<ref name="arabcrunch1" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] |[[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 1, 2011 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Nmachi|last=Jidenma|url=https://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/|title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya|publisher=The Next Web|date=September 1, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Philippines]] |[[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 13, 2011 |<ref name="philippines">{{cite news|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=https://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=October 13, 2011|access-date=October 13, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Singapore]] |[[Singapore English|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Simplified Chinese characters|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 20, 2011 |<ref name="singapore">{{cite news|title=YouTube Launches Singapore Site|url=https://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site|access-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/https://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site|archive-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Belgium]] |[[Belgian French|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 16, 2011 |<ref name="local" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Colombia]] |[[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 30, 2011 |<ref>[https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ YouTube launches localized website for Colombia] December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Uganda]] |[[Ugandan English|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 2, 2011 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=162 Google Launches YouTube Uganda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/https://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=162|date=January 4, 2012}} December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Nigeria]] |[[Nigerian Standard English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 7, 2011 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/https://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today|date=January 8, 2012}} December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Chile]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 20, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ Google launches YouTube Chile] March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/https://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/|date=March 25, 2012}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Hungary]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 29, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11 Google Launches Hungarian YouTube] March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/https://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&articleID=323455&ctag=&iid=11|date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Malaysia]] |[[Malaysian language|Malay]], [[Malaysian English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 22, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094750/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03/ YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia] March 22, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Peru]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 25, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095458/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03/ YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues] March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[United Arab Emirates]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 1, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Bindu Suresh Rai |date=April 2, 2012 |title=UAE version of YouTube launched |url=https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=Emirates 247 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032636/http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |archive-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Greece]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 1, 2012 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Indonesia]] |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 17, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443 "YouTube Launches Indonesian Version"], June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Ghana]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 5, 2012 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana "Google launches YouTube in Ghana"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624232254/https://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana|date=June 24, 2012}}, June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Senegal]] |[[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |July 4, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal "YouTube launches local portal in Senegal"], <br /> {{note|media_type_table_note_3}}[3] itag 120 is for live streaming and has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live". July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Turkey]] |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 1, 2012 |<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g "YouTube's Turkish version goes into service"], October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Ukraine]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | style="text-align: right;" |December 13, 2012 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Maryna|last=Tarasova|url=https://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html|publisher=Google Ukraine Blog|title=YouTube приходить в Україну! (YouTube comes in Ukraine!)|date=December 13, 2012|location=Ukraine|language=uk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Denmark]] |[[Danish language|Danish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|publisher=iProspect|title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Denmark|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/https://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark|archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Finland]] |[[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|first=Vilja|last=Sormunen|url=https://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|publisher=KLOK|title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics|date=February 6, 2013|access-date=February 11, 2013|location=Nordic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163345/https://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/|archive-date=July 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Norway]] |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=[[TONO]]|title=YouTube Launched in Norway|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Norway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/https://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|archive-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Switzerland]] |[[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 29, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210|publisher=[[swissinfo]]|title=YouTube goes Swiss|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Swiss}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Austria]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 29, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html|publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]]|title=YouTube.at since Thursday online|access-date=April 17, 2013|location=Austria}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Romania]] |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 18, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820|publisher=ZF.ro|title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână|access-date=May 14, 2013|location=Romania}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Portugal]] |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 25, 2013 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|access-date=May 14, 2013|location=Portugal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/https://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&catid=343&Itemid=159|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Slovakia]] |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 25, 2013 |<ref>{{cite web |author=tš |date=May 21, 2013 |title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube |url=https://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=Vat Pravda |language=sk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bahrain]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc">{{cite web |author=Nick Rego |date=September 16, 2013 |title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC |url=https://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213233858/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |archive-date=February 13, 2014 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |publisher=tbreak Media}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kuwait]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Oman]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Qatar]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 16, 2013 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Bulgaria]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Ивелина Атанасова |date=March 18, 2014 |title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България |url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082809/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=New Trend |language=bg}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Croatia]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj |url=https://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014509/https://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Lider |language=hr}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Estonia]] |[[Estonian language|Estonian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |last=Oden |first=Siiri |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis! |url=https://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/https://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Meedium |language=et}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Latvia]] |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=Marta |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā |url=https://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321170116/https://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |archive-date=March 21, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=Marketing |language=lv}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Lithuania]] |[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[North Macedonia]] |[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Montenegro]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Serbia]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Slovenia]] |[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 17, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |author=STA |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi |url=https://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |access-date=April 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Dnevnik (Slovenia)|Dnevnik]] |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075431/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Thailand]] |[[Thai language|Thai]] | style="text-align: right;" |April 1, 2014 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=April 4, 2014|first=Asina|last=Pornwasin|archive-date=July 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725161948/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Lebanon]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |May 1, 2014 |<ref name="gcc" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Puerto Rico]] |[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]], [[American English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 23, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Iceland]] |[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | style="text-align: right;" |2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Luxembourg]] |[[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Vietnam]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 1, 2014 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Libya]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 1, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] |[[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 2, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Zimbabwe]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 2, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Azerbaijan]] |[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2015 |title=YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales |url=https://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |access-date=March 18, 2016 |publisher=9to5 Google}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Belarus]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] |[[Georgian language|Georgian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kazakhstan]] |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]] | style="text-align: right;" |October 12, 2015 |<ref name="adriatics baltics" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Iraq]] |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align: right;" |November 9, 2015 |{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Nepal]] |[[Nepali language|Nepali]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref name="himalayan">{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/youtube-launches-specific-homepages-for-nepal-pakistan-sri-lanka/|title=YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages|newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]]|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Pakistan]] |[[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1026164/youtube-launches-country-specific-homepages-for-pakistan/|title=YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Sri Lanka]] |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sri Lankan English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 12, 2016 |<ref name="himalayan" /> |- ! scope="row" |[[Jamaica]] |[[Jamaican English|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 4, 2016 |{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Malta]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |June 19, 2018 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malta |url=https://www.maltachamber.org.mt/en/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malta |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.maltachamber.org.mt |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307214942/https://www.maltachamber.org.mt/en/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malta |archive-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Bolivia]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Costa Rica]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Ecuador]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[El Salvador]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Guatemala]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Honduras]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Nicaragua]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Panama]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Uruguay]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |January 30, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Paraguay]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Guarani language|Guarani]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 21, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Dominican Republic]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |February 21, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Cyprus]] |[[Greek language|Greek]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 13, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Liechtenstein]] |[[German language|German]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 13, 2019 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Venezuela]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | style="text-align: right;" |March 10, 2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Papua New Guinea]] |[[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Bangladesh]] |[[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] | style="text-align: right;" |September 2, 2020 |{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Cambodia]] |[[Khmer language|Khmer]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 25, 2022 |{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Laos]] |[[Lao language|Lao]] | style="text-align: right;" |August 25, 2022 |{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |} Pa Intaneti, munthu wakusankha vidiyo iyo yikukolerana na adiresi ya IP ya munthu. Nyengo zinyake mungawona uthenga wakuti "Vidiyo iyi njambura kusangika mu caru cinu" cifukwa cakuti mulije wanangwa wa kupanga panji muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera. Webusayiti ya YouTube yili na viyowoyero 76, kusazgapo Chiamharic, Chialbaniya, Chiarmenia, Chibirma, Kyrgyz, Chimongoliya, Chiperesiya, na Chiuzbeki. Ku Turkey, YouTube yikajalika pakati pa 2008 na 2010, chifukwa cha nkhani zakukwesana pa nkhani ya kutumizga mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa ghakuyuyura Mustafa Kemal Atatürk na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasuzga Ŵasilamu. Mu Okutobala 2012, YouTube yikamba kugwira ntchito ku Turkey, ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti youtube.com.tr. Baibolo ili likukolerana na malango gha ku Turkey. Mu Malichi 2009, mphindano pakati pa YouTube na wupu wa British royalty collection agency PRS for Music ukapangiska kuti mavidiyo gha sumu gha premium ghaleke kugwiliskirika ntchito na ŵanthu ŵa ku United Kingdom. Ŵakapoka mavidiyo agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghakurughakuru gha vyakwimba para ŵaleka kukolerana. Nkhani iyi yikamara mu Seputembala 2009. Mu Epulero 2009, mphindano yakuyana waka yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵaleke kuwonelera mavidiyo gha sumu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now YouTube stops the music in Germany|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2009/apr/01/youtube-digital-music-and-audio|date=April 1, 2009|access-date=April 2, 2009}}</ref> == Ma vidiyo == Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maminiti 15 pa zuŵa. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga pa foni ŵakawoneleranga pa YouTube kwa ora limoza zuŵa lililose. Mu Disembala 2012, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2 biliyoni ŵakawonelera mavidiyo gha sumu gha Universal na Sony pa YouTube. Billboard yikasuska fundo iyi, yikati mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawonelera ghakafika pa Vevo, chifukwa pa YouTube pakaŵavya. Pa Ogasiti 5, 2015, YouTube yikamazga suzgo ilo likapangiska kuti vidiyo yiŵe na vithuzi 301 (panyuma pake "301+") m'paka apo yikapelekekera. Ŵakuwonelera pa YouTube ŵakuŵerenga nyengo yeneyiyo. Kwambira mu Seputembala 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulembeska chikuŵa chichoko. Ŵanthu ŵakuwona waka manambara ghatatu gha chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakutegherezga pa wayilesi iyi, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona vinthu nga ni Social Blade. Awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu YouTube Studio ndiwo ŵangamanya unandi wawo. Pa Novembala 11, 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kusintha uku mu Malichi chaka chenechichi, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yikwamba kubisa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutinkha pa mavidiyo, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwona. Kampani iyi yikati yikasankha nthena cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga uko kukalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakupangiska mavidiyo gha pa YouTube ŵakusuzgika comene. Awo ŵakulemba nkhani ŵazamuwona unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuŵatemwa na awo ŵakuŵatinkha mu YouTube Studio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=March 30, 2021 |title=YouTube Launches Test to Hide Video 'Dislike' Counts |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-test-hide-dislike-counts-1234940845/ |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2021 |title=YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube-tests-hiding-dislike-counts-on-videos/ |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2021 |title=YouTube to hide dislike counts for all videos on the platform: Here's all you need to know |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/youtube-to-hide-dislike-counts-for-all-videos-on-the-platform-heres-all-you-need-to-know/ar-AAQAxJc |access-date=November 11, 2021 |website=MSN |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkhani za Copyright === {{main|YouTube copyright issues}} {{further|#Revenue to copyright holders}} YouTube yikasangana na masuzgo ghanandi na kususkika pa ivyo yikakhumbanga kuchita pa nkhani ya copyright, kusazgapo vidiyo yakwamba ya pa webusayiti iyi, Lazy Sunday, iyo yikenera kuwuskikapo cifukwa ca kufipa mtima na nkhani za copyright. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, pa YouTube pakulongora uthenga wakuti waleke kuswa malango gha copyright. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni mavidiyo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵandazomerezgeke kughaŵika pa YouTube. YouTube yikuwonelera yayi mavidiyo pambere ghandatumizgike pa Intaneti, ndipo awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ndiwo ŵakwenera kukanizga munthu kuti waŵikemo pa Intaneti. Para munthu wazomera kudandawura cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha pa kompyuta, YouTube yikumususka. Para munthu walemba madandaulo ghatatu pa nkhani ya kuswa wanangwa wa munthu, nkhani yake na mavidiyo ghose agho walemba ghafumiskikenge. Kwambira mu 2007 m'paka mu 2009, mawupu ghanyake nga ni Viacom, Mediaset, na English Premier League, ghakatolera YouTube ku khoti, chifukwa ghakatenge yindachiteko kanthu kalikose kuti yivikilire vinthu ivyo vili na copyright. Mu Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku United States likadumura mulandu wa Lenz v. Wupu wa Universal Music Corp. ukati awo ŵali na wanangwa uwu ŵangazomerezga yayi kuti nkhani yifumiskike pa Intaneti kwambura kumanya usange nkhani iyo yalembeka njakwenelera. Google, mwenecho wa YouTube, wakapharazga mu Novembala 2015 kuti ŵawovwirenge kulipira milandu iyo ŵakugomezga kuti njakwenelera. Mu 2011, mulandu wa Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, wakwimba Matt Smith wakadandawura ku Summit Entertainment cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito mwambura kwenelera mauthenga ghakufumiska vinthu pa YouTube. Wakadandawura pa milandu yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yinayi yikamovwira Smith. Mu Epulero 2012, khoti linyake ku Hamburg likadumura kuti YouTube ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mulandu pa nkhani izo ŵanthu ŵakulemba. Pa Novembala 1, 2016, mphindano na GEMA yikamara, ndipo Google content ID yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yivwire kuŵika malonda pa mavidiyo agho ghali na fundo izo GEMA yikuvikilira. Mu Epulero 2013, vikayowoyeka kuti Universal Music Group na YouTube ŵali na phangano ilo likukanizga kuti vinthu ivyo vyajalika pa YouTube na UMG viwezgepo, nanga ni para munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi walembapo dango lakuyana na dango la DMCA. Mu 2017, Universal na YouTube ŵakakolerana na mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru kuti ŵagulirenge sumu pa YouTube. Kufika mu 2019, awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo ŵakamba kuwuskamo panji kulekeska kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama para Content ID yawona kuti sumu izo zili na copyright zili mu mavidiyo ghatali. Ŵadokotala ŵakasanga kuti vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakwenelera kugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 24, 2019 |title=YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover |access-date=April 22, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> ==== Content ID ==== {{main|Content ID (system)}} Mu Juni 2007, YouTube yikamba kuyezga pulogiramu yakumanyirathu mavidiyo agho ghakuswa malango. Mubali Eric Schmidt, mulara wa Google, wakati nthowa iyi njakukhumbikwa kuti ŵeruzgenge milandu nga ni iyo yikamba na Viacom. Pakwamba, nthowa iyi yikachemekanga kuti "Video Identification" ndipo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti Content ID. Para munthu waŵika vidiyo pa Intaneti, yikwendeskeka na database, ndipo para yikukolerana na ivyo walemba, yikulongora kuti yabuda. Para ivi vyacitika, mwenecho wa vidiyo wangasankha kujandizga vidiyo kuti waleke kuyiwonelera, panji kuŵikapo malonda. Mu 2009, munthu munyake wakayezga sumu yimoza pa YouTube, ndipo wakasanga kuti nangauli nthowa iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga chomene" pakusanga vinthu ivyo vikuswa malango gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya mavidiyo, kweni yikaŵa yambura kwananga. Kugwiliskira ntchito Content ID kuti munthu wafumiskemo vinthu vinyake mwamabuchi, kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano chifukwa ŵanthu ŵandawone usange mavidiyo agha ngawemi kugwiliskira ntchito. Usange munthu uyo wakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube wakususka ivyo Content ID yasankha, wangalemba fomu. Pambere chaka cha 2016 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo yayi kuti ŵasange ndalama. Kwambira mu Epulero 2016, mavidiyo ghakulutilira kusanga ndalama para mulandu uli mukati. Usange munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo wakukhumba kusanga ndalama pa vidiyo iyi, wangawuskamo mazgu agho ŵakususkana nagho mu "Video Manager". YouTube yikuyowoya kuti Content ID njimoza mwa vifukwa ivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Disembala 2010 ŵasinthe malango gha pa webusayiti iyi kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵaŵikenge mavidiyo ghambura kumara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Joshua |last2=Mayle |first2=Doug |date=December 9, 2010 |title=Up, Up and Away – Long videos for more users |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/up-up-and-away-long-videos-for-more.html |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=Official YouTube Blog}}</ref> === Kuŵa ŵakuzika na kuyuyura === {{See also|Criticism of Google#YouTube|Censorship by Google#YouTube}} YouTube yili na malango ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na vinthu vinyake. Kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhani za kutuka, vyauzeleza, na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhozgera nkharo ziheni kukukanizgika na "Malango gha YouTube". Vinthu ivyo vikukanizgika ni nkhani za kugonana, mavidiyo gha nkhaza za vinyama, mavidiyo ghakukhozga soni, nkhani izo zaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na mwenecho wa nkhani, nkhani za kutinkhana, mauthenga ghaheni, na nkharo za kutinkhana. Ŵateŵeti ŵa pa YouTube ŵakuwona mavidiyo agho ghalembeka kuti ghaleke kukolerana na fundo za pa Intaneti. Nangauli pali ulongozgi uwu, kweni YouTube yikususkika cifukwa ca milimo yake, ndondomeko yake ya kucenjezga iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagomezge fundo za uryarya ghaleke kunangika, kuŵika mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ghakuyowoya vya ŵana kweni ghakuyowoya vya nkhaza panji vya kugonana. Makampani gha pa YouTube ghakulemba ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vinthu, awo ŵakuwona kuti vinthu ivyo vyalembeka vikususkana na fundo za pa YouTube ndipo ŵakumanya usange vikwenera kuwuskikapo. Mu Seputembala 2020, munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga ntchito iyi wakapeleka dandawuro lakuti wali na suzgo la post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mwanakazi uyu wakati kanandi waka wakawoneleranga vithuzi vyamuziro kwa maora ghanayi pa zuŵa. Pa mulandu uwu, ŵantchito ŵa pa YouTube ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵasambizga viŵi yayi panji kuŵawovwira yayi pa nkhani ya umoyo wa maghanoghano wa awo ŵakuŵawovwira, ŵakaŵachichizga kuti ŵasayinire chikalata chakuphalira ŵantchito kuti ŵaleke kumanyikwa pambere ŵandaŵalongore nkhani izo ŵangaghanaghanirapo, kweniso ŵakaŵavikilira pa nkhani za masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho. Likayowoyaso kuti YouTube yikakana kupempha kuti nkhani izo zili na vithuzithuzi viheni chomene zifipiskike, kuchepeskeko ukuru wake, panji kuŵa za mtundu umoza. Kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupuluskika na nkhani zautesi pa YouTube, ŵali na ndondomeko yikuru ya umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo ghakubudika. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakususkana navyo ni ivyo vikuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukana kuti kuli Ciwowota ca Ŵayuda na soka la ku Hillsborough, apo ŵanthu 96 ŵa ku Liverpool ŵakakomeka mu 1989. Mu Julayi 2008, Komiti ya vya Chikhalidwe na Vyakuyowoya ya Nyumba ya Commons ya United Kingdom yikati "yikatondeka kukondwa" na ndondomeko ya YouTube ya kulaŵilira mavidiyo ghake, ndipo yikati "kuweleramo mwakukhazikika pa ivyo vili mu vidiyo kuyenera kuŵa kachitiro kawemi pa malo agho ghakuŵa na mavidiyo gha ŵanthu". YouTube yikazgora kuti: {{blockquote|Tili na malango ghakudunjika pa ivyo tingazomerezga, ndiposo ndondomeko iyo yikovwira waliyose uyo wawona vinthu vyambura kwenelera kuti wapharazge ku gulu lithu la awo ŵakuwona nkhani za mu nyuzipepara. Tikupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chithu pa malango agha na kuŵika chigaŵa chakudunjika kufuma pa peji lililose la YouTube kuti chiŵe chipusu kwa awo ŵakujambura. Chifukwa cha unandi wa mavidiyo agho ghakusangika pa webusayiti yithu, tikughanaghana kuti iyi ndiyo nthowa yiwemi chomene yakovwilira kuti mavidiyo ghachoko waka agho ghakuswa malango gha pa webusayiti ghasangike mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite news|first1=James |last1=Kirkup |first2=Nicole |last2=Martin |title=YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358061/YouTube-attacked-by-MPs-over-sex-and-violence-footage.html |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=March 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (July 2008)}} Mu Okutobala 2010, Muwupu wa United States Anthony Weiner wakapempha YouTube kuti yiwuskemo mavidiyo gha Imam Anwar al-Awlaki pa webusayiti yake. Mu 2018, YouTube yikayambiska ndondomeko iyo yikasazgirako mabokosi gha fundo ku mavidiyo agho ma algorithms ghake ghakasanga kuti ghangaŵikapo fundo za chiwembu na nkhani zinyake zautesi, ndipo yikasazgirapo fundo za mu buku la Encyclopædia Britannica na Wikipedia kuti yikamanyiske ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusambizga ŵanthu unenesko kwambura kukhwaska wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Pakumalira moto wa Notre-Dame pa Epulero 15, 2019, ma video ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakasungilira gha moto uwu ghakalembeka na ndondomeko ya YouTube. Pa April 18, 2023, YouTube yikaphara kusintha kwa ivyo yikusintha pa nkhani ya vyakurya. Pa social media platform iyi Community Guidelines sono yikuletsa vyakurya ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kurya vinthu vinyake yayi. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo vyakuchita ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu wakulondezga chomene calorie na kufumiska vyakurya. Kweni mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na nkharo yiwemi nga nkhusanga kuti munthu wakuwona vinthu vinyake, ghazomerezgeka pa webusayiti iyi mu vinthu viŵiri - uyo wali na akaunti yakugwiliskira ntchito ndipo wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 18. ==== Kutinkhana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo ==== Ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi awo ŵakapangiska nkhani za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBTQ+ ŵakadandawura ku boma la YouTube mu Ogasiti 2019, chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivyo YouTube yikugwiliskira ntchito vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusanga vinthu ivyo vikusangika pa Intaneti. Mu Juni 2022, Media Matters, gulu ilo likuwona vya vyapa media, likati nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanthu ŵanyawo (homophobic and transphobic content) izo zikuphalira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuti "predators" na "groomers" zikulutilira kusangika pa YouTube..<ref name="lawton_20220623">{{Cite web |last1=Lawton |first1=Sophie |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Right-wing clickbait pushing anti-LGBTQ 'groomer' smears are increasingly popular on YouTube |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/google/right-wing-clickbait-pushing-anti-lgbtq-groomer-smears-are-increasingly-popular-youtube |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=Media Matters}}</ref> ==== YouTube ngati chida cholimbikitsira malingaliro a chiwembu ndi zokhutira ndi ufulu{{anchor|Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse|Conspiracy_theories_and_fringe_discourse}} ==== YouTube yikususkika cifukwa cakuti yikugwiliskira nchito nthowa iyo yikovwira kuti mavidiyo agho ghakukhuŵilizga vigomezgo vya uryarya, utesi, na nkhani zautesi ghaŵe pa malo ghapacanya. Mwakuyana na kafukufuku wa The Wall Street Journal, "Kanandi ivyo YouTube yikuphalira ŵanthu vikuŵalongozgera ku ma TV agho ghakuyowoya vya vimbundi, maghanoghano gha ŵandyali, na mavidiyo ghakupuluska, nangauli ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhumba yayi kuwona nkhani izi. Para ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vya ndyali pa ivyo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera, YouTube yikuŵaphalira kuti ŵawonelerenge mavidiyo agho ghakukolerana na ivyo ŵakutemwa". Para ŵanthu ŵakupenja mazgu gha ndyali panji gha sayansi, pa YouTube ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mautesi. YouTube yikati yapulika ŵanthu ŵakufumba nkhani zautesi pa nkhani ya kuwombera ŵanthu ku Las Vegas mu 2017, yikakwiya chomene chifukwa cha kuŵika chomene nkhani zautesi na za chiŵembu. Mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo zikuyowoya vya nyifwa ya Anthony Bourdain. Mu 2017, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakututuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, makampani ghakamba kuleka kutandazga pa YouTube, ndipo YouTube yikadandawura na kuyowoya kuti yingawovwira makampani kuti ghaŵe na mazaza pa malo agho ghakutandazgira. Alex Jones, uyo wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca fundo zake za uryarya, wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa YouTube. Mu 2018, YouTube yikadandawura apo yikawuskapo vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na mazgu ghaheni agho Jones wakayowoya. Kweni pa Ogasiti 6, 2018, YouTube yikawuskapo nkhani ya Alex Jones. Pulofesa munyake wa pa Yunivesite ya North Carolina, zina lake Zeynep Tufekci, wakati YouTube ni "nyambo yikuru yakupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵankhaza". Jonathan Albright wa ku Tow Center for Digital Journalism ku Columbia University wakati YouTube ni "malo gha chiŵembu". Mu Janyuwale 2019, YouTube yikayowoya kuti yili na ndondomeko yiphya iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku United States. Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani za charu chachanya, vyakuchizga vyakuzizwiska, na vya pa Seputembala 11. Ivyo YouTube yikachita kuti yileke kuphalirako ŵanthu mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga agho ghakususkana na fundo zautesi, na kulondezga umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera, ŵakakana chifukwa vikatimbanizganga ŵanthu. Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2019, webusayiti iyi yikamba kuchita vinthu vyakovwira kuti "ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi kweniso kuti ŵaleke kupuluskika". Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti pa YouTube pali nkhani zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya zautesi. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu Julayi 2019 ndipo wakalongosora ivyo ŵanthu 10 ŵakachita pa YouTube pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC mu 2019 pa nkhani ya kupenja vinthu pa YouTube mu viyowoyero 10, wakalongora kuti YouTube yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wawo. Ku Brazil, YouTube yikukolerana na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso nkhani zakukhwaskana na viyezgo. Ku Philippines, mawayilesi ghanandi ghakapharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na mavoti gha mu 2022. Kweniso, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa nkhani ya kuthandazga vigomezgo vya charu chapasi pa Intaneti, wakulongora kuti pa YouTube, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ivyo ŵakugomezga ni vyaunenesko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diaz Ruiz|first1=Carlos|last2=Nilsson|first2=Tomas|date=August 8, 2022|title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies|journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing|volume=42|language=en|pages=18–35|doi=10.1177/07439156221103852|s2cid=248934562|issn=0743-9156|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Kugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusankhana mitundu ==== Pambere chaka cha 2019 chindafike, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo panji tumavidiyo uto tukasuskanga fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa chomene kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa masisiteri ku Christchurch mu Malichi 2019, YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake nga ni Facebook na Twitter agho ghakazomerezganga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito ghakatambuzgika cifukwa ca kucita vinandi yayi kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu. Mapulatifomu agha ghakacizgika kuti ghawuskemo vinthu ivi, kweni mu nkhani iyo wakapeleka ku nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, mulara wa YouTube, Neal Mohan, wakati, mwakupambana na mavidiyo gha ISIS agho ghali na mtundu unyake ndipo ghangawoneka makora na kompyuta, mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu ghakaŵa ghakusuzga kughapulika na kughapulikira. Mu Meyi 2019, YouTube yikajibatika ku chilato cha France na New Zealand pamoza na vyaru vinyake na makampani gha vya tekinoloje kuti ŵasange nthowa zakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵaleke kutinkha ŵanthu pa intaneti na kupanga malango agho ghakwendeskeka pa caru cose. Pamanyuma, pa Juni 5, 2019, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yingasintha chomene malango ghake, "kwambura kuzomerezga mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti gulu linyake ndakuzirwa chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu, kupatulika, panji kusankhana chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, mtundu wawo, mtundu, chisopa, kugonana kwawo, panji chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira". Pa YouTube pakaŵa mavidiyo ghanyake agho "ghakukhozga panji kuchindika visambizgo vya Nazi, ivyo ni vyakusankhana". YouTube yikayowoyaso kuti "yiwuskenge nkhani izo zikukana kuti vinthu vyakofya ivyo vili kulembeka makora, nga ni Holocaust panji kuwombera ku sukulu ya Sandy Hook, vikacitika". Mu Juni 2020, YouTube yikakanizga mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na kusankhana mitundu. Spencer, apo wakayowoyanga kuti mawayilesi agha ghakususkana na fundo zawo za kutinkha ŵanthu. Kulekelera uku kukacitika zuŵa leneilo Reddit yikapharazga kuti yikanizga maforamu gha nkhani za kutinkhana, kusazgapo r/The_Donald.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 29, 2020 |title=YouTube bans Stefan Molyneux, David Duke, Richard Spencer, and more for hate speech |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/29/21307303/youtube-bans-molyneux-duke-richard-spencer-conduct-hate-speech |access-date=June 29, 2020 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> ==== Umo tingachitira na nthenda ya COVID-19 na mauthenga ghanyake ghakubudika ==== Pamanyuma pa kutandazga pa YouTube mauthenga ghautesi ghakukhwaskana na nthenda ya COVID-19 kuti 5G technology ndiyo yikapangiska nthenda ya coronavirus 2019 iyo yikapangiska kuti 5G towers zinandi mu United Kingdom zikomeke na ŵaboma, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongosora vya 5G na coronavirus mu nthowa iyi. YouTube yikasazgirako ndondomeko iyi mu Seputembala 2021 kuti yikore mavidiyo agho ghakupharazga uthenga wautesi wakukhwaskana na munkhwala uliwose, kusazgapo awo ŵavomerezgeka nyengo yitali kuti ŵakomenge nthomba panji Hepatitis B, awo ŵavomerezgeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo panji wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose. Webusayiti iyi yikawuskamo nkhani za ŵanthu awo ŵakususka katemera nga ni Robert F. Kennedy Jr. na Joseph Mercola pa nyengo iyi. Maakaunti ghaŵiri agho ghakakolerana na RT Deutsch, wayilesi ya ku Germany ya RT ku Russia, ghakafumiskikaso chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha YouTube. Google na YouTube ŵakakhazikiska ndondomeko mu Okutobala 2021 kuti ŵaleke kupeleka ndalama panji ndalama ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupharazga panji awo ŵakupanga vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakane kusintha kwa nyengo. Mu Julayi 2022, YouTube yikapharazga fundo izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya kufumiska nthumbo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |date=July 21, 2022 |title=YouTube says it will crack down on abortion misinformation and remove videos with false claims |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/21/youtube-says-it-will-crack-down-on-abortion-misinformation.html |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> ==== Child safety and wellbeing ==== {{See also|FamilyOFive|Fantastic Adventures scandal|Elsagate}} Leading into 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of videos related to children, coupled between the popularity of parents vlogging their family's activities, and previous content creators moving away from content that often was criticized or demonetized into family-friendly material. In 2017, YouTube reported that time watching family vloggers had increased by 90%.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Luscombe|first=Belinda|date=May 18, 2017|title=The YouTube Parents Who are Turning Family Moments into Big Bucks|url=https://time.com/4783215/growing-up-in-public/|access-date=June 21, 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=June 21, 2019 |title=YouTube can't remove kid videos without tearing a hole in the entire creator ecosystem |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/21/18651223/youtube-kids-harmful-content-predator-comments-family-vlogging |access-date=June 21, 2019 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> However, with the increase in videos featuring children, the site began to face several controversies related to [[Child protection|child safety]]. During Q2 2017, the owners of popular channel [[FamilyOFive]], which featured themselves playing "pranks" on their children, were accused of [[child abuse]]. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody.<ref name="Ohlheiser2017">{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=April 26, 2017|title=The saga of a YouTube family who pulled disturbing pranks on their own kids|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/04/25/the-saga-of-a-youtube-family-who-pulled-disturbing-pranks-on-their-own-kids/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Cresci2017">{{Cite news|last=Cresci|first=Elena|date=May 7, 2017|title=Mean stream: how YouTube prank channel DaddyOFive enraged the internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2017/may/07/when-youtube-pranks-go-horribly-wrong|access-date=June 7, 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Dunphy2017">{{cite web |last=Dunphy |first=Rachel |date=April 28, 2017 |title=The Abusive 'Pranks' of YouTube Family Vloggers |url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/04/daddyofive-youtube-abuse-controversy-explained.html |access-date=July 9, 2017 |work=Select All |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="Gajanan2017">{{cite magazine|last=Gajanan|first=Mahita|date=May 3, 2017|title=YouTube Star DaddyOFive Loses Custody of 2 Children Shown in 'Prank' Videos|url=https://time.com/4763981/daddyofive-mike-martin-heather-martin-youtube-prank-custody/|access-date=July 9, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> A similar case happened in 2019 when the owners of the channel [[Fantastic Adventures scandal|Fantastic Adventures]] was accused of abusing her adopted children. Her videos would later be deleted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Levenson |first1=Eric |last2=Alonso |first2=Mel |date=March 20, 2019 |title=A mom on a popular YouTube show is accused of pepper-spraying her kids when they flubbed their lines |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/us/youtube-fantastic-adventures-mom-arrest-trnd/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on [[YouTube Kids]] and attracted millions of views. The term "[[Elsagate]]" was coined on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy.<ref>Ben Popper, [https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/20/14489052/youtube-kids-videos-superheroes-disney-characters-fart-jokes Adults dressed as superheroes is YouTube's new, strange, and massively popular genre], ''The Verge'', February 4, 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 31, 2017 |title=Report: Thousands of videos mimicking popular cartoons on YouTube Kids contain inappropriate content |url=https://news10.com/2017/03/31/report-thousands-of-videos-mimicking-popular-cartoons-on-youtube-kids-contain-inappropriate-content/ |access-date=April 30, 2017 |website=NEWS10 ABC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819234642/http://news10.com/2017/03/31/report-thousands-of-videos-mimicking-popular-cartoons-on-youtube-kids-contain-inappropriate-content/ |archive-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Maheshwari |first=Sapna |date=2017-11-04 |title=Child Friendly? Startling Videos Slip Past Filters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/business/media/youtube-kids-paw-patrol.html |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |id={{ProQuest|2463387110}}}}</ref><ref name="forbes">Dani Di Placido, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/28/youtubes-elsagate-illuminates-the-unintended-horrors-of-the-digital-age/#431289ed6ba7 YouTube's "Elsagate" Illuminates The Unintended Horrors Of The Digital Age], ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]'', November 28, 2017</ref> On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family-friendly characters. As part of a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels that showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed ''[[Toy Freaks]]'', a channel with over 8.5&nbsp;million subscribers, that featured a father and his two daughters in odd and upsetting situations.<ref name="auto">Todd Spangler, [https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-toy-freaks-channel-terminated-1202617834/ YouTube Terminates Toy Freaks Channel Amid Broader Crackdown on Disturbing Kids' Content], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', November 17, 2017</ref><ref name="verge">{{cite news|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=November 9, 2017|title=YouTube says it will crack down on bizarre videos targeting children|work=[[The Verge]]|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116090955/https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16629788/youtube-kids-distrubing-inappropriate-flag-age-restrict|archive-date=November 16, 2017|quote=In August of this year, YouTube announced that it would no longer allow creators to monetize videos which "made inappropriate use of family-friendly characters." Today it's taking another step to try to police this genre.}}</ref><ref>Sarah Templeton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240401031704/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2017/11/disturbing-elsagate-toy-freaks-videos-removed-from-youtube-after-abuse-allegations.html Disturbing 'ElsaGate', 'Toy Freaks' videos removed from YouTube after abuse allegations], ''[[Newshub]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/youtube-crack-videos-showing-child-endangerment/story?id=51336368 YouTube to crack down on videos showing child endangerment], ''[[ABC News]]'', November 22, 2017</ref><ref>Charlie Warzel, [https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/youtube-is-addressing-its-massive-child-exploitation-problem YouTube Is Addressing Its Massive Child Exploitation Problem] [[BuzzFeed]], November 22, 2017</ref> According to analytics specialist SocialBlade, it earned up to £8.7&nbsp;million annually prior to its deletion.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bridge|first1=Mark|last2=Mostrous|first2=Alexi|date=November 18, 2017|title=Child abuse on YouTube|newspaper=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/child-abuse-on-youtube-q3x9zfkch|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> Even for content that appears to be aimed at children and appears to contain only child-friendly content, YouTube's system allows for anonymity of who uploads these videos. These questions have been raised in the past, as YouTube has had to remove channels with children's content which, after becoming popular, then suddenly include inappropriate content masked as children's content.<ref name="WSJ kids love">{{Cite news|last1=Koh|first1=Yoree|last2=Morris|first2=Betsy|date=April 11, 2019|title=Kids Love These YouTube Channels. Who Creates Them Is a Mystery.|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814180500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/kids-love-these-youtube-channels-who-creates-them-is-a-mystery-11554975000|archive-date=August 14, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> Alternative, some of the most-watched children's programming on YouTube comes from channels that have no identifiable owners, raising concerns of intent and purpose. One channel that had been of concern was "[[Cocomelon – Nursery Rhymes|Cocomelon]]" which provided numerous mass-produced animated videos aimed at children. Up through 2019, it had drawn up to {{USD|10 million}} a month in ad revenue and was one of the largest kid-friendly channels on YouTube before 2020. Ownership of Cocomelon was unclear outside of its ties to "Treasure Studio", itself an unknown entity, raising questions as to the channel's purpose,<ref name="WSJ kids love" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Martineau|first=Paris|title=YouTube Has Kid Troubles Because Kids Are a Core Audience|url=https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811205146/https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-kid-troubles-kids-core-audience/|archive-date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2019|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Jefferson |date=June 22, 2019 |title=Why YouTube's kid issues are so serious |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814181002/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2019/06/22/nursery-rhymes-i-toy-story-porn-youtube-thats-kid-problem/1529724001/ |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref> but ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' had been able to confirm and interview the small team of American owners in February 2020 regarding "Cocomelon", who stated their goal for the channel was to simply entertain children, wanting to keep to themselves to avoid attention from outside investors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bergan|first1=Mark|last2=Shaw|first2=Lucas|date=February 10, 2020|title=YouTube's Secretive Top Kids Channel Expands Into Merchandise|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/popular-youtube-kids-channel-cocomelon-gets-into-merch-and-toys|access-date=June 15, 2020|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> The anonymity of such channel raise concerns because of the lack of knowledge of what purpose they are trying to serve.<ref name="vice kids content">{{Cite web |last=Haskins |first=Caroline |date=March 19, 2019 |title=YouTubers Are Fighting Algorithms to Make Good Content for Kids |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814182839/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbznpy/youtubers-are-fighting-algorithms-to-make-good-content-for-kids |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=August 14, 2019 |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]]}}</ref> The difficulty to identify who operates these channels "adds to the lack of accountability", according to Josh Golin of the [[Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood]], and educational consultant Renée Chernow-O'Leary found the videos were designed to entertain with no intent to educate, all leading to critics and parents to be concerned for their children becoming too enraptured by the content from these channels.<ref name="WSJ kids love" /> Content creators that earnestly make child-friendly videos have found it difficult to compete with larger channels, unable to produce content at the same rate as them, and lacking the same means of being promoted through YouTube's recommendation algorithms that the larger animated channel networks have shared.<ref name="vice kids content" /> In January 2019, YouTube officially banned videos containing "challenges that encourage acts that have an inherent risk of severe physical harm" (such as the [[Consumption of Tide Pods|Tide Pod Challenge]]) and videos featuring pranks that "make victims believe they're in physical danger" or cause emotional distress in children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palladino |first=Valentina |date=January 16, 2019 |title=YouTube updates policies to explicitly ban dangerous pranks, challenges |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/01/youtube-updates-policies-to-explicitly-ban-dangerous-pranks-challenges/ |access-date=January 16, 2019 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> ===== Sexualization of children and pedophilia ===== {{see also|Elsagate}} Kweniso mu Novembala 2017, ŵapharazgi ŵakavumbura kuti mavidiyo ghanandi agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana, agho kanandi ghakutumika na ŵana ŵambura kufikapo, kweniso agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵakuseŵera na vyakusanguluska, ghakakopanga ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵana. Mavidiyo ghanyake agho ghakulongosora vya ŵana agho ghakaŵa pa YouTube ghakamba kuthandazgika pa webusayiti iyi. Chifukwa cha mphindano izi, izo zikasazgirako kwenjerwa pa nkhani ya "Elsagate", ŵapharazgi ŵanandi awo ŵakapharazganga na mavidiyo agha ŵakaleka kugwiliskira nchito YouTube. Mu Disembala 2018, nyuzipepara ya The Times yikasanga milandu yakujumpha 100 iyo ŵana ŵakachitiranga vinthu vyambura kwenelera (nga nkhuvura malaya, kujitozga mwakujumphizga, na kukhwaska ŵana ŵanyawo mwambura kwenelera). Mutolamakani munyake wakati wawona mavidiyo agha, hafu yikafumiskika. Mu Febuluwale 2019, munthu munyake uyo wakulemba mavidiyo pa YouTube, zina lake Matt Watson, wakamanya kuti pa YouTube pali "chidolo" icho chikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge mavidiyo agha. Mavidiyo ghanandi agha ghakaŵa na mazgu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakachitiranga nkhaza ŵana ŵawo. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaŵikangaso mavidiyo agha mu nthowa yinyake, kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mavidiyo ghanyake. Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, wupu uwu ukati wafumiskapo ma TV ghakujumpha 400 na mauthenga mamiliyoni ghanandi. Muyowoyeri munyake wakalongosora kuti "vinthu vyose ivyo vingananga umoyo wa ŵana ni viheni ndipo tili na malango ghakukanizga pa YouTube. Paliso vinandi vyakuti tichite, ndipo tikulutilira kuyezgayezga kuti tiŵawovwire kuti ŵamanye luŵiro ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika". Nangauli pakaŵa vinthu ivi, kweni AT&T, Disney, Dr. Oetker, Epic Games, na Nestlé wose ŵakafumiska malonda ghawo pa YouTube. Pamasinda, YouTube yikamba kulekeska malonda gha mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na mazgu ghakutinkha ŵanthu. Wupu uwu ukalongosora kuti uwu ukaŵa wovwiri wakanyengo kachoko waka apo ŵakaghanaghaniranga nthowa zinyake zakumazgira suzgo ili. Kweniso YouTube yikamba kujara masiteshoni agho ghakuŵa na ŵana. "Ŵabwezi ŵakugomezgeka" ŵangapempha kuti ŵambeso kuyowoyapo, kweni para ŵamara kuyowoyapo, iyo ndiyo wazamupwelelera. Vinthu ivi vikovwira chomene ŵana ŵachoko, kweni ŵana ŵalara na ŵawukirano nawo ŵangavikilirika usange ŵakuchita vinthu ivyo vingawoneka nga ni vya kugonana, nga ni maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikugwiraso nchito pa nthowa yiwemi yakuwuskirapo ma comment pa masiteshoni ghanyake agho ghakukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgira ŵana. Kuyezga kulembapo mavidiyo agho ghakulongosora vya "CP" (chidule cha vithuzithuzi vyamuziro vya ŵana) kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani zinyake izo zikukolerana yayi na mavidiyo agha. YouTube yikadandawura na kuwezgerapo mavidiyo. Kweniso, ŵanthu awo ŵakuguliska mavidiyo pa Intaneti ŵakukhumba kuti mavidiyo ghawo ghafumiskike panji kuwuskikapo. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikuchitapo kanthu yayi pa mavidiyo agho ghali na mazgu agha, kweni pa mavidiyo agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchita vinthu na ŵana. Mu Juni 2019, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikalemba vya ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo gha vyauzeleza ŵangapika mavidiyo gha ŵana. Pa cifukwa ici, Senator Josh Hawley wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kukhazikiska dango ilo lingakanizga YouTube na mawebusayiti ghanyake kuti ghaleke kulongora mavidiyo agho ghakulongora ŵana ŵacoko waka. YouTube yikayowoya kuti yikukhumba kuwuskamo mavidiyo ghose agho ghakulongora ŵana pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube na kughaŵika pa malo gha YouTube Kids uko ŵangakhozga chomene ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya mavidiyo, kweniso kusintha vinyake vikuru pa malo ghakuru gha YouTube..<ref>{{cite web |last=Copeland |first=Rob |date=June 19, 2019 |title=YouTube, Under Fire, Considers Major Changes to Kids' Content |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youtube-under-fire-considers-major-changes-to-kids-content-11560953721 |access-date=June 19, 2019 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> ==== Misogyny ==== Lipoti la mu Janyuwale 2022 la kampani ya Social Media Analytics Bot Sentinel likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵalembepo vinthu viheni vyakukhwaskana na Prince Harry na Meghan, kusazgapo fundo za chiŵembu vyakukhwaskana na banalume aŵa. Bot Sentinel nayo wakasanga kuti nkhani yinyake iyo yikayowoyanga kuti Meghan wakaŵa na nthumbo yayi, yikawoneka pafupifupi 19 miliyoni ndipo yikasanganga ndalama pafupifupi $44,000 pa chaka. Mu Malichi, YouTube yikajandizga nkhani iyi. Lipoti la mu Ogasiti 2022 ilo likapelekeka na wupu wa ku Britain wakuchemeka Center for Countering Digital Hate, likati kusuzga ŵanakazi kwazara chomene pa YouTube. Likayowoya kuti mawayilesi agho ghakukolerana na ivyo Andrew Tate wakuchita ghakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ghasazgireko ŵanthu awo ŵakughawonelera. Mu bukhu lake la 2022 Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination, mtolankhani wa Bloomberg Mark Bergen wakati ŵanakazi ŵanandi awo ŵakupangiska nkhani ŵakusuzgika, kusuzgika na kusuzgika.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Lorenz|first=Taylor|author-link=Taylor Lorenz|date=September 18, 2022|title=YouTube remains rife with misogyny and harassment, creators say|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/18/you-tube-mysogyny-women-hate/|access-date=2022-12-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> === April Fools gags === {{See also|List of Google April Fools' Day jokes}} Pa YouTube pakaŵa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵakujikuzga pa April Fools pa April 1, chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2008 m'paka 2016. Mu 2008, mavidiyo ghose agho ghakaŵa pa peji lakwamba ghakaŵa na vidiyo ya Rick Astley ya sumu yakuti "Never Gonna Give You Up". Chaka chakulondezgapo, para munthu wakudodoliska pa vidiyo pa peji lakwamba, peji lose likazgoka, ndipo YouTube yikati ni "ndondomeko yiphya". Mu 2010, YouTube yikafumiska nthowa ya "TEXTp" iyo yikung'anamura vithuzi mu ASCII kuti "vichepeske mtengo wa bandwidth na $1 pa sekondi". Chaka chakulondezgapo, malo agha ghakakondwelera "chaka cha 100" na mafilimu ghanandi ghambura mazgu gha kuuyambiro wa ma 1900, kusazgapo na gha Keyboard Cat. Mu 2012, para munthu wakudumura pa DVD iyo yili pafupi na logo ya webusayiti iyi, wakawonanga vidiyo iyo yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube kuti ŵapeleke mavidiyo ghose pa DVD. Mu 2013, YouTube yikakolerana na kampani ya nyuzipepara yakuchemeka The Onion, ndipo yikati pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa pa webusayiti iyi, yikayowoya kuti yikamba na mpikisano. Mu vidiyo iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa YouTube, kusazgapo Antoine Dodson. Vidiyo ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakapharazga vya mavidiyo agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, yikalongoreka kwa maora 12. Mu 2014, YouTube yikapharazga kuti ndiyo yikapangiska mavidiyo ghose agho ghakathandazgika pa Intaneti, ndipo yikavumbura mavidiyo ghanyake nga ni "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", na "Glub Glub Water Dance". Chaka chakulondezgapo, YouTube yikasazgirako batani la sumu ku vidiyo iyo yikaseŵeranga sumu ya Darude ya "Sandstorm". Mu 2016, YouTube yikapeleka mwaŵi wa kuwonelera mavidiyo ghose pa pulatifomu mu 360-degree mode na Snoop Dogg.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sini|first=Rozina|date=April 1, 2016|title=Snoopavision and other April Fools jokes going viral|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35941866|access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> == Services == === YouTube Premium === Nkhani ikulu: [[YouTube Premium]] YouTube Premium (yomwe kale yikaŵa YouTube Red) ni YouTube's premium subscription service. Yikuŵa yambura malonda, yikutora mavidiyo gha pa foni. YouTube Premium yikayowoyeka pa Novembala 12, 2014, nga ni "Music Key", ntchito ya kusindikiza sumu, ndipo yikaŵa yakuti yinganjilira mu Google Play Music "All Access". Pa Okutobala 28, 2015, YouTube Red yikambaso kupelekeka, ndipo yikupharazga mavidiyo ghose kwambura malonda. Mu Novembala 2016, ŵapharazgi ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanyake 1 miliyoni ŵakuchita ivi kwaulere. Mu Juni 2017, nyengo yakwamba ya YouTube Originals yikawoneka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250 miliyoni. === YouTube ya Ŵana === Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Kids YouTube Kids ni vidiyo ya ŵana ya ku America iyo yikupangika na YouTube, kampani ya Google. App iyi yikapangika cifukwa cakuti ŵapapi na boma ŵakulaŵilira ivyo ŵana ŵangasambira. App iyi yikovwira ŵana kuti ŵawonenge mavidiyo ghakwenelera yayi, ndipo yikovwira kuti ŵapapi ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara. Pakwamba yikang'anamulika pa Febuluwale 15, 2015, nga ni app ya Android na iOS, kufuma apo yikang'anamulika pa LG, Samsung, na Sony smart TV, kweniso pa Android TV. Pa Meyi 27, 2020, yikamba kusangika pa Apple TV. Kufika mu Seputembala 2019, app iyi yilipo mu vyaru 69, kusazgapo Hong Kong na Macau, na chigaŵa chimoza. Pa Ogasiti 30, 2019, YouTube yikamba ntchito ya pa intaneti ya YouTube Kids. === Sumu pa YouTube === Nkhani ikulu: YouTube Music Pa Seputembala 28, 2016, YouTube yikasankha Lyor Cohen, uyo wali kukhazikiska kampani ya 300 Entertainment ndipo wakaŵa mulara wa Warner Music Group, kuŵa mulara wa Global Head of Music. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2018, Cohen wakamba kuyowoyapo kuti YouTube yingaŵa na pulogiramu yiphya ya sumu, iyo yinganjilirapo pa mpikisano na vinyake nga ni Spotify na Apple Music. Pa Meyi 22, 2018, wakajura YouTube Music. === Mafilimu gha pa YouTube === YouTube Movies ni uteŵeti wa YouTube uwo ukulongora mafilimu kwizira mu webusayiti yake. Pafupifupi mafilimu 100 500 ghakusangika kwaulere, pamoza na malonda. Mavidiyo ghanyake ghakusazgikako ndipo ghanyake ghakufumiskika, kwambura kuphalirika. YouTube TV Nkhani ikulu: [[YouTube TV]] Pa February 28, 2017, mu chipharazgo ku YouTube Space ku Los Angeles, YouTube yikapharazga za YouTube TV, yeneiyo yikaŵa ntchito ya kulembeska ya MVPD. Pakwamba kukhazikiska mu misika yikuru yinkhondi (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia na San Francisco) pa Epulero 5, 2017, uteŵeti uwu ukupeleka vyalo vyamoyo vya mapulogiramu kufuma ku mabungwe ghankhondi ghakurughakuru (ABC, CBS, The CW, Fox na NBC), pamoza na ma TV pafupifupi 40 agho ghali na mabungwe ghakuru gha mabungwe agha, The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, 21st Century Fox, NBCUniversal na Turner Broadcasting System (mwaŵanyake Bravo, USA Network, Syfy, Disney Channel, CNN, Cartoon Network, E!, Fox Sports 1, Freeform, FX na ESPN). Awo ŵali na mapulogiramu gha pa TV iyi, ŵangapokeraso mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha Showtime na Fox Soccer Plus. .<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube takes on cable with new TV service|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092|first=Dave|last=Lee|publisher=BBC|date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/|title=Meet YouTube TV: Google's Live TV Subscription Service|first=Tom Jr|last=Huddleston|work=Fortune|date=March 1, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> === YouTube Go === [[File:YouTube_Go.svg|thumb|Chizindikiro cha YouTube Go]] YouTube Go yikaŵa app ya Android iyo yikapangika kuti yikovwire ŵanthu kusanga makora YouTube pa mafoni. Vidiyo iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na app yikuru ya Android ndipo yikapelekanga mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengeko mavidiyo. Kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuwonelera mavidiyo, kugaŵana mavidiyo agho ŵali kukopera kwizira pa Bluetooth, kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangachitira na mavidiyo. Mu Meyi 2022, Google yikapharazga kuti yizamujara YouTube Go mu Ogasiti 2022. YouTube yikapharazga vya pulogiramu iyi mu Seputembala 2016 pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku India. Iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito ku India mu Febuluwale 2017, ndipo mu Novembala 2017 yikasazgikira mu vyaru vinyake 14, kusazgapo Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Kenya, na South Africa. Pa Febuluwale 1, 2018, vidiyo iyi yikamba kusangika mu vyaru vyakujumpha 130, kusazgapo Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, na Iraq. Pambere yindaleke kugwira ntchito, ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 pa 100 pa caru cose ŵakaŵa na app iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/01/googles-data-friendly-app-youtube-go-expands-to-over-130-countries-now-supports-higher-quality-videos/|title=Google's data-friendly app YouTube Go expands to over 130 countries, now supports higher quality&nbsp;videos|last=Perez|first=Sarah|work=TechCrunch|access-date=February 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Google's 'offline first' YouTube Go app launches in 130 new markets, but not the U.S. |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/ |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=VentureBeat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154302/https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/ |archive-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> === YouTube Shorts === {{main|YouTube Shorts}} [[File:TikTok_and_YouTube_Shorts_example.webm|right|thumb|Chitsanzo cha vidiyo yomwe ili yoyenera pa YouTube Shorts, yomwe ikuwonetsa Crew Dragon Endeavour ikugwira ntchito pa International Space Station]] Mu Seputembala 2020, YouTube yikapharazga kuti yizenge na beta version ya vidiyo ya masekondi 15, yakuyana na TikTok, yakuchemeka YouTube Shorts. Pakwamba, pulogiramu iyi yikayezgeka mu India, kweni mu Malichi 2021 yikasazgikira ku vyaru vinyake nga ni United States. Pulogiramu iyi njekha yayi, kweni yikukolerana na app yikuru ya YouTube. Nga ni TikTok, yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake, kusazgapo kuŵikamo sumu izo zili na laisensi mu mavidiyo ghawo. Mu Julayi 2021, kabuku aka kakamba kusangika pa charu chose. === Nkhani za YouTube === Mu 2018, YouTube yikamba kuyezga nthowa yiphya yakuchemeka "YouTube Reels". Chigaŵa ichi chili nga ni nkhani za pa Instagram na Snapchat. Pamanyuma, YouTube yikasintha zina lakuti "Nkhani za pa YouTube". Ŵekha awo ŵali na ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 10,000 ndiwo ŵangawoneska vidiyo iyi. ==== Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu ==== Nkhani ikulu: Mmene YouTube Imakhudzira Anthu Ŵanthu na makampani ghakurughakuru ghakugwiliskira nchito YouTube kuti ŵamanye ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mu manyuzipepara na pa wayilesi ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuŵalondezga kwambura kulipira ndalama zinandi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito pa YouTube ŵakamba kusamira pa webusayiti iyi. Nangauli "Partner Program" ya YouTube yikovwira kuti munthu wasange ndalama zinandi pakuŵa mulembi wa mavidiyo, kweni ŵabwezi ŵake 500 awo waliyose wakusanga ndalama zakujumpha $100,000 pa chaka, kweniso masiteshoni 10 agho ghakusanga ndalama zinandi chomene, ghakusanga ndalama zakukwana $2.5 miliyoni m'paka $12 miliyoni. Mu 2012, mulembi wa nkhani za malonda wa CMU wakalemba kuti YouTube ni "pulogalamu yakupharazgira ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba sumu". Mu 2013, Katheryn Thayer wa pa Forbes wakati ntchito ya ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa mu nyengo ya digito yikwenera kuŵa yapachanya chomene, kweniso yikwenera kukopa ŵanthu pa YouTube na pa Intaneti. Mavidiyo gha ŵanthu 2.5% awo ŵali mu gulu la "mega", "mainstream" na "medium-sized" ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi 90.3% pa YouTube na Vevo. Kuuyambiro wa 2013, Billboard yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira nchito fundo za pa YouTube pakupanga mapu gha Billboard Hot 100 na ghanyake.<ref name="Billboard20130220">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms|title=Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms|author=''Billboard'' staff|date=February 20, 2013|magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170847/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms|archive-date=January 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Jordan_Hoffner_at_the_68th_Annual_Peabody_Awards_for_YouTube.jpg|thumb|Jordan Hoffner at the 68th Annual [[Peabody Awards]] accepting for YouTube]] Pakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵakudumbiskana maso na maso nga ni umo vikuŵira na mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, "ŵali kusintha comene kwa vyaka vinandi", Chris Anderson, uyo wakulongozga pa TED, wakazunura ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba pa YouTube ndipo wakati: "Ivyo Gutenberg wakacita pakulemba mabuku, sono mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghangatovwira kuti tidumbiskane maso na maso". Anderson wakati ntchakubendera yayi kuyowoya kuti mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti ghapangiskenge kuti sayansi yilute panthazi chomene, ndipo awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo agha ŵangamba "kusambira vinthu vinandi chomene". Mwaciyelezgero, pa nkhani ya masambiro, sukulu ya Khan Academy yikakura kufuma pa vidiyo ya pa YouTube iyo yikasambizgiranga mubali wa Salman Khan ndipo yikamba kucemeka "sukulu yikuru comene pa caru cose". Mu 2008, YouTube wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka George Foster Peabody Award, ndipo webusayiti iyi yikulongosoreka kuti ni malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu. Nyuzipepara ya Washington Post yikati pa YouTube pali ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera ma TV. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika ku Pew Research Center, wakalongosora kuti "ŵanthu ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika mu nyuzipepara", ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuwona ivyo vikuchitika kweniso mawupu agho ghakupharazga nkhani, ndiwo ghakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongoraso kuti YouTube yikamba kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakuti ŵanthu ŵamanye nkhani. YouTube yawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge na boma, nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhani ya maungano gha CNN na YouTube (2007) apo ŵanthu ŵakafumbira mafumbo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la United States. Pakulongosora vya nyengo ya Arab Spring (2010~2012), Philip N. Howard wakalemba mazgu gha munthu munyake uyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ivyo vikachitikanga. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ku United States Nyumba ya Senate yikapeleka fundo yakususka Joseph Kony pati pajumpha mazuŵa 16 kufuma apo vidiyo ya "Kony 2012" yikapelekeka pa YouTube, ndipo Senator Lindsey Graham uyo wakawovwirapo pa fundo iyi wakati vidiyo iyi "yichitenge vinandi kuti (Kony) wafwe kuluska vyose".<ref name="Politico20120322">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Scott |date=March 22, 2012 |title=Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention |url=https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184459/https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6 |archive-date=January 8, 2014 |website=Politico}}</ref> [[File:ObamaYouTubers307.png|right|thumb|Leading YouTube content creators met at the White House with U.S. President Obama to discuss how government could better connect with the "YouTube generation."<ref name="Tubefilter20140302">{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Joshua |date=March 2, 2014 |title=Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |website=Tubefilter}}</ref><ref name="WhiteHouse20140306">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Brad L. |date=March 6, 2014 |title=YouTube Stars Talk Health Care (and Make History) at the White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005716/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/06/youtube-stars-talk-health-care-and-make-history-white-house |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |location=Washington, D.C. |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref>]] Kweniso, YouTube yawovwira boma kuti lipulikiskenge makora ŵanthu. Mu 2012, ofesi ya White House ndiyo yikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha nkhani pa YouTube. Mu 2013, kampani yinyake ya vyaumoyo yikapempha munthu munyake uyo wakujiyaniska na Obama, zina lake Iman Crosson, kuti waŵe na vidiyo ya sumu ya pa YouTube. Mu Febuluwale 2014, U.S. Pulezidenti Obama wakachita ungano ku White House na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene pa YouTube kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya Obamacare kweniso kuti ŵamanye umo boma lingacitira kuti liŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa YouTube. Nangauli YouTube yikovwira kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanthu bweka, kweni awo ŵakupangiska vinthu pa YouTube ŵakamanya kuti ntchakukhumbikwa chomene kuti ŵamanye makora umo ŵangapharazgira. Mavidiyo ghanyake gha pa YouTube ghakakhwaska chomene vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga pa charu, nga ni nkhani ya Innocence of Muslims (2012) iyo yikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe vivulupi. Chris Anderson, mulongozgi wa pa TED, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maluso ghawo mu mavidiyo gha pa YouTube. Mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, Virginia Heffernan wakati mavidiyo agha "ghakukondweska comene" ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa sumu za ndembera. Nkhani yinyake ya mu 2017 mu magazini ya The New York Times Magazine yikati YouTube yazgoka "wayilesi yiphya iyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyapo" ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakutali. Pafupifupi chaka chimoza pambere YouTube yindapharazge mu Janyuwale 2019 kuti yikwamba "kusintha pachokopachoko" kuti "yichepeske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa na ivyo vingaŵapweteka", Zeynep Tufekci wakalemba mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times kuti, "Chifukwa cha ŵanthu mabiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube, yingaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu vyakofya chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000". Chifukwa chakuti YouTube yikasintha nthowa yake yakupangira mauthenga, nthowa iyo yikayowoyeka chomene yikasintha kufuma kwa Alex Jones mu 2016 kuya ku Fox News mu 2019. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2020, "ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti vidiyo njakukhumbikwa chomene, kweni tikugomezga kuti ni viŵi yayi. M'malo mwake, tikukhumba kuti pa YouTube tiwonenge ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pa nkhani za ndyali". Kafukufuku munyake wa mu 2022 wakulongora kuti "nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukayika kuti YouTube yikupeleka mavidiyo ghakukhuŵazga ŵanthu, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakukhozgera fundo iyi", "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo gha ŵanthu ŵambura kutemwana na ŵankhongono pa YouTube". Gulu la Ŵalendo Ŵakupambanapambana na gulu la YouTube Symphony Orchestra ŵakasankha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili chifukwa cha mavidiyo agho ŵanthu ŵakawoneleranga. Kuwonjezera apo, vidiyo yachitukuko ya "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition) " yikapangika mwa kusakaniza machitidwe a oyimba 57 omwe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu ntchito imodzi ya nyimbo, ndi The Tokyo Times ikuwona kanema wa YouTube "Tipemphere kwa Inu" monga chitsanzo cha chizoloŵezi chogwiritsira ntchito gulu la anthu pazinthu zachifundo. Mu mwezi umoza pera, vidiyo iyi yikawovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa LGBT awo ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma. Pulezidenti Barack Obama, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Biden, ŵantchito ŵa ku White House, na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa mu nduna. Mwakuyana waka, cifukwa ca vidiyo ya Amanda Todd wa vyaka 15 yakucemeka "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", boma likati lacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti lisambire umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira na kupanga ndondomeko yakumazgira suzgo ili. Mu Meyi 2018, apo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakayowoya kuti mavidiyo gha sumu izo zikukhozga nkhaza zikachitiska kuti paŵe nkhaza za magulu gha vigeŵenga, YouTube yikawuskapo mavidiyo 30.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence|title=YouTube deletes 30 music videos after Met link with gang violence|last=Waterson|first=Jim|date=May 28, 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321160833/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence|archive-date=March 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> == Environmental impacts == {{Main|Sustainability}} YouTube yikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Mphamvu ya YouTube yikufuma ku Google Data Centers, iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito na magesi gha Renewable Energy kufuma mu 2017. Pa nyengo yasono, kampani iyi yapanga vyakukwana "kuti vileke kunanga vyakumera vyose kufuma apo tikambira mu 1998". Mu Ogasiti 2023, kampani iyi yikapeleka ngongole zakukwana madola 5.75 biliyoni. Google yikukhumba "kuŵa kampani yikuru comene iyo yizamupeleka magesi kwambura vyakununkhira mu 2030".<ref>{{cite web |title=Advancing sustainability |url=https://www.youtube.com/howyoutubeworks/progress-impact/sustainability/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Youtube}}</ref> == Finances == Pambere chaka cha 2020 chindafike, Google yikatondeka kupeleka manambara ghakukhwaskana na ndalama izo YouTube yikagwiliskiranga ntchito, ndipo ndalama izo YouTube yikasanganga mu 2007 zikaŵa zakuzirwa yayi. Mu Juni 2008, magazini ya Forbes yikalemba kuti mu 2008 ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa madola 200 miliyoni. Mu 2012, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kufuma ku malonda agho ghakupanga. Mu 2013, ndalama izi zikasazgikira pafupifupi kaŵiri ndipo zikafika pa madola 5.6 biliyoni. Mavidiyo ghanandi gha pa YouTube ni ghaulere ndipo ghakwendeskeka na malonda. Mu Meyi 2013, YouTube yikapeleka nthowa yakuyezgelera ya mathirakiti 53 agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 0.99 m'paka 6.99 pa mwezi. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵangagwilira ntchito pa Intaneti nga ni Netflix, Amazon Prime, na Hulu. Google yikamba kufumiska ndalama izo yikasanga pa YouTube mu Febuluwale 2020 mu lipoti la ndalama la Alphabet. Kuyana na Google, YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $15.1 biliyoni mu 2019 pakususkana na $8.1 biliyoni mu 2017 na $11.1 biliyoni mu 2018. Ndalama izo YouTube yikasanga zikaŵa pafupifupi 10% ya ndalama zose izo Alphabet yikasanga mu 2019. Ndalama izi zikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube Premium na YouTube Music, kweniso ŵanthu 2 miliyoni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube TV. YouTube yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $19.8 billion mu 2020.<ref name="2020revenue">{{Cite web |last=Alphabet Inc. |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Alphabet Inc. Form 10-K (2020) |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204421000010/goog-20201231.htm |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> === Partnership with corporations === Mu Juni 2006, YouTube yikachita ubwezi na NBC. Mu Malichi 2007, yikapangana na BBC kuti yiŵe na masiteshoni ghatatu, limoza la nkhani ndipo ghanyake ghaŵiri gha vyakusanguluska. Mu Novembala 2008, YouTube yikakolerana na MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, na CBS, ndipo yikapeleka mwaŵi ku makampani agha kuti ghaŵikenge mafilimu na mavidiyo pa webusayiti iyi. Chilato cha ndondomeko iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge mpikisano na mawebusayiti nga ni Hulu, agho ghakuŵa na nkhani za pa NBC, Fox, na Disney. Mu Novembala 2009, YouTube yikambiska chigaŵa cha "Shows" icho chikasangika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku UK, ndipo chikapelekanga vigaŵa 4,000 vyakufuma ku ŵabwezi ŵakujumpha 60. Mu Janyuwale 2010, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mavidiyo gha pa Intaneti, agho ghakovwira waka ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, Canada, na United Kingdom. Pa webusayiti iyi pali mafilimu ghakujumpha 6,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tsotsis |first=Alexia |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Google Partners With Sony Pictures, Universal And Warner Brothers For YouTube Movies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/09/google-partners-with-sony-pictures-nbc-universal-and-warner-brothers-for-youtube-movies/ |access-date=March 26, 2017 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> ==== 2017 advertiser boycott ==== Mu Malichi 2017, boma la United Kingdom likafumiskapo malonda ghake pa YouTube, pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti malonda agha ghakaŵa pa mavidiyo ghautesi. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaŵasimikizgire kuti ŵapharazgi aŵa "ŵapharazgenge makora". Nyuzipepara ya The Guardian, pamoza na maburandi ghanyake ghakurughakuru gha ku Britain na ku America, nawo ŵakakanizga kutandazga pa YouTube cifukwa ca nkhani izo zikaŵa zakukwiyiska. Google yikati "yamba kughanaghanirapo comene pa ndondomeko yithu ya malonda ndipo yaŵikapo mtima kuti yivikilirenge malonda ghawo". Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube channel h3h3Productions yikapeleka ukaboni wakuti nkhani ya mu Wall Street Journal yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora malonda gha vyamaseŵera pa vidiyo iyo yikaŵa na sumu za Johnny Rebel. Vidiyo iyi yikafumiskika pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga kuti mapulogiramu agha ghakaŵako cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivyo vili na copyright. Pa April 6, 2017, YouTube yikapharazga kuti kuti "yiwoneseskenge kuti ndalama zikwendera waka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na malango", yikasinthenge nthowa zake kuti yikhumbiske kuti wayilesi yiŵe na ndondomeko yakuwonerapo, kweniso kuti yiŵe na ŵanthu 10,000 awo ŵayiwonelera pa umoyo wawo wose pambere ŵandaŵepo mu Pulogiramu ya Ŵabali.<ref name="verge-10kviewsrule">{{cite web |date=April 6, 2017 |title=YouTube will no longer allow creators to make money until they reach 10,000 views |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> === YouTuber earnings === [[File:2017-_Top_earners_on_YouTube_-_column_chart.svg|thumb| ''Forbes'' has reported the total annual earnings of the top ten YouTuber accounts, and the income of the single highest-earning account.]] Mu Meyi 2007, YouTube yikambiska pulogiramu ya kuchezga nayo (Partner Program) (YPP), ndondomeko iyo yikukolerana na AdSense iyo yikovwira munthu uyo wakujura vidiyo kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kugaŵa ndalama izo zikufuma ku malonda pa webusayiti iyi. Kanandi YouTube yikutora 45 peresenti ya ndalama izo yikusangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura mavidiyo. Pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni awo ŵali mu gulu la YouTube. Kuyana na TubeMogul, mu 2013, malonda agho ghakuŵa pa YouTube pambere vidiyo yindayambe, ghakaŵanga na mtengo wa madola 7.60 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kanandi pa mavidiyo agha, ghaŵiri pera ndigho ghakuŵa na pharazgo pambere vidiyo yindambe kuwonekera. Ndondomeko ya YouTube yikukanizga vinthu vinyake kuti vileke kusangika mu mavidiyo agho ghakuŵa na ndalama chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo mavidiyo agho ghali na nkhaza, kayowoyero kaheni, vya kugonana, "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakupweteka, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nanga ni para palije vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka" (panji usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo agha "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kuvumbura panji kusanguluska"), ndiposo mavidiyo agho mazgu gha awo ŵakuvigwiliskira ntchito ghali na vinthu "vyambura kwenelera". Mu 2013, YouTube yikamba kupeleka mwaŵi wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mavidiyo awo ŵali na ŵalembeska 1,000, ŵaŵikengepo ndalama. Mu Epulero 2017, YouTube yikakhazikiska fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera vidiyo 10,000 pa umoyo wake wose. Pa Janyuwale 16, 2018, ŵakasintha fundo yakuti munthu wakwenera kuwonelera TV kwa maora 4,000 mu myezi 12 iyo yajumpha na kuŵa na ŵanthu 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona kuti fundo iyi yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukwesana pa nkhani ya mavidiyo. YouTube Play Buttons, chigaŵa cha YouTube Creator Rewards, ntchawanangwa icho YouTube wakupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwonelera mavidiyo. Vinthu ivi vikupelekeka ku ma TV agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, miliyoni, 10 miliyoni, 50 miliyoni, na 100 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya YouTube pa nkhani ya "vinthu vyakovwira awo ŵakupharazga" yikukanizga ivyo vingaŵikika mu mavidiyo agho ghakwendeskeka na ndalama; ivi vikusazgapo nkhaza, kayowoyero, vya kugonana, na "vinthu vyakukhuŵazga panji vyakusuzga, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskana na nkhondo, viwawa vya ndyali, masoka ghacilengiwa na masoka, nangauli vithuzithuzi vyambura kulongosoreka", pekha usange ivyo vili mu mavidiyo "ni vya nkhani panji vyakusekeska ndipo uyo wakuvipanga wakukhumba kumanya panji kusanguluska". Mu Seputembala 2016, pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska ndondomeko yakupharazga yakusazgikira kuti yivumbulire ŵanthu za viheni ivi, malango gha YouTube ghakatambuzgika na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, kusazgapo Phillip DeFranco na Vlogbrothers. DeFranco wakati para munthu wakutondeka kusanga ndalama pa mavidiyo agha, ndikuti "wakutondeka kujikora". Muyowoyi wa YouTube wakati nangauli fundo iyi yikaŵa yiphya yayi, kweni iyo "yikasintha ndondomeko ya kupempha wovwiri kuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoyenge makora". Boing Boing yikalemba mu 2019 kuti mazgu gha LGBT ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama. Kufumira mu Novembala 2020 ku United States na Juni 2021 pa charu chose, YouTube yili na wanangwa wa kupanga ndalama pa vidiyo yiliyose pa pulatifomu, nangauli uyo wakuyiŵika pa intaneti ni munyawo yayi wa YouTube Partner Program. Ivi vicitikenge pa masiteshoni agho ghakuwoneka kuti "ghakukondweska ŵanthu", ndipo ndalama zose zizamuluta ku Google kwambura kupeleka ku awo ŵakujura.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Megan |date=November 19, 2020 |title=YouTube will put ads on non-partner videos but won't pay the creators |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/youtube-will-put-ads-on-non-partner-videos-but-wont-pay-the-creators.html |access-date=May 23, 2021 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> === Revenue to copyright holders === {{further|#Copyrighted material}} Ndalama zinandi izo YouTube yikusanga chifukwa cha malonda zikuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mavidiyo na kupanga mavidiyo. Mu 2010, vikaŵa vyakuti pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mavidiyo agho ghakaŵa na malonda, ghakaŵikika pa Intaneti kwambura kuzomerezgeka na awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga. YouTube yikupeleka mwaŵi ku awo ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwonelera mavidiyo kuti ŵamanye uko kuli mavidiyo ghawo na kughafumiska. Mu Meyi 2013, Nintendo wakamba kuvikilira wanangwa wake wa kupanga mavidiyo na kupoka ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Mu Febuluwale 2015, Nintendo wakazomerezga kugaŵana ndalama na awo ŵakalenga mavidiyo kwizira mu Nintendo Creators Program. Pa Malichi 20, 2019, Nintendo wakapharazga pa Twitter kuti kampani iyi yimarenge pulogiramu ya Creators. Mapulogalamuwa anasiya kugwira ntchito pa March 20, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Nintendo's Controversial Creators Program Is Shutting Down |url=https://kotaku.com/nintendos-controversial-creators-program-is-shutting-do-1830728813 |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Kotaku |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent |first=Emma |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Nintendo scraps controversial Creators Program, making life easier for YouTubers |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-11-29-nintendo-scraps-creators-program-making-life-much-easier-for-youtubers |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Eurogamer |language=en}}</ref> == Censorship and bans == {{Main|Censorship of YouTube}} [[File:YouTube_Availability_2021.png|thumb|300x300px|Availability of YouTube as of January 2021:<br /> {{legend|#008000|Has local YouTube version}} {{legend|#B2B2B2|Accessible}} {{legend|#FF0000|Currently blocked}} {{legend|#FF8888|Previously blocked}}]] YouTube has been censored, filtered, or banned for a variety of reasons, including:<ref name="ONIYouTubeCensored">[https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history "YouTube Censored: A Recent History"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012.</ref> * Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest. * Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in [[North Korea]]), government (e.g. in [[Internet censorship in China|China]]) or its actions (e.g. in [[Morocco]]), government officials (e.g. in [[Turkey]] and [[Libya]]), or religion (e.g. in [[Pakistan]]). * Morality-based laws, e.g. in [[Internet censorship in Iran|Iran]]. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwonelera mavidiyo ghanyake chifukwa cha malango ghakukhwaskana na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ku Germany), kuswa malango ghakukhwaskana na nkhani za kutinkha ŵanthu, na kutondeska kuwonelera mavidiyo agho ghakwenelera yayi ŵawukirano. Makampani, masukulu, maboma, na mawupu ghanyake ghakupambanapambana kanandi ghakukana mawebusayiti gha pa Intaneti, kusazgapo YouTube, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bandwidth kweniso kuti ghangatimbanizga ŵanthu. Kufumira mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito YouTube mu vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo China, North Korea, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Sudan na South Sudan. Mu vyaru vinyake, YouTube yikujalika kwa nyengo yichoko waka, nga ni para kuli vivulupi, pambere mavoti ghandambe, panji chifukwa cha viphikiro vya ndyali. Para webusayiti yose ya YouTube yalekeskeka chifukwa cha vidiyo yimoza, kanandi YouTube yikuzomerezga kuwuskamo panji kuchepeska nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito vidiyo iyi. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti kwambira mu Okutobala 2019, mazgu agho ghalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku China agho ghakuyuyura chipani cha Communist Party of China (共?? panji kuti "chipani cha Communist bandit") panji (五毛 panji kuti "50 Cent Party", kung'anamura awo ŵakulemba nkhani izo boma likuŵawovwira) ghakufumiskika mu masekondi 15. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vyachitika apo YouTube yikakanizgika ni ivi: * [[Thailand]] blocked access in April 2007 over a video said to be insulting the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand Bans YouTube|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html|work=The New York Times|date=April 5, 2007}}</ref> * Morocco blocked access in May 2007, possibly as a result of videos critical of [[Political status of Western Sahara|Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm|access-date=December 25, 2013|date=May 29, 2007}}</ref> YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007, after ''Maroc Telecom'' unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".<ref>{{cite web |date=May 30, 2007 |title=''YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom'' |url=https://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=May 30, 2007 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> * Turkey blocked access between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeffrey|last=Rosen|title=Google's Gatekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 28, 2008|access-date=March 26, 2017|id={{ProQuest|905061951}}}}</ref><ref name="bbc turkey">{{cite news|title=Turkey goes into battle with Google|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm|work=BBC News|date=July 2, 2010|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816|date=October 30, 2010|access-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician [[Deniz Baykal]] caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|date=November 2, 2010|access-date=November 2, 2010|first=Marc|last=Champion}}</ref> During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey.<ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21 "Turkey report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21|date=September 27, 2012}}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Sites in Turkey |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112619/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> In 2014, Turkey blocked the access for the second time, after "a high-level intelligence leak."<ref>{{cite web |last=B. Kelley |first=Michael |date=March 27, 2014 |title=YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702|title=Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak'|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=March 27, 2014|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Wagstaff, Keith |date=March 27, 2014 |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> * Pakistan blocked access on February 23, 2008, because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Danish cartoons]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan blocks YouTube website|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm|access-date=November 30, 2008|date=February 24, 2008}}</ref> This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government.<ref name="PAK-ban-lifted">{{cite news|title=Pakistan lifts YouTube ban|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world|agency=AFP|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=February 26, 2008|access-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm|access-date=November 30, 2008|date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using [[virtual private network]] software.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381 |archive-date=June 29, 2008 |access-date=November 30, 2008 |publisher=Silicon Republic}}</ref> In May 2010, following the [[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]], Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm|access-date=May 20, 2010|date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities|date=July 22, 2010}}, Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507082318/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"], ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> Pakistan again placed a ban on YouTube in September 2012, after the site refused to remove the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]''. The ban was lifted in January 2016 after YouTube launched a Pakistan-specific version.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872|access-date=January 27, 2016|work=BBC News|date=January 18, 2016}}</ref> * Libya blocked access on January 24, 2010, because of videos that featured demonstrations in the city of [[Benghazi]] by families of detainees who were killed in [[Abu Salim prison]] in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] at parties. The blocking was criticized by [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw|title=Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> In November 2011, after the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], YouTube was once again allowed in Libya.<ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya "Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235826/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya|date=September 27, 2012}}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref> * [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sudan]] blocked access in September 2012 following [[Reactions to Innocence of Muslims|controversy]] over a 14-minute trailer for the film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' which had been posted on the site.<ref>[https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – Afghanistan Times"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1|date=January 17, 2013}}, December 1, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912 "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170643/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/12/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912|date=September 24, 2015}}, Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video"], ''The Independent'' (AP), September 18, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Haley|last=Tsukayama|title=YouTube blocked in Pakistan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html|access-date=September 18, 2012|date=September 18, 2012|first=Arun|last=Devnath}}</ref> A court in the southern Russian Republic of [[Chechnya]] ruled that ''Innocence of Muslims'' should be banned.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian court bans anti-Islam film|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film|newspaper=The News|date=September 29, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> In Libya and [[Egypt]], it was blamed for violent protests. YouTube stated: "This video—which is widely available on the Web—is clearly within our guidelines and so will stay on YouTube. However, given the very difficult situation in Libya and Egypt we have temporarily restricted access in both countries."<ref>{{cite news|title='Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/12/world/la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913|access-date=March 1, 2019|date=September 12, 2012|first1=Phil|last1=Willon|first2=Rebecca|last2=Keegan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence|publisher=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3|access-date=September 13, 2012|date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> * Russia threatened to ban YouTube after the platform deleted two German RT channels in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 29, 2021|title=Russia threatens YouTube ban for deleting RT channels|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58737433|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, YouTube announced on March 1 the immediate removal of RT (and other Russian-government funded outlets) from its platform in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/|title=YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe|work=Reuters|date=March 1, 2022|access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Spoken Wikipedia|Youtube spoken word.ogg|date=March 26, 2011}} {{Portal|Companies|Internet|San Francisco Bay Area|United States}} {{div col}} * [[Alternative media]] * [[BookTube]] * [[BreadTube]] * [[CNN/YouTube presidential debates]] * [[Comparison of video hosting services]] * [[List of Google Easter eggs#YouTube]] * [[List of Internet phenomena]] * [[List of most-viewed online videos in the first 24 hours]] * [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-liked YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos]] * [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]] * [[List of online video platforms]] * [[List of YouTubers]] * ''[[Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.]]'' * [[Reply girl]] * ''[[Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.]]'' * [[YouTube Awards]] * [[YouTube Creator Awards]] * [[YouTube Instant]] * [[YouTube Live]] * [[Multi-channel network]] * [[YouTube Music Awards]] * [[YouTube Rewind]] * [[YouTube Theater]] * [[YouTube Poop]] {{div col end}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Bergen|first=Mark|year=2022|title=Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Dominance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zhTEAAAQBAJ|location=New York|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780593296349|oclc=1289250597}}* {{Cite web |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |date=February 15, 2013 |title=The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2 |access-date=March 25, 2017 |website=[[Business Insider]]}} * {{Cite web |last=Haran |first=Brady |author-link=Brady Haran |author2=Hamilton, Ted |title=Why do YouTube views freeze at 301? |url=https://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033151/https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033151/https://www.numberphile.com/videos/301_views.html |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2013 |work=Numberphile |publisher=Brady Haran}} * {{Cite book|last=Kelsey|first=Todd|title=Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between|url=https://archive.org/details/socialnetworking0000kels|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-1-4302-2596-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Lacy|first=Sarah|title=The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesoffaceboo0000lacy|year=2008|publisher=Crimson|location=Richmond|isbn=978-1-85458-453-3}} * {{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Rob|title=On YouTube, Amateur Is the New Pro|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/magazine/on-youtube-amateur-is-the-new-pro.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2017}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links}} {{Scholia|topic}} * {{Official website}} {{YouTube navigation}} {{Google Inc.}} {{Alphabet Inc.}} {{Video digital distribution platforms}} {{Authority control}} {{Video game live streaming services}} [[Category:YouTube| ]] [[Category:2005 establishments in California]] [[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]] [[Category:Advertising video on demand]] [[Category:Alphabet Inc.]] [[Category:American companies established in 2005]] [[Category:Android (operating system) software]] [[Category:Companies based in San Mateo County, California]] [[Category:Go (programming language) software]] [[Category:Google acquisitions]] [[Category:Google services]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]] [[Category:IOS software]] [[Category:Multilingual websites]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 software]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 software]] [[Category:Recommender systems]] [[Category:Social media]] [[Category:Transactional video on demand]] [[Category:Video game streaming services]] [[Category:Video hosting]] 53ri4n2meg5wowm5a14vzjw1bv6fi4m 0 29494 122551 78023 2026-09-28T01:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian boxer}} {{EngvarB|date=May 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}} {{Infobox boxer|name=Isaac Chilemba|image=Isaac Chilemba small.jpg|realname={{nowrap|Miguel Isaac Chilemba Zuze}}|nickname=Golden Boy|weight={{plainlist| *[[Super-middleweight]] *[[Light-heavyweight]] }}|height=6 ft 0 in|reach=73 in|nationality=Malawian|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|17}}|birth_place=[[Blantyre, Malawi|Blantyre]], Malawi|style=[[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]]|total=38|wins=27|KO=10|losses=9|draws=3|no contests=}} '''Miguel Isaac Chilemba Zuze''' (wakababika pa 17 May 1987) ni nkhwantha ya nkhonya yaku [[Malaŵi]] uyo wakaŵa na mutu wa IBO super-middleweight kufuma mu 2010 m'paka mu 2011, ndipo wakathereska WBA (Undisputed), IBF, na WBO light-heavyweight titles mu 2016. == Ntchito yakwamba == Chilemba wakachita maseŵera ghake ghakwambilira ku Gauteng, South Africa pa 19 Okutobala 2005 pakuthereska Thamsanga Tindleni mu chigaŵa cha 2 cha chigaŵa cha 4. Wakathereska mavoti ghankhondi na ghatatu pambere wandaleke kupokera mavoti gha Willbeforce Shihepo pa 5 July 2007 ku Emperor's Palace ku Gauteng. Nkhondo iyi yikamara pa 21 November 2007 ndipo wakawina pa viphalizgano vinkhondi na cimoza. Nkhondo zinandi ziŵiri zikachitika mu chaka cha 2008 ndipo ŵakathereska David Basajjamivule na Chamunorowa Gonorenda. Nkhondo iyi yikachitikaso ku Emperor's Palace ndipo Chilemba wakalimbana na Charles Adamu uyo wakaba champions wa Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 1987 |title=Isaac Chilemba record |url=http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=339766&cat=boxer |publisher=Boxrec |accessdate=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617025800/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=339766&cat=boxer |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2014 |title=Malawian boxer beats Ghanain |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/15683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929100545/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/15683 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |publisher=Africa News |accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> == Nkhondo za Championship == Mu nkhondo yake yakulondezgapo Chilemba wakaluta ku heavyweight ndipo wakathereska David Basajjamivule uyo wakaŵa chigeŵenga cha WBO. Nkhondo ya Graceland Casino ku Mpumalanga yikachitika pa 13 June 2009 ndipo yikapangiska kuti wa Uganda wawine kachiŵiri. Chilemba wakalutizga pa 31 Okutobala 2009 na chiphalizgano chinyake, nyengo iyi wakatonda Doudou Ngumbu wa ku Congo uyo wakukhala ku France na kuwuska chiphalizgano cha African Boxing Union cha heavyweight kweniso chiphalizgano cha WBC International. Kujivikilira kwa mutu wa WBC kukwenera kuti kukachitika pa 26 March 2010 apo Malawian wakaluta ku England kuti wakakumane na Tony Oakey uyo wakaŵa championi wa ku Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikamara yayi pamanyuma pakuti Oakey wataya nkhondo ya ku England na Danny McIntosh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-10 |title=Veep still in cabinet─experts |url=http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2367&Itemid=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910224601/http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2367&Itemid=31 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref>Pamanyuma pa Oakey, mulwani wakulondezgapo wa Chilemba wakaŵa Rupert van Aswegen kweni wakasankha kuleka maseŵero agha. === Mutu wa IBO World === Chilemba wakawelera ku super middleweight kuti wakumane na Michael Bolling wa ku Australia pa 19 June 2010. Nkhondo ya ku Emperor's Palace, yikapangiska kuti wa Malawi uyu watonde ndipo yikaŵa nkhonya yake yachinayi yakulondezgana apo mutu unyake ukaŵa pangozi. Chilemba wakavikilira lamba wake wa IBO pa 6 Novembala 2010 apo wakawelera ku Emperors Palace ndipo wakathereska Thomas Oosthuizen wa ku South Africa. Pa 25 February 2011 Chilemba wakaluta ku Tulsa, Oklahoma kuti wakatimbane ku United States kakwamba. Mulwani wake, Maxim Vlasov wa ku Russia uyo wakatondeka kutonda, wakatonda pa viyezgelero vyose 19 ivyo wakacitanga ndipo wakathereska Chilemba kaŵiri mu cigaŵa ca 8. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni munthu wa ku Malawi uyu wakathereska nkhondo iyi. ==== Chilemba vs. Meroro ==== Chilemba wakawelera ku South Africa kuti wakasezgerepo vikondwelero vya vikondwelero . ==== Chilemba vs. Bivol ==== Pa Ogasiti 4, 2018, Chilemba adatsutsa Dmitry Bivol pa lamba wake wa WBA light heavyweight. Bivol wakathereska 34.5% ya ma punches ghake pakuyaniska na 15.5% ya Chiilemba ndipo ŵeruzgi wose ŵatatu ŵakawona kuti Bivol ndiyo wakathereska nadi, ndipo wakalemba ma score 120-108, 120-108 na 112-112 kuti waŵe ngwazi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esco |first=Wil |date=2018-08-04 |title=HBO Results: Dmitry Bivol dominates Isaac Chilemba to retain light heavyweight title |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2018/8/4/17652488/hbo-results-dmitry-bivol-dominates-isaac-chilemba-to-retain-light-heavyweight-title |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Bad Left Hook |language=en}}</ref> == Mbiri ya nkhonya == {{BoxingRecordSummary|draws=3|nc=|ko-wins=11|ko-losses=1|dec-wins=16|dec-losses=8|dq-wins=|dq-losses=}} {| class="wikitable" !{{abbr|No.|Number}} !Vyakulondezga !Vyakulemba !Mlwani !Mtundu !Round, time !Siku !Malo !Vyakulemba |- |39|{{yes2}}Win |27-9-3 |{{flagicon|TZA}} Mbaruku Kheri |KO |2 (10), {{small|1:53}} |16 Sept 2022 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|The Carousel Casino, [[Hammanskraal]], South Africa}} | |- |38|{{no2}}Loss |26–9–3 |{{flagicon|CUB}} Osleys Iglesias |UD |12 |27 May 2022 |{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|Hala Globus, ul. Kazimierza Wielkiego 8, [[Lublin]], Poland}} |{{small|For vacant IBO International super middleweight title and vacant WBA Inter-Continental super middleweight title}} |- |37|{{no2}}Loss |26–8–3 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Pavel_Silyagin|Pavel Silyagin]] |UD |12 |26 Nov 2021 |{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|USC Soviet Wings, [[Moscow]], Russia}} |{{small|For WBC Silver super-middleweight title}} |- |36|{{draw}}Draw |26–7–3 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Fedor_Chudinov|Fedor Chudinov]] |SD |10 |20 Feb 2021 |{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|[[Crocus City Hall]], [[Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsk]], Russia}} | |- |35|{{yes2}}Win |26–7–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} Alexander Kubich |UD |8 |13 Dec 2019 |{{flagicon|GRE}} {{small|[[P.A.O.K. Sports Arena]], [[Thessaloniki]], Greece}} | |- |34|{{no2}}Loss |25–7–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Maxim_Vlasov_(boxer)|Maxim Vlasov]] |UD |12 |20 Jul 2019 |{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Central Square, [[Gelendzhik]], Russia}} |{{small|For vacant [[Eurasian Boxing Parliament|EBP]] light-heavyweight title}} |- |33|{{no2}}Loss |25–6–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Dmitry_Bivol|Dmitry Bivol]] |UD |12 |4 Aug 2018 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Etess Arena]], Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}} |{{small|For WBA light-heavyweight title}} |- |32|{{yes2}}Win |25–5–2 |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[:en:Blake_Caparello|Blake Caparello]] |UD |12 |16 Mar 2018 |{{flagicon|AUS}} {{small|The Melbourne Pavilion, [[Flemington, Victoria|Flemington]], Australia}} |{{small|Won vacant WBC International light-heavyweight title}} |- |31|{{no2}}Loss |24–5–2 |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[:en:Oleksandr_Gvozdyk|Oleksandr Gvozdyk]] |{{abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}} |8 (10), {{small|3:00}} |[[:en:Sergey_Kovalev_vs._Andre_Ward|19 Nov 2016]] |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[T-Mobile Arena]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}} |{{small|For NABF light-heavyweight title}} |- |30|{{no2}}Loss |24–4–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Sergey_Kovalev_(boxer)|Sergey Kovalev]] |UD |12 |11 Jul 2016 |{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Divs Hotel, [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia}} |{{small|For [[list of WBA world champions#Light heavyweight|WBA (Undisputed)]], [[list of IBF world champions#Light heavyweight|IBF]], and [[list of WBO world champions#Light heavyweight|WBO light-heavyweight titles]]}} |- |29|{{no2}}Loss |24–3–2 |{{flagicon|COL}} [[:en:Eleider_Álvarez|Eleider Álvarez]] |{{abbr|MD|Majority decision}} |12 |28 Nov 2015 |{{flagicon|CAN}} {{small|[[Videotron Centre]], [[Quebec City, Quebec]], Canada}} |{{small|For WBC Silver light-heavyweight title}} |- |28|{{yes2}}Win |24–2–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} Vasily Lepikhin |UD |10 |14 Mar 2015 |{{flagicon|CAN}} {{small|[[Bell Centre]], [[Montreal, Quebec]], Canada}} |{{small|Won vacant [[North American Boxing Federation|NABF]] light-heavyweight title}} |- |27|{{yes2}}Win |23–2–2 |{{flagicon|USA}} Cory Cummings |TKO |7 (10), {{small|2:28}} |2 Aug 2014 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Revel Atlantic City]], Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}} | |- |26|{{yes2}}Win |22–2–2 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Denis_Grachev_(fighter)|Denis Grachev]] |UD |10 |15 Mar 2014 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|Sands Casino Resort, [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], U.S.}} | |- |25|{{yes2}}Win |21–2–2 |{{flagicon|GHA}} Michael Gbenga |UD |8 |16 Nov 2013 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Turning Stone Resort & Casino]], [[Verona, New York]], U.S.}} | |- |24|{{no2}}Loss |20–2–2 |{{flagicon|UK}} [[:en:Tony_Bellew|Tony Bellew]] |UD |12 |25 May 2013 |{{flagicon|UK}} {{small|[[The O2 Arena]], [[London]], England}} |{{small|For WBC Silver light-heavyweight title}} |- |23|{{draw}}Draw |20–1–2 |{{flagicon|UK}} [[:en:Tony_Bellew|Tony Bellew]] |SD |12 |30 Mar 2013 |{{flagicon|UK}} {{small|[[Echo Arena Liverpool|Echo Arena]], [[Liverpool]], England}} |{{small|For [[WBC Silver]] light-heavyweight title}} |- |22|{{yes2}}Win |20–1–1 |{{flagicon|USA}} Rayco Saunders |UD |8 |29 Sep 2012 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Ledyard, Connecticut]], U.S.}} | |- |21|{{yes2}}Win |19–1–1 |{{flagicon|COL}} [[:en:Edison_Miranda|Edison Miranda]] |UD |10 |3 Feb 2012 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Texas Station Casino]], [[North Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.}} | |- |20|{{yes2}}Win |18–1–1 |{{flagicon|USA}} [[:en:Jameson_Bostic|Jameson Bostic]] |KO |2 (8), {{small|1:48}} |[[:en:Sergio_Martínez_vs._Darren_Barker|1 Oct 2011]] |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.}} | |- |19|{{yes2}}Win |17–1–1 |{{flagicon|NAM}} [[:en:Vikapita_Meroro|Vikapita Meroro]] |UD |10 |26 Mar 2011 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} |{{small|Won vacant WBC International light-heavyweight title}} |- |18|{{yes2}}Win |16–1–1 |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[:en:Maxim_Vlasov_(boxer)|Maxim Vlasov]] |UD |10 |25 Feb 2011 |{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|Million Dollar Elm Casino, [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], U.S.}} | |- |17|{{draw}}Draw |15–1–1 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[:en:Thomas_Oosthuizen|Thomas Oosthuizen]] |{{abbr|SD|Split draw}} |12 |6 Nov 2010 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} |{{small|Retained IBO super-middleweight title}} |- |16|{{yes2}}Win |15–1 |{{flagicon|AUS}} Michael Bolling |UD |12 |19 Jun 2010 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} |{{small|Won vacant [[list of IBO world champions#Super middleweight|IBO super-middleweight title]]}} |- |15|{{yes2}}Win |14–1 |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[:en:Doudou_Ngumbu|Doudou Ngumbu]] |UD |12 |31 Oct 2009 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} |{{small|Won [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] International and [[List of African Boxing Union champions#Light-heavyweight|African light-heavyweight]] titles}} |- |14|{{yes2}}Win |13–1 |{{flagicon|UGA}} David Basajjamivule |UD |12 |13 Jun 2009 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Graceland Hotel Casino, Secunda, South Africa}} |{{small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Africa [[light-heavyweight]] title}} |- |13|{{yes2}}Win |12–1 |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[:en:Charles_Adamu|Charles Adamu]] |{{abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}} |12 |13 Sep 2008 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} |{{small|Won vacant [[List of African Boxing Union champions#Super-middleweight|African super-middleweight title]]}} |- |12|{{yes2}}Win |11–1 |{{flagicon|ZIM}} Chamunorwa Gonorenda |KO |4 (6) |15 Jul 2008 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |11|{{yes2}}Win |10–1 |{{flagicon|UGA}} David Basajjamivule |TKO |8 (8) |29 Apr 2008 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |10|{{yes2}}Win |9–1 |{{flagicon|NAM}} [[:en:Willbeforce_Shihepo|Willbeforce Shihepo]] |PTS |6 |21 Nov 2007 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |9|{{no2}}Loss |8–1 |{{flagicon|NAM}} [[:en:Willbeforce_Shihepo|Willbeforce Shihepo]] |PTS |6 |5 Jul 2007 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |8|{{yes2}}Win |8–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Godfrey Nene |TKO |2 (6) |12 May 2007 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |7|{{yes2}}Win |7–0 |{{flagicon|ZAM}} Charles Chisamba |PTS |6 |27 Mar 2007 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |6|{{yes2}}Win |6–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Emmanuel Gwala |TKO |4 (6) |1 Dec 2006 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Orlando Communal Hall, Soweto, South Africa}} | |- |5|{{yes2}}Win |5–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Ronnie Lategan |TKO |2 (4) |17 Nov 2006 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, Kempton Park, South Africa}} | |- |4|{{yes2}}Win |4–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Mark Sloane |{{abbr|PTS|Points decision}} |4 |11 Jul 2006 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Emperor's Palace, [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]], South Africa}} | |- |3|{{yes2}}Win |3–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Sithembiso Ngcobo |{{abbr|KO|Knockout}} |1 (4), {{small|1:18}} |25 May 2006 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Carnival City, [[Brakpan, Gauteng|Brakpan]], South Africa}} | |- |2|{{yes2}}Win |2–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Oupa Mahlangu |TKO |4 (4) |10 Feb 2006 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Graceland Hotel Casino, Secunda, South Africa}} | |- |1|{{yes2}}Win |1–0 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} Thamsanqa Tindleni |{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}} |4 (4) |19 Oct 2005 |{{flagicon|ZAF}} {{small|Carnival City, [[Secunda, Mpumalanga|Secunda]], South Africa}} | |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{Boxrec|id=339766}} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Regional boxing titles}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=[[Charles Adamu]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[African Boxing Union|ABU]] [[super-middleweight]] champion|years=13 September 2008 – April 2009<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=Flash Issaka}} {{s-break}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=[[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Africa [[light-heavyweight]] champion|years=13 June 2009 – September 2009<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=[[Vikapita Meroro]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|rows=2|before=Doudou Ngumbu}} {{s-ttl|title=[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] International light-heavyweight champion|years=31 October 2009 – July 2010<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=Himself}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=ABU light-heavyweight champion|years=31 October 2009 – July 2010<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=Doudou Ngumbu}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=Himself}} {{s-ttl|title=WBC International light-heavyweight champion|years=26 March 2011 – January 2012<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=[[Joey Vegas]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=[[Jean Pascal]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[North American Boxing Federation|NABF]] light-heavyweight champion|years=14 March 2015 – August 2015<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=[[Oleksandr Gvozdyk]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=[[Sullivan Barrera]]}} {{s-ttl|title=WBC International light-heavyweight champion|years=16 March 2018 – July 2018<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=[[Serge Michel]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Minor world boxing titles}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=[[Peter Manfredo, Jr.]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[list of IBO world champions#Super middleweight|IBO super-middleweight champion]]|years=19 June 2010 – January 2011<br>Vacated}} {{s-vac|next=[[Thomas Oosthuizen]]}} {{end}} 9t7fqqlu63ar24pxusa1pbthatpkdss 0 29536 122535 78033 2026-09-28T01:00:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Malawian-South African singer}} {{EngvarB|date=February 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox musical artist|honorific_prefix=|name=Gemini Major|honorific_suffix=|image=Gemini Major small.jpg|image_size=250px|landscape=<!-- no, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|alt=|caption=Gemini Major|birth_name=Benn Gilbert Kamoto<ref name="FTR">{{cite web|title=ARTISTS/GEMINI MAJOR|url=http://familytreeworld.co.za/artists/gemini-major/|website=FamilyTreeWorld|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108225051/http://familytreeworld.co.za/artists/gemini-major/|archive-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>|alias=Rudebouy Major|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1990|06|14}}|birth_place=[[Blantyre]], [[Malawi]]|origin=[[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|death_place=|genre={{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[dancehall]]|[[Afro pop music|Afro pop]]|[[reggae]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Record producer|Singer-songwriter}}{{infobox person|embed=yes|citizenship={{unbulletedlist|[[Malawi]] ({{small|1990{{ndash}}present}})|[[South Africa]]}} }}|instrument={{flatlist| * vocals * [[music sampler|sampler]] * [[Digital audio workstation|DAW]] * [[auto-tune]]}}|years_active=2010–present|label=[[Family Tree Records|Family Tree]] (former)|associated_acts={{hlist|[[Cassper Nyovest]]|[[Nasty C]]|Nadia Nakai|Tshego|[[Aewon Wolf]]|[[Riky Rick]]|[[Da L.E.S]]|Major League DJz}}|website={{URL|https://instagram.com/geminimaejor}}}} '''Benn Gilbert Kamoto''' (wakababika pa 14 June 1990), uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lake la Gemini Major, ni mu [[Malawi]] wakubabika ku [[South Africa]]. Wakalembeska na Family Tree Records, kampani yakuyimika sumu ya ku South Africa iyo yikapangika na Cassper Nyovest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/entertainment-celebrities/1449205/gemini-major-leaves-casspers-family-tree/|title=Gemini Major leaves Cassper’s Family Tree|date=7 March 2017|newspaper=The Citizen|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Gemini Major wakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare mu 2007 ndipo wakamalizga masambiro gha I.T. mu 2009. Mu chaka chenechicho, wakasamira ku Durban, South Africa kuti wazakacite ivyo wakakhumbanga pakuŵa waluso ndiposo wakupangiska sumu.<ref name="nyasatimes">{{cite web |title=Gemini Major – Malawi's fastest rising star in South Africa |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/gemini-major-malawis-fastest-rising-star-south-africa/ |website=Nyasa Times |accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> Iyo wakapangiska sumu zinandi za ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, kusazgapo R&B, hip-hop, house, dancehall, pop na gospel. Ntchito yake yikusazgapo kupanga vinthu ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito pa TV nga ni Gold Diggers, Forever Young na Mo Love. Mu 2013, wakasamira ku Johannesburg. Wakati wakumana na Cassper Nyovest na gulu lake pa vidiyo ya sumu iyo Major wakapanganga, wakanjira gulu la Family Tree. Pamanyuma pa kufumiska sumu ya Nasty C yakuchemeka "Juice Back", Major wakazgoka mulembi wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa hip hop ku South Africa. Mu chaka cha 2015 Major wakasankhika kuŵa Producer of the Year pa South Africa Hip Hop Awards pamoza na banthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa nga ni Anatii, Riky Rick, Ganja Beats na Tweezy. Wakafumiska sumu ya "Church" pa 28 September 2017. Pa Novembala 20, 2020, EP yake ya Slum Kid yikafumiskika ku South Africa. Muli Nasty C, Riky Rick, Tellaman, AKA, The Big Hash na Emtee. == Nyimbo == === Mabuku gha sumo === {| class="wikitable" !Album title !Album details |- |''Gem n Eye'' | * Released: 1 February 2015 * Label: Lalela Music * Formats: [[:en:Digital_download_(music)|Digital download]] |} == Nyimbo zakufuma yimoyimo == === As lead artist === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+List of singles as lead artist, showing year released ! rowspan="1" scope="col" |Title ! rowspan="1" scope="col" |Year |- ! scope="row" |"Badmanting" <small>(featuring [[:en:Aewon_Wolf|Aewon Wolf]])</small> | rowspan="2" |2015 |- ! scope="row" |"One Night Stand" |- ! scope="row" |"Bumpy Ride" | rowspan="2" |2016 |- ! scope="row" |"[[:en:Ragga_Ragga|Ragga Ragga]]" <small>(featuring [[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]], Nadia Nakai, [[:en:Riky_Rick|Riky Rick]] and Major League DJz)</small> |- ! scope="row" |"Right Now" <small>(featuring [[:en:Nasty_C|Nasty C]] and [[:en:Tellaman|Tellaman]])</small> |2019 |- |} == Kujambula sumo == {{BLP unsourced section|date=July 2019}} === Singles produced === {| class="wikitable" !Song !Artist !Year |- |"Juice Back" |[[:en:Nasty_C|Nasty C]] |2014 |- |"Ufunan" (featuring [[:en:Kwesta|Kwesta]], [[:en:L-Tido|L-Tido]] and WTF) |Junior De Rocka | rowspan="4" |2015 |- |"Summer Fever" (featuring Gemini Major) |[[:en:Aewon_Wolf|Aewon Wolf]] |- |"Badmanting" (featuring [[:en:Aewon_Wolf|Aewon Wolf]]) |Gemini Major |- |"Juice Back (Remix)" (featuring [[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]] and [[:en:Davido|Davido]]) |Nasty C |- |"Bumpy Ride" |Gemini Major | rowspan="12" |2016 |- |"Walking and Dabbing" |[[:en:Khuli_Chana|Khuli Chana]], Aewon Wolf and Gemini Major |- |"Skelm" |[[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]] |- |"Super Ex" |Cassper Nyovest |- |"[[:en:Mayo_(song)|Mayo]]" (featuring [[:en:Yung_Swiss|Yung Swiss]], Tellaman, [[:en:Shane_Eagle|Shane Eagle]] and Frank Casino) |[[:en:DJ_Speedsta|DJ Speedsta]] |- |"Ayeye" (featuring Cassper Nyovest and Carpo) |DJ Vigilante |- |"Switched Up" |Nasty C |- |"Belong" |Nasty C and [[:en:Buffalo_Souljah|Buffalo Souljah]] |- |"Sidlukotini" |[[:en:Riky_Rick|Riky Rick]] |- |"Day Off" (featuring Nasty C) |Stilo Magolide |- |"[[:en:Ragga_Ragga|Ragga Ragga]]" (featuring [[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]], Nadia Nakai, [[:en:Riky_Rick|Riky Rick]] and Major League DJz |Gemini Major |- |"My Heart" |[[:en:Diamond_Platnumz|Diamond Platnumz]] and Cassper Nyovest |- |"Lifestyle" |[[:en:Da_Les|Da Les]] |2016 |- |"NDA" |[[:en:Nasty_C|Nasty C]] | rowspan="2" |2017 |- |"Tito Mboweni" |[[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]] |} == Vyakupeleka na vyakusankhika == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Prize !Work/recipient !Result |- |<div align="center">2015</div> |[[:en:South_African_Hip_Hop_Awards_2015|South African Hip Hop Awards 2015]] |Producer of the Year<ref name="SAHHA15">{{cite web |title=Nomination List 2015 |url=http://www.sahiphopawards.com/2015/10/nomination-list-2015.html |website=sahiphopawards |accessdate=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914172046/http://www.sahiphopawards.com/2015/10/nomination-list-2015.html |archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> |Himself|{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |<div align="center">2016</div> | rowspan="2" |South African Hip Hop Awards 2016 |Producer of the Year<ref name="SAHHA16">{{cite web |title=Here's the Full List of South African Hip Hop Awards 2016 Nominees |url=http://www.okayafrica.com/in-brief/south-african-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees/ |website=okayafrica |publisher=Alyssa Klein |accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> |Himself|{{nom}} |- |Best Collabo<ref name="SAHHA16" /> |"[[:en:Ragga_Ragga|Ragga Ragga]]" (featuring [[:en:Cassper_Nyovest|Cassper Nyovest]], Nadia Nakai, [[:en:Riky_Rick|Riky Rick]] and Major League DJz)|{{nom}} |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{Twitter|geminimajor|Gemini Major}} krqrwhc0qswcvk2gcqghi4ct9z5kprp 0 29586 122641 78152 2026-09-28T02:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mwambo ya chikhalidwe cha Zambia'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019 |title=Traditional Ceremonies in Zambia |url=https://www.mota.gov.zm/?page_id=5407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330043818/https://www.mota.gov.zm/?page_id=5407 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Ministry of Tourism and Arts}}</ref> 1.Chigaŵa cha Central {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Ikubi Lya Loongo |Mumbwa |Senior Chief Shakumbila |Sala |July |- |Kulamba Kubwalo |Chibombo |Senior chief Mukuni |Lenje |October |- |Musaka Jikubi |Mumbwa |Chiefs Mumba & Kaindu |Kaonde |September |- |Ikubi Lya Malumbe-Munyama |Mumbwa |Chief Chibuluma |Kaonde Ila |October |- |Ichibwela Mushi |Mkushi |Bisa/Swaka/Lala Chiefs |Bisa/Swaka/Lala |September |} 2. [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Chabalankata |Masaiti |Senior Chief Mushili |Lamba |November |- |Ukwilimuna |Mpongwe |Chieftainess Malembeka |Lamba |July |- |Nsengele Kununka |Mpongwe |Chief Machiya |Lamba |November |} 3. [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]] {| class="wikitable" !CEREMONY !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |N'cwala |Chipata |Paramount Chief Mpenzeni |Ngoni |February |- |Muganda |Lundazi |Senior Chief Magodi |Tumbuka |November |- |Kulamba |Katete |His Majesty Kalonga Gawa Undi |Chewa |last Saturday in August |- |Thenga Yyumo Zengani |Lundazi |Senior Chief Magodi |Tumbuka |October |- |Kulonga |Lundazi |Chief Mphamba |Tumbuka |August |- |Vimbuza |Chasefu |Senior Chief Magodi |Tumbuka |December |- |Tuwimba |Petauke |Senior Chief Kalindawalo |Nsenga |October |- |Kwenje |Chama |Senior Chief Kambombo |Senga |October |- |[[:en:Malaila|Malaila]] |Mambwe |Senior Chief Nsefu |Kunda |August |} 4. [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Mutomboko |Kawambwa |Paramount Chief Mwata Kazembe |Lunda |July |- |Builile |Chienge |Senior Chief Puta |Bwile |September |- |Mabila |Chienge |Senior Chief Mununga |Shila |October |- |Chishinga Malaila |Kawambwa |Senior Chief Mushota |Chishinga |October |- |Kwanga |Samfya |Senior Chief Mwewa |Ngumbo |October |- |Chabuka |Mansa |Chief Matanda |Ushi |October |} 5. [[:en:Lusaka_Province|Lusaka Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Nkhombalyanga |Chongwe |Chieftainess Shikabeta |[[:en:Soli_people|Soli]] |July |- |Dantho |Luangwa |Chief Mphuka |Chikunda |September |- |Chakwela Makumbi |Chongwe |Senior Chieftainess Nkhomeshya |Soli |September |- |Mbambara |Luangwa |Senior Chief Mburuma |Nsenga Luzi |November |- |Chibwela Kumushi |Luangwa |Chief Bunda Bunda |Soli |November |- |Kailala |Kafue |Chieftainess Chiawa |Goba |November |- |Chibwela Kumushi |Luangwa |Chief Mumpashya |Soli |November |} 6. [[:en:Northern_Province,_Zambia|Northern Province]] {| class="wikitable" !CEREMONY !Boma !Fumu !TRIBE !Mwezi |- |[[:en:Ukusefya_Pa_Ng’wena|Ukusefya Pa Ng’wena]] |Mungwi |Paramount Chief Chitimukulu |Bemba |August |- |Mutomolo |Mbala |Mambwe/Lungu Chiefs |Mambwe |June |- |Mukula Pembe |Luwingu |Senior Chief Chunga |Bemba |August |- |Chisaka Chalubombo |Chilubi Island |Chief Chiwanangala |Bisa |September |- |Walamo |Mpulungu |Senior Chief Tafuna |Lungu |September |- |Itabwa Na-Akando |Kaputa |Chief Kaputa |Tabwa |April |} 7. [[:en:Muchinga_Province|Muchinga Province]] {| class="wikitable" !CEREMONY !DISTRICT !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |[[:en:Vinkhakanimba|Vikamkanimba]] |Isoka |Senior Chief Muyombe |Tumbuka (Henga) |September |- |Chinamanongo |Mpika |Senior Chief Kopa |Bisa |September |- |Insonge |Chisanli |Senior Chief Chibesakunda |Bisa |September |- |Chambo Chalutanga |Isoka |Chief Mwenechifungwe |Mfungwe |September |- |Mulasa |Nakonde |Chieftainess Nawaitwika |Namwanga |September |- |Bisa Malaila |Mpika |Chief Nabwalya |Bisa |September |- |Namulinda |Isoka |Mulekatembo |Nyika |October |- |Ngóndo |Isoka |Senior Chief Kafwimbi |Namwanga |November |} 8. [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|North Western Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Kufukwila |kalumbila |Chief Mukumbi |Kaonde |May |- |Insakwa yaba Kaonde |Solwezi/kalumbila |Kaonde Chiefs |Kaonde |May |- |Nsomo |Kasempa |Senior Chief Kasempa |Kaonde |June |- |Ntongo |Mufumbwe |Chief kizela |Kaonde |July |- |Ukupupa |mushindamo |Senior Chief Kalilele |lamba |July |- |Chivweka |Kabompo |Chief Kalunga |Luchazi |July |- |Kunyata Ntanda |Solwezi |Chief Kapijimpanga |kaonde |August |- |Likumbi Lya Mize |Zambezi |Senior Chief Ndungu |luvale |August |- |Lunda Lubanza |Zambezi |Senior Chief Ishindi |Lunda |August |- |Lubinda Ntongo |kalumbila |Chief Mumena |Kaonde |September |- |Chisemwa Cha Lunda |Mwinilunga |Senior Chief Kanongesha |Lunda |September |- |Makundu |Mufumbwe |Chief Mushima |Kaonde |September |- |Mbunda Liyoyelo |Kabompo |Chief Chiyengele |Mbunda |September |- |Kuvuluka Kishakulu |kalumbila |Chief Matebo |Kaonde |September |- |Lukwakwa |Kabompo |Senior Chief Sikufele |Mbunda |October |- |Chidika Cha Mvula |Mwinilunga |Chief Kanyama |Lunda |October |- |Lwendela |Kasempa |Chief Ingwe |Kaonde |October |} 9. [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Lwiindi Gonde |Monze |Chief Monze |Tonga |July |- |Maliko Malindi Lwiindi |Sinazongwe |Chief Sinazongwe |Tonga |August |- |Musumu Muyumu |Kalomo |Chief Sipatunyana |Tonga |August |- |Sikaumba |Namwala |Chief Mukobela |Ila |August |- |Lukuni Luzwa Buuka |Kalomo |Chief Musokotwane |Toka Leya |August |- |Kasanga Makonda |Kazungula |Chief Moomba |Nkoya |September |- |Guta Bweenza Bwe |Kazungula |Chief Nyawa |Tonga |September |- |Shimunenga |Namwala |Chief Mungaila |Ila |October |- |Chungu |Kalomo |Chief Chikanta |Tonga |October |- |Maanzi Aabila Lwiindi |Kalomo |Chief Siachitema |Tonga |October |- |Lwiindi Sekute |Kazungula |Chief Sekute |Toka Leya |October |- |Bagande |Siavonga |Chief Simamba |Tonga |November |- |Koombaze Kamakonde |Kalomo |Chief Simwatachela |Tonga |November |- |Bene Mukuni |Kazungula |Chief Mukuni |Toka Leya |July & December |} 10. [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|Western Province]] {| class="wikitable" !Mwambo !Boma !Fumu !Chitundu !Mwezi |- |Kuomboka |Limulunga/Mongu |The Litunga |Lozi |March |- |Kuomboka Nalolo |Senanga |Litunga La Mboela |Lozi |May |- |Kuomboka Libonda |Kalabo |Chieftainess Mboanjikana |Lozi |May |- |Kazanga |Kaoma |Chief Mutondo and Kahare |Nkoya |July |- |Lyenya |kalabo |Chief Mwene Mundu |Mbunda |August |} == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{zambia-stub}} {{tradition-stub}} 2f632kma92j5ncynr44nuvzsdki5jzd 0 29587 122496 122341 2026-09-28T00:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Bantu language}} {{Infobox language|name=Chiluvale|states=[[Angola]], [[Zambia]]|region=|ethnicity=[[Lovale]]|speakers={{sigfig|635,000|2}}|date=2001–2010|ref=e18|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone K|Zone K]])|fam8=[[Chokwe–Luchazi languages|Chokwe–Luchazi]] (K.10)|minority=[[Zambia]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] (Luvale alphabet)<br>[[Luvale Braille]]|iso3=lue|glotto=luva1239|glottorefname=Luvale|guthrie=K.14}} '''ChiLuvale''' (panji Chiluvale, Lovale, Lubale, Luena, Lwena) ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Lovale ku [[Angola]] na [[Zambia]]. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 168,000 mu Zambia. Luvale wakugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vya Cilatini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luvale (Chiluvale) |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/luvale.htm |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> Luvale wakukolerana comene na Chokwe. == Mazgu == Lili na mazgu ghanandi agho ghali kuwombokwa kufuma ku Ciphwitikizi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900,<ref name="Tracing">{{cite book|last1=Albaugh|first1=Ericka A.|last2=de Luna|first2=Kathryn M.|title=Tracing language movement in Africa|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780190657550|pages=263, 267, 269, 271}}</ref> ngati ni: {| class="wikitable" !ChiLuvale ![[Chiphwitikizi]] ![[ChiZungu|Chizungu]] |- |''xikata'' |''escada'' |ladder |- |''xikitelu'' |''mosquitero'' |mosquito net |- |''ngatwe'' |''gato'' |cat |- |''mbalili'' |''barril'' |powder keg (lit. barrel) |- |''kaluwaxa'' |''carro'' |bicyle |- |''semana'' |''semana'' |week |} == Kuyowoya mazgu == === Kafumilo ka mazgu mu mlomo === {| class="wikitable" |+Kafumilo ka mazgu mu mlomo ka Chiluvale<ref name="phoible">{{cite web |last1=Moran |first1=Steven |last2=McCloy |first2=Daniel |title=Inventory Luvale (SPA 146) |url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/146#tipa |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=PHOIBLE 2.0}}</ref> ! ![[:en:Bilabial_consonant|Bilabial]] ![[:en:Labiodental_consonant|Labio-dental]] ![[:en:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]] ![[:en:Postalveolar_consonant|Post-alveolar]] ![[:en:Palatal_consonant|Palatal]] ![[:en:Velar_consonant|Velar]] ![[:en:Glottal_consonant|Glottal]] |- |[[:en:Nasal_consonant|Nasal]] |[[:en:Voiced_bilabial_nasal| m]] | |[[:en:Voiced_alveolar_nasal| n]] | |[[:en:Voiced_palatal_nasal| ɲ]] |[[:en:Voiced_velar_nasal| ŋ]] | |- |[[:en:Plosive|Plosive]] |[[:en:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive| p]] | |[[:en:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive| t]] | | |[[:en:Voiceless_velar_plosive| k]] | |- |Sibilant [[:en:Fricative|fricative]] | | |[[:en:Voiceless_alveolar_fricative| s]] [[:en:Voiced_alveolar_fricative| z]] |[[:en:Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative| ʃ]] [[:en:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative| ʒ]] | | | |- |Non-sibilant fricative | |[[:en:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative| f]] | | | | |[[:en:Voiceless_glottal_fricative| h]] |- |[[:en:Approximant|Approximant]] | |[[:en:Voiced_labiodental_approximant| ʋ]] | | |[[:en:Voiced_palatal_approximant| j]] | | |} === Lemba === {| class="wikitable" |+Mavawelo gha Luvale<ref name="phoible" /> ! !Front !Back |- |Close |iː i |u uː |- |Close-mid |eː e |oː o |- |Open |aː a | |} == Ŵakuyowoya == * [[:en:Bernard_K._Mbenga|Bernard K. Mbenga]] * [[:en:Samba_Yonga|Samba Yonga]] * [[:en:Mokoomba|Mokoomba]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vinandi == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Horton|first=A. E.|title=A Grammar of Luvale|url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofluvale0000hort|date=1949|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|location=Johannesburg|language=en}} * {{Cite book|last=Horton|first=Albert E.|title=A Dictionary of Luvale|date=1953|publisher=Lithographed by Rahn Bros. Print. & Lithographing|location=El Monte, Calif.|language=en}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{Cite web |title=Luvale Reading Lessons |url=http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621183747/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/81 |archive-date=2015-06-21 |access-date=2014-05-04 |website=Lubuto Library Special Collections |language=en}} * Moses C.B. Mulongesa, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621021714/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/74 Vishimo vya Kuuko],'' Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014. * [https://archive.today/20140504014129/http://lubutocollections.org/items/browse?search=luvale&submit_search=Search Luvale language books], Lubuto Library Special Collections * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430044535/http://www.language-archives.org/language/lue OLAC resources in and about the Luvale language] {{Languages of Angola}}{{Languages of Zambia}}{{Narrow Bantu languages|J-M}}{{Authority control}} {{Angola-stub}} {{Zambia-stub}} {{Bantu-lang-stub}} crd7rk1x3bymagi18m7wo3rt5d8u1da 0 29625 122500 119339 2026-09-28T00:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox economy | continent = Afilika | image = 2014 Tinubu Square Lagos Nigeria 14640600637.jpg | caption = [[Lagos]] ni msumba ukuru chomene mu Afilika. | image_size = 325px | population = 1.39 billion{{UN Population|ref}} | gdp = {{plainlist| * $3.14 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2023 est)<ref name="IMF01">{{cite web|title=GDP (Nominal), current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|website=International Monetary Fund|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=5 November 2022}}</ref> * $8.86 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2023 est)<ref name="IMF02">{{cite web|title=GDP (PPP), current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/AFQ|website=International Monetary Fund|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=5 November 2022}}</ref> }} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (nominal)|5th (nominal; 2023)]] * [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (PPP)|4th (PPP; 2023)]] }} | per capita = {{plainlist| * $2,260 (nominal; 2023 est)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|work=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> * $6,370 (PPP; 2023 est)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP per capita|work=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> }} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP per capita (nominal)|6th (nominal; 2023)]] * [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP per capita (PPP)|6th (PPP; 2023)]] }} | growth = 3.9% (2023 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Real GDP growth |work=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> | inflation = 12.4% (2023 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Inflation rate, average consumer prices|work=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> | millionaires = 352,000 (2022)<ref name="databook2022">{{Cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Anthony|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2022.pdf|title=Global Wealth Databook 2022|last2=Davies|first2=James|last3=Lluberas|first3=Rodrigo|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute|year=2022}}</ref> | debt = 62.4% of GDP (2023 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/APQ|title=General government gross debt |work=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> | footnote = Most numbers are from the [[International Monetary Fund]]. [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFQ IMF Africa Datasets] }} {{World economy}} '''Chuma cha mu Africa''' ni malonda, vyamalonda, ulimi, na ŵanthu. Mu 2019, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.3 biliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru 54 mu Africa. Africa ni caru ico cili na vinthu vinandi.<ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/12/africa/africa-inequality/|title=Why is Africa so unequal?|first=Milena|last=Veselinovic|work=CNN|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> Kukula kwaposachedwapa kwachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa malonda, katundu, mautumiki, na kupanga.<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21541015|newspaper=The Economist|title=Africa rising|date=3 December 2011}}</ref>Ku West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, na Southern Africa, kuzakafika mu 2050 GDP yawo yizamuŵa $29 trillion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/01/22/get-ready-for-an-africa-boom/|title=Get ready for an Africa boom|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2013, Africa yikamanyikwa kuti ni caru cikavu comene pa caru cose; ndipouli, Banki ya Caru Cose yikukhazga kuti vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vizamusanga ndalama zakukwana "pakati" (kusanga ndalama zakukwana $1,025 pa munthu yumoza pa cilimika) mu 2025 usange vinthu vikulutilira makora. Pali vifukwa vinandi ivyo vyapangiska kuti Afrika yiŵe na cuma ciheni: Nangauli mu nyengo yakale, caru ca Africa cikaŵa na maufumu ghanandi agho ghakalutanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku mizi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anyangwe|first=Eliza|date=2017-06-28|title=Why is Africa so poor? You asked Google – here's the answer|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/28/why-africa-so-poor-google|access-date=2021-03-09|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ndipouli, mu 2013 caru ca Africa cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose, ndipo ciŵelengero ici cikukwera na 5.6% pa caka. Mu 2017, African Development Bank yikati Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vyakurya vikukura mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo yikati mu 2017, caru ici cizamukulirakulira pa 3,4%. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikukura, ndipo vyaru vyakujumpha pacitatu vya mu Africa vikukura na ciŵelengero ca 6% panji kujumpha apa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuwona vya malonda pa caru cose ŵakuti caru ca Africa ndico cizamuŵa cakukhumbikwa comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=Rise of the African opportunity |url=http://www.slideshare.net/KimberleeLuce/rise-of-the-african-opportunity |work=Boston Analytics}}</ref> == Mbiri == {{further|Economic history of Africa|Scramble for Africa}} [[File:Market_scene_from_the_Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt.jpg|right|thumb|Malo gha msika mu Ufumu Wakale: Ŵalendo ŵaŵiri ŵakunyamura mabokosi pa viŵegha vyawo, ndipo ŵakukayika usange muli visulo.]] Kwa vyaka vinandi, vyaru vya mu Africa vikaŵa na vinthu vinandi ivyo vikendeskeka na malonda agho ghakachitikanga pakati pa misumba na maufumu. Misewu yinyake yikendanga pa mtunda, yinyake pa milonga, ndipo yinyake yikazingilizga misumba ya ku dowoko. Maufumu ghakurughakuru gha mu Africa ghakazgoka gha cuma cifukwa ca malonda ghawo, nga ni Eguputo wakale, Nubia, Mali, Ashanti, Ufumu wa Oyo na Carthage wakale. [[File:Mogadishan_currency.JPG|left|thumb|359x359px|Ndalama za ku Mogadishu]] Vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa vikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na maufumu gha Ŵaarabu, ndipo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakamba kuzgoka Ŵasilamu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵaŵe na vilato viphya vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵaŵe na vilato viphya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770–1900 – African Economic History Network |url=https://www.aehnetwork.org/european-trade-colonialism-and-human-capital-accumulation-in-senegal-gambia-and-western-mali-1770-1900/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.aehnetwork.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu caru cikaŵa kuti ŵanthu ŵacekuru ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi. Pakati pa virimika vya m'ma 1400 na 1900, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na nkhaza zinandi na kufwa luŵiro, ŵakaŵavya ndalama zinandi zakusambizgira ŵanthu. Ntheura, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi (pakuwona unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi) nguheni comene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake. Ivi vingapangiska kuti mu vyaru vya ku Africa muŵe mphambano ya umo vinthu vikuŵira.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Jörg|last2=Alexopoulou|first2=Kleoniki|title=Elite violence and elite numeracy in Africa from 1400 CE to 1950 CE.|journal=}}</ref> === Nkhondo za m'ma 1900 === Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa mukaŵa masuzgo gha vyachuma, ndyali, na vya ndyali. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vinyake vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu vyaka vyasonosono apa. Nyengo iyo vinthu vikendanga makora mu vyaru vya ku Africa (kwamba m'ma 2000) yikayaniskika na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu vyaru vya ku China mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970. Mu 2013, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa na chuma chikuru chomene. Kufika mu chaka cha 2018, Nigeria ndiyo yikaŵa na chuma chikuru chomene mu Africa pa GDP, ndipo yikulondezgana na South Africa. Charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndicho chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi nga ni Algeria, Libya na Gabon, na Botswana ivyo vili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi vyafuma mu vyaru ivyo vili na cuma cikuru comene kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, apo Zimbabwe na Democratic Republic of Congo ni vyaru ivyo vili na cuma cikuru comene pa caru cose, kweni vili kunjira mu gulu la vyaru vikavu comene cifukwa ca vimbundi, nkhondo, na kusama. Dziko la Botswana ndakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kukura kwa vinthu kwambura kumara kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/botswana/overview |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Botswana – an African economic miracle? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2020/01/28/botswana-an-african-economic-miracle/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=LSE International Development}}</ref> == Umo vinthu viliri sono == [[File:Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg|right|thumb|Kampani ya National Cement Share ya ku Ethiopia yikupanga fakitale yiphya ku Dire Dawa]] Wupu wa United Nations ukayowoyerathu kuti chuma cha Africa chizamukura na 3.5% mu 2018 na 3.7% mu 2019. Mu 2007, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu mu vyaru vya ku Africa cikaluska ca ku East Asia. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici vikukura luŵiro comene cifukwa ca ivyo vikusanga na kukhazikika kwa ndyali. Wupu wa World Bank ukati chuma cha vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara chikakura chomene kuluska charu chose. Kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Ndalama na Vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ya United Nations (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs), vinthu vikwenda makora comene mu caru ici cifukwa cakuti ku Eguputo, Nigeria, na South Africa, uko ni vyaru vitatu vikuru comene mu Africa, vinthu vikwenda makora. Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa chikapwetekeka comene apo ndalama za boma zikakhira kufuma pa 22% ya GDP mu 2011 kufika pa 17% mu 2021. Vyaru 15 vya mu Africa vili na ngongoli zinandi, ndipo vyaru 7 vya mu Africa vili mu suzgo la ndalama. Chigaŵa ichi chikapokera wanangwa wapadera wa IMF wa $23 billion mu 2021 kuti wovwire ndalama za boma. Vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vikukura luŵiro comene vikakura comene kuluska caru cose. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene mu 2007 ni Mauritania, uko kukakura pa 19.8%, Angola pa 17.6%, Sudan pa 9.6%, Mozambique pa 7.9% na Malawi pa 7.8%. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vikukura luŵiro ni Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, na Ethiopia. Ndipouli, ku vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, kusazgapo Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo na Burundi, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Mabungwe ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghakukhumba comene kuti ghaŵikeko ndalama mu vyaru vya ku Africa ivyo vikukura, comenecomene apo caru ici cikulutilira kukura nangauli pasono pa caru cose vinthu vili makora yayi. Pasono ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vya kumwera. Mabungwe ghanyake gha pa caru cose ghakovwira kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na ndalama zinandi. Mu 1996, wupu wa United Nations ukawovwira pa mulimo wa kuchepeska ngongoli ku vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, mu vyaru 30 vya mu Africa, ngongoli zinyake zaŵamalira. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2021, European Investment Bank, na wovwiri wa Make Finance Work for Africa Partnership (MFW4A), yikafumba mabanki 78 mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa kuti ghacite kafukufuku wa EIB Banking in Africa. Mabanki agho ghakaŵapo ghakalongozganga pafupifupi 30% ya katundu wa mu Africa. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mabanki agho ghakafumbika ghakaŵa na malango ghakusuzga pakupeleka ngongoli, kweni ghakujumpha 80% ghakaŵikapo mtima kuti ghaleke kupeleka ngongoli. Mabanki ghachoko waka ndigho ghakakhumbikwiranga kusintha unandi wa ŵantchito ŵawo, ndipo ghakukwana pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu pera. Pafupifupi hafu ya mabanki agho ghakazgora ghakaŵa na vimbundi vya ŵantchito, ndipo vinandi vikafuma ku banki, boma, panji ku wupu wa vya ndalama. Vinthu ivyo vyakhwaska ndalama mu vyaru vya mu Africa mpaka pakati pa 2020 vikaŵa pafupifupi 1 ¢2% ya GDP, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakakhwaska zikaŵa pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Ichi chili kufupi na chiŵelengero cha IMF pa charu chose cha vyaru vyakukhulirakulira ivyo vikusanga ndalama zichoko, icho chili pafupifupi 2% ya GDP ya 2020 mu chaka chimoza kufuma apo nthenda ya COVID-19 yikambira. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, vyaru vyakusintha vikapokera ndalama zakukwana pafupifupi 4% ya GDP, apo vyaru vyakusintha vikapokera ndalama zakukwana 16% ya GDP.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=2021-11-18|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy Responses to COVID19 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Situation Prospects |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2021_CH3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153559/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2021_CH3.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikasuzgikanga kuti vileke kusuzgika na nthenda iyi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu Africa zikakwera kufuma pa 5% ya GDP mu 2019 kufika pa 8% mu 2020. Cifukwa ca kucepa kwa ndalama, suzgo la ndalama likapangiska kuti ŵambeso kutora ngongoli zinandi. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Africa ndivyo vyacitapo vinandi kuti viwovwire pa suzgo la ndalama ilo laŵapo cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Vyaru 34 vya mu Africa vyacitapo kanthu kuti viŵe na ndalama zinandi na kucepeskako ndalama izo ŵakuguliska, comenecomene mwa kucepeska msonkho. Mwaciyelezgero, caru ca South Africa cikadumulizga msonkho na fundo 200 panji kujumpha apa. Ndondomeko iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito comene njakuti kusinthiska umo ngongoli izo zikugwilira nchito yayi zikugwilira nchito mwa kuchepeska ivyo vikukhumbikwa. Kuti mabanki ghaleke kusuzgika na nthenda ya COVID-19, ŵamazaza ŵakugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakupambanapambana panji ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito, ŵakuzomerezga kuti ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa nyengo yichoko zipelekeke, ŵakukhozga ndalama izo ŵakukhumba, panji kusintha vinthu vinyake. Nangauli kukaŵa nthenda ya COVID-19, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskira nchito zikakhazikika mu 2020, ndipo zikafika pa $4.3 biliyoni kufuma pa $3.9 biliyoni mu 2019 apo ntchito za ku Africa zikamara. Pa vyaru ivyo vikukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi, GDP ya munthu yumoza yikwenera kukhala pasi kuluska umo yikaŵira pambere nthenda iyi yindambe m'paka mu 2024, ndipo mu 2022 na 2023, chiŵelengero cha vyaru ivi chikwenera kukura na 1 peresenti pera pa chaka. Pambere nthenda iyi yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti caru cizamuŵa cakukhora pa 2% panji kujumpha apa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Growth to Slow through 2023, Adding to Risk of 'Hard Landing' in Developing Economies |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/01/11/global-recovery-economics-debt-commodity-inequality |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country notes |url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/2022/05/25/aeo22_countrynotes_eng.pdf |website=African Development Bank}}</ref> === Kukula kwa malonda === Vinthu vya malonda ndivyo vyawovwira chomene kuti chuma cha mu Africa chikure mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Charu cha China na India ni vyaru vyakuzirwa comene pa malonda; 12,5% ya vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku Africa vikuluta ku China, ndipo 4% vikuluta ku India, uko kuli 5% ya vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku China na 8% ya vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku India. Gulu la vyaru vinkhondi (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, na United Arab Emirates) ni msika unyake wakuzirwa comene wa vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Report on Africa 2012 |url=http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/era2012_eng_fin.pdf |access-date=2 March 2013 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) |page=44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314195432/http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/era2012_eng_fin.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> === Nthazi === [[File:Uganda_-_ad_on_van_in_Kampala.jpg|thumb|Chipharazgo cha foni ya m'manja mumphepete mwa galimoto, ku Kampala, Uganda]] Chuma cha mu Africa chikulutilira kukura, ndipo chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho ntchakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Sub-Sahara. Mu 2011, malonda gha pakati pa Africa na China ghakafika pa madola mabiliyoni 166. Mu 2035, caru ca Africa cizamuŵa na "vigaŵa vya ŵanthu" apo ŵacinyamata na awo ŵakugwira nchito ŵazamuŵa na ŵana ŵachoko na ŵanthu awo ŵafumapo pa nchito. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugwira nchito mu caru ici ŵali kusambira comene, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu aŵa ŵazamuŵa kuti ŵali kusambira sukulu za sekondare mu 2020. Ku Africa nako kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuguliska vinthu, ndipo ŵakukhazga kuti ŵalutilirenge kukura. Mu Africa muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 miliyoni awo ndalama izo ŵakupokera zikuluska madola 5,000 gha ku United States. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ndalama zawo zinandi ŵakuzigwiliskira ntchito pa vinthu vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 2020, chiŵelengero ichi chingafika pa 128 miliyoni. Mu Julayi 2013, apo pulezidenti wa United States, Barack Obama, wakaluta ku Africa, wakapharazga vya ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 7 za ku Africa kuti viwovwire ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi. Obama nayo wakavumbura pulogiramu yiphya yakucemeka Trade Africa, iyo yikovwira kuti malonda gha pa caru cose ndiposo pakati pa Africa na United States ghalutilire. Pakuyambiska ndondomeko yiphya ya kukura na kukura kwa cuma iyo yikwiza na mamembara gha African Union, mamembara pafupifupi 27 agho ghali pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene pa caru ca Africa, ghazamovwira kuti caru ici ciŵe cakukolerana pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali. Malo gha Malonda Ghakupambanapambana gha mu Africa ghazamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake na mu vyaru vinyake ŵachitenge malonda. Ivi viwovwirenge kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuthemba chomene vyakurya vyakumalizgika na vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, mphambano pakati pa vyaru visambazi na vikavu yizamulutilira kukura.<ref>The Economist, The African Century, 28 March 2020.</ref> === Kucita malonda === Kucita bizinesi nkhwakuzirwa comene kuti munthu wakure. Maboma ghakwenera kuvikilira malango ghakovwira ŵamalonda kuti ŵalutilire kupanga vinthu viphya. Mu 2019, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakwamba zikakwera kufika pa madola 1.3 biliyoni. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasuzgikenge ni viŵi yayi.<ref name="The Economist 2020">The Economist, "The African century", 28 March 2020.</ref> == Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu vyaru vinyake == Cifukwa cakuti ukavu mu Africa ukuwoneka kuti ungatonda yayi, ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo vikupangiska ukavu. Nkhondo na vivulupi, vimbundi, na maboma ghaciwembu ndivyo vikupangiska masuzgo gha vyachuma. Mu Africa mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Kwamba m'ma 1900, Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vimbundi vikuru, maboma ghaheni, matenda, na nkhaza vyapangiska kuti chuma cha mu Africa chileke kwenda makora.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyden|first=Goran|date=2007-10-23|title=Governance and poverty reduction in Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=43|pages=16751–16756|doi=10.1073/pnas.0700696104|pmid=17942700|pmc=2040419|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite thesis|last1=Lange|first1=Matthew Keith|title=The British colonial lineages of despotism and development|year=2004|id={{ProQuest|305225106}}|oclc=61140381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=S.|title=Root Causes of African Underdevelopment|journal=Journal of African Economies|date=1 November 2009|volume=18|issue=5|pages=745–780|doi=10.1093/jae/ejp009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Awojobi|first1=Oladayo Nathaniel|title=CORRUPTION AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A DISCOURSE APPROACH|journal=International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management|volume=2|issue=10|date=October 2014|url=https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/21023.pdf}}</ref> Magazini yinyake yikati vinthu ivi ni vimbundi mu maboma, ndyali zikusintha yayi, ndyali zikugwiliskira ntchito vyamalonda, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukhumba yayi kuti maboma ghaŵasuzgenge.<ref name="The Economist 2020" /> === Vyakuzenga === [[File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG|thumb|350x350px|Msewu wa Trans-African Highway]] Kuyana na ŵasayansi ŵa ku Overseas Development Institute, kuchepa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa mu vyaru vinandi ivyo vikukura ni suzgo likuru comene pa nkhani ya vinthu ivyo vingatondeska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu vyaru ivi. Kugwiliskira nchito vinthu ivi na kuvisunga vingaŵa vyakudura comene, comenecomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa ivyo vili kutali na nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti pakati pa 1990 na 2005, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa kupanga vinthu vikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu Africa. Ndalama izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu ni zinandi comene. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuti kuti vilato vya MDG vifiskike mu 2015, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa kupanga vinthu vikwenera kukwana pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya GDP. Pasono ndalama izo ŵakupeleka zikupambana chomene pakati pa vyaru. Vigaŵa vinyake vikusangika na ndalama za boma, vinyake na wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, ndipo vinyake na ŵaganyu. Mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara, boma likupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 9.4 pa madola mabiliyoni 24.9. Pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga, vyaru vya ku South Africa vikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi; pa nkhani ya vyakwendeskera vinthu na magesi, ndalama zinandi zikufuma ku boma; pa nkhani ya matekinoloje gha vyamasalamusi na maji, na maofesi gha vyaumoyo, ndalama zinandi zikufuma ku vyaru vya ŵekha. Pafupifupi, wovwiri wa boma, wa ŵanthu ŵekha na wa ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana na OECD, ukujumpha ndalama izo boma likupeleka. Ndalama izo maboma ghakupeleka ku makampani ghapachanya, zikuyana waka na izo boma likupeleka ku maboma ghanyake. Ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikakwera kufuma pa 7 biliyoni (2002) kufika pa 27 biliyoni (2009). Mwaciyerezgero, caru ca China caŵa na ndalama zinandi.<ref name="ODI1">Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135821/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5666&title=latin-america-medellin-colombia-microfinance-post-washington-consensus-microcredit-microenterprise-local-development Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135821/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5666&title=latin-america-medellin-colombia-microfinance-post-washington-consensus-microcredit-microenterprise-local-development|date=18 September 2012}}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> === Chikoloni === {{Main|Colonisation of Africa}} [[File:Map_of_railways_in_Africa_1899.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Mapu gha sitima za mu Africa, kusazgapo misewu iyo yikunozgeka na iyo yikuzengeka, The Statesman's Yearbook, 1899]] Cakulinga cikuru ca maboma gha ku Europe agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Africa cikaŵa cakuti ghasange usambazi mu Africa pa mtengo ucoko. Ŵalembi ŵanyake, nga ni Walter Rodney mu buku lake lakuti How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, ŵakuti ndyali izi ndizo zikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi agho ghalipo mu Africa mazuŵa ghano. Awo ŵakususka boma la ŵanthu ŵakususka kuti boma la ŵanthu likuŵapweteka ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake awo ŵakasambira vya nyengo ya ŵakaronga, chomenechomene Frantz Fanon, ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulamulira ŵakaronga ni vya mu maghanoghano, kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakujiwona kuti mbambura kuzirwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵalije maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakwamba kusintha vinthu. Ŵakulemba mbiri L. H. Gann na Peter Duignan ŵakayowoya kuti mu Africa mukaŵa vyandulo vinandi chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵanthu. Nangauli ukakoloni ukaŵa na maubudi ghake, kweni panji ukaŵa "umoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambuke mu caru". Ndipouli, maghanoghano agha ngakususkana ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughazomera yayi. Nkhwantha ya vya cuma, David Kenneth Fieldhouse, yikayowoya kuti vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulamulira caru vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi, ndipo suzgo lawo likuru likaŵa lakuti ŵakalutilira yayi kukura, kweni kuti ŵakatondeka. Niall Ferguson wakukolerana na fundo yake yaumaliro, wakuti mauteciteci gha cikoloni ghakaŵa kwananga kwa kuleka kucita kanthu. Para tawona umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikaŵira, tikuwona kuti vyaru vyakujiyimira vyenevivi nga ni Liberia na Ethiopia vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani ya vyachuma kuluska vyaru vinyake. Makamaka vinthu vikenda makora mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain kuluska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa France. Ukavu uwo ukaŵa mu Africa ukamba ni kale comene pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kulamulira caru. Mu buku lake lakuti Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond wakulongosora kuti charu cha Africa chikalutilira kuŵa na ukavu chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasuzgikenge. Vinthu ivi ni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵachoko, viŵeto vyambura kulengeka makora na vyakumera, kweniso charu cha Africa chili kumpoto na kumwera. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo za Diamond, kusazgapo James Morris Blaut. John K. Thornton wakati mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, mu Africa mukaŵa vinthu vinandi chomene. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti mu nyengo yakale, mu Africa mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakavu chomene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake. Mwaciyelezgero, Acemoglue na Robinson ŵakayowoya kuti vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa vikavu, kweni "Aksum, Ghana, Songhay, Mali, [na] Great Zimbabwe... vikaŵa vyakutukuka nga ni vyaru vinyake". Ŵanthu ŵanyake nga ni Rodney na Joseph E. Inikori wakayowoya kuti ukavu wa mu Africa pakwamba kwa nyengo ya ukoloni ukaŵa cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskikanga ŵazga kweniso cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu. Ŵanyake nga ni J. D. Kuŵa wakukondwa. Fage na David Eltis ŵakususka fundo iyi.<ref>David Eltis, ''Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade''</ref> === Kupambana kwa viyowoyero === [[File:TamaleGhana2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakusoleka mwamwaŵi mu [[Ghana]] ŵali na mwaŵi wa 8.1% waka wa kuyowoya chiyowoyero chawo.]] Vyaru vya mu Africa vikuŵa na suzgo la kuyowoyeskana cifukwa ca viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Greenberg wakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusoleka mwamwaŵi ŵali na viyowoyero vyakupambana. Pa vyaru 25 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, 18 (72%) ni vyaru vya ku Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=country#6|title=Summary by country|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> Ivi vikusazgapo vyaru 12 ivyo Greenberg wakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuluska 0.9, ico cikung'anamura kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵasoleka mwamwaŵi ŵali na mwaŵi wa viyowoyero vyakuyana yayi. Ndipouli, chiyowoyero chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera mu boma, mu ndyali, mu masukulu, na mu vyaru vinyake, kanandi chikuŵa Chingelezi, Chifurenchi, panji Ciphwitikizi. === Maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na malonda === Fundo iyi yikulongora kuti usambazi wa ŵamazaza na ŵabwezi ŵawo ku Europe, North America, na East Asia vikuthemba pa ukavu wa vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo Africa. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga fundo iyi ŵakugomezga kuti vyaru vikavu vikwenera kuleka kusolerana na vyaru visambazi kuti viŵe makora. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu vyaru visambazi. Para vyaru vikusuzgika na vinthu vyakuthupi vyamba kunozga vyakurya pa mtengo uwemi, vikuguliska viŵere vinandi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti nchifukwa cakuti mu vyaru vyakutukuka muli ndalama zinandi izo zikupeleka ku vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ku vyaru ivi kuli msonkho ukuru comene wa vinthu ivyo vikunjira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli wovwiri uwu na msonkho uwu vyachepeskeka, kweni vichali kukwera. Vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru vinyake vikukhwaskaso vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma wakuyowoya vya ŵanthu nga umo wakachitira Jane Shaw, wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ŵakuchita vinthu pamoza na boma. Ŵalimi awo ŵali na mphaka pa vyakurya ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuguliska ku malo ghanyake, ndipo ivi vikuŵapangiska kuti ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito makora vinthu. Para vinthu vyasintha pa msika, ŵalimi ŵakuchichizga boma kuti liŵawovwire kuti ŵaleke kuphalizgana. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵakuleka kuphalizgana, ŵalimi ŵakuleka kupanga vinthu viphya na kulima vyakurya vinandi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Jane |date=April 2004 |title=Overlooking the Obvious in Africa |url=http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/Shaw%20Comment%20April%202004.pdf |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Econ Journal Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pasour |first=E.C. |date=April 2004 |title=Intellectual Tyranny of the Status Quo |url=http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/Pasour%20Intellectual%20Tyranny%20April%202004.pdf |access-date=2008-10-01 |publisher=Econ Journal Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414170314/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/Pasour%20Intellectual%20Tyranny%20April%202004.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> === Kulamulira === {{Political corruption sidebar}} Nangauli mu ma 1960, vyaru vya ku Africa na Asia vikaŵa na ndalama zakuyana waka, kweni kufuma nyengo yira vyaru vya ku Asia vyajumpha pa vyaru vya ku Africa. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti chuma cha ku Asia chikukura chifukwa cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuŵika mu vyaru ivi. Vimbundi mu vyaru vya ku Africa vikwamba na kupoka ndalama mu vyaru vinyake m'malo mwa kugwiliskira nchito ndalama mu vyaru vyawo. Ŵasayansi ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Massachusetts Amherst, ŵakati kwamba mu 1970 m'paka mu 1996, ndalama izo zikathera mu vyaru 30 ivyo vili kumwera kwa Sahara zikaŵa madola 187 biliyoni. Awo ŵakalemba ni Leonce Ndikumana na James K. Boyce wakati kwamba mu 1970 m'paka mu 2008, ndalama izo zikaluta ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku vyaru 33 vya ku Sub-Sahara, zikakwana madola 700 biliyoni. Mobutu Sese Seko, uyo wakaŵa muwusi wa ku Congo, wakaŵa na mbiri yiheni cifukwa ca vimbundi, kutemwera ŵabali, na kunanga ndalama zakukwana madola 4 panji 15 biliyoni. Maboma gha Socialist agho ghakalongozgekanga na fundo za Marx na kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyaru, nagho ghakatimbanizga vinthu mu Africa. Mwaciyelezgero, muwuso wa Robert Mugabe ku Zimbabwe, comenecomene uwo ukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵatore malo ghawo, ukapangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca vyakurya mu caru ici cileke kwenda makora. Charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa chinyake mwa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chapasi ndipo chikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kufuma apo boma la chipani chimoza likamara mu 1992 ndipo charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa na demokilase, chuma chikukura chomene, ndipo mu 2017 chikakura na 6.5%..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Download entire World Economic Outlook database, October 2017 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/download.aspx |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> === Wovwiri wa ku vyaru vinyake === Kweni nga umo Amartya Sen wakalongolera, njara zinandi zikucitika cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya yayi kweni cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama. Para vyaŵa nthena, wovwiri wa vyakurya ‒ mwakupambana na wovwiri wa ndalama ‒ ukuparanya vyakurya mu vyaru ivi ndipo ukuwovwira chomene makampani gha vyakurya gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, agho ghakupanga vyakurya vinandi comene cifukwa ca wovwiri wa vyakurya. Kwamba kale, wovwiri wa vyakurya ukuyana comene na vyakurya ivyo vyasoŵa mu vyaru vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kuluska ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu vyaru vyakusintha. Kufuma mu ma 1980, wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake waŵa cigaŵa cakuzirwa comene ca vyachuma mu Africa. Ndondomeko iyi yikususkika cifukwa cakuti yikunjira mu malo mwa ndondomeko za malonda. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake wawovwira kuti caru ici ciŵe cikavu comene. Yumoza mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakususka chomene ndondomeko iyi ni Dambisa Moyo, uyo wakumanya vya ndalama wa ku Zambia. Mazuŵa ghano, mu vyaru vya mu Africa vikusuzgika kusanga wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Likukhumbikwira ndyali zinandi za vya cuma na kunjilirapo comene mu vya cuma ca caru cose. Pakuti caru cose cacemera wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake, caru ca Africa cikukhumba comene wovwiri uwu. Kweniso charu cha Africa chili kupanga pulani ya "Africa Action Plan" kuti chiŵe paubwezi na ŵantchito awo ŵakovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2003|title=African Action Plan|url=https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/38608|website=UN Economic Commission for Africa}}</ref> == Mabungwe gha malonda na mawupu ghanandi == Wupu wa African Union ni wupu ukuru comene pa caru cose. Makhaliro gha wupu uwu ghakukolerana na kuzenga malo gha malonda gha wanangwa, wupu wa mitheto, msika umoza, banki yikuru, na ndalama yimoza (wonani African Monetary Union), na kukhazikiska wupu wa vyachuma na ndalama. Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono njakuti mu 2023, paŵe wupu wa African Economic Community uwo uzamuŵa na ndalama yimoza. Banki ya vya Ndalama ya ku Africa yikovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ndondomeko ya wupu wa AU yikusazgapo kuzenga wupu wa African Monetary Fund (AMF). Magulu ghanyake ghakukolerana na fundo yakuti kuŵe United States of Africa. Mabungwe gha vya ndalama na mabanki gha pa caru cose ghakusazgapo: * [[Central Bank of West African States]] * [[Bank of Central African States]] * [[Common Monetary Area]] Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake vikuzunulika pa chithuzithuzi. {{African Economic Community}} {{further|Economy of the African Union}} === Wupu wa vyachuma wa vigaŵa === Mu m'ma 1960, Kwame Nkrumah, wa ku Ghana, wakawovwira kuti vyaru vya mu Africa viŵe na umoza pa nkhani za ndyali na vya cuma. Kufuma nyengo yira, vilato na mawupu ghakupambanapambana vyaŵa vinandi. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵayezgayezga comene kuti ŵafike pa umoza mu vyaru ivi. Mu 2012, malonda gha vyaru vya mu Africa ghakaŵa waka 11 peresenti ya malonda ghose gha mu Africa. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliskana mu vyaru vya mu Africa vikufuma ku South Africa, ndipo vinandi ivyo vikufuma mu vyaru ivi vikuluta ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Pasono pali mawupu 8 agho ghakovwira pa vyachuma mu Africa:<ref>{{cite journal|title=2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines|journal=Africa 24|year=2013|issue=8|pages=64–65|editor1-last=Sarl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Zina la wupu !Zuŵa la kupangika !Vyaru !GDP yose (mu mamiliyoni gha madola gha ku US) |- |[[Economic Community of West African States]] |28 May 1975 |[[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Liberia]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Togo]] |657 |- |[[East African Community]] |30 November 1999 |[[Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]] |232 |- |[[Economic Community of Central African States]] |18 October 1983 |[[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Gabon]], [[Guinea]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Chad]] |289 |- |[[Southern African Development Community]] |17 August 1992 |[[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], [[Lesotho]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Seychelles]], South Africa, [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]] |909 |- |[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] |25 November 1996 |[[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]] |326 |- |[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States]] |4 February 1998 |[[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Comoros]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberia]], [[Libya]], [[Mali]], [[Morocco]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]], [[Togo]], [[Tunisia]] |1, 692 |- |[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] |5 November 1993 |[[Burundi]], [[Comoros]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberia]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mauritius]], [[Uganda]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sudan]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]] |1,011 |- |[[Arab Maghreb Union]] |17 February 1989 |[[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Mauritania]], [[Tunisia]] |579 |} == Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya vyachuma == [[File:Africa_GDP_Map_2020.svg|thumb|350x350px|Map of Africa by nominal GDP in billions USD (2020) {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; background:none;" | valign="top" |{{Legend|#000000|>200}} {{Legend|#002200|100–200}} {{Legend|#004400|50–100}} {{Legend|#006600|20–50}} | valign="top" | {{Legend|#008800|10–20}} {{Legend|#00AA00|5–10}} {{Legend|#00CC00|1–5}} {{Legend|#00EE00|<1}} |} ]] Mu 2009, ku Africa kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma, kweni mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arab ŵakamba kuwukira boma. Kukura kwa caru ici kukakhira kufuma pa 5% mu 2010 kufika pa 3.4% mu 2011. Chifukwa chakuti chuma cha kumpoto kwa Africa chikusintha ndipo vinthu vikulutilira kwenda makora mu vigaŵa vinyake, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Africa chikwenera kusazgikira kufika pa 4.5% mu 2012 na 4.8% mu 2013. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Masuzgo gha nyengo yicoko waka ghakukhalilira mu caru cose apo caru ca Europe cikukumana na suzgo la ngongoli. Mtengo wa vyakurya vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ukakhira comene cifukwa ca kupempha kwacepa na kusazgikira kwa vyakurya, ndipo vinyake vingaweleraso. Kweni mitengo yikwenera kuti yilutilirenge kuŵa yiwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuguliska katundu.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=28 May 2012 |title=Economic Outlook |url=http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/outlook/ |access-date=2012-06-13 |publisher=African Economic Outlook}}</ref> === Vigaŵa === Vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu Africa mose. Ndipouli, vinthu vikenda makora yayi mu vyaru na vigaŵa. Vyaru ivyo vikuguliska mafuta vikakura comene kuluska vyaru ivyo vikuguliska mafuta. Mu 2010, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa ndivyo vikachita makora chomene. Malonda gha mu vyaru vya mu Africa ghakulopwa cifukwa ca ndyali izo zikovwira kuti vyaru na vigaŵa vileke kusuzgika, ndipo ghakukhala waka pasi pa 17 peresenti pakuyaniska na mu vyaru vya ku Europe, uko malonda gha mu vyaru ivi ghali pa 69 peresenti. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni malonda pakati pa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), uwo ni cigaŵa cakukhora comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma, ghakakura comene mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha. Mwaciyelezgero, caru ca Ghana na Kenya vili na misika ya vinthu vya kuzenga, makina, na vyakurya vyamahara. Mu 2010, ŵalongozgi ŵa vyamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya Africa ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe chigaŵa cha malonda ghapachanya. Ivi vingawovwira kuti vyaru vichepeskeko msonkho pa vinthu ivyo vikunjira mu vyaru vinyake na kusazgirako malonda mu vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Report on Africa 2012 |url=http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/era2012_eng_fin.pdf |access-date=2 March 2013 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) |page=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314195432/http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/era2012_eng_fin.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> [[File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Worlds regions by total [[wealth]] (in trillions USD), 2018]] [[File:Countries_by_total_wealth_(trillions_USD),_Credit_Suisse.png|thumb|250x250px|Countries by [[List of countries by total wealth|total wealth]] (trillions USD), Credit Suisse]] [[File:Countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_in_2020.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Countries by 2020 [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]<ref>Based on the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] data. If no data was available for a country from IMF, data from the [[World Bank]] is used.</ref>]] [[File:Sub-Saharan-Africa-Mean-Wind-Speed-Global-Wind-Atlas.png|thumb|288x288px|Mean Wind Speed in Sub-Saharan Africa<ref name="Global Wind Atlas">{{Cite web |title=Global Wind Atlas |url=https://globalwindatlas.info/ |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>]] [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|309x309px|Umo Vinthu Viliri pa Charu Chose ku Africa<ref name="Global Wind Atlas" />]] === Vyaru vya ku Africa === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;text-align: right" !Charu ![[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Total GDP (nominal)]] in<br />2019 (billion US$)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, Octobre 2020 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/select-country-group |access-date=2020-11-02 |publisher=[[IMF]]}}</ref> ![[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] in<br />2019 (US$, PPP)<ref name="IMF" /> !Average annual<br />[[real GDP]] growth<br />2010-2019 (%)<ref name="IMF" /> ![[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI 2019]]<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf Source] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033726/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf|date=29 April 2011}}, 2005</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Algeria}} |{{Nts|169.3}} |{{Nts|11,729}} |{{Nts|2.6}} |0.748 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Angola}} |{{Nts|89.4}} |{{Nts|7,384}} |{{Nts|1.9}} |0.581 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Benin}} |{{Nts|14.4}} |{{Nts|3,423}} |{{Nts|5.1}} |0.545 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Botswana}} |{{Nts|18.5}} |{{Nts|17,949}} |{{Nts|4.3}} |0.735 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}} |{{Nts|15.7}} |{{Nts|2,282}} |{{Nts|5.7}} |0.452 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Burundi}} |{{Nts|3.1}} |{{Nts|821}} |{{Nts|2.0}} |0.433 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Cameroon}} |{{Nts|38.9}} |{{Nts|3,856}} |{{Nts|4.6}} |0.563 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Cape Verde}} |{{Nts|2.0}} |{{Nts|7,471}} |{{Nts|2.9}} |0.665 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Central African Republic}} |{{Nts|2.3}} |{{Nts|985}} |{{Nts|-1.8}} |0.397 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Chad}} |{{Nts|10.9}} |{{Nts|1,654}} |{{Nts|2.2}} |0.398 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Comoros}} |{{Nts|1.2}} |{{Nts|3,108}} |{{Nts|3.1}} |0.554 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |{{Nts|49.8}} |{{Nts|1,015}} |{{Nts|6.1}} |0.480 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Republic of the Congo}} |{{Nts|12.5}} |{{Nts|4,600}} |{{Nts|-1.0}} |0.574 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |{{Nts|3.3}} |{{Nts|5,195}} |{{Nts|6.6}} |0.524 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Egypt}} |{{Nts|302.3}} |{{Nts|12,391}} |{{Nts|3.8}} |0.707 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} |{{Nts|11.8}} |{{Nts|19,291}} |{{Nts|-2.9}} |0.592 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Eritrea}} |{{Nts|2.0}} |{{Nts|1,836}} |{{Nts|3.4}} |0.459 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{Nts|4.6}} |{{Nts|9,245}} |{{Nts|2.4}} |0.611 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |{{Nts|92.8}} |{{Nts|2,724}} |{{Nts|9.5}} |0.485 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Gabon}} |{{Nts|16.9}} |{{Nts|16,273}} |{{Nts|3.7}} |0.703 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Gambia}} |{{Nts|1.8}} |{{Nts|2,316}} |{{Nts|2.4}} |0.496 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Ghana}} |{{Nts|67.0}} |{{Nts|5,688}} |{{Nts|6.5}} |0.611 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Guinea}} |{{Nts|13.8}} |{{Nts|2,506}} |{{Nts|6.2}} |0.477 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}} |{{Nts|1.4}} |{{Nts|2,429}} |{{Nts|3.8}} |0.480 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}} |{{Nts|58.6}} |{{Nts|5,327}} |{{Nts|6.7}} |0.538 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Kenya}} |{{Nts|95.4}} |{{Nts|4,985}} |{{Nts|5.6}} |0.601 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Lesotho}} |{{Nts|2.4}} |{{Nts|3,010}} |{{Nts|2.8}} |0.527 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Liberia}} |{{Nts|3.2}} |{{Nts|1,601}} |{{Nts|2.7}} |0.480 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Libya}} |{{Nts|39.8}} |{{Nts|14,174}} |{{Nts|-10.2}} |0.724 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Madagascar}} |{{Nts|14.1}} |{{Nts|1,720}} |{{Nts|3.4}} |0.528 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Malawi}} |{{Nts|7.7}} |{{Nts|1,004}} |{{Nts|3.8}} |0.483 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Mali}} |{{Nts|17.3}} |{{Nts|2,508}} |{{Nts|4.3}} |0.434 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Mauritania}} |{{Nts|7.6}} |{{Nts|6,036}} |{{Nts|3.9}} |0.546 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Mauritius}} |{{Nts|14.0}} |{{Nts|23,819}} |{{Nts|3.6}} |0.804 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Mayotte}} (France) |{{Nts|3.1}} (2018)<ref name="Mayotte">{{cite web |author=[[Eurostat]] |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NAMA_10R_2GDP__custom_148814/default/table |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> |{{Nts|11,815}} (nominal, 2018)<ref name="Mayotte" /> |{{Nts|}} (N/A) |{{Nts|}} (N/A) |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Morocco}} |{{Nts|118.6}} |{{Nts|8,148}} |{{Nts|3.4}} |0.686 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Mozambique}} |{{Nts|15.2}} |{{Nts|1,302}} |{{Nts|5.4}} |0.456 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Namibia}} |{{Nts|12.5}} |{{Nts|10,279}} |{{Nts|2.8}} |0.646 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Niger}} |{{Nts|12.9}} |{{Nts|1,276}} |{{Nts|5.9}} |0.394 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} |{{Nts|448.1}} |{{Nts|5,353}} |{{Nts|3.0}} |0.539 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Réunion}} (France) |{{Nts|22.0}}<ref name="Reunion">{{cite web |author=CEROM |title=Comptes économiques rapides de La Réunion en 2019 |url=https://www.cerom-outremer.fr/IMG/pdf/cerom_comptes_2019_vdef3.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02 |language=fr}}</ref> |{{Nts|25,639}} (nominal)<ref name="Reunion" /> |{{Nts|2.1}}<ref>{{cite web |author=[[INSEE]] |title=Figure 1 – Le PIB progresse de 2,2 % en volume en 2019 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4510571?sommaire=4476042#tableau-figure1 |access-date=2020-11-02 |language=fr}}</ref> |{{Nts|0.850}} (2003)<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=... dévoile ses propositions locales. "Enfin !" |url=http://www.temoignages.re/article.php3?id_article=18997}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Rwanda}} |{{Nts|10.1}} |{{Nts|2,363}} |{{Nts|7.6}} |0.543 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Sao Tome and Principe}} |{{Nts|0.4}} |{{Nts|4,141}} |{{Nts|3.9}} |0.625 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Senegal}} |{{Nts|23.6}} |{{Nts|3,536}} |{{Nts|5.3}} |0.512 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Seychelles}} |{{Nts|1.7}} |{{Nts|30,430}} |{{Nts|4.6}} |0.796 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Sierra Leone}} |{{Nts|4.2}} |{{Nts|1,778}} |{{Nts|4.4}} |0.452 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Somalia}} |{{Nts|5.2}} |{{Nts|888.00}} |{{Nts|}} (N/A) |{{Nts|0.364}} (2008)<ref>https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/wp-09-02.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|South Africa}} |{{Nts|351.4}} |{{Nts|12,962}} |{{Nts|1.5}} |0.709 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|South Sudan}} |{{Nts|4.9}} |{{Nts|862}} |{{Nts|}} (N/A) |0.433 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Sudan}} |{{Nts|33.4}} |{{Nts|4,140}} |{{Nts|-1.6}} |0.510 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Tanzania}} |{{Nts|60.8}} |{{Nts|2,841}} |{{Nts|6.7}} |0.529 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Togo}} |{{Nts|5.5}} |{{Nts|1,657}} |{{Nts|5.6}} |0.515 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Tunisia}} |{{Nts|38.8}} |{{Nts|11,125}} |{{Nts|1.8}} |0.740 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Uganda}} |{{Nts|36.5}} |{{Nts|2,646}} |{{Nts|5.2}} |0.544 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Zambia}} |{{Nts|24.2}} |{{Nts|3,526}} |{{Nts|4.3}} |0.584 |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}} |{{Nts|18.7}} |{{Nts|2,896}} |{{Nts|4.2}} |0.571 <!-- Make sure you spell stuff right! --> |} == Vigaŵa vya vyamalonda na vyakupangira vinthu == Chifukwa chakuti vyakurya ivyo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya vinyake ndivyo vikulondezgana na vyakurya ivyo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya vinyake, ndalama izo vyakhwaskika na vyakurya ivi zikuthemba pa kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya vinthu. Ici cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe cakusuzgika comene na vinthu vyakuthupi ndipo cikukhumbikwira kuti vyakurya vyakwambukira ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, malonda gha vinthu vyapaulendo, comenecomene vyendeshoni, ghakalutilira kukura.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys">John J. Saul and Colin Leys, [http://monthlyreview.org/1999/07/01/sub-saharan-africa-in-global-capitalism Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism], ''[[Monthly Review]]'', 1999, Volume 51, Issue 03 (July–August)</ref><ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06">Fred Magdoff, [http://monthlyreview.org/2013/11/01/twenty-first-century-land-grabs Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession], ''[[Monthly Review]]'', 2013, Volume 65, Issue 06 (November)</ref> === Ulimi === {{See also|Women and agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[File:2DU_Kenya_86_(5367322642).jpg|left|thumb|Mulimi wa ku Mount Kenya]] Ŵanthu ŵakuti ivyo vyaru vya ku Africa vikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi uku ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakufwa na njara, vikucitika cifukwa ca ndyali za vyaru vyakutukuka. Vyaru ivi vikuvikilira vyakurya vyawo na msonkho ukuru wa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndipo vikupeleka wovwiri ku ŵalimi ŵawo. Vinthu vikulongora kuti wovwiri wa vyakurya ku vyaru vyakupambanapambana ukukhwaska chomene ŵalimi ŵa vyaru vyakutukuka. Vyakovwira pa vyakurya vingawovwira kuti mitengo yichepeko kuti ŵanthu ŵasangepo chandulo, kweni vikovwiraso kuti ŵalimi ŵa mu vyaru vyakukhuŵara awo ŵakutondeka kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera, ŵasuzgikenge chomene pa charu chose. IFPRI yikati mu 2003, vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika chifukwa cha wovwiri uwu vikumalira ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 24 pa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikupangiska kuti mtengo wa vyakurya ivi ukhizgikenge comene pa caru cose mpaka ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kuphalizgana na vyakurya vinyake. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyaru nga ni Brazil, ivyo vyaŵa na luso lwa kupanga vyakurya, vyazomerezga kugaŵana na vyakupangapanga na Africa kuti viwovwire kuti vyakurya viŵeko makora. Kuŵika ndalama zinandi mu vyakupangapanga vya ku Africa kungatonda ukavu. Msika wa cacao wa ku Africa ukakura comene mu 2008. Maboma gha Nigeria, South Africa na Uganda ghali na ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake vyaulimi. Wupu wa African Union uli na vilato vyakuti uŵikenge ndalama zinandi mu vyakurya vya mu Africa, ndipo wupu wa United Nations ukuwona umo vinthu viliri. Viyuni ivi vikusuzga viŵeto vya mu Africa. Nangauli kuno ŵalimi ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wakukoma viŵanda, kweni sono vikovwira viŵi yayi. Vyakulera vyakwimikana na nthenda ya nthenda iyi vikupangika ndipo vingaŵa vyakukwana.<ref name="Agaba-2022">{{cite web |last=Agaba |first=John |date=2022-05-02 |title=African researchers: Tick vaccines can stop use of dangerous pesticides |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2022/05/african-researchers-tick-vaccines-can-stop-use-of-dangerous-pesticides/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154043/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2022/05/african-researchers-tick-vaccines-can-stop-use-of-dangerous-pesticides/ |archive-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> === Vya nkhongono === {{Further|Energy in Africa}} [[File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG|thumb|Chomera cha Mphamvu cha Athlone ku Cape Town, South Africa]] Africa yili na nkhongono zinandi zakugwilira nchito za magesi (magesi gha maji, mafuta na gasi, magesi gha malasha, uranium, magesi ghakusinthika nga ni zuŵa, mphepo na geothermal). Cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa vinthu ivi, mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinandi yayi. Vyaru vikuru comene ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito magesi mu Africa ni South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, na Zimbabwe, ndipo waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito magesi pakati pa 1000 na 5000 KWh/m2 pa munthu yumoza. Mafuta na vyakurya ivyo vikufuma mu mafuta ni vyakurya ivyo vyaru 14 vya mu Africa vikuguliska. Mu 2010, mafuta na vyakurya vya mafuta vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 46.6% ca vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku vyaru vya ku Africa. Ku South Africa pera ndiko ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito nkhongono za nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=As Africa looks for clean power, interest in nuclear grows |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/04/10/business/africa-clean-power-nuclear/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Vinthu vyakwendakwenda === [[File:Lagos_Island.jpg|left|thumb|Lagos, Nigeria, msumba ukuru comene mu Africa]] Kuŵavya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa vikupangiska kuti mabungwe gha mu Africa ghaleke kuchita makora. Nangauli chili na maboti ghanandi, kweni para palije nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu, ndalama zikusazgikira pa 30 panji 40 peresenti. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ntchito ya kujima njanji yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene mu mizi ya migodi. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakazenga misewu yikuru na njanji. Mu nyengo ya ŵakoloni, ŵakaŵika mtima comene pa njanji, ndipo mu nyengo ya 'pambuyo pa ŵakoloni' ŵakaŵika mtima comene pa misewu. Jedwab & Storeygard ŵakasanga kuti mu 1960 m'paka mu 2015, pakaŵa kukolerana pakati pa ndalama zakwendeskera magalimoto na vyachuma. Mu vyaru ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakathembanga chomene vinthu vyakuthupi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa demokilase. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, muli mapulojekiti ghakurughakuru ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vyapasi. Vigaŵa vinandi vya mapulojekiti agha ni vya kupanga na kutumizga magesi. Vinyake ivyo ŵakuzenga ni misewu yikuruyikuru, njanji, ma eyapoti, na vinyake. Vipinda vya mawoko na mawoko navyo vikukura comene mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Intaneti kuluska mu vyaru vinyake, kweni ŵalipo 9%. Mu 2011, ku Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu 500,000,000 awo ŵakaŵa na mafoni gha mtundu uliwose, kusazgapo 15,000,000 gha "mafoni".<ref>{{cite journal|title=2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines|journal=Africa 24|year=2013|issue=8|page=24|editor1-last=Sarl}}</ref> === Kugwira ntchito za migodi na kubowola === {{Main|Mineral industry of Africa}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right" |+Kupanga mafuta kuyana na vyaru<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparison :: Oil - Production |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512233445/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html |archive-date=12 May 2012 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)]]}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Rank !Area !bb/day !Year ! rowspan="2" |Like |- !W: World !85540000 !2007 est. |- |01 |E: Russia |9980000 |2007 est. | |- |02 |Ar: Saudi Arb |9200000 |2008 est. | |- |04 |As: Libya |4725000 |2008 est. |Iran |- |10 |Af: Nigeria |2352000 |2011 est. |Norway |- |15 |Af: Algeria |2173000 |2007 est. | |- |16 |Af: Angola |1910000 |2008 est. | |- |17 |Af: Egypt |1845000 |2007 est. | |- |27 |Af: Tunisia |664000 |2007 est. |Australia |- |31 |Af: Sudan |466100 |2007 est. |Ecuador |- |33 |Af: Eq. Guinea |368500 |2007 est. |Vietnam |- |38 |Af: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] |261000 |2008 est. |- |39 |Af: Gabon |243900 |2007 est. | |- |40 |Af: Sth Africa |199100 |2007 est. | |- |45 |Af: Chad |156000 |2008 est. |Germany |- |53 |Af: Cameroon |87400 |2008 est. |France |- |56 |E: France |71400 |2007 | |- |60 |Af: Ivory Coast |54400 |2008 est. | |- |'''—''' |'''Af: Africa''' |'''10780400''' |'''2011''' |'''Russia''' |} Makampani gha migodi mu Africa ndigho ngakuru comene pa caru cose. Africa ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cili na malo ghakukwana 30 miliyoni km2, ico cikung'anamura kuti kuli vinthu vinandi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, kupenja na kupanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ni vyakuzirwa comene pa cuma cawo ndipo ni vyakuzirwa comene kuti vinthu viŵe makora munthazi. Mu Africa muli vinthu vinandi vyakututuŵa, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake muli bauxite, cobalt, diamondi, phosphate, platinamu, vermiculite, na zirconium. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa, vinthu vyakuzirwa chomene ni bauxite, cobalt, dayamondi, phosphate, platinamu, vermiculite, na zirconium. Vinthu vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuzunulika mu Baibolo vilipo. Chiŵelengero cha vyakumera vya mu charu cha Africa mu 2005 nchakuti: bauxite 9%; aluminium 5%; chromite 44%; cobalt 57%; mkuwa 5%; golide 21%; iron ore 4%; steel 2%; lead (Pb) 3%; manganese 39%; zinc 2%; cement 4%; natural diamond 46%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 31%; coal 5%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 13%; uranium 16%. === Kupanga vinthu === [[File:Soucreye_Sidi_Bennour.jpg|left|thumb|The Soucreye sugar factory in Sidi Bennour ([[Doukkala]]), [[Morocco]]]] Chigomezgo ichi, pamoza na kuŵapo kwa ŵalongozgi ŵaphya mu Africa kunthazi, vikapangiska kuti paŵe lizgu lakuti "Chaka cha ku Africa". Cigomezgo ici ca ŵanthu awo ŵakucita malonda na vyakupangapanga cikovwira cifukwa cakuti mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa, vinthu vikwenda makora comene pa nkhani ya mawoko. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, Namibia wali kukopa ndalama mu mafakitale, ndipo South Africa nayo wali kwamba kupeleka ndalama zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera malonda. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Mauritius vili na mapulani gha kupanga vinthu viphya ivyo vikovwira kuti vinthu vileke kunangika. Vinthu vyanthena ivi vingapangiska kuti mu vyaru vya mu Africa muŵe misika yiphya, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kunthazi vinthu viheni vichitikenge chifukwa cha mafuta ghapasi pa charu chose. Boma la Nigeria mu vyaka vyasonosono apa likamba kupanga magalimoto. Pasono lili na kampani yakuzenga magalimoto ya Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM) iyo yikupanga mabasi gha Rapid Transit, magalimoto ghakurughakuru na SUV. Mazuŵa ghano, magalimoto gha mitundu yakupambanapambana ghalipo ku Nigeria, Ghana na vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Nigeria nayo wali na makompyuta ghachoko waka nga ni Zinox, makompyuta ghakwambilira gha ku Nigeria na vinthu vya makompyuta (nga ni ma tablet PC). Mu 2013, boma la Nigeria likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kunozga magalimoto kuti likhozge makampani gha kunozga magalimoto mu charu ichi. Pa nkhani iyi, makampani ghanyake agho ghakuzenga magalimoto nga ni Nissan, ghakukhumba kupanga magalimoto mu Nigeria. Padera pa vinthu vya magesi na magalimoto, vinthu vinandi vya ŵanthu, vyakurya vya munkhwala na vyakutoweskera, vyakuzengera, vyakuvwara, vinthu vya pa nyumba, pulasitiki na vinyake vinandi vikupangika mu charu ichi na kutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Boma la Nigeria ndilo likupangiska simenti yikuru chomene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa. Dangote Cement Factory, Obajana ndiyo yikupangiska simenti yikuru chomene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Sahara mu Africa. Ogun wakuwoneka kuti ni msumba ukuru wa mafakitale wa Nigeria (pakuti mafakitale ghanandi ghali mu Ogun ndipo mabungwe ghanandi ghakusamukira kwenekuko). Vigaŵa vya vyakupangira vinthu ni vichoko kweni vikukura mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakuvwara na vyakuvwara, kupanga vikumba, vyakurya, vyakumera, vinthu vya makemikari, vinthu vya magesi na magalimoto. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa nga ni Uganda navyo vikupanga njinga zamoto za mu vyaru vyawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calabrese |first=Linda |date=March 2017 |title=How manufacturing motorcycles can boost Uganda's economy |url=https://www.odi.org/comment/10497-how-manufacturing-motorcycles-can-boost-ugandas-economy |website=ODI |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425060033/https://www.odi.org/comment/10497-how-manufacturing-motorcycles-can-boost-ugandas-economy |archive-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> === Investment and banking === {{See also|Central banks and currencies of Africa|List of African stock exchanges}} [[File:South_Africa-Johannesburg-Skyline02.jpg|thumb|Many financial firms have offices in downtown [[Johannesburg, South Africa]].]] Makampani gha vya ndalama gha ku Africa agho ghali na ndalama zakukwana US$107 biliyoni ghazamukura chomene mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha. Ntchito za banki zakura comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikucitika pa nkhani ya sayansi. Charu cha China na India vikulongora kuti vikukhumba comene kuti vyaru vya ku Africa viŵe na cuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na China ŵakugwiliskira nchito zakwera comene cifukwa ca suzgo la vya ndalama. Boma la China likukhozga comene ndalama izo likuŵika mu Africa ndipo likovwira kuti ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵambe kudumbiskana za ndalama izo zingaŵawovwira. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵa ku Africa, comenecomene ŵa mu EU na United States, ŵayezgayezga comene kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito bizinesi yawo kuti ŵagulire ndalama mu vyaru vya ku Africa na kukhozga ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakutumizga ku vyaru vinyake na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakukhumba kuzakaŵika mu vyaru vyawo vizamovwira chomene vyaru vya ku Africa ivyo vikusuzgika chomene nga ni Burundi, Togo na Comoros. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya ndalama ŵakudandawura kuti ndalama zinandi zikupelekeka para munthu wakutumizga ndalama ku Africa cifukwa cakuti Western Union na MoneyGram ndiwo ŵakulongozga malonda gha ndalama mu Africa. Ŵadokotala ŵanyake ŵakuti ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakulipira pakutumizga ndalama ku vyaru vya mu Africa zikovwira kuti vyaru ivi vileke kukura. Angola wapharazga kuti wakukhumba kucitako vyandulo mu EU, comenecomene mu Portugal. Boma la United States likuwona kuti caru ca South Africa nchakukhumbikwa comene pakucita malonda mu vyaru vya vyamalonda, vya ndalama, na vyamalonda. Pali maboma ghaŵiri gha mu Africa: West African Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) na Central African Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC). Vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikugwiliskira nchito CFA franc. Fundo yakuti mu Africa mose muŵe ndalama yimoza yikayowoyeka kale, ndipo pali vilato vyakuti yiŵeko m'paka mu 2020, nangauli pali vinandi ivyo vikutondeska kuti yiŵeko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liedong |first=Tahiru Azaaviele |date=8 August 2017 |title=Could West Africa launch a single currency? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/08/africa/single-currency-west-africa/index.html |access-date=2017-08-17 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> ==== Stock exchanges ==== [[File:Bvmt_headquarters.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Bourse de Tunis]] headquarters in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]]] Kuzakafika mu 2012, mu Africa mukaŵa maburosha 23 agho ghakusinthiska ndalama. Ndipouli, pa caru cose capasi, ndalama izo zikwendeskeka pa masitoro gha ku Africa ni pacoko comene kuluska 1%. Makampani 10 agho ghakusinthiska masheya gha mu Africa (mabiliyoni gha madola gha ku United States) ni agha:<ref>{{cite journal|title=2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines|journal=Africa 24|year=2013|issue=8|page=128|editor1-last=Sarl}}</ref> * South Africa (82.88)(2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ |access-date=2017-09-12 |website=www.cia.gov |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa |archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> * Egypt ($73.04 billion (30 November 2014 est.))<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2200rank.html#eg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211211610/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2200rank.html#eg |archive-date=11 December 2007 |access-date=2017-09-12 |website=www.cia.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Morocco (5.18) * Nigeria (5.11) (Actually has a market capitalisation value of $39.27 Bln)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |access-date=2017-09-12 |website=www.cia.gov |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> * Kenya (1.33) * Tunisia (0.88) * [[BRVM]] (regional stock exchange whose members include Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo: 6.6) * Mauritius (0.55) * Botswana (0.43) * Ghana (.38) Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2012, makampani 72 ghakalembeka pa maburosha gha mu vyaru 13 vya mu Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines|journal=Africa 24|year=2013|issue=8|page=130|editor1-last=Sarl}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Africa|Business and economics}} {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] * [[Africa–China economic relations]] * [[African Economic Community]] * [[African Economic Outlook]] * [[Demographics of Africa]] * [[Economic history of Africa]] * [[Land grabbing]] * [[Languages of Africa]] * [[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]] * [[List of countries by Human Development Index]] * [[Central banks and currencies of Africa]] * [[List of countries by credit rating]] * [[List of countries by future gross government debt]] * [[List of countries by public debt]] * [[List of countries by leading trade partners]] * [[List of countries by industrial production growth rate]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]] * [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita]] * [[List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP]] * [[List of countries by GDP growth]] {{div col end}} == Vyakulemba == {{Reflist|30em}} == Vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Fage, J. D. ''A History of Africa'' (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 {{ISBN|0-415-25247-4}}) (Hutchinson, 1978, {{ISBN|0-09-132851-9}}) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, {{ISBN|0-394-32277-0}}) * {{cite journal|last1=Goldsmith|first1=Arthur A.|title=Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_winter-2001_55_1/page/123|journal=International Organization|date=2001|volume=55|issue=1|pages=123–148|doi=10.1162/002081801551432|jstor=3078599|s2cid=154839545}} * Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLaMsvQMBQC The African Economy: Policy, Institutions and the Future]'' (Routledge, 1999, {{ISBN|0-415-18323-5}}) * Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: Nova Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-61761-190-2}} * Moshomba, Richard E. ''[https://archive.org/details/africainglobalec0000msho <!-- quote=ISBN1555877184. --> Africa in the Global Economy]'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000, {{ISBN|1-55587-718-4}}) * OECD. ''[http://www.oecd.org/bookshop?9789264033139 African Economic Outlook 2006/2007]'' (OECD, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-64-03313-9}}) * Rodney, Walter. ''How Europe Underdeveloped Africa''. (Washington: Howard UP, 1982, {{ISBN|0-88258-096-5}}) * Sahn, David E., Paul A. Dorosh, Stephen D. Younger, ''Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-521-58451-5}}) {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{External links|section|date=December 2021}} {{Commons category}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Economy of africa part 1.ogg|date=2009-11-27}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Business_and_Economy}} * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,484603,00.html The Age of the Dragon: China's Conquest of Africa] * [http://fpif.org/obama-africa/ Holding the door open for multinationals to extract Africa's wealth], ''Foreign Policy in Focus'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100906203320/http://www.fondad.org/publications/africaworld/contents.htm Africa in the World Economy: the national, regional and international challenges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906203320/http://www.fondad.org/publications/africaworld/contents.htm|date=6 September 2010}} by Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062436/http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup_files/africa_-_living_on_the_fringe_0.pdf Africa: Living on the Fringe], ''[[Monthly Review]]''. [[Samir Amin]] offers a [[Marxist]] analysis of Africa's continued economic crisis * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/05/africa_economy/html/poverty.stm BBC: Africa's Economy] * [http://www.oecd.org/dev/publications/africanoutlook OECD work on African economy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040923121852/http://www.africaeconomicanalysis.org/ Africa Economic Analysis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041110105825/http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Africa+Economic+Summit+2004 World Economic Forum – Africa] * [http://www.afdb.org/ African Development Bank Group] * [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2003/02/index.htm IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) – September 2003 – Public Debt in Emerging Markets] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803140603/http://damnsw.net/~matt/pdf/africa.pdf Language and Africa] * [http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7089006 Africa's economy: A glimmer of light at last?] – ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181202194512/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/KFDLP/0,,contentMDK:21002841~menuPK:2792491~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461198,00.html Africa and the Knowledge Economy] – [[World Bank Institute]] report. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509005812/http://www.guinea.aha.ru/ Economic analysis of Middle Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081015002050/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/trade_af_eu/index.asp From Aid to Trade with Africa] News and analysis by Inter Press Service * [http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/12/land African Development Hindered by Vast US Corporate Interests in Continent’s Resources] – video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552501 Africa: Going Forward or Backward?] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120312184049/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/549457 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] {{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Africa topic|Poverty in}} {{Africa topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Africa}} [[Category:Economy of Africa| ]] [[Category:Economies by continent|Africa]] 5xv6wgi0ali3h2u47lq4enkjkwrhh3y 0 30256 122614 119641 2026-09-28T02:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael Sata|image=Michael Sata small.jpg|order=5th|office=President of Zambia|vicepresident=[[Guy Scott]]|term_start=23 September 2011|term_end=28 October 2014|predecessor=[[Rupiah Banda]]|successor=[[Guy Scott]]|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1937|7|6}}|birth_place=[[Mpika]], Awemba North, [[Northern Rhodesia]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2014|10|28|1937|7|6}}|death_place=[[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]|restingplace=Embassy Park, [[Lusaka]]|restingplacecoordinates={{Coord|15.421884|S|28.309314|E}}|nationality=Zambian|spouse=Margaret Manda (?–?)<br />[[Christine Kaseba]] (?–2014; his death)|party=[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] {{small|(2001–2014)}}<br />[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]] {{small|(1991–2001)}}<br />[[United National Independence Party|UNIP]] {{small|(Before 1991)}}|children=8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/zambia-president-michael-sata-dies-1414564364 |title=Zambia President Michael Sata Dies |last1=Bariyo |first1=Nicholas |date=29 October 2014 |publisher=[[WSJ]] |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>|alma_mater=|occupation=Police officer and [[trade unionist]]|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|footnotes=|blank1=Nickname(s)|data1=''King Cobra''}} '''Michael Charles Chilufya Sata''' (6 Julayi 1937 - 28 Okutobala 2014) wakaŵa wandale wa ku [[Zambia]] uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wachisanu wa Zambia, kwambira pa 23 September 2011 mpaka nyifwa yake pa 28 October 2014. Munthu wa demokalase,<ref>{{cite web |title=We are social democrats |url=http://www.global-briefing.org/2012/01/we-are-social-democrats-we-seek-to-bring-about-fundamental-political-change-that-must-bring-about-the-greatest-good-for-the-greatest-majority/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518082429/https://www.global-briefing.org/2012/01/we-are-social-democrats-we-seek-to-bring-about-fundamental-political-change-that-must-bring-about-the-greatest-good-for-the-greatest-majority/ |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Wakalongozga chipani cha [[Patriotic Front (PF)]], chipani chikuru mu Zambia. Pa nyengo ya muwuso wa President [[Frederick Chiluba]], Sata wakaŵa nduna mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 mu boma la [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD)]]. Mu 2001, wakaluta ku chigaŵa chakususkana na boma, ndipo wakambiska chipani cha PF. Monga mtsogoleri wa chipani chotsutsa, Sata, yemwe amadziwika kuti "King Cobra" adawonekera ngati wotsutsa wotsutsa wotsutsa komanso mpikisano wa Purezidenti [[Levy Mwanawasa]] pa chisankho cha purezidenti cha 2006, koma adagonjetsa. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa, Sata wakathereskeka na President [[Rupiah Banda]] mu 2008. Pambuyo pa zaka khumi mu chipani chotsutsa, Sata adagonjetsa Banda, wolamulira, kuti apambane chisankho cha pulezidenti cha September 2011 ndi mavoti ambiri. Wakafwira ku London pa 28 Okutobala 2014, ndipo wakaleka Vice President Guy Scott kuŵa acting President mpaka apo mavoti gha president ghakachitikira pa 20 January 2015. == Vyaka vyakwambilira == Michael Charles Chilufya Sata wakababika pa 6 July 1937, ndipo wakakulira ku Mpika, Northern Province. Wakagwiranga nchito ya ŵapolisi, wa njanji, ndiposo wa vyamalonda mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵakoloni. Wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka ku London, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito pa njanji. Mwaciyelezgero, wakaŵa wakuyegha katundu pa siteshoni ya sitima ya Victoria.<ref>{{cite news|title=The World This Week|newspaper=Economist|date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Sata wakamba kunjilirapo pa ndyali ya Northern Rhodesia mu 1963. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba, wakakhira mu chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) icho chikaŵa pa muwuso m'paka ku Lusaka mu 1985. Pakuŵa Kazembe, wakacita vinthu mwamahara. Wakatozga misewu, wakanozga misewu, na kuzenga vipata mu msumba. Pamasinda wakaŵa muphalamenda wa Kabwata ku Lusaka. Nangauli wakaŵa pafupi na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda, kweni wakakhuŵara na kawonekero ka Kaunda ndipo wakaleka chipani cha UNIP na kunjira chipani cha Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) mu nyengo ya kampeni ya vyaru vinandi mu 1991. == Umoyo wa munthu == Nthengwa yakwamba ya Sata yikaŵa na Margaret Manda. Pamanyuma wakatora mwanakazi waciŵiri, Christine Kaseba, uyo wakazgoka First Lady wa Zambia mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Michael Sata wakaphalirika kuti wakaŵa na ŵana 10 pakati pa nthengwa zake ziŵiri. Mu 2016, chokoro cha Sata, Christine Kaseba, wakakana ivyo mwanakazi munyake wakayowoya kuti nayo wakatengwa kwa Michael Sata.<ref name="zdn">{{cite news|title=Michael Sata - obituary|url=http://zambiadailynation.com/2016/05/13/im-the-only-wife-kaseba/|work=[[Zambia Daily Nation]]|date=2016-05-12|access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref> Michael Sata wali na digiri ya Political Science kufuma ku Atlantic International University. == Ndyali yakwambilira == Frederick Chiluba wakati wathereska Kaunda mu 1991, Sata wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Zambia. Pa nyengo ya MMD, wakaŵa nduna ya boma, ntchito na umoyo apo, wakayowoya kuti "masinthiro ghake ghakawovwira kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu uŵe makora".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Turmoiled History of Zambian Elections {{!}} One Young World |url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/blog/turmoiled-history-zambian-elections |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.oneyoungworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-09-23|title=Michael Sata: Zambia's 'King Cobra' finally strikes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15034694|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> Mu 1995, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yambura ntchito, mulembi wa chipani icho nyengo yose iyi ndyali yake yikalongosoreka kuŵa "yakukoma"..<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-12-18|title=Zambia's action man: Michael Sata|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1709632.stm|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> == Kupangika kwa Patriotic Front == Mu 2001, purezidenti Chiluba wakasankha Levy Mwanawasa kuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD pa mavoti gha 2001. Pakukwenyelera, Sata wakafumamo mu MMD na kupanga chipani chiphya, Patriotic Front (PF). Wakaluta ku mavoti mu 2001, kweni wakachita makora yayi - chipani chake chikapokera mpando umoza pera mu nyumba ya malango. Sata wakazomera kuti wathereskeka ndipo wakalutizga kampeni. == Kusankhika kwa 2006 na pamanyuma pake == Sata wakathereska pa mavoti gha president mu September 2006 nga ni munthu uyo wakakhwimiska fundo za ŵakavu pakususkana na ndondomeko za Mwanawasa zakusintha chuma. Apo ŵanyake awo ŵakalindiliranga pa mavoti ŵakamba kumususka, mazgu gha Sata ghakaŵa ghakofya. Pa ungano unyake uwo wakacitapo, wakaphara kuti Sata wakadumurapo mphangwe pamaso pa ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga. Kavuŵa aka kakang'anamuranga kuti Mwanawasa walije kuyowoya makora, cifukwa ca kupwetekeka pa ngozi ya galimoto mu 1992. Wakasoleka Mwanawasa kuti "wakuguliska" Zambia ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuzgora, caru ca China cikawofya kuti cikumazga ubwezi na Zambia usange wasankhika.<ref>[https://archive.today/20070311061320/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/39E0D6F6-444C-44D4-A45A-C6139DF257AA.htm "Tough election race in Zambia"], Al Jazeera, 30 September 2006.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5378726.stm "Profile: Zambia's 'King Cobra'"], BBC News, 29 September 2006.</ref> Munthu uyo wakaŵa woko lamalyero la Sata pa kampeni iyi wakaŵa Dr. [[Guy Scott]], mulembi mukuru wa Patriotic Front. Scott ni wandyali wa ku Zambia. Wakateŵeteranga mauteŵeti ghanandi mu boma la Chiluba. Sata nayo wakapokera wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa Chiluba. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikawoneka pa mavoti vikapangiska kuti Sata ndiyo walongozge, kweni vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawoneka vikapangiska kuti Mwanawasa ndiyo waŵe pa malo ghakwamba ndipo Satana ndiyo wakaŵa wachitatu. Mavoti gha pakati pa nyengo agho ghakafumiskika pamanyuma pakuti mavoti gha 120 pa 150 ghawerengeka ghakaŵika Mwanawasa pa 42% ya mavoti; Hakainde Hichilema wakaŵa na 28%; ndipo Michael Sata wakaŵa na 27%. Apo ŵanthu ŵakususka boma ŵakapulika kuti Sata wafuma pa malo ghakwamba na kukhilira pa ghacitatu, mu Lusaka mukawuka vivulupi. Pa 2 Okutobala, wupu wa Zambia Electoral Commission ukati Mwanawasa ndiyo watonda pa chisankho ichi.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5400840.stm "Poll victory for Zambia president"], BBC News, 2 October 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313002033/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=12922 Zambia elections] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313002033/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=12922|date=13 March 2007}}, ''Angus Reid''.</ref> Sata wakakakika kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Disembala, 2006, chifukwa cha kunanga katundu wake apo wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti mu Ogasiti, pamoza na milandu yinyake. Ŵapolisi ŵakamufumba mafumbo ndipo ŵakamufumiska pa bani. Usange wangasangika na mulandu, mphanyi wakakhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri. Pakuti wakaŵa wakukakika, wakatondekangaso kugwira nchito za boma. Sata wakati mulandu uwu ukaŵa wa ndyali, ndipo ku khoti wakazomera kuti walije mulandu. Pa Disembala 14, mulandu uwu ukalekeka cifukwa cakuti ndalama izo ŵakasanganga zikaŵa zaunenesko yayi. Pa 15 March 2007, Sata wakafumiskika ku [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] mwaluŵiro wati wafika. Sata wakati wakaluta ku Malawi kuti wakakumane na ŵamalonda pera, ndipo wakati boma la Zambia ndilo likapangiska kuti munthu uyu wafumiskike mu charu ichi. Boma la Zambia likakana, apo boma la Malawi likapeleka yayi cifukwa ico Sata wakacimbizgikira. Pa 6 Epulero, loya wa Sata wakayowoya kuti watolera boma la Malawi mulandu chifukwa cha kuswa wanangwa wake. Pambuyo pa kutaya pasipoti yake ku London kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007, Sata adapatsidwa ina; Komabe, pa 10 November 2007, Minister of Home Affairs Ronnie Shikapwasha adalengeza kuti pasipoti ya Sata idachotsedwa kwakanthawi chifukwa adapeza pasipoti yatsopano popanda kutsatira njira zofunikira ndikuwonetsa kuti amafunikira pasipoti yatsopano. Shikapwasha wakayowoya kuti ŵapolisi ŵalutilirenge na kufumiska mulandu uwu, kweniso kuti Sata wali kufumbika, ndipo wangakakika. Sata wakasuzgika na nthenda ya mtima pa 25 Epulero 2008 ndipo wakatolekera ku chipatala cha Milpark ku [[Johannesburg]], South Africa, uko ŵakayowoya kuti wali makora pa 26 Epulero. Wakakolerana na Pulezidenti Mwanawasa mu mwezi wa Meyi 2008.<ref name="Lady">[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080825141241813C181250 "Zambian opposition leader, first lady clash"], AFP (''IOL''), 25 August 2008.</ref> == Nyifwa ya Mwanawasa na mavoti gha 2008 == Pambuyo pa Mwanawasa kudwala sitiroko ndipo adagonekedwa mchipatala ku France, Sata adakayikira zonena zaumoyo wa Mwanawasa pa 15 Julayi 2008, ndipo adapempha kuti gulu la madokotala litumizidwe ndi nduna kuti liwone Mwanawasa; gulu ili lidzaulula momwe Mwanawasa aliri. Mwanawasa wakafwa apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake mu Ogasiti 2008. Pa 25 Ogasiti, Sata wakayezga kuluta ku nyifwa ya Mwanawasa ku Chipata mu chigaŵa cha Eastern; kweni, Maureen Mwanawasa, chokoro cha Mwanawasa, wakalangura Sata kuti wafumeko, wakati wakapangiska ndyali pa chiphikiro ichi ndipo kuti wandaphemaniskanepo na mbumba ya Mwanawasa. Sata, uyo wakafumiskika pa malo agha na ŵavikiliri, wakati wakaŵa kwenekura kuti wakalilire Mwanawasa ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti walute na thupi la Mwanawasa apo likalutanga ku vigaŵa vikuruvikuru mu Zambia. Wakayowoyaso kuti Maureen Mwanawasa wakacita mwambura kwenelera. Sata wakasankhika mwakukolerana nga ni phangano la PF pa mavoti gha purezidenti pa ungano wa Central Committee pa 30 August 2008. Apo wakazomera kunyamuka, wakalongosora kuti nchiwemi "kusisita na kugeza caru ici"; wakayowoyaso kuti walekenge kucita kampeni mpaka para Mwanawasa wafwa. Nangauli wakaŵa na nthenda ya mtima mu Epulero 2008, kweni Sata wakati wakaŵa na umoyo uwemi. Sata wakayowoya kuti wazomerezgenge yayi kuti Banda watonde chifukwa "palije nthowa yakuti MMD yingatonde", ndipo wakati komiti ya vyakusankha na ŵapolisi ŵakukolerana kuti ŵanozge vyakusankha. Nangauli wakadangiliranga pakuwona mavoti ghakwambilira, ivyo vikulongora kuti wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwiranga mu matawuni, kweni apo mavoti ghakawerengekanga ku mizi, wakang'anamukiranga. Paumaliro, Banda wakawuskapo Sata, ndipo pa Novembala 2 mavoti ghakwambilira ghakalongora kuti Banda wakaŵa na mavoti 40 peresenti. Sata wakayowoya kuti wathereskeka yayi ndipo wakamunena Banda kuti ngwakupusika.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20081104093152886C716933 "Sata: I have not lost this election"], Sapa-DPA (''IOL''), 4 November 2008.</ref> == Wupu Wakulongozga == {{main|2011 Zambian general election}} Sata wakathemba kukhala purezidenti kachinayi pa chisankho icho chikachitika pa 20 September 2011. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya kampeni iyi, wakayowoyanga mazgu ghakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku China, kweni pamasinda wakachepeska mazgu ghake. Pa mavoti agho ghakawoneka, wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 43% pa mavoti 36% gha Banda, ndipo Chief Justice Ernest Sakala wakapharazga kuti watonda pa mavoti agha mu maora ghakwambilira pa 23 September. Pa zuŵa ili, wakalapa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia's Sata sworn in as new president |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/metalsNews/idAFL5E7KN2JB20110923 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725211134/http://af.reuters.com/article/metalsNews/idAFL5E7KN2JB20110923 |archive-date=2012-07-25}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakatenge watonda cifukwa ca kuvota kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi. Nangauli wakayowoya mwakuzika, kweni vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku Zambia chifukwa cha kutonda kwake. === Ndondomeko === Pa Seputembala 8, 2008, Sata wakayowoya kuti wavikilirenge ndalama za ku China usange wasankhika, ndipo wakaleka kutinkha ndalama za ku China izo wakayowoyapo pa nyengo ya kampeni ya 2006 ya ku mavoti. Pa nyengo ya kampeni ya 2006 iyo wakaphalirika kuti wakayowoyapo vya pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe kuti "Mugabe wandachitepo kanthu kaheni. Awo ŵakumuwona kuti ni muheni ni ŵamazaza ŵa caru, ŵeneawo ŵakughanaghana kuti ni munthu muheni". Mu 2008, wakayowoya kuti walekeskenge ŵamalonda ŵa ku vyaru vinyake para ŵakana kupulikira ulongozgi wake wakuti ŵapeleke viŵelengero vya 25% vya makampani ghawo ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Pa nyengo iyo wakapika mazaza gha purezidenti wa Zambia, Sata wakasimikizgira ŵamalonda ŵakufumila ku vyaru vinyake kuti mbakukondwa mu chalo chake, icho ni chalo cikuru chomene mu Africa cakupanga mkuwa, kweni wakati ŵakwenera kunozga vinthu ku ŵantchito ŵawo ŵa ku Zambia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522143846/http://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/09/23/zambia-swears-in-opposition-leader-as-new-president-5/ "Zambia Swears in Opposition Leader as New President"], VOA News, 25 September 2011.</ref> == Ulwari na nyifwa == {{main|Death and state funeral of Michael Sata}} Mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵakamba kufipa mtima chomene na umoyo wa Sata ndipo ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti waleka nadi kuwusa boma chifukwa cha ulwari wake. Kweni boma likakana fundo iyi. Wakaleka kuwonekera pa wumba, ico cikaŵa cambura kuzirwa kwa pulezidenti uyu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamuwonanga ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wakawonekanga makora yayi apo wakajuranga Nyumba ya Ufumu pa Seputembala 19, ndipo mu mwezi wakulondezgapo wakawonekeraso yayi pa wumba. Mulongozgi wa MMD Nevers Mumba wakati boma likuteta pa vya umoyo wa Sata. Wakasoŵaso kuyowoya pa ungano wa ungano wa United Nations General Assembly wa cigaŵa ca 69 cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikayowoyeka kuti wakalwara mu hotelo yinyake mu msumba wa New York. Pa Okutobala 19, wakafumamo mu charu ichi kuti wakawone umo waliri, ndipo wakasiyira Edgar Lungu, Minisita wa vya Vyankhondo, kuti ndiyo walongozgenge charu ichi.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29692576 "Zambian President Michael Sata goes for medical check-up"], BBC News, 20 October 2014.</ref><ref name="Ails">[http://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/5814/Party_rivalries_grow_as_Sata_ails "Party rivalries grow as Sata ails"], ''Africa Confidential'', volume 55, number 21, 24 October 2014.</ref> Pakughanaghanira umo vinthu vikaŵira, kusazgapo kuti ulendo uwu ukacitika mwamabuci, umo Sata wakawonekera yayi pa wumba, kweniso kuti zuŵa lakwamba la 50 la wanangwa wa Zambia likaŵa pafupi kukwana, ŵanandi ŵakagomezga kuti Sata wakalwara comene. Sata wakafwa pa 28 Okutobala mu London.<ref>{{cite web |author=Clement Malambo |date=29 October 2014 |title=President Michael Sata Has Died |url=http://zambiareports.com/2014/10/29/president-michael-sata-died/ |publisher=Zambia Reports}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29813612 "Zambian President Michael Sata dies in London"], BBC News – Africa, 29 October 2014.</ref> Wakalwaranga nthenda yinyake iyo yikumanyikwa yayi. Mulara wa boma Roland Msiska wakayowoya kuti wakafwa usiku. Nga ni umo mukumanyira, pulezidenti wakapokera wovwiri wa munkhwala ku London. Mulara wa boma wakafwa pa Okutobala 28. Tikudandawura comene na nyifwa ya Pulezidenti Sata. Ŵanthu wose ŵazamupokera ulongozgi pa nkhani ya kusungika". Apo wakafwira pa 23:00 mu King Edward VII Hospital, muwoli wake, [[Christine Kaseba]], mwana wake Mulenga, na ŵabali ŵanyake ŵakaŵa nayo panyengo iyi. Iyo ni purezidenti waciŵiri wa Zambia uyo wafwa pa udindo wake, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Levy Mwanawasa vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza kumasinda mu 2008. Mubali Guy Scott, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wakudumura m'paka pa nyengo ya mavoti. W. de Klerk mu caru ca Apartheid ku South Africa. === Ivyo Ŵanthu Ŵakuyowoya === ==== Vinthu vya mu charu ==== Rupiah Banda, uyo wakaŵako pambere Sata wandaŵepo, wakati: "Sata wakaŵa waka muteŵeti wa boma yayi. Wakaŵa munthu wakutemwa kuphalizgana, wakugomezgeka, ndiposo wakughanaghana makora. Kweniso wakaŵa mwana wane wacitemwa, mfumu wane, dada wane, ndiposo mubwezi wane, nangauli tikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Kweni chakuzirwa comene nchakuti Michael Sata wakaŵa wa ku Zambia, mu thupi, mzimu, na maghanoghano. Tili kujumphapo kale mu suzgo ili, ndipo tili kujumpha cifukwa cakuti tili ŵakukolerana. Mphanyi iyi yaŵa nyengo yakuti tileke maghanoghano agho ghakutipatura, na kuzomera ŵanthu na kuzirwa uko kukutikolerana nga ni caru ndiposo uko kukutipanga ŵanthu". Mark Chona, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wapadera wa Kenneth Kaunda, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia, wakati: "Tili na citima comene cifukwa wakaŵa pulezidenti na mulongozgi uyo wakalimbikiranga nchito. Wakaŵa wakunweka comene na cilicose ico wakakhumbanga kucita". ==== Charu chose ==== Boma la South Africa (ilo Mulara wa boma Scott wakaŵa kuti walichitira nkhaza pakumuchema kuti "wakulopwa") likayowoyapo kuti: "Purezidenti Sata wali mu gulu la ŵalongozgi awo ŵakafuma ku Zambia mu nyengo ya ukoloni ndipo wakalutilira kulimbana na ukoloni. Nyifwa yake yikukumbuska ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa za kujipeleka kwa Zambia ndiposo mulimo wake wa kuwusa caru ca Africa". Pulezidenti wa ku [[Kenya]], Uhuru Kenyatta, wakati Sata ni "mwana wakuzirwa comene wa ku Africa". Philip Hammond, mulembi wa vyaru vinyake wa Britain, uyo kale wakaŵa muwusi wa Zambia, wakati: "[Sata] wakaŵa na udindo ukuru comene mu caru cake kwa vilimika 30...ndipo paumaliro wakaŵa pulezidenti".<ref name="guard">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Guy Scott takes interim role after Zambian president Sata's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/29/scott-president-interim-zambia-sata-death}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/ Presidency of Zambia (State House)] Official Website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061019171324/http://www.pf.com.zm/ Patriotic Front website] * [http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/images/stories/zambia%20chenda-%20sata%20from%20uk.jpg Photo of Sata]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * [http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-zambian-president-our-wildlife-is-fair-game/#.UwENTPmSwhU] * [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/michael-sata-toughtalking-politician-who-rose-through-the-ranks-to-become-the-fifth-president-of-the-independent-zambia-9826863.html Obituary] in [[The Independent]] by [[Marcus Williamson]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035619/http://www.sattakeng.com/2018/02/satta-king-sattaking-delhi-satta.html Sattaking] {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Rupiah Banda]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Zambia|President of Zambia]]|years=2011–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Guy Scott]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-end}} {{ZambianPresidents}} {{2001 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2006 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2008 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2011 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sata, Michael}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Zambia]] [[Category:Movement for Multi-Party Democracy politicians]] [[Category:Patriotic Front (Zambia) politicians]] [[Category:People from Mpika District]] [[Category:Presidents of Zambia]] [[Category:United National Independence Party politicians]] [[Category:Zambian trade unionists]] [[Category:Local government ministers of Zambia]] [[Category:Labour and Social Security ministers of Zambia]] [[Category:Health ministers of Zambia]] hipbp5gs3par2pa7t2b8gmwtcsik8s5 0 30263 122583 110920 2026-09-28T01:49:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Zambian politician (c.1950–2019)}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Lupando Mwape|image=Lupando Mwape small.jpg|alt=|order=9th|office=Vice-President of Zambia|president=[[Levy Mwanawasa]]|term_start=4 October 2004|term_end=September 2006|predecessor=[[Nevers Mumba]]|successor=[[Rupiah Banda]]|birth_date=|birth_place=|party=[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]|otherparty=}} '''Lupando Mwape''' (c. 1950 - 21 Janyuwale 2019) wakaŵa wandale wa [[Zambia]]. Wakateŵeteranga nga vice president wa Zambia kufuma mu 2004 mpaka 2006 pasi pa President [[Levy Mwanawasa]], uyo wakalongora kuti, Mwape walekenge kutondeka pa ma parliamentary election gha 2006, mphanyi wakasankhikaso kuŵa vice president. Mwape wakasankhika na [[Rupiah Banda]], uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa mu 2008. Wakafwa mu 2019 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 69. Ndipo zina lake ni Lupando Chipimo. Mwape wakafwira ku Johannesburg, South Africa, mu Janyuwale 2019 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 69.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M’bwana |first=Lloyd |date=2019-01-21 |title=Former Zambia Vice President Lupando Mwape dies |url=https://www.maravipost.com/former-zambia-vice-president-lupando-mwape-dies/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=The Maravi Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Lupando Mwape, former Vice-President of Zambia dies at 68 |url=https://plustvafrica.com/news/lupando-mwape-former-vice-president-of-zambia-dies-at-68/ |publisher= |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418215222/https://plustvafrica.com/news/lupando-mwape-former-vice-president-of-zambia-dies-at-68/ |archive-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> == Msambilo == * Wakasambira masambiro gha unjiniya na masambiro gha vya masukulu. * Aeronautical El, * Wasambizgi wa vya mawoko na mawoko, * Mulaŵiliri wa ndege, * Mulara wa masambiro, mulongozgi wa gulu, mulaŵiliri wa vya masambiro, * Examiner and Moderator of Electro-Sciences and Engineering and Aviation Programmes. * Wakamba nchito yake ya uinjiniya ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa wasambizgi. Ŵanthu ŵamahara. Maphunziro, UK Airworthiness Certificate ndipo wakaŵa na AME Certificate, membership of the Engineering Institute of Zambia (MEIZ) and MBA (Student). == Maudindo agho wakakhalapo == * Elected Member of Parliament. September 2000 * Appointed Minister of Communications and Transport. And concurrently served as Chairman of Africa Telecommunications Union (ATU); May 2001 * Member of the [[:en:Zambia_National_Tender_Board|Zambia National Tender Board]] (ZNTB); Co-chair of TAZARA Council of Ministers and became chair from 2002 - 2003; * Appointed Northern Province Provincial Minister, between June and October 2004. * At Party level, was co-opted MMD Northern Province Vice-chairman in 2001 and became chairman from April 2003. * In October 2004, was co-opted MMD National Trustee until July 2005 and was elected MMD National Trustee the position held until November 2006. * Served as Vice President of the Republic of Zambia from October 2004 to October 2006. * As Resident Ambassador to P.R. China 2007–2009, Lupando Augustine Festus K. Mwape was a Non-Residential Ambassador to DPR Korea, Kingdom of Thailand, Kingdom of Cambodia, Mongolia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vietnam, Pakistan and Afghanistan. == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * [http://maravi.blogspot.com/2007/10/lupando-could-have-probably-succeeded.html "Lupando could have probably succeeded me - Levy"] * http://allafrica.com/stories/200611280009.html * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307220024/https://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-155064005/lupando-mwape-appointed-zambia-envoy-china HighBeam] * https://archive.today/20130421224358/http://www.polity.org.za/topic/augustine-festus-lupando-mwape * http://image.baidu.com/i?tn=baiduimage&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&word=%E5%8D%A2%E6%BD%98%E5%A4%9A%E2%80%A2%E5%A7%86%E7%93%A6%E4%BD%A9&ie=utf-8&ie=utf-8 * https://archive.is/20130722081547/http://big5.huaxia.com/xw/zdxw/dwjw/2005/00401821.html * http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2005-12-20/20077757300s.shtml * https://web.archive.org/web/20091120034914/http://42.qfmail.com/zsjx/xwzxinfo.php?id=55 * http://shenzhensako.cn.gongchang.com/news/206908.html * https://archive.today/20130722081632/http://www.wzfao.gov.cn/view.jsp?id=zb6jnf7a * http://www.sako.cn/news/2009-8-26/122.html * https://archive.today/20130722081617/http://www.cneec.com.cn/news/gsyw/200906/222.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051630/http://zwxws.net/news/2009106.asp * https://archive.today/20130722081638/http://xdjt.com.cn/news_show.asp?tid=4&id=355 * https://archive.today/20130722081522/http://www.invest.net.cn/swzx/zambia/xxzx/second-5.htm * [https://archive.today/20130722081616/http://www-cdn3.huawei.com/cn/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/archive/hw-089066-news.htm] * https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034630/http://www.jsfao.gov.cn/newsdetail.asp?newsid=12208 * https://web.archive.org/web/20230518093957/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/dhcf/html/2011-01/11/content_449589.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035906/http://www.hainan.gov.cn/data/news/2007/06/32955/ * https://archive.today/20130722081629/http://qys.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11295074/n11298763/12450304.html * http://news.travel168.net/20060112/3119.html * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055418/http://www.who.int/dg/lee/speeches/2006/launch_whr_lusaka/en/] * http://mg.co.za/article/2005-03-21-zambias-vicepresident-threatens-to-quit == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_vice_presidents_of_Zambia|List of vice presidents of Zambia]] {{Authority control}}{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Nevers Mumba]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Vice Presidents of Zambia|Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=2004–2006}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rupiah Banda]]}} {{s-end}}{{ZambianVicePresidents}} ntgj73gfo8uyv6xk5igvvuflfqof2f9 0 30302 122549 79921 2026-09-28T01:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}}{{short description|Zambian politician}} {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder|image=Inonge Wina big (cropped).jpg|name=Inonge Mutukwa Wina|order=13th|office=Vice President of Zambia|term_start=26 January 2015|president=[[Edgar Lungu]]|preceded=[[Guy Scott]] (2014)|succeeded=[[Mutale Nalumango]]|term_end=24 August 2021|office1=[[Ministry of Gender|Minister of Gender and Child Development]]|president1=[[Michael Sata]] <br> Guy Scott {{small|(Acting)}}|term_start1=8 March 2012|term_end1=25 January 2015|predecessor1=''Office created''|successor1=[[Nkandu Luo]]|office2=Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs|president2=Michael Sata|term_start2=29 September 2011|term_end2=8 March 2012|predecessor2=''Office created''|successor2=[[Nkandu Luo]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1941|04|02|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Senanga]], [[Northern Rhodesia]]|party=[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]|spouse=Arthur Wina ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1995)|children=3|alma_mater=[[Santa Monica College]] {{small|([[Diploma|Dip.]])}}<br />[[University of Zambia]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}|profession=[[Social worker]], [[politician]]|blank1=Awards}} '''Inonge Mutukwa Wina''' (wakababika pa 2 Epulero 1941) ni ndyali wa ku [[Zambia]] uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wa 13 wa Zambia kwambira 2015 mpaka 2021. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa na udindo uwu, ndipo wakaŵa wa udindo wapachanya chomene mu mbiri ya boma la Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inonge Mutukwa Wina {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/427 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref> == Msambilo == Wina wakasambira sukulu ya pulayimale ku Senanga, ku [[Barotse National School]] (sono ni Kambule Secondary School) ku Mongu. Paumaliro, wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha ku sekondare ku [[Santa Monica High School]] ku [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. Wakasambira vya wovwiri wa ŵanthu ku [[Santa Monica College]]. Kweniso wakalembeska masambiro gha Bachelor of Arts ku [[University of Zambia]] apo yikajulika kakwamba. == Uteŵeti wa mu chikaya == Wina wakayamba kugwira ntchito mu wupu wakulongozga m'ma 1970 apo wakajipeleka kuteŵetera ŵanakazi. Wakateŵeterapo mu mabungwe ghanandi gha wupu wa wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa banthu na kuŵa purezidenti wa [[Young Women's Christian Association]], uko wakawovwira chomene pakukhozga wanangwa wa banthu wa banthu, ivyo vikapangiska kuti boma la Zambia likhazikiske wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa banthu ku Zambia. Mu 1996, wakasankhika kuŵa Chairperson wa National NGO Coordinating Council of Zambia (NGOCC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: Mukulagate scandal involving former government officials… |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/zambia-mukula-scandal-former-government-accountability-zero-export-quota-cites |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title=Zambia: In a fair election, Lungu can't win. In an unfair one, he can't lose {{!}} African Arguments |url=https://africanarguments.org/2021/08/zambia-in-a-fair-election-lungu-cant-win-in-an-unfair-one-he-cant-lose/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-26 |title=Inonge Wina becomes Zambia's first female Vice President – "I want women to enjoy the same rights and benefits as men" |url=https://demofinland.org/en/inonge-wina-becomes-zambias-first-female-vice-president-want-women-enjoy-rights-benefits-men/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Demo Finland |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu kampeni ya [[Red Ribbon Campaign]] yakuvikilira dango la Zambia mu 2000, Wina wakalongozga gulu la ŵanakazi. Wina wakateŵeteraso mu mabungwe gha [[Refuge Services Zambia]], Zambia Council of Social Services, University Teaching Hospital, na University of Zambia Council mu boma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A World of Change: Inonge Wina Returns to SMC |url=https://www.smc.edu/news/in-focus/2016/vol-ii-issue-3/03-06-world-change.php |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.smc.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-26 |title=Zambia : Inonge Wina's full profile |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/01/26/inonge-winas-full-profile/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Mu chaka cha 2001 Wina wakasankhika kuŵa mphala ya malango ya chigaŵa cha Nalolo pakuŵa munthu wakwendera chipani cha United Party for National Development. Wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa makomiti ghanandi, kusazgapo Komiti ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Gender and Governance), na [[Women Parliamentary Caucus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peace in the home essential first step to community peace, says Zambia's vice president |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/peace-home-essential-first-step-community-peace-says-zambias-vice-president |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Commonwealth |language=en}}</ref> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Vice President of Zambia, Ms. Inonge Wina, in New Delhi on October 30, 2015.jpg|thumb|Pa ungano uwu, Fumu ya caru ca Zambia, [[Shri Narendra Modi]], wakadumbiskana na Ms. Inonge Wina, ku [[New Delhi]] pa Okutobala 30, 2015]] Wina wakathereskaso mpando wake wa Nalolo pakuŵa mukhristu wa [[United Liberal Party]] mu mavoti gha 2006 gha purezidenti na gha chalo chose. Wakathereskeka ndipo wakapempha khoti likuru kuti limweruzge mulandu uwu. Wina wakathereskaso mpando wa Nalolo pa chisankho cha 2011, nyengo iyi pa tikiti ya [[Patriotic Front]], ndipo wakathereska. Wina wakalembeka mu nduna zakwamba za President [[Michael Sata]] zakukwana 18 nga ni [[Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs of Zambia|Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs]]. Pa March 8, 2014, pa nyengo ya kukumbukira Zuŵa la Ŵanakazi pa Charu Chose, Sata wakasintha chigaŵa cha nduna ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi kuŵa unduna wakufikapo ndipo pamanyuma wakasankha Wina kuŵa nduna ya vya wanalume na ŵanakazi. Pa 26 Janyuwale 2015, Pulezidenti [[Edgar Lungu]] wakasankha Wina kuŵa Vice President wa Zambia. Wakachita mpikisano wa Lungu pa chisankho cha 2016, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kusankhika kuŵa Vice President ndipo wakaleka ntchito iyi pambere chisankho cha 2021 chindachitike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=Zambian president appoints Nkandu Luo as running mate for Aug. 12 polls |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/17/c_139951811.htm |access-date=30 June 2021 |publisher=Xinhua Net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518073856/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/17/c_139951811.htm |archive-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Wakatolana na [[Arthur Wina]], uyo wakalimbananga na wanangwa wa boma, nduna yakale na wasukulu uyo wakafwa pa 3 Seputembala 1995.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&pg=PA706|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|editor=Jacqueline Audrey Kalley, Elna Schoeman and Lydia Eve Andor|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1999|pages=706–|isbn=0-313-30247-2|lccn=98-44996}}</ref> Ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵatatu, ndipo ŵaŵiri ŵali kufwa. Arthur Wina wakasambira pa sukulu ya Munali Secondary School iyo, mu nyengo ya ukoloni, yikaŵa sukulu yikuru ya ku Zambia ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Ŵabali ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa mu nduna za ku Zambia ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha (nga ni mukuru wa Arthur Wina, Sikota), nawo ŵakasambira ku Munali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/07/28/sikota-wina-recounts-his-early-days-as-a-politician/|title=Sikota Wina recounts his early days as a Politician|work=Lusaka Times|date=July 28, 2013|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Guy Scott]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=2015–2021}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mutale Nalumango]]}} {{s-end}}{{ZambianVicePresidents}}{{authority control}} cx4npt4nbmcvj4nkv2ui5z6vkyl9y4s 0 30308 122492 81523 2026-09-28T00:28:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Zambian physician and politician|bot = PearBOT 5}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Chitalu Chilufya|image=Chitalu Chilufya small.jpg|caption=|office=[[Ministry of Health (Zambia)|Minister of Health]]|term=August 2016 – January 2021|predecessor=[[Joseph Kasonde]]|successor=[[Jonas Chanda]]|office2=[[Ministry of Health (Zambia)|Deputy Minister of Health]]|term_start2=2015|term_end2=2016|predecessor2=|successor2=|office3=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zambia|Member of the National Assembly]] for [[Mansa Central]]|term_start3=2013|term_end3=|predecessor3=[[Kennedy Sakeni]]|successor3=|party=[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1972|7|15|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Zambia]]|death_date=|death_place=|residence=[[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]|occupation=[[Physician]]}} '''Chitalu Chilufya''' (wakababika pa 15 July 1972) ni dokotala na wandale wa ku [[Zambia]]. Pasono ni mphala ya chalo ya [[Mansa Central]]. Wakaŵa nduna ya vyaumoyo kufuma mu Ogasiti 2016 mpaka Januwale 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=Minister Chitalu Chilufya fired |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/minister-chitalu-chilufya-fired/ |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=Zambian Watchdog |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120190256/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/minister-chitalu-chilufya-fired/ |archive-date=2021-01-20}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Chilufya wakakulira ku Kaunda Square mu Lusaka.<ref name="M">{{cite news|url=https://mwebantu.news/meet-leader-profile-hon-dr-chitalu-chilufya/|title=Meet your leader: Profile of Hon. Dr Chitalu Chilufya|publisher=Mwebantu News|date=17 August 2017|accessdate=2018-04-05}}</ref> Wakasambira vya munkhwala pa Yunivesite ya Zambia ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ya udokotala.<ref name="NA">[http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/3340 Chitalu Chilufya] National Assembly of Zambia</ref> Wakasankhika kuŵa wakwimilira chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy kuti wakalimbane pa mpando wa Mansa Central mu chisankho cha 2011. Ndipouli, wakathereskeka na Kennedy Sakeni wa Patriotic Front.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044228/http://www.elections.org.zm/media/28092011_2011_national_assembly_elections_results.pdf 2011 National Assembly election results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044228/http://www.elections.org.zm/media/28092011_2011_national_assembly_elections_results.pdf|date=2016-03-05}} Electoral Commission of Zambia</ref> Sakeni wakafwa mu 2013 ndipo Chilufya wakasankhika kuŵa mukwantha wa Patriotic Front pa chisankho chakulondezgapo, nangauli chipani ichi chikamususka kuti ni munkhungu mu kampeni ya 2011, ndipo wakasankhika ku National Assembly na mavoti ghanandi gha 8,392.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150714021511/http://www.elections.org.zm/media/mansa.pdf Results for Mansa Central parliamentary and seven (7) local government by elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714021511/http://www.elections.org.zm/media/mansa.pdf|date=2015-07-14}} Electoral Commission of Zambia</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2015 wakasankhika kuŵa Deputy Minister of Health. Wakati wasunga mpando wake mu ma 2016 general elections na kusazgirako unandi wake kufika pa 22,000, wakakwezgeka kuŵa Minister of Health. Chilufya wali kutora ndipo wali na ŵana ŵaŵiri..<ref name="M" /> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Lungu Cabinet Navbox 2016}} {{Zambia-politician-stub}} 26ifpws7pjrvdijoxm5t9io5lsj3ozd 0 30408 122659 119275 2026-09-28T02:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Conflict mainly fought between Uganda and Tanzania from October 1978 until June 1979}} {{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Nkhondo ya ku Uganda na Tanzania|image=[[File:Battles of the Uganda–Tanzania War.svg|275px]]|caption=Nkhondo ya ku Uganda-Tanzania|date=9 October 1978 – 3 June 1979<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=9|month1=10|year1=1978|day2=3|month2=06|year2=1979}})|place=[[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]]|result=Tanzanian victory *Overthrow of [[Idi Amin]] *Eventual outbreak of the [[Ugandan Bush War]]|territory=''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''|combatant1={{flag|Uganda}}<br>{{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}}<br>{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]]<br>'''Supported by''':<br>{{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} <!-- There were also reports of troops from Morocco and Zaire fighting for Amin's government, but these are unconfirmed. -->|combatant2={{flag|Tanzania}}<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda National Liberation Front]] *[[Kikosi Maalum]] *[[Front for National Salvation]] *[[Save Uganda Movement]] *Others {{flag|People's Republic of Mozambique|1975|name=Mozambique}}<br>'''Supported by''':<br>{{flag|Zambia|1964}}<br>{{flagicon|Angola}} [[People's Republic of Angola|Angola]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987) (02).svg}} [[Derg|Ethiopia]]<br>{{flag|Algeria}}|commander1={{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Idi Amin]]<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Yusuf Gowon]]<br/>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Isaac Maliyamungu]]<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Ali Fadhul]]<br>{{flagicon|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]]<br/>{{flagicon|Palestine}} Mutlaq Hamdan{{WIA}}<br/>{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Mahmoud Da'as]]|commander2={{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Julius Nyerere]]<br>{{flagicon|Tanzania}} Abdallah Twalipo<br>{{flagicon|Tanzania}} Tumainiel Kiwelu<br>{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[David Musuguri]]<br>{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Silas Mayunga]]<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Tito Okello]]<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[David Oyite-Ojok]]<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Yoweri Museveni]]|strength1={{flagicon|Uganda}} 20,000<br>{{flagicon|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} 4,500<br>{{flagicon|Palestine}} 400+|strength2={{flagicon|Tanzania}} 150,000<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} 2,000<br>{{flagicon|Mozambique|1975}} 800|casualties1=~1,000 Ugandans killed<br>3,000 Ugandans captured<br>600+ Libyans killed<br>59 Libyans captured<br/>12–200 Palestinians killed/missing|casualties2=373 Tanzanians killed<br>~150 UNLA fighters killed|casualties3=~1,500 Tanzanian and 500+ Ugandan civilians killed|notes=|campaignbox={{campaignbox Uganda-Tanzania War}}}} '''Nkhondo ya Uganda-Tanzania''', iyo yikumanyikwa mu [[Tanzania]] kuti Nkhondo ya Kagera ([[Chiswahili]]: Vita vya Kagera) na mu [[Uganda]] kuti Nkhondo ya Ufulu ya 1979, yikacitika pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania kwambira Okutobala 1978 mpaka Juni 1979 ndipo yikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Uganda Idi Amin wathereskeke. Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo ubwezi pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania ukakhira chifukwa chakuti Amin wakawuskapo pulezidenti Milton Obote mu 1971. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, boma la Amin likakhwaskika na nkhaza, masuzgo gha vyachuma, na kukwiya kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya makora yayi umo nkhondo iyi yikambira, ndipo pali nkhani zakupambana pa nkhani iyi. Mu Okutobala 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakamba kuwukira caru ca Tanzania. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakanjira mu caru cawo, ŵakapoka katundu na kukoma ŵanthu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵa ku Uganda ŵakapharazga kuti Kagera Salient yatoreka. Pa Novembala 2, Nyerere wakapharazga nkhondo ku Uganda ndipo wakapangiska gulu la Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) kuti liwezgere malo agha. Nyerere wakawovwiraso ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka kwa Obote na Yoweri Museveni kuti ŵambe kusuzga boma la Amin. Pamanyuma pakuti Amin wakatondeka kuleka ivyo wakakhumbanga kwa Kagera ndipo wupu wa African Unity (OAU) ukatondeka kususka nkhondo ya Uganda, TPDF yikapoka matawuni gha Masaka na Mbarara kumwera kwa Uganda. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Kampala, msumba ukuru wa Uganda, Muammar Gaddafi, mulongozgi wa [[Libya]] na mubwezi wa Amin, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Uganda kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Palestina nawo ukatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi kuti ŵawovwire Amin. Mu Malichi, nkhondo yikuru comene yikacitika apo ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Tanzania na Uganda ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda, Libya, na Palestina ku Lukaya. Kufwa kwa Lukaya kukapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵambe kusweka. Nyerere wakagomezganga kuti ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda ŵakwenera kupika nyengo kuti ŵanozge boma lawo na kunjira mu malo gha Amin. Iyo wakawovwira pa ungano wa ŵakugaluka na ŵakucimbira mu Moshi mu mwezi wenewura, uko gulu la Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) likakhazikiskika. Libiya likamalizga kunjilirapo pa nkhondo mu Epulero ndipo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakafumamo mu caru ici. Pa 10 Epulero, ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF na UNLF ŵakawukira Kampala, ndipo ŵakamupoka zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Amin wakacimbilira ku caru cinyake apo boma la UNLF likakhazikiskikanga. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, TPDF yikanjira mu Uganda, ndipo yikakumana na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi. Wakaponoska mphaka ya Uganda na Sudan mu Juni, ndipo nkhondo yikamara. Nkhondo iyi yikananga comene cuma ca ku Tanzania, ndipo Kagera wakasuzgika comene. Chikaŵaso na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma mu Uganda, ndipo chikapangiska kuti ubendezi na nkhaza za ndyali vifike paheni apo boma la UNLF likayezgayezga kusungilira bata. Nkhondo ya ku Uganda yikamba mu 1980 chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani za ndyali kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakalutilira kukhala mu vigaŵa vya mphaka. == Mbiri == === Nkharo za Uganda na Tanzania zakunangika === [[File:LocationUganda&Tanzania.png|alt=Map of Africa with Tanzania and Uganda highlighted|left|thumb|[[Uganda]] (red) and [[Tanzania]] (blue) in [[Africa]] ]] Mu 1971, Colonel Idi Amin wakayamba kuwusa mu charu cha Uganda pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵawuskapo pulezidenti Milton Obote. Pulezidenti wa ku Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Obote ndipo wakakhozganga fundo zake za cisosiyali.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=155}} Amin wakajiŵika kuŵa Pulezidenti wa Uganda ndipo wakawusa caru mu muwuso wa nkhaza.<ref name="honey2">{{cite news|last=Honey|first=Martha|title=Ugandan Capital Captured|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=12 April 1979|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/12/ugandan-capital-captured/1eb604a7-5ff0-4c51-9fa0-527169e5bffa/?noredirect=on|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Nyerere wakakana kuzomerezga boma liphya ndipo wakapeleka malo gha chivikiliro kwa Obote na awo ŵakamukhozganga. Apo Amin wakambiska nkhondo ya kuwuskamo ŵalwani ŵake mu Uganda, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakakomeka. Na kuzomerezgeka kwa Nyerere, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhazikiska gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu Uganda na kuwuskamo Amin mu 1972. Amin wakamususka Nyerere cifukwa ca kovwira na kuvikilira ŵalwani ŵake, ndipo wakawezgera na kuwombera matawuni gha ku mphaka na Tanzania. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakamuciska kuti wazgore mwakuyana waka, kweni Nyerere wakazomera kuti wapharazgire pamoza na pulezidenti wa Somalia, Siad Barre, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti palembeke phangano la Mogadishu. Phangano ili likati ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda na Tanzania ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 10.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=155}} Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni vinthu vikalutilira kwenda makora yayi pakati pa pulezidenti uyu na pulezidenti munyake. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ubwezi pakati pa Tanzania na Kenya ukakhora comene, ndipo mu 1977, wupu wa East African Community ukamara. Uganda nayo wakususka mphaka yake na Tanzania, wakati chigaŵa cha Kagera Salient (makilomita 1,900) pakati pa mphaka na Mlonga wa Kagera (makilomita 29) kumwera, chikwenera kuŵa pasi pa mazaza ghake. Pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵamazaza ŵa Britain na Germany ndiwo ŵakadumbiskana za mphaka iyi.<ref name="darnton1">{{cite news|last=Darnton|first=John|title=Mediation is Begun in Tanzanian War|newspaper=The New York Times|page=5|date=7 November 1978|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/07/archives/mediation-is-begun-in-tanzanian-war-african-nations-trying-to.html|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> === Kuleka Kukhazikika mu Uganda === {{further|Mbiri ya Uganda (1971-79)|Gulu la nkhondo la Uganda (1971-1980)}} Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Amin wakapharazga "Nkhondo ya vyachuma" mu Uganda umo vikwi na vikwi vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ŵakachimbizgika mu charu mu 1972 ndipo malonda ghawo ghakaŵikika mu mawoko gha Ŵafrika. Ndondomeko iyi yikananga comene vinthu pa nkhani ya vya cuma, ndipo yikasazgikira cifukwa cakuti boma la United States likakanizga ŵanthu kumwa khofi wa ku Uganda. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, Amin wakasazgirako nkhongono za ŵasilikari mu boma lake, wakaŵika ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu nduna zake na kovwira awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo. Ŵanandi awo ŵakasanganga chandulo na ivyo wakachitanga ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto, comenecomene ŵa ku Nubian na Sudan. Amin wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha kumwera mu ŵasilikari na kukoma ŵalwani ŵake. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, wakapona ku ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma, ntheura wakaleka kugomezga ŵanthu ndipo kanandi waka wakawuskanga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda. Mu 1977, mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda mukaŵa kugaŵikana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Amin na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka kwa Mubali Mustafa Adrisi, uyo wakaŵa na mazaza mu boma. Mu Epulero 1978, Adrisi wakapwetekeka comene pa ngozi ya galimoto. Apo ŵakamufumiskanga mu caru kuti wakacizgike, Amin wakamuwuskamo udindo wake. Kweniso wakapharazga kuti ŵapolisi ŵanandi ŵakakakika, ndipo mu mwezi wakulondezgapo wakalekeska mauteŵeti gha ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari. Kuzgoka uku kukasuzga nkhongono za Amin mu ŵasilikari izo zikaŵa zakukhora comene cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Pakopa kuti wangafwa ndipo wakaleka kugomezga kuti wangamazga suzgo ili, Amin wakafumapo pa wumba ndipo wakachezganga viŵi yayi na ŵasilikari ŵake. Pa nyengo yeneyira, wakamba kususka Tanzania kuti wakuswa mphaka ya Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=51}} == Umo Nkhondo Yikendera == === Nkhondo yikamba === {{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|total_width=300|caption_align=center|image1=Idi Amin cropped.jpg|image2=Ford A9584 NLGRF photo contact sheet (1976-04-26)(Gerald Ford Library) (cropped)a.jpg|footer_align=center|caption1=Ugandan President [[Idi Amin]] (1977)|caption2=Tanzanian President [[Julius Nyerere]] (1976)}} Nkhondo yikamba pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania mu Okutobala 1978, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya makora yayi umo nkhondo iyi yikambira, ndipo pali nkhani zinandi zakupambana pa nkhani iyi. Obote wakalemba kuti ivyo wakacita pakunjira mu Kagera "nkhumanya kuti wafumiskenge Amin ku masuzgo agho ghaŵapo cifukwa ca ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita na ŵasilikari ŵake". Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Uganda ŵakasuska Mulara wa ŵasilikari Juma Butabika kuti ndiyo wakambiska nkhondo iyi, kusazgapo Mulara Abdu Kisuule, uyo wakamususka Butabika kuti wakapangiska ngozi pa mphaka kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kuwukira Tanzania. Kuyana na mwana wa Amin, Jaffar Remo, mphekesera za kuthekera kwa nkhondo ya ku Tanzania zikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵapemphe kuti ŵambe kuwukira Tanzania. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakayowoya kuti Amin wakakhumbanga kutora chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto kwa Tanzania, kusazgapo msumba wa Tanga, kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kwenda pa nyanja. Mutolamakani wa ku Uganda Faustin Mugabe wakasanga ukaboni uliwose yayi wa fundo iyi mu mabuku gha ku Uganda. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Uganda ŵayowoya kuti nkhondo iyi yikacitika cifukwa ca nkhondo za pa mphaka. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivyo vingapangiska nkhondo iyi ni kwiba ng'ombe, kutinkhana pakati pa mafuko, mbembe pakati pa mwanakazi wa ku Uganda na mwanakazi wa ku Tanzania pa msika, kweniso mbembe pakati pa msilikari wa ku Uganda na msilikari wa ku Tanzania panji ŵanthu ŵanyake. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵakakumananga ku malo ghakusanguluskira ŵakakolerana yayi na umo vinthu vikaŵira, kweni ŵakakolerana kuti ivyo vikachitika vikachitika pa Okutobala 9 mu malo gha ku Tanzania. Iwo ŵakakolerana kuti Butabika wakati waphalirika za suzgo ili, wakalangura gulu lake, lakuti Suicide Battalion, kuti liwukire Tanzania. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakati Amin wakaphalirika yayi ivyo ŵakadumura ndipo ŵakakolerana navyo kuti ŵaleke kumususka. Mulara munyake wa ku Uganda, Bernard Rwehururu, wakati Butabika wakateta kwa Amin pa vifukwa ivyo wakawukira Kagera. Kuyana na nyuzipepara za ku America Tony Avirgan na Martha Honey, chiphikiro ichi chikachitika pa 22 Okutobala, apo msilikari wa ku Uganda uyo wakaloŵera wakafwa na futi. Pa mise yeneyira, wayilesi ya Radio Uganda yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakakora msilikari wa ku Uganda, ndipo yikati Amin wakawofya kuti wachitengepo kanthu usange ŵandamuwezgere.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=57–58}} Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ndiwo ŵakanjilira mu charu ichi chifukwa cha kuskera ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma la Tanzania. Pali mitundu yakupambanapambana ya nkhani iyi, iyo yikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Wapolisi wa ku Uganda Paul Etiang na mulara wa Royal Dutch Shell ŵakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Simba Battalion ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵaphya ŵa ku Sudan ndipo apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakatumika kuti ŵaŵakanizge, ŵakachimbira pa mphaka pa Okutobala 30. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la Chui panji la ŵanthu ŵakujiparanya ndiwo ŵakambiska vivulupi. Nkhwantha ya vya ndyali, Okon Eminue, yikati ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 awo ŵakagaluka ŵakachimbilira ku Kagera. Kuyana na nkhani iyi, Amin wakalangura gulu la Simba Battalion na la Suicide Battalion kuti ŵalondezge ŵanthu awo ŵakagaluka. Msilikari wa ku Uganda uyo Drum wakamufumba wakati ivyo vikacitika pakwamba vikaŵa nkhondo ya ŵanthu ŵatatu pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda, ŵanthu awo ŵakafumako ku boma la Uganda, na ŵalinda ŵa ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakapona ŵakasamira ku mizi ya ku Tanzania. Ŵasayansi Andrew Mambo na Julian Schofield ŵakasuska fundo iyi, ŵakati ŵasilikari awo ŵakatenge ŵakagaluka ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka kwa Amin mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo. Gulu la Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) likapokera waka mauthenga ghachoko waka ghakukhwaskana na umo charu cha Uganda chingawukira charu ichi, ndipo ŵakanozgekera yayi, chifukwa ŵalongozgi ŵa Tanzania ŵakagomezganga kuti Amin wangaghanaghanapo yayi za kuwukira Tanzania apo charu chake chikakhwaskika na vinthu vya ndyali, vyachuma, na vya nkhondo. Nanga ni uko kukaŵa malo ghambura nkhondo agho ghakaŵa ku Mogadishu, kukaŵavya malo ghakuvikilira. Ku Tanzania kukaŵa mphindano na Zaire, Kenya, na Malawi, ndipo gulu la ŵasilikari la 202 ilo likaŵa ku Tabora ndilo likavikiliranga charu ichi. Pafupi na mphaka pakaŵa gulu la ŵasilikari lacitatu. Kukwambilira kwa Seputembala, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaphara za ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakendanga pafupi na mphaka - ŵanyake ŵakaŵa na ndege zakulongozga ŵasilikari - kweniso ndege zinandi zakwendeskeka. Pakati pa mwezi uwu, ndege za ku Uganda zikamba kwambukira ku Tanzania. Mulara wa ŵasilikari wa ku malo agha wakaphalira ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tabora kuti ŵamutumire vilwero vya nkhondo. Ŵakafika yayi, ndipo mu Okutobala, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kopa chomene.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=53–54}} === Vinthu vyakwamba === [[File:Bukoba_0817_.jpg|left|thumb|Gulu la nkhondo la Uganda Air Force likaponya mabomba kanandi waka pa Bukoba (pa chithuzi mu 2017) apo nkhondo yikaŵa kwamba.]] Pakati pa zuŵa pa 9 Okutobala, ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakafika ku Tanzania apo gulu la ŵasilikari likaluta ku Kakunyu na kotcha nyumba ziŵiri. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania likaŵawukira, likaparanya galimoto yakuyegha ŵasilikari yakufuma ku Uganda na galimoto, na kukoma ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamuwukira, kweni ŵakamupweteka yayi. Namise, wayilesi ya Radio Uganda yikati nkhondo ya ku Tanzania yikanangika. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ndege za ku Uganda za MiG zikaponya mabomba mu makuni gha ku Tanzania. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakalutilira kuponya mabomba mu charu cha Tanzania, ntheura pa Okutobala 14, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakagwiliskira ntchito mabomba ghawo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaleka kuwombera. Mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka ghakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanyawo, ndipo pamasinda ŵakafika pa mphaka yose. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakawonanga kuti Amin wakacitanga viheni pera. Pa 18 Okutobala, ndege za ku Uganda za MiG zikaponya mabomba ku Bukoba, msumba ukuru wa West Lake Region. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa charu cha Tanzania ŵakaŵavya nkhongono pa kuwukira, kweni ŵasilikari ŵara ŵakaparanya vinthu vicoko waka. Ndipouli, kupulika kwa kupulika kwa mabomba agha kukaphyora mawindo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakacita wofi. Mwakupambana na umo Tanzania yikakhalira chete, Radio Uganda yikayowoya za "kuwukira" kwa Tanzania mu charu cha Uganda na nkhani za nkhondo zautesi, na kulongosora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania ŵakaluta mu Uganda mtunda wa makilomita 15, ŵakakoma ŵanthu na kunanga katundu. Amin wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa ku Mutukula kuti nangauli "ŵakaŵawukira", kweni wakaŵa na cigomezgo cakuti vinthu viŵenge makora na Tanzania. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mawayilesi gha Radio Uganda gha chiyowoyero cha Kinyankole, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku West Lake ŵakaghawoneleranga na kughapulikiska, ghakachenya chomene Nyerere na kuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakukhumba kuŵa pasi pa boma la Uganda kuti ŵaleke kulamulirika na boma ili. Pa nyengo yeneyira, boma la Uganda likamba kusuzgika chomene. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Masaka awo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbambura kugomezgeka ŵakakomeka, ŵasilikari ŵa boma awo ŵakakwesananga nawo ŵakakumana mu Kampala, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakomeka apo ŵakayezganga kukora mulara wa vya ndalama.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=56}} === Kuwukira Kagera === ==== Kuwukira kwa Uganda ==== {{main|Kuwukira Kagera}} {{further|Air campaign of the Uganda–Tanzania War}} [[File:Kagera-Missenyi.svg|alt=Map of Kagera Region with Missenyi District highlighted|right|thumb|Uganda wakaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Kagera, chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Missenyi (chiswesi)]] Pa 25 Okutobala mulenjilenji, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania awo ŵakaŵa na telesikopu ŵakawona kuti mu Mutukula muli magalimoto ghanandi. Pamanyuma, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanthu apo ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda ŵakalutanga. Ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakacimbira cifukwa ca kuwotcheka, kupaturako gulu limoza ilo likafumako mwaluŵiro. Ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 2,000 ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Marajani, Mulara Butabika, na Mulara Kisuule ŵakawukira Kagera. Ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakaŵa na matangi gha T-55 na M4A1 Sherman, pamoza na OT-64 SKOT armored personnel carriers (APC), kweniso magalimoto gha Alvis Saladin, ndipo ŵakaluta mu magulu ghaŵiri pasi pa Butabika na Kisuule. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakasangana na chiyezgo chichoko waka, kweni ŵakamba kwenda pachokopachoko chifukwa cha malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kulaŵilira mawayilesi gha ku Uganda, ndipo ŵakamanya kupulika ivyo vikacitikanga pakati pa Marajani na Republic House, ofesi yikuru ya ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda mu Kampala. Marajani wakapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵakamususka comene nangauli ŵasilikari wose ŵa TPDF ŵakafumako ku mphaka. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaŵika vilwero vyawo pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku Ŵauganda ndipo ŵakaŵaponya mabomba ghanandi. Muhanya wose, ndege za ku Uganda za MiG zikambukira mu malo gha ku Tanzania, uko zikaŵa na vilwero vya nkhondo. Ŵakati ŵathereskeka, Ŵauganda ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵambeso kuwukira. Pa Okutobala 30, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 3,000 ŵa ku Uganda ŵakanjira mu charu cha Tanzania kufuma ku Kukunga, Masanya, Mutukula, na Minziro. Ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Uganda, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Joseph Gowon. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaŵasuskanga comene, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakalondezga mwamahara. Ŵakamba kuwukira ŵasilikari na ŵanthu bweka, pambere ŵandafike ku Mlonga wa Kagera na Kyaka Bridge namise. Nangauli malo agho ghakaŵa pakati pa mlonga na Bukoba ghakaŵa ghambura kuvikilirika chifukwa cha kufumako kwa TPDF, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakalekeska ulendo wawo kumpoto kwa mlatho uwu. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Kagera ŵakamba kwiba vinthu vyawo. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,500 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanyake 5,000 ŵakabisama mu thengere. Pa Novembala 1, Radio Uganda yikapharazga za "kufwatuka" kwa Kagera Salient ndipo yikati Mlonga wa Kagera ndiwo ukaŵa mphaka pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania. Amin wakenda mu cigaŵa ici na kutorako vithuzi na vilwero vya nkhondo vya ku Tanzania. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Uganda ŵakawopanga kuti munjilira wa Kyaka ungagwiliskirika nchito pakuwukira ŵanyawo, ntheura pa Novembala 3, nkhwantha yinyake yikaponya mabomba pa munjilira uwu na kuwuparanya.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=65}} ==== Ivyo Ŵanthu Ŵakuyowoya ==== Pambuyo pa malipoti oyambirira a chiwopsezo cha pa 30 Okutobala kufika ku Dar es Salaam, Nyerere adachita msonkhano ndi alangizi ake ndi atsogoleri a TPDF kunyumba yake ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Wakaŵa na cigomezgo yayi kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵangagwentha nkhondo ya ku Uganda, kweni Mulara wa TPDF Abdallah Twalipo wakaŵa na cigomezgo kuti ŵasilikari ŵangaŵachimbizga ku Tanzania. Nyerere wakamuphalira kuti "yambako" ndipo ungano ukamara. Pa 31 Okutobala Radio Tanzania yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵanjira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ndipo TPDF yikunozgekera kuti yiwukire. Pa Novembala 2, Nyerere wakapharazga nkhondo ku Uganda, wakati pa wayilesi: "Tili na vifukwa, tili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, ndipo tili na khumbo la kulimbana nayo [Amin]". Ŵalongozgi 6 ŵa mu Africa ŵakasuska kuti Kagera ni malo ghakofya gha Uganda: Mengistu Haile Mariam wa ku Ethiopia, Didier Ratsiraka wa ku Madagascar, Agostinho Neto wa ku Angola, Seretse Khama wa ku Botswana, Samora Machel wa ku Mozambique, na Kenneth Kaunda wa ku Zambia. Maboma gha Guinea, Mali, Senegal, na vyaru vinyake vinandi vya mu Africa ghakaŵasuska yayi, kweni ghakaŵachiska kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa African Union (OAU) ukaŵa wakujipatura pa nkhani iyi, apo ŵimiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵakayezga kuŵa ŵimiliri pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania.<ref name="darnton1" /> ==== Tanzanian counter-attack ==== [[File:Samora_Moises_Machel_detail_DF-SC-88-01383.jpg|left|thumb|Charu cha Mozambique icho chikaŵa pasi pa Samora Machel (chithunzi mu 1985) chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka ivyo vikawovwira Tanzania pa nyengo ya nkhondo.]] Nyerere wakalangura Tanzania kuti waŵikengepo nkhongono zake zose pa nkhondo. Pa nyengo iyi, TPDF yikaŵa na mabrigadi ghanayi. Pakati pa ŵasilikari aŵa, ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Southern Brigade pera ilo likaŵa kuti lacita makora comene nkhondo. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Songea, kutali na Kagera kuluska magulu ghanyake. Ŵakati ŵenda ulendo utali pa njanji na msewu, ŵakiza ku Bukoba-Kyaka ndipo ŵakazenga msasa. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakatumika kufuma ku Tabora. Mulara wa boma Edward Sokoine wakaphalira ŵalara ŵa boma la Tanzania kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari na ŵanthu wose ku nkhondo. Mu masabata ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa ŵasilikari ŵambura kukwana 40,000 kufika pa ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 150,000, kusazgapo ŵasilikari pafupifupi 40,000 kweniso ŵapolisi, ŵakayidi, na ŵantchito ŵa boma. Ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵatumizga ku mphaka ya kumwera kwa Tanzania panji ku malo ghanyake gha mu charu ichi. Machel wakapeleka wovwiri kwa Nyerere wa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Mozambique. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 800 ŵakaŵatolera mwaluŵiro ku Tanzania na kuluta ku Kagera. Mu myezi iyo yikajumphapo pambere nkhondo yindayambe, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafwa chifukwa cha kutambuzgana, ndipo ŵakalemba ŵasilikari ŵaphya pafupifupi 10,000. Kuyana na msilikari munyake wa ku Uganda uyo wakafumbika na magazini ya Drum, ŵasilikari ŵaphya aŵa ŵakasambizgika makora yayi ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera yayi kurwa nkhondo. Kweniso kuumaliro wa 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakagalukira boma. Pafupifupi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaŵa 20,000 panji 21,000 mu 1978/79, ndipo ŵanthu ŵacoko waka pa 3,000 ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga ku nkhondo. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamanyikwa kuti Tanzania yikunozgekera nkhondo, kweni ŵakakhozga yayi malo ghawo. Ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakazerezga mauthenga gha ŵapolisi ndipo ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵapoke vinthu vya mu Kagera Salient. Pakwamba, boma la Tanzania likakhumbanga kuti nkhondo iyi yambike pa Novembala 6, kweni yikenera kuchedwa. Kuumaliro wa Novembala, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene ku sirya la kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Kagera. Mulara wa TPDF Major General Tumainie Kiwelu wakatora mazaza gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵa Tanzania ŵakamba kuwombera kumpoto kwa nyanja, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Uganda ŵakachimbira. Pa Novembala 14, Amin, wakati wawona kuti vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa vikumovwira yayi ndipo wakawopa kuti Soviet Union yikukhumba kupeleka vilwero viphya ku Tanzania, wakapharazga kuti ŵasilikari wose ŵa Uganda ŵafumemo mu Kagera ndipo wakachema ŵanthu ŵa OAU kuti ŵaŵepo. Boma la Tanzania likasuska mazgu agha kuti "mbutesi", apo ŵalendo awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu ku vyaru vinyake ŵakutondeka kufiska fundo yimoza pa nkhani ya kufumiska ŵasilikari. OAU yikati ivyo yikacita vikaŵa makora. Pa Novembala 19, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakazenga mlatho wakudumura Mlonga wa Kagera, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghakulondezgapo ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵakendere mu mlonga uwu. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Uganda ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakayezga kutimbanizga nkhondo. Pa Novembala 23, magulu ghatatu gha TPDF ghakaswa mlatho wa ponton ndipo ŵakamba kuwuskaso Kagera Salient. Boma la Uganda likapharazga kuumaliro wa Novembala kuti lifumiskenge ŵasilikari wose mu Kagera Salient ndipo nkhondo zose zaleka. Ŵadipuloma ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake 50 ŵakaluta ku mphaka, ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵavya ukaboni wakuti nkhondo yikulutilira. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Tanzania ŵakasuska ivyo boma likayowoya, ŵakati ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakwenera kufumiskika ku caru cawo. Pa 4 Disembala ma Brigade 206 na Southern gha TPDF ghakapoka Mutukula ku chigaŵa cha Tanzania kwambura suzgo, apo Brigade 207 yikatora Minziro. Kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Janyuwale, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Uganda ŵakafumamo mu Kagera.<ref name="lubega2" /> === Border clashes and Battle of Mutukula === {{main|Nkhondo ya Mutukula}} {{further|Wovwiri wakuwalo wa Uganda mu Nkhondo ya Uganda-Tanzania}} [[File:2015-05-05._Репетиция_парада_Победы_103.jpg|right|thumb|Gulu la Tanzania People's Defence Force likagwiliskiranga ntchito makina ghakuponya mabomba gha BM-21 Grad (chiyelezgero cha mu Russia icho chili pa cithuzithuzi) mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Uganda-Tanzania. ]] Ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Uganda]] ŵakakhuŵara comene apo ŵa ku [[Tanzania]] ŵakaŵafumiskanga mu Kagera na kuŵawukira mumphepete mwa mphaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakati ŵathereskeka, ŵakafipanga mtima kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵayezgeso kupoka caru cawo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakawona kuti usange ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakulongozga malo ghatali gha ku Mutukula, ku Uganda, ŵakwambiska suzgo. Nyerere wakazomera ndipo wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵapoke msumba uwu. Apo ŵakanozgekeranga mulimo uwu, TPDF ŵakatangwanika na kusambizga na kunozga ŵasilikari ŵawo. Ntheura, nkhondo izo zikacitika mu Disembala 1978 zikaŵa za "nkhondo ya mu miphaka" pera, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakakumananga na kuwukira ŵasilikari. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda. Gulu la PLO likaŵa mubwezi wa boma la Amin kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Palestina pafupifupi 400 ŵakasambizgika mu Uganda. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakatumika ku mphaka kuti ŵakawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda, cifukwa PLO yikawonanga kuti nkhondo na Tanzania yikaŵa pangozi kwa iwo. Magazini ya Africa yikati "ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinandi" ŵakayowoya kuti "ŵantchito ŵa ku Pakistan na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo" ŵakakhozganga ŵasilikari ŵa Amin. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Pakistan pafupifupi 200-350 ŵakaŵa mu Uganda kwamba mu 1978. African Review yikati Saudi Arabia yikapeleka "wovwiri wa nkhondo" ku boma la Amin mu 1978/79. Amin wakaluta ku Saudi Arabia kaŵiri kupempha wovwiri wa ndalama mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya Uganda-Tanzania. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Uganda ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ku Tanzania kulije nkhondo, nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepete ŵakayowoyapo vyakupambana. Gulu la nkhondo la Uganda likazizwa apo TPDF yikamba kuwukira mu mphepete mwa mphaka mwakugwiliskira nchito vyakuponya mabomba vya BM-21 Grad pa Disembala 25. Ŵa Ugandan ŵakaŵavya vilwero ivyo vingaŵawovwira kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaŵa na wofi comene cifukwa cakuti pakwamba ŵakatondeka kumanya ico cikaŵa munkhondo uwu. Gulu la TPDF likaponya mabomba pa mphaka kwa masabata ghanandi, na kusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda. Ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakayezga kuti ŵaparanyenge mabomba gha ku Tanzania kweni ŵakatondeka. Amin wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Spain kuti ŵakayezge kugura ndege na mabomba gha napalm kuti ŵagwenthe mabomba agha, kweni ŵakasanga yayi vilwero. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakanjira mu mizi yapafupi na Kikagati pa 20 January, 1979, ndipo Amin wakambiska nkhondo. Gulu la TPDF la South Brigade (lakucemeka kuti 208th Brigade) likambuka mphaka usiku wa 21 January na kuwukira Mutukula zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda likathereskeka mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵakachimbira, ndipo Ŵatanzania ŵakathereska Mutukula na kutora vilwero vinandi ivyo ŵakasida. Ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakamba kuparanya tawuni yose na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵawezgere nduzga izo ŵakacita ku Kagera. Nyerere wakakwiya comene wati waphalirika, ndipo wakaphalira TPDF kuti waleke kupweteka ŵanthu na katundu wawo. Boma la Uganda likapulikira yayi ivyo vikachitikira Mutukula. Ŵakatuma waka gulu la ŵasilikari kuti likakhozge nkhondo, uku ŵakuŵika mtima pa kukondwelera chaka cha 8 cha Amin kuŵa pulezidenti. Kacitiro aka kakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Uganda ŵaleke kugomezgeka. Gulu la TPDF likagwiliskira nchito nyengo iyo kukaŵavya nkhondo kuti liŵe ŵakunozgeka kwambaso nkhondo. Kuti ŵawovwirepo, caru ca Mozambique, Zambia, Angola, Ethiopia, na Algeria ŵakatumizga vilwero ku Tanzania. Kuyana na wasayansi munyake zina lake Gerald Chikozho Mazarire, Ethiopia wakatuma "ŵasilikari na mabomba gha ku Russia" ku Tanzania kuti ŵakakhozge nkhondo ya ku Uganda. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu awo ŵakatenge ŵasilikari ŵa ZANLA ŵakurwa pamoza na TPDF. Boma la Tanzania nalo likapempha China kuti liŵawovwire vya nkhondo. Ŵabali aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi. Nangauli ŵa ku China ŵakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵadumbiskane, kweni ŵakatumizga vilwero vinandi ndipo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakapempha vifike luŵiro. Ufumu wa United Kingdom nawo ukakhumba yayi kunjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi, kweni ukagwiranga lumoza nchito na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania kuti uŵape mwaluŵiro vinthu vya nkhondo ivyo ŵakagura. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Soviet Union yikaleka kupeleka vilwero ku Uganda ndipo yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kuwuskamo ŵalongozgi ŵake wose ŵa nkhondo. {{efn|The Soviet government extended its assurances to Nyerere that no technical assistance would be given to Uganda during the war, though it did dispatch a new military specialist to the country in January 1979.{{sfn|Legum|1980|p=B 438}}}} === Kuwungana kwa ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda na awo ŵali ku wuzga === Mwaluŵiro pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Kagera, Nyerere wakalongora kuti pakuti Mgwirizano wa Mogadishu waleka kugwira ntchito, boma lake lipelekenge ndalama, kusambizga, na kuvikilira ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakukhumba kurwa nkhondo kuti ŵawuskepo Amin. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana kweniso awo ŵakususka boma la Uganda ŵakazomera uthenga uwu. Gulu likuru la ŵakugaluka likapanga Kikosi Maalum, gulu lakugomezgeka kwa Obote ilo likalongozgekanga na Tito Okello na David Oyite Ojok; Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) ilo likalongozgekanga na Yoweri Museveni; na Save Uganda Movement (SUM) ilo likalongozgekanga na Akena p'Ojok, William Omaria, na Ateker Ejalu.{{sfn|Otunnu|2017|p=46}}{{sfn|Nyeko|1997|p=105}}Kweniso, magulu ghacoko waka nga ni Catholic Group na Uganda Nationalist Organization ghakati ghali na vilwero.<ref name="honey3">{{cite news|last=Honey|first=Martha|title=Ugandan Exiles Seek to Unite Forces Against Amin|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=24 March 1979|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/03/24/ugandan-exiles-seek-to-unite-forces-against-amin/804c8573-e9b8-4ad2-b9a1-3fabe535cbfc/|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Magulu agha ghakaŵa ghaheni comene pakwamba kwa nkhondo, kweni pamanyuma ghakathandazgika mwaluŵiro. Nangauli ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbalwani, kweni ŵakasuskananga pa nkhani za ndyali. Apo Kikosi Maalum na FRONASA ŵakapeleka ŵasilikari ŵa panthazi na ŵasilikari awo ŵakateŵeteranga nga ni wovwiri na ŵakwendakwenda ku TPDF, SUM yikapanga mabomba na kuwukira boma la Amin kufuma mukati. Gulu la Uganda Liberation Group (Z) ilo lili ku Zambia likachiska ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu ili kuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakovwira nkhondo ya ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵachiteko vinthu vinyake ku Kenya, kweni boma la Kenya likaŵatondeska. Mu Janyuwale, Obote wakaswa cete lake ndipo wakacema ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda kuti ŵawukire boma. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nkhondo iyi, magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka, kusazgapo Obote, FRONASA, na SUM, ghakakolerana pasi pa gulu la "National Revolt".<ref name="honey3" /> === Tanzanian invasion of southern Uganda === {{main|Battle of Simba Hills|Battle of Gayaza Hills|Battle of Masaka}} {{further|Air campaign of the Uganda–Tanzania War|Western Uganda campaign of 1979}} {{Location map+|Uganda|float=right|caption=Map of Uganda, showing locations of importance during the initial Tanzanian counter-invasion.|places={{Location map~|Uganda|lat=-0.341111|long=31.736111|position=right |label_size=75 |label=[[Masaka]]}} {{Location map~|Uganda|lat=-0.613333|long=30.658333|position=left |label_size=75 |label=[[Mbarara]]}} {{Location map~|Uganda|lat=-1|long=31.416667|position=bottom |label_size=75 |label=[[Mutukula, Uganda|Mutukula]]}} {{Location map~|Uganda|lat=-0.8966670|long=31.4005560|position=top |label_size=75 |label=Lukoma}}}} Pakwamba Nyerere wakakhumbanga waka kurwa nkhondo kuti wavikilire caru ca Tanzania. Pamanyuma pakuti Amin wakatondeka kulekeska ivyo wakakhumbanga ku Kagera ndipo OAU yikatondeka kususka nkhondo ya ku Uganda, iyo wakadumura kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania ŵanjire mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Uganda, chomenechomene matawuni ghaŵiri ghakuru: Masaka na Mbarara. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaghanaghana za kuŵakora kuti ŵaŵalyerepo mulandu cifukwa ca uheni uwo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakacita mu caru cawo ndiposo kuti ŵambiske cigaluka. Obote wakasimikizgira Nyerere kuti usange matawuni agha ghazamuwukira boma la Amin, boma lizamuwuskikapo mu masabata ghachoko waka na kuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania kuti ŵafumemo mu nkhondo. Kweniso Obote wakaŵa na cigomezgo (ndipo Nyerere nayo wakaŵa na cigomezgo) kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵazamubwanganduka usange Masaka wangakoleka. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kunozgekera makora nkhondo ya kuzenga matawuni ghaŵiri agha. Muwuso wa ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ukati wawona kuti ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵafumako ku Uganda, ŵakakwiya chomene. Pakwamba ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda ndiwo ŵadangilirenge nkhondo iyi, kweni ŵakaŵa waka 1,000, ntheura ŵa ku Tanzania ndiwo ŵakeneranga kulongozga nkhondo iyi. Pakati pa malo gha TPDF na Masaka pakaŵa malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda agho ghakakhumbikwanga kufwatulika, kusazgapo malo ghakukwelera ndege ku Lukoma na mabatire ghakupambanapambana gha futi. Gulu la ŵasilikari la 201, 207, na 208 likapika languro lakuti lifumiskemo ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuwukira mu Febuluwale. Ŵakafika pafupi, ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda, ŵakaparanya katundu wawo, ndipo ŵakakora malo ghakukwelera ndege pa Febuluwale 13. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Amin wakati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania na ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira ntchito na malupanga ŵatorapo chigaŵa chikuru cha Uganda. Pakuŵa na mafumbo kufuma ku wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana, Tanzania yikati ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakasunga waka malo agho ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Uganda. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakawerezgapo mazgu gha Nyerere ghakuti "Tanzania yikukhumba yayi malo gha ku Uganda" kweni ŵakakana kufumba mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na umo ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵakwendeskera. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakalutanga ku Masaka ŵakalutanga panthazi mwaluŵiro, gulu la TPDF la 206th Brigade likakumana na ŵanthu ŵakususka apo likalutanga ku Mbarara. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Uganda likathereska gulu la ŵasilikari kufupi na Nyanja ya Nakivale, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania 24. Ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo vikathereskeka na TPDF mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ndipo pamanyuma pake yikakhira. Mu chigaŵa cha Masaka, TPDF yikathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Kalisizo, tawuni iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 28 kumwera kwa Masaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakawelera ku Masaka ŵakaŵa na wofi comene ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵavya cikanga. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakendanga kumwera kwa Uganda, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵalumbanga. Gulu la TPDF likazingilizga msumba wa Masaka kufuma ku vigaŵa vitatu, kweni likalangulika kuti lileke kunjiramo, pakuti ungano wa OAU ukacitikira ku Nairobi mu chiyezgo cakuti uŵe wakunjilirapo pa nkhondo. Mulara wa ŵasilikari wa ku Uganda, Isaac Maliyamungu wakawona mwaŵi wakuti waŵawukire, ntheura ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakamba kufumiska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania pa Febuluwale 23. Gulu la TPDF likathereska luŵiro ŵasilikari aŵa, ndipo usiku wenewura likamba kuwombera msumba wa Masaka. Pamanyuma, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakachimbira, ndipo namulenji Ŵatanzania ŵakakora tawuni. Pakukhumba kuwezgera uheni uwo ukacitika mu Kagera, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakagwiliskira nchito mabomba kuti ŵabwangandure nyumba zinandi izo zikapona. Pa 25 February, TPDF na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Museveni ŵakabomba Mbarara ndipo ŵakati ŵapoka msumba uwu, ŵakaparanya nyumba izo zikakhalako na dinamiti. Pakaŵavya kuwukira Amin. Pamanyuma pa kupoka matawuni ghaŵiri agha, TPDF yikaleka kuwungana. Silas Mayunga wakakwezgeka kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakapika mazaza gha "Task Force" iyo yikaŵa yiphya. Apo gulu la 20th Division likanyamuka kufuma kumwera kwa Uganda na kuwukira vigaŵa vikuruvikuru mu chalo ichi, gulu la Task Force likaluta kumpoto ku Western Uganda mu myezi yakulondezgapo, ndipo likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Uganda ŵakakomeka comene mu Febuluwale.{{sfn|Brzoska|Pearson|1994|p=207}} === Libyan intervention and Battle of Lukaya === {{main|Battle of Lukaya}} {{further|Battle of Tororo|Battle of Sembabule}} {{see also|Foreign support of Uganda in the Uganda–Tanzania War}} [[File:Moamer_el_Gadafi_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Mulongozgi wa ku Libya Muammar Gaddafi (uyo wali pa cithuzithuzi) wakapeleka ŵasilikari na vinthu vinyake ku Uganda pa nyengo ya nkhondo.]] Mulongozgi wa ku Libya Muammar Gaddafi, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Amin, wakawona kuti caru ca Uganda - ico iyo wakaciwonanga kuti ni caru ca Cisilamu - cikaŵa pangozi cifukwa ca ŵasilikari ŵa Cikhristu, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵaleke kunjira. Wakayowoyaso kuti mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Amin, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana na vyaru vya Sudan na Egypt. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakacita mu Novembala 1978 na Febuluwale 1979 vikatondeka kumazga suzgo pakati pa Tanzania na Uganda. Kaddafi wakaphalirika kuti wakakhumbanga kunjilirapo pa nkhondo kwambura kudumbiskana na ŵamazaza ŵanyake ŵa ku Libya kweniso nangauli mulara wake wa ŵasilikari, Major Farak Suleiman, wakakana. Pakati pa mwezi wa Febuluwale, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵakanjira mu Entebbe kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda, nangauli kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Malichi boma la Libya likakana kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵatumizgikenge ku Uganda. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wupu wa PLO ukawona kuti boma la Amin lili pafupi kuparanyika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Tanzania. Mulongozgi Yasser Arafat, na ŵawovwiri ŵakuru Khalil al-Wazir na Saad Sayel ŵakadumbiskana vyakusankha vyawo, ndipo ŵakadumura kutuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa PLO ku Uganda kuti ŵavikilire boma la Amin. Colonel Mutlaq Hamdan, wakucemeka "Abu Fawaz", na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakaŵatuma kuti ŵakawovwire ŵalara ŵa boma la Uganda pakunozga nkhondo. Pa March 18, Arafat wakasimikizgira kuti ku Uganda kukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Palestina awo ŵakalweranga Amin. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, gulu la 20 la TPDF likanozgekera kunjira kufuma ku Masaka kuya ku Kampala. Nthowa yimoza pera yakufumira ku Masaka kuya ku Kampala yikajumphanga mu msumba wa Lukaya, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 39 kumpoto kwa msumba uwu. Kufuma apo, nthowa yikalutilira pa msewu wa makilomita 25 uwo ukajumphanga mu mathipa m'paka ukafika ku Nabusanke. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga kujumphapo, ndipo para misewu iyi yinganangika mphanyi ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakakhalira myezi yinandi. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakaŵa ŵakusuzgika, kweni Musuguri wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵavikilire malo agha. Gulu la 207 la TPDF likatumika kujumpha mu chipalamba kumafumiro gha dazi, gulu la 208 likatumika kumanjiliro gha dazi kuti likapenje chipalamba icho chikizenge na kumpoto kwa chipalamba, ndipo gulu la 201 ilo likakhozgeka na gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda likaluta mu msewu na kunjira mu tawuni. Kweniso nga ni cigaŵa ca ndondomeko ya kupoka Kampala, TPDF's 205th Brigade yikeneranga kunjilira ku Mpigi kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Malichi ndipo kufuma apo ku Mityana na kwamba kuwukira msumba ukuru kufuma kwenekura. Amin wakapharazga pa wayilesi kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵali pafupi kuzingilizga TPDF. Pakukhumba kumanya usange ivyo ŵakayowoya vikaŵa vyaunenesko, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakasanda ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga ndipo ŵakamanya kuti gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Tiger ku Mubende ŵalije. Pakughanaghana kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakalutanga kumwera, ŵakatuma gulu la ŵasilikari la nambara 205 kufuma ku Masaka kumpoto kuti liŵawukire. Gulu la ŵasilikari la 205 likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ku Sembabule. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Amin wakaphalirika kuti waleke kunanga msewu wa Lukaya, kweni iyo wakakana, wakati uwu ungapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵaleke kunjilirapo pa nkhondo. Wakagomezganga kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵawovwirenge ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵathereskekenge mwaluŵiro, ndipo ntheura kuparanya na kuzengaso msewu uwu kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa yayi. Pa Malichi 24, ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka mu Nkhondo ya Tororo. Pakulondezga ivyo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakamuphalira, muwuso wa ku Tororo ukapangiska kuti pulezidenti waŵaphalire kuti ŵambeso nkhondo. Pa Malichi 9, ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵa ku Libya na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 40 ŵa PLO ŵa Fatah ŵakanjira mu Uganda. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya likaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵakwendakwenda, ŵasilikari ŵa People's Militia, na ŵasilikari ŵa Pan-African Legion. Ŵakaŵa na matangi 15 gha T-55, magalimoto ghakuyegha ŵasilikari ghakujumpha khumi na ghaŵiri, magalimoto ghanandi gha Land Rovers agho ghakaŵa na futi za 106 mm (4.2 inches) zambura kuzgoka, magalimoto ghanandi gha BM-21 Grad gha Katyusha, na magalimoto ghanyake ghakuru nga ni mabomba gha 122 mm (4.8 inches) na mabomba ghaŵiri gha D-30. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari 4,500 ŵa ku Libya ŵakatumika ku Uganda. Amin wakalangura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda na ŵasilikari ŵa PLO, ŵapoke Masaka. {{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|pp=32–33}} [[File:Libyan_troop_movements_in_Uganda,_1979.svg|right|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya pambere nkhondo ya Lukaya yindambe na pamanyuma pake]] Pa 10 March mulenji, gulu la TPDF la 201th Brigade likapoka Lukaya kulindilira kuti ŵajumphe msewu wakulondezgapo. Kuumaliro wa mise, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda, Libya, na Palestina ŵakamba kusendelera ku Lukaya. Ŵalibi ŵakati ŵawona ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania, ŵakaŵaponya mabomba gha Katyusha. Ŵasilikari ŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari la 201, awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kumanya vinandi, ŵakawopa chomene ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbira. Ŵanyake wose ŵakawelera ku malo ghakututuŵa agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa msewu wa Masaka ŵakati ŵawona kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵa T-55 na ŵa ku Uganda ŵa M4A1 Sherman ŵakwiza. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda, Libya, na Palestina ŵakaŵatuma kuti ŵatore msumba wa Masaka, kweni ŵakakhalira waka ku Lukaya. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaghanaghana vyakusintha ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kuti nyifwa ya Lukaya yiŵe suzgo. Gulu la 208 ilo likaŵa pasi pa Brigadier Mwita Marwa, ilo likaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni iyi, likalangulika kuti liwelere nyuma na kupatura ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda na ŵa ku Libya ku Kampala. Gulu la 208 likafika pa msewu wa Kampala mulenjilenji pa 11 March ndipo likamba kugalukira. Gulu la ŵasilikari la 201 likamba kuwukira kufuma kunthazi, ndipo la 208 likamba kuwukira kufuma kumasinda. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaŵaponya pasi. Pamanyuma, Ŵalibiya ŵanandi ŵakamba kufumapo. Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda, Lieutenant Colonel Godwin Sule, wakakomeka, panyake cifukwa ca kudumulika na galimoto yake. Nyifwa yake yikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵathere, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalapo ŵakaleka malo ghawo na kucimbira. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakasanga kuti pali ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 400 awo ŵali kufwa mu cigaŵa ici, kusazgapo ŵanthu pafupifupi 200 ŵa ku Libya. Nkhondo ya Lukaya yikaŵa yikuru comene mu Nkhondo ya Uganda na Tanzania. Nkhondo ya Lukaya yikati yamara, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamba kusweka. Mwaluŵiro, TPDF yikamba ntchito ya Dada Idi, ndipo mu mazuŵa ghakulondezgapo, ma Brigade gha 207 na 208 ghakawuskamo ŵanthu mu msewu wa Kampala na kutora Mpigi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda na ku Libya ŵakafumako ku nkhondo na kuluta ku msumba ukuru. Amin wakawuskapo Gowon pa udindo wake wa kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari, ndipo wakati wawona kuti ŵasilikari ŵakamukwiyira, wakachimbilira ku Zaire. Wakasinthika na Ali Fadhul. Kuuyambiro wa mwezi wa Epulero, TPDF yikapoka msumba wa Sembabule. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakasoŵa vilwero, mafuta, na vyakurya. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakamba kwiba, kukoma na kuyuzga ŵanthu apo ŵakachimbiliranga ku Zaire na Sudan. Mwakuyana na ivyo Alicia C. Decker, nkharo ya ŵasilikari awo ŵakaleka kunjilirapo yikaŵa cifukwa ca kuleka kujikora pera yayi, kweniso cifukwa ca fundo za urongozgi: pakwambiska vivulupi na kutimbanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacimbire, ŵakawovwirika kuti ŵajivikilire. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghawo kanandi ŵakamba kuwezgera ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukolerana na ŵakugaluka. Pakumanya kuti nkhondo yili kumara, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa ku Uganda ŵakanozga vyakuti ŵamuwuskemo Amin. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakendanga pafupi na pulezidenti ŵakukolerana na ndondomeko iyi. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Uganda ŵakasuskanga boma la Amin ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yimare luŵiro. Ŵakamba kuchema ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania kuti bakombozi ("ŵakufwatura").{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=148}} === Moshi Conference === [[File:Obote_cropped.png|left|thumb|Despite his prominent role in the Ugandan rebel movement, [[Milton Obote]] (pictured) was convinced by President Nyerere to refrain from attending the Moshi Conference.]] Pamanyuma pa kupoka Mpigi, Nyerere wakalangura TPDF kuti yimike ulendo wake. Nangauli wakawona kuti pamanyuma pakuti Libya wanjilirapo pa Lukaya nchambura machitiko kuti ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda ŵatorenge Kampala ŵekha, kweni wakagomezga kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵaŵe na nyengo yakuŵikapo boma lawo kuti ŵatore malo gha Amin. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Tanzania ŵakamba kunozgekera boma liphya nga umo ŵakacitira ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Obote na Dani Wadada Nabudere. Ŵapanduki na awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakanozgekeranga ivi kwa myezi yinandi, ndipo ŵakamba kuyowoyeskana kufuma waka apo nkhondo yikambira. Apo kudumbiskana pakati pa magulu agha kukaŵa mukati, Museveni wakapeleka fundo yakuti FRONASA yake yikure cifukwa ca kuyezga kwambiska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Mbarara pamoza na Kikosi Maluum wa Obote kuti ŵapange gulu limoza la ŵasilikari. Obote wakakana fundo iyi ndipo wakayezga kukolerana na magulu ghanyake ghakwimikana nawo, kweni maghanoghano gha Museveni ghakakondweska ŵalongozgi ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakambanga kunozga ungano wa ŵakugaluka na awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga, Nyerere wakambaso kughanaghanirapo pa udindo wa Obote mu gulu ili. Wakakhumba yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge nga kuti Tanzania yikukhumba kukhazikiska boma mu Uganda mwa kovwira Obote kuti walongozge gulu la ŵakugaluka. Nyerere wakawopaso kuti Obote wangatondeska ungano uwu kuti uleke kwenda makora. Wakamuphalira Obote kuti waleke kuluta ku ungano uwu, ndipo wakatuma ŵanthu kufuma ku Uganda People's Congress, chipani cha Obote. Mu malo gha Obote, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ŵakamba kutemwera Yusuf Lule, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa vya sayansi na ndyali wa ku Muganda. Ungano uwu ukajulika pa Malichi 24 mu tawuni ya Moshi ku Tanzania, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana comene za magulu na ŵanthu awo ŵangazomerezgeka. Muhanya wenewura ŵimiliri ŵakapharazga za kuwumbika kwa Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), iyo yikeneranga kulongozgeka na Komiti Yakudumbiskana ya ku Uganda (NCC) iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu 30 na Komiti Yakurongozga ya ku Uganda iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu 11. Mazuŵa ghaŵiri ghakulondezgapo ŵakadumbiskana umo ŵamazaza ŵa wupu uwu ŵakenderananga na kusankha mulongozgi wa wupu uwu. Ŵakati ŵadumbiskana, ŵakazomerezgana kuti Lule ndiyo waŵe mulongozgi ndipo Muwanga ndiyo waŵe mulara wa komiti ya vya nkhondo. Ungano uwu ukamara pa 26 Malichi 1979. Ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ku Moshi ŵakakolerana na gulu la Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Pakwamba, gulu la ŵakugaluka likaŵa na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=28}} === Kuwa kwa Kampala na umaliro wa nkhondo === {{main|Nkhondo ya Entebbe|Kuwa kwa Kampala}} {{further|Nkhondo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda mu 1979|Nkhondo ya Jinja|Nkhondo ya Bombo|Nkhondo ya Lira|Nkhondo ya Karuma Falls|Nkhondo ya Bondo|Nkhondo yamphepo ya ku Uganda-Tanzania}} [[File:Tupolev_Tu-22_(1977).jpg|right|thumb|Ndege yaku Libya yakuzenga mabomba yakucemeka Tupolev Tu-22 mu 1977 ]] Zuŵa lakulondezgapo pamanyuma pa ungano wa Moshi, kazembe wa Libya ku Tanzania wakapeleka kwa Nyerere kalata yakufuma kwa Gaddafi, iyo yikati boma la Libya lizamunjira mu nkhondo mu zina la Amin usange Tanzania yingaleka kufumiska ŵasilikari ŵake mu Uganda mu maora 24. Nyerere wakazizwa comene na mazgu agha, cifukwa wakamanyanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵakarwa nkhondo na Ŵauganda ku Lukaya. Wakayowoya pa wayilesi kuti nangauli chenjezgo la Gaddafi likasazgirako "vinthu vinyake" ku nkhondo, kweni likasintha yayi umo Tanzania yikuwonera Amin. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanayi, Gaddafi wakakhumbanga kuti Nyerere waŵe na wofi. Ndege iyi yikasanga yayi ico yikakhumbanga, kweni yikafika pa malo ghanyake. Ndege za ku Tanzania zikawukira malo ghakusungiramo mafuta ku Kampala, Jinja, na Tororo.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=35}} Kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Epulero, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuŵikapo mtima kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ku Kampala. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ŵadipuloma ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nubia na Sudan ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka, apo boma la Amin likalutilira kulamulira chifukwa cha wovwiri wa ku Libya. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya New York Times, John Darnton, wakati ŵasilikari 2,500 pera ndiwo ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka. Pakwamba, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Amin waŵikenge ŵasilikari ŵake ŵanandi mu msumba ukuru. Kweni kufuma ku Mpigi ŵakawonanga chirwa cha Entebbe, uko kukaŵa ndege zinandi za ku Libya na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda na Libya. Usange ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵatoranga Kampala pambere ŵandapoke tawuni ya Entebbe, ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF mu Kampala ŵangawukirapo yayi. Kuwukira Entebbe kungatondeska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda kuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya. Mwantheura, Musuguri wakalangura gulu la ŵasilikari la 208 kuti lipokere cigaŵa ici. Ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakazenga vilwero na kuwukira tawuni iyi kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Amin wakaŵa ku Entebbe State House pa nyengo iyi kweni wakacimbira na helikopta kuya ku Kampala. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakachimbira, kweni Ŵalibiya ŵakakhala. {{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=[Ŵalibi] ŵakaŵa palipose, ndipo ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakalutanga. Ŵakamanyanga yayi uko kukaŵa Kampala, ntheura ŵakachimbira. [...] Ndipo ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵakaŵasanganga ndipo ŵakachemerezganga kuti "ŵali kuno". Nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵasunganga mu nyumba na kuŵakoma.|source=—Jane Walusimbi, a Ugandan farmer, describing how civilians treated Libyan soldiers during the [[Battle of Entebbe]]{{sfn|Decker|2014|p=164}}}} Pa 6 Epulero, ŵasilikari ŵakakhozga comene nkhondo iyi. Gulu la ŵasilikari la 208 likaluta ku Entebbe mulenji wakulondezgapo. Gulu limoza la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya likayezga kucimbira mu msewu wa ku Kampala, kweni likakomeka na kuparanyika. Namise ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakakora tawuni iyi na kutora vilwero vinandi vya ku Libya. Mulenji wakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Uganda ŵakajipeleka ku TPDF. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵaleke kwendera ndege. Ndege zake zinandi zikaparanyika panji kukoreka, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo awo ŵakacimbilira ku viŵanja vya Jinja na Nakasongola ŵakawofya ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kusopa Yehova. Nyerere wakazomerezga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya, awo ŵakasuzgika comene pa nkhondo iyi, kuti ŵafumemo mu Kampala na kufumamo mu nkhondo kwambura soni. Wakatumizga uthenga kwa Gaddafi kulongosora ivyo wakacita, wakati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵangasezgeka mu ndege kufuma mu Uganda kwambura kukanizgika kufuma ku Jinja. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakachimbiranga ŵakaŵasuzganga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakaŵapuluskanga, kuŵapeleka ku TPDF panji kuŵakoma. Ŵanandi awo ŵakapona ŵakachimbilira ku Kenya na Ethiopia, uko ŵakawelera kukwawo. Kuwombokwa kwa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya mu Uganda kukaŵa suzgo likuru ku ndyali za ku vyaru vinyake za Gaddafi, ndipo vikapangiska kuti mu boma la Libya muŵe mphindano. Gulu la TPDF likaluta ku Kampala pa 10 Epulero. Ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Uganda panji ŵa ku Libya ndiwo ŵakakananga. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania na UNLF ŵakasuzganga ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda awo ŵakaŵa mu Kampala, Oyite-Ojok wakaluta ku Radio Uganda kuti wakapharazge kuti msumba uwu wapokeka. Wakayowoya mu wayilesi kuti boma la Amin lili kukanizgika ndipo Kampala wali pasi pa mazaza gha UNLF, ndipo wakacema ŵanthu kuti ŵakhale bata ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵajipeleke. Ŵanthu ŵakafumanga mu nyumba zawo na kwamba kwiba vinthu. Pa 13 Epulero Lule wakatolekera ku msumba uwu na kuŵikika kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Uganda. Boma liphya la UNLF likamanyikwa mwaluŵiro na vyaru vinyake nga ni boma lakuzomerezgeka mu Uganda. Ŵakaŵavya ŵapolisi panji ŵantchito ŵa boma, kweniso ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa maofesi. Boma likateŵeterapo yayi pa nkhondo iyo yikachitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Amin.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=197}} [[File:Karuma_Falls_-_by_sarahemcc.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Karuma Falls]] of the [[Nile River]] (pictured in 2006) were one of the last places where the Uganda Army [[Battle of Karuma Falls|offered resistance]] to the [[Tanzania People's Defence Force|TPDF]].]] Amin wakacimbilira ku Libya ndipo pamanyuma ku Saudi Arabia. Nangauli Amin wakachimbira na kuwira kwa msumba ukuru, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakalutilira kulimbana. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera kumpoto, ndipo ŵakamba kwiba vinthu. Ŵakaŵa pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa PLO awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mahmoud Da'as awo ŵakafika ku Sudan. Ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Kampala, nkhondo zikalutilira yayi. Pa 22 Epulero, TPDF yikapoka msumba wa Jinja na Damu la Owen Falls, ilo likapelekanga magesi ghose mu caru. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Uganda ŵakagaluka panji kupasuka, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania na UNLF ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa Uganda kwambura ŵakususka. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda likalimbana na ŵasilikari aŵa, kweni nawo ŵakathereskeka. Ŵalwani ŵa Amin ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kunjilira kumpoto kwa Tanzania, kweni ŵakathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya Bombo, Lira, na Karuma Falls. Ku Mbale, ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakukwana 250 ŵakafumako ndipo ŵakasankha kuvikilira tawuni iyi ku ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka awo ŵakaweranga na kulindilira kuti ŵa Tanzania ŵize. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakajikora na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghanyake, kweniso ŵanthu wose ŵa mafuko panji visopa awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Amin. Ŵanthu ŵaheni ŵakaparanya mizi yose. Ŵalwani ŵa FRONASA na Kikosi Maalum ŵa ku Uganda ndiwo ŵakacitiska vigeŵenga viheni comene. Kanandi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakazomerezganga panji kovwirapo pa kukoma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakacita makora comene, comenecomene pakuyaniska na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda na ŵasilikari ŵa mafuko. Nkhondo yaumaliro ya nkhondo iyi yikacitika pa 27 Meyi apo gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakawukira ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF kufupi na Bondo pambere ŵandacimbire. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵakakora Arua kwambura kukumana na ŵanthu. Pakunjira mu chigaŵa cha West Nile, FRONASA yikamba "kukoma ŵanthu" ŵa ku malo agha, na wovwiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na Amin. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku West Nile ŵakachimbira pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Kufuma ku Arua, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania likaluta ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Uganda na Sudan na Zaire. Pa Juni 3, 1979, ŵakawoneseska kuti mphaka ya Sudan njakukhora. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakukwana 30,000-45,000 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵatumika ku Uganda. Gulu la TPDF likathera ŵasilikari 373 mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ndipo 96 pera ndiwo ŵakafwa. Ŵasilikari ŵakuwukira ŵa ku Uganda ŵakukwana 150 ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakafwa apo boti lawo likabwangasukira mu Nyanja ya Victoria. Ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,000 ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakakomeka ndipo 3,000 ŵakakoleka. Pa nkhondo iyi, ŵasilikari 600 ŵa ku Libya ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,800 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakatora ŵakayidi 59 ŵa ku Libya, ndipo ŵakaŵafumiska myezi yinandi pamanyuma pa nkhondo. Ŵalwani ŵanandi ŵa PLO ŵakakomeka mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, nangauli chiŵelengero cawo nchakususkana. Gulu la PLO likuzomera kuti ŵali kutaya ŵasilikari 12 mu Uganda, kusazgapo awo ŵali kufwa na awo ŵasoŵa. Mwakupambana na ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu 200 ŵa ku Palestina ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo iyi. Munthu munyake wa ku Pakistan nayo wakakoleka na TPDF pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya, ndipo ŵakamufumiska pamanyuma pa nkhondo. Ŵanthu 1,500 ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ku Kagera. Avirgan na Honey ŵakati ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 ŵa ku Uganda ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari wose. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ku Uganda. Kuyana na Madanjeet Singh, uyo ni muyimiliri wa boma la India, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Uganda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda na ŵenecho caru. A.B.K. Kasozi wakati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka kwa Amin mu Malichi na Epulero 1979, apo Ogenga Otunnu wakati ŵanthu awo ŵakususka Amin ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa cha West Nile mu nyengo ya nkhondo.{{sfn|Otunnu|2017|p=48}} == Vyakulembapo na vyakupharazga == Mu Okutobala 1978, apo nkhondo yikambanga, wayilesi ya Radio Tanzania yikapharazga yayi vya nkhondo iyi, apo wayilesi ya Uganda yikapharazga mwakubudika vya nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pafupi kuchitika ku Tanzania. Ŵakati ŵapharazga za nkhondo ya ku Kagera, Radio Tanzania yikamba upharazgi wakukhozga kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukhozgera nkhondo iyi. Mwaluŵiro, wayilesi ya Tanzania na ya Uganda yikamba kulimbana pa nkhani ya mawayilesi. Mu myezi yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakapokera vinandi yayi padera pa ivyo Nyerere wakayowoya. Mwaluŵiro boma la Tanzania likakhazikiska "Komiti Yakuphalira Ŵanthu vya Nkhondo". Wupu uwu ukadangiliranga na mulembi mu ofesi ya Unduna wa vya Malango, George Mhina, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalembi ŵa manyuzipepara gha boma ghaŵiri gha ku Tanzania, mulara wa Radio Tanzania, mulembi wa vya mtende wa pulezidenti Sammy Mdee, na ŵimiliri ŵa TPDF na ŵasilikari. Mhina wakamba kubisa nkhani za nkhondo mwakuti nangauli ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Tanzania na ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi ŵakaluta ku nkhondo, kweni vikaŵanga vichoko waka ivyo ŵakalemba. Mdee na ŵalembi ŵa nyuzipepara ŵakaleka kuwungana na komiti iyi. Kanandi, nyuzipepara ya ku Tanzania yikazomerezgekanga kulemba ivyo yikukhumba mwakuyana na dango, kweni kanandi yikapharazganga mwakupambana na nyuzipepara za boma.<ref name="winfrey1">{{cite news|last=Winfrey|first=Carey|title=In Tanzanian Capital, Little Is Heard of War With Uganda|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A8|date=6 April 1979|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/06/archives/in-tanzanian-capital-little-is-heard-of-war-with-uganda-little-news.html|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> {{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=In war propaganda we were not good. It's important to inform the population or else they become terrorised. I realise now that the people must be told more. In this case our enemy had verbal diarrhea.|source=—Nyerere's reflection on the Tanzanian propaganda effort after the war{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=71}}}} Pakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakukana kuŵapharazgira, ŵakamba kutegherezga mawayilesi gha ku vyaru vinyake nga ni BBC Radio, Voice of America, Voice of Kenya, Radio South Africa, na Radio Uganda. Ku Dar es Salaam, ŵanthu ŵakaluta ku hotelo ya Kilimanjaro kuti ŵakawone nkhani izo zikayowoyeka na Reuters. Paumaliro, Komiti Yakupharazga yikaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito ciŵiya ici. Pa nyengo yose iyo nkhondo yikaŵa mukati, wayilesi ya Radio Tanzania yikapharazganga nkhani zakukondweska, sumu, na mapowemu ghakukhwaskana na nkhondo iyi kweniso yikalumbanga TPDF. Ŵakapenja ŵapharazgi awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Uganda ndipo ŵakapharazgiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda. Munthu munyake wa ku Uganda zina lake Sam Odaka, wakendeskanga pulogiramu ya maminiti 45 zuŵa lililose pa wayilesi ya Radio Tanzania. Ungano uwu ukaŵawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda ŵaleke kopa. SHIHATA wakatemwanga kuyowoya kuti Amin ni "munthu wakuwukira boma". Ku Uganda kukaŵavya wanangwa wa vyakupharazga, ndipo manyuzipepara ghanandi ghakasanganga nkhani zawo ku wupu wa boma wa Uganda News Agency. Amin wakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakupharazga vya boma kuti wayowoye na ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo na kuwukira Tanzania. Uthenga wa mu Uganda ukaŵa wautesi kweniso ukaŵa wambura unenesko. Likayezga kukhozga wunthu wa Idi Amin na kukhozga mtima wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda mwa kuthandazga nkhani zautesi, nga ni izo zikayowoyanga kuti gulu linyake la ku Tanzania likakomeka na ng'ona panji kuti pulezidenti wangathereska ŵanthu 20,000 ŵa ku Tanzania na ŵasilikari 20 pera ŵa ku Uganda. Yumoza mwa nkhani zakumanyikwa chomene izo zikayowoyeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Amin, ni nkhani ya muwoli wa Pulezidenti, Sarah Kyolaba, apo wakadangiliranga gulu la ŵanakazi awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero kwimikana na TPDF. Kweni pakaŵavya ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti kuli ŵangelo aŵa. Decker wakughanaghana kuti nkhani za "Suicide Sarah" zikwenera kuti zikovwira kuti "ŵalwani ŵaŵe ŵanakazi". Ivyo UNLF yikalemba vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa panji vikaŵa vyawaka. Nkhondo yikati yamara, boma la Tanzania likapempha muteŵeti wa wayilesi iyi kuti waŵawovwire umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito wayilesi kuti ŵanthu ŵawovwirepo pa ntchito ya kuzenga. Apo nkhondo yikambanga, boma la Tanzania likiza na ŵapharazgi ŵanayi ku Kagera kuti ŵalongore kuti charu cha Uganda ndicho chikapoka malo agha. Kufuma apo, ŵapharazgi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuluta ku nkhondo, ntheura chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti waliyose wakhorweske ivyo munyake wayowoya. Ŵapharazgi kanandi ŵakayezganga kuti ŵamanye usange nkhani za ku Uganda ni zaunenesko. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Reuters, Tony Avirgan na Martha Honey, ndiwo ŵakazomerezgeka na Nyerere kuti ŵalute na TPDF apo ŵakanjira mu Uganda. Ŵapharazgi ŵanayi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakayezga kunjira mu Uganda kufuma ku Kenya mukati mwa nkhondo ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Uganda. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakalemba nkhani za nkhondo iyi kufuma ku Kenya, chomenechomene ku Nairobi. Kufuma kura, ŵakacemerezganga pa foni ku ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vinyake mu Kampala, ndipo apo nkhondo yikalutiliranga, ŵakapokera mauthenga kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu.<ref name="brittain">{{cite news|last=Brittain|first=Victoria|title=Conflict in Uganda Obscured by Fog Of Misinformation|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=9 April 1979|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/09/conflict-in-uganda-obscured-by-fog-of-misinformation/5d336464-92e1-4145-84b5-2625ade97895/|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> == Ivyo Vikachitika == === Kusanda === Ronald Aminzade, uyo wakumanya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, wakati "cifukwa cikuru" ico ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakathereskera nkhondo iyi nchakuti ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo iyi njakofya ku caru. Aminzade wakayowoya kuti Uganda "yikatora nkhondo ya vigaŵa ivyo vikukolerana yayi na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu", ndipo yikagwiliskira ntchito ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na mtima wa kughanaghana viheni kweniso ŵakasuskananga. Mlembi wa nyuzipepara Godwin Matatu wakati kutondeka kwa gulu la nkhondo la Uganda kuli cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezgeka kwa ŵasilikari na kugomezga magalimoto na misewu ivyo vikaŵapangiska kuti ŵathereskeke na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania awo ŵakendanga pasi nyengo yinandi ya nkhondo. Mlembi wa nyuzipepala Anne Abaho wakati Uganda wakataya nkhondo iyi chifukwa cha vinthu vinayi: kusuzgika kwa mukati na kutondeka kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda, kutuma kwa Tanzania mabomba gha BM-21 Grad na kutondeka kwa Uganda kughana nagho, kusoŵa kwa umanyi wa nkhondo, na kukolerana na Libya. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Western ŵakayowoya kuti boma la Tanzania likathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti umo TPDF yikwendera vikulongora kuti maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa ghasintha comene. William Thom, uyo wakumanya vya nkhondo, wakawonga kuti TPDF yikumanya kutuma ŵasilikari awo ŵali kutali. Kenneth M. Pollack wakati cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya nchakuti ŵakaŵa na mtima wambura kwenelera kweniso ŵakamanyanga vinandi yayi vya nkhondo. Benoni Turyahikayo-Rugyema wakalemba mu 1998 kuti: "Aŵenge kuti Amin wakanjira yayi mu Kagera Salient mu Tanzania mphanyi wachali kuwusa Uganda". Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona usange ivyo boma la Tanzania likachita pakunjira mu charu cha Uganda na kufumiska Amin ku ufumu ni vyakuchitika vyachitemwa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuzomerezga kuti ivyo Tanzania yikacita vikaŵa vyacitemwa, kweni ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi, ŵakuti nangauli Tanzania yikacita nkhondo iyi cifukwa ca citemwa, kweni cifukwa cikuru ico yikacitira nthena cikaŵa cakuti yikapoka caru ca Uganda. Boma la Tanzania nalo likasuska Amin kuti wakuchitira nkhaza ŵanthu ŵakwake ndipo likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda "ŵakakondwa" na ivyo boma la Tanzania likachita, kweni vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka. M'malo mwake, likati caru ici cikacita nthena kuti civikilire caru cake ndiposo kuti muwuso wa Amin ukaŵa "wowofya comene ku mtende na civikiliro ca ku East Africa". Emmanuel K., nkhwantha ya cisopa ca Cikhristu Twesigye wakawona nkhondo iyi kuŵa "ciyelezgero ciwemi ca fundo yakuti 'nkhondo njakunyoloka.' Daniel G. Acheson-Brown wakati, kuyana na fundo ya nkhondo yaurunji iyo yikayowoyeka mu buku la Michael Walzer lakuti Just and Unjust Wars, nkhondo ya Tanzania ku Uganda yikaŵa yiwemi cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa ya ŵanthu wose. Acheson-Brown wakayowoyaso kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda ŵakacita "mauryarya ghanandi" pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi ndipo Tanzania yikacita "vinthu vinyake ivyo vikususka nkhondo", comenecomene apo TPDF yikaparanya Mutukula. Walzer nayo wakawonanga kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi yakunjilirapo. Noreen Burrows, nkhwantha ya vya malango, wakalemba kuti nangauli ivyo charu cha Tanzania chikacita pakurwa na Uganda vikapambana na malango gha caru cose, kweni vikaŵa vyakwenelera cifukwa ca fundo zaurunji na za ndyali. Nkhwantha yinyake ya vya malango, zina lake Sean D. Murphy wakalongosora kuti caru ca Tanzania cikapoka caru ca Uganda cifukwa ca "cifukwa ca kujivikilira na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu". Pamanyuma, caru ca Belgium cikati cazomera kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya ku Uganda na Tanzania, cikati cazomera kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya ku Kosovo.{{sfn|Chesterman|2002|p=79}} === Nkhondo za ndyali pa caru cose === Mu nyengo ya ku Africa, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuti ŵathereske mulongozgi wa boma. Pa ungano wa OAU mu Julayi 1979, Pulezidenti Gaafar Nimeiry wa ku Sudan wakati nkhondo ya Uganda na Tanzania yikaŵa "nthondwe yikuru" ndipo chikalata cha wupu uwu "chikukanizga kunjilirapo pa vya mukati na kunjira mu vyaru vinyake". Mulongozgi wa boma la Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo nayo wakafipanga mtima. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi ndipo ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti chikalata cha OAU chikwenera kusintha. Nyerere wakanena OAU kuti yikuvikilira ŵalongozgi ŵa Afirika ku ŵanthu ŵabendezi, ndipo wakati boma la Amin likakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluska maboma gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ku southern Africa. Kweniso wakagaŵira "Blue Book" iyo yikalembeka na boma la Tanzania, ilo likati mulimo wa Tanzania mu nkhondo ukaŵa wakwenelera cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Uganda ku Kagera Salient na kunjilirapo kwa Libya, ico cikakanizga ŵakugaluka ŵa Uganda kuwuskapo Amin. Pulezidenti Godfrey Binaisa, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Lule, wakalumba ivyo Tanzania yikacita. Vyaru vinandi vya ku Western vikakana kuyowoyapo vya udindo wa Tanzania pakuwuskapo Amin, nangauli Secretary of Foreign wa Britain David Owen wakayowoya kuti wakakondwa na umaliro wa muwuso wa Amin. Kuyana na ŵasayansi Roy May na Oliver Furley, caru cose cikapokelera "mwakufwasa" kuwuskako muwuso wa boma ili, nga ni umo ŵakacitira na boma la UNLF. === Uganda === {{History of Uganda}} {{main|Ugandan Bush War}} {{further|Uganda since 1979}} Nkhondo iyo yikacitika na Tanzania yikananga comene cuma ca Uganda, cifukwa cakuti vinthu vikamba kukwera comene ndipo ndalama zikakwera comene. Mu 1979, ŵasilikari ŵa charu cha Uganda ŵakanjira mu charu ichi ndipo nyengo ya kulima yikamara. Nangauli pakaŵa masuzgo agha, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku mizi, ndipo nkhondo yikaŵa pa malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ku Uganda ŵakaŵavya pakukhala cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe vivulupi vinandi. Amin wakati walekeskeka, magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali na mafuko ghakamba kuphalizgana na kulimbana kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza. Kweniso ukapangiska kuti ubendezi wambeso apo vigeŵenga ivyo vikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "kondos" ndipo vikaŵa na vilwero ivyo vikaŵa vya TPDF, ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Uganda, na ŵasilikari ŵa Amin, ŵakagwiliskira ntchito uheni uwu kuti ŵapoke vinthu. Ŵanthu ŵakakomekanga cifukwa ca ndyali ndipo ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana mu Kampala m'paka mu 1981, cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya makhoti na ŵapolisi awo ŵakateŵeteranga makora. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mukaŵavya vivulupi, cifukwa malango gha cikaya ghakaŵa na ndondomeko. Mwakusazgirapo, nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti vigeŵenga vyambuke mu caru cose, ndipo vikananga comene cilengiwa. TPDF yikakhala mu Uganda kuti yisungilire mtende, ndipo pamasinda ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania ŵakababa ŵana ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa TPDF ŵakatora ŵanakazi ŵa ku Uganda na kwiza nawo ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa kumwera kwa Uganda ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakiza na HIV/AIDS mu cigaŵa ici na kuthandazga nthenda iyi mwa kugonana na ŵanthu bweka. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakavuka na boma la Tanzania. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa Amin ŵa Uganda ŵakawungana ku Zaire na Sudan, ndipo ŵakanjira mu Uganda mu 1980 ndipo ŵakambiska nkhondo ya mukati mwa chalo iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Uganda Bush War. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa TPDF ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Uganda kuluska mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya Uganda-Tanzania. Ŵasilikari ŵaumaliro ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakafumako ku Uganda mu Okutobala 1981. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakakhala mu caru mpaka mu 1984. Nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo gulu la UNLF likambira kuwusa, mu Uganda mukaŵa suzgo la ndyali. Lule wakasulako mapangano gha Moshi Conference agho ghakulongosora mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakulopwa ndipo wakayezga kulongora kuti wangachita vinthu mwakuyana na mazaza ghakuru agho ghakapelekeka na boma la Uganda pambere Amin wandapange boma. Wakagomezgaso yayi UNLA, iyo wakawonanga kuti yikupangika na ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Obote na Museveni. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Museveni na Oyite-Ojok wose ŵakayezga kuti ŵasazgireko ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana nawo. Pakuti Lule wakakana kufumba NCC vya mauteŵeti, komiti yikakwiya comene, ndipo pa Juni 20, 1979, yikamuwuskapo. Mubali Godfrey Binaisa, uyo wakaŵa loya mukuru wa boma la Uganda mu nyengo ya Obote, wakasuskanga iyo na Amin. Kuwuskika kwa Lule kukapangiska kuti mu Kampala muŵe viwawa vikuruvikuru na kugazgana pakati pa awo ŵakalongoranga na ŵasilikari ŵa Tanzania awo ŵakayezga kukhozga bata. Nyerere wakapharazga kuti walutilirenge kovwira caru ca Uganda usange cikulutilira kuŵa na boma limoza ndiposo lambura vimbundi. Mu mwezi wakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa TPDF ŵakawerako ndipo vivulupi vya ndyali mu Kampala vikakura. Mu Novembala, Binaisa wakamba kopa kuti Muwanga, uyo wakaŵa nduna mu boma, wakunozgekera kuti wawezgereso Obote ku mazaza. Pakulondezga ulongozgi wa Obote, Muwanga wakapharazga kuti Obote walije khumbo la kuwuskapo umukuru wa chalo ndipo wazamukhozgera Binaisa pa chisankho chakulondezgapo. Nga ni umo Obote na Muwanga ŵakaghanaghaniranga, Binaisa wakawona kuti njakuvikilirika ndipo wakawuskapo Museveni, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa Obote. Vinthu vikalutilira kuhenipa mu Uganda apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, ndipo Binaisa wakajiŵika pa kugwiliskira nchito ofesi yake kuti wasange ndalama.Mu 1980, Binaisa wakayezga kumuchimbizga Oyite-Ojok pa udindo wake wakuŵa Chief of Staff wa UNLA. Ici cikakwiyiska ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda, ndipo Muwanga na Oyite-Ojok, na kuzomerezgeka na Museveni, ŵakamba kufumiska Binaisa. Pa Meyi 12, Komiti ya vya Nkhondo ya NCC yikapharazga kuti yikwamba kuwusa. Nyerere wakakana kunjilirapo, cifukwa wakawopanga kuti TPDF na UNLA viwukenge. Mwaluŵiro Obote wakawelera ku Uganda ndipo wakamba kunozga UPC pakunozgekera mavoti agho ghakaŵako pa Disembala 10. Chifukwa cha vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika, UPC yikathereska pa viphikiro vya pa nyumba ya maparamende ndipo yikambiska boma. Mu Febuluwale 1981, Museveni, wakakanira mavoti, wakapangiska gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ndipo ŵakamba kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa UNLA, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mukati. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵakambiska gulu liphya la ŵakugaluka lakucemeka National Resistance Movement. Mu 1986, Museveni wakawuskapo boma la Uganda na kuŵa pulezidenti.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=51}} === Tanzania === {{History of Tanzania}} {{see also|Ujamaa|Chuma cha Tanzania}} Nkhondo iyi yikamba pa nyengo iyo chuma cha Tanzania chikamba kuwelera nyuma ya chilangalanga mu 1974 na 1975. Maofesi ghose gha boma ghakakanizgika kugwira ntchito, kupaturako ya kuvikilira. Nyerere wakayowoya mu Janyuwale 1979 kuti mulimo wa TPDF wa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ukakhumbikwiranga kuti ndalama za charu ichi zileke kugwiliskirika ntchito pa mulimo wa vyakuzenga. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti nkhondo iyi yikananga vinthu vinandi chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania. Ku Kagera, katundu wakukwana $108 miliyoni wakaparanyika. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo, vyaru vinyake vya mu wupu wa OAU vikapeleka yayi wovwiri ku Tanzania. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la Dar es Salaam likakhumbikwiranga kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera nkhondo ya ku Uganda na ntchito yakulondezgapo ya kusungilira mtende kufuma ku ndalama zake, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti caru ciŵe mu ukavu. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, vyakurya vikasoŵa ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene. Ku Tanzania, nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yaluta panthazi chomene m'paka apo charu cha Uganda chikawezgera ngongoli yake mu 2007. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakamba kuwelera ku Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakawerako ku nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakamba kunozga vinthu vinyake kuti ŵasazgireko ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Ŵanyake mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakasuska cifukwa ca suzgo la vya ndalama mu Tanzania, ndipo cuma ca caru ici cikasuzgika comene mwakuti ŵasilikari ŵa TPDF ŵakeneranga kumazga ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Ndipouli, TPDF yikasungilira ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu gulu la ŵasilikari, ndipo yikaghanaghananga kuti ŵangaŵawovwira kuti ŵalangure ŵasilikari para ŵakukhumbikwira kuŵapempha kuti ŵambeso kuteŵetera. Nkhondo yikati yamara, TPDF yikalutilira kuŵa yikuru kuluska iyo yikaŵako pambere nkhondo yindambe. Nangauli PLO yikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya ku Uganda, Nyerere wakakhumba yayi kuti wupu uwu uŵe na viheni, kweni wakawona kuti uli kutali na Amin cifukwa cakuti ukaŵa pa caru cose. Mu 1982, vinthu vikasintha pakati pa Tanzania na Libya. Boma la Tanzania likakhozga chomene ŵasilikari ŵa Kagera pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi. Pa cifukwa ca kuvikilira ŵanthu, ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi ŵakakanizgikanga kutora malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa mamita 100 kufuma ku mphaka, nangauli nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakasulako waka. Nkhondo yikati yamara waka, boma likajara misika ya ku vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kwiza na vigeŵenga. Mu ma 1990, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kwenda na Uganda. Pakuti mphaka ya ku Uganda na Tanzania yikafumiskika pa nkhondo iyi, mphindano pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi yikalutilira nangauli yikaŵa yacilendo. Maungano gha pakati pa Uganda na Tanzania ghakukhwaskana na kuŵaso na mphaka yakufikapo, ghakamba mu 1999 ndipo ghakamara mu 2001. Kweniso, ku Tanzania kukaŵa vigeŵenga vinandi na vivulupi, comenecomene vigeŵenga ivyo vikatimbanga viŵeto. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakagwiliskirika nchito mu caru ca Tanzania, cifukwa ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa mu mbumba zaukavu ŵakaŵa na mazaza, mwaŵi wa kupoka vinthu, ndiposo malipiro ghawemi. Para ŵanthu aŵa ŵafumiskika mu mawoko, kanandi ŵakaŵanga ŵambura nchito ndipo ŵakaweleranga ku ukavu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma mu Tanzania. Kweniso, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakanjizga munjilira ukuru wa vilwero vya ku Uganda mu caru cawo. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakazgoŵera nkhaza, ntheura ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito futi zawo kuti ŵasange usambazi. Ici cikapangiska kuti ucigeŵenga ukure comene, kweniso kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu. Magulu ghanyake ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene mu TPDF; comenecomene mu 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakujumpha 50% ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Kuria, nangauli ŵakaŵa ŵacoko kuluska 1% ŵa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari kale ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa mazaza, kweniso kuti paŵe vivulupi pakati pa mafuko, mafuko, na mizi mu Tanzania. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Tanzania na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa vyaumoyo ŵakugomezga kuti nkhondo ndiyo yikapangiska kuti nthenda ya AIDS yikathandazgike mu charu chose.{{sfn|Francis|1994|pp=210–213}} == Chiharo == === Kukumbukira === Ŵasilikari 435 ŵa Tanzania awo ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya nkhondo ŵakasungika pa Kaboya Military Cemetery mu chigaŵa cha Muleba, Kagera Region. Pa dindi pakaŵa chikumbusko chituŵa icho pakalembeka mazina gha awo ŵakafwa. Nyerere, Vice President wa Tanzania Aboud Jumbe, Prime Minister Sokoine, Chief of Defence Forces Abdallah Twalipo, na Chama Cha Mapinduzi Executive Secretary Pius Msekwa ŵakaluta ku chikumbusko ichi pa 26 July 1979 kuti ŵakachindikenge ŵasilikari awo ŵakafwa. Ku Arusha, ŵakazengaso cikumbusko cinyake, ico cikulongora cikozgo ca msilikari uyo wakakondwa cifukwa ca kutonda. Nyerere wakaluta ku Tabora, Arusha, Mtwara, Bukoba, Mwanza, Tanga, Zanzibar, Iringa, Dodoma, Dar es Salaam, na Mara kuti wawonge ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania chifukwa cha kovwira nkhondo. Pa Seputembala 1, 1979, ŵakacita viphikiro vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵacindike ŵanthu awo ŵakawovwira pa nkhondo. Pa Julayi 25, 2014, charu cha Tanzania chikakumbukira chaka cha 36 cha nkhondo iyi ndipo chikachindika ŵasilikari na ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo na mpaka mu 1986, apo Museveni wakatora mazaza, pa 11 Epulero ŵakakondweleranga "Zuŵa la Kufwatuka" mu Uganda. Mu 2002, charu cha Uganda chikambaso kukondwelera kukomeka kwa Amin. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 boma la Uganda likakhazikiska Kagera Medal kuti ŵapelekenge ku ŵakugaluka ŵa Uganda panji ŵalendo awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na boma la Amin pakati pa 1971 na 1979.<ref>{{cite news|last=Musinguzi|first=John|title=Understanding Museveni's medals|newspaper=The Observer|date=24 February 2013|url=https://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/23905-understanding-musevenis-medals|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> === Kulemba mbiri === Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuŵikako mahara comene yayi ku nkhondo iyi ndipo pali mabuku ghacoko waka agho ghakuyowoya za nkhondo iyi. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya ku Tanzania, Baldwin Mzirai, wakalemba buku lakuti Kuzama kwa Idi Amin mu 1980, ilo likulongosora mwakudumura umo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakagwilira ntchito pa nkhondo iyi. Mu 1983, Tony Avirgan na Martha Honey ŵakalemba buku lakuti War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Ŵakalondezga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania na kunjira mu Uganda, ndipo ŵakawona nkhondo ya Entebbe na Kampala. Buku ili lili na vipaturo 11, ndipo likulongosora umo nkhondo iyi yikwendera. Henry R. Muhanika wakalemba buku la Utezi ilo likulongosora vya nkhondo iyi mu 1981, Utezi wa vita vya Kagera na anguko la Idi Amin Dada. Mu 1980, kampani ya boma ya Tanzania Film Company na Audio Visual Institute ŵakafumiska filimu ya vithuzithuzi yakuyowoya vya nkhondo iyi, yakucemeka Vita vya Kagera. Likati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakaŵa na "cikanga na kuŵikapo mtima". Nkhondo iyi yikumanyikwa mu Tanzania kuti Nkhondo ya Kagera ndipo mu Uganda yikuchemeka kuti Nkhondo ya Kufwatuka mu 1979.<ref name="lubega2">{{cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=26 April 2014 |title=Revisiting the Tanzania-Uganda war that toppled Amin |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Revisiting-the-Tanzania-Uganda-war-that-toppled-Amin/688342-2293306-110gxl9/index.html |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=Daily Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124160036/http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Revisiting-the-Tanzania-Uganda-war-that-toppled-Amin/688342-2293306-110gxl9/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[List of wars involving Tanzania]] * [[List of wars involving Uganda]] == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Mazgo == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|title=Accessions List, Eastern Africa|journal=Accessions List, Eastern Africa. Annual Serial Supplement|volume=15|publisher=Library of Congress Office|location=Nairobi|date=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aGiQxfp7KAC|issn=0090-371X|ref={{harvid|Accessions List, Eastern Africa|1982}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Acheson-Brown|first=Daniel G.|title=The Tanzanian Invasion of Uganda: A Just War?|journal=International Third World Studies Journal and Review|volume=12|pages=1–11|date=2001|url=http://www.unomaha.edu/itwsjr/ThirdXII/AchesonBrownTanzaniaVol12.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085235/http://www.unomaha.edu/itwsjr/ThirdXII/AchesonBrownTanzaniaVol12.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-12|issn=1041-3944}} * {{cite book|last=Aminzade|first=Ronald|title=Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ6hAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|location=New York City|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-43605-3}} * {{cite book|last=Amos|first=John W. II|title=Palestinian Resistance: Organization of a Nationalist Movement|publisher=Pergamon Press|date=1980|location=New York City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXSLBQAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-08-025094-6}} * {{cite book|last1=Avirgan|first1=Tony|author-link=Tony Avirgan|last2=Honey|first2=Martha|author2-link=Martha Honey|title=War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin|location=Dar es Salaam|publisher=Tanzania Publishing House|date=1983|isbn=978-9976-1-0056-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Brzoska|first1=Michael|last2=Pearson|first2=Frederic S.|title=Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|date=1994|location=Columbia, South Carolina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to7hS3Wlro4C|isbn=978-0-87249-982-9}} * {{cite book|last=Chesterman|first=Simon|title=Just War Or Just Peace?: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=revised|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNUPcfTOIJEC|isbn=978-0-19-925799-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom|last2=Fontanellaz|first2=Adrien|title=Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994|date=2015|publisher=Helion & Company Limited|location=[[Solihull]]|isbn=978-1-910294-55-0}} * {{cite book|last=Decker|first=Alicia C.|title=In Idi Amin's Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda|publisher=Ohio University Press|date=2014|location=Athens, Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JKdBAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-8214-4502-0}} * {{cite book|last=Eminue|first=Okon|chapter=Conflict development in the African region|editor-last=Bassey|editor-first=Celestine Oyom|editor-last2=Oshita|editor-first2=Oshita O.|title=Governance and Border Security in Africa|location=Lagos|publisher=African Books Collective|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYZ6tQG9G9IC|isbn=978-978-8422-07-5}} * {{cite book|last=Fair|first=Laura|title=Reel Pleasures: Cinema Audiences and Entrepreneurs in Twentieth-Century Urban Tanzania|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Athens, Ohio|date=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpCDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-8214-4611-9}} * {{cite book|last=Fleisher|first=Michael L.|title=Kuria Cattle Raiders: Violence and Vigilantism on the Tanzania/Kenya Frontier|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2003|edition=4th|orig-year=1st pub. 2000|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-08698-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWEbdRDSZMcC}} * {{cite journal|last1=Fleisher|first1=Michael L.|title='War is Good for Thieving!' The Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare Among the Kuria of Tanzania|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_2002_72_1/page/131|journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]]|date=February 2002|volume=72|issue=1|pages=131–149|doi=10.3366/afr.2002.72.1.131|s2cid=145478448}} * {{cite thesis|last=Francis|first=Joyce L.|date=1994|title=War as a social trap: The case of Tanzania|publisher=American University|type=PhD thesis|oclc=33488070|url=https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:2786}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Harneit-Sievers|editor-first=Axel|title=A Place in the World: New Local Historiographies from Africa and South Asia|publisher=BRILL|date=2002|location=Leiden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3kfbxlCvP4C|isbn=978-90-04-12303-8}} * {{cite book|last=Hilgers|first=Andrea|chapter=Der Krieg in Uganda|editor-last=Siegelberg|editor-first=Jens|title=Die Kriege 1985 bis 1990: Analyse ihrer Ursachen|trans-title=The wars 1985 to 1990: Analysis of their causes|publisher=LIT|location=Münster; Hamburg|date=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7huN4d4sgIC|pages=156–165|isbn=3-88660-757-7|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=Hockenberry|first=John|author-link=John Hockenberry|title=War: With John Hockenberry|series=The Infinite Mind|publisher=Lichtenstein Creative Media|date=2003|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGvWO38SjlYC|isbn=978-1-933644-12-7}} * {{cite book|last=Hooper|first=Edward|title=The River: A Journey Back to the Source of HIV and AIDS|publisher=Allen Lane|date=1999|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hMgAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-7139-9335-6}} * {{cite thesis|last=Kamazima|first=Switbert Rwechungura|date=2004|title=Borders, Boundaries, Peoples, and States: a Comparative Analysis of Post-independence Tanzania-Uganda Border Regions|type=PhD thesis|publisher=University of Minnesota|oclc=62698476|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkIag9gBxacC}} * {{cite journal|last=Kamazima|first=Switbert R.|title=Fifty years of the Tanzania-Uganda 1°00´S terrestrial border peace mediation: an insider-outsider's perspective|journal=International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management|volume=3|issue=8|date=August 2018|url=http://ijasrm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IJASRM_V3S7_701_1_12.pdf|issn=2455-6378}} * {{cite book|last=Kasozi|first=A.B.K.|editor1=Nakanyike Musisi|editor2=James Mukooza Sejjengo|title=Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|date=1994|location=Montreal; Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSa7Wxuw50YC|isbn=978-0-7735-1218-4}} * {{cite book|last=Konde|first=Hadji|title=Press Freedom in Tanzania|publisher=Eastern Africa Publications|date=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd-6AAAAIAAJ|isbn=978-9976-2-0029-4}} * {{cite book|last=Lagarde|first=Dominique|chapter=Ugandan-Tanzanian war examined. Amin Dada: His War in Tanzania|title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, No. 2073|publisher=United States Joint Publications Research Service|date=8 March 1979|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlxEAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA1|pages=1–9}} * {{cite book|last=Lamb|first=David|author-link=David Lamb (journalist)|title=The Africans|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|edition=reprint|date=2011|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEVnODW09HMC|isbn=978-0-307-79792-6}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Legum|editor-first=Colin|editor-link=Colin Legum|title=Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents: 1978–1979|publisher=Africana Publishing Company|volume=XI|date=1980|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-8419-0160-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzkEAQAAIAAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Leopold|first=Mark|title=Inside West Nile. Violence, History & Representation on an African Frontier|date=2005|publisher=James Currey|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-85255-941-3}} * {{cite thesis|last=Lowman|first=Thomas James|date=2020|title=Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979|type=PhD thesis|publisher=Durham University|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13439/1/Tom_Lowman_-_Thesis_Corrected_Draft.pdf?DDD17+|access-date=6 July 2020}} * {{cite journal|last=Lupogo|first=Herman|title=Tanzania: Civil-military Relations and Political Stability|journal=African Security Review|volume=10|issue=1|pages=75–86|date=2001|url=http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417020918/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-17|doi=10.1080/10246029.2001.9628102|s2cid=218648473}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Macrae|editor-first=Joanna|editor-last2=Zwi|editor-first2=Anthony|title=War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies|url=https://archive.org/details/warhungerrethink0000unse|publisher=Zed Books|date=1994|location=London|isbn=978-1-85649-291-1}} * {{cite journal|last1=Mambo|first1=Andrew|last2=Schofield|first2=Julian|title=Military Diversion in the 1978 Uganda–Tanzania War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-and-military-sociology_winter-2007_35_2/page/299|journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=299–321|date=2007|issn=0047-2697}} * {{cite journal|last=Mazarire|first=Gerald Chikozho|title=ZANU's External Networks 1963–1979: An Appraisal|journal=African Diplomacy and International Connections|volume=43|issue=1|pages=83–106|date=2017|doi=10.1080/03057070.2017.1281040|s2cid=151530240}} * {{cite magazine|last=Matatu|first=Gordon|title=The End of Uganda's Nightmare|magazine=Africa|issue=93|pages=10–16|date=May 1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twHjAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite book|last1=May|first1=Roy|last2=Furley|first2=Oliver|title=African Interventionist States|location=Milton, Vale of White Horse|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JU4DwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-351-75635-8}} * {{cite book|last=Mmbando|first=S. I.|title=The Tanzania-Uganda War in Pictures|publisher=Longman Tanzania|date=1980|location=Dar es Salaam|isbn=978-0-582-78534-2}} * {{cite journal|last=Moshiro|first=G.|title=The Role of Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam in Mobilising the Masses: A Critique|journal=Africa Media Review|volume=4|issue=3|pages=18–35|date=1990|url=http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol4no3/jamr004003003.pdf|issn=0258-4913}} * {{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Sean D.|title=Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=1996|location=Philadelphia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZa_RlVjiSMC|isbn=978-0-8122-3382-7}} * {{cite journal|last=Mwikwabe|first=Mbota Amani|title=An Assessment of Media Influence and its Effects on Tanzania Peoples Defence Forces Operations during the Kagera War from 1978 to June 1979|journal=International Journal of Law, Humanities & Social Science|volume=3|issue=1|pages=55–67|date=December 2018|url=http://www.ijlhss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IJLHSS-12-18-26.pdf|issn=2521-0793}} * {{cite book|last=Mzirai|first=Baldwin|title=Kuzama kwa Idi Amin|publisher=Publicity International|date=1980|location=Dar es Salaam|language=sw|oclc=9084117}} * {{cite journal|last=Nyeko|first=Balam|title=Exile Politics and Resistance to Dictatorship: The Ugandan Anti-Amin Organizations in Zambia, 1972–79|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1997-01_96_382/page/95|journal=African Affairs|volume=96|issue=382|date=January 1997|pages=95–108|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007823}} * {{cite book|last=Oloya|first=Opiyo|title=Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3Jf-FQTHmgC|isbn=978-1-4426-1417-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Omara-Otunnu|first1=Amii|title=Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9evCwAAQBAJ|year=1987|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-349-18738-6}} *{{cite book|last=Otunnu|first=Ogenga|title=Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZDLDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Chicago|isbn=978-3-319-33155-3}} *{{cite book|last=Otunnu|first=Ogenga|title=Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UQwDwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Chicago|isbn=978-3-319-33155-3}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Paxton|editor-first=J.|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1978-79|publisher=Springer|edition=reprint|location=London|date=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YI3LDQAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-230-27107-4}} * {{cite book|last=Pollack|first=Kenneth Michael|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHYdGR_xvoC|isbn=978-0-8032-0686-1}} * {{cite journal|last=Posnett|first=Richard|title=Uganda after Amin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-today_1980-04_36_4/page/147|journal=The World Today|volume=36|issue=4|pages=147–153|date=April 1980|jstor=40395418}} * {{cite journal|last=Rice|first=Andrew|title=The General|journal=Institute of Current World Affairs Letters|volume=AR|issue=12|date=20 August 2003|url=http://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/AR-12.pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=George|chapter=The Uganda–Tanzania War, the fall of Idi Amin, and the failure of African diplomacy, 1978–1979|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=David M.|editor-last2=Rolandsen|editor-first2=Øystein H.|title=Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States|publisher=Routledge|location=London|date=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGNQDwAAQBAJ|pages=154–171|isbn=978-1-317-53952-0}} * {{cite journal|last=Ronen|first=Yehudit|title=Libya's Intervention in Amin's Uganda– A Broken Spearhead|journal=Asian and African Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=173–183|date=July 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6ZS8CGacNUC|issn=0066-8281}} * {{cite book|last=Rwehururu|first=Bernard|title=Cross to the Gun|publisher=Monitor|date=2002|location=Kampala|oclc=50243051}} * {{cite journal|last=Southall|first=Aiden|title=Social Disorganisation in Uganda: Before, during, and after Amin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1980-12_18_4/page/627|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=18|issue=4|pages=627–656|date=December 1980|jstor=160801|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00014774|s2cid=154245518}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Seftel|editor-first=Adam|title=Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum|url=https://archive.org/details/ugandabloodstain0000seft|publisher=Fountain Publishers|date=2010|orig-year=1st pub. 1994|location=Kampala|isbn=978-9970-02-036-2}} * {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Madanjeet|author-link=Madanjeet Singh|title=Culture of the Sepulchre: Idi Amin's Monster Regime|publisher=Penguin Books India|date=2012|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YGkcrJZJsC|isbn=978-0-670-08573-6}} * {{cite journal|last=Thom|first=William G.|title=Judging Africa's Military Capabilities|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=52–65|date=1988|jstor=45192991}} * {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Robert|title=Unimagined Community: Sex, Networks, and AIDS in Uganda and South Africa|publisher=University of California Press|date=2008|location=Berkeley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpa7MZShFIoC|isbn=978-0-520-25552-4}} * {{cite book|last=Twesigye|first=Emmanuel K.|title=Religion & Ethics for a New Age: Evolutionist Approach|publisher=University Press of America|date=2001|location=Lanham, Maryland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvkQAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-7618-2024-6}} * {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Nicholas J.|title=Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2000|edition=reprint|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrXmCwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-19-829621-8}} {{refend}} {{Tanzania topics}} {{Uganda topics}} {{Cold war}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uganda-Tanzania War}} [[Category:Uganda–Tanzania War| ]] [[Category:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving Tanzania]] [[Category:Wars involving Uganda]] [[Category:Wars involving Libya]] [[Category:Wars involving Mozambique]] [[Category:Wars involving Palestinians]] [[Category:Military history of Tanzania]] [[Category:1978 in Uganda]] [[Category:1978 in Tanzania]] [[Category:1979 in Uganda]] [[Category:1979 in Tanzania]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1978]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1979]] [[Category:Proxy wars]] egmmpkdhjltj09hh0np6tbey8h64cvr 0 30855 122708 118857 2026-09-28T03:24:46Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox country|native_name={{ubl|{{native name|ar|سلطنة زنجبار}}|{{native name|sw|Usultani wa Zanzibar}}}}|conventional_long_name=Sultanate of Zanzibar|common_name=Zanzibar|status=Protectorate|status_text=Sovereign state (1856–90)<br />[[British protectorate]] (1890–1963)<br />Sovereign state (1963–64)|empire=United Kingdom|era=|event_start=|today=[[Kenya]] <br /> [[Tanzania]] <br /> [[Somalia]] <br /> [[Mozambique]]|year_start=1856|date_start=19 October|event_end=[[Zanzibar Revolution]]|year_end=1964|date_end=12 January|p1=Omani Empire|flag_p1=Flag of Muscat.svg|p2=|flag_p2=|s1=People's Republic of Zanzibar|flag_s1=Zanzibar-jan-avr-1964.svg|image_flag=Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg|flag_type=[[Flag of Zanzibar|Flag<br />(1963–1964)]]|image_coat=Emblem of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|symbol_type=Emblem|common_languages=[[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]]|capital=[[Stone Town]]|national_anthem=''National Anthem of Zanzibar''<br />(Until 1890)<hr>''National March for the Sultan of Zanzibar''<br />(1911–1964)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/znz-64.htm |title = Zanzibar (1911-1964) – nationalanthems.info}}</ref>|government_type=[[Absolute monarchy]]<br />(1856–1963)<br />[[Constitutional monarchy]]<br />(1963–1964)|title_leader=[[List of Sultans of Zanzibar|Sultan]]|leader1=[[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid bin Said]] (first)|year_leader1=1856–1870|leader2=[[Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah Al Said]] (last)|year_leader2=1963–1964|title_deputy=[[List of heads of government of Zanzibar|Chief Minister]]|deputy1=[[Geoffrey Charles Lawrence|Geoffrey Lawrence]]|year_deputy1=1961|deputy2=[[Muhammad Shamte Hamadi|Muhammad Hamadi]]|year_deputy2=1961–1964|religion=[[Islam]]<ref name='historyzanzibar' />|stat_year1=1964|stat_pop1=300,000|ref_pop1=<ref name="speller4"/>|currency=[[Zanzibari ryal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/zanzibar-1.html |title=Coins of Zanzibar |publisher=Numista |access-date=2012-05-23 }}</ref> <small>(1882–1908)</small><br />[[Zanzibari rupee]] <small>(1908–1935)</small><br />[[East African shilling]] <small>(1935–1964)</small><br />[[Indian rupee]] and [[Maria Theresa thaler]] also circulated|map_caption=Sultanate of Zanzibar in pink|image_map=Omani Empire 2.png|map_width=250px|latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|languages_type=|languages2_type=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_name5=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}} '''Ufumu wa Zanzibar''' ([[Chiswahili]]: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: سلطنة زنجبار, romanized: Sulṭanat Zanjībār), uwo ukumanyikwaso kuti Ufumu wa Zanzibar, ukaŵa boma la [[Chisilamu]] ilo likawusikanga na Fumu ya Zanzibar, pakati pa 1856 na 1964.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Historical Evolution of Muslim Politics in Kenya from the 1840s to 1963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsinkenyanp0000ndzo/page/17 17]–50|title=Muslims in Kenyan Politics: Political Involvement, Marginalization, and Minority Status|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinkenyanp0000ndzo|first=Hassan J.|last=Ndzovu|year=2014|publisher=Northwestern University Press|jstor=j.ctt22727nc.7|isbn=9780810130029}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha ufumu uwu chikapambananga nyengo na nyengo, ndipo pamanyuma pa nyengo ya kuchepa, boma likaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] pera na chigaŵa cha makilomita 16 kufupi na m'mphepete mwa Kenyan coast. {{History of Tanzania}} Pa Okutobala 8, 1963, themba la Zanzibar likapangana kuti lileke kulamulira chigaŵa icho chikakhalako. Pa Janyuwale 12, 1964, [[Jamshid bin Abdullah]], sultan waumaliro, wakathereskeka na kutaya mazaza pa ufumu wake waumaliro, wa Zanzibar. == Mbiri == {{See also|Mbiri ya Zanzibar}} === Founding === Mu 1698, Zanzibar yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Oman pamanyuma pakuti Saif bin Sultan, Imam wa [[Oman]], wathereska Ŵapwitikizi ku Mombasa, uko sono ni Kenya. Mu 1832 panji 1840, [[Sayid Bin Sultan|Sayid bin Sultan]] uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Oman wakasamuska nyumba yake kufuma ku Muscat kuya ku Stone Town pa cirwa ca Unguja (Zanzibar Island). Wakakhozga ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Arabia]] kuti ŵambe kulima viŵaya, na kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga ŵa pa chirwa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ndiwo ŵakamba kuguliska vinthu mu Zanzibar, ndipo Said wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalenge pa chirwa ichi. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu 1856, ŵana ŵake ŵaŵiri, Majid bin Said na Thuwaini bin Said, ŵakakwesana pa nkhani ya kuwusa, ntheura Zanzibar na Oman vikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Thuwaini wakazgoka Sultan wa Muscat na Oman apo Majid wakazgoka Sultan wakwamba wa Zanzibar, kweni wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho wa chaka na chaka ku khoti la Oman ku Muscat. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake wa vilimika 14, Majid wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha ŵazga. Barghash bin Said, uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake, wakawovwira kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuguliskika mu Zanzibar. Khalifa bin Said, uyo wakaŵa fumu yacitatu, nayo wakacitiska kuti caru ici cileke kuŵa na ŵazga. Munthu munyake uyo wakalembako mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, zina lake Leo Africanus, wakati Zanzibar (Zanguebar) ni zina ilo Ŵaarabu na Ŵaperesiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya za kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, kufuma ku Kenya m'paka ku Mozambique. Africanus wakayowoyaso kuti wose ŵakaŵa na mapangano gha kugomezgeka na vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku Central Africa, kusazgapo Ufumu wa Mutapa.<ref name="Leo">{{cite book|last1=Africanus|first1=Leo|title=The History and Description of Africa|date=1526|publisher=Hakluyt Society|pages=51–54|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n184/mode/2up|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Ogot">{{cite book|first=Bethwell A.|last=Ogot|author-link=Bethwell A. Ogot|title=Zamani: A Survey of East African History|url=https://archive.org/details/zamanisurveyofea0000ogot_m9p9|publisher=East African Publishing House|year=1974|page=[https://archive.org/details/zamanisurveyofea0000ogot_m9p9/page/104 104]}}</ref> === Ivyo vikulongora kuti Sultani wakaleka kuwusa === [[File:Sultanat_de_Zanzibar_vèrs_1875.png|thumb|Ufumu wa Zanzibar c. 1875]] M'paka mu 1884, mafumu gha ku Zanzibar ghakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, icho chikachemekanga Zanj, kweniso pa nthowa zakwendakwenda izo zikendanga m'paka ku Kindu pa Mlonga wa Congo. Ndipouli, mu caka ici, wupu wa German Colonization Society ukacicizga ŵalongozgi ŵa cigaŵa ici kuti ŵavomerezgenge kuvikilirika na ŵa German. Mu 1885 pakaŵaso kampani yinyake ya ku Germany yakuchemeka German East Africa Company, iyo yikaŵa na mulimo wa kuzenga malo agha. Mu 1886, ŵa ku Britain na Germany ŵakakumana mwakubisilizga na kudumbiskana za ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kucita kuti ŵasazgireko mazaza ghawo mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Maufumu ghose ghaŵiri ghakachita lenti malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma ku Zanzibar na kuzenga malo ghakwendeskera malonda. Mu vilimika vicoko waka vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vyose vya ku Zanzibar vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ufumu wa Europe, kwamba mu 1888 apo British East Africa Company yikamba kuwusa msumba wa Mombasa.<ref name="BEA_Sinclair">{{cite web |title=British East Africa |url=http://www.heliograph.com/trmgs/trmgs2/bea.shtml |website=www.heliograph.com}}</ref> Mu chaka chenechichi, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Germany. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵambe kuwukira boma la Abushiri, ilo likadumulika na ŵasilikari ŵa Kaiserliche Marine. [[File:Anglo-Zanzibar_war_map.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Chirwa cha Unguja na charu cha Africa]] ==== Kukhazikiska Charu cha Zanzibar ==== Mu 1890, Ufumu wa Britain na Ufumu wa Germany ukati wasazga phangano la Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain. Mu Ogasiti 1896, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini, Britain na Zanzibar ŵakarwa nkhondo ya maminiti 38, iyo yikaŵa yifupi comene kuluska yose. Ŵakalimbana kuti ŵatore ufumu apo mubali wa Sultani uyu, Khalid bin Barghash, wakatora mazaza. Ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti Hamoud bin Mohammed waŵe Sultan, cifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti nchipusu kugwira nayo nchito. Ŵa Britain ŵakapeleka ora limoza kwa Khalid kuti wafumemo mu nyumba ya fumu ya ku Stone Town. Kweni Khalid wakatondeka kucita nthena, ndipo wakawunganya ŵasilikari 2,800 kuti ŵarwe na Ŵacigiriki. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira nyumba ya ufumu na malo ghanyake agho ghakazingilizga msumba uwu. Pamanyuma pake Hamoud wakimikika kuŵa Sultan. Kuti "Zanzibar" pa vilato ivi yikasazgapo mtunda wa makilomita 16 (10 mi) wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja wa Kenya uwo pamanyuma ukazgoka Protectorate of Kenya ukaŵa nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu ma parliamentary debates pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{cite web |title=BRITISH EAST AFRICA. (Hansard, 13 June 1895) |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1895/jun/13/british-east-africa#S4V0034P0_18950613_HOC_216 |website=hansard.millbanksystems.com |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111556/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1895/jun/13/british-east-africa#S4V0034P0_18950613_HOC_216 |archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> ==== Kukhazikiskika kwa Charu cha East Africa ==== [[File:The_Harem_and_Tower_Harbour_of_Zanzibar_(p.234,_1890)_-_Copy.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar (p.234), London Missionary Society<ref name="LMS">{{cite journal|title=The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]] Mu 1886, boma la Britain likakhozga William Mackinnon, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na phangano na Sultan ndipo kampani yake yikaguliskanga katundu mu nyanja zikuru za ku Africa. Wakambiska bungwe la British East Africa Association, ilo likapangiska kuti mu 1888, kampani ya Imperial British East Africa Company yiŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira chigaŵa ichi. Chikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 240 (150 mi) kufuma ku Mlonga wa Jubba kujumpha ku Mombasa m'paka ku German East Africa. Mu 1885, pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain yikazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Mu nyengo iyi, msumba wa Mombasa ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru. Ndipouli, kampani iyi yikamba kunangika, ndipo pa Julayi 1, 1895, boma la Britain likapharazga kuti charu ichi ni boma lakuvikilirika ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1902, boma likasinthaso ku ofesi ya Colonial Office ndipo chigaŵa cha Uganda chikaŵaso chigaŵa cha boma. Mu 1897, Fumu Delamere, uyo ndiyo wakambiska vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga, wakafika ku malo gha mapiri gha Kenya, agho ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha Protectorate. Mu 1902, vigaŵa vya chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa na chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda. Fumu Delamere yikamba kulima chomene, ndipo mu 1905, apo ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Britain na South Africa, boma la Britain likasinthika kufuma ku ofesi ya vyaru vinyake kuya ku ofesi ya Colonial Office. Mu 1906, boma na wupu wakulongozga vinthu vikapangika. Mulara J. Hayes Sadler wakaŵa kazembe wakwamba ndiposo mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Nyengo zinyake pakaŵanga masuzgo na mafuko ghanyake, kweni boma la ku Europe likawuskapo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi.<ref name="Roberts-Wray1966">{{cite book|last=Roberts-Wray|first=Sir Kenneth|title=Commonwealth and Colonial Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WOuAAAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=F.A. Praeger}}</ref>{{rp|761}} ==== Kutaya mazaza pa Kenya ==== Pa Julayi 23, 1920, vigaŵa vya mukati mwa East Africa Protectorate vikaŵa vya Britain. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Kenya, ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, themba la Zanzibar likalutilira yayi kulamulira charu ichi. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya makilomita 16 (10 mi) (kupatula Witu) yikalutilira kuŵa chivikiliro pasi pa phangano na Sultan wa Zanzibar. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi, yikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa themba la Zanzibar, ndipo mu 1920 yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Kenya.<ref name="BEA_Sinclair" /><ref name="Council 2343, p. 968">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87 p. 968</ref> Charu cha Kenya chikaŵa chigaŵa cha charu cha Kenya chifukwa cha phangano ilo likaŵa pakati pa Britain na Sultan pa Disembala 14, 1895. "Protectorate of Kenya" yikaŵa mtunda wa makilomita 16 (10 mi) pamoza na virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Sultan wa Zanzibar mpaka apo Kenya yikapokera wanangwa. Pa Disembala 12, 1963, ufumu wa Kenya na wa Kenya ukaleka kugwira ntchito. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukaleka kulamulira charu cha Kenya ndipo pakukolerana pa Okutobala 8, 1963, themba likazomerezga kuti para charu cha Kenya chafwatuka, lileke kulamulira charu cha Kenya. Pakati pajumpha myezi 12, pa Disembala 12, 1964, charu cha Kenya chikazgoka charu cha "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Roberts-Wray1966" />{{rp|762}} ==== End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan ==== [[File:Zanzibar_1964_Jamhuri_overprint_stamp.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Sitampu ya kujiyimira pawekha iyo yili na mazgu ghakuti "Republic"]] Pa Disembala 10, 1963, boma la United Kingdom likamazga muwuso uwo ukaŵa pa Zanzibar kwambira mu 1890. Boma la United Kingdom likazomerezga yayi kuti Zanzibar yiŵe na wanangwa uwu cifukwa likakhumba yayi kuwusa. Mu malo mwake, na Dango la Zanzibar Act 1963 la United Kingdom, UK yikamazga boma la Protectorate ndipo yikapeleka boma lakujiyimira palokha ku Zanzibar nga ni chalo cakujiyimira paŵekha mukati mwa Commonwealth. Pakumazga muwuso uwu, Zanzibar yikazgoka boma lachifumu. Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah wakathereskeka pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza mu nyengo ya Zanzibar Revolution. Jamshid wakacimbilira ku caru cinyake, ndipo ufumu wa Sultanate ukasinthika na Republic of Zanzibar. Mu Epulero 1964, caru ici cikamara apo cikakolerana na Tanganyika na kupanga caru ca United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, ico pamanyuma pa myezi 6 cikacemeka Tanzania.<ref name="AppiahGatesp2045">{{Harvnb|Appiah|Gates|1999|p=2045}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == Kuzakafika mu 1964, caru ici cikaŵa na muwuso wa muwuso wa ŵeneco mukati mwa Commonwealth uyo wakawusikanga na Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. Mu Zanzibar mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 230,000, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakatenge mbakufuma ku Peresiya. Kweniso mu charu ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, Ŵarabu 50,000 na ŵanthu ŵa ku South Asia 20,000. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasazgikana, ndipo pakaŵavya mphambano pakati pawo. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko wakati chifukwa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakakhozgeranga Sultan Jamshid chikaŵa chifukwa chakuti mbumba yake yikaŵa yakupambana mitundu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici, ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene kuluska ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.<ref name="shillington1716">{{Harvnb|Shillington|2005|p=1716}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{History of Oman}} * [[List of sultans of Zanzibar]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Mabuku == * {{citation|editor1-last=Appiah|editor1-first=Kwame Anthony|editor1-link=Kwame Anthony Appiah|editor2-last=Gates|editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr.|editor2-link=Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|year=1999|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-465-00071-1|oclc=41649745|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi}} * {{citation|last=Ingrams|first=William H.|title=Zanzibar: Its History and Its People|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]]|year=1967|isbn=0-7146-1102-6|oclc=186237036}} * {{citation|last=Ayany|first=Samuel G.|title=A History of Zanzibar: A Study in Constitutional Development, 1934–1964|publisher=[[East African Literature Bureau]]|location=[[Nairobi]]|year=1970|oclc=201465}} * {{citation|last=Michler|first=Ian|title=Zanzibar: The Insider's Guide|publisher=Struik Publishers|location=Cape Town|year=2007|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-77007-014-1|oclc=165410708}} * {{citation|last=Parsons|first=Timothy|title=The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoLbjlIYLzwC|isbn=0-325-07068-7}}. * {{citation|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|year=2005|publisher=CRC Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC|isbn=1-57958-245-1}}. * {{citation|last=Speller|first=Ian|title=An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|year=2007|volume=35|issue=2|pages=1–35|doi=10.1080/03086530701337666|s2cid=159656717|url=http://eprints.nuim.ie/archive/00000841/}}. * {{citation|last=United States Department of State|author-link=United States Department of State|title=Countries of the World and Their Leaders|publisher=[[Thomson Gale|Gale Research Company]]|location=Detroit|year=1975|edition=2nd|oclc=1492755}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{oweb|http://www.zanzibarroyalfamily.org}} of the Zanzibar Royal Family * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Zanzibar (sultanate)|display=Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa|short=x}} {{Tanzania topics}} {{Former Monarchies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sultanate of Zanzibar| ]] [[Category:Former Commonwealth monarchies]] [[Category:Former sultanates|Zanzibar]] [[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:1856 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1964 disestablishments in Africa]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa|Zanzibar, Sultanate of]] [[Category:Former British protectorates|Zanzibar, Sultanate of]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1856]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1964]] [[Category:Tanzania and the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former countries]] [[Category:Arab slave owners]] 4c3mxvgwgk5kcf9fupqgqruyn1qo29p 0 30856 122609 119296 2026-09-28T02:19:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{History of Tanzania}} Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu [[Zanzibar]] kwa vilimika 20,000. Mbiri ya caru ici yikamba apo virwa ivi vikazgoka malo agho ŵamalonda ŵakendangamo pa ulendo wawo pakati pa [[Africa Great Lakes]], [[Somali Peninsula]], [[Arabia Peninsula]], [[Iran]], na [[India]]. Unguja wakaŵa na dowoko lakuvikilirika, ntheura nangauli ku virwa ivi kukaŵavya vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Oman]] na [[Yemen]] ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Zanzibar. Ŵakazenga misasa pa virwa ivi na kuzenga masisiteri ghakwamba mu chigaŵa cha ku [[Africa]]. Mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasandanga malo, ufumu wa [[Portugal]] ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kulamulira Zanzibar. Mu 1698, Zanzibar yikakhwaskika na boma la Oman, ilo likagwiliskiranga ntchito malonda na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima vyakununkhira pa malo agha. Lekani ŵakamba kuchema virwa ivi kuti Spice Islands. Cinthu cinyake cikuru ico ŵakaguliskanga ni mino gha zovu agho ŵakakomanga mu caru ca Tanganyika. Chigaŵa chacitatu ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi ni ŵazga. Fumu ya Zanzibar yikaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yikuru ya ku Africa, icho chikachemekanga Zanj. Nyengo zinyake, mwakucepa, nyengo zinyake mwamabuci, ufumu wa [[Britain]] ukamba kuwusa Zanzibar. Mu 1890, charu cha Zanzibar chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Kufwa kwa fumu yimoza na kuwusa kwa fumu yinyakeso iyo Ŵacigiriki ŵakakondwa nayo yayi, kukacitiska nkhondo ya Anglo-Zanzibar, iyo yikucemekaso kuti nkhondo yifupi comene mu mdauko. Virwa ivi vikafwatuka ku boma la Britain mu Disembala 1963. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India na Ŵaarabu ŵakachimbizgika. Mu Epulero, caru ici cikasazgikana na caru cikuru ca Tanganyika, panji kuti Tanzania. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ku Zanzibar kwacitika vivulupi vya ndyali cifukwa ca masankho, ndipo mu 2001 kukacitika nkhondo yikuru. == Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale == [[File:View_of_Zanzibarians,_1685.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakuwoneka mu 1685 na Alain Manesson Mallet]] Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu Zanzibar kwambira mu nyengo ya paleolitiki. Mu 2005, ŵakafukura mu mphanji ya Kuumbi, kumwera kwa Zanzibar, ndipo ŵakasanga visulo vikuruvikuru vya malibwe ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mphanji iyi vyaka 22,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>[http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:47830 "Excavations at Kuumbi Cave on Zanzibar 2005", ''The African Archaeology Network: Research in Progress'', Paul Sinclair (Uppsala University), Abdurahman Juma, Felix Chami, 2006]</ref> Ŵasayansi awo ŵakasanga mphanji ya malibwe ghakukhoma ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa za radiocarbon kuti ŵasimikizge kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha kufuma cha m'ma 2800 B.C.E. m'paka mu 1 C.E. (Chami 2006). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ni mphete za galasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti pakwenera kuti pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakendanga mu nyanja. Palije mphanji iyo yilipo pa Zanzibar iyo yikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kulima na kupanga visulo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Ku Zanzibar, pali ukaboni wakulongora kuti kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakulima na ŵantchito ŵa visulo awo ŵakaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Ukaboni uwu ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzenga matawuni mu malo agha. Uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakwambilira chomene kuluska ukaboni uwo ulipo wakuti kukaŵa matawuni mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Zanzibar ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Hadimu na Tumbatu, awo ŵakamba kwiza kufuma ku Africa cha m'ma 1000 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana gha Bantu, ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yichoko waka ku Zanzibar. Cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵavya gulu lakuŵawovwira, ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro ŵakaŵawusanga pasi. == Early Trade Routes == [[File:1528_-_Bordone_-_BNF_-_Maidegascar_e_Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|Zanzibar (kumazere) mu 1528 Isolario ya Benedetto Bordone]] [[File:KizimkaziMosque1.JPG|thumb|Mzikiti wa Kizimkazi: Kuwona kuchokera kunja]] Vinthu vyakale vya dongo vikulongora kuti kale ŵanthu ŵa ku Sumeriya na Asiriya ŵakendanga mu nthowa zakwendera ku Zanzibar. Chidindo chakale icho ŵakasanga kufupi na Eshnunna. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2500-2400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugura copal kufuma ku Zanzibar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Carol|author2=Joan Markley Todd|author3=Curt W. Beck|title=From Zanzibar to Zagros: A Copal Pendant from Eshnunna|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1991-10_50_4/page/289|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=50|issue=4|pages=289–298|jstor=545490|doi=10.1086/373516|year=1991|s2cid=161728895}} </ref> Ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Arabia (kanandi ku Yemen), ku Persian Gulf ku Iran (makamaka ku Shiraz), na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa India, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaluta ku Zanzibar mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ndipo ŵalondezgi ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia. Ŵakenda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na mphepo za mu nyengo ya vula, ndipo ŵakafika pa dowoko ilo sono ni tawuni ya Zanzibar. Nangauli virwa ivi vikaŵa na vinthu vichoko waka ivyo ŵamalonda ŵakasanganga, kweni vikaŵa makora kuti ŵendepo na kwendera misumba yinyake ya mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Swahili. Nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe mu ntchito ya kuzenga mu Africa. "Mwenyi Mkuu", fumu yaumaliro ya Zanzibar Ŵamalonda ŵakamba kukhazikika ku Zanzibar mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 panji 1200 C.E., ndipo ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Paumaliro, muwusi munyake (uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Mwenyi Mkuu panji Jumbe) wakawuka pakati pa Ŵadimu. Nangauli wose ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko, kweni ŵakakhozga mtundu wawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Yemen ŵakazenga nyumba yakwamba ya chisopa ku Kizimkazi, tawuni yakumwera chomene ya Unguja. Pa mihrab yake pali kulembeka kuti AH 500, ndiko kuti, Mu 1107 C.E.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fay|first=Robert|title=Swahili People|date=2005-04-07|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.43544|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Pakaŵaso mizi iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. == Ufumu wa Portugal == Mu 1499, [[Vasco da Gama]] wakafika ku [[Spain]]. Mu 1503 panji 1504, Zanzibar wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Portugal apo Kaputeni Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques wakafika na kupempha na kupokera msonkho kufuma kwa sultan pakusintha mtende. Zanzibar wakalutilira kulamulirika na Portugal kwa vilimika pafupifupi 200. == Ufumu wa Zanzibar == [[File:Sultanat_de_Zanzibar_vèrs_1875.png|thumb|Zanzibar's Sultanate circa 1875]] [[File:Stone_Town_carved_door.jpg|thumb|A carved door in Stone Town.]] [[File:Stone_Town,_fort.jpg|thumb|Chipata chakale cha Zanzibar, icho chikazengeka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1600 na ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman kuti ŵavikilire chilumba ichi ku Ŵapwitikizi.]] [[File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1885)_b_101.jpg|thumb|Stone Town, 1885]] [[File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1885)_b_102.jpg|thumb|Mwanakazi wa ku Zanzibari, 1885]] [[File:Zanzibari_muslim_ca_1880.png|thumb|Dada wa ku Zanzibari, 1880]] {{Main|Zanzibar Sultanate}} Mu 1698, Zanzibar yikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Sultan wa Oman. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakachimbizgika, ndipo malonda gha ŵazga ghakaŵa ghakovwira chomene. Pakuti msumba wa Stone Town (mzinda ukuru wa Zanzibar) ukaŵa na dowoko liwemi comene ndiposo maji ghawemi, ukazgoka msumba ukuru comene na usambazi comene mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Oman likalamuliranga, malo ghose ghakupambika makora ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵalimi. Caka cilicose, maboti ghanandi ghakayeghanga nyanja ya Indian Ocean kufuma ku Arabia, Persia, na India na mphepo za mphepo izo zikufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Para mphepo za mu nyengo ya mphepo zikwamba kuputa kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi mu Malichi panji Epulero, ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakanyamukanga na ngalaŵa zawo zakuzura na viswaswa vya visomba, makuni gha copal, makuni gha cindere, coconut, mpunga, njovu, na ŵazga.<ref name="Pett6-8">[[Donald K. Petterson|Petterson, Donald]], ''Revolution In Zanzibar An American's Cold War Tale''. New York: Westview, 2002. pp. 6-8.</ref> Ŵaarabu ŵakazenga misasa mu Zanzibar, Pemba, na Kilwa. Ufumu wa Ŵaarabu ukafika pachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Sayyid Said (uyo wakachemekanga Sayyid Said bin Sultan al-Busaid), uyo mu 1840 wakasamuska msumba wake ukuru ku Muscat, Oman, na kuwuŵika ku Stone Town. Wakakhozga ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia kuti ŵambe kulima viŵaya, na kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga ŵa pa chirwa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ndiwo ŵakamba kuguliska vinthu mu Zanzibar, ndipo Said wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalenge pa chirwa ichi. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu 1856, ŵana ŵake ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza. Pa Epulero 6, 1861, Zanzibar na Oman vikagaŵika kuŵa mafumu ghaŵiri. Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (wakababika mu 1834 m'paka mu 1870), mwana wake wa nambara sikisi, wakaŵa Sultan wa Zanzibar, apo mwana wake wacitatu, Sayyid Thuwaini bin Said al-Said, wakaŵa Sultan wa Oman. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku Zanzibar ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya malo agha. Mu 1856, Richard Francis Burton, uyo wakacitanga kafukufuku wa ku Britain, wakati: "Charu, nyanja, na mtambo vikawoneka nga vyapumulika mwakukondwa... Nyanja ya safiro yituŵa, iyo yikaŵa kuti yindafumirepo na kuŵala kwake kwa buluu mu mlengalenga... yikaŵa pasi pa ungweru wa dazi uwo ukakhwaska chinthu chilichose na golide". Ku msumba uwu kukaŵaso minara yituŵa ya masisiteri na nyumba za themba mu tawuni ya Stone Town. Awo ŵakafika pafupi ŵakalongosora kuti msumba wa Stone Town ukaŵa na sungu liheni comene, ukaŵa na mvuchi wa vyoto vya ŵanthu na vinyama, vimbundi, na vitanda vyakubisika. Munthu munyake wakucemeka Dr. Mu 1866, David Livingstone wakati wakukhala mu tawuni ya Stone Town, wakalemba mu buku lake la vyakumasinda kuti: "Mzimu uheni uwo ukufuma mu nyanja iyo yili pafupi na tawuni iyi ngwakofya comene. Panji tingati Stinkabar m'malo mwa Zanzibar". Padera pa kununkha kwa malo agha, ŵalendo ŵakalongosora kuti mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa pafupi kufwa na njara.<ref name="Pett6-8" /> Mu vyaru vyose vya Zanzibar, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi comene, ndipo ŵanthu wose ŵafipa awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakaŵatolera ku Zanzibar mu maboti, ndipo ŵakaŵakakiliranga pamoza kwambura kuŵaghanaghanira. Ŵanandi ŵakapona yayi pa ulendo wa ku Zanzibar. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Zanzibar, ŵazga ŵakaŵavura malaya ghose, ŵakaŵatozga, ŵakaŵavwalika mafuta gha kokosoni, ndipo ŵakaŵachichizganga kuvwara mabangili ghagolide na siliva agho pakaŵa zina la munthu uyo wakaguliskanga ŵazga. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵazga ŵakacicizgika kwenda nkhule mu msewu wa Stone Town uku ŵazga ŵakugomezgeka ŵa awo ŵakaŵaguliskanga ŵazga ŵakunyamura malupanga panji mikondo m'paka apo munthu munyake wakalongolera kuti wakunweka. Mulongozgi wa ngaraŵa ya East India Company uyo wakaluta ku Zanzibar mu 1811 ndipo wakawona umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakendanga, wakalemba umo munthu munyake uyo wakaguranga ŵazga wakawoneranga ŵazga: {{bquote|The mouth and teeth are inspected, and afterwards every part of the body in succession, not even excepting the breasts, etc, of the girls, many of whom I have seen examined in the most indecent manner in the public market by the purchasers...The slave is then made to walk or run a little way to show that there is no defect about the feet; after which, if the price is agreed to, they are stripped of their finery and delivered over to their future master. I have frequently counted twenty or thirty of these files in the market at one time...Women with children newly born hanging at their breasts and others so old they can scarcely walk, are sometimes seen dragged about in this manner. They had in general a very dejected look; some groups appeared so ill fed that their bones seemed as if ready to penetrate the skin.<ref name="Pett23-24"/>}} Chaka chilichose, ŵazga pafupifupi 40,000-50,000 ŵakatolekera ku Zanzibar. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cacitatu ca ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya zinandi na ya kokosoni mu Zanzibar na Pemba, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku Peresiya, Arabia, Ufumu wa Ottoman na Eguputo. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa malo agha mwakuti pafupifupi 30% ya ŵazga ŵanalume ŵakafwanga chaka chilichose. Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman awo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Zanzibar ŵakayowoya mazgu gha Donald K. Petterson "visambizgo vya nkhaza", apo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito nkongono zawo kuti ŵamazge masuzgo. Mbumba ya al-Busaid iyo yikaŵa na mazaza yikaŵa na mphindano chifukwa ŵabali ŵakakomanga ŵanyawo. Kanandi awo ŵakizanga ku Zanzibar ŵakayowoyanga za "nkhaza zikuru" izo mabwana gha Ŵaarabu ghakacitiranga ŵazga ŵawo. Nkhaza izo mabwana gha Ŵaarabu ghakacitiranga ŵazga ŵawo zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutinkhana comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutinkhana mu 1964.<ref name="Pett23-24">Petterson, pages 23-24.</ref> Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yikuru ya ku Africa, icho chikachemekanga Zanj, kweniso pa nthowa zakwendamo malonda izo zikafika m'paka ku Kindu pa Mlonga wa Congo. Mu Novembala 1886, wupu wa ku Britain na Germany ukati Zanj ni mtunda wa makilomita 19 kufuma ku Cape Delgado (uko sono ni Mozambique) m'paka ku Kipini (uko sono ni Kenya). Ndipouli, kwamba mu 1887 m'paka 1892, vyaru vyose ivi vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, Germany, na Italy. Kuumaliro wa ma 1800, Omani Sultan wa ku Zanzibar nayo wakati wakulongozga msumba wa Mogadishu ku Horn na kumwera kwa Somalia. Ndipouli, mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha ufumu wankhongono wa ku Somalia, Geledi Sultanate (uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Jubba na chigaŵa cha Shebelle mukati mwa Somalia, ndipo ukaŵa pa nyengo yake yapachanya). Mu 1892, themba la Geledi, Osman Ahmed, likapeleka msumba uwu ku Italy. Paumaliro, ŵa ku Italy ŵakagura wanangwa wa kuwusa mu 1905, ndipo ŵakazgora msumba wa Mogadishu kuŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Somaliland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Janice|title=Somalia in Pictures|url=https://archive.org/details/somaliainpicture00hami/page/28|page=28|url-access=registration|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-6586-4}}</ref> Zanzibar wakaŵa wakumanyikwa pa caru cose cifukwa ca vyakununkhira na ŵazga ŵake. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Zanzibar cikamanyikwa pa caru cose, nga ni umo Petterson wakayowoyera kuti: "Cirwa ici cikaŵa na vyakununkhira vinandi, cikaŵa malo ghakofya gha wuzga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakalutanga ku caru ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu Zanzibar mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. (David Livingstone wakati ŵazga ŵaphya 80,000 ŵakafwanga caka cilicose pambere ŵandafike pa cirwa ici.) Tippu wakaŵa wamalonda wa ŵazga wakumanyikwa comene, kweniso wakaŵa wamalonda, mweneko wa minda, ndiposo kazembe. Vyakununkhira vya ku Zanzibar vikakopanga ŵanthu kufuma ku vyaru vyakutali nga ni United States. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukayamba kutemwa chomene charu cha Zanzibar cifukwa ca malonda kweniso kukhumba kumazga malonda gha ŵazga. Mu 1822, ŵa ku Britain ŵakacita phangano lakwamba na Sultan Said kuti ŵaleke kusuzga ŵanthu. Mu 1876, boma la Britain likakanizga kuguliska ŵazga, kweni ŵazga ŵakalutilira kuguliskika mu Zanzibar m'paka mu 1897. Zanzibar ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kuŵa na sitima ya ku Africa iyo yikendanga na mphepo, apo Sultani Bargash bin Said wakalangura kuti paŵe galimoto ya 0-4-0 kuti yikwendere galimoto yake kufuma ku tawuni iyi kuya ku nyumba yake ya chihanya ku Chukwani. Yimoza mwa nyumba zakutowa comene izo ŵakazenga ni Nyumba ya Vyakuzizwiska, iyo lero njimoza mwa malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Zanzibar. == Nkhongono na muwuso wa Britain == {{anchor|British protectorate}} [[File:Zanzibar_1900_to_1920.jpg|thumb|Msika wa ku Zanzibar, cha m'ma 1910. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pakaŵa munthu wa ku Britain uyo wakavwara salu ya salu yiwemi na cisoti.]] Ufumu wa Britain ukamba kuwusa; ubwezi uwu ukazomerezgeka na phangano la Heligoland-Zanzibar ilo likalembeka mu 1890. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti Zanzibar na Pemba viŵe vigaŵa vya Britain, ndipo Caprivi Strip (iyo sono ni Namibia) yikaŵa chigaŵa cha German South West Africa. Ufumu wa Britain ukendanga mwakuyana waka. Hamad bin Thuwaini wakati wafwa pa 25 Ogasiti 1896, Khalid bin Bargash, mwana mulara wa Barghash ibn Sa'id, uyo wakaŵa fumu yachiŵiri, wakatora nyumba ya fumu na kujiphara kuti ndiyo ni fumu yiphya. Ivi vikapambana na ivyo boma la Britain likakhumbanga, ilo likakondwanga na Hamoud bin Mohammed. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa 27 Ogasiti mulenji, paŵe nkhondo ya Anglo-Zanzibar. Wakakana, ndipo pa 9 koloko mulenji, maboti ghakamba kuwombera. Ŵasilikari ŵa Khalid ŵakamuwukira ndipo wakacimbilira ku ofesi ya boma ya Germany. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, pakaŵavya uyo wakazomerezgeka kurwa nkhondo. Hamud wakapharazgika kuŵa fumu yiphya ndipo mtende ukaŵaso. Mu 1897, wakazomerezga ivyo Britain likakhumbanga, ndipo wakalekeska malonda gha ŵazga ku Zanzibar. Mwana wa Hamoud, Ali, wakasambira ku Britain. Kwambira mu 1913 m'paka mu 1963, apo boma la Britain likamba kujiyimira palokha, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵamazaza. Cimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene ivyo Ŵacigiriki ŵakacita, nchakuti ŵakazenga maji ghakwenda makora, na malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa, mwakuti misewu ya ku Zanzibar yileke kununkha na vitanda, viswaswa, na viswaswa.<ref>Petterson, Donald ''Revolution In Zanzibar An American Cold War's Tale'', New York: Westview, 2002 page 7.</ref> == Kujiyimira paŵekha na chipani == {{Main|Zanzibar Revolution}} [[File:Dares_222.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Ufumu.]] [[File:Zanzibar,_12_Jan._2004,_celebration_of_40_years'_Revolution.JPG|thumb|Mwambo wa kukumbukira chaka cha 40 cha kusintha kwa Zanzibar mu 2004.]] [[File:Wohnungsbau_der_DDR_in_Stone_Town.jpg|thumb|Nyumba zakuzengeka na DDR mu Michenzani, Zanzibar City]] Pa 10 Disembala, 1963, Zanzibar yikapokera wanangwa wake kufuma ku United Kingdom nga ni boma lachifumu ilo likulongozgeka na Sultan. Vinthu ivi vikamara yayi, pakuti pa Janyuwale 12, 1964, themba la Zanzibar na boma lake ŵakathereskeka. Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa Republic of Zanzibar. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Ŵaarabu (Ŵaarabu 5,000 m'paka 12,000 ŵa ku Zanzibar) na ŵa ku India ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakakakika panji kuchimbizgika. Filimu ya Africa Addio yikulongosora nkhaza na kukoma ŵanthu ŵambura kuvikilirika ŵa mtundu wa Ciarabu. Boma la ku Zanzibar likaŵa na maboma ghaŵiri, la Standard Bank na National na Grindlays Bank. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Banki ya Zanzibar. Jetha Lila, banki yimoza ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar, yikajalika. Nangauli boma la Zanzibar likaŵachiska kuti ŵalutilire kugwira ntchito, kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha, ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito. Cimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikacitika cifukwa ca kugaluka kwa Zanzibar cikaŵa kuti ŵathereske mazaza gha ŵamazaza ŵa Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku Asia, awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza kwa vilimika pafupifupi 200.<ref name="triplett612">{{Harvnb|Triplett|1971|p=612}}</ref><ref name="speller1">{{Harvnb|Speller|2007|p=1}}</ref>Nangauli charu ichi chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika, kweni Zanzibar chikalutilira kuŵa na wupu wa Revolutionary Council na House of Representatives. Boma la Zanzibar likulongozgeka na pulezidenti, ndipo Karume ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba. Boma ili likagwiliskira nchito ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya kugaluka kuti licitiske kusintha vinthu mu caru cose. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya kuwuskako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu. Mwaciyelezgero, nchito ya boma ya ku Zanzibar yikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo caru cikagaŵikaso ku Ŵaarabu na ŵa ku Africa. Boma likambaso kusintha vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, nga ni wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wose na kujura masambiro ku ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Africa (awo ŵakaŵa na malo 12% pera pa masukulu gha sekondare pambere nkhondo yindambe).<ref name="triplett612" /> Boma likapempha wovwiri ku Soviet Union, German Democratic Republic (GDR), na P. R. Ku China, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumba ndalama zakwendeskera mapulojekiti ghanandi na kupeleka ulongozgi wa vya nkhondo. Ntchito zinandi izo zikendeskeka na DDR zikathera yayi, kusazgapo ntchito ya New Zanzibar Project, iyo yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kuzenga tawuni mu 1968 kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zanzibar ŵasange nyumba. Boma la Zanzibar likati lapulikiska ivyo vikachitika, ŵakamba kumususka kuti wakuŵa na wanangwa wakwendakwenda, kweniso kuti wakutemwa ŵabali ŵake. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na boma apo Karume wakakomeka pa Epulero 7, 1972. Mu 1992, boma la Zanzibar likamba kwendera ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi, kweni likalutilira kusuzgika na milandu ya vimbundi.<ref name="one party">{{Citation|last=Sadallah|first=Mwinyi|title=Revert to single party system, CUF Reps say|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 2006|url=http://kurayangu.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/23/58381.html|access-date=14 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070802153207/http://kurayangu.com/ipp/guardian/2006/01/23/58381.html|archive-date=2 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}.</ref><ref name="freedom">{{Citation|last=Freedom House|author-link=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World – Tanzania|year=2008|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/tanzania|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Freedom House|author-link=Freedom House|title=Freedom in the World – Tanzania|year=2011|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/tanzania|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar na ŵasayansi ŵakukondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakasanda umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nyengo iyi, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakagalukira ŵamazaza awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi ndipo ŵakuyiwona nga ni nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake. Mu Zanzibar, cipandano ni cinthu cakuzirwa comene ca cikaya, ico cikulongosora za kufwatulika kwa ŵakayidi 545 pa cilimika ca nambara 10 na ungano wa ŵasilikari pa cilimika ca nambara 40. Zuŵa la Zanzibar Revolution Day laŵikika kuŵa holide na boma la Tanzania; likukondwelereka pa 12 January chaka chilichose.<ref>{{Citation|last=Commonwealth Secretariat|author-link=Commonwealth Secretariat|title=Tanzania|year=2005|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140064/society/|access-date=10 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201170736/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140064/society/|archive-date=1 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Mgwilizano na Tanganyika == [[File:Zanzibar_revolution_40_years.JPG|thumb|Purezidenti [[Amani Abeid Karume]] akugwira nawo ntchito ya usilikali pa chikumbutso cha zaka 40 za kusintha kwa boma]] [[File:ASP-TANU_kanga.jpg|right|thumb|Kanga wakukondwelera vyaka 10 kufuma apo kuzgoka kwa boma kukachitikira (mapinduzi), pamoza na ivyo vikulongosora vya ASP na TANU (malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakuzizwiska, Stone Town)]] {{Main|Mbiri ya Tanzania}} Pa 26 Epulero, 1964, charu cha Tanganyika chikasazgikana na Zanzibar kuti chiŵe United Republic of Tanganyika na Zanzibar. Zina ili likasazgikira na kuŵa United Republic of Tanzania pa 29 Okutobala, 1964. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana kwa vyaru ivi, pulezidenti Abeid Amani Karume ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga vinthu vya mu charu ichi. Charu cha Zanzibar chikulutilira kuŵa chigaŵa cha Tanzania. Malo gha Zanzibar ghakuyana waka na Hong Kong nga umo ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuyowoyera. Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ya Zanzibar yikakhazikiskika mu 1980. Pambere ivi vindachitike, wupu wa Revolutionary Council ukaŵa na udindo wa executive na legislative kwa vyaka 16 pamanyuma pa Zanzibar Revolution mu 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the ZHoR |url=http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/history.php |access-date=15 November 2014 |publisher=Zanzibar House of Representatives}}</ref> == Chaka vyasono == Mu Zanzibar muli vipani vinandi, kweni vipani vikuru comene ni Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) na Civic United Front (CUF). Kwambira mu ma 1990, ndyali za ku virwa ivi zikuŵa na mphindano pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Mavoti gha mavoti agho ghakacitika mu nyengo ya mavoti gha vipani vinandi ghakaŵa agha:<ref>{{cite web |title=Elections in Zanzibar |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/zanzibar.html |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182553/http://africanelections.tripod.com/zanzibar.html |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" ! rowspan="2" align="left" scope="col" |[[Political Party]] ! colspan="8" align="center" scope="col" |[[Election]] Year |- |- bgcolor="#e8e8e8" ! scope="col" |1995 ! scope="col" |2000 ! scope="col" |2005 |- | align="left" |[[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) | align="center" |26 | align="center" |34 | align="center" |30 |- | align="left" |[[Civic United Front]] (CUF) | align="center" |24 | align="center" |16 | align="center" |19 |- | align="left" |'''Total''' | align="center" |'''50''' | align="center" |'''50''' | align="center" |'''50''' |} Pa 27 Janyuwale, 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha masankho agho ghakachitika mu Okutobala 2000. Ŵasilikari aŵa, pamoza na ŵalara ŵa chipani na ŵasilikari, ŵakaluta ku nyumba na nyumba, kukora ŵanthu, kuŵatimba, na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵakachimbilira ku Kenya. Nkhondo yikambaso pamanyuma pa chisankho chinyake icho chikachitika pa Okutobala 31, 2005, ndipo CUF yikati yikapokeka njombe yake. Ŵanthu 9 ŵakafwa. Pamanyuma pa 2005, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kudumbiskana vya kumazga suzgo na kukolerana kuti vigaŵane mazaza, kweni vikabudiska. Pa maungano agha, ghakuzirwa chomene ghakachitika mu Epulero 2008, apo CUF yikafumapo pa thebulu la kudumbiskirana pamanyuma pakuti CCM yikapempha kuti paŵe referendamu kuti yikhozgere ivyo vikaŵa nga vyachitika kale. Mu Novembala 2009, purezidenti wakale wa Zanzibar, Amani Abeid Karume, wakakumana na mulembi mukuru wa CUF, Seif Sharif Hamad ku State House kuti ŵakadumbiskane umo ŵangaponoskera Zanzibar ku masuzgo gha ndyali munthazi na kumazga ukali pakati pawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo ŵa ku United States, ŵakakondwa na ivyo ŵakacita. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo boma la Zanzibar likambira kulamulira na vipani vinandi kuti CUF yizomerezge Karume kuŵa pulezidenti wa Zanzibar. Pa Julayi 31, 2010, ŵanthu 66,2 pa 100 ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti paŵe kusintha malango gha charu cha Zanzibar kuti vipani vyakwimikana vipangenge maboma gha umoza. Mazuŵa ghano, chipani cha Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendois (ACT-Wazalendo) chikuwoneka nga ni chipani chikuru chakususka boma la Zanzibar. Dango la Zanzibar likukhumba kuti chipani icho chizamunjira pa chiŵiri mu mavoti, chiŵe mu wupu wakukolerana na chipani icho chizamupambana. ACT-Wazalendo adalumikizana ndi boma la mgwirizano ndi chipani cholamulira cha Chama Cha Mapinduzi mu Disembala 2020 pambuyo pa zisankho za Zanzibar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2020 |title=Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government |url=https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> == Mndandanda wa ŵakumulira == === Mafumu gha Zanzibar === {{main|Mndandanda wa ma Sultan gha Zanzibar}} # [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Majid bin Said]] (1856–1870) # [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]] (1870–1888) # [[Khalifah bin Said of Zanzibar|Khalifah bin Said]] (1888–1890) # [[Ali bin Said of Zanzibar|Ali bin Said]] (1890–1893) # [[Hamad bin Thuwaini of Zanzibar|Hamad bin Thuwaini]] (1893–1896) # [[Khalid bin Barghash of Zanzibar|Khalid bin Barghash]] (1896) # [[Hamud bin Muhammed of Zanzibar|Hamud bin Muhammed]] (1896–1902) # [[Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar|Ali bin Hamud]] (1902–1911) (abdicated) # [[Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar|Khalifa bin Harub]] (1911–1960) # [[Abdullah bin Khalifa of Zanzibar|Abdullah bin Khalifa]] (1960–1963) # [[Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar|Jamshid bin Abdullah]] (1963–1964) === Viziers === # [[Lloyd Mathews|Sir Lloyd William Matthews]], (1890 to 1901) # [[A.S. Rogers]], (1901 to 1906) # [[Arthur Raikes]], (1906 to 1908) # [[Francis Barton]], (1906 to 1913) === British residents === # [[Francis Pearce]], (1913 to 1922) # [[John Sinclair (colonial administrator)|John Sinclair]], (1922 to 1923) # [[Alfred Hollis]], (1923 to 1929) # [[Richard Rankine]], (1929 to 1937) # [[John Hall (colonial administrator)|John Hall]], (1937 to 1940) # [[Henry Pilling]], (1940 to 1946) # [[Vincent Glenday]], 1946 to 1951) # [[John Rankine (governor)|John Rankine]], (1952 to 1954) # [[Henry Steven Potter]], (1955 to 1959) # [[Arthur George Mooring]], (1959 to 1963) == Wonaniso == * [[Timeline of Zanzibar City]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * {{citation|last1=Kalley|first1=Jacqueline Audrey|last2=Schoeman|first2=Elna|last3=Andor|first3=Lydia Eve|title=Southern African Political History|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC|isbn=978-0-313-30247-3}}.*{{citation|last=Kuper|first=Leo|title=Theories of Revolution and Race Relations|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|year=1971|volume=13|issue=1|pages=87–107|jstor=178199|doi=10.1017/S0010417500006125|s2cid=145769109}}. * {{citation|last=Myers|first=Garth A.|title=Making the Socialist City of Zanzibar|journal=Geographical Review|year=1994|volume=84|issue=4|pages=451–464|doi=10.2307/215759|jstor=215759}}. * Petterson, D. (2002) ''Revolution In Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale'', New York: Westview. {{ISBN|0813342686}} * {{citation|last=Speller|first=Ian|title=An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|year=2007|volume=35|issue=2|pages=1–35|url=http://eprints.nuim.ie/archive/00000841/|doi=10.1080/03086530701337666|s2cid=159656717}}. * {{citation|last=Triplett|first=George W.|title=Zanzibar: The Politics of Revolutionary Inequality|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|year=1971|volume=9|issue=4|pages=612–617|jstor=160218|doi=10.1017/S0022278X0005285X|s2cid=153484206}}. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152306/http://www.unpo.org/content/view/9848/83/ Excerpt from: ''Race, Revolution and the Struggle for Human Rights in Zanzibar'' by Thomas Burgess] * {{cite Q|Q19046291)}}<!-- Some account of the town of Zanzibar --> {{History of Africa}} {{Tanzania topics}} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Zanzibar}} [[Category:History of Zanzibar| ]] indgc91surfqeelyix8sh3xqsp5l1rb 0 30857 122624 81039 2026-09-28T02:27:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rift_en.svg|thumb|306x306px|Nyanja zikuruzikuru mu Great Rift Valley]] Charu cha [[Tanzania]] chili mu chigaŵa cha [[Africa Great Lakes]] ndipo chili na malo ghakujumpha 61,500 km2 (23,700 sq mi). Malo agha ghakukwana 6% gha caru cose, ndipo 88% gha malo agha ghali na nyanja zikuruzikuru zitatu. Nyanja ya Victoria na [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]] ni nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu caru ici. [[Nyanja ya Victoria]] ndiyo njakukhora comene pa nyanja zose za mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Mndandanda wa nyanja == Pa thebulu ili pali nkhani za nyanja yiliyose:<ref>and can be sorted by size or alphabetically by name. For a more comprehensive list, see: [[:sw:Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]]</ref> : '''Zina:''' nga umo vili kulembekera na Komiti ya Charu Chose : '''Ukulu:'''Malo gha nyanja (Manyani kuti nyanja zinandi zikusintha nyengo zose) : '''Mphaka na vyaru vinyake:'''Mitundu iyo mphaka yake yikujumpha mu nyanja iyi : '''Kulongosola:''' Kuyowoya mwakudumura za nyanja iyi : {{Legend|#FFE6BD|{{dagger}} Disputed Lake"|outline=silver}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; border:0px;text-align:left;line-height:150%;" ! scope="col" |Zina ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Chithuzi ! scope="col" |Ukulu ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Mphaka na vyaru vinyakee ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Vyakulemba ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ukaboni |- |[[Lake Victoria]] |[[File:2010-09-14_06-08-34_Tanzania_Mwanza_Mwanza.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|68800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Kenya}}<br />{{flag|Uganda}} |Nyanja ya Victoria ndiyo yikuru comene pa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Africa. Nyanja iyi ndiyo ni nyanja yaciŵiri yikuru comene ya maji ghawemi pa caru cose ndipo yikwenda mu vyaru vitatu. Nyanja iyi yikuthira maji mu mlonga wa Nile. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} lake, Africa |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Amboseli]] | |{{convert|189|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Kenya}} |Nyanja ya Amboseli yili na maji ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu mlonga wa Namanga. Pa ukuru wake wakukwana, uli na malo ghakukwana 189 km2 (73 sq mi), na 112 km2 (43 sq mi) mu Tanzania na chigaŵa chikuru (177 km2 (68 sq mi)) mu Kenya. |<ref>{{cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Tanganyika]] |[[File:Fisherman_on_Lake_Tanganyika.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|32900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|DRC}}<br />{{flag|Burundi}}<br />{{flag|Zambia}} |Nyanja ya Tanganyika ni Nyanja Yikuru ya ku Africa, ndipo ni nyanja yaciŵiri yakuzika comene pa caru. Nyanja iyi yili na mphaka na vyaru vinayi ndipo njakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi. Mu nyanja iyi ndimo muli boti lakale comene pa caru cose lakucemeka MV Liemba |<ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Lake Nyasa]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[File:Canoes_on_Lake_Malawi.jpg|150x150px]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |{{convert|29600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD; font-size: 90;" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Malawi}}<br />{{flag|Mozambique}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |Chilumba cha Tanzania chili na mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 800 (500 mi) kufuma ku nyanja iyi; kweni mphaka na Malawi ni vyakukayikiska ndipo pasono nyanja iyi njimoza mwa vyaru vya Tanzania yayi. Nyanja iyi yikumanyikwaso kuti Nyanja ya Malawi. | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyasa Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Lake Nyasa |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Malawi |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Rukwa]] |[[File:Lake_Rukwa.png|150x150px]] |~ {{convert|5760|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Rukwa ni nyanja ya Endorheic mu Rukwa Valley kumwera kwa Tanzania. Nyanja iyi yili pa mtunda wa mamita 800 kufuma pa mtunda wa nyanja. |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The fishes of Lake Rukwa.|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology|date=1939-12-01|issn=1096-3642|pages=625–657|volume=40|issue=275|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1939.tb01695.x|first=C. K.|last=Ricardo}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Eyasi]] |[[File:Lake_Eyasi-1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|1050|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Eyasi ni nyanja ya mchere iyo yili pasi pa Great Rift Valley. Nyanja iyi yikuŵa na maji ghanandi, ndipo kanandi yikuwomira mu nyengo ya chilangalanga. | |- |[[Lake Natron]] |[[File:Lesser_Flamingo_Phoeniconaias_minor_in_Tanzania_2081_cropped_Nevit.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|1,040|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Natron ni nyanja ya mchere na soda. Nyanja iyi yili mu chigaŵa cha Arusha kufupi na Ol Doinyo Lengai. Nyanja iyi njakumanyikwa cifukwa cakuti yili na viswaswa vyakututuka, ndipo pH yake yikusintha pakati pa 10.5 na 12. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=DNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044253/http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |archive-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Manyara]] |[[File:Lake_Manyara.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|470|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Manyara ni nyanja ya alkaline mu East African Rift Valley ndipo yili mukati mwa chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Manyara National Park. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 230 km2. | |- |[[Lake Burigi]] |[[File:Lake_Burigi.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|70|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja iyi yili mu chigaŵa cha Kagera kumpoto kwa Tanzania. Nyanja iyi yili na utali wa makilomita 18 ndipo njakunyoloka comene mwakuti cigaŵa cinyake ca nyanja ici cikuwoneka nyengo zose. Chigaŵa chinyake cha nyanja iyi chili mumphepete mwa Burigi Game Reserve. |<ref>{{Cite book|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WLZRxM9vfXoC|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|date=1990-01-01|isbn=9789251029831|first=J.-P. vanden|last=Bossche|first2=G. M.|last2=Bernacsek|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|last3=Nations}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Balangida]] | |{{convert|33|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Balangida ni nyanja ya alkaline mu nthambi ya Natron-Manyara-Balangida ya East African Rift kumpoto kwa Tanzania. |<ref>{{cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Jipe]] |[[File:Lake_Jipe.png|150x150px]] |{{convert|30|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Kenya}} |Nyanja ya Jipe yili mu chigaŵa cha Mwanga mu chigaŵa cha Kilimanjaro pa mphaka na Kenya. Nyanja iyi yili ku Kenya ndipo yili na chivikiliro ku chigaŵa cha Tsavo West National Park. | |- |[[Lake Babati]] |[[File:Morning_sun,_Lake_Babati.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|21|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Babati yili mu chigaŵa cha Babati mu chigaŵa cha Arusha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tarangire National Park. Nyanja iyi yikumanyikwa na visomba vinandi vya mvuchi. | |- |[[Lake Ambussel]] |[[File:Lake_Ambussel.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|19|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Nyanja ya Ambussel njimoza mwa nyanja zinayi za mu Pangani Basin. |<ref>{{Cite book|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WLZRxM9vfXoC|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|date=1990-01-01|isbn=9789251029831|first=J.-P. vanden|last=Bossche|first2=G. M.|last2=Bernacsek|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|last3=Nations}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Chala]] |[[File:Lake_Chala.jpg|150x150px]] |{{convert|4.2|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | style="font-size:" |{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Kenya}} |Nyanja ya Chala yili mumphepete mwa Phiri la Kilimanjaro. Nyanja iyi yili kuzingilizgika na crater rim ya makilomita 100 ndipo ni nyumba ya tilapia ya mu Nyanja ya Chala. Nyengo yinyake mu nyanja iyi mukaŵa ng'ona za mu Nayelo, kweni zikuwoneka kuti zikusuzga ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Chala, Moshi, Tanzania. The Lake Chala Safari Camp |url=http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206200649/http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.lakechalasafaricamp.com}}</ref> |} == Wonaniso == {{portal|Lakes|Tanzania}} * [[Geography of Tanzania]] * [[Tanzania Ports Authority]] * [[Marine Services Company Limited]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Lakes of Tanzania}} {{Africa topic|List of lakes of}} {{Tanzania topics}} [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania|*]] [[Category:Lists of lakes by country|Tanzania]] [[Category:Lists of landforms of Tanzania|Lakes]] 98icgqzqjmsuvxz3m9xq35jvebo55lp 0 31062 122556 102936 2026-09-28T01:14:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}} {{short description|American actress (born 1983)}} {{Infobox person|name=Jolene Purdy|caption=|birth_name=<!-- Valid citation required for full name for BLP. (WP:BLPPRIVACY) -->|birth_date=<!-- Valid citation required for date of birth for BLP. (WP:BLPPRIVACY) -->|birth_place=|years_active=2001–mpaka pano|occupation=Actress|children=1|image=Jolene Purdy.jpeg}} '''Jolene Purdy''' ni munthu wakucita maseŵero gha [[filimu]] ku [[America]]. Purdy wakaŵa Cherita Chen mu filimu ya Donnie Darko ya mu 2001. Pakati pa maudindo ghake pa TV pali Fox sitcom Do Not Disturb, iyo yikamba mu 2008,<ref name="Poptower">{{Cite web|url=http://www.poptower.com/jolene-purdy.htm|title=Pop Tower- Filmography, Bio, Etc.|access-date=June 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825100116/http://www.poptower.com/jolene-purdy.htm|archive-date=August 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BuddyTV">[http://www.buddytv.com/info/jolene-purdy-info.aspxr Buddy TV- Bio]{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jolene Purdy Actor|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jolene-purdy/247052/|website=tvguide.com|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103003421/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jolene-purdy/247052/|archive-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref> kweniso wakawonelera seŵero la ABC Family lakuti 10 Things I Hate About You, apo wakaseŵeranga Mandella mu vigaŵa 8. Kweniso Purdy wakawoneseskanga pa Judging Amy na Boston Public. Purdy wakumanyikwaso na udindo wake wa Piper Katins mu TV ya TeenNick Gigantic. Wakaŵa na maudindo mu filimu ya Netflix Orange Is The New Black kweniso mu filimu ya Marvel ya WandaVision. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Amama ŵake mba ku Japan ndipo adada ŵake mba ku America. Mwanakazi uyu ni Yonsei, muzukuru wa ŵapapi ŵa ku Japan. Iyo wali na ŵadumbu. Iyo na mfumu wake, Chuck, ŵali na mwana msungwana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Interview: Actress Jolene Purdy|url=https://www.hapamag.com/hapa-mag-issue-002/jolene-purdy-on-family-diversity-and-career|access-date=July 7, 2020|website=Hapa Mag|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114130624/https://www.hapamag.com/hapa-mag-issue-002/jolene-purdy-on-family-diversity-and-career|archive-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref> Kuyambira 2017, wakukhala ku [[Southern California]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ma filimu == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chaka !Mutu !Zina ! class="unsortable" |vyakulemba |- |2001 |''[[Donnie Darko]]'' |Cherita Chen |Film |- |2001 |''[[Boston Public]]'' |Cindy Lavin |Episode: "Chapter Twenty-Three" |- |2002 |''[[Judging Amy]]'' | |Episode: "Tidal Wave" |- |2008 |''[[Do Not Disturb (TV series)|Do Not Disturb]]'' |Molly |5 episodes |- |2009–10 |''[[10 Things I Hate About You (TV series)|10 Things I Hate About You]]'' |Mandella |8 episodes |- |2010–11 |''[[Gigantic (TV series)|Gigantic]]'' |Piper Katins |Main role, 18 episodes |- |2010 |''[[Breaking Bad]]'' |Cara |Episode: "[[Green Light (Breaking Bad)|Green Light]]" |- |2011 |''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' |Ronnie |3 episodes |- |2012 |''[[Raising Hope]]'' |Venom |Episode: "Mrs. Smartypants" |- |2013–14 |''[[Under the Dome (TV series)|Under the Dome]]'' |Dodee Weaver |Main role (Season 1), Guest (Season 2)<br />9 episodes |- |2014 |''[[Benched (TV series)|Benched]]'' |Micah |Main role<ref>{{cite web|title=Jolene Purdy Joins News USA Network Comedy 'Benched'|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/jolene-purdy-joins-news-usa-network-comedy-benched/238910/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011242/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/jolene-purdy-joins-news-usa-network-comedy-benched/238910/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 23, 2018|website=tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com|access-date=July 9, 2020|date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> |- |2016–17 |''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' |Stephanie Hapakuka |Recurring Role, 19 episodes |- |2018 |''[[Superstore (TV series)|Superstore]]'' |Amber |Episode: "Video Game Release" |- |2018 |''[[The Resident (TV series)|The Resident]]'' |Olivia Tan |2 episodes |- |2019 |''[[The Magicians (U.S. TV series)|The Magicians]]'' |Shoshana |3 episodes |- |2021 |''[[WandaVision]]'' |Isabel Matsueida / "Beverly" |Recurring |- |2021 |''[[The White Lotus]]'' |Lani |1 episode |- |2022 |''[[Firefly Lane]]'' |Justine Jordan |4 episodes |- |2023 |''[[Unseen (film)|Unseen]]'' |Sam |Film |} == Wonaniso == * [[History of the Japanese in Los Angeles]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{IMDb name|1066346}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Purdy, Jolene}} [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from California]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American actresses of Japanese descent]] [[Category:American film actors of Asian descent]] [[Category:American people of Jewish descent]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] {{US-screen-actor-1980s-stub}} ql65a8tdbkgwio7ingz4zizayivpob6 0 31444 122739 82271 2026-09-28T03:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox television|image=Young, Famous & African.jpg|alt=|caption=|genre=[[Reality television]]|creator={{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}}|starring={{unbulleted list|[[Khanyi Mbau]]|[[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]]|[[Zari Hassan]]|[[Diamond Platnumz]]|[[Swanky Jerry]]|[[Andile Ncube]]|[[Naked DJ]]|[[Nadia Nakai]]|[[Kayleigh Schwark]]|[[2Baba]]}}|country=South Africa|language=English|executive_producer={{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Adelaide Joshua-Hill}}|location=[[Johannesburg]]|camera=[[Multi-camera]]|released={{Start date|2022|03|18|df=y}}|channel=Netflix|num_series=2|num_episodes=16}} '''Young, Famous & African''' ni TV ya Netflix yakwamba ya ku Africa, na nyenyezi za ku Africa [[Khanyi Mbau]], Annie Macaulay-Idibia, [[Zari Hassan]], [[Diamond Platnumz]], Andile Ncube, Swanky Jerry, Naked DJ, Nadia Nakai, Kayleigh Schwark na 2Baba.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=Peace Hyde is Producing Netflix's First African Reality TV Series – Young, Famous & African – Starring Annie Idibia, Diamond Platnumz, Swanky Jerry |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/06/peace-hyde-netflix-young-famous-african/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> Chiwonetserochi chikanena za kupanga ntchito, kufunafuna chikondi, ndi kubwezeretsa moto wakale wa anthu otchuka ochokera ku South Africa, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Uganda ndi Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young, Famous & African |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81310218 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=[[Netflix]] |language=en}}</ref> Nkhani iyi yikamba pa 18 March 2022.<ref name="Premiere">{{cite web |last1=Rajput |first1=Gunjan |date=March 15, 2022 |title='Young, Famous & African': 5 things you need to know about the Netflix Reality series |url=https://meaww.com/young-famous-and-african-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-netflix-first-african-reality-show |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Meaww}}</ref> == Nkhani == Chiwonetserochi chikutsatira gulu la abwenzi omwe ndi ojambula achi Africa komanso olemba A-listers pamene akuyenda m'miyoyo yawo kusangalala, kukopana ndikumenyana ku Johannesburg, South Africa. Ŵafuma mu vyaru vinkhondi vya mu Africa. Msungwana wa ku South Africa uyo wakuchemeka Khanyi Mbau ndiyo wali pa chigaŵa cha gulu ili. Diamond Platnumz wa ku Tanzania uyo wali kupatukana na muwoli wake wakale, mwanakazi wa bizinesi wa ku Uganda wa ku South Africa, Zari Hassan, ŵakulutilira na umoyo wawo. Annie Macaulay-Idibia wa ku Nigeria na mfumu wake, 2Baba, awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ni ŵakwimba, ŵakasangana na suzgo la kuleka kugomezgeka. Munthu munyake uyo wakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe pa mtende ni Swanky Jerry, uyo ni nkhwantha ya mafashoni ku Nigeria. Muyimbi wa rap wa ku South Africa Nadia Nakai uyo wali pa chibwezi cha kutali, na mwanalume uyo wali yekha ndipo wakwendeska TV Andile Ncube nawo ŵali na vibwezi vinyake. DJ wa ku South Africa uyo wali kupatika kaŵiri na chibwezi chake Kayleigh Schwark ŵakukumana na masuzgo gha kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 12.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phiri |first=Janice |date=22 March 2022 |title=Young, Famous & African – here is what you need to know |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/young-famous-african-here-is-what-you-need-to-know-20220322 |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rafter |first1=Shana |date=2021-06-23 |title=Diamond and Zari to premiere on Netflix' reality show "Young, Famous & African" |url=https://nextvafrica.com/diamond-and-zari-to-premiere-on-netflix-reality-show-young-famous-african/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=NexTV News Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628071638/https://nextvafrica.com/diamond-and-zari-to-premiere-on-netflix-reality-show-young-famous-african/ |archive-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> == Ŵatoli mbali == * [[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]] * [[Diamond Platnumz]] * [[Swanky Jerry]] * [[Zari Hassan]] * [[Nadia Nakai]] * [[2Baba]] * [[Khanyi Mbau]] * Naked DJ * Kayleigh Schwark * Andile Ncube == Vipatulo == {{Series overview|released=y|allreleased=y|color1=#EF71A1|link1=#Season 1 (2022)|episodes1=7|start1={{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}}|color2=006600|link2=#Season 2 (2023)|episodes2=9|start2={{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}}}} === Season 1 (2022) === {{Episode table|background=#EF71A1|overall=|season=|title=|director=<ref name="WGA">{{Cite web |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1219526/roar-2022/ |title=Roar |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]] |access-date=February 15, 2022}}</ref>|airdate=|airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Shows A-Z – Young, Famous & African on Netflix |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/young-famous-and-african/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=March 17, 2022}}</ref>|released=y|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Welcome to South Africa |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Queen of bling Khanyi Mbau throws a ball for her friends; Diamond Platnumz's heartbreak emerges as he woos Nadia Nakai; parenting talk gets inense. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = The Newcomer |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Diamond hands the wheel to Nadia as they shop; Khanyi and Annie Macaulay-Idibia clash; Kayleigh Schwark spills about life with Naked DJ. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Love Is in the Air |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Zari makes a splash at a soiree; Diamond gets called out by Naked, who spars with Khanyi; a loved one shows up. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Bye, Bitch! |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = African queens are on a collision course; Annie shares her joy, but Zari takes 2Face to the side; Andile Ncube assembles all his friends including his to baby mamas for a posh party. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Faceoff |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Entanglements turn explosive, Zari confides in Khanyi, Annie gossips with Swanky and Nadia, and Andile makes time for love. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Murder on the Blue Train |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Zari invites the squad on a luxury train trip; awkwardness -- and lions -- rattle the crew; Nadia has big news. |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 7 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Wedding Bells |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|18|df=y}} |ShortSummary = A lavish vow renewal approaches; the men shift gears for a speedy bachelor party while Swanky shakes up a tense bachelorette party. |LineColor = B60205 }}}} === Season 2 (2023) === {{Episode table|background=006600|overall=|season=|title=|director=<ref name="WGA">{{Cite web |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1219526/roar-2022/ |title=Roar |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]] |access-date=February 15, 2022}}</ref>|airdate=|airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Shows A-Z – Young, Famous & African on Netflix |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/young-famous-and-african/listings/ |website=[[The Futon Critic]] |access-date=March 17, 2022}}</ref>|released=y|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 8 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Awkward Reunions |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 9 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Masks Off |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 10 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 11 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = The Queen B |OriginalAirDate ={{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 12 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Showdown |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 13 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Oh Baby! |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 14 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Trailer Proposal |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 15 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Gloves Off |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 16 |EpisodeNumber2 = 9 |DirectedBy = {{hlist|[[Peace Hyde]]|Martin Asare Amankwa}} |Title = Trials and Tribulations |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|19|df=y}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = B60205 }}}} == Kupangika == Pa 22 Juni 2021, Netflix yikakolerana na uyo wakapangiska na kupanga, Peace Hyde, kuti ŵapange nkhani yake yakwamba ya ku Africa. Pa 25 Seputembala 2021, Netflix adayambitsa Young, Famous & African ku Tudum: A Global Fan Event ku Brazil, pakati pa 60 Netflix Originals. Pa February 14, 2022, vidiyo iyi yikafuma pa YouTube. Seŵero ili likamba pa 18 March.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phiri |first=Janice |date=22 March 2022 |title=Young, Famous & African – here is what you need to know |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/young-famous-african-here-is-what-you-need-to-know-20220322 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> == Reception == === Vyakupeleka na vyakusankhika === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;" ! scope="col" |Chaka ! scope="col" |Mphoto ! scope="col" |Mtundu ! scope="col" |Recipient(s) ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2022 |[[African Entertainment Awards USA]] |Best Reality TV Shows |''Young, Famous & African'' | {{won}} | |} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{IMDb title|id=15302054}} * [https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81310218 Young, Famous & African] at [[Netflix]] {{Netflix original current series}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Famous and African}} [[Category:2020s South African television series]] [[Category:2022 South African television series debuts]] [[Category:English-language Netflix original programming]] [[Category:South African reality television series]] [[Category:Television shows filmed in South Africa]] pqhjtaun0a27bm6pis9it8erdovi5zz 0 31535 122555 121733 2026-09-28T01:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox film | name = John Wick: Chapter 4 | image = John Wick - Chapter 4 promotional poster.jpg | alt = A closeup of John Wick, wearing a hourglass as a "tie", with bullets flowing into the lower bulb inside the hourglass. | caption = Chikhongwani cha filimu | director = [[Chad Stahelski]] | writer = {{Plainlist| * [[Shay Hatten]] * Michael Finch }} | based_on = {{Based on|Characters|[[Derek Kolstad]]}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Basil Iwanyk]] * Erica Lee * Chad Stahelski }} | starring = {{Plainlist| <!-- ORDER PER BILLING BLOCK --> * [[Keanu Reeves]] * [[Donnie Yen]] * [[Bill Skarsgård]] * [[Laurence Fishburne]] * [[Hiroyuki Sanada]] * [[Shamier Anderson]] * [[Lance Reddick]] * [[Rina Sawayama]] * [[Scott Adkins]] * [[Clancy Brown]] * [[Ian McShane]] <!-- ORDER PER BILLING BLOCK --> }} | cinematography = [[Dan Laustsen]] | editing = Nathan Orloff | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Tyler Bates]] * Joel J. Richard }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Summit Entertainment]] * [[Thunder Road Films]] * [[87Eleven Productions]] }} | distributor = [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] | released = {{Film date|2023|3|6|[[Odeon Luxe Leicester Square|London]]|2023|3|24|United States}} | runtime = 169 minutes<ref name="Runtime">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2023 |title=''John Wick: Chapter 4'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/john-wick-chapter-4-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda4mdc3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318130851/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/john-wick-chapter-4-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda4mdc3 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $100 million<ref name="Budget">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Box Office Preview: ''John Wick 4'' Targets Huge $70 Million Opening Weekend |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/box-office-john-wick-4-opening-weekend-projection-record-1235561254/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060018/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/box-office-john-wick-4-opening-weekend-projection-record-1235561254/amp/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> | gross = $428.9 million<ref name=BOM>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10366206/?ref_=bo_se_r_2|title=John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 26, 2023|archive-date=May 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531184625/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10366206/?ref_=bo_se_r_2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Numbers">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/John-Wick-Chapter-4-(2023)#tab=box-office |title=John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023) - Financial Information |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315003604/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/John-Wick-Chapter-4-(2023)#tab=box-office |url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''John Wick:Chipatulo 4''' ni filimu yakufuma ku [[America]] ya mu 2023 yakulembeka na [[Chad]] Stahelski na Shay Hatten na Michael Finch. Mu filimu iyi muli Keanu Reeves, uyo ni munthu wakwamba, pamoza na Donnie Yen, Bill Skarsgård, Laurence Fishburne, Hiroyuki Sanada, Shamier Anderson, Lance Reddick, Rina Sawayama, Scott Adkins, Clancy Brown, na Ian McShane. Mu filimu iyi, John Wick wakukhumba kuwezgera nduzga pa ŵanthu awo ŵakamukoma. Mu Meyi 2019, Lionsgate yikapharazga vya filimu yacinayi ya John Wick. Iyi ni filimu yakwamba mu filimu iyi iyo yikalembeka na Derek Kolstad, ndipo Hatten wakalembeka mu mwezi wa Meyi 2020. Kuwoneska kwa filimu iyi kukachitika kufuma mu Juni m'paka Okutobala 2021. Zuŵa lakwamba la kufumiska la Meyi 21, 2021, likachedweskeka cifukwa ca nthenda ya COVID-19.<ref name="NewDate">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=May 1, 2020 |title='John Wick: Chapter 4,' 'The Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard' Get New Release Dates |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/lionsgate-hitmans-wifes-bodyguard-john-wick-chapter-4-1234595835/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501225824/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/lionsgate-hitmans-wifes-bodyguard-john-wick-chapter-4-1234595835/ |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |access-date=May 1, 2020 |website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]]}}</ref> John Wick: Chapter 4 yikamba pa Odeon Luxe Leicester Square ku London pa March 6, 2023, ndipo yikamba pa March 24 ku United States. Filimu iyi yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo yikasanga ndalama zakujumpha $428 miliyoni pa charu chose. Pali filimu yacinkhondi iyo yikunozgeka. == Nkhani == <!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, word count should be between 400 and 700 words. Word count 699 as of 20 April 2023. --> Mu msumba wa New York, John Wick wakunozgekera kuwezgera nduzga pa High Table uku wakubisama pasi pamoza na Bowery King. Wakaluta ku Morocco na kukoma Mulara, uyo "wakukhala pacanya pa thebulu". Pakuzgora, Marquis Vincent de Gramont, yumoza wa ŵantchito ŵa High Table, wakacema Winston, manejara wa hotelo ya New York Continental, na Charon, uyo wakaŵa mulinda wake. Marquis wakalongosora kuti High Table wamupako vinthu vyambura mphaka kuti wakome John Wick. Wakamususka Winston cifukwa ca kutondeka kukoma John. Pakuŵa cilango, Marquis wakamuwuskapo Winston pa udindo wake, wakamupharazga kuti "wakususkika", wakaparanya Continental, na kukoma Charon. Pamanyuma, Marquis wakakhumbanga kuti Caine, uyo ni munthu wakufwa maso, wakukoma ŵanthu, wakome mubwezi wake John. John wakabisama ku Osaka Continental, iyo yikendeskeka na mubwezi wake Shimazu Koji. Chidi, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa Marquis, pamoza na ŵaboma ŵa High Table na Caine, ŵakiza ku hotelo iyi kuti ŵakawone umo vinthu viliri. Mwana wa Koji, Akira, mulinda wa hotelo, wakafumamo mu hotelo pambere High Table "yindayipatulire", ndipo Koji na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakiza kuzakamuvikilira. John wakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵanandi awo ŵakamukoma. "Bwana. Munthu munyake uyo wakakhumbanga kupenja njombe, wakadumulizga mbembe yawo na kovwira John kuti wachimbire. Koji uyo wapwetekeka, wakuwukira Caine mwakuwerezgawerezga; Caine wakukoma Koji na kuponoska Akira. John wakawelera ku New York ndipo wakakumana na Winston pa dindi la Charon. Winston wakaphalira John kuti wagwiliskirenge nchito kaluso ka ku High Table kuti wacite nkhondo na Marquis. Para John wangatonda mphindano, waŵenge wakufwatuka ku udindo wose uwo wali nawo, kweni wangapempha waka kuti waŵe yumoza wa ŵamunyumba ya vigeŵenga. Wakaluta ku likuru la gulu la vigeŵenga la Ruska Roma ku Berlin, uko wakaleka kukolerana nalo. Mudumbu wake wakulera, Katia, wakakhumbanga kuti John wakome Killa Harkan. John wakalimbana na Killa pa nyumba yake ya maseŵero. Caine na Mr. Palije uyo wakawovwira John kwimikana na ŵanthu ŵa Killa apo nkhondo yikambanga; John wakakoma Killa na kuwezgerapo udindo wake. Winston wakaphalira Marquis ivyo John wakayowoya. Pakuŵa'muteŵeti waciŵiri' wa John, Winston wakapempha kuti New York Continental yizengekeso, ndipo usange John watonda, iyo waŵengeso manejara. Ku Paris, John na Marquis ŵakudumbiskana umo ŵacitirenge nkhondo iyi. Ŵakudumbiskana vya futi pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo ku Sacré-Cœur. Marquis wakimika munthu munyake zina lake Caine kuti wanjire mu malo ghake; John na Winston ŵazamukomeka usange ŵiza yayi pa nyengo yakwenelera. Themba la ku Bowery likiza ku Paris kuzakapeleka kwa John futi na malaya ghaphya. Marquis wakakhumbanga kuti John waleke kufika pa nyengo ya nkhondo mwa kumupa ndalama zakukwana madola 26 miliyoni. John wakathereska ŵabendezi ŵanandi pa nthowa ya ku Sacré-Cœur, kusazgapo Mr. Palije uyo wangadumbiskana vya kukwezga njombe kufika pa $40 miliyoni. Apo ŵakadumbiskananga, John wakawovwira kuti Chidi waleke kukoma Mr. Ntcheŵe ya munthu waliyose yayi, yikupangiska Mr. Palije uyo wangamuleka John. Caine na Mr. Palije uyo wakawovwira John kuti waleke kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo Chidi, uyo Mr. Palije uyo wakukoma ŵanthu pa Rue Foyatier, ŵakufika pa pachanya pa phiri pa nyengo yakwenelera ya nkhondo. John na Caine ŵakakhuŵazgana mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Cingwe cacitatu cikamara apo Caine wakapweteka John. Pakukhumba kuti waŵe na mazaza gha kuwukira, Marquis wakasintha malo na Caine. Winston wakachenya Marquis cifukwa ca kujikuzga kwake, ndipo wakavumbura kuti John wandafumiskepo futi yacitatu. Muteŵeti wa Ciuta wakapeleka wanangwa kwa Caine na John, ndipo Winston wakawelera ku nchito. John wakati wawa pa makwelero, wakaghanaghanira za umoyo wake na nthengwa yake pambere wandafwe. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, apo ŵakawelera ku New York, Winston na Bowery King ŵakamuwonaso John pa dindi lake, ilo likaŵa pafupi na dindi la muwoli wake Helen. Mu cigaŵa ico cikati cajumphapo, Caine wakawelera ku Paris kuti wakakumane na mwana wake mwanakazi, kweni Akira uyo wakaŵa na mtima wa kuwezgera, wakaluta nayo. == Ŵatola mbali == <!-- ORDER PER BILLING BLOCK, SEE https://johnwick.movie/assets/img/common/rated.png --> * [[Keanu Reeves]] as [[John Wick (character)|John Wick]], a professional hitman and assassin who has gained a legendary reputation for his set of skills and is now hunted by the High Table.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=2023-03-26 |title='John Wick: Chapter 4' Annihilates 'Shazam 2' With $73.5M U.S. Box Office Opening |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/john-wick-chapter-4-box-office-shazam-1235360910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327170936/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/john-wick-chapter-4-box-office-shazam-1235360910/ |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Chris |date=2023-03-29 |title='We're Going to Do the Biggest Stair Fall You've Ever Seen' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/03/chad-stahelski-on-john-wick-chapter-4s-stairs-pratfall.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> * [[Donnie Yen]] as Caine, a blind High Table assassin and an old friend of John Wick, who is forced out of retirement to kill John Wick to ensure the safety of his daughter. * [[Bill Skarsgård]] as the Marquis Vincent de Gramont, a powerful member of the High Table whose position is challenged by John Wick. * [[Laurence Fishburne]] as the Bowery King, a former underground crime boss who was left for dead by the High Table and is now sponsoring John Wick.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lane |first=Carly |date=June 10, 2021 |title='John Wick 4': Laurence Fishburne Confirms His Return and Praises Sequel Script That Goes "Much Deeper" |url=https://collider.com/john-wick-4-cast-laurence-fishburne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610184150/https://collider.com/john-wick-4-cast-laurence-fishburne/ |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> * [[Hiroyuki Sanada]] as Shimazu Koji, the manager of the Osaka Continental Hotel and an old friend of John Wick and Caine.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2022 |title=John Wick 4 Director Chad Stahelski Talks New Characters, Locations & the Future of the Franchise |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMTmbiRNtnk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140631/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMTmbiRNtnk |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> * [[Shamier Anderson]] as Mr. Nobody / The Tracker, a bounty hunter pursuing Wick. * [[Lance Reddick]] as Charon, the concierge at the Continental Hotel in New York. * [[Rina Sawayama]] as Shimazu Akira, Koji's daughter and concierge of the Osaka Continental.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1423360829135761414|user=rinasawayama|title=🗡️AKIRA🗡️ #JohnWick4|last=Sawayama|first=Rina|author-link=Rina Sawayama}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Singer Rina Sawayama Tapped To Star Alongside Keanu Reeves In 'John Wick: Chapter 4' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/rina-sawayama-star-john-wick-chapter-4-keanu-reeves-japanese-british-pop-star-1234765248/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527204726/https://deadline.com/2021/05/rina-sawayama-star-john-wick-chapter-4-keanu-reeves-japanese-british-pop-star-1234765248/ |archive-date=May 27, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Scott Adkins]] as Killa Harkan, the head of the German Table.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rivera |first=Damon |date=January 11, 2023 |title=Scott Adkins Says Keanu Reeves Gave Everyone Gifts On The Set Of John Wick: Chapter 4 |url=https://www.looper.com/1164648/scott-adkins-says-keanu-reeves-gave-everyone-gifts-on-the-set-of-john-wick-chapter-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171504/https://www.looper.com/1164648/scott-adkins-says-keanu-reeves-gave-everyone-gifts-on-the-set-of-john-wick-chapter-4/ |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=[[Looper (website)|Looper]]}}</ref> Adkins, who wore a [[fat suit]] for the role, says his performance was inspired by a character in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Mendelson|first1=Scott|title=‘John Wick 4’ Star Scott Adkins Says His Performance Was Inspired by ‘Raiders of the Lost Ark’|url=https://www.thewrap.com/scott-adkins-john-wick-keanu-reeves-interview/|magazine=[[The Wrap]]|date=March 23, 2023}}</ref> * [[Clancy Brown]] as the Harbinger, a high-ranking operative of the High Table.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Ryan |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Here's Who Bill Skarsgård Plays in 'John Wick: Chapter 4' |url=https://collider.com/john-wick-4-bill-skarsgard-clancy-brown-shamier-anderson-characters-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110175929/https://collider.com/john-wick-4-bill-skarsgard-clancy-brown-shamier-anderson-characters-explained/ |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> * [[Ian McShane]] as Winston Scott, the manager of the New York Continental Hotel and friend of John Wick.<ref name="mc">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=July 15, 2021 |title=Ian McShane To Return As Winston In 'John Wick: Chapter 4' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/john-wick-chapter-4-ian-mcshane-returning-1234793776/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715180334/https://deadline.com/2021/07/john-wick-chapter-4-ian-mcshane-returning-1234793776/ |archive-date=July 15, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <!-- ORDER PER BILLING BLOCK, SEE https://johnwick.movie/assets/img/common/rated.png --> [[Natalia Tena]] portrays Katia, John Wick's adoptive sister;<ref>{{cite web |last=Knolle |first=Sharon |date=July 21, 2022 |title=Keanu Reeves Is Back (Again) in First Look at 'John Wick 4' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/keanu-reeves-in-first-look-photo-of-john-wick-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111060456/https://www.thewrap.com/keanu-reeves-in-first-look-photo-of-john-wick-4/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=November 10, 2022 |title=John Wick Chapter 4 Trailer Has Keanu Reeves Fighting Donnie Yen |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-wick-chapter-4-trailer-keanu-reeves-fights-donnie-yen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110201153/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/john-wick-chapter-4-trailer-keanu-reeves-fights-donnie-yen/ |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |publisher=[[Bauer Consumer Media]]}}</ref> and [[Marko Zaror]] portrays Chidi, second-in-command of the Marquis de Gramont.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Arrow S. |date=April 1, 2023 |title=The Most Badass 'John Wick' Characters, Ranked |url=https://collider.com/most-badass-john-wick-characters-ranked/#chidi-marko-zaror |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> George Georgiou appears as the Elder, "the one who sits above the Table"; Georgiou portrays a different character than the one played by [[Saïd Taghmaoui]] in ''[[John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Harvey Voices |date=November 11, 2022 |title=The official trailer for ''John Wick: Chapter 4'' has landed and we are thrilled to announce that George Georgiou will play The Elder.... |url=https://harveyvoices.co.uk/john-wick-chapter-4-george-georgiou |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111105855/https://harveyvoices.co.uk/john-wick-chapter-4-george-georgiou/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=Harvey Voices}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1591019440820391936|user=HarveyVoices|title=We are beyond excited to announce that our very own @george_actor will play The Elder in #JohnWickChapter4 Click here for more info and to watch the official trailer: https://harveyvoices.co.uk/john-wick-chapter-4-george-georgiou/… #JW4 #KeanuReeves #voiceover #voiceovercasting|author=Harvey Voices}}</ref> [[Bridget Moynahan]] appears as John's late wife, Helen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Robert |date=November 11, 2022 |title=Woah, John Wick 4 Trailer Teases A Massive Reveal About John's Family |url=https://screenrant.com/john-wick-4-trailer-high-table-family-tease/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> Sven Marquardt, an infamous German [[bouncer]], appears as a Ruska Roma member named Klaus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barker |first1=Stephen |date=30 March 2023 |title=John Wick 4's Klaus Cameo Hides A Wild True Story |url=https://screenrant.com/john-wick-4-klaus-actor-cameo-true-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330193138/https://screenrant.com/john-wick-4-klaus-actor-cameo-true-story/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=screenrant.com |publisher=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunworth |first1=Liberty |date=28 March 2023 |title=Legendary Berghain bouncer Sven Marquardt makes cameo in 'John Wick 4' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/legendary-berghain-bouncer-sven-marquardt-makes-cameo-in-john-wick-4-3421800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330115738/https://www.nme.com/news/film/legendary-berghain-bouncer-sven-marquardt-makes-cameo-in-john-wick-4-3421800 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=nme.com |publisher=[[NME]]}}</ref> Retired sumo wrestler [[Yoshinori Tashiro]] made an appearance as the Osaka Continental gatekeeper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |script-title=ja:「ジョン・ウィック4」に“インドに漂着した力士”田代良徳が出演、真田広之と訓練中 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/434532 |access-date=7 April 2023 |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |title=— |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063050/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/434532 |archive-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> == Kupangika == === Kayendeskelo === Pa Meyi 20, 2019, Lionsgate yikapharazga vya John Wick: Chapter 4 kwizira mu "John Wick" service yawo ya kusinthiska malemba, na kulemba kuti, "Mwatumikira. Namovwirani. John Wick: Chaputara 4 yikwiza pa Meyi 21, 2021". Mu Ogasiti 2020, CEO wa Lionsgate, Jon Feltheimer, wakati: "Tili ŵakutangwanika kunozga malemba gha vigaŵa viŵiri vyakunthazi vya filimu ya John Wick. Tikugomezga kuti tizamuwoneseska kuti John Wick 4 na 5 vyalongosoreka mwakudumura para Keanu wazakaŵa na nyengo yakugwilira nchito kukwambilira kwa caka cikwiza".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=August 6, 2020 |title='John Wick 5' Greenlit by Lionsgate; Will Be Shot Back-to-Back with 'John Wick 4' |url=https://collider.com/john-wick-5-filming-dates-details-john-wick-4-keanu-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809072949/https://collider.com/john-wick-5-filming-dates-details-john-wick-4-keanu-reeves/ |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 6, 2020 |title='John Wick 5' Confirmed By Lionsgate; Sequel Will Be Shot Back To Back With Fourth Installment |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/john-wick-5-confirmed-by-lionsgate-sequel-will-be-shot-back-to-back-with-fourth-installment-1203006611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230331/https://deadline.com/2020/08/john-wick-5-confirmed-by-lionsgate-sequel-will-be-shot-back-to-back-with-fourth-installment-1203006611/ |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en}}</ref> Pambere filimu yacitatu yindafumiskike, mulembi Chad Stahelski wakasimikizgira pa Reddit "AMA" kuti pakaŵa kudumbiskana za filimu yinyakhe, ndipo kuti wazamunjiramo mu mulimo uwu usange filimu yacitatu yikwenda makora. Nangauli ŵakayowoyapo kale, kweni pakaŵavya ukaboni wakuti Keanu Reeves wazamuweleraso. Ndipouli, wakaphalira GQ kuti walutilirenge kucita mulimo uwu mpaka apo ŵanthu ŵakukhumbira, wakati, "Mpaka apo malundi ghane ghakunitolera". Stahelski pamanyuma pake wakaseka filimu yacinayi mu nkhani na IndieWire mwa kuyowoya kuti Wick wazamumalizga yayi filimu yacinayi na "umaliro wakukondweska", wakati, "John wangapona pa vinthu vyose ivi kweni paumaliro wake, palije umaliro wakukondweska. Walije uko wangaluta. Nadi, nkhumuphalirani kuti, kasi mukukhumba kuti nileke wuli? Kasi ukughanaghana kuti wafumenge na kuluta ku mtunda? Wakakoma ŵanthu 300 ndipo sono wafumengepo waka. Kasi watemwenge waka mwanakazi munyake? Usange ndimwe munthu uyu, usange munthu uyu waliko, kasi zuŵa la munthu uyu lizamumara wuli? Wazamuŵa wakufwa umoyo wake wose. Ni nkhani ya nyengo". Kweniso, Stahelski wakaseka Winston mu filimu yacinayi, wakati, "Wakakhumbanga kumukoma. Kasi wakakhumbanga kumukoma? Ivi vingapulikikwa makora, mungaviwona mu nthowa ziŵiri, ndipo apa ndipo tikutorapo mafumbo ghanyake agho ghandazgoreke mu John Wick 4. Studio iyi yikasankha kuleka kulemba nkhani ya Derek Kolstad ndipo m'malo mwake yikagwira ntchito Shay Hatten kuti walembe script mu Meyi 2020. Mu Febuluwale, Stahelski wakatora Ricky Staub na Dan Walser kuti ŵamulembere filimu iyi pamanyuma pakuti wakakondwa na filimu yawo ya Concrete Cowboy. Mu Malichi 2021, ntchito yolemba zojambula zidaperekedwa kwa wolemba zojambula za Predators Michael Finch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Ben |date=March 22, 2021 |title=''John Wick 4'' and ''John Wick 5'' Will Not Be Written by Franchise Architect Derek Kolstad; ''The Continental'' Announcements Coming Soon |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/john-wick-4-and-5-writer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324182022/https://www.slashfilm.com/john-wick-4-and-5-writer/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref> === Kalembelo === Shay Hatten na Michael Finch ndiwo ŵakalemba filimu iyi. Mu nkhani iyo wakalemba na magazini ya Looper, Finch wakati pakaŵa mafilimu ghanandi agho ghakamovwira kuti walembe makora. Iyo wakati: "Vinthu vinandi ivyo Chad wakalemba vikamba na mafilimu ghanyake, kwali ni Once Upon a Time in the West, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Bullitt, Dirty Harry, panji filimu ya Zatoichi". Donnie Yen wakwimira munthu uyo wakukoma ŵanthu wachibulumutira. Zina la munthu uyu ni Killa Harkan, ndipo wakuchemeka Killa Hakan, rapper wa ku [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2023 |title=Turkse acteur schittert in succesfilm "John Wick: Chapter 4" |url=https://www.dejongeturken.com/turkse-acteur-schittert-in-succesfilm-john-wick-chapter-4/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uç |first=Hakan |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Latest: Turkish rap agenda in 'John Wick 4,' Killa Hakan |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/music/latest-turkish-rap-agenda-in-john-wick-4-killa-hakan |website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> === Kusankha ŵatoli mbali === Apo filimu yacinayi yikamanyikwanga, Reeves wakapharazga kuti wayamba kusambira vya John Wick 4 na Matrix Resurrections. Mu Meyi 2021, vikamanyikwa kuti Rina Sawayama wazamwamba kuwonekera mu filimu ya John Wick Chapter 4. Ŵakamusankha cifukwa nchito iyi yikakhumbikwiranga munthu uyo wakumanya kuvina, ndipo Stahelski wakawonapo mavidiyo ghake gha sumu za "XS" na "Bad Friend" izo zikulongosora kuvina na kurwa. Mwezi wakulondezgapo, Laurence Fishburne, Hiroyuki Sanada, Donnie Yen, Bill Skarsgård, Shamier Anderson, na Scott Adkins ŵakatoleka mu filimu iyi. Pakwamba, Sanada wakakhumbanga kuzakaŵa na Zero mu Mutu 3, kweni wakaleka kuzakaŵa mu Avengers: Endgame. Mu Julayi 2021, Lance Reddick wakimikika kuti wachitenge mulimo wa Charon, ndipo Ian McShane wakimikika kuti wachitenge mulimo wa Winston. Mu Ogasiti, Clancy Brown wakanjira mu gulu ili.<ref name="BrownCast">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 9, 2021 |title='John Wick: Chapter 4' Adds Clancy Brown |url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/john-wick-chapter-4-adds-clancy-brown-1234811844/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809230129/https://deadline.com/2021/08/john-wick-chapter-4-adds-clancy-brown-1234811844/ |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> === Set design and weapons selection === Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa filimu iyi, ŵakavisanga ku makampani agho ghakapanga vilwero ivi. De Gramont wakimika Caine uyo wakakhumbanga yayi kurwa nkhondo mu malo ghake mu nkhonya mwa kugwiliskira nchito Thompson/Center Contenders wa m'ma 1900. Themba la ku Bowery likati lafika ku Paris, likapeleka kwa John futi yakuchemeka Pit Viper. Apo filimu iyi yikambanga, munthu uyo wakuchemeka Caine wakulongora kuti wakugwiliskira ntchito ora la golide lakuzirwa la Carl F. Bucherer wali na cithuzithuzi ca mwana wake msungwana mukati mwa chibenekelero ca golide.<ref>"Carl F. Bucherer Pocket Watch - John Wick: Chapter 4". Watch-id.com. [https://www.watch-id.com/sightings/carl-f-bucherer-pocket-watch-john-wick-chapter-4] </ref> === Kujambula === Kujambura vithuzi kukamba pa June 28, 2021, pa ndalama zakukwana $100 miliyoni, ndipo kukachitika ku [[France]], [[Germany]], New York City, na [[Japan]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France, kusazgapo Mulara wa Malo, ŵakayowoya kuti ku Paris kukaŵa "ku helo". Chifukwa chakuti ku Germany kukachedwa masabata ghaŵiri, Stahelski wakaŵa na nyengo yichoko yakuwonera Paris ndipo wakachitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera na kusintha malo gha ku malo agha. Ŵakawoneskanga filimu iyi ku Luxembourg Gardens na Church of St. Eustache. Cigaŵa cakwamba ca filimu iyi cikaŵa mu "Chitempile ya La Défense" ku Paris. Nkhondo iyi yikamalira pa chiŵanja cha mlengalenga kufupi na Berlin. Kujambura filimu iyi kukamara pa Okutobala 27..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2021-10-27 |title=Keanu Reeves Ended 'John Wick 4' Filming by Giving His Stunt Team the 'Best Wrap Gift Ever' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/10/keanu-reeves-gifts-john-wick-4-stunt-team-1234674884/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029071256/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/10/keanu-reeves-gifts-john-wick-4-stunt-team-1234674884/ |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[IndieWire]] |language=en}}</ref> === Post-production === Stahelski described an early cut of ''John Wick: Chapter 4'' as "screwed" because the expanded [[worldbuilding]] of its title character and the introduction of new characters took 225 minutes of screen time. Editor Nathan Orloff performed more substantial cuts, reducing the film to 169 minutes.<ref name="Runtime" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemphill |first=Jim |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Why ''John Wick: Chapter 4'' Earns Its Almost 3-Hour Running Time |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2023/03/john-wick-4-running-time-explanation-1234821079/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221901/https://www.indiewire.com/2023/03/john-wick-4-running-time-explanation-1234821079/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> The film was originally subtitled ''Hagakure'', to match ''Parabellum''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisenberg |first=Eric |date=March 27, 2023 |title=John Wick: Chapter 4 Had An Alternate Title To Match John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/john-wick-chapter-4-had-an-alternate-title-to-match-john-wick-chapter-3-parabellum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328012938/https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/john-wick-chapter-4-had-an-alternate-title-to-match-john-wick-chapter-3-parabellum |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref> == Music == {{main|John Wick: Chapter 4 (soundtrack)}} [[Tyler Bates]] and Joel J. Richard return to compose the score for the film, after doing so for the previous three films. [[John Wick: Chapter 4 (soundtrack)|The soundtrack album]] was released by [[Lakeshore Records]] on March 24, 2023.<ref name="Soundtrack">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2023 |title='John Wick: Chapter 4' Soundtrack Album Details |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/03/21/john-wick-chapter-4-soundtrack-album-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321203244/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/03/21/john-wick-chapter-4-soundtrack-album-details/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=Film Music Reporter}}</ref> The movie features EDM tracks from widely-known artists in the genre, like [[Gesaffelstein]] and [[Justice (band)|Justice]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Songs and music featured in John Wick: Chapter 4 Soundtrack |url=https://www.tunefind.com/movie/john-wick-chapter-4-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052725/https://www.tunefind.com/movie/john-wick-chapter-4-2023 |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=tunefind.com |publisher=tunefind.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherlock |first1=Ben |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Every Song On The John Wick: Chapter 4 Soundtrack |url=https://screenrant.com/john-wick-chapter-4-soundtrack-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052725/https://screenrant.com/john-wick-chapter-4-soundtrack-songs/ |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=screenrant.com |publisher=screenrant.com}}</ref> as well as [[Le Castle Vania]], whose work largely consisted of remixes of his work from John Wick and John Wick 2. Most of the artists featured in the soundtrack are French, and therefore fit with the majority of the third act of the movie taking place in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023) - Filming Locations |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10366206/locations |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=imdb.com |publisher=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JOHN WICK 4: IN WHICH DISTRICTS OF PARIS WAS THE FILM SHOT? |url=https://www.sortiraparis.com/en/what-to-do-in-paris/cinema-series/articles/289770-john-wick-4-in-which-districts-of-paris-was-the-film-shot |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=www.sortiraparis.com |publisher=www.sortiraparis.com}}</ref> == Release == John Wick: Chapter 4 yikafuma pa Malichi 24, 2023. Lionsgate yikapharazga vya filimu iyi pa sabata yakwamba ya Parabellum, ndipo yikeneranga kufumiskika pa Meyi 21, 2021. Kumanyuma, pa Meyi 1, 2020, IndieWire wakavumbura kuti filimu yachinayi yikasunkhunyika mu Meyi 2022 chifukwa cha nthenda ya COVID-19 na maulamuliro gha Reeves ku The Matrix Resurrections, iyo yikeneranga kufumiskika pa zuŵa limoza na Wick 4. Stahelski wakati: "Matrix 4 yikaŵa kuti yakhala masabata ghanayi pera kufuma apo vyose ivi vikacitikira. Pamanyuma pake tikwenera kunozgekera kuti tizakambe. Ntheura mazuŵa gha kufumiskirako... ni njani wakumanya sono". Zuŵa la kufumiska filimu iyi likachedweskeka kufika pa Meyi 27, 2022, chifukwa cha nthenda ya COVID-19, ndipo pamasinda pa March 24, 2023, kuti ŵaleke kujumpha pa Top Gun: Maverick. Filimu iyi yikamba kuwonekera pa Odeon Luxe Leicester Square ku London pa March 6, 2023. Kweniso yikawonekeranga ku South by Southwest pa Malichi 13, 2023. Mu charu cha [[India]], filimu iyi ŵakayilemba mu Chihindi, Tamil, na Chitelugu. Chikafuma mu South Korea pa Epulero 12, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jang |first=Ah-reum |date=March 22, 2023 |title='존윅4' 4월12일 국내 개봉 확정…에펠탑 배경 아이맥스 포스터 공개 |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0006700204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325144022/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0006700204 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 24, 2023 |website=Naver |language=ko}}</ref> === Home media === ''John Wick: Chapter 4'' was released on digital May 23, 2023. The Blu-Ray, 4K UHD, and DVD are set to be released on June 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Wick: Chapter 4 DVD Release Date |url=https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/9566/john-wick-chapter-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327073414/https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/9566/john-wick-chapter-4 |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=DVDs Release Dates |language=en}}</ref> == Reception == === Box office === Kufika pa Meyi 25, 2023, John Wick: Chaputara 4 yili kusanga ndalama zakukwana madola 185.9 miliyoni mu United States na Canada, na madola 243 miliyoni mu vigaŵa vinyake, pa charu chose. Ku United States na Canada, John Wick: Chapter 4 yikaguliska ndalama zakukwana $6570 miliyoni kufuma ku malo ghakusinthaniramo 3,855 pa sabata yakwamba. Kanema uyu wakapanga ndalama zakukwana $29.4 miliyoni pa zuŵa lake lakwamba, kusazgapo $8.9 million kufuma ku viwonetsero vya pa Chinayi usiku, ndipo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa filimu yiwemi chomene mu filimu iyi. Chikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 73.8 miliyoni, ndipo chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene. Chikaŵaso chiphikiro chakwamba chomene ku Lionsgate na filimu yiliyose ya R-rated kufuma apo kukaŵa nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Malichi 2020. Pa nyengo iyi, iyi yikaŵa seŵero laciŵiri pa seŵero laciŵiri ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, pamanyuma pa Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. Kanema uyu wakapanga $28.3 miliyoni mu sabata yakwambilira (kupereŵera kwa 61.6%), wakamalizga wachiŵiri kuseri kwa Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves. Mu sabata yacitatu, filimu iyi yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $14.6 miliyoni, ndipo yikatora malo ghaciŵiri. Mafilimu. Kunja kwa United States na Canada, filimu iyi yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 64 miliyoni kufuma ku vyaru 71. Mu sabata yake yaciŵiri, John Wick: Chapter 4 yikasanga ndalama zakukwana 35 miliyoni mu vyaru 75. Mu sabata yachitatu, filimu iyi yikasanga ndalama zakukwana $21.5 miliyoni. Pa Epulero 16, 2023, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ndalama zinandi ni United Kingdom ($18 million), Germany ($16.9 million), Mexico ($13.7 million), Australia ($13.3 million) na CIS ($12.3 million) .<ref name="DHInt4thBO">{{cite web |last1=Tartaglione |first1=Nancy |date=April 17, 2023 |title='Super Mario Bros' Jumps Higher With $693M WW Through Sunday, Will Barrel Past $700M Today; 'John Wick 4' Reaches Franchise-Best $350M – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/super-mario-bros-movie-second-weekend-global-international-box-office-1235326157/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> === Critical response === Pa webusayiti ya Rotten Tomatoes, 94% ya ŵanthu 340 awo ŵakawonanga nkhani iyi ŵakayowoya viwemi. Pa webusayiti iyi pali fundo yakuti: "John Wick: Chaputara 4 yikulongosora vinandi chomene ndipo yikulongora kuti para Keanu Reeves wavwara makora ndipo wakukoma ŵalwani ŵake, palije icho chingamukwana". Ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika na CinemaScore ŵakamupa filimu iyi "A" pa scale ya A+ mpaka F, apo awo ŵakafumbika na PostTrak ŵakamupa 93% ya viwemi. Frank Scheck wa ku The Hollywood Reporter wakalemba makora chomene filimu iyi, wakati "nkhuru, yiheni chomene, njakukhwima mtima, yitali, kweniso yili na vinthu vinandi ivyo munthu wangakwaniska yayi kuviwona. Tom Jorgensen wa IGN wakapa filimu iyi 10/10, wakayilongosora kuti ni "buku la mazuŵa ghano" ndipo "likuzura na vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya kulenga, vyakusanguluska na vyakusanguluska". Richard Roeper wa mu nyuzipepara ya Chicago Sun-Times wakapeleka nyenyezi zitatu pa zinayi, wakati: "Mu filimu iyi muli filimu yiwemi chomene ya maminiti 100, iyo yikulongora vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika mu galimoto. Richard Brody wa ku The New Yorker wakadandawura comene na filimu iyi, kweni wakawona kuti umaliro wake "wakukhozga comene, wacitima, wakukhozga, ndiposo wakukondweska". Charles Bramesco wa mu nyuzipepara ya The Guardian, wakapeleka nyenyezi ziŵiri pa nyenyezi zinkhondi, wakati: "Awo ŵakakondwa na filimu yakwamba cifukwa ca nkhongono zake, ŵakulindilira cinthu cinyake: cinthu cikuru comene ca filimu iyo yikukhumba kukoma cilicose kweni ŵana ŵake yayi". Liz Miller wakati wawona filimu iyi wakati: "Para nkhuwonelera John Wick: Chaputara 4, nyengo zinyake nkhujipulika nga nkhuwonelera filimu iyo yili na vigaŵa vinandi. Pa maora ghaŵiri na maminiti 49, maso ghinu ghazamuwoneka luŵiro para mwawona ivyo vikujumpha pa chiwawa. Kweni'mazuŵa ghachoko waka' ghakupanga 'filimu' yayi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Liz Shannon |date=March 14, 2023 |title=In John Wick Chapter 4, Brilliant Fights Are Less Than the Sum of Their Punches: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/john-wick-chapter-4-review-keanu-reeves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316184642/https://consequence.net/2023/03/john-wick-chapter-4-review-keanu-reeves/ |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (magazine)|Consequence]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Accolades === At the [[2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards]], ''John Wick: Chapter 4'' received a nomination for [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=May 7, 2023 |title=MTV Movie & TV Awards: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2023-winners-list-1235479868/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508014322/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2023-winners-list-1235479868/ |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> == Future == === Sequel === Mu 2023, CEO wa Lionsgate, Jon Feltheimer wakasimikizga kuti filimu yacinayi yikupangika pamoza na John Wick: Chapter 4. Nangauli pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga kuti filimu iyi yikwane pamoza na chigaŵa chachinayi, kweni mu Malichi 2021, Lionsgate ŵakasankha kuti ŵaleke kupanga. Mu 2019, Reeves wakayowoya kuti walutilirenge kupanga mafilimu ghakulondezgana, chikuru mafilimu agha ghakukondweska. Stahelski wakati: "Ine na Keanu tili kumalizga waka. Tipelekenge nyengo kuti John Wick wapumure. Nkhugomezga kuti studio yili na pulani. Usange ŵanthu wose ŵakukondwa na nkhani iyi, mbwenu tiŵenge chete". Apo filimu iyi yikafumanga, pakaŵavya nkhani yakuti paŵe filimu yacinayi, cifukwa cakuti Wick wakafwa mu Mutu 4. Stahelski wakayowoya kuti cifukwa ico iyo na Reeves ŵakalekera kupanga sequel yikaŵa cifukwa ca kukayikira nkhongono zake za "kupeleka vinthu viŵiri vyapadera". Pakwamba, Lionsgate yikakwiya na ivyo ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga, kweni pamanyuma ŵakazomera. Nangauli Stahelski na Reeves ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti Wick wazakaŵepo, kweni Joe Drake, pulezidenti wa Lionsgate, wakayowoyapo kuti pali mwaŵi wakuti paŵe filimu yacinayi chifukwa cha kupambana kwa Chapter 4. Mu Meyi 2023, ŵakasimikizga kuti Lionsgate yikunozga filimu yacinayi ya John Wick.<ref>https://comicbook.com/movies/news/john-wick-5-lionsgate-boss-confirms-development/?fbclid=IwAR01mQySTIKEKToawsw822jXpTPTZplt-I61bs9oCajO58PfB6LkmmUB12o&mibextid=Zxz2cZ</ref> === Spin-offs === Reeves na McShane ŵazamuŵaso na maudindo ghawo nga ni Wick na Winston mu filimu ya Ballerina, iyo yikulongosora vya John Wick. Kweniso pa TV paŵenge pulogiramu yinyake yakuchemeka The Continental: From the World of John Wick. Yen walongora kuti wakukhumba kupanga filimu yinyake yakuyowoya vya Caine..<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|date=March 27, 2023|title=Donnie Yen Talks 'John Wick 4,' a Possible Caine Spinoff and Quentin Tarantino's 'Cartoonish' Bruce Lee Depiction|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/donnie-yen-john-wick-4-caine-spin-off-quentin-tarantino-bruce-lee-1235565269/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327163239/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/donnie-yen-john-wick-4-caine-spin-off-quentin-tarantino-bruce-lee-1235565269/|archive-date=March 27, 2023|access-date=March 28, 2023|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> == Vinyake == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=March 29, 2023 |title=A John Wick Action Scene, Step by Step |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/movies/john-wick-4-action-scene.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181519/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/movies/john-wick-4-action-scene.html |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=April 1, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalonks == * {{Official website|https://johnwick.movie/film/john-wick-4}} * {{IMDb title}} * {{Mojo title|johnwick4}} {{John Wick}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2023 action thriller films]] [[Category:2020s American films]] [[Category:2020s English-language films]] [[Category:American action thriller films]] [[Category:American neo-noir films]] [[Category:American sequel films]] [[Category:Fictional representations of Romani people|Wick, John]] [[Category:Films directed by Chad Stahelski]] [[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]] [[Category:Films produced by Basil Iwanyk]] [[Category:Films scored by Tyler Bates]] [[Category:Films set in Berlin]] [[Category:Films set in Morocco]] [[Category:Films set in New York City]] [[Category:Films set in Osaka]] [[Category:Films set in Paris]] [[Category:Films set in Japan]] [[Category:Films shot in Berlin]] [[Category:Films shot in Japan]] [[Category:Films shot in Jordan]] [[Category:Films shot in New York City]] [[Category:Films shot in Paris]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Shay Hatten]] [[Category:John Wick|4]] [[Category:Lionsgate films]] [[Category:Summit Entertainment films]] [[Category:Thunder Road Films films]] [[Category:English-language action thriller films]] jlohsswl4wxwl8aeb3ejt917zya66h3 0 31658 122536 111297 2026-09-28T01:01:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{redirect|Geography of America|geography of the continental landmass|Geography of North America|and|Geography of South America}} {{use mdy dates|date=November 2020}} [[File:Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Political map of the [[United States]] showing the 50 [[U.S. state|states]], the [[District of Columbia]] and the 5 major [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]].{{refn|group=note|Areas not on the map: [[Aleutian Islands]] ([[Alaska]]); [[Northwest Hawaiian Islands]] ([[Hawaii]]); [[Mona Island]] ([[Puerto Rico]]); [[Rota (island)|Rota]] and [[Northern Islands Municipality]] ([[Northern Mariana Islands]]); [[Manu'a|Manu'a Islands]], [[Rose Atoll]] and [[Swains Island]] ([[American Samoa]]) and the [[U.S. Minor Outlying Islands]]}}|alt=Political map of the United States.]] {{Country geography |name = The United States |map = USA topo en.jpg |map size = 250 |continent = [[North America]] |region = |coordinates = {{Coord|38.000|N|97.000|W|source:eswiki}} |area ranking = 3rd/4th |km area = 9,826,675 |percent land = 93.24 |percent water = 6.76 |km coastline = 19920 |borders = [[Canada]]: {{convert|8864|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}<br />[[Mexico]]: {{convert|3327|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |highest point = [[Denali]]<br />{{convert|6190.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |lowest point = [[Badwater Basin]],<br />{{convert|-85|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |longest river = [[Missouri River]],<br />{{convert|3767|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |largest lake = [[Lake Superior]]<br />{{convert|58000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |climate = Diverse: Ranges from warm-summer continental in the far north to tropical in the far south. West: mostly semi-arid to desert, Mountains: alpine, Northeast: humid continental, Southeast: humid subtropical, Coast of California: Mediterranean, Pacific Northwest: cool temperate oceanic, Alaska: mostly subarctic, Hawaii, South Florida, and the territories: tropical |terrain = Vast central plain, Interior Highlands and low mountains in Midwest, mountains and valleys in the mid-south, coastal flatland near the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, complete with mangrove forests and temperate, subtropical, and tropical laurel forest and jungle, canyons, basins, plateaus, and mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in Great Plains, with occasional badland topography; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii and the territories |natural resources = coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land |natural hazards = tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska |environmental issues = severe water shortages, air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada |exclusive economic zone= {{convert|11,351,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}}} The term "[[United States]]," when used in the geographical sense, refers to the [[contiguous United States]] (sometimes referred to as the [https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Lower-48 Lower 48]), the state of [[Alaska]], the island state of [[Hawaii]], the five [[Insular area|insular]] [[Territories of the United States|territories]] of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[Guam]], and [[American Samoa]], and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|minor outlying possessions]].<ref name=":0">U.S. State Department, [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80; Homeland Security [https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hr_5005_enr.pdf Public Law 107-296] Sec.2.(16)(A); Presidential Proclamation of national jurisdiction [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2000-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2000-title3-vol1-proc7219.pdf]</ref> The United States shares land borders with [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] and maritime borders with [[Russia]], [[Cuba]], [[The Bahamas]], and other countries,{{refn|group=note|The United States has a maritime border with the [[United Kingdom]] because the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] borders the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States-Virgin-Islands. Britannica.com. United States Virgin Islands. Retrieved July 3, 2020. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429112829/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States-Virgin-Islands |date=April 29, 2020 }}</ref> [[Puerto Rico]] has a maritime border with the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-RicoBritannica.com. Puerto Rico. Retrieved July 3, 2020. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702120024/https://www.britannica.com/place/Puerto-Rico |date=July 2, 2020 }}</ref> [[American Samoa]] has a maritime border with the [[Cook Islands]] (see [[Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty]]).<ref>Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Routledge: New York. {{ISBN|9781579583750}}; OCLC 54061586</ref><ref>Charney, Jonathan I., David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). International Maritime Boundaries, 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden.</ref> American Samoa also has maritime borders with [[Samoa|independent Samoa]] and [[Niue]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200731224602/http://www.pacgeo.org/static/maritimeboundaries/. Maritime Boundaries. Retrieved July 3, 2020. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731224602/http://www.pacgeo.org/static/maritimeboundaries/ |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref>}} in addition to Canada and Mexico. The [[Canada–United States border|northern border of the United States with Canada]] is the world's longest bi-national land border. ==Area== From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as {{convert|9372610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (land + inland water only). The listed total area changed to {{convert|9629091|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to {{convert|9631418|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 2004, to {{convert|9631420|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 2006, and to {{convert|9826630|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' gives {{convert|9826675|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=United States|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=2009-09-30|access-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|archive-date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> the [[United Nations Statistics Division]] gives {{convert|9629091|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf|title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density|publisher=UN Statistics Division|work=Demographic Yearbook 2005|access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> and the ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' gives {{convert|9522055|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States|title=United States|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District and exclude overseas territories. The US has the 2nd largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|11,351,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. <!--When editing this section, please note the distinction drawn between TOTAL AREA (i.e., including water) and TOTAL LAND AREA (excluding water), as the rankings change.-->By [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|total area]] ([[Territorial waters|water]] as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the [[People's Republic of China]], making it the world's third or fourth-largest country. China and the United States are smaller than [[Russia]] and [[Canada]] in total area but are larger than [[Brazil]]. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth. Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) the validity of China's claim on [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted); and (2) how the US calculates its surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of the United States several times.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.theodora.com/wfb/abc_world_fact_book.html|title=Countries of the World: 21 Years of World Facts|publisher=geographic.org|access-date=2008-08-17}}</ref> ==General characteristics== [[File:USA-satellite.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A satellite composite image of the [[contiguous United States]]. Temperate and [[Subtropical]] forests, of deciduous, coniferous, broadleaved evergreen, and mixed vegetation, as well as [[grassland]]s, montane forests, and croplands, prevail in the east, transitioning to [[prairie]]s (semi-arid steppe), [[boreal forest]]s, the [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] in the west and [[desert]]s in the southwest. In the northeast, the coasts of the [[Great Lakes]] and [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic seaboard]] host much of the country's population.]] [[File:HawaiiGeography.png|thumb|upright=1.4|A satellite composite image of the state of [[Hawaii]]. [[Volcanoes]] prevail on the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]. The islands have rugged coastlines, sandy beaches and a tropical environment, although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant trade winds from the east.]] {{See also|Borders of the United States}} The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a [[Territorial waters|territorial water]] border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the east, and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, the [[Bering Strait]] to the west, and the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico. This group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the ''[[contiguous United States]]'', and as the ''Lower 48''. [[Alaska]], which is included in the term ''[[continental United States]]'', is located at the northwestern end of [[North America]]. The capital city, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, District of Columbia]], is a federal district located on land donated by the state of [[Maryland]]. ([[Virginia]] had also donated land, but it was returned in 1849.) The United States also has [[Territories of the United States|overseas territories]] ([[Insular area]]s) with varying levels of autonomy and organization: in the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] territories of [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] (formerly the Danish Virgin Islands, purchased by the US at the beginning of WW2), and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]] and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], along with a number of [[U.S. Minor Outlying Islands|uninhabited island territories]]. Some of the territories acquired were a part of [[expansion of the United States|United States imperialism]], or to gain access to the east. Nearly all of the United States is in the [[northern hemisphere]]—the exceptions are [[American Samoa]] and [[Jarvis Island]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180108181645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/standard_time_zones_of_the_world.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108181645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/standard_time_zones_of_the_world.pdf |date=January 8, 2018 }} CIA World Factbook – Standard Time Zones of the World, May 2018. (Map of the world showing the location of the contiguous U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. Territories south of the "0" horizontal line (the equator) are in the southern hemisphere). Retrieved September 1, 2019.</ref> ==Physiographic divisions== {{Main|Physiographic regions of the United States}} [[File:MountMcKinley BA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Denali]], Alaska, is the highest point in [[North America]] at {{convert|20310|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}.]] The eastern United States has a varied topography. A broad, flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas-Mexico border to [[New York City]], and includes the Florida peninsula. This broad coastal plain and [[barrier islands]] make up the widest and longest beaches in the United States, much of it composed of soft, white sands. The [[Florida Keys]] are a string of [[coral]] islands that reach the southernmost city on the United States mainland ([[Key West]]). Areas further inland feature rolling hills, mountains, a diverse collection of temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests. Parts of interior Florida and South Carolina are also home to [[sandhill]] communities. The [[Appalachian Mountains]] form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin. [[New England]] features rocky seacoasts and rugged mountains with peaks up to 6200 feet and valleys dotted with rivers and streams. Offshore Islands dot the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 6,622&nbsp;km² of tidal flats in the United States, making it the 4th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8}}</ref> The five [[Great Lakes]] are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with [[Canada]]; only [[Lake Michigan]] is situated entirely within the United States. The [[Southeastern United States|southeast United States]], generally stretching from the [[Ohio River]] southwards, includes a variety of warm temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests, as well as warm temperate and subtropical dry forests nearer the Great Plains in the west of the region. West of the Appalachians lies the lush [[Mississippi River]] basin and two large eastern tributaries, the [[Ohio River]] and the [[Tennessee River]]. The [[Ohio Valley|Ohio]] and [[Tennessee Valley|Tennessee]] Valleys and the [[Midwestern U.S.|Midwest]] consist largely of rolling hills, interior highlands and small mountains, jungle-like marsh and swampland near the Ohio River, and productive [[farmland]], stretching south to the [[U.S. Gulf Coast|Gulf Coast]]. The Midwest also has a vast amount of cave systems. The [[Great Plains]] lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains. Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from [[tallgrass prairie]] in the eastern plains to [[shortgrass prairie|shortgrass steppe]] in the western [[High Plains (United States)|High Plains]]. Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains. The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places, most notably in the [[The Ozarks|Ozark]] and [[Ouachita Mountains]], which form the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]], the only major mountainous region between the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4106/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm | title=Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth | publisher=United States Forestry Service | access-date=2007-10-13 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017222856/http://srs.fs.usda.gov/4106/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm | archive-date=2007-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |title=A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Union of Two Maps – Geology and Topography |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=2007-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515044037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |archive-date=2006-05-15 }}</ref> The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the [[Western U.S.]], entering from [[Canada]] and stretching nearly to [[Mexico]]. The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation. The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges, with a few exceptions (such as the [[Teton Mountains]] in [[Wyoming]] and the [[Sawatch Range]] in [[Colorado]]). The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado, the tallest peak being [[Mount Elbert]] at {{convert|14440|ft|m|abbr=on}}. In addition, instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range, it is broken up into a number of smaller, intermittent mountain ranges, forming a large series of basins and valleys. West of the Rocky Mountains lies the [[Intermontane Plateaus]] (also known as the [[Intermountain West]]), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the [[Cascade Range|Cascades]] and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] ranges. The large southern portion, known as the [[Great Basin]], consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north–south mountain ranges. The [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] is predominantly a low-lying desert region. A portion known as the [[Colorado Plateau]], centered around the [[Four Corners]] region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world. It is accentuated in such national parks as [[Grand Canyon National Park|Grand Canyon]], [[Arches National Park|Arches]], [[Mesa Verde National Park|Mesa Verde]] and [[Bryce Canyon National Park|Bryce Canyon]], among others. Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington, western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho. [[File:Grand Canyon from Moran Point.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[The Grand Canyon]] from Moran Point. The Grand Canyon is among the most famous locations in the country.]] The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the [[Cascade Range]] and the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states, [[Mount Whitney]] ({{convert|14505|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). It is located at the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, just {{convert|84.6|mi|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the [[Badwater Basin]] in [[Death Valley National Park]] at {{convert|279|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} below sea level.<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=September 21, 2015|access-date=September 22, 2015|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|url-status=dead}}</ref> These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]] and [[Mount Rainier National Park|Mount Rainier]]. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] in [[California]] and the [[Willamette Valley]] in [[Oregon]]. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the [[Pacific Coast Ranges]]. Alaska contains some of the most dramatic scenery in the country. Tall, prominent mountain ranges rise up sharply from broad, flat tundra plains. On the islands off the south and southwest coast are many [[volcanoes]]. Hawaii, far to the south of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean, is a chain of tropical, volcanic islands, popular as a tourist destination for many from [[East Asia]] and the mainland United States. The territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands encompass a number of tropical isles in the northeastern [[Caribbean Sea]]. In the Pacific Ocean the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands occupy the limestone and volcanic isles of the [[Mariana Islands|Mariana archipelago]], and American Samoa (the only populated US territory in the southern hemisphere) encompasses volcanic peaks and coral atolls in the eastern part of the [[Samoan Islands]] chain.{{refn|group=note|One island in American Samoa ([[Swains Island]]) is not in the Samoan Islands — it is in the [[Tokelau]] island chain.}} ===Physiographic regions=== [[File:US physiographic map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A [[physiography|physiographical]] map of the contiguous 48 states of the U.S. The map indicates the age of the exposed surface as well as the type of terrain.]] The geography of the United States varies across its immense area. Within the continental U.S., [[Physiographic Regions of the United States|eight distinct physiographic divisions]] exist, though each is composed of several smaller physiographic subdivisions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Physiographic Regions |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=2003-04-17 |url=http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |access-date=2008-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515044037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html |archive-date=2006-05-15 }}</ref> These major divisions are: * [[Laurentian Upland]] – part of the [[Canadian Shield]] that extends into the northern United States [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] area. * [[Atlantic Plain]] – the coastal regions of the eastern and southern parts include the continental shelf, the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]] and the [[U.S. Gulf Coast|Gulf Coast]]. * [[Appalachian Highlands]] – lying on the eastern side of the United States, it includes the [[Appalachian Mountains]], the [[Watchung Mountains]], the [[Adirondacks]] and [[New England]] province originally containing the Great Eastern Forest, a stretch of mixed temperature and subtropical montane forests, some of which are rainforests. * [[Interior Plains]] – part of the interior continental United States, it includes the [[Great Plains]], as well as a number of highland and mountainous regions, like the [[Black Hills]], dense cave systems, painted hills and badland features. * [[Interior Highlands]] – also part of the interior continental United States, this division includes the [[Ozark]] Plateau, the [[Ouachita Mountains]], and other smaller mountain systems. This region is located largely in the warm temperate/subtropical moist and dry forest biomes. * [[Rocky Mountains|Rocky Mountain System]] – one branch of the [[American cordillera|Cordilleran]] system lying far inland in the western states. * [[Geography of the United States Intermontane Plateaus|Intermontane Plateaus]] – also divided into the [[Columbia Plateau]], the [[Colorado Plateau]] and the [[Basin and Range Province]], it is a system of plateaus, basins, ranges and gorges between the Rocky and Pacific Mountain Systems. It is the setting for the [[Grand Canyon]], the [[Great Basin]] and [[Death Valley]]. * [[Pacific Coast Ranges|Pacific Mountain System]] – the coastal mountain ranges and features in the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast of the United States]]. [[File:Scipio Township near Republic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Much of the central United States is covered by relatively flat, arable land. This aerial photo was taken over northern [[Ohio]].]] The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions. The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast–southwest trend to [[Crustal deformation|crustal deformations]] which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian Mountain system. This system had its climax of deformation so long ago (probably in [[Permian]] time) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low [[Relief (geology)|relief]]. It owes its present-day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains. The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement, causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land. Additionally, the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea. While the Atlantic coast is relatively low, the Pacific coast is, with few exceptions, hilly or mountainous. This coast has been defined chiefly by geologically recent crustal deformations, and hence still preserves a greater relief than that of the Atlantic. The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United States. The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The [[American cordillera|Cordilleran system]] on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated, having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System. In between these mountain systems lie the [[Intermontane Plateaus]]. Both the [[Columbia River]] and [[Colorado River]] rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system, and flow through plateaus and intermontane basins to the ocean. Heavy forests cover the northwest coast, but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region. The intermontane valleys, plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest. The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the [[Gulf of Mexico]] northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a [[Canada|Canadian]] and a United States portion. It is from the United States side that the great [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has an arid climate supporting only scanty native plant life, and in the south, it is practically barren. Elevation extremes: *Lowest point: [[Death Valley]], [[Inyo County, California]] {{convert|-280|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} *Highest point: [[Denali]], [[Denali Borough, Alaska]] {{convert|20310|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} ==Climate== {{Main|Climate of the United States}} [[File:US_50_states_Köppen_with_territories.png|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the US (including the 5 inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]])]] [[File:Average precipitation in the lower 48 states of the USA.png|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of average precipitation across the contiguous US.]] Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is subtropical in the [[Southern United States]], [[humid continental climate|continental]] in the north, tropical in [[Hawaii]] and southern [[Florida]], polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], Mediterranean in coastal [[California]] and arid in the [[Great Basin]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]. Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation. The main influence on U.S. weather is the [[jet stream|polar jet stream]] which migrates northward into Canada in the summer months, and then southward into the US in the winter months. The jet stream brings in large low-pressure systems from the northern [[Pacific Ocean]] that enters the US mainland over the Pacific Northwest. The [[Cascade Range]], [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], and [[Rocky Mountains]] pick up most of the moisture from these systems as they move eastward via the [[Precipitation (meteorology)#Orographic effects|orographic effect]], and they are greatly diminished by the time they reach the High Plains. Once they move over the Great Plains, uninterrupted flat land allows them to reorganize and can lead to major clashes of air masses. In addition, moisture from the [[Gulf of Mexico]] is often drawn northward. When combined with a powerful jet stream, this can lead to violent thunderstorms, especially during spring and summer. Sometimes during winter, these storms can combine with another low-pressure system as they move up the East Coast and into the [[Atlantic Ocean]], where they intensify rapidly. These storms are known as [[Nor'easter]]s and often bring widespread, heavy rain, wind, and snowfall to [[New England]]. The uninterrupted grasslands of the Great Plains also lead to some of the most extreme climate swings in the world. Temperatures can rise or drop rapidly, winds can be extreme, and the flow of heat waves or Arctic air masses often advance uninterrupted through the plains. The [[Great Basin]] and [[Columbia Plateau]] (the [[Intermontane Plateaus]]) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the [[Cascade Mountains|Cascades]] and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. Precipitation averages less than {{convert|15|in|cm|0}}. The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding {{convert|100|°F|1}} for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the [[monsoon]] from the [[Gulf of California]] from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region. Much of California consists of a [[Mediterranean climate]], with sometimes excessive rainfall from October–April and nearly no rain the rest of the year. In the [[Pacific Northwest]] rain falls year-round but is much heavier during winter and spring. The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall. The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world, with some places averaging over {{convert|600|in|cm|0}} of snow annually, but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow. Florida has a [[subtropical climate]] in the northern part of the state and a [[tropical climate]] in the southern part of the state. Summers are wet and winters are dry in Florida. Annually, much of Florida and the deep southern states is frost-free. The mild winters of Florida allow a massive tropical fruit industry to thrive in the central part of the state, making the US second to only Brazil in [[citrus production]] worldwide. Another significant (but localized) weather effect is [[lake-effect snow]] that falls south and east of the [[Great Lakes]], especially in the hilly portions of the [[Upper Peninsula]] of [[Michigan]] and on the [[Tug Hill Plateau]] in [[New York (state)|New York]]. The lake effect dumped well over {{convert|5|ft|m|2}} of snow in the area of Buffalo, New York throughout the 2006–2007 winter. The [[Wasatch Front]] and [[Wasatch Range]] in [[Utah]] can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the [[Great Salt Lake]]. ===Extremes=== {{see also|U.S. state temperature extremes}} In northern Alaska, [[tundra]] and [[arctic]] conditions predominate, and the temperature has fallen as low as {{convert|-80|°F|1}}.<ref>Williams, Jack [https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wcstates.htm Each state's low temperature record], ''USA today'', ''URL accessed 13 June 2006.''</ref> On the other end of the spectrum, [[Death Valley National Park|Death Valley, California]] once reached {{convert|134|°F|1}}, the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth.<ref name="Death_Valley">{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/upload/Weather.pdf | title = Weather and Climate | access-date = October 5, 2006 | date = January 2002 | work = Official website for Death Valley National Park | publisher = National Park Service U. S. Department of the Interior | pages = 1–2 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110905072549/http://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/upload/Weather.pdf | archive-date = September 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |title=WMO Press release No. 956 |date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=April 10, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053728/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |archive-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth. The greatest annual snowfall level is at [[Mount Rainier]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], at {{convert|692|in|cm|0}}; the record there was {{convert|1122|in|cm|0}} in the winter of 1971–72. This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported {{convert|1140|in|cm|0}} of snowfall for the 1998–99 snowfall season. Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the [[Wasatch Mountains]] in [[Utah]], the [[San Juan Mountains]] in [[Colorado]], and the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] in [[California]]. [[File:Fagatogo Dock.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Pago Pago Harbor]] in [[American Samoa]] has the highest annual rainfall of any harbor in the world.<ref name="LonelyplanetAS">{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/american-samoa/tutuila/attractions/rainmaker-mountain/a/poi-sig/1456093/362248|author=Lonely Planet|title=Rainmaker Mountain in Tutuila|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004653/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/american-samoa/tutuila/attractions/rainmaker-mountain/a/poi-sig/1456093/362248|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]] In the east, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most snowfall, although they do not near snowfall levels in the western United States. Along the northwestern Pacific coast, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S., with [[Quinault Rainforest]] in Washington having an average of {{convert|137|in|cm|0}}.<ref>National Atlas, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928220607/http://nationalatlas.gov/mld/prism0p.html Average Annual Precipitation, 1961–1990] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928220607/http://nationalatlas.gov/mld/prism0p.html |date=2006-09-28 }}, ''URL accessed 15 June 2006.''</ref> Hawaii receives even more, with {{convert|404|in|cm|0}} measured annually in the [[Big Bog, Maui|Big Bog]], in [[Maui]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/36675| title = ScholarSpace at University of Hawaii at Manoa: Climatology of Haleakalā| date = July 2015| hdl = 10125/36675| last1 = Longman| first1 = Ryan J.| last2 = Giambelluca| first2 = Thomas W.| last3 = Nullet| first3 = Michael A.| last4 = Loope| first4 = Lloyd L.}} R.J. Longman and T.W. Giambelluca. Climatology of Haleakala. Climatology of Haleakalā Technical Report No. 193. Volume 1, Issue 1. Pages 105–106. 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</ref> [[Pago Pago Harbor]] in [[American Samoa]] is the rainiest harbor in the world (because of the 523 meter [[Rainmaker Mountain]]).<ref name="LonelyplanetAS"/> The [[Mojave Desert]], in the southwest, is home to the driest locale in the U.S. [[Yuma, Arizona]], has an average of {{convert|2.63|in|cm}} of [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] each year.<ref>Hereford, Richard, et al., [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs117-03/ Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region, 1893–2001], ''U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 117-03'', ''URL accessed 13 June 2006.''</ref> In central portions of the U.S., [[tornado]]es are more common than anywhere else on Earth<ref>NOVA, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tornado/country.html Tornado Heaven], ''Hunt for the Supertwister'', ''URL accessed 15 June 2006.''</ref> and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive [[hurricane]]s occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding. The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt [[Ancestral Pueblo peoples]].<ref>O'Connor, Jim E. and John E. Costa, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2003/circ1245/ Large Floods in the United States: Where Thley Happen and Why], ''U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1245'', ''URL accessed 13 June 2006.''</ref> The West is affected by large wildfires each year. ==Natural disasters== {{see also|List of natural disasters in the United States}} The United States is affected by a variety of [[natural disaster]]s yearly. Although drought is rare, it has occasionally caused major disruption, such as during the [[Dust Bowl]] (1931–1942). Farmland failed throughout the Plains, entire regions were substantially depopulated, and dust storms ravaged the land. [[File:Dimmitt Tornado1 - NOAA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A powerful tornado near [[Dimmitt, Texas]] on June 2, 1995.]] ===Tornadoes and hurricanes=== {{main|Tornadoes in the United States|Hurricanes in the United States}} According to a recent Gallup survey, around one in three Americans said that they directly experienced a severe weather condition over the previous two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horn-Muller |first=Ayurella |date=2023-04-15 |title=Climate-displaced Americans face discrimination |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/04/14/climate-displaced-americans-discrimination |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, see frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320044359/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_climatology.html NSSL: Severe Weather 101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320044359/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_climatology.html |date=2012-03-20 }}. Nssl.noaa.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.</ref> The strip of land from north [[Texas]] north to [[Kansas]] and [[Nebraska]] and east into [[Tennessee]] is known as [[Tornado Alley]], where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens, due to the very frequent tornado formation in the region. Hurricanes are another natural disaster found in the US, which can hit anywhere along the [[U.S. Gulf Coast|Gulf Coast]] or the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]] as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Particularly at risk are the central and southern [[Texas]] coasts, the area from southeastern [[Louisiana]] east to the [[Florida Panhandle]], peninsular [[Florida]], and the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]], although any portion of the coast could be struck. The [[U.S. territories]] and possessions in the Caribbean, such as [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], are also vulnerable to hurricanes due to their location in the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, with a peak from mid-August through early October. Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900]], [[Hurricane Andrew]] in 1992, [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, and [[Hurricane Harvey]] and [[Hurricane Maria]] in 2017. Hurricanes (known as cyclones in the Pacific Ocean) fail to make landfall on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to water temperatures being too cool to sustain them. However, the remnants of tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific occasionally impact the western United States, bringing moderate to heavy rainfall. [[File:Hurricane katrina damage gulfport mississippi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Total devastation in [[Gulfport, Mississippi]] caused by storm surge from [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005.]] ===Flooding=== Occasional severe flooding is experienced in the United States. Significant floods throughout history include the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927]], the [[Great Flood of 1993]], and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982–83 [[El Niño]] event in the western United States. Flooding is still prevalent, mostly on the Eastern Coast, during hurricanes or other inclement weather, for example in 2012, when [[Hurricane Sandy]] devastated the region. Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere, and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area, particularly the Southwest. Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of [[wildfire]]s. The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to [[flash flood]]s as well, which can sometimes be devastating, while [[nor'easter]] snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast (although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere). ===Geologic=== The West Coast of the continental United States makes up part of the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes. {{citation needed|date=August 2010}} The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]] and [[northern California]] along the [[Cascade Mountains]]. There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands. There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian Islands since the 17th century. Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]] in Washington. The Ring of Fire makes [[California]] and southern [[Alaska]] particularly vulnerable to [[earthquake]]s. Earthquakes can cause extensive damage, such as the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] or the 1964 [[Good Friday earthquake]] near [[Anchorage, Alaska]]. California is well known for seismic activity and requires large structures to be [[Earthquake resistant structures|earthquake resistant]] to minimize loss of life and property.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100511070408/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures/| archive-date = 2010-05-11| title = Building Safer Structures}}</ref> Outside of devastating earthquakes, California experiences minor earthquakes on a regular basis. There have been about 100 significant earthquakes annually from 2010 to 2012. Past averages were 21 a year. This is believed to be due to the deep disposal of wastewater from [[fracking]]. None have exceeded a magnitude of 5.6, and no one has been killed.<ref>{{cite news | first=Dan | last=Vergano | title=Study:Earthquake increase tied to energy boom | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/11/injection-induced-earthquakes/2508499/| newspaper=[[The Burlington Free Press]] | location=[[Burlington, Vermont]] | pages= 10A | date=July 12, 2013 | access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref> ===Other natural disasters=== Other natural disasters include [[tsunami]]s around the Pacific Basin, mudslides in California, and forest fires in the western half of the contiguous U.S. Although drought is relatively rare, it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption, such as during the [[Dust Bowl]] (1931–1942), which resulted in widespread crop failures and dust storms, beginning in the southern Great Plains and reaching to the Atlantic Ocean. === Consequences === According to report by U.S. [[Census Bureau]], in 2022 natural disasters led to the forced displacement of 3.3 million people, more than 1.3% of the U.S. adult population, with half of the displacements being caused by the [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]]. The survey-report stated that in [[Florida]], the devastation caused by Hurricanes Ian and Nicole resulted in the relocation of around 1 million people, or about one in every 17 adult residents. In [[Louisiana]], where inhabitants were still dealing with the devastating results of Hurricane Ida the year before, more than 409,000 people, or almost one in every eight residents, were moved. Despite this, the [[Louisiana]] state saw a relatively calm hurricane season in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=2023-01-06 |title=3.3 million US adults displaced by natural disasters in past year – survey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/06/us-adults-displaced-natural-disasters-survey-census-bureau |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ==Public lands== [[File:Territorial waters - United States.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Exclusive economic zones of the United States, including [[insular areas]]]] The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public. These include [[national park]]s, [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]], [[United States National Forest|national forests]], [[Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area|wilderness areas]], and other areas. For lists of areas, see the following articles: *[[List of National Parks of the United States]] *[[List of National Natural Landmarks]] *[[List of U.S. National Forests]] *[[List of U.S. Wilderness Areas]] == Human == {{Main|Demography of the United States}} {{tone|section|date=April 2022}} {{more citations needed section|date=April 2022}} In terms of [[human geography]], the United States is inhabited by a [[Multiculturalism|diverse set of ethnicities and cultures]]. ==See also== {{portal inline|United States}} {{colbegin}} *[[County (United States)]] *[[Geographic centers of the United States]] *[[Geography of Puerto Rico]] *[[Geography's impact on colonial America]] *[[Index of United States-related articles]] *[[List of extreme points of the United States]] *[[List of fjords of the United States]] *[[List of islands of the United States]] *[[Lists of landforms of the United States]] *[[List of North American deserts]] *[[List of snowiest places in the United States by state]] *[[Protected areas of the United States]] *[[Public Land Survey System]] *[[Territorial evolution of the United States]] ===Regions=== *[[Historic regions of the United States]] *[[List of regions of the United States]] ===Mountains=== *[[List of mountain peaks of the United States]] *[[List of mountains of the United States]] {{colend}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Brown, Ralph Hall, ''Historical Geography of the United States'', New York : Harcourt, Brace, 1948 * Stein, Mark, ''How the States Got Their Shapes'', New York : Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-06-143138-8}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030209053037/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/ USGS: Tapestry of Time and Terrain] *[http://www.usgs.gov/ United States Geological Survey] – Maintains free aerial maps *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020547/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States of America] *[https://www.burningcompass.com/countries/united-states/states/us-states-and-capitals-map.html US Map] {{U.S. political divisions geographies}} {{Regions of the United States}} {{United States topics}} {{Geography of North America}} {{North America topic|Climate of}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of The United States}} [[Category:Geography of the United States| ]] k8mvm83cz2dakxss75xfapx3klnb28s 0 35543 122694 120376 2026-09-28T03:16:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in East Africa}} {{Redirect|Sudanese Republic|other uses|Sudan (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Sudan (region)|the Sudans}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Sudan | common_name = Sudan | native_name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية سودان|italics=off}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Sūdān}}'' | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of Sudan|Flag]] | religion_year = 2020 | image_coat = Emblem of Sudan.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Sudan|Chidindo cha boma]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|النصر لنا}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|an-Naṣr lanā}}<br />"Victory is ours" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نحن جند الله، جند الوطن}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan|Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan]]}}<br />"We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg | map_caption = Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green | image_map2 = | capital = [[Khartoum]] | coordinates = {{coord|15.5007|N|32.5599|E|type:city_region:SD}} | largest_city = [[Omdurman]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Arabic]]|[[English_language|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |79% [[Sudanese Arab]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| title = People and Society CIA world factbook| date = 10 May 2022| access-date = 7 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| archive-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref> |5.5% [[Beja people|Beja]] |2.5% [[Nuba peoples|Nuba]] |2% [[Fur people|Fur]] |2% [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf| title = الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء}}</ref> |1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] |0.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU| title = Sudanese Fulani in Sudan}}</ref> |17.3% [[Demographics of Sudan|other]] }} | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] republic under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavin |first1=Michelle |title=Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/junta-and-public-odds-sudan |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Jack |title=Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 October 2022 |location=[[Cairo, Egypt]]}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] | leader_name1 = {{indented plainlist| *[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] (Chairman) *[[Malik Agar]] (Deputy chairman) }} {{Collapsible list |title=Others<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-leader-restores-restructured-transitional-sovereignty-council |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=11 November 2021 |location=[[Khartoum]]}}</ref> |bullets = true |1=Shams al-Din Khabbashi |2=Yasser al-Atta |3=Ibrahim Jabir Karim |5=El Hadi Idris Yahya |6=El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar |7=[[Raja Nicola]] |8=Abdulgasim Bortom |9=Yousef Jad Karim |10=Abdelbagi al-Zubeir |11=Salma Abdeljabbar }} | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = {{indented plainlist|*[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]] (acting)}} | legislature = [[Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)|Transitional Legislative Council]] | religion = {{ublist||90.7% [[Islam in Sudan|Islam]] |5.5% [[Christianity in Sudan|Christianity]] |3.5% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional Faiths]] |1.0% [[Religion in Sudan|Others]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Sudan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] | established_date1 = 2500 BC | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Kush]] | established_date2 = 1070 BC | established_event3 = [[Mahdist State]] | established_date3 = 1885 | established_event4 = [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] | established_date4 = 1899 | established_event5 = Independence from the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1956 | established_event6 = Secession of [[South Sudan]] | established_date6 = 9 July 2011 | established_event7 = [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup d'état]] | established_date7 = 11 April 2019 | established_event8 = [[2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration]] effective | established_date8 = 20 August 2019 | established_event9 = [[2021 Sudan coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]] | established_date9 = 25 October 2021 | area_km2 = 1886068 | area_rank = 15th | area_sq_mi = 728215 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 49,197,555<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 30th | population_density_km2 = 21.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 55.3 | population_density_rank = 202nd | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}}$207.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= 23 December 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 71st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}}$4,450<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 151st | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}}$42.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 96th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}}$916<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171st | Gini = 34.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.508 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SDG | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy <!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (AD, AH, etc.)--> | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+249]] | iso3166code = SD | cctld = [[.sd]]<br />[[سودان.]] | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=211c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Sudan|Sudanese]] }} '''Sudan''' ([[Chingelezi]]: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo '''Republic of Sudan''' (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku [[North East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Central African Republic]], kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Eritrea]], kumwera kwa [[Ethiopia]], kumwera kwa [[Libya]], kumwera kwa [[South Sudan]], na ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]]. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/ |title=Sudan Population 2021 (Live) |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu [[Afilika|Africa]] na vyaru vya [[Arab League]] m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni [[Omdurman]]. Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walz |first1=Terence |url=https://oxfordre.com/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-8 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Egyptian‐Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8}}</ref> Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Egypt|Eguputo]]. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henehan |first=Alva D. Jr.|title=For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885|date=2016|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1007048089}}</ref>Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya [[Cisilamu]] na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2008). ''A History of Modern Sudan''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85820-5}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/omar-al-bashir---fast-facts/index.html|title=Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu.<ref name="sudan.gov.sd">{{cite web |title=عن السودان |url=http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902160838/http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2017 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), panji "Charu cha Ŵachibulumutira".<ref>{{citation |author=International Association for the History of Religions |title=Numen |publisher=EJ Brill |place=Leiden |year=1959 |page=131 |quote=West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, Ŵaeguputo ŵakale ŵakachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Sudan}} === Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.) === [[File:Western Deffufa - Kerma.jpg|thumb|Tempile likuru la mathabwa, lakucemeka Deffufa wa ku Western, mu msumba wakale wa Kerma]] [[File:Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C.).jpg|thumb|Linga la Buhen, la mu Ufumu wapakati, likazengekaso mu Ufumu uphya (pafupifupi 1200 BC)]] Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ŵakalondezganga vyakurya na viŵeto.<ref name=locearlyhist>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan |title=Sudan A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as [[R12 (cemetery)|R12]]. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.<ref name="Keita, S.O.Y. 1993 129–54">{{cite journal|title = Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships| author = Keita, S.O.Y. |year = 1993| journal=History in Africa|volume=20| issue = 7 |pages=129–54|jstor=317196|doi = 10.2307/3171969| s2cid = 162330365 }}</ref> === Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD) === {{main|Ufumu wa Kush|Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo wa 25}} [[File:Sudan Meroe Pyramids 2001.JPG|thumb|[[Nubian pyramids]] ku [[Meroë]]]] [[File:Xerxes detail Ethiopian.jpg|thumb|Msilikari wa ku Kušiya wa ŵasilikari ŵa Achaemenid, c. 480 B.C.E. Ivyo vili pa dindi la Xerxes I.]] Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo ukaŵa pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara. Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere Ŵaasiriya ŵandaŵathereske. Pa nyengo iyo Ŵakushi ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, ŵakathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska. Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ŵakazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&q=%22in+fact%2C+there+are+twice+as+many+Nubian+pyramids%22&pg=PA15 |title=The Ancient World |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |date=17 July 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 |language=en}}</ref> Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska Ŵaisrayeli ku ukali wa Ŵaasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaegupto ŵakamba kulamulirika na Ŵaasiriya, kweni ŵakaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo wakaŵa kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Egupto kuti ŵakambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli Ŵaasiriya ŵakafumako mwaluŵiro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko uwo ukaŵa ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na Ŵaeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., Ŵakushi ŵakasamukira ku Meroë.<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book|chapter=A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/kelsey-assets/kelsey-publications/pdfs/Graffiti-as-Devotion.pdf|title=Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond|last1=Emberling|first1=Geoff|last2=Davis|first2=Suzanne|publisher=[[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]]|date=2019|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=5–6, 10–11|isbn=978-0-9906623-9-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh4GBNLsCUsC|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|last=Connah|first=Graham|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2004|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=52–53|isbn=0-415-30590-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bible-translator_1998-07_49_3/page/323|last=Unseth|first=Peter|journal=[[The Bible Translator]]|date=1 July 1998|volume=49|issue=3|pages=323–324|doi=10.1177/026009359804900302|s2cid=131916337}}</ref> ===Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)=== {{main|Nobatia|Makuria|Alodia|Daju kingdom}} [[File:Christian Nubia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Maufumu ghatatu gha Cikhristu gha ku Nubia. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Alodia yikumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni yikwenera kuti yikaŵa kumpoto, pakati pa chigodobu chachinayi na chachisanu cha Nile.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=26}}]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵablemmyes ŵakakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake ukaŵa kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, Ŵanobatiya ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., pakaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=77}} Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|pp=77–78}} [[File:Queen Mother Repeatedly Mistaken as King.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Mozesi George, fumu ya Makuria na Alodia]] Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia ukaŵa na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ŵakachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ŵakakhwaskikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghakaŵa gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.{{sfn|Spaulding|1974|pp=12–30}} === Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821) === {{main|Sultanate of Sennar|Tunjur kingdom|Sultanate of Darfur}} [[File:Sennar mosque (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mzikiti ukuru wa Sennar, uwo ukazengeka mu 17th century{{sfn|Holt|Daly|2000|p=25}}]] Mu 1504 Ŵafunj ŵakakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Nile ŵakamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yikaŵa ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.{{sfn|Werner|2013|pp=177–184}} Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ŵakamulondezganga, ŵakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa waka mu chigaŵa cha Gezira.{{sfn|Spaulding|1985|p=382}}[[File:Southern Sudan - 1800.png|thumb|Kumwera kwa Sudan mu c. 1800. Vikuwoneka kuti mazuŵa ghano pali mphaka.]] Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambe kuŵa Ŵarabu. Kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, Funj ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ŵa ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Kordofan. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, ku Darfur, nyengo ya Chisilamu yikati yakwana, ufumu wa Tunjur ukawuka, uwo ukasintha ufumu wakale wa Daju mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Fur Keira ukachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur. Boma la Keira, ilo likaŵa la Chisilamu kufuma mu nyengo ya Solomoni Solong (uyo wakawusa mu 1660 m'paka mu 1680), likaŵa ufumu uchoko kumpoto kwa Jebel Marra, kweni likakura kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Tayrab (uyo wakawusa mu 1751 m'paka mu 1786). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene, ndipo ukaŵa ukuru wakuyana na wa Nigeria wa mazuŵa ghano.{{sfn|O'Fahey|Tubiana|2007|p=9}} === Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899) === {{Main|Mbili ya Sudan (1821-1885)|Mahdist Sudan|Kuwukira kwa Anglo-Egypt kwa Sudan}} [[File:Ismail Pacha.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ismail Pasha, Khedive wa Ottoman wa Egypt na Sudan kufuma 1863 mpaka 1879]] [[File:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Muhammad Ahmad, muwusi wa Sudan (1881-1885)]] Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo waŵe chigaŵa chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaciŵika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ŵakamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Ismaʻil, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Egypt ŵakanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni. Mu nyengo ya Khedivial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususkika chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru uwo ŵakakhomanga pa milimo yinandi. Malipiro gha msonkho pa visimi vya maji na vyakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi comene mwakuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo na viŵeto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakasuskanga malonda gha ŵazga ŵakakhwaska chomene chuma cha kumpoto kwa Sudan. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Mahdi (Uyo Wakulongozgeka), wakapeleka mwaŵi ku Ansars (ŵalondezgi ŵake) na awo ŵakamupulikira kuti ŵasankhepo yumoza pakati pa kupokelera cisopa ca Ciisilamu panji kukomeka. Ufumu wa Mahdiyah ukakhazikiska malango gha Chisilamu. Pa Ogasiti 12, 1881, pakacitika cinthu cinyake pa cirwa ca Aba, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ŵakathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ŵakususka ŵanyake na kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakaŵa Baggara) kuŵa ma emirs pa chigaŵa chilichose.[[File:Battle of Omdurman-1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Kuthawa kwa Khalifa wati wathereskeka ku Nkhondo ya Omdurman mu 1898]] Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu chigaŵa ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakukwana 60,000 ŵakanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ŵakafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Ŵaegupto, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakathera. Ŵa Belgian ŵakalekeska ŵanthu ŵa Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia. Mu ma 1890, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ŵakambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ŵakacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, France, na Belgium ŵakamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chiziŵa cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara. ===Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)=== {{Main|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}} [[File:The war in the Soudan.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya Mahdist yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakucemeka Mahdists, awo ŵakathereska caru cose ca Sudan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ŵakakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbisiska kuti ŵamazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya ku Sudan ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakakhalira mu chigaŵa cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika kuŵa Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vikaŵira na mubali wake Fuad I. Ŵakalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina kuŵa Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhuŵara na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.{{sfn|Daly|p=346}}[[File:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan camel soldier of the British army.jpg|thumb|right|Msilikari wa ngamila wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900]] From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka liŵe na ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina kuŵa Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likateŵeteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. Ŵa Wafist ŵakakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa £6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum kuŵe suzgo la ndalama. Mu Julayi 1936, mulongozgi wa Liberal Constitutional, Muhammed Mahmoud wakanyengelereka kuti wize na nthumwi za Wafd ku London kuti zizakasayine phangano la Anglo-Egypt, "kwamba kwa nyengo yiphya mu ubwezi wa Anglo-Egypt", wakalemba Anthony Eden. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera ku Sudan kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ca Canal. Ŵakasanga malo ghakusambizgirako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakendanga mwakufwatuka mu Eguputo. Ndipouli, likamazga yayi suzgo la ku Sudan: ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakamba kucitiska kuti boma la msumba uwu liwelere, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵantchito ŵa ku Germany. Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud wakaŵa movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.{{sfn|Morewood|pp=164–165}} Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakora Kassala na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain wakaŵa Robert George Howe. Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵa ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina wakaŵa wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ŵakagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yikaŵa yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na Ŵaeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman wakaŵa wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake likaŵa lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵaegupto na Britain wose ŵakamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ŵakasankha kuzomerezga vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti viŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira paŵekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain.. === Kujiyimira (1956~pano) === {{Main|Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan}} [[File:Sudan independence 2.png|upright=1.05|thumb|Ndembera ya Sudan yikakwezgeka pa ciphikiro ca kujithemba pa 1 Janyuwale 1956 na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari ndipo pakunozgekera mulongozgi wakususka Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.]] Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yakuŵa na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika ndipo pa Meyi 25, 1969, boma likapoka boma laciŵiri. Mulongozgi wa boma, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo boma liphya likamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo na kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali. Mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Marxist na ŵambura Marxist mukati mwa ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ku muwuso wa ŵasilikari, zikapangiska kuti boma lipoke boma mu July 1971. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Communist ŵakawezgerapo Nimeiry ku mazaza. Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chigaŵa cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko ili ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20.[[File:Hashem al Atta, 1971 Sudanese coup d'état.jpg|thumb|[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]]]] M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Sudan ŵasuzgikenge comene (wonani ŵanthu ŵa ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti paŵe mtende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ŵakafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵanthu wose ŵakususkana na boma ŵakafwatulika. ====Bashir era (1989–2019)==== [[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]] {{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}} Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ŵasilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ŵasilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ndyali na ŵamutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakajiŵika kuŵa "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango. Mu 1996, iyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chikaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵaponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ŵakakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ŵakayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chikaŵira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ŵakususka ŵake mwa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵa Islamic Jihad na kukhuŵilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Gulu la boma ku Darfur]] Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ŵakamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho. Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ŵakanyamura vilwero, ŵakasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakaŵa Ŵarabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ŵanthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango ghaŵiri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita. Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende likaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti South Sudan yipatulike.[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Sudan ŵakulindilira kuvota pa 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.]] Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Sudan na Chad ŵakalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yikaŵa pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000. Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici mukaŵa maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. ==== Kugaŵa na kuwezgerapo ==== Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chigaŵa cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti ghaŵenge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kukaŵa kwacoko comene, 46%. Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vikaŵapo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|last2=Gebre|first2=Samuel|title=Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/u-s-lifting-most-sudan-sanctions-on-progress-in-terrorism-fight|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Bloomberg Politics|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> ====2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government==== {{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}} {{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}} [[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement.png|thumb|Awo ŵakwimira boma la Sudan ŵakukondwelera kusazgikira kwa ndondomeko ya malango gha chalo pa 17 August 2019.]] Pa Disembala 19, 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likadumura vyakuti mitengo ya vinthu yikwane katatu. Kweniso, Pulezidenti al-Bashir, uyo wakaŵa pa mazaza kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 30, wakakana kufumapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti magulu gha ŵakususka ghaŵe pamoza. Boma likawezgera na kukora ŵanthu ŵakuwukira boma ŵakujumpha 800 na awo ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 ŵakafwa, kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch. Chiwonetserochi chinapitilizidwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma lake pa 11 Epulo 2019 pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kutsogolo kwa likulu la Sudanese Armed Forces, pambuyo pake atsogoleri a nduna adaganiza kulowererapo ndipo adalamula kumangidwa kwa Purezidenti al-Bashir ndikulengeza miyezi itatu yachilendo.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakafwa pa Juni 3 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵabwangandura ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pasi na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha masozi na vilwero vyeneco. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Sudan ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi pa viyezgo ivi. Ungano uwu ukamara apo gulu la Forces for Freedom and Change (bungwe la magulu agho ghakachitiska ungweru uwu) na Transitional Military Council (boma la ŵasilikari) ŵakasaina chiphangano cha Julayi 2019.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe wupu wa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu wose wa ku Sudan, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, Nemat Abdullah Khair. Mulara wa boma wakale, Abdalla Hamdok, wa vyaka 61, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku wupu wa UN Economic Commission for Africa, wakapika nchito pa Ogasiti 21. Wakamba kudumbiskana na wupu wa IMF na World Bank kuti ŵamazge suzgo la vyakurya, mafuta na ndalama. Hamdok wakati ndalama zakukwana madola 10 biliyoni mu vyaka viŵiri zingamazga wofi. Maboma gha Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates ghakaŵika ndalama zinandi pakovwira wupu wa ŵasilikari kufuma apo Bashir wakathereskekera. Pa 3 Seputembala, Hamdok wakasora ŵanalume 14 kuŵa nduna za boma, kusazgapo mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake na Mkhristu wakwamba wa ku Coptic, uyo nayo wakaŵa mwanakazi. Mu Ogasiti 2021, chalo chikalongozgekanga na Chairman wa Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref> ====2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime ==== {{main|October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état}} Boma la Sudan likapharazga pa 21 Seputembala 2021 kuti pakaŵa chiyezgo chakutondeka cha boma kufuma ku ŵasilikari icho chikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi 40 ŵakakike. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ŵasilikari ŵakambaso kuwukira boma pa Okutobala 25, 2021. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan uyo pamasinda wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Pa Novembala 21, 2021, Hamdok wakambaso kuŵa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pakuti Abdel Fattah al-Burhan wasayina phangano la ndyali kuti wawezgepo muwuso wa ŵanthu (nangauli Burhan wakalutilira kuwusa). Phangano la vigaŵa 14 likati ŵakayidi wose ŵa ndyali awo ŵakakakika pa nyengo ya vimbundi ŵafwatulike. Hamdok wakachimbizga mulara wa ŵapolisi Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam na wachiŵiri wake Ali Ibrahim. Pa Janyuwale 2, 2022, Hamdok wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa umoza wa viphikiro ivyo vyapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kufwa. Kufika mu Malichi 2022 ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 kusazgapo ŵana 148 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakakika cifukwa ca kukana boma la boma, ndipo pakaŵa milandu 25 yakucicizga ndipo ŵanthu 87 ŵakakomeka kusazgapo ŵana 11.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |date=7 March 2022 |title=Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/oral-update-situation-human-rights-sudan |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council |language=en}}</ref> ====2023 internal conflict==== {{main|2023 Sudan conflict}} Mu Epulero chaka cha 2023, apo ŵanthu ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakadumbiskananga za ndondomeko ya kusinthira boma ku boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, nkhondo ya mazaza yikakura pakati pa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (na mulongozgi wa charu) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na movwiri wake, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces & Rapid Strike Force ("RSF"), ilo likapangika kufuma ku Janjaweed. Pa 15 Epulero, 2023, nkhondo yawo yikazgoka nkhondo zaciwawa comene mu misewu ya mu Khartoum pakati pa ŵasilikari na RSF na ŵasilikari, matangi na ndege. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, pa zuŵa lacitatu, ŵanthu 400 ŵakafwa ndipo 3,500 ŵakapwetekeka. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa, pakaŵa ŵantchito ŵatatu ŵa WFP, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kugwira nchito mu Sudan, nangauli mu caru cose muli njara. Mulembi-mulongozgi wa UN, António Guterres, wakapempha "urunji" mwaluŵiro cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu aŵa, ndipo wakapempha kuti nkhondo yimare. Ŵadipuloma ŵa African Union na Saudi Arabia ŵaluta ku Sudan kuti ŵakayezge kuwezgerapo mtende. Ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kuwombera ŵanthu awo ŵapwetekeka, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira.<ref name="fighting_2023_04_16_france27_com">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230416-death-toll-mounts-in-sudan-as-army-paramilitary-fight-for-power "Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause,"] 16 April 2023, [[France24]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref><ref name="clashes_2023_04_16_abc_news">[https://abcnews.go.com/International/clashes-erupt-sudan-army-paramilitary-group-government-transition/story?id=98607846 "Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition,"] 16 April 2023, [[ABC News]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Sudan}} [[File:Map of Sudan (New).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mapu gha Sudan. Chigaŵa cha Hala'ib Triangle chili pasi pa boma la Egypt kwambira mu 2000.]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SDN present.svg|thumb|Mapu gha charu cha Sudan]] Charu cha Sudan chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 853 kufupi na Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, na Libya. Na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi), ni chalo chachitatu pakukura mu Africa (panyuma pa Algeria na Democratic Republic of Congo) na cha 15 pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Sudan chili pakati pa 8° na 23°N. Malo agha ngakutowa chomene ndipo ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Deriba Caldera (3,042 m), iyo yili mu mapiri gha Marrah, ndiyo ni malo ghapacanya comene mu Sudan. Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile ukukumana ku Khartoum kuti uŵe Mlonga wa Nile, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kujumpha mu Eguputo kuya ku Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Mlonga wa Blue Nile ukujumpha mu Sudan ndipo uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 800. Mlonga wa White Nile mu Sudan ulije milonga yinandi. Pali madamu ghanandi pa Mlonga wa Blue na White Nile. Zina mwa madamu agha ni madamu gha Sennar na Roseires agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Blue Nile, kweniso madamu gha Jebel Aulia agho ghali pa Mlonga wa White Nile. Paliso Nyanja ya Nubia pa mphaka ya Sudan na Eguputo. Mu Sudan muli vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa nga ni asibesiti, chromite, cobalt, mkuwa, golide, granite, gypsum, chisulo, kaolin, lead, manganese, mica, gasi, nikele, mafuta, siliva, tini, uranium na zinki..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930235450/http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-date=30 September 2005 |title=Geography of Sudan |publisher=Sudan Embassy in London |date=n.d.}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Geography of Sudan#Climate|l1=Climate of Sudan}} Mvula yikukhilira kumwera. Ku chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kuli malo ghakomira chomene nga ni chipalamba cha Nubia kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya vula ku Sudan yikutora myezi yinayi (June m'paka September) kumpoto, ndipo myezi 6 (May m'paka October) kumwera. Ku vigaŵa vyakomira, kukuchitika chimphepo chikuru cha mchenga, icho chikuchemeka haboob. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli mapopa ghacoko, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene vula izo zikulokwa yayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo, pali minda iyo yili na maji ghanandi. Mu vyaru vinandi, zuŵa likuŵala nyengo yitali comene, kweni comenecomene mu mapopa uko likuŵala maora 4,000 pa caka..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001164348/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-date= 1 October 2012 |title=Sudan – Geography & Environment |publisher=[[Oxfam GB]] |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ===Environmental issues=== Kuzgoka mapopa ni suzgo likuru comene mu Sudan. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufipa mtima na kunangika kwa dongo. Vyaru vinandi vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha vyalutilira kukura kwambura kuvikilirika. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti makuni ghaphyoleke, dongo liwomire, kweniso kuti maji gha mu dongo ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Vinyama vyamuthondo vya mu caru ici vili pangozi cifukwa ca ulovi. Kuzakafika mu 2001, vyamoyo 21 vya vinyama na vyamoyo 9 vya viyuni vikaŵa pangozi. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vili pangozi ni: waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, tora hartebeest, gazela wa masengwe ghafupi, na hawksbill turtle. Nyama ya Sahara oryx yili kumara mu ciŵaya.<ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2011|reason=appear to be user-generated site; how are entries vetted?}} {{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sudan-ENVIRONMENT.html |title=Sudan – Environment |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ==Politics== {{Main|Politics of Sudan}} Ndyali za ku Sudan zikaŵa za boma la Islamic Republic m'paka mu April 2019, apo boma la President Omar al-Bashir likathereskeka na boma la ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakambiska wupu wa Transitional Military Council kuti uwuse vyalo vya mukati. Kweniso wakalekeska malango gha boma na kumazga nyumba za malango izo zikaŵanga na nyumba ziŵiri. Kweni Ibn Auf wakakhalako zuŵa limoza pera ndipo wakafumapo, ndipo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council. Pa 4 Ogasiti 2019, chikalata chiphya cha Constitution chikalembeka pakati pa ŵimiliri ŵa Transitional Military Council na Forces of Freedom and Change, ndipo pa 21 Ogasiti 2019 Transitional Military Council yikasinthika mwalamulo kuŵa mutu wa boma na wupu wa 11 wa Sovereignty Council, ndipo nga mutu wa boma na nduna yikuru. ===Sharia law=== ====Under al-Bashir==== Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Omar al-Bashir, malango gha mu Sudan ghakajintha pa Sharia. Mu 2005, pakaŵa phangano la Naivasha ilo likamazga nkhondo pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sudan. Dango la Chisilamu la ku Sudan ndakupambana na vyaru vinyake. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakakomeranga munthu na malibwe. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na malibwe. Dango likatenge munthu wakwenera kukomeka. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalangika kuti ŵapike chilango cha kuŵatimba na mafayiti 40. Mu Ogasiti 2014, ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafwira mu jele chifukwa cha kutambuzgika. Mu 2001, Ŵakhristu 53 ŵakatimbika. Dango la boma la Sudan likazomerezganga ŵapolisi kuti ŵathyapure ŵanakazi awo ŵakuti ŵakuchita vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Kweniso dango likalanganga munthu para wakhomeka pa khuni. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 88 ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu, kwiba na vilwero, na kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukalemba kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵangakomeka na kukhomeka panji kukhomeka pa khuni. Khoti la pa caru cose likuzomera kuti ndise ŵakwenelera kweruzga. Kuyana na phangano la Naivasha, dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga nchito yayi mu South Sudan. Kufuma waka apo South Sudan yikapatukira, pakaŵa kukayika usange dango la Sharia lizamugwira nchito ku ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo Mbasilamu yayi mu Sudan. Boma la Sudan lili na khoti la malango ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 9, Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Cassation, na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi..<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12033185 |title= Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president |work=BBC News |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> ====After al-Bashir==== {{Main|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy}} Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.<ref name="MOM 09-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/|title=Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized [[female genital mutilation]] with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751|title=Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state}}</ref><ref name="MOM 09-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html|title=Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?|date=6 September 2020}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Sudan}} [[File:Al bashir1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Robert Zoellick]], 2005]] Pakuti charu cha Sudan chili na visambizgo vya chisopa chautesi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, charu cha Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia, vikaŵa mu wupu wa ad hoc uwo ukachemekanga "Front Line States" na wovwiri wa United States kuti uwonenge umo boma la National Islamic Front likuchitira. Boma la Sudan likapeleka wovwiri ku magulu gha ŵakugaluka gha ku Uganda nga ni Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Apo boma la National Islamic Front ku Khartoum likamba kuwoneka nga ni suzgo ku chigaŵa ichi na caru cose, boma la United States likamba kuŵika Sudan pa ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵacite vinthu vyakofya. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States lalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri ku vigeŵenga, wupu uwu ukaghanaghana vyakuti wambiske ubwezi na Iraq, ndipo pamanyuma Iran, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na mphindano mu cigaŵa ici. Kwamba m'ma 1990, Sudan yikamba kuchepeskako maghanoghano ghake cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika na boma la United States pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa maboma gha United States mu 1998, ku Tanzania na Kenya, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgaso malo gha mafuta agho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵakugaluka. Sudan nayo wali na mphindano na Egypt pa nkhani ya Hala'ib Triangle. Kufuma mu 2003, maubwezi gha ku vyaru vinyake gha Sudan ghakaŵa ghakuthemba pa wovwiri wa kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan na kususka wovwiri wa boma ku magulu gha nkhondo mu Darfur. Charu cha Sudan chili paubwezi wakukhora na China. Charu cha China chikupokera mafuta 10 pa 100 gha mu Sudan. Kuyana na uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Sudan, caru ca China ndico cikupeleka vilwero vinandi comene ku Sudan. Mu Disembala 2005, Sudan yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vikazomera mazaza gha Morocco pa Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |title=Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces |newspaper=Morocco Times |location=Casablanca |date=26 December 2005}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Fattah el-Burhan (50267527813).jpg|thumb|The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], 2020]] Mu 2015, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti wakale Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo wakathereskeka mu 2011. Mu Juni 2019, charu cha Sudan chikalekeka kunjira mu wupu wa African Union chifukwa chakuti pakaŵavya icho chikachitika pakukhazikiska wupu wakulongozgeka na ŵanthu. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37 ku UN, kusazgapo Sudan, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang. Pa 23 Okutobala 2020, U.S. Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakapharazga kuti Sudan yikwamba kuwezgerapo ubwezi wake na Israel, ndipo yikaŵa chalo chachitatu cha ma Arab kuchita nthena mu chigaŵa cha Abraham Accords icho chikalembeka na United States. Pa Disembala 14 mu U.S. Boma la Sudan likawuskamo boma ili pa ndondomeko ya boma ilo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge vinthu vyakofya. Mkangano pakati pa Sudan na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2021. Munthu munyake uyo wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa mulongozgi wa Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, wakayowoya kuti nkhondo ya maji "yiŵenge yakofya comene kuluska umo munthu wangaghanaghanira". Mu Febuluwale 2022, ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakaluta ku Israel kukakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru ivi. Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2023, nkhondo yikambaso, comenecomene pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na mulongozgi wa boma, pamoza na gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces ilo likulongozgeka na mulwani wake, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la United States na vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vyajara maboma ghawo mu Khartoum na kuyezga kufumiska ŵanthu. Mu 2023, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ku Sudan kukaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kufumamo. Pakuti ku United States kulije ndondomeko ya kufumiskako ŵanthu, Ku ofesi ya boma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America ŵakeneranga kuluta ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake kukapempha ulongozgi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Nairobi. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na mawupu ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu, ghakayezga kovwira. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Turkey ŵati ŵazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵafumemo mu charu chawo. TRAKboys, gulu la ndyali la ku South Africa ilo likususkana na Wagner Group, kampani yaku Russia iyo yikugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu Sudan kwambira mu 2017, yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku America na ku Sudan ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo ghakukhora mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/26/sudan-fighting-evacuation-americans-british/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDS8IQSdZ-E | title=Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Sudanese Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Sudan ndipo lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Sudan, Navy ya Sudan (kukusazgapo Marine Corps), Air Force ya Sudan, Border Patrol na Internal Affairs Defence Force. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan laŵa na vilwero viwemi comene; cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vilwero vizito na vyapacanya. Gulu ili likulongozgeka na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo fundo zake ni za kuvikilira mphaka za Sudan na kuvikilira wanangwa wa mukati. Kufuma waka pa suzgo la Darfur mu 2004, kuvikilira boma lapakati pa caru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na gulu la ŵakugaluka nga ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ni vyakuzirwa comene. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakugwira ntchito yayi, kweni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Janjaweed. Pakati pa 200,000 na 400,000<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Sudan|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|access-date=10 July 2011|work=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|issn=1553-8133|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="peopledaily1">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html |title=Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU |agency=Xinhua News Agency |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |location =Beijing |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html |agency= Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad – U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages |date=11 April 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo. ===International organisations ku Sudan=== Mabungwe ghanandi gha UN ghakugwira ntchito mu Sudan nga ni World Food Programme (WFP); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Mine Service (UNMAS), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na World Bank. Kweniso pali wupu wa International Organization for Migration (IOM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |title=Sudan |publisher=International Organisation for Migration |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183842/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/Eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |title=The Sudans |publisher=Canadian International Development Agency |location=Gatineau, Quebec |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528183621/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref> Pakuti mu Sudan muli nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vyaka vinandi, mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma (NGO) ghakovwiraso ŵanthu awo ŵafumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, comenecomene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni Red Cross ghakacitanga milimo yawo comene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, kweni ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghanira chomene nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku Darfur, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Wupu wakuwoneka comene mu South Sudan ni Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Wupu unyake wa vyamalonda ukuwona kuti charu cha Sudan chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Horn of Africa Nangauli mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Sudan na Darfur, kweni ghanyake ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa United Nations Industrial Development Organization ukucita makora nchito yake mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ndimo viliriso na sukulu zinyake za ku Europe. Wupu wa Canada wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Caru Cose ukucitako milimo yinandi kumpoto kwa Sudan.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615200234/http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=EU, UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills, entrepreneurship for job creation |publisher=UN Industrial Development Organisation |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Sudan|Freedom of religion in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Child marriage in Sudan}} SKwambira mu 1983, nkhondo ya pawenenawene na njara vyakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders, charu cha Sudan chili pa nambara 172 pa vyaru 180. Ŵakukhumba kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaleke kutangwanika na nkhani za vimbundi. Ŵasilamu awo ŵakung'anamukira ku Cikristu ŵangalangika na nyifwa cifukwa ca kusopa kwautesi, wonani Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵakristu mu Sudan na cilango ca nyifwa kwa Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (uyo wakakulira mu Cikristu). Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 88 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Sudan ŵakomeka. Dango la ku Sudan lakukhwaskana na nthengwa likususkika cifukwa ca kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵana. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kweniso awo ŵakusambira comene yayi. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika; kwambira mu Julayi 2020 kulije chilango cha nyifwa. Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likalembeka mu 2018 likulongora kuti charu cha Sudan chindachitepo kanthu kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike chifukwa cha vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga kale kweniso ivyo vikuchitika sono. Lipoti ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira mu Darfur, kumwera kwa Kordofan, na Blue Nile. Mu 2018, wupu wa National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) ukagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi pakupatura ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakakanizga mawupu gha United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation na mawupu ghanyake gha pa caru cose kuti ghasangire ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika mu Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan|chapter=Sudan: Events of 2018 |date=17 January 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> ====Darfur==== {{Main|War in Darfur|International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur}} [[File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|right|thumb|Darfur refugee camp ku [[Chad]], 2005]] Kalata yakufuma kwa mulara wa wupu wa Human Rights Watch ya pa Ogasiti 14, 2006, yikati boma la Sudan ndakutondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake mu Darfur kweniso likukhumba yayi kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵake ŵali na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha boma. Kalata iyi yikayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa uwu kwambira mu 2004. Malipoti ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ŵakugaluka, boma, na gulu la Janjaweed ndiwo ŵakuswa malango. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu ilo likalembeka mu Malichi 2007, likati: "Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi ŵakachitanga vinthu viheni chomene, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuyuzga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kutambuzga ŵanthu, kwiba na kulemba ŵana ŵankhondo". Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu 300,000 ŵali kufwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari awo ŵakukolerana na boma ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakuwukira ŵanthu bweka yayi mu Darfur, kweniso awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka ŵakukakika mwambura kwenelera, nga mba nyuzipepara ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vya mu msumba wa Khartoum na vigaŵa vyapafupi. Lipoti linyake la boma la United States likayowoya kuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likuwukira awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 2008, mu Darfur mukaŵa ŵana 6,000 awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796507.stm|title=Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> ===Disputed areas and zones of conflict=== * In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the [[Heglig]] oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured. * [[Kafia Kingi]] and [[Radom National Park]] was a part of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415073643/http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012|page=xii |title=Memorial of the Government of Sudan |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |location=The Hague |date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |title=South Sudan ready to declare independence |publisher=Menas Associates |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175404/http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 }}</ref> * The [[Abyei Area]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[South Sudan]]. It is currently under Sudanese rule. * The states of [[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan. * The [[Hala'ib Triangle]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[Egypt]]. It is currently under Egyptian administration. * [[Bir Tawil]] is a [[terra nullius]] occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state. ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|States of Sudan|List of current state governors in Sudan|Districts of Sudan}} Sudan is divided into [[States of Sudan|18 states]] (''[[wilaya]]t'', [[Grammatical number|sing.]] ''[[wilayah]]''). They are further divided into 133 [[Districts of Sudan|districts]]. [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2010.svg|thumb|{{legend|#f7931d|Central and northern states}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei|Abyei Area]]}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] states}}]] {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= * [[Gezira (state)|Gezira]] * [[Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] * [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] * [[Central Darfur]] * [[East Darfur]] * [[Kassala (state)|Kassala]] * [[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]] * [[North Darfur]] * [[North Kordofan]] * [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern]] * [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] * [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] * [[Sennar (state)|Sennar]] * [[South Darfur]] * [[South Kordofan]] * [[West Darfur]] * [[West Kordofan]] * [[White Nile (state)|White Nile]] }} ===Regional bodies=== Padera pa maboma, paliso maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵako cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa boma na gulu la ŵakugaluka. * Boma la Darfur likakhazikiskika na phangano la mtende la Darfur kuti liŵe wupu wakulongozga vyaru ivyo vili mu Darfur. * Wupu wakuwona vya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ukakhazikiskika na Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement pakati pa boma la Sudan na gulu la rebels la Eastern Front. * Chigaŵa cha Abyei, icho chili pa mphaka ya South Sudan na Republic of Sudan, pasono chili na mazaza ghapadera ndipo chikulongozgeka na boma la Abyei. Mu 2011, boma la Sudan likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani yakuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha South Sudan panji cha Republic of Sudan. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Sudan}} {{See also|Telecommunications in Sudan|Transport in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019]] [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petroleum|Oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] concessions in Sudan – 2004]] [[File:GDP per capita development in Sudan.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Sudan]] Mu 2010, charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pa nambara 17 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma chakukwera luŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha kupatukana kwa South Sudan, komwe kunali pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malo opangira mafuta ku Sudan, Sudan idalowa gawo la stagflation, kukula kwa GDP kudatsika mpaka 3.4 peresenti mu 2014, 3.1 peresenti mu 2015 ndipo zikuyembekezeka kuchira pang'onopang'ono mpaka 3.7 peresenti mu 2016 pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudakhalabe kokwera mpaka 21.8% kuyambira 2015. GDP ya Sudan yikakhira kufuma pa US$123.053 billion mu 2017 kufika pa US$40.852 billion mu 2018. Nanga ni apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa kuti chindapatuke, chikaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo lipoti la World Bank likati GDP yikakura chomene mu 2010. Kukura uku kukalutilira nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Darfur kweniso apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mafuta ndigho ghakaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo Sudan wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kunjira kwa mafuta, chuma cha Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2007 chikakura na 9 peresenti. Kweni chifukwa chakuti charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na mafuta ghanandi, chikaleka kulamulira boma la Sudan. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya wawelera pa malo ghake ndipo pa chaka cha 2014-15 wafika pa 40,000 m3/d. Kuti charu cha South Sudan chipeleke mafuta, chikuthemba pa chitoliro icho chikulongozgera ku Port Sudan mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Sudan na South Sudan ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagulire mafuta ku South Sudan kwizira mu mapaipi gha ku Sudan. Boma la China ndilo likwendeska malonda ku Sudan, ndipo China yili na masheya 40 pa 100 gha Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Charu ichi chikuguliskaso ku Sudan vilwero vichoko, ivyo vyagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhondo nga ni nkhondo za ku Darfur na South Kordofan. Nangauli kale vyakurya na vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, ndipo vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Pasono, wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuteŵetera lumoza na boma la Khartoum kuti viwovwire pakunozga vinthu. Ivi vikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 apo caru ca Sudan cikaŵa na suzgo la ngongoli, ndipo ubwezi wake na IMF na World Bank ukakhira. Lipoti linyake likati mu charu cha Sudan ndimo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Kuyana na Global Hunger Index ya 2013, charu cha Sudan chili na chiŵerengero cha GHI cha 27.0 icho chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na 'njara yikuru.' Charu ichi chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na njara chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na 2015 Human Development Index (HDI), charu cha Sudan chili pa malo 167. Ichi chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2014, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera pa madola 3.20 gha ku United States pa zuŵa..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> === Science and research === Ku Sudan kuli ma yunivesite pafupifupi 25-30 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu ciarabu panji Cingelezi. Masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite ghakutimbanizgika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira kunjira usilikari pambere ŵandafike ku malizgo gha masambiro ghawo. Kweniso, "Chisisilamu" ico pulezidenti Al-Bashir wakakhwimiska cikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaleke kusambira Baibolo. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusanda vya sayansi zikumara. Wupu wa UNESCO ukati pakati pa 2002 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵakufufuza ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵasayansi 19 pera pa ŵanthu 100,000, panji 1/30 ya ciŵelengero ca ku Eguputo, kuyana na Sudan National Center for Research. Mu 2015, ku Sudan kukalembeka nkhani za sayansi pafupifupi 500. Kuyaniska na caru ici, caru ca Poland, ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, cikupanga manyuzipepara pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka. Ndondomeko ya vya mu mlengalenga ya ku Sudan yili kupanga mapulaneti ghanandi gha CubeSat, ndipo yili na mapulani gha kupanga mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SUDASAT-1) na mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SRSS-1). Boma la Sudan likapeleka ndalama zakugulira satellite yakuwona malo ya boma ya Arabsat 6A iyo yikugwira ntchito pachanya pa Sudan, iyo yikatoleka makora pa 11 April 2019, kufuma ku Kennedy Space Centre. Pulezidenti wa ku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir wakapempha kuti mu 2012 paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Africa, kweni ivi vikamara yayi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=correspondent |first2=Africa |date=6 September 2012 |title=Sudanese president calls for African space agency |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency |access-date=7 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Sudan}} {{see also|List of cities in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan 2010 population density2.png|thumb|Sudan 2010 estimated population density]] Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Sudan kufuma apo charu cha South Sudan chikapatukira ŵalipo 30 miliyoni. Ichi ntchiŵelengero icho chikukwera comene mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, cifukwa pa kalembera wa mu 1983, ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Sudan, kusazgapo awo sono ŵakucemeka South Sudan, ŵakaŵa 21.6 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Greater Khartoum (ukusazgapo Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum North) ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵalipo 5.2 miliyoni. Padera pa kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo, mu Sudan muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UNHCR, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.1 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na awo ŵakapempha civikiliro ŵakakhalanga mu Sudan mu Ogasiti 2019. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku South Sudan (ŵanthu 858,607), Eritrea (123,413), Syria (93,502), Ethiopia (14,201), Central African Republic (11,713) na Chad (3,100). Padera pa ŵanthu aŵa, wupu wa UNHCR ukayowoya kuti pali ŵanthu 1,864,195 awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Charu cha Sudan chili kunjilirapo pa phangano la mu 1951 lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Eisa shikawi.JPG|thumb|[[Sudanese Arab]] of [[manasir|Al-Manasir]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ciarabu ŵakukwana 70 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ndipo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Mitundu yinyake ni Beja, Fur, Nubians, Armenians, na Copts. Ŵanthu awo Mbambura Ciarabu kanandi ŵakupambana mitundu, viyowoyero, na mitheto. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Beja (ŵanandi chomene), Fur (ŵanandi chomene), Nuba (ŵanandi chomene), Moro, Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Hausa, Songhay, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob na Tagale. Chi Hausa chikugwiliskirika ntchito nga chiyowoyero cha malonda. Paliso Ŵagiriki ŵachoko waka, kweni ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Arabia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Awadia na Fadnia, na Bani Arak, awo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic cha Najdi. Ŵabedouin ŵachoko waka ŵa kumpoto kwa Rizeigat ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Sudan ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Baggara na Tunjur ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵaarabu ku Sudan ŵakasamukira ku Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa. Kweniso, mafuko ghaciarabu agho ghakaŵako pambere Chisilamu cindafike ghakaŵako mu Sudan kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu caru ici kufuma ku Arabia. Mu mabuku ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakudumbiskana za umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakawonekeranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Elena Vezzadini wakulemba mdauko wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Sudan ŵakuthemba pa umo ŵakulongosolera nkhani iyi. Mwakudumura, iyo wakuti "Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yira, ndipo ŵakazgoka "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan". Mu nkhani yinyake yakulongosora za mbumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, Claude Rilly, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France, wakati Ŵarabu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, ŵakumanya yayi kuti DNA yawo yikupangika na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa na ŵana ŵawo.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rilly |author-first=Claude |title=Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali |publisher=Soleb Bleu autour |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-35848-186-1 |editor-last=Rilly |editor-first=Claude |publication-place=Paris |pages=543–544 |language=fr |chapter=Aux racines de la population soudanaise |oclc=1298202018 |editor-last2=Francigny |editor-first2=Vincent |editor-last3=Maillot |editor-first3=Marc |editor-last4=Cabon |editor-first4=Olivier}}</ref><ref>See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) ''The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition''. In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337</ref> ===Urban areas=== {{Further|List of cities in Sudan}} {{Largest cities of Sudan|Osman=}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Sudan}} Ku Sudan kuli viyowoyero pafupifupi 70. Mu charu cha Sudan muli viyowoyero vinandi vya mawoko ivyo vikupulikikwa yayi. Mu 2009, pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero chimoza cha mawoko cha ku Sudan. Pambere chaka cha 2005 chindafike, Chiarabic ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Mu 2005, Dango la Charu cha Sudan likati viyowoyero vya boma ni Chiarabic na Chingelezi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Sudan}} Mu 2011, apo charu cha South Sudan chikagaŵikana, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 97% ŵakasopanga Chisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali kugaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Ŵasilamu ŵa Sufi na Salafi. Magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, Ansar na Khatmia, ghakukolerana na chipani cha Umma na Democratic Unionist. Malo gha Darfur pera ndigho ghakaŵavya magulu gha Sufi agho ghakusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Mu msumba wa Khartoum na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto, muli Ŵakhristu ŵa Coptic Orthodox na Greek Orthodox. Mu Khartoum na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, mu vyaru ivi muli ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox la Ethiopia na Eritrea. Tchalitchi la Armenian Apostolic nalo lilipo ndipo likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan. Tchalitchi la Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian nalo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali mu tchalitchi ili. Chisopa ndicho chikupangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto na ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ndyali na vyachuma mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani cha NCP chikukhozgeka chomene na ŵa Islam, Salafis/Wahhabis na Ŵaarabu ŵanyake ŵa ku mpoto. Chipani cha Umma chakopa ŵalondezgi ŵa Aarabu ŵa gulu la Ansar la Sufism pamoza na Ŵasilamu ŵambura Aarabu kufuma ku Darfur na Kordofan. Chipani cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) chili na Ŵaarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵanyake ŵa kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, comenecomene awo ŵali mu cisopa ca Khatmia Sufi. ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Sudan}} Sudan has a [[life expectancy]] of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|title=Sudan Life Expectancy) {{!}} Data|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=SD&year_high_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 to 49 have had [[female genital mutilation]] performed on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|title=UNICEF FGM country profile for Sudan|website=UNICEF|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503130618/https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Sudan}} [[File:Faculty of Science (University of Khartoum) 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[University of Khartoum]], established as [[Gordon Memorial College]] in 1902]] Sukulu mu Sudan njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamira ku ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13, nangauli ŵana ŵakujumpha 40% ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikupangiska kuti ŵana ŵasungwana ŵasuzgikenge kuluta ku sukulu. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka 8, ndipo gha sekondare ghakwenda vyaka vitatu. Mu 1990, masambiro ghakaŵa gha 6 + 3 + 3. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Masukulu ghanandi ghali mu matawuni, ndipo ghanyake gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ghatimbanizgika panji kunangika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Mu 2001, Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ŵana 46 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakeneranga kusambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo 21 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵanandi ŵakunjira sukulu izi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakujumpha 20 peresenti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 70.2%, ŵanalume 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia" /> ==Culture== {{Further|Visual arts of Sudan|Architecture of Sudan|Sudanese literature}} Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 578 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa. Ukaboni wasono ukulongora kuti nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Sudan na chisopa chawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku Africa ŵakutemwana chomene..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|title=Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Music=== {{main|Music of Sudan}} [[File:Drummer at Hamed el-Nil Mosque (8625532075).jpg|thumb|A [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in [[Omdurman]].]] Charu cha Sudan chili na mitheto ya sumu iyo yikasuzga chomene ŵanthu. Pakwamba na kukhazikiskika kwa dango la Salafi la Sharia mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu charu ichi nga ni Mahjoub Sharif ŵakakakika apo ŵanyake nga ni Mohammed el Amin (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan pakati pa ma 1990s) na Mohammed Wardi (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan mu 2003), ŵakachimbilira ku Cairo. Sumu za mu nyengo yakale nazo zikapwetekeka, ndipo viphikiro vya mu nyengo yakale vya Zār vikamara. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakayambiska sumu za ku Sudan. Chiyelezgero ni ungano wa Shulkawi No. 1. Kumpoto kwa Sudan kuli sumu zakupambana na zinyake. Mu sumu yinyake iyo yikuchemeka Aldlayib, ŵakugwiliskira nchito cakwimbira cakucemeka Tambur. Chiŵiya ichi chili na vingwe vinkhondi, chili kupangika na khuni ndipo chikulizga sumu pamoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba. ===Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Sudan|Photography of Sudan}} Sinema ya ku Sudan yikamba na vithuzithuzi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1956, filimu yakulongosora vya mdauko yikaŵa yakukhora, kweni boma la Chisilamu likapangiska kuti mafilimu ghachepe mu ma 1990. Kwambira mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwoneseska kuti mafilimu ghaŵaso ghakunozga kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mafilimu. Kugwiliskira nchito vithuzi mu Sudan kukamba mu ma 1880 apo ufumu wa Britain na Eguputo ukalamuliranga. Nga ni umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake, kucindikwa kwa vithuzithuzi pa nkhani za ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni manyuzipepara, kweniso vya ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vithuzithuzi mu Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Sudan, chomenechomene chifukwa cha vithuzi vya digito. ===Clothing=== [[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|Bejia men wearing galabiyas]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sudan ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku Europe na vyakumwera. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Sudan ŵakutemwa kuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka jalabiya. Kanandi jalabiya wakuvwara chisoti chikuru na chigudulu, ndipo chakuvwara ichi chingaŵa chituŵa, cha mitundu yakupambanapambana, cha mikwawu, ndiposo chakuvwara chakupambanapambana, kuyana na nyengo ya chaka na ivyo munthu wakukhumba. Chovala chofala kwambiri cha akazi a ku Sudan ndi thobe kapena thawb, chomwe chimatchulidwa kuti tobe m'chinenero cha ku Sudan. Thube ni salu yitali yituŵa panji ya mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara mu malaya ghawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa mutu na sisi. Chifukwa cha dango la milandu ilo likaŵako mu 1991, ŵanakazi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuvwara mathalauza pa wumba. Munthu uyo wakavwara mathalauza wakalangikanga kuti wapwetekenge na nthonga 40. Kweni mu 2009, mwanakazi munyake wakapika ndalama zakukwana madola 200.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/09/06/woman_faces_40_lashes_for_wearing_trousers.html|title=Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers|date=6 September 2009|newspaper=The Toronto Star|last1=Ross|first1=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0| work=The New York Times |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Waleed |last2=Arafat |title=Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers |date=8 September 2009}}</ref> ===Sport=== {{Main articles|Sudan national football team |Sudan women's national football team}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi, mpira ndiwo ngwakuzirwa comene mu Sudan. Bungwe la mpira la Sudan Football Association likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1936 ndipo ndi umo likakhalira limoza mwa mabungwe ghakale chomene mu Africa. Ndipouli, pambere wupu wa football Association undaŵeko, chalo cha Sudan chikamba kuseŵera mpira uwo ukatoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma ku Egypt. Mabungwe ena a ku Sudan omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyo akuphatikizapo Al-Hilal Omdurman, Al-Merrikh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpira ukhale wotchuka mdzikolo. Khartoum League ndiyo yikaŵa ligi yakwamba ku Sudan. Kufuma mu Seputembala 2019, pakaŵa ligi ya ŵanakazi ya mpira iyo yikamba kufuma ku magulu gha ŵanakazi ghambura kulembeka. Mu chaka cha 2021, timu ya mpira ya ku Sudan yikwenela kakwamba mu chiphalizgano cha Arab Women's Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Cairo, Egypt. Chikwata cha mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Sudan chikapikisana pa CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup ya 2018-2020 mu chigawo cha azimayi ndi amuna. Mu Juni 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Sudan uyo wakachitako maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakatoleka vithuzi na Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah wa ku Reuters, apo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Nigeria kunozgekera maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2024..<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Sudan]] * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] ==Ukaboni== {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial">{{cite web |last = Reeves |first = Eric |author-link = Eric Reeves |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|IDEA]] |title = Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period |website= sudanreeves.org |date = 10 August 2019 |url = https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |access-date = 10 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213233/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |archive-date= 10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec">{{cite web |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]] |title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) |trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar |website= raisethevoices.org |date =4 August 2019 |url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |access-date = 5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Vyamu mabuku== {{Scholia}} ; Mabuku * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Nubia. 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Fage |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1978 |pages=556–588 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}} * {{cite book |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Heroic Age in Sennar |year=1985 |publisher=Red Sea |isbn=978-1569022603}} * {{cite book |last=Suliman |first=Osman |year=2010 |title=The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-83616-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrn-dkM00koC}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Oriental Sources concerning Nubia |year=1975 |publisher=Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php/Giovanni_Vantini%27s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia |oclc=174917032}} * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalkingdoms0000wels |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |place=London |isbn=978-0714119472}} * {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |year=2013 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3-643-12196-7|language=de}} * Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). ''Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman''. Frederick Warne & Co (London). {{ISBN|978-0-7232-2677-2}}. ; Articles * "Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194470122/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=bb340529 online] * "Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". ''Law in Africa'' ([[Cologne]]; 2005). Vol. 8, pp.&nbsp;63–82. {{ISSN|1435-0963}}. * {{cite book |last=Lajtar |first=Adam |chapter=Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225) |title=Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5857688}} * {{cite journal |last=Martens-Czarnecka |first=Malgorzata |year=2015 |title=The Christian Nubia and the Arabs |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_18404 |journal=Studia Ceranea |volume=5 |pages=249–265 |issn=2084-140X|doi=10.18778/2084-140X.05.08 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |journal=Sudan&Nubia |volume=15 |year=2011 |title=Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur |url=https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n15_mcgregor |pages=129–141}} * {{cite journal |last=Peacock |first=A.C.S. |title=The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |year=2012 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=75| issue=1 |pages=87–11 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X11000838}} * {{cite journal |last=Sharkey |first=Heather J. |title=Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race |year=2007 |url=http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |pages=21–43 |journal=African Affairs |volume=107 |issue=426 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adm068 |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012152657/http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Fate of Alodia |journal=Meroitic Newsletter |volume=15 |year=1974 |url=http://www.meroiticnewsletter.org/MeroNews15.pdf#page=13&zoom=125(0,0) |pages=12–30 |issn=1266-1635}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002 |editor= Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva |year=2006 |chapter=Some new light on the end of Soba |pages=487–491 |publisher=Libreria Dello Stato |isbn=978-88-240-1314-7}} ; Intaneti * {{cite web |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R. S. |last2=Tubiana |first2=Jérôme |year=2007 |title=Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects |url=https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022400/https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |url-status=dead }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Sudan|voy=Sudan}} * [http://www.sudan.gov.sd/index.php/en Government of Sudan] website * [https://rainerebert.com/2017/08/25/archaeological-sites-in-sudan/ Archaeological sites in Sudan] * {{GovPubs|sudan}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Sudan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Sudan}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192789}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sudan |volume= 26 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages = 9–19 ||short= 1}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094995 Sudan profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/127199474/CIMIC-activities-int-he-African-Union-Mission-in-Sudan%20 CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAYxXu53m04 The conflict in South Sudan] – ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://unamid.unmissions.org/ UNAMID {{!}} UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR] {{Sudan topics|state=collapsed}} {{coord|15|N|032|E|region:SD_type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sudan]] <!--Keep at top (category corresponding to article), with a blank space, to keep this article at the top of the category.--> [[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Military dictatorships]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]] 2zjihy262n8svntyg90hhx7psyhgb3w 0 35773 122449 90656 2026-09-27T23:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Banki ya <br>Standard Chartered yaku Zambia | logo = Standard Chartered Bank Zambia LOGO small.png | logo_size = 250px | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = [[Lusaka Stock Exchange|LUSE]]: '''SCBL''' | foundation = {{start date and years ago|1906|01|01}} | location_city = [[Lusaka]] | location_country = [[Zambia]] | key_people = '''Dr Caleb M Fundanga'''<br />[[Chairman]]<br />'''[[Herman Kasekende]]'''<br />[[Managing Director]] & [[CEO]]<ref name="One">{{cite web | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kasekende-head-Standard-Chartered-Bank-Zambia/688322-3820550-btlkn6/index.html | title=Kasekende to head Standard Chartered Bank in Zambia | date=20 February 2017 |access-date=2 May 2018 |location=Kampala |author=Mark Keith Muhumuza |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> | num_employees = 706 (2017)<ref name="Data" /> | parent = [[Standard Chartered]] | net_income = {{increase}} ZMW: 355.9 million (US20.4 million) (2021) <ref name="African Financials"/> | assets = {{decrease}} ZMW: 13,272.7 million (US761.6 million) (2021) <ref name="African Financials"/> | equity = {{increase}} ZMW: 1,154.0 million (US66.2 million) (2021) <ref name="African Financials">{{cite web|url=https://africanfinancials.com/document/zm-scz-2021-ab-00/ |title=zm-scz-2021-ab-00 |publisher=African Financials |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> | revenue = {{increase}} ZMW:1,322.3 million (US75.8 million) (2021) <ref name="African Financials"/> | industry = [[Financial services]] | products = [[Loans]], [[cheque|Checking]], [[Savings]], [[Investments]], [[Debit Cards]] | homepage = {{official URL}} }} '''Standard Chartered Zambia''', panji kuti '''Standard Chartered Bank Zambia Plc''', panji kuti '''Stanchart Zambia''', ni banki ya malonda ya ku [[Zambia]]. Likuzomerezgeka na [[Banki ya Zambia]], banki yikuru na wupu wakuwona vya mabanki.<ref name="Two">{{cite web |url=http://www.boz.zm/ |title=List of Licensed Commercial Banks in Zambia |date=2 May 2018 |author=Bank of Zambia |publisher=[[Bank of Zambia]] |location=Lusaka |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621132055/http://www.boz.zm/ |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref> Banki iyi yikovwira makampani ghakurughakuru, ŵamalonda ŵapachanya, na mabizinesi ghakuru. Ni yimoza mwa mabanki ghakurughakuru mu Zambia. Pa 31 Disembala 2017, chiŵerengero cha chuma cha banki chinali ZMW:8.851 biliyoni (US$893.8 miliyoni), ndipo ndalama za omwe ali ndi masheya zinali ZMW:873.5 miliyoni (US$88.2 miliyoni).<ref name="Data">{{cite web|url=https://www.sc.com/global/av/zm-standard-chartered-bank-zambia-annual-report-2017.pdf |format=PDF |title=Standard Chartered Zambia Annual Report for the Year Ended 31 December 2017 |access-date=3 May 2018 |date=28 February 2018 | publisher=Standard Chartered Zambia Limited |last=Stanchart Zambia |location=Lusaka}}</ref> Stanchart Zambia pamoza na BongoHive ŵakwendeska pulogiramu ya makampani agho ghakwendeskeka na ŵanakazi yakuchemeka Standard Chartered Women in Technology. Pulogalamuyi yapambana mphotho ya Best Tech-For-Women Initiative pa The Techtrends Zambia Awards 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandi |date=12 May 2022 |title=The Techtrends Zambia Awards 2021 Winners |url=https://www.techtrends.co.zm/the-techtrends-zambia-awards-2021-winners/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Techtrends Zambia |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Mbili== Banki iyi yikambika mu 1906. Masheya gha kampani ya Stanchart Zambia ghali kulembeka pa Lusaka Stock Exchange (LUSE), uko ghakuguliskika na chimanyikwiro chakuti: SCBL.<ref name="Four">{{cite web|url=http://www.luse.co.zm/ |title=The Companies Listed on the Lusaka Stock Exchange |date=3 May 2018 | access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=[[Lusaka Stock Exchange]] | author=Lusaka Stock Exchange |location=Lusaka}}</ref> [[File:Standard Chartered Bank Zambia Logo 2 small.jpeg|thumb|Banki ya Standard Chartered yaku Zambia]] ==Mwenecho== Stanchart Zambia ni kampani ya Standard Chartered Bank, International financial services conglomerate, iyo yikukhala ku [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], ndipo yikugwira nchito mu vyaru vyakujumpha 60 na maofesi ghakujumpha 1,700. Pa Disembala 2017, masheya gha Standard Chartered Bank Zambia Limited ghakaŵa gha mabungwe agha:.<ref name="Data"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" |+ Kuŵa na masheya gha Standard Chartered Zambia |- ! style="width:2em;" |Mndanda !!Zina la Mweneko!!Chiŵelengero cha Vinthu Ivyo Vili mu Gulu |- |1|| [[Standard Chartered Bank|Standard Chartered Holdings (Africa) BV]]¹||90.00 |- |2|| Others via the [[Lusaka Stock Exchange]]||10.00 |- | ||'''Pamoza'''||'''100.00''' |} ^{1 → Standard Chartered Holdings (Africa) BV (incorporated in [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|The Netherlands]]) is a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Standard Chartered|Standard Chartered Plc]].} ==Malo== Likulu na munthavi ukuru wa banki iyi vili ku Standard Chartered House, ku Cairo Road, mu msumba wa Lusaka, msumba ukuru comene na msumba ukuru wa Zambia.<ref name="Data"/> ==Wonaniso== {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[List of banks in Zambia]] * [[Lusaka Stock Exchange]] * [[Standard Chartered|Standard Chartered Bank Plc]] * [[Standard Chartered Kenya]] * [[Standard Chartered Tanzania]] * [[Standard Chartered Uganda]] * [[Standard Chartered Zimbabwe]] * [[Economy of Zambia]] }} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} {{Portal|Banks}} {{Standard Chartered}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Banks of Zambia]] [[Category:Companies based in Lusaka]] [[Category:Standard Chartered]] [[Category:Banks established in 1906]] [[Category:1906 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1906 establishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:Companies listed on Lusaka Stock Exchange]] {{coord|15|24|33|S|28|16|48|E|display=title}} qtvcbv560ykw25kdblym8kihhlrv70r 0 35939 122491 90878 2026-09-28T00:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Overview of religion in Eritrea}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}} [[File:Religious Demographics of Eritrea.jpg|thumb|Kuwona umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵaliri mu Chisopo]]'''Chisopa''' ku [[Eritrea]] chili na visopa vinandi. Visopa vikuruvikuru mu Eritrea ni [[Chikhristu]] na [[Chisilamu]]. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵali na ciŵelengero ca pakati pa 47% na 63%, apo Ŵasilamu ŵali na ciŵelengero ca pakati pa 37% na 52%.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76c |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Religions in Eritrea &#124; PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/eritrea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |accessdate=2022-03-14 |publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Eritrea |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, kweni ŵachoko waka ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Catholic Church na Protestant. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea mba Sunni. Padera pa cisopa ca Cikhristu na Cisilamu ca Sunni, visopa vinyake vyose vikukhumbikwira kulembeska. Mwaciyelezgero, boma likukhumba kuti visopa vipelekenge mauthenga ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo vikusopa nawo.<ref name="Religious persecution in Eritrea">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3663654.stm|title=Religious persecution in Eritrea|publisher=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2009|date=17 September 2004|first=Jonah|last=Fisher}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - Annual Report 2021 |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/annual-reports |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Eritrea|url=https://acs-italia.org/wp-content/uploads/Eritrea.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412083038/https://acs-italia.org/wp-content/uploads/Eritrea.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2019|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="EncycloGRel">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|location=Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&q=eritrea|access-date=2020-10-22|last=Hsu|first=Becky|date=2011|editor-last1=Juergensmeyer|editor-first1=Mark|pages=354–355|isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7|editor-first2=Wade Clark|editor-last2=Roof|article=Eritrea|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> == Visopa na mipingo == Ku Eritrea kuli visopa vikuruvikuru viŵiri: Chikhristu (visopa vinayi) na Chisilamu (sukulu ya Sunni pera). Ndipouli, ciŵelengero ca awo ŵakukolerana na fundo iyi nchakususkana. * Mu 2010 Eritrea Population and Health Survey, iyo yikachitika na Eritrean National Statistics Office na Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, 61.4% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafumbika ŵakati Mbakhristu (56.3% Orthodox, 4.2% Catholic, na 0.8% Protestant). Pa ŵanakazi wose awo ŵakafumbika, 87.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ndipo 60.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2002, ŵanakazi 63.0% ku Eritrea ŵakati Mbakhristu. * Mu 2015, Pew Research yikati mu 2020, ŵanthu 62.9% ŵazamuŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 36.6% ŵazamuŵa Ŵasilamu. Wupu wa Pew ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵali mu chisopa chautesi. * Lipoti lapachaka la 2021 la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom likuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi "ŵakupambana pakati pa Ŵakhristu (49 peresenti) na Ŵasilamu (49 peresenti)". * Lipoti linyake la mu 2016 la wupu wa Aid to the Church in Need, likati ŵanthu 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu Eritrea, Mbasilamu ndipo 48 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu. * Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ACS-Italia, mu 2017 ŵanthu 52% ŵa mu Eritrea ŵakasopanga Chisilamu, ndipo 46% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu 2% awo ŵakakhalako ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake, kusazgapo visopa vyachikaya na vyakusanguluska. Buku la Encyclopedia of Global Religion la mu 2011 likukolerana na ivyo likayowoya Pew Research Center kuti ŵanthu 63 pa 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso umo vigaŵa vya mu Eritrea vikapambanirana: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Kusopa mu Eritrea |- ! scope="col" | Chisopa<ref name="EncycloGRel" /> ! scope="col" align="center" | '''Christians''' ! scope="col" align="center" | '''Muslims''' ! scope="col" align="center" | '''Other''' |- | scope="row" | [[Maekel Region]], ''{{lang|ti|ዞባ ማእከል}}'' | 94% | 5% | 1% |- | scope="row" | [[Debub Region]], ''{{lang|ti|ዞባ ደቡብ}}'' | 89% | 11% | <1% |- | scope="row" | [[Gash-Barka Region]], ''{{lang|ti|ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ}}'' | 36% | 63% | 1% |- | scope="row" | [[Anseba Region]], ''{{lang|ti|ዞባ ዓንሰባ}}'' | 39% | 61% | <1% |- | scope="row" | [[Northern Red Sea Region]],<br>''Semienawi Keyih Bahri {{lang|ti|ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ}}'' | 12% | 87% | <1% |- | scope="row" | [[Southern Red Sea Region]],<br>''Debubawi Keyih Bahri {{lang|ti|ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ}}'' | 37% | 62% | <1% |} === Mbiri ya cisopa mu Eritrea === Ufumu wa Aksum, uwo uli mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Eritrea na Tigray kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, ukaŵako mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakazenga vigongwe vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakasoperangamo pambere Chikhristu chindafike. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vyakujumpha 200, ufumu uwu ukazomera Cikhristu.<ref>[http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_ethiopia_and_the_early_islamic_period.html Aksumite Ethiopia]. Workmall.com (24 March 2007). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> Charu cha Eritrea ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti chisopa cha Cisilamu chikhazikike mu Africa. Chisilamu chikafika ku Ethiopia na Eritrea mu 615 AD apo Uthman ibn Affan, yumoza wa Sahabah (ŵalondezgi) ŵa nchimi ya Chisilamu Muhammad wakafika. Uthman wakachimbizgika ku Hejaz ndipo wakasanga malo ghakubisamamo ku Axum mu chigaŵa cha Tigray ku Ethiopia. [[File:Mariam Dearit Madonna of the Baobab.jpg|thumb|left|Mu 1941, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakabisama mu khuni ili kuti ŵaleke kutenthema na ndege za Britain. Khuni likapwetekeka, kweni Ŵacitaliyana na malo ghakupatulika ghakapona.]] Munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru wakaŵa Imam wa ku Harar, Ethiopia, zina lake Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Al-Ghazi wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa Chisilamu ŵa ku Somalia, Harari, Oromo, Afar, Saho, Argobba, Hadiya, Silte na Gurage kufuma ku Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti na Somalia. Mu 1530, wakamba kuwukira malo agha. Mu vilimika vinayi, wakaparanya vigaŵa vinandi vya mapiri vya Ŵakhristu, kusazgapo chigaŵa cha Tigray mu Ethiopia na Eritrea. Wakacicizga Ŵakhristu ŵanandi kuti ŵaŵe Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka pekha para ŵajipeleka na kung'anamuka mtima. Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakasintha vinthu. Ŵakafika ku Massawa mu 1541 ndipo ŵakawovwira Ŵaeritrea na Ŵaetiyopiya kuti ŵafumiske ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaimamu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵasilamu ŵakambininika, ŵakawerako, ndipo ŵakamara. Ŵakatolika ŵakamba kwiza ku Eritrea na ŵa Jesuit mu 1600. Mu 1632, gulu ili likacimbizgika mu Eritrea cifukwa ca kukhumba kuzgora caru ici (caru ca Orthodox) kuŵa ca Katolika. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵa ku Italy ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Eritrea ndipo ŵakawezgerapo cisopa ca Katolika. Mu ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵakamba kusambizga mu matchalitchi gha Lutheran na Evangelical. Magulu agha ghazomerezgeka kulutilira kucita milimo yawo. Ndipouli, magulu ghaphya ghakutondeka kukhazikiska msasa wawo mu Eritrea. == Chikhristu == {{See also|Christianity in Eritrea}} Kuyana na maukaboni ghakupambanapambana agho ghali pa peji ili, Ŵakhristu (ŵakupambanapambana) ndiwo ŵakusopa pakati pa 47 na 63% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea.<ref name="PewChristian2016">{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Eritrea Religious Demography: Affiliation (web-enabled searchable graphics)|url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/eritrea#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=Sub-Saharan%20Africa&restrictions_year=2016|access-date=2020-10-21|work=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030110812/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/eritrea#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=Sub-Saharan%20Africa&restrictions_year=2016|archive-date=30 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="EncycloGRel" /><ref name=":4" /> Apo mu vyaru vinyake mu Africa, Cikristu cikamba kwiza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigray-Tigrinya ŵa ku Eritrea na ŵa mu cigaŵa ca Tigray mu Ethiopia (panji ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵa ku Ethiopia). Ufumu wakale wa Aksum uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Tigray na ku chigaŵa cha mapiri cha Eritrea, ukakolerananga chomene na vyaru vya ku Mediterranean uko Chikhristu chikakura. Chikhristu chikafika ku Eritrea na Tigrayan mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ndipo chikakura chomene mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa kale na Ŵayuda na ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga vyamoyo. Ntheura, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrayan-Tigrinyas ŵakang'anamukira ku Cikhristu vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Tchalitchi la Eritrea la Orthodox likamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. apo Frumentius wa ku Siriya wakachitanga umishonale ku East Africa. 320–360). Pa nyumba za cisopa, zakuzirwa comene ni za m'ma 400 m'paka m'ma 1300 C.E. Mwaciyelezgero, Libanos, Bizen na Sina. === Tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo === [[File:Asmara, cattedrale ortodossa 04.JPG|thumb|250px|Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral mu msumba wa Asmara.]] Kuyana na maukaboni, Ŵakhristu ŵa Orthodox ŵalipo 56-58% pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu ku Eritrea ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, ilo kale likaŵa la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tchalitchi la Eritrea likazomerezgeka na Tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chajiyimira paŵekha mu 1993, ndipo mu 1994 matchalitchi ghaŵiri agha ghakakolerana. Mu Epulero 1998, Abune Phillipos, uyo wakaŵa Bishopu Mukuru wa ku Asmara, wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch. Wakafwa mu 2004 ndipo wakimikika na Abune Yacob. Abune Yacob wakawusa nyengo yichoko waka apo wakafwanga, ndipo Abune Antonios ndiyo wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch wachitatu wa Eritrea. Abune Antonios wakasankhika pa 5 March 2004 ndipo wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch wachitatu wa Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea pa 24 April 2004. Papa Shenouda III ndiyo wakadangiliranga pa ciphikiro ici mu Asmara, pamoza na wupu wa tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox na mpingo wa Coptic Orthodox. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, boma likamuwuskapo pa udindo. Ndipouli, ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Abune Antonios wakathereskeka mwambura urunji ndipo ŵachali kumuwona kuti ni mutu wa tchalitchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox ku Eritrea ŵakukolerana yayi na ivyo boma likucita pa nkhani za cisopa.[[File:Asmara Church.jpeg|thumb|right|Tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary, ku Asmara]][[File:Asmara, Eritrea - St George's Episcopal Church.jpg|thumb|St. George's Episcopal Church, Asmara, Eritrea]] ===Catholicism=== {{See also|Eritrean Catholic Church}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea mba Katolika. Tchalitchi la Katolika la Eritrea na la Katolika la Roma lili na vigaŵa vya Asmara, Keren na Barentu. Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ge'ez, icho ntcha ku Alexandria. Mu caru ici muli vigaŵa vinayi vyakucemeka eparchy. Pambere charu cha Eritrea chindaŵeko, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kugomezga Chikatolika. Mazuŵa ghano, tchalitchi ili lili na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea, ndipo likuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chigez, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Asmara ŵakulutilira kusopa mu Chiitaliya na Chilatini. Apo charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Latin. Tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary ndilo likaŵa lakwamba. Ntheura, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1940, Cikatolika cikaŵa cisopa ca ŵanthu pafupifupi 28% mu caru ca Italy ico cikaŵa pasi pa Eritrea.<ref>Bandini, Franco. ''Gli italiani in Africa, storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'' Chapter: Eritrea</ref> ===Protestantism=== {{See also|Protestantism in Eritrea}} Ŵaprotesitanti, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakucemeka P'ent'ay, mu Eritrea mbacoko comene kuluska 1 panji 5 peresenti ya Ŵakhristu. Tchalitchi linyake lichoko ni Kale Hiywot Church of Eritrea. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵali mu gulu la Ŵakhristu Ŵabali, Ekleziya la Evangelical Mekane Yesus, Ekleziya la Evangelical Lutheran la Eritrea. Mu 1926, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Sweden ŵakambiska mpingo wa Evangelical/Lutheran Church of Eritrea. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Tchalitchi la Katolika apo Ŵaroma Ŵacikatolika ŵa ku Italy ŵakakananga na kulekeska kuti Ciphwitikizi cithandazgike mu cigaŵa cawo. Tchalitchi la Lutheran la Eritrea na ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa ku Sweden na Eritrea ndiwo ŵakang'anamura Baibolo kufuma mu chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez icho ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakachimanyanga waka, kuya mu chiyowoyero cha Tigrinya na viyowoyero vinyake vya mu charu ichi ndipo chilato chawo chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ŵafike na "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵanandi pa charu chose kwizira mu masambiro.<ref name="USDoS2018">{{cite report|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/|title=2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea|date=2018|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=2020-10-22|work=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]]}}</ref> ==Chisilamu== Kuyana na maukaboni ghakupambanapambana agho ghali pa peji ili, ŵanthu 37 m'paka 52 peresenti ku Eritrea ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. Mu 2009, lipoti linyake likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 99% ŵa ku Eritrea mbaSunni, ndipo Ŵachihiya ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene.<ref name="PewMuslimPop2009">{{Cite report |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |page=39 |access-date=2018-04-30 }}</ref> === Mbili === [[File: Asmara, moschea 01.JPG|thumb|left|Mosque Mukuru wa ku Asmara]] [[File:Sheikh Hanafi Mosque (8529064326).jpg|thumb|right|Mzikiti wa Sheikh Hanafi wa m'ma 1400 ku Massawa]] Mbiri ya cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu Eritrea yikamba mu ma 700 C.E. Mu 615, ŵalondezgi ŵanyake ŵa Muhammad ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakafika ku Massawa kuti ŵakabisame. Nyengo yichoko waka, Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea ndipo ŵakazenga masisiteri na nyumba zinyake. Kweni kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kuŵa na nkhongono chomene. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 700 na kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800, maufumu gha Cisilamu ghakawuka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea. Kuzakafika m'ma 900 C.E., chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikafika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Cisilamu ukaŵa ku Dahlak. Kuzakafika m'ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakamba kusopa Ciisilamu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, Cisilamu cikaŵa kuti cazara comene mu caru ca Eritrea. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika mu Eritrea mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu cha Tigre ŵakamba chisopa cha Chiisilamu mu ma 1800. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Fumu Yohannes IV, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wakugomezgeka wa ku Tigray, Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tigray ŵakachimbizgika ku nyumba zawo ndipo ŵakachimbilira ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto uko sono ni Eritrea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=G |first=Mussie Tesfagiorgis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&dq=islam+eritrea&pg=PA147 |title=Eritrea |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-231-9 |pages=139–143}}</ref> ==Judaism== [[File:Friedhof Asmara 3.JPG|thumb|right|Dindi la Ŵayuda ku Asmara]] {{See also|History of the Jews in Eritrea}} Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti pambere Chikhristu chindazgoke chisopa cha boma ku Abyssinia (Eritrea wakale na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya) mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., mu Eritrea mukaŵa chisopa cha Chiyuda. Awo ŵakakana cisopa ciphya ŵakacimbira ku mapiri gha kumwera kwa Ethiopia. Ici cikulongosora umo Ŵayuda awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Beta Israel panji Falasha ŵakusangikira mu Gondar, Ethiopia na kumwera kwa Tigray. Ndipouli, Ŵayuda ŵakasuzgikanga comene yayi. Ŵayuda ŵa ku Eritrea awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yemen ndiwo ŵakambiska gulu ili. Pamanyuma, Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake na kwiza ku Eritrea chifukwa cha kutinkhana na Ŵayuda. Ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Israel mu 1948. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi, kanandi ŵasilikari ŵa Irgun na Lehi ŵakakhalanga ku Eritrea. Pakati pa awo ŵakakakika pakaŵa Yitzhak Shamir, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Israyeli, na Haim Corfu, uyo wakambiska Beitar Jerusalem. Mu 1961, charu cha Eritrea chikapokeka na Ethiopia. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵayuda ŵakamba kufumamo mu Eritrea. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1970, Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha vivulupi ivyo vikachitika pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia. Chisopa cha Ciyuda nchimoza mwa visopa vinayi ivyo boma la Eritrea likuvimanya yayi. Mu 2006, mu Eritrea mukaŵa Muyuda yumoza pera uyo wakaŵa na udindo wa kusamalira sunagoge na dindi la ku Asmara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4955088.stm |title=Asmara's last Jew recalls 'good old days' |access-date=2007-05-25 |last=Harris |first=Ed |date=2006-04-30 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> == Chisopa kuyana na malo na mtundu == Lipoti la mu 2018 la Dipatimenti ya vya Charu cha United States likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikhristu. Lipoti lenelili likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigre na Rashaida Mbasilamu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Eritrea, kumwera, pakati na kumpoto kwa Eritrea. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya, awo ŵalipo pafupifupi 60 peresenti, Mbakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kunama mba Katolika, ndipo ŵachoko waka Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵa ku Bilen Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi Mbakatolika. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kufupi na mphaka na Sudan. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba fuko la Tigre, Saho, Afar, Rashaida, Beja, na Bilen. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya awo ŵalipo pafupifupi 5% Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuchemeka Jeberti, nangauli ŵakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Biher-Tigrinya. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nara awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Nilo na Sahara, ŵakugomezga chisopa cha Chiisilamu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eritrea |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Malamulo na vyakukanizga == Ndondomeko ya boma la Eritrea yikuti munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kughanaghana, wa njuŵi, na wa vigomezgo. Ndondomeko iyi yindagwiliskike nchito kufuma waka apo yikazomerezgekera mu 1997. Pakuti dango ili lindakhazikiskike, dango lakuti visopa viŵe na malango ghakwendeskera vinthu vyawo lili kulembeka mu dango la No. 73/1995 la 1995. Nangauli pharazgo la nambara 73/1995 likulongosora makora fundo ya kusopa yayi, kweni likuyowoyaso kuti wanangwa wa munthu waliyose wa ku Eritrea wa maghanoghano, njuŵi, na vigomezgo, ngwakukhora na kuchindikika na dango. Ndipouli, Uthenga No. 73/1995 ukulongosoraso kuti: 1) vyakucita vya cisopa vikupharazgika na kukopa yayi kweni na kupulikiska na kugomezga (pantheura ŵakususka gulu liphya la cisopa na kusanguluska Ŵakhristu); ndiposo kuti 2) vyakucita vya cisopa vikucitika mwakuyana na na kucindika dango la caru ndipo comene comene vikusungilira mtende, kukhazikika, na umoza wa ŵanthu na caru. Mwakusazgirapo, pharazgo ili likuyowoyaso mwakupulikikwa makora kuti (chifukwa cha fundo za caru) ubwezi wa boma na cisopa na visopa, ndiposo ndondomeko izo zikuyowoya za visopa zikwenera kulondezga dango. Kuyana na pharazgo ili, dipatimenti yakuwona vya cisopa yikapangika mu Unduna wa vya mukati. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukwendeska vinthu vya cisopa. Phangano ili likati visopa vileke kuchitako ndyali panji kuyowoyapo chilichose pa nkhani za ndyali. Dango ili likukanizgaso magulu gha cisopa kuti ghaleke kwambiska panji kupeleka wovwiri wa ŵanthu cifukwa ca visopa. Dango ili likati visopa vilembeke ku boma panji vileke kugwira ntchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu visopa vyambura kulembeska panji awo ŵakulondezga yayi malango ŵakulangika mwakuyana na dango lakwamba. Ofesi ya vya cisopa yili na mazaza ghakwendeskera milimo ya cisopa na mawupu ghake, kusazgapo kuzomerezga mapemphero gha visopa ivyo vikukhumba kuzomerezgeka na boma. Gulu la cisopa likwenera kusazgirako kulembeska kwawo caka cilicose. Mu 2002, Tchalitchi la Katolika na la Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea (ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha Lutheran World Federation) likapempheka kuti lilembeke na kuleka milimo ya chisopa m'paka apo vikazomerezgekera. == Umo Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakuchitira na visopa vyambura kulembeska == Pa Okutobala 25, 1994, boma likaŵakanira Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova malaisensi gha bizinesi cifukwa ŵakakana kuzomera "boma la pa caru capasi" na kunjilirapo pa kafukufuku wa wanangwa. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵakukana kugwira nchito za boma. Kuleka kunjilirapo pa ndyali na kukana usilikari cifukwa ca njuŵi ni fundo zikuru za cipulikano ca Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Nangauli mu Eritrea muli mulimo wa usilikari, kweni ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakwenera kusambira usilikari. Kufuma waka apo dango ili likapelekekera, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakukanizgika kupokera chikalata cha boma chakulongora kuti munthu ni Kaboni panji chikalata chakulongora munthu uyo wakwenda nayo (chinthu icho chikukhumbikwa kuti nthengwa zikwane panji munthu wagure malo); kugwira ntchito mu boma; kweniso kupokera laisensi ya bizinesi.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/eritrea-country-information-and-guidance United Kingdom Home Office’s report paper Fact Finding Mission to Eritrea], pages 7-20. February 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} {{portalbar|Eritrea}} {{Africa religion}} [[Category:Chisopa mu Eritrea| ]] b7gymx0udhfih7wauz215kn858le9bj 0 35944 122596 112255 2026-09-28T01:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Zambian diplomatic relations stance with other countries}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Politics of Zambia}} [[File:Diplomatic relations of Zambia.svg|300px|thumb|Nations with which Zambia has diplomatic relations.]] Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, maubwezi gha [[Zambia]] na vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa ghakukhwaska maboma ghanyake gha kumwera kwa Africa nga ni African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵambura kukolerana. Zambia yili mu wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana wakukwana 44, ndipo wupu uwu ni United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations na Southern African Development Community. Ku Zambia kuli mphindano ya mphaka pa mphaka ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Nkhondo yinyake na Democratic Republic of Congo yikukhwaskana na Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave. ==Mbili== [[File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|Kenneth Kaunda wakuluta kukawona mulongozgi wa boma la Romania, Nicolae Ceauşescu, mu 1970.]] [[File:Carter and Kaunda.png|thumb|Kuanda wakuyowoya na U.S. Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter ku White House mu 1978]] [[File:Levy Mwanawasa and Colin Powell 2004-09-23.jpg|thumb|United States Secretary of State Colin Powell na President wa Zambia Levy Mwanawasa bakukumana ku New York City pa nyengo ya UN General Assembly ya 59.]] Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa pa udindo mu 1964-1991, wakaŵa munthu wakuwoneka makora uyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe ku Southern Africa. Wakakhozgera gulu la UNITA pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola, SWAPO pa nyengo ya nkhondo yawo ya kujiwombora ku apartheid ku South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), na African National Congress pa nkhondo yawo yakwimikana na apartheid ku South Africa.<ref name="Andy DeRoche 2016">Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa mu Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya South Africa na Rhodesia vikaponyapo ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikakhozgera magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakwimira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, masuzgo agha ghakamara chifukwa cha kuzenga Damu la Kariba na kuzenga njanji ya Tan-Zam. Cifukwa ca cigaŵa cawo mu nkhondo za kufwatuka, Zambia yikumanyikwa comene mu vyaru ivyo ŵakawovwira ndiposo mu Africa mose. Mwaciyelezgero, pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela, kanandi wakazunuranga ngongoli iyo South Africa yili nayo ku Zambia.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099962.stm | title = Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power | publisher = [[BBC]] | access-date = 22 October 2006 | date = 26 June 2006 | archive-date = 6 January 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070106042637/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099962.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> Pambere Zambia yindaŵe na wanangwa, Kaunda wakakumana na John F. Kennedy apo wakaluta ku United States mu 1961, ndipo wakakumana na Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, na George H.W. Bush ku White House mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakasuskanaso na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher kanandi waka, cifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo zake za ku South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clines|first=Francis|date=6 August 1986|title=Commonwealth Chiefs Rebuke Thatcher Harshly|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/06/world/commonwealth-chiefs-rebuke-thatcher-harshly.html|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827234922/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/06/world/commonwealth-chiefs-rebuke-thatcher-harshly.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nga umo vikaŵira na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Mu 1970, mu caru ici mukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia yikaŵa ku woko lamazere kuluska ku woko lamalyero. Charu ichi chikaŵa paubwezi uwemi na China kweniso Yugoslavia. Kaunda wakumanyikwa mu Yugoslavia cifukwa ca kulira pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Josip Broz Tito. Muwukirano wa Kaunda, Frederick Chiluba (1991~2002), nayo wakawovwira chomene pa ndyali za mu Africa. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kwendera lumoza na khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likadumura mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994. Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001. == Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana == Charu cha Zambia chili mu wupu wa vyaru 45. Vinthu ivi ni:<ref name="IO">{{cite web |url=http://www.geoplace.com/hottopics/CIAwfb/factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook – Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=11 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101055721/http://www.geoplace.com/hottopics/CIAwfb/factbook/geos/za.html |archive-date=1 November 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| |- | * [[Lomé Convention]] ([[ACP countries|ACP]]) * [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) * [[African Union]] (AU) * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (CN) * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) * [[Group of 77]] (G-77) * [[File:Flag of IAEA.svg|22px]] [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) * [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) * [[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt) * [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU) * ICRM * [[International Development Association]] (IDA) * [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) * [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) * [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS) * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) * [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) * [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]] * [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) * [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) * [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO, correspondent) | * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) * [[United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo]] (MONUC) * [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) * [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) * [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) * [[File:Flag of SADC.svg|22px]] [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) * [[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|22px]] United Nations (UN) * [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]] (UNAMSIL) * [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) * [[File:Flag of UNESCO.svg|22px]] [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) * [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]] (UNMEE) * [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] (UNMIK) * [[United Nations Mission in Liberia]] (UNMIL) * [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) * WCL * [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) * [[File:Flag of WHO.svg|22px]] [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) * [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) * [[File:Flag of the World Meteorological Organization.svg|22px]] [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) * [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO) * [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO) |} Pakuyowoya za umo Zambia yiliri mu khoti la ICC, Zambia yili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States ku milandu. ===United Nations=== Pa Disembala 1, 1964, Zambia yikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations, pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa. Zambia wali na ofesi ya United Nations, ku 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. Mulongozgi wa gulu ili ni Tens Chisola Kapoma.<ref name="JoinUN">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/Overview/unmember.html |title = List of Member States |publisher = United Nations |access-date = 22 October 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061022200845/http://www.un.org/Overview/unmember.html |archive-date = 22 October 2006 }}</ref> [[File:Rodrigo and Mwanawasa.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mulara wa International Monetary Fund Rodrigo Rato wakumana na pulezidenti wa Zambia Levy Mwanawasa.]] == Ndondomeko ya vyaru == [[File:ZM-Lusaka Province.png|thumb|Chigaŵa cha Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia]] Kufuma waka apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa pa Okutobala 24, 1964, charu ichi chapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari na wovwiri ku maboma ghanandi pa caru cose. Chomenechomene, Zambia yili na mbiri ya kupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku ŵasilikari na maboma agho ghakulimbana kuti ghaŵe na wanangwa mu Africa mose. Wovwiri uwo Zambia wakapeleka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cawo ciŵe cakutowa mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru ici, ukaŵa wa nkhondo ndiposo wa ndyali. Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF), uwo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army, Zambian Air Force na Zambia National Service, uli na chigaŵa chikuru mu nkhondo zinandi za ku chigaŵa na za pa caru cose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Makamaka, ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia ŵapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari pa nkhondo zikuruzikuru za mu Africa nga ni Rhodesian Bush War nangauli mba ku Zambia yayi. Zambia yili na mbiri yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kufwatuka mu vyaru vinyake ndipo Kenneth Kaunda uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa charu ichi, wakayowoyapo kale kuti "Zambia waŵenge wambura wanangwa yayi m'paka charu chose cha Africa chiŵe na wanangwa". Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma la Zambia ŵakuwona kuti boma ili likukhumba kujisungilira. Pakuŵa caru cikuru ca pakati, muwuso wa Zambia ukujintha pa kukhazikika na ndyali za vyaru vyapafupi ivyo vikuzingilizga Zambia. Kuŵa na mtende mu vyaru ivi kwawovwira kuti pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wasungilire mazaza mu caru ici kwa vyaka vinandi.<ref>Shaw, T. M., & Mugomba, A. T. (1977). The political economy of regional detente: Zambia and southern africa. ''Journal of African Studies, 4''(4), 392</ref> === Kufwatuka na wovwiri wa ndyali === Zambia nayo wakafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Boma liphya la Zambia ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wa chipani cha UNIP, likawovwira chomene kuti ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵafwatuke. Boma la Zambia likapeleka malo ghakubisamamo ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka, likawovwira kuti paŵe phangano, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri na vilwero. Kuŵako kwa muwuso wa vyaru vinyake ku Southern Africa kukawonekanga nga nkhukhuŵazga Zambia ndipo umoza wa vyaru vya mu Africa ukapangiska kuti charu chiphya ichi chiwovwire ŵazengezgani ŵake kulimbana na muwuso wa vyaru vinyake. Chomenechomene, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵakuwukira ŵa chipani cha Namibia liberation party, South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) na African National Congress (ANC) mu South Africa. Zambia wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma kweniso wovwiri wa ndyali.<ref name="A 2009">{{Cite thesis|last=A.|first=Williams, Christian|date=2009|title=Exile History: An Ethnography of the SWAPO Camps and the Namibian Nation.|hdl=2027.42/64754|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/64754|type=Thesis|language=en-US|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155221/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/64754|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== SWAPO ==== [[File:Nelson Mandela-2008 cropped.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela wakayowoyapo kale za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita mu South Africa mu nyengo ya apartheid]] South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) ni chipani icho kale chikaŵa na chilato cha kujikana na Namibia. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika kufuma mukati mwa Namibia, SWAPO yikasamuskira likuru lake na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵanandi ku Zambia mu ma 1970. Zambia yikazgoka malo ghakubisamamo gha gulu ili ndipo SWAPO yikakhazikiska misasa yakusambizgirako ŵasilikari na kutuma ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ku Zambia. Nkhondo ya ku Shipanga, yakucemeka na zina la Andreas Shipanga, mulongozgi wa SWAPO, yikapangiska kuti boma la Zambia limovwire kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakususka gulu ili. Ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo SWAPO yikagwiranga na misasa ya ŵasilikari mu Zambia, ndipo ŵakapempha wovwiri kwa Pulezidenti Kaunda. Ŵakati ŵakora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbawukirano, kusazgapo Shipanga na wovwiri wa Zambia, ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fivush|first=Robyn|date=February 2010|title=Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives|journal=Memory|volume=18|issue=2|pages=88–98|doi=10.1080/09658210903029404|pmid=19565405|s2cid=36928878|issn=0965-8211}}</ref> ==== African National Congress ==== African National Congress yikaŵa chipani cha ndyali icho chikalimbana na apartheid ku South Africa, icho chikaŵa na vilato vyakudemelera ku African National Congress ya ku Zambia. Boma la ku South Africa likati lakanizga chipani ichi, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakabisama panji ŵakachimbilira ku Zambia. Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ANC awo ŵakafumako ku caru cawo ca South Africa. Ntheura, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakusangira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndipo yikazomerezga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga kuti ŵawunganenge na kwendera lumoza. Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa South Africa, wakayowoyapo za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita pa kufwatura caru cawo mu vilimika ivyo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Ndondomeko ya Zambia yakuwombora ŵanthu kwizira mu diplomacy na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu chigaŵa ichi, yikuwoneka makora chomene mu chalo cha South Africa.<ref>Landsberg, Chris. ''The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition''. Jacana Media, 2004</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== Kweniso Zambia yikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵafwatuke ku ŵazga ŵawo mu m'ma 1960 na 1970. Mwaciyerezgero, Zambia yikapeleka wovwiri wa futi na wa ndyali ku Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) na Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) pa nyengo ya kulimbana kwawo na boma la Rhodesia mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush. Zambia yikapeleka vilwero na masambiro ghachoko waka ku gulu la Zimbabwe la African Nationalist Movements, kweni yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za diplomacy kuti yikanizge wanangwa wa Zimbabwe. Ivi vikasazgapo maulendo ghanandi na kudumbiskana pakati pa boma la Rhodesia na ŵalongozgi ŵa Zambia kuti ŵadumbiskane umo ŵangamazgira nkhondo ya mukati mu caru. Paumaliro, mu 1979, boma la Rhodesia likathera ku mphindano za ŵamitundu yose ndipo likachita mavoti agho ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kuwusa charu ichi.<ref>"Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.</ref> ==== UNITA ==== Chipani cha National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) chikaŵa chipani cha ku Angola icho chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikarwa nkhondo ya ku Angola mu 1975. Zambia, pasi pa Kenneth Kaunda wakasambizga na kupeleka ndalama ku UNITA kwimikana na MPLA mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Lusaka wakalutilira kukhozgera comene ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA ŵa ku Africa na ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA awo ŵakasambizgika mu Zambia. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia yaleka kukhozgera UNITA ndipo yaphepiska ku boma la Angola cifukwa ca kukhozgera UNITA.<ref>Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-10-31-we-are-so-sorry-sata-tells-angola/ "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209000751/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2011-10-31-we-are-so-sorry-sata-tells-angola/|date=9 February 2022}}. ''[[TimesLIVE]]''.</ref> === Milimo mu mphindano za vigaŵa === ==== Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola ==== Zambia ndiyo yikawovwira chomene pakovwira kuti paŵe kukolerana pakati pa MPLA na UNITA. Nkhondo ya ku Angola yikalutilira kwambira mu 1975 m'paka sono, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo ya pa mtima. Phangano la Lusaka likafuma ku Zambia ndipo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Phangano ili likasazgika mu Lusaka pa Novembala 20, 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakakolerana nalo. Paumaliro nkhondo yikambaso, ndipo mu 1998, mtende ukamara.<ref>Vines, Alex (1999). ''Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process''. Human Rights Watch.</ref> ==== Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo ==== Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikayamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu 1998, ndipo yikakhwaska vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Zambia yikaŵapo yayi pa nkhondo iyi, kweni yikakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende na kumazga nkhondo. Ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha pa caru cose nga ni United Nations, ŵakawungana pa June 21-27, 1999, ku Lusaka kuti ŵanozge fundo zakumazgira nkhondo iyi. Phangano la kuleka nkhondo likati nkhondo yimare, ŵasilikari ŵa mtende ŵatumizgike na kufwatura ŵakayidi wose ŵa nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, na Zimbabwe ŵakawungana mu Lusaka, Zambia pa Julayi 10, 1999, kuti ŵasayine phangano la kuleka kuwukira. Paumaliro nkhondo zikalutilira nangauli pakaŵa phangano la mtende, ndipo nkhondo yikaleka m'paka mu 2003.<ref>Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). ''Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008''. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. {{ISBN|9781554588787}}.</ref> ===African cooperation=== Zambia njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU), uwo sono ukucemeka African Union. Zambia nayo wali mu wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC). Pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya AEC, Zambia yikukolerana na vigaŵa viŵiri: Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA). Wupu wa SADC ukakhazikiskika mu msumba wa Lusaka, mu Zambia, pa Epulero 1, 1980, ndipo COMESA nayo wali na ofesi yake yikuru kwenekura. == Mphindano za pa caru cose == Ku Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe uko mphaka zikukumana, ndipo na DRC ku Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave kumpoto kwa Chienge, pakukhalira kukwesana pa chiphangano cha Zambia-Congo icho chikavumbukwa na pulezidenti Laurent Kabila. Kuŵavya vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa ivi, kweniso wanangwa wawo wa kuŵa ŵenekaya, ni nkhani yakusuzga chomene ku Luapula. == Zambia na Commonwealth of Nations == Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu Commonwealth of Nations kwambira pa 24 Okutobala 1964, apo Northern Rhodesia yikamba kujiyimira payekha. ==Bilateral relations== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;"| Charu ! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began !Vyaru |- |{{Flag|Albania}} |9 July 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1969 |pages=6}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} |15 January 1973 |Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa News Letter Risālat Ifrīqīyā |publisher=African Society |year=1972 |pages=14}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Angola}}||<!--Date started-->|| * Angola has an embassy in [[Lusaka]] and consulates-general in [[Mongu]] and [[Solwezi]]. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Luanda]] and a consulate-general in [[Luena, Angola|Luena]]. |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |27 September 1974 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974<ref>{{Cite web |title=Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno de la República de Zambia |url=https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/tratado_ficha.php?id=lZ6llg== |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Armenia}}||7 October 1993|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/zm |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |18 November 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Zambia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.az/en/category/africa/zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Australia}}||18 May 1972||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when first Australian High Commissioner to Zambia Mr. W. G. A. Landale presented credentials (resident in Dar es Salaam)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Representation Overseas |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889634636/view?sectionId=nla.obj-891602398&partId=nla.obj-889662036#page/n78/mode/1up |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Current notes on international affairs.Vol. 43 No. 5 (May 1972) |page=263}}</ref> * Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. *Zambia has a High Commission in [[Canberra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/view.rails?id=221 |title=Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063456/http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/view.rails?id=221 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |12 February 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1965 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Zambia Mr. Jean Bourgaux presented his credentials<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1965 |pages=246}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Benin}} |8 February 1974 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OB8FAQAAIAAJ&dq=8+February+1974+when+Zambian+ambassador+Andreya+S.+Masiye+presented+credentials+to+President+Kerekou&pg=PA11 |title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459 |publisher=United States. Joint Publications Research Service |year=1974 |pages=11 |access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} |5 January 1987 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Zambia as of 5 Jan. 1987 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638675?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Brazil}}||28 December 1969||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1969<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Documentos_de_pol%C3%ADtica_externa/yMMOAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ESTABELECIMENTO+DE+RELA%C3%87%C3%95ES+DIPLOMATICAS+COM+A+UGANDA+Em+22+de+dezembro+de+1969+Comunicado&pg=RA3-PA21&printsec=frontcover |title=Documentos de política externa Volumes 1-4 |publisher=Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brazil. Secretaria Geral Adjunta para o Planejamento Político |year=1967 |pages=21 |language=pt |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> * Brazil has an embassy in Lusaka. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Brasília]]. |- |{{Flag|Brunei Darussalam}} |3 February 2003 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 2003<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Brunei Darussalam and Zambia as of 3 Feb. 2003 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1470167?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Canada}}||1966||Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019#Beginnings |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute}}</ref> * Canada has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Ottawa]]. |- |{{Flag|Cape Verde}} |10 July 1982 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le mois en Afrique - Issues 200-204 |publisher=1982 |pages=167 |language=fr}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|China}}||29 October 1964||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=China and Zambia celebrated the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations |url=http://zm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshdyjh/202210/t20221008_10778543.htm#:~:text=On%20October%2029%2C%201964%2C%20China,beginning%20of%20China%2DZambia%20friendship. |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Zambia}}</ref> See [[China–Zambia relations]] * China has an embassy in Lusaka. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Beijing]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||24 October 1964||Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySziM6j4ndUC&dq=congolese+consulate+general+in+Lusaka+raised+to+embassy+level&pg=PA4-IA3 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 211-212 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1964 |pages=4 |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> * DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Kinshasa]] and a consulate-general in [[Lubumbashi]]. |- |{{Flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |10 April 1968 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1968 |pages=1033}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Croatia}}||20 September 1995|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |19 July 1972 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy se conmemora el 50 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Cuba y la República de Zambia |url=https://twitter.com/CubaMINREX/status/1549414942549450758?s=20 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Cancillería de Cuba |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Cyprus}}||10 December 1976||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1976 when the first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Zambia, Mr. Fillios Antoniou Grammenopoulos, presented his credentials to President Kaunda<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1976 |pages=4272}}</ref> *Cyprus is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in [[Pretoria]], South Africa<ref name="mfa.gov.cy">{{Cite web|title=Home - MFA|url=https://mfa.gov.cy/?OpenDocument|access-date=21 October 2021|website=mfa.gov.cy|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021105426/https://mfa.gov.cy/?OpenDocument|url-status=live}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in Lusaka.<ref name="mfa.gov.cy"/> *Zambia is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy<ref name="mfa.gov.cy"/> and an honorary consulate in [[Limassol]].<ref name="mfa.gov.cy"/> *Both countries have a bilateral agreement on Air Service between both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/9B32A2FB1E729191C22575D70035EC03/$file/List%20of%20Zambia.pdf?openelement |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227145956/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/9B32A2FB1E729191C22575D70035EC03/$file/List%20of%20Zambia.pdf?openelement |archive-date=27 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |2 February 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1965<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtLLMrxIdAIC&dq=Sweden+have+agreed+to+establish+diplomatic+relations+at+embassy+level+...&pg=RA10-PP4 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 21-22 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1965 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Denmark}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Denmark-Zambia relations]] * Denmark has an embassy in [[Lusaka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amblusaka.um.dk/en |title=Danish Embassy Zambia |access-date=12 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719134131/http://www.amblusaka.um.dk/en |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> * Zambia is accredited to Denmark, from its embassy in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Embassy Information - Panduan dan Info Untuk Jalan Jalan Keluar Negeri|url=http://www.worldembassyinformation.com/|access-date=21 October 2021|website=World Embassy Information|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021165755/http://www.worldembassyinformation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Finland}}||8 March 1968|| * Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1968<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland and Zambia |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/zmb/finland-and-zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Finland Abroad}}</ref> * Finland recognised Zambia on 29 October 1964. * Zambia is accredited to Finland from its embassy in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. * Finland has an embassy in Lusaka. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180215034914/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17314&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Zambia] |- |{{Flag|Gabon}} |18 July 1975 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4943-5020 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1975 |pages=8}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Georgia}}||14 October 1993|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZAMBIA, REPUBLIC OF |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/en/bilateral-relations/zm |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Greece}}||<!--Date started-->|| * Greece is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] and an honorary consulate in [[Lusaka]].<ref name="mfa.gr">{{Cite web|title=Greece's Bilateral Relations|url=https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/zambia/|access-date=21 October 2021|website=www.mfa.gr|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501144310/https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/zambia/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Zambia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.<ref name="mfa.gr"/> |- |{{Flag|Grenada}} |18 September 1979 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1979<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6208-6259 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1979 |pages=8}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} |19 March 2013 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy se celebran 10 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Zambia. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación. |url=https://twitter.com/MinexGt/status/1637374599842209792?s=20 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=MINEX Guatemala |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Guyana}}||11 February 1971|| *Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1971<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries With Which Guyana Has Established Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.minfor.gov.gy/minfor/consulates/countries-guyana-relations |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Guyana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420163637/https://www.minfor.gov.gy/minfor/consulates/countries-guyana-relations |archive-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> *Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |13 August 1966 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1966<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Political_Translations_on_Eastern_Europe/vylBAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Establishment+of+diplomatic+relations+between+the+Hungarian+People%27s+Republic+and+Zambia+on+the+ambassadorial+level&pg=RA9-PA32&printsec=frontcover |title=Political Translations on Eastern Europe Issues 248-284 |publisher=United States. Joint Publications Research Service |year=1967 |pages=32}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} |23 July 2004 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Iceland and Zambia as of 23 July 2004 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3844673?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|India}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[India-Zambia relations]] * India has a high commission in [[Lusaka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Lusaka, Zambia|url=https://www.hcizambia.gov.in/|access-date=21 October 2021|website=www.hcizambia.gov.in|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021105842/https://www.hcizambia.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MEA {{!}} Indian Missions Abroad {{!}} Indian Mission|url=http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?241/Zambia|access-date=21 October 2021|website=mea.gov.in|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008040010/http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?241%2FZambia|url-status=live}}</ref> * Zambia has a high commission in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://embassynewdelhi.com/zambian/zambian-embassy-in-new-delhi/ |title=Zambian Embassy in India |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083909/http://embassynewdelhi.com/zambian/zambian-embassy-in-new-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zambia.visahq.in/embassy/india/ |title=Zambian Embassy in India contact info |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501144313/https://www.visahq.in/zambia/embassy/india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230713155021/https://www.hcizambia.gov.in/pages.php?id=16 Bilateral Relations between India and Zambia] |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |18 November 1975 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1975<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asian Almanac - Volume 14 |publisher=V.T. Sambandan |year=1976 |pages=7628}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Ireland}}|| 29 February 1980||See [[Ireland–Zambia relations]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980 when Ireland's first Ambassador to Zambia , His Excellency Mr Michael Greene , presented credentials to President Kaunda<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ireland Today - Issues 942-983 |publisher=Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs |year=1979 |pages=13}}</ref> * Ireland has an embassy in [[Lusaka]].<ref>[https://archive.is/20120802000019/http://www.embassyofireland.co.zm/ Irish embassy in Lusaka] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120802000019/http://www.embassyofireland.co.zm/ |date=2 August 2012 }}</ref> * Zambia is accredited to Ireland from its high commission in [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZHCL|url=https://www.zhcl.org.uk/|access-date=21 October 2021|website=www.zhcl.org.uk|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021110107/https://www.zhcl.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Israel}}||17 March 1965|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1965 when Israel's first ambassador to Zambia Col. Ben-Zion Tehan presented his credentials to the President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Daily_Report_Foreign_Radio_Broadcasts/aGahlieenfwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Colonel+Ben+Zion+Tehan+ambassador+of+israel+to+zambia&pg=RA4-PA19&printsec=frontcover |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 51-52 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1965 |pages=19 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Israel on 26 October 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benyamin Neuberger |title=Israel’s Relations with the Third World (1948–2008) |url=https://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/abraham/publications/israel.pdf |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=tau.ac.il |page=20}}</ref>Diplomatic relations between two countries were re-established on 25 December 1991<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uri Bialer |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Israeli_Foreign_Policy/O1LXDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Zambia+and+israel++diplomatic+relations+25+December+1991&pg=PT162&printsec=frontcover |title=Israeli Foreign Policy A People Shall Not Dwell Alone |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2020 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/LegalTreaties/Pages/Bilateral-Treaties.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807222819/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/LegalTreaties/Pages/Bilateral-Treaties.aspx| archive-date = 7 August 2013| title = Bilateral Treaties}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Japan}}||<!--Date started-->October 1964|| Both countries established diplomatic relations in October 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan-Zambia Relations (Basic Data)|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/zambia/data.html|access-date=21 October 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021110437/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/zambia/data.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Kenya}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Kenya–Zambia relations]] * Kenya has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Nairobi]]. |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |9 November 1996 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Zambia and Lao People's Democratic Republic as of 9 Nov. 1996 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1478207?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Liberia}} |3 April 1972 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials<ref>{{Cite book |last=William R. Tolbert (Jr.) |title=Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1 |publisher=Press Division of the Executive Mansion |year=1976 |pages=28}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Lithuania}}||13 July 2001|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-zambia |title=Zambia |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania]] |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228082317/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-zambia |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Madagascar}} |13 September 1973 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1973<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin - Page 2984 |publisher=Blackwell |year=1973}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Malawi}} |15 September 1970 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1970}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} |1 April 2018 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Zambia and Maldives as of 1 April 2018 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1485733?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mexico}}||15 October 1975||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Zambia |url=https://twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1581238463529046018?s=20 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Relaciones Exteriores |language=es}}</ref> * Mexico is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bienvenido|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/|access-date=21 October 2021|website=embamex.sre.gob.mx|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504120721/https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Zambia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zambiaembassy.org/ |title=Embassy of Zambia in the United States |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206093148/https://www.zambiaembassy.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Moldova}} |26 October 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republica Zambia |url=https://mfa.gov.md/ro/content/republica-zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministerul Afacerilor Externe şi Integrării Europene al Republicii Moldova (in Romanian)}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Montenegro}}||29 June 2010|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://www.gov.me/en/diplomatic-missions/diplomatic-missions-to-montenegro/zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Government of Montenegro}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mozambique}}||25 June 1975||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4866-4942 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1975 |pages=8}}</ref> * Mozambique has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Maputo]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Namibia}}||5 August 1990||See [[Namibia–Zambia relations]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990<ref>{{Cite book |title=Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997 |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |pages=305}}</ref> * Namibia has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Windhoek]]. |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} |10 September 1986 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1986<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal–Zambia Relations |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-zambia-relations/ |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420170708/https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-zambia-relations/ |archive-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|New Zealand}}||2 April 1985||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7914-7938. |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1985 |pages=10}}</ref> * New Zealand is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa. * Zambia is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in [[Canberra]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/africa/zambia/high-commission-for-the-republic-of-zambia/ |title=High Commission for the Republic of Zambia &#124; New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305202033/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/africa/zambia/high-commission-for-the-republic-of-zambia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |21 April 1980 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1980<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le mois en Afrique - Issues 170-175 |publisher=1980 |pages=125 |language=fr}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Peru}} |5 October 1970 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1970 |pages=5}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Poland}}||1 July 1966||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Polish Review - Volume 12 |publisher=Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. |year=1967 |pages=117}}</ref> * Poland is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. * Zambia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |3 April 1975 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zâmbia |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Portal do Governo (in Portuguese)}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Romania}}||28 May 1968|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1968<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republica ZAMBIA |url=https://www.mae.ro/bilateral-relations/1755 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministerul Afacerilor Externe (In Romanian)}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Russia}}||30 October 1964||See [[Russia–Zambia relations]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations with Zambia were established on October 30, 1964. |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/1322423604701782016?s=20 |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=MFA Russia}}</ref> * Russia has an embassy in Lusaka. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Moscow]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Serbia}}||23 October 1964|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of the Yugoslav Press |publisher=1964 |pages=22}}</ref>Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/ZAMBIA.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227070007/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/ZAMBIA.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} |19 February 1971 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sierra Leone Trade Journal Volumes 8-13 |publisher=Sierra Leone. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |year=1968 |pages=42}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Africa}}||10 May 1994||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Relations |url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/key-relations/ |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=High Commission of the Republic of Zambia - Pretoria}}</ref> See [[South Africa–Zambia relations]] Zambia was a strong supporter of the [[African National Congress]] during [[South Africa under apartheid|their struggle against minority rule]] and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa. * South Africa has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Pretoria]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Korea}}||4 September 1990|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=181 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea}}</ref> High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24463.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |website=www.mofa.go.kr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24463.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=2015-09-04}} </ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Spain}}||26 September 1969||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/33281/85107/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |page=307 |language=es}}</ref> * Spain is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Lusaka. * Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |15 May 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1969<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1969 |pages=4}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Tanzania}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Tanzania–Zambia relations]] * Tanzania has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[Dar es Salaam]]. |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |17 February 1971 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Daily_Report_Foreign_Radio_Broadcasts/6gcrCve_mfIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Trinidad+and+Tobago+and+zambia+have+decided+to+establish+diplomatic+relations+...&pg=RA18-PA14&printsec=frontcover |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 31-40 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1971 |pages=14 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->1964<ref name="auto107">{{Cite web| url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-zambia.en.mfa| title=Relations between Turkey and Zambia| access-date=26 February 2017| archive-date=2 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131151/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-zambia.en.mfa| url-status=live}}</ref>||See [[Turkey–Zambia relations]] * Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.<ref name="auto107"/> * Zambia has an embassy in [[Ankara]].<ref name="auto107"/> *Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Zambian exports/imports: 5.9/17.8 million USD).<ref name="auto107"/> *There are direct flights from [[Istanbul]] to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.<ref name="auto107"/> |- |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |29 November 1974 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1974<ref>{{Cite book |title=ARR: Arab Report and Record |publisher=Economic Features, Limited |year=1974 |pages=557}}</ref> |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |24 October 1964 |See [[United Kingdom–Zambia relations]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOpPAQAAMAAJ&dq=...+Monson+William+high+commissioner+to+Zambia+October%2C+24+1964&pg=PA559 |title=The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book, Volume 14 |publisher=Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations |year=1965 |pages=559 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> * United Kingdom has a high commission in Lusaka. * Zambia has a high commission in [[London]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|United States}}||24 October 1964||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Zambia |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/zambia |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref> See [[United States–Zambia relations]] Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)</ref> * United States has an embassy in Lusaka. * Zambia has an embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |2 November 1978 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Zambia as of 2 Nov. 1978 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486172?ln=en |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Vietnam}}||15 September 1972|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010) |url=https://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=mofa.gov.vn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426174310/https://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/ |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Zambia–Zimbabwe relations]] * From 1953 to 1963 Zambia and Zimbabwe were, along with [[Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]]) part of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].<ref>Africa Today [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9384404_ITM Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context.(Southern Africa in the Postapartheid Era)] by Scarritt, James R. ; Nkiwane, Solomon M.; published 01-JAN-96</ref> * Initially the two countries had good relations after gaining independence. However, relations have recently been strained. Following the controversial [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Zimbabwean presidential election of 2008]], the late Zambian President [[Levy Mwanawasa]] described Mugabe's Zimbabwe as a "regional embarrassment".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2008/zimbabwe/default.stm "Zimbabwe's neighbours"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006084007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2008/zimbabwe/default.stm |date=6 October 2020 }}, BBC, June 2008</ref> *The former foreign affairs minister, Kabinga Mpande, once said Zambia had lodged a protest against Zimbabwe, against the "sustained malicious campaign against Zambia".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/05/zambia-protests-against-zimbabwe |title=Zambia protests against Zimbabwe |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212154913/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/05/zambia-protests-against-zimbabwe |url-status=dead }}</ref> But relations have improved tremendously with the election of Michael Sata as President of Zambia. It was reported in the Zambian media that Zambia was pushing for the readmission of Zimbabwe into the British led Commonwealth of Nations. |} ==Wonaniso== * [[History of Zambia]] * [[Politics of Zambia]] * [[Kenneth Kaunda]] * [[African Union]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Zambia]] * [[List of diplomatic missions of Zambia]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite web | url = http://www.un.int/zambia/ | title = Permanent Mission of The Republic of Zambia to The United Nations | access-date = 22 October 2006 | archive-date = 4 October 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061004184034/http://www.un.int/zambia/ | url-status = live }} *{{cite web | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm | title = Background Note: Zambia | publisher = U.S. Department of State | access-date = 22 October 2006 | archive-date = 22 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194627/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm | url-status = live }} *{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099962.stm | title = Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power | publisher = [[BBC]] | access-date = 22 October 2006 | date = 26 June 2006 | archive-date = 6 January 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070106042637/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099962.stm | url-status = live }} {{refend}} {{Foreign relations of Zambia}} {{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Zambia}} [[Category:Foreign relations of Zambia| ]] [[Category:Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations]] lqnigulhrbyxoocpq0y38jexzau2xyo 0 36400 122547 119338 2026-09-28T01:08:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Houari Boumédiène<br/>{{lang|ar|{{big|هواري بومدين}}}} | image = Houari Boumediene's Portrait.jpg | order = [[List of heads of state of Algeria|2nd]] | office = President of Algeria | term_start = 10 December 1976 | term_end = 27 December 1978 | predecessor = Himself {{small|(''as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council'')}} | successor = [[Chadli Bendjedid]] | order2 = Chairman of the [[Revolutionary Council (Algeria)|Revolutionary Council]] | term_start2 = 19 June 1965 | term_end2 = 10 December 1976 | predecessor2 = [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] {{small|(''as President'')}} | successor2 = Himself {{small|(''as President'')}} | order3 = 4th [[Non-Aligned Movement#Chair|Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement]] | term_start3 = 5 September 1973 | term_end3 = 16 August 1976 | predecessor3 = [[Kenneth Kaunda]] | successor3 = [[William Gopallawa]] | order4 = 6th [[organisation of African Unity#Chairperson|Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity]] | term_start4 = 13 September 1968 | term_end4 = 6 September 1969 | predecessor4 = [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] | successor4 = [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] | birth_name = Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukherouba | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|8|23}} | birth_place = [[Guelma]], [[Algeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|12|27|1932|8|23}} | death_place = [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]] | spouse = Anissa al-Mansali | party = [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] | nickname = Houari Boumédiène | allegiance = [[Algeria]] | branch = {{unbulleted list |[[National Liberation Army (Algeria)|National Liberation Army]] |[[Algerian People's National Army|People's National Army]]}} | serviceyears = {{unbulleted list |1955–1962 {{small|(ALN)}} |1962–1976 {{small|(PNP)}}}} | rank = [[Colonel]] | unit = | commands = | battles = [[Algerian War]]<br>[[Sand War]] | awards = }} '''Houari Boumédiène'''{{efn|Also transcribed '''Boumediene''' and '''Boumedienne'''}} ({{lang-ar|هواري بومدين}}&nbsp;; [[Arabic transcription|ALA-LC]]: ''Hawwārī Būmadyan''; '''Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba''' wakababika ku Algeria pa 23 August 1932 ndipo wakafwa pa 27 December 1978. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chalo cha [[Algeria]] ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Revolutionary Council of Algeria]] kufuma pa 19 June 1965 mpaka 12 December 1976. Wakababikira ku Guelma, ndipo wakasambira ku Islamic Institute ku Constantine. Mu 1955, wakajibatika ku gulu la National Liberation Front ndipo wakalemba zina lakuti Houari Boumediene. Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo mu 1960 wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN. Mu 1961, pulezidenti [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] wakamwimika kuŵa nduna ya vya kuvikilira caru. Iyo wakakolerana yayi na ivyo Ben Bella wakacita, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakamuwuskapo mu Juni 1965 na kumuŵika mu jele. Wakalekeska malango gha boma na nyumba ya malango, ndipo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 27. Ŵabali ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi yayi, kweni mu 1967, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakayezga kumugalukira. Mu 1971, makampani gha mafuta ghakaŵa gha boma. Kwambira mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likamba kuwezgerapo ndyali. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara mu 1976 apo ŵakazomera dango liphya la boma. Mubali Boumediene wakambaso kuwusa ndipo wakapokera mavoti 99.46 peresenti. Wakalondezganga fundo za wupu wa Socialist na Pan-Arabist. Wakasuskanga comene Israyeli ndipo wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Roma na awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa mu vyaru vya ku Arabia na ku Africa. Kwamba mu 1978, Boumediene wakawonekanga pachanya pa ŵanthu bweka yayi. Wakafwa pa Disembala 27, 1978, wati watondeka kupokera munkhwala wa Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Pa nyifwa yake pakaŵa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghaŵiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/28/algerians-mourn-death-of-boumediene/8dde9acb-74af-4b47-a862-08f5569062ae/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Chadli Bendjedid ndiyo wakamusintha kuŵa pulezidenti, pakuŵa nthowa yakumazgira mphindano pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵakumanjiliro na kumalyero. == Umoyo wake na Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira == [[File:The house where the late Algerian President Houari Boumediene was born (Guelma peovince).jpg|thumb|left|The house where Boumediene was born in douar beni aadi]] [[File:Houari Boumediène - War of Independence.jpg|thumb|left|Boumediène during the [[Algerian War of Independence]]]] Tikumanya vinandi yayi vya umoyo wa Boumédiène. Malo agho wakababikira ghakalembeka kuti Guelma, mu muzi wa Clauzel kufupi na Guelma, panji Héliopolis, ndipo wakababika pa Ogasiti 16, 1925, Ogasiti 23, 1927, panji mu 1932. Adada ŵake ŵakayowoya mu 1965 kuti wakababika pa 23 August 1932. Zina lake la kubabikira likaŵa Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba, ndipo awiske ŵakaŵa mulimi wa tirigu wambura ndalama ndipo ŵakaŵa Musulumani uyo wakayowoyanga Cifurenchi yayi. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopaedia of Islam, mbumba yake yikuyowoya Ciarabu. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Quranic ku Guelma mpaka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 14, pamanyuma pake ku sukulu ya Arabic ku Constantine.<ref name="Smith">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=J. Y.|title=Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 December 1978}}</ref><ref name="Horne2012">{{cite book |author=Alistair Horne |title=A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4-UHiZTlpMC&pg=PR29|date=9 August 2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-3343-5|page=29}}</ref><ref name="Leonard2013">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Leonard|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=We-OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-20515-7|page=191}}</ref> Mu 1952, apo caru ca France cikaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria kuti ŵarwe nkhondo ya ku Indochina, Boumédiène wakaluta ku Cairo, uko wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Al-Azhar. Apa ndipo wakakumana na Ahmed Ben Bella. Wakaluta ku gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) mu Nkhondo ya ku Algeria mu 1955, wakatora Houari Boumédiène kuŵa zina lake la nkhondo (kufumira ku Sidi Boumediène, zina la mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Algeria, uko wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari mu nyengo ya nkhondo, na Sidi El Houari, mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Oran iyo yikaŵa pafupi). Wakafika pa udindo wa colonel, uyo wakaŵa wapachanya chomene mu gulu la FLN, ndipo kwamba mu 1960 wakaŵa mulara wa ALN, gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN. Wakaŵa wakutengwa kwa Anissa al-Mansali. == Pamanyuma pa ufulu == [[File:Ben bella and Boumediene.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.]] Mu 1961, Algeria yikati yapokera wanangwa wa kujisankhira, yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha. Boumédiène na Ahmed Ben Bella ŵakawuskapo boma la Benyoucef Benkhedda na wovwiri wa ALN mu 1962. Boumédiène wakalongozganga gulu lankhongono la ŵasilikari mukati mwa boma ndipo wakapika udindo wa nduna ya vya kuvikilira na pulezidenti wa Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella, uyo wakamovwira kuti wafike pa mazaza nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Boumédiène wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Algeria mu Seputembala 1963. Wakaleka kugomezga muwuso wa Ben Bella na maghanoghano ghake, ndipo mu Juni 1965, Boumédiène wakathereska boma. Dango la caru na mabungwe gha ndyali vikalekeka, ndipo wakawusa kwizira mu wupu wa Revolutionary Council uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nayo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵake mu nyengo ya nkhondo, apo wakaŵa kufupi na tawuni ya Oujda ku mphaka na Morocco. Munthu munyake wakuzirwa mu gulu ili wakaŵa Abdelaziz Bouteflika, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake ya Boumédiène kufuma mu 1999 m'paka mu 2019. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi wambura nkhongono. Wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ca Algeria mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1978. Pakaŵavya masuzgo ghakuru agho ghakambira mu boma pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma mu 1967. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵawusange.<ref>{{cite journal | last=John | first=Peter St. | title=Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-today_1968-07_24_7/page/290 | journal=The World Today | publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs | volume=24 | issue=7 | year=1968 | jstor=40394141 | pages=290–296}}</ref>[[File:Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg|left|thumb|Houari Boumediene wakimilira pamoza na ŵandyali ŵanyake, 1965.]] == Ndondomeko ya mukati == [[File:Algerian Economy 1972.ogv|thumb|Nkhani ya 1972 yakuyowoya za Algeria mu muwuso wa Boumédiène]] Pa nkhani ya vyachuma, Boumédiène wakaleka kughanaghanira chomene vya vyalo vya ku Algeria na ivyo Ben Bella wakachitanga. M'malo mwake, wakasankha pulogiramu yakwendeskeka na boma. Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Algeria cikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu 1971, Boumédiène wakawoneseska kuti mafuta gha mu Algeria ghafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo, wakawoneseska kuti mafuta na gasi ivyo vikaŵa mu charu ichi, ivyo vikakwera comene cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta mu 1973 vikwambiska vyakumera vikuruvikuru. Mu vyaka ivyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikenda makora comene, kweni wakati wafwa mu ma 1980, mafuta ghakakhira chomene ndipo makampani gha boma ghakaleka kugwira makora ntchito. Boumédiène wakaŵika cisopa ca ciarabu kuŵa cisopa ca boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti cisopa caciarabu ni cisopa ca boma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salih |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dY-_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=Interpreting Islamic Political Parties |date=2009-09-28 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10077-0 |pages= |language=en}}</ref> Wakaŵa wakugomezgeka chomene pa nkhani ya kuzgora charu cha Algeria kuŵa chiarabu, chomenechomene pakati pa 1970 na 1977. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa vyamalonda vya boma na kukanizga mafuta, Boumédiène wakapharazga vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo wakakhwimiska gulu la ŵamazere mu boma lake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na gulu la Algeria Communist Party (PAGS), ilo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakakhalanga mu boma. Ku Algeria kukaŵa chipani chimoza pera. Ndipouli, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Pakuŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakalongozganga mwa dango. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, boma likambaso kulamulira ŵanthu mwakuyana na malango gha boma. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵambeso kugwira ntchito mu FLN, ndipo maofesi gha boma ghakambaso kwambaso, kwambira ku maungano gha mu vigaŵa na kuluta ku maungano gha chigaŵa na ku maungano gha pa caru cose. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara na kukhazikiska dango la ndyali (1976) ilo likalongosora umo charu cha Algeria chiliri. Pambere ivi vindachitike, pakaŵa kudumbiskana mwakufwatuka pa fundo iyo boma likakhazikiska. Dango ili likakhazikiskaso udindo wa pulezidenti, uwo Boumédiène wakachita pamanyuma pa kuvota mu 1978. [[File:BENZAZA BOUMEDIENE CASTRO.jpg|thumb|207x207px|Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.]] Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, mu caka ici, ndyali na malango gha mu Algeria vikaŵa vya FLN. Ndondomeko iyi yikasintha yayi m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1980, apo ŵandyali ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu ndipo FLN yikaleka kuŵa chipani chimoza. (Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ndondomeko iyi na mu dango la Boumédiène vichalipo.) Ndipouli, mu nyengo yose ya Boumédiène, ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhwaskanga maboma nga ni FLN, nyumba ya malango na boma. Ŵasilikari na ŵandyali ŵakalutilira kulimbana pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo Boumédiène wakaŵavikilira kuti ŵaleke kunanga boma. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Algeria chikamba kukura chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Pakati pa 1962 na 1982, ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakwera kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 20 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu wakapokeranga pa cilimika zikajumpha 2,000 FRF mu 1962, ndipo pasono ni 11,000 FRF. Ndipouli, likulutilira kuŵa na chipani cimoza ndipo likuŵikapo mtima comene pa vyakumera.<ref>L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000</ref> == Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake == Boumédiène wakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana waka, wakalutilira kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na maboma gha Cikomyunizimu na vyaru vya ŵandyali. Mu wupu wa United Nations, wakacema kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana cifukwa ca umoza uwo ulipo pakati pa vyaru vya ku mafumiro gha dazi na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma ghakulongozgeka na ŵasilikari. Wakakhumbanga kuzenga caru cacitatu ca nkhongono kwizira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. Wakakhozgera awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa, urunji, na kuyana. Wakapeleka wovwiri ku maboma gha ku Africa na vyaru vya ma Arab, kusazgapo PLO, ANC, SWAPO na vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Howe|first=Marvine |date=1977-12-06|title=Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/06/archives/hardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html |access-date=2020-09-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kulimbana na Israyeli ndipo chikaŵa na mtima wa kukhumba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Palestina. Kukwambilira kwa ma 1970, Boumédiène wakayowoya kuti: "Tili na Ŵapalestina, kwali mbakutambuzgika panji ŵakusuzga. Algeria yikakhozga ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vya ma Arab na ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo kwimikana na Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa 6 mu 1967, ndipo yikatumizga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 150 mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur mu 1973, apo ndege za nkhondo za ku Algeria zikagwirako nchito pamoza na Ŵaegupto na Ŵairaqi. Kweniso likapeleka madola 200 miliyoni ku Soviet Union kuti lipeleke ndalama zakugulira vilwero ku Eguputo na Siriya. Pakuzgora wovwiri wa United States ku Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa Ghatatu, Algeria wakadumura ubwezi wake na United States. Likatora cigaŵa mu kulekeska mafuta mu 1973 pamanyuma pakuti US yikovwira Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur. Pakuzgora kuyana na umo Eguputo wakacitira na Israyeli, Algeria pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya Ŵaarabu ŵakasuska Anwar Sadat na kumazga ubwezi wawo na Eguputo mu 1977. Charu cha Algeria chikaguranga vilwero vinandi ku Soviet Union. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikacitika mu caru ici cikaŵa phangano lake la mu 1975 lakuti wawovwirenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Western Sahara kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha, ndipo wakazomerezga ŵanthu ŵakucimbira ku Sahara na gulu la Polisario kuti ŵanjire mu caru ca Algeria. Ici cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora na Morocco, nangauli pa nyengo yakwamba iyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Morocco na Algeria na nkhani ya ku Western Sahara iyo yindamalizgike, yikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu ndyali ya Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karakira |first=Ahmad |date=2022-07-04 |title=Algeria: 60 years of endless support for the Palestinian cause |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/algeria:-60-years-of-endless-support-for-the-palestinian-cau |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328114826/https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/algeria:-60-years-of-endless-support-for-the-palestinian-cau |archive-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Houari Boumediene.jpg|Boumédiène mu 1972 File:1975 Algiers Agreement.jpg|Phangano la ku Algiers la mu 1975 likasainika na Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, muwusi wa Iran, Boumédiène, na Saddam Hussein, muwusi wa Iraq File:Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg|alt=|Mulongozgi wa ku Libya Muammar Gaddafi, Boumediene na Pulezidenti wa ku Syria Hafez al-Assad ku Tripoli, 1977 </gallery> == Kufwa == Mu 1978, wakawonekeranga viŵi yayi. Wakati wakhala mazuŵa 39, wakafwa ku Algiers cifukwa ca nthenda ya ndopa yakucemeka Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Nyengo zinyake mu ndyali za ku Algeria mukaŵa mphindano za umo ŵakamukomera panji kumutimba, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakacitako vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu 1975 ku Algiers, Shah na nduna yake Asadollah Alam, nawo ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Nyifwa ya Boumédiène yikapangiska kuti mu Algeria muŵe mphepo ya nkhongono iyo yikaŵa yakusuzga kuyizura. Boumédiène wakasungika mu msumba wa Algiers pa Disembala 29, 1978. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakiza, ndipo ŵakajara misewu. Boma la Algeria likalayizga kuti lizamulutizga kusinthiska vinthu ndipo likapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵenge na citima kwa mazuŵa 90. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya ivyo ŵakakolerana ku Camp David, kweni pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo, Anwar Sadat, wakawonga Boumédiène ndipo wakati wakapokera makani gha nyifwa yake "na citima cikuru" ndipo wakatuma ŵimiliri kuti ŵize ku nyifwa yake. Mulongozgi wa PLO Yasser Arafat wakaluta ku dindi pamoza na mulongozgi waciŵiri wa gulu lake la Fatah, Abu Iyad, uyo wakaŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na Boumédiène. Pulezidenti wa ku United States, Jimmy Carter, wakayowoya kuti Boumédiène "wakacita mulimo wakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo ya kujithemba ya ku Algeria. Munthu waliyose wakumanya kuti wakaŵa wakujipeleka pa mulimo wake ndiposo kuti wakacitanga vinthu vinandi pakuŵa munthu wa boma. Kweni ŵanthu ŵazamumukumbuka comene cifukwa ca kufwilirapo kwake kuti waŵe na caru ca ku Algeria ico nchakujiyimira paco". Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku United States, kusazgapo Muhammad Ali. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Soviet ŵakalumba Boumédiène kuti ni "mubwezi wa Soviet Union" ndipo "wakawovwira comene kuti vinthu vyende makora mu caru ca Algeria".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Times |first=James M. Markham Special to The New York |date=1978-12-29 |title=Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE. |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=British Pathé |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080506091059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html?iid=chix-sphere "New Leader"] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', February 12, 1979</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Biography|Politics}} *[[Houari Boumediene Airport]], an airport near Algiers named after him. *[[Houari Boumédienne District]], a [[Districts of Algeria|district]] in his native [[Guelma Province]] named after him. *[[El Mouradia Palace]] == Malongosolelo gha vyakulemba vinyake == {{noteslist}} == Mazgo ghakuyowoyeka == <references /> == Mabuku == * Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau, ''La Stratégie de Boumédiène'', Simbad, 1978 * Francos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni, ''Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène'', Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976 * Minces, Juliette, ''L'Algérie de Boumediène'', Presses de la Cité, 1978 == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category|Houari Boumediene}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{in lang|cap=yes|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091228085529/http://www.elwatan.com/Le-regne-de-Houari-Boumediene Le règne de Houari Boumediène], ''El Watan'', 27 décembre 2008 * {{in lang|cap=yes|ar}} [http://www.dailymotion.com/avectoisegolene/video/xv3dy_houari-boumediene Video clip of a speech by Houari Boumédiène] {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[President of Algeria]]|before=[[Ahmed Ben Bella]]|after=[[Rabah Bitat]]<br>{{small|Interim}}|years=1965–1978}} {{S-end}} {{Rulers of Algeria}} {{AlgerianPres}} {{African Union chairpersons}} {{NAMSecretary-General}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boumediene, Houari}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:1978 deaths]] [[Category:Algerian nationalists]] [[Category:Algerian military personnel]] [[Category:Algerian Muslims]] [[Category:Algerian revolutionaries]] [[Category:Vice presidents of Algeria]] [[Category:Deaths from blood cancer]] [[Category:Members of the National Liberation Front (Algeria)]] [[Category:National Liberation Front (Algeria) politicians]] [[Category:People from Guelma Province]] [[Category:People from Guelma]] [[Category:Presidents of Algeria]] [[Category:Defense ministers of Algeria]] [[Category:Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Directors of intelligence agencies]] [[Category:Algerian Arab nationalists]] 5nftm8g8vlrf2fi8idvurm4oap4gr6x 0 36797 122603 119336 2026-09-28T02:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} {{Nkhaniiwemi}} {{History of Italy}} {{Culture of Italy}} Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu caru ca [[Italy]] ico cili ku [[Europe]] kwa vilimika pafupifupi 850,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kwambira kale chomene, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Kale, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cikaya ca Ŵaroma ndiposo msumba ukuru wa vigaŵa vya Ufumu wa [[Rome|Roma]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze/page/29 29] |quote=Italy homeland of the Romans. | title=Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | isbn=9780806130040| last1=Lazenby| first1=John Francis| year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItsTDAAAQBAJ&q=italy+metropole+roman+empire&pg=PA45 |title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |isbn=9780199227211 |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |date=20 September 2007}}</ref> Ufumu wa Romu ukaŵako mu 753 B.C.E. ndipo ukazgoka charu cha Romu mu 509 B.C.E., apo ufumu wa Romu ukathereskeka. Kufuma apo, boma la Romu likasazga Italy na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria, Celt, na Greece awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaroma ŵakalongozganga Socii, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiitaliki, ndipo pamasinda, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kulamulira ku Western Europe, North Africa, na Near East. Ufumu wa Roma ukamara apo Julius Caesar wakakomeka. Ufumu wa Roma ndiwo ukalongozga vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe na Mediterranean kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ukawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵasambire vinjeru, sayansi, na luso. Pamanyuma pakuti Roma wabwangandulika mu 476 C.E., Italy yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinandi, m'paka mu 1871 apo charu chikaŵa pamoza. Vyaru vya ku nyanja, comenecomene Venice na Genoa, vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene cifukwa ca ulendo wa pa nyanja, malonda, na mabanki.<ref>{{cite web|last= Sée|first= Henri|title= Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution|url= http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|work= University of Rennes|publisher= Batoche Books|access-date= 29 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010542/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|archive-date= 2013-10-07|url-status= dead | quote = The origin and development of capitalism in Italy are illustrated by the economic life of the great city of Florence.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sée|first=Henri|title=Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution|url=http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|work=University of Rennes|publisher=Batoche Books|access-date=29 August 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010542/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chigaŵa chapakati cha Italy chikalutilira kulamulirika na Ŵapapa, apo chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Italy chikalutilira kulamulirika na ŵasilikari ŵa Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, na Bourbon.<ref name=macSmith70>{{cite book|authorlink=Denis Mack Smith|last=Smith |first=D. Mack |title=Storia della Sicilia medioevale e moderna|year=1970 |publisher=Laterza |location=Bari |language=it|pages=27, 39, 45, 50–51, 98–108, 190–201}}</ref><ref name="natgeo">{{cite book|last1=Jepson|first1=Tim|title=National Geographic Traveler: Italy|date=2012|publisher=National Geographic Books|isbn=9781426208614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2jihJ0bq4EC&q=trade+routes+italy+new+world&pg=PA28}}</ref> Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikathandazgikira mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vya ŵanthu, sayansi, kusanda vinthu, na luso. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Italy (mwakuyana na Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, na Amerigo Vespucci) ŵakasanga nthowa ziphya zakulutira ku Far East na ku New World, ndipo ŵakambiska nyengo ya Discovery. Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Italy cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene nga ni Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Niccolò Machiavelli, Galileo Galilei na Raphael. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Giuseppe Garibaldi wakawovwira kuti Italy wakolerane na ufumu wa Sardinia. Ufumu uphya wa Italy, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu 1861, ukasintha vinthu mwaluŵiro na kuzenga ufumu wa vyaru vinyake. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, kumwera kwa Italy kukaŵa ku mizi ndipo kukaŵa ukavu. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Italy wakamalizga kuwungana mwa kupoka Trento na Trieste, ndipo wakapokera mpando wakukhalilira mu wupu wa League of Nations. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakawonanga kuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose njawakawaka cifukwa cakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵa na vigaŵa vyose yayi ivyo vikalayizgika na phangano la ku London (1915). Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yacitika pamoza na Nazi Germany na Ufumu wa Japan, ŵasilikari ŵakathereskeka, Mussolini wakakakika na kucimbira, ndipo nkhondo ya mukati mu Italy yikamba. Pamanyuma pakuti Italy wafwatuka, Social Republic wawa, ndipo Benito Mussolini wakomeka na gulu la Resistance, mu 1946 ŵanthu ŵakakanizga boma la Italy kuti liŵe lacifumu, ndipo likazgoka republiki. Chikulutilira kuŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani ya vya cuma, mitheto, nkhondo, na ndyali mu vilimika vya m'ma 2000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2836-9|page=85|url={{Google books|nTKBdY5HBeUC|page=|keywords=Canada%20Among%20Nations%2C%202004%3A%20Setting%20Priorities Straight|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=13 June 2016|quote=The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law: "Selfistans", Secession, and the Rule of the Great Powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-66818-7|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers|access-date=13 June 2016|quote=The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.}}</ref> ==Mbili yakwambilila== {{Main|Prehistoric Italy}} [[File:Antropomorfi detti astronauti (a) - R 1 - Area di Zurla - Nadro (ph Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|Petroglyph ku Valcamonica, Lombardy, ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chapasi agho pali ma petroglyph ghakale chomene (cha m'ma 1000 B.C.E.).]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakafika ku Monte Poggiolo vyaka 850,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ŵali kusangika ku malo agho ghakusangika kufupi na Roma na Verona vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako vyaka 48,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Novembala 2011, ku Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit ku England, ŵakachita kafukufuku pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni mino gha mwana wa munthu wa ku Neanderthal. Vinthu ivyo vikakhalapo mu nyengo ya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale vikusangika mu Lombardy (malibwe agho ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Valcamonica) na mu Sardinia (nuraghe). Cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene ni ca Ötzi the Iceman, cikozgo ca munthu uyo wakacimbiranga nyama mu mapiri ico cikasangika mu Similaun glacier ku South Tyrol, ca m'ma c. 3400-3100 B.C.E.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html |work=The New York Times |title=Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought |date=2 November 2011}}</ref> [[File:Matera from Piazzetta Pascoli-2930.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti nyumba za mu mphanji za ku Sassi ku Matera ndizo zikaŵa zakwamba mu Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amusingplanet.com/2016/04/sassi-di-matera-oldest-continuously.html?m=1 |title=Sassi di Matera |publisher=AmusingPlanet}}</ref>]] [[File:Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg|left|thumb|Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia, Sicily]] Mu nyengo ya mkuwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Indo-Europe ŵakaluta ku Italy. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakwiza mu vigaŵa pafupifupi vinayi kufuma kumpoto m'paka ku Alps. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba kufuma ku Indo-Europe ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga na vinthu vya mkuwa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Remedello ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Po. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku malo agha mu nyengo ya Bronze, kwamba m'ma 2000 C.E. m'paka m'ma 2000 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Padan Plain, Tuscany, na mumphepete mwa nyanja za Sardinia na Sicily. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kukaŵa chimphepo chachitatu icho chikamba kwiza, icho chikakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Apennine na ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare ŵakachitanga pakuyaniska na ivyo ŵakachitanga mu nyengo ya Neolithic vingawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyaunenesko. Ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵalovi, kweni ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vyakukhora. Ŵakaŵa ŵaluso comene pakupanga visulo, ŵakapanganga mkuŵa mu malibwe na dongo. Kweniso ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵakaliskanga mphoza, mpheska, tirigu, na linoni.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Terramara|volume=26|pages=658–659|first=John Malcolm|last=Mitchell}}</ref>[[File:Otzi-Quinson.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Ötzi]]'', a natural mummy discovered in the southern Alps (region of [[Trentino-Alto Adige]]) dating from the 4th millennium BC.]] Mu nyengo ya Bronze, kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 m'paka kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu Italy. Chikhalidwe cha Proto-Villanova chinali mbali ya chikhalidwe cha Urnfield cha ku Ulaya. Vinthu ivi vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya Bavaria-Upper Austria na Middle-Danube. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti chikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare awo ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Po. Ŵanthu ŵanyake nga ni Marija Gimbutas, ŵakayaniska mitheto iyi na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakafikira mu caru ici. Ku Sicily, ŵasanga tumalundi tunyake twa m'ma 2000 B.C.E., uto tukuyana waka na uto tikusanga ku Spain, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, na Apulia. Munthu uyo wakabowozga cikaya ici (uyo wakacicema mu Sicily kuti "Dolmens Culture") wakayaniska cikaya ici na nyengo iyo cikaya ici cikizira ku Sicily.<ref>Salvatore Piccolo, ''cit.'', pp.30-31</ref> ===Nuragic civilization=== {{Main|Nuragic civilization|Torrean civilization}} [[File:Nuraghe Su Nuraxi - Barumini - Sardinia - Italy - 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Su Nuraxi]]'' [[nuraghe]], [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]], 2nd millennium BC.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nuraghe ŵakababikira ku Sardinia na kumwera kwa Corsica. Zina lawo likufuma ku vigongwe vya Nuragic, ivyo vikapangika kufuma ku vikumba vya megalithic ivyo vikazengeka kale. Mazuŵa ghano, ku Sardinia kuli nyumba zakuzengeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,000. Palije maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵako kale, padera pa maukaboni ghachoko waka agho ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Nuragic. Nkhani izo zili kulembeka zikufuma ku mabuku gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, ndipo zikuwoneka nga ni nthano. Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga ku Sardinia mu nyengo ya Bronze chikumanyikwa yayi chifukwa palije malemba gha nyengo iyi, nangauli kafukufuku uyo wachitika sonosono apa wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nuragic ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito alifabeti yakuyana na iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ku Euboea. Eduardo Blasco Ferrer wakati chiyowoyero cha Paleo-Sardinian chikaŵa chakuyana waka na chiyowoyero cha Proto-Basque na Chiiberiya chakale. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti mu Nuragic Sardinia mukaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri panji kujumpha apa.<ref name="Ugas_2005">{{cite book |last=Ugas |first=Giovanni |title=L'Alba dei Nuraghi |publisher=Fabula editrice |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-89661-00-0 |location=Cagliari}}</ref>{{rp|241–254}}{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Monte D'Accoddi 03.JPG|[[Monte d'Accoddi]], 4th millennium BCE. |File:Età nuragica, giganti di monte prama, xiii-ix secolo ac ca., da cabras, guerriero 05, 01.jpg|[[Giants of Mont'e Prama]] |File:Nuragic Bronze statuette.jpg|Bronze sculpture of a Nuragic chief from [[Uta, Sardinia|Uta]]. }} ==Iron Age== {{Main|Iron Age Italy}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Chifenike. ===Etruscan civilization=== {{Main|Etruscan civilization}} [[File:Etruscan civilization map.png|thumb|left|Map of Etruscan civilisation.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Italy mu 800 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Villanova. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na DNA ya mitochondrial uyo wakachitika mu 2013, wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ndiwo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero chinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vili kulembeka mu ciyowoyero ici vyazunulika pa cirwa ca Lemnos mu nyanja ya Aegean. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakagonanga ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakaŵa na boma ilo likaŵa na visambizgo vya ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko. Chisopa cha Etruscan chikaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasopanga ŵachiuta ŵatesi, ndipo vinthu vyose ivyo vikuwoneka ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni nkhongono za Chiuta.[[File:Etruscan Painting 1.jpg|thumbnail|[[Etruscan art|Etruscan fresco]] in the [[Tomb of the Leopards]], [[Monterozzi necropolis]], 5th century BC.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene mu mapiri gha Apenine. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., matawuni ghanyake ghachoko waka ghakazimwa. Ndipouli, palije kukayika kuti ndyali za ku Etruscan zikayananga na za ku Magna Graecia kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca kunozga na kuguliska visulo, comenecomene mkuŵa na cisulo. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵagiriki ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece, comenecomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Phocean ku Italy ŵakakhazikiskanga vikaya mumphepete mwa nyanja za France, Catalonia, na Corsica. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵa Etruscans ŵanjire mu mtende na ŵa Carthage, awo ŵakasuskananga na Ŵagiriki.<ref name="historyone">{{cite book|first=Larissa|last=Bonfante|title=Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QaXZky58FIC&pg=PA58|year=1986|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-1813-4|page=58}}</ref><ref name="historytwo">{{cite book|first=John|last=Franklin Hall|title=Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUhT7i7XhOAC&pg=PA198|year=1996|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-8425-2334-0|page=198}}</ref> Mu 540 B.C.E., Nkhondo ya ku Alalia yikapangiska kuti mazaza gha ŵanthu ghagaŵikane mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Nangauli nkhondo iyi yikaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, kweni Carthage wakalutilira kuthandazga ufumu wake pa Ŵagiriki. Kwambira mu hafu yakwamba ya 5 C.E., vinthu vikasintha pa charu chose. Mu 480 B.C.E., Carthage uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Etruria, wakathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Magna Graecia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Syracuse. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko waka, mu 474 B.C.E., Hiero, fumu yankhongono ya ku Syracuse, yikatonda Ŵaetruska pa Nkhondo ya Cumae. Nkhongono ya Etruria pa misumba ya Latium na Campania yikamba kucepa, ndipo yikaŵa mu mawoko gha Ŵaroma na ŵa Samnites. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Gallic ŵakiza ku Etruria kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mu dambo la Po na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kupoka misumba ya ku Etruria. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mu 500 B.C.E., charu cha Etruria chikapokeka na Ŵaroma.<ref name="historyone" /><ref name="historytwo" />{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Tomba dei Rilievi (Banditaccia).jpg|Necropolis of Banditaccia located in [[Cerveteri]] in [[Lazio]] |File:Chimera d'arezzo, fi, 03.JPG|[[Chimera of Arezzo]] |File:Perugia, Museo archeologico Nazionale dell'Umbria, cippo di Perugia.jpg|[[Cippus Perusinus]] }} === Italic peoples === {{Main|Italic peoples}} [[File:Samnite theater of Pietrabbondante.JPG|thumb|[[Samnites|Samnite]] sanctuary complex at [[Pietrabbondante]].]] [[File:Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg|thumb|Fresco of dancing [[Peucetians|Peucetian]] women in the [[Tomb of the Dancers]] in [[Ruvo di Puglia]], 4th–5th century BC]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiitaliki ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiitaliki ŵakaŵa Osci, Veneti, Samnites, Latins, na Umbri. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Tiber (Latium Vetus), ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakamba kukhala ku Latial, ndipo kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Veneti ŵakamba kukhala ku Este. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, kufuma ku chigaŵa chawo chapakati ku Italy (mu chigaŵa cha Umbria na Sabina mazuŵa ghano), ŵanthu ŵa ku Osco-Umbria ŵakamba kusama mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kwizira mu ndondomeko ya Ver sacrum, kusazgirako vyaru vinyake, kumwera kwa Latium, Molise na hafu yose ya kumwera kwa chirwa ichi. Ivi vikukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Terni ŵakaŵirako, awo ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hallstatt na La Tène. Malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa gha ku Umbria ku Terni, agho ghakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa gha ku Golasecca. Pambere Ŵagiriki na Ŵafoinike ŵandafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ŵakakhalanga kale pa chirwa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakambiska zina lakuti Sicily. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Italy mu nyengo ya chisulo ŵakaŵa ŵa Ligure. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti cha m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy, kusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha Italy na chigaŵa chose cha Tuscany (chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Arno). Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu aŵa chikafuma mu nyengo ya Indo-Europe, kanandi ŵakuchiwona kuti ntcha ku malo yayi. Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma ŵakamba kuŵa na nkhongono. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakati ŵajiwombora ku wuzga wa Etruscan, ŵakamba kulamulira mafuko gha ku Italy. Kufuma apo, pakaŵaso nkhondo pakati pa mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Nkhondo izo zikalembeka makora comene ni izo zikacitika pakati pa Ŵalatini na Ŵasameni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Catherine Mason |first=Carl Waldman |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=452–459}}</ref> Paumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambiranga Chilatini yayi ŵakamba kusambira Chilatini ndipo ŵakazgoka Ŵaroma. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., mafuko ghanandi gha ku Italy, chomenechomene Marsi na Samnites, ghakagalukira Ŵaroma. Nkhondo iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Nkhondo ya pa Caru. Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaroma, ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Italy ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa caru ca Roma, kupaturako Ŵacelt ŵa mu Dambo la Po. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa mu mafuko gha Chilatini ŵakamba kuyowoya Chilatini.<ref name=":0"/> ===Magna Graecia=== {{Main|Magna Graecia}} [[File:Magna Graecia ancient colonies and dialects-en.svg|thumb|left|Ancient Greek colonies and their [[:w:Ancient Greek dialects|dialect]] groupings in Southern Italy.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roger D. |last=Woodard |chapter=Greek dialects |title=The Ancient Languages of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51 51] |isbn=978-0-521-68495-8 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51}}</ref> {{legend|#cea980|NW Greek}} {{legend|#b5ad96|Achaean}} {{legend|#eacd85|Doric}} {{legend|#bebada|Ionian}}]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 na 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece ŵakamba kukhala ku Southern Italy chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ŵanthu (njara, unandi wa ŵanthu, na vinyake). 14–18). Kweniso mu nyengo iyi, Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikiskanga vikaya vyawo ku malo agho ghakaŵa kutali chomene nga ni kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya, na Massalia (Marseille) ku Gaul. Ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily na kumwera kwa Italy. Ŵaroma ŵakacemanga cigaŵa ca Sicily na Italy kuti Magna Graecia (Cilatini, "Greece Mukuru"), cifukwa cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Greece. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasanda malo ŵakale ŵakakolerananga yayi pa nkhani yakuti lizgu ili likung'anamura Sicily panji Apulia, Campania na Calabria. Cifukwa ca ukoloni uwu, cikaya ca Cigiriki cikatolekera ku Italy, mu viyowoyero vya Cigiriki, maluso gha cisopa, na mitheto ya boma lakujiyimira. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Chiyowoyero chakuzirwa chomene chikaŵa cha Chigiriki cha Chalcidean/Cumaean, icho chikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan.[[File:Selinunte - Templi Orientali (Temple E) 18.JPG|thumb|Greek temple of [[Hera]], [[Selinunte]], Sicily.]] Misumba yinandi ya ku Greece yikaŵa yisambazi kweniso yankhongono, nga ni Neapolis (Νεάπολις, Naples, "Msumba Uphya"), Syracuse, Acragas, na Sybaris (Σύβαρις). Matawuni ghanyake gha ku Magna Graecia ghakaŵa Tarentum (Τάρας), Epizephyrian Locri (Λοκροί) Rhegium, Croton, Thurii, Elea, Nola, Ancona, Syessa, Bari, na ghanyake. Pyrrhus wa ku Epirus wakati watondeka kulekeska ufumu wa Ŵaroma mu 282 B.C.E., kumwera kwa charu ichi kukaŵa pasi pa Ŵaroma ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwukira Ŵaroma. Ufumu wa Byzantium ndiwo ukawusanga pamanyuma pakuti Romu wawira kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo nanga ni ŵa Lombard ŵakatondeka kuwukhozga, nangauli msumba wa kumwera ukaŵa wawo kufuma apo Zotto wakawusanga mu cigaŵa caumaliro ca vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E.. ==Roman period== {{Main|Ancient Rome}} ===Roman Kingdom=== {{Main|Founding of Rome|Roman Kingdom}} [[File:Capitoline she-wolf Musei Capitolini MC1181.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Capitoline Wolf]]'' sculpture in the [[Capitoline Museums]]. According to legend, [[founding of Rome|Rome was founded]] in 753 BC by [[Romulus and Remus]], who were raised by a [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|she-wolf]].]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na Ufumu wa Roma, chifukwa palije mabuku agho ghakalembeka pa nyengo iyo. Ndipouli, mdauko wa Ufumu wa Roma ukamba na kukhazikiskika kwa msumba uwu, uwo ukambira mu 753 B.C.E. ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa Phiri la Palatine mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Tiber ku Italy. Pa malo agha pakaŵa msewu unyake uwo ŵanthu ŵakambukiranga Mlonga wa Tiber. Phiri la Palatine na tumapiri tunyake uto tukazingilizga phiri ili, vikaŵa vyambura kusuzga kuvikilira. Vinthu vyose ivi vikawovwira kuti msumba uwu ukure makora. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., mu ufumu wa Romu mukaŵa mafumu 7. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 243 pa nyengo iyo ŵakalamuliranga, ndipo kufuma waka apo Barthold Georg Niebuhr wakalemberanga Baibolo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵamanya yayi.[[File:Veduta degli scavi coi fori neolitici di capanne sul palatino, 02.jpg|thumbnail|Iron Age hut foundations on the [[Palatine Hill]] considered to be the ''[[Casa Romuli]]'', the reputed dwelling-place of [[Romulus]].]] Ŵagali ŵakaparanya vinthu vinandi ivyo vikalembeka mu mbiri ya Roma apo ŵakapoka msumba uwu mu 390 B.C.E. (Varronian, kuyana na Polybius nkhondo iyi yikachitika mu 387/6) ndipo ivyo vikakhalako vikamara mu nyengo panji kwiba. Pakuti palije ukaboni wakuti ufumu uwu ukaŵako mu nyengo yira, tikwenera kusanda mwakupwelelera nkhani zose za mafumu agha. Kuyana na nthano ya Roma, msumba uwu ukazengeka pa Epulero 21, 753 B.C.E. na ŵabali ŵaŵiri, Romulus na Remus, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazukuru ŵa Aeneas, fumu ya ku Troya.<ref>Adkins, 1998. page 3.</ref> ===Roman Republic=== {{Main|Roman Republic}} {{Further|Roman conquest of Italy}} [[File:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|left|Animation showing the growth and division of [[Ancient Rome]], years CE]] Kuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulemba nga ni Livy ŵakalemba, charu cha Romu chikamba kuwusa mu 509 B.C.E., apo themba laumaliro pa mathemba 7 gha Romu, Tarquin the Proud, likathereskeka na Lucius Junius Brutus. Ndondomeko ya malango yikalongozganga kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora, kweniso kuti mazaza gha ŵanthu ghapatukane. Ŵeruzgi ŵakuzirwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma ŵaŵiri, awo pamoza ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga ŵasilikari. Ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na ŵalara ŵa boma, awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma, kweni ŵakakura chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., Ŵagalileya ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Romu. Ŵaroma ŵakakora vilwero na kucimbizga Ŵagali, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Camillus. Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kuwusa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Italy, kusazgapo Ŵaeturu. Cinthu caumaliro ico cikapangiska kuti Ŵaroma ŵambe kulamulira caru ca Italy cikaŵa apo Tarentum, msumba ukuru wa ku Greece, wakacema Pyrrhus wa ku Epirus kuti wamovwire mu 281 B.C.E., kweni vyose ivi vikacitika yayi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakakumana na mulwani wakofya chomene. Mu Nkhondo zitatu za ku Punic, msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika ndipo Ŵaroma ŵakamba kuwusa Hispania, Sicily, na North Africa. Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Makedoniya na wa Seleucid mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Cifukwa ca kuthereska maufumu gha Ŵagiriki, Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki ŵakasazgikana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya mizi. Pa nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa wankhongono comene ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalwani ŵanandi yayi.[[File:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Tusculum portrait]], possibly the only surviving sculpture of [[Julius Caesar]] made during his lifetime. Archaeological Museum, [[Turin]], [[Italy]].]] Malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa na nthenda iyi ni Spain. Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakanjira mu Spain kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., kweni ŵakasuzgika chomene m'paka apo Augusto wakaŵira themba. Msumba wa Numantia uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Celtiberian ndiwo ukaŵa pakwamba apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakasuskanga Ŵaroma mu vyaka vya m'ma 140 na 130 B.C.E. Numantia wakawa na kubwangandulika mu 133 B.C.E. Mu 105 B.C.E., Ŵaceltiberi ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhongono na ŵakofya mwakuti ŵakachimbizga Cimbri na Teutones kumpoto kwa Spain, nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaroma ku Gaul kumwera, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaroma awo ŵakaŵasuskanga ŵakafwa 80,000. Kupoka Hispania kukamara mu 19 B.C.E., kweni pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate |year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/betweenrepublice0000unse_f2l2 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/betweenrepublice0000unse_f2l2/page/400 400]}}</ref> [[File:Tavares.Forum.Romanum.redux.jpg|thumb|The [[Roman Forum]], the commercial, cultural, and political centre of the city and the Republic which housed the various offices and meeting places of the government.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., mafuko ghanandi gha Cijeremani ghakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo Cimbri na Teuton ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakumananga nawo, ndipo ŵakatimbanizganga comene caru ca Italy. Pa Nkhondo ya ku Aquae Sextiae na Vercellae, Ŵajeremani wose ŵakakomeka. Mu nkhondo ziŵiri izi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Teuton na Ambrones ŵakataya ŵanalume 290,000 (ŵanalume 200,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo 90,000 ŵakakoleka); ndipo ŵa mtundu wa Cimbri ŵakataya ŵanalume 220,000 (ŵanalume 160,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo 60,000 ŵakakoleka).<ref>Livy Ep. 68</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., charu ichi chikaŵa mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ndyali. Mu nyengo iyi, Julius Caesar ndiyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Caesar wakakolerana na ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza comene mu Roma: Marcus Licinius Crassus, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wake, na Pompey, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa Crassus. Crassus, mwanalume musambazi comene mu Romu, wakaŵa musambazi comene; Pompey wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi mu wupu wa Senate; ndipo Kesare wakaŵa kazembe na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari mu Gaul.<ref name=Scullard2>Scullard 1982, chapters VI-VII</ref> Mu 53 B.C.E., ufumu wa Crassus ukamara. Crassus wakaŵa muphemaniski pakati pa Caesar na Pompey, ndipo kwambura iyo, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore mazaza. Caesar wakati watonda Nkhondo za ku Gallia, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakamulumba na kumuchindika, Pompey wakawona kuti ni munthu muwemi yayi. Kuti ivi vileke kucitika, Kesare wakambuka Mlonga wa Rubicon na kuwukira Roma mu 49 B.C.E., ndipo mwaluŵiro wakatonda Pompey. Cifukwa cakuti Kesare ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu wa Roma, wakayamba kuŵa na mauteŵeti ghanandi, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka muwusi wankhongono. Wakakomeka mu 44 B.C.E., pa nyengo ya Ides of March, na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kumufwatura. Pakuti Kesare wakakomeka, pakaŵa masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu mu Romu. Octavian (mwana wakulera wa Kesare), pamoza na Mark Antony na Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, mubwezi wa Kesare, ŵakambiska ufumu waciŵiri. Mu 36 B.C.E., Lepidus wakafumapo pa udindo wake wati wapusika Octavian ku Sicily. Antony wakakhalanga ku Eguputo na wakutemweka wake, Cleopatra VII. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti Mark Antony na Cleopatra ŵakaŵa ŵakwendera mphiska cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa fumukazi ya caru cinyake ndipo Antony wakaŵa na umoyo wakukondweska comene. Pamanyuma pakuti Antony wapeleka vyawanangwa ku Alekizandiriya, Cleopatra wakapika zina lakuti "Fumukazi ya Mathemba", ndipo ŵana ŵawo ŵakapika mazina gha ufumu ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo vikaŵa kuti vyatoleka waka. Octavian wakaparanya ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo mu Nkhondo ya Actium mu 31 B.C.E. Marko Antony na Cleopatra ŵakajikoma, ndipo Octavian ndiyo wakaŵa yekha mulongozgi wa caru. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Actium, nyengo ya nkhondo zikuruzikuru za pa nyanja yikamara ndipo Ŵaroma ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja mu Nyanja ya North Sea, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Red Sea, na Black Sea mpaka apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku North Sea ŵakamba kutinkhana na Ŵafrank na Ŵasaxon, kweniso ŵa Borani, Herules na Goths mu Nyanja ya Black Sea.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#ref57] Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', ''Life of Antony'', LXXI, 3–5.</ref> ===Roman Empire=== {{Further|Roman Empire|Roman Italy}} [[File:Augustus of Prima Porta (inv. 2290).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Augustus of Prima Porta]], 1st century AD, depicting [[Augustus]], the first [[Roman emperor]]]] Mu 27 B.C.E., Octavian ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi yekha wa Ŵaroma. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵaroma, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu ufumu wa Ŵaroma, uwo ukatora vyaka 40. Mu caka ici, wakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Augusto. Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuwona kuti nyengo iyi ndiyo Ufumu wa Roma ukambira. Nangauli boma likaŵa la boma la Republican, kweni Augusto ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghose. Wupu wa Senate ukamupa udindo wapadera wa Proconsular imperium, uwo ukamupa mazaza pa ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ŵasilikari. Vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na mphaka, uko ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakaŵa, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Augusto. Vigaŵa ivi vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya ufumu. Vigaŵa vyamtende ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ŵalara ŵa boma vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵalara ŵa boma. Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene (ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 50) cifukwa ca nkhondo za mukati mwa caru. Apo vigaŵa vikapangikanga mu Meditereniyani yose, ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga vigaŵa ("Domina Provinciarum", kung'anamura kuti "muwusi wa vigaŵa", kung'anamura vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikaŵa kuwaro kwa Italy), kweniso mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97|title= Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana|date= 20 November 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury|isbn= 9781472519801|access-date=20 November 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.it/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22910180903&searchurl=sortby%3D20%26tn%3Ditalia%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1|title=Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: ''Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens''|access-date=20 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> Chifukwa cha udindo uwu, mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵalara ŵa boma la Roma ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazaza gha ŵapolisi (Imperium domi) m'malo mwa ŵasilikari (Imperium militiae). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusopa kweniso ndalama.[[File:Colosseo 2020.jpg|thumb|The [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]], built in the 1st century]] Mu muwuso wa Augusto, mabuku gha Ŵaroma ghakakura chomene. Ŵanthu nga ni Vergil, Horace, Ovid, na Rufus ŵakalemba mabuku ghanandi, ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa Augusto. Pamoza na Maecenas, wakawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mtima wa kutemwa caru, nga ni buku la Virgil lakuti Aeneid, kweniso wakawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mtima wa kutemwa caru. Mabuku agho ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakale chomene. Augustus nayo wakalutilira kusintha kalendara iyo Kesare wakakhumbanga, ndipo mwezi wa Ogasiti ukuchemeka na zina lake. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukaŵa pa mtende kwa vyaka 200, ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |title=Pax Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref> [[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|{{legend|#b23938|The [[Roman Empire]] at its greatest extent under [[Trajan]] in AD 117}}]] Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa wankhongono, kweni ukalimbikira yayi kuti usanuzge ufumu wake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 na 200, ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakalwanga nkhondo na mafuko gha Chijeremani agho ghakaŵa kumpoto na Ufumu wa Parthiya uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakugaluka (nga ni Ŵahebere ku Yudeya) (70) na nkhondo za paŵekha (nga ni mu 68 C.E., mu chaka cha mathemba ghanayi) ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaŵawovwire. Nkhondo za vilimika 70 za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma izo zikacitika mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya mu handiredi lakwamba na hafu yakwamba ya vilimika vya mu handiredi laciŵiri, zikaŵa zakusuzga comene. Ŵayuda 1,356,460 ŵakakomeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda (115-117), yikakoma Ŵayuda ŵakujumpha 200,000. Ndipo Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Ŵayuda (132-136), yikakoma Ŵayuda ŵakujumpha 580,000. Ŵayuda ŵakaweleramo yayi ku suzgo lawo m'paka apo boma la Israyeli likapangikira mu 1948. Themba Theodosius I likati lafwa (395 C.E.), Ufumu wa Roma ukagaŵikana. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa masuzgo gha vyachuma na ndyali, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵabarabiya ŵakizanga kanandi waka, ntheura msumba wa Mediolanum ukasamukira ku Ravenna. Mu 476, Odoacer wakathereska Romulus Augustulus, themba laumaliro la ku Western. Kwa vyaka vichoko waka, Italy yikalutilira kulamulirika na Odoacer. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Ŵalombardi ŵakanjilira mu caru ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika 1,300, caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwusi yumoza.<ref>{{cite book |title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes] |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=113}}</ref> ==Middle Ages== {{Main|Italy in the Middle Ages|Italian city-states}} [[File:Iron Crown.JPG|thumb|The [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]], for centuries a symbol of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]]]] Muwuso wa Odoacer ukamara apo Ŵagoth ŵakugalukira caru ca Italy. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, ŵasilikari ŵa Justinian ŵakanjira mu Italy kuti ŵambeso kulamulira Ŵaroma. Ivi vikawovwira kuti fuko linyake la Cijeremani, la Lombard, liŵe na mazaza pa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Italy. Mu 751 Ŵalombardi ŵakathereska Ravenna, na kumazga muwuso wa Byzantine kumpoto kwa Italy. Pakuwona kuti ŵa Lombard ŵambaso kuwukira, Papa wakapempha wovwiri ku ŵa Frank.<ref>Cristina La Rocca, ed. ''Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476-1000'' (2002).</ref> [[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumbnail|left|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (by [[Amos Cassioli]], 1860).]] Mu 756 ŵasilikari ŵa Frank ŵakathereska Ŵalombardi ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti Ŵapapa ndiwo ŵalongozgenge chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy. Mu 800, Papa wakaphakazga Charlemagne kuŵa fumu ya Ufumu wa Roma mu tchalitchi la St. Peter. Charlemagne wakati wafwa (814), ufumu uphya ukaparanyika. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu Italy muŵe suzgo la mazaza. Ivi vikachitika pamoza na kuwuka kwa cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu caru ca Arabia, kumpoto kwa Africa, na ku Middle East. Kumwera, ufumu wa Umayyad na wa Abbasid ndiwo ukambukira. Ku mpoto, boma likamba kuŵa na nkhongono. Mu 852 C.E., Ŵasarayeni ŵakatora msumba wa Bari na kuzenga ufumu. Mu 902 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira Sicily, ndipo ŵakalutilira kulamulira chilumba ichi kufuma mu 965 m'paka mu 1061. Mu vyaka ivi, boma la Italy likamba kujilongozga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., malonda ghakamba kuweleramo. Ŵapapa ŵakaŵaso na mazaza ndipo ŵakamba kulimbana na Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Mphindano iyi yikamara mu 1122 apo ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Concordat of Worms, nangauli mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe masuzgo ghakaŵako m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ku mpoto, ŵa Lombard ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira paŵekha kufuma ku Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Kumwera, Ŵanormani ŵakatora vigaŵa vya Ŵalombardi na Ŵabyzantine, ndipo ŵakawuskapo maboma ghaŵiri agha pa chirwa ichi.<ref>Holger Berwinkel, "Legnano, Battle of (1176)." in Gordon Martel ed ''The Encyclopedia of War'' (2011) ch 27.</ref>[[File:Tranquillo da cremona, Marco Polo alla Corte del Gran Khan, 1863.PNG|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Marco Polo]] at the court of [[Kublai Khan]] (painting by [[Tranquillo Cremona]], 1863).]] Kweniso misumba yinyake iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira yekha yikathereskeka. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, Ŵanormani nawo ŵakamazga muwuso wa Ŵasilamu mu Sicily. Mu 1130, Roger II wa ku Sicily wakamba kuwusa Ufumu wa Sicily. Roger II ndiyo wakaŵa fumu yakwamba ya Sicily ndipo wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikathereskeka na Ŵanormani mu Southern Italy viŵe ufumu umoza. Mu 1155, Fumu Manuel Komnenos yikayezga kuwukira kumwera kwa Italy, kweni yikathera yayi. Ufumu wa Sicily uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Normandy ukakhala m'paka mu 1194 apo ufumu wa Hohenstaufen ukamba kulamulira Sicily. Ufumu wa Sicily ukaŵa pasi pa mafumu ghakupambanapambana m'paka mu ma 1800. [[File:Le Repubbliche Marinare.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Map and coats of arms of the [[Maritime republics]]]] Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1300, charu cha Italy chikaŵa na ndyali zapadera chomene. Pakuti mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe mukaŵavya maboma agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu, boma likamba kulamulira mu misumba. Pakuti tchalitchi likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose kweniso ufumu ukaŵa kutali chomene, misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira payekha yikamba kwenda makora chifukwa cha malonda. Vikawonekanga nga kuti misumba ya ku Italy yikasintha na kwamba kuchita malonda. Nanga ni misumba na vyaru vya kumpoto vikaŵa na ŵamalonda ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵa ku Venice. Pakuyaniska na maufumu gha ŵamazaza, maboma gha ku Italy ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa ndyali, ndipo ivi vikawovwira kuti sayansi na luso visinthe. Mu nyengo iyi, misumba yinandi ya ku Italy yikaŵa na maboma nga ni Florence, Lucca, Genoa, Venice, na Siena. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, misumba iyi yikazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha vyamalonda na gha ndalama mu Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Sismondi|first=Simonde|title=Storia delle Repubbliche Italiane nel Medioevo.|publisher=Avanzini e Torraca Editori|year=1968|language=it}}</ref>[[File:Castello di reggio calabria, esterno 01.jpg|thumb|[[Aragonese Castle (Reggio Calabria)|Aragonese Castle]] in [[Reggio Calabria]]]] Chifukwa chakuti misumba ya ku Italy nga ni Venice yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, yikazgoka malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha pa caru cose na gha banki. Milan, Florence, na Venice, pamoza na misumba yinyake yinandi ya ku Italy, yikawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu Italy mukaŵa vyaru vya ku nyanja nga ni Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi, Ragusa, Ancona, Gaeta na Noli. Kwambira mu 10 m'paka mu 13 C.E., misumba iyi yikazenga ngalaŵa zinandi kuti zijivikilire kweniso kuti zikagwiliskirenge ntchito malonda mu Meditereniyani. Vyaru vya ku nyanja, chomenechomene vya Venice na Genoa, vikazgoka vipata vikuru vya ku Europe vyakwendera malonda na vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu vyaka vyapakati, chigaŵa cha Savoy chikakura na kunjilira mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo Florence wakazgoka msumba wa malonda na ndalama..<ref>Armando Lodolini ''Le repubbliche del mare'', Roma, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967.</ref>{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Italy Lothar II.svg|Italian [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombard kingdom]] (781–1014). |File:Aghlabids Dynasty 800 - 909 (AD).svg|[[Emirate of Sicily]] (831–1072). |File:Republik Venedig Handelswege01.png|Trade routes and colonies of the [[Genoese colonies|Genoese]] <small>(red)</small> and [[Stato da Màr|Venetian]] <small>(green)</small> empires }} == Kuwukaso == {{Main|Italian Renaissance}} [[File:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Michelangelo's David]], one of the symbols of Italian Renaissance.]] Ku Italy ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Renaissance. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera kwa Italy, icho kale chikaŵa pakati pa Ufumu wa Roma na Magna Graecia, chikaŵa chikavu chomene kuluska kumpoto. Msumba wa Romu ukaŵa wakubwanganduka, ndipo boma la Papal States likaŵa na malango ghacoko. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti Papa wakasamira ku Avignon, France. Naples, Sicily, na Sardinia vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵeneco kwa nyengo yitali. Njira za malonda za ku Italy izo zikendanga pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani na kunyake, zikaŵa zikuru comene pakwendeska vinthu. Mu nyengo iyi, misumba iyo yikaŵa mu Italy yikakura chomene ndipo yikaŵa na mazaza ghanandi mwakuti yikaŵa yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1348, ku Italy kukaŵa nthenda ya Black Death iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi pa ŵanthu ŵatatu. Kuwelera kwa ŵanthu na suzgo la vyachuma kukapangiska kuti misumba, malonda, na vyachuma viwelerepo, ndipo ivi vikakhozga chomene nyengo ya Humanism na Renaissance (Vyaka vya m'ma 15-16 C.E.) apo Italy yikaŵaso likuru la ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.[[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|''The [[Vitruvian man]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], representing the ideal human proportions as described by Roman architect [[Vitruvius]], is a quintessential masterpiece of the Renaissance.]] [[File:Florence Duomo from Michelangelo hill.jpg|thumb|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] cathedral in [[Florence]], which has the biggest brick dome in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence &#124; Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschi's Dome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture and world architecture.]] [[File:La nascita di Venere (Botticelli).jpg|thumb|Botticelli's [[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|''The Birth of Venus'']], ca. 1482–85.]] Nyengo iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Renaissance cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa nyengo ya "kuweleramo" mu vinthu vya cuma na vya ku misumba, kweniso ya luso na sayansi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti vinthu vikasintha chomene chifukwa cha mabuku ghakale agho ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaluwa kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Italy kufuma ku Ufumu wa Roma. Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikamba ku Tuscany, mu msumba wa Florence. Kufuma apo, ukafika kumwera, ndipo ukakhwaska chomene msumba wa Romu, uwo ukazengekaso na ŵapositole. Mutaliyana wakamba kuwuka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga mu nyengo ya Renaissance vikafuma ku Florence na kuluta ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Siena na Lucca. Mulimo wa kuzenga na kupenta wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuscany ukaŵa wakovwira chomene ku misumba yose ya kumpoto na pakati pa Italy. Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikaŵa yakukondweska comene pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Venice na Genoa ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha, pakwamba ŵakaŵa vyaru vya ku nyanja ndipo pamanyuma ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vifukwa vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu ivi viŵeko ni umo nyanja za ku Venice zikaŵira zakukhora pa nkhondo, unandi wa ŵanthu, na umo mabungwe ghakapangikira. Republic of Venice ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wakwamba wa vya ndalama pa caru cose, uwo ukayamba kuzengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400. Mabondi ghakusinthika ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ku Italy (nga ni Venice na Genoa) mu nyengo ya kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati na kuuyambiro wa nyengo ya Renaissance.<ref name=Coispeau2016>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yor4DAAAQBAJ |title=Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium|last=Coispeau|first=Olivier|date=2016-08-10|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789813108844|language=en}}</ref> ===Literature, philosophy, and science=== Nkhani za mabuku gha mu nyengo ya Renaissance zikwamba na Petrarch (uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha soneti ya Il Canzoniere kweniso chifukwa cha buku ilo wakalemba) kweniso mubwezi wake Giovanni Boccaccio (uyo wakalemba buku la The Decameron). Ŵaluso ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵakaŵa Luigi Pulci (Morgante), Matteo Maria Boiardo (Orlando Innamorato), na Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando Furioso). Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasambira vya nyengo ya kuwuka kwa Yesu, nga ni Niccolò de' Niccoli na Poggio Bracciolini, ŵakapenja mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku nga ni Plato, Cicero, na Vitruvius. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, mabuku gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵagiriki (nga ni Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, na Ptolemy) kweniso gha ŵasayansi Ŵachihelamu ghakasangika mu vyaru vya Cikhristu. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa Chigiriki ŵa mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵasembe ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Seminara ku Calabria. Ŵakaŵa Barlaam wa ku Seminara na msambiri wake Leonzio Pilato wa ku Seminara. Barlaam wakamanyanga comene Cigiriki ndipo ndiyo wakasambizganga Petrarch na Giovanni Boccaccio. Leonzio Pilato wakang'anamulira Giovanni Boccaccio mabuku gha Homer mu Cilatini. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Baldassare Castiglione wakalemba buku lakuti The Book of the Courtier, ilo likulongosora umo munthu wakuwonekera, apo Niccolò Machiavelli wakalemba buku lakuti The Prince. Kweniso likakolerananga yayi na visambizgo vya Chikatolika na visambizgo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizganga vya ndyali.<ref name=counter>{{Harvcoltxt|Bireley|1990}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although he makes many references to classical sources, these references do not include the customary deference to [[Aristotle]] which was to some extent approved by the church in his time. {{Harvcoltxt|Strauss|1958|p=222}} says that "Machiavelli indicates his fundamental disagreement with Aristotle's doctrine of the whole by substituting "[[Chance (Ancient Greek concept)|chance]]" (''caso'') for "[[Nature (philosophy)|nature]]" in the only context in which he speaks of "the beginning of the world." Strauss gives evidence that Machiavelli was knowingly influenced by [[Democritus]], whose philosophy of nature was, like that of [[modern science]], [[materialism|materialist]]."|group=nb}} ===Architecture, sculpture, and painting=== Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na ŵanthu nga ni Giotto di Bondone, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, na Titian. Ndimo viliriso na vyakuzenga, nga ni Brunelleschi, Leone Alberti, Andrea Palladio, na Bramante. Ŵakalemba vya tchalitchi la Florence Cathedral, St. Ku Rome kuli Tchalitchi la Petrosi, ndipo ku Rimini kuli Tempio Malatestiano. Paumaliro, kampani ya Aldine Press, iyo yikapangika na Aldo Manuzio, iyo yikachitanga ntchito yake ku Venice, yikamba kulemba mabuku mu Chigiriki chakale. Kweni nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgikanga na vinthu vya ku malo agha, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuwona kuti nyengo iyi yikaŵa yakwamba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Italy (chifukwa cha kujura nthowa zakwendakwenda za ku Atlantic na kuwukira vyaru vinyake) kweniso kuti pakaŵavya vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa nkhani ya sayansi. ===Age of Discovery=== [[File:Italian explorers.jpg|thumb|Italian explorers and navigators from the dominant maritime republics played a key role in ushering the [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[European colonization of the Americas]]. Clockwise from top left: [[Christopher Columbus]], [[John Cabot]], [[Amerigo Vespucci]], and [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]]]] Kuwa kwa msumba wa Constantinople kukapangiska kuti ŵasayansi na mabuku gha Cigiriki ghasamire ku Italy, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa Cigiriki na Ciroma ŵambeso kusopa. Ŵalongozgi awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu nga ni Federico da Montefeltro na Papa Pius II, ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska misumba yiwemi iyo munthu ndiyo wakweruzgira vinthu vyose. Pico della Mirandola wakalemba buku lakuti Oration on the Dignity of Man, ilo likuwoneka kuti ndilo likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakusankha. Leonardo Bruni wakaŵa wakwamba kugaŵa mdauko wa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vitatu: Kale, mu vyaka vyapakati na mazuŵa ghano. Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikacitika cifukwa ca kuwa kwa msumba wa Constantinople cikaŵa kwamba kwa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhumbanga kusanga nthowa yinyake yakuyira ku India kuti ŵajumphe Ufumu wa Ottoman. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakaŵa: Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo), uyo wakambiska vyaru vinyake mu Spain, ndipo wakamanya kuti charu cha New World chilipo ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuchisanga. John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), uyo wakaluta ku England, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kukendera charu cha North America mu 1497. Amerigo Vespucci, uyo wakaluta ku Portugal, wakalongora mu 1501 kuti charu chiphya (mwakudumura Brazil) chikaŵa cha ku Asia yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|1qsuAAAAYAAJ |page=PA13 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |title=The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano |last=Greene |first=George Washington |publisher=Folsom, Wells, and Thurston |year=1837 |location=Cambridge University |page=13 |author-link=George Washington Greene |access-date=18 August 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ===Incessant warfare=== [[File:Italy in 1499.png|thumb|left|The Italian Peninsula in 1499.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, kumpoto kwa Italy na kumpoto kwa Italy vikagaŵikana mu misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa pa nkhondo, yikuru chomene yikaŵa Milan, Florence, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, Mantua, Verona, na Venice. Mu nyengo ya ŵapositole, kumpoto kwa Italy kukagaŵikana cifukwa ca kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Papa na ŵa Ufumu wa Roma. Msumba uliwose ukaŵa ku chigaŵa chimoza panji chinyake, kweni ukagaŵikana pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, ŵa Guelph na Ghibellines. Nkhondo pakati pa vyaru vikaŵa vyacilendo yayi, ndipo ŵalwani ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakalutanga waka ku caru ca Italy. Ndyali za mu nyengo ya Renaissance zikamba kufuma mu nyengo iyi. Kwambira mu ma 1300, ŵasilikari awo ŵakateŵeteranga ŵasilikari ŵakuguliskika ŵakaŵanga ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, misumba iyo yikaŵa na mazaza chomene yikamba kulamulira misumba yinyake iyo yikaŵa pafupi nayo. Florence wakathereska Pisa mu 1406, Venice wakathereska Padua na Verona, ndipo Duchy of Milan yikathereska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kufupi, kusazgapo Pavia na Parma.<ref>Jensen 1992, p. 64.</ref>[[File:Uccello Battle of San Romano Uffizi.jpg|thumb|''[[The Battle of San Romano]]'' by [[Paolo Uccello]] (ca. 1438–40).]] Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Renaissance, ŵanthu ŵakarwanga nkhondo pa mtunda na pa nyanja. Pa caru capasi, nkhondo izi zikacitikanga na ŵasilikari ŵakucemeka condottieri, ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Germany na Switzerland. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵika umoyo wawo pangozi, ntheura nkhondo yikamba kuŵa yakuzingilizga, ndipo ŵakachitanga waka vinthu vinyake. Kweniso ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kumara. Kweniso ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na ŵasilikari ŵakaŵasuzganga comene. Para vyawoneka kuti boma ndakuthemba comene pa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakayezgekanga comene kuti ŵacitenge ŵekha vinthu. Ku nyanja, misumba ya ku Italy yikatumanga ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku nkhondo. Ŵalwani ŵakwamba ŵakaŵa Pisa, Genoa, na Venice, kweni ŵati ŵambana kwa nyengo yitali, Ŵagenuwa ŵakamazga nkhondo iyi. Venesia wakaŵa mulwani wankhongono comene, ndipo apo ufumu wa Genoese ukakhiranga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, msumba uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja. Pakuzgora ku kofya kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali, kwamba kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Venice wakamba kukhumba chomene kuwusa malo agha apo nyengo ya kuwuka kwa Ŵ Venetian yikambanga. Pa caru capasi, Florence, Milan, na Venice ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene pa nkhondo izo zikacitika kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo maufumu ghatatu agha ghakaleka mphindano zawo na kuzomerezga Mtende wa Lodi mu 1454. Mtende uwu ukatora vilimika 40, ndipo cifukwa cakuti Venice ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja, mu vilimika vyose vya m'ma 1500, kukaŵa mtende. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda nga ni Niccolò Da Conti (1395-1469) ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Asia na kuwerako. ===Italian Wars=== [[File:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg|thumbnail|Italy and the [[Habsburg Empire]] in 1547.]] Nkhondo za ku Italy zikamba mu 1494 apo charu cha France chikapoka charu cha Italy. Nkhondo iyi yikamba chifukwa cha mphindano pakati pa ufumu wa Milan na Ufumu wa Naples. Themba la Ufumu wa Roma, Charles V, likathereska Ŵaciroma pa Nkhondo ya ku Pavia (1525) kweniso pa Nkhondo ya Cognac (1526-30). Paumaliro, pamasinda pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikaŵa zambura umaliro, mu 1559, ku Cateau-Cambrésis, France likapangana kuti lileke kukolerana na ivyo likayowoyanga. Mu 1499, Ŵaturuki ŵakaparanya chigaŵa chikuru cha Venice (kweni msumba wura yayi), ndipo mu 1509 ŵa League of Cambrai ŵakambaso kuwukira na kupoka vinthu. Mu 1528, misumba yinandi ya Apulia na Abbruzzi yikaŵa kuti yapokeka. Cinthu ciheni comene ico cikacitika pa Meyi 6, 1527, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakacimbizga msumba wa Roma. Nyengo yitali iyo Florence yikazingilizgika (1529-1530) yikapangiska kuti mizi iyo yikaŵa kufupi na msumba uwu yiparanyike, malonda ghake ghakutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ghatimbanizgike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakayora chuma chawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku Italy ŵakakhira na hafu. Makampani agho ghakapanganga weya na silika mu Lombardy ghakawa apo ŵasilikari ŵaheni ŵakaparanya vyakulimira vyawo. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakwiya comene cifukwa cakuti ŵakawotcha caru.<ref>John Julius Norwich, ''The Italians: History, Art and the Genius of a People'' (1983) p 165-66.</ref> == Kufuma ku Nkhondo ya ku Kananizgako Chikhristu Mpaka ku Nkhondo ya Napoleon == {{Main|History of Italy (1559–1814)}} [[File:Doktorschnabel 430px.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|[[Plague doctor]] attire for protection from the Black death, Rome, 1656.]] Mdauko wa Italy pamanyuma pa mtende wa Cateau-Cambrésis ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kumpoto kukaŵa ufumu wa Austrian Habsburgs, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa ufumu wa Spain. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo za ku Europe za m'ma 1700, kumwera kukaŵa kwa ŵa Bourbon ŵa ku Spain ndipo kumpoto kukaŵa kwa nyumba ya Habsburg-Lorraine. Mu nyengo ya Napoleon, caru ca Italy cikapokeka na caru ca France ndipo cikagaŵikana mu vyaru vinandi. Pa ungano wa ku Vienna (1814), vinthu vikaŵa nga umo vikaŵira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, kweni vikasinthika mwaluŵiro chifukwa cha umoza wa Italy. Chuma cha ku Italy chikamba kunangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1700. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 1600, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Italy. Mu 1600, cigaŵa ca kumpoto na ca pakati pa Italy cikaŵa cimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ku Europe ivyo vikaŵa na mafakitale ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga makora chomene. Kuzakafika mu 1870, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cakulopwa comene pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Nkhondo, kugaŵikana kwa ndyali, unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito, na kusintha kwa malonda gha caru cose kuya ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe na America, vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene.<ref>Carlo M. Cipolla, “The Decline of Italy: The Case of a Fully Matured Economy.” abFZxxxx ''Economic History Review'' 5#2 1952, pp. 178–187. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591055 online]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180 |date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180/page/45 45]|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref> ===17th century=== [[File:Piazza Mercatello durante la peste del 1656 - Spadaro.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Contemporary engraving of Naples during the [[Naples Plague]] in 1656]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, vinthu vikasintha comene mu Italy. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa nga ni nkhongono za Papa izo zikasazgikira mu caru ici ndiposo umo Tchalitchi la Katolika likacitira pa nyengo iyo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa. Nangauli ku Italy kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya sayansi na luso, nga ni ivyo Galileo wakabowozga pa nkhani ya sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga na sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi. Nangauli ku Italy kukafuma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasanda malo nga ni Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, na Giovanni da Verrazzano, kweni ŵanthu ŵakasanga malo ghanyake ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Kweniso, cifukwa cakuti Spain yikacitako Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu (1618-48), iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na misonkho iyo yikaŵa pa malo ghake gha ku Italy, yikapangiska kuti malonda na vyakurya vya ku Italy vileke kwenda makora. Nthenda iyi yikathandazgaso mu Italy. Nthenda ya muliri iyo yikawira kumpoto kwa Italy mu 1630, chomenechomene ku Milan na Venice, yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Nthenda ya muliri ya mu 1656 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 43 peresenti mu Ufumu wa Naples. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakugomezga kuti kuchepa kwa unandi wa ŵanthu mu misumba ya ku Italy ndiko kukachitiska kuti caru ici cileke kuŵa malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na ndyali. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira, mu 1500 GDP ya Italy yikaŵa 106% ya GDP ya France, kweni mu 1700 yikaŵa 75% pera.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maddison|first1=Angus|title=Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History|url=https://archive.org/details/contoursworldeco00madd|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/contoursworldeco00madd/page/n393 379], table A.4|edition=1st}}</ref> ===18th century=== [[File:Battle of Bitonto by Giovanni Luigi Rocco.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Bitonto]] by Giovanni Luigi Rocco]] Nkhondo ya ku Spain (1701-1714) yikamba cifukwa ca nyifwa ya fumu yaumaliro ya ku Spain, Charles II, uyo wakapeleka chiharo chose ku fumu ya ku Spain, Philip, Duke of Anjou. Pakuwona kuti caru ca France cili na mazaza pa vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe, ku The Hague kukalembeka phangano la Grand Alliance pakati pa Austria, England, Republic of the Netherlands, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghacoko. Wupu uwu ukathereska "Party of the Two Crowns" ya ku France na Spain, ndipo pa phangano la Utrecht na Rastatt, caru ca Italy (Milan, Naples na Sardinia) cikapelekeka ku Austria kufuma ku Spain. Ndipouli, Spain wakayezgaso kutora malo mu Italy na kupoka ufumu wa France mu Nkhondo ya Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720), kweni wakathereskeka. Chifukwa cha phangano la Hague, Spain wakazomera kuleka ivyo Italy yikakhumbanga, apo Duke Victor Amadeus II wa ku Savoy wakazomera kusinthiska Sicily na Austria, na kutorako cirwa ca Sardinia, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakacemeka Themba la Sardinia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakapoka Naples na Sicily pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Bitonto mu 1738. ===Age of Napoleon=== [[File:Italia 1796-en.svg|thumb|left|Italy before the Napoleonic invasion (1796).]] {{Further|Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars}} At the end of the 18th century, Italy was almost in the same political conditions as in the 16th century; the main differences were that [[Austria]] had replaced Spain as the dominant foreign power after the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (though the [[War of the Polish Succession]] resulted in the re-installment of the Spanish in the south, as the [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]), and that the dukes of [[Savoy]] (a mountainous region between Italy and France) had become kings of [[Sardinia]] by increasing their Italian possessions, which now included Sardinia and the north-western region of [[Piedmont]]. This situation was shaken in 1796, when the French [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]] under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] invaded Italy, with the aims of forcing the [[First Coalition]] to abandon [[Sardinia]] (still in the hands of the Coalition [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]) and forcing Austria to withdraw from Italy. The first battles came on 9 April, between the French and the Piedmontese, and within only two weeks [[Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia]] was forced to sign an armistice. On 15 May the French general then entered Milan, where he was welcomed as a liberator. Subsequently, beating off Austrian counterattacks and continuing to advance, he arrived in the [[Veneto]] in 1797. Here occurred the [[Veronese Easters]], an act of rebellion against French oppression, that tied down Napoleon for about a week. [[File:Manin's abdication.jpg|thumb|A portrait painting the [[fall of the Republic of Venice]] (1797): the abdication of the last [[Doge of Venice|Doge]], [[Ludovico Manin]]]] Napoleon wakathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Italy mu zina la French Revolution mu 1797-99. Wakasazgirako maboma ghakale na kugaŵira maboma gha Austria. Wakambiska vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa na malango ghaphya na kuwuskapo wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ufumu wa Cisalpine wa Napoleon ukaŵa ku Milan. Msumba wa Genoa ukazgoka charu cha Jamhuri, ndipo chigaŵa chake chikazgoka charu cha Liguria. Boma la Romu likapangika kufuma pa vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vya papa apo papa wakatumika ku France. Boma la Naples likaŵa pafupi na Naples, kweni likakhalako myezi yinkhondi pera pambere ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵandaliwukire. Mu 1805, wakambiska ufumu wa Italy, ndipo iyo wakaŵa fumu ndipo mwana wake waciŵiri wakaŵa mwimiliri. Kweniso, caru ca France cikapangiska kuti caru ca Netherlands ciŵe ca Batavian Republic, ndipo ca Switzerland cikazgoka ca Helvetic Republic. Vyaru vyose ivi vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na France, ndipo vikeneranga kupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Paris, kweniso kovwira nkhondo za Napoleon. Ndyali na maboma gha mu vyaru ivi ghakaŵa ghaphya, ndipo ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya metric. Ŵayuda ŵakaleka kukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga ŵangoza. Belgium na Piedmont vikazgoka vigaŵa vya France.<ref>Alexander Grab, ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe'' (2003) pp 62–65, 78–79, 88–96, 115–17, 154–59</ref> [[File:Italy c 1810.png|thumb|left|Political map of Italy in the years around 1810]] Mu 1805, pamanyuma pakuti France yawina nkhondo ya Third Coalition na kukolerana na boma la Pressburg, Napoléon wakapoka malo gha Veneto na Dalmatia, ndipo wakaghaŵika mu ufumu wa Italy. Mu chaka chenechicho, boma laciŵiri, la Ligurian Republic (ilo likaŵa laciŵiri kwa Republic of Genoa), likakanizgika kuti lijibatane na France. Mu 1806, wakathereska ufumu wa Naples na kuwupeleka kwa munung'una wake ndipo kufuma apo (kufuma mu 1808) kwa Joachim Murat, pamoza na kutolera ŵadumbu ŵake Elisa na Paolina ku ŵakaronga ŵa Massa-Carrara na Guastalla. Mu 1808, wakasazgirako Marche na Tuscany ku Ufumu wa Italy. Mu 1809, Bonaparte wakawukira Rome, cifukwa ca mphindano na papa, uyo wakamufumiska mu mpingo, ndiposo kuti wasungilire boma lake, wakathemba Papa wakwamba ku Savona ndipo pamanyuma ku France. Pamanyuma pa Russia, vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikakolerana na kuthereska Napoleon pa Nkhondo ya ku Leipzig, ndipo pamanyuma pake vyaru vya Italy ivyo vikaŵa ŵabwezi ŵake, pamoza na Murat, vikamuleka kuti waŵe mubwezi wa Austria. Pakuti wakathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Paris pa Epulero 6, 1814, Napoléon wakaleka ufumu wake ndipo wakatumika ku Elba. Pa ungano wa ku Vienna (1814), vinthu vikaŵa nga umo vikaŵira mu 1795, ndipo Italy yikagaŵikana pakati pa Austria (ku mpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na Lombardy), Ufumu wa Sardinia, Ufumu wa Sicily (ku mpoto na Sicily), na Tuscany, Papal States na vyaru vinyake vichoko. Ndipouli, maufumu ghakale nga ni Venice na Genoa ghakaŵavya, Venice ghakaŵa gha Austria, ndipo Genoa ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa Sardinia.[[File:Flag of Repubblica Cispadana1.jpg|thumb|upright|Flag of the [[Cispadane Republic]], which was the first [[Flag of Italy|Italian tricolour]] adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)]] Apo Napoléon wakacimbira na kuwelera ku France (mazuŵa 100), wakapokaso wovwiri wa Murat, kweni Murat wakatondeka kukhorweska Ŵataliyani kuti ŵarwe na Napoléon. Ntheura maufumu gha ku Italy ghakawa, ndipo nyengo ya kuwuskako ufumu wa Italy yikamba. Piedmont, Genoa, na Nice vikaŵa pamoza, nga ni Sardinia (iyo yikapangiska Savoy), apo Lombardy, Veneto, Istria, na Dalmatia vikaŵaso ku Austria. Ŵaduki ŵa ku Parma na Modena ŵakambaso kuwusa, ndipo Ufumu wa Papal na wa Naples ukawelera ku ufumu wa Bourbon. Vinthu vya ndyali na vyakuthupi ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo ya kuwuskako ufumu wa Italy (1815-1835) vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambuke mu caru cose ca Italy. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti Ufumu uphya wa Italy uŵeko. Frederick Artz wakadidimizgapo uwemi uwo Ŵaitaliya ŵakasanga cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku France: :Kwa vilimika pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakaŵa na malango ghawemi comene, msonkho wakwenelera, vinthu vikaŵayenderanga makora pa vya cuma, kweniso ŵakaŵa ŵakupulikira comene pa nkhani za cisopa na vinjeru.... Ku vigaŵa vyose, mphindano zauzimu, za cuma, na zauzimu zikaŵa kuti zalekeka ndipo Ŵacitaliya ŵakamanya kuti ŵali na caru cimoza..<ref>Frederick B. Artz, ''Reaction and Revolution: 1814–1832 '' (1934) pp 142–43</ref> Mu nyengo ya Napoleon, mu 1797, boma la Italy la Cispadane, ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose, likamba kutolera ndembera ya ku Italy. Zuŵa ili likucemeka kuti Zuŵa la Tricolour. Mu 1789, ŵakalembapo maluŵa gha ku Italy agho ghakaŵa na mitundu yitatu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarozzi|first1=Fiorenza|last2=Vecchio|first2=Giorgio |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore|year=1999|publisher=Il Mulino|language=it|isbn=88-15-07163-6|pages=67–68}}</ref> ==Unification (1814–1861)== {{Main|Italian unification}} [[File:Italian-unification.gif|thumb|Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871]] The ''[[Risorgimento]]'' was the political and social process that unified different states of the [[Italian peninsula]] into the single nation of Italy. It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the end of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] rule and the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, and approximately ended with the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1871, though the last [[irredentism|"città irredente"]] did not join the [[Kingdom of Italy]] until the Italian victory in [[World War I]]. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, other national monarchs he had installed tried to keep their thrones by feeding those nationalistic sentiments, setting the stage for the revolutions to come. Among these monarchs was the viceroy of Italy, [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and [[Joachim Murat]], who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule.<ref>{{cite web |year=1815 |title=Proclamation of Rimini |url=http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126164906/http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm |archive-date=26 January 2008 |access-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> Following the defeat of Napoleonic France, the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. [[File:Garibaldi (1866).jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<ref name="scholar and patriot">{{cite web |url={{Google books|iWK7AAAAIAAJ |page=PA133 |keywords=Garibaldi+one+of+the+greatest+generals+of+modern+time |text= |plainurl=yes}}|title=Scholar and Patriot|publisher=Manchester University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds",<ref name="Garibaldi on Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |title=Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary) |access-date=6 March 2014 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |archive-date=26 February 2014 }}</ref> who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.]] [[File:Giuseppe Mazzini.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Giuseppe Mazzini]], highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement.]] Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakagaluka cifukwa ca kususkana na boma lawo. Pakulongozgeka na ŵa Spain (awo mu 1812, ŵakapanga dango lawo), gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Sicily ŵaŵiri, ilo likalongozgekanga na Guglielmo Pepe, Carbonaro (munthu wa mu gulu lakubisika la Republican), likagaluka, ndipo likathereska chigaŵa cha Sicily. Themba Ferdinand I likazomera kuti paŵe dango liphya. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana nawo yayi ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Austria ŵakathereskeka. Ferdinand wakawuskapo dango la boma ndipo wakamba kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakugaluka. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na kusintha kwa vinthu ku Sicily, kusazgapo msambiri Michele Amari, ŵakacimbizgika. Mulongozgi wa gulu la ku Piedmont ilo likawukira boma la Italy mu 1821, wakaŵa Santorre di Santarosa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Ŵaciotiriya na kuwunganya Italy pasi pa nyumba ya Savoy. Nkhondo ya ku Piedmont yikambira ku Alessandria, uko ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuvwara vikhuni vyakututuŵa, vyambura kufipirwa, na vyakututuŵa. Themba Charles Albert, ilo likaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari, likakhazikiska dango liphya kuti likondweske ŵasilikari. Kweni themba likati lawerako, likakana dango ili ndipo likapempha wovwiri ku wupu wa Holy Alliance. Ŵasilikari ŵa Di Santarosa ŵakathereskeka, ndipo munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kuzgoka wasinthusi wakacimbilira ku Paris. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo ya kuwunganya caru ca Italy yikaŵa yakwimikana comene na Ufumu wa Austria na mbumba ya Habsburgs, cifukwa ŵakalongozganga kumpoto kwa Italy uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyana. Ufumu wa Austria ukakanizga mtima wa kutemwera caru uwo ukakuranga mu caru ca Italy, kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu wa Habsburg. Franz Metternich, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Austria, ndipo wakaŵa na mazaza pa ungano wa ku Vienna, wakayowoya kuti zina lakuti Italy ni "mazgu ghakung'anamura malo". Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na mtundu wawo, ndipo panji ntchito yakumanyikwa chomene iyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mtundu wawo ni I Promessi Sposi ya Alessandro Manzoni. Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti buku ili likususka waka muwuso wa Austria. Buku ili likalembeka mu 1827, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo likasintha chomene. Mu Baibolo la 1840 la I Promessi Sposi, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chiyowoyero cha Tuscan, icho chikaŵa chiyowoyero icho mulembi wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire. Awo ŵakakolerana na umoza uwu ŵakasuskika na Tchalitchi la Katolika, chomenechomene ŵakati ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa Papal States. Pa nyengo iyo, papa Pius IX wakafipanga mtima kuti para waleka mazaza ghake mu cigaŵa ici, Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Italy ŵazamutambuzgika. Nanga ni awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe cimoza, ŵakakolerana yayi umo boma ili licitirenge. Vincenzo Gioberti, wasembe wa ku Piedmont, wakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ca Italy ciŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Papa. Buku lake lakuti, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, likafuma mu 1843. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti mu Italy muŵe boma la ŵanthu wose, kweni paumaliro, themba na nduna yikuru ndiyo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukolerana na ŵamazaza ŵa mu Italy.[[File:Image-Inno di Mameli 2.jpg|thumb|[[Holograph]]ic copy of 1847 of ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]'', the Italian [[national anthem]] since 1946]] Gulu linyake la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu likaŵa la Carbonari (awo ŵakawotchanga makala), gulu lakubisika ilo likapangika kumwera kwa Italy kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1800. Gulu ili likafuma mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu magulu gha pakati na ŵavinjeru. Pamanyuma pakuti ungano wa ku Vienna wagaŵa chigaŵa cha Italy pakati pa maufumu gha ku Europe, gulu la Carbonari likasazgikira mu caru ca Papal States, Ufumu wa Sardinia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Modena, na Ufumu wa Lombardy-Venetia. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakaŵawopanga comene mwakuti ŵamazaza ŵakapeleka dango lakuti waliyose uyo wakwiza ku maungano gha Carbonari wakomeke. Ndipouli, wupu uwu ukalutilira kuŵako ndipo ndiwo ukambiska masuzgo ghanandi gha ndyali mu Italy kwambira mu 1820 m'paka apo caru cikaŵa pamoza. Gulu la Carbonari likadumura kuti Napoleon III wakomeke cifukwa ca kutondeka kukolerana na Italy, ndipo likakhala pacoko kuti limukome mu 1858. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu ili ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili. (Manyani kuti: Apo wakaŵa muwukirano, Napoleon III wakarwanga ku chigaŵa cha 'Carbonari.') Pa nyengo iyi, mu 1847, sumu ya Il Canto degli Italiani, iyo yikaŵa sumu ya fuko la Italy kwambira mu 1946, yikamba kwimbika pa wumba. Il Canto degli Italiani, yakulembeka na Goffredo Mameli na kwimbika na Michele Novaro, yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Inno di Mameli, kufuma pa mazgu gha uyo wakalemba sumu iyi, panji Fratelli d'Italia, kufuma pa mazgu ghakwamba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maiorino |first1=Tarquinio|last2=Marchetti Tricamo|first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera|year=2002 |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-50946-2|page=18}}</ref>[[File:Statuto fondamentale del regno.pdf|page=27|thumb|left|[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] assumes the title of [[king of Italy]] with the [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|law n. 4671 of 17 March 1861 of the Kingdom of Sardinia]], that sanctioned the birth of the unified [[Kingdom of Italy]]]] Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakutalulira mu gulu ili ŵakaŵa Giuseppe Mazzini na Giuseppe Garibaldi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga fundo za boma lakwamba ŵakaŵa Count of Cavour na Victor Emmanuel II, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa fumu yakwamba ya Italy. Mazzini wakajalirika mu jele chifukwa cha ivyo wakacitanga. Apo wakaŵa mu jere, wakawona kuti caru ca Italy cingaŵa cakukolerana ndipo wakalemba pulogiramu yake ya kukhazikiska caru cakufwatuka, cakukolerana na boma la Roma. Mazzini wakati wafuma mu jele mu 1831, wakaluta ku Marseille, uko wakambiska gulu liphya la ndyali lakucemeka La Giovine Italia. Gulu liphya ili likaŵa na mazgu ghakuti "Chiuta na Ŵanthu", ndipo likakhumbanga kuti Italy wakoleranenge. Ufumu wa Italy ukaŵako cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakolerananga na nyumba ya Savoy. Ufumu wa Sardinia ukaŵa wa vyamalonda kwambira mu 1830. Dango lakwamba, la Statuto Albertino, likapelekeka mu 1848, mu chaka icho kukaŵa viwawa. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵasilikari ŵa Austria nawo ŵakamba nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Italy. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha ndipo ufumu wa Sardinia ukathera. Garibaldi, uyo wakababikira mu msumba wa Nice (uyo panyengo iyo ukaŵa ku Ufumu wa Sardinia), wakacitako chigaluka mu Piedmont mu 1834, ndipo wakeruzgika kuti wakomeke. Wakakhalako vyaka 14, ndipo wakachitako nkhondo zinandi. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo za 1848, mulongozgi wa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza wakaŵa Giuseppe Garibaldi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakamutemwanga comene. Garibaldi ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu la ku Italy ilo likakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe cimoza, kweni ufumu wa kumpoto kwa Italy wa nyumba ya Savoy mu ufumu wa Piedmont-Sardinia uwo ukalongozgekanga na Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, nawo ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska boma la Italy. Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa kuti ulije kukolerana na ufumu wa Roma (uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Italy), kweni ukalimbana na Austria mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy. Kuyana na phangano la Plombières, ufumu wa Sardinia ukapeleka Savoy na Nice ku France, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niçard ŵafumemo mu caru cawo. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mabungwe ghakuzirwa agho ghakawovwira kuti Italy wambe kukolerana, nga ni Britain na France mu Nkhondo ya ku Crimea. Mu 1871, Giuseppe Garibaldi wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa boma ku Nice, uko wakayezga kukhozgera kuti msumba wake uŵe chigaŵa cha Italy, kweni ŵakamukanira kuyowoya. Cifukwa ca kukana, pakati pa 1871 na 1872 kukaŵa vivulupi mu msumba wa Nice, ivyo vikaciskika na Garibaldini ndipo vikacemekanga "Niçard Vespers", ivyo vikakhumbanga kuti msumba uwu na vigaŵa vyake viŵikike mu Italy. Ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Nice awo ŵakacitako cigaluka ici ŵakeruzgika.<ref>Giuseppe André, ''Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni'', Nice, Editore Gilletta, 1875, pp. 334-335 (In Italian).</ref> ===Southern question and Italian diaspora=== {{See also|Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861|Italian diaspora}} [[File:Carmine Crocco1.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Carmine Crocco]]]] Kumwera kwa charu ichi (Mezzogiorno) vinthu vikenda makora yayi. Mulimo wa kuwunganya na kusinthiska vinthu ukapangiska kuti kumpoto na kumwera kwa Italy kuŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga vyaru vya kumwera kuti ni "vyakukhalira kumanyuma" ndiposo vyautesi, kweni nadi, pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Italy, "uko kukaŵa kukhalira kumanyuma, nyengo zose kukaŵanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawovwiranga". Mbunenesko kuti pakeneranga kuŵa vifukwa vyakupulikikwa vyakupatulira kumwera nga umo vikaŵira na Italy. Chigaŵa chose cha kumwera kwa Naples chikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi gha vyachuma na gha ŵanthu. Ndipouli, masuzgo ghanandi gha ndyali gha ku South na lumbiri lwake lwa kuŵa "wakukhazikika" panji wauleŵi (kuyana na ndyali) ghakaŵako cifukwa ca boma liphya (ilo likababika cifukwa ca kukhumba kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cakukhora) ilo likapatuska ŵanthu ŵa ku South na kuŵakanizga kuyowoyapo pa nkhani zakuzirwa. Ndipouli, vinthu vikaŵa vyakusuzga, dongo likaŵa lambura vipambi vinandi, nkhorongo yikakhalanga makora yayi, makampani ghanandi ghakakhalanga waka pa malo ghake chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru, malo ghakuru ghakaŵa ghambura kulongozgeka makora, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko comene, kweniso kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura nchito kweniso ucigeŵenga.<ref name="Roland Sarti 2004 pp 567">Roland Sarti, ''Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present'' (2004) pp 567–568</ref> [[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]] [[File:Émigration italienne par régions 1876-1915.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Emigration of Italians from 1876 to 1915]] Cavour wakaghanaghana kuti suzgo likuru likaŵa boma liheni, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti lingamazgikaso para malango gha ku Piedmont ghangalondezga. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kunanga vinthu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo iyo yikatora vilimika pafupifupi 10. Nkhondo iyi yikafika paheni comene comene ku Basilicata na kumpoto kwa Apulia, ndipo yikalongozgekanga na Carmine Crocco na Michele Caruso. Nkhondo ya ku South America yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakaluta ku United States na South America. Ŵanyake ŵakasamira ku misumba ya kumpoto ya vyamalonda nga ni Genoa, Milan, na Turin, ndipo ŵakatumizga ndalama kukwawo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakasamira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kuzingilizga charu cha Italy mu 1880, vyaka 20 pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chazakaŵa pamoza. Ukavu ukaŵa cifukwa cikuru ico ŵanthu ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene cifukwa ca kusoŵerwa kwa malo. Mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Italy vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. M'paka m'ma 1860 m'paka m'ma 1950, chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy chikaŵa ku mizi ndipo chikaŵa na matawuni ghachoko waka. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Italy, nchakuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kusama ndipo cikapangiska kuti miwiro yiphya yisame mu vyaru vinandi kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, comenecomene ku America. Kusama kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti pa caru cose paŵe nchito zinandi za ŵanthu ŵambura maluso ndipo kukacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵasamire mu vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagure "ganyu na cingwa".<ref>{{cite book| last1=Pozzetta|first1=George E.|title=Pane e Lavoro: The Italian American Working Class|date=1980| publisher=Multicultural History Society of Ontorio|location=Toronto}}</ref>[[File:2016 - Vittoriano (Rome) 07.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the two braziers that burn perpetually on the sides of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier]] at [[Altare della Patria]] in [[Rome]]. At their base there is a plaque bearing the inscription ''Gli italiani all'estero alla Madre Patria'' ("Italians abroad to the Motherland")''.'']] Mu nyengo ya ku Italy, charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kupasuka kwa muwuso wa ŵasilikari na kugaŵa malo, ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵa kumwera ŵakeneranga yayi kuŵa na malo ghawo panji malo agho ŵangagwirako nchito na kusangapo candulo. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya malo, ndipo malo ghakaŵa ghacoko na ghacoko, ndipo ghakaŵa ghambura kupambika makora, cifukwa caru cikagaŵikanga pakati pa ŵahaliri. Pakati pa 1860 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu 9 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumapo pa ŵanthu 16 miliyoni awo ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku North panji South America. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti kufuma mu 1876 m'paka 1914, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 14 miliyoni. Pa ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga mu caru cawo mu 1876 m'paka 1900, ŵanthu pafupifupi 220,000 ŵakafumanga mu caru ici. Pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumanga kumpoto na pakati pa Italy. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafuma mu Italy pakati pa 1870 na 1914, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵakaŵa ŵanalume awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalimi ndiwo ŵakaŵa hafu ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere chaka cha 1896 chindafike. Ŵalendo ŵakalutilira kukhozga ubwezi wawo na caru cawo nanga ni para ŵafuma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa kuti ŵakazenge Altare della Patria (1885~1935), chigaŵa cha chikumbusko cha Themba Victor Emmanuel II la ku Italy. Ng'anamuro la ntharika ya moto uwo ukubuka kwamuyirayira likukolerana na vimanyikwiro vya moto uwu. Moto uwo ukubuka kwamuyirayira ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakukumbuka sembe ya msilikari wambura kumanyikwa na kukolerana na caru cawo.<ref name="fiamma">{{cite web |title=Il mito della "lampada perenne" |url=http://www.toscanaoggi.it/Cultura-Societa/Il-mito-della-lampada-perenne |access-date=12 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> ==Liberal period (1861–1922)== {{Main|Kingdom of Italy}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = VictorEmmanuel2.jpg | width1 = 139 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Tuminello, Lodovico (1824-1907) - Cavour cropped.jpg | width2 = 158 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] and [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], leading figures in the Italian unification, became respectively the [[King of Italy|1st king]] and [[Prime Minister of Italy|1st Prime Minister]] of unified Italy }} Pa 17 Malichi, 1861, caru ca Italy cikazgoka boma la ŵanthu, apo vyaru vinandi vya pa cigaŵa ici vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa fumu Victor Emmanuel II wa nyumba ya Savoy, uyo wakalamuliranga Piedmont. Ŵanthu awo ŵakambiska kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza ŵakaŵa Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, nduna yikuru ya boma la Victor Emmanuel, na Giuseppe Garibaldi, mulara wa ŵasilikari na munthu wakuzirwa comene. Mu 1866, Otto von Bismarck, nduna yikuru ya ku Prussia, wakaphalira Victor Emmanuel II kuti waŵe mubwezi wa Ufumu wa Prussia. Pakuwezgera, Prussia wakazomerezga Italy kuti wapoke Venice. Themba Emmanuel likazomera ndipo Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Italy yikamba. Cifukwa ca kutonda ku Austria, caru ca Italy cikapoka Venice. Cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti caru ca Italy cileke kukolerana cikaŵa Roma. Mu 1870, caru ca France cikamba nkhondo ya ku France na Prussia ndipo cikawezga ŵasilikari ŵake ku Rome, uko ŵakaleka kuti papa waŵe na mazaza. Italy wakawukira boma la Papa. Ŵakazomerezga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza, ndipo msumba ukuru wa caru ici ukafumako ku Florence kuya ku Roma. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vinganjira mu ufumu wa Italy (terre irredente), nga ni Trentino-Alto Adige na Julian March, vikaŵamo yayi mu ufumu uwu m'paka mu 1918 apo Italy yikathereska Austria-Hungary mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Pa cifukwa ici, nyengo zinyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuyowoya kuti nyengo ya kuwungana yikamara mu 1871, kusazgapo ivyo vikacitika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1915-1918), ndipo yikamara na phangano la nkhondo la Villa Giusti pa Novembala 4, 1918. Fundo iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene pa nyengo ya kuwungana kwa Roma.<ref>Arnaldi, Girolamo. ''Italy and Its Invaders.'' Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 194. {{ISBN|0-674-01870-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.risorgimento.it/index.php?section=museo|title=Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma|website=Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano|access-date=6 July 2018|language=it}}</ref>[[File:Marco Minghetti.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Marco Minghetti]]]] Ku Northern Italy, mulimo wa kupanga vinthu na kuzgora vinthu vinyake kuŵa viphya ukamba kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya kumwera, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja umoyo uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe nga ni France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, na Luxembourg, kweniso ku America. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma laparamendi likakura comene. Dango la ku Sardinia ilo likalembeka mu 1848, likapelekaso wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ufumu wa Italy mu 1861. Ndyali za ku Italy zikagaŵikana pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha kumalyero na kumalyero, ivyo vikapangiska kuti maboma ghaŵe mu suzgo. Mu 1876, Minghetti wakataya mazaza ndipo wakasinthika na Agostino Depretis, uyo wakamba kulamulira mu 1880s, kweni wakalutilira kuyezga kukhozga ŵakususka kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza. ===Depretis=== [[File:Agostino Depretis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Agostino Depretis]].]] Depretis wakamba uteŵeti wake pakuŵa nduna yikuru mwa kwamba kughanaghana vya ndyali, zina lake Trasformismo. Fundo ya Trasformismo yikaŵa yakuti boma likwenera kusankha ŵandyali ŵakuzika na ŵakwenelera kufuma mu vigaŵa vyambura kupindikana. Depretis wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyake ŵamuvotere usange ŵakukhumba kuti Depretis waŵawovwire. Mu 1876, pakaŵa ŵimiliri ŵanayi pera awo ŵakasankhika kufuma ku chigaŵa chakumanjiliro. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Depretis wakathereskeka cifukwa ca nkharo yake ya nkhaza. Depretis wakathereska ŵanthu ŵankhaza, nga nkhukanizga maungano gha pa wumba, kupeleka ŵanthu "ŵakofya" ku vigaŵa vyakutali mu Italy, na kwendera ndyali. Depretis wakapangiska malango agho ghakaŵa na mphindano pa nyengo iyo, nga nkhulekeska kukakika chifukwa cha ngongoli, kuŵika sukulu ya pulayimale kuti yiŵe yaulere kweniso yakukhumbikwa. Boma lakwamba la Depretis likamara mu 1877 apo wakafumiskanga nduna yake ya mukati. Boma laciŵiri la Depretis likamba mu 1881. Mu 1882, Depretis wakakhumbanga kusazgirako wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy wa kusankha, kusazgirako misonkho iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakeneranga kupeleka. Mu 1887, Depretis wakafumiskika pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa vilimika vinandi vya kutondeka kwa ndyali. ===Crispi=== [[File:Francesco Crispi crop.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Francesco Crispi]]]] [[Francesco Crispi]] (1818–1901) was Prime Minister for a total of six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Historian R.J.B. Bosworth says of his foreign policy that Crispi:<blockquote>Pursued policies whose openly aggressive character would not be equaled until the days of the Fascist regime. Crispi increased military expenditure, talked cheerfully of a European conflagration, and alarmed his German or British friends with his suggestions of preventative attacks on his enemies. His policies were ruinous, both for Italy's trade with France, and, more humiliatingly, for colonial ambitions in East Africa. Crispi's lust for territory there was thwarted when on 1 March 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at Adowa, ... In what has been defined as an unparalleled disaster for a modern army. Crispi, whose private life (he was perhaps a trigamist) and personal finances...were objects of perennial scandal, went into dishonorable retirement.<ref>{{cite book|first=R.J.B.|last=Bosworth|title=Italy and the Wider World: 1860–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL1vjYQRR-0C&pg=PA29|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=29|isbn=978-1-134-78088-4}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:Poster FIAT by Giovanni Carpanetto.png|thumb|140px|1899 [[Fiat|FIAT]] advertisement]] Crispi wakaŵa mu nduna ya Depretis ndipo nyengo yinyake wakaŵa wa Garibaldi. Mu 1887 m'paka 1891, Crispi wakafipiranga mtima chomene kuvikilira Italy ku Austria-Hungary. Crispi wakalimbikiranga ntchito ya kuzenga Italy kuŵa ufumu wankhongono wa pa caru cose kwizira mu kunjizga ndarama za nkhondo, kukhozgera kutandazgika kwa caru, na kuyezga kuti Germany yikondwe nayo nangauli wakajibatika ku Triple Alliance iyo yikaŵa na Germany na Austria-Hungary mu 1882. Apo wakawovwiranga Italy kuti waŵe wakukhora, wakalutilira kusintha vinthu ndipo wakaŵa na mazaza, nyengo yinyake wakakhumbanga kuti boma liŵike dango lakukanizga vyaru vinyake. Nangauli Crispi wakaŵa wankhongono, kweni wakasintha vinthu vinyake nga ni Dango la vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu la mu 1888 na kukhazikiska makhoti kuti boma liwezge masuzgo. Ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa ndyali. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵa visopa vinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisande umo lingawovwilira vyakurya mu Italy. Kafukufuku uyo wakamba mu 1877 ndipo wakafumiskika pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, wakalongora kuti vyakurya vikendanga makora yayi, kuti ŵeneco ŵa malo ŵakarya ndalama izo ŵakasanganga pa malo ghawo ndipo ŵakovwira comene yayi kuti malo ghawo ghamere makora. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya pasi ŵakakwiya comene cifukwa ca kugaŵikana kwa malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu wose. Ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda iyi ŵakaŵa ŵalimi yayi, kweni ŵantchito ŵacoko waka awo ŵakagwiranga nchito kwa cilimika cimoza. Ŵalimi ŵambura ndalama ŵakakhalanga na vyakurya vichoko waka, matenda ghakathandazgikanga mwaluŵiro, ndipo kukaŵa nthenda zakwambukira, kusazgapo nthenda yikuru ya kolera iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 55,000. Boma la Italy likatondeka kumazga makora suzgo ili cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo boma la Depretis likagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha Italy nacho chikasuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mu ma 1870 na ma 1880, ŵakapanganga mpheska zinandi comene. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cakuluska comene pa vyakurya vyose mu Europe, kweni cifukwa ca kuwelera kwa vyakurya ku France mu 1888, kumwera kwa Italy kukaŵa na vyakurya vinandi comene.{{sfn|Smith|1997|page=139}}[[File:Giovanni Giolitti 2.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Giovanni Giolitti]].]] [[File:Vittoriano Altare della Patria 2013-09-16.jpg|thumb|The [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]] in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th [[anniversary of the unification of Italy]]]] ===Giolitti=== Kufuma mu 1901 m'paka 1914, Giovanni Giolitti ndiyo wakalamuliranga ndyali na mbiri ya Italy. Pakwamba, wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo Crispi wakacita. Ndipo pa nyengo yakwamba iyi apo ŵakuru na ŵasungwana ŵakakumananga, Giolitti wakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe viphya mu ndyali pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na 1900. Kulekerathu kukanizga ŵanthu, kweni kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵacite viyezgo, ndiposo kuti ŵaleke kugwira nchito, kweni kuti ŵaleke kuŵa ŵankhaza panji ŵa ndyali. Ivyo Giolitti wakacita vikakhwaska comene umoyo wa ŵanthu na nchito, ŵanalume wose ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha, njanji na makampani gha inshuwalansi vikaŵa vya caru cose, ngongoli ya boma yikakhira, vinthu vyapasi vikamba kwenda makora, ndipo makampani ghakamba kupanga vinthu. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kufumako ku Germany na Austria na Hungary na kwamba kukolerana na France, Great Britain, na Russia. Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., caru ca Italy cikaŵa na ufumu wake. Likatora ufumu wa Somalia. Boma la Ethiopia likathera yayi pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia mu 1895-1896. Mu 1911, boma la Giolitti likatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵakakome Libya. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Libya (chenechicho chikaŵa ku Tripolitania na Cyrenaica) na virwa vya Dodecanese. Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe na mazaza pa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani mwa kutora caru ca Greece na dera la Dalmatia ilo lili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic, kweni ŵakaŵikapo mtima yayi. Mu Juni 1914, boma likakanaso ŵanthu ŵakumanjilira kumalyero ŵati ŵakoma ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakasuskanga ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanjiliro ŵakasuska ndipo chipani cha Italian Socialist Party chikapharazga kuti ŵanthu wose mu Italy ŵali mu viwawa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene na vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikachitikanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru na mizi yichoko. Ndipouli, pati pajumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri pera, ungano uwu ukaleka, nangauli nkhondo yikalutilira.{{sfn|Bosworth|2005|page=49}} === World War I and failure of the liberal state=== {{See also|Italian entry into World War I|Italian Front (World War I)|Military history of Italy during World War I|Italian Campaign (World War I)}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|left|Italian cavalry in [[Trento]] on 3 November 1918, after the victorious [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]. The Italian victory in this battle<ref name="victory">{{cite book |last=Burgwyn |first=H. James |title=Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/italianforeignpo0000burg |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/italianforeignpo0000burg/page/8 4] |isbn=0-275-94877-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schindler |first=John R. |title=Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/isonzoforgottens0000schi |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isonzoforgottens0000schi/page/303 303] |isbn=0-275-97204-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=Denis |title=Mussolini |publisher=Knopf |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 31] |isbn=0-394-50694-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 }}</ref> marked the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti|end of the war on the Italian Front]], secured the dissolution of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and contributed to the [[Armistice with Germany|end of the World War I]] just one week later.<ref name=Luden>{{cite book |quote=...&nbsp;[[Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]] wrote: ''In Vittorio Veneto, Austria did not lose a battle, but lose the war and itself, dragging Germany in its fall. Without the destructive battle of Vittorio Veneto, we would have been able, in a military union with the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, to continue the desperate resistance through the whole winter, in order to obtain a less harsh peace, because the Allies were very fatigued. |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |title=A Military History of Italy |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000paol |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000paol/page/150 150] |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}</ref>]] Italy yikanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu 1915 na cilato ca kumalizga umoza wa chalo: pa cifukwa ici, kunjilirapo kwa Italy mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose kukuwonekaso nga ni Nkhondo Yacinayi ya ku Italiya ya Kujiyimira paŵekha, mu kawonekero ka historiographical ako kakulongora kuti nkondo iyi yikaŵa umaliro wa kuwungana kwa Italy, uko kukacitika nkhondo ya nkhondo iyo yikayamba mu 1848 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italiya. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918) yikaŵa cakucitika cambura kunozgekera ico cikapangiska kuti ŵambe kusopa pamoza na Germany na Austria. Kwa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cambura kuvikilira, cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Triple Alliance ŵakaŵanga na mulimo wa kuvikilira caru. Mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakanjira mu nkhondo iyi nangauli ŵakakhumbanga yayi kunjilirapo. Charu cha Italy chikaŵa chikuru kweniso chikaŵa mukavu. Wupu wa Triple Alliance ukaŵa wakuzirwa viŵi yayi ku Italy panji ku Austria. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri, nduna yikuru Antonio Salandra na nduna ya vyaru vinyake Sidney Sonnino ndiwo ŵakasankhanga vinthu vyose, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu ndyali za ku Italy. Ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakubisilizga, ndipo pamasinda ŵakalembeska themba, kweni ŵasilikari na ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali ŵakamanyanga yayi. Ŵakapangana na vigaŵa vyose viŵiri kuti ŵasangane ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakasanga ndalama kufuma ku ŵasilikari ŵa Entente, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵalayizga vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Ufumu wa Austria-Hungary, kusazgapo Tyrol na Trieste, kweniso kuti Albania waŵe chigaŵa chakutetezgeka. Russia wakakana kupeleka Dalmatia ku Italy. Britain yikaŵa yakunozgeka kupeleka wovwiri na ngongoli kuti yikope ŵanthu 36 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy kuŵa ŵabwezi ŵaphya awo ŵakasuzganga Austria kumwera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=C.J. |year=1969 |title=Britain and Italian Intervention 1914–1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1969_12_3/page/533 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=12 |issue=3|pages=533–548 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00007275|s2cid=162738142 }}</ref>[[File:Liberazione di Trieste.jpg|thumb|Italian troops landing in [[Trieste]], 3 November 1918]] Mu Meyi 1915, pakapharazgika phangano la ku London. Salandra wakafumapo pa udindo wake, kweni pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakawovwira kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanandi ŵa ndyali, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy, ŵakasuskanga nkhondo, kusazgapo Ŵakatolika ŵanandi. Malipoti agho ghakafuma ku Italy ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakawopanga nkhondo, ndipo ŵakakondwanga yayi na malo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakawonanga nkhondo kuŵa soka, nga ni chilangalanga, njara, panji nthenda yakofya. Ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, cifukwa ŵakawopanga kuti boma lingaŵakanizga kuguliska vinthu na misonkho yinandi, kweniso kuti ŵangaluza malonda ghawo. Vikaŵa nga vingachitika yayi kuti ŵasintheso ivyo ŵakadumura, cifukwa ŵasilikari ŵa Triple Alliance ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti Italy wawelere, ndipo ufumu wa themba ukaŵa pangozi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na nkhondo ŵakafuma mu misewu, ŵakachemerezganga kuti: "Tiyeni, tiyeni, tiyeni!" Benito Mussolini, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa Socialist Party, wakaŵa mulongozgi, kweni ŵakamucimbizga mu chipani ndipo ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakamulondezga. Padera pa caru ca Russia, ici cikaŵa cipani cimoza pera ku Europe ico cikasuskanga nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yankhaza comene cifukwa ca ndyali, kutondeka, kukhuŵara, na ucindere wa ŵamazaza.<ref>Martin Clark, ''Modern Italy: 1871–1995'' (1996) pp 180–85</ref><ref>Denis Mack Smith, ''Italy: A Modern History'' (1969) pp 292–305.</ref> [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|The [[Redipuglia War Memorial]] of [[Fogliano Redipuglia|Redipuglia]], with the tomb of [[Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931)|Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta]] in the foreground, nicknamed the ''Undefeated Duke'' for having reported numerous victories in the [[First World War]] without ever being defeated on the battlefield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/savoia-aosta-emanuele-filiberto-di-duca-d-aosta_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/|title=SAVOIA AOSTA, Emanuele Filiberto di, duca d'Aosta|access-date=23 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> This War Memorial is the resting place of 100,187 Italian soldiers killed between 1915 and 1917 in the [[Battles of the Isonzo|eleven battles]] fought on the Karst and [[Isonzo front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turismofvg.it/Monumenti-e-Siti-Storici/Sacrario-Militare-di-Redipuglia|title=Il più grande Sacrario Militare Italiano}}</ref>]] Italy wakanjira mu nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 875,000, kweni ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵambura kulongozgeka makora ndipo ŵakaŵavya vilwero vikuru vya nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakatondeka kumazga nkhondo iyi, cifukwa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Austria ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo iyi. Mu 1916, caru ca Italy cikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany, ndipo ici cikapeleka wovwiri ukuru ku Ŵaustria. Ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakukwana 650,000 ŵakafwa ndipo 950,000 ŵakapwetekeka, apo chuma chikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti chileke kunangika. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, boma likaŵikako mahara yayi ku nkhani za ŵantchito, kweni sono likakhumbikwiranga kunjilirapo kuti liŵawovwire. Pakuti chipani chikuru cha Socialist chikakhumbanga yayi kovwira nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakachitanga viwawa kanandi waka ndipo ŵakakolerananga viŵi yayi, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya Piedmont na Lombardy. Boma likakhazikiska malipiro ghapachanya, ndipo likaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵantchito ŵagwirenge lumoza ntchito. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakakura comene. Ŵantchito ŵa Ansaldo ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6,000 kufika pa 110,000, ndipo ŵakapanga vilwero 10,900, ndege za nkhondo 3,800, ngaraŵa za nkhondo 95, na mabomba 10 miliyoni. Pa kampani ya Fiat, ŵantchito ŵakakwera kufuma pa 4,000 kufika pa 40,000. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama, ndalama zikakwera chomene. Malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakakwera, kweni gha ŵalimi ghakakwera yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitikanga ku mizi, cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga nchito, nchito mu mafakitale zikaŵavya, malipiro ghakakweranga pacoko, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa vinthu kukaŵa kuheni comene. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakumalizga nkhondo ya ku Italy, yikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Austria na Hungary uparanyike, ndipo yikawovwira kuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yimare pakati pajumpha masabata ghaŵiri. Ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 651,000 ŵa ku Italy ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya ŵakakwana 589,000. Nkhondo yikati yamara, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, nduna yikuru ya Italy, wakakumana na David Lloyd George, nduna yikuru ya Britain, Georges Clemenceau, nduna yikuru ya France, na Woodrow Wilson, nduna yikuru ya United States, ku Versailles, kuti ŵadumbiskane umo mphaka za ku Europe zikwenera kuŵikikira mwakuti nkhondo ya ku Europe yileke kucitika.[[File:Promised Borders of the Tready of London.png|thumb|right|Territories promised to Italy by the [[Treaty of London (1915)]], i.e. [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], [[Julian March]] and [[Dalmatia]] (tan), and the [[Snežnik (plateau)|Snežnik Plateau]] area (green)]] Pa nyengo iyi, Wilson wakalayizga kuti mitundu yose ya ku Europe yizamuŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga vyaru vyawo. Pa cifukwa ici, phangano la Versailles likapeleka yayi Dalmatia na Albania ku Italy nga umo phangano la London likayowoyera. Kweniso, Britain na France ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵagaŵane vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Germany. Charu cha Italy chikapokako yayi malo kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukaparanyikira, nangauli boma la United Kingdom na France likapeleka ulongozgi ku Italy pa nyengo ya nkhondo, kweni vyaru ivi vikagaŵikana pakati pawo. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni Orlando wakazomera kusaina phangano la Versailles, ilo likakwiyiska boma lake. Phangano la Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) na la Rapallo (1920) likapeleka mwaŵi wakuti Trentino Alto-Adige, Julian March, Istria, Kvarner kweniso msumba wa Zara mu Dalmatia, viŵikike mu ufumu wa Italy. [[File:The celebration of the birthday of the Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III on November 11, 1918.jpg|thumb|Residents of [[Fiume]] cheering D'Annunzio and his ''Legionari'' in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants]] Cifukwa ca kukwiya comene na mtende uwu, Gabriele D'Annunzio, mulembi wa sumu wa ku Italy, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵambura kukondwa na nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru cawo kuti ŵapange boma la Fiume mu Seputembala 1919. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakamutemwanga comene, ŵakamuthya kuti Il Duce ("Mulongozgi"), ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na malaya ghamdima apo wakawukiranga Fiume. Muwuso wa Duce na yunifomu ya ŵasilikari ŵa malaya ghaswesi vikapokelereka pamanyuma na gulu la Fascist la Benito Mussolini. Ivyo boma la Italy likakhumbanga vikafika ku vigaŵa vyose vya ndyali, kusazgapo Ŵafarisi ŵa Mussolini. Ivyo D'Annunzio wakayowoyanga vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Croatia ŵambe kumutemwa. Pamasinda, phangano la Rome (1924) likapangiska kuti msumba wa Fiume uŵe wa Italy. Charu cha Italy chikapokera yayi vigaŵa vinyake ivyo chikalayizgika na phangano la ku London (1915), nga ni Dalmatia, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakatenge chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakupwetekeka. Benito Mussolini ndiyo wakambiska chisopa cha Chiitaliya icho chikachemekanga Fascism. Ŵakumanya vya mdauko ŵakuwona kuti kutonda uku ni "nthoto ya ndyali", iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito na ŵasilikari ŵa Fashisti kuti ŵakhozge ufumu wa Italy na kubisa ivyo boma la Italy likacita pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Italy nayo wakaŵa na malo ghakukhazikika mu wupu wa League of Nations.<ref>G.Sabbatucci, ''La vittoria mutilata'', in AA.VV., ''Miti e storia dell'Italia unita'', Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101-106</ref> ==Fascist regime, World War II, and Civil War (1922–1946)== ===Rise of Fascism into power=== {{Main|Italian Fascism}} [[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Benito Mussolini]], who titled himself [[Duce]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|ruled the country from 1922 to 1943]]]] Mu 1914, Benito Mussolini wakacimbizgika mu chipani ca Italian Socialist Party cifukwa cakuti wakacema Italy kuti wanjire mu nkhondo na Austria-Hungary. Pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe, Mussolini wakasuskanga kujilemba usilikari, wakasuskanga umo Italy wakawuskiranga Libya, ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Socialist Party, Avanti!, kweni pamanyuma pake wakacemerezga kuti paŵe kusintha kwambura kuzunura nkhondo ya magulu. Mu 1914, Mussolini wakasanga ndalama ku Ansaldo (kampani yakupanga vilwero) na makampani ghanyake kuti wapange nyuzipepara yake, Il Popolo d'Italia. Ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti Italy wanjire mu nkhondo. Pamanyuma, nkhondo yikati yamara, buku ili likazgoka nyuzipepara yakuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, Mussolini wakateŵetera mu ŵasilikari ndipo wakapwetekeka kamoza. Nkhondo yikati yamara na phangano la Versailles mu 1919, Mussolini wakambiska wupu wakuchemeka Combat League. Pakwamba, ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga fundo za chipani cha Socialist Party ŵakasuskanga fundo za chipani ichi. Mu nyengo yakwambilira, gulu ili likaŵa na pulogiramu yakutemwera kumazere, ilo likayowoyerathu kuti kuzamuŵa kusintha kwa ndyali, ŵanakazi ŵazamunjira mu maungano, kuzamuŵa wanangwa wa kusankha (kanyengo kanyake mu 1925) kweniso kuti katundu wa ŵanthu wose wazamupambana. Ŵakapambanaso na Ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri aŵa cifukwa ŵakasuskanga boma lakuyuzga ŵanthu. Mussolini wakati "tikutemwa wanangwa wa waliyose, nanga ni wa ŵalwani ŵithu". Pa 15 Epulero, 1919, Ŵafarisi ŵakamba nkhaza za ndyali apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la Fasci di Combattimento likapoka ofesi ya Avanti!.[[File:Kingdom of Italy 1924 map.svg|thumbnail|The Kingdom of Italy in 1924.]] Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Biennio Rosso (vyaka viŵiri vyakuthwa) yikacitika mu vilimika viŵiri vyati vyalondezga Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu nyengo ya suzgo la vya cuma, kusoŵa nchito kwa ŵanthu ŵanandi, na kuleka kukhazikika kwa ndyali. Mu 1919-1920, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵamalonda, ŵantchito ŵakachitanga viyezgelero, kweniso ŵakachitanga viyezgo kuti ŵajikorenge. Ku Turin na Milan, mabungwe gha ŵantchito ghakaŵako ndipo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵakagwira nchito mu mafakitale. Kuwukira uku kukasazgikira ku vigaŵa vya minda ya mu Padan ndipo kukaŵa na viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi, viwawa vya ku mizi, na nkhondo za ŵasilikari pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo na ŵa ku mphepo. Kufuma nyengo yira, gulu la Fasci di Combattimento la Benito Mussolini likagwiliskira nchito makora fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy na kukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu caru. Mu 1920, nduna yikuru Giolitti yikasankhikaso kuti yiwovwirepo pa suzgo ilo likaŵa mu Italy, kweni nduna yake yikaŵa yambura nkhongono ndipo yikaŵa pangozi chifukwa cha ŵakususka ŵa chipani cha Socialist. Giolitti wakagomezganga kuti Ŵachifasita ŵangakanizgika ndipo ŵangaŵawovwira kuvikilira ufumu ku ŵasilikari. Mu 1921, Ŵafarisi ŵakatonda yayi, kweni boma la Giolitti likathera yayi kuwunganya ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵalongozge. Ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist ŵakakana ivyo Giolitti wakaŵaphalira ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵathereske boma lake.{{sfn|Bosworth|2005|page=112}}[[File:March on Rome.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benito Mussolini]] during the [[March on Rome]] in 1922.]] Mu Okutobala 1922, Mussolini wakapharazga kuti boma la Italy lipelekenge mazaza ku chipani cha Fascist. Nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakazomera, kweni gulu la ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakamba ulendo utali kujumpha mu Italy kuluta ku Roma (March on Rome). Ŵafarisi ŵakakhumbanga kuti Luigi Facta, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru wa boma ili, wafumeko pa udindo wake. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakaŵa na vilwero viwemi comene kuluska ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist, kweni boma la Italy na Themba Victor Emmanuel III ŵakaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Themba likakhumbikwiranga kusankhapo gulu limoza pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa pa mphindano mu Italy ilo likate lilongozgenge boma. Wakasankha Ŵafasisi.[[File:Giacomo Matteotti crop.jpg|thumb|150px|Socialist leader [[Giacomo Matteotti]] was murdered a few days after he openly denounced Fascist violence during the 1924 elections.]] Wakati waŵa na mazaza, Mussolini wakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru na ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa. Mu 1923, muwuso wa Mussolini ukazomerezga dango la Acerbo, ilo likapeleka vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mipando ku chipani icho chikapokera mavoti 25. Chipani cha Fascist chikagwiliskira ntchito nkhaza na kofya ŵanthu kuti chiŵe na mazaza pa maungano gha mu 1924. Mubali Giacomo Matteotti, uyo wakaŵa mu chipani cha Socialist, wakakomeka wati wapempha kuti mavoti ghaleke kuchitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Mu vilimika vinayi vyakulondezgapo, Mussolini wakawuskapo vinthu vyose ivyo vikakanizganga mazaza ghake. Pa Disembala 24, 1925, wakalemba dango ilo likati ndiyo yekha wakeneranga kulongozga mu nyumba ya ufumu. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakalekeka, ndipo ŵalara ŵa boma (awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "Podestà") ŵakamba kulamulira m'malo mwa ŵeneco. Mu 1928, magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika, ndipo maungano gha boma ghakasintha na maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Christopher Duggan, wakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghake na makalata, kweniso maofesi gha ŵapolisi, ndipo wakuti Mussolini wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwira. Mussolini wakawuska ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususka mu Italy, ndipo wakalutilira kutchuka nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakamususka mu 1940. Duggan wakati muwuso wake ukagwiliskira ntchito makora mazaza gha Mussolini ndipo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>Christopher Duggan, ''Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy'' (2012) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fascist-Voices-Intimate-History-Mussolinis/dp/1847921035/ excerpt]</ref> In summary, historian [[Stanley G. Payne]] says that Fascism in Italy was: :A primarily political dictatorship. The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy. ... The Fascist militia was placed under military control. The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders, nor was a major new police elite created. There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience. Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda-and-culture ministry existed. The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA122|year=1996|publisher=U of Wisconsin Press|page=122|isbn=978-0-299-14873-7}}</ref> ===End of the Roman question=== [[File:Group of Vatican and Italian government notables posing at the Lateran Palace before the signing of the treaty.jpg|thumb|Vatican and Italian delegations prior to signing the [[Lateran Treaty]]]] Wakati waŵa na mazaza, Mussolini wakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru na ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa. Mu 1923, muwuso wa Mussolini ukazomerezga dango la Acerbo, ilo likapeleka vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mipando ku chipani icho chikapokera mavoti 25. Chipani cha Fascist chikagwiliskira ntchito nkhaza na kofya ŵanthu kuti chiŵe na mazaza pa maungano gha mu 1924. Mubali Giacomo Matteotti, uyo wakaŵa mu chipani cha Socialist, wakakomeka wati wapempha kuti mavoti ghaleke kuchitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Mu vilimika vinayi vyakulondezgapo, Mussolini wakawuskapo vinthu vyose ivyo vikakanizganga mazaza ghake. Pa Disembala 24, 1925, wakalemba dango ilo likati ndiyo yekha wakeneranga kulongozga mu nyumba ya ufumu. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakalekeka, ndipo ŵalara ŵa boma (awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "Podestà") ŵakamba kulamulira m'malo mwa ŵeneco. Mu 1928, magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika, ndipo maungano gha boma ghakasintha na maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Christopher Duggan, wakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghake na makalata, kweniso maofesi gha ŵapolisi, ndipo wakuti Mussolini wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwira. Mussolini wakawuska ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususka mu Italy, ndipo wakalutilira kutchuka nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakamususka mu 1940. Duggan wakati muwuso wake ukagwiliskira ntchito makora mazaza gha Mussolini ndipo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Western Society|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=900|edition=Tenth}}</ref> ===Foreign politics=== {{Further|Italian Empire|Italian irredentism}} [[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|left|Italian ethnic regions claimed by the [[Italian irredentism]] in the 1930s: * Green: [[Italian irredentism in Nice|Nice]], [[Italian irredentism in Switzerland|Ticino]] and [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] * Red: [[Italian irredentism in Malta|Malta]] * Violet: [[Italian irredentism in Corsica|Corsica]] * [[Italian irredentism in Savoy|Savoy]] and [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Corfu]] were later claimed]] Lee wakalongosora fundo zikuruzikuru zitatu za Mussolini. Cakwamba cikaŵa kulondezga fundo za ndyali za boma la Liberal. Ku Italy kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu vyaru vya Balkan na kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufuma waka apo ŵakathereskekera ku Ethiopia mu 1896, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵatore charu ichi. Caciŵiri nchakuti ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Vyaru vinyake, comenecomene Poland na Yugoslavia, vikapokera vinandi comene, ndipo Italy yikajiwona kuti yacita upusikizgi. Cacitatu, Mussolini wakalayizga kuti wawezgerengepo ufumu wakale wa Roma. Chisopa cha ku Italy icho chikuchemeka Fascism chikukolerana na chisopa cha ku Italy ndipo chikukhumba kumalizga mulimo wa Risorgimento. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Italy, Ŵafarisi ŵakatenge Dalmatia ni charu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy, kusazgapo awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South Slavic, ŵakachimbizgika mu Dalmatia na kuluta ku wuzga ku Italy. Mussolini wakamanya kuti Dalmatia wakaŵa na mitheto ya ku Italy kwa vyaka vinandi, nga umo vikaŵira na Istria, kwizira mu Ufumu wa Roma na Republic of Venice. Kumwera kwa Italy, Ŵasilikari ŵa Fashisti ŵakatenge caru ca Malta, ico cikaŵa ca Britain, na Corfu, ico cikaŵa ca Greece, kumpoto ŵakatenge ni Switzerland, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakatenge ni Corsica, Nice na Savoy, ivyo vikaŵa vya France. Boma la Fascist likalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya caru ca Corsica. Boma la Nazi likalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya msumba wa Nice, agho ghakalongosoranga kuti msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ku Italy cifukwa ca mbiri yake, mtundu wake, na ciyowoyero cake.<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. P. 88">Davide Rodogno. ''Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 88.</ref>[[File:Italy aims Europe 1936.png|thumb|Ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.<br/>Legend:{{Legend|#073A09|Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;}}{{Legend|#0F7612|[[Client state]]s;}}{{Legend|#083A39|Claimed territories to be annexed;}}{{Legend|#107776|Territories to be transformed into client states.}} [[Albania]], which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.]] Mussolini wakalayizga kuti wazamuwezgerapo ufumu wa Italy kuŵa wankhongono comene mu Europe, kuzengaso "Ufumu wa Ŵaroma" na kuwusa pa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Pakupharazga, Ŵafarisi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mazgu gha Ŵaroma ghakuti "Mare Nostrum" (Cilatini, "Nyanja Yithu") pakulongosora nyanja ya Mediterranean. Pa cifukwa ici, muwuso wa Ŵafasisi ukacitanga ndyali za ku Europe. Mu 1923, caru ca Greece ca Corfu cikapokeka na Italy pamanyuma pakuti Tellini wakomeka. Mu 1925, Albania wakakhwaskika comene na caru ca Italy cifukwa ca phangano la Tirana. Kweni vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku France. Boma la Nazi likakhumbanga kuwina vigaŵa vya France ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Apo muwuso wa Nazi ukakuranga, boma la Italy likamba kufipa mtima comene na umo boma la Germany lingakhwaskira caru ici. Cifukwa ca kwenjerwa cifukwa ca kupanikizgika kwa caru ca Germany, caru ca Italy cikakolerana na France na United Kingdom mu Stresa Front, iyo yikaŵako mu 1935 m'paka 1936. Boma la Nazi likalutilira kukhumba Dalmatia, ntheura likalutilira kutinkha Yugoslavia. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Spain, iyo yikacitika pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa chipani ca Socialist Republicans na Nationalists awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Francisco Franco, caru ca Italy cikatuma vilwero na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 60,000 kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa chipani ici. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵanjire mu virwa vya ku Spain. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy likaponyapo sitima za nkhondo na vyakuponyera maji 91. Kweniso, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakatimba ngalaŵa za Republican 48 na 44 za ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>Clodfelter 2017: 338</ref> During all the 1930s, Italy strongly pursued a policy of naval rearmament; by 1940, the [[Regia Marina]] was the fourth largest navy in the world. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Münchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg|thumb|left|alt=[[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]], [[Édouard Daladier|Daladier]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano, as they prepared to sign the Munich Agreement|From left to right, Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister [[Count Ciano]] at the signing of [[Munich Agreement]].]] Mussolini na Adolf Hitler ŵakakumana kakwamba mu Juni 1934, apo nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha ya Austria yikaŵa mu suzgo. Mussolini wakakhumbanga kuti Nazi Germany yileke kuŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Europe. Kuti ivi vichitike, wakalimbana na ivyo boma la Germany likakhumbanga kuchita kuti likore charu cha Austria pamanyuma pa kukoma Engelbert Dollfuss. Nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakalongoranga kuti Mussolini na Hitler ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora, kweniso kuti visopa vyautesi vya ku Italy vikaŵa vyakuyana na vya ku Germany. Nangauli visambizgo vyose viŵiri vikaŵa vyakuyana, kweni wose ŵakakanizgana, ndipo ŵalongozgi wose ŵaŵiri ŵakakwesananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa caru cose. Mu 1935, Mussolini wakakhumbanga kuwukira Ethiopia; Ŵaitaliya 2,313 na Ŵaetiyopiya 275,000 ŵakafwa. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikapangiska kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cambura kukolerana na vyaru vinyake, cifukwa cakuti France na Britain vikathera luŵiro kwa Mussolini. Boma la Nazi likaŵa ilo likawovwira Italy. Pamasinda pakuti wupu wa League of Nations wamususka, Italy wakafumamo mu wupu uwu pa Disembala 11, 1937, ndipo Mussolini wakati wupu uwu ni "malo ghakusoperapo". Pa nyengo iyi, Mussolini wakaŵa na mwaŵi yayi wa kwendera lumoza na Hitler pa nkhani za ndyali, ntheura wakaleka kukhozgera boma la Austria. Mu 1938, Hitler wakambiska nkhondo yakucemeka Anschluss. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Mussolini wakakhozgera fundo za ku Germany pa nkhani ya Sudetenland, cigaŵa ca Czechoslovakia ico cikakhalanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany. Mu 1938, Mussolini wakawovwira kuti mu Italy ŵaŵike malango ghakususkana na Ŵayuda. Mu Malichi 1939, Germany yikati yapoka Czechoslovakia, Mussolini wakawukira Albania cifukwa cakuti wakawopanga kuti ŵanthu ŵamuwonenge nga ni muwuso waciŵiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Axis. Pa Epulero 7, 1939, Italy yikawukira Albania na kuzgora charu ichi kuŵa chigaŵa cha Italy.[[File:Hitler and Mussolini June 1940.jpg|thumb|Mussolini and Hitler in June 1940.]] As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that Italian people were suffering in France. This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated Alsace-Lorraine and Italy on the mixed Italian and French populated Nice and Corsica. In May 1939, a formal alliance with Germany was signed, known as the Pact of Steel. Mussolini felt obliged to sign the pact in spite of his own concerns that Italy could not fight a war in the near future. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe. Mussolini was repulsed by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreement where Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to partition the Second Polish Republic into German and Soviet zones for an impending invasion. The Fascist government saw this as a betrayal of the Anti-Comintern Pact, but decided to remain officially silent.{{sfn|Smith|1997|page=401}} ===World War II and fall of Fascism=== {{Main|Military history of Italy during World War II|Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy}} [[File:ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg|thumb|left|Map of ''Great Italy'' according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won the [[Second World War]] (the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged [[Italian Empire]])]] Apo boma la Germany likapoka Poland pa Seputembala 1, 1939, ndipo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikamba, Mussolini wakasankha kuleka kurwa nkhondo, nangauli wakayowoya kuti wakovwira Hitler. Pakunozga vyakuti ŵarwe nkhondo, Mussolini na boma la Fascist ŵakaghanaghana kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Africa na Middle East kuti viŵe mu ufumu wawo. Themba na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Pietro Badoglio, ŵakalutilira kukayikira, ndipo ŵakachenjezga Mussolini kuti caru ca Italy cilije magaleta ghakurughakuru, vilwero vya nkhondo, na ndege zakukwana nkhondo yitali. Mussolini na boma la Nazi ŵakalondezga ulongozgi uwu, ndipo ŵakalindilira mpaka apo Germany yikawukira France mu Juni 1940 (Nkhondo ya ku France) pambere ŵandambe kunjilirapo. Cifukwa cakuti kutondeka kwa caru ca France kukaŵa kwakuwonekerathu, Italy wakanjira mu nkhondo pa Juni 10, 1940, kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ku Wupu wa Steel. Mussolini wakaghanaghana kuti wapoke luŵiro Savoy, Nice, Corsica, na vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Tunisia na Algeria ku Ŵafulentshi, kweni Germany wakalembapo phangano la kuleka nkhondo (22 June: Second Armistice at Compiègne) na Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ici cikakwiyiska boma la Nazi. Mu cihanya ca 1940, Mussolini wakalangura kuti ŵaponye mabomba pa caru ca Palestina na kupoka caru ca British Somaliland. Mu Seputembala, wakalangura kuti ŵanjire mu Eguputo; nangauli pakwamba vinthu vikenda makora, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakachimbizgika na Ŵanandi (wonani Operation Compass). Hitler wakeneranga kunjilirapo na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Afrika Corps ŵa Jenerale Erwin Rommel, awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo ya ku North Africa. Pa Okutobala 28, Mussolini wakawukira Greece kwambura kufumba Hitler, uyo wakapulika vya nkhondo ya ku Greece na Italy cifukwa ca kuŵazga mu nyuzipepara ya mulenji. Mussolini wakayezga kukhozga mubwezi wake mwa kuyowoya kuti waŵenge ku Athens mu masabata ghaŵiri kufuma apo Greece yikaparanyikira. Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Air Force ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Italy kuti ŵanjire mu Albania.[[File:Impero_italiano.svg|thumb|The [[Italian Empire]] (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the [[Italian Concession of Tientsin|Tientsin concession]] in China is not shown).]] Hitler wakawovwira Mussolini apo wakawukira Ŵagiriki kufuma ku Balkan. Nkhondo ya ku Balkans iyo yikapangiska kuti Yugoslavia yidumulike na kuthereskeka kwa Greece. Pa nyengo iyi, Italy wakapoka vyaru vya kumwera kwa Slovenia, Dalmatia, Montenegro, na kukhazikiska vyaru vya Croatia na Greece. Kuzakafika mu 1942, caru ici cikaŵa pa ngozi cifukwa cakuti cuma cake cikaleka kusintha cifukwa ca nkhondo, ndipo misumba ya ku Italy yikaponyekanga mabomba na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerananga nawo. Kweniso, nangauli Rommel wakacitanga vinthu vinandi, kweni nkhondo ya ku North Africa yikamba kutondeka kuumaliro wa 1942. Ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa nkhondo ya El Alamein, caru cikamara. Kuzakafika mu 1943, caru ca Italy cikaŵa kuti cikutondeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Mu Janyuwale wa chaka chenechicho, hafu ya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakarwanga nkhondo mu Soviet Union ŵakakomeka, nkhondo ya ku Africa yikatondeka, caru ca Balkan cikalutilira kuŵa cambura kukhazikika, ndipo Ŵataliyana ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yimare. Mu Julayi 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakanjira mu Sicily kuti ŵathereske Italy ku nkhondo. Pa Julayi 25, Mussolini wakathereskeka na wupu wa Great Council of Fascism ndipo wakakakika na themba Victor Emmanuel III, uyo wakasora Jenerale Pietro Badoglio kuŵa nduna yikuru. Badoglio wakawuskapo vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa Fascist mwa kukanizga chipani cha National Fascist Party, ndipo wakalemba phangano la kuleka nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pages=412–413}}[[File:El Alamein Italian prisoners 1942.jpg|thumb|left|Italian prisoners in El Alamein, November 1942.]] Donald Detwiler notes that "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Donald S.|last1=Detwiler|first2=Charles B.|last2=Burdick|first3=Jürgen|last3=Rohwer|title=World War II German Military Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XfzAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|page=96|isbn=978-0-8240-4313-1}}</ref> Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity – war – that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox says the explanation, "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions."<ref>{{cite book|first=MacGregor|last=Knox|title=Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox/page/10 10]|isbn=978-1-139-43203-0}}</ref> Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen argue that "the Regia Aeronautica failed to perform effectively in modern conflict. Although the Italian Air Force had been in action in the conquest of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War, it was totally unprepared for combat...in June 1940. At the time Italy had about 2,500 military aircraft in service. Only 11,000 more were produced during the next three years, far fewer than any of the other major belligerents."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norman|last1=Polmar|first2=Thomas B.|last2=Allen|title=World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30gRAGjXrIIC&pg=PA421|year=2012|page=421|isbn=978-0-486-47962-0}}</ref> James Sadkovich gives the most charitable interpretation of Italian failures, blaming inferior equipment, overextension, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps."<ref>James J. Sadkovich, "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1989) 24#1 pp. 27–61 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260699 online].</ref> [[File:Croatia-41-45.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the [[Axis powers]]. {{legend|#339966|Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the [[province of Ljubljana]], the area merged with the [[province of Fiume]] and the areas making up the [[Governorate of Dalmatia]]}} {{legend|#ff0000|[[Independent State of Croatia]]}} {{legend|#0000ff|Area occupied by [[Nazi Germany]]}} {{legend|#996666|Areas occupied by [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]}}]] About Italian troops in El Alamein, Italian Defence ministry chief of staff [[Luigi Binelli Mantelli]] said: "The spirit of service and cohesion are fundamental elements for the operational capacity of the armed forces ... The ([[185th Paratroopers Division Folgore|Folgore]]) Paratroopers have always shown this. El Alamein was a battle that was lost with great honour, facing up to overwhelmingly superior firepower with poor weapons but with great spirit and capacity to resist and to hold up high the honour of Italy".<ref name="Alamein">{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2014/10/31/el-alamein-lost-with-great-honour_a6aedfe0-da47-45c6-b8c9-07bd0d1c6203.html |website= ANSA.it|title=El Alamein 'lost with great honour'|date= 31 October 2014}}</ref> British historian John Bierman said that the Italian tank regiment "fought with great audacity, just as the [[Ariete]] artillery regiment did". According to American historian John W. Gordon, the British special forces were so impressed by the methods and tactics of the Italian desert corps "that they actually copied them".<ref name="Alamein"/> German General [[Erwin Rommel]] praised the Italians on several occasions, describing their as "extraordinary, courageous, disciplined, but badly commanded and equipped."<ref>Arrigo Petacco, ''[[iarchive:larmataneldesert0000peta|L'armata nel deserto. Il segreto di El Alamein]]'', Mondadori, 2002, {{ISBN|88-04-50824-8}}</ref> Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein, he stated: "The Italians were willing, unselfish and good comrades in the frontline. There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units, especially the motorised elements, far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years. Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers".<ref>Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p. 128</ref> During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively.<ref>Jon E. Lewis (1999), The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, p. 318</ref> On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein, Rommel wrote: "The German soldier has impressed the world; the Italian [[Bersagliere]] has impressed the German soldier."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ardito2000.it/ELALAMEIN2.html|title=El Alamein 2|publisher=Ardito2000 website|language=it|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023911/http://www.ardito2000.it/ELALAMEIN2.html|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation=== {{Further|Italian Civil War|Liberation of Italy}} [[File:Quattrogiornate.jpg|thumb|left|Insurgents celebrating the liberation of Naples after the [[Four days of Naples]] (27–30 September 1943).]] Although other European countries such as [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[France]] also had partisan movements and [[Wartime collaborationism|collaborationist]] governments with [[Nazi Germany]], armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique.<ref>{{cite book|first=Renzo|last=De Felice|title=Rosso e Nero |url=https://archive.org/details/rossoenero0000defe|trans-title=Red and Black |year=1995|publisher=Baldini & Castoldi|isbn=88-85987-95-8|language=it|page=[https://archive.org/details/rossoenero0000defe/page/22 22]}}</ref> In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian [[Giorgio Pisanò]] in his books,<ref>[http://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf Storia della guerra civile in Italia]</ref><ref>See the books from Italian historian [[Giorgio Pisanò]] ''Storia della guerra civile in Italia'', 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book ''L'Italia della guerra civile'' ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist [[Indro Montanelli]] as the fifteen volume of the ''Storia d'Italia'' ("History of Italy") by the same author.</ref> while [[Claudio Pavone]]'s book ''Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza'' (''A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance''), published in 1991, led to the term "[[Italian Civil War]]" being used more frequently by Italian{{#tag:ref|See as examples [[Renzo De Felice]] and [[Gianni Oliva]].|group=nb}} and international<ref>See as examples the [http://www.societasalutediritti.com/rassegnastampa/20052507MILZAPIERRE.htm interview] to French historian [[Pierre Milza]] on the ''Corriere della Sera'' of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the [https://archive.today/20120904173354/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/index.php?id=280&type=1&L=3class=l lessons] of historian [[Thomas Schlemmer]] at the University of Munchen (in German).</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011|isbn=9781139499644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4ikZ_o3V8C|page=202}}</ref> historiography. [[File:01 partigiani a milano1.jpg|thumb|[[Italian resistance movement|Italian anti-fascist partisans]] in Milan during the [[Italian Civil War]], April 1945]] Soon after being ousted, Mussolini was rescued by a German commando in [[Gran Sasso raid|Operation Eiche]] ("Oak"). The Germans brought Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a Fascist puppet state, the [[Italian Social Republic]] (RSI). Meanwhile, the Allies advanced in southern Italy. In September 1943, [[Four days of Naples|Naples]] rose against the occupying German forces. The Allies organized some royalist Italian troops into the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]], while other troops continued to fight alongside Nazi Germany in the ''Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano'', the [[National Republican Army]]. In addition, a large [[Italian resistance movement]] started a long [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the German and Fascist forces. As a consequence, the country descended into [[Italian Civil War|civil war]], with the Italian Co-belligerent Army and the resistance movement, supported by the Allies, contended the Social Republic's forces and its German allies. The Germans, often helped by Fascists, committed several [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht|atrocities]] against Italian civilians in occupied zones, such as the [[Ardeatine massacre]] and the [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre]]. The Kingdom of Italy declared war on Nazi Germany on 13 October 1943;<ref name=italyswitchesstayinwar>{{cite news|url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/oct-13-1943-italy-switches-sides-in-world-war-ii/|title=Oct. 13, 1943 {{!}} Italy Switches Sides in World War II|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 October 2011|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italy-declares-war-on-germany|title=Italy declares war on Germany|publisher=History.com|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> tensions between the Axis Powers and the Italian military were rising following the failure to defend Sicily, with New York Times correspondent Milton Bracker noting that "Italian hatred of the Germans unquestionably grew as the fighting spirit waned, and episodes between German and Italian soldiers and civilians before and after the armistice have shown pretty clearly a complete and incontrovertible end of all sympathy between the former Axis partners."<ref name=italyswitchesstayinwar /> On 16 October, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany. In accordance with this protocol, the RSI was allowed to raise [[Division (military)|division]]-sized military formations. This allowed Graziani to raise four RSI divisions totalling 52,000 men. In July 1944, the first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front. Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI, as most of the Italian army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many Italians had been [[Italian military internees|conscripted into forced labour in Germany]] and few wanted to fight on Nazi Germany's side after 8 September 1943. The RSI became so desperate for soldiers that it granted convicts freedom if they would join the army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted.{{sfn|Smith|1983|p=308}} Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies including the notorious ''[[Decima Flottiglia MAS]]'' under command of Prince [[Junio Valerio Borghese]]. Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could.{{sfn|Smith|1983|p=308}} On 4 June 1944, the German occupation of Rome came to an end as the Allies advanced. As the Allies advanced north, they encountered increasingly difficult terrain, as mountains offered excellent defensive positions to Axis forces. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the [[Gothic Line]], leading to the surrender of German and Fascist forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945, some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy.{{#tag:ref|In ''Alexander's Generals'' Blaxland quotes 59,151 Allied deaths between 3 September 1943 and 2 May 1945 as recorded at AFHQ and gives the breakdown between 20 nationalities: United States 20,442; United Kingdom, 18,737; France, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal and Belgium 5,241; Canada, 4,798; India, Pakistan, Nepal 4,078; Poland 2,028; New Zealand 1,688; Italy (excluding irregulars) 917; South Africa 800; Brazil 275; Greece 115; [[Jewish Brigade|Jewish volunteers]] from the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate in Palestine]] 32. In addition, 35 soldiers were killed by enemy action while serving with pioneer units from Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Seychelles, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Cyprus and the West Indies<ref name="Blax11">Blaxland (1979), p. 11</ref>|group=nb}} [[File:Litorale 1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975. {{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}} {{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}} {{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}} {{legend|#eee8aa|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}]] During World War II, [[Italian war crimes]] included [[extrajudicial killing]]s and [[ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="JamesBurgwyn_2004">James H. Burgwyn (2004). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005 General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054155/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005 |date=21 September 2013}}, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16)</ref> by the deportation of about 25,000 people, mainly Jews, Croats, and Slovenians, to the [[List of Italian concentration camps|Italian concentration camps]], such as [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]], [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]], [[Monigo]], [[Renicci di Anghiari]] and elsewhere. [[Yugoslav Partisans]] perpetrated their own crimes against the local ethnic Italian population ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) during and after the war, including the [[foibe massacres]]. In Italy and Yugoslavia, unlike in Germany, few war crimes were prosecuted.<ref name="RoryCarroll_2001">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation Italy's bloody secret] (archived by [[WebCite]]), written by [[Rory Carroll]], Education, [[The Guardian]], June 2001</ref><ref name="Pedaliu_JContHistory">[[Effie Pedaliu]] (2004) {{JSTOR|4141408?}} Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529</ref><ref name="oliva06">[[Gianni Oliva|Oliva, Gianni]] (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720023109/http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294 ''«Si ammazza troppo poco». I crimini di guerra italiani. 1940–43''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720023109/http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294|date=20 July 2011}}, Mondadori, {{ISBN|88-04-55129-1}}</ref><ref name="blpp2004">Baldissara, Luca & Pezzino, Paolo (2004). ''Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo'', L'Ancora del Mediterraneo. {{ISBN|978-88-8325-135-1}}</ref> On 25 April 1945 the [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]] proclaimed a general insurrection in all the territories still occupied by the Nazi-fascists, indicating to all the partisan forces active in Northern Italy that were part of the Volunteer Corps of Freedom to attack the fascist and German garrisons by imposing the surrender, days before the arrival of the Allied troops; at the same time, the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy personally issued legislative decrees,<ref>There are three fundamental decrees that seal the legislative work, already active since 1944: ''All powers to CLNAI''; ''Decree for the administration of justice''; ''Of socialization''.</ref> assuming power "in the name of the Italian people and as a delegate of the Italian Government", establishing among other things the death sentence for all fascist hierarchs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm|title=Fondazione ISEC - cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano - 25 aprile|access-date=14 February 2022|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527200809/http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm|archive-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> "Surrender or die!" was the rallying call of the partisans that day and those immediately following. Today the event is commemorated in [[Italy]] every 25 April by the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]], [[National Day]] introduced on 22 April 1946, which celebrates the liberation of the country from [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1946-04-24&atto.codiceRedazionale=046U0185&elenco30giorni=false |title =DECRETO LEGISLATIVO LUOGOTENENZIALE 22 aprile 1946, n. 185|access-date =28 April 2015| language=Italian}}</ref> Mussolini was captured on 27 April 1945, by [[Partito Comunista Italiano|communist]] [[Italian partisans]] near the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] border as he tried to escape Italy. On the next day, he was executed for high treason, as sentenced in absentia by a tribunal of the [[National Liberation Committee|CLN]]. Afterwards, the bodies of Mussolini, his mistress, and about fifteen other Fascists were taken to [[Milan]] where they were displayed to the public. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German forces in Italy surrendered. The government of Badoglio had remained in being for some nine months. On 9 June 1944, he was replaced as Prime Minister by the 70-year-old anti-fascist leader [[Ivanoe Bonomi]]. In June 1945 Bonomi was in turn replaced by [[Ferruccio Parri]], who in turn gave way to [[Alcide de Gasperi]] on 4 December 1945. Finally, De Gasperi supervised the transition to a Republic following the abdication of Vittorio Emanuele III on 9 May 1946, the one-month-long reign of his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] ("King of May") and the [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|Constitutional Referendum]] that abolished the monarchy; De Gasperi briefly became acting Head of State as well as Prime Minister on 18 June 1946, but ceded the former role to Provisional President [[Enrico de Nicola]] ten days later. ===Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime=== {{see also|Anti-fascism}} [[File:Flag of the Arditi del Popolo Battalion.svg|thumb|left|Flag of ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]'', an axe cutting a ''[[fasces]]''. ''Arditi del Popolo'' was a militant [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] group founded in 1921]] In Italy, Mussolini's [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] regime used the term ''[[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]]'' to describe its opponents. Mussolini's [[secret police]] was officially known as the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]]. During the 1920s in the [[Kingdom of Italy]], anti-fascists, many of them from the [[labor movement]], fought against the violent [[Blackshirts]] and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) signed a [[Pact of Pacification|pacification pact]] with Mussolini and his [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Combat]] on 3 August 1921,<ref>Charles F. Delzell, edit., ''Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945'', New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26</ref> and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |title=Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]] (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the [[Communist Party of Italy]] (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<ref>[https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf|date=19 March 2022}}, Antonio Sonnessa, in the ''[[European History Quarterly]]'', Vol. 33, No. 2, 183-218 (2003)</ref> The Italian anarchist [[Severino Di Giovanni]], who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 [[March on Rome]], organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anarchist_century.tripod.com/timeline.html |title=Anarchist Century |publisher=Anarchist_century.tripod.com |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013634/http://anarchist_century.tripod.com/timeline.html |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The Italian liberal anti-fascist [[Benedetto Croce]] wrote his ''[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]'', which was published in 1925.<ref>David Ward ''Antifascisms: Cultural Politics in Italy, 1943–1946''</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were [[Piero Gobetti]] and [[Carlo Rosselli]].<ref>James Martin, 'Piero Gobetti's Agonistic Liberalism', ''History of European Ideas'', '''32''', (2006), pp. 205–222.</ref> [[File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg|thumb|1931 badge of a member of [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]]]] [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]] ({{lang-en|Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration}}), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in [[Nérac]], France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled ''La Libertà''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pugliese |first1=Stanislao G. |last2=Pugliese |first2=Stanislao |title=Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3123-9 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDyqHO2LVosC&pg=PA10 |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tollardo |first1=Elisabetta |title=Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922-1935 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-95028-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6JlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |page=152 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scala |first1=Spencer M. Di |title=Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536396-8 |pages=6–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8gGaCQDLUsC&pg=PA6 |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Flag of Giustizia e Liberta.svg|thumb|Flag of [[Giustizia e Libertà]], anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945]] [[Giustizia e Libertà]] ({{lang-en|Justice and Freedom}}) was an Italian [[anti-fascist]] [[resistance movement]], active from 1929 to 1945.<ref name=jam>James D. Wilkinson (1981). ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press. p. 224.</ref> The movement was cofounded by [[Carlo Rosselli]],<ref name=jam/> [[Ferruccio Parri]], who later became [[Prime Minister of Italy]], and [[Sandro Pertini]], who became [[President of Italy]], were among the movement's leaders.<ref>Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999). ''Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile''. Harvard University Press. p. 51.</ref> The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. ''Giustizia e Libertà'' also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of [[Gaetano Salvemini]]. Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the [[Spanish Civil War]] with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/buona-memoria/2023/05/07/news/_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121/|title="Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia"|access-date=12 May 2023|language=it}}</ref> Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the [[Slovenes]] and [[Croats]] in the territories annexed to Italy after [[World War I]], known as the [[Julian March]].<ref>[[Milica Kacin Wohinz]], [[Jože Pirjevec]], ''Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866–1998'' (Venice: Marsilio, 1998)</ref><ref>Milica Kacin Wohinz, ''Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921–1928'' (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1977)</ref> The most influential was the militant insurgent organization [[TIGR]], which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military.<ref>[[Milica Kacin Wohinz]], ''Prvi antifašizem v Evropi'' (Koper: Lipa, 1990)</ref><ref>Mira Cenčič, ''TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj'' (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)</ref> Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]] (OVRA) in 1940 and 1941,<ref>Vid Vremec, Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989)</ref> and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the [[Slovene Partisans]]. During [[World War II]], many members of the [[Italian resistance]] left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and [[Nazi Germany|German Nazi]] soldiers during the [[Italian Civil War]]. Many cities in Italy, including [[Turin]], [[Naples]] and [[Milan]], were freed by anti-fascist uprisings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm |title=Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance |publisher=Darbysrangers.tripod.com |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219190304/https://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm |archive-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> ==Republican era (1946–present)== {{Main|History of the Italian Republic}} ===Birth of the Republic=== {{Main|1946 Italian institutional referendum}} [[File:Umberto II, 1944.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Umberto II]], the last [[King of Italy]], was exiled to Portugal.]] Much like [[Japan]] and [[Germany]], the aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Italia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=VI|page=456|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> Following Victor Emmanuel III's abdication, his son, the new king [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was pressured by the threat of another civil war to call a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|Constitutional Referendum]] to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. On 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic. All male members of the [[House of Savoy]] were barred from entering Italy, a ban which was only repealed in 2002. Under the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] was annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] causing the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic [[Istro-Romanians]], choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Alcide De Gasperi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union|Founding Fathers of the European Union]]]] Later, the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the [[Italian Empire]]. In 1950, [[Italian Somaliland]] was made a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|United Nations Trust Territory]] under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when [[Trieste]] was formally re-annexed to Italy. The [[Italian general election, 1946|General Elections of 1946]], held at the same time as the Constitutional Referendum, elected 556 members of a [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]], of which 207 were [[Democrazia Cristiana|Christian Democrats]], 115 [[Partito Socialista Italiano|Socialists]] and 104 [[Partito Comunista Italiano|Communists]]. A [[Italian Constitution|new constitution]] was approved, setting up a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] democracy. In 1947, under American pressure, the communists were expelled from the government. The [[Italian general election, 1948]] saw a landslide victory for Christian Democrats, that dominated the system for the following forty years. ====Marshall Plan aid from the United States==== [[File:Римський договір.jpg|thumb|left|The signing ceremony of the [[Treaty of Rome]] on 25 March 1957, creating the [[European Economic Community|EEC]], forerunner of the present-day [[European Union|EU]].]] Italy joined the [[Marshall Plan]] (ERP) and [[NATO]]. By 1950, the economy had largely stabilized and started booming.<ref>Christopher Duggan, '' Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796'' (2008) ch 27</ref> In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the [[European Economic Community]], which later transformed into the European Union (EU). The Marshall Plan's long-term legacy was to help modernize Italy's economy. How Italian society built mechanisms to adapt, translate, resist, and domesticate this challenge had a lasting effect on the nation's development over the subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ellwood | first1 = David W. | year = 2003 | title = The Propaganda of the Marshall Plan in Italy in a Cold War Context | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_intelligence-national-security_summer-2003_18_2/page/225 | journal = Intelligence and National Security | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 225–236 | doi = 10.1080/02684520412331306820 | s2cid = 153463824}}</ref> After Fascism's failure, the United States offered a vision of modernization that was unprecedented in its power, internationalism, and invitation to emulation. However Stalinism was a powerful political force. The ERP was one of the main ways that this modernization was operationalized. The old prevailing vision of the country's industrial prospects had been rooted in traditional ideas of craftsmanship, frugality and thrift, which stood in contrast to the dynamism seen in automobiles and fashion, anxious to leave behind the protectionism of the Fascist era and take advantage of the opportunities offered by rapidly expanding world trade. By 1953, industrial production had doubled compared with 1938 and the annual rate of productivity increase was 6.4%, twice the British rate. At [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat]], automobile production per employee quadrupled between 1948 and 1955, the fruit of an intense, Marshall Plan-aided application of American technology (as well as much more intense discipline on the factory-floor). Vittorio Valletta, Fiat's general manager, helped by trade barriers that blocked French and German cars, focused on technological innovations as well as an aggressive export strategy. He successfully bet on serving the more dynamic foreign markets from modern plants built with the help of Marshall Plan funds. From this export base he later sold into a growing domestic market, where Fiat was without serious competition. Fiat managed to remain at the cutting edge of car manufacturing technology, enabling it to expand production, foreign sales, and profits.<ref>Francesca Fauri, "The Role of Fiat in the Development of the Italian Car Industry in the 1950s" ''Business History Review'' 1996 70(2): 167–206. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3116880 in Jstor]</ref> ===Economic miracle=== [[File:Roma 1998 08 14 Fiat 600.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fiat 600]], iconic middle-class dream car and status symbol of the 1950-60s.]] {{Main|Italian economic miracle}} In the 1950s and 1960s the country enjoyed prolonged economic boom, which was accompanied by a dramatic rise in the standard of living of ordinary Italians.<ref>Modern Italy 1871–1995 by Martin Clark</ref> The so-called [[Italian economic miracle]] lasted almost uninterruptedly until the "[[Hot Autumn]]'s" massive strikes and social unrest of 1969–70, that combined with the later [[1973 oil crisis]], gradually cooled the economy, that has never returned to its heady post-war growth rates. It has been calculated that the Italian economy experienced an average rate of growth of GDP of 5.8% per year between 1951 and 1963, and 5.0% per year between 1964 and 1973.<ref>{{Cite book| first1=Nicholas |last1=Crafts |first2=Gianni |last2=Toniolo | title = Economic growth in Europe since 1945| url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowtheu1945craf_729| url-access=limited| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 1996| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicgrowtheu1945craf_729/page/n452 428]| isbn = 0-521-49627-6}}</ref> Italian rates of growth were second only, but very close, to the [[West Germany|German]] rates, in Europe, and among the [[OEEC]] countries only Japan had been doing better.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ennio |last=Di Nolfo| title = Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, and the Origins of the EEC 1952–57| publisher=de Gruyter| year= 1992| location = Berlin| page = 198| isbn = 3-11-012158-1}}</ref> Between 1955 and 1971, around 9 million people are estimated to have been involved in inter-regional migrations in Italy, uprooting entire communities.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Paul| last=Ginsborg| title = A history of contemporary Italy| url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcontemp0000gins| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| year= 2003| location = New York| page = [https://archive.org/details/historyofcontemp0000gins/page/219 219]| isbn = 1-4039-6153-0}}</ref> Emigration was especially directed to the factories of the so-called "industrial triangle", a region encompassed between the major manufacturing centres of [[Milan]] and [[Turin]] and the seaport of [[Genoa]]. The needs of a modernizing economy demanded new transport and energy infrastructures. Thousands of kilometres of railways and highways were completed in record times to connect the main urban areas, while dams and power plants were built all over Italy, often without regard for geological and environmental conditions. Strong urban growth led to uncontrolled urban sprawl. The natural environment was constantly under threat by wild industrial expansion, leading to ecological disasters like the [[Vajont Dam]] inundation and the [[Seveso disaster|Seveso]] chemical accident. The boom had also a huge impact on Italian society and culture. The pervasive [[influence of mass media]] and [[consumerism]] on society has often been fiercely criticized by intellectuals like [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] and film directors like [[Dino Risi]], [[Vittorio De Sica]] and [[Ettore Scola]], that stigmatized selfishness and immorality that characterized miracle's years. ===Years of Lead=== {{Main|Years of lead (Italy)}} [[File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bologna massacre|Attack]] of the far-right terrorist group [[Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari|NAR]] at the [[Bologna]] railway station on 2 August 1980, which caused the death of 85 people.]] During the 1970s, Italy saw an unexpected escalation of political violence. From 1969 to 1980, repeated neofascist outrages were launched such as the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in 1969. Red Brigades and many other groups decided on armed attacks as a revolutionary strategy. They carried out urban riots, as in Rome and Bologna in 1977. Known as the [[History of Italy (1970s-1980s)|Years of Lead]], this period was characterised by widespread social conflicts and terrorist acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. The assassination of the leader of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC), [[Aldo Moro]], led to the end of a "[[historic compromise]]" between the DC and the [[Italian Communist Party|Communist Party]] (PCI). In the 1980s, for the first time, two governments were managed by a Republican ([[Giovanni Spadolini]] 1981–82) and a Socialist ([[Bettino Craxi]] 1983–87) rather than by a Christian Democrat.<ref>Alessandra Diazzi and Alvise Sforza Tarabochia, ''The Years of Alienation in Italy: Factory and Asylum Between the Economic Miracle and the Years of Lead'' (2019), pp 1-40.</ref><ref>Richard Drake, "Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of Terrorism and Liberation." ''South central review'' 16 (1999): 62-76. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3190077 online]</ref> At the end of the Lead years, the PCI gradually increased their votes thanks to [[Enrico Berlinguer]]. The [[Italian Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] (PSI), led by [[Bettino Craxi]], became more and more critical of the Communists and of the [[Soviet Union]]; Craxi himself pushed in favour of US President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s positioning of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Italy. ===Second Republic (1992–present)=== Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993, perpetrated by the [[Sicilian Mafia]] as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "[[Maxi Trial]]", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges [[Giovanni Falcone]] (23 May in the [[Capaci bombing]]) and [[Paolo Borsellino]] (19 July in the [[Via D'Amelio bombing]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml |title=New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack |publisher=corriere.it |date=8 March 2012}}</ref> One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the [[Via dei Georgofili bombing|Via dei Georgofili]] in Florence, [[Via Palestro massacre|Via Palestro]] in Milan, and the Piazza [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [[Uffizi Gallery]]. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf|title=Sentenza del processo di 1º grado a Francesco Tagliavia per le stragi del 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf|title=Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia – XVI LEGISLATURA (PDF).}}</ref> [[File:Echadas_de_Monedas.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bettino Craxi]], viewed by many as the symbol of [[Tangentopoli]], Leader of the [[Italian Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] and Prime Minister from 1983 to 1987, is greeted by a salvo of coins as a sign of loathing by protesters.]] From 1992 to 1997, Italy faced significant challenges as voters disenchanted with political paralysis, massive government debt, extensive corruption, and organised crime's considerable influence collectively called the political system [[Tangentopoli]]. As Tangentopoli was under a set of judicial investigations by the name of [[Mani pulite]] (Italian for "clean hands"), voters demanded political, economic, and ethical reforms. The Tangentopoli scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: between 1992-94 the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]] underwent a severe crisis and was dissolved, splitting up into several pieces, among whom the [[Italian People's Party (1994–2002)|Italian People's Party]] and the [[Christian Democratic Center]]. The [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (along with other minor governing parties) completely dissolved.<ref>Sarah Waters, "'Tangentopoli' and the emergence of a new political order in Italy." ''West European Politics'' (1994): 17#1 pp:169–182.</ref><ref>Donald Sassoon, "Tangentopoli or the democratization of corruption: Considerations on the end of Italy's first republic." ''Journal of Modern Italian Studies'' (1995) 1#1 pp: 124–143.</ref> The [[Italian general election, 1994|1994 general election]] also swept media magnate [[Silvio Berlusconi]] (Leader of "[[Pole of Freedoms]]" coalition) into office as Prime Minister. Berlusconi, however, was forced to step down in December 1994 when his [[Lega Nord]] partners withdrew support. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a [[technical government]] headed by Prime Minister [[Lamberto Dini]], which left office in early-1996. At the [[Italian general election, 1996|1996 general election]], [[Romano Prodi]] led a centre-left coalition to victory. Prodi's first government became the third-longest to stay in power before he narrowly lost a vote of confidence, by three votes, in October 1998. A new government was formed by [[Democrats of the Left]] leader and former Communist [[Massimo D'Alema]], but in April 2000, following poor performance by his coalition in regional elections, D'Alema resigned. The succeeding centre-left government, including most of the same parties, was headed by [[Giuliano Amato]] (social-democratic), who previously served as Prime Minister from 1992 to 1993 and again from April 2000 until June 2001. That same year, a centre-right coalition [[Italian general election, 2001|formed the government]] and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] was able to regain power and keep it for a complete five-year mandate; becoming the longest-serving government in post-war Italy. Berlusconi participated in the US-led [[multinational coalition in Iraq]]. {{multiple image |align=right|direction=horizontal | image1 = Romano Prodi 1999 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 122 | image2 = Silvio Berlusconi 1996.jpg | width2 = 131 | caption1 = [[Romano Prodi]], Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998 and from 2006 to 2008, and long-time leader of the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]] | caption2 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]], Prime Minister from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2006 and from 2008 to 2011, and long-time leader of the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] }} The [[Italian general election, 2006|2006 general election]] returned Prodi to government, leading an all-encompassing centre-left coalition of 11 parties ([[The Union (political coalition)|The Union]]). Prodi won with only a narrow majority in the Senate, also due to the new proportional [[electoral law]] introduced by Berlusconi and [[Roberto Calderoli|Calderoli]] in 2005. In the first year of his government, Prodi followed a cautious policy of economic liberalisation and reduction of public debt. His government, in loss of popularity, was anyway sacked by the end of support from centrist MPs led by [[Clemente Mastella]]. Berlusconi won the [[Italian general election, 2008|2008 general election]], with the [[People of Freedom]] party (fusion of his previous [[Forza Italia]] party and of Fini's [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]]) against [[Walter Veltroni]] of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]. Italy was among the countries hit hardest by the [[Great Recession]] of 2008–09 and the subsequent [[European debt crisis]]. The national economy shrunk by 6.76% during the whole period, totalling seven quarters of recession.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web |url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350 |title=Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> In 2010, Berlusconi's party saw the splintering of [[Gianfranco Fini]]'s new faction, which formed a parliamentary group and voted against him in a no-confidence vote on 14 December 2010. Berlusconi's government was able to avoid no-confidence thanks to support from sparse MPs, but has lost a consistent majority in the lower Chamber. In November 2011, the Italian bond yield was 6.74 per cent for 10-year bonds, nearing a 7% level where Italy is thought to lose access to financial markets.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Barry|last1=Moody|first2=James|last2=Mackenzie|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-idUSTRE7A72NG20111108|title=Berlusconi to resign after parliamentary setback|date=8 November 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918220156/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/08/us-italy-idUSTRE7A72NG20111108|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 November 2011, Berlusconi eventually resigned, and the famous economist [[Mario Monti]] was sworn in as Prime Minister at the head of a [[technocracy|technocratic]] government. As a shock therapy to avoid the debt crisis and kick-start economic growth, Monti's [[national unity government]] launched a massive programme of [[austerity measures]]; that reduced the deficit but precipitated the country in a [[double-dip recession]] in 2012 and 2013, receiving criticism from numerous economists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krugman|first1=Paul|title=Austerity, Italian-Style|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/opinion/krugman-austerity-italian-style.html|access-date=26 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Orsi|first1=Roberto|title=The Demise of Italy and the Rise of Chaos|date=8 October 2013 |url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/eurocrisispress/2013/10/08/the-demise-of-italy-and-the-rise-of-chaos/|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> [[File:2015 sicily.jpg|thumb|left|Asylum seekers arrive in [[Sicily]], 2015. The [[Arab Spring]] and the [[Syrian Civil War|Syrian War]] created factors that led to a [[European migrant crisis|migrant crisis]] that saw hundreds of thousands of boat-dwellers seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries.]] On 24 and 25 February 2013, a [[Italian general election, 2013|general election]] was held; a centre-left coalition led [[Pier Luigi Bersani]], Leader of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], won a slight majority in the Chamber of Deputies but did not control the Senate. The election was characterised by the surprise success of the [[anti-establishment]] [[Five Star Movement]], founded by former comedian [[Beppe Grillo]], which came second with 25.5% of votes. On 24 April, President Napolitano gave to the Vice-Secretary of the Democratic Party, [[Enrico Letta]], the task of forming a government, having determined that Bersani could not form a government. Letta formed a short-lived [[Grand coalition (Italy)|grand coalition]] government, supported also by [[The People of Freedom]] of [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and [[Civic Choice]] of [[Mario Monti]]. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014 (for a total of 300 days), as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of [[Matteo Renzi]], the 39-year-old mayor of Florence and nicknamed "''Il Rottamatore''" (The scrapper), who formed a new [[Renzi Cabinet|government]] with the support of some centrist parties. The Cabinet was the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47 years and the first in which the number of female ministers was equal to the number of male ministers. The government implemented numerous reforms, including changes to the [[Italian electoral law|electoral system]], a relaxation of labour and employment laws with the intention of boosting economic growth, a thorough reformation of the [[public administration]] and the introduction of [[Civil union|same-sex civil union]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-09-29/italy-prime-minister-matteo-renzi-on-senate-reform|title= Italy Prime Minister Mattro Renzi on Senate Reform|publisher= [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|access-date= 29 September 2015}}</ref> However, Renzi resigned after losing a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 2016|constitutional referendum]] in December 2016, and was succeeded by [[Paolo Gentiloni]]. The centre-left Cabinets were plagued by the aftermath of the [[European debt crisis]] and the [[European migrant crisis]], which fuelled support for populist and right-wing parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fear of migrants feeds growth of Italy's far-right |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/fear-of-migrants-feeds-growth-of-italy-s-far-right-1.3393398 |access-date=10 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=17 February 2018}}</ref> [[File:Covid-19 San Salvatore 09.jpg|thumb|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 emergency]].]] The [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 general election]] resulted in a [[hung parliament]] once again, which led to an unlikely [[Conte I Cabinet|populist government]] between the anti-establishment Five Star Movement and Salvini's [[Lega (political party)|Lega]], led by [[Giuseppe Conte]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/populists-rome-five-star-movement.html |title=Opinion – The Populists Take Rome |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> However, after only fourteen months, the League withdrew its support to Conte, who subsequently allied with the Democratic Party and other smaller left-wing parties to form a new Cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Italy's Conte forms coalition of bitter rivals, booting far-right from power |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190905-italy-coalition-conte-five-star-populists-democrats |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=France 24 |date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Italian government formed, allying M5S and the centre-left {{!}} DW {{!}} 4 September 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-italian-government-formed-allying-m5s-and-the-center-left/a-50287864 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=4 September 2019}}</ref> In 2020, Italy was severely hit by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[http://www.salute.gov.it/nuovocoronavirus Nuovo coronavirus], ''Minsitero della Salute''</ref> From March to May 2020, Conte's government imposed a [[2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown|national lockdown]] as a measure to limit the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51810673 |title=Italy extends emergency measures nationwide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy |title=From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy |date=10 March 2020 |work=The Guardian|access-date=12 March 2020 |last2=Sample |first2=Ian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The measures, despite being widely approved by public opinion,<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Feo |first1=Gianluca |title=Sondaggio Demos: gradimento per Conte alle stelle |url=https://www.youtrend.it/2020/03/20/sondaggio-demos-gradimento-per-conte-alle-stelle/ |website=YouTrend |access-date=22 March 2020 |language=it-IT |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> were also described as the largest suppression of [[constitutional right]]s in the history of the republic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blog {{!}} Coronavirus, la sospensione delle libertà costituzionali è realtà. Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/03/18/coronavirus-la-sospensione-delle-liberta-costituzionali-e-realta-ma-per-me-ce-la-stiamo-cavando-bene/5739296/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |date=18 March 2020 |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Un uomo solo è al comando dell'Italia, e nessuno ha niente da ridire |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2020/03/italia-coronavirus-conte-uomo-solo-al-comando/ |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=Linkiesta |date=24 March 2020 |language=it-IT}}</ref> With more than 100,000 confirmed fatalities, Italy was one of the countries with the highest total number of deaths in the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Italy mourns its 100,000 dead as third wave builds |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/0318/1204668-corovirus-global/ |access-date=10 June 2021 |agency=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=18 Mar 2021}}</ref> The pandemic caused also a [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|severe economic disruption]], which resulted in Italy being one of the most affected countries.<ref>[https://www.agi.it/economia/news/2020-04-14/coronavirus-fmi-crisi-economica-8331041/ L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia], AGI</ref> In February 2021, these extraordinary circumstances brought to the formation of a [[Draghi Cabinet|national coalition government]] led by former President of the European Central Bank [[Mario Draghi]]. On 13 February 2021, he was sworn in as Prime Minister. The [[Draghi Cabinet|Draghi cabinet]] had support across the broad political spectrum.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56049115 |work=BBC News |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, President [[Sergio Mattarella]] was re-elected to serve a second consecutive seven-year term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sergio Mattarella: At 80, Italy president re-elected on amid successor row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60183929 |work=BBC News |date=29 January 2022}}</ref> On 21 July 2022, following a [[2022 Italian government crisis|government crisis]] which ended with FI, League and the M5S deciding to withdraw their support to the government, Prime Minister Draghi resigned. President [[Sergio Mattarella]] consequently dissolved the Parliament<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-legislature-italy-802d6ab0965feebf4e3f7bda1659df42 | title=Italy heads to early election after Draghi's coalition fails | website=[[Associated Press]] | date=21 July 2022 }}</ref> and called a [[2022 Italian general election|snap election]], which resulted in the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] gaining an absolute majority of seats.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's far-right Meloni begins tricky government talks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220927-italy-s-far-right-meloni-begins-tricky-government-talks |access-date=2 October 2022|work=France 24|publisher=Agence France-Press}}</ref> On 22 October 2022, [[Giorgia Meloni]] was sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister. Her [[Brothers of Italy]] party formed a right-wing government with the far-right [[Lega (political party)|League]] and centre-right of ex-prime minister [[Silvio Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi's]] party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Giorgia Meloni? The rise to power of Italy's new far-right PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63351655 |work=BBC News |date=21 October 2022}}</ref> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Duchy of Urbino]] * [[Genetic history of Italy]] * [[History of Capri]] * [[History of Naples]] * [[History of Rome]] * [[History of Sardinia]] * [[History of Sicily]] * [[History of the Republic of Venice]] * [[History of Trentino]] * [[History of Tuscany]] * [[History of Verona]] * [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] * [[List of consorts of Montferrat]] * [[List of consorts of Naples]] * [[List of consorts of Savoy]] * [[List of consorts of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] * [[List of consorts of Tuscany]] * [[List of Italian queens]] * [[List of Italian inventions and discoveries]] * [[List of kings of the Lombards]] * [[List of Milanese consorts]] * [[List of Modenese consorts]] * [[List of monarchs of Naples]] * [[List of monarchs of Sardinia]] * [[List of monarchs of Sicily]] * [[List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] * [[List of Parmese consorts]] * [[List of presidents of Italy]] * [[List of prime ministers of Italy]] * [[List of queens of the Lombards]] * [[List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses]] * [[List of rulers of Tuscany]] * [[List of Sardinian consorts]] * [[List of Sicilian consorts]] * [[List of State Archives of Italy]] * [[List of viceroys of Naples]] * [[List of viceroys of Sicily]] * [[Milan]] * [[Military history of Italy]] * [[Politics of Italy]] {{div col end}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == ===Surveys=== * Coppa, Frank J. ed. ''Dictionary of Modern Italian History'' (1985) * Di Scala, Spencer M. ''Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present.'' (1998) 436pp [https://www.questia.com/read/98920663 online edition] * Domenico, Roy. ''The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture'' (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.questia.com/read/102135404?title=The%20Regions%20of%20Italy:%20A%20Reference%20Guide%20to%20History%20and%20Culture online edition] * Duggan, Christopher. ''The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0618353674 excerpt and text search] * Hearder, Henry, and D. P. Waley; ''A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day'' (1963) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621180349/http://www.questia.com/read/1149043 online edition] * Holmes, George. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192854445 excerpt and text search] * Killinger; Charles L. ''The History of Italy'' (2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/101544720 online edition] * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Modern Italy: A Political History'' (1997) * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Denis Mack |title=Mussolini: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack_m0l4 |date=1983 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0394716589}} ===Geography and environment=== * Armiero, Marco, and Marcus Hall, eds. ''Nature and History in Modern Italy'' (Ecology and History Series) (Ohio University Press, 2010) 295 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-8214-1916-8}} [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31962 online review] * [[Lorenzo Arnone Sipari|Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo]], ed. ''Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933)'' (Nature and Parks series) (Trento, 2011) 349 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-88-97372-05-9}} * Delano-Smith, Catherine. ''Western Mediterranean Europe: A Historical Geography of Italy, Spain, and Southern France Since the Neolithic'' (1980) ===Ancient=== * Cary, M. and H. H. Scullard. ''A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine'' (3rd ed. 1996), 690pp * Forsythe, Gary. ''A Critical History of Early Rome'' (2005) 400pp * Grant, Michael. ''History of Rome'' (1997) * Heather, Peter. ''The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians'' (2006) 572pp * Scullard, H. H. ''A History of the Roman World 753–146 BC'' (5th ed. 2002), 596pp * Zuppardo, Emanuele and Piccolo, Salvatore (Günther Hölbl preface). ''Terra Mater: Sulle Sponde del Gela greco'', Gela, Betania (2005), 175pp ===Medieval=== * Abulafia, David. ''Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000–1300'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199247048 excerpt and text search] * Bullough, Donald A. ''Italy and Her Invaders'' (1968) * Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., ''Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy'' (1969) * Hyde, J. K. ''Society and Politics in Medieval Italy'' (1973) * La Rocca, Cristina. ''Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700482 excerpt and text search] * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Medieval Sicily, 800–1713'' (1968) * Tobacco, Giovanni. ''The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Power'' (1989) * Wickham, Chris. ''Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000'' (1981) ===Renaissance=== * {{cite book |first=John Rigby |last=Hale |author-link=John Rigby Hale |year=1981 |title=A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |oclc=636355191}}. * Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds. ''Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance'' (1995). * Najemy, John M. ''Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550'' (The Short Oxford History of Italy) (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700407 excerpt and text search] * White, John. ''Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250–1400'' (1993) ===Early modern=== * Cochrane, Eric. ''Italy, 1530–1630'' (1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071133/http://www.questia.com/read/52710416?title=Italy%201530-1630 online edition] * Carpanetto, Dino, and Giuseppe Ricuperati. ''Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789'' (1987) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071159/http://www.questia.com/read/55015369?title=Italy%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Reason,%201685-1789 online edition] * Marino, John A. ''Early Modern Italy: 1550–1796'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700423 excerpt and text search] * Roberts, J.M. "Italy, 1793–1830" in C.W. Crawley, ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830'' (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp 439–461. [https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode0009unse online] * Venturi, Franco. ''Italy and the Enlightenment'' (1972) * Woolf, Stuart. ''A History of Italy, 1700–1860'' (1988) ===Risorgimento=== * Beales. D.. and E. Biagini, ''The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy'' (2002) * Clark, Martin. ''The Italian Risorgimento'' (Routledge, 2014) * Collier, Martin, ''Italian Unification, 1820–71'' (Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages * {{cite book | title = Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900 | editor-last = Davis | editor-first = John A. | year = 2000 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = London | url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399}} * Farmer, Alan. "How was Italy Unified?", ''History Review'' 54, March 2006 * Hearder, Harry. ''Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870'' (1983) [https://www.amazon.com/Italy-Age-Risorgimento-1790-Longman/dp/0582491460 excerpt] * Holt, Edgar. ''The Making of Italy 1815–1870,'' (1971). * Laven, David. ''Restoration and Risorgimento: Italy 1796–1870'' (2012) * Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. ''Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896'' (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IFiGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3 excerpt] * Riall, Lucy. ''Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State'' (2009) * Riall, Lucy. ''The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification'' (Routledge, 1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/103783059/the-italian-risorgimento-state-society-and-national online] * Riall, Lucy. ''Garibaldi: Invention of a hero'' (Yale UP, 2008). * {{cite journal | last1 = Riall | first1 = Lucy | year = 1998 | title = Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi | journal = Modern Italy | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 191–204 | doi=10.1080/13532949808454803| s2cid = 143746713 }} * Ridley, Jasper. ''Garibaldi'' (1974), a standard biography. * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Cavour'' (1985) * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento'' (Oxford UP, 1971) * Stiles, A. ''The Unification of Italy 1815–70'' (2nd edition, 2001) * {{cite book|last=Thayer |first=William Roscoe |title=The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ |year=1911}} old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; [https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC volume 2 online covers 1859–62] ===Since 1860=== {{Further|Economic history of Italy#Further reading}} * Alexander, J. ''The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922'' (Greenwood, 2001). * {{cite book|last=Bosworth |first=Richard J. B. |title=Mussolini's Italy |year=2005}} * Burgwyn, H. James. ''Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918-1940'' (Greenwood, 1997), * Cannistraro, Philip V. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy'' (1982) * Chabod, Federico. ''Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896'' (Princeton UP, 2014). * Clark, Martin. ''Modern Italy: 1871–1982'' (1984, 3rd edn 2008) * {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=M. |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |year=2017 |edition=4th |isbn=978-0786474707 }} * De Grand, Alexander. ''Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922'' (2001) * De Grand, Alexander. ''Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development'' (1989) * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events 1911–1922 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) [[s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica|partly online]] ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYUAAAAQAAJ full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free] * Gilmour, David.''The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples'' (2011). [https://www.amazon.com/Pursuit-Italy-History-Regions-Peoples/dp/0374533601/ excerpt] * Ginsborg, Paul. ''A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1988'' (2003). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403961530 excerpt and text search] * Lyttelton, Adrian. ''Liberal and Fascist Italy: 1900–1945'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198731981 excerpt and text search] * McCarthy, Patrick ed. ''Italy since 1945'' (2000). * Overy, Richard. ''The road to war'' (4th ed. 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-14-028530-7}}), covers 1930s; pp 191–244. * {{cite book|last=Smith |first=D. Mack |title=Modern Italy: A Political History |year=1997 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=0-472-10895-6}} * Toniolo, Gianni. ''An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918'' (1990) * Toniolo, Gianni, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification'' (Oxford University Press, 2013) 785 pp. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43490 online review]; [http://eh.net/?s=Toniolo another online review] * Williams, Isobel. ''Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943–45'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). xiv + 308 pp. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43968 online review] * Zamagni, Vera. ''The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990'' (1993) 413 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-19-828773-9}}. === Kulemba mbiri === * {{cite journal | last1 = Azzi | first1 = Stephen Corrado | date = 11 February 2009 | title = The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 187–203 | jstor=2639522 | doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016174| s2cid = 159720673 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bernhard | first1 = Patrick | year = 2014 | title = Renarrating Italian Fascism: New Directions in the Historiography of a European Dictatorship | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_contemporary-european-history_2014-02_23_1/page/151 | journal = Contemporary European History | volume = 23 | issue = 1| pages = 151–163 | doi=10.1017/s0960777313000556| s2cid = 145319131 }} * Boardman, Jonathan. ''Umbria: A Cultural History'' (Signal Books; 2012). Charts a complex history of literature, religion, art, migration, and industry. * {{cite journal | last1 = Dipper | first1 = Christof | year = 2015 | title = Italian Contemporary Historiography. A Snapshot | journal = Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte | volume = 63 | issue = 3| page = 351 | doi=10.1515/vfzg-2015-0021| s2cid = 147390477}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Ferrari | first1 = Paolo | year = 2015 | title = The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy | journal = Comillas Journal of International Relations | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 117–126 | doi = 10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 | doi-access = free}} * Foot, John. ''Italy's Divided Memory'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 262 pages; 2010). Describes regional, political, and other divisions in Italian public memory of history. * {{cite journal | last1 = Musi | first1 = Aurelio | year = 2013 | title = Modern Italy in French, English and American historiography | journal = Nuova Rivista Storica | volume = 97 | issue = 3| pages = 909–952}} * Pasquino, Gianfranco. "Political History in Italy," ''Journal of Policy History'' (2009) 21#3 pp 282–97, on 20th century historians; covers Italian politics after World War II, and works of Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia. Also discusses rise of the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315859/summary summary] * {{cite journal|last=Ramm |first=Agatha |title=The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1972-10_87_345/page/795 |journal=English Historical Review |date=1972 |volume=87 |issue=345 |pages=795–811 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxvii.cccxlv.795|jstor=562204}} * Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed., ''Napoleon's Empire'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp 84–97. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042803/http://www.miol.it/stagniweb/foto6.asp?File=mappe_va&Tipo=index&Righe=50&Col=4 Detailed Maps of the History of Italy] * [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents History of Italy: Primary Documents] * [http://www.italyrevisited.org/ Italy Revisited (historical photo archives)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240708092045/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23766 Collection: Italy in 19th Century Photography] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]] * [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1148/the-dolmens-of-sicily Salvatore Piccolo, The Dolmens of Sicily] from the [[World History Encyclopedia]] {{Italy topics}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{History of Europe}} {{European history by country}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History of Italy| ]] atgv51pmncnmv2vj31mgbv1eud79lw6 0 37195 122639 110265 2026-09-28T02:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox first lady | name = Mutinta Hichilema | birth_name = | party = [[United Party for National Development]] | children = 3 | spouse = {{marriage| Hakainde Hichilema |1988|}}<ref>{{cite web |title=We are stronger together, Mutinta Hichilema tells HH as couple celebrates 29 wedding anniversary |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/01/stronger-together-mutinta-hichilema-tells-hh-couple-celebrates-29-wedding-anniversary/ |website=lusakatimes.com |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> | death_place = | death_date = | birth_place = [[Shibuyunji District|Shibuyunji]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|5|7|df=yes}} | occupation = | office = 7th [[First Lady of Zambia]] | term_label = Assumed role | term = 24 August 2021 | successor = | predecessor = [[Esther Lungu]] | succeeding = | president = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | office2 = Spouse of President of [[United Party for National Development|UPND]] | term_label2 = In role | term2 = 24 May 2006 | successor2 = | predecessor2 = [[Mutinta C. Mazoka|Mutinta Christine Mazoka]] | succeeding2 = | president2 = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | image = Mutinta Hichilema at the 13th National Assembly (cropped).jpg | caption = Mutinta Hichilema mu 2023 | order = | alma_mater = }} '''Mutinta Hichilema''' ni [[mwanakazi wakwamba]] wa [[Zambia]], wati watora udindo uwu pamanyuma pakuti mfumu wake [[Hakainde Hichilema]] wasankhika kuŵa president wa Zambia mu August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustain women status conversations beyond March 8 – Mutinta Hichilema – The Mast Online|url=https://www.themastonline.com/2021/03/11/sustain-women-status-conversations-beyond-march-8-mutinta-hichilema/|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=Meet the woman behind UPND leader HH's success, Mrs Mutinta Hichilema|url=https://zambianews365.com/meet-the-woman-behind-upnd-leader-hhs-success-mrs-mutinta-hichilema/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=ZambiaNews365.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817063608/https://zambianews365.com/meet-the-woman-behind-upnd-leader-hhs-success-mrs-mutinta-hichilema/|archive-date=2021-08-17}}</ref>Iyo wakujipeleka pa vya wanangwa wa wanthu ndipo wakuchitako milimo ya chitukuko mu chalo chose cha Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2017|title=Mutinta Hichilema living in fear|url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/mutinta-hichilema-living-in-fear/|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2021|website=zambiawatchdog.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912115823/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/mutinta-hichilema-living-in-fear/|archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutinta Hichilema: The Wife Of Zambian President, Hakainde Hichilema ( Biography, Age, Education, Date of Birth, First Lady ) - 2021» GhLinks.com.gh™|url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/mutinta-hichilema-biography/|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Umoyo== Hichilema wakababikira ku [[Shibuyunji]]. Hichilema wali mu tchalitchi la Seventh-day Adventist. Iyo wakuvikilira kuti visopa vyose vileke kwambana mu Zambia. Ntchito yake yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵalutilire kukolerana na kupulikana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lusakatimes.com/2021/10/22/passionate-plea-to-first-lady-mrs-mutinta-hichilema-youre-better-off-with-dorcas-women/|title=Passionate plea to First Lady Mrs. Mutinta Hichilema; you're better of with Dorcas women!|date=2021-10-22|website=Lusakatimes.com|access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|20em}} {{commons category}} {{First Ladies of Zambia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hichilema, Mutinta}} [[Category:First ladies of Zambia]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United Party for National Development politicians]] [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:1967 births]] {{Zambia-bio-stub}} 0iqgporwv1daez28iwe2wwcjg8mp7eu 0 37320 122598 119270 2026-09-28T02:03:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Maxim Ivanchuk | honorific_suffix = | image = Dr. Maxim Ivanchuk.jpg | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983|01}} | birth_place = | baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --> | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1967|8|31|1908|2|28}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> | death_place = | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --> | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | nationality = Ukrainian | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = [[Ukraine]] | education = | alma_mater = {{ubl|Kyiv Medical University|Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University}} | occupation = {{ubl|Aesthetic Plastic Surgeon|[[Entrepreneurship|Entrepreneur]]|Medical Influencer}} | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = Ivanchuk's Plastic Surgery Clinic (founder) | agent = <!-- discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --> | known_for = | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | television = | title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | otherparty = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = <!-- use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | relatives = | family = | callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant --> | awards = | website = {{URL|ivanchuk.com}} | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Maxim Ivanchuk''' (wakababika mu Janyuwale 1983) ni dokotala wakumanyikwa wa vya ku [[Ukraine]], wamalonda, kweniso wakovwira ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maxim Ivanchuk |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14668182/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 |website=IMDb |accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref> Wakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani ya opareshoni, comenecomene cifukwa ca nthowa zake izo wakucita yekha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zuzana Plačková konečne bez filtrov: Takto vyzerá po 30-tisícovej operácii! {{!}} SlovakWoman.sk |url=https://www.slovakwoman.sk/zuzana-plackova-konecne-bez-filtrov-takto-vyzera-po-30-tisicovej-operacii/ |website=slovakwoman.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk-SK |date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Dr. Ivanchuk wasintha umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuŵawovwira kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo vya kutowa ndiposo kuŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo.<ref>{{cite web |title=ĎALŠIA TAJNÁ PLASTIKA na Ukrajine: Po Dare a Plačkovej sa nechal prerobiť aj Čaputovej kaderník |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/soubiznis/domaci-soubiznis/dalsia-tajna-plastika-ukrajine-dare-plackovej-nechal-prerobit-aj-caputovej-kadernik |website=www1.pluska.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk |date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plačková po plastike na Ukrajine: Vyzerá ako Miss Universe. Ale na seba sa nepodobá |url=https://plus7dni.pluska.sk/ludia/plackova-plastike-ukrajine-vyzera-ako-miss-universe-ale-seba-nepodoba |website=plus7dni.pluska.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk |date=30 October 2020}}</ref> Iyo ni mweneko wa malo ghakucemeka Ivanchuk's Plastic Surgery Clinic. Wakateŵeterapo pa mauteŵeti ghanandi, kusazgapo kuŵa pulezidenti wa Ukraine Society for Surgery of the Hand, International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery, na Ukraine Association of Plastic Surgery. Upharazgi wake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa wakaŵa pulofesa wa vyakucita pa Stanford University na pa University of [[California]]. Maluso gha Ivanchuk na ivyo wakachita vikakondweska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ivyo wakacita pakucita opareshoni ya mapulasitiki na kufwilirapo kuti ŵalwari ŵakhorwenge navyo, vikamovwira kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Deepak |title=Leading names to watch out for in the Middle East |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-network/leading-names-to-watch-out-for-in-the-middle-east |website=Khaleej Times |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Максим Иванчук: Пластическая хирургия – это не только про эстетику, это еще про здоровье и гармонию с собой |url=https://www.rbc.ua/rus/lite/wellness/maksim-ivanchuk-plasticheskaya-hirurgiya-1636460854.html/amp |website=РБК-Украина |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611185700/https://www.rbc.ua/rus/lite/wellness/maksim-ivanchuk-plasticheskaya-hirurgiya-1636460854.html/amp |archive-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> == Umoyo Wakwambilira na Masambiro == Ivanchuk wakababikira na kukulira ku Ukraine, ndipo wakamba kutemwa vyakurya na opareshoni kufuma waka pa wanichi. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 12, wakamba kuwona umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira opareshoni. Wakasambira vya munkhwala pa Yunivesite ya Kyiv Medical ndipo wakaluta ku Yunivesite ya Chiremba ya Pirogov ku [[Russia]]. ==Ntchito== Ivanchuk wali na nchito yiwemi comene pakucita opareshoni ya majeremusi, ndipo waŵa na nkharo yiwemi comene. Iyo wali kovwira ŵalwari ŵakujumpha 5,000, ndipo wawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵamanye uwemi wawo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=In Touch |title=How Surgeon Maxim Ivanchuk Can Make Your Face Look 12 Years Younger |url=https://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/how-surgeon-maxim-ivanchuk-can-make-your-face-look-12-years-younger/ |website=In Touch Weekly |accessdate=2 June 2023 |date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611151520/https://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/how-surgeon-maxim-ivanchuk-can-make-your-face-look-12-years-younger/ |archive-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nabilla : son séjour en Ukraine pour une intervention chir... - Télé Star |url=https://www.telestar.fr/people/nabilla-son-sejour-en-ukraine-pour-une-intervention-chirurgicale-553208 |website=www.telestar.fr |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=fr |date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Ivanchuk wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulemba buku lake la "Pioneer Procedures", ilo lili na nthowa zakupambanapambana zakucitira opareshoni. Nakuti palije dokotala munyake pa charu chose uyo wakuchita opareshoni iyi. Wakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana, nga ni kubenekelera chiŵegha, kuwuskamo mphonje za Venus, kuwuskamo mphonje mu singo, na kusona. Ivanchuk ndiyo wakambiska ndipo ni mweneko wa Ivanchuk's Plastic Surgery Clinic, iyo yikugwira nchito mu malo ghaŵiri ghakuzirwa mu [[Kyiv]], Ukraine, na [[Dubai]], [[UAE]]. Pa malo agha, Dr. Ivanchuk wakulongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵaluso ndipo wakulaŵilira milimo yakupambanapambana ya maso na thupi. Iyo wali na maopareshoni ghakujumpha 60, ndipo wakumanya makora umo wangachitira na malema agho munthu wali kubabika nagho kweniso agho munthu wakuŵa nagho. Ivanchuk wakuŵawovwira ŵalwari kuti ŵaŵeso ŵawukirano ndiposo kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo mwa iwoŵene kwizira mu ndondomeko ya munkhwala na luso lwapadera lwa opareshoni. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa nga ni Zuzana Plačkova, Dara Rollins, Courteney Cox, Nela Pocisková, na Megan Fox, ŵali kupempha Ivanchuk kuti waŵawovwire kusintha vinthu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obdivujeme fake? Celebritný plastický chirurg otvorene - tieto zákroky sú u žien najpopulárnejšie |url=https://diva.aktuality.sk/clanok/61833/obdivujeme-fake-celebritny-plasticky-chirurg-otvorene-tieto-zakroky-su-aktualne-najpopularnejsie/ |website=Diva.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Samantha |title=Nabilla : elle a donné naissance à son deuxième enfant |url=https://www.officielles.fr/people/tele-realite/nabilla-elle-a-donne-naissance-a-son-deuxieme-enfant/ |website=Officielles |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=fr |date=6 June 2022}}</ref> Padera pa mulimo wake, Ivanchuk wakucitako comene kafukufuku wa [[sayansi]], wakulemba mabuku ghakulongosora nkhani zakupambanapambana na kulongosora ivyo wasanga pa maungano ghakumanyikwa comene. Kweniso wakujikuzga comene cifukwa ca kulongozga na kukhuŵilizga ŵasayansi ŵa miwiro yakunthazi. Ivyo Maxim Ivanchuk wachita vyazomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ntchito yake yakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya opareshoni ya mapulasitiki yikalongoreka mu manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo nkhani izo wakawoneleranga pa E! Mtanda. Maluso ghake ghakumanyikwa mu mabuku nga ni [[USA Today]], Khaleej Times, Vogue, na International Business Times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plačková tri mesiace po pôrode na tetovaní: Sledujte, ako teraz vyzerá jej tvár |url=https://plus7dni.pluska.sk/ludia/plackova-tri-mesiace-porode-tetovani-sledujte-ako-teraz-vyzera-jej-tvar |website=plus7dni.pluska.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk |date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plačková má po plastike za 30 tisíc celkom inú tvár, na kritiku odpovedá opäť svojsky |url=https://diva.aktuality.sk/clanok/62211/zuzana-plackova-plackova-po-plastike-odpoveda-na-kritiku-fanusikov/ |website=Diva.sk |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=sk |date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Пластический хирург Максим Иванчук: что дарят хирургу благодарные пациенты |url=https://news.liga.net/lifestyle/news/plasticheskiy-hirurg-maksim-ivanchuk-chto-daryat-hirurgu-blagodarnye-patsienty |website=LIGA |accessdate=2 June 2023 |language=ru |date=20 July 2020}}</ref> ==Umoyo == Mu nyengo yake yakufwatuka, Ivanchuk wakutemwa kwenda mu mapiri, kuwona chilengiwa, na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake pamoza na gulu lake. Kweniso wakuwona kuti ntchiwemi kuchezga na mbumba yake, ndipo wakutemwa chomene magalimoto ghakurya luŵiro. ==Mu vinyake== ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == [[Category:1983 births]] 892ft5bxjfpo97nuoux201hec472dcz 0 37570 122605 122358 2026-09-28T02:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nkhaniiwemi}} {{History of Zambia}} '''Mbiri ya Zambia''' yili na vigaŵa vinandi, kwamba pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa pasi pa [[Britain]] m'paka apo yikafwatukira ku Britain pa Okutobala 24, 1964. [[Northern Rhodesia]] yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain mu malo agho sono ni Zambia mu 1888, ndipo yikapharazgika kuti ni boma la Britain mu 1924. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, vyaru vya [[Southern Rhodesia]], Northern Rhodesia, na [[Nyasaland]] vikasazgikana na kuzgoka [[British Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. Kuzakafika mu 1960, Harold Macmillan, nduna yikuru ya Britain, yikati muwuso wa ŵasilikari ŵa caru ca Africa uli pafupi kumara. Paumaliro, mu Disembala 1963, wupu uwu ukamara, ndipo pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Republic of Zambia yikapangika kufuma ku Northern Rhodesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia Gains its Independence From the U.K. |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/zambia-gains-independence/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref> ==Mbili== [[File:Rhodesian Man.jpg|thumb|left|Mutu wa munthu wa ku Broken Hill ukasangika ku Kabwe.]] ===Prehistoric era=== Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu Dambo la Zambezi na ku Kalambo Falls vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa malo ghakukhalapo pafupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000. Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku Broken Hill, ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 B.C.E., vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey|date=2019|title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|journal=Rocks & Minerals|volume=94:2|pages=114–149|doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|s2cid=135446729}}</ref> === Khoisan na Batwa === [[File:NsaluCave.jpg|thumb|Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, Kasanka National Park ku North-Central Zambia.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Khoisan na Batwa ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Zambia m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E. apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku [[East Africa]] ndipo ŵakamba kukhala kumwera vyaka pafupifupi 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue flat apo ŵa mtundu wa Lukanga Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Lukanga Swamp]]. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikalembeka mu miyala vyakale ku Zambia, nga ni vyakujambura vya mu miyala vya ku Mwela, mphanji za Mumbwa, na mphanji za Nachikufu, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu charu cha Central na Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Timothy|title=Cultures of the World: Zambia|publisher=Times Books International|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5|location=Tarrytown, New York|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=Twa|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> ===The Bantu (Abantu)=== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Abantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na ku Central Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yili pa mphambano ya Central Africa, Southern Africa, na African Great Lakes, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia mazuŵa ghano ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza. Ntheura, nga ni umo viliri na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, mbiri ya Zambia yingalembeka mwakudumura yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku agho ŵanthu awo ŵakalembako yayi ndiwo ŵakalemba.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Scott D.|title=Culture and Customs of Zambia|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf|publisher=Greenwood Press|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> ====Bantu origins==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakakhalanga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 4,000 na 3,000, ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vyaru vinandi. Cinthu ici cikacemeka Bantu Expansion, ico nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasamira mu caru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kunjizga visulo mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: yimoza yikaŵa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikaŵa ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira mu Nyanja zikuru za ku Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bostoen|first=Koen|date=2018-04-26|title=The Bantu Expansion|url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191|isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> ====First Bantu settlement==== [[File:Ba-Ila man.jpg|left|thumb|Mwana wa Ila Headman ku Southern Zambia, ng'ombe zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene mu mbumba yawo.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Malo ghakuru gha Ba-Ila. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakutemwa chomene masamu chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira. Ŵakafika mu nyengo ya 1 C.E. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakucemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanalume") na ŵa Ba-Ila na magulu ghanyake agho ghakakhalanga kufupi na kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Kuyana na mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi panji mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakumera. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵeto vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene mu umoyo wawo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakumana nawo ŵakakondwa comene na umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalira. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira paŵekha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson.|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>[[File:Ingombe.jpg|thumb|Ingombe Ilede yikaŵa malo ghakuguliskirako malonda kumwera kwa Zambia.]] "Usange munthu [wa ku Tonga] wakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, panji vya mu nyumba, wakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka wasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Ila|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Batonga women.png|left|thumb|Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.]] [[File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu charu cha Great Zimbabwe vikaŵa vyakubisika.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Great Zimbabwe. Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa: salu, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali nga ni India, China, na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi nawo ŵakiza ku Africa. Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide|url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pikirayi|first=Innocent|date=August 2017|title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17000953/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=91|issue=358|pages=1085–1086|doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95|s2cid=158120419|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> ====Second Bantu settlement==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia. [[File:(Kibango) Luba peoples The Metropolitan Museum of Art.png|left|thumb|Ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhalanga pa mpando (Kibango), ŵakawonekanga na mafumu gha Luba. Mu cikaya ca Luba, mathupi gha ŵanakazi ghakawonekanga nga ni ciŵiya ca nkhongono yauzimu.]] Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba uyo wakaŵa fumu ya BaKongo, kweni ukaboni uwu ulipo yayi. '''Luba-Lunda States''' [[File:Brooklyn Museum 76.20.4 Lukasa Memory Board.jpg|thumbnail|Lukasa memory board, yikagwiliskirika nchito na mamembala gha Mbudye (bungwe la banthu awo ŵakumanya kusunga mbiri ya Baluba)]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Malo agho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulima na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwamba m'ma 300 C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu, vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuŵa, na visulo, kweniso mchere kuti ŵaguliske vinthu ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Swahili Coast na ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm|title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires|access-date=2020-11-07|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-08|title=Luba|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene.<ref name="metmuseum.org"/> [[File:Mwata.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.]] Mabuku gha Ufumu gha ku Luba nagho ghakasangika makora. Nkhani yinyake yakumanyikwa ya umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba. Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yiswesi, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mulongozgi wa nkhaza na wakuloŵera, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, fumu yakuzika. Nkongolo the red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni na viheni vya ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luba {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Lunda houses-1854.jpg|thumb|left|Cithuzithuzi ca nyumba za ku Lunda cakulembeka na munthu wa ku Portugal. Utali wa vipata vikulongora ukuru wa nyumba.]] Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Kuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ndiyo wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ku Lunda. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.[[File:Young-awemba-girls-1932-bemba.webp|thumb|Ŵasungwana ŵa mtundu wa Bemba. Ŵanakazi ŵa ku AbaBemba ŵakapanganga na kutozga majuda kuti ŵaŵe ŵakutowa kweniso kuti ŵawonenge kuti mbanthu ŵa mu cikaya cawo.]] Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu ku nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Na muwuso wa Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm|title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga, kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakambukira ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia kufuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-08|title=Luba|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> '''The Maravi Confederacy'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Azuonye|first=Chukwuma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11|title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia)|date=1996-12-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Nyau-mask.webp|thumb|Mtundu uwu wa visalu vya Nyau ivyo vikaŵa na nthenga zikuruzikuru, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakusambizga mizimu. Zina lake ni Nchawa.]] Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2018-12-26|title=The Maravi Confederacy|url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Think Africa|language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Kalonga.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵali kufuma ku Kalonga (ŵawusi) ŵa Ufumu wa Maravi.]] Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na Kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) kufuma ku phiri clans umoza mwa mafuko ghakuru na ghanyake agho ni Banda, Mwale na Nkhoma. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi likaŵa nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakafuma ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵatore malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵasilikari ŵa WaZimba. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ndiwo ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na visalu ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa mtundu uwu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.<ref name="Team"/><ref name="Team" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maptia|title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers|url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Maptia|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130415/https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers|archive-date=2020-11-08}}</ref><ref name="Team" /> '''Ufumu wa Mutapa na Mfecane''' [[File:Ngoni Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa Ŵangoni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakiza ku Eastern Zambia kufuma ku KwaZulu ku South Africa. Paumaliro ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.]] Apo caru ca Great Zimbabwe cikaŵa mu suzgo. Yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵake, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumako ku ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakucemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Mu nyengo iyi, Mutapa wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakafumiskanga golide na njovu mu vyaru vya ku Asia.<ref name="Mutapa" /> Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu vya mu ufumu wawo. Ivi vikakwiyiska chomene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu wa Eguputo na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu yakufumira ku vigaŵa vya ku Eguputo. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu ma 1600, mphindano za mukati na nkhondo za mukati zikapangiska kuti Mutapa waleke kwenda makora. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakawukira maufumu ghanyake gha Ŵashona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web|title=Mutapa|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutapa|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>[[File:Litunga.jpg|thumb|left|Mu nyumba ya Litunga, muwusi wa Lozi. Chifukwa cha kututuka kwa maji mu mlonga wa Zambezi, Litungga wali na nyumba ziŵiri zacifumu. Ŵakuchita viphikiro vya ku Kuomboka pakukumbukira kuti Litunga wakaluta ku malo ghapacanya]] Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na nkhondo ya WaZimba iyo yikacitika mu Maravi, iyo yikati yatonda Ŵapwitikizi, yikalutilira kuŵa ya nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Makishi.jpg|thumb|Ŵakuwona kuti mu malo ghanyake ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia, muli makishi agho ghakwimira mizimu ya ŵakufwa awo ŵakuwelera kuti ŵawovwire ŵamoyo]] Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakasazgikiranga mwa kupokelera ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania, ndipo ŵakakolerana na mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵa pafupi.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history"/><ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web|title=Mfecane {{!}} African history|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakukhala ku Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakafuma ku charu cha Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, chiyowoyero cha Kololo chikapelekeka ku Luyana m'paka apo Luyana wakagalukira na kuwuskapo Kololo. Pa nyengo iyi chiyowoyero cha Luyana chikaluwa ndipo chiyowoyero chiphya cha hybrid chikawoneka. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|978-0-900966-38-5}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lozi {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> ==Colonial period== [[Image:CecilRhodes.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Cecil Rhodes]].]] {{main|Northern Rhodesia}} Mu 1888, Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa vyamalonda na ndyali ku Central Africa, wakapokera wanangwa wa kusanga migodi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Mu caka cenecici, vyaru vya Northern na Southern Rhodesia, ivyo sono ni Zambia na Zimbabwe, vikapharazgika kuti ni vyaru vya Britain. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakaŵa gha British South Africa Company (BSAC) ya ku Rhodes, iyo yikakhumbanga yayi kuwona chigaŵa ichi. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi cikaŵa mkuŵa. Munthu munyake wa ku America, zina lake Frederick Russell Burnham, ndiyo wakabowozga vinthu ivi. Mu 1895, wakadangilira na kulaŵilira mulimo ukuru wa Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. uwo ukalongora kuti mu Central Africa mukaŵa mkuŵa. Pa mlonga wa Kafue, uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana na malo ghanyake gha mkuwa agho wakagwirapo nchito ku United States. Mu 1923, boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo wanangwa wa kampani iyi. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Southern Rhodesia cikapokelereka na kuŵa na mazaza mu 1923. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likapelekeka ku ofesi ya British Colonial Office mu 1924 nga ni malo ghakulongozga, ndipo Livingstone wakaŵa msumba ukuru. Mu 1935, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ŵakaluta nawo ku Lusaka. Wupu wakulongozga ukaŵapo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵakasankhika na ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (ŵanthu 4,000 pera).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Walubita|first=Moses|date=September 8, 2015|title=Lusaka has come a long way|work=Zambia dailymail|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lusaka-come-long-way/|access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939–1964).svg|thumb|200px|left|Mbendela ya [[Northern Rhodesia]].]] Mu 1928, ŵanthu ŵakasanga mkuŵa unandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ici cikapangiska kuti caru ca Northern Rhodesia cileke kuŵa malo agho ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga. Kuzakafika mu 1938, charu ichi chikapanganga mkuwa wakukwana 13% pa charu chose. Gulu ili likapangika na makampani ghaŵiri: Anglo American Corporation (AAC) na South African Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST), agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa gulu ili m'paka apo likapokera wanangwa. Cifukwa cakuti ŵaganyu ŵakakhalanga makora yayi kweniso misonkho yikakwera, mu 1935, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kugwentha migodi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakalekeska ntchito iyi ndipo ŵanthu 6 ŵakakomeka. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, mu 1940, ŵantchito ŵa mu migodi ŵakaleka kugwira ntchito. Pakumanya kuti vinthu ivyo ŵakapanga vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapike malipiro ghanandi. Ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalondezgapo.[[File:Rodésia e Niassalândia 32.jpg|thumb|Sitampu iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II, 1955]] Nanga ni apo nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yindambe, pakaŵa kudumbiskana vya kunjizga ma Rhodesia ghaŵiri agha, kweni boma la Britain likalekeska. Paumaliro, mu 1953, vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikasazgikana na Nyasaland (sono ni Malawi) na kupanga Central African Federation. <ref>{{Cite book |jstor=j.ctv6mtdm4.10 |jstor-access=free |chapter=The Politicization of Black Labor |last1=Parpart |first1=Jane L. |last2=Freund |first2=Bill |title=Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt |url=https://archive.org/details/laborcapitalonaf0000parp |year=1983 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/laborcapitalonaf0000parp/page/54 54]–74 |publisher=Temple University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv6mtdm4.10 }}</ref>Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya wupu uwu. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachiteko vinthu mu boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakawopanga kuti ŵalutilirenge kulamulira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.nws.gov.zm/?page_id=4385|last=Provincial administration|access-date=2023-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930150655/https://www.nws.gov.zm/?page_id=4385|archive-date=2020-09-30}}</ref> Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. Pa 31 Disembala, 1963, chiphapha ichi chikamara, ndipo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala, 1964.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Africa/European-and-African-interaction-in-the-19th-century |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com" /> ==Kujiyimila== [[Image:Zambia Ind000.jpg|thumb|130px|right|A book published by the government upon independence.]] Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vili kufupi na Zambia vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na ŵazungu. Chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) chikapambana pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75. Chipani cha African National Congress cha ku Zambia chikapokera vithuzithuzi 10, ndipo chipani cha National Progressive Party chikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 10 ivyo vikaŵa vya ŵazungu. Kenneth Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda mu chaka chenechicho wakaŵa pulezidenti. Kaunda wakapulikira fundo ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Africa, yakuyana na ya Julius Nyerere wa ku Tanzania. Ndondomeko za vya cuma zikaghanaghaniranga comene vya kunozga vyaru, ndipo boma likakhazikiskanga cipani cimoza.<ref>There were only eight indigenous Graduates in the country at Independence</ref><ref name="elections">{{cite web | url = http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html | title = Elections in Zambia | publisher = African Elections Database | access-date = 2006-10-11 }}</ref> === Kuyana na muwuso wa chipani cimoza === Mu 1968, Kaunda wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Zambia yikamba kulamulira na cipani cimoza. Mu 1972, magulu ghose gha ndyali, kupaturako UNIP, ghakazomerezgeka yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la chipani chimoza ilo likuŵa na wanangwa wakuwungana. Chikaŵa na pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti Yikuru ya UNIP ndiyo yikapanganga fundo za boma. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru. Pa maungano gha boma, ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakasankhika na UNIP ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga. Nangauli pakaŵavya mphindano pakati pa vipani, kweni ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chomene kuti ŵatore malo mu UNIP. Pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, munthu yekha uyo wakazomerezgekanga kwimilira wakaŵa uyo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP pa ungano ukuru wa chipani. Ntheura Kaunda wakasankhikaso mu 1973, 1978, 1983, na 1988 kwambura kususkika.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1973-12-07 |title=Kaunda, Unopposed, Re‐elected Zambian President for 3d Term |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/07/archives/kaunda-unopposed-reelected-zambian-president-for-3d-term-antikaunda.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Chisembele, S.M..jpg|thumb|right|100px|S.M. Chisembele, Nduna ya Western Province.]] Ndipouli, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti pakaŵavya kususkana na dango la chipani cimoza mu caru panji mukati mwa UNIP. Sylvester Mwamba Chisembele uyo wakaŵa nduna ya Western Province (kale yikaŵa Barotse Province) pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa UNIP kufuma ku vigaŵa 7 pa vigaŵa 8 ŵakakhazikiska komiti ya ŵanthu 14. Cakulinga ca Komiti ya 14 iyo yikaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose 7 cikaŵa cakuti paŵe wupu wa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose. Usange ivi vicitikenge, mphanyi nkhongono zose izo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa nazo zikamara. Komiti ya 14 yikaluta ku ungano ku State House uko Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomera kughanaghanira fundo zawo. Ndipouli, pamasinda wakazomerezga yayi kuti Komiti ya 14 yiŵepo, ndipo Sylvester Chisembele wakathereskeka. Pamanyuma Chisembele wakaweleraso ku nduna ya vyaru nga nduna yakuwona vya chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka viŵiri mu 1977 wakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt uko vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, chomenechomene chifukwa cha mavoti agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuchitika. Simon M. Kapwepwe na Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula, awo pambere boma la chipani chimoza lindambe kulamulira, ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa UPP na ANC. Ndipouli, chiyezgo chawo cha kupempha Pulezidenti Kaunda kuti waŵe pulezidenti pa tikiti ya UNIP chikatondeka cifukwa wose ŵakakanizgika na kulekeskeka cifukwa ca ivyo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakacita. Simon Kapwepwe na Harry Nkumbula ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika mu 1978 apo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakasankhika ku Khoti Likuru, kweni ivyo ŵakachita vikaŵa vyambura phindu.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Zambia Daily Mail|date=21 April 1971}}</ref> === Chuma na suzgo la mkuŵa === Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake, wakamba kulondezga fundo za ku mphepete. Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikendanga makora yayi. Makampani ghanyake ghakaŵa gha boma ndipo ghakazgoka mabungwe ghakurughakuru gha boma. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵafiske ivyo likukhumba kwizira mu vyakurya ivyo likaguliskanga. Pakwamba, vyose vikenda makora ndipo chuma chikakura. Kweni pakati pa ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika chomene. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa 1975 na 1990, chuma cha Zambia chikakhira na 30%. Kuti ŵamarane na suzgo ili, Zambia yikatora ngongoli zinandi kufuma ku International Monetary Fund na World Bank mu cigomezgo cakuti mtengo wa mkuwa ukwelerengeso mwaluŵiro, m'malo mwa kusintha vinthu.<ref name="EconomyDrop">{{cite web | url = http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | title = Zambia - Economic History | publisher = Biz/ed | access-date = 2006-10-11 }}</ref> === Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake === Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakakolerana na awo ŵakususka muwuso wa ŵazungu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, wupu uwu ukawovwira magulu nga ni National Unions for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola na nkhondo ya pawenenawene, Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mu Southern Rhodesia, na African National Congress (ANC) mu kulimbana kwawo na apartheid mu South Africa, na South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) mu kulimbana kwawo kuti Namibia yipoke wanangwa. Kweniso ku Zambia ndiko kukachitika maungano ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ofesi yikuru ya ANC yikaŵa ku Lusaka, ndipo ZAPU yikaŵa na msasa wa ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha vyaumoyo, cifukwa caru ca South Africa na Southern Rhodesia vikapoka vinthu mu Zambia. Ntchito za ku Rhodesia zakususkana na chigaluka zikafika mu Zambia pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) ŵakakoma ndege ziŵiri za Vickers Viscount (Air Rhodesia Flight 825 pa 3 September 1978 na Air Rhodesia Flight 827 pa 12 February 1979) na mabomba gha SA-7 gha Soviet. Pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kuwombera ndege ya 825 mu Seputembala 1978, mawupu gha Rhodesian Air Force ghakawukira gulu la ZIPRA pa famu ya Westlands kufupi na Lusaka mu Okutobala 1978, kuchenjezga ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia pa wayilesi kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo. Nkhondo izo zikacitika na caru ca Rhodesia zikapangiska kuti mphaka za Zambia na caru ici zijarike. Ndipouli, siteshoni ya Kariba iyo yili pa Mlonga wa Zambezi, yikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi. TAZARA, njanji yakuya ku dowoko la ku Tanzania la Dar es Salaam, iyo yikazengeka na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. Nkhondo za mukati mu caru ca Mozambique na Angola zikacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵacimbilire ku Zambia. Ku vyaru vinyake, Zambia wakaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana yayi (Non-Aligned Movement, NAM), ndipo mu 1970 ku Lusaka kukacitika ungano wa ŵalara ŵa vyaru. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili mu 1970-1973. Pakati pa vyaru vya NAM, Zambia yikaŵa pafupi comene na Yugoslavia. Kuwaro kwa NAM, Zambia nayo wakaŵa paubwezi na China. Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, Zambia yikawovwira Zimbabwe na Congo kweni yikaŵapo yayi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic of Zambia|url=https://www.szi.gov.zm/epamodzi/?page_id=4561|website=Republic of Zambia e-Pamodzi portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RESOLUTIONSOF THETHIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES With Selected Conference Statements and Comments|url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf|date=1970|website=Africaportal.org|access-date=2023-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401121552/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf|archive-date=2022-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Rhodesian War: A Military History |last1=Moorcraft |first1=Paul L. |author-link1=Paul Moorcraft |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter McLaughlin |date=2008 |orig-year=1982 |location=Barnsley |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |isbn=978-1-84415-694-8 |pages=140–143}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi == === Umaliro wa muwuso wa chipani chimoza === Ŵanthu ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca muwuso wa chipani cimoza ndiposo suzgo la cuma. Mu 1981, mu caru cose mukacitika viwawa vinandi. Boma likakaka ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa wupu uwu, kusazgapo Frederick Chiluba. Mu 1986 na 1987, ku Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kukaŵaso viwawa. Ivi vikalondezgana na vivulupi ivyo vikacitika mu 1990 cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mtengo wa vyakurya. Mu chaka chenechicho, wayilesi ya boma yikati Kaunda walekeskeka na ŵasilikari. Ici cikaŵa cautesi, ndipo ciyezgo ca kuwukira boma ku Zambia mu 1990 cikatondeka. Kaunda wakawona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu. Iyo wakalayizga kuti wazamunozga vyaru vinandi ndipo wakalekeska vyaru ivyo vikazomerezgekanga yayi. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe vipani viphya 11. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵakumanyikwa comene ni Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyamalonda. Pamanyuma pakuti maboma ghaphya ghakanjilirapo, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti paŵe mavoti gha vipani vinandi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Kenneth Kaunda: The dove which triumphed over hawks and vultures, By Owei Lakemfa |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/472583-kenneth-kaunda-the-dove-which-triumphed-over-hawks-and-vultures-by-owei-lakemfa.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Frederick Chiluba na MMD=== Paumaliro, mu 1991, ŵakalemba dango liphya la boma. Ŵanthu ŵakatenge mavoti agha nga wanangwa kweniso ngaurunji, ndipo Chiluba wakapokera 76% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti. Nangauli Chiluba wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyachuma, kweni wakaŵa ku woko lamalyero la Kaunda. Na wovwiri wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank, uko Zambia wakaŵa na ngongoli zinandi, wakawoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu vyaru vyawo mwa kukanizga boma kunjilirapo, kuwoneseska kuti mabungwe gha boma ghawelere ku maboma ghawo, nga ni vyamkuŵa, na kuwuskapo wovwiri pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, comenecomene tirigu. Apo boma la chipani cimoza likamara mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti Zambia yizamuŵa na demokilase. Ndipouli, ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa chifukwa cha umo MMD yikachitira na ŵakususka. Vinthu vyakukayikiska ivyo vikachitika pa nkhani ya kusintha malango na kukaka ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ndyali, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵadandawurenge.<ref name="elections" /> ==== Kuwukira boma ==== Mu 1993, nyuzipepara ya boma ya The Times of Zambia, yikalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na pulani ya UNIP ya kuwukira boma mwakuyana na dango yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikasazgapo vivulupi vya mu vyalo, kukhozgera nkhaza, na kwambiska viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. UNIP yikakana yayi kuti pali pulani iyi, kweni yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ndondomeko yawo yayi, kweni maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵankhaza mu chipani. Boma likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo ŵanthu 26 ŵakajalirika mu jele. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 7 kusazgapo mwana wa Kenneth Kaunda zina lake Wezi Kaunda ŵakeruzgika na milandu yakususkana na wanangwa wa boma. Ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵafumiska. Pambere vyaru vindachite mavoti mu 1996, UNIP yikakolerana na vipani vinyake vinkhondi na cimoza. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa kuti wafumapo kale mu ndyali, kweni pamanyuma pa suzgo mu chipani chifukwa cha "Zero Option Plan", wakawelera, ndipo wakasintha Kesby Musokotwane. Kufuma apo, boma la Chiluba likasintha dango la boma, ndipo likazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu awo ŵapapi ŵawo mbazengezgani ŵa Zambia ŵaŵe pulezidenti. Mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakuyowoya na Kaunda, uyo ŵapapi ŵake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Malawi. Pakususka, UNIP na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakacicizga mavoti, agho Chiluba na MMD ŵakatonda. Mu 1997, vinthu vikasintha. Pa Okutobala 28, boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ndipo gulu la ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari likapoka wayilesi ya boma, ndipo ŵakapharazga uthenga wakuti Chiluba ni pulezidenti yayi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara cifukwa cakuti Chiluba wakapharazgaso kuti kuli suzgo. Munthu yumoza wakafwa pa nyengo ya mulimo uwu. Ŵapolisi ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵakukwana 84 awo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda na Dean Mungomba, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Zambia Democratic Congress. Ŵanthu ŵakasuska na kususka ivyo ŵakachita, ŵakati ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka mu Zambia na kuwaro kwa charu. Kaunda wakafwatulika mu Juni chaka chakulondezgapo, kweni ŵasilikari 44 awo ŵakachitako chipani ichi ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke mu 2003.<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url = http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630022003?open&of=ENG-ZMB |title = Zambia: Forty-four soldiers to be executed |publisher = Amnesty |access-date = 2006-10-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017234552/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630022003?open&of=ENG-ZMB |archive-date = 2006-10-17 |url-status = dead }}</ref> === Chisankho cha 2001 === Pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2001, Chiluba wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu. Iyo wakacicizgika kuti walekepo pa fundo iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kufuma mukati mwa chipani kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu mu 2001, kweni wakaleka ntchito iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kukuru. Munthu uyo wakamusankhira malo wakaŵa Levy Patrick Mwanawasa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=2008-08-20|title=Levy Mwanawasa, Zambia President, Dies at 59|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/world/africa/20mwanawasa.html|access-date=2021-10-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Kufuma mu 2008 === Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-09-23|title=TEXT-Zambian President Banda's concession speech|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-election-banda-idAFL5E7KN1PN20110923|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi waciŵiri wa Zambia uyo wakafwira pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa Levy Mwanawasa mu 2008. Rupiah Banda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa kufuma mu 2008 mpaka 2011. Wakathereskeka na Michael Sata mu 2011. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 24 Janyuwale 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa 6. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016 pa chisankho cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-15|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> Pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu Ogasiti 2021, mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Hakainde Hichilema wakathereska pulezidenti Edgar Lungu. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html|title = Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader| date=24 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Prime Minister of Zambia]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[History of Southern Africa]] *[[Kazembe]] *[[Kenneth Kaunda]] *[[List of presidents of Zambia]] *[[Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia]] *[[Politics of Zambia]] * Lusaka [[Lusaka#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Lusaka|timeline]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == *{{cite encyclopedia | title = Zambia | encyclopedia = Nationalencyklopedin | volume = 20 | pages = 270 | publisher = Bokförlaget Bra Böcker | year = 1996 | edition = 1 }} *{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44137/Zambia | title = Zambia > History > Archaelology and early history | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date = 2006-10-19 }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{commons category|History of Zambia}} *{{cite web| url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm| title = U.S. Relations With Zambia| publisher = U.S. Department of State}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.thezambian.com/history/ |title = The History of Zambia |publisher = The Zambian |access-date = |first = Tim |last = Holmes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061120224255/http://www.thezambian.com/history/ |archive-date = 2006-11-20 |url-status = dead | ref=none }} *{{cite journal | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0j58j1nz | title = Deriving Ethno-geographical Clusters for Comparing Ethnic Differentials in Zambia | publisher = World Cultures Journal | access-date = | first = Kambidima | last = Wotela | journal = World Cultures eJournal | date = 2 June 2010 | volume = 17 | issue = 2 |ref=none }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.localhistories.org/zambia.html | title = A Short History of Zambia | first = Tim | last = Lambert | access-date = | ref = none | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091125104121/http://www.localhistories.org/zambia.html | archive-date = 2009-11-25 }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | title = Zambia - Economic History | website= Biz/ed | publisher = [[Cengage]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710093416/http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | archive-date = 2015-07-10 | url-status = dead | access-date = }} * {{cite web|title = Zambia - Elections and Human Rights in the Third Republic| url = http://hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm#P165_20378| publisher = Human Rights Watch| access-date = }} *{{cite web|title=Zambia |url=http://www.barnfonden.se/country_show.asp?id=7&type=n_history |publisher=Barnfonden (The Children's Fund) |language=sv |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220003659/http://www.barnfonden.se/country_show.asp?id=7&type=n_history |archive-date=February 20, 2005 }} *{{cite web |title = ZAMBIA: Coup attempt must not lead to arbitrary arrests and ill-treatment |url = http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630101997?open&of=ENG-ZMB |publisher = Amnesty |access-date = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017234501/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630101997?open&of=ENG-ZMB |archive-date = 2006-10-17 |url-status = dead }} {{Years in Zambia}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Zambia}} [[Category:History of Zambia| ]] autuz4okmlrdltc7v7yiu0wf8cs662q 10 37651 122434 94043 2026-09-27T13:07:10Z Burjkh 12250 122434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania | flag alias = Flag of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.svg | shortname alias = Westmoreland County | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant= {{{variant|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} }} cyxdui85w7mz15f4rmc21fsaupkn82c 0 37770 122453 94309 2026-09-28T00:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Striped_Bow_Neck_Blouse_and_a_Navy_Blue_Mini_Skirt_(18966025833).jpg|thumb|263x263px|Blauzi ya lero ya chikako cha bo na sketi ya ubiliŵili wa nevi]] [[File:Tank_top.jpg|right|thumb|361x361px|Camisole kugwiliskika nga blauzi]] '''Blauzi '''(blau̇s, 'blau̇z, /blaʊz, blaʊs, bluːz/) ni chakuvwala chakuchanya icho chikuŵa chakuthithika cha ndipo chikugwiriskika ntchito na ŵakugwira ntchito, ŵalimi, ŵakujambula, ŵanakazi, na ŵana.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Definition of BLOUSE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blouse |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=blouse |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blouse |via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2015 |title=The History of Blouse |url=https://blog.patra.com/2015/03/30/the-history-of-blouses/ |website=Patra Selections Blog: Silk Clothing and Underwear}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</ref> Kanandi ŵakuyiŵika mu chiuno panji mu chiuno (kuyana na chiuno chakukhoma, chiuno chakukwana, panji lamba), mwakuti yikukhazikika pa thupi la munthu uyo wakuyivwara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=blouse – definition of blouse by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blouse |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mazuŵa ghano, lizgu ili likung'anamura malaya gha ŵanakazi, nangauli pali mphindano yikuru pakati pa malaya gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary B # 3 |url=http://www.apparelsearch.com/glossary_b_3_textile.htm |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=Apparelsearch.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430161528/https://www.apparelsearch.com/glossary_b_3_textile.htm |archive-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> Kweniso lingayowoya za malaya gha ŵanalume usange ni malaya gha ŵanthu (mwakuyana waka, malaya gha ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mabuku na malaya gha Cossack), nangauli ni nyengo zinandi yayi.<ref name="auto" /> Kanandi, mazgu agha ghakung'anamura malaya agho ghakuwoneka nga ni gha mwanakazi, nangauli mazuŵa ghano malaya agha ghakulikaso na ŵalume wuwo panjiso mwakuyana panjiso mwa kujumpha ŵanakazi. i4zxinfiod6s62udqytihvz1p19nxyu 0 37781 122444 122331 2026-09-27T23:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country on the west coast of Southern Africa}} {{about|the modern country since 1992|the former country from 1975 to 1992|People's Republic of Angola}} {{About|the country}} {{Pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Angola | common_name = Angola | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Angola}}<br> | image_flag = Flag of Angola.svg<!-- DO NOT ADD the proposed flag; you WILL be reverted and warned! --> | image_coat = Emblem of Angola.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|italics=on|nolink=on}}|({{lang-en|"Virtue is stronger when united"}})}} | national_anthem = "[[Angola Avante]]"<br />({{Lang-en|"Onwards Angola"}}) | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|[[File:Angola - Location Map (2013) - AGO - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Angola|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Luanda]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.9% [[Christianity]] |—53.9% [[Catholic Church in Angola|Roman Catholic]] |—27.4% [[Protestant]] |—11.6% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |5.1% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.1% [[Islam]] |0.9% [[Religion in Angola|Other]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|8|50|S|13|20|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages = [[Angolan Portuguese|Portuguese]] | languages_type = Official language | languages2_type = National languages | languages2 = {{unbulleted list | [[Kimbundu]] | [[Umbundu]] | [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]] | [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 37% [[Ovimbundu]] | 25% [[Ambundu]] | 13% [[Kongo people|Bakongo]] | 21% Other African | 2% [[Mestiço]] (mixed European and African) | 1% [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] | 1% [[White Africans of European ancestry|European]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Main ethnic groups in Angola 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|website=Statista}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Demographics of Angola|Angolan]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Angola|President]] | leader_name1 = [[João Lourenço]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Angola|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Esperança da Costa]]<ref name="RNA 15-9-22">[https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ Investidura do Presidente da República]. Rádio Nacional de Angola. 15 September 2022.</ref> | legislature = [[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Angola|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Angolan War of Independence|Independence]] from [[Portugal]], under [[People's Republic of Angola|Communist rule]] | established_date1 = 11 November 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 397|full membership]] | established_date2 = 22 November 1976 | established_event3 = [[Constitution of Angola|Current constitution]] | established_date3 = 21 January 2010 | p1 = People's Republic of Angola | flag_p1 = Flag of Angola.svg | area_km2 = 1246700 | area_rank = 22nd | area_sq_mi = 481354 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 34,795,287<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_census = 25,789,024<ref name="INE Angola">{{Citation |title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014 |date=March 2016 |url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |trans-title=Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística |language=pt |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 42nd | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 24.97 | population_density_sq_mi = 64.65 | population_density_rank = 157th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$245.44&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 62nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$7,455<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 129th | GDP_nominal ={{increase}} $124.79 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 61st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$3,791<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th | Gini = 51.3 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Angola |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AO |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003448/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DAO |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.588<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 146th | currency = [[Angolan kwanza]] | currency_code = AOA | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Angola|+244]] | cctld = [[.ao]] }} '''Angola''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Angola-pronunciation.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|ə}}; {{IPA-pt|ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ|lang}}; {{lang-kg|Ngola}}, {{IPA-kg|ŋɔla|pron}}), mwaboma, '''Charu cha Angola''' ({{lang-pt|República de Angola}}),ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa [[Africa]]. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikuyowoya [[Ciphwitikizi]] pa caru cose ndiposo pa unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Namibia]], kumpoto na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Zambia]], ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Angola wali na chigaŵa chakuchemeka [[Cabinda]], icho chili mumphepete mwa charu cha [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] na Democratic Republic of Congo. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Luanda]]. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kwamba mu [[nyengo ya Paleolitiki]]. Charu ichi chikamba kuwumbika na Ŵapwitikizi mu ma 1500 C.E. Ŵakapanga mizi mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Charu cha [[Portugal]] icho chikazgoka Angola, chikaŵa na mphaka zake yayi m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi nga mba [[Cuamato]], Kwanyama, na [[Mbunda]]. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya nyengo yitali, Angola yikatora wanangwa mu 1975 nga ni Republic ya Marxist-Leninist. Charu ichi chikamba nkhondo ya boma chaka chimoza, pakati pa People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), iyo yikaŵa na wovwiri wa [[Soviet Union]] na [[Cuba]], [[National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]], iyo yikaŵa ya Maoist ndipo pamanyuma yikakanizga chikomyunizimu iyo yikaŵa nayo boma la [[United States]] na South Africa, na gulu la National Liberation Front of Angola, ilo likaŵa na wovwirapo wa [[Zaire]]. Angola yili na vyakununkhira vinandi na mafuta, ndipo caru ici cili pakati pa vyakununkha comene pa caru cose, comenecomene kufuma apo nkhondo ya mukati yikamalira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=13 April 2010|title=Transparency and Accountability in Angola|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051053/http://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola|archive-date=6 October 2015|access-date=1 April 2016|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Angola ŵakukhala umoyo wambura kukhumbikwa. Kwambira mu 2017, boma la João Lourenço laŵika mtima pa kulimbana na vimbundi. Nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakumanya kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzomerezgeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka ŵakuwona kuti ni vyakucitika vya ndyali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/angolas-anti-corruption-drive-real-or-cosmetic|title=Is Angola's Anti-Corruption Drive Real or Cosmetic?|website=VOA News|date=10 January 2020|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628000708/https://www.voanews.com/africa/angolas-anti-corruption-drive-real-or-cosmetic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/diplomata-reconhece-esforcos-na-luta-contra-corrupcao/|title=Diplomat recognizes government's effort in fight against corruption|date=30 June 2021|access-date=5 July 2021|publisher=Agéncia Angola Press|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006061359/https://www.angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/diplomata-reconhece-esforcos-na-luta-contra-corrupcao/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth|year=2014|work=World Fact Book|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|access-date=4 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charu cha Angola chili mu wupu wa United Nations, OPEC, African Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, na Southern African Development Community. Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakukwana 32.87 miliyoni. Angola ni caru ca ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi kwa vyaka vinandi. ==Zina== Zina lakut''i Angola'' likufuma ku lizgu lakuti [[Reino de Angola]], ilo likafuma ku Chiphwitikizi, ndipo likalembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1571..<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heywood |first1=Linda M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82 |title=Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660 |last2=Thornton |first2=John K. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521770651 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320074507/http://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82 |archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakalemba zina ili kufuma ku zina lakuti ngola. Ndongo mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, pakati pa milonga ya Kwanza na Lucala, yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Kongo, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, yikakhumbanga kujithemba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-kongo-1390-1914 |title=Kingdom of Kongo 1390–1914 |last=Leander |date=18 May 2016 |website=South African History Online |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184815/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/kingdom-kongo-1390-1914 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Angola}} === Kusamukira ku vyaru vinyake na magulu gha ndyali === [[File:Jean_Roy_de_Congo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[João I of Kongo|King João I]], [[Manikongo]] of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]]]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San pambere ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵandambe kusama. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ŵakaliskanga viŵeto yayi panji kulima, kweni ŵakaliskanga na kuvuna. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumako ku chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kulima banane na taro, kweniso viŵeto vikuruvikuru mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Angola. Pakaŵa maboma ghanandi agho ghakakhazikiskika. Ghakumanyikwa chomene ni Ufumu wa Kongo, uwo ukaŵa ku Angola. Chikatora nthowa zakwendakwenda na maboma ghanyake na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, kweniso na charu cha Great Zimbabwe na Mutapa. Kumwera kwake kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ndongo, uwo nyengo zinyake ukachemekanga Dongo.<ref name=EB1878>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angola |volume=2 |page=45 }}</ref> === Chikoloni cha Ŵapwitikizi === {{Main|Colonial history of Angola|Portuguese Angola}} [[File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Kongo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coat of arms granted to King [[Afonso I of Kongo]] by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]]] Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal zina lake Diogo Cão wakafika mu chigaŵa ichi mu 1484.<ref name=EB1878/> Chaka chamara, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kukolerana na charu cha Kongo, icho pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa kufuma ku Gabon, kumpoto, m'paka ku Mlonga wa Kwanza, kumwera. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhazikiska msika wawo ku Soyo, uwo sono ni msumba wa kumpoto comene mu Angola padera pa Cabinda. Mu 1575, Paulo Dias de Novais wakazenga msumba wa São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) pamoza na mbumba 100 na ŵasilikari 400. Mu 1587, msumba wa Benguela ukaŵa na malinga ndipo mu 1617 ukazgoka tawuni. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhazikiska malo ghanyake ghakukhalamo, vigongwe, na malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Angola. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku malo agha ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ŵazga ŵanandi ku ufumu wa Portugal, ndipo kanandi ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Europe.<ref>{{cite book|title=Angola in the Eighteenth Century: Slave trading in the 1700s|url=https://archive.org/details/angolapresidentj0000usai|work=Angola President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos Handbook|author=Global Investment and Business Center|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|date=1 January 2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/angolapresidentj0000usai/page/153 153]|isbn=0739716069}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=14 May 2016|page=27|url= http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-chapter2.pdf |title=The History of Brazil–Africa Relations|author=World Bank|work=Bridging the Atlantic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153221/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-chapter2.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi cha malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic chikalutilira m'paka apo charu cha Brazil chikapokera wanangwa mu 1820. Nangauli charu cha Portugal chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Angola, kweni chikaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka pa vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, charu cha Portugal chikamba kulamulira mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakasuzgikanga ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora yayi. John Iliffe wakati: "Mazgu gha ku Portugal agho ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ghakulongora kuti njara yikuru yikaŵanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu cha Angola, ndipo para njara iyi yachitika, yikatenge yikomenge ŵanthu ŵakukwana hafu ya ŵanthu wose.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC ''Africans: the history of a continent''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211914/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC |date=10 June 2016 }}. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. {{ISBN|0-521-68297-5}}. For valuable complements for the 16th and 17th centuries see Beatrix Heintze, ''Studien zur Geschichte Angolas im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert'', Colónia/Alemanha: Köppe, 1996</ref> Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Portugal, kampani ya Dutch West India Company yikawukira msumba wa Luanda mu 1641. Mu 1648, ŵasilikari ŵa Salvador de Sá ŵakatora Luanda. Mu 1649, pakalembeka mapangano ghaphya na charu cha Kongo. Kupoka msumba wa Pungo Andongo mu 1671 kukaŵa kwaumaliro kwa Ŵapwitikizi kufuma ku Luanda, cifukwa ŵakayezga kuti ŵanjire mu Congo mu 1670 na Matamba mu 1681 kweni ŵakatondeka. Malo agho ŵakakolerananga nagho ghakathandazgikiranga kufuma ku Benguela, kweni m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, malo agho ŵakakolerananga nagho ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene. Cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Portugal cikachedwa comene kupoka caru ca Angola.<ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book |title=Angola, a Country Study |publisher=Department of the Army, [[American University]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0160308444 |editor-last=Collelo |editor-first=Thomas |edition=Third |series=Area Handbook Series |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=14–26}}</ref> [[File:Cadornega.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''History of Angola''; written in Luanda in 1680.]] Mu 1836, malonda gha ŵazga ghakalekeka mu Angola, ndipo mu 1854 boma la ku Angola likafwatura ŵazga wose. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, boma la Portugal likamazga wuzga. <ref name="Handbook" />Ndipouli, malango agha ghakaŵa ghambura kufiskika, ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathembanga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵaŵawovwire kukanizga malonda gha ŵazga. Ici cikacitika pa nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵakambiraso ulendo wawo wa ku nkhorongo.<ref name="Handbook" /> Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Portugal cikaŵa kuti capanga ufumu wake kumpoto m'paka ku Mlonga wa Congo na kumwera m'paka ku Mossâmedes. Kuzakafika kuumaliro wa ma 1880, Portugal yikaghanaghananga vya kukolerana na Angola na Mozambique, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Belgium ŵakakana. Mu nyengo iyi, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakumana na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵakugaluka mu Angola.<ref>See René Pélissier, ''Les guerres grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola, (1845-1941)'', Éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1977</ref> Ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884-1885 ukaŵa na mphaka za charu ichi, ndipo ukalongosora mphaka za Ŵapwitikizi ku Angola.<ref>See René Pélissier, ''La colonie du Minotaure. Nationalismes et révoltes en Angola (1926–1961)'', éditions Pélissier, Montamets, 78630 Orgeval (France), 1979</ref> Malonda pakati pa Portugal na vyaru vya ku Africa ghakasazgikira comene cifukwa ca msonkho wa msonkho uwo ukapangiska kuti caru ciŵe na vinthu vinandi, kweniso cifukwa ca ŵeneco ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaluta ku caru ici.<ref name="Corrado">{{cite book |last=Corrado |first=Jacopo |title=The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920 |date=2008 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=978-1604975291 |location=Amherst, New York |pages=11–13}}</ref> Pakati pa 1939 na 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakacitiska nkhondo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mucubal, awo ŵakasuskikanga kuti ŵakugaluka. Awo ŵakapona ŵakakakika mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, ŵakatumika ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, uko ŵanandi ŵakafwa cifukwa ca nkhaza za ŵantchito, kusoŵa cakurya cakukwana, na kukomeka.<ref>Rafael Coca de Campos ''Kakombola. O genocídio dos Mucubais na Angola colonial, 1930-1943'', Ponta Grossa, 2021.</ref> === Kujiyimira kwa Angola === {{Main|Angolan War of Independence|Portuguese Colonial War}} [[File:Luanda,desfilemilitar (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Portuguese Armed Forces]] marching in Luanda during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]s (1961–74).]] Kuyana na dango la ku Angola, ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kunjilirapo pa ndyali panji kuzenga mabungwe. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1960, wupu unyake uwo ukacitanga milimo yakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ukaŵawovwira. Chifukwa chakuti Portugal yikakana kupulikira ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakakhumbanga, nkhondo yikamba mu 1961 apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Baixa de Cassanje ŵakagaluka. Mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo iyi, magulu ghatatu ghakwimikana na ŵasilikari ghakafuma mu nkhondo pakati pa boma la Portugal na ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.<ref name="Chabal">{{cite book |last=Chabal |first=Patrick |title=A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpostcol0000chab |date=2002 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253215659 |location=Bloomington |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpostcol0000chab/page/142 142]}}</ref> Gulu la National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) likulemba ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira ku Bakongo mu Zaire. Pakuwona umo vinthu vikaŵira mu msumba wa Léopoldville, kweniso mphaka iyo yikaŵa na Zaire, ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya mphaka ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakakondwanga na ufumu wa Kongo. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghapachanya ŵakatondekanga kusanga nchito mu boma la Mobutu Sese Seko, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito ya kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵa ŵeneco ŵa makampani ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakambiska gulu la FNLA na cilato cakuti para ŵafika ku Angola ŵasangire mazaza.<ref name="Chabal"/>[[File:FNLA1973.jpg|thumb|upright|Ŵabali ŵa National Liberation Front of Angola ŵakasambira mu 1973.]] Mu 1966 gulu la Ovimbundu ilo likakanizganga Ŵapwitikizi ku Angola likalongozgeka na Jonas Savimbi na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Ŵakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa kutali na vigaŵa vya ŵabwezi ŵawo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ovimbundu ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu, kweniso ŵalimi ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa ŵekha pa malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Chabal"/> Paumaliro wa 1950, gulu la Marxist-Leninist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) likamba kuwusa kumpoto kwa Luanda. Gulu ili likapangika na chipani cha Angolan Communist Party, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu ili ŵakaŵa Ambundu. Nangauli MPLA na ŵalwani ŵake ŵakapokeleranga wovwiri wa vinthu vyakufuma ku Soviet Union panji ku China, kweni MPLA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakwimikana na boma la Britain ndipo yikadandawuranga comene boma la United States na wovwiri wake ku Portugal. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kukolerana na maboma gha ku Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, na United Arab Republic. MPLA yikayezga kusamuska ofesi yake yikuru kufuma ku Conakry kuya ku Léopoldville mu Okutobala 1961, ndipo yikambaso kulimbikira kupanga gulu limoza na FNLA, ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Union of Angolan Peoples (UPA) na mulongozgi wake Holden Roberto. Roberto wakakana. Apo MPLA yikayezga kunjizga ŵasilikari ŵake mu Angola, ŵasilikari ŵa UPA ŵakaŵawukira na kuŵakoma.<ref name="Cornwell">{{cite web |last=Cornwell |first=Richard |date=1 November 2000 |title=The War of Independence |url=http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221015144/http://www.issafrica.org/pubs/books/Angola/4cornwell.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |location=Pretoria}}</ref> === Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola === {{Main|Angolan Civil War}} [[File:President MPLA, heer Neto door Den Uyl ontvangen premier Den Uyl en A Neto (r), Bestanddeelnr 927-8518 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Agostinho Neto]], pulezidenti wakwamba wa Angola.]] Mu nyengo yose ya nkhondo iyi, magulu ghatatu agha ghakatimbanizgikanga cifukwa ca kupambana kwa ndyali na ŵasilikari, kweniso cifukwa ca kutondeka kukolerana pakulimbana na Ŵapwitikizi. Pakati pa 1961 na 1975, MPLA, UNITA, na FNLA ŵakakwesananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na pa caru cose. Boma la Soviet Union na la Cuba likakolerana chomene na MPLA ndipo likapeleka vilwero, vilwero, ndalama, na masukulu. Ŵakawovwiraso ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA m'paka apo vikawonekeranga kuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakususkana na MPLA. Boma la ku Portugal la Estado Novo likati lamara mu 1974, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaleka kugwira ntchito mu Africa. Pakukhwimiskika na wupu wa African Unity, Holden Roberto, Jonas Savimbi, na mulongozgi wa MPLA Agostinho Neto ŵakakumana ku Mombasa kukwambilira kwa mwezi wa Janyuwale 1975 ndipo ŵakakolerana kupanga boma la wupu wakukolerana. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, phangano la Alvor likazomerezga kuti paŵe maungano gha boma ndipo likati paŵe maungano gha boma. Ndipouli, magulu ghose ghatatu ghakapulikira phangano la kuleka kuwukira, ndipo ghakawovwira Ŵapwitikizi kuti ŵatore malo ghakupambanapambana, kusanga vilwero vinandi, na kusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵawo. Nkhondo yikalutilira kukura cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa Soviet Union na United States, ŵakizanga na vilwero vinandi. Na wovwiri wa ku America na Zaire, FNLA yikamba kuwunganya ŵasilikari ŵanandi kumpoto kwa Angola kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵankhongono. Nyengo yeneyiyo, MPLA yikamba kuwusa Luanda, malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ambundu. Ku Luanda kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FNLA lawira ŵasilikari ŵa MPLA mu Malichi 1975. Nkhondo yikasazgikira na mbembe za mu misewu mu Epulero na Meyi, ndipo UNITA yikakhwaskika pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200 ŵakakomeka na MPLA mu Juni. Nkhondo iyi yikati yafika paheni chomene, boma la Soviet Union likamba kupeleka vilwero ku gulu la MPLA. Mu Ogasiti 1975, MPLA yikapempha wovwiri kufuma ku Soviet Union mu nthowa ya ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Soviet ŵakakana, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kutuma ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵawovwire, kweni ŵasilikari yayi. Ndipouli, ku Cuba ŵakakhumbanga chomene kovwira ndipo kuumaliro wa Seputembala ŵakatuma ŵasilikari pafupifupi 500 ku Angola pamoza na vilwero na vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa. Apo boma la Cuba likamba kujiyimira palekha, pakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 1,000. Ŵakaŵa na ndege zinandi za ku Soviet Union izo zikaŵawovwiranga. Wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Cuba na Soviet ukovwira kuti MPLA yifumiske ŵalwani ŵake mu Luanda na kulekeska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zaire na ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kovwira FNLA na UNITA. Gulu la FNLA likaparanyika comene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Quifangondo, nangauli UNITA yikakwaniska kufumiska ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵake mu Luanda na kupenja malo ghakubisamamo mu vigaŵa vya kumwera. Kufuma apo, Savimbi wakalutilira kulimbana na MPLA.<ref name="Vanneman">{{cite book |last=Vanneman |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann |title=Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach |date=1990 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=978-0817989026 |location=Stanford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/48 48–49] |url-access=registration}}</ref>[[File:Cuban PT-76 Angola.JPG|thumb|210px|Kasinja ya ku Cuba mu Luanda pa nyengo ya kucitako vinthu mu Angola, 1976]] Pakati pa 1975 na 1991, MPLA yikagwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya vya cuma na ndyali yakujintha pa fundo za sayansi ya wupu wakucemeka socialism. Wakapanga ndondomeko yikuru ya kupanikizgira ŵanthu vinthu vyawo, ndipo nchito ya ŵeneco mu caru ici yikamara. Makampani agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakaŵa gha boma ndipo ghakaŵa mu gulu limoza lakuchemeka Unidades Económicas Estatais (UEE). Mu nyengo ya MPLA, Angola yikaŵa mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na makuni ghanandi. Ndipouli, vimbundi na vimbundi vikasazgikiraso, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makora yayi ndalama za boma. Chipani chakulongozga chikapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma na Maoist-oriented Communist Organisation of Angola (OCA) mu 1977, icho chikakanizgika pamanyuma pa viyezgo vya ndyali ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na OCA. Nkhondo ya ku Cuito Cuanavale mu 1987-1988 yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru comene ya nkhondo ya cikaya, iyo yikacitika pakati pa boma la MPLA ilo likawovwirika na Cuba na UNITA iyo yikawovwirika na South Africa. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu December 1988, ndipo ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Cuba na South Africa ŵakafumamo mu Angola. MPLA yikasida maghanoghano ghake ghakale gha Marxist pa ungano wake wacitatu wa chipani mu 1990, ndipo yikati social democracy ndiyo yikaŵa pulatifomu yake yiphya. Pamanyuma, Angola wakazgoka ciŵaro ca wupu wa International Monetary Fund. Mu Meyi 1991, ŵakafika pa phangano la mtende na UNITA, la Bicesse Accords. Apo MPLA yikapokera vitumbiko vikuru pa vipharazgo, UNITA yikasuska ivyo vikacitika pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na gha wupu wakulongozga, ndipo yikambaso nkhondo. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, kuphana kwa Halloween kunachitika kuyambira pa Okutobala 30 mpaka Novembala 1, pomwe magulu a MPLA adapha zikwizikwi za othandizira a UNITA.<ref>{{cite book|last=W. James|first=Martin|year=2004|title=Historical Dictionary of Angola|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame/page/161 161]–162|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1538111239}}</ref> ===21st century=== [[File:Porto de Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mu msumba wa Luanda muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora.]] {{Main|2000s in Angola}} Pa February 22, 2002, Jonas Savimbi wakakomeka pa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. UNITA na MPLA ŵakamazga nkhondo. Gulu la UNITA likathera ku gulu lake la nkhondo na kwamba kuŵa chipani chikuru chakususka. Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi, kweni pakaŵavya ndondomeko ya demokilase m'paka apo kukaŵa mavoti mu Angola mu 2008 na 2012 kweniso apo pakaŵa dango liphya mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458|title=Who is Angola's new president Joao Lourenco? &#124; DW &#124; 26.09.2017|website=DW.COM|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203010533/https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458|url-status=live}}</ref> Angola wali mu suzgo yikuru ya ŵanthu; cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali, mabomba ghanandi gha migodi, ndiposo cifukwa ca kulimbikira kwa ndyali kuti kaboni wa boma la Cabinda waŵe wakujiyimira yekha. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo sono ŵakukhala mu tawuni yikuru ya Angola, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mu vikaya ivi ŵakusuzgika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola - Human Rights Tracker |url=https://rightstracker.org/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=rightstracker.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171721/https://rightstracker.org/ |archive-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> Chilangalanga mu 2016 chikapangiska suzgo likuru comene la vyakurya mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa mu vyaka 25, ndipo ŵanthu 1.4 miliyoni ŵakakhwaskika mu vigaŵa 7 pa vigaŵa 18 vya Angola. Mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera ndipo unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi ukakwera kaŵiri. Bungwe la Human Rights Measurement Initiative likusanga kuti Angola likucita 51.8% ya ivyo vikwenera kucitika pa mlingo wake wa ndalama kuti liŵe na wanangwa wa kurya cakurya cakukwana. José Eduardo dos Santos wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa purezidenti wa Angola pamanyuma pa vilimika 38 mu 2017, ndipo wakatora malo gha João Lourenço, mwenecho wa Santos. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu mbumba ya Dos Santos ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵaryarya. Mu Julayi 2022, pulezidenti wakale José Eduardo dos Santos wakafwa ku Spain. Mu Ogasiti 2022, chipani cha MPLA, chikapokera chiŵelengero chikuru chomene ndipo Pulezidenti Lourenço wakapokera nyengo yachiŵiri ya vyaka vinkhondi. Ndipouli, maungano agha ghakaŵa ghakusuzga comene kuluska maungano ghanyake ghose mu Angola.<ref>{{cite news |title=Angola's MPLA ruling party wins elections and presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/29/angola-ruling-party-wins-vote-and-president-a-second-term |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=José Eduardo dos Santos: State funeral for Angola ex-president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62705492 |work=BBC News |date=28 August 2022}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Angola}} [[File:Angola Topography.png|thumb|upright|Topography of Angola.]] Ku Angola kuli vigaŵa vyakujumpha 1,246,700 km2, ndipo ni caru ca nambara 24 pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Malo agha ghali pakati pa latitude 4° na 18°S, kweniso longitude 12° na 24°E. Charu cha Angola chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Namibia, kumafumiro gha dazi na Zambia, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na South Atlantic Ocean. Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cabinda, kumpoto, chili na mphaka na charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo, kumpoto, na kumwera. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Msumba ukuru wa Angola, Luanda, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Angola wakaŵa na nambala ya 8.35/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Climate of Angola}} [[File:Angola map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|300px|Mapu gha Angola gha umo vinthu viliri ku Köppen.]] Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, Angola nayo wali na nyengo zakupambanapambana za vula na chilangalanga. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, nyengo ya vula yinganjira myezi 7 - kanandi kufuma mu Seputembala m'paka Epulero. Kumwera, nyengo ya vula yikwamba mu Novembala ndipo yikulutilira m'paka mu Febuluwale. Nyengo ya chilangalanga (cacimbo) kanandi yikuŵa na chiwuvi chikuru mulenji. Kanandi maji ghakukhira chomene kumpoto, kweni mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu, ghakukhira chomene kuluska mumphepete mwa nyanja. Para munthu wali kutali na equator kweniso para wali pachanya pa mtunda, matenthe ghakukhira, ndipo para wafika kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic, ghakuwuka. Ntheura, ku Soyo, pa mulomo wa Mlonga wa Congo, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakuzizima comene ŵakuzizima comene. Mwezi wakuzizima chomene ni Julayi na Ogasiti (pakati pa nyengo ya chiwuvi), apo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa chiwuvi.<ref name=":1">{{citation-attribution|{{cite encyclopedia|title=Angola: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|date=1989|editor-last=Collelo|editor-first=Thomas|pages=57–61|language=English|isbn=|oclc=44357178|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408100132/https://www.loc.gov/item/90003244/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Provinces of Angola|Municipalities of Angola|Communes of Angola}} [[File:Angola Provinces numbered 300px.png|thumb|upright|Map of Angola with the provinces numbered]] [[File:Huambo, Palácio do Governador (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Huambo Province|Provincial Government of Huambo]].]] Mu Malichi 2016, charu cha Angola chili na vigaŵa 18 (provincias) na matawuni 162. Ŵakumanyikwa na mazina agha ŵali kugaŵika mu vikaya 559.<ref name="acd">{{Citation|title=Resultados Definitivos do Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação de Angola 2014|date=March 2016|url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf|page=27|trans-title=Final Results of the General Census of Population and Housing of Angola 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística|language=pt|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vigaŵa ivi ni: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ |- bgcolor="#ACE1AF" !Nambala !Chigaŵa !Msumba waboma !Usani (km²)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930004212/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/angola.aspx|archive-date=2016-09-30 |title=Angola General Information |website=geohive.com |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> !Ŵanthu<br /> (2014 Census)<ref name="Censo2014s">{{cite web|title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014|url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf|access-date=3 May 2020|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1 |[[Bengo Province|Bengo]] |[[Caxito]] | align="right" |31,371 | align="right" |356,641 |- |2 |[[Benguela Province|Benguela]] |[[Benguela]] | align="right" |39,826 | align="right" |2,231,385 |- |3 |[[Bié Province|Bié]] |[[Cuíto]] | align="right" |70,314 | align="right" |1,455,255 |- |4 |[[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] |[[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]] | align="right" |7,270 | align="right" |716,076 |- |5 |[[Cuando Cubango Province|Cuando Cubango]] |[[Menongue]] | align="right" |199,049 | align="right" |534,002 |- |6 |[[Cuanza Norte Province|Cuanza Norte]] |[[N'dalatando]] | align="right" |24,110 | align="right" |443,386 |- |7 |[[Cuanza Sul Province|Cuanza Sul]] |[[Sumbe]] | align="right" |55,600 | align="right" |1,881,873 |- |8 |[[Cunene Province|Cunene]] |[[Ondjiva]] | align="right" |87,342 | align="right" |990,087 |- |9 |[[Huambo Province|Huambo]] |[[Huambo]] | align="right" |34,270 | align="right" |2,019,555 |- |10 |[[Huíla Province|Huíla]] |[[Lubango]] | align="right" |79,023 | align="right" |2,497,422 |- |11 |[[Luanda Province|Luanda]] |[[Luanda]] | align="right" |2,417 | align="right" |6,945,386 |- |12 |[[Lunda Norte Province|Lunda Norte]] |[[Dundo]] | align="right" |103,760 | align="right" |862,566 |- |13 |[[Lunda Sul Province|Lunda Sul]] |[[Saurimo]] | align="right" |77,637 | align="right" |537,587 |- |14 |[[Malanje Province|Malanje]] |[[Malanje]] | align="right" |97,602 | align="right" |986,363 |- |15 |[[Moxico Province|Moxico]] |[[Luena, Moxico Province|Luena]] | align="right" |223,023 | align="right" |758,568 |- |16 |[[Namibe Province|Namibe]] |[[Moçâmedes]] | align="right" |57,091 | align="right" |495,326 |- |17 |[[Uíge Province|Uíge]] |[[Uíge]] | align="right" |58,698 | align="right" |1,483,118 |- |18 |[[Zaire Province|Zaire]] |[[M'banza-Kongo]] | align="right" |40,130 | align="right" |594,428 |} === Chigaŵa cha Cabinda === {{Main|Cabinda Province}} [[File:Governo Provincial do Namibe (19543179475) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Namibe Province|Provincial Government of Namibe]].]] Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Angola cha Cabinda chili na malo ghakujumpha 7,283 sq km. Chigaŵa ichi chikupambana na chigaŵa chinyake cha charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kufupi na Mlonga wa Congo. Cabinda wakukhala ku mpoto na kumpoto na kumpoto kwa mpoto kwa Congo na DRC kumafumiro na kumwera. Msumba wa Cabinda ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Kuyana na kalembera uyo wakacitika mu 1995, ku Cabinda kukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000, ndipo pafupifupi 400,000 mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga yayi ivyo ŵakuyowoya. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli makuni ghanandi, khofi, kakawo, ghamkuyu, na mafuta. Ndipouli, caru ici nchakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mafuta agho ghakupambika. Pafupifupi hafu ya mafuta ghose agho Angola ghakupanga, ghali kufuma ku mafuta agho ghakusangika ku Cabinda.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 2013|title=Angola profile|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624084435/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732|archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Mafuta ghanandi agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi ghakasangika na kampani yakuchemeka Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (CABGOC) kufuma mu 1968 m'paka sono. Kufuma waka apo Portugal yikapelekera mazaza gha chigaŵa chakwake cha Angola ku magulu ghakujiyimira pawekha (MPLA, UNITA na FNLA), chigaŵa cha Cabinda chaŵa malo ghakukanizgikira ku boma la Angola. Chipani cha Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda- Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) chikapharazga kuti boma la Federal Republic of Cabinda lizamuŵa pasi pa muwuso wa N'Zita Henriques Tiago. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Cabindan ŵakukhumba kujikora nchakuti nyengo zose ŵakugaŵikana. == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Angola}} {{See also|Elections in Angola|List of political parties in Angola}} [[File:National Assembly Building (19898889148).jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba ya Malango ya Angola.]] Boma la Angola lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, wa malango na wa vyeruzgo. Wupu wakulongozga wa boma uli na pulezidenti, mavice-president na Council of Minister. Wupu wakulongozga uli na mipando 220, wupu wakulongozga wa wupu umoza, wupu wa National Assembly of Angola, uwo ukusankhika kufuma mu vigaŵa vinandi vya chigaŵa na vyaru vyose. Kwa vyaka vinandi, mazaza gha ndyali ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pa vilimika 38 vya kuwusa, mu 2017 President dos Santos wakafumapo pa umanyi wa MPLA. Mulongozgi wa chipani icho chizamutonda pa mavoti gha pa nyumba ya malango mu Ogasiti 2017 ndiyo wazamuŵa pulezidenti wakulondezgapo wa Angola. MPLA yikasankha nduna yakale ya vya vimbundi João Lourenço kuŵa wakunjira mu malo mwa Santos. Pa ŵaliska 32, 12 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi. Mu ivyo vikulongosoreka kuti ni kuyuzga ndyali kuti waŵike nkhongono zake na kuchepeska mazaza gha mbumba ya Dos Santos, Lourenço wakafumiska mulara wa ŵapolisi, Ambrósio de Lemos, na mulara wa ŵapolisi, Apolinário José Pereira. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakuwoneka kuti ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa pulezidenti Dos Santos. Kweniso wakawuskapo Isabel Dos Santos, mwana wa pulezidenti wakale, pakuŵa mulara wa kampani ya mafuta ya Sonangol. Mu Ogasiti 2020, José Filomeno dos Santos, mwana wa pulezidenti wakale wa Angola, wakalangika vyaka vinkhondi mu jele cifukwa ca upusikizgi na vimbundi.<ref>{{cite news |title=José Filomeno dos Santos: Son of Angola's ex-leader jailed for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53774288 |work=BBC News |date=14 August 2020 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203552/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53774288 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Malango=== [[File:Vladimir Putin and João Lourenço, 26 july 2018 (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[João Lourenço]], [[President of Angola]]]] {{main|Constitution of Angola}} Ndondomeko ya boma ya mu 2010 yikulongosora makora umo boma likwendeskekera kweniso ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuchita. Boma la Portugal lili na malango ghakukhwaskana na malango gha chiyowoyero na malango gha mitheto. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikati yamara, boma la Iran likakhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu na ŵamitundu kuti liŵe la demokilase. Likasintha vinthu vinyake kwambura kusintha chomene. Ndondomeko yiphya ya malango, iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2010, yikasintha kuti paŵavye mavoti gha pulezidenti. Mwaunenesko panji yayi, pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga vinthu vinyake vyose mu boma, ntheura palije kugaŵikana kwa mazaza. Kuyana na malango gha boma, boma ili lili na mazaza ghakulongozga''.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Angola Party Politics: Into the African Trend|last=Amundsen|first=Inge|publisher=Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) and Centro de Estudos e Investigação Científica (CEIC)|year=2011|type=PDF}}</ref><ref>Péclard, Didier (ed.) (2008) ''L'Angola dans la paix: Autoritarisme et reconversions'', special issue of ''Politique africains'' (Paris), p. 110.</ref><ref>Miranda, Jorge (2010) "A Constituição de Angola de 2010", ''O Direito'' (Lisbon), vol. 142.</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Angolan Armed Forces}} [[File:Luanda - Angola (6276460346) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Angola awo ŵakaŵa na yunifomu.]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Angola (Forças Armadas Angolanas, FAA) likulongozgeka na Chief of Staff uyo wakuphalira nduna yakuvikilira chalo. Pali maboma ghatatu: Army (Exército), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA) na National Air Force (Força Aérea Nacional, FAN). Ŵandu ŵakwana 107,000, kusazgapo ŵasilikari 10,000 (kuyana na 2015).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide|publisher=Helicon|year=2018|isbn=978-1-84972-716-7|location=Abington, UK}}</ref> Vinthu vyake vikusazgapo vilwero vya nkhondo vya ku Russia, mabomba na ndege zakwendeskera vinthu. Paliso ndege za EMB-312 Tucanos za ku Brazil, za L-39 za ku Czech, na za ku Western, nga ni C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Alouette III, na vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa FAA ŵali mu Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) ndipo ŵanyake 500 ŵakatumika mu Malichi 2023 cifukwa ca kuwuka kwa M23. Wupu wa FAA nawo uli kuchitako mulimo wa mtende wa Southern African Development Community (SADC) ku Cabo Delgado, Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola to join SADC military mission to Mozambique - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-07/28/c_1310092087.htm |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.xinhuanet.com |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025093503/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-07/28/c_1310092087.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gomes |first=Miguel |last2=Rolley |first2=Sonia |date=17 March 2023 |title=Angola to deploy troops in Congo's rebel-hit east |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/angola-deploy-troops-congos-rebel-hit-east-2023-03-17/ |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-06 |title=DRC: Angolan soldier killed in Kasai |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/06/drc-angolan-soldier-killed-in-kasai/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510124820/https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/06/drc-angolan-soldier-killed-in-kasai/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ŵapolisi === {{Main|Law enforcement in Angola}} [[File:Angola transito (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Angola.]] Maofesi gha ŵapolisi ni Public Order, Criminal Investigation, Traffic and Transport, Investigation and Inspection of Economic Activities, Taxation and Frontier Supervision, Riot Police na Rapid Intervention Police. Ŵapolisi ŵakuzenga viŵiya vya nkhondo kuti viwovwire ŵasilikari. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku caru cose ŵakukuzga maofesi ghawo ghakutozga milandu. Wupu uwu uli na ŵasilikari 6,000, ŵapolisi 2,500 ŵakuwona vya misonkho, ŵapolisi 182 ŵakuwona vya vigeŵenga, ŵapolisi 100 ŵakuwona vya vigeŵenga vya ndalama, kweniso ŵapolisi pafupifupi 90 ŵakuwona vya vyachuma. Ŵapolisi ŵa boma ŵali kwambiska ndondomeko ya kusinthiska na kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacite makora milimo yawo. Padera pa kunozga vinthu mu boma, mapulojekiti ghakusintha vinthu ghakusazgapo kugura magalimoto ghaphya, ndege na vinthu vinyake, kuzenga maofesi gha ŵapolisi na ma laboratory gha vya malango, kunozga masukulu gha kusambizga ŵanthu, na kusinthiska futi za AKM na za Uzi za 9 mm ku ŵasilikari ŵa mu matawuni. ===Chilungamo=== Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo likuchita apilu. Khoti la malango ni wupu wapachanya wa malango, ilo likakhazikiskika na dango la nambara 2/08, la 17 Juni  ️ Dango la malango la khoti la malango na la nambara 3/08, la 17 Juni ️ Dango la malango la malango. Ndondomeko ya malango yili kuyana na malango gha ku Portugal na malango gha cikaya. Mu caru ici muli makhoti 12 mu vigaŵa vyakujumpha 140. Mulimo wake wakwamba ukaŵa wa kuwoneseska kuti ŵandyali ŵaŵikapo mtima pa maungano gha chigaŵa gha pa Seputembala 5, 2008. Pasono pali ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi, ŵanalume ŵanayi na ŵanakazi ŵatatu. Mu 2014, dango liphya la vigeŵenga likamba kugwira ntchito mu Angola. Dango liphya ili likulongora kuti kusesa ndalama nkhwananga..<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141215075205/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angola-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano Angola com novo Código Penal ainda este ano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215075205/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/280463/angola-com-novo-codigo-penal-ainda-este-ano |date=15 December 2014 }}, Notícias ao Minuto, 24 September 2014</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Angola|List of diplomatic missions of Angola}} [[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Angolan Foreign Minister Augusto (48578221376) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Nduna ya vyaru vyakuwaro ya Angola Manuel Domingos Augusto.]] Boma la Angola ndilo likambiska wupu wa Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Pa Okutobala 16, 2014, Angola wakasankhika kachiŵiri kuŵa mubali wambura kukhazikika mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council, na mavoti 190. Mulimo wake ukamba pa 1 Janyuwale 2015 ndipo ukamalira pa 31 Disembala 2016. Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2014, charu cha Angola chikulongozga ungano wa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes (CIRGL). [80] Mu 2015, Secretary Executive wa CIRGL Ntumba Luaba wakayowoya kuti Angola ni chiyelezgero icho mamembala gha wupu uwu ghakwenera kulondezga, chifukwa cha ivyo vyachitika mu vyaka 12 vya mtende, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya umoyo wa chalo na chuma kweniso ndyali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expansao.co.ao/Artigo/Geral/52550|title=Angola deve servir de exemplo para os países da CIRGL – Ntumba Luaba|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110419/http://expansao.co.ao/artigo/geral/52550|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}} Expansion, 8 January 2015</ref> === Wanangwa wa Munthu === {{see also|Human rights in Angola|LGBT rights in Angola}} Bungwe la Freedom House likati Angola ni 'themba lambura wanangwa' mu lipoti la 2014 Freedom in the World. Lipoti ili likati pa maungano gha pa caru cose gha Ogasiti 2012, apo gulu lakulamulira la Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola likapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 70%, pakaŵa maubudi ghakuru, kusazgapo mavoti ghakale ndiposo ghambura kwenelera. Kuvota kukakhira kufuma pa 80% mu 2008 kufika pa 60%. Lipoti la mu 2012 la U.S. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku United States yikati: "Vinthu vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakachitanga [mu 2012] ivyo vikususkana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni vimbundi na kuleka kulangika; kukanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana, kuwungana, kuyowoya, na kulemba nkhani; kweniso kulanga ŵanthu mwankhaza kweniso mwakujumphizga. Boma la Angola lili pa malo gha 42 pa maiko 48 gha ku sub-Sahara Africa pa index ya 2007 ya African Governance list ndipo lili pa malo ghachepa pa Ibrahim Index ya 2013 ya African Governance.:8 Likasangika pa malo 39 pa maiko 52 gha ku sub-Sahara Africa, ndipo lili na malo ghaheni chomene pa vigaŵa vya chiŵaro na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mwaŵi wa vyachuma na chitukuko cha ŵanthu. Ibrahim Index yikugwiliskira nchito vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana pakusanga ndondomeko iyo yikulongora umo vinthu viliri mu Africa. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakutorana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakazomerezgeka ku Angola, ndipo boma likakanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomera: 155 ŵakakolerana, yumoza wakususka, ndipo 7 ŵakakana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Sophie |date=24 January 2019 |title=Angola decriminalises homosexuality and bans discrimination based on sexual orientation |work=The Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-decriminalises-homosexuality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124231409/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/angola-decriminalises-homosexuality-and-bans-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-a4047871.html |archive-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Angola}} [[File:Angola Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo Angola wakuguliska, 2019]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Angola.svg|thumb|GDP pa munthu yumoza 1950 mpaka 2018]] Angola wali na malibwe gha dayimani, mafuta, golide, mkuŵa na vyamoyo vinandi (ivyo vikamara mu nyengo ya nkhondo), nkhorongo na mafuta. Kufuma waka apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, mafuta na malibwe gha dayamondi ndivyo vikovwira comene pa vya cuma. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Angola, mulimi mucoko na mulimi uyo wakalimanga viŵeto wakakhira comene, kweni wakamba kuwuka mu 2002. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chuma cha charu cha Angola chasintha kufuma ku nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali, ndipo sono ndicho chikukura mwaluŵiro chomene mu Africa na mu vyaru vinyake. Mu nyengo ya 2001-10, Angola ndiyo yikaŵa na ciŵelengero cikuru comene ca GDP pa caru cose, pa 11.1%. Mu 2004, Exim Bank of China yikazomerezga ngongoli ya madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ku Angola, kuti yizakaŵawovwire kuzengaso vinthu vya mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti yikanizge mazaza gha International Monetary Fund. Charu cha China ndicho ntchigaŵa chikuru cha Angola pakuguliska na kutumizga vyakurya. Mu 2011, malonda gha vyaru viŵiri agha ghakafika pa $27.67 biliyoni, ndipo ghakwera na 11.5% pa caka. Vinthu ivyo China likaguliska ku Angola, comenecomene mafuta na dayamondi, vikakwera na 9.1% kufika pa $24.89 biliyoni. Pakuti mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene, mafuta ghambura kulongozga ghakaŵa na mtengo wa mapaundi 0.37 pa galoni. Chuma cha Angola chikakura na 18% mu 2005, 26% mu 2006 na 17.6% mu 2007. Chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, mu 2009 chuma chikakhira na -0.3%. Vinthu vya mtende ivyo vikachitika mu 2002 vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu 4 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbizgika ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Boma la Angola likukhazga kuti likura na 3.9 peresenti mu 2014 kuyana na International Monetary Fund (IMF), kukwera kwa ndalama mu vyalo vyambura mafuta, comenecomene cifukwa ca milimo yiwemi comene mu vigaŵa vya vyalo vya ulimi, kukukhazga kuti kukhuŵazgenge kuchepa kwa nyengo yicoko mu vyalo vya mafuta.<ref>[http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html Angola's economy to grow by 3.9 percent-IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713173958/http://en.starafrica.com/news/angolas-economy-to-grow-by-3-9-percent-imf.html |date=13 July 2015 }} StarAfrica, 4 September 2014</ref>[[File:Banco Nacional de Angola in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|right|Banki Ikulu ya Charu ya Angola.]] Boma la Angola likwendeskeka na Banki ya ku Angola. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo Deloitte wakachita pa nkhani ya banki, ndalama izo banki ya Angola, Banco Nacional de Angola (BNA), yikendeskanga zikapangiska kuti unandi wa ndalama ukhale pa 7.96% mu Disembala 2013. Malipoti agho banki yikuru ya Angola yikapeleka ghakulongora kuti mu vyaka vinayi vyakunthazi, chuma cha charu ichi chikwenera kukura pa ciŵelengero ca 5% pa caka.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041824/https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 Angola seen growing average 5 percent: Central Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041824/https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKCN0HV1EN20141006 |date=1 December 2017 }}, Reuters (Africa), 10 June 2014</ref> Nangauli chuma cha charu ichi chakura comene kufuma waka apo boma la Angola likakhazikiskikira mu 2002, comenecomene cifukwa ca ndalama izo likusanga mu vyakununkhira, kweni likulimbana na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika kwambira mu 1961, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaparanyika na kusuzgika comene mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ukavu ukuru ndiposo kusowa kwa wanangwa wa ŵanthu vikucitika cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuŵa ŵankhongono, "ŵakujikuzga" pa vigaŵa vyose vya ndyali, maboma, ŵasilikari, na vya cuma, kweniso cifukwa ca vimbundi. Awo ŵakusanga candulo cikuru ni awo ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali, ndyali, na ŵasilikari, awo ŵasanga (ndipo ŵakulutilira kusanga) usambazi unandi.<ref>This process is well analyzed by authors like [[Christine Messiant]], Tony Hodges and others. For an eloquent illustration, see the Angolan magazine ''Infra-Estruturas África'' 7/2010.</ref><ref>Anti-corruption watchdog [[Transparency International]] rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world.</ref><ref>Dolan, Kerry A. (23 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170815004333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ "Isabel Dos Santos, Daughter Of Angola's President, Is Africa's First Woman Billionaire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815004333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/01/23/isabel-dos-santos-daughter-of-angolas-president-is-africas-first-woman-billionaire/ |date=15 August 2017 }}. ''Forbes''.</ref> [[File:Cidade Financeira de Luanda 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Luanda Financial City.]] "Ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri awo ŵakusanga candulo" ni ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri awo ŵali pafupi kuŵa ŵanthu ŵaciŵiri. Ndipouli, pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu aŵa mbakavu, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na ŵa mu matawuni. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2008 na wupu wa ku Angola wakuwona vya ndyali, wakalongora kuti mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu 58 pa 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo mbakavu kuyana na malango gha wupu wa UN. Kweni mu misumba, ŵanthu 19 pera ndiwo mbakavu. Mu matawuni, mbumba zinandi, kusazgapo izo zikucemeka ŵakavu, zikwenera kucita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti zileke kufwa. Ku malo gha matawuni ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuŵa ŵakupambana comene, ndipo ku Luanda ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵa ŵakupambana comene. Pa index ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, Angola wakukhala pasi comene.<ref>The HDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countries—one position below that of Haiti. MLP l [https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201043/http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf ''Human Development Index and its components.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201043/http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|date=28 April 2011}}</ref>[[File:Hotel in Lobito.JPG|thumb|right|Ulendo wa ku Angola wakukura pamoza na chuma na kukhazikika kwa caru ici.]] Mu Janyuwale 2020, chikalata cha boma icho chikamanyikwa kuti Luanda Leaks chikulongora kuti makampani gha ku America nga ni Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Company, na PricewaterhouseCoopers ghakawovwira ŵabali ŵa pulezidenti wakale José Eduardo dos Santos (makamaka mwana wake mwanakazi Isabel dos Santos) kuti ŵachitenge vimbundi pa Sonangol kuti ŵasangepo phindu. Pamanyuma pa kuvumbura vinandi mu Pandora Papers, ŵakaronga ŵakale Dias na do Nascimento na awo ŵakateŵeterangapo pulezidenti nawo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakananga ndalama zinandi za boma. Vinthu vikupambana comene pakati pa vigaŵa ivi, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi mu charu cha Angola. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikucitika cifukwa ca kupambana kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vigaŵa ni unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu Angola, awo ŵakusangika na katundu munandi, ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa nyengo yasono, ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola ŵakugwiliskira nchito zikuŵa mu Portugal, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola (nga ni mbumba ya pulezidenti wa boma) ŵalipo mu mabanki kweniso mu vyalo vya magesi, kwendera mawoko, na vyakupharazga.<ref>"A força do kwanza", ''Visão'' (Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 50–54</ref>[[File:Rua Kwame Nkrumah Luanda 05.JPG|thumb|left|Corporate headquarters in Luanda]] Boma la Angola lasintha vinthu vinyake vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Lipoti linyake likuti, pakati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Angola waŵa uwemi comene. Mu 2002, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga vyaka 46, kweni mu 2011 ŵakakhala vyaka 51. Kufwa kwa ŵana kukakhira kufuma pa 25 peresenti mu 2001 kufika pa 19 peresenti mu 2010 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakusambira pulayimale chakwera katatu kufuma mu 2001. Ndipouli, nyengo yeneyiyo, suzgo la kusankhana mitundu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana na umo vinthu viliri sono, lindamare. Ku Angola kuli ndalama zakukwana Kz 70 biliyoni (US$6.8 biliyoni). Kuyana na nduna ya vya cuma ya ku Angola, Abraão Gourgel, msika wa vya ndalama wa mu caru ici ukakura comene kwambira mu 2002 ndipo pasono uli pa malo ghacitatu mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Pa Disembala 19, 2014, ŵakajura msika wa Angola. Bungwe la Angola Stock Exchange and Derivatives (BODIVA) ndilo likaŵa na msika wa ngongoli za boma, ndipo likaghanaghananga kuti lizamwamba kuguliska ngongoli za makampani mu 2015.<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html CMC prepares launch of debt secondary market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222717/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2014/11/51/Angola-CMC-prepares-launch-debt-secondary-market,54877cb4-fc83-4047-8752-a27150a365dc.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Angola Press Agency, 16 December 2014</ref> ===Natural resources=== [[File:Offshore platform on move to final destination, Ilha de Luanda (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|Malo ghakujimira mafuta mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Angola]] Mu 2008, magazini ya The Economist yikati malibwe gha dayamondi na mafuta ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ku Angola kuŵe ndalama zinandi. Kukura uku kwacitika cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mafuta agho ghakapangika, agho ghakajumpha malita 1.4 pa zuŵa (220,000 m3/d) kuumaliro wa 2005, ndipo ghakeneranga kukwera kufika pa malita 2 pa zuŵa (320,000 m3/d) mu 2007. Boma la Angola ndilo likulongozga makampani gha mafuta. Mu Disembala 2006, charu cha Angola chikaŵa mu gulu la OPEC. Kuyana na Heritage Foundation, wupu wa ku America, uwo ukuwona kuti mafuta gha mu Angola ghakusazgikira comene mwakuti sono Angola ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi ku China. "China yapeleka ngongoli zitatu za madola mabiliyoni ghanandi ku boma la Angola; ngongoli ziŵiri za madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri kufuma ku China Exim Bank, yimoza mu 2004, yachiŵiri mu 2007, kweniso ngongoli yimoza mu 2005 ya madola mabiliyoni 2.9 kufuma ku China International Fund Ltd". Kweniso ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha mafuta zikapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi. Kweniso, Sonangol, kampani ya boma ya mafuta, yikulongozga 51% ya mafuta gha mu Cabinda. Cifukwa ca kuwusa kwa msika uwu, kampani iyi yikumalizga na kupangiska boma kupokera candulo na kulipira misonkho. Wupu wa vyaru vya kuwaro ukuti Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoya kuti Sonangol wakupeleka msonkho, wakucita milimo ya msonkho, wakugwiliskira nchito ndalama za boma, ndipo pakuŵa munthu uyo wakupeleka wanangwa, wakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi. Ndondomeko iyi yikupangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa Sonangol na boma, ndipo yikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya bajeti yileke kwenda makora kweniso kuti boma lileke kumanya makora ndalama izo likupeleka". Mu 2002, charu cha Angola chikapempha kuti ŵapeleke malipiro gha mafuta agho ghakafuma mu maji gha charu ichi. Ntchito zake mu migodi ya dayamondi zikusazgapo ubwezi pakati pa kampani ya Endiama iyo yikwendeskeka na boma na makampani gha migodi nga ni ALROSA agho ghakugwira nchito mu Angola. Ku Angola ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vyakuthupi vinandi kuluska umo viliri pa caru cose. Mu 2016, charu cha Angola chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.9 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose, ndipo malo agha ghakukwana mahekitala 1.6 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Angola chikagwiliskira ntchito malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.01 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito pafupifupi hafu ya nkhongono izo Angola wali nazo. Pa cifukwa ici, Angola wakugwiliskira nchito malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo.<ref name="footprintdata">{{cite web |title=Country Trends |url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=7&type=BCpc,EFCpc |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=2 June 2020 |publisher=Global Footprint Network}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== [[File:HPP "CAPANDA".jpg|thumb|left|[[Capanda Dam]] on the [[Cuanza River|Cuanza]]]] {{Main|Agriculture in Angola}} Vyaru na makuni ni vyaru ivyo vili na mwaŵi ukuru. Wupu unyake (African Economic Outlook) ukuti: "Caka cilicose Angola wakukhumbikwira tirigu wakukwana matani 4.5 miliyoni, kweni wakupambika waka 55% ya mbuto, 20% ya mpunga, na 5% ya tirigu". Kweniso, World Bank yikati "pa caru cose ca Angola, malo ghambura kukwana 3 pa 100 gha malo ghakupambika makora ghakulimika, ndipo vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikusangika mu makuni vikugwiriskirika nchito yayi". Pambere charu cha Angola chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975, chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chikaguliskanga banane, khofi, na sisal. Kweni nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vyaka 30 (1975-2002) yikananga malo ghakutowa gha ku mizi, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakanjira mu misumba. Pasono caru ici cikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku South Africa na Portugal. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵacoko ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola ŵali mu ukavu.<ref>Redvers, Louise [http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123 POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency – NGOs Sceptical of Govt's Rural Development Plans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512215958/http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123|date=12 May 2010}}.</ref> === Mayendelo === {{Main|Transport in Angola}} [[File:TAAG_Angola_Airlines_Boeing_737-200Adv_D2-TBD_CDG_July_1986.png|thumb|right|TAAG Angola Airlines ndiyo yikwendeska ndege mu charu ichi.]] Mtundu wa magalimoto mu Angola ni: Mitundu yitatu ya njanji yakuyana ya makilomita 2,761 * 76,626 km (47,613 mi) ya misewu yikuru (highway) mwa iyo 19,156 km (11,903 mi) njakukhora * 1,295 misewu ya mu nyanja * virwa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi * Malo gha ndege 243, ndipo 32 mwa malo agha ghali na misewu. Boma la Angola likwendeska malonda ghake mu virwa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi: Namibe, Lobito, Soyo, Cabinda na Luanda. Luanda ni dowoko likuru comene pa dowoko lose ili, kweniso ni limoza mwa dowoko lakutangwanika comene mu Africa.<ref name="africanbusinesscentral.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|title=The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)|website=African Business Central|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204061717/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Catumbela River Bridge (19478241049).jpg|thumb|left|[[Catumbela]] Bridge ku [[Benguela Province|Benguela]].]] Kanandi awo ŵalije magalimoto gha vigaŵa vinayi (four by four) ŵakukondwa yayi kwenda mu misewu iyo yili kuwaro kwa matawuni gha ku Angola. Nangauli mu Angola muli misewu yiwemi, kweni nyengo na nkhondo vyapangiska kuti misewu yinandi yiŵe yakubinkha. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto ŵakwendera nthowa zinyake kuti ŵaleke kwenda mu malo agho ghakusangika mabomba ghakofya chomene. Boma la Angola lili kupangana na boma kuti liwezge misewu yinandi mu charu ichi. Mwaciyelezgero, msewu wa pakati pa Lubango na Namibe, uwo uli kuzengeka sonosono apa na ndalama za wupu wa European Union, uli nga ni misewu yinandi yikuru ya ku Europe. Vingachitika kuti mulimo wa kuzenga misewu uwu utore vyaka vinandi.<ref>ec.europa.eu: [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205205/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_92_314 |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref> ===Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana=== [[File:Porto do Lobito - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ku Lobito kuli dowoko likuru.]] [[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 13 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|Kuzenga kwa Luanda kukucitika cifukwa ca mafuta na dayamondi.]] Makampani ghakucitira tumafoni ghakuwoneka kuti ndigho ghakukhumbikwa comene mu Angola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411062215/http://www.anip.co.ao/index.php?pag=conteudos&id=6|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Sectores Económicos Prioritários|publisher=ANIP|language=pt }}</ref> {{For|additional|Telephone numbers in Angola}} Mu Okutobala 2014, ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakuzenga chingwe chakwenda pasi pa maji. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti charu cha Angola chiŵe na Intaneti yiwemi chomene. Pa Malichi 11, 2015, ungano wakwamba wa pa Angola wa vya mawupu na vya umanyi ukacitikira mu Luanda. Kafukufuku wa chigaŵa ichi, wakulongosoreka pa ungano uwu, wakati Angola ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba ku Africa kuyezga LTE ¥ na vithuzi vyakukwana 400 Mbit/s ¥ na kugwiliskira nchito mafoni pafupifupi 75%; pali mafoni pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni mu msika wa Angola; pali makilomita pafupifupi 25,000 (16,000 miles) gha fibre ya optical agho ghali kukhazikiskika mu chalo. Satelayiti yakwamba ya ku Angola, AngoSat-1, yikaponyeka mu mlengalenga pa Disembala 26, 2017. Wakafuma pa malo ghakuchemeka Baikonur, ku Kazakhstan, ndipo wakaluta pa roketi lakuchemeka Zenit 3F. Satelayiti iyi yikapangika na kampani ya Russia yakuchemeka RSC Energia. Satellite iyi yikapelekeka na Airbus Defence & Space. Pa 27 Disembala, RSC Energia yikati yapulika kuti yikasoŵa mawoko gha munthavi chifukwa cha suzgo la magesi. Nangauli ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵambeso kuyowoyeskana na satellite iyi, kweni yikamalizga kutumizga mauthenga ndipo RSC Energia yikati AngoSat-1 njambura ntchito. AngoSat-1 yikapelekeka kuti yiwovwire kuti pa caru cose paŵe mauthenga. Aristides Safeca, Secretary of State for Telecommunications, wakayowoya kuti munthavi uwu ukwenera kupeleka mauthenga gha pa foni, TV, Intaneti, na boma la pa Intaneti. Satayiti yinyake yakucemeka AngoSat-2 yikunozgeka ndipo yikeneranga kuzakaŵapo mu 2020. Mu Febuluwale 2021, Ango-Sat-2 yikaŵa yakunozgeka pafupifupi 60%. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵara ŵakayowoya kuti ndege iyi yizamwamba kugwira ntchito mu myezi 17, mu Julayi 2022.<ref>[{{cite web|url=https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|title=AngoSat-2 More Than 60 per cent Ready; Launch in 17 Months|date=February 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224322/https://africanews.space/angosat-2-more-than-60-per-cent-ready/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Tekinoloji === Mu 2015, boma la Portugal likapeleka malo gha ".ao" ku Angola. Ndondomeko yakukolerana ya Minisita wa vya Mafoni na Maluso gha Umoyo wa Ŵanthu José Carvalho da Rocha na Minisita wa vya Sayansi na Maluso, Maria Cândida Pereira Teixeira, yikati "mu ndondomeko ya kupanikizga" chigaŵa ichi cha Angola, "vinthu vikupangika kuti chigaŵa cha ".ao" cha ku Portugal chipelekeke ku Angola".<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ Angola manages its own Internet domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223160657/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2014/09/16/angola-manages-its-own-internet-domain/ |date=23 December 2014 }} Macauhub, 16 September 2014</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Angola}} [[File:Angola Ethnic map 1970.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Historical ethnic divisions of Angola]] Angola wali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 24,383,301 kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2014 apo pakaŵa kalembera wakwamba kufuma pa 15 Disembala 1970. Chiyowoyero ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Ovimbundu (Umbundu) 37%, Ambundu (Kimbundu) 23%, Bakongo 13%, na mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu 32%. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ambundu na Ovimbundu ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵazamukhala mu charu ichi mu 2050 ŵazamuŵa ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Kweni pa 23 March 2016, wupu wa National Statistics Institute (INE) ukati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵalipo 25,789,024. Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2007, ŵanthu 12,100 na ŵanthu 2,900 awo ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ŵakaluta ku Angola. Ku Angola kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 400,000 ŵa ku Democratic Republic of Congo, 220,000 ŵa ku Portugal, na 259,000 ŵa ku China. Kweniso ku Vietnam kuli ŵanthu 40,000. Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakufuma ku Congo ŵafumako ku Angola. Pambere charu cha Angola chindambe kujiwusa chekha mu 1975, ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵambaso kukhala ku Angola. Pasono kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 awo ŵali kulembeska ku maofesi agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵalipo 258,920, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku malo ghanyake. Kweniso ku Brazil kuli ŵanthu 5,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-brazil-a-culture-shock-divide/|title=Angola, Brazil: A culture shock divide · Global Voices|date=17 August 2008|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316042333/https://globalvoices.org/2008/08/17/angola-brazil-a-culture-shock-divide/|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵafumiska ku Portugal na kuluta nawo ku Angola. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga mu Angola chikaŵa 5.54 pa mwanakazi waliyose (kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2012), ndipo chikaŵa cha nambara 11.<ref name=CIA>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=15 May 2007|year=2007}}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Languages of Angola}} {{bar box |title=Languages in Angola (2014 Census)<ref name="INE Angola" /> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|darkgreen|71.1}} {{bar percent|[[Umbundu language|Umbundu]]|purple|23.0}} {{bar percent|[[Kikongo language|Kikongo]]|red|8.2}} {{bar percent|[[Kimbundu]]|black|7.8}} {{bar percent|[[Chokwe language|Chokwe]]|orange|6.5}} {{bar percent|[[Nyaneka language|Nyaneka]]|green|3.4}} {{bar percent|[[Ngangela language|Ngangela]]|darkblue|3.1}} {{bar percent|[[Fiote language|Fiote]]|black|2.4}} {{bar percent|[[Kwanyama language|Kwanyama]]|darkred|2.3}} {{bar percent|[[Muhumbi language|Muhumbi]]|gray|2.1}} {{bar percent|[[Luvale language|Luvale]]|tan|1.0}} {{bar percent|[[Languages of Angola|Other]]|lime|4.1}} }} Viyowoyero vya ku Angola ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakayowoyanga. Viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Umbundu, Kimbundu, na Kikongo. Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya makora Chiphwitikizi panji awo ŵakuyowoya chiphwitikizi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo chakwamba chikumanyikwa yayi, kweni kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 39 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi. Mu 2014, lipoti la ku Angola ilo likapelekeka na wupu wa Instituto Nacional de Estatística likati pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 25.8 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 18.3 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2014, Ciphwitikizi chikuyowoyeka na 71.1% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola, Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nyaneka 3.4%, Ngangela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanyama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, na viyowoyero vinyake 4.1%.<ref name =Censo2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |title=Resultados Definitivos Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação - 2014 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214215245/https://www.ine.gov.ao/images/Populacao_Sociedade/Estudos_tematicos/PUBLICACAO_RESULTADOS_DEFINITIVOS_DO_CENSO_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Chisopa === {{Main|Religion in Angola}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Angola]] <small>(2015)</small><ref>{{cite web| title=Angola| website=Association of Religion Data Archives| date=2012-11-16| url=https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_1.asp| access-date=11 October 2020| archive-date=30 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030191322/https://thearda.com/internationalData/Countries/Country_7_1.asp| url-status=live}}</ref> |float=right |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|purple|56.4}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|blue|23.4}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christianity|Christian]]|skyblue|13.6}} {{bar percent|[[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]]|gray|4.5}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion]]|Grey|1.0}} {{bar percent|Others|green|1.1}} }}Ku Angola kuli visopa pafupifupi 1,000, vinandi vyawo ni vya Cikhristu. Nangauli palije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu aŵa Mbakatolika, ndipo pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi ŵakulondezga matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Roma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=Benedict |title=Der Krieg und die Kirchen: Angola 1961–1991 |publisher=Exodus |year=1997 |location=Luzern, Switzerland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Lawrence W. |title=The Church in Angola: A river of many currents |date=1989 |publisher=Pilgrim Press |location=Cleveland}}</ref> Mu Luanda na mu cigaŵa ici muli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tocoists ndipo kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kimbangu. Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, mipingo yinandi ya Ŵapentekoste na yinyake yakuyana nayo yili kuwoneka mu misumba, ndipo sono ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% ndiwo ŵakukhala mu misumba iyi. [[File:Igreja Matriz - panoramio - Rogério Melo (2).jpg|left|thumb|Tchalitchi la Katolika la Uaco Cungo.]] Kuzakafika mu 2008, ku United States Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Vyaru ya ku Angola yikusacizga kuti Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 80,000, pacoko waka pa 1% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Middle East (makamaka ku Lebanon).<ref name="customs">Oyebade, Adebayo O. ''Culture And Customs of Angola'', 2006. pp. 45–46.</ref> Boma la Angola likuzomerezga yayi mawupu gha Cisilamu ndipo kanandi likujara masisiteri panji kukanizga kuzenga.<ref name="IRFR2012">{{Citation |title=Angola 2012 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208328.pdf |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328162456/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208328.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu kafukufuku uyo wakawoneseska kuti mu vyaru muli malango ghakukhwaskana na visopa na kutambuzgika, Angola wakapokera mapointi 0.8 pa nkhani ya dango la boma lakukhwaskana na chisopa, 4.0 pa nkhani ya malango gha boma ghakukhwaskana na chisopa, 0 pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu, na 0 pa nkhani ya kutambuzgika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411043322/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp Angola: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411043322/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp |date=11 April 2010 }} Brian J Grim and Roger Finke. "International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism and Social Regulation of Religion". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.</ref> Ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakacitanga milimo yinandi pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975, nangauli kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya kulekeska wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikambira mu 1961, boma la Portugal likachimbizga ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa Chipulotesitanti na kujara maofesi ghawo. Ŵamishonale ŵakawelera mu charu ichi kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, nangauli ŵakaŵavya mtende chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report – Angola|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=1 January 2004|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131002030/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Tchalitchi la Katolika na visopa vikuruvikuru vinyake vya Chiprotesitanti vikujipatura, ndipo "Tchalitchi Liphya" likucitako yayi. Ŵakatolika na matchalitchi ghanyake ghakurughakuru gha Chiprotesitanti ŵakovwira ŵakavu na mbuto, viŵeto, munkhwala, na masambiro.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40|title=Culture and customs of Angola|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-33147-3|page=40|year=2007|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726053929/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/downloads/2005intgrants.pdf|title=International Grants 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113131805/http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/downloads/2005intgrants.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref> === Misumba === {{Largest cities | country = Angola | stat_ref = According to the 2014 Census<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/en/angola/cities/|title=Angola: Provinces, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Urban Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822084153/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/angola/cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> | div_name = Province | city_1 = Luanda | div_1 = Luanda Province{{!}}Luanda | pop_1 = 6,759,313 | img_1 = Luanda Bay 5 - panoramio (cropped) (cropped).jpg | city_2 = Lubango |div_2 = Huíla Province{{!}}Huíla | pop_2 = 600,751 | img_2 = Lubango sight (cropped).jpg | city_3 = Huambo | div_3 = Huambo Province{{!}}Huambo | pop_3 = 595,304 | img_3 = Huambo Jardim da Cultura (cropped).jpg | city_4 = Benguela | div_4 = Benguela Province{{!}}Benguela | pop_4 = 555,124 | img_4 = Praia de Benguela (cropped).jpg | city_5 = Cabinda (city){{!}}Cabinda | div_5 = Cabinda Province{{!}}Cabinda | pop_5 = 550,000 | city_6 = Malanje | div_6 = Malanje Province{{!}}Malanje | pop_6 = 455,000 | city_7 = Saurimo | div_7 = Lunda Sul Province{{!}}Lunda Sul | pop_7 = 393,000 | city_8 = Lobito | div_8 = Benguela Province{{!}}Benguela | pop_8 = 357,950 | city_9 = Cuíto | div_9 = Bié Province{{!}}Bié | pop_9 = 355,423 | city_10 = Uíge | div_10 = Uíge Province{{!}}Uíge | pop_10 = 322,531 }} === Umoyo === {{Main|Health in Angola}} [[File:Maternidade Lucrécia Paím - panoramio - Rogério Melo (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lucrécia Paím Maternity Hospital.]] Matenda gha kolera, maleriya, na maleriya nga ni maleriya gha ku Marburg, ni matenda ghakumanyikwa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici. Mu vigaŵa vinandi mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara maleriya na HIV. Matenda ghanyake agho ghakuthandazgika mu chigaŵa ichi nga ni nthenda ya dengue, filariasis, leishmaniasis, na onchocerciasis. Charu cha Angola chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa pa nthumbo, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulindilira umoyo utali chomene. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2007, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Angola ŵalije niacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seal |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Creeke |first2=Paul I |last3=Dibari |first3=Filippo |last4=Cheung |first4=Edith |last5=Kyroussis |first5=Eustace |last6=Semedo |first6=Paulina |last7=van den Briel |first7=Tina |display-authors=3 |date=2007 |title=Low and deficient niacin status and pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2007-01_85_1/page/218 |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=218–224 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/85.1.218 |pmid=17209199 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10144/125625}}</ref> Pa nyengo yasono, wupu wa Demographic and Health Surveys ukucita maujandizgo ghanandi mu Angola pa nkhani ya maleriya, nkhaza za mu mbumba na vinyake.<ref name="Angola Surveys">[http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Angola Angola Surveys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127021228/http://measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=344&ctry_id=76&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Angola |date=27 November 2010 }}, measuredhs.com</ref> Mu Seputembala 2014, wupu wa Angola Institute for Cancer Control (IACC) ukapangika na dango la pulezidenti, ndipo uzamunjira mu wupu wa National Health Service mu Angola. Chilato cha wupu uphya uwu nkhupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda ya kansa, kufiska ndondomeko za munkhwala uwu, mapulogiramu na mapulani ghakovwira kuti nthenda iyi yileke kwiza. Wupu uwu uzamuŵa na udindo wa kulongozga mu vigaŵa vyapakati na kumwera kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318052307/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/273191/novo-instituto-oncologico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318052307/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/273191/novo-instituto-oncologico-de-angola-quer-ser-referencia-em-africa |date=18 March 2015 }}, Notícias ao Minuto (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014</ref> Mu 2014, charu cha Angola chikamba katemera wa nthenda ya nthomba, ndipo mwana waliyose wa vyaka 10 na kuchepera apa wakapokera katemera. Ndondomeko iyi yili mu pulani ya kulekeska nthenda ya nthomba ya 2014-2020 iyo yikapangika na Unduna wa vyaumoyo wa Angola, iyo yikusazgapo kukhozga katemera wa nyengo zose, kumazga makora nthenda ya nthomba, makampeni gha pa caru cose, kwambiska katemera waciŵiri mu ndondomeko ya katemera wa nyengo zose wa pa caru cose ndiposo kulondezga ndondomeko ya nthenda ya nthomba. Ntchito iyi yikachitika pamoza na katemera wa poliyo na vitamini A. Mu Disembala 2015, kukabuka nthenda ya yellow fever, iyo yikaŵa yakofya chomene mu charu ichi kwa vyaka 30. Kuzakafika mu Ogasiti 2016, apo nthenda iyi yikamba kumara, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵali na nthenda iyi. Ŵanyake ŵakukwana 369 ŵali kufwa. Nthenda iyi yikamba mu msumba wa Luanda ndipo yikathandazgikira mu vigaŵa 16 pa vigaŵa 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO: Yellow fever outbreak is 'serious and of great concern' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html# |last=Goldschmidt |first=Debra |date=19 May 2016 |website=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529102132/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/19/health/yellow-fever-who/index.html |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2014 |title=Angola lança vacinação nacional contra sarampo |language=pt |trans-title=Angola launches national measles vaccination |work=Notícias ao Minuto |agency=Lusa |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-lanca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103202/http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/277391/angola-lanca-vacinacao-nacional-contra-sarampo |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134912/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Novo-instituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004333 Novo instituto oncológico angolano quer ser instituição de referência no continente] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134912/http://www.verangola.net/Artigos/Novo-instituto-oncologico-angolano-quer-ser-instituicao-de-referencia-no-continente=004333 |date=6 October 2014 }}, Ver Angola, 11 September 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221827/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=728577 Novo instituto oncológico de Angola quer ser referência em África] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221827/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=728577|date=3 March 2016 }}, Diário Digital (Source: Lusa Agency), 9 September 2014</ref><ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201410010149.html Angola: Over 30,000 Children Vaccinated Against Measles in Huila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085310/http://allafrica.com/stories/201410010149.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, All Africa, 30 September 2014</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Angola}} [[File:New campus (6177681401) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Agostinho Neto University]].]] Nangauli dango likuti ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Angola ŵasambirenge kwaulere kwa vyaka 8, kweni boma likuyowoya kuti ŵana ŵanyake ŵakusangika yayi pa sukulu chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa nyumba na ŵasambizgi. Kanandi ŵana ŵa sukulu ndiwo ŵakulipira ndalama zakusazgikira za sukulu, kusazgapo mabuku na vinthu vinyake.<ref name="ilab">"Botswana". [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'']. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Mu 1999, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale chikaŵa 74 peresenti, ndipo mu 1998, chaka chaumaliro icho pali maukaboni, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha ku pulayimale chikaŵa 61 peresenti. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi chikukolerana na chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi. <ref name="ilab" />Pali mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakunjira sukulu ku mizi na awo ŵakunjira mu misumba. Mu 1995, ŵana 71.2% ŵa vyaka 7 m'paka 14 ŵakasambiranga sukulu. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ŵana ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku sukulu kuluska ŵasungwana. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene ya ku Angola (1975-2002), pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu ghose ghakapokeka na kubwangandulika.<ref name=ilab/>[[File:Waku Kungo, Angola - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Sukulu ya pulayimale mu chigaŵa cha Cuanza Sul]] Mu 2005, Unduna wa vya Masambiro ukalembapo ŵasambizgi 20,000 ndipo ukalutilira kusambizga ŵasambizgi. Ŵasambizgi ŵakulipika ndalama zichoko, ŵakusambizgika makora yayi, kweniso ŵakutangwanika chomene (nyengo zinyake ŵakusambizga pa ma shift ghaŵiri panji ghatatu pa zuŵa). Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukhumba kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵaŵapenge ndalama panji vimbundi. Vinthu vinyake, nga ni mabomba ghakubisika, kusoŵa ndalama na vikalata vyakulongolera munthu, kweniso umoyo uheni vikutondeska ŵana kuluta ku sukulu nyengo zose. Nangauli mu 2004 ndalama izo boma likapeleka ku masukulu zikakwera, kweni visambizgo vya ku Angola vikulutilira kupeleŵera. Wupu wa UNESCO (Institute for Statistics) ukati mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵakaŵa 70.4%. Kuzakafika mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 71.1%. Mu 2001, ŵanalume 82.9% na ŵanakazi 54.2% ndiwo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Angola chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Portugal mu 1975, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Angola ŵakulutilira kunjira sukulu za sekondare, za polytechnic, na za pa yunivesite mu Portugal na Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en#|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ilab" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html|title=Angola – Statistics|website=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613004722/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/angola_statistics.html|archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unescolit">{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Lyceum Salvador Correia in Luanda, Angola (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[:pt:Magistério Mutu-ya-Kevela|Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School]]]] Mu Seputembala 2014, Unduna wa Vya masambiro ku Angola ukati uzamwendeska ndalama zakukwana 16 miliyoni mu makompyuta gha masukulu ghakujumpha 300 mu charu chose. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kusambizga ŵasambizgi pa caru cose, "mwakuti ŵasambizge na kugwiliskira nchito vinthu viphya vya sayansi ya vinthu mu masukulu gha pulayimale, na kusazgirako masambiro". Mu 2010, boma la Angola likamba kuzenga Angolan Media Libraries Network, ilo likusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi kuti ŵanthu ŵasange makora uthenga na kumanya vinthu. Malo ghose agha ghali na mabuku, vinthu vinandi, na makompyuta agho ghali na Intaneti. Ndondomeko iyi yikulayizga kuti mu 2017 mu vigaŵa vyose vya Angola muŵengeko layibulare yimoza. Ntchito iyi yikusazgapo kuzenga mabuku ghanandi ghakulongosolera nkhani kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵamanye ivyo vili mu mabuku agha. Pa nyengo yasono, malaibulale gha mafoni ghakugwira nchito kale mu vigaŵa vya Luanda, Malanje, Uíge, Cabinda na Lunda South. Pa nkhani ya REMA, vigaŵa vya Luanda, Benguela, Lubango na Soyo vili na mabuku gha nkhani.<ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20150209181727/http%3A//m.ja.sapo.ao/regioes/malanje/mediateca_movel_aberta_ao_publico Mediateca móvel aberta ao público] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20150209181727/http%3A//m.ja.sapo.ao/regioes/malanje/mediateca_movel_aberta_ao_publico|date=9 February 2015}} Jornal de Angola, 9 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7d66-49cf-8e56-85c0d6969725.html Government to open digital libraries in every province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222038/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/educacao/2015/0/2/Government-open-digital-libraries-every-province,744c2f6f-7d66-49cf-8e56-85c0d6969725.html |date=18 March 2015 }} Angola Press Agency, 8 January 2015</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sumário Executivo do Plano Director da ReMA |date=May 2013 |url=http://mediatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf |trans-title=Executive Summary of the ReMA Master Plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212180948/http://mediatecas.ao/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Plano_Director_Maio_2013.pdf |publisher=Rede de Mediatecas de Angola |language=pt |archive-date=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141007000209/http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milhoes-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais Angola investe 16 milhões na informatização de 300 salas de aula em todo o país] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007000209/http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/mundo/angola-investe-16-milhoes-na-informatizacao-300-salas-aula-todo-pais |date=7 October 2014 }}, jornal i (28 September 2014)</ref> ==Nyengo== {{Main|Culture of Angola}} {{see also|Music of Angola|Angolan cuisine}} [[File:Memorial_Antonio_Agostinho_Neto_(19882325368).jpg|thumb|upright|Agostinho Neto National Memorial ku Luanda.]] Chikhalidwe cha ku Angola chakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Chipwitikizi, makamaka chilankhulo ndi chipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe cha mafuko a ku Angola, makamaka chikhalidwe cha Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana - Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda na ŵanthu ŵanyake - ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweni mu misumba, umo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵakukhala, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakufuma mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu mizi iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Portugal. Sumu na kuvina ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakutemwa chomene Chiphwitikizi. Ivi vikulongosoreka makora mu mabuku gha ku Angola, chomenechomene mu mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola. Mu 2014, Angola yikambaso ungano wa National Festival of Angolan Culture pamanyuma pa vilimika 25. Ungano uwu ukachitika mu misumba yikuru yose ya vigaŵa ndipo ukenda mazuŵa 20, ndipo mutu wake ukaŵa wakuti "Vikaya ni Vinthu Vyakovwira Kuti Paŵe Mtende na Kukura".<ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e798f14.html Retrospect2014: Fenacult marks cultural year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231184839/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2014/11/51/Retrospect2014-Fenacult-marks-cultural-year,58a0fcae-b594-4edd-bc8b-1d7e2e798f14.html |date=31 December 2014 }} Angola Press Agency, 18 December 2014</ref> === Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Angola}} Mu 1972, filimu yakwamba ya ku Angola, ya Sarah Maldoror yakuchemeka Sambizanga, yikayowoyeka pa Carthage Film Festival ndipo yikapokelereka makora chomene.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dovey|first1=Lindiwe|title=Curating Africa in the Age of Film Festivals|date=11 March 2015|publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]]|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1137404145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225644/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=H7u_BwAAQBAJ|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> === Maseŵera === [[File:Estádio Nacional de Ombaka (19151153514) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Stediyamu ku Benguela.]] Mu Angola, maseŵero gha basketball ndigho ngakutchuka comene. Gulu lake la mafuko lakhala likutonda Africa Basket 11 ndipo lili na mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Monga timu yayikulu kwambiri ku Africa, imagwira nawo ntchito pa Masewera a Olimpiki a Chilimwe ndi FIBA World Cup. Ku Angola ndiko kukaŵa timu yakwamba ku Africa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu mpira, charu cha Angola chikapokelera nkhonya ya Africa ya 2010. Gulu la mpira wa ku Angola likafika ku mpikisano wa FIFA World Cup wa chaka cha 2006. Ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumapo waka mu magulu ghaŵiri. Ŵakatora viphalizgano vitatu vya COSAFA Cup ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri pa 2011 African Nations Championship. Kwa vyaka vinandi, charu cha Angola chikuchitako maseŵero gha ku charu chose gha maseŵero gha ku mawoko gha ŵanakazi. Charu ichi chilipo pa maseŵero gha Olympic kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo nyengo zose chikuchitako maseŵero agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti charu cha Angola chili na mizu mu maluso gha nkhondo gha "Capoeira Angola" na "Batuque".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Poncianinho |first1= Mestre|last2=Almeida |first2= Ponciano|title=Capoeira: The Essential Guide to Mastering the Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18|year=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84537-761-8|pages=18–|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320053304/http://books.google.com/books?id=fKKGUCJ5PAwC&pg=PA18|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Africa|Countries}} *[[Outline of Angola]] *[[Index of Angola-related articles]] {{clear}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Wonani vinandi== * {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Angola |volume=2 |ref = {{harvid|EB|1911}} |pages=38–40 }} * Birmingham, David (2006) ''Empire in Africa: Angola and its Neighbors'', Ohio University Press: Athens, Ohio. * Bösl, Anton (2008) ''Angola's Parliamentary Elections in 2008. A Country on its Way to One-Party-Democracy'', KAS Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. [http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.15186/ Die Parlamentswahlen in Angola 2008] * Cilliers, Jackie and Christian Dietrich, Eds. (2000). ''Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds''. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. * Global Witness (1999). ''A Crude Awakening,'' The Role of Oil and Banking Industries in Angola's Civil War and the Plundering of State Assets. London, UK, Global Witness. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100902225001/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/93/en/a_crude_awakening A Crude Awakening] * Hodges, Tony (2001). ''Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism''. Oxford: James Currey. * Hodges, Tony (2004). ''Angola: The Anatomy of an Oil State''. Oxford, UK and Indianapolis, US, The Fridtjol Nansen Institute & The International African Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press. * Human Rights Watch (2004). Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenues in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights. New York, Human Rights Watch. [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/angola0104/ Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights (Human Rights Watch Report, January 2004)] * Human Rights Watch (2005). Coming Home, Return and Reintegration in Angola. New York, Human Rights Watch. [http://hrw.org/reports/2005/angola0305/ Coming Home: Return and Reintegration in Angola] * James, Walter (1992). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1964–1990. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers. * [[Ryszard Kapuściński|Kapuściński, Ryszard]]. Another Day of Life, Penguin, 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-14-118678-8}}. A Polish journalist's account of Portuguese withdrawal from Angola and the beginning of the civil war. * Kevlihan, R. (2003). "Sanctions and humanitarian concerns: Ireland and Angola, 2001-2". Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 95–106. * Lari, A. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023754/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/85/Paper85.pdf Returning home to a normal life? The plight of displaced Angolans]. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. * Lari, A. and R. Kevlihan (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023828/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No4/FLari.pdf "International Human Rights Protection in Situations of Conflict and Post-Conflict, A Case Study of Angola".] African Security Review 13(4): 29–41. * Le Billon, Philippe (2005) ''Aid in the Midst of Plenty: Oil Wealth, Misery and Advocacy in Angola'', Disasters 29(1): 1–25. * Le Billon, Philippe (2001). "Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds". African Affairs (100): 55–80. * {{cite book|last=Le Billon|first=P.|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|url=https://archive.org/details/fuellingwarnatur0000lebi|date=March 2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37970-0}} * MacQueen, Norrie ''An Ill Wind? Rethinking the Angolan Crisis and the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–1976'', ''Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History, 26/2, 2000, pp.&nbsp;22–44'' * Médecins Sans Frontières (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723154858/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2002/angola1_10-2002.pdf Angola: Sacrifice of a People]. Luanda, Angola, MSF. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, on Angola in Chapter 11, "American Involvement in Angola and Southern Africa: Nyerere's Response", pp.&nbsp;324–346, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}}. * Pearce, Justin (2004). "War, Peace and Diamonds in Angola: Popular perceptions of the diamond industry in the Lundas". African Security Review 13 (2), pp 51–64. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023855/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No2/AW.pdf Wayback Machine] * Porto, João Gomes (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821083212/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/77/Paper77.html Cabinda: Notes on a soon to be forgotten war]. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. * Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola, Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press. * Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York and London, UK, Human Rights Watch. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Wikibooks|Wikijunior:Countries A-Z|Angola}} {{Sister project links|voy=Angola|d=Q916|Angola}} *{{Official website|http://www.governo.gov.ao/}} {{in lang|pt}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111204444/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola Angola]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Angola}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704131403/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/angola.htm Angola] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732 Angola profile] from the [[BBC News]]. *{{Wikiatlas|Angola}} *{{Osmrelation}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AO Key Development Forecasts for Angola] from [[International Futures]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150404/http://www.bti-project.org/country-reports/esa/ago/ Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 – Angola Country Report] *Markus Weimer, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120801221204/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Africa/0312pp_weimer.pdf The Peace Dividend: Analysis of a Decade of Angolan Indicators, 2002–2012]". *[https://www.academia.edu/12759680/The_participation_of_Hungarian_soldiers_in_UN_peacekeeping_operations_in_Angola The participation of Hungarian soldiers in UN peacekeeping operations in Angola] {{Angola topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries|collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|12|30|S|18|30|E|display=title}} [[Category:Angola| ]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Angola]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1975]] k5p2st5hv0b1woybva33gs3qbxambfm 0 38129 122709 119326 2026-09-28T03:26:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in East-central Africa}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Yuganda<ref name="Republic">{{cite web|title=Uganda Constitution|url=https://statehouse.go.ug/sites/default/files/attachments/Constitution_1995.pdf|website=The State House of Uganda|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=12 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312040325/https://statehouse.go.ug/sites/default/files/attachments/Constitution_1995.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | common_name = Uganda | native_name = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Uganda}}<br>{{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = Official Name in Local Languages{{efn| name=NativeName| Article 4(a) of the Constitution requires the state to promote public awareness through translating it into Ugandan languages and disseminating it as widely as possible<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugandan Constitution translated in different Local Languages|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/content/ugandan-constitution-translated-different-local-languages|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320002048/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/content/ugandan-constitution-translated-different-local-languages|archive-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>}} | {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Luganda]]: | data1 = {{lang|lg|Lipabuliika ya Uganda}}<ref name="LugandaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Luganda|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Luganda.pdf|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620192731/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Luganda.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Lusoga]]: | data2 = {{lang|xog|Uganda Eryetwala}}<ref name="LusogaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Lusoga|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lusoga.pdf|website=Uganda Law Reform Commission|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618144730/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lusoga.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Lumasaba]]: | data3 = {{lang|myx|Linambo lya Uganda}}<ref name="LumasabaConstitution">{{Cite web|title=Constitution in Lumasaba|url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lumasaba.pdf|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620232008/https://www.ulrc.go.ug/sites/default/files/Constitution%20in%20Lumasaba.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Uganda.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Uganda.svg | national_motto = {{nowrap|"For God and My Country"}}<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|sw|"Kwa Mungu na nchi yangu"}}}} | national_anthem = "[[Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]]" {{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Ugandan national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]}} | image_map = [[File:Location Uganda AU Africa.svg|frameless]] | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Kampala]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{hlist |[[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<ref name="Amendment_2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/87694c9d-0255-4d29-bf41-d89407bfc287%253B1.0 |title=Constitutional Amendment Act 2005 |author=Parliament of the Republic of Uganda |date=26 September 2005 |website=Parliament.go.ug |publisher=Republic of Uganda |access-date=28 August 2020 |quote=§I.3:6.(2): Swahili shall be the second official language in Uganda to be used in such circumstances as Parliament may by law prescribe. |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426210442/https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/87694c9d-0255-4d29-bf41-d89407bfc287%253B1.0 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = None at national level | languages2_type = Spoken languages | languages2 = [[Languages of Uganda|Over 70 languages]] | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = Ugandan<ref name=cia/> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |84.4% [[Christianity in Uganda|Christianity]] |—39.3% [[Catholic Church in Uganda|Catholicism]] |—32.0% [[Church of Uganda|Anglicanism]] |—13.1% Other [[Christians|Christian]] |13.7% [[Islam in Uganda|Islam]] |1.9% [[Religion in Uganda|Others]] / [[Irreligion in Uganda|None]] }} | religion_year = 2014 census | religion_ref = <ref name="census-2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=Census 2014 Final Results|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091133/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Uganda|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Yoweri Museveni]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Uganda|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Jessica Alupo]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Uganda|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Robinah Nabbanja]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Uganda (1962–1963)|Dominion]] | established_date1 = 9 October 1962 | established_event2 = [[Republic]] | established_date2 = 9 October 1963 | established_event3 = Current constitution | established_date3 = 8 October 1995 | area_km2 = 241,038 | area_rank = 79th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 93,065 | percent_water = 15.39 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{UN_Population|Uganda}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,634,650<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20FINAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf|title=Republic of Uganda – Census 2014 – Final Report |at=Table 2.1 page 8 |access-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919151139/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20FINAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 35th | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 157.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 406.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 75th | GDP_PPP = $129.48 billion<ref name=imf_data>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2022 |website=imf.org |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502092209/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=746,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,960<ref name=imf_data/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 172nd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $46.38 billion<ref name=imf_data/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 90th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,060<ref name=imf_data/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 196th | Gini = 42.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UG | title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) | publisher=World Bank | access-date=14 July 2021 | archive-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118033920/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UG | url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.525 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web| url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/UGA| title=Specific country data| access-date=22 December 2022| archive-date=12 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/UGA| url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167th | currency = [[Ugandan shilling]] | currency_code = UGX | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+256]]^a | cctld = [[.ug]] | footnote_a = +006 from [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. | today = }} '''Uganda''' (''Yuganda'' mu [[Viyowoyelo vyaku Yuganda]]), mwalamulo, '''Charu cha Yuganda''', pa[[chingelezi]]: '''''Republic of Uganda''''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Uganda}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Britannica Book of the Year 2014 |date=1 March 2014 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-171-3 |page=745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LccRAwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamhuri+ya+Uganda+swahili&pg=PA745 |access-date=2 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190929/https://books.google.com/books?id=LccRAwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamhuri+ya+Uganda+swahili&pg=PA745 |url-status=live }}</ref>), ntcharu ku Mafumilo gha Dazi gha [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Kenya]], kumpoto na [[South Sudan]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Rwanda]], ndipo kumwera na [[Tanzania]]. Chigaŵa chakumwera cha charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Nyanja ya Victoria]], iyo yili pakati pa Kenya na Tanzania. Charu cha Uganda chili ku chigaŵa cha Africa uko kuli nyanja zikuruzikuru. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 49.6 miliyoni, ndipo 8.5 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa [[Kampala]]. Zina lakuti Uganda lili kufuma ku ufumu wa Buganda, uwo ukuzingilizga chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi, kusazgapo msumba ukuru wa Kampala. Kwambira mu 1894, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa [[Britain]]. Charu cha Uganda chikamba kujiyimira pawekha pa 9 Okutobala 1962. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, pa charu pakaŵa nkhondo zinandi, kusazgapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mazaza kwa vyaka 8, uwo ukalongozgekanga na [[Idi Amin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buganda: Uganda's 1,000-year-old kingdom |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/buganda-ugandas-1-000-year-old-kingdom/99978 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> Chiyowoyero cha boma ni [[ChiZungu|Cingelezi]], nangauli Dango likuti "chiyowoyero cinyake cilicose cingaŵa cakusambizgira mu masukulu panji mu malo ghanyake gha masambiro, panji pa nkhani za malango, malango, panji vyeruzgo".<ref name="Amendment_2005" />Chiyowoyero cha Luganda chikusangika mu vigaŵa vyapakati na kumwera kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Ateso, Lango, Acholi, Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola, na Lusoga. Mu 2005, chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili, icho ŵanthu ŵakuchiwona nga ntchilendo, chikapelekeka kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero chachiŵiri ku boma la Uganda, kweni boma likukana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/english-rules-in-uganda-but-local-languages-shouldnt-be-sidelined-49381 | title=English rules in Uganda, but local languages shouldn't be sidelined | date=5 November 2015 | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004181120/https://theconversation.com/english-rules-in-uganda-but-local-languages-shouldnt-be-sidelined-49381 | url-status=live }}</ref>Mu 2022, charu cha Uganda chikapangana kuti chiyowoyelo cha Chiswahili chiŵe mu masukulu. Pulezidenti wa sono wa Uganda ni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, uyo wakamba kuwusa mu Janyuwale 1986 pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari iyo yikatora vyaka 6. Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo nyengo ya pulezidenti, wakamanya kwimilira ndipo wakasankhika pulezidenti mu 2011, 2016 na 2021 pa mavoti gha boma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/uganda|title=Uganda|date=30 January 2019|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929074232/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/uganda|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|History of Uganda}} === Uganda Iyo Pakaŵa Kale === {{main|Early history of Uganda}} [[File:Drawing showing a caesarean operation taking place in Uganda Wellcome M0001058.jpg|thumb|Mu 1879, Robert William Felkin, uyo ni mishonale wakawona ŵanthu ŵakuchizgika mu Kahura, mu Ufumu wa Kitara (uno ni Uganda).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=Peter M.|date=1 May 1999|title=Robert Felkin MD (1853–1926) and Caesarean delivery in Central Africa (1879)|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=F250–F251|doi=10.1136/fn.80.3.F250|issn=1359-2998|pmid=10212095|pmc=1720922|doi-access=free}}</ref> ]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaŵa ŵa ciyowoyero ca Central Sudanic na Kuliak, awo ŵakayowoyanga za ŵalimi na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto pambere ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵandafike kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Nilotic awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Nilotic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kuzakafika mu 1500 C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Phiri la Elgon, Mlonga wa Nayelo, na Nyanja ya Kyoga.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030|jstor = 183030|title = We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes|last1 = Schoenbrun|first1 = David L.|journal = The Journal of African History|year = 1993|volume = 34|issue = 1|pages = 1–31|doi = 10.1017/S0021853700032989|s2cid = 162660041|access-date = 28 February 2022|archive-date = 28 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328154318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030|url-status = live}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya na ŵasayansi ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyowoya, Ufumu wa Kitara ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru mu chigaŵa cha nyanja zikuruzikuru, kufuma ku nyanja za Albert na Kyoga kumpoto m'paka ku nyanja za Victoria na Tanganyika kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Bunyoro-Kitara ndiyo yikaŵa ufumu wakwambilira wa mafumu gha Toro, Ankole, na Busoga. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Luo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Bunyoro na kuzomerezgana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Babiito.<ref name="babito">{{cite web |url=http://www.bunyoro-kitara.com/history2.htm |title=Origins of Bunyoro-Kitara Kings |access-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210003812/http://www.bunyoro-kitara.com/history2.htm#The%20Babiito |archive-date=10 December 2006}}, bunyoro-kitara.com.</ref> Ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu ŵakanjira mu caru ici kufuma ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku East Africa mu ma 1830 cifukwa ca malonda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Uganda journal|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00026/28j|access-date=1 January 2021|website=ufdc.ufl.edu|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417220229/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00026/28j|url-status=live}}</ref>Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1860, Bunyoro ku Mid-Western Uganda wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakuwukira msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Uganda journal|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00029/9j|access-date=2 January 2021|website=ufdc.ufl.edu|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213343/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00029/9j|url-status=live}}</ref>Mwakupambana na ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu awo ŵakendanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ku East Africa, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita malonda, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵambuke mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha wa ku Eguputo, uyo wakakhumbanga kutora vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Victoria na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Albert kweniso "kumwera kwa Gondokoro", wakatuma Samuel Baker, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Britain, kuti wakafike ku Northern Uganda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Banyoro ŵakasuska Baker, uyo wakeneranga kurwa nkhondo yikuru kuti waŵavikilire. Baker wakawonanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Banyoro ŵakaŵa ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo wakaŵasuska mu buku lake lakuti Ismailia A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organized By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt (1874)) ilo likaŵazgika chomene mu Britain. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza ku Uganda na mtima wakususkana na ufumu wa Bunyoro. Ici cikapangiska kuti Bunyoro wapokere hafu ya caru cake, ico cikapelekeka ku Buganda nga ni njombe kufuma ku Britain. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa nga ni "vigaŵa vyakubisika" vikaweleraso ku Bunyoro. Mu ma 1860, apo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto ŵaŵawovwire, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kumanya uko Nile yikambira ŵakafika ku Uganda. Ŵamishonale ŵa Anglican ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza mu ufumu wa Buganda mu 1877 ndipo ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika ŵa ku France ŵakiza mu 1879. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1885 Muteesa I na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyumba yake ŵajinthe vigomezgo vyawo ndipo mwana wake Mwanga, uyo wakatinkhanga Chikhristu, ndiyo wakimikika. Boma la Britain likagwiliskira ntchito kampani ya Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) kuti yilute ku malo agha mu 1888.<ref name="Snakes">{{Cite book | title=Two Kingdoms of Uganda: Snakes and Ladders in the Scramble for Africa | last=Pulford | first=Cedric | publisher=Ituri Publications | year=2011 | location=Daventry}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1886, mu Buganda mukaŵa nkhondo za cisopa, pakwamba pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ndipo kufuma mu 1890, pakati pa Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa "ba-Ingleza" na Ŵakatolika ŵa "ba-Fransa", magulu agho ghakacemekanga na mazina gha maufumu agho ghakaŵa nawo lumoza.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=The Arms Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1962_3_3/page/451 | last=Beachey | first=R. W. | date=1962 | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=3 | issue=3 | page=451 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700003352| s2cid=162601116 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |date=1984 |title=Nationality Question in a Neo-Colony: A Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373383 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=19 |issue=27 |pages=1046–1054 |jstor=4373383 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>Chifukwa cha vivulupi na masuzgo gha ndalama, IBEAC yikayowoya kuti yingatondeka kulutilira kugwira ntchito mu chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Britain likakhumbanga chomene kuvikilira nthowa ya ku Nayelo iyo ŵakendangamo, lekani mu 1894 likapoka charu cha Buganda na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Nayelo..<ref name="Snakes" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref>Gordon Martel, "Cabinet politics and African partition: The Uganda debate reconsidered." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 13.1 (1984): 5-24.</ref> === Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962) === {{main|Uganda Protectorate}} [[File:Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg|thumb|Ndembera ya [[Uganda Protectorate]]]] Boma la Uganda likaŵa boma la Britain kufuma mu 1894 m'paka 1962. Mu 1893, kampani ya British East Africa Company yikapeleka wanangwa wake wa kuwusa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vya Ufumu wa Buganda ku boma la Britain. Bungwe la IBEAC likaleka kuwusa Uganda pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo za cisopa za mu caru ici zacitiska kuti likhale pa ngozi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=Tudor|date=2001|title=Bishop Alfred Tucker and the Establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda 1890-94|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/31/1/article-p92_4.xml|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=31|issue=1|pages=92–114|doi=10.1163/157006601X00040|issn=0022-4200|access-date=2 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128203602/https://brill.com/view/journals/jra/31/1/article-p92_4.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1894, boma la Uganda likakhazikiskika, ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikira kujumpha mphaka za Buganda mwa kusazga mapangano ghanandi na maufumu ghanyake (Toro mu 1900, Ankole mu 1901, na Bunyoro mu 1933) ku chigaŵa icho chikuyana waka na cha Uganda wa mazuŵa ghano. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana chomene na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa mu charu cha Kenya, chifukwa charu ichi chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mu ma 1890, ŵantchito 32,000 ŵakufuma ku Britain ku India ŵakaŵatumizga ku East Africa kuti ŵakazenge Uganda Railway. Ŵanandi awo ŵakapona ŵakawelera kukwawo, kweni ŵanthu 6,724 ŵakasankha kukhala ku East Africa. Pamanyuma, ŵanji ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakamba kuguliska makuni gha katoni. Kwamba mu 1900 m'paka mu 1920, nthenda ya kugona yikakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250,000 kumwera kwa Uganda, mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Victoria. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikapangiska boma la Uganda kuti lilembe ŵasilikari 77,143 kuti ŵateŵetere mu gulu la King's African Rifles. Ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo ya ku Western Desert, Abyssinia, Madagascar, na Burma. === Kujiyimira pawekha (1962-1965) === Charu cha Uganda chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain pa 9 Okutobala 1962 ndipo Queen Elizabeth II wakaŵa mutu wa boma na Queen of Uganda. Mu Okutobala 1963, charu cha Uganda chikazgoka charu cha demokalase kweni chikalutilira kuŵa mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations. Chisankho chakwamba cha ku Uganda, icho chikachitika mu 1962, chikathereskeka na chipani cha Uganda People's Congress (UPC) na Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC na KY ŵakapangiska boma lakwamba pamanyuma pa kujithemba na Milton Obote kuŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo Buganda Kabaka (Mfumu) Edward Muteesa II wakaŵa na udindo wa purezidenti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=3 |title=History of Parliament |access-date=18 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220164706/http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=3 |archive-date=20 February 2010}} (Website of the Parliament of Uganda)</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.buganda.com/crisis66.htm | title=Buganda Kingdom: The Uganda Crisis, 1966 | publisher=Buganda.com | access-date=3 May 2010 | archive-date=24 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324164117/http://www.buganda.com/crisis66.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> === Nkhaza ya Buganda (1962-1966) === {{main|Mengo Crisis}} [[File:Owen Falls Dam construction.jpg|thumb|right|Kuzenga Damu la Owen Falls ku Jinja]] Mu vyaka vyati vyamara waka kujiwusa, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa boma na ufumu ukuru wa Buganda. Kufuma waka apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakambira kulamulira charu cha Uganda, suzgo likaŵa lakuti ŵeruzgenge wuli ufumu ukuru uwu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakatondeka kusanga nthowa yiwemi. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusuzga comene cifukwa ca umo Buganda wakacitiranga na boma. Boma la Buganda likakhumba yayi kuti liŵe na wanangwa, kweni likaŵa na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma ili. Ivi vikulongoreka na nkhondo iyo yikaŵako pakati pa boma la Britain na Buganda pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa. Mu charu cha Buganda, mukaŵa kugaŵikana pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti Kabaka walutilire kulamulira na awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakoleranenge na charu cha Uganda kuti paŵe boma lapadera. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe vipani viŵiri vya Buganda      Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, na Democratic Party (DP) ivyo vikafuma mu Tchalitchi la Katolika. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa mphindano zikuru comene pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha, comenecomene apo maungano ghakwamba ghakaŵa pafupi kucitika. Themba ili likakondwa yayi na mulongozgi wa DP, Benedicto Kiwanuka. Kunja kwa Buganda, wandale wakufuma kumpoto kwa Uganda, Milton Obote, wakapangiska chipani cha banthu ŵa ndyali ŵambura kufuma ku Uganda kuti ŵapange Uganda People's Congress (UPC). Mu UPC mukaŵa ŵandyali ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kunozga vinthu ivyo ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni vyambura kwenelera mu vigaŵa ivyo vikawovwira kuti Buganda yiŵe na wanangwa wapadera. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kumovwira. Ndipouli, chipani ichi chikalutilira kuŵa na vilato vinandi, kweni Obote wakalongora kuti wakaŵa waluso comene pakuŵafika pa fundo yakuyana.<ref name="Kasozi">{{cite book|last1=Kasozi|first1=A. B. K.|title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985|url=https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofv0000kaso|date=1994|publisher=McGill-Queens's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=9780773512184}}</ref>[[File:Uganda Printers Kampala 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku ku Uganda pa Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda]] Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Buganda chikapokera wanangwa, nkhani iyi yikamara yayi. Charu cha Uganda chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka ivyo vikafwatuka ku wuzga kwambura kuŵa na chipani icho chikaŵa na mazaza ghanandi. Mu mavoti agho ghakachitika pambere boma la Uganda lindambe kujiyimira, UPC yikathereska mavoti 37 pa mavoti 61. Chipani cha DP chikapokera vithuzi 24 kunja kwa Buganda. "Malo ghapadera" agho Buganda wakapika ghakang'anamuranga kuti viŵalo 21 vya Buganda vikasankhika mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu. Chipani cha KY chikapambana chomene pa chipani cha DP, ndipo chikapokera ma mpando ghose 21. UPC yikafika pachanya paumaliro wa 1964 apo mulongozgi wa DP mu pharalamende, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, wakambukira pa pharalamende pamoza na mamembala ghanyake ghankhondi, ndipo DP yikakhala waka na vithuzi 9. Ŵa MP ŵa DP ŵakakondwa yayi cifukwa ca ukali wa mulongozgi wawo, Benedicto Kiwanuka, kwa Kabaka uwo ukaŵatondeskanga kusanga nthowa yakukolerana na KY. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagaluka apo ŵanyawo 10 ŵa KY ŵakafumapo pa nyumba ya mafumu ŵakati ŵawona kuti ŵaleke kwendera lumoza na UPC. Ivyo Obote wakayowoyanga vikaŵa vyakukhozga chomene mu charu chose, ndipo UPC yikathereskanga pa mavoti ghose agho ghakacitikanga. Themba likazgora mwambura kuyowoya - panji likakhorwa na mulimo wake na vimanyikwiro vya mu chigaŵa chake. Ndipouli, pakaŵaso kugaŵikana kukuru mu nyumba yake, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti waleke kulimbana na Obote. Pa nyengo iyo Uganda yikamba kujiyimira pawekha, Buganda "yakaŵa nyumba yakupambana na magulu gha ndyali". Apo gulu ili likakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko, visopa, vigaŵa, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kusuzga ŵanyawo. Nkhongono ya chipani ichi yikamara cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikacitika pakati pa magulu gha vigaŵa na gha pakati. Ndipo mu 1966, UPC yikamba kujipatura. Nkhondo yikasazgikira cifukwa ca ŵeneawo ŵakiza ku Nyumba ya Malamulo kufuma ku DP na KY. Mu 1964, ŵimiliri ŵa UPC ŵakafika ku Gulu kuti ŵakaŵepo pa ungano wawo. Ici cikaŵa cilongolero cakwamba ca umo Obote wakalekera kuwusa cipani cake. Nkhondo ya Secretary General wa chipani ichi yikaŵa pakati pa Grace Ibingira na John Kakonge. Ibingira wakazgoka chimanyikwiro cha ŵakususka Obote mukati mwa UPC. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene para tikuwona ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo pakati pa Buganda na boma la pakati. Kwa awo ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa UPC (mwakusazgapo awo ŵakakolerana na KY), ici cikaŵa cimanyikwiro cakuti Obote wakaŵa wambura kuvikilirika. Awo ŵakawonanga vinthu mwakupwelelera ŵakamanya kuti UPC yikaŵa yimoza yayi. Kupatukana kwa mgwirizano wa UPC-KY kukuvumbura kuti Obote na ŵanyake ŵakakondwa yayi na "maudindo ghapadera" gha Buganda. Mu 1964, boma likapempha vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Buganda kuti vileke kuŵa pasi pa Themba Kabaka. Pambere charu cha Buganda chindambe kulamulirika, ufumu wa Bunyoro ndiwo ukalimbananga nayo. Boma la Buganda likapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Bunyoro, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakalembapo fundo iyi mu Mapangano gha Buganda. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakakhumbanga kuwelera ku Bunyoro. Obote wakazomerezga kuti paŵe ungano wa ŵanthu wose, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska Kabaka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Buganda. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakazomera kuti ŵawelere ku Bunyoro nangauli Themba Kabaka likayezga kuti liŵawovwire. Pakutondeka pa referendum, KY wakakanira fundo ya kupeleka vigaŵa ku Bunyoro, ntheura wakamalizga ubwezi na UPC. Ndyali za mu Uganda zikaŵa za mafuko ghanandi. Chipani cha UPC icho pakwamba chikaŵa chipani cha fuko lose chikamba kusweka apo Ibingira wakasuska Obote mu chipani cha UPC. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha kumpoto na kumwera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana pa nkhani za cuma na za umoyo wa ŵanthu, sono ŵakamba kutemwana chomene. Obote wakazingilizgika na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto. A. Wakutemweka wane. Neykon, Félix Onama, Alex Ojera, apo awo ŵakakolerana na Ibingira awo ŵakakakika na kujalirika mu jele pamoza na iyo, ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, magulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa na mazina ghakupambana. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghana kuti boma lili pa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu apo Obote wakakora na kujalira mu jele ŵaliska awo ŵakakolerananga na Ibingirachimanyikwiro cha Uganda.<ref name="Otunnu">{{cite book|last1=Otunnu|first1=Ogenga|title=Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-3319331553}}</ref>[[File:SA18157-Crowned Crane - Żuraw Królewski.jpg|thumb|[[Grey crowned crane|Grey Crowned Crane]] – chimanyikwiro cha Uganda|alt=]] Vinthu ivi vikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Chakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa ku Buganda mba Bantu ndipo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Ibingira. Gulu la Ŵaibingira likalutilira kususka Obote kuti wakukhumba kuwuskapo Themba. Sono ŵakakolerana na Obote. Caciŵiri nchakuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakalemba ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi kufuma ku Northern Uganda cifukwa cakuti ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵangacita milimo iyi. Pa nyengo iyo boma likapokera wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya kumpoto, comenecomene ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵali pafupi comene na Obote, ndipo wakawovwira comene kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake. Mu Epulero 1966, Obote wakapeleka ŵasilikari ŵaphya ŵakukwana 800 ku Moroto, ndipo 70 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Region. Pa nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti boma na mawupu gha vimbundi vikulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto, chomenechomene ŵa Acholi. Ku mpoto kwa Uganda kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Ufumu wa Uganda, comenecomene cifukwa ca "mphapu yapadera" iyo ufumu ukaŵa nayo pambere undapoke wanangwa na pamanyuma pake. "Obote wakiziska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku mpoto mu chigaŵa chapakati, kwizira mu boma na ŵasilikari. Ndipouli, mazina gha "Bantu" na "Nilotic" ghakupambana. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵali na mitundu ya Buganda na Bunyoro. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lugbara, Acholi, na Langi ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa na zina ili. Nangauli vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa makora, kweni vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana kwa ndyali pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵalwani ŵa UPC ŵakalutilira kugaŵikana apo ŵakamanya kuti Obote ngwakusuzgika. Pa cigaŵa ico UPC ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa mipingo yinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikacitikanga. Nanga ni mu cigaŵa ico Obote wakakhalanga, ŵanthu ŵakayezga kuti ŵafumiskemo mulongozgi wa wupu wa cigaŵa mu 1966. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska UPC kwenjerwa comene nchakuti mavoti ghaciŵiri gha boma ghakaŵa pafupi kucitika mu 1967 ndipo kwambura wovwiri wa KY (uyo sono wakwenera kuti wakawovwiranga DP), ndiposo cifukwa ca kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa mu UPC, kukaŵa mwaŵi wakuti UPC yizamuleka kuwusa mu myezi yicoko waka. Mu 1966 Obote wakapangiska dango liphya ilo likakanizga KY kuti yilute ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la KY likuwoneka kuti likuzgora mu nyumba ya malango kwizira mwa yumoza wa mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo ghachoko waka agho ghalipo, Davide Ochieng uyo wali na nthenda yikuru. Ochieng wakaŵa munthu wakuzizika chomene nangauli wakafuma ku Northern Uganda, kweni wakaŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu boma la KY ndipo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Kabaka uyo wakamupa malo ghanandi mu Buganda. Apo Obote wakaŵavya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, Ochieng wakavumbura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka njovu na golide. Wakayowoyaso kuti Obote, Onama, na Neykon wose ŵakasanga candulo na ndondomeko iyi. Nyumba ya malango yikazomerezga fundo yakuti Amin waleke kupulikira na kusanda umo Obote wakakhwaskikira. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma litenthemeske na kukhuŵazga caru. KY yikalongoraso kuti yikumanya kulimbana na Obote kufuma mukati mwa chipani chake pa ungano wa UPC Buganda apo Godfrey Binaisa (laŵiliri wa boma) wakathereskeka na gulu ilo likugomezga kuti likukhozgeka na KY, Ibingira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakususka Obote mu Buganda.<ref name="Kasozi63">{{cite book |last1=Kasozi |title=The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofv0000kaso |date=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofv0000kaso/page/63 63]}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 1966, Obote wakakakaso Ibingira na nduna zinyake. Mu March 1966, Obote wakapharazgaso kuti maofesi gha pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ghalekenge kuŵako. Obote wakapaso Amin nkhongono zinandi ‡ kumupa udindo wa Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (Army Commander) kuluska uyo wakaŵa nayo kale (Opolot) uyo wakaŵa paubwezi na Buganda kwizira mu nthengwa (panji kuti wakagomezganga kuti Opolot wangatemwa yayi kuchitapo kanthu ka nkhondo pa Kabaka usange wangakwaniska). Obote wakawuskapo dango liphya na kulekeska maungano agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuchitika. Obote wakaluta pa TV na wayilesi kukususka Kabaka kuti wakuswa malango ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo kupempha ŵasilikari ŵakufumila ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikalembeka na Kabaka pamanyuma pa mphindano za Amin kuti wakunozga chiwembu cha kuwukira boma. Obote wakalutizga kusisita mazaza gha Kabaka mwa kupharazga kuti: * Kuwuskapo makomiti ghakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Ivi vikawuskapo mazaza gha Kabaka gha kwimika ŵateŵeti ŵa boma mu Buganda. * Kuwuskapo Khoti Likuru la Buganda ∙ kuwuskapo mazaza ghose agho Kabaka wakaŵa nagho. * Kuŵika ndalama za mu Buganda pasi pa mazaza gha boma. * Kuwuskapo malo gha ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Buganda. Caru nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikawovwira kuti Kabaka waŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu. Pa nyengo iyi pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Buganda na boma lapakati. Ŵakumanya vya mdauko ŵakususka usange vinthu ivi mphanyi vikachitika yayi. Ivi vikaŵa vyakuti vingachitika yayi chifukwa Obote wakawona kuti Themba ili ndakulopwa. Nakuti Themba Kabaka likati lazomera kuŵa pulezidenti vyaka vinayi kumasinda, likakolerana na UPC. Mu vyaru vya Buganda, visopa vikamba kulimbana ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga waka vinthu vyawo. Themba ili likamanyikwanga kuti ndakujipatura ndipo likapulikiranga yayi ulongozgi wa ŵandyali ŵachinyamata ŵa Buganda awo ŵakamanyanga makora ndyali ziphya izo zikaŵako pamanyuma pa Kujiyimira paŵekha. Themba ili likakondwanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto yiphya. Mu Meyi 1966, Themba Kabaka likacita cinthu cinyake. Iyo wakapempha wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo nyumba ya malango ya ku Buganda yikapempha boma la Uganda kuti lifumemo mu charu ichi. Pakuzgora, Obote wakalangura Idi Amin kuti wawukire nyumba ya Themba. Nkhondo ya kutora nyumba ya fumu yikaŵa yankhongono comene. Ŵanalume 120 awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakakanizga Idi Amin kuti waleke kunjira nkhondo kwa maora 12. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyo yikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵakacema vilwero vikuru na kunjira mu nyumba yacifumu. Nkhondo ya ku mizi iyo ŵakayighanaghananga kuti yizamucitika mu Buganda yikacitika yayi ndipo pati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka, Obote wakakumana na ŵapharazgi kuti waŵaphalire vya kutonda kwake. Themba ili likacimbira pa viliŵa vya nyumba yacifumu ndipo likatolekera ku caru cinyake ku London. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vitatu wakafwira kwenekura. === 1966-1971 (pambere boma lindanjire) === Mu 1966, pamanyuma pa kulimbana pakati pa boma la Obote na Themba Muteesa, Obote wakalekeska malango gha boma ndipo wakawuskapo pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake. Mu 1967, dango liphya likapharazga kuti Uganda ni charu cha wupu. Obote wakapharazgika kuŵa purezidenti.<ref name="Background">{{cite web | url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2963.htm | title=Background Note: Uganda | publisher=Bureau of African Affairs, United States Department of State | date=November 2008 | access-date=21 January 2017 | archive-date=28 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128192054/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2963.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> === 1971 (pamanyuma pa boma) -1979 (umaliro wa muwuso wa Amin) === {{Main|History of Uganda (1971–79)}} Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma pa Janyuwale 25, 1971, Obote wakathereskeka ndipo Jenerale Idi Amin wakayamba kuwusa. Amin wakawusa Uganda nga ni muwusi wankhongono na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari kwa vyaka 8.<ref name="loc">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html "A Country Study: Uganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004743/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html|date=27 June 2015}}, ''[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies''</ref> Wakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru kuti walutilire kuwusa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000-500,000 ŵa ku Uganda ŵakafwa mu nyengo ya muwuso wake. Padera pa nkhaza izo wakacitanga, wakafumiskaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda. Mu Juni 1976, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Palestina ŵakakora ndege ya Air France na kuyichichizga kuti yikhizge ku Entebbe. Ŵanthu 100 pa ŵanthu 250 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Israyeli. Boma la Amin likamara mu 1979 pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Uganda na Tanzania. ===1979–mpaka pano=== {{Main|History of Uganda (1979–present)}} [[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the [[International Court of Justice]] found against Uganda, in a case brought by the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/20/congo.uganda Court orders Uganda to pay Congo damages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102143450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/20/congo.uganda|date=2 January 2021}}". ''[[The Guardian]]''. 20 December 2005</ref>]] Yoweri Museveni wakaŵa purezidenti kwambira waka apo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakagumura boma lakale mu Janyuwale 1986 paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya ku Uganda. Kwamba mu caka ici, magulu gha ndyali gha mu Uganda ghakakanizgika kucita milimo yawo, cifukwa ca cilato ca kucepeskako nkhaza za cisopo. Mu boma la "Movement" ilo likaŵavya vipani, vipani vikalutilira kuŵako, kweni vikaŵa na ofesi yikuru pera. Ŵakatondekanga kujura maofesi ghawo, kuchita maungano gha chigaŵa, panji kwimika ŵalongozgi (nangauli ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵa chipani). Mu Julayi 2005, boma likamazga dango lakuti ŵandyali ŵaŵepo vyaka 19. Mu 1993, Papa Yohane Paul II wakaluta ku Uganda pa ulendo wake wa mazuŵa 6 kuti wakaciske ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda kuti ŵaphemane. Pa nyengo ya viphikiro, wakacindikanga Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca cipulikano cawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikalumba Museveni kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa. Ndipouli, nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti yikakhwaskika na nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.4 miliyoni kufuma mu 1998, kweniso nkhondo zinyake izo zikacitika mu caru ca Great Lakes. Iyo wakarwa nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vilimika vinandi na gulu la Lord's Resistance Army, ilo lili na mulandu wa kusuzga ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo ŵazga ŵa ŵana, kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Atiak, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Nkhondo izo zikucitika kumpoto kwa Uganda zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵafumapo pa nyumba zawo. Nyumba ya mafumu yikawuskapo malango gha mafumu mu 2005, chifukwa chakuti Museveni wakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama za boma kuti wapeleke madola 2,000 kwa munthu waliyose uyo wakakhozgera dango ili. Mu Febuluwale 2006, kukaŵa mavoti gha pulezidenti. Museveni wakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo uyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa chomene wakaŵa Kizza Besigye. Pa 20 February, 2011, wupu wa Uganda Electoral Commission ukati pulezidenti wa sono Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ndiyo watonda pa chisankho cha 2011. Ndipouli, ŵakususka ŵakakhorwa yayi na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo ŵakavilongora kuti ni vyautesi. Kuyana na mavoti gha boma, Museveni ndiyo wakatonda na mavoti 68 pa 100 gha ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti uyo wakamususkiranga chomene, Besigye, uyo wakaŵa dokotala wa Museveni, waleke kuwina ndipo wakaphalira ŵapharazgi kuti iyo na awo ŵakamukhozganga "ŵakuyuyura" ivyo vyachitika kweniso boma la Museveni panji munthu waliyose uyo wangimika. Besigye wakasazgirapo kuti mavoti ghakubendezga ghazamupangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵaŵepo ndipo ni udindo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda kusanda fundo iyi. Wupu wa European Union's Election Observation Mission ukayowoyapo pa ivyo vyasintha mu ndondomeko ya mavoti mu Uganda. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya vyakusankha yikasuzgika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenda makora ivyo vikatondeska ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Uganda kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha". Kwambira mu Ogasiti 2012, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kunanga vinthu (hacktivists) lakuchemeka Anonymous, likuwopsya ŵamazaza ŵa ku Uganda na kunanga mawebusayiti gha boma chifukwa cha malango ghake ghakususkana na ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana. Ŵanyake awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuti ŵamalenge ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku caru ici usange ŵakulutilira kususka ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Vinthu vyakuti mwana wa pulezidenti, Muhoozi Kainerugaba ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo gha pulezidenti, vyasazgirako suzgo.<ref>Article 19. (2013). [http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37201/en/uganda:-public-order-management-bill Uganda: Public Order Management Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016144056/https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37201/en/uganda:-public-order-management-bill |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref><ref>Masereka, Alex. (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042324/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/m7-okays-public-order-bill/ M7 Okays Public Order Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062551/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/m7-okays-public-order-bill/ |date=23 October 2013 }}. ''Red Pepper''.</ref><ref name="Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report">United States Department of State (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor). (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204390.pdf Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326170131/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204390.pdf |date=26 March 2017 }}.</ref><ref>Natabaalo, Grace. (2013). Ugandan Police Shutdown Papers Over 'Plot'. ''Al Jazeera''.</ref> Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni wali kulamulira chalo ichi kwambira mu chaka cha 1986 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Januwale 2021. Kuyana na mavoti gha boma, Museveni wakathereska pa mavoti 58% apo Bobi Wine uyo wakaŵa ndyali wakaŵa na 35%. Awo ŵakususka ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika chifukwa chakuti ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa upusikizgi na vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-election-bobi-wine-challenges-result-in-court/a-56405583|title=Uganda election: Bobi Wine challenges result in court &#124; DW &#124; 01.02.2021|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301143714/https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-election-bobi-wine-challenges-result-in-court/a-56405583|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55675887|title=Uganda elections 2021: Museveni takes lead as Bobi Wine cries foul|work=BBC News|date=16 January 2021|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310035143/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55675887|url-status=live}}</ref> Munthu munyakeso uyo wakasuskanga wakaŵa John Katumba wa vyaka 24.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Independent |first1=The |title=Presidential candidate John Katumba publishes his memoir |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/presidential-candidate-john-katumba-publishes-his-memoir/ |website=The Independent Uganda |date=9 January 2021 |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070601/https://www.independent.co.ug/presidential-candidate-john-katumba-publishes-his-memoir/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Uganda}} Uganda yili kumwera kwa Africa pakati pa 1o S na 4o N latitude, na pakati pa 30o E na 35o E longitude. Malo agha ghali na mapiri, nyanja, na tumapiri. Charu ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 900. Malire gha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi gha Uganda ghali na mapiri. Mu mapiri gha Ruwenzori muli phiri likuru comene mu Uganda, zina lake Alexandra, ilo lili na mamita 5,094. === Nyanja na milonga === Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chili na nyanja yikuru chomene pa charu chose, Lake Victoria, iyo yili na virwa vinandi. Misumba yakuzirwa comene yili kumwera, kufupi na nyanja iyi, kusazgapo msumba ukuru wa Kampala na msumba wa Entebbe. Nyanja ya Kyoga yili pakatikati pa charu ichi ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na mathipa. Nangauli charu cha Uganda chili kutali na nyanja, kweni chili na nyanja zinandi zikuruzikuru. Padera pa Nyanja ya Victoria na Kyoga, paliso Nyanja ya Albert, Nyanja ya Edward, na Nyanja ya George. Malo agha ghali pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo. Mlonga wa Victoria Nile ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Victoria na kunjira mu Nyanja ya Kyoga, kufuma apo ukunjira mu Nyanja ya Albert pa mphaka ya Congo. Kufuma apo, likuluta kumpoto ku South Sudan. Chigaŵa chinyake cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda chili na maji ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu mlonga wa Suam. Chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Uganda chikuthira mu malo ghakuchemeka Lotikipi Basin, agho ghali mu charu cha Kenya.<ref name=DataBasin>{{cite web | url=http://databasin.org/maps/new#datasets=878c064ec5d8440493f9924f90b58af1 | title=Maps | website=Data Basin | access-date=14 September 2015 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906155539/http://databasin.org/maps/new#datasets=878c064ec5d8440493f9924f90b58af1 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Vinthu vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana === {{Main|Conservation in Uganda}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map UGA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Mapu gha ku Uganda ghakulongora umo vinthu viliri mu charu ichi.]] Mu charu cha Uganda muli malo ghakuvikilirika 60, kusazgapo malo ghakusungirako vinyama ghakukwana 10. Malo agha ni Bwindi Impenetrable National Park na Rwenzori Mountains National Park (wose ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vya charu cha UNESCO), Kibale National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, na Semuliki National Park. Ku Uganda kuli vyamoyo vinandi, kusazgapo viyuni vya mountain gorilla mu Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, viyuni vya gorilla na vikoko vya golide mu Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, na viyuni vya hippo mu Murchison Falls National Park. Vipambi ivi vikusangikaso mu vyaru vinandi. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.36/10 pa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa nambara 128 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{Main|Politics of Uganda}}Pulezidenti wa Uganda ni mutu wa boma na wa charu. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti na nduna yikuru kuti zimovwire kuwusa. Nyumba ya malango yikupangika na wupu wa National Assembly, uwo uli na ŵanthu 449. Ŵanyake mwa iwo ni ŵimiliri ŵa vigaŵa 290, ŵimiliri ŵa ŵanakazi ŵa vigaŵa 116, ŵimiliri 10 ŵa gulu la Uganda People's Defense Forces, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵawukirano, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵantchito, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵimiliri 18 ŵa ofesi..<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Uganda {{!}} State House Uganda |url=https://www.statehouse.go.ug/about-uganda |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=www.statehouse.go.ug |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618075533/https://statehouse.go.ug/about-uganda |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Uganda|}}Charu cha Uganda chili ku East African Community (EAC), pamoza na vyaru vya Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, na South Sudan. Mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya 2010 yakuyowoya za msika wa East African Common Market, ŵanthu ŵali na wanangwa wa kusama na kusama, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru cinyake. Ndipouli, ndondomeko iyi yindakhazikiskike cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa mwaŵi wa kugwira nchito na masuzgo ghanyake gha ndyali, malango, na ndalama. Boma la Uganda ndilo likayambiska bungwe la Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), ilo lili na vyaru 8 ivyo vikusazgapo maboma gha mu Africa, Nile Valley, na Great Lakes. Likulu lake lili ku Djibouti City. Kweniso charu cha Uganda chili mu wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization.<ref name="oicmems">{{cite web|title=Member States|url=https://www.oic-oci.org/|website=OIC|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030126/https://www.oic-oci.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:BushMuseveniEntebbe2003.jpg|thumb|United States Pulezidenti George W. Bush wakakumana na Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni ku Entebbe, Uganda, pa Julayi 11, 2003.]] === Ŵankhondo === {{Further|Uganda People's Defence Force}} Ku Uganda, ŵasilikari ŵakucemeka Uganda People's Defence Force. Ŵasilikari ŵa mu Uganda ŵalipo pafupifupi 45,000. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Uganda likugwira nchito zinandi za mtende na nkhondo mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United States pera ndiwo ŵakutumika mu vyaru vinandi. Boma la Uganda lili na ŵasilikari awo ŵali kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Somalia, na South Sudan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/OpEdColumnists/CharlesOnyangoObbo/With-Somalia--CAR--and-South-Sudan--Museveni/-/878504/2137720/-/eb4y1nz/-/index.html | title=With Somalia, CAR, and South Sudan, Museveni is remaking the state – Charles Onyango Obbo | publisher=Monitor.co.ug | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=29 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014713/http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/OpEdColumnists/CharlesOnyangoObbo/With-Somalia--CAR--and-South-Sudan--Museveni/-/878504/2137720/-/eb4y1nz/-/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Vimbundi=== {{main|Corruption in Uganda}} Wupu wa Transparency International ukati mu charu cha Uganda muli vimbundi vinandi chomene. Mu chaka cha 2016, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa pa malo gha 151 pa malo 176, ndipo chikaŵa na mavoti 25 pa scale ya 0 (kuwona kuti ntcha vimbundi chomene) m'paka 100 (kuwona kuti ntchakutowa). Mu 2015 World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators yikati Uganda yili pa 12 percentile pa vyaru vyose. Lipoti la United States Department of State lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2012, likati: "Ivyo ofesi ya World Bank yikalemba vikulongora kuti vimbundi ni suzgo likuru chomene". Mu 2014, ŵimiliri ŵa Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Uganda ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi chomene kuluska za ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa boma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵayowoye viheni na kususka ivyo vikachitika, kusazgapo kunjira mwakubisilizga twana twa ng'ombe tuŵiri mu Nyumba ya Malango mu Juni 2014 kuti ŵawoneske kuti pali vimbundi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "Vinkhara" kulongora kuti ŵakakwiya. Mu 2012, ofesi ya nduna yikapoka ndalama zakukwana madola 12.6 miliyoni kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vyawanangwa. Ndalama izi "zikapelekeka kuti ziwovwire kuzengaso kumpoto kwa Uganda, uko kukaŵa nkhondo kwa vyaka 20, na Karamoja, cigaŵa cikavu comene mu Uganda". Nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵa EU, Britain, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, na Norway ŵaleke kovwira ŵanyawo. Vimbundi vikuru na vichoko ivyo vikuchitika pakati pa ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵandyali, vyakhwaskaso chomene ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu Uganda. Chimoza mwa vigaŵa ivyo vingapangiska vimbundi ni vyakupeleka vya boma, uko kanandi awo ŵakupeleka vyakupeleka ŵakuŵapa ndalama zakubisika. Cinyake ico cingapangiska kuti suzgo ili likure comene ni mafuta. Dango la Petroleum Bill, ilo likapelekeka na boma mu 2012 ndipo likayowoyeka na NRM kuti lipelekenge umanyikwiro ku vyalo vya mafuta, likakondweska yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya vya ndyali na vyachuma. Mwaciyelezgero, Angelo Izama, wakuwona vya magesi wa ku Uganda wa ku United States Open Society Foundation, wakati dango liphya ili likuyana waka na "kupeleka mashini gha ATM" kwa Museveni na muwuso wake. Wupu unyake uwo ukuwona vya malango gha pa charu chose (Global Witness) ukati mu 2012, charu cha Uganda chili na "mafuta ghanandi chomene agho ghangapangiska kuti mu vyaka 6 m'paka 10 ndalama za boma ziŵe zakukwana madola 2.4 biliyoni pa chaka". Dango lakuyowoya za mawupu ghambura kwendera boma (Amendment) Act, ilo likapelekeka mu 2006, likakanizga mawupu agha kuchita vinthu mwamahara. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ntchito ya mawupu gha boma yileke kwenda makora ni ndondomeko zakusuzga na za vimbundi izo zikulembeka (kusazgapo kupempha ulongozgi ku ŵalara ŵa boma; kulembeskaso chaka chilichose), malango ghambura kupulikikwa ghakwendeskera vinthu (kusazgapo kupempha boma kuti liŵamanyiske pambere ŵandambe kukumana na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhwaskika na mawupu gha boma yayi), kweniso kuti ndalama zose izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake zileke kuluta mu Banki ya Uganda. Kweniso wanangwa wa kuyowoya wa boma ukuyuzgika nyengo zose, ndipo dango liphya lakuti boma liŵe na ndondomeko yiwemi (ilo likukanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana) likusazgirako waka vilwero vya boma.<ref>The International Center for Not-For-Profit Law. (2012). [http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html NGO Law Monitor: Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191439/http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html |date=29 October 2013 }}.</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Uganda}} Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulutilira kutipangiska kwenjerwa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Uganda. Nkhondo mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi yikulutilira kutimbanizga ŵanthu ŵa gulu la Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), ilo likulongozgeka na Joseph Kony, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Mu Febuluwale 2009, mulara wa UN wakapa mulandu LRA kuti "wakucita nkhaza zinandi" mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ŵalipo pafupifupi 1.4 miliyoni. Kuyuzgika kukulutilira kuŵa mu vyaru vinandi. Kuwukira wanangwa wa ndyali mu caru ici, kusazgapo kukora na kutimba ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵadandawurenge. Kusoleka kwa mulongozgi mukuru wa chipani chakususka Kizza Besigye na kuzingilizga khoti likuru pa nyengo ya kupulikizga mulandu wa Besigye na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumupulikira. Ku Uganda ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito za ŵana. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito ya kulima. Ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito mu minda ya hona ku Uganda ŵakuŵa pangozi. Ŵana awo ŵakuteŵetera mu nyumba ku Uganda ŵakuŵa pangozi ya kuyuzgika. Ŵana ŵakuguliskika. Dango la Uganda likukanizga wuzga na kugwira nchito mwankhongono. Komiti ya ku United States yakuwona vya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵachimbizga ku Uganda. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Uganda ŵakusuzgika na kukomeka kwambura mulandu. Mwachiyelezgero, lipoti la Dipatimenti ya vya Vyaru ya ku United States ilo likalembeka mu 2012, likati: "Chipatala cha African Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation for Torture Victims chikalembapo milandu 170 yakususkana na ŵapolisi, 214 yakususkana na UPDF, yimoza yakususkana na ŵapolisi ŵasilikari, 23 yakususkana na Special Investigations Unit, 361 yakususkana na ŵantchito ŵambura kuzunulika, kweniso 24 yakususkana na ŵalara ŵa jele". Mu Seputembala 2009, Museveni wakakanira Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, fumu ya Baganda, kuzomerezga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Buganda, chomenechomene chigaŵa cha Kayunga. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 40 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanyake ŵachali mu jele. Kuonjezera apo, ŵanthu 9 ŵakakomeka mu mwezi wa Epulero 2011 apo ŵakacitanga viphikiro vya "Walk to Work". Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch la 2013 World Report on Uganda, boma la Uganda latondeka kupenjerezga za kukoma ŵanthu uko kwachitika mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi.<ref>Human Rights Watch. (2013). [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/uganda World Report 2013 (Uganda)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701082641/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/uganda |date=1 July 2016 }}.</ref> ==== Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT ==== {{Main|LGBT rights in Uganda}} {{See also|The Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014}} [[File:Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill protest.jpg|thumb|left|Protests in [[New York City]] against Uganda's [[The Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014|Anti-Homosexuality Bill]].]] Mu 2007, nyuzipepara yinyake yikalemba mazina gha ŵanalume ŵanandi awo ŵakatenge ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo. Pa Okutobala 9, 2010, nyuzipepala ya ku Uganda ya Rolling Stone yikalemba nkhani ya mutu wakuti "Vithunzi 100 za Ogonana Nawo Kwambiri ku Uganda" iyo yikalembamo mazina, maadiresi, na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Kweniso nyuzipepara iyi yikayowoya kuti ŵana ŵa ku Uganda ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Buku ili likakondweska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ndipo likaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ivyo likalemba. Kuyana na ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakhwaskika kufuma apo buku ili likalembekera. Pa January 27, 2011, David Kato, wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakakomeka. Mu 2009, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Uganda yikaghanaghanirapo pa dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ilo likatenge liŵikenge chilango cha nyifwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na fundo izo zikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ku caru cinyake, ndipo yikati ŵangawezgeka ku Uganda kuti ŵakalangike. Pa 14 Okutobala 2009, MP David Bahati wakapeleka dango la mamembala gha yekha, ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti likapokera wovwiri ukuru mu nyumba ya malango ya Uganda. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kunanga vinthu la Anonymous likakanjira mu webusayiti ya boma la Uganda kuti lichitire ukaboni dango ili. Chifukwa chakuti charu chose chikasuska fundo iyi, nkhani iyi yikadumulika, kweni paumaliro yikadumulika pa Disembala 20, 2013. Dango laumaliro likalekeska chilango cha nyifwa. Dango ili likasuskika chomene na ŵamitundu yose. Denmark, Netherlands, na Sweden, vikati vilekenge kupeleka wovwiri. Pa 28 February 2014 Banki ya Charu chose yikati yilekeskenge ngongoli ya US$90 million, apo United States yikati yikughanaghanaso za ubwezi wake na Uganda. Pa Ogasiti 1, 2014, Khoti la Dango la Uganda likati dango ili ndakubendera chifukwa likapokelereka yayi.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda anti-gay law challenged in court | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/uganda-anti-gay-law-constitutional-court | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=The Guardian | agency=AFP | date=31 July 2014 | archive-date=31 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731171411/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/31/uganda-anti-gay-law-constitutional-court | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda court annuls anti-gay law | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400 | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=BBC News | date=1 August 2014 | archive-date=9 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909134802/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uganda constitutional court annuls new anti-gay law | url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2014/08/01/uganda-constitutional-court-annuls-new-anti-gay-law | access-date=1 August 2014 | work=Times LIVE | agency=AFP | date=1 August 2014 | archive-date=9 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909103014/https://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2014/08/01/uganda-constitutional-court-annuls-new-anti-gay-law | url-status=live }}</ref>Lipoti la nyuzipepara ilo likalembeka pa 13 August 2014 likati loya mukuru wa boma la Uganda wakaleka ivyo wakakhumbanga kuchita pakudandawura chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa pulezidenti Museveni uyo wakafipanga mtima na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira na dango ili. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2019, vinthu vikenda makora yayi mu Africa, ndipo charu cha South Africa ndicho pera icho chikuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Pa March 21, 2023, nyumba ya malango ya ku Uganda yikapeleka dango lakuti munthu uyo wakujiwona kuti ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi munthengwa wangakakika umoyo wake wose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholls |first=Larry Madowo,Catherine |date=2023-03-21 |title=Uganda parliament passes bill criminalizing identifying as LGBTQ, imposes death penalty for some offenses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/africa/uganda-lgbtq-law-passes-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Atuhaire |first=Patience |date=2023-03-21 |title=Uganda Anti-Homosexuality bill: Life in prison for saying you're gay |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65034343 |access-date=2023-03-22}}</ref> ==== Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera ==== {{See also|Anti-Homosexuality Bill, 2023}} {{align|right|{{Highlighted world map by country|scale = 60|US=darkblue|CA=darkblue|MX=yellow|GB=darkblue|IS=yellow|NO=yellow|SE=lightblue|FI=lightblue|EE=lightblue|LV=lightblue|LT=lightblue|PL=lightblue|DE=darkblue|DK=lightblue|NL=lightblue|BE=lightblue|FR=lightblue|ES=lightblue|PT=lightblue|IT=lightblue|CH=yellow|IE=lightblue|GL=yellow|CZ=lightblue|SK=lightblue|RU=yellow|BY=yellow|UA=yellow|RO=lightblue|AT=lightblue|GR=lightblue|TR=yellow|BG=lightblue|RS=yellow|MK=yellow|AL=yellow|HU=lightblue|SI=lightblue|BA=yellow|ME=yellow|HR=lightblue|KZ=yellow|MN=yellow|CN=yellow|KP=yellow|KR=yellow|JP=yellow|TW=yellow|PH=yellow|UZ=yellow|KG=yellow|TJ=yellow|AF=yellow|PK=yellow|IN=yellow|NP=yellow|BT=yellow|BD=yellow|MM=yellow|TH=yellow|VN=yellow|KH=yellow|LA=yellow|IR=yellow|LK=yellow|ID=yellow|MY=yellow|PG=yellow|AU=yellow|NZ=yellow|SA=yellow|YE=yellow|OM=yellow|AE=yellow|BH=yellow|QA=yellow|IQ=yellow|SY=yellow|JO=yellow|IL=yellow|EG=yellow|LY=yellow|TN=yellow|DZ=yellow|MA=yellow|EH=yellow|MG=yellow|MR=yellow|CU=yellow|SD=yellow|SS=yellow|ER=yellow|DJ=yellow|ET=yellow|SO=yellow|BR=yellow|UY=yellow|AR=yellow|CL=yellow|KW=yellow|PY=yellow|BO=yellow|PE=yellow|EC=yellow|CO=yellow|VE=yellow|PA=yellow|GY=yellow|SR=yellow|CR=yellow|NI=yellow|HN=yellow|SV=yellow|GT=yellow|HT=yellow|DO=yellow|NE=yellow|ML=yellow|BF=yellow|NG=yellow|CM=yellow|CF=yellow|TD=yellow|KE=yellow|ZA=yellow|NA=yellow|BW=yellow|CD=yellow|CG=yellow|GA=yellow|GQ=yellow|BZ=yellow|AZ=yellow|AM=yellow|GE=yellow|SN=yellow|GM=yellow|GW=yellow|SL=yellow|CI=yellow|GN=yellow|PR=yellow|JM=yellow|AO=yellow|ZM=yellow|MZ=yellow|ZW=yellow|MW=yellow|TZ=yellow|UG=black|BI=yellow|RW=yellow|BS=yellow|TK=yellow|BJ=yellow|TG=yellow|GH=yellow|TT=yellow|LR=yellow|FK=yellow|CY=lightblue|TM=yellow|LB=yellow|FJ=yellow|SB=yellow|NC=yellow|VU=yellow|MD=yellow|PS=yellow|LU=yellow|BN=yellow}} {{legend|darkblue|Countries opposing the bill}} {{legend|lightblue|European Union countries without statements}} {{legend|darkred|Countries supporting the bill}} {{legend|yellow|No statement}} {{legend|black|Uganda}}}} Pa March 9, 2023 Asuman Basalirwa, mphala ya malango kufuma mu 2018 kufuma ku chipani cha opposition icho chikwimira boma la Bugiri pa chiphikiro cha Justice Forum party ticket, wakalemba ndondomeko ya dango [pdf bill] ilo likukhumba kukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ndiposo “kusambizga panji kuzomerezga vibwezi vyantheura ndipo wakayowoya kuti: Mu chalo ichi, panji mu charu ichi, tikuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Kweni mbunenesko kuti ŵanthu nawo ŵakubudiska. Nkhukhumba kuyowoya kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume pera panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwananga uko kukususkana na malango gha mu Uganda ndipo kukususka utuŵa wa mbumba, kuvikilira ŵana ŵithu ndiposo kulutilira kwa ŵanthu kwizira mu kubaba. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Okiror |first=Samuel |date=2023-03-01 |title=Uganda MPs revive hardline anti-LGBTQ bill, calling homosexuality a 'cancer' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/mar/01/uganda-mps-hardline-anti-lgbtq-bill |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>Mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Annet Anita Among, wakatumizga dango ili ku komiti ya nyumba ya malango kuti liwonekere makora. Mulara wa nyumba ya malango wakayowoyapo kale kuti: "Tikukhumba kuwonga awo ŵakukhozgera kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha cifukwa ca wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka ku caru", pakuyowoya za vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri. Kweni tikukondwa yayi kuti ŵakukoma ŵanthu. Tikukhumba ndalama zawo yayi, tikukhumba cikaya cithu. Pa nyengo ya kusopa uko kukachitika mu nyumba ya boma ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa ŵakiza. Wapampando wakalapa kuti wazamunjira mu dango pa mtengo uliwose kuvikilira cikaya ca Uganda na muwuso wake. Pa Malichi 21, 2023, nyumba ya malango yikapokelera luŵiro dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Boma la United States likasuska comene fundo iyi. Pa ungano wa White House Press pa March 22, 2023, Karine Jean-Pierre wakayowoya. "Munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa. Palije uyo wakwenera kuyuzgika, kukakika, panji kukomeka cifukwa ca umo waliri panji cifukwa ca uyo wakumutemwa". Mu mazuŵa ghakulondezgapo, boma la United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, na European Union likalutilira kumususka. === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{main|Administrative divisions of Uganda}} Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu cha Uganda chili kugaŵika vigaŵa vinayi na vigaŵa 136.<ref name="district">{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UG | title=UG – Uganda | work=[[ISO 3166]] | publisher=[[ISO]] | date=23 November 2017 | access-date=1 December 2017 | archive-date=17 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UG | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=factsheet>{{cite web | url=http://molg.go.ug/sites/default/files/MoLG%20-%20%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202054340/http://molg.go.ug/sites/default/files/MoLG%20-%20%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 December 2017 | title=Ministry of Local Government Fact Sheet | publisher=[[Ministry of Local Government (Uganda)|MOLG]] | date=1 July 2017 | access-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref> Vigaŵa vya ku mizi vya vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko, vikaya, na vikaya. Maofesi gha boma na gha matawuni ghakumanyikwa mu vigaŵa vya misumba. Maboma gha ndyali gha mu Uganda ghakukolerana na wupu wa Uganda Local Governments Association (ULGA). Kuyana na boma, maufumu ghankhondi gha ŵanthu ŵa Bantu ghakukhalapo, ndipo ghakuŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Maufumu agha ni Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda, na Rwenzururu. Kweniso, magulu ghanyake ghakukhumba kuwezgerapo ufumu wa Ankole, kweni palije ico cacitika. Maboma ghanyake ghakumanyikwa na boma, nga ni Alur, Iteso, Lango, na Padhola.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86107/uganda-a-rough-guide-to-the-country-s-kingdoms | title=A rough guide to the country's kingdoms | date=11 September 2009 | access-date=30 November 2014 | archive-date=5 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205023326/http://www.irinnews.org/report/86107/uganda-a-rough-guide-to-the-country-s-kingdoms | url-status=live }}</ref> ==Chuma na vyakuzenga== {{Main|Economy of Uganda|Energy in Uganda|Agriculture in Uganda}} [[File:Uganda Export Treemap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Chithuzithuzi ichi chikulongora katundu uyo Uganda wakuguliska mu vigaŵa 28.]] Banki ya Uganda ni banki yikuru ya Uganda ndipo yikwendeska ndondomeko ya ndalama pamoza na kusindikiza shilling ya Uganda. Mu 2015, chuma cha Uganda chikapanga ndalama zakufumila ku vyakurya ivi: khofi (US$402.63 million), mafuta (US$131.25 million), visulo na vinthu vinyake (US$120.00 million), somba (US$117.56 million), chimanga (US$90.97 million), simenti (US$80.13 million), hona (US$73.13 million), tiyi (US$69.94 million), shuga (US$66.43 million), vikumba (US$62.71 million), makoko (US$55.67 million), nyemba (US$53.88 million), simsim (US$52.20 million), maluŵa (US$51.44 million), na vinthu vinyake (US$766.77 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Statistical_Abstract/2015/All/2015-Bank-of-Uganda-Statistical-Abstract.pdf | title=2015 Statistical Abstract – Table 3.3a: Exports of merchandise (Flows) – CY | publisher=Research and Policy Directorate, [[Bank of Uganda]] | page=9 | access-date=17 January 2017 | archive-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100916/https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/bou-downloads/publications/Statistical_Abstract/2015/All/2015-Bank-of-Uganda-Statistical-Abstract.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:GDP per capita development of Uganda.svg|thumb|Kusintha kwa GDP pa munthu yumoza mu Uganda, 1950~2018. Malipoti agha ghali na ndalama zakukwana madola gha pa caru cose mu 2011.]] Vyaru ivi vikukura comene. Mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2015-16, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha vinthu vyakuthupi (GDP) icho chikakura na 4.6 peresenti. Ivi vikupambana na umo vikaŵira mu caka ca 2014 ∙15. Charu ichi chili na mafuta ghanandi na gasi. Mu 1986, vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake vikaŵanga na ciŵelengero ca 56 peresenti, ndipo khofi ndiyo yikaŵa nchito yikuru ya vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni sono vyakurya ivi vyajumpha pa viŵelengero vya vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1950, boma la Britain likakhozga ŵalimi pafupifupi 500,000 kuti ŵaŵe na makopanthazi. Kwambira mu 1986, boma (na wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake na mawupu gha pa caru cose) lacita vinthu kuti liwezgepo cuma ico cikaparanyika mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Idi Amin na nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika pamanyuma pake. Mu 2012, Banki ya Caru Cose yikalutilira kulemba Uganda pa nambara ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi. Ni nyengo zose yayi apo ukavu ukumara chifukwa cha kukura kwa chuma. Nangauli pakati pa 2000 na 2003, ukavu ukakuranga pa ciŵelengero ca 2.5 peresenti pa caka, kweni pa nyengo iyi ukavu ukakwera pa 3.8 peresenti. Ivi vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti tileke kuŵa na nchito zinandi, ndipo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuŵa na nchito zinandi mu caru cose.<ref name=ODI>{{cite web | url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief | title=Economic growth and the MDGs – Resources – Overseas Development Institute | publisher=ODI | access-date=31 May 2011 | archive-date=17 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717041456/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4892&title=millennium-development-goals-equitable-growth-policy-brief | url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:Uganda GV5 lo (4108162183).jpg|thumb|left|Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda]] Pakuti maburosha gha ndalama gha ku Uganda ghakakhazikiskika mu 1996, maburosha ghanandi gha ndalama ghakalembeka. Boma likugwiliskira nchito msika wa masheya kuŵa nthowa yakucitira vinthu vyawo. Vinthu vyose ivyo boma likupeleka vikusangika pa masheya. Wupu wa Capital Markets Authority uli kupeleka malayisensi ku mabroker 18, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa katundu, na ŵapeleka ulongozgi wa ndalama, kusazgapo: African Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank na UAP Financial Services Limited. Pakuŵa yimoza mwa nthowa izo zingawovwilira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo ndalama zinandi mu nyumba zawo, ndondomeko yakunozga ndarama za penshoni ndiyo yikukhumbikwa chomene (2007). Mwaciyelezgero, charu ca Uganda cikuthemba pa Kenya kuti chifike ku dowoko la Mombasa ku Indian Ocean. Ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵajare nthowa yaciŵiri yakunjilira mu nyanja kwizira mu dowoko la Bukasa ku Uganda na Musoma ku Tanzania, ndipo njanji iyi yikunjilira mu dowoko la Arusha ku Tanzania na ku dowoko la Tanga ku Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate+News/Tanzania+and+Uganda+agree+to+speed+up+railway+project/-/539550/1268910/-/1364j49/-/ | title=Tanzania And Uganda Agree To Speed Up Railway Project | publisher=Businessdailyafrica.com8 November 2011 | author=Mbunga, Paskal | access-date=27 June 2012 | archive-date=4 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404075957/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate+News/Tanzania+and+Uganda+agree+to+speed+up+railway+project/-/539550/1268910/-/1364j49/-/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Uganda ni ciŵaro ca wupu wa East African Community ndipo wangaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuŵa mu wupu wa East African Federation. Mu charu cha Uganda muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku United States na United Kingdom. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakawovwira chomene kuti chuma cha charu cha Uganda chikure. Kuyana na Banki ya Charu Chose, Uganda yikapokera mu 2016 ndalama zakukwana US$1.099 billion kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, yaciŵiri kwa Kenya (US$1.574 billion) mu East African Community. ndipo yaciŵiri mu Africa. Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Uganda ukati mu Novembala 2016 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na suzgo ili chikaŵa pa 4.6 peresenti. Pa 29 June 2018, wupu wakuwona vya manambara ku Uganda ukati charu ichi chikakhira pa 3.4 peresenti mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2017/18 pakuyaniska na 5.7 peresenti mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2016/17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290591.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211155/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290591.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2018|title=Uganda sees drop in inflation in 2017/18 financial year - Xinhua - English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> ===Ma kamupani=== Boma la Uganda lili pa malo gha nambara 102 pa vyaru vya pasi pa chiŵelengero cha GDP (Gross Domestic Product) na International Monetary Fund na GDP ya 26,349 (US$ million). Banki ya Caru cose yikalongora kuti caru ca Uganda cili pa nambara 99 pa nkhani ya GDP, na GDP ya 25,891 (US$ million). Kuyana na GDP na nkhongono zakugulira, IMF yikaŵika Uganda pa nambara 86 (91,212 million of current Int$) ndipo World Bank yikaŵika Uganda pa nambara 90 (79,889 million of current Int$). Kwamba m'ma 1990, chuma cha Uganda chikukura. Pa nyengo ya 1990-2015, GDP yikakura pa ciŵelengero ca 6.7% pa caka, apo GDP pa munthu yikakura pa ciŵelengero ca 3.3% pa caka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504140427/https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Ukavu=== {{main|Poverty in Uganda}} CCharu cha Uganda ntchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2012, pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose, 37.8 ŵakakhalanga na ndalama zichoko chomene pa zuŵa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵali kuhara chomene, kweni ŵakavu ŵachali palipose.<ref>{{cite web | title=Enabling Poor People to Overcome Poverty in Uganda | publisher=International Fund for Agricultural Development | url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/uganda.pdf | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033202/http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/uganda.pdf | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya ku Uganda ŵakuthemba pa ulimi kuti ndiwo uŵape ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵanakazi 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku mizi ŵakugwira nchito ya ulimi. Padera pa mulimo wa kulima, ŵanakazi ŵa ku mizi ndiwo ŵakupwelelera mbumba zawo. Mwanakazi munyake wa ku Uganda wakumalira maora 9 pa zuŵa pa milimo ya pa nyumba, nga nkhuphika na kuvwara, kutolera maji na nkhuni, kupwelelera ŵacekuru, ŵalwari, na ŵalanda. Ntheura, ŵanakazi ŵakugwira nchito maora ghanandi kuluska ŵanalume, maora 12 m'paka 18 pa zuŵa. Kuti ŵasangirepo ndalama zinandi, ŵanakazi ŵa ku mizi ŵakuchita bizinesi yichoko waka nga nkhusunga na kuguliska viŵeto vya mu mizi yawo. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nchito yinandi iyo ŵakucita, ŵalije nyengo yakucitira vinthu ivi. Ŵakavu ŵakutondeka kupeleka ndalama zakovwira ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu, ndipo kanandi ŵasungwana ŵakuleka sukulu kuti ŵateŵetere pa nyumba panji kutengwa. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵakugwira nchito ya kugonana. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanakazi ŵawukirano ŵakutemwa kuŵa na ŵanyawo ŵalara msinkhu ndiposo ŵakumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya kugonana, ndipo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵasangike na nthenda ya HIV. Kuleka kuyana kwa ŵanakazi na ŵanakazi ni suzgo likuru chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska ukavu. Ŵanakazi ŵali na udindo wapasi kuluska ŵanalume. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikovwira kuti ŵaleke kujiyimira paŵekha, kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na ŵanalume awo ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza..<ref>{{cite web | title=Gender Equity Issues in Uganda | publisher=Foundation for Sustainable Development | url=http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-date=4 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604021704/http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues | url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Entebbe Airport.JPG|thumb|Entebbe International Airport]] === Ndege === Ku Uganda kuli ma [[eyapoti]] 35. Makampani ghakwendeskera ndege ghakwendeska ndege za ŵanthu pa ndege zinayi. Pasono ku Uganda kuli chiŵanja chimoza cha ndege cha Entebbe International Airport, icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kampala. Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.53 miliyoni ŵakenda pa chiŵanja cha mlengalenga ichi. Malo gha ndege ghaciŵiri, Hoima International Airport, ghali kuzenga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanaerospace.aero/uganda-to-get-second-international-airport.html|title=African Aerospace - Uganda to get second International Airport|website=www.africanaerospace.aero|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008140415/https://www.africanaerospace.aero/uganda-to-get-second-international-airport.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Misewu === {{see also |List of roads in Uganda}} [[File:Wild route.jpg|thumb|Road to Murchison]] Mtundu wakuzirwa comene wa mendero mu Uganda ni msewu. Mtundu wa misewu ya mu Uganda uli na utali wa makilomita 129,469. Pafupifupi vigaŵa 4 pa vigaŵa vyose vya misewu iyi vili na misewu yakukhoma. Mitundu yakupambanapambana ya misewu ni misewu ya boma (22,009 km (13,676 mi) 17%), misewu ya chigaŵa (33,661 km (20,916 mi) 26%), misewu ya mu matawuni (9,062 km (5,631 mi) 7%), na misewu ya ŵanthu (64,734 km (40,224 mi) 50%). Misewu ya mu vyaru vinandi yikuŵa na malo ghakukwana 17% pa misewu yose, kweni yikwendeska magalimoto ghakujumpha 80%. Mu Uganda muli magalimoto 83,000 agho ghakung'anamura magalimoto 2.94 pa ŵanthu 1000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welt-in-zahlen.de/laendervergleich.phtml|title=Welt-in-Zahlen.de > Ländervergleich|website=/www.welt-in-zahlen.de|language=DE|accessdate=13 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816020341/https://welt-in-zahlen.de/laendervergleich.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref> === Njanji === Mtundu wa njanji mu Uganda uli na utali wa makilomita 1,260 (780 mi). Mzere wautali kwambiri ndi mzere waukulu kuchokera ku Kampala kupita ku Tororo (249 kilometres (155 mi)), mzere wakumadzulo kuchokera ku Kampala kupita ku Kasese (333 kilometres (207 mi)), mzere wakumpoto kuchokera ku Tororo kupita ku Pakwach (641 kilometres (398 mi)).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/railway-transport/|title=Railway Transport – Uganda|date=3 February 2017|publisher=Fortune of Africa|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401015949/https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/railway-transport/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Kuyowoyeskana=== {{Main|Communications in Uganda}} Pali makampani 7 agho ghakugwira ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni ya m'manja na ya pa foni chikakwera kufuma pa 20 miliyoni kufika pa 21 miliyoni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Q1-Market Report 2015 |url=http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/Q1-Market%20Report%202015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031129/http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/Q1-Market%20Report%202015.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2015 |access-date=15 February 2015 |website=Reports & Surveys |publisher=UCC: Uganda Communications Commission}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |+Foni na mitengo yakuimbila<ref name=":0"/> !Indicators !Q4 2014 !Q1 2015 !Change (%) |- |Mobile Subscriptions (prepaid) |20,257,656 |21,347,079 |5.4 |- |Mobile Subscriptions (post-paid) |108,285 |110,282 |1.8 |- |Fixed subscriptions |324,442 |349,163 |7.6 |- |Tele-density |56.5 |62.5 |10.6 |- |National status |20,690,383 |21,806,523 |5.4 |} ===Magesi=== {{See also|Energy in Uganda}} Mu charu cha Uganda muli magesi ghanandi chomene, ndipo ghali palipose. Vinthu ivi ni magesi gha maji, mafuta, zuŵa, geothermal, peat, na mafuta. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, nkhongono zinandi mu Uganda zikafumanga ku malasha na makuni. Ndipouli, mu chigaŵa cha Lake Albert ŵakasanga mafuta ghakukwana 95 miliyoni gha cubic metres (3.4×109 cu ft).<ref name="oilrush">[http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14177583&source=hptextfeature Uganda's oil rush: Derricks in the darkness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180845/https://www.economist.com/business/2009/08/06/derricks-in-the-darkness|date=27 February 2023}}. Economist.com (6 August 2009). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> Heritage Oil yikasanga mafuta ghanandi chomene mu Uganda, ndipo yikulutilira kugwira nchito kwenekura. Pa 13 September 2016 charu cha Uganda na Tanzania vikalembeska chiphangano icho chikukhumba kuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vizenge nthowa yakuzenga mafuta ya makilomita 1,445 ya mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni. Uganda-Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP), iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) yizamuŵa yakwamba ya mtundu uwu ku East Africa, yizamumaniska chigaŵa cha Hoima icho chili na mafuta ghanandi ku Uganda na nyanja ya Indian Ocean kwizira ku doko la Tanga ku Tanzania. Vinthu vyakukondweska ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Uganda ndiposo ndalama zinandi izo maboma ghapachanya ghakugwiliskira nchito, ni mwaŵi wapadera comene kuti vifiskike vilato vya Power Africa. Uganda ni yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara ivyo vili na masitoro gha magesi agho ghali na ndalama zinandi. Pali wupu wakuwona vya magesi uwo ukuwona vya magesi. Kampani yikuru chomene ya UMEME njakuguliska vinthu, ndipo yili na wanangwa wa kuguliska na kuguliska vinthu vyaka 20. Ndipouli, caru cili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 13 vya uteŵeti wa ku mizi, ndipo vigaŵa 6 vya vigaŵa ivi vikwendeskeka na mabungwe ghacoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, awo ŵakupanga magesi na magesi ŵekha ndiwo ŵakupanga pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya magesi. Pali masuzgo ghanandi pa nkhani ya ndondomeko ya ndalama. === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Uganda}} Kuyana na lipoti ilo likalembeka mu 2006, vyalo vya maji na vyalo vya maji vya ku Uganda vyaluta panthazi comene mu malo gha matawuni kwambira m'ma 1990.<ref name="Mugisha">{{cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Silver |author2=Berg, Sanford V. |title=Struggling State-Owned Enterprises: NWSC's Turnaround in Uganda |date=November 2006 |ssrn=1088139}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}} Pa nyengo ya 1998 m'paka 2003, maboma ghakasintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya maji, nga ni National Water and Sewerage Corporation iyo yikugwira ntchito mu misumba na misumba yikuruyikuru.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Water Development Report: Uganda. Prepared for 2nd UN World Water Development Report "Water, a shared responsibility" |year=2006 |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |access-date=5 May 2008 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062251/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|15}} Nangauli charu chose chawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani iyi, kweni mu 2010, ŵanthu 38 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵavya maji ghawemi. Pa nkhani ya malo ghawemi ghakukhala, ŵanthu ŵakupambana comene. Kuyana na maukaboni gha boma, mu 2011, ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ku mizi ndipo 81 pa 100 ŵakaŵa mu misumba. Ntchito ya maji na maofesi ghakugeziskira vinthu vikamanyikwa kuti ni vyakuzirwa chomene mu ndondomeko ya kulekeska ukavu ya mu 2004, iyo ni ndondomeko yikuru ya Uganda ya kumazga ukavu.:182 188 Kuyana na lipoti ilo likalembeka mu 2006, pakaŵa ndondomeko yikuru ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ndalama, boma, na mawupu ghambura vya boma.<ref name="MWE SWAP">{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) |title=Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report 2006 |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/94B047D5-F8C9-46C9-B56D-7A43367ED141/0/WSSperformanceReportUganda.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318062315/http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/94B047D5-F8C9-46C9-B56D-7A43367ED141/0/WSSperformanceReportUganda.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|5}} PEAP yikati kwamba mu 2001 m'paka mu 2015, pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1.4 biliyoni, panji kuti madola 92 miliyoni pa chaka, kuti maji ghapelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵakukwana 95 peresenti.<ref name="PEAP">{{cite web |author1=Republic of Uganda |author2=Ministry of Finance |author3=Planning and Economic Development |title=Poverty Eradication Action Plan (2004/5-2007/8) |url=http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162613/http://www.finance.go.ug/docs/PEAP%202005%20Apr.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=7 May 2008}}</ref>{{rp|182–183}} ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Uganda}}Nangauli masambiro gha ku Uganda ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa mu vigaŵa vinandi, kweni ghakasintha chomene kwamba m'ma 1990. Ŵana ŵakusambira vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri pa sukulu ya pulayimare, vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri pa sukulu ya sekondare, na vyaka vitatu panji vinkhondi pa sukulu ya sekondare. Mu 1997, boma likati ŵana wose ŵasambirenge kwaulere. Ndondomeko iyi yawovwira comene. Mu 1986, ŵana 2 miliyoni pera ndiwo ŵakasambiranga ku pulayimale. Kuzakafika mu 1999, ŵana mamiliyoni ghankhondi na limoza ŵakaŵa pa sukulu za pulayimale, ndipo ciŵerengero ici cikulutilira kukwera. Kufuma waka mu 1997, apo sukulu ya pulayimale yikambira, charu cha Uganda ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Boma la Uganda likati lachita nthena, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha kusekondale chikakwera pafupifupi 25 peresenti pakati pa 2007 na 2012.[[File:Uganda students.jpg|thumb|Ŵasambiri ku Uganda]] Pa kalembera uyo wakacitika mu 2002, mu Uganda ŵanthu 66.8 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba. Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 5.2 peresenti ya GDP ya 2002-2005.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2009 – Uganda [Archived] |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_UGA.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429194955/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_UGA.html |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=3 May 2010 |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2020, webusayiti ya NCHE yikalembapo ma yunivesite 46 ghapachanya agho ghakumanyikwa na boma. ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Uganda|HIV/AIDS in Uganda}} Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kukaŵa ŵadokotala 8 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2001, boma la Uganda likawuskapo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakulombera ku maofesi gha munkhwala. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka kuti njakuzirwa comene pakovwira Uganda kufiska vilato vyake vya m'ma 1000. Nangauli pali ndondomeko iyi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukana kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala usange ŵakupeleka yayi munkhwala wawo, nga umo vikaŵira na Jennifer Anguko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhorwa yayi na wovwiri wa chipatala, kweniso ŵakukhala kutali chomene na awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri uwu. Kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵakavu na awo ŵakukhala ku mizi, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa vinthu vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha, vyaŵa vyakuzirwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika ŵasangenge wovwiri.<ref name="pariyo2009">{{cite journal|last=Pariyo|first=G.|title=Changes in Utilization of Health Services among Poor and Rural Residents in Uganda: Are Reforms Benefitting the Poor?|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|year=2009|volume=8|pages=39|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-8-39|pmid=19909514|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/changes-in-utilization-of-health-services-among-poor-and-rur.html|access-date=26 May 2012|display-authors=etal|pmc=2781807|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105707/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/changes-in-utilization-of-health-services-among-poor-and-rur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Life expectancy in Uganda.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy]] Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 63.4. Mu 2012, pa ŵana 1,000, ŵana 61 ŵakafwanga. Mu Julayi 2012, ku Kibaale kukaŵa nthenda ya Ebola. Pa Okutobala 4, 2012, Unduna wa vya Umoyo ukazomerezga kuti nthenda iyi yamara. Unduna wa vyaumoyo ukati pa 16 August 2013, ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakafwa kumpoto kwa Uganda chifukwa cha nthenda ya Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever. Charu cha Uganda chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya HIV. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi, kweni kuumaliro wa 2008 ŵakakhala waka pa ŵanthu 6.4 pa ŵanthu 100. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kumwa chomene. Pa ŵanakazi wose ŵambura kutengwa awo ŵakugonana, ŵanakazi ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wakukanizga nthumbo. Kweni mu 2011, pa ŵanakazi ŵakutorana, 26 pera ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakulera. Ŵanakazi ŵakavu (~15%) na ŵasambazi (~40%) ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakukanizgira nthumbo mwakupambana. Ntheura, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Uganda ŵali na ŵana pafupifupi 6, apo iwo ŵakutemwa kuŵa na ŵana pafupifupi 4. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011 ku Uganda (Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, DHS), ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 40 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakubabika ŵakukhumba yayi. Mu 2010, Unduna wa vya Umoyo wa ku Uganda ukati nthumbo izo zikufumiskika kwambura kuvikilirika ni 8 peresenti ya nthumbo izo zikufwa. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006 wakulongora kuti chaka chilichose ŵanakazi pafupifupi 6,000 ŵakufwa chifukwa cha nthenda izo zikuŵapo para ŵatora nthumbo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongora kuti chiŵelengero ichi chingachepeka chomene para ŵanthu ŵangapokera ndalama zakwendeskera masitima.<ref>{{cite web | title=Improving Access to Safe Deliveries in Uganda | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/improving-access-to-safe-deliveries-in-uganda.html | publisher=Future Health Systems | access-date=17 January 2012 | archive-date=23 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223174717/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/improving-access-to-safe-deliveries-in-uganda.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Women's Perceptions of ANC and delivery care Services, a community perspective | url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/storage/Research20Brief2021.pdf | publisher=Future Health Systems | access-date=8 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105517/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/storage/Research20Brief2021.pdf | archive-date=14 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, mwanakazi yumoza pera pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose mu Uganda ndiyo wali kupika nthumbo.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8406940.stm | title=Uganda bans female genital mutilation | work=BBC News | date=10 December 2009 | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=4 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204010402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8406940.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Vyongo na malango=== Mu Uganda, gulu la Allied Democratic Forces likuwoneka kuti ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka awo ŵakususka boma la Uganda. Ŵalwani aŵa mbalwani ŵa gulu la Uganda People's Defence Force ndipo ŵakuŵawona nga ni gulu la Al-Shabaab.<ref>[http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638611-adf-recruiting-in-mayuge-iganga-says-army.html ADF recruiting in Mayuge, Iganga says army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025850/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638611-adf-recruiting-in-mayuge-iganga-says-army.html |date=29 November 2014 }}. Newvision.co.ug (3 January 2013). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> === Wupu wakukopa '''ŵalendo''' === {{Main|Tourism in Uganda}} [[File:Rwenzori Mountains.jpg|thumb|Mapiri gha Rwenzori ku Uganda]] Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene vyalo vya ku Uganda. Ndiwo ukwendeskera ntchito, ndalama na ndalama zakunja, ndipo ukovwira ndalama zakujumpha 4.9 trillion Uganda shillings (US$1.88 billion panji €1.4 billion pa August 2013) ku GDP ya Uganda mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2012.<ref name=Mutagamba>{{cite news |last=Mutagamba |first=Moses |date=25 August 2013 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority staff under probe |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/646483-uganda-wildlife-authority-staff-under-probe.html |access-date=25 August 2013 |newspaper=New Vision |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827174640/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/646483-uganda-wildlife-authority-staff-under-probe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bungwe la Uganda Tourism Board ndilo likuwona za kusungilira vinthu vyakukhwaskana na maulendo gha ku Uganda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku malo ghakusungirako nyama. Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ni Mountain Gorillas ivyo vikusangika mu Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) na Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP). Ku Uganda kuli viyuni vinandi ivyo vili na viyuni vyakujumpha 1073. Mu charu cha Uganda muli mapiri gha Rwenzori na Great Rift Valley. == Sayansi na vyakupangapanga == {{Main|Science and technology in Uganda}} Ndondomeko ya sayansi, matekinoloje na vyakupanga vinthu yikwamba mu 2009. Cakulinga cake cikuru nchakuti "cikhozge luso la caru cose la kupanga, kusamuska na kugwiliskira nchito umanyi wa sayansi, maluso na macitiro gha sayansi agho ghakupangiska kuti vinthu vyakuthupi vicitikenge makora kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Uganda". Ndondomeko iyi yikudangira Uganda Vision 2040, iyo yikayambika mu mwezi wa Epulero 2013 kuti'mbumba ya Uganda yisinthe kufuma ku mlimi kuya ku chalo cha mazuŵa ghano na chakukondwa mu vyaka 30,' mu mazgu gha nduna. Uganda Vision 2040 yikulayizga kukhozga maboma gha wanangwa, kunozga masambiro na masambiro, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa na vyalo vyakusama na vyalo vya ulimi, kukhozga makampani na kukhozga muwuso uwemi. Vinthu ivyo vingapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ni mafuta na gasi, vyakusanguluska, vinthu vyakununkhira, na vyakupharazga. Boma la Uganda lili pa nambala 119 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 102 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2021|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920133358/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>Pakati pa 2008 na 2010, ndalama zakovwira pa kafukufuku zikakwera kufuma pa 0.33% kufika pa 0.48% ya GDP. Pa nyengo yeneyiyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵasayansi chikakwera kaŵiri kufuma pa 1 387 kufika pa 2 823, kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Ichi chikulongora kuti pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, pa nyengo yeneyiyi pakaŵa ŵasayansi 44 ndipo pakaŵa 83 pera. Munthu yumoza pa ŵasayansi ŵanayi waliyose ni mwanakazi. Boma la Uganda likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 70 pakupanga galimoto yakucemeka Kiira. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |location=Paris |pages=471–565 |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Uganda}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵakakwera kufuma pa 9.5 miliyoni mu 1969 kufika pa 34.9 miliyoni mu 2014. Pakuyaniska na cilimika caumaliro (September 2002), mu vyaka 12 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cajumpha 10.6 miliyoni. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 mu Uganda ndiwo mbacoko comene pa caru cose.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2009 |title=Uganda |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213104751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=23 January 2010 |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> Charu cha Uganda chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakaŵa 80,000 mu Uganda pambere Idi Amin wandachimbizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵa ku Asia (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India) mu 1972, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 7,000. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India ŵakawelera ku Uganda mu 1979 apo Amin wakathereskeka. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa ku Uganda ŵakukhala ku Kampala. Kuyana na UNHCR, ku Uganda kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni awo ŵali kuhara mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2021..<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-17 |title=Uganda to take 2,000 Afghan refugees at U.S. request |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-take-2000-afghan-refugees-us-request-2021-08-17/ |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref><ref name = "UNHCR_stats">{{cite web | url=https://ugandarefugees.org/en/country/uga | title=Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal | author=<!--Not stated--> | website=Operational Data Portal | publisher=UNHCR | access-date=22 November 2018 | archive-date=27 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827220904/http://ugandarefugees.org/en/country/uga/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi na Africa, chomenechomene South Sudan (68.0 peresenti) na Democratic Republic of Congo (24.6 peresenti). Mu Ogasiti 2021, charu cha Uganda chikapokelera ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchimbira kwawo kufuma ku Afghanistan pamanyuma pa kuwusa kwa Taliban.<ref name=":3" /> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Uganda}} [[File:Languages of Uganda.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Mapu gha chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda]] ChiSwahili, icho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vigaŵa vya mu Africa, chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chiyowoyero chachiŵiri mu 2005.<ref name="Amendment_2005" /><ref name="Kagonye_22_sw">{{cite news |last1=Kagonye |first1=Fred |title=Uganda adopts Swahili as an official language |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/world/article/2001449634/uganda-adopts-swahili-as-an-official-language |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[The Standard (Kenya)]] |publisher=[[The Standard (Kenya)]] |date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706045639/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/world/article/2001449634/uganda-adopts-swahili-as-an-official-language |archive-date=6 July 2022 |location=[[Nairobi, Kenya]] |language=en}}</ref>Cingelezi cikaŵa ciyowoyero cimoza pera mpaka apo dango likasinthira mu 2005. Nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakutemwa yayi Ciswahili, kweni mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili. Kweniso likugwiliskirika nchito comene mu ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa caru ici. Ntheura chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili chikuŵa na maudindo ghakupambanapambana. Mwaciyelezgero, Idi Amin, uyo wakafuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, wakapharazga kuti Ciswahili ni ciyowoyero ca caru cose.<ref>[http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html "A Brief History of the Swahili Language"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022044/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |date=12 May 2017 }}, glcom.com</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Uganda}} [[File:Rubaga_Cthedral.jpg|thumb|left|Tchalitchi la Saint Mary's Cathedral ku Rubaga, ndilo tchalitchi likuru la Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.]] Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic ndilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene (39.3 peresenti, kufuma pa 41.6 peresenti mu 2002), ndipo la Anglican Church of Uganda (32 peresenti, kufuma pa 35.9 peresenti). Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi likakura chomene, kufuma pa 4.7% mu 2002 kufika pa 11.1% mu 2018. Matchalitchi gha Adventist na ghanyake gha Protestanti ghakaŵa na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi, nangauli pakaŵaso mpingo ucoko wa Eastern Orthodox.<ref name="Census 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091133/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Census 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20Census%20Final%20Reportdoc.pdf|title=2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census&nbsp;– Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=26 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012091154/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20Census%20Final%20Reportdoc.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chisopa chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu Uganda ni Chisilamu. Mu charu ichi, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 13.7 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembeka mu 2014 ŵakasopanga visopa vyaunenesko (0.1 peresenti, kufuma pa 1% mu 2002), visopa vinyake (1.4 peresenti), panji ŵalije chisopa (0.2 peresenti).<ref name="Census 2014"/> === Misumba yikuru === {{Largest cities | country = Uganda | kind = urban centres | stat_ref = [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]] 2016, [http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf ''National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report''], p. 11 | div_name = District | city_1 = Kampala | div_1 = Kampala District{{!}}Kampala | pop_1 = 1,507,114 | img_1 = KampalaSkyline.jpg | city_2 = Nansana | div_2 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso | pop_2 = 365,857 | city_3 = Kira Town{{!}}Kira | div_3 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso | pop_3 = 317,428 | city_4 = Ssabagabo{{!}}Makindye Ssabagabo | div_4 = Wakiso District{{!}}Wakiso | pop_4 = 282,664 | city_5 = Mbarara | div_5 = Mbarara District{{!}}Mbarara | pop_5 = 195,160 | img_5 = Mbarara_at_Sundown.jpg | city_6 = Mukono | div_6 = Mukono District{{!}}Mukono | pop_6 = 162,744 | city_7 = Gulu | div_7 = Gulu District{{!}}Gulu | pop_7 = 149,802 | city_8 = Lugazi | div_8 = Buikwe District{{!}}Buikwe | pop_8 = 114,163 | city_9 = Kasese | div_9 = Kasese District{{!}}Kasese | pop_9 = 103,293 | city_10 = Masaka | div_10 = Masaka District{{!}}Masaka | pop_10 = 101,557 }} ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Uganda|Music of Uganda|Ugandan cuisine|List of African writers (by country)#Uganda|List of Ugandans}} [[File:Cultural celebrations resumed with the end of the LRA conflict in Northern Uganda (7269658432).jpg|thumb|Cultural celebrations in Northern Uganda]] [[File:Uganda - Ruwenzori Mountain Lady.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman in [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori]] – Western Uganda]] Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku India) awo ŵakachimbizgika mu nyengo ya Idi Amin ŵawelera ku Uganda.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=29 September 2011|title=Kampala Journal; Cast Out Once, Asians Return: Uganda Is Home|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/22/world/kampala-journal-cast-out-once-asians-return-uganda-is-home.html|first=Donatella|last=Lorch|date=22 March 1993|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611211829/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/22/world/kampala-journal-cast-out-once-asians-return-uganda-is-home.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{Further|Mass media in Uganda}} Mu charu cha Uganda muli mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakupharazga pa charu chose. Ŵakupharazga nkhani, magazini, maseŵero, bizinesi, na vyakusanguluska. Manyuzipepara ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Uganda ni agha: * ''[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] * [[Daily Monitor]] * [[Bukedde]] * [[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]] * [[East African Business Week]] * [[Red Pepper (newspaper)|Red Pepper]]'' Mapulogalamu ghakutchuka chomene pa TV ku Uganda ni agha: * [[Uganda Broadcasting Corporation]] (UBC) * [[NTV Uganda|NTV]] * [[NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS Television]] * [[Sanyuka TV Uganda|Sanyuka TV]] * [[Baba TV]] * Top TV * Spark TV Vyose ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu manyuzipepara vikulongozgeka na Uganda Communications Commission (UCC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UCC – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission |url=https://www.ucc.co.ug/about-ucc/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818100445/https://www.ucc.co.ug/about-ucc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Communications Commission – Ministry of ICT & National Guidance |url=https://ict.go.ug/about-us/agencies/uganda-communications-commission/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702102435/https://ict.go.ug/about-us/agencies/uganda-communications-commission/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{further|Uganda at the Olympics|Uganda at the Commonwealth Games}} Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero gha ku Uganda. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Uganda, chotchedwa "The Cranes" chikulamulidwa ndi Federation of Uganda Football Associations. Ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuchitako maseŵero gha pa caru cose. Ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri pa maseŵera gha Africa Cup of Nations mu 1978. Pakati pa makalabu, SC Villa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene, pakuti yikapoka mphaka ya chalo kankhondi na kamoza na kufika paumaliro wa African Cup of Champions Clubs mu 1991, icho chikapangiska kuti Simba SC nayo yikhale na mphaka mu 1972. KCCA yili pa chiŵiri pa kuwina mu ligi ya chalo na 13. Kufika mu 2020, charu cha Uganda pa Olimpiki chawina mendulo ziŵiri za golide, zitatu za siliva, na ziŵiri za mkuŵa. Boma la Uganda pa maseŵera gha Commonwealth likatora mendulo ya golide 13 na mendulo zinandi 49, zose mu nkhonya na maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Gulu la nkhonya la ku Uganda likucemeka The Bombers. Ŵakawina mendulo zinayi pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics kufuma mu 1968 m'paka mu 1980, kweniso mendulo ziŵiri pa maseŵero gha ku World Amateur Boxing Championships mu 1974. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Cornelius Boza-Edwards, Justin Juuko, Ayub Kalule, John Mugabi, Eridadi Mukwanga, Joseph Nsubuga, Kassim Ouma, Sam Rukundo na Leo Rwabwogo. Mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, John Akii-Bua ndiyo wakapokera mendulo yakwamba ya golide ku maOlympic. Pa 1972 Summer Olympics ku Munich, wakathereska pa 400m hurdles race na world record ya 47.82 seconds. Dorcus Inzikuru wakathereska pa mpikisano wa makilomita 3000 pa maseŵera gha pa caru cose gha 2005 na maseŵera gha Commonwealth mu 2006. Stephen Kiprotich wakathereska pa mpikisano wa marathon pa 2012 Summer Olympics ku London na pa 2013 World Championships, ndipo wakamalizga wachiŵiri pa 2015 Tokyo Marathon. Joshua Cheptegei wakathereska pa mpikisano wa makilomita 10 pa World Championships, World Athletics Cross Country Championships na Commonwealth Games, ndipo wakhazikiska ma world records pa 5 km na 15 km. Halimah Nakaayi wakathereska pa mpikisano wa mamita 800 pa mpikisano wa World Championships wa 2019. Mu mpira wa cricket, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa mu timu ya East Africa iyo yikaluta ku Cricket World Cup mu 1975. Charu ichi chili na timu ya basketball iyo yikwenda makora comene. Chipani ichi chikuchemeka "The Silverbacks", ndipo chikamba kuseŵera pa 2015 FIBA Africa Championship. Mu Julayi 2011, Kampala, Uganda wakaluta ku 2011 Little League World Series ku Williamsport, Pennsylvania kakwamba, wakathereska timu ya Baseball ya Saudi Arabia Dharan LL, nangauli masuzgo gha visa ghakaŵakanizga kuluta ku viphalizgano ivi. Magulu a Little League ochokera ku Uganda adachita nawo ndipo adapita ku 2012 Little League World Series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/baseball/major-league-baseball-seeks-its-next-top-players-in-the-sports-next-frontierafrica/article33408352/|title=Major League Baseball seeks its next top players in the sport's 'next frontier': Africa|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=21 December 2016|last1=York|first1=Geoffrey|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628223524/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/baseball/major-league-baseball-seeks-its-next-top-players-in-the-sports-next-frontierafrica/article33408352/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Vyakuonelela=== {{Update|section|date=January 2020}} {{Main|Cinema of Uganda}} Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Uganda ngacoko comene. Likukura mwaluŵiro, kweni likuŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya mafilimu nga ni Amakula, Pearl International Film Festival, Maisha African Film Festival na Manya Human Rights Festival. Ndipouli, awo ŵakupangiska mafilimu ŵakulimbana na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vinyake nga ni Nigeria na South Africa. Filimu yakwamba iyo ŵanthu ŵakayimanya kuti yikapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda pera ni Feelings Struggle, iyo yikalongozgeka na kulemba na Hajji Ashraf Ssemwogerere mu 2005. Chaka ichi ndicho mafilimu ghakambira kugwira ntchito mu Uganda, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa mafilimu ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵakugwira ntchito zakupambanapambana. Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku malo agha ghali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yiŵiri. Ŵakwamba ni awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa ya kuwukira ya mu nyengo ya filimu ya Nollywood, kupanga filimu mu masabata ghaŵiri na kuyiwoneska mu malo ghakusungirako mavidiyo. Yachiŵiri ni uyo wakupangiska mafilimu, uyo wali na luso la kupanga mafilimu, kweni wali na ndalama zichoko waka, ndipo wakukhumbikwira kupenja ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka. Nangauli mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghakusintha, kweni ghacali na masuzgo ghakuru. Padera pa masuzgo gha luso nga nkhusintha luso la kuseŵera na kusinthira, paliso masuzgo ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na ndalama na kusoŵa wovwiri wa boma. Mu caru ici mulije masukulu ghakucitira mafilimu, mabanki ghakupeleka ngongoli yayi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakucita mafilimu, ndipo kuguliska na kuguliska mafilimu ni viheni comene.<ref name="cannesvupar.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130718234909/http://www.cannesvupar.com/telling-the-story-against-all-odds-state-of-uganda-film-industry/ Telling the story against all odds; state of Uganda film industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718234909/http://www.cannesvupar.com/telling-the-story-against-all-odds-state-of-uganda-film-industry/|date=18 July 2013}}. Cannes vu par. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref><ref name="monitor.co.ug">[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/Ugandan-film-s-leap/-/691234/1868542/-/89jsv5z/-/index.html Ugandan film's leap – Theatre & Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061335/http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Theatre---Cinema/Ugandan-film-s-leap/-/691234/1868542/-/89jsv5z/-/index.html|date=23 October 2013}}. monitor.co.ug. Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</ref> Wupu wa Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) ukunozga malango ghakwamba mu 2014 agho ghakukhumba kuti ma TV gha mu Uganda ghawonelerenge 70 peresenti ya nkhani za mu Uganda ndipo 40 peresenti ya nkhani izi ghaŵe gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira. Chifukwa chakuti mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghakusangika chomene ndipo malango gha UCC ghakukhumba kuti mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghawonekerenge pa TV, mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghaŵenge ghakumanyikwa chomene.<ref name="monitor.co.ug"/> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Uganda|Africa}} * [[Index of Uganda-related articles]] * [[Outline of Uganda]] == Vyakulembeka == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == ; Encyclopedias {{Refbegin}} * Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.) (2010). ''Encyclopaedia of Africa''. Oxford University Press. * Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). ''New encyclopaedia of Africa''. Detroit: Thompson-Gale. * Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). ''Encyclopedia of African history''. CRC Press. {{Refend}} ; Selected books and scholarly articles {{Refbegin}} * BakamaNume, Bakama B. (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-u-oqGczPsC&source=gbs_ViewAPI A Contemporary Geography of Uganda]''. African Books Collective. * {{cite book | title=Uganda (Cultures of the World) | author=Robert Barlas | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3RYYPSq8JoC | isbn=9780761409816 | oclc=41299243 | ref=none }} overview written for younger readers. * Carney, J. J. ''For God and My Country: Catholic Leadership in Modern Uganda'' (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020). * Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). ''The great lakes of Africa: two thousand years of history''. New York: Zone Books. * Clarke, Ian, ed. ''Uganda - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857336992/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714061651/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857336992 |date=14 July 2022 }} * Datzberger, Simone, and Marielle L.J. Le Mat. "Just add women and stir?: Education, gender and peacebuilding in Uganda." ''International Journal of Educational Development'' 59 (2018): 61-69 [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10050396/1/Datzberger%20Education%20gender%20and%20peacebuilding%20in%20Uganda%20-%20Revisions%20tracked%20changes.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063530/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10050396/1/Datzberger%20Education%20gender%20and%20peacebuilding%20in%20Uganda%20-%20Revisions%20tracked%20changes.pdf |date=17 April 2021 }}. * Griffin, Brett, Robert Barlas, and Jui Lin Yong. ''Uganda.'' (Cavendish Square Publishing, 2019). * Hepner, Tricia Redeker. "At the Boundaries of Life and Death: Notes on Eritrea and Northern Uganda." ''African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review'' 10.1 (2020): 127-142 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.10.1.06 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425044047/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.10.1.06 |date=25 April 2021 }}. * Hodd, Michael and Angela Roche ''Uganda handbook''. (Bath: Footprint, 2011). * Izama, Angelo. "Uganda." ''Africa Yearbook'' Volume 16. Brill, 2020 pp.&nbsp;413–422. * Jagielski, Wojciech and Antonia Lloyd-Jones (2012). ''The night wanderers: Uganda's children and the Lord's Resistance Army''. New York: Seven Stories Press. {{ISBN|9781609803506}} * Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert, ''Uganda: a modern history'' (1981) [https://archive.org/details/ugandamodernhist00jrge online] * Langole, Stephen, and David Monk. "Background to peace and conflict in northern Uganda." in ''Youth, education and work in (post-) conflict areas'' (2019): 16+ [https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/135090531/YEW_Publication_2020_online.pdf#page=22 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119194009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/135090531/YEW_Publication_2020_online.pdf#page=22 |date=19 January 2021 }}. * Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnkcZsv_eEC&source=gbs_ViewAPI Culture and Customs of Uganda]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. * Reid, Richard J. ''A history of modern Uganda'' (Cambridge University Press, 2017), the standard scholarly history. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55348 Buy from Amazon - online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162144/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55348 |date=27 January 2021 }} * Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "The State of Press Freedom in Uganda". ''International Journal of Communication'' 14 (2020): 20+. [https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/11456/2948 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415075411/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/11456/2948 |date=15 April 2021 }} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Uganda}} ===Overview=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210213104751/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ Uganda]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607090539/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uganda.htm Uganda] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1069166.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140914133543/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/uganda-version/snapshot.aspx Uganda Corruption Profile] from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Uganda}} ===Mapu=== * [https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/uganda.pdf Printable map of Uganda from UN.org] * {{wikiatlas|Uganda}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192796}} ===Government and economy=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073716/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uganda.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UG Key Development Forecasts for Uganda] from [[International Futures]] ===Humanitarian issues=== * [http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=UG Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Uganda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110402165315/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=1&cc=uga Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210208131440/http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_40.asp Radio France International – dossier on Uganda and Lord's Resistance Army] ; Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/UGA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Uganda] ===Tourism=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091223191137/http://www.visituganda.com/ Uganda Tourism Board] * [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/ Uganda Wildlife Authority] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003170213/https://visitkampala.net/ Visit Kampala with Kampala Capital City Authority] * [http://visas.immigration.go.ug/ Immigration Department] {{Uganda topics}} {{Districts of Uganda}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|1|N|32|E|type:country|display=title}} [[Category:Uganda| ]]<!-- Please leave the empty space as per [[WP:CATMAIN]]. --> [[Category:1962 establishments in Uganda]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] <!--Ebola virus?: [[Category:Eboli virus]]--> [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]] p1wpjdevun0a0b60iqdlj21kmfvw2ad 0 38950 122520 118611 2026-09-28T00:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia}} {{Other uses|Egypt (disambiguation)}} {{Pp-move}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Egypt | name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{resize|1.25em|{{lang|ar|جمهورية مصر العربية}}}} | {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Standard Arabic|Arabic]]: | data1 = {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]: | data2 = {{transliteration|arz|Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabeyya}} }} }} | common_name = Egypt | image_flag = Flag of Egypt.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg | coa_size = 75 | image_map = EGY orthographic.svg | map_caption = | national_anthem = "[[Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]]"<br />{{lang|ar|"بلادى، بلادى، بلادى"}}<br />({{Lang-en|"My country, my country, my country"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.ogg]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Egyptian Arabic]]{{ref label|offlang|a}} | religion = See ''[[Religion in Egypt]]'' | demonym = Egyptian | capital = [[Cairo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|30|2|N|31|13|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Egypt|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Moustafa Madbouly]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Egypt|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] | established_event1 = Unification of [[Upper and Lower Egypt|Upper<br />and Lower Egypt]]<ref name="goldschmidt_oldest_nation">{{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur |title=Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmZyAAAAMAAJ&q=nation-state |year=1988 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=978-0-86531-182-4 |page=5 |quote=Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217150902/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_Egypt/YmZyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nation-state |archive-date=17 December 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm |title=Background Note: Egypt |date=10 November 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs]] |access-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->{{ref label|estevent|b|}} | established_date1 = {{circa}} 3150 BC | established_event2 = [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] inaugurated | established_date2 = 9 July 1805<ref>{{cite book |author=Pierre Crabitès |title=Ibrahim of Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1 |access-date=10 February 2013 |year=1935 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-81121-7 |page=1 |quote=...&nbsp;on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo&nbsp;... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064900/http://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_event3 = [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|Independence]] from<br />[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 28 February 1922 | established_event4 = [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|Revolution Day]] | established_date4 = 23 July 1952 | established_event5 = Republic declared | established_date5 = 18 June 1953 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Egypt|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 18 January 2014 | area_rank = 29th | area_km2 = 1,010,408<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035 |title= Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14) |publisher=Capmas.gov.eg|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |title=Total area km2, pg.15 |publisher=Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 387,048 | percent_water = 0.632 | population_estimate = 104,635,983<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/|title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء|website=www.capmas.gov.eg|access-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511041727/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/|archive-date=11 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 14th | population_census = 94,798,827<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035 |title=Distribution Egyptians Population By Governorate – Census 2017 (Theme: Census – pg.15)|publisher=Capmas.gov.eg|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="capmas.gov.eg" /> | population_census_year = [[Censuses of Egypt#2017|2017]] | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 103.56 | population_density_sq_mi = 270.34 | population_density_rank = 118th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.8 trillion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2015&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=April 11, 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 18th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,980<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 93rd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $378.110 billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 41st | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,644<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 128th | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 31.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921142729/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.731 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 97th | currency = [[Egyptian pound]] (LE/E£/£E) | currency_code = EGP | time_zone = [[Egypt Standard Time|EGY]] | utc_offset = +2{{ref label|dst|c}} | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +3 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+20]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.eg]] |{{lang|ar|[[مصر.]]}}}} | footnote_a = {{note|offlang}} [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary Arabic]] is the sole official language.<ref name="Provisional Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155 |title=Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People |date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Egypt State Information Service |access-date=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427083143/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Egyptian Arabic]] is the [[spoken language]]. Other [[Languages of Egypt|dialects and minority languages]] are spoken regionally. | footnote_b = {{note|estevent}} "Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation".<ref name="goldschmidt_oldest_nation" /> Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. | footnote_c = {{note|dst}}See [[Daylight saving time in Egypt]]. |latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|languages2_type=|leader_name4=|leader_name5=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}} '''Egypt''' (<!--Do not add English pronunciation per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead Section]]-->{{lang-ar|مصر}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|Miṣr}} {{IPA-ar|mesˁr|}}, {{IPA-arz|mɑsˤr}}), panji kuti '''Arab Republic of Egypt''', ni charu icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na kumwera kwa [[Asia]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Nyanja ya Meditereniyani]] kumpoto, [[Gaza]] na Israyeli kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Sudan]] kumwera, na [[Libya]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. [[Mlonga wa Aqaba]], uwo uli kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, ukupatura Eguputo na [[Jordan]] na [[Saudi Arabia.]] [[Cairo]] ni msumba ukuru wa Eguputo, ndipo msumba waciŵiri ukuru comene ni [[Alexandra|Alexandria]].<ref name=gov>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egy-map.com/|title=محافظة الأسكندرية|first=Egypt's Projects|last=Map|website=www.egy-map.com}}</ref> Ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 100 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 14 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi, ndipo ni lachitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Charu cha Eguputo chili na mbiri yakale chomene kuluska charu chilichose. Ku Eguputo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalembanga, kulima, kukhazikika mu misumba, kusopa, na boma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida|last=Midant-Reynes|first=Béatrix|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|location=Oxford}}</ref>Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni Giza Necropolis na Great Sphinx, kweniso mabwinja gha [[Memphis]], [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], Karnak, na Valley of the Kings, vikulongora kuti vinthu ivi ni vyaunenesko. Charu cha Egypt chili na mitheto yinandi iyo yikulongora kuti chili pa malo ghapadera chomene pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egyptian Identity|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/3dpetriemuseum/stories/ancient-life/egyptian-life/egyptian-identity.html|access-date=4 March 2021|website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref>Charu cha Egypt chikaŵa chakwamba na chakuzirwa chomene pa Chikhristu, kweni chikazgoka Chisilamu mu virimika vya m'ma 700 C.E. ndipo chikulutilira kuŵa na visopa vinandi vya Chisilamu. Charu cha Egypt chikamba kulamulira mu 1922 apo chikafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa mu 1952, Eguputo wakajizgora yekha charu cha Republic, ndipo mu 1958, chikaŵa pamoza na Syria. Mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya m'ma 1900, caru ca Egupto cikasuzgika cifukwa ca nkhondo za pa caru cose, za cisopa, na za ndyali. Mu 1978, Eguputo wakalemba mapangano gha Camp David, ndipo wakaleka nadi kuwukira Gaza na kuzomerezga Israyeli. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ku Eguputo kukambira vivulupi mu 2011, ndipo Hosni Mubarak wakathereskeka, mu charu ichi mukaŵa masuzgo gha ndyali. Boma la Egypt, ilo ndilo likulongozgeka na Abdel Fattah el-Sisi kwambira mu 2014, likulongosoreka na ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ndakuzomerezgeka na boma ndipo likukhozga wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Chisopa cha Cisilamu ndicho ntchakuzomerezgeka mu Eguputo ndipo Cirabu ndicho ni ciyowoyero cake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf|title=Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014|website=sis.gov.eg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718052913/http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2015|access-date=13 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, uwo uli na malo ghakukwana makilomita 40,000. Malo ghakuru gha mu mapopa gha Sahara, agho ghakukwana chigaŵa chikuru cha Eguputo, ghalije ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pafupifupi 43% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Eguputo ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuru ya Cairo, Alexandria, na misumba yinyake yikuru mu Nile Delta. Eguputo wakuwoneka kuti ni ufumu ukuru comene mu vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Middle East, na mu caru ca Muslim. Charu ichi chili na chuma chakupambanapambana, ndipo ni charu chacitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa, ca 41 pa vyaru ivyo vili na GDP yikuru, ndipo ca 20 pa vyaru ivyo vili na GDP yikuru pa caru cose. Eguputo ni wupu wa United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation na World Youth Forum. ==Mazina==<!--linked--> <!--Needs to be recycled--> <div>Zina la Chingelezi lakuti "Egypt" lili kufuma ku Chigiriki chakale lakuti "Aígyptos" ("Α??γυπτος"), kufuma ku Chifurenchi chapakati kuti "Egypte" na Chilatini kuti "Aegyptus". Mu vilembo vyakwambilira vya Chigiriki vya Linear B, lizgu ili likuzunulika kuti "a-ku-pi-ti-yo". Lizgu lakuti "aigýpti-"/"aigýptios" likatoleka mu Ciphwitikizi nga ni "gyptios", ndipo kufuma apo mu Cirabu nga ni "qubṭī", kufuma apo likazgoka "قبط" ("qubṭ"), kufuma apo Cingelezi "Copt". Viyowoyero vya Cigiriki vikafuma mu ciyowoyero ca ku Eguputo (Amarna) ico cikacemekanga Hikuptah panji "Memphis".name <div style="display:inline-block;"><hiero>O6-t:pr-D28-Z1-p:t-H</hiero></div> ({{angbr|{{transliteration|egy|ḥwt-kȝ-ptḥ}}}} [[wikt:Special:Search/𓉗|𓉗]] [[wikt:Special:Search/𓏏|𓏏]]𓉐𓂓𓏤[[wikt:Special:Search/𓊪|𓊪]] [[wikt:Special:Search/𓏏|𓏏]] [[wikt:Special:Search/𓎛|𓎛]]), lizgu ili likung'anamura "nyumba ya ka (mzimu) wa Ptah", zina la tempile la chiuta Ptah ku Memphis. "Miṣr" (Charabic pronunciation: [mes??ɾ]; "مِصر") ni zina la Classical Quranic Arabic na zina la sono la Egypt, apo "Maṣr" (Charabic pronunciation: [məsɾ]; مَصر) ni zina la Egypt mu Arabic. Zina ili lili kufuma ku Chiyuda, ndipo likuyana waka na mazgu ghanyake gha Chiyuda ghakuyowoya vya Eguputo nga ni Chihebere " מִצְרַיִם " ("Miṣráyim/Mitzráyim/Mizráim"). Zina lakale chomene la ku Eguputo ni "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru") la ku Akadi. Ufumu wa Asiriya ukagwiliskiranga ntchito lizgu lakuti Mu-ṣur. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakacemanga caru ici kuti<div style="display:inline-block;"><hiero> km-m-t:O49 </hiero></div> ([[wikt:Special:Search/𓆎|𓆎]] [[wikt:Special:Search/𓅓|𓅓]] [[wikt:Special:Search/𓏏|𓏏]]𓊖) km.t, kung'anamura caru cifipa, ico cikwenera kuti cikung'anamura dongo lifipa lakututuŵa la mu mapiri gha Nile, ilo likupambana na deshret, panji "caru cifipa" ca mu mapopa. Zina ili likuzunulika kuti Kemet, kweni likwenera kuti likazunulikanga kuti [kuːmat] mu Cieguputo cakale. Zina ili likuwoneka nga K(h)ēmə (Template:Lang-cop, Template:Lang-cop) mu chiyowoyero cha Coptic cha chiyowoyero cha ku Egypt, ndipo likawoneka mu Chigiriki chakwambilira nga Χημία (Khēmía).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*x:entry+group=20:entry=*xhmi/a |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html|title=A Brief History of Alchemy|publisher=University of Bristol School of Chemistry|access-date=21 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005180735/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html|archive-date=5 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina linyake likaŵa kuti "charu cha mumphepete mwa mlonga". Mazina gha Upper na Lower Egypt ghakaŵa Ta-Sheme'aw (T-šm) "sedgeland" na Ta-Mehew (T-m) "northland".</div> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Egypt}} === Prehistory and Ancient Egypt === {{Main|Prehistoric Egypt|Ancient Egypt}} [[File:Derr ( 125 miles south of Aswan, right bank). Temple dedicated to Pa - Horakhti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Temple of Derr]] ruins in 1960]] Pali maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakajambura malibwe mumphepete mwa milonga ya Nayelo na mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakukora vyakurya. Nyengo yikati yasintha panji viŵeto vikamba kukwera chomene mu 8000 B.C.E., ndipo vikapangiska kuti malo gha ku Eguputo ghaŵe ghakukhoma viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakasamukira ku Mlonga wa Nayelo uko ŵakamba kulima chomene. Pafupifupi mu 6000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakamba kukhala mu Dambo la Nayelo. Mu nyengo ya Neolithic, mitheto yinandi iyo yikaŵako pambere Ufumu wa Wankhongonozose undaŵeko yikakura mu Upper na Lower Egypt. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Badari na awo ŵakaŵako pamanyuma pawo, awo ŵakachemekanga Naqada ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Eguputo. Malo ghakale chomene gha ku Lower Egypt, agho ni Merimda, ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 700 pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Badari ŵandaŵeko. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lower Egypt ŵakakhalanga lumoza na ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 2,000. Ukaboni wakwambilira wa malemba gha ku Eguputo agho ghakalembeka mu mipukutu ghakawoneka mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Farawo ukaŵa kuti undaŵeko.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-19-280458-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69 69]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69}}</ref>[[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza Necropolis]] is the oldest of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World|ancient Wonders]] and the only one still in existence.]] Ufumu wakukolerana ukapangika c. Mu 3150 B.C.E., Themba Menes ndilo likawusa Eguputo vyaka 3,000. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakhalanga makora mu nyengo iyi ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na chisopa chawo, luso, chiyowoyero, na mitheto yawo. Mafumu ghaŵiri ghakwambilira agho ghakawusa mu Eguputo ghakawovwira kuti nyengo ya Ufumu Wakale yikwane. 2700-2200 BCE, uyo wakazenga mapiramidi ghanandi, chomenechomene mapiramidi gha Djoser gha muwuso wachitatu na gha Giza gha muwuso wachinayi. Nyengo Yakwamba ya Vinthu Viphya yikamba na masuzgo gha ndyali agho ghakatora vyaka pafupifupi 150. Kweni maji ghakuru gha mu Nile na boma ilo likakhazikika, vikawovwira kuti mu Middle Kingdom muŵeso mtende. Mu 2040 B.C.E., ukafika pachanya chomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Farawo Amenemhat III. Nyengo yaciŵiri ya kugaŵikana yikapharazga za kwiza kwa ufumu wakwamba wa Ŵaegupto, wa Ŵasemi. Ŵankhondo ŵa Hyksos ŵakatora chigaŵa chikuru cha Lower Egypt cha mu 1650 B.C.E. ndipo ŵakakhazikiska msumba ukuru ku Avaris. Ŵakachimbizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Upper Egypt awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ahmose I, uyo wakambiska ufumu wa nambara 18. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya vya cisopa cimoza ca Ciuta. Ufumu uphya ukaŵa na maghanoghano ghaphya cifukwa ca kukolerana na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya, Nubians, na Asiriya ŵakanjira na kuwukira caru ici, kweni paumaliro Ŵaeguputo ŵakaŵachimbizga na kuwusa caru cawo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm |title=The Kushite Conquest of Egypt |publisher=Ancientsudan.org |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201014554/http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm |archive-date=1 February 2011}}</ref> ==== Achaemenid Egypt ==== [[File:Xerxes I tomb Egyptian soldier circa 470 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Egyptian soldier of the [[Achaemenid army]], {{Circa|480 BCE}}. [[Xerxes I]] tomb relief.]] Mu 525 B.C.E., Ŵaperesiya ŵankhongono ŵa ku Achaemenid, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cambyses II, ŵakamba kuthereska Eguputo, ndipo paumaliro ŵakakora Farawo Psamtik III pa nkhondo ya Pelusium. Kufuma apo, Cambyses II wakamba kulamulira Eguputo kufuma ku nyumba yake ya Susa ku Peresiya (uko sono ni Iran). Mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo, kufuma mu 525 m'paka mu 402 B.C.E., Ŵaperesiya ndiwo ŵakalamuliranga charu cha Eguputo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakagalukira Ŵaperesiya, kweni Eguputo wakatondeka kuŵathereska.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-280458-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383 383]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383}}</ref> Ufumu wa 30 ndiwo ukaŵa waumaliro kulamulira mu nyengo ya Farawo. Mu 343 B.C.E., msumba uwu ukathereskeka na Ŵaperesiya. Kweni ufumu waciŵiri wa Ŵaegupto ukamara yayi, pakuti Ŵaperesiya ŵakathereskeka na Alexander Mukuru. Ptolemy I Soter, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Makedoniya, ndiyo wakambiska ufumu wa Ptolemy. === Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt === {{Main|Ptolemaic Kingdom|Roman Egypt}} [[File:Denderah3 Cleopatra Cesarion.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The Ptolemaic Queen [[Cleopatra VII]] and her son by Julius Caesar, [[Caesarion]], at the [[Dendera Temple complex|Temple of Dendera]]]] Ufumu wa Ptolemaic ukaŵa ufumu wankhongono wa Ŵagiriki, uwo ukafumanga kumwera kwa Siriya kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka ku Kirene kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera m'paka ku mphaka ya Nubia. Msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Ŵagiriki, ndipo ndiwo ukendanga chomene na malonda. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵaŵatemwenge, ŵakajizunura kuti ndiwo ŵazamunjira mu malo gha Farawo. Ŵanalume ŵa Ptolemy awo ŵakaŵako pamasinda ŵakamba kutolera mitheto ya Ŵaeguputo, ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi vyawo mu vyakuvwara vya Ŵaeguputo, ndipo ŵakamba kuchitako vinthu vya cisopa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowman |first = Alan K |title= Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1996 |edition=2nd |pages=25–26 |isbn=0-520-20531-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stanwick |first = Paul Edmond |title= Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |year=2003 |isbn=0-292-77772-8}}</ref> Fumu yaumaliro ya mu mphapu ya Ptolemy yikaŵa Cleopatra VII, uyo wakajikoma wati wasunga mu mawoko Mark Antony, uyo wakafwa na lupanga. Ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Ptolemy ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakagalukira boma lawo. Ndipouli, cikaya ca Ŵagiriki cikalutilira kukura mu Egupto nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kuwukira caru ici. Ŵakhristu ŵakiza ku Eguputo na Mariko mulara mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Diocletian (284-305 C.E.), Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakatambuzgika. Pa nyengo iyi, Testamente la Sono likaŵa kuti lang'anamulika mu Ciegupto. Pamanyuma pa Msonkhano wa ku Chalcedon mu 451 C.E., Tchalitchi la Coptic la ku Eguputo likakhazikika.<ref>Kamil, Jill. ''Coptic Egypt: History and Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39</ref> === Middle Ages (7th century – 1517) === {{Main|Egypt in the Middle Ages}} [[File:C9B5617-Pano.jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque of Amr ibn al-As|Amr ibn al-As]] mosque in Cairo, recognized as the oldest in Africa]] Ŵa Byzantine ŵakaŵaso na mazaza pa charu ichi pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵasasanid ku Persia kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ŵasasanid mu 602-628, ŵakazenga chigaŵa chiphya icho chikaŵako kwa vyaka 10 ndipo chikachemekanga kuti Sasanian Egypt. Ŵarabu ŵati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Byzantine ku Eguputo, ŵakiza na cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu caru ici. Nyengo yinyake mu nyengo iyi, Ŵaeguputo ŵakamba kusanganiska cisopa cawo ciphya na vigomezgo na maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe visopa vyaciSufiti ivyo vichalipo mpaka lero. Maluso agha ghakapona mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Coptic.<ref>{{cite book|last=El-Daly|first=Okasha|title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium|year=2005|publisher=UCL Press|location=London|page=140}}</ref> Mu 639 C.E., mulongozgi waciŵiri wa ŵasilikari, Umar, wakatuma ŵasilikari pafupifupi 4,000 ku Eguputo. Mu 640, ŵasilikari ŵanyake 5,000 ŵakakolerana nawo ndipo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Roma pa nkhondo ya Heliopolis. Pamanyuma, Amr wakaluta ku Alexandria, uko wakajipeleka na phangano ilo wakalemba pa Novembala 8, 641. Mu 645, msumba wa Alekizandiriya ukaweleramo mu mawoko gha Ufumu wa Byzantium, kweni mu 646 Amr wakawupoka. Mu 654, Constans II wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵarwe nkhondo. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, Ŵaroma ŵa ku Byzantium ŵakayezgapo yayi kuti ŵambeso kulamulira caru ici. Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakakhazikiska msumba ukuru wa Fustat, uwo pamasinda ukawotcheka pa nyengo ya Nkhondo za pa Mtunda. Pamanyuma, Cairo wakazengeka mu 986 C.E., ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru comene na usambazi comene mu caru ca Arabia. ==== Abbasid period ==== [[File:ساحة مسجد احمد بن طولون.jpg|thumb|The [[Ibn Tulun Mosque]] in Cairo, of [[Ahmad Ibn Tulun]]]] Mu nyengo ya Ŵababasi mukaŵa misonkho yiphya, ndipo mu chaka chachinayi cha muwuso wa Ŵababasi, Ŵacopti ŵakambaso kugaluka. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Abdallah ibn Tahir wakamba kuwusa Eguputo kwizira mwa kazembe. Mu 828, Ŵaeguputo ŵakambaso kugaluka, ndipo mu 831, Ŵacipwitikizi ŵakakolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Eguputo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ŵababayidi ŵakaluza mazaza mu Baghdad, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakamba kulamulira Eguputo. ==== Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks ==== [[File:مسـجد الحاكم بأمر الله 06.jpg|thumb|The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] in Cairo, of [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], the sixth caliph, as renovated by [[Dawoodi Bohra]] ]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 vyakulondezgapo, Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakalutilira kulamulira mu Eguputo, ndipo msumba wa Cairo ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ufumu wa Fatimid. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Ayyubid, Mamluk, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Turko-Circassian, ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1250. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1300, Eguputo wakayaniskanga Nyanja Yiswesi na India, Malaya, na East Indies. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, nthenda yakuchemeka Black Death yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 pa 100 mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm |title=Egypt – Major Cities |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011718/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867) === [[File:Louis-François Baron Lejeune 001.jpg|thumb|Napoleon defeated the [[Mamluk]] troops in the [[Battle of the Pyramids]], 21 July 1798, painted by [[Louis-François, Baron Lejeune|Lejeune]].]] {{Main|Egypt Eyalet}} Mu 1517, Ŵaotomu ŵakathereska Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman. Kujivikilira kwa ŵasilikari kukapweteka ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici kweniso vinthu vyawo. Cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma ndiposo nthenda ya miliri, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa cakusuzgika comene ku ŵalwani. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha. Pakati pa 1687 na 1731, mu Eguputo mukaŵa njara zinkhondi na yimoza. Mu 1784 njara yikakoma pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya ŵanthu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm |title=Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows |website=ScienceDaily |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013900/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nyengo zose Ŵaeguputo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ufumu wa Ottoman, chifukwa cha mazaza gha Mamluks, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo. Mu 1798, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵa Napoleon Bonaparte ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanalume ŵa ku France ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku Britain, mu Eguputo mukaŵa suzgo la mazaza. ==== Muhammad Ali dynasty ==== {{Main|History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty}} [[File:Egypt under Muhammad Ali Dynasty map en.png|thumb|Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty]] [[File:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] was the founder of the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] and the first [[Khedive]] of Egypt and [[Sudan]].]] Ŵafarisi ŵakati ŵachimbizgika, mu 1805 Muhammad Ali Pasha uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ku Eguputo, ndiyo wakapoka mazaza. Nangauli wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa fumu ya Eguputo, kweni wakajilambikanga waka ku fumu ya Ottoman. Muhammad Ali wakakoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mamluks na kukhazikiska ufumu uwo ukawusa Eguputo m'paka mu 1952. Muhammad Ali wakatora vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Sudan (1820-1824), Syria (1833), na vigaŵa vinyake vya Arabia na Anatolia. Kweni mu 1841, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakamuchichizga kuti wawezgere vinthu vinandi ivyo wakapoka ku Ottoman. Cifukwa ca kukhumba nkhondo, wakakhumbikwiranga kunozga caru: wakazenga mafakitale, maji ghakumwa na kwendeska magalimoto, na kunozga maofesi gha boma. Wakazenga boma la ŵasilikari na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 peresenti awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu ŵasilikari kuti Eguputo waŵe na mazaza mu Ufumu wa Ottoman mu nthowa iyo yikulongora vyakuyana na ivyo vikacitikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet (ŵambura Chikomyunizimu) mu virimika vya m'ma 1900.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180 |date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180/page/217 217]|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> Muhammad Ali Pasha wakasintha ŵasilikari kufuma ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito za ku nyumba na nyumba kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵamazuŵa ghano. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, wakalemba ŵanalume wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu Eguputo kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵaphya ŵakeneranga kusambira na kusambizgika. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵasunganga mu nyumba za ŵasilikari kuti ŵaleke kutimbanizgika. Paumaliro, ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaleka kutinkha usilikari ndipo ŵakamba kutemwa chomene charu chawo. Wakawovwira gulu la nkhondo ili kuti Muhammad Ali waŵike mazaza ghake pa Eguputo. Ndondomeko iyo Mohammad Ali Pasha wakalondezga mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake yikulongosora cifukwa ico ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵerenga mu Eguputo cikakuranga comene yayi pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku North Africa na Middle-East. Muhammad Ali wakasankhika na mwana wake Ibrahim (mu Seputembala 1848), kufuma apo muzukuru wake Abbas I (mu Novembala 1848), kufuma apo Said (mu 1854), na Isma'il (mu 1863) awo ŵakakhozga sayansi na ulimi na kukanizga wuzga mu Eguputo.<ref name="auto" /> === Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) === {{Main|Khedivate of Egypt}} Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Ali, Eguputo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha Ottoman. Mu 1867, likapika mazaza gha kuŵa boma lakujiyimira palekha panji Khedivate. Mu 1869, ŵakamalizga kuzenga Suez Canal. Ŵabangi ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakagulira nyumba iyi. Kweniso ndalama zinandi zikagwiliskirika nchito na vimbundi. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya chomene na misonkho yiphya iyo yikapelekeka. Mu 1875 Ismail wakaleka kunanga maji agha mwa kuguliska masheya ghose gha Eguputo ku boma la Britain. Mu vyaka vitatu ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Eguputo muŵe ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain na France, awo "ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa boma". Vinthu vinyake nga ni nthenda zakwambukira (nthenda ya ng'ombe mu ma 1880), vula na nkhondo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora yayi mu vyaru ivi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180 |date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=217, 224 Figure 7.6: "Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)" and 225|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>[[File:Tel-el-Kebir.JPG|thumb|right|The [[battle of Tel el-Kebir]] in 1882 during the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakondwa yayi na Khedive kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachitiranga vinthu. Ntheura mu 1879, gulu lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵakutemwa charu chawo likapangika. Pamanyuma pakuti vinthu vyamba kunangika chomene na kugaluka kwa ŵasilikari, mu 1882, Britain yikawukira Eguputo. Pamanyuma, Chediva wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mu 1899, pakalembeka phangano la Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement. Ndipouli, boma la Britain ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Sudan. Mu 1906, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakolerana na gulu la Denshawai. === Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922) === {{Main|Sultanate of Egypt}} [[File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Female nationalists demonstrating in [[Cairo]], 1919]] Mu 1914, Ufumu wa Ottoman ukanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose pamoza na maufumu gha ku Central; Khedive Abbas II (uyo wakaŵa kuti wazgoka wankhaza comene ku Britain mu vilimika vyakumasinda) wakadumura kuti wawovwire caru cawo mu nkhondo. Pakulondezgapo, ŵa ku Britain ŵakamuwuskapo pa mazaza na kumupa munung'una wake Hussein Kamel. Hussein Kamel wakapharazga kuti caru ca Eguputo capokera wanangwa kufuma ku ufumu wa Ottoman, ndipo wakamba kucemeka Sultan of Egypt. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo caru ca Eguputo cikapokera wanangwa wake, caru ici cikamba kulamulirika na Britain. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, Saad Zaghlul na chipani ca Wafd ŵakalongozga gulu la ku Eguputo kuti liŵe na wanandi mu Nyumba ya Malango. Apo ŵa Britain ŵakathereska Zaghlul na ŵabwezi ŵake ku Malta pa 8 March 1919, caru ici cikaŵa na cipanduko cakwamba. Chigaluka ichi chikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lipharazge kuti charu cha Egypt chijilamulirenge chekha pa Febuluwale 22, 1922.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jankowski|first=James|title=Egypt, A Short History|page=112}}</ref> === Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953) === {{Main|Kingdom of Egypt}} [[File:Fuad I of Egypt, Edward VIII, & Mohamed Sa'id Paşa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Fuad I of Egypt]] with [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], 1932]] Wakati waŵa wakufwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain, Sultan Fuad I wakamba kulamulira nga ni Themba la Eguputo. Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakufwatuka, kweni ukaŵa pasi pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.[[File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|British infantry near [[First Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]], 17 July 1942]] Mu 1923, boma liphya likanozga na kukhazikiska dango la ndyali. Chipani cha Wafd chikapambana pa mavoti gha 1923-1924 ndipo Saad Zaghloul wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu 1936, pakaŵa phangano la Anglo-Egypt ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakafumamo mu Eguputo. Phangano ili likamazga yayi suzgo la Sudan, ilo likati mu 1899, mu nyengo ya Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement, charu cha Sudan chikeneranga kulongozgeka na Eguputo na Britain, kweni mazaza ghenecho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33|title=A History of Modern Sudan|last1=Collins|first1=Robert O.|last2=Collins|first2=Professor of History Robert O.|date=29 May 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85820-5|language=en}}</ref> Ŵa Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito caru ca Eguputo pa nkhondo izo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakacitanga, comenecomene nkhondo izo ŵakacitanga na Italy na Germany ku North Africa. Iyo wakakhumbanga chomene kuti wakwaniske kulamulira vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, na kujura Suez Canal kuti ŵamalonda ŵendengemo, kweniso kuti ŵenderenge nayo ku India na Australia. Boma la Eguputo, na ŵanthu ŵa mu Eguputo, ŵakacitapo kanthu pacoko mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nkhondo yikati yamba mu Seputembala 1939, Eguputo wakapharazga dango la nkhondo na kumazga ubwezi wake na Germany. Likapharazga nkhondo yayi ku Germany, kweni Nduna Yikuru yikakolerana na nkhondo ya Britain. Mu 1940, charu ichi chikamara kukolerana na Italy, kweni chikapharazga yayi nkhondo nanga ni apo ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakanjira mu Eguputo. Themba Farouk likaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakarwa nkhondo yayi. Ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakawonanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakutimbanizga nkhondo. Mu Juni 1940, themba likamulekeska ntchito nduna yikuru Aly Maher. Boma liphya likapangika na Hassan Pasha Sabri uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la nduna mu Febuluwale 1942, kazembe Sir Miles Lampson, wakakhwimiska Farouk kuti waŵe na boma la Wafd panji la Wafd-coalition ilo lingasintha boma la Hussein Sirri Pasha. Pa usiku wa Febuluwale 4, 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na matangi ŵakazingilizga nyumba ya Abdeen ku Cairo ndipo Lampson wakapeleka dango kwa Farouk. Farouk wakajipeleka, ndipo Nahhas wakambiska boma. Ndipouli, Farouk wakakhozgeka soni, ndipo ivyo Wafd wakacita pakukolerana na ŵa ku Britain na kupoka mazaza, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Wafd ŵaleke kukhozgeka na ŵasilikari kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Egypt. Mu 1947, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Britain ŵakawelera ku Suez Canal (nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakaŵa na msasa wa ŵasilikari mu malo agha), kweni nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkha Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kutinkha muwuso wa ufumu wa ufumu wa Babuloni. Mu 1950, chipani cha Wafd chikathereskeka ndipo themba likakanizgika kusankha Mostafa El-Nahas kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mu 1951, Eguputo wakafumamo mu phangano la Anglo-Egypt la 1936 ndipo wakaphalira ŵasilikari wose ŵa Britain kuti ŵafumemo mu Suez Canal. Ŵanandi ŵakakana kufumamo mu msasa wawo uwo ukaŵa pafupi na Suez Canal, ndipo boma la Eguputo likakana kuŵapa maji na vyakurya mu msasa wa Suez Canal. Pa Janyuwale 24, 1952, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakaŵawukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Pa 25 January, Jenerale George Erskine wakatuma magaleta gha nkhondo gha Britain na ŵasilikari kuti ŵazingilire ofesi ya ŵapolisi ku Ismailia ndipo wakapeleka ora limoza kuti ŵapolisi ŵapeleke vilwero. Mulara wa ŵapolisi wakachema nduna ya mukati, Fouad Serageddin, woko lamalyero la Nahas, uyo wakakhwanga ndudu mu bathtub yake pa nyengo iyi, kuti wamufumbe usange wakwenera kujipeleka panji kurwa nkhondo. Serageddin wakaphalira ŵapolisi kuti ŵarwe "m'paka munthu waumaliro na futi yaumaliro". Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi ŵakome ŵapolisi 43 ŵa ku Eguputo na ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa ku Britain. Cinthu ico cikacitika ku Ismailia cikakwiyiska comene Eguputo. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, 26 January 1952, likaŵa "Zuŵa laciŵiri lakufipirwa", nga ni umo vivulupi vyakwimikana na Britain vikaŵira, ndipo msumba ukuru wa Cairo uwo Khedive Ismail the Magnificent wakazenga mwakuyana na umo ŵakazengera ku Paris, ukawotcheka. Farouk wakanena Wafd chifukwa cha chipolowe cha Black Saturday, ndipo wakathereska Nahas pa udindo wa nduna yikuru zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Wakasinthika na Aly Maher Pasha.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web|title=Egypt|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104191953/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Pa 22-23 July 1952, gulu la Free Officers Movement, ilo likalongozgekanga na Muhammad Naguib na Gamal Abdel Nasser, likambiska boma la Egypt (Egypt Revolution of 1952) kwimikana na fumu. Farouk I wakalekera ufumu mwana wake Fouad II, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na myezi 7. Mbumba yacifumu yikafumamo mu Egupto pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghacoko waka ndipo Council of Regency, yakulongozgeka na Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim yikapangika. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro, ntheura pa Ogasiti 12, 1952, ŵaganyu ŵa mu tawuni ya Kafr Dawar ŵakagaŵikana. Pamanyuma pa kuyezgapo nyengo yichoko waka na boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, Ŵasilikari Ŵakufwatuka ŵakalekeska muwuso wa ufumu na dango la mu 1923 ndipo ŵakapharazga kuti Eguputo ni republic pa Juni 18, 1953. Naguib wakaŵikika kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo Nasser wakaŵa nduna yikuru.. === Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) === {{Main|History of republican Egypt}} Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa mu 1952, boma la Eguputo likapokeka na ŵasilikari ndipo magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika. Pa Juni 18, 1953, boma la Egypt likamba kulamulira, ndipo Mulara Muhammad Naguib ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. ==== President Nasser (1956–1970) ==== [[File:Nasser in Mansoura, 1960.jpg|thumb|right|Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in Mansoura, 1960]] Naguib wakacicizgika kufumapo mu 1954 na Gamal Abdel Nasser, pan-Arabist ndipo ndiyo wakambiska nadi gulu la 1952. Naguib wakati waleka mulimo wake, udindo wa pulezidenti ukaŵavya m'paka apo Gamal Abdel Nasser wakasankhikira mu 1956. Mu Okutobala 1954, Eguputo na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge phangano la Anglo-Egypt Condominium Agreement la 1899 na kupeleka wanangwa ku Sudan. Nasser wakamba kuwusa mu Juni 1956. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamalizga kufumamo mu Suez Canal Zone pa Juni 13, 1956. Wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya Suez Canal pa Julayi 26, 1956; umo wakachitiranga na Israyeli kweniso vinthu vyachuma vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Suez Crisis). Nkhondo yikamara cifukwa ca ndyali za ku United States na Soviet Union ndipo vinthu vikambaso kwenda makora. === United Arab Republic (1958–1971) === [[File:Port Said from air.jpg|thumb|Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the [[Suez Canal]] hit during the initial [[Suez Crisis|Anglo-French assault]] on Egypt, 5 November 1956.]] Mu 1958, Eguputo na Siriya ŵakamba kukolerana ndipo ŵakacemeka United Arab Republic. Mu 1961, charu cha Syria chikapatuka. Mu nyengo yose iyo yikaŵako, charu cha United Arab Republic chikakolerananga na charu cha North Yemen (panji Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen). Mu 1959, boma la Palestina lose la Gaza, ilo likaŵa la Ŵaeguputo, likapokelereka na boma la United Arab Republic, ndipo likaŵaso na mazaza yayi. Mu 1962, pakaŵa chipani chiphya chakuchemeka Arab Socialist Union. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1960, Eguputo wakanjilirapo comene pa nkhondo ya ku North Yemen. Pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo, Gamal Abdel Nasser, wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa ku Yemen na ŵasilikari 70,000 ŵa ku Eguputo na vilwero vya makemikolo. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakachitapo kanthu na kukolerana kuti paŵe mtende, kweni nkhondo yikamara. Pamanyuma, ivyo Eguputo wakacita pa nkhani ya Yemen vikasuzgika comene. Pakati pa mwezi wa Meyi 1967, Soviet Union yikachenjezga Nasser kuti Israyeli wizenge na nkhondo ku Syria. Nangauli mulara wa ŵasilikari, Mohamed Fawzi, wakawona kuti ivyo ŵakayowoya vikaŵa vyawakawaka, kweni Nasser wakachitapo vinthu vitatu ivyo vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yileke kumara. Pa Meyi 14, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake ku Sinai kufupi na mphaka na Israyeli. Pa Meyi 19, wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa UN awo ŵakakhalanga ku mphaka ya Sinai na Israyeli. Pa Meyi 23, wakajara Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tiran kuti ŵanthu ŵa Israyeli ŵaleke kwendera. Pa Meyi 26, Nasser wakayowoya kuti: "Nkhondo iyi yizamuŵa yikuru comene ndipo cilato cithu cikuru cizamuŵa kuparanya Israyeli". Israyeli wakawerezgapo kuti kujara dambo la Tiran kukaŵa suzgo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa 6), iyo yikati yachitika, Israyeli wakawukira Eguputo na kupoka chirwa cha Sinai na Gaza. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya mu 1967, boma likakhazikiska dango lakuyowoya za suzgo la ŵasilikari, ndipo likaŵako m'paka mu 2012, kupaturako nyengo ya myezi 18 mu 1980/81. Dango ili likasazgirako mazaza gha ŵapolisi, kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na kuzomerezga censorship. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Eguputo ukaparanyikira mu 1950, ŵanthu ŵakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi, ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanayi ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi, ndipo 17 ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Ŵana ŵambura kukwana hafu pa ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vya kusukulu ŵakasambiranga sukulu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵanyamata. Fundo za Nasser zikasintha vinthu. Kusintha kwa vinthu pa nkhani ya malo na kugaŵa, kusazgikira kwa masambiro gha ku yunivesite, na wovwiri wa boma ku mafakitale gha mu vyaru vyawo, vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora pa umoyo wawo. Kufuma mu chaka cha masambiro cha 1953-54 m'paka mu 1965-66, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalembeskeka ku sukulu za boma chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu Eguputo, ŵakamba kukhala mu mskambo wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵadokotala, mainjiniya, ŵasambizgi, maloya, na ŵapharazgi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo. Mu m'ma 1960, chuma cha Eguputo chikamba kuchepa ndipo chikaŵa pafupi kumara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵambura wanangwa, ndipo Nasser wakaleka kutchuka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jesse Ferris|title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15514-2|page=2|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906085333/https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present) === ==== President Sadat (1970–1981) ==== [[File:Egyptian Armor.jpg|thumb|Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the [[Yom Kippur War]], 1973]] Mu 1970, pulezidenti Nasser wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima ndipo Anwar Sadat ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Sadat wakasintha maghanoghano gha Eguputo pa nkhani ya nkhondo yakuzizima kufuma ku Soviet Union kuya ku United States, ndipo mu 1972 wakachimbizga ŵapharazgi ŵa Soviet. Wakambiska ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma ya Infitah, uku wakulimbana na visopa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Mu 1973, Eguputo pamoza na Siriya, ŵakambiska Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Ŵaarabu na Israyeli (Yom Kippur War), kuwukira kwachilendo kuti ŵatore chigaŵa cha Sinai icho Israyeli wakapoka vyaka 6 kumasinda. Paumaliro, Israyeli wakathereska nkhondo iyi, kweni vinthu vikamwendera makora chomene mu Eguputo, ndipo Sadat wakawuskapo nkhongono na mtima wa Ŵaeguputo. [[File:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|thumb|Celebrating the signing of the 1978 [[Camp David Accords]]: [[Menachem Begin]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Anwar Sadat]]]] Mu 1975, Sadat wakasintha ndondomeko ya Nasser ya vyachuma ndipo wakayezga kugwiliskira nchito kutchuka kwake kuti wachepeske malango gha boma na kukhuŵilizga ndalama zakunja kwizira mu ndondomeko yake ya Infitah. Kwizira mu ndyali iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukopeka na misonkho yakuchepeskeka na mitheto yakugulira vinthu ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>Amin, Galal. ''Egypt's Economic Predicament: A Study in the Interaction of External Pressure, Political Folly, and Social Tension in Egypt, 1960–1990'', 1995</ref> Nangauli ndondomeko ya Sadat yikaŵa ya kuzgora caru ca Egypt kuŵa ciphya na kovwira ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capakati, kweni yikapindulira comene ŵanthu ŵa cigaŵa capacanya, ndipo cifukwa ca kulekeska wovwiri wa vyakurya, yikapangiska kuti mu 1977 ku Eguputo kuŵe vivulupi vya vyakurya. Mu 1977, Sadat wakawuskapo wupu wa Arab Socialist Union na kuwusintha na National Democratic Party. Sadat wakaluta ku Israyeli mu 1977, ndipo wakafika pa phangano la mtende pakati pa Eguputo na Israyeli mu 1979 kuti Israyeli wafumeko ku Sinai. Ŵaeguputo nawo ŵakazomera kuti Israyeli ni ufumu wawo. Ivyo Sadat wakacita vikapangiska kuti mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu muŵe mphindano zikuru comene ndipo vikapangiska kuti Eguputo wafumemo mu wupu wa Arab League. Sadat wakakomeka na munthu munyake wa cisopa ca Cisilamu mu Okutobala 1981. ==== President Mubarak (1981–2011) ==== Hosni Mubarak wakafika pa mazaza pamanyuma pakuti Sadat wakomeka pa referendum apo iyo yekha ndiyo wakaŵa wakwimilira. Hosni Mubarak wakadidimizgapo ubwezi wa Eguputo na Israyeli kweni wakachepeskako mphindano na ŵazengezgani ŵa Eguputo. Mubarak wakasangana na masuzgo ghakuru mu caru cake. Nangauli vyakurya vikakura, kweni ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga yayi. Ukavu na kusoŵa nchito vikapangiska mbumba za ku mizi kuti zilute ku misumba nga ni Cairo uko zikakhala mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵacoko waka. Pa Febuluwale 25, 1986, ŵapolisi ŵakamba kugaluka cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakayowoya kuti ŵasazgirenge uteŵeti wawo kufuma pa vilimika vitatu kufika pa vinayi. Mu Cairo, mahotelo, ma nightclub, malo gha vyakurya na ma casino ghakasuzgika ndipo kukaŵa vivulupi mu misumba yinyake. Ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zuŵa lililose. Vikatora mazuŵa ghatatu kuti ŵasilikari ŵambeso kwendeska vinthu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, 1990, na 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakoleka na vigeŵenga ku Eguputo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, gulu linyake la chisopa la Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, likamba kuchita nkhaza zinandi, kwambira pa kukoma ŵanthu na kuyezga kukoma ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa, na kupweteka ŵalendo. Vinthu vikasuzga comene cigaŵa cikuru comene ca vya cuma ca ku Eguputo, ico ni vyakusanguluska, kweniso boma. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mubarak, chipani cha National Democratic Party ndicho chikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Likapeleka dango la vyamalonda la 1993, la 1995 la vyakupharazga, na la 1999 la mawupu ghambura kwendera boma, ilo likakanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana na kuyowoya mwa kuŵika malango ghaphya na kulanga ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa malango agha. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndyali za mu nyumba za malango zikaŵa zambura ntchito, ndipo nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakulongolera maghanoghano ghawo zikamba kuchepa.<ref>Dunne, Michele (January 2006). "Evaluating Egyptian Reform". Carnegie Papers: Middle East Series (66): 4.</ref>[[File:Cairo north.JPG|thumb|[[Cairo]] grew into a [[metropolitan area]] with a population of over 20 million.]] Pa Novembala 17, 1997, ŵanthu 62, comenecomene ŵalendo, ŵakakomeka kufupi na Luxor. Kuumaliro wa Febuluwale 2005, Mubarak wakapharazga za kusintha kwa dango lakusankhira pulezidenti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndipouli, dango liphya ili likaŵa na mphaka pa ŵanthu awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵalongozgi, ndipo likawovwira kuti Mubarak wasankhike mwambura kusuzgika. Kuvota kukaŵa pasi pa 25%. Awo ŵakulaŵilira vyakusankha ŵakayowoyaso kuti boma likunjilirapo. Pambuyo pa chisankhocho, Mubarak adamanga Ayman Nour, wachiwiri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/December/20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html |title=United States "Deeply Troubled" by Sentencing of Egypt's Nour |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=24 December 2005 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021051128/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/December/20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 }}</ref> Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch la mu 2006 pa nkhani ya Eguputo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa wawo, kusazgapo kutambuzgika, kukakika mwambura kwenelera, na kweruzgika panthazi pa makhoti gha ŵasilikari na gha boma. Mu 2007, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Amnesty International ukalemba lipoti ilo likati Eguputo wazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵanthu. Mwaluŵiro, Unduna wa vya Vyaru wa ku Eguputo ukakanira lipoti ili. Pa 19 Malichi, 2007, boma likasintha malango agho ghakakanizga ŵandyali kugwiliskira ntchito chisopa pakuchita vinthu vya ndyali. Mu 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Secretary of Media of the National Democratic Party (NDP), wakalongosora kuti Eguputo ni boma la "pharaonic", ndipo demokilase ni "cilato ca nyengo yitali". Dessouki wakayowoyaso kuti "chipatala ndicho chili na mazaza chomene mu Eguputo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/07/09CAIRO1468.html|title=NDP Insider: Military will ensure transfer of power|date=30 July 2009|publisher=US Department of State|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128234139/http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/07/09CAIRO1468.html|archive-date=28 January 2011}}</ref> ==== Revolution (2011) ==== {{Main|2011 Egyptian revolution}} {{multiple image | width = 200 | direction = vertical | footer = '''Top''': celebrations in Tahrir Square after the announcement of Hosni Mubarak's resignation.<br/>'''Bottom''': protests in Tahrir Square against President [[Mohamed Morsi|Morsi]] on 27 November 2012. | image1 = Tahrir Square on February11.png | image2 = TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg }} Pa January 25, 2011, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma la Mubarak. Pa 11 February 2011, Mubarak wakafumapo na kucimbira ku Cairo. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa chomene na nkhani iyi mu Tahrir Square ku Cairo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira. Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, mulongozgi wa wupu wa Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Pa Febuluwale 13, 2011, ŵasilikari ŵakamazga nyumba ya malango na kukanizga dango la ndyali. Pa 19 Malichi, 2011, ŵakachita referendum yakukhwaskana na dango la boma. Pa Novembala 28, 2011, Eguputo wakachita chisankho chakwamba chaparamende kufuma apo boma lakale likambira kulamulira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza pa ungano uwu ndipo pakaŵavya ukali panji vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Memmott |first=Mark |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections |title=Egypt's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections |newspaper=NPR |publisher=Npr.org |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202183307/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections |archive-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== President Morsi (2012–2013) ==== Mohamed Morsi wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pa 24 Juni 2012. Pa Juni 30, 2012, Mohamed Morsi wakapika mazaza kuŵa pulezidenti wa Eguputo. Pa 2 Ogasiti 2012, nduna yikuru ya Eguputo Hisham Qandil yikapharazga boma lake la ŵanthu 35 la ŵanthu 28 ŵaphya, kusazgapo ŵanayi ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood. Magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa na vyaru ghakafumamo mu wumba uwu cifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti uzamunjira mu malango gha Chisilamu, apo awo ŵakukhozgera gulu la Muslim Brotherhood ŵakakolerana na Morsi. Pa Novembala 22, 2012, Pulezidenti Morsi wakalemba chikalata icho chikapeleka wanangwa wa kususka malango ghake na kuvikilira ntchito ya wupu wakulongozga.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |title=Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122182256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |archive-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Eguputo mose muŵe vivulupi. Pa Disembala 5, 2012, ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi awo ŵakakolerana na Morsi ŵakakumana, ndipo kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru chomene pakati pa Ŵasilamu na ŵalwani ŵawo kwambira apo charu ichi chikambira kuwukira. Mohamed Morsi wakapeleka mwaŵi wa "kudumbiskana na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani chakususka" kweni wakakana kulekeska referendum ya mu 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story|title=Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 December 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208041127/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story|archive-date=8 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Political crisis (2013) ==== {{Main|2013 Egyptian coup d'état}} Pa Julayi 3, 2013, pamanyuma pa kukwiya kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkharo zautesi za boma la Muslim Brotherhood la Morsi, ŵasilikari ŵakamuwuskapo Morsi pa udindo wake, ŵakamazga wupu wa Shura na kukhazikiska boma la kanyengo kachoko. Pa 4 July 2013, Chief Justice wa Supreme Constitutional Court wa ku Egypt Adly Mansour, wa vyaka 68, wakapika mazaza nga ni president wa boma liphya pamanyuma pa kufumiska Morsi. Boma liphya la Eguputo likakanizga gulu la Muslim Brotherhood na awo ŵakalikhozgeranga, ŵakajalira ŵanthu ŵanandi mu jele na kuthereska na nkhongono ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Morsi. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood ŵakweruzgika kuti ŵakomeke panji kukhala mu jele umoyo wawo wose mu milandu yinandi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-683-to-death-in-latest-mass-trial-of-dissidents/2014/04/28/34e0ca2c-e8eb-4a85-8fa8-a7300ab11687_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 April 2014|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620091424/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-683-to-death-in-latest-mass-trial-of-dissidents/2014/04/28/34e0ca2c-e8eb-4a85-8fa8-a7300ab11687_story.html|archive-date=20 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian court sentences 529 people to death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypt-sentences-529-to-death/2014/03/24/a4f95692-6992-461e-aaf1-9bc84908a429_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=24 March 2014|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805081643/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypt-sentences-529-to-death/2014/03/24/a4f95692-6992-461e-aaf1-9bc84908a429_story.html|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian court sentences Muslim Brotherhood leader to life in prison|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0FA0BL20140705|work=Reuters|date=4 July 2014|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729133559/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0FA0BL20140705|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa 18 January 2014, boma la nyengo yira likapanga dango liphya pamanyuma pa referendum ilo likakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanandi (98.1%). 38.6% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeska ŵakavota pa referendamu, ndipo ichi ntchiŵelengero chikuru kuluska 33% awo ŵakavota pa referendum mu nyengo ya Mursi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ==== President el-Sisi (2014–present) ==== [[File:Egypt Metro Covid19.jpg|thumb|upright|Women in Cairo wear face masks during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt]] in March 2020.]] Pa 26 Malichi 2014, Field Marshal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, nduna ya vyavikiliro ya ku Egypt na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Egypt, wakaleka ntchito ya usilikari, ndipo wakapharazga kuti wazamwimilira pa chisankho cha 2014. Kafukufuku uyu wakachitika pakati pa 26 na 28 May 2014, ndipo wakawovwira kuti el-Sisi watonde. Sisi wakapika mazaza nga ni purezidenti wa Egypt pa 8 June 2014. Gulu la Muslim Brotherhood na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyaŵene na vyaru vinyake, ŵakakana kuvota. Nangauli boma la nyengo yichoko likasazgirako nyengo yakuvotera ku zuŵa lachitatu, kweni ŵanthu 46 pa 100 ŵalipo awo ŵakiza ku mavoti. Mu Disembala 2015, ŵakachita maungano ghaparamende, ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Sisi ŵasange mazaza mu Nyumba ya Malango. Mu 2016, Eguputo wakanjira mu suzgo la ndyali na Italy pamasinda pa kukoma mufufuzi Giulio Regeni: mu Epulero 2016, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi wakacema kazembe wa Italy kufuma ku Cairo cifukwa cakuti boma la Egypt likakolerana yayi na kafukufuku. Mulara uyu wakawelera ku Eguputo mu 2017 na nduna yikuru Paolo Gentiloni. El-Sisi wakasankhikaso mu 2018, kwambura kususkika. Mu 2019, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikazomerezga kusintha malango gha boma, kusazgirako mazaza gha pulezidenti na ŵasilikari, kusazgirako nyengo ya pulezidenti kufuma pa vyaka vinayi kufika pa vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Fundo izi zikapokelereka pa referendum. Mkangano pakati pa Egypt na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2020. Ŵaeguputo ŵakuwona kuti chiziŵa ichi chikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kufwa. Mu Disembala 2020, mavoti ghaumaliro gha pa mavoti gha pa chalo ghazomerezga kuti chipani cha Egypt cha Mostaqbal Watn (Future of the Nation) icho chikukhozgera chomene pulezidenti el-Sisi chiŵe na mavoti ghanandi. Chipani ichi chikasazgirako unandi wake, cifukwa ca malango gha vyakusankha ghaphya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt's parliamentary polls |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-election-int-idUSKBN28O2T0 |work=Reuters |date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Egypt}} [[File:Egypt Topography.png|thumb|Egypt's topography]] Charu cha Eguputo chili pakati pa latitude 22° na 32°N, kweniso longitude 25° na 35°E. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,001,450 sq km. Chifukwa cha chithukivu cha nyengo ya ku Egypt, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu chipalamba cha Nile na Delta, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 99% ŵakukhala mu chipalamba ichi. Charu cha Egypt chili kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Libya, kumwera na Sudan, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Gaza na Israyeli. Ntchito yakuzirwa iyo Eguputo wakuchita pa nkhani za ndyali yikuthemba pa umo waliri: ni charu icho chili pa mtunda wa makuni ghanandi, ndipo chili na mlatho pakati pa Africa na Asia (Suez Isthmus). Padera pa Dambo la Nayelo, chigaŵa chikuru cha Eguputo chili mu mapopa. Mphepo zikupangiska kuti mu malo agha muŵe mchenga ukuru mamita 30. Ku Eguputo kuli vigaŵa vinyake vya mapopa gha Sahara na Libya. Mapopa agha ghakavikiliranga ufumu wa Faro ku vyakofya vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu misumba iyi muli Alexandria, msumba ukuru waciŵiri; Aswan; Asyut; Cairo, msumba ukuru wa Eguputo; El Mahalla El Kubra; Giza, malo agho pakaŵa Pyramid ya Khufu; Hurghada; Luxor; Kom Ombo; Port Safaga; Port Said; Sharm El Sheikh; Suez, uko kuli kuumaliro wa kumwera kwa Suez Canal; Zagazig; na Minya. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra, Kharga, na Siwa. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate, na Siwa. Pa Malichi 13, 2015, boma la Egypt likapharazga vya msumba uphya wa msumba uwu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt to build new administrative and business capital|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31874886|work=BBC News|date=13 March 2015|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216003921/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31874886|archive-date=16 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Egypt}} [[File:Sand Dunes (Qattara Depression).jpg|thumb|The [[Qattara Depression]] in Egypt's north west]] Ku Eguputo vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Kumwera kwa Cairo, vula yikulokwa pafupifupi 2 m'paka 5 m'paka 0.1 m'paka 0.2 mu inchi pa chaka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kukulokwa kwa maji kukukwana 410 mm, comenecomene pakati pa Okutobala na Malichi. Ku mapiri gha Sinai na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto kwa nyanja nga ni Damietta, Baltim, na Sidi Barrani kukuwa chiwuvi. Pa Disembala 13, 2013, ku Cairo kukawa chiwuvi chichoko chomene, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kwa vyaka vinandi. Kweniso mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Sinayi na cha pakati pa Eguputo muli chiwuvi. Charu cha Eguputo ndicho ntchakomira chomene pa charu chapasi ndipo pali dazi chomene. Charu cha Eguputo chili na mphepo yakotcha, ya zuŵa kweniso yakomira. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, matenthedwe ngakukwera comene. Mphepo zakuzizima za ku Meditereniyani zikuputa pafupipafupi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto, ndipo zikovwira kuti mu nyengo ya chihanya vinthu viŵe makora. Khamaseen ni mphepo yakotcha na yakomira iyo yikufuma ku mapopa ghakuru gha kumwera ndipo yikuputa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kanandi para kwafipa chomene, maji ghakufika pa 40 °C (104 °F) panji 50 °C (122 °F). Ku Eguputo, para Khamaseen yikuputa, ndipo ni nyengo iyo ku Eguputo kukuŵa kotcha comene. Nyengo mu Eguputo yikuŵa yiwemi nyengo zose, comenecomene mu misumba nga ni Aswan, Luxor na Asyut. Iyi ni malo agho kulije mabingu ghanandi kweniso kulije vula zinandi pa charu chapasi. Pambere chingalaŵa cha Aswan chindazengeke, maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nayelo ghakazura chaka chilichose. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu Egupto muŵe vyakurya vinandi. Para maji gha mu nyanja ghangakwera cifukwa ca kuthukira kwa caru, malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja gha Eguputo ghangasuzgika comene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya vya mlengalenga ŵakuti, para nyanja yikwambaso kukwera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵazamuchimbilira ku malo ghanyake m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77240 |title=Contingency planning for rising sea levels in Egypt &#124; IRIN News, March 2008 |date=12 March 2008 |publisher=Irinnews.org |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827210253/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77240 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=El Deeb and Keath|first=Sarah and Lee|title=Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-06-17-23-11-03|agency=Associated Press|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620080939/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-06-17-23-11-03|archive-date=20 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Egypt}} [[File:Eastern Imperial Eagle cr.jpg|thumb|The [[Eastern Imperial Eagle]] is the national animal of Egypt.]] Pa Juni 9, 1992, Eguputo wakalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo pa Juni 2, 1994, wakaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Julayi 31, 1998. Apo mapulani ghanandi gha vyamoyo na vyamoyo vya mu caru ca CBD ghakunyoza vyamoyo vinyake padera pa vinyama na vyakumera, ndondomeko ya Eguputo yikaŵa yapadera comene pakupeleka fundo zakukwana za vyamoyo vyose. Ndondomeko iyi yikati mu Eguputo mukaŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya vyakumera: visomba (1483), vinyama (vikoko pafupifupi 15,000, ndipo vikoko vyakujumpha 10,000), tusomba (vikoko vyakujumpha 627), viyuni (319), vyakumera (vikoko 2426), na vinyama (vikoko 371). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi chiŵelengero cha viyuni ivi. Padera pa viŵeto vichoko waka nga ni viyuni, somba, vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa, na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikwenda pasi na pasi, viŵeto ivi vikulutilira kusazgikira para vyamoyo vinyake vya ku Eguputo vyalembeka. Mwaciyelezgero, pa nkhani ya fungi, kusazgapo mitundu yinyake iyo yikupanga viswaswa, milimo iyo yikacitika pamasinda yikulongora kuti mitundu yakujumpha 2200 ya fungi yili kulembeka mu Eguputo, ndipo ciŵelengero ca mafungi ghose agho ghalipo mu caru ici nchakukwana yayi. Pa vyakumera ivi, vyakumera vyamuthengere na vyamuthengere 284 vikumanyikwa na kulembeka mu Eguputo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Kamal M.|last2=Hosni|first2=Hasnaa A.|last3=Peterson|first3=Paul M.|title=Grasses of Egypt|date=2016|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo67060|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Egypt}} [[File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] is the current [[President of Egypt]].]] Nyumba ya Malamulo, iyo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵeterenge vyaka vinkhondi, yikumanya chomene vya malango. Paumaliro, mavoti ghakaŵako pakati pa Novembala 2011 na Janyuwale 2012. Pa 18 January, 2014, boma likapharazga kuti paŵenge maungano ghaparamende mu myezi 6. Pakwamba, boma likakhumbanga kuti paŵe Nyumba ya Malamulo pambere wandaŵe pulezidenti, kweni Adly Mansour, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wanyengozose, wakachichizga. Chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Egypt cha 2014 chikachitika pa 26-28 May. Malipoti gha boma ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu 25,578,233 panji 47.5% ŵakaluta ku mavoti, ndipo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti ghakukwana 23.78 miliyoni, panji 96.9% pakuyaniska na 757,511 (3.1%) gha Hamdeen Sabahi. Pamanyuma pa kukwiya kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha nkharo zautesi za boma la Muslim Brotherhood la President Mohamed Morsi, pa 3 July 2013 General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi wakapharazga kuti wafumiskengepo Morsi pa udindo wake na kukanizga dango la chalo. Komiti ya malango ya ŵanthu 50 yikapangika kuti yisinthe dango ili, ndipo pamasinda likapharazgika kuti ŵanthu ŵavoterenge. Mu 2013, Freedom House yikati wanangwa wa ndyali ku Egypt uli na nambala 5 (pa 1 ni wanangwa ukuru ndipo 7 ni wacoko), ndipo wanangwa wa ŵanthu uli na nambala 5, ico cikapangiska kuti wanangwa uwu uŵe "wacoko". Chitemwa cha mtundu wa ku Eguputo chikaŵa na mizu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ndipo chikaŵa chakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Eguputo na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu nga ni gulu la Ŵabali Ŵachisilamu ghakukhozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu Eguputo. Mu caru ca Ŵaarabu, caru ca Eguputo nchakukhora comene pa vyose pa nkhani ya malango. Ungano wakwamba wa ŵanthu wose ukaŵako mu 1866. Mu 1882, boma la Britain likati lakhalako, likazomerezga kuti paŵe wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi pera. Ndipouli, mu 1923, caru cikati cazakaŵa na wanangwa, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likati ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakusankha.<ref name="pogar">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Nathan J.|title=Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World|url=http://www.undp-pogar.org/publications/governance/nbrown/potential.html#foot1|publisher=Programme on Governance in the Arab Region|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605005203/http://www.undp-pogar.org/publications/governance/nbrown/potential.html#foot1|archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> === Military and foreign relations === {{Main|Egyptian Armed Forces|Foreign relations of Egypt}} [[File:Defense.gov photo essay 090421-N-0696M-106.jpg|thumb|left|Egyptian honor guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen]] Ŵasilikari ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali na vya cuma mu Eguputo ndipo ŵakujipatura ku malango agho ghakugwira nchito ku vigaŵa vinyake. Likukondwa na mazaza ghanandi, ntchindi na kujikora mukati mwa boma ndipo likuwoneka kuti ndimoza mwa "maufumu ghakuru" gha ku Eguputo.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Cambanis|first=Thanassis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html|title=Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt|location=Egypt|work=The New York Times|date=11 September 2010|access-date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027041857/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cambanis|first=Thanassis|title=Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html|access-date=11 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503082713/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/04/15/egyptian-armed-forces-and-remaking-of-economic-empire |title=The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=23 June 2015 |author=Marshall, Shana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709153851/http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/04/15/egyptian-armed-forces-and-remaking-of-economic-empire |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel yikughanaghana kuti Egypt ndiyo ni chalo chachiŵiri mu chigaŵa ichi kuŵa na satellite ya spy, EgyptSat 1 kusazgapo EgyptSat 2 iyo yikatoleka pa 16 April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/ |title=Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz |author=Stephen Clark |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013018/http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/ |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{multiple image | width1 = 185 | width2 = 185 | direction = vertical | footer = '''Top''': Former President [[Hosni Mubarak]] with former US President [[George W. Bush]] at Camp David in 2002.<br/>'''Bottom''': President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Sochi, August 2014. | image1 = Hosni Mubarak with George W. Bush.jpg | image2 = Sisi and Putin meeting on 16 August 2014 (1).jpg }} Boma la United States likupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku Eguputo chaka chilichose, ndipo mu 2015 ukaŵa madola 1.3 biliyoni. Mu 1989, caru ca Egypt cikaŵa na ŵabwezi ŵanandi ŵa United States awo ŵakaŵa ku NATO yayi. Ndipouli, ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi wafika paheni kufuma apo mu Julayi 2013 pulezidenti wa Islamist Mohamed Morsi wakathereskeka, apo boma la Obama likususka Eguputo cifukwa ca kukanizga gulu la Muslim Brotherhood, na kulekeska maseŵero gha nkhondo agho ghacitikenge mu vyaru viŵiri ivi. Ndipouli, sonosono apa maboma ghaŵiri agha ghakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo ubwezi wawo, ndipo kanandi ghakuŵeyelera kuti ŵawovwiranenge kulimbana na uchigeŵenga. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pakuti Republican Donald Trump wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikakhumbanga kunozga ubwezi wa Egypt na America. Pa 3 Epulero 2017 al-Sisi wakakumana na Trump ku White House, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti pulezidenti wa ku Egypt wize ku Washington mu vyaka 8. Trump wakalumba al-Sisi mu ivyo vikayowoyeka kuti ni chigonjetso cha pulezidenti wa ku Egypt, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo yakwana yakuti ubwezi pakati pa Egypt na US uŵeso uwemi. Ubwezi na Russia wawuka comene pamanyuma pa kufumiskika kwa Mohamed Morsi, ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo, vyaru viŵiri ivi vyalimbikira kukhozga ubwezi wawo wa nkhondo na malonda. Kweniso ubwezi withu na caru ca China wawongokera comene. Mu 2014, Eguputo na China ŵakakhazikiska "ubwezi ukuru". Mu Julayi 2019, mathenga gha vyaru 37, kusazgapo Eguputo, ghakasayina kalata yakuyana na iyi ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ŵanthu ŵa ku Xinjiang. Malo ghakukhalapo gha wupu wa Arab League ghali ku Cairo ndipo mulembi mukuru wa wupu uwu ni Mueguputo. Mulimo uwu pasono ukucitika na nduna yakale ya vyaru vya kuwaro Ahmed Aboul Gheit. Mu 1978, wupu wa Arab League ukafumako ku Egypt kuluta ku Tunis kuti ukasuskire phangano la mtende la Egypt na Israel. Kweni pamanyuma ukawelera ku Cairo mu 1989. Maboma gha ku Gulf, kusazgapo United Arab Emirates na Saudi Arabia, ghapeleka ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi kuti ghawovwire Eguputo kumazga masuzgo gha vyachuma kufuma apo Morsi wakathereskeka.<ref>"[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/saudi-king-abdullah-visits-egypt-sisi-2014620183031132590.html Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt's Sisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207125944/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/saudi-king-abdullah-visits-egypt-sisi-2014620183031132590.html |date=7 February 2015 }}". Al-Jazeera. 20 June 2014.</ref>[[File:President Biden met with President El-Sisi of Egypt at the margins of COP27.jpg|thumb|left|President el-Sisi with US President [[Joe Biden]], 11 November 2022]] Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya mu 1973 na phangano la mtende, Eguputo likaŵa fuko lakwamba la Ŵaarabu kukolerana na Israyeli. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakuwona kuti Israyeli ni charu chakususka. Eguputo wali na udindo wakuŵa mupayiniya pakumazga mphindano zakupambanapambana ku Middle East, comenecomene umo wakucitira na nkhondo ya Israyeli na Palestina ndiposo mtende. Ivyo Eguputo wakuchita pakukhumba kuti paŵe mtende mu Gaza vikususkana yayi na umo Israyeli wakafumiskira ŵanthu mu Gaza mu 2005, nangauli boma la Hamas likususkana chomene na boma ili. Kanandi vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pakati pa Eguputo na vyaru vinyake vya ku Middle East, nga ni Iran na Turkey. Vinthu vyakutimbanizga ku Iran vikucitika cifukwa ca phangano la mtende ilo Eguputo wakacita na Israyeli kweniso cifukwa ca mphindano ya Iran na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa ku Gulf. Turkey yikovwira gulu lakucemeka Muslim Brotherhood ku Egypt ilo sono ndakukanizgika na ivyo likuyowoya kuti likucita ku Libya. Eguputo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement na wa United Nations. Kweniso ni ciŵaro ca wupu wa International Organisation de la Francophonie, kwambira mu 1983. Mubali Boutros Boutros-Ghali, uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru ya Eguputo, wakaŵa Secretary General wa United Nations kufuma mu 1991 mpaka 1996. Mu 2008, ku Egypt kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵa ku Africa ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20,000 ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakalembeka na UNHCR kuti mbachimbizgi chifukwa cha nkhondo panji awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa "zikuru, ndipo nyengo zinyake zakukoma" pakulinda mphaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desperate on the Border|author=Soussi, Alasdair|work=Jerusalem Report|date=9 November 2008|url=http://www.jpost.com/JerusalemReport/Article.aspx?id=119897|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031064451/http://www.jpost.com/JerusalemReport/Article.aspx?id=119897|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> === Malango === {{Main|Egyptian Civil Code}} [[File:Egyptian High Court of Justice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The High Court of Justice in [[Downtown Cairo]]]] Dango ili lili na malango gha Chisilamu na malango gha ŵanthu wose (makamaka gha ku Napoléon); kweniso khoti likuru chomene likuŵa na mazaza pa milandu. Dango la Cisilamu ndilo lili na malango ghanandi. Makhoti gha Sharia na qadis ghakulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Malango. Dango ilo likulongozga vinthu nga ni nthengwa, kupatana, na kupwelelera ŵana, likukolerana na Sharia. Pa khoti la mbumba, ukaboni wa mwanakazi ngwakuzirwa comene kuluska wa mwanalume. Pa Disembala 26, 2012, gulu la Muslim Brotherhood likayezga kukhazikiska dango liphya ilo likaŵa lakusuzga. Ŵanthu ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose uwo ukachitika pa 15-22 Disembala 2012 ndipo ŵanthu 64% ŵakakolerana nayo. Chikaŵa nga ni Dango lakwamba la 2011 ilo likapelekeka ku Eguputo. Dango ili likaŵa lapadera comene cifukwa lili na "Dango la Kuyuyura Ciuta". Makhoti agho ghalipo sono ghakuzomerezga kuti munthu wakomeke nanga wangaŵa kuti wandaŵeko. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America na Canada ŵakakomeka. Pa 18 January 2014, boma la nyengo yichoko likakhazikiska dango lakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinayi ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri. Nyumba ya malango yingasuska pulezidenti. Dango la caru likutisimikizgira kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuyana waka ndiposo kuti tili na wanangwa wa kughanaghana. Gulu la ŵasilikari lili na wanangwa wa kwimika nduna ya vya kuvikilira caru kwa nyengo ziŵiri zakulondezgapo za muwuso wa boma kufuma apo dango la boma likambira kugwira nchito. Kuyana na dango ili, ŵandyali ŵangaŵa ŵambura kusankhana chifukwa cha "visopa, mtundu, kugonana, panji malo".<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25796110|title=BBC News – Egypt referendum: '98% back new constitution'|last=BBC|date=18 January 2014|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118203701/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25796110|archive-date=18 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Ufulu wa munthu ==== {{Main|Human rights in Egypt}} {{See also|Sudanese refugees in Egypt|August 2013 Rabaa massacre|Persecution of Copts}} Wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Eguputo ni wupu uwo wakhalapo nyengo yitali chomene. Mu 2003, boma likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo wupu uwu ukapangikira, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakasuskanga comene wupu uwu, awo ŵakayowoya kuti ukaŵa ciŵiya ca upharazgi wa boma kuti liphepiske viheni ivyo likacitanga na kupeleka wanangwa ku malango ghakukanizga ŵanthu nga ni dango la kucitako vinthu vyamabuci.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anhri.net/en/discussion/2004/ehrc.shtml |title=The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree |publisher=ANHRI |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105202323/http://www.anhri.net/en/discussion/2004/ehrc.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Neither Morsi nor the military - Egypt's Third Square Movement seeks an alternative vision for the future.jpg|thumb|Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013]] Wupu unyake (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life) ukuti Eguputo ni caru ca nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵalije wanangwa wa kusopa. Wupu wa United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, wupu wakuyimira maboma ghaŵiri wa boma la United States, waŵika Eguputo pa ndandanda ya vyaru ivyo vikukhumbikwira kulongozgeka mwakupwelelera cifukwa ca mtundu na unandi wa kuswa wanangwa wa cisopa uko boma likucita panji kuzomerezga. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ŵanthu 84 pa 100 awo ŵakafumbika ku Eguputo ŵakakolerana na dango lakuti munthu uyo waleka chisopa cha Cisilamu wakwenera kukomeka. Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Coptic ŵakutambuzgika pa vigaŵa vinandi vya boma, kwambira pa maofesi gha boma m'paka malango agho ghakukanizga awo ŵakukhumba kuzenga panji kunozga matchalitchi. Kuleka kulekelera ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í, na ŵa visopa vinyake vya Cisilamu, nga ni Sufi, Shi'a, na Ahmadis, ni suzgo. Apo boma likagwiliskira nchito makadi ghakumanyiska munthu pa kompyuta, ŵanthu ŵa visopa vichoko waka, nga mba Baha'i, ŵakatondeka kusanga makadi. Pakwamba kwa chaka cha 2008, khoti linyake ku Egypt likadumura kuti ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake ŵangaŵa na makadi gha chipharazgo kwambura kuzunura chisopa chawo. Nkhondo zikalutilira pakati pa ŵapolisi na awo ŵakakolerana na pulezidenti wakale Mohamed Morsi. Pa nkhondo izo zikacitika mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2013, ŵanthu 595 ŵakakomeka, ndipo pa Ogasiti 14, 2013 pakaŵa nyifwa zinandi comene kuluska zuŵa lililose mu mbiri ya Egypt. Ku Eguputo ŵanthu ŵakulangika na chilango cha nyifwa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Egypt ŵakuyowoyapo yayi vya ŵanthu awo ŵakweruzgika na kukomeka, nangauli mabungwe ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakaŵeyelera kanandi waka. Ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa United Nations na mawupu ghakupambanapambana ghakaŵa na "ntchindi zikuru" pamanyuma pakuti khoti la Minya Criminal Court ku Egypt likadumura kuti ŵanthu 529 ŵakomeke pa ungano umoza pa Malichi 25, 2014. Ŵalondezgi ŵa pulezidenti wakale Mohamed Morsi awo ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakacita pa nkhaza izo zikacitika mu Julayi 2013. Khoti likadumura mulandu uwu kuti ukususkana na malango gha caru cose. Kufika mu Meyi 2014, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 (ndipo ŵakukwana 40,000 kuyana na umo The Economist yikupimira), ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa gulu la Muslim Brotherhood panji awo ŵakakolerananga nalo, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵajalirika mu jele pamanyuma pakuti Mursi wafumiskika pa udindo wake. Kuyana na wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mu Eguputo muli ŵakayidi 60,000 ŵa ndyali.<ref>{{cite news |title=My brother is one of Egypt's 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/moustafa-kassem-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-trump-egypt-us-prisoner-a9288401.html |work=The Independent |date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/24/no-political-prisoners-freed-as-egypt-pardons-thousands-on-eid |work=Al-Jazeera |date=24 May 2020}}</ref>[[File:Alaa Abd El-Fatah speaking to aljazeera.jpg|thumb|Prominent Egyptian dissident [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]] was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alaa Abdel Fattah: Leading Egyptian activist jailed for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59730354 |work=BBC News |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>]] Mursi wakati walekeskeka na ŵasilikari, wupu wakweruzga ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha boma liphya. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeke. Pulezidenti Barack Obama na Secretary General wa UN, Ban Ki Moon. Ku Egypt, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, 95% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Mu 2017, msumba wa Cairo ndiwo ukaŵa wakofya chomene ku ŵanakazi. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika zuŵa na zuŵa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://poll2017.trust.org/|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|title=The world's most dangerous megacities for women 2017|work=poll2017.trust.org|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025024053/http://poll2017.trust.org/ |archive-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> ==== Freedom of the press ==== Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukalemba charu cha Egypt pa malo 160 pa vyaru 180. Pa Ogasiti 2015, ŵapharazgi 18 ŵakaŵa mu jele ku Egypt. Mu Ogasiti 2015, dango liphya lakwimikana na uchigeŵenga likapelekeka ku ŵapharazgi awo ŵakapharazganga nkhani zakupambana na za boma. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakususka boma ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kuthandazga mautesi pa nkhani ya nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Governorates of Egypt|Subdivisions of Egypt}} Charu cha Eguputo chili na vigaŵa 27. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli matawuni na mizi. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo nyengo zinyake ukuchemeka na zina la chigaŵa chenechicho.<ref name="Beckouche2017">{{cite book|author=Pierre Beckouche|title=Europe's Mediterranean Neighbourhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHpHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|year=2017|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-149-3|page=121}}</ref> [[File:Egypt - Administrative Divisions - Nmbrs - colored.png|center|thumb|upright=2.5|<div style="font-size:larger">{{center| '''Governorates of Egypt'''}} 1. [[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]] 2. [[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]] 3. [[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]] 4. [[Kafr El Sheikh Governorate|Kafr El Sheikh]] 5. [[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]] 6. [[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]] 7. [[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]] 8. [[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]] 9. [[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]] 10. [[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]] 11. [[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]] 12. [[Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]] 13. [[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] 14. [[Giza Governorate|Giza]] 15. [[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]] 16. [[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]] 17. [[Suez Governorate|Suez]] 18. [[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]] 19. [[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]] 20. [[Minya Governorate|Minya]] 21. [[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]] 22. [[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]] 23. [[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]] 24. [[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]] 25. [[Qena Governorate|Qena]] 26. [[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]] 27. [[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]] </div> ]] == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Egypt}} [[File:GDP per capita development of Egypt.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]] Chuma cha charu cha Egypt chikuthemba chomene pa ulimi, vyakupharazga, mafuta, na vyakusanguluska. Kweniso ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3 miliyoni awo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Libya, Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf na Europe. Chiziŵa cha Aswan chikati chamara kuzengeka mu 1970, chiziŵa cha Nasser chikasintha chomene umo Mlonga wa Nayelo ukaŵira mu Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro, malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ngakukwana yayi, kweniso tikuthemba chomene Mlonga wa Nayelo. Mu 2022 Chuma cha Egypt chidalowa mu suzgo, mapaundi aku Egypt ndichimodzi mwa ndalama zoyipa kwambiri, kukwera kwamitengo. kudafika 32.6% ndipo kukwera kwamitengo kwakwera pafupifupi 40% mu Marichi. Boma la Russia laŵika ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji na vinthu vinyake. Kufuma waka mu 1979, Eguputo wapokera wovwiri wa boma la United States (pa avereji $2.2 billion pa caka) ndipo ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikapokera wovwiri uwu kufuma ku boma la United States. Chuma cha Eguputo chikuthemba chomene pa vinthu ivi: vyakusanguluska, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, na ndalama izo zikufuma ku Suez Canal. Vinthu vyamba kwenda makora mu caru ici cifukwa cakuti boma la Italy lacita vinthu mwakufwatuka, kweniso cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo likusanga kufuma ku vyalo vyakucezgera na vya malonda. Mu lipoti lake la cilimika cilicose, wupu wa vya ndalama wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuti Eguputo njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikunozga comene vinthu pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Vinyake mwa vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo boma la Russia lachita kwambira mu 2003, ni kuchepeska chomene misonkho. Dango liphya la msonkho ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2005, likadumura msonkho wa makampani kufuma pa 40 peresenti kufika pa 20 peresenti.[[File:Smartvillagelandscape.JPG|thumb|left|[[Smart Village, Egypt|Smart Village]], a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses]] Nangauli cimoza mwa masuzgo ghakuru agho ghakusuzga cuma ca ku Eguputo nchakuti usambazi ukufika waka ku ŵanthu bweka yayi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakususka boma lawo cifukwa ca kukwezga mitengo ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa apo umoyo wawo panji nkhongono zawo zakugulira zikukhalilira waka zambura kukura. Kanandi Ŵaeguputo ŵakuyowoya kuti vimbundi ndivyo vikutondeska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. Boma likalayizga kuti lizamunozga vinthu vinandi mu charu ichi, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama izo Etisalat yikalipira kuti yigoŵere lachitatu ($3 billion) mu 2006. Mu 2013, charu cha Egypt chikaŵa pa nambara 114 pa nambara 177.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/03/egypt-ranks-114th-on-corruption-scale/#dnePhoto/0/ |title=Egypt ranks 114th on corruption scale |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207155652/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/03/egypt-ranks-114th-on-corruption-scale/#dnePhoto/0/ |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:USS America (CV-66) in the Suez canal 1981.jpg|thumb|The [[Suez Canal]]]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Egypt awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakovwira kuti caru cawo ciŵe makora. Ndalama izo Ŵaeguputo ŵakutumizga ku caru cawo zikafika pa 21 biliyoni mu 2012, kuyana na World Bank. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali na ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 35~40% ŵakukhala na ndalama zichoko chomene kuluska $2 pa zuŵa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/08/egypt_over_the_brink?page=0,1 |title=Egypt Over the Brink, interview with Tarek Osman |author1=Lauren E. Bohn |author2=Sarah Lynch |publisher=Foreignpolicy.com |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522032651/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/08/egypt_over_the_brink?page=0,1 |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> === Wupu wakukopa '''ŵalendo''' === {{Main|Tourism in Egypt}} [[File:Camel and the pyramids.jpg|thumb|Tourists riding an [[Arabian camel]] in front of [[Pyramid of Khafre]]. The [[Giza Necropolis]] is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions.]] Ntchito ya kwendakwenda njimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ici. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 12.8 miliyoni ŵakaluta ku Egypt, ndipo ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola pafupifupi 11 biliyoni. Ntchito ya viyuniŵayi yikovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira nchito mu Eguputo. Nduna ya vya Ulendo, Hisham Zaazou, yikaphalira ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵanyake kuti mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga chifukwa cha vyalo ivi zikaŵa pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni 9.4.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farouk |first=Dalia |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/61366/Business/Economy/Egypt-tourism-shows-little-recovery-in-.aspx |title=Egypt tourism shows little recovery in 2012 |publisher=Ahram Online |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713122537/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/61366/Business/Economy/Egypt-tourism-shows-little-recovery-in-.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malo agha ndigho ghakumanyikwa chomene ku Eguputo. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani na Nyanja Yiswesi, uko kuli mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 3,000, ndiko ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta. === Magesi === {{Main|Energy in Egypt}} [[File:Darfeel plat.png|thumb|An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field]] Mu Eguputo muli magesi, mafuta, malasha, na maji. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sinayi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha mkuyu ghakukwana matani 600,000 pa chaka. Mafuta na gasi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa, mu Gulf of Suez, na Nile Delta. Eguputo wali na mafuta ghanandi chomene, ndipo ghakukwana 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi). Mu 2013, wupu wa Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) ukati caru ici cizamudumura vyakurya vya gasi na kuphalira mabungwe ghakurughakuru kuti ghachepeske vyakurya vyawo mu chihanya chino kuti ŵaleke kunjira mu suzgo la magesi na kulekeska vivulupi vya ndyali. Egypt yikughanaghana kuti Qatar ndiyo yikuguliska mafuta gha LNG mu chihanya, ndipo yikukhozga mafakitale kuti ghapange ndondomeko ya kunozga mafuta agha mu myezi iyi. Eguputo wakujipangira yekha magesi, kweni kufuma mu 2008, wakuguliska mafuta. Mu 2013, charu cha Egypt chikapanga mafuta ghakukwana 691,000 bbl/d na gasi wakukwana 2,141.05 Tcf. Mu 2013, Eguputo ndiyo wakagwiliskiranga nchito mafuta na gasi ghanandi comene mu Africa, ndipo wakagwiliskiranga nchito mafuta ghakukwana 20% na gasi wakomira 40%. Kweniso, Eguputo ndiyo wali na mafuta ghanandi chomene mu Africa (mu 2012), ndipo ghakukwana mabotolo 726,000 pa zuŵa. Pasono Eguputo wakunozgekera kuzenga sitima yake yakwamba ya nyukiliya ku El Dabaa, kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ndalama za ku Russia zakukwana madola 25 biliyoni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-russia-nuclear-idUSKCN0YA1G5|date=19 May 2016|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516193807/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-russia-nuclear-idUSKCN0YA1G5|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Transport === {{Main|Transport in Egypt}} Ku Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu mizi yakuzungulira msumba wa Cairo. Mzere waukulu wa njanji ya mtundu wa 40,800-kilometre (25,400 mi) ukuchokera ku Alexandria kupita ku Aswan ndipo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Egyptian National Railways. Mtundu wa misewu ya magalimoto wafika pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 34,000, ndipo uli na misewu 28, masiteshoni 796, na sitima zakujumpha 1,800 izo zikwenda mu Dambo la Nayelo na Nile Delta, ku Meditereniyani na ku Nyanja Yiswesi, ku Sinai, na ku Western oases. [[File:Metro-1-l.jpg|thumb|right|The Cairo Metro (line 2)]] Metro ya ku Cairo ku Egypt ndiyo njakwamba pa ma metro ghaŵiri mu Africa na mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Ntchito iyi njimoza mwa ntchito zakuzirwa comene izo zacitika sonosono apa mu Eguputo. Ndondomeko iyi yikusazgapo mizere yitatu iyo yikugwira nchito, ndipo munthazi yikulindizgika kuti yiŵe na mizere yinayi. EgyptAir, iyo sono ni ndege yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, yikapangika mu 1932 na munthu munyake wa vyamalonda wa ku Eguputo zina lake Talaat Harb. Ndege iyi yili na ofesi yake pa Cairo International Airport, ndipo yikwendeska ndege za ŵanthu na katundu ku malo ghakujumpha 75 ku Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, na America. Pa nyengo yasono, EgyptAir yili na ndege 80. ==== Suez Canal ==== {{Main|Suez Canal}} [[File:Capesize bulk carrier at Suez Canal Bridge.JPG|thumb|The [[Suez Canal Bridge]]]] Suez Canal ni msewu wa maji uwo ukujumphizga nyanja mu Eguputo. Mu Novembala 1869, yikajulika pamanyuma pa vyaka 10 vya kuzenga, ndipo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge pa nyanja kufuma ku Europe kuya ku Asia kwambura kwenda mu Africa. Malo gha kumpoto ni Port Said ndipo malo gha kumwera ni Port Tawfiq ku Suez. Ismailia wali ku mphepete mwa nyanja, pa mtunda wa makilomita ghatatu kufuma pa malo agha. Mu 2010, dambo ili likaŵa na utali wa makilomita 193.30, kujima mamita 24 na usani mamita 205. Likusazgapo nthowa ya kumpoto ya mtunda wa makilomita 22 (14 mi), nthowa ya mtunda wa makilomita 162.25 (100+7⁄8 mi) na nthowa ya kumwera ya mtunda wa makilomita 9 (5+1⁄2 mi). Mseu uwu uli na nthowa yimoza ndipo ukujumpha mu malo gha Ballah By-Pass na Great Bitter Lake. Mu ngalande iyi mulije vijaro, ndipo maji gha mu nyanja ghakwenda makora. Kanandi, dambo ili likwenda kumpoto kwa Bitter Lakes mu nyengo ya chiwuvi na kumwera mu nyengo ya chihanya. Mphepo iyi yikusintha kumwera kwa nyanja iyi para maji ghasintha pa Suez. Pa Ogasiti 26, 2014, ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵajure ngalande ya Suez. Mu Julayi 2015, ntchito ya kuzenga Suez Canal yikamara. Kanal iyi yikajulika pa 6 August 2015 pa ungano uwo ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakalutapo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33800076|title=Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion|date=6 August 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|agency=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806152649/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33800076|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1531052/egypt-opens-new-6bn-suez-canal|title=Egypt Opens New £6bn Suez Canal|first=Sherine|last=Tadros|agency=Sky News|date=6 August 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806194926/http://news.sky.com/story/1531052/egypt-opens-new-6bn-suez-canal|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Maji na kujipwelelela === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Egypt}} [[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta]] Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 1990 na 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu misumba, kweni maji agho ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ghakakwera kufuma pa 89% kufika pa 100%. Mu nyengo iyi, Eguputo wakawuskapo suzgo la kututuka mu malo gha ku mizi. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Egypt ŵali na maji ghawemi, ndipo ŵali na 99 peresenti. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵali na maji ghakwenda. Cifukwa cinyake nchakuti ŵana pafupifupi 17,000 ŵakufwa caka cilicose cifukwa ca nthenda ya kusulura. Suzgo linyake ndakuti maji ghakwendera bweka yayi pa charu chifukwa ghalije mtengo. Ivi vikupangiska kuti boma lipelekenge wovwiri wa ndalama ku ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupulikira malango ni maji na maji ghaheni. Cifukwa cakuti ku Eguputo kulije vula zinandi, vyakurya vikuthukira pa ulimi. Maji ghakurughakuru ghakusunkhizga ni mlonga wa Nayelo, uwo ukwendeskeka na chiziŵa cha Aswan. Pa avereji, maji ghakufuma mu dambo ili ghakujumpha makilomita 55 pa chaka, ndipo makilomita 46 ghakufuma mu dambo ili ghakunjira mu migelo. Mu dambo la Nile na mu chigaŵa cha Nile Delta, malo pafupifupi 33,600 (13,000 sq mi) ghakupambika vyakurya 1.8 pa chaka.<ref name="ewup">Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt's Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Egypt|Egyptians}} [[File:Egypt 2010 population density1.png|thumb|Egypt's population density (people per km²)]] {{Historical populations |source = Population in Egypt<ref name="pop1882–2006">{{cite web|title=Population in Censuses by Sex & Sex Ratio (1882–2006)|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/newvr/egyptinfigures/Tables/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/9.pdf|publisher=Egypt State Information Service|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115508/http://www.sis.gov.eg/newvr/egyptinfigures/Tables/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/9.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="capmas.gov.eg">{{cite web|title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء|url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf|website=www.capmas.gov.eg|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224804/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20%2FAdmin%2FPages%20Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |title = Historical populations in thousands |percentages = pagr |1882 |6712 |1897 |9669 |1907 |11190 |1917 |12718 |1927 |14178 |1937 |15921 |1947 |18967 |1960 |26085 |1966 |30076 |1976 |36626 |1986 |48254 |1996 |59312 |2006 |72798 |2017 |94798 }} Charu cha Eguputo ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikakwera chomene kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 2010 chifukwa cha umo vyakurya vikupangikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Eguputo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 3 miliyoni apo Napoleon wakawukira caru ici mu 1798. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakukhala mu misumba yinandi, ndipo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo (makamaka ku Cairo na Alexandria), ku Delta na kufupi na Suez Canal. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru na awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya. Chigaŵa chose icho ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 77,041. Apo Nasser wakalamuliranga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1971, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Sadat, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.7 miliyoni ku Egypt ŵakukhala ku vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma ku Eguputo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu (923,600 mu Saudi Arabia, 332,600 mu Libya, 226,850 mu Jordan, 190,550 mu Kuwait na ŵanyake wose mu chigaŵa ichi) ndipo 30% awo ŵakhalako ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Europe na North America (318,000 mu United States, 110,000 mu Canada na 90,000 mu Italy). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku vyaru vya Ŵaarabu kwamba mu ma 1950.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Egypt to Europe : globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean|last=Simona.|first=Talani, Leila|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|oclc=650606660}}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Egypt ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalipo 99.7%. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Abaza, Ŵaturuki, Ŵagiriki, Ŵabedouin, Ŵarabu awo ŵakukhala ku mapopa gha kumafumiro gha dazi na ku Sinai Peninsula, Ŵasiwi (Ŵamazigi) awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberber (Amazigh) ŵa ku Siwa Oasis, na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo. Kweniso mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Beja, kweniso mafuko ghanyake gha Dom agho ghakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Nile Delta na Faiyum. Ku Eguputo kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni awo ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Sudan. Ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Iraq, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, na Eritrea. Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati "ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzga" (ŵakucimbira kwawo, awo ŵakupenja ciphokwero, na ŵanthu ŵambura caru) ŵalipo pafupifupi 250,000. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Syria awo ŵakalembeka mu Eguputo cikaŵa 117,000, ndipo ici cikakhira comene pakuyaniska na caka cakumasinda. Boma la Eguputo likuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya miliyoni ŵakufuma ku Syria ŵakukhala mu Eguputo. Ku Egupto kuli ŵanthu 28,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan.<ref name="Karasapan">Omer Karasapan, [https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/10/04/who-are-the-5-million-refugees-and-immigrants-in-egypt/ Who are the 5 million refugees and immigrants in Egypt?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706130432/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/10/04/who-are-the-5-million-refugees-and-immigrants-in-egypt/|date=6 July 2017}}, Brookings Institution (4 October 2016).</ref> Ŵayuda na Ŵagiriki awo ŵakakhalanga ku Eguputo ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali, kweni ŵachalipo ŵachoko waka. Mu Cairo, Alexandria, na misumba yinyake muli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusangira vinthu vyakale agho ghakusangika na Ŵayuda. === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Languages of Egypt}} Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chiarabu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional Declaration 2011|url=http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/|website=Egyptian Government Services|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201095854/http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ni: Chiarabic cha ku Egypt (68%), Chiarabic cha ku Sa'idi (29%), Chiarabic cha ku Eastern Egypt cha ku Bedawi (1.6%), Chiarabic cha ku Sudan (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi na vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza mu charu ichi ŵakuyowoya Chigiriki, Chiarmenia, Chitaliyana, na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Africa nga ni Chiamharic na Tigrigna. Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu masukulu ni Cingelezi, Cifurenci, Cijeremani, na Citaliyana. Kale ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chieguputo, ndipo chiyowoyero chaumaliro icho ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa Chieguputo cha ku Coptic. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 C.E., chiyowoyero ichi chikamara, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., chiyowoyero ichi chikalutilira kusangika ku Upper Egypt. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikugwiriskirika ntchito mu Tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria. Chiyowoyero ichi chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya ku Africa na Asia. === Chisopa === {{Main|Religion in Egypt}} Charu cha Egypt chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa Chisilamu pa charu chose cha Arab, ndipo ni charu cha 6 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa Chisilamu. Charu cha Egypt ndicho chili na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya ku Middle East na North Africa. Charu cha Egypt chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Sunni. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Egypt ŵakususkana na chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 85 ku 100 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵalipo ŵali mu chisopa cha Chiyuda, 10 ku 100 ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikoputiki, ndipo 1% ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 15-20%. Ŵasilamu awo ŵalije chisopa ŵakukwana 12%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx|title=Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo|website=english.ahram.org.eg|language=en|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504020907/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |date=26 December 2016 }} retrieved 4 September 2013</ref> Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. vindafike, caru ca Eguputo cikaŵa Cikhristu, ndipo apo Cisilamu cikati cafika, caru ici cikamba kuŵa Cisilamu. Tikumanya yayi apo Ŵasilamu ŵakafikanga pa unandi. 1000 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1300 C.E. Eguputo wakazgoka malo gha ndyali na maluso gha visopo mu caru ca Cisilamu. Mu muwuso wa Anwar Sadat, cisopa ca Cisilamu cikazgoka cisopa ca boma ndipo Sharia ndiyo yikaŵa dango likuru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵaeguputo 15 miliyoni ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya Ŵasifi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 305 ŵakakomeka mu Novembala 2017 apo ŵakawukira mzikiti wa Sufi ku Sinai. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Chihiya. Wupu wa Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs ukuti ŵanthu ŵa Chi Shiite ŵalipo pakati pa 1 na 2.2 miliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 50,000, apo ŵa Salafi (Sunni) ŵalipo pakati pa 5 na 6 miliyoni. Cairo ngwakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca minara yinandi ya visopo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumucema kuti "Msumba wa Minara 1,000".<ref>{{cite news|title= Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html|work= [[The Independent]]|location= London|author= Robin Barton|date= 19 February 2001|access-date= 26 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234721/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html|archive-date= 25 September 2015|url-status=live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)|St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria]]]] Pa ŵanthu wose awo Mbakhristu mu Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90% ŵali mu mpingo wa Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakulondezga Tchalitchi la Coptic Catholic, la Evangelical Church of Egypt, na matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chiprotesitanti. Ŵanthu awo Mbakhristu yayi ŵakusangika chomene mu misumba ya Cairo na Alexandria, nga ni Ŵasiriya na Ŵalibanoni, awo ŵali mu visopa vya Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, na Maronite Catholic. Kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa tchalitchi la Greek Orthodox ŵakaŵa Ŵagiriki. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa ku Armenia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene mu mpingo wa Orthodox na wa Katolika. Kale ku Eguputo kukaŵaso Cikatolika cikuru, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Italy na Malta. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Eguputo pambere Nasser wandawuse. Ku Eguputo kuli tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria. Yikazengeka mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ndipo yikaŵa tchalitchi likuru comene mu caru ici. Ku Egypt nako kuli Yunivesite ya Al-Azhar (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 969 C.E., yikamba kusambizga mu 975 C.E.), iyo lero ni "zina lakuzirwa comene pa caru cose la Sunni Islam". Ku Eguputo kuli visopa vitatu pera: Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda. Visopa vinyake na visopa vinyake vya Cisilamu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakulondezga, nga ni visopa vichoko vya Bahá'í Faith na Ahmadiyya, boma likuvimanya yayi ndipo boma likuŵatambuzga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kulemba chisopa chawo (panji yayi) pa makadi agho boma likuŵapa ŵakukana (wonani nkhani ya makadi gha ku Eguputo) ndipo ŵakutondeka kusanga chikalata chakuŵawovwira kumanya chisopa chawo. Khoti likadumura kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali mu visopa vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵaŵe na chikalata chakuŵawovwira kumanya chisopa chawo.<ref name="International Religious Freedom Report 2008">{{cite web |date=19 September 2008 |title=Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm |access-date=24 June 2017 |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{cite news|first=Cynthia|last=Johnston|title=Egypt Baha'is win court fight over identity papers|url=http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL29677385.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215133731/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL29677385.html|archive-date=15 February 2008|work=Reuters|date=29 January 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Egypt}} [[File:CairoUniv.jpg|thumb|[[Cairo University]]]] [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Egypt population plus15 1980 2015.png|thumb|Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics]] Kufuma mu 1996, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba chikakhira chomene. Mu Julayi 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa pa 73.9%. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba ŵalipo ŵanandi chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 60, ndipo ŵalipo 64.9%. Ŵa Ottoman ndiwo ŵakambiska masambiro ghakuyana na gha ku Europe mu Eguputo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Mu nyengo iyo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawusanga caru, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga masambiro zikakhira comene, ndipo masukulu gha boma agho ghakaŵa ghawanangwa, ghakamba kupeleka ndalama. Mu ma 1950, Pulezidenti Nasser wakambiska masambiro ghaulere ku Ŵaeguputo wose.<ref name="edu-chatham">{{cite web |date=March 2012 |title=Education in Egypt: Key Challenges |url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224022844/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2012 |publisher=Chatham House}}</ref> Masambiro gha Ŵaeguputo ghakasintha chomene masambiro gha Ŵaarabu. Mwaluŵiro, boma likaleka kupeleka ndalama zinandi pa masambiro gha boma, ntheura masambiro gha boma ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa. Mazuŵa ghano, vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵasambizgi na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaleke kuŵa ŵakuyana (kanandi ŵakuŵa pafupifupi 1 pa 50) kweniso kuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaleke kuyana. Ŵana ŵa ku Eguputo ŵali na wanangwa wakusambira sukulu za pulayimale kwa vyaka 6 na vyaka vitatu. Para ŵafika mu kilasi la nambara 9, ŵakusambira ku sukulu za sekondare. Masambiro gha sekondare ghakupanga ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵalutilire kusambira, ndipo awo ŵamalizga masambiro agha ŵakunjira masukulu ghapachanya chifukwa cha ivyo ŵasanga pa Thanaweya Amma. Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghali na vigaŵa viŵiri, limoza ndakudumura kwa vyaka vitatu ndipo linyake ndakudumura kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Ŵanthu awo ŵamalizga masukulu agha ŵangasambira masambiro ghapachanya chifukwa cha ivyo ŵasanga pa mafumbo ghaumaliro. Yunivesite ya Cairo ndiyo ni yunivesite yikuru comene mu Eguputo. Pasono, caru ici cikujura maofesi ghaphya gha kafukufuku kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vinthu vyasono. Dziko la Egypt lili pa nambala 94 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kuchokera pa nambala 92 mu 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020/eg.pdf|title=EGYPT|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=2020|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Main|Health in Egypt}} [[File:مستشفى سرطان الاطفال 57357.jpg|thumb|[[Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt]]]] Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 73.20 pa kubabika. Ŵaeguputo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana 3.7 peresenti ya GDP yawo pa vya umoyo. Mu 2010, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 4.66% ya GDP. Mu 2009, pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 16.04 na ŵantchito ŵa munesi 33.80. Cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga kwa vilimika vinandi, wupu wa vya cipatala wa ku Eguputo wasintha comene. Ku malo gha matawuni na ku mizi, wovwiri wa munkhwala wawovwira chomene ndipo sono ŵanthu 98 pa 100 ŵali na katemera. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi, kufuma pa 44.8 mu 1960 kufika pa 72.12 mu 2009. Kufwa kwa ŵana kukakhira comene (mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, ŵana ŵakafwanga 101 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo, mu 2000 ŵakafwanga 50 pa ŵanthu 60 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo mu 2008 ŵakafwanga 28 pa ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 1,000). Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukati mu 2008, pa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, 91.1% ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakhwaskika na nthumbo. Mu 2016, dango ili likasinthika na kuŵapa chilango chakukhozga chomene awo ŵasangika na mulandu wa kuchita nthena. Awo ŵakulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakomeka ŵangakakika vyaka vitatu. Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt awo ŵakaŵa na inshuwalansi ya munkhwala chikafika pa 37 miliyoni, ndipo 11 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵachoko, ndipo ŵanthu 52 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa na inshuwalansi.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIS|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=729|publisher=State Information Service|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113145429/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=729|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> === Misumba ikulu === {{See also|List of cities and towns in Egypt}} {{Largest cities | country = Egypt | stat_ref = [http://citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html 2017 census] | list_by_pop = | div_name = Governorate | div_link = | city_1 = Cairo | div_1 = Cairo Governorate{{!}}Cairo | pop_1 = 9,153,135 | img_1 = View from Cairo Tower 31march2007.jpg | city_2 = Alexandria | div_2 = Alexandria Governorate{{!}}Alexandria | pop_2 = 5,039,975 | img_2 = Alexandria Egypt (235108493).jpeg | city_3 = Giza | div_3 = Giza Governorate{{!}}Giza | pop_3 = 4,146,340 | img_3 = Giza-Nile.JPG | city_4 = Shubra El Kheima | div_4 = Qalyubia Governorate{{!}}Qalyubia | pop_4 = 1,165,914 | img_4 = 3-D Building on Google Map - panoramio.jpg | city_5 = Port Said | div_5 = Port Said Governorate{{!}}Port Said | pop_5 = 751,073 | city_6 = Suez | div_6 = Suez Governorate{{!}}Suez | pop_6 = 660,592 | city_7 = Mansoura | div_7 = Dakahlia Governorate{{!}}Dakahlia | pop_7 = 548,259 | city_8 = El Mahalla El Kubra | div_8 = Gharbia Governorate{{!}}Gharbia | pop_8 = 522,799 | city_9 = Tanta | div_9 = Gharbia Governorate{{!}}Gharbia | pop_9 = 508,754 | city_10 = Faiyum | div_10 = Faiyum Governorate{{!}}Faiyum | pop_10 = 475,139 | city_11 = Asyut | div_11 = Asyut Governorate{{!}}Asyut | pop_11 = 462,061 | city_12 = Khusus | div_12 = Qalyubia Governorate{{!}}Qalyubia | pop_12 = 459,586 | city_13 = Ismailia | div_13 = Ismailia Governorate{{!}}Ismailia | pop_13 = 386,372 | city_14 = Zagazig | div_14 = Sharqia Governorate{{!}} Sharqia | pop_14 = 383,703 | city_15 = 6th of October (city){{!}} 6th of October | div_15 = Giza Governorate{{!}}Giza | pop_15 = 350,018 | city_16 = Aswan | div_16 = Aswan Governorate{{!}}Aswan | pop_16 = 321,761 | city_17 = New Cairo | div_17 = Cairo Governorate{{!}}Cairo | pop_17 = 298,343 | city_18 = Damietta | div_18 = Damietta Governorate{{!}}Damietta | pop_18 = 282,879 | city_19 = Damanhur | div_19 = Beheira Governorate{{!}}Beheira | pop_19 = 262,505 | city_20 = Minya, Egypt{{!}}Minya | div_20 = Minya Governorate{{!}}Minya | pop_20 = 245,478 }} == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Egypt}} Charu cha Eguputo nchakumanyikwa kuti nchigaŵa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Ciarabu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakutemwa chomene nkhani za Chiarabu, sumu, mafilimu, na TV. Mu ma 1950 na 1960, Eguputo wakaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose, ndipo vikakhozga comene cikaya ca ku Eguputo mu vyaru vya ciarabu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061 |title=Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct.&nbsp;29,&nbsp;2009) |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427044804/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061 |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref> [[File:حديقة الأزهر ومسجد محمد على.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Al-Azhar Park]] is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the [[Project for Public Spaces]].]] Chiyowoyero cha Ŵaeguputo chikasintha mu nyengo yitali iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kuti ŵakhalenge na ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chiisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda. Mubali Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, uyo wakalembako mabuku ghakwambilira gha m'ma 1800, wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo vinthu vikaŵira ku Eguputo. Tahtawi wakambiska sukulu ya Egyptology pamoza na munthu munyake uyo wakasambizganga vya masambiro, Ali Mubarak. Kuzakafika paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ku Eguputo kukaŵa ŵanthu nga ni Muhammad Abduh, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Muhammad Loutfi Goumah, Tawfiq el-Hakim, Louis Awad, Qasim Amin, Salama Moussa, Taha Hussein na Mahmoud Mokhtar. Iwo ŵakambiska nthowa ya wanangwa ya Eguputo, iyo yikulongosoreka na kujipeleka kwa wanangwa wa munthu, kusopa yayi, na kugomezga sayansi kuti yilute panthazi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jankowski|first=James|title=Egypt, A Short History|page=130}}</ref> === Maluso === [[File:The judgement of the dead in the presence of Osiris.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The "weighing of the heart" scene from the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'']]{{See also|Architecture of Egypt}} Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kuzunura vinthu vyakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito. Mtundu wa buluu wa ku Eguputo, uwo ukuchemekaso kuti calcium copper silicate, ni mtundu uwo Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakuti ni mtundu wakwamba wakupangika. Vinthu ivyo ŵakajambura pa viliŵa vya nyumba ya Farawo vikaŵa na malango ghakudunjika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakumanyikwa na mapiramidi, matempile, na malaro. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya ni Pyramid of Djoser, iyo yikazengeka na munthu munyake uyo wakalimanga nyumba zina lake Imhotep, Sphinx, na tempile la Abu Simbel. Maluso gha ku Eguputo gha mazuŵa ghano ghakupambanapambana nga umo viliri na maluso ghanyake pa caru cose, kwambira ku maluso gha Hassan Fathy na Ramses Wissa Wassef, mpaka ku vikozgo vya Mahmoud Mokhtar, na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Coptic vya Isaac Fanous. Cairo Opera House ndiyo ni malo ghakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya vyakusanguluska mu msumba wa Cairo. === Vyakulemba mabuku === {{Main|Egyptian literature}} [[File:Necip Mahfuz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Naguib Mahfouz]], the first Arabic-language writer to win the [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature]] Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakalemba ghakalembeka kale chomene. Nakuti Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kulemba mabuku. Ntchigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo. Ŵalembi ŵa mabuku gha ku Eguputo ndiwo ŵakamba kulemba mabuku gha Chiarabu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutolera mabuku agha. Buku lakwamba la ku Eguputo lakuti Zaynab, ilo wakalemba Muhammad Husayn Haykal, likalembeka mu 1913. Naguib Mahfouz, mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Eguputo, ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel pa nkhani ya mabuku. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Eguputo ni Nawal El Saadawi, uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kulimbikira ntchito za ŵanakazi, kweniso Alifa Rifaat uyo wakulemba vya ŵanakazi na mitheto. Sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo zikuzunulika chomene mu mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture of Egypt |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/egyptambassador09/2009-08/24/content_8607968.htm |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> === Wayilesi === {{Main|Media of Egypt}} Vyalo vya ku Egypt vili na mazaza chomene mu vyaru vya ma Arab, chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuvipulika kweniso kuti vikuleka kulamulirika na boma.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#media |title=Country profiles: Egypt |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421002317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#media |archive-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |title=Plus ca Change: The Role of the Media in Egypt's First Contested Presidential Elections |publisher=Tbsjournal.com |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816171126/http://tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |archive-date=16 August 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>Dango la caru likunjizga wanangwa wa vyakupharazga, kweni malango ghanandi ghakukanizga wanangwa uwu.<ref name=bbc /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |title=Freedom House 2007 report |publisher=Freedomhouse.org |date=10 May 2004 |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227144203/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Vyakuonelela === {{Main|Cinema of Egypt}} [[File:Salah Zulfikar 2.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Salah Zulfikar]], film star]] [[File:Suad Husni.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Soad Hosny]], film star]] Apo mazgu ghakamba kusangika, sinema ya ku Eguputo yikazgoka yikulutilira. Mu 1936, Studio Misr, iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na munthu munyake wa vyamalonda zina lake Talaat Harb, yikazgoka studio yikuru ya ku Eguputo. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 100, mafilimu ghakujumpha 4,000 ghapangika mu Eguputo, ndipo agha ndigho ghakukwana vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya mafilimu ghose gha ku Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Houissa|first=Ali|title=LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film|url=https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt|access-date=4 October 2021|website=guides.library.cornell.edu|language=en}}</ref>Charu cha Eguputo chikuwoneka kuti ndicho chikulongozga pa nkhani ya mafilimu. Ŵalendo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyose vya Ŵaarabu ŵakukhumba kuwonekera mu mafilimu gha ku Eguputo kuti ŵatemweke. Chiphikiro cha Mafilimu cha Cairo International Film Festival chili pa viphikiro 11 ivyo vili na mavoti ghapachanya pa charu chose. Apo mafilimu ghakupulikizga ghakamba kusangika, chiŵelengero cha mafilimu chikakwera ndipo chikafika 395 mu 1958. Chiŵelengero ichi chikamba kuchepa pamanyuma pakuti TV yikamba kusangika mu 1960 na sinema za boma mu 1962, ndipo chikafika pa 297 mu 1965, ndipo mu 1995 chikafika pa 141. Chifukwa cha malango na ndondomeko izo zikakhozgeranga ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu, mafilimu agha ghakasazgikiraso, comenecomene mu malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu. Mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100, sinema ya ku Eguputo yikalongora mafilimu ghakujumpha 4,000 .<ref>{{Cite book|last=سعد|first=عبدالمنعم|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJaOQgAACAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9|title=موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية|date=1976|publisher=مطابع الأهرام التجارية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shafik|first=Viola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QusdDAAAQBAJ&q=egyptian+cinema+history|title=Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-977-416-053-0|language=en}}</ref> === Sumo === {{Main|Music of Egypt}} Sumu za Ŵaeguputo zikusazgapo sumu za ku Africa, Mediterranean, na za ku Western. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya Ŵaeguputo kwamba kale comene. Ŵaegupto ŵakale ŵakatenge Ciuta wawo Hathor ndiyo wakapangiska sumu, ndipo Osiris ndiyo wakapangiska sumu izi. Ŵaeguputo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakwimbira kwamba kale.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html Music of Ancient Egypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html|date=13 October 2015}}, [[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]], [[University of Michigan]].</ref> Sumu za lero za ku Eguputo zikufuma ku ŵanthu nga ni Abdu al-Hamuli, Almaz na Mahmoud Osman, awo ŵakakhwaska milimo ya Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab na Abdel Halim Hafez. Ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Egypt ŵali nga ni Amr Diab na Mohamed Mounir. === Kuvina === [[File:Tanoura Dancing.jpg|thumb|[[Tanoura (dance)|Tanoura]] dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo]] Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ku Eguputo ndiko ŵanthu ŵakutemwera kuvina. Vyakwimba vya ku Eguputo vili na mitundu yiŵiri yikuru: raqs baladi na raqs sharqi. Paliso mitundu yinandi ya kuvina ya ŵanthu iyo yikuzunulika mu Baibolo. === Vinthu vyakusungirako vinthu vyakale === {{Main|List of museums in Egypt}} [[File:Egyptian Museum in Cairo in May 2015.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Egyptian Museum]] of Cairo]] Charu cha Eguputo chili na umoza mwa visopa vyakale comene pa caru. Likasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ndipo likenda mu nyengo zinandi, kwambira mu nyengo yakale m'paka mu nyengo yithu yino. Chifukwa cha kupambaniska nyengo, kukolerana na mitundu yinyake, na nkhondo zinandi izo Eguputo wakakumana nazo, ku Eguputo kuli malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale pafupifupi 60. [[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the [[Egyptian Museum]] of Cairo.]] Nyumba zitatu zikuruzikuru za ku Egypt ni The Egyptian Museum izo zili na vinthu vyakujumpha 120,000, the Egyptian National Military Museum and the 6th of October Panorama. Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Giza Museum, ni nyumba yakuzengera vinthu vyakale iyo yizamuŵa na vinthu vinandi chomene vya ku Eguputo. Malo agha ghakeneranga kujura mu 2015 ndipo ghazamuŵa pa malo ghakukwana mahekitala 50. Mu Meyi 2015, nduna ya vinthu vyakale Mamdouh al-Damaty yikapharazga kuti malo agha ghazamujulika mu Meyi 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/great-museum-be-inaugurated-may-2018|title=Great Museum to be inaugurated in May 2018 – Egypt Independent|date=10 May 2015|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150709180239/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/great-museum-be-inaugurated-may-2018|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> === Festivals === Ku Eguputo, ŵanthu ŵakukondwelera viphikiro vinandi vya cisopa. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa mbakuzirwa chomene chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Mu mwezi wa Ramadan, ŵanthu ŵakukondwelera zuŵa ili na mazgu, ungweru (ŵakuniŵiska nyali) kweniso moto. Chikondwelero cha kale cha Sham en Nisim (Coptic) chakumbukirika na Ŵaeguputo kwa vyaka vikwi vinandi, kanandi pakati pa myezi ya Paremoude (April) na Pashons (May), pamanyuma pa Sabata la Easter. === Chakulya === {{Main|Egyptian cuisine}} [[File:Egyptian food Koshary.jpg|thumb|[[Kushari]], one of Egypt's national dishes]] Vyakurya vya ku Eguputo vikovwira chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakurya vyakurya vya vyamuminda. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Alexandria na awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Eguputo ŵakutemwa kurya somba zinandi na vyakurya vinyake vya mu nyanja, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakurya vyakurya ivyo vikufuma pasi. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eguputo ŵakaguranga chomene nyama, ntheura ŵakamba kupanga vyakurya vinandi vya vyakurya vya vyamuminda. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti cakurya ici ni kushari, ico cikusazga mpunga, lentil, na makaroni. Kweniso mungasazgako ŵabulumembe ku kushari. Kweniso vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni ful medames. Nkhaka za fava zikugwiliskirika nchito pakupanga falafel (iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti "ta'miya"), iyo yikwenera kuti yikafuma ku Eguputo ndipo yikathandazgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East. Para munthu wakuphika mpunga wakusazgako coriander, wakusazgako molokhiya. === Mase'''ŵera''' === [[File:Crowd in Cairo Stadium.jpg|thumb|A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the [[Egypt national football team]]]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Eguputo. Kairo Derby njimoza mwa viphalizgano vyakusuzga comene mu Africa, ndipo BBC yikalisora kuŵa cimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuruvikuru 7 pa caru cose. Al Ahly ndi kilabu chopambana kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20 ku Africa malinga ndi CAF, ndikutsatiridwa kwambiri ndi omwe amalimbana nawo Zamalek SC. Ŵakucemeka "Chipani ca ku Africa ca mu Chaka". Na vithuzithuzi 20, Al Ahly ni kilabu ico chili na vithuzithuzi vinandi comene pa caru cose, ndipo yikuluska A.C. ya ku Italy. Milan na Boca Juniors ŵa ku Argentina, wose ŵakaŵa na vyaka 18. Ŵaeguputo awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Farawo, ŵakatchaya nkhonya izi kankhondi na kaŵiri. Ŵaeguputo ndiwo ŵakutchuka chomene pa charu chose cha Africa ndipo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu 10 pa charu chose. Magoli ghaŵiri gha Mohamed Salah mu chigoli chakumalizira cha timu iyi ghakatolera chalo cha Egypt ku World Cup ya 2018. Chipani cha Egypt cha Young Pharaohs chikapokera mendulo ya bronze pa chikho cha charu cha FIFA cha 2001 ku Argentina. Eguputo wakaŵa wacinayi pa maseŵero gha mpira pa maseŵero gha 1928 na 1964. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Eguputo ni squash na tenisi. Gulu la squash la ku Egypt likuchitako maseŵera gha pa charu chose kwambira mu ma 1930. Amr Shabana na Ramy Ashour ndiwo ŵakuseŵera makora chomene ku Egypt ndipo wose ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba pa woseŵera ŵa squash pa charu chose. Charu cha Egypt chawina maseŵera gha Squash World Championships kanayi. Mu 1999, Egypt yikapokelera IHF World Men's Handball Championship, ndipo yikapokeleraso mu 2021. Mu 2001, timu ya charu ichi yikasanga malo ghacinayi pa maseŵera agha. Charu cha Egypt chili kuwina ka 5 mu African Men's Handball Championship, ndipo ndiwo gulu liwemi chomene mu Africa. Kweniso yikaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuseŵera maseŵero gha ku Mediterranean Games mu 2013, Beach Handball World Championships mu 2004, na Summer Youth Olympics mu 2010. Pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, timu ya basketball ya ku Egypt ndiyo yili kuchita makora chomene pa maseŵero gha basketball pa World Cup na pa Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html |title=1950 World Championship for Men |publisher=FIBA |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html |title=Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men |publisher=FIBA |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212844/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>Kweniso timu iyi yikasanga mendulo 16 pa maseŵera gha ku Africa. Eguputo wakwimba maseŵero gha Olympic kuyambira mu 1912 ndipo wakwimba maseŵero gha vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo maseŵero ghakwamba gha Mediterranean Games mu 1951, All-Africa Games mu 1991, FIFA U-20 World Cup mu 2009 na Pan Arab Games mu 1953, 1965 na 2007. Egypt yikaŵa na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018 🔥2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume.<ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Egypt}} * [[Index of Egypt-related articles]] * [[Outline of ancient Egypt]] * [[Outline of Egypt]] == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{notefoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Egypt|voy=Egypt}} '''Boma''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330023432/http://www.eip.gov.eg/ Egypt Information Portal] (Arabic, English) * [https://web.archive.org/web/19961106111532/http://www.idsc.gov.eg/ Egypt Information and Decision Support Center] (Arabic, English) * [http://www.sis.gov.eg/ Egypt State Information Services] (Arabic, English, French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120503222352/http://www.egypt.travel/ Egyptian Tourist Authority] '''Vinyake vya ntheura''' * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104191953/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ Egypt]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224906/http://www.africa.com/egypt/ Egypt] profile from [[Africa.com]] * {{GovPubs|egypt}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181128083438/https://www.tahrirnews.com/ Egypt news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128083438/https://www.tahrirnews.com/ |date=28 November 2018 }} * {{ArabDecision|coun_sel_3_14.htm}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Egypt}} * {{Wikiatlas|Egypt}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1473947}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/egypt.html Egypt Maps] – [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas at Austin]] '''Malonda''' * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/EGY/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Egypt] {{Egypt topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries and territories of North Africa}} {{Countries and territories of the Middle East}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries of Asia}} {{Arab League}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{G15 nations}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|26|N|30|E|dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG|format=dms|display=title}} [[Category:Egypt| ]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Western Asian countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Developing 8 Countries member states]] [[Category:Eastern Mediterranean]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Middle Eastern countries]] [[Category:Near Eastern countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1922]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Egypt]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Asia]] [[Category:Transcontinental countries]] [[Category:Arab republics]] jds2x5mn2zk50dm7xq56rnvcc8sfitv 0 39502 122670 99002 2026-09-28T02:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal maintenance status |date=May 2019|subpages=checked |nonstandard= |broken= |incomplete= |upgrade= |manual= |maintainer1= |maintainer2= |maintainer3= |maintainer4= |note=This portal was significantly updated and expanded in May 2019.}} {{Portal description}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#F5F5F5; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#C0C090;" | width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;" | {{smalldiv|1={{browsebarcountry|Burundi|Burundian}}}} <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Burundi| --> <div style="width:100%"> {{/box-header|The Burundi Portal|Portal:Burundi|}} <!-- If you want to edit the text you can: Go to the article listed in {{Transclude lead excerpt}} or read up about {{Transclude lead excerpt}}, such as how to include only certain paragraphs or replace the {{Transclude lead excerpt}} tag with custom text (and move the text to the page /Intro)--> {{Portal image banner|File:Wikivoyage banner of Bujumbura.png|<small>A view of [[Bujumbura]], Burundi</small>}} {| border="0" style="background-color:transparent" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="1" align="left" |[[Image:Flag of Burundi.svg|100px|left|Flag of Burundi]] [[Image:Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg|100px|right|Coat of Arms of Burundi]] | |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|200px|Location on the world map]] |} '''Burundi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ʊ|n|d|i}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|-}}), officially the '''Republic of Burundi''' ({{lang-rn|Repubulika y’Uburundi}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074239/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Decret_100-183_25-06-2012_Mesures_de_grace.pdf Decret N 100/183] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074239/http://justice.gov.bi/IMG/pdf/Decret_100-183_25-06-2012_Mesures_de_grace.pdf |date=1 May 2013 }}. justice.gov.bi. 25 June 2012</ref> {{IPA-rw|u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi|}}; [[Swahili language|Swahili]]: Jamuhuri ya Burundi; [[French language|French]]: République du Burundi}}, {{IPA-fr|buʁundi|}} or {{IPA-fr|byʁyndi|}}), is a [[landlocked country]] in the [[Great Rift Valley]] where the [[African Great Lakes]] region and [[East Africa]] converge. It is bordered by [[Rwanda]] to the north, [[Tanzania]] to the east and southeast, and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the west; [[Lake Tanganyika]] lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are [[Gitega]] and [[Bujumbura]], which is also the largest city.<ref name="capital-change">{{cite web|url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103031/https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|archive-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi's land is used mostly for subsistence agriculture and grazing, which has led to [[deforestation]], [[soil erosion]] and [[habitat loss]].<ref name="autogenerated4">Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005). ''Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. {{ISBN|0-226-04468-8}}</ref> As of 2005 the country was almost completely deforested, with less than 6% of its land covered by trees and over half of that being commercial plantations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20burundi.htm|title=Burundi|last=Butler|first=Rhett A.|date=2006|website=Mongabay|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505214856/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20burundi.htm|archive-date=2006-05-05}}</ref> In addition to poverty, Burundi often suffers from corruption, weak infrastructure, poor access to health and education services, and hunger.<ref>Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: [http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf 2013 Global Hunger Index – The Challenge of Hunger: Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133439/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf |date=6 November 2014 }}. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2013.</ref> Burundi is densely populated and many young people emigrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. The [[World Happiness Report|World Happiness Report 2018]] ranked the nation as the world's least happy with a rank of 156.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Finland is the happiest country in the world, says UN report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|date=14 March 2018|last=Collinson|first=Patrick|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314234610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Burundi is a member of the [[African Union]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]], [[United Nations]] and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em">{{purge|{{fontcolor|navy|'''View new selections below''' (purge)}}}}</div> <!-- BEGIN LEFT COLUMN WIDE--> {{Flex columns |flex1=3| {{/box-header|Selected article {{ #if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|white|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{Transclude random excerpt | 1=Kingdom of Burundi | 2=Gitega | 3=Burundian Civil War | 4=Lake Tanganyika | 5=President of Burundi | 6=Great Lakes refugee crisis | 7=Burundian cuisine | 8=Religion in Burundi | 9=Mining industry of Burundi | 10=East African Community | 11=Senate (Burundi) | 12=Prostitution in Burundi | 13=National Defence Force (Burundi) | 14=Human rights in Burundi | 15=Bujumbura | 16=Burundian franc | 17=Burundian unrest (2015–18) | 18=Hutu | 19=Mwambutsa IV of Burundi | 20=National Forces of Liberation | 21=Cyprien Ntaryamira | 22=Sylvie Kinigi | 23=Melchior Ndadaye | 24=Pierre Buyoya | 25=Burundi women's national football team | 26=Burundi at the 2008 Summer Olympics | 27=Tutsi | 28=Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa | 29=Women in Burundi | 30=Gaël Bigirimana | 31=Kagera River |32=Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira |33=1965 Burundian coup d'état attempt |34=Visa policy of Burundi |35=Michel Micombero |36=Jean-Baptiste Bagaza |37=Ruzizi River |38=Provinces of Burundi |39=History of Burundi |40=Ikiza |41=November 1966 Burundian coup d'état |42=Burundian unrest (2015–2018) |43=Livingstone–Stanley Monument |44=Ruanda-Urundi |45=Sylvestre Ntibantunganya |46=Pierre Ngendandumwe |47=Gitega prison fire |48=Louis Rwagasore |49= |50= |51= |52= |53= |54= |55= |56= |57= |58= |59= |60= | paragraphs=1-2 | files=1 | fileargs=left | more= | errors= |list=List of selected articles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|General images {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|white|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{center|<small>'''The following are images from various Burundi-related articles on Wikipedia.'''</small>}} {{Transclude files as random slideshow | Culture of Burundi | History of Burundi | Burundi }} {{Box-footer}} {{/box-header|More Did you know <small>(auto generated)</small>}} [[File:Nuvola apps filetypes.svg|right|47px]] {{Transclude selected recent additions|1=Burundi}} {{Box-footer}} <!-- BEGIN RIGHT COLUMN NARROW--> |flex2=2| <!-- Commented out for now. 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placement of incoming links]] ru53sw0duzd0q62fva5wsikoljeloat 0 39507 122473 122336 2026-09-28T00:09:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Burundi | native_name = {{ublist|item_style=font-size:88%;|{{native name|rn|Repuburika y’Uburundi}} |{{native name|fr|République du Burundi}}}} | common_name = Burundi | image_flag = Flag of Burundi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Burundi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Burundi AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|rn|"Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |{{native phrase|en|"Union, Work, Progress"|italics=off|nolink=on}} }} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|rn|[[Burundi Bwacu]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|''Our Burundi''}}<br /> {{center|}} [[File:Burundi Bwacu.ogg]] | languages_type = Official languages | languages = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Kirundi]] | [[French language|French]] | [[English language|English]] }} | capital = [[Gitega]] (political) [[Bujumbura]] (economic){{efn|name=central_cities|While Gitega has been established as the political capital, Bujumbura is still the seat of the government and economic capital.}} | coordinates = {{Coord|3|30|S|30|00|E}} | largest_city = [[Bujumbura]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Burundi|Burundian]] | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |85% [[Hutu]] |14% [[Tutsi]] |1% [[Twa]] |~3,000 Europeans |{{nowrap|~2,000 South Asians}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency 2018">{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Burundi |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 August 2018 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ |access-date=13 August 2018 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Burundi|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Burundi|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Prosper Bazombanza]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Burundi|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Burundi|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Burundi|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Burundi|Kingdom]]<ref name="auto"/> | established_date1 = 1680–1966 | established_event2 = Part of [[German East Africa]] | established_date2 = 1890–1916 | established_event3 = Part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]] | established_date3 = 1916–1962 | established_event4 = Independence from Belgium | established_date4 = 1 July 1962 | established_event5 = Republic | established_date5 = 28 November 1966 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Burundi|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 17 May 2018 | area_km2 = 27834 | area_rank = 142 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = <ref name=ISTEEBU>{{cite web |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |title=Quelques données pour le Burundi |language=fr |publisher=ISTEEBU |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161954/http://isteebu.bi/index.php/economie-en-bref |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | percent_water = 10<ref>{{Cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Annuaire statistique du Burundi |language=fr |url=http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |publisher=ISTEEBU |page=105 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607125402/http://www.isteebu.bi/images/annuaires/annuaire%202013%20pdf%20fin.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate =12,574,571 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isteebu.bi/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PROJECTIONS-COMMUNALES-020620-rapport-VF.pdf |title=Projections Demographiques au niveau communal 2010-2050|website=www.isteebu.bi|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428235555/https://www.isteebu.bi/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/PROJECTIONS-COMMUNALES-020620-rapport-VF.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 77th | population_census = 8,053,574<ref name=ISTEEBU/> | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = 451.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$10.8 billion <ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_rank = 164th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $865 <ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 193rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$3.6 billion <ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 173rd | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$292<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 192nd | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = Decrease | Gini = 39.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx |title= Gini Index, World Bank Estimate |work= World Development Indicators |publisher= The World Bank |access-date= 13 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626193432/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx |archive-date= 26 June 2015 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.426 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 187th | currency = [[Burundian franc]] (FBu) | currency_code = BIF | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = right | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+257]] | cctld = [[.bi]] | footnote_a = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |93.4% [[Christianity]] |—63.7% [[Catholic Church in Burundi|Roman Catholic]] |—25.2% [[Protestant]] |—4.5% Other [[Christian]] |4.3% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |2.1% [[Islam in Burundi|Islam]] |0.2% [[Religion in Burundi|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=38c | title=National Profiles }}</ref> | today = }}<!-- {{Infobox ethnonym|'''Umu'''Rundi|'''Aba'''Rundi|[[Kirundi|'''IKi'''Rundi]]|'''Bu'''rundi}}--> '''Burundi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Burundi-pronunciation.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ʊ|n|d|i}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|-}}),({{lang-rn|Repuburika y’Uburundi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2018/07/03/6271/ | title=Constitution de la République du Burundi promulguée le 07 juin 2018 | access-date=21 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616022648/https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2018/07/03/6271/ | archive-date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> {{IPA-rw|u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi|}}; [[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Jamuhuri ya Burundi''; [[French language|French]]: ''République du Burundi'' {{IPA-fr|buʁundi, byʁyndi|}}), ntcharu icho chili ku [[Great Rift Valley]], pakati pa [[Africa]] na [[East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Rwanda]] kumpoto, [[Tanzania]] kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni [[Gitega]] na [[Bujumbura]].<ref name="capital-change">{{cite web|url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103031/https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|archive-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Twa]], [[Hutu]], na [[Tutsi]] ŵakhala mu Burundi kwa vilimika pafupifupi 500. Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 200, Burundi ukaŵa ufumu wakujiyimira wekha, m'paka mu ma 1900, apo ukaŵa pasi pa [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Helmut |last=Strizek |title=Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft |url=https://archive.org/details/geschenktekoloni0000stri |trans-title=Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule |location=Berlin |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3861533900}}</ref> Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara ndipo caru ca [[Germany]] cikati calekeka, wupu wa [[League of Nations]] "ukapeleka" caru ici ku [[Belgium]]. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, malo agha ghakazgoka malo gha United Nations<ref name="EBArchived">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=German East Africa {{!}} former German dependency, Africa |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012730/https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |archive-date=2 September 2017 |quote=In archived text: German East Africa, German Deutsch-Ostafrika, former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 by German commercial agents, and German claims were recognized by the other European powers in the period 1885–94. In 1891 the German imperial government took over administration of the area from the German East Africa Company. Although its subjugation was not completed until 1907, the colony experienced considerable economic development before World War I. During the war it was occupied by the British, who received a mandate to administer the greater part of it (Tanganyika Territory) by the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920). A smaller portion (Ruanda-Urundi) was entrusted to Belgium. |url-status=live}}</ref>. Ŵachijeremani na ŵa ku [[Belgium]] ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Burundi na Rwanda. Ku Burundi na Rwanda kukaŵavya boma limoza m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakakhalira mu Africa.<ref name=EBArchived /> Charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962 ndipo pakwamba chikaŵa na muwuso wa ufumu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, boma likapoka mazaza, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. [[Nkhondo za mtundu]], [[nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya]], na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu ma 1970, na mu 1990, vikakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo chuma chikalutilira kuchepa.<ref name="xlix">[[#Eggers|Eggers]], p. xlix.</ref>Mu chaka cha 2015 mukaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ndyali apo [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] wakasankha kuti wazakaŵepo pa manda ghacitatu, ndipo boma likayezga kuti liŵawukire. Ndondomeko ya ndyali ya Burundi njakuti munthu waliyose wakwimira munyake. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka. Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya Nyumba ya Malango na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri ŵa pulezidenti. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka. Mu Okutobala 2016, Burundi yikaphalira UN kuti yikukhumba kufumamo mu khoti ili. Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kukhala ku mizi, ndipo mu 2019, ŵanthu 13.4% pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu aŵa mba fuko la Chihutu, 15% mba Tutsi, ndipo ŵankhondi na yumoza pera ndiwo mba fuko la Twa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Kirundi, Chifurenchi, na Chingelezi. Charu cha Burundi ntchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu Africa, ndipo malo ghake ghanandi ghakuliskako viŵeto.<ref name="autogenerated4">Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005). ''Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. {{ISBN|0-226-04468-8}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 2005, caru ici cikaŵa kuti caphyoka na makuni, ndipo malo ghambura kukwana 6% ghakaŵa na makuni. Charu cha Burundi nchikavu chomene pa charu chose, kuyana na GDP (Gross Domestic Product) pa munthu yumoza, na $292 mu 2022, ndipo ni chalo chambura kukura chomene, icho chikukumana na ukavu, vimbundi, kukhazikika yayi, mazaza, na kuleka kusambira. Mu Burundi muli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja nchito. Lipoti la 2018 la umo ŵanthu ŵaliri ŵakukondwa pa charu chose, likati charu ichi chili pa nambara 156.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Finland is the happiest country in the world, says UN report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|date=14 March 2018|last=Collinson|first=Patrick|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314234610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/finland-happiest-country-world-un-report|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations, East African Community (EAC) na Movement of Non-Aligned. ==Zina== Zina lakuti Burundi lili kufuma ku zina la [[Themba la Burundi]], ilo likawusa chigaŵa ichi kwamba mu ma 1500. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ha awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehistorytalk.com/civil-war-top-war-countries/burundi/kingdom-of-burundi|title=Kingdom of Burundi – Discover your Country's Long History|website=www.thehistorytalk.com|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417112313/http://www.thehistorytalk.com/civil-war-top-war-countries/burundi/kingdom-of-burundi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Burundi|Ruanda-Urundi}} Burundi ni chalo chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene mu sub-Saharan Africa, pamoza na caru ca Rwanda (nga ni Botswana, Lesotho, na Eswatini), ico cikulutilira na caru ca Africa ico cikaŵa pambere ufumu wandafike.<ref>Uvin, Peter. 1999. "Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence" in Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Apr. 1999), pp. 253–272 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. Page 254.</ref> Ndipouli, nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti mitheto na mafuko vikusintha nyengo zose. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo zakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mitundu. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakakhalanga mwamtende. Nkhondo zakwamba pakati pa mafuko zikamba m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga comene. ===Ufumu wa Burundi=== {{Main|Kingdom of Burundi}} Ukaboni wakwamba wakuti charu cha Burundi chikaŵako ni wa kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, msumba uwu ukatandazgika na kusazgapo vyaru vinyake. Ufumu wa Burundi, panji kuti Urundi, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukawusikanga na fumu yinyake. Themba ili likalongozganga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa (ganwa) awo ŵakaŵa na malo ghanandi ndipo ŵakeneranga kupeleka msonkho ku ŵalimi (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu) na ŵaliska (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵakututsi). Ufumu wa Burundi ukaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali kweniso ndalama zinandi.<ref>VANDEGINSTE, S., Stones left unturned: law and transitional justice in Burundi, Antwerp-Oxford-Portland, Intersentia, 2010, p 17.</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ufumu wa Ŵatutsi ukakhozga mazaza ghake pa malo, kupanga, na kugaŵira ŵanthu vinthu. Pa nyengo iyi, nyumba ya ufumu yikaŵa ya Ŵatutsi na Ŵanyaruguru. Ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya kuluska ŵaliska ŵanyake nga ni Ŵatutsi na Ŵahima. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakaŵa ŵacigaŵa ca pasi comene. Kweni vinthu vikasintha. Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ndipo ŵakayowoyangapo kanthu pa umo boma likenderanga.<ref>R. O. Collins & J. M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press. Page 125.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na wa Tutsi ŵakasankhiranga kuyana na mtundu wawo yayi. Ŵakulima Ŵahutu awo ŵakasanga usambazi na viŵeto ŵakaŵanga na udindo wapachanya kuluska Ŵakututsi. Ŵanyake ŵakazgokanga ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵaganwa. Kweni pali nkhani zinyake izo zikulongora kuti Ŵakututsi ŵakataya viŵeto vyawo vyose ndipo pamasinda ŵakamba kuchemeka Ŵahutu. Ntheura, mphambano pakati pa Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi yikaŵa ya cikaya pera yayi. Kweniso pakaŵa nkhani zinandi za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na Tutsi awo ŵakatorananga. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene kulimbana na ŵamazaza kuluska mtundu wawo.<ref name="weissman">WEISSMAN, S., Preventing genocide in Burundi: lessons from international diplomacy, Washington D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998, p5.</ref> === Boma la Germany na Belgium === {{Main|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}} Kwambira mu 1884, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa vya mu Africa. Cifukwa ca kukhuŵara na mphindano za mphaka pakati pa German East Africa Company, British Empire na Sultanate of Zanzibar, Ufumu wa Germany ukaciskika kuti ulekeske kugaluka kwa Abushiri na kuvikilira vyakukhumba vya ufumu mu cigaŵa ici. Mu 1891, kampani ya German East Africa Company yikapeleka wanangwa wake ku ufumu wa Germany, ndipo mu nthowa iyi yikambiska ufumu wa German East Africa, uwo ukaŵa na vyaru nga ni Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), na Tanzania. Mu ma 1880, ufumu wa Germany ukaŵika ŵasilikari mu vyaru vya Rwanda na Burundi. Malo agho sono ni msumba wa Gitega ghakaŵa malo ghakulongozgera chigaŵa cha Ruanda-Urundi.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega|title=Gitega {{!}} Burundi|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015516/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gitega|archive-date=2 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, nkhondo ya ku East Africa yikakhwaska comene cigaŵa ca Great Lakes. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium na Britain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany awo ŵakaŵa ku Burundi ŵakawelera chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Belgium. Pa Juni 17, 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Burundi na Rwanda ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na British Lake Force ŵakamba kupoka tawuni ya Tabora, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa cha German East Africa. Nkhondo yikati yamara, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu phangano la Versailles, caru ca Germany cikacicizgika kupeleka ku caru ca Belgium cigaŵa ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa German East Africa. Pa Okutobala 20, 1924, charu cha Ruanda-Urundi, icho sono chikuchemeka Rwanda na Burundi, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. Mu vyaru vinyake, msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ufumu wa Belgian. Nangauli ku Burundi kukaŵa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe, kweni ufumu uwu ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza.<ref name="cia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ CIA – The World Factbook – Burundi] [[CIA]]. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</ref><ref name="wein5">{{cite book |last = Weinstein|first = Warren |author2=Robert Schrere |title = Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi|publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs |year = 1976|location = Syracuse University |isbn = 0-915984-20-2 |page=5}}</ref> Ndipouli, ŵa ku Belgium ŵakasungilira vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ufumu uwu. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, caru ca Ruanda-Urundi cikaŵa pasi pa boma la Belgium. M'ma 1940, boma likasintha vinthu vinyake mu charu. Pa Okutobala 4, 1943, boma la Burundi likagaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa vya ŵalara na vigaŵa vyapasi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga charu, ndipo pakaŵa vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵalara ŵa boma nawo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1948, caru ca Belgium cikapeleka wanangwa ku vigaŵa ivi kuti viŵe na magulu gha ndyali. Vyaru ivi vikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa wakufumako ku Belgium pa Julayi 1, 1962. ===Kujiyimila=== [[File:Flag of Burundi (1962–1966).svg|thumb|alt=flag white saltire cross on green and red background with plant in centre white rondel|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Burundi]] (1962–1966).]] [[File:Plaza de la Independencia.JPG|thumb|alt=flag sign at flagpole and raised plaza|Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura.]] Pa Janyuwale 20, 1959, Themba Mwami Mwambutsa IV likapempha kuti charu cha Burundi chijipature ku Belgium. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, magulu gha ndyali gha ku Burundi ghakamba kukhozgera kuti boma la Belgium lileke kulamulira charu ichi na kupatura charu cha Rwanda na Burundi. Gulu lakwamba na likuru comene pa magulu agha likaŵa la Union for National Progress (UPRONA). Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda ndiyo yikawovwira kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na wanangwa uwu. Cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi ŵakiza ku Burundi mu 1959 m'paka 1961.<ref name="people60">{{cite book|last = MacDonald|first = Fiona|title = Peoples of Africa|publisher = Marshall Cavendish|year = 2001|location = Tarrytown, New York|isbn = 0-7614-7158-8|page = [https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60 60]|display-authors = etal|url = https://archive.org/details/peoplesofafrica0000mars/page/60}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm|work=BBC News|title=Timeline: Burundi|date=25 February 2010|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223814/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf Timeline: Rwanda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223814/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/sudan/timeline_rwanda.pdf |date=26 June 2008 }}. Amnesty International. Retrieved 12 July 2008.</ref> Pa Seputembala 8, 1961, kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba mu Burundi ndipo chipani cha UPRONA, icho chikulongozgeka na Fumu Louis Rwagasore, chikapokera mavoti ghakujumpha 80 peresenti. Pa 13 Okutobala, Fumu Rwagasore, ya vilimika 29, yikakomeka pamanyuma pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Burundi ŵaleke kugomezgeka. Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Julayi 1, 1962, ndipo chikasintha zina lake kufuma ku Ruanda-Urundi kuya ku Burundi. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa fumu. Pa Seputembala 18, 1962, charu cha Burundi chikapokelereka na wupu wa United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm United Nations Member States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001135208/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm |date=1 October 2014 }}. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</ref> Mu 1963, Fumu Mwambutsa yikimika Pierre Ngendandumwe, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya ciHutu, kweni wakakomeka pa 15 Janyuwale 1965 na Mututsi wa ku Rwanda uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku ofesi ya wupu wa United States. Kupha uku kukacitika mu nyengo ya suzgo ya Congo apo vyaru vya ku Western ivyo vikususkana na boma la Communist vikalimbana na boma la Communist People's Republic of China apo likayezganga kupanga Burundi kuŵa malo ghakulondezgako awo ŵakususka boma la Communist. Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Meyi 1965, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa mu nyumba ya malango, kweni Themba Mwambutsa likati lasankha Mututsi kuŵa nduna yikuru, Ŵahutu ŵanyake ŵakawona kuti ici nchambura urunji ndipo suzgo la mafuko likakura comene. Mu Okutobala 1965, ŵapolisi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ŵahutu ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni ŵakatondeka. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi, ilo likalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, Kaputeni Michel Micombero, likawuskamo Ŵahutu mu gulu lawo ndipo likaŵawukira.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171115023627/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf Burundi (1993–2006)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115023627/http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/dpe/modern_conflicts/burundi.pdf |date=15 November 2017 }}. University of Massachusetts Amherst</ref> Themba Mwambutsa, ilo likacimbira mu caru ici pa nyengo ya kuwukira boma mu Okutobala 1965, likathereskeka na kuwukira boma mu Julayi 1966 ndipo mwana wake waciwukirano, Karonga Ntare V, wakapokera ufumu. Mu Novembala wa chaka chenechicho, nduna yikuru ya ŵa Tutsi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa Capt. Michel Micombero, wakawuskapo Ntare pa udindo wake. Pakuŵa pulezidenti, Micombero wakavikilira chisopa cha ku Africa ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakamovwira. Wakakhazikiska dango na ndondomeko yiwemi, ndipo wakathereska nkhondo ya Ŵahutu. === Nkhondo za paŵene na kukoma ŵanthu === {{Further|Burundian genocide (1972)|Burundian genocide (1993)}} Kuumaliro wa Epulero 1972, vinthu viŵiri vikacitika ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi ŵakomeke. Pa Epulero 27, 1972, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakagaluka mu tawuni ya Rumonge na Nyanza-Lac. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasuzganga Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu wose awo ŵakakana kunjilirapo. Mu nyengo yakwamba iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Hutu ŵakukwana 800 m'paka 1200. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Themba Ntare V la ku Burundi likawerako ku wuzga, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe masuzgo ghanandi. Pa Epulero 29, 1972, Ntare V, wa vyaka 24, wakakomeka. Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, boma la Michel Micombero, ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tutsi, likagwiliskira ntchito ŵasilikari kuti ŵarwe na ŵakugaluka ŵa mtundu wa Hutu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya yayi unandi wa awo ŵakafwa, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 80,000 panji 210,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa. Mwakusazgirapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi Ŵahutu ŵakacimbira ku Zaire, Rwanda, na Tanzania.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikati yamara, Micombero wakamba kusuzgika maghanoghano. Mu 1976, Kolonele Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Mututsi, wakalongozga boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Mu 1981, boma lake likalemba dango liphya ilo likakanizga kuti charu cha Burundi chiŵe na chipani chimoza. Mu Ogasiti 1984, Bagaza wakasankhika kuŵa mutu wa boma. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwake, Bagaza wakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndyali na wanangwa wa kusopa.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Major Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakathereska Bagaza mu 1987, wakayimiska dango na kumazga vipani. Wakawezgerapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari mwa Wupu wa Wusilikari wa Chiponosko cha Charu (CSMN). Uthenga wakususkana na mtundu wa Tutsi uwo ukapharazgika na ŵasilikari ŵa UBU ŵa mu 1972, awo ŵakambaso kucemeka PALIPEHUTU mu 1981, ukapangiska kuti Ŵatutsi ŵakomeke mu mizi ya kumpoto kwa Ntega na Marangara mu Ogasiti 1988. Boma likati ŵanthu 5,000 ndiwo ŵakafwa, kweni mabungwe ghanyake ghambura vya boma ghakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa bweka yayi.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Boma liphya ili likapeleka yayi cilango cakusuzga nga umo vikaŵira mu 1972. Boma ili likathera apo likapeleka dango lakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kukoma ŵanthu ŵaleke kukomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nyengo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga kwambura kulangika". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti "ntchindi zambura kulangika" zikamba mu 1965 na 1972, apo Ŵahutu ŵachoko waka ŵakakoma Ŵakututsi. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu aŵa, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Hutu ŵakalembera kalata Pierre Buyoya, kumupempha kuti waŵawovwire. Ŵakakakika na kujalirika mu jele. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghacoko waka, Buyoya wakasora boma liphya, ilo likaŵa na ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakuyana. Wakimika Adrien Sibomana (Hutu) kuŵa nduna yikuru. Buyoya wakapangaso komiti yakuwona vya umoza wa chalo. Mu 1992, boma likapanga dango liphya ilo likazomerezganga kuti maboma gha vipani vinandi ghaŵepo, kweni nkhondo yikamba.<ref name="ICIBFR-85-496" /> Ŵanthu pafupifupi 250,000 ŵakafwa mu Burundi cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika pakati pa 1962 na 1993. Kufuma waka apo charu cha Burundi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1962, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakakomeka mu charu ichi: mu 1972, Ŵahutu ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵatutsi, ndipo mu 1993, Ŵahutu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na Ŵatutsi. Malipoti ghaumaliro gha wupu wa International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi agho ghakapelekeka ku wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu 2002, ghakati vyose ivi ni vigeŵenga.<ref name=ICIBFR-85-496> International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496. </ref> === Ciyezgo cakwamba ca demokilase na nkhondo pakati pa Tutsi National Army na Hutu === Mu Juni 1993, Melchior Ndadaye, mulongozgi wa gulu la Hutu la Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti ghakwamba. Wakazgoka mulongozgi wakwamba wa mtundu wa Hutu, ndipo wakadangiliranga boma ilo likakolerananga na Ŵahutu. Nangauli wakayezga kuti wamazge mphindano za mafuko mu caru ici, kweni ivyo wakacita vikakwiyiska ŵasilikari ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari la Ŵatutsi. Nkhondo ya ku Burundi (1993~2005) yikaŵa na vivulupi pakati pa ŵakugaluka ŵa Hutu na ŵasilikari ŵa Tutsi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, comenecomene ŵanthu bweka, ŵakakomeka mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm Country profile Burundi] BBC. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007175839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm |date=7 October 2011 }}. (accessed on 29 October 2008)</ref> Kukwambilira kwa 1994, nyumba ya malango yikasora Cyprien Ntaryamira (Muhutu) kuŵa pulezidenti. Iyo na Juvénal Habyarimana, pulezidenti wa Rwanda, wose ŵakaŵa Ŵahutu, ndipo ŵakafwa pamoza apo ndege yawo yikawa mu Epulero 1994. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchimbilira ku Rwanda. Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (Hutu), wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Okutobala 1994. Boma la wupu wakulongozga likapangika na magulu 12 pa 13. Ŵakaleka kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni nkhaza zikamba. Ŵahutu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Bujumbura, msumba ukuru wa caru ici, ŵakakomeka. Bungwe la Tutsi Union for National Progress likafumamo mu boma na mu nyumba ya malango. Mu 1996, Pierre Buyoya (Tutsi) wakambaso kuwusa mwa kuwukira boma. Wakayimiska malango gha boma ndipo wakalapa kuŵa pulezidenti mu 1998. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yaciŵiri iyo wakaŵira pulezidenti, pamanyuma pa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1993. Pakuwona umo ŵakugaluka ŵakacitira, boma likapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵasamire ku misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Buyoya, pakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa pakati pawo. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikalemba mapangano mu Arusha, Tanzania na Pretoria, South Africa, kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza mu Burundi. Pakakhumbikwanga vilimika vinayi kuti ŵanozge ivyo ŵakakolerana.[[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.svg|thumb|alt=color map of African countries showing Uganda Rwanda and Burundi backing rebels against Kabila|Belligerents of the [[Second Congo War]]. Burundi backed the rebels.]] Pa Ogasiti 28, 2000, boma lakwendera lumoza la Burundi likanozgeka nga ni cigaŵa ca Mapangano gha Mtende na Kuphemana. Boma lakwimira boma ili likaŵa pa nyengo yakuyezgelera kwa vilimika vinkhondi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo ŵakawovwilirapo yayi kuti paŵe mtende, mu 2001 pakaŵa ndondomeko ya mtende ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu 2003, boma la Burundi ilo likulongozgeka na ŵa Tutsi na gulu likuru chomene la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu, la CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy), ŵakadumura phangano lakuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo. Mu 2003, mulongozgi wa FRODEBU Domitien Ndayizeye (Hutu) wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Kukwambilira kwa 2005, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakasankhika pa maofesi gha boma la Burundi. Mu chaka ichi, pakaŵa maungano gha boma na gha pulezidenti. Pierre Nkurunziza (Hutu), uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵakugaluka, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu 2005. Mu 2008, boma la Burundi likadumbiskana na gulu la Hutu lakucemeka Palipehutu-National Liberation Forces (NLF) kuti ŵize na mtende mu caru.<ref>Liang, Yin (4 June 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170125174002/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/04/content_8308846.htm "EU welcomes positive developments in Burundi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125174002/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/04/content_8308846.htm |date=25 January 2017 }}. ''China View''. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 29 June 2008.</ref> ===Kuzomelezgana mtendere=== Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikwambana, pamanyuma pakuti Secretary General wa United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali waŵapempha kuti ŵanjirepo pa suzgo ili. Mu 1995, ŵakamba kudumbiskana na pulezidenti wa ku Tanzania, Julius Nyerere. Apo maungano agha ghakacitikanga, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, na wa United States, Bill Clinton, nawo ŵakayowoyapo. Maungano agha ghakaŵa gha mtundu wa Track I. Nthowa iyi ya kudumbiskirana yingayowoyeka kuti ni nthowa ya udumizgi iyo yikusazgapo ŵimiliri ŵa boma panji ŵimiliri ŵa boma, awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito mbiri yawo yiwemi, kuphalirako ŵanyawo, panji nthowa ya "karoti na ndodo" kuti ŵafike pa chilato chinyake panji kuti ŵapangiske kuti chichitike, kanandi ŵakuchita vinthu nga ni "kuchezga" panji "kupambana na kutondeka".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ramsbotham, Oliver |author2=Woodhouse, Tom |author3=Miall, Hugh |title=Contemporary Conflict Resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IbuQE02-KkC&pg=PA24|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4974-0|pages=24–}}</ref> Cilato cikuru cikaŵa cakuti boma la Burundi na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵasinthe vinthu mwakuti paŵe mphambano pakati pa Ŵakututsi na Ŵahutu. Ukaŵa wa vigaŵa viŵiri. Cakwamba, boma lakwendera lumoza lizamunjira mu malo ghake, ndipo pulezidenti wazamulamulira vyaka vitatu. Cilato caciŵiri cikaŵa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵambeso kwendera ŵekha, ndipo magulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa ghakuyana. Nga ni umo vyalongosolera nyengo yitali iyo maungano gha mtende ghakacitikira, awo ŵakadumbiskana na awo ŵakadumbiskananga ŵakakumana na masuzgo ghanandi. Cakwamba, ŵalara ŵa boma la Burundi ŵakawona kuti vilato ivi ni "vyambura kwenelera" ndipo ŵakawona kuti phangano ili ndakubudika, ndakususkana, ndiposo ndakubudika. Caciŵiri, ndipo ico nchakuzirwa comene nchakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakagomezganga kuti phangano ili liŵenge lambura nchito usange palije kuleka kuwukira. Kuti ivi vicitike, pakukhumbikwira kudumbiskana mwakudunjika na magulu gha ŵakugaluka. Gulu likuru la Ŵahutu likaŵa na maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera pa nkhani ya boma ilo likukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu 2000, pulezidenti wa Burundi wakasazga phangano ili pamoza na magulu 13 pa magulu 19 gha Ŵahutu na Ŵakututsi. Pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya gulu ilo lizamulongozga boma liphya, ndiposo apo nkhondo yizamwambira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapangiska kuti paleke kuŵa mtende ŵakaŵa gulu la Ŵatutsi na Ŵahutu awo ŵakakana kusayina phangano ili. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Africa uwo ukacitikira mu Tanzania, pulezidenti wa Burundi na gulu likuru la Ŵahutu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge nkhondo. Ndipouli, magulu ghacoko waka gha Ŵahutu, nga ni gulu la Forces for National Liberation, ghakalutilira kugwira nchito. ===UN kunjililapo=== Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakadumbiskana vya mtende, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Tanzania, South Africa, na Uganda ndiwo ŵakadangiliranga. Pakwamba gulu la South African Protection Support Detachment likatumika kuvikilira ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Burundi awo ŵakawerako ku wuzga. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakazgoka cigaŵa ca African Union Mission ku Burundi, awo ŵakatumika kuti ŵawovwire kunozga boma lakwendera. Mu Juni 2004, wupu wa UN ukachitapo kanthu na kupokelera mulimo wa kusungiska mtende, kulongora kuti caru cose cikukhozgera ndondomeko ya mtende mu Burundi.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008">Howard, Lise Morje (2008). UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ntchito ya Mission, pasi pa Mutu VII wa Charter ya United Nations, yili kuti yikulaŵilira kuwombora, kufumiska vilwero, kususka ŵasilikari na kuŵaso ŵankhondo, kovwira wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kuwelera ku ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na ku vyaru ivyo vyasuzgika, kovwira pa masankharo, kuvikilira ŵasilikare ŵa pa charu chose na ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi, kulaŵilira mphaka za Burundi, kusazgapo kulekeska viŵembu vya nkhondo, na kovwira pa kunozga vinthu vya mu ndyali, malango, ŵasilikara na ŵapolisi.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008"/> Suzgo likuru comene mu nyengo yakwambilira likaŵa lakuti gulu la ŵakugaluka la Ŵahutu likalutilira kulimbana na ndondomeko ya mtende. Gulu ili likalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa UN mu tawuni iyi. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2005, gulu ili likaleka kurwa nkhondo ndipo ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakaweleraso ku ndyali. Maphwando onse a ndale avomereza njira yogaŵanirana mphamvu pakati pa mafuko: palibe chipani cha ndale chomwe chingapeze malo mu maofesi a boma pokhapokha ngati chikugwirizana ndi mafuko ena.<ref name="Howard, Lise Morje 2008"/> Ntchito ya UN yikaŵa ya kuŵika ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza mu dango la boma, mwakuti paŵe maungano gha boma. Ŵakaŵawuskamo vilwero, na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusopa. Mu Febuluwale 2005, dango ili likapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90%. Mu Meyi, Juni, na Ogasiti 2005, kukaŵaso maungano ghatatu ghakupambanapambana gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na gha pulezidenti. Nangauli pasono pali masuzgo ghanyake pa nkhani ya kuwelera kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na kusanga vyakurya vyakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu nkhondo, kweni gulu ili likakhorwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa nkhondo kweniso ŵanthu wose. Wakawovwirapo pa milimo yinandi yakuzenga masukulu, nyumba za ŵalanda, maofesi gha munkhwala, na kuzenga vinthu vinyake nga ni maji. ===2006 mpaka 2018=== [[File:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg|thumb|alt=aerial view of highrise building and low rise red roofed buildings|View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006.]] Ntchito yakuzenga ku Burundi yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2006. Wupu wa UN ukaleka mulimo wake wa kusungilira mtende na kwambaso kovwirapo pa mulimo wa kuzenga.<ref name="accessed on 29-10-08">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm Timeline Burundi] BBC. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830225045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068991.stm |date=30 August 2011 }}. (accessed on 29 October 2008)</ref> Kuti ŵanozgekere kunozgaso vyalo vyawo, caru ca Rwanda, D.R.Congo na Burundi, ŵakaŵaso na wupu wakucemeka Regional Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries. Kweniso mu 2007, charu cha Burundi pamoza na charu cha Rwanda, vikaŵa mu wupu wa East African Community. Ndipouli, mazgu gha Ceasefire ya Seputembala 2006 pakati pa boma na gulu lakwamba la ŵakususka, la FLN (Forces for National Liberation, lakucemekaso NLF panji FROLINA), ghakafiskika yayi, ndipo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa FLN ŵakafumamo mu gulu la awo ŵakulaŵilira nkhondo iyi, ŵakuti wanangwa wawo uli pangozi. Mu Seputembala 2007, magulu ghakwimikana gha FLN ghakalimbana mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ŵakukoma ŵanthu 20 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchimbira. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira. Ŵalwani ŵakakolerana yayi na boma pa nkhani ya kufumiska vilwero na kufwatura ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali. Kuumaliro wa 2007 na kuuyambiro wa 2008, ŵakurwa nkhondo ŵa FLN ŵakawukira misasa yakuvikilirika na boma uko kukaŵa ŵakurwa nkhondo. Nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi nazo zikapokeka.<ref name="hrw.org">[https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/29/burund18974.htm Burundi: Release Civilians Detained Without Charge |Human Rights Watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602040602/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/29/burund18974.htm|date=2 June 2008}}. Hrw.org (29 May 2008). Retrieved on 24 November 2012.</ref> Lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International la mu 2007 likulongora kuti pali vinandi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kunozgekera. Ŵasilikari ŵakusuzgika kanandi waka na nkhaza za FLN. Wachiŵiri uyu wakulemba ŵana ŵasilikari. Ŵanakazi ŵakusuzgika comene. Kanandi awo ŵakuchita viheni ŵakutondeka kweruzgika na boma. Pali kukhumbikwa kukuru kwa kusintha ndondomeko ya vyeruzgo. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukomeka cifukwa ca kuswa malango, kuswa malango gha boma, na kuswa malango gha boma. Kuumaliro kwa Malichi 2008, gulu la FLN likapempha kuti nyumba ya malango yikhazikiske dango ilo likuŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kukakika. Vinthu ivi vikukhwaska vigeŵenga vyambura kuzirwa, kweni vigeŵenga vikuru ivyo vikuswa malango gha caru cose nga ni nkhondo panji viheni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakucita yayi. Nangauli boma likapeleka wanangwa uwu ku ŵanthu kumanyuma, kweni FLN yikatondeka kusanga wanangwa uwu. Pa 17 Epulero 2008, FLN yikaponya mabomba pa Bujumbura. Ŵasilikari ŵa Burundi ŵakaŵawukira ndipo gulu la FLN likapwetekeka comene. Pa Meyi 26, 2008, pakalembeka phangano liphya la kuleka kuwukira. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Purezidenti Nkurunziza wakakumana na mulongozgi wa FLN Agathon Rwasa, pamoza na Charles Nqakula, Minister of Safety and Security wa South Africa. Uwu ukaŵa ungano wakwamba kufuma mu Juni 2007. Wose ŵakakolerana kuti ŵawunganenge kaŵiri pa sabata kuti ŵanozge mphindano izo zingaŵapo pa nyengo ya kuwezgerapo mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ukuyezgayezga kuwona umo vinthu vikukhwaskira ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga mtende. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 2010, gulu la UN lakuvikilira mtende mu Burundi likayezga kupima umo ndondomeko yake ya kulekeska vilwero, kusunkhunyika na kuweleramo mu caru yikaŵira yiwemi mwa kupenda unandi wa vilwero ivyo vikatoleka cifukwa cakuti vilwero vikaŵa vinandi mu caru ici. Ndipouli, pa maungano agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nyengo iyi, awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi pakuwona umo vinthu vikuŵira para ŵanthu ŵakukhumba mtende. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2012, charu cha Burundi chikagwiranga nchito ya kusungilira mtende ya African Union, kusazgapo ntchito ya ku Somalia kwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Shabaab. Mu 2014, Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana yikakhazikiskika, pakwamba kwa vilimika vinayi ndipo yikasazgikira vyaka vinayi mu 2018.<ref name=reuters2014>{{cite web | last=Nduwimana | first=Patrick | title=Burundi creates reconciliation body that divides public opinion | website=[[Reuters]] | date=18 April 2014 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-politics-idUSBREA3H0E020140418 | access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=justice2019>{{cite web | title=Burundi: the commission of divided truths |first=Ephrem |last=Rugiririz| website=JusticeInfo.net | date=25 November 2019 | url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/43042-burundi-the-commission-of-divided-truths.html | access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> ====2015 unrest==== {{Main|Burundian unrest (2015–2018)}} Mu Epulero 2015 ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma chifukwa cha ivyo chipani icho chili na mazaza chikayowoya.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Après moi, moi|url = https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30|newspaper = The Economist|date = 2 May 2015|access-date = 14 May 2015|issn = 0013-0613|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091746/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650190-more-africans-are-resisting-presidential-efforts-flout-constitutional-term?zid=304&ah=e5690753dc78ce91909083042ad12e30|archive-date = 18 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakatenge Nkurunziza wangasankhika yayi kuti wazakaŵepo kachitatu, kweni khoti la malango mu charu ichi likakolerana nayo (nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa nyengo iyo ŵakavotera). Kuyezga kupoka boma pa 13 May kukatondeka kufumiska Nkurunziza. Wakawelera ku Burundi, wakayamba kuwuskamo ŵanthu mu boma lake, ndipo wakakora ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa boma awo ŵakagalukira boma.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup "Burundi's president returns to divided capital after failed coup"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020022341/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/burundi-president-returns-to-divided-capital-after-failed-coup |date=20 October 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32724083 "Burundi general declares coup against President Nkurunziza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711123731/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32724083 |date=11 July 2018 }} BBC</ref><ref name=cnn01>[http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/africa/burundi-coup-leaders-arrested/index.html Burundi arrests leaders of attempted coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516061354/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/africa/burundi-coup-leaders-arrested/index.html |date=16 May 2017 }}. CNN.com (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Laing, Aislinn. (15 May 2015) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html "Burundi president hunts for coup leaders as he returns to the capital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burundi/11607171/Burundi-coup-fails-as-president-returns-to-the-country.html |date=30 January 2018 }}. ''Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html "President 'back in Burundi' after army says coup failed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605235845/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html |date=5 June 2017 }}. Al Jazeera English (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref> Kweni pamanyuma pa chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kususka ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi pa 20 May. Pali malipoti ghakuti ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, kutambuzgika, kuzgeŵa, na kukanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Nangauli wupu wa United Nations, African Union, United States, France, South Africa, Belgium, na maboma ghanyake ghakaŵachiska kuti ŵaleke kuwungana, kweni chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachita mavoti pa Juni 29, kweni ŵakususka. Pa 30 September 2016, wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council ukakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry on Burundi mwa resolution 33/24. Wupu uwu uli na mulimo wa "kusanda mwakudumura maubendezi gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu agho ghacitika mu Burundi kwambira mu Epulero 2015, kumanya awo ŵakughanaghana kuti ndiwo ŵakucita ivi na kupeleka ulongozgi". Pa Seputembala 29, 2017, wupu wakuwona vya Burundi ukachiska boma la Burundi kuti lileke kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Likayowoyaso kuti, "Boma la Burundi likukana kukolerana na Komiti ya Kupenjerezga, nangauli yikumuŵeyelera kanandi waka". Pa viheni ivyo wupu uwu ukalemba pali kukakika na kukakika mwambura kwenelera, kutambuzgika, nkhaza, nkhaza, kukomeka kwambura mulandu, kujowoleka, kukaka ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo, na mitundu yinyake ya nkhaza za kugonana".<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web |title=OHCHR – Commission calls on Burundian government to put an end to serious human rights violations |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22184&LangID=E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021822/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22184&LangID=E |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> === 2018 mpaka pano === In a [[2018 Burundian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Jina|date=2018-05-17|title=In Tiny Burundi, a Huge Vote (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/africa/burundi-referendum-vote.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517214927/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/africa/burundi-referendum-vote.html |archive-date=2018-05-17 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amendments to constitution of Burundi approved: electoral commission – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137195886.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112315/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137195886.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2018|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazizwa chomene apo Nkurunziza wakapharazga kuti walekenge kuwusa nyengo yinyake. Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Pakaŵa fundo yakuti nyifwa yake yikakhwaskana na COVID-19, nangauli fundo iyi yindazomerezgeke. <ref name=":03">{{Cite news|last=Dahir|first=Abdi Latif|date=2020-06-09|title=President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/world/africa/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-dead.html|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/18/evariste-ndayishimiye-who-is-burundis-new-president |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, moto ukuru wa mu jele ukakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu msumba wa Gitega. Mu Novembala 2022, mu masuzgo gha nthenda ya COVID-19 na kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, chiŵelengero cha chuma cha Burundi chikakwera pachoko waka kufika pa 3 peresenti, kuyana na kafukufuku wa International Monetary Fund. Pasono, charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi pamanyuma pa Haiti, ndipo pa munthu yumoza, munthu waliyose wakusangapo ndalama zakukwana madola 270.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santosdiaz |first1=Richie |title=Burundi: Fintech Landscape and Potential In The World's Poorest Country |url=https://thefintechtimes.com/burundi-fintech-landscape-and-potential-in-the-worlds-poorest-country/ |website=The Fintech Times |date=19 August 2022 |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005221806/https://thefintechtimes.com/burundi-fintech-landscape-and-potential-in-the-worlds-poorest-country/ |archive-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Politics of Burundi}} [[File:Pierre Nkurunziza - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Pierre Nkurunziza at World Economic Forum 2008 looking right|[[Pierre Nkurunziza]], President of Burundi from 2005 to 2020.]] Ndyali za ku Burundi ni za boma la demokilase ilo likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wa charu cha Burundi ni mulongozgi wa boma. Pasono mu Burundi muli vipani 21 ivyo vili kulembeka.<ref name="state">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm Background Note: Burundi]. [[United States Department of State]]. February 2008. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.</ref>Pa Malichi 13, 1992, Pierre Buyoya, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵatutsi, wakambiska ndondomeko ya ndyali. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, pa Juni 6, 1998, dango la boma likasintha, kusazgirako mipando ya wupu wakulongozga na kuŵikapo ŵaŵiri. Cifukwa ca phangano la ku Arusha, mu 2000, Burundi likakhazikiska boma la nyengo yicoko waka. Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ni wupu uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, uwo uli na Nyumba ya Malango ya Vyaru na Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2004, Nyumba ya Malango ya Charu chose yikaŵa na mamembala 170, ndipo chipani cha Front for Democracy mu Burundi chikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 38%, ndipo 10% ya nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa mu mawoko gha UPRONA. Mavoti 52 ghakaŵa gha magulu ghanyake. Dango la Burundi likusambizga kuti mu wupu wa Transitional National Assembly muŵe Ŵahutu 60%, Ŵatutsi 40%, ŵanakazi 30%, kweniso ŵa Batwa ŵatatu. Ŵabali awo ŵali mu wupu uwu ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu wose ndipo ŵakukhala vyaka vinkhondi. Nyumba ya Malango ya Wupu Wakulongozga yili na mamembara 51, ndipo malo ghatatu ghali kupika ku ŵanthu awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi. Kuyana na dango la boma la Burundi, ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakwenera kuŵa pa mavoti 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi. Mu vigaŵa vyose 18 vya Burundi, muli munthu yumoza Muhutu na munyake Mututsi. Nyengo yimoza ya wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu wa wupu. Wupu wakulongozga mu Burundi ndiwo ukusankha pulezidenti kuti wateŵetere vyaka vinkhondi. Pulezidenti wa Burundi wakwimika ŵamazaza mu wupu wake wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wangasora ŵanthu 14 ŵa mu wupu wa Transitional Senate kuti ŵateŵetere mu wupu wa Council of Minister. Ŵabali awo ŵakuteŵetera mu wupu wa nduna ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu wupu wa nduna. Kweniso pulezidenti wakusankha ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kufumira waka mu 2015, Pierre Nkurunziza ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Burundi. Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Therence Sinunguruza, ndipo wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakaŵa Gervais Rufyikiri. Pa 20 May 2020, Evariste Ndayishimiye, uyo wakasankhika na chipani cha CNDD-FDD kuŵa mulondezgi wa Nkurunziza, wakathereska pa mavoti 71.45%. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pa 9 Juni 2020, Nkurunziza wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima, wali na vilimika 55. Kuyana na dango la chalo, Pascal Nyabenda, mulongozgi wa chalo, ndiyo wakalongozga boma mpaka apo Ndayishimiye wakajura ofesi pa 18 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/world/africa/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-dead.html|title=President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/18/evariste-ndayishimiye-who-is-burundis-new-president|title=Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye?|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Khoti Likuru la ku Burundi ni khoti likuru comene. Paliso makhoti ghatatu gha apilu agho ghali pasi pa Khoti Likuru Chomene. Makhoti gha Cigaŵa Cakwamba ghakugwira nchito nga ni makhoti gha mu vigaŵa vyose vya Burundi kweniso makhoti gha mu vigaŵa 123.<ref name="unburundi">{{cite journal|title=Republic of Burundi: Public Administration Country Profile|journal=United Nations' Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)|date=July 2004|pages=5–7|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|access-date=20 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001231041/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Embassy_of_Burundi_in_Brussels.jpg|thumb|Embassy of Burundi in Brussels]] === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{See also|Human rights in Burundi|LGBT rights in Burundi}} Boma la Burundi lakususkika kanandi waka na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu kusazgapo Human Rights Watch cifukwa ca kukora na kweruzga Jean-Claude Kavumbagu cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba. Bungwe la Amnesty International (AI) likati ni kayidi wa njuŵi ndipo likukhumba kuti "wafwatulike mwaluŵiro". Mu Epulero 2009, boma la Burundi likasintha dango lakuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵagonanenge. Munthu uyo wazomerezgeka kugonana na mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake, wangakakika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 50,000 panji 100,000. Bungwe la Amnesty International likususka ivyo vikacitika, ndipo likuti ni kuswa malango gha caru cose na gha mu vyaru vinyake ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa Okutobala 27, 2017, charu cha Burundi chikafumamo mu khoti la International Criminal Court (ICC). Chinthu ichi chikachitika pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations walemba lipoti mu Seputembala 2017 ilo likati charu ichi chikuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa Novembala 9, 2017, khoti la ICC likati ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu charu cha Burundi ŵalutilirenge kweruzgika.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/world/africa/icc-burundi-nkurunziza.html|title=We're Not Done Yet, Hague Court Tells Burundi's Leaders|last1=Gladstone|first1=Rick|date=9 November 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 November 2017|last2=Simons|first2=Marlise|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110150241/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/world/africa/icc-burundi-nkurunziza.html|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/09/icc-new-burundi-investigation|title=ICC: New Burundi Investigation|date=9 November 2017|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121164937/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/09/icc-new-burundi-investigation|archive-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuga'''ŵanika''' === {{Main|Provinces of Burundi|Communes of Burundi|Collines of Burundi}} Charu cha Burundi chili na vigaŵa 18, vikaya 119, na tumapiri 2,638. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakwendera mphaka izi. Vigaŵa na vikaya vya Burundi vikapangika pa zuŵa la Khisimasi mu 1959 na dango la ku Belgium. Ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 2000, cigaŵa ca Bujumbura cikagaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Bujumbura Rural na Bujumbura Mairie. Chigaŵa chiphya chomene, Rumonge, chikapangika pa 26 March 2015 kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Bujumbura Rural na Bururi. Mu Julayi 2022, boma la Burundi likapharazga kuti lizamunozga vyaru. Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kuti vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 18 kufika pa 5, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vichepeko kufuma pa 119 kufika pa 42. Kusintha uku kukukhumbikwira kuzomerezgeka na pharalamende ya Burundi kuti kwambe kugwira ntchito.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=bdiagnews |date=2022-07-14 |title=Burundi : Proposition - 5 provinces au lieu de 18 et 42 communes au lieu de 119 |url=https://burundi-agnews.org/government/burundi-proposition-5-provinces-au-lieu-de-18-et-42-communes-au-lieu-de-119/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Nouvelles du Burundi - Africa Generation News |language=en-US}}</ref> {{#section:Provinces of Burundi|table}} == Makhalilo gha charu == [[File:By-map.png|thumb|left|alt=tan colour map of Burundi with cities|Map of Burundi.]] [[file:Hippos in Burundi.png|thumb|Hippos at Kibira National Park in northwest Burundi]] {{Main|Geography of Burundi|Climate of Burundi}} Charu cha Burundi ntchichoko chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili ku chigaŵa cha Albertine Rift, icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift. Charu ichi chili pakati pa Africa. Charu cha Burundi chili kumpoto na charu cha Rwanda, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Tanzania, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa ichi chili mu nkhorongo za Albertine Rift, Central Zambezian miombo, na Victoria Basin. Chigaŵa chapakati pa chigaŵa ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,707 (5,600 ft). Phiri la Heha ilo lili pachanya chomene lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,685 ndipo lili kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba ukuru wa Bujumbura. Mlonga wa Nile ukufuma mu chigaŵa cha Bururi, ndipo ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Victoria na kunjira mu mlonga wa Ruvyironza. Nyanja ya Victoria nayo njakuzirwa comene, ndipo yikunjira mu mlonga wa Kagera. Nyanja yinyake yikuru ni Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Burundi. Pali malo ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo: Kibira National Park kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi (chigaŵa chichoko cha nkhorongo, icho chili pafupi na Nyungwe Forest National Park mu Rwanda), na Ruvubu National Park kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi (kuyana na Mlonga wa Rurubu, uwo ukuchemekaso Ruvubu panji Ruvuvu). Vyose viŵiri vikaŵako mu 1982 kuti vivikilire vyamoyo..<ref name="autogenerated5">East, Rob (1999). ''African Antelope Database 1998''. [[Gland, Switzerland]]: [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], p. 74. {{ISBN|2-8317-0477-4}}.</ref> ===Vyamoyo=== {{Main|Wildlife of Burundi}} == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Burundi}} {{See also|List of companies based in Burundi}} [[File:GDP per capita development of Burundi.svg|thumb|Historical development of GDP per capita]] Charu cha Burundi chili kutali na nyanja ndipo chili na vyakurya vinandi yayi. Chuma chake ndi ulimi, chomwe chimapanga 50% ya GDP mu 2017 ndipo chimagwira ntchito zoposa 90% za anthu. Vyakurya ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilamulire ŵekha vikupanga 90% ya vyakurya vyose.<ref name="autogenerated1">[[#Eggers|Eggers]], p. xlvii.</ref>Vinthu vikuru ivyo Burundi likuguliska ni khofi na tiyi, ivyo vikupanga ndalama zinandi pa caru cose. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, tiyi, mbuto, sorghum, mbatata, nthochi, manioc (tapioca); nyama ya ng'ombe, mkaka na vikumba. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuthemba chomene ulimi kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, kweni ŵanandi ŵalije ndalama zakukwana. Ici nchifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukura comene ndipo palije ndondomeko yakukolerana pa nkhani ya malo. Mu 2014, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga munda wakukwana ekala limoza. Charu cha Burundi nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, cifukwa ca malo agho kulije maji, kusoŵa kwa masambiro, na kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi mbakavu. Mu Burundi mose mukaŵa njara na kusoŵa cakurya, comenecomene mu vilimika vya m'ma 1900, ndipo kuyana na Wupu wa vyakurya wa pa caru cose (World Food Programme), ŵana 56.8% awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi ŵakulwara nthenda ya kusoŵa cakurya. Ndalama izo charu cha Burundi chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake na ndalama izo chikupeleka ku vyakurya vinyake, vikuthemba pa nyengo iyo vinthu viliri pa charu chose kweniso mtengo wa khofi na tiyi.[[File:Tree map export 2009 Burundi.jpeg|thumb|alt=color chart of exports by value with percentages|Graphical depiction of Burundi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories in 2009.]] Nkhongono zakugulira za ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi zanangika cifukwa cakuti malipiro ghakwera comene yayi. Chifukwa cha ukavu uwo ukuŵako, charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuthemba wovwiri wa vyaru viŵiri na vinandi. Wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu Burundi. Charu cha Burundi chikapokelera ndalama zakukwana madola 700 miliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa East African Community mu 2009. Vimbundi ivyo vikucitika mu boma vikutondeska kuti makampani ghaŵe na nchito yiwemi cifukwa malango ghakwenda makora. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu chaka cha 2007 walongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi mbakukhorwa yayi na umoyo wawo.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>White, A. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102648/http://data360.org/pdf/20071219073602.A%20Global%20Projection%20of%20Subjective%20Well-being.pdf A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being: A Challenge to Positive Psychology?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102648/http://data360.org/pdf/20071219073602.A%20Global%20Projection%20of%20Subjective%20Well-being.pdf |date=25 October 2016 }} Psychtalk 56, 17–20. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</ref>[[File:Burundi - Lake Tanganyika fisheries.jpg|thumb|alt=two sitting in skiff on beach on lakeshore with mountains in bckround|Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika.]] Vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni uranium, nickel, cobalt, mkuwa, na platinamu. Padera pa vyakurya, vyaru vinyake ni ivi: Kupanga vinthu vyakufuma ku vyaru vinyake; kuzenga vinthu vya boma; kupanga vyakurya na vinthu vinyake vyakudura nga ni mabulangete, skapato na sopo. Pa nkhani ya umanyi, charu cha Burundi chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma pa ghaumaliro mu index ya World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI). Mu 2014, charu cha Burundi chikaŵa pa nambara 147. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa ndalama, comenecomene ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyi ndiwo ŵali na maakaunti ku banki, ndipo ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene pa ŵanthu aŵa. Ndipouli, ndalama zichoko waka zikovwira comene, pakuti ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 wose mu Burundi ŵali mu mawupu gha ndalama zichoko waka. Vyaru ivi vikuthemba comene yayi pa wovwiri wa awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri. Charu cha Burundi chili mu wupu wa East African Community (EAC) ndipo chingaŵa chigaŵa cha wupu wa East African Federation. Vinthu vikwenda makora mu charu ichi, kweni charu ichi chikulutilira kunangika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084746/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Burundi/InfoBuru.html Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226084746/http://www.worlddiplomacy.org/Countries/Burundi/InfoBuru.html |date=26 December 2016 }}. Worlddiplomacy.org. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.</ref> === Ndalama === {{Main|Burundian franc}} Ndalama ya ku Burundi ni franc (ISO 4217 code BIF). Ndalama izi zikaŵa 100 centimes, kweni mu Burundi mukaŵavya ndalama za centimes. Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikulongozgeka na banki yikuru, Bank of the Republic of Burundi.{{Exchange Rate|BIF}} === Mayendelo === {{Main|Transport in Burundi}} [[File:BujumburaAirport.jpg|thumb|[[Bujumbura International Airport]] terminal in Bujumbura]] [[File:Truck and bicylists near Gitega, Burundi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=two bicyclists hold on to back of truck descending a hill|Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi]] Mtundu wa kwendeska vinthu mu Burundi ngwakukwana yayi ndipo ulije nkhongono. Kuyana na lipoti la DHL Global Connectedness Index la 2012, charu cha Burundi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vyaru 140 ivyo vikalembeka. Malo gha ndege gha Bujumbura International Airport ndigho ghekha ghali na msewu wakwenda pa msewu ndipo kufuma mu Meyi 2017 ghakaŵa na ndege zinayi (Brussels Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, Kenya Airways na RwandAir). Mzinda wa Kigali ndiwo uli na ndege zinandi zakuluta ku Bujumbura. Charu ichi chili na misewu yinandi, kweni mu 2005, misewu yinandi yayi mu charu ichi yikaŵa yakwenda pa msewu ndipo mu 2012, mabasi ghakwendera mabasi gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghakaŵa ghakwendeskeka na mabasi agho ghakalutanga ku Kigali. Bujumbura wakukolerana na boti la ŵanthu na katundu (la MV Mwongozo) na Kigoma mu Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/burundi/travel-by|title=Travel to Burundi|date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405013013/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/burundi/travel-by|access-date=2020-01-27|archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Pali pulani ya nyengo yitali ya kwendera njanji na kuluta ku Kigali na ku Kampala na Kenya. == Ŵanthu == {{Largest cities | country = Burundi | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=BURUNDICITIES>{{cite web |url=https://simplemaps.com/static/data/country-cities/bi/bi.xlsx|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Burundi Cities by Population}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Provinces of Burundi{{!}}Province | city_1 = Bujumbura| div_1 = Bujumbura Mairie| pop_1 = 658,859| img_1 = BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg | city_2 = Gitega | div_2 = Gitega Province{{!}}Gitega | pop_2 = 135,467| img_2 = INSS_Gitega_n.jpg | city_3 = Ngozi, Burundi{{!}}Ngozi| div_3 = Ngozi Province{{!}}Ngozi| pop_3 = 39,884| img_3 =University of ngozi.jpg | city_4 = Rumonge | div_4 = Bururi Province{{!}}Bururi| pop_4 = 35,931 | img_4 = Météo de la ville.jpg | city_5 = Cibitoke | div_5 = Cibitoke Province{{!}}Cibitoke| pop_5 = 23,885 | city_6 = Kayanza| div_6 = Kayanza Province{{!}}Kayanza| pop_6 = 21,767 | city_7 = Bubanza| div_7 = Bubanza Province{{!}}Bubanza | pop_7 = 20,031 | city_8 = Karuzi| div_8 = Karuzi Province{{!}}Karuzi | pop_8 = 10,705 | city_9 = Kirundo| div_9 = Kirundo Province{{!}}Kirundo| pop_9 = 10,024 | city_10 = Muyinga| div_10 = Muyinga Province{{!}}Muyinga| pop_10 = 9,609 }} [[File:Burundi tradition.jpg|thumb|left|Men in colourful clothing with drums]] [[File:Children in Bujumbura.jpg|thumb|alt=three children looking directly at camera|Children in Bujumbura, Burundi]] {{Main|Demographics of Burundi|Languages of Burundi}} Kufumila mu Okutobala 2021, chalo cha Burundi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 12,346,893, apo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 2,456,000. Ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira pa caru cose pa ciŵelengero ca 2.5 peresenti pa caka, ndipo ici nchiŵelengero ico nchiŵiri kuluska ca pa caru cose. Mu 2021, charu cha Burundi ndicho chikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya kubaba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca nkhondo. Mu 2006, boma la United States likapokelera ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakufuma ku Burundi. Charu cha Burundi chikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku mizi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi chikukwana 315 pa kilomita yimoza. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Hutu, 15 pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Tutsi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa 100 ŵali na fuko la Twa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Burundi ni Chikirundi, Cifurenci, na Cingelezi. Mu 2014, chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cikirundi, ndipo pacoko waka 10 peresenti ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci.<ref>[https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf La langue française dans le monde] (2022)</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Burundi}} Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 80 panji 90 peresenti. Ŵaprotesitanti na ŵa Anglican ndiwo ŵakukhalapo 15-25%. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya chisopa. Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 2~5%, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Sunni ndipo ŵakukhala mu misumba.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="pew">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222921/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/burundi/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222921/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/burundi/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|date=4 December 2017}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref><ref name="state2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105533/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148667.htm Burundi] . U.S. Department of State. State.gov (17 November 2010). Retrieved on 24 November 2012.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Burundi}} Mu vyaru vyose 120 ivyo vili na njala pa caru cose, mu Burundi ndimo muli njara yikuru comene. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu 1962, yikatimbanizga nthowa za munkhwala mu caru ici. Mu 2015, ku Burundi kukaŵaso vivulupi vinandi, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, Burundi nayo wakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, boma la Burundi likapempha Wupu wa United Nations Development Program kuti uŵawovwire kuti ŵanozge nthowa zakwendeskera ndopa na kwamba kafukufuku wa munkhwala wakufuma ku vyakumera. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wupu wa Burundi Association of Traditional Practitioners (ATRADIBU) ukapangika, uwo ukakolerana na wupu wa boma kuti uŵike wupu wa Centre for Research and Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Burundi (CRPMT).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Indigenous medicine and biomedical health care in fragile settings: insights from Burundi|last1=Falisse|first1=Jean-Benoit|last2=Masino|first2=Serena|last3=Ngenzebuhoro|first3=Raymond|s2cid=4917618|journal=Health Policy and Planning|year=2018|volume=33|issue=4|pages=483–493|doi=10.1093/heapol/czy002|pmid=29452365|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wovwiri wa vyaru vinandi wawovwira kuti vipatala viwovwire ŵanthu mu Burundi. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukana kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa ku Burundi. Mu 2015, mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 ŵaliwose ku Burundi wakafwanga pambere wandakwaniske vyaka 5 chifukwa cha matenda agho ŵanthu ŵangaghagwentha na kuchizga. Nkhondo iyo yikucitika sono mu Burundi yikutondeska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasange munkhwala na vinthu vinyake vya mu cipatala. Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 60.1 mu 2015. Mu 2013, caru ca Burundi cikagwiliskira nchito 8% ya GDP yawo pa vya cipatala. Nangauli mu Burundi mwanakazi waliyose wakubaba ŵana 6,1, kweni pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵakufwa 61.9. Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose (WHO) ukuti ŵanthu mu caru ici ŵakukhala vyaka 58 panji 62. Matenda agho ghakuzara comene mu Burundi ni maleriya na typhoid fever.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Burundi |url=http://proxy.library.upenn.edu:2083/ps/i.do?p=SUIC&u=upenn_main&id=GALE&#124;CX3652100082&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon |website=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Mwambo == [[File:Gitega drums.JPG|thumb|right|alt=four drums in courtyard|Drums from [[Gitega]].]] {{Main|Culture of Burundi|Tourism in Burundi|Music of Burundi}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Burundi ŵakutemwa mitheto ya uko ŵakukhala kweniso ŵakulondezga mitheto ya vyaru vinyake. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kulima, chakurya chawo ni mbuto, mpunga, na phere. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi, nyama yikulyeka kamoza pera pa mwezi. Para ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Burundi ŵakukumana pa chiphikiro, ŵakumwa pamoza mpeke, panji moŵa, kufuma mu chiŵiya chikuru kuti ŵalongore umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Burundi ni Mohammed Tchité uyo wakuseŵera bola na Jean-Pierre Nimbona, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Kidumu (uyo wakukhala ku Nairobi, Kenya). Ku Burundi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu vya mawoko. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakutemwa chomene kuluka viŵiya. Vinthu vinyake nga ni visalu, visalu, vithuzithuzi, na viŵiya vya dongo vikupangika mu Burundi. Kulizga tung'oma nkhwakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya ŵanthu. Gulu la Royal Drummers of Burundi, ilo ndakumanyikwa pa caru cose, ndipo lakhala likucita maseŵero agha kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 40, likucemeka na sumu za karyenda, amashako, ibishikiso na ikiranya. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuvina kukulongozgana na kuvina kwa viŵiya, uko kukuwoneka kanandi pa viphikiro na pa maungano gha mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Burundi ŵakutemwa kuvina kwa abatimbo, uko kukucitikira pa viphikiro vya boma. Vyakwimbira vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa ni vyakwimbira nga ni sefuleti, sitara, ikembe, indonongo, umuduri, inanga, na inyagara.<ref name="r1">{{cite web |title=Burundi Arts and Literature |url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/arts.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001220348/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/burundi/arts.html |archive-date=1 October 2006 |access-date=21 July 2008}} Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008.</ref>[[File:Le Match.jpg|thumb|left|alt=five men playing football one red and black striped jersey and four in yellow jersey|Football in Burundi]] Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakutemwa comene kuyowoya nkhani za kale na kusambizga ŵanthu vinthu vyakuzirwa. Imigani, indirimbo, amazina na ivyivugo ni mabuku gha mu Burundi. Maseŵera gha basketball na track and field ngakumanyikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha. Mu tawuni iyi muli magulu ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha maseŵero gha judo. Mu caru cose ici, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola. Maholide ghanandi gha Cikristu ghakukondwelereka, ndipo Khisimasi ndiyo yikuru comene. Zuŵa la wanangwa wa Burundi likukondwelereka chaka chilichose pa 1 Julayi. Mu 2005, boma la Burundi likati Eid al-Fitr, ni holide ya Chisilamu.<ref name="Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617204223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4402974.stm|date=17 June 2017}}. [[BBC]]. 3 November 2005. Retrieved on 30 June 2008.</ref> ===Media=== {{see also|Mass media in Burundi}} ===Masambilo=== {{Update section|date=June 2018}} [[File:Carolus Magnus Schule-Burundi.jpg|thumb|alt=group of children at school in white shirt and khaki shorts uniforms|Carolus Magnus School in Burundi. The school benefits from the campaign "Your Day for Africa" by Aktion Tagwerk.]] {{Main|Education in Burundi}} Mu 2009, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi chikaŵa 67% (73% ŵanalume na 61% ŵanakazi), ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24 chikaŵa 77% na 76%. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 85.6% (88.2% ŵanalume na 83.1% ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|title=Education|last=UIS|website=data.uis.unesco.org|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185501/http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>Kufuma mu 2002, ŵanakazi ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ŵakukwera na 17%. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Burundi ntchichoko chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusangika yayi ku sukulu. Kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Chikirundi ŵakusangika waka mu mabuku gha chiyowoyero ichi. Ŵanyamata 10 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Burundi ŵakuzomerezgeka kusambira masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Burundi kuli yunivesite yimoza ya boma, yunivesite ya Burundi. Mu misumba iyi muli malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni Burundi Geological Museum mu Bujumbura, Burundi National Museum, na Burundi Museum of Life mu Gitega. Mu 2010, ku Rwoga, Canada, kukajulika sukulu ya pulayimale iyo yikazengeka na ŵana ŵa ku Westwood High School. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2018, charu cha Burundi chikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakuyana na 5.1% ya GDP yake pa masambiro.<ref name="Kingiri & Onana 2021">{{cite book |author1=Njoki Kingiri |author2=Awono Onana |editor1-last=Schneegans |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Straza |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=J. |title=Central and East Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-100450-6 |pages=496–533 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433}}</ref> ===Sayansi=== Ndondomeko ya ku Burundi ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake (2013) yikulongosora vya vyakurya; sayansi ya munkhwala; nkhongono, migodi na mendero; maji; kuzgoka mapopa; sayansi ya vyamoyo na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake; sayansi ya vinthu; injiniya na mafakitale; ICT; sayansi ya mlengalenga; masamu; na sayansi ya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa nkhani ya sayansi ya vinthu, mabuku gha mu Burundi ghakajumphapo kaŵiri kufuma pa 0.6 kufika pa 1.2 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2012 na 2019, ndipo charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru 15 vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ndiwo ŵakwendeskanga chomene kafukufuku: mu 2018, ŵasayansi ŵa vya munkhwala ŵakaŵa na 4%, kweni pakati pa 2011 na 2019, ŵakalemba mabuku 41%. Ndondomeko ya sayansi, matekinoloje, kafukufuku na vyakusintha (2013) yikulaŵiska comene pa kupanga ndondomeko na vinthu vyakwendeskera vinthu, kukhozga kukolerana mu vyaru na vyaru vinyake, na kuŵika sayansi mu umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Okutobala 2014, ofesi ya EAC yikati National Institute of Public Health ni malo ghakutowa chomene. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Burundi ŵali kulembapo nkhani zinkhondi na ziŵiri pa nkhani ya HIV na matenda ghakututuka gha mu vyaru vya muhanya uno. Ndondomeko iyi yikulaŵiskaso comene pa kusambizga ŵasayansi. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakagwira ntchito iyi kufuma pa 40 kufika pa 55 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni pakati pa 2011 na 2018. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira ntchito pakusanda vinthu zikukwera kufuma pa $14,310 (kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2005) kufika pa $22,480, pakuti kufuma mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pakusanda vinthu mu vyaru vinyake zikukwera kufuma pa 0.11% kufika pa 0.21% ya GDP. Kufuma mu 2011, caru ca Burundi cacita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya sayansi, kweni cakukwana yayi kufuma apo ŵakazomerezgera vilato vyawo mu 2015. Ku Burundi kuli mabuku gha sayansi 6 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 97.5% ya zofalitsa zinaphatikizira olemba achilendo pakati pa 2017 ndi 2019, ndipo a Uganda ali pakati pa othandizira asanu.<ref name="Kingiri & Onana 2021"/> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Burundi}} * [[Outline of Burundi]] * [[Index of Burundi-related articles]] * [[Wildlife of Burundi]] * [[National Defence Force (Burundi)]] * <!-- [[Bibliography of Burundi]] --> * <!-- {{wikipedia books link|Burundi}} --> {{clear}} == Vinyake == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Mabuku == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=Eggers|last = Eggers|first = Ellen K. |title = Historical Dictionary of Burundi|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000egge|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|location = Lanham, Maryland|isbn = 0-8108-5302-7|edition= 3rd}} *{{cite book|ref=Lemarchand1996|author=Lemarchand, Rene |title=Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d_r13a3IgMC&pg=PR17|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56623-0}} {{Refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould ''Burundi on the Brink, 1993–95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy'' * {{cite book |author =Allen, J. A. |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara |url =https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_y7v6 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group|year = 2003|location = New York, New York |isbn = 1-85743-183-9 |display-authors=etal}} * Bentley, Kristina and Southall, Roger ''An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi'' * Chrétien, Jean-Pierre ''The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History'' * [[Patricia Daley|Daley, Patricia]] ''Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region'' * {{cite book |last = Gates |first = Henry Lewis |author2 = Anthony Appiah |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher = Basic Civitas Books |year = 1999 |location = New York, New York |isbn = 0-465-00071-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }} * Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer ''Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad'' * Jennings, Christian ''Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness'' * Kayoya, Michel ''My Father's Footsteps'' (''Sur les traces de mon père'') East African Publishing House, 1973 * Kayoya, Michel ''Entre deux mondes'' (Between two worlds) Lavigerie Éditeurs, Bujumbura: 1971. Kayoya was murdered during the 1972 genocide. * Kidder, Tracy, ''Strength in What Remains'' (A biography of a Burundian immigrant to the US) * {{cite book |last =Krueger |first =Robert |author2=Kathleen Tobin Krueger |title=From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide |url =https://archive.org/details/frombloodshedtoh0000krue |publisher=University of Texas Press|year = 2007|location = Austin, Texas|isbn = 978-0-292-71486-1}} * Melady, Thomas Patrick ''Burundi: The Tragic Years'' * Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len ''Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi'' * Uvin, Peter ''Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi'' * Watt, Nigel '' Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country'' * {{cite book |last = Weinstein|first = Warren |title = Historical Dictionary of Burundi|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year = 2006|location = Metuchen, New Jersey|isbn = 0-8108-0962-1}} 1st. edition. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Burundi|Burundi}} {{Scholia|country}} * Records of [https://web.archive.org/web/20230808155412/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996 the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (UNICIB) (1995–1996)] at the United Nations Archives *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180420053748/http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ Official Burundi government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420053748/http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ |date=20 April 2018 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204213713/http://justice.gov.bi/ Official Website of the Ministry of Justice of Burundi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050117/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/burundi.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ Burundi]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523153822/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm Burundi] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Burundi}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13085064 Burundi] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Burundi}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BI Key Development Forecasts for Burundi] from [[International Futures]] {{Burundi topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Former German colonies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|3|30|S|30|00|E|type:country_region:BI|display=title}} [[Category:Burundi| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Burundi]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former monarchies]] 7kmm6qvhw05fmh96qkre0owfth0yv12 0 39919 122544 115770 2026-09-28T01:05:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 12 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkhani iwemi}}{{Infobox officeholder|name=Hakainde Hichilema|image=Hichilema Hakainde behind flags.jpg|caption=Hichilema|office=7th [[President of Zambia]]|vicepresident=[[Mutale Nalumango]]|term_start=24 August 2021|term_end=|succeeding=|predecessor=[[Edgar Lungu]]|successor=|office2=President of the [[United Party for National Development|UPND]]|vicepresident2=Batuke Imenda|term_start2=24 May 2006|term_end2=|succeeding2=|predecessor2=[[Anderson Mazoka]]|successor2=|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1962|6|4}}|birth_place=Hachipona, [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] (now [[Monze District]], Zambia)|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[United Party for National Development]]|spouse=[[Mutinta Hichilema]]|children=3|education=[[University of Zambia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Birmingham]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])}}'''Hakainde Hichilema''' (wakababika pa 4 Juni 1962) ni munthu wa [[bizinesi]], [[mulimi]], na [[Ndale|wandale]] wa ku [[Zambia]] uyo ni purezidenti wa nambara 7 wa Zambia kufuma pa 24 August 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Thomson Reuters |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=news.trust.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> Wakati wavota kale pa mavoti ghankhondi mu 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015 na 2016, wakathereska pa mavoti gha 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Mfula|first=Chris|date=16 August 2021|title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/|access-date=16 August 2021|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Wakulongozga chipani cha [[United Party for National Development]] kufuma mu chaka cha [[2006]] pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Anderson Mazoka]] uyo wakambiska chipani ichi. Pambere wandasankhike, Hichilema wakaŵa mulwani mukuru wa [[Edgar Lungu]], uyo wakaŵa [[purezidenti wa Zambia]] kufuma mu [[2015]] mpaka [[2021]]. Pa [[11 April]] [[2017]], Hichilema wakakakika na kupelekeka mulandu wa upusikizgi, ivyo Lungu wakawona kuti nchinthu cambura kuzomerezgeka kuti waleke kuyowoyapo vya ndyali.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0|title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government|last=Mfula|first=Chris|date=18 April 2017|publisher=Reuters|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Ku Zambia na ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika. Hichilema wakafumiskika mu jele pa [[16 August]] [[2017]], ndipo mulandu wa upusikizgi ukadumulika. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Zambia: HH walks to freedom as the state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=DPP drops HH case – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/}}</ref> == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Hichilema wakababikira mu muzi wa [[Boma la Monze]] mu Zambia. Wakasanga mwaŵi wa kusambira pa [[Yunivesite ya Zambia]] ndipo wakamalizga masambiro ghake mu [[1986]]. Pamanyuma pake wakasambira MBA mu vya ndalama na vyamalonda pa [[yunivesite ya Birmingham]] ku [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema |url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/ |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=www.hh-zambia.com}}</ref> Wakaŵa CEO wa [[Coopers na Lybrand Zambia]] ([[1994]]-[[1998]]) na [[Grant Thornton Zambia]] (1998-[[2006]]).<ref name="cv">{{cite news|date=19 September 2008|title=HH's curriculum vitae|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Hichilema wali mu chipani cha United Party for National Development, chipani cha liberal. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Anderson Mazoka]] mu 2006, wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa chipani ichi. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni mulongozgi wa [[United Democratic Alliance]] (UDA), [[wupu]] wa vyaru vitatu vyandyali. Mu [[2006 chisankho]], Hichilema wakaŵa wakwimilira chipani cha UDA ndipo wakathereska pulezidenti [[Levy Mwanawasa]] wa [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] and [[Patriotic Front]] Michael Sata. Wakazomerezgeka na pulezidenti [[Kenneth Kaunda]]. Chisankho chikachitika pa 28 September 2006 ndipo Hichilema wakatora malo ghachitatu na pafupifupi 25% ya mavoti. Hichilema wakimilira nga ni munthu wa UPND pa [[Chisankho cha 2008 (Zambia)|chisankho cha 2008]], icho chikachitika pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya President [[Levy Mwanawasa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913023915/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm "Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30"], Xinhua, 10 September 2008.</ref> Wakaŵa wacitatu na mavoti 19.7%. Mu [[Juni]] [[2009]], chipani cha Hichilema, UPND, chikachita phangano na chipani cha [[Patriotic Front]] (PF) cha [[Michael Sata]] kuti chichitenge nawo chisankho cha [[2011]]. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezga munthu uyo wakeneranga kunjira mu phangano ili, kweniso cifukwa ca kuyuyulika kwa mafuko ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, phangano ili likamara mu [[Malichi]] [[2011]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111118072941/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/17459 "Opposition alliance in Zambia collapse as UPND pulls out"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118072941/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/17459|date=18 November 2011}}, Newstime Africa, 11 March 2011.</ref> Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakasankhika pa mavoti gha boma mu [[Janyuwale]] [[2015]], ndipo wakatondeka pa mavoti 27,757 (1.66%) kwimikana na [[Edgar Lungu]]. Hichilema wakati mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghautesi ndipo wakachiska ŵanthu ŵake kuti ŵaŵe ŵakufwasa.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2015 |title=Zambia opposition cries foul as Edgar Lungu wins presidential election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2015 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hichilema |first1=Hakainde |date=24 January 2015 |title=Edgar Lungu steals election |url=http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127081738/http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/ |archive-date=27 January 2015 |access-date=25 January 2015 |website=hh-zambia.com}}</ref> Wakathereskaso Lungu pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition mu mavoti gha mu mwezi wa [[Ogasiti]] [[2016]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|access-date=29 September 2016|work=BBC News|date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Mu [[Epulero]] [[2017]], wakakakika cifukwa ca kukayikira kuti wakwendera mphiska boma. <ref name=":32">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0|title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government|last=Mfula|first=Chris|date=18 April 2017|publisher=Reuters|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Wakakhala mu jere myezi yinayi pambere wandapeleke chilango. <ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Zambia: HH walks to freedom as the state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=DPP drops HH case – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/}}</ref> == Wakakakika na kupelekeka mulandu wa upusikizgi == Hichilema wakakakika pa 11 April 2017. Mu usiku wa pa 11 Epulero 2017 ŵapolisi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakanjira mu nyumba ya Hichilema kuti ŵakake mulongozgi mukuru wa chipani chakususkana na boma la President Edgar Lungu <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171114150931/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship] Lusaka Times</ref><ref name="news24.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers] News24</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Mr. Lungu, meanwhile, faces accusations of growing authoritarianism.] BBC News</ref> ndipo ŵakamupa mulandu wa upusikizgi wakati waŵika umoyo wa pulezidenti pangozi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga nayo ŵakakana kumupa malo munthu uyo wakendeskanga Lungu, <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 Mr. Hichilema was arrested in April, accused of endangering the president's life after his motorcade allegedly refused to give way to the one transporting Mr. Lungu.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.</ref> nkhani iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti njacilendo<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40020950|title=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads|work=BBC News|date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa.] LA Times</ref> ndipo ni dango yayi ilo lingaŵa nga ni upusikizgi. Hichilema wakakana mulandu uwu, uwo ukupeleka chilango cha nyifwa. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 He and his aides "strongly" denied the charge, which carries a sentence of at least 15 years. Those found guilty can also be sentenced to death.] BBC News. 16 August 2017.</ref> Ŵapolisi ŵakagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=Zambia : Police used excessive force to arrest HH and five others-Amnesty International |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/}}</ref> ŵakanjira mu nyumba ya Hichilema na kunanga nyumba yake na katundu wake, ŵakatimba ŵantchito ŵake wose, kwiba [[ndalama]], [[majuda]], kweniso [[malaya ghamukati]], [[skapato]], ma speaker, [[mabulangete]], matayipi na [[vyakurya]] mu khichini na kutuka pa bedi la Hichilema. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026162137/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=Zambia Reports}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104546/http://www.zambianobserver.com/police-steal-food-from-hichilemas-house/ POLICE STEAL FOOD FROM HICHILEMA'S HOUSE] Zambian Observer</ref> Ŵakaponya mabomba gha mafuta gha masozi mu nyumba ya Hichilema<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia Maimane had strongly denounced the trumped up charges against Hichilema, and had condemned the African National Congress government for not yet taking a stand against his treason charges.] eNCA</ref> Wakagwiliskira nchito gasi Hichilema, muwoli wake, na ŵana ŵake, awo ŵakawa kanandi waka cifukwa ca kunyamura gasi.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026162137/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=Zambia Reports}}</ref> === Wakakhala mu jere === Hichilema wakati apo wakaŵa mu jele wakakhala mu jele kwa mazuŵa 8 kwambura chakurya, maji, ungweru, panji ŵanthu ŵakumuwona. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World News - HARDtalk, Hakainde Hichilema |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6 |website=BBC}}</ref> Wakakakika mu chigaŵa cha The Stream TV cha [[Al Jazeera]] icho chili na mutu wakuti Is ''Zambia's Democracy in Danger<ref>[stream.aljazeera.com/story/201705301734-0025446]</ref>'' ilo likaŵa pa 30 May 2017. Pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Zambia, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], ŵakamuwezga mu jele apo wakaluta kukawona Hichilema. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=The Zambian Observer - Latest News from Zambia |url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206035626/http://zambianobserver.com/ |archive-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Mmusi Maimane, mulongozgi wa Democratic Alliance ([[South Africa]]) nayo wakapokeka yayi na ŵapolisi ŵa ku Zambia apo wakiza ku Zambia kuzakawonelera mulandu wa Hichilema. Ŵakamukanizga kukhira mu ndege, ŵakamupoka foni, na kumutimba.<ref name="enca.com">{{Cite web |title=Maimane prevented from entering Zambia &#124; eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia |website=www.enca.com |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia |archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> Ici cikapangiska kuti ofesi ya vyaru vyakuwaro ya South Africa yiceme Emmanuel Mwamba, uyo ni thenga la Zambia ku South Africa kuti wayowoyepo ivyo boma la Zambia likucita. Pulezidenti wakale wa [[Nigeria|Nigeria,]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] wakaluta kukawona Hichilema mu jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Nigerian President Obasanjo goes to visit HH in prison – Mwebantu |url=https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043156/https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |archive-date=14 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> Secretary General wa Commonwealth, [[Baroness Patricia]] Scotland, wakaluta kaŵiri kukawona Hichilema mu [[jere]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hydrant (http://www.hydrant.co.uk) |first=Site designed and built by |date=7 August 2017 |title=Secretary-General meets Zambian president and opposition leader |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818175409/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |archive-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> === Ndondomeko ya vyakofya === Apo Hichilema wakaŵa mu jere, Pulezidenti Lungu wakaŵika dango lakucitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahir |first=Abdi Latif |date=6 July 2017 |title=One of Africa's most stable democracies just declared a state of emergency |url=https://qz.com/africa/1022493/zambias-president-declares-state-of-emergency-and-sparked-authoritarian-rule-concerns/ |website=Quartz}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakawona kuti ni nthowa yakuti wakhozge mazaza ghake.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Zambian President Edgar Lungu this month imposed a state of emergency, a move critics see as an effort to tighten his grip on power] News24</ref> === Kuyuyura na kususka === Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska ivyo Hichilema wakacita. Boma la [[United States]], <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063555/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ USA denounces brutal arrest of Hichilema] Zambian Watchdog</ref> [[European Union]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2017 |title=US, EU Condemn Hichilema Arrest, Treason Charge |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195625/https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=Zambia Reports}}</ref> ndipo Nyumba ya [[Malamulo ya ku Europe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Human rights: H. Hichilema in Zambia, Dr Gudina in Ethiopia, South Sudan &#124; News &#124; European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20170509IPR73947/human-rights-h-hichilema-in-zambia-dr-gudina-in-ethiopia-south-sudan |website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> wakayowoyapo yayi kuti ŵakamukora. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Africa ([[African Liberal Network]]) ukasuska kukakika kwa Lungu, ndipo ukati ni kuyezga kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Zambia : HH's arrest is unacceptable- Africa Liberal Network |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/18/hhs-arrest-unacceptable-africa-liberal-network/}}</ref> Ŵabishopu ŵa Katolika ŵakasuska comene ivyo vikacitika ndipo ŵakati Zambia wazgoka muwuso wa wupu wakulongozgeka na pulezidenti Edgar Lungu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/|title=Zambia : Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship|newspaper=Lusakatimes.com|date=23 April 2017}}</ref> [[Julius Malema]], mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[EFF (South Africa)|EFF]] ku [[South Africa]], wakapa mulandu pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu kuti wakusuzga ŵanthu chifukwa cha kukaka Hichilema pa mulandu wa upusikizgi<ref name="news24.com2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers] News24</ref> ndipo wakamuchema pulezidenti Lungu kuti ni "munthu wankhaza". <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201018/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 "Lungu, you are a coward. Allow the opposition to oppose you. If you are a true leader, you will defeat them properly not through arrest," Malema said] News24</ref> [[Mmusi Maimane]], mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[DA (South Africa)|DA]] ku South Africa, uyo wakakanika kunjira mu Zambia kuti wakawone Hichilema mu jele<ref name="enca.com2">{{Cite web |title=Maimane prevented from entering Zambia &#124; eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia |website=www.enca.com |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia |archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> (wakakanizgika kufuma mu ndege pa [[Lusaka|Lusaka's]] [[Kenneth Kaunda International Airport]]) wakususka chomene milandu yautesi iyo yikususkana na Hichilema. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184524/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/maimane-prevented-from-entering-zambia Maimane had strongly denounced the trumped up charges against Hichilema, and had condemned the African National Congress government for not yet taking a stand against his treason charges.] eNCA</ref> Ku Zambia, South Africa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Pockets of Protesters Send "Release HH" Message at Global Event in Durban |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/05/04/pockets-protesters-send-release-hh-message-global-event-durban/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816195628/https://zambiareports.com/2017/05/04/pockets-protesters-send-release-hh-message-global-event-durban/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>, na United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2017 |title=Zambians in UK protest HH persecution |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/zambians-in-uk-protest-hh-persecution/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030222533/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/zambians-in-uk-protest-hh-persecution/ |archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka. Ŵakapempha kuti Hichilema wafwatulike na kususka muwuso wa Edgar Lungu na kunangika kwa wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Zambia. === Kufuma mu jere === Pa [[16 August]] [[2017]], pakaŵa viphikiro vinandi mu Zambia apo Hichilema wakafumiskikanga mu jele. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakimilira mu misewu ya Lusaka kuti ŵamuwone. <ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-17-zambia-hakainde-hichilema-released-from-jail-to-jubilant-reception-more-popular-than-ever/ Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema released from jail to jubilant reception, more popular than ever] Daily Maverick</ref> [[Kofi Annan]], mulembi mukuru wakale wa [[United Nations|UN]], wakawonga boma la Zambia cifukwa ca kulekeska mulandu wa Hichilema na kumufumiska mu jere. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/795970/statement-by-kofi-annan-following-the-release-of.html|title=Statement By Kofi Annan Following The Release Of Hakainde Hichilema|website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Mapemphero gha kuwonga ghakachitika kuti Hichilema wafume mu jele pa [[Cathedral of Holy Cross ku Lusaka]] pa [[29 August]] [[2017]] ndipo Hichilema wakaŵapo pa chiphikiro icho chikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo chikapharazgika pa wayilesi. Ungano uwu ukeneranga kuchitika pa [[Ogasiti 24]], kweni ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru ŵakawulekeska. Hichilema wakati wafwatulika, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumutemwa chomene ndipo wakapokera chawanangwa cha [[Africa Freedom Award]] ku [[Johannesburg]], South Africa. Wakacemeka kuti wayowoye pa [[Catham House]] mu [[London]], ndipo wakacemekaso ku South Africa na mamembara gha [[Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HH Addresses Lawmakers in South Africa &#124; MUVI Television &#124; First in News and Entertainment |url=http://www.muvitv.com/2017/08/hh-addresses-lawmakers-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421111415/https://www.muvitv.com/2017/08/hh-addresses-lawmakers-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=2023-04-21}}</ref> Buku ilo likulongosora vya nyengo iyo Hichilema wakakhala mu jele lakuchemeka ''Hakainde Hichilema's Prison Diary <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hakainde Hichilema's Prison Diary: Events of the day in and outside Prison|first=Fredrick|last=Misebezi|date=19 March 2018|isbn=978-1980573630}}</ref>'' wakafumiskika pa 29 September 2017 na mulembi [[Fredrick Misebezi]]. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=The Zambian Observer - Latest News from Zambia |url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206035626/http://zambianobserver.com/ |archive-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Hichilema wakazomerezga buku ili na kuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵaliŵazge. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2017 |title=Zambia : Book on HH's 127 day stay in jail out |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/10/01/book-hhs-127-day-stay-jail/}}</ref> === Kucenjezga na kucenjera kwa ŵapolisi mu 2020 === Pa [[23 Disembala]] [[2020]], Hichilema wakapokera chenjezgo na chenjezgo ku ofesi yikuru ya ŵapolisi ku Zambia ku Lusaka chifukwa cha mulandu wa "kupangana kuti wapange upusikizgi wakususkana na chigaŵa cha 313 cha [[Criminal]] Code, Chap 87 cha [[malango gha Zambia]]", wakukhwaskana na kugura katundu mu [[2004]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=Zambia : HH warned and cautioned |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2020/12/23/hh-warned-and-cautioned-2/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=LusakaTimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Apo Hichilema wakafikanga kuti ŵakamufumbenge mafumbo, ŵapolisi ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na UPND. Pakukhumba kutimbanizga wumba, ŵapolisi ŵakakoma wapolisi na movwiri wa UPND. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=Zambia : Police reportedly shoot dead State Prosecutor and UPND supporter in attempt to disperse crowds |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2020/12/23/police-shoot-dead-state-prosecutor-and-upnd-supporter-in-attempt-to-disperse-crowds/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=LusakaTimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Wupu Wakulongozga == [[File:Map_showing_countries_President_Hichilema_of_Zambia_has_visited.svg|right|thumb|Map highlighting countries where Hichilema made [[List of international presidential trips made by Hakainde Hichilema|official visits]] while president]] [[File:Visit_of_President_of_Zambia_(52169719839).jpg|thumb|Hichilema with the President of the European Parliament [[Roberta Metsola]] on 23 June 2022]] {{Main|2021 Zambian general election}}Hichilema wakaluta ku mavoti kuti waŵe pulezidenti ka 6 pa chisankho icho chikachitika pa [[12 August]] [[2021]]. Wapampando wa komiti ya vyakusankha Esau Chulu wakapharazga kuti watonda pa maora ghakwambilira pa Ogasiti 16. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Thomson Reuters |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=news.trust.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Mfula|first=Chris|date=16 August 2021|title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/|access-date=16 August 2021|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> Wakati watonda, Hichilema wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kusankha ŵanthu ŵakwenelera ŵa ku Zambia kuti ŵateŵetere mu boma lake. Pa ŵanthu awo wakasora pakaŵa [[Sylvia Masebo]], [[Situmbeko Musokotwane]], na [[Jito Kayumba]]. == Awards == Hichilema wakapokera chawanangwa cha Africa Freedom Award kufuma ku [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom]] pa [[27 October]] 2017 pa chiphikiro icho chikachitika ku Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HH conferred with Africa Freedom Award |url=http://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200424/https://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/ |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=zambia24.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kufumba == Hichilema wakawonekeranga pa TV ya [[BBC]] pa [[HARDtalk]] pa [[1 November]] [[2017]] ndipo wakafumbika na [[Stephen Sackur]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hakainde Hichilema, HARDtalk - BBC World News |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6 |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=BBC}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa ndyali wa Zambia uyo wakawoneska pa HARDtalk ndipo wakaŵa waciŵiri kufuma kwa pulezidenti wakale [[Levy Mwanawasa]]. Pa [[17 Disembala]] 2017, Hichilema wakawonekera pa Sunday Interview ya [[ZNBC]], kumupangiska kuŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa chipani chakususka uyo wakachitiska pa pulogiramu iyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=Sunday interview: it was a very bad night for Grevazio |url=http://www.zambianobserver.com/sunday-interview/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=zambianobserver.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910195336/http://www.zambianobserver.com/sunday-interview/ |archive-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> Ivi vikachitika pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa ZNBC wazomerezga pempho la UPND kwizira mwa muyowoyeri wawo, [[Charles Kakom]]<nowiki/>a uyo wakalembera kalata Director General wa [[ZNBC]] [[Richard Mwanza]] kupempha kuti Mr. Hichilema wakuwoneka pa Sunday Interview pa 17 December.<ref name="Mast">{{Cite web |title=ZNBC grants HH Sunday Interview slot |url=https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183650/https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=themastonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HH writes ZNBC to feature on Sunday Interview |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/12/11/hh-writes-znbc-feature-sunday-interview/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=lusakatimes.com}}</ref> Ungano uwu ukaŵa kuti walembeka kale pa Chitatu cha zuŵa lakulondezgapo pa 10:30 ndipo ukayowoyeka pa Sabata mise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZNBC grants HH Sunday Interview request |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/12/14/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-request/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=lusakatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="Mast2">{{Cite web |title=ZNBC grants HH Sunday Interview slot |url=https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183650/https://www.themastonline.com/2017/12/13/znbc-grants-hh-sunday-interview-slot/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=themastonline.com}}</ref> == Nkhani == Hichilema wakacemeka kuti wayowoye pa The [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]], iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti [[Chatham House]], pa [[Okutobala 31]], 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/event/political-opposition-and-policy-alternatives-zambia|title=Political Opposition and Policy Alternatives in Zambia|work=Chatham House|access-date=16 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> Wakawelera ku Chatham House pamanyuma pakusankhika kuŵa President, pa [[5 November]] 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's political and economic reform and recovery |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/research-event/zambias-political-and-economic-reform-and-recovery |access-date=2021-11-08 |website=Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank |language=en}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Hichilema wali kutengwa kwa [[Mutinta Hichilema|Mutinta]] ndipo wali na ŵana ŵatatu. <ref name="cv2">{{cite news|date=19 September 2008|title=HH's curriculum vitae|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Iyo wali kubapatizika mu [[mpingo wa Seventh-Day Adventist]]<ref>{{cite news|date=24 December 2014|title=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/|newspaper=[[Lusaka Times]]|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Division |first=Noel Sibanda, Southern Africa-Indian Ocean |title=Adventist Master Guide Hakainde Hichilema Is the New President of Zambia |url=https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=Adventist News Network |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825004952/https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |archive-date=2021-08-25}}</ref> Ndipo pa [[Disembala 12]], 2020, iyo na muwoli wake ŵakasankhika kuŵa ŵalongozgi mu Lusaka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Division |first=Noel Sibanda, Southern Africa-Indian Ocean |title=Adventist Master Guide Hakainde Hichilema Is the New President of Zambia |url=https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=Adventist News Network |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825004952/https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |archive-date=2021-08-25}}</ref> Hichilema ni mulimi wa viŵeto waciŵiri mu Zambia. <ref>{{cite news|last=Laing|first=Aislinn|date=19 January 2015|title=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=[[Ndola]]|access-date=23 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2014, wakakana kuti ni Muyuda ndipo wakati ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakaŵa ŵaheni. <ref>{{cite news|date=19 December 2014|title=HH: I am an Adventist, I am a Christian, I don't know what Freemasonry is|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/19/adventist-christian-dont-know-freemasonry-hh/|newspaper=[[Lusaka Times]]|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Kweniso wakadandawura kwa [[Bishop Edward Chomba]] wa [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] cifukwa ca kumupa mulandu wa kusesa zina lake. <ref>{{cite news|date=25 December 2015|title=HH sues Bishop Chomba for calling him a Satanist and Freemason|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/25/hh-sues-bishop-chomba-calling-satanist-freemason/|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Hichilema wakacemeka mu [[Panama Papers]], ndipo mu nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka, wakati wakaŵa mulara wa kampani ya ku [[Bermuda]] yakucemeka [[AfNat Resources Ltd]] kufuma mu Malichi mpaka [[Ogasiti]] [[2006]]. Kampani iyi yikaŵa na ntchito ya kupenja nikele mu Zambia na vyaru vinyake vya mu [[Afilika|Africa]]. Wupu wa International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ukati, "kampani iyi yikaŵa pa msika wa London's Alternative Investment Market m'paka mu [[2010]], apo yikagulika na kampani ya ku [[Canada]] yakuchemeka Axmin pa mtengo wa madola 14 miliyoni". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema {{!}} ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=Offshore Leaks Database |publisher=International Consortium of Investigative Journalists}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-07 |title=UPND Leader Hakainde Hichilema named in Paradise Papers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/11/07/upnd-leader-hakainde-hichilema-named-paradise-papers/ |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} ==Vigaŵa vya kuwaro== {{Sister project links |q=no | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q717185 | display=Hakainde Hichilema}} * [https://www.facebook.com/hakainde.hichilema/ Hakainde Hichilema] on Facebook * [https://twitter.com/HHichilema Hakainde Hichilema] on Twitter * {{YouTube|hOpCra6NkQs|A New Journey for Zambia}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Anderson Mazoka]]}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[United Party for National Development|UPND]]|years=2006–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-break}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edgar Lungu]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Zambia|President of Zambia]]|years=2021–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |title= Articles related to Hakainde Hichilema |list1= {{2006 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2008 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2011 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2021 presidential candidates, Zambia}} }} {{Hakainde Hichilema}} {{ZambianPresidents}} {{Heads of state of republics}} {{Commonwealth heads of government}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Zambia|Politics|Christianity}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hichilema, Haikainde}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Zambian economists]] [[Category:Zambian businesspeople]] [[Category:Hakainde Hichilema]] [[Category:United Party for National Development politicians]] [[Category:University of Zambia alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]] [[Category:Zambian Seventh-day Adventists]] [[Category:Coopers and Lybrand people]] [[Category:Grant Thornton people]] [[Category:People from Monze District]] [[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]] [[Category:Presidents of Zambia]] __INDEX__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ 2aiin500gsaidnoo3grhjz6984e388t 0 39923 122604 122357 2026-09-28T02:14:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|South African history}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{History of South Africa}} {{Culture of South Africa}} {{SouthAfrica state}} {{Infobox flag | Name = Republic of South Africa | Article = | Image = Flag of South Africa.svg | Nickname = | Morenicks = | Use = 110110 | Symbol = | Proportion = | Design = The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. | Designer = }} Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakamba kukhala ku [[South Africa]] vyaka vyakujumpha 100,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mbiri yakale ya charu cha South Africa yili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo ya malibwe na nyengo ya visulo. Viŵaro vya viŵeto vya [[Australopithecine]] vikusangika ku Taung na mu mphanji za malibwe gha malibwe gha limestone ku Sterkfontein, Swartkrans na Kromdraai. Mu 1999, wupu wa Unesco ukati malo agha ntchiharo cha pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/History#ref1003524 |title=South Africa - History |publisher=Britannica |date=2020-10-11 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa ŵakaŵa Khoisan, Khoekhoe, na San. Kufuma waka mu 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na vyapakati ku Africa ŵakamba kusama. Ŵanyake ŵakakhalanga kwaŵekha, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Afrikaners, Austronesians, East Asians na South Asians. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kusanda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Africa mu ma 1300. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakenda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵakalemba na kupanga mapu gha mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1488, ŵakazingilira Cape of Good Hope. Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikakhazikiska malo gha malonda mu tawuni ya Cape Town pasi pa muwuso wa Jan van Riebeeck. Ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni iyi ŵakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Free Burghers. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵanjira mu charu cha Cape Colony mu 1795 na 1806, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geskiedenis.sariemarais.com/groot%20trek.html |title=Sarie Marais.Com Geskiedenis |publisher=Geskiedenis.sariemarais.com |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628124326/http://www.geskiedenis.sariemarais.com/groot%20trek.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>Vinthu ivyo vikasangika mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 vikawovwira kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe pa malo ghapacanya pa caru cose. Kweniso vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer na Ufumu wa Britain. Pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa ma Boers mu Nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer panji South African War (1899-1902), Union of South Africa yikapangika nga ni boma la Britain pa 31 May 1910 mu ndondomeko ya South Africa Act 1909, iyo yikasazga maboma ghanayi gha Britain: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, na Orange River Colony. Mu 1934, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain. Ufumu wa ufumu uwu ukamara pa 31 May 1961, ndipo ukasinthika na boma la republic. Kwamba mu 1948 mpaka mu 1994, ndyali za ku South Africa zikayendeskeka na mtundu wa Afrikaner. Mu 1948, boma likakhazikiska vyakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambana na mitundu yinyake ŵachitenge vinthu mwakupambana. Pa Epulero 27, 1994, pamanyuma pa vilimika vinandi vya kulimbana, kulimbana na ŵasilikari, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid, chipani chakwamba cha ŵanthu ŵafipa, African National Congress (ANC) chikathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose pa chisankho chakwamba cha demokilase mu charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, African National Congress ndiyo yikulongozga charu cha South Africa, pamoza na South African Communist Party na Congress of South African Trade Unions. == Mbiri yakwambilira (pambere 1652) == {{Main|Early history of South Africa}} === Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale === {{see|People of Africa}} Ŵasayansi awo ŵakufufuza ivyo vikachitika pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kulemba mbiri yawo, ŵamanya kuti charu icho sono chikuchemeka South Africa chikaŵa pakati pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakasambira. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka 2.5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha vyaka pafupifupi 125,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu nyengo ya malibwe, nga umo vikulongosorekera na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu mphanji za mu mlonga wa Klasies. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa DNA awo ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kumwera kwa Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu, awo ŵakafuma ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pulofesa Raymond Dart wakabowozga chiwangwa cha mwana munyake wa vyaka 2.51 mu 1924, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kusanga Australopithecus africanus. Mu 1938, Robert Broom wakasanga hominid munyake wakukhora chomene, zina lake Paranthropus robustus, ku Kromdraai, ndipo mu 1947, wakasanga vinyama vinyake vya Australopithecus africanus ku Sterkfontein. Mu 2002, ku mphanji ya Blombos, ŵakasanga malibwe agho ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikalembeka vyaka 70,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ici cikulongosoreka kuti nchakuwonerapo cakwambilira ca luso lwakupatulika panji luso lwaciyelezgelo ilo likaŵako na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1753326.stm | work=BBC News | title='Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed | date=10 January 2002}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyamoyo vinyake vinandi vya mtundu uwu vyawoneka. Cinyake ico nchakale comene ni Little Foot, cinthu ca viwangwa vya malundi vya munthu uyo wali na vyaka vyapakati pa 2.2 na 3.3 miliyoni. Clarke. - Kasi? Cinyake ico ŵakasanga ni Australopithecus sediba uyo wali na vyaka 1.9 miliyoni. Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti kuli mtundu unyake wa Homo naledi uwo ukasangika kufupi na Johannesburg. Ŵanji ŵakuti ni cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico ŵasayansi ŵasanga mazuŵa ghano.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150912185149/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150910-homo-naledi-human-ancestor-species-reaction-science/ ''National Geographic'', "New Human Ancestor Elicits Awe—and Many Questions"], 10 September 2015. Accessed 20 September 2015</ref> ===San na Khoikhoi=== Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalako mu nyengo iyi ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba fuko la San na Khoikhoi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka Khoisan, zina ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakulemba kufuma ku mazina gha mafuko agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa ndiwo ŵakamba kupatukana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo sapiens awo ŵalipo sono. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanya kuti ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumwera kwa Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC |title= mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations|doi=10.1086/302848|year=2000|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1362–83|pmid=10739760|pmc=1288201}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation|pmid= 17656633|url= http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers%5CHistory_of_Click-Speaking_Populations_of_Africa.pdf|year= 2007|last1= Tishkoff|first1= SA|last2= Gonder|first2= MK|last3= Henn|first3= BM|last4= Mortensen|first4= H|last5= Knight|first5= A|last6= Gignoux|first6= C|last7= Fernandopulle|first7= N|last8= Lema|first8= G|last9= Nyambo|first9= TB|last10= Ramakrishnan|first10= U.|last11= Reed|first11= F. A.|last12= Mountain|first12= J. L.|volume= 24|issue= 10|pages= 2180–95|doi= 10.1093/molbev/msm155|journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution|display-authors= 8|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110420053808/http://www.africandna.com/ScienPapers%5CHistory_of_Click-Speaking_Populations_of_Africa.pdf|archive-date= 20 April 2011|df= dmy-all|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schlebusch CM, Naidoo T, Soodyall H |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa|doi=10.1002/elps.200900197|year=2009|journal=Electrophoresis|volume=30|issue=21|pages=3657–64|pmid=19810027|s2cid=19515426}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoikhoi ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake chifukwa cha ntchito izo ŵakuchita. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakakhalanga mu mizi, kweni Khoikhoi ŵakaliskanga viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakumanya yayi uko ŵakafuma.<ref>Karim Sadr, [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120051616/http://www.karimsadr.com/resources/Sadr%202008%20SAH.pdf ''Invisible Herders: The Archaeology of Khoekhoe Pastoralists,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120051616/http://www.karimsadr.com/resources/Sadr%202008%20SAH.pdf|date=20 November 2015}} [[University of the Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]], South Africa</ref><ref>C. Garth Sampson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200124165250/http://www.nieu-bethesda.com/images/stories/history/prehistoricherders.pdf ''Prehistoric Livestock Herders in the Upper Seacow River Valley'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa ku Europe kufika ku Cape, ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku England na ku Netherlands awo ŵakendanga pa nyanja, ŵakamba kusinthiska visulo na ng'ombe na mberere. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti cifukwa cakuti pakaŵa viŵeto vinandi, mu ma 1700, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikakhazikiska malo agho sono ni msumba wa Cape Town. Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company yikati yakhazikiska malo agha, Khoikhoi ŵakamba kulimbana na Ŵachidachi pa nkhani ya malo. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ng'ombe na kwiba viŵeto. Nkhondo yakwamba ya Khoikhoi na Dutch yikacitika mu 1659, yachiŵiri mu 1673, ndipo yacitatu mu 1674 na 1677. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakathereskekera na kuchimbizgika ku Cape Peninsula na vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi ŵakakomeka na nthenda ya nthomba iyo yikamba kwiza na ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands.<ref>SA History Online, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/smallpox-epidemic-strikes-cape Smallpox epidemic strikes Cape]</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Main|Bantu peoples of South Africa}} [[File:Makuleke1.JPG|thumb|Nkhulaŵiska mu malo agho mukaŵa maji ghanandi gha Mlonga wa Luvuvhu (kumalyero) na Mlonga wa Limpopo (kutali na kumazere)]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kusama mu charu cha Africa.<ref>''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110416143255/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/7/1581.abstract "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages"] (Abstract). Oxford Journals. 30 March 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakafika kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku Congo cha m'ma 400 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakiza mu chigaŵa cha Khoikhoi, ndipo ŵakachichizga ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵasamire ku malo ghakomira. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu ya Nguni (Ŵazulu, Ŵachixhosa, Ŵaswazi, na Ŵandebele) ŵakakhalanga kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Queen Victoria's Enemies 1: Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriasen02knig|url-access=limited|last=Knight|first=Ian|publisher=Osprey|year=1989|isbn=085045901X|editor-last=Windrow|editor-first=Martin|location=Great Britain|pages=[https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriasen02knig/page/n3 3]–4}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo sono ŵakuchemeka Ŵasotho na Ŵatswana (Ŵatswana, Ŵapedi, na Ŵasotho) ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Highveld, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Venda, Lemba, na Tsonga ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa charu cha South Africa. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe, uwo ukaŵa kufupi na mphaka ya kumpoto kwa charu cha South Africa, apo milonga ya Limpopo na Shashe yikukumana na Zimbabwe na Botswana, ukaŵa ufumu wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Southern Africa pakati pa AD 900 na 1300. Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru comene pa caru cose pambere ukanalekeka cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nyengo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Ŵakuzenga ŵakacitanga vinthu vyachisulo, mkuŵa, na golide kuti ŵajitozgere pakukongozga na malonda. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa malonda agho ghakachitikanga mu vipata vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, India na China, kweniso kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo ukaŵa usambazi chifukwa cha kusinthana golide na njovu na vinthu vinyake nga ni vyakununkhira vya ku China na malibwe gha ku Persia. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu na chiyowoyero cha Khoisan ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakenderananga, nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakolerana na chiyowoyero chawo. === Kuwusa kwa chikoloni === ==== Ntchito ya Portugal ==== {{See also|Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|l2=Discovery of the sea route to India|Bartolomeu Dias|Vasco da Gama|Portuguese Empire}} [[File:Bartolomeu Dias, South Africa House (cut).JPG|thumb|right|Cikozgo ca Bartolomeu Dias pa ofesi ya South Africa ku London. Wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuzingilira kumwera kwa Africa.]] Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Bartolomeu Dias, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kusanda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Africa mu 1488, apo wakakhumbanga kusanga nthowa yakwendera ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu Novembala 1497, ngalaŵa za ku Portugal, izo vikalongozgekanga na Vasco da Gama, zikenda pa mtunda wa mtunda utali chomene. Pa Disembala 16, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakajumpha mu Mlonga wa Great Fish mumphepete mwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, uko Dias wakawerako. Da Gama wakathya nyanja iyo wakajumphangapo kuti Natal, kung'anamura Khisimasi. Ngalaŵa ya Da Gama yikalutanga kumpoto ku Zanzibar ndipo pamanyuma yikafika kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, ''Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration'', New York: Norton 2006, pp. 177–178.{{ISBN|0-393-06259-7}}</ref> Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia. ==== Ntchito ya Netherlands ==== {{See also|:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l1=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery|:Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|l2=Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Company|l3=Dutch East India Company (VOC)|First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Brouwer Route|Jan Huyghen van Linschoten}} [[File:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie spiegelretourschip Amsterdam replica.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Chithuzi cha munthu waku East India wa Dutch East India Company/United East Indies Company (VOC). Gulu la Dutch East India Company ndilo likawovwira chomene pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakasandanga vinthu (cha m'ma 1590 m'paka 1720) kweniso pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakalembanga mapu (cha m'ma 1570 m'paka 1670).]] ==Chikoloni cha Dutch (1652–1815)== {{Main|Dutch Cape Colony}} {{See also|History of South Africa (1652–1815)|Economic history of South Africa|Military history of South Africa|Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars|Dutch Empire|7=:Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|l7=Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company|8=:Category:Military history of the Dutch East India Company|l8=Military history of the Dutch East India Company|9=:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|l9=Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery}} {{See also|History of Cape Town|Stellenbosch|Swellendam|Graaff-Reinet|Franschhoek|Huguenots in South Africa|Cape Dutch|Dorsland Trek|Afrikaner nationalism|Christianity in South Africa|Afrikaner Calvinism|Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa|Cape Dutch architecture|Roman-Dutch law|South African wine}} [[File:Aernout Smit Table Bay, 1683 William Fehr Collection Cape Town.jpg|thumb|right|Kuwona Table Bay na sitima za Dutch East India Company (VOC), c. 1683.]] [[File:Jan van Riebeeck.jpg|thumb|right|Jan van Riebeeck, Mulara wakwamba wa Dutch East India Company]] [[File:Vignoble de Groot Constantia Afrique du Sud.jpg|thumb|right|Groot Constantia ndiyo ni malo ghakale comene ghakusungirako mpheska ku South Africa. Vinyo wa ku South Africa (wa vinyo wa mu caru ciphya) ni cinthu cinyake cakuzirwa comene ico ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya VOC ŵakaleka. Mbiri ya vyachuma ya South Africa yikamba mu nyengo ya VOC.]] Mu 1652, kampani ya Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, panji VOC) yikadumura kuti yikhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika ku Cape. VOC, yimoza mwa vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku Europe ivyo vikendanga mu nthowa ya vyakununkhira, yikaŵa na khumbo la kuzenga malo agha yayi. Pa chifukwa ichi, gulu lichoko waka la VOC ilo likalongozgekanga na Jan van Riebeeck likafika ku Table Bay pa 6 Epulero 1652. Ŵasilikari ŵa VOC ŵakakhalanga ku Cape kuti ŵapeleke vyakurya ku ngaraŵa zawo. Cape na VOC ŵakeneranga kukora ŵalimi ŵa ku Netherlands kuti ŵakhazikiske minda iyo yikapelekanga vyakurya ku ngaraŵa izo zikendanga pafupi na malo agha. Gulu lichoko waka la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, likakura comene ndipo ŵakamba kusanuzga minda yawo kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari na ŵalimi ŵa VOC awo ŵakatondeka kuwelera ku Holland apo ŵakamalizganga nchito yawo. Wupu wa VOC ukatozgaso ŵazga 71,000 kufuma ku India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, na Madagascar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/the-untold-stories-of-slavery-at-cape-towns-iziko-slave-lodge/|title=The Untold Stories of Slavery at Cape Town's Iziko Slave Lodge|last=Collinson|first=Lee-Shay|date=9 February 2017|website=Culture Trip|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926134124/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/the-untold-stories-of-slavery-at-cape-towns-iziko-slave-lodge/|archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>[[File:Jan Van Riebeeck Statue Cape Town.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Statue of Jan van Riebeeck|statue]] of [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the founder of [[Cape Town]], in Heerengracht Street.]] [[File:Cape Town, Castle of Good Hope - panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|Castle of Good Hope (Kasteel de Goede Hoop mu ChiDutch), Cape Town. Msumba wa Kaapstad/Cape Town ukazengeka mu 1652.]] Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed Church, kweni pakaŵaso Ŵachijeremani ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Lutheran. Mu 1688, Ŵachidachi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakalongozgana na Ŵaguenot ŵa ku France, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa chisopa cha Calvin awo ŵakacimbiranga nthambuzgo za cisopa mu France mu nyengo ya Fumu ya Katolika, Fumu Louis XIV. Van Riebeeck wakawonanga kuti ntchiheni chomene kugwiliskira ntchito ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Khoi na San, ntheura VOC yikamba kutolera ŵazga ŵanandi chomene kufuma ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Indonesia. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, van Riebeeck na VOC ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoikhoi na San. Ŵana awo ŵakababika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na ŵazga ŵa ku Khoi-San na ku Malaŵi ŵakachemekanga kuti Cape Coloureds na Cape Malays. Ŵanandi awo ŵakababika na ŵazga aŵa ŵakazgoka ŵazungu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵatuŵa" ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku Cape pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga ŵa ku Asia na ku Africa. Simon van der Stel, kazembe wakwamba wa caru ca Dutch, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kupanga vinyo la ku South Africa, nayo wakaŵa wa mafuko ghakupambanapambana.<ref>F Wallis, ''Nuusdagboek: Feite en Fratse oor 1000 Jaar'' Cape Town: Human &Rousseau 2000</ref> == Ukoloni wa Britain, Mfecane na Boer Republics (1815-1910) == === Britain ku Cape === {{Main|British Cape Colony|History of South Africa (1815–1910)}} [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|thumb|upright|Rhodes Colossus Cecil Rhodes wakwendendeka "Cape to Cairo"]] Mu 1787, pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France yindachitike, gulu linyake la ku Netherlands ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Patriot Party, likayezga kuwuskapo boma la William V. Nangauli chigaluka ichi chikaphyoka, kweni chikaŵaso na nkhongono pamanyuma pakuti France yanjira mu Netherlands mu 1794/1795. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakapharazga kuti charu cha Batavia chili pafupi na France. Pakuzgora, mulara wa boma uyo wakakhalanga ku England, wakalemba Makalata gha Kew, ndipo wakaphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa kuti ŵajipeleke ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Kufuma apo, mu 1795 Ŵanung'una ŵakakora Cape kuti ŵaleke kunjira mu mawoko gha Ŵafarisi. Mu 1803, ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakawezga msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa - British occupation of the Cape {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/British-occupation-of-the-Cape |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1805, ŵa ku Britain ŵakatora Cape iyi mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Napoleon. Nga mba Dutch awo ŵakaŵa pambere iwo ŵandaŵeko, Ŵabritishi nawo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuluta ku Cape Colony. Mulimo wawo wakwamba ukaŵa wakuti mu 1806 ŵakanjizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu ciyowoyero na mitheto ya ku Britain. Mu 1806, dango la ku Cape likazomerezga kuti charu ichi chikhalilire na "wenelero na wanangwa uwo chikaŵa nawo", ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti charu cha South Africa chileke kwendera fundo za Ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1815, pa ungano wa ku Vienna, Britain yikazomera kuti ndiyo yili na mazaza pa chigaŵa ichi. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵafumeko ku Britain. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, mu 1820, boma la Britain likaciska ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 awo ŵakasamukira ku Britain (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya malonda) kuti ŵafume mu Britain. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakhazikika mu 1820 ŵakakhala ku Grahamstown na Port Elizabeth. Ndondomeko ya Britain yakukhwaskana na South Africa yikasintha apo maboma ghakalondezgana, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 vyose vikakhumbikwanga kuvikilira nthowa ya malonda iyo yikalutanga ku India. Kweni cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitika pa mphaka na Ŵaburu, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kutinkha boma la Britain.<ref name=":0" /> === Ku Europe, ŵanthu ŵakasanda malo gha mukati === Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch East India Company, zina lake Robert Jacob Gordon, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakendera mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu charu ichi apo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch pa Cape of Good Hope, kufuma mu 1780 m'paka mu 1795. Ivyo Gordon wakacita pakati pa 1777 na 1786, vili kulembeka mu mabuku gha masausandi ghanandi agho ghakucemeka Gordon Atlas, kweniso mu magazini ghake agho ghakasangika mu 1964. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mwamtende na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano ya malo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1779 paŵe nkhondo ya viŵeto. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, David Livingstone na William Oswell, ndiwo ŵakayamba kwendera mu chipalamba cha Kalahari mu 1849. Pamanyuma, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa mendulo ya golide Livingstone cifukwa ca kusanga Nyanja ya Ngami mu mapopa.<ref>Norbert C. Brockman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150708065808/http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/livingstone1_david.html ''An African Biographical Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708065808/http://www.dacb.org/stories/southafrica/livingstone1_david.html |date=8 July 2015 }}, Santa Barbara, California 1994. Accessed 7 July 2015</ref> === Nkhondo na kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu caru ca Zulu === {{Main|Zulu people|Difaqane}} [[File:Shaka's Empire map.svg|thumb|400px|Kuwuka kwa Ufumu wa Zulu{{color box|#aa4400}} mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Shaka, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakachimbira mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira nkhondo ya ku Zulu {{color box|#ffb380}} Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa Soshangane, Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, Ngwane, na Mfengu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakakakika pakati pa Ufumu wa Zulu na ŵa Voortrekkers na Ufumu wa Britain {{color box|#F08080}} nga ni Xhosa {{color box|#008000}}.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵali mu fuko la Nguni ndipo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko lichoko chomene ilo lili kumpoto kwa KwaZulu-Natal. M'ma 1820 kukaŵa nyengo ya masuzgo ghakuru chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Zulu, uwo ukasinthanga muwuso wa mafuko gha mu Africa na maufumu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chisotho ŵakumanya nyengo iyi kuti ni difaqane ("kusama mwakuchichizgika"); ndipo awo ŵakuyowoya Chisulu ŵakuyichema kuti mfecane ("kuswa"). Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikupangiska nthenda iyi. Fundo yinyake njakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kufuma ku Delgoa Bay ku Mozambique, kumpoto kwa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakumanya kuti Mfecane yikaŵa nkhani ya vinthu ivyo vikacitika pambere Ufumu wa Zulu undaŵeko. Kweni pakaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika pambere Shaka Zulu wandafike pa mazaza. Mu 1818, mafuko gha Nguni mu charu cha Zululand ghakazenga ufumu pakati pa Mlonga wa Tugela na Pongola. Shaka wakazenga ŵasilikari ŵanandi, ndipo wakaleka kulondezga mitheto ya mafuko. Kufuma apo, wakambiska ntchito yikuru yakupharazga, kukoma panji kuzgora ŵazga awo ŵakamususkanga mu vigaŵa ivyo wakapoka. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakalangika chomene. Shaka Zulu mu vyakuvwara vya nkhondo vya Ŵazulu Ŵazulu ŵakapangiska kuti mafuko ghanandi gha ku mizi ghafumemo mu vigaŵa vyawo na kwamba kuwusa vigaŵa vinyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe vyaru vinandi, chomenechomene vya Sotho (lero ni Lesotho) na Swaziland. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mitundu yinyake nga ni Matebele, Mfengu, na Makololo yikanjire pamoza. Mu 1828 Shaka wakakomeka na ŵakuru ŵake Dingaan na Umhlangana. Dingaan uyo wakaŵa na maluso ghacoko waka, wakazgoka fumu, ndipo wakalutilira kulamulira ŵanthu. Kweniso Dingaan wakayezga kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Natal, kweni vinthu vikamba kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu 1 miliyoni panji 2 miliyoni ŵakafwa na mphepo ya Mfecane.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=9780195015621 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite periodical|author=Charters, R. A. |year=1839 |title=Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier |periodical=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine|location=London |publisher=Henry Colburn |volume=1839, Part III |issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359, page 24}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|location=New York |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa Boer na vyaru vyawo === {{Main|Boer Republics}} Mu 1806, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cape Colony awo ŵakayowoyanga Ciholanji ŵakamba kwenda mu tumagulu. Paumaliro, mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Boer ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake. Cifukwa cimoza ico ŵakafumira mu cigaŵa ca Cape ni cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Chisopa chikaŵa chakuzirwa comene mu mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo Baibolo na maungano gha mpingo vikacitikanga mu Ciholandi. Mwakuyana waka, sukulu, makhoti, na malonda mpaka apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza, vyose vikacitikanga mu ciyowoyero ca ku Netherlands. Dango la ciyowoyero likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugomezgana, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kukhorwa. Nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku trekboers Cifukwa cinyake ico ŵalimi ŵazungu awo ŵakayowoyeranga Ciholanji ŵakafumiranga ku Cape ni cifukwa cakuti boma la Britain likamazga wuzga pa Zuŵa la Kufwatuka, pa Disembala 1, 1838. Ŵalimi ŵakadandawuranga kuti ŵangakwaniska yayi kuwezgerapo ŵazga ŵawo kwambura kutaya ndalama zinandi.<ref>SA History.org [http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/slavery-south-africa ''Slavery in South Africa''] Accessed 23 April 2015</ref> Ŵalimi ŵakaguliska ŵazga ndalama zinandi. Ŵenecho ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakagura ŵazga pa ngongoli panji kuŵapeleka nga mbukaboni wa ngongoli, ŵakasuzgikanga comene. Britain yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana 1 200 000 British Pounds ku ŵakukhazikika ŵa ku Netherlands, pa cigaŵa cakuti ŵalimi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵapeleke ivyo ŵakukhumba ku Britain ndiposo kuti mtengo wa ŵazga uŵe wakukwana kanandi waka na ndalama izo ŵakapika. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵaleke kukhorwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti boma la Cape Colony likapoka ndalama izo ŵakeneranga kupeleka kuti ŵazga ŵawo ŵafwatuke. Awo ŵakapika ndalama, ŵakeneranga kukapempha ku Britain mwekha panji kwizira mwa munthu munyake. Ndalama izo ŵantchito ŵakatoranga zikaŵa zakuyana waka na za muzga yumoza, ntheura awo ŵakakhumbanga muzga yumoza pera ŵakapokeranga kanthu yayi.<ref name="krugerp">{{cite book|last=Kruger|first=Paul|title=Memoirs of Paul Kruger|year=1902|publisher=George R Morang and Co|location=Canada|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirsofpaulkru00kruguoft/page/n26 3]|isbn=9780804610773 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsofpaulkru00kruguoft}}</ref> ==== Charu cha South Africa ==== {{Main|South African Republic}} [[File:Flag of Transvaal.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[Flag of the South African Republic]], often referred to as the ''Vierkleur'' (meaning four-coloured)]] Charu cha South Africa (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek panji ZAR, kuti chileke kupambanika na charu cha South Africa), kanandi chikuchemeka Transvaal ndipo nyengo zinyake Republic of Transvaal. Chikaŵa boma lakujiyimira palokha ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakalimanya. Ufumu wa Britain ukazomera kuti charu ichi ntchakujiyimira paŵekha apo ukachita phangano la Sand River Convention pa 17 January 1852. Boma ili likathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer ndipo likalutilira kuŵa lakujiyimira palokha m'paka pa 31 May 1902. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo iyi, caru ca South Africa cikacemeka Transvaal Colony.<ref>Boereafrikana.com [http://www.boereafrikana.com/Geskiedenis.htm ''Geskiedenis'']. Accessed 6 June 2015</ref> ==== Boma la Free State ==== {{Main|Orange Free State}} [[File:Flag of the Orange Free State.svg|thumb|200px|[[Flag of the Orange Free State|Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State]]]]Boma la Orange Free State likafuma mu ufumu wa Britain uwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Orange. Britain, cifukwa ca masuzgo agho yikaŵa nagho cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Crimean ku Europe, yikawezga ŵasilikari ŵake mu 1854, apo Boers ŵakayowoya kuti malo agha pamoza na malo ghanyake gha mu cigaŵa ici ni caru ca Boer, ico ŵakacema Orange Free State. Mu Malichi 1858, pamanyuma pa kulimbana pa malo, kwiba viŵeto, na kuwukira, boma la Orange Free State likapharazga nkhondo ku ufumu wa Basotho. Nkhondo zinandi zikacitika pakati pa Ŵaburu na Ŵasotho mu vilimika 10 vyakulondezgapo.<ref>Cameron, T. (ed) ''An Illustrated History of South Africa''. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1986, pp. 137, 138, 143, 147–9, 169. {{ISBN|0715390511}}</ref> Zina lakuti Orange Free State likasinthikaso kuŵa Orange River Colony, ilo likapangika na Britain pamanyuma pakuti likapoka charu ichi mu 1900. Mu 1904, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 400,000. Kweni mu 1910, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Orange Free State. ====Natalia==== {{Main|Natalia Republic}} Natalia yikaŵa boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ilo likamara nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo likakhazikiskika mu 1839 na ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer Voortrekkers awo ŵakafuma ku Cape Colony. Mu 1824, gulu la ŵanalume 25 awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara F. G. Farewell, ŵakafuma ku Cape Colony ndipo ŵakakhazikika kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Bay of Natal. Mu 1838, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer Voortrekkers ŵakakhazikiska boma la Natalia mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu usiku wa pa 23 m'ma 1842, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira msasa wa Voortrekker ku Congella. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakawelera ku Durban, uko ŵakazingilizga. Munthu munyake wakwendeska malonda, zina lake Dick King, na muteŵeti wake, Ndongeni, awo pamasinda ŵakazgoka vinkhara vya ŵanthu, ŵakachimbira na kuluta ku Grahamstown, mtunda wa makilomita 600 mu mazuŵa 14 kuti ŵakakhozge ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Ŵasilikari ŵakiza ku Durban pati pajumpha mazuŵa 20, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakathera. Mu 1844, ŵa Boer ŵakazomera kuti ŵanjireso mu ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Natalia Boers awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga Ufumu wa Britain, ŵakenda mu mapiri gha Drakensberg kuti ŵakakhale mu vigaŵa vya Orange Free State na Transvaal.<ref>''The Voortrekkers: A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835–1845'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20150622110948/http://www.voortrekker-history.co.za/trekkers_leave_great_trek.php#.VYGAKPmqqko Voortrekkers leave Natal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622110948/http://www.voortrekker-history.co.za/trekkers_leave_great_trek.php#.VYGAKPmqqko |date=22 June 2015 }} Accessed 17 June 2015</ref> ===Cape Colony=== {{main|Cape Colony|Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope}} [[File:Sir Harry G W Smith.jpg|thumb|Harry Smith]] Pakati pa 1847 na 1854, Harry Smith, kazembe wa Cape Colony, wakapoka malo agho ghakaŵa kumpoto kwa malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na Dutch ŵakakhalanga. Smith wakalutilira kusazgirako malo gha Cape Colony ndipo wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Orange River awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo ŵakachitanga. Mu 1848, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Mounted Rifles ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Boomplaats. Kweniso kukolerana na ufumu wa Britain kukapangiska kuti mu 1850 paŵe nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Kwambira m'ma 1800, Cape of Good Hope, iyo yikaŵa chigaŵa chikuru chomene kumwera kwa Africa, yikamba kujiyimira payekha. Mu 1854, boma ili likapika mazaza ghakwendeskera malango, ndipo likachemeka Cape Parliament. Mu 1872, pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali, boma ili likaŵa na ŵalara na nduna yikuru. Kweni Cape Cape yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain, nangauli yikaŵa yakujiyimira. Charu cha Cape Colony chikaŵa chachilendo chomene kumwera kwa Africa chifukwa malango ghake ghakakanizganga ŵanthu kusankhana mitundu, ndipo mwakupambana na vyaru vya Boer, ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga mu vyaru vinyake. Pakwamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru ca kumwera kwa Africa ciŵe mu wupu wa Britain, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kutinkhana. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakasanga malibwe gha dayamondi pafupi na Kimberley na golide mu Transvaal, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora yayi. Pakuŵa Nduna Yikuru ya Cape, Rhodes wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ndyali zake zikambiska Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New History of Southern Africa|author=Neil Parsons|isbn=0333570103|publisher=Macmillan, London|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars}}</ref> ===Natal=== {{Main|Colony of Natal}} [[File:Indians arriving in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Ŵantchito ŵa ku India ŵakiza ku Durban]] Mu 1654, ŵazga ŵa ku India awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Dutch, ŵakiza ku South Africa. Kuumaliro wa 1847, apo boma la Britain likakolerana na boma la Boer la Natalia, pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Boer ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Britain, ndipo pakati pa 1849 na 1851 pakafika ŵanthu 5,000. Kuzakafika mu 1860, ŵazga ŵakalekeka mu 1834, ndipo mu 1843, ŵakati ŵanjira mu charu cha Natal (lero ni KwaZulu-Natal), ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera ku India kuti ŵamazge suzgo la ŵantchito. Mu caka ici, ngaraŵa yakucemeka SS Truro yikafika mu dowoko la Durban na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 300. Mu vilimika 50 vyakulondezgapo, ŵateŵeti na ŵantchito ŵa ku India ŵakukwana 150,000 ŵakafika, kweniso "Ŵaindiya ŵanandi" awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kwenda. Kuzakafika mu 1893, apo loya kweniso munthu wakulimbikira vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, Mahatma Gandhi, wakafika mu tawuni ya Durban, mu Natal mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India kuluska ŵazungu. Nkhondo ya Gandhi yakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikaŵa yakutondeka; m'paka mu 1994, apo boma la South Africa likamba kulamulira ŵanthu mwaurunji, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakasuzgikanga na malango ghanandi agho ghakaŵasuzganga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa - The O'Malley Archives |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv02914/06lv02917.htm |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵa ku Griqua === {{Main|Griqua people}} [[File:Nicolaas Waterboer - Griqua leader and politician of the Cape Colony.jpg|thumb|Nicolaas Waterboer, muwusi wa Griqualand, 1852-1896]] Kuumaliro wa ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakachemekanga "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu" awo ŵakaŵa ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana pakati pa ŵanalume ŵa ku Dutch, ŵanakazi ŵa Khoikhoi, na ŵazga ŵanakazi awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya ku Dutch. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa mtundu wa Griqua. Ŵakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muzga munyake zina lake Adam Kok, ndipo "ŵanthu ŵa mitundu" aŵa ŵakamba kwenda kumpoto, kujumpha mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Northern Cape Province. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ulendo wa vikoko vya Griqua uwu "njimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzizwiska chomene vya m'ma 1800". Pa ulendo wawo utali, ŵakalongozgana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoikhoi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha ku Africa, kweniso ŵazungu ŵanyake awo ŵakagaluka. Mu 1800, ŵakamba kwambuka mphaka ya kumpoto iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Orange, ndipo ŵakafika ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, agho ŵakaghacemanga kuti Griqualand. Mu 1825, Dr. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa London Missionary Society ku Southern Africa, wakakhuŵilizga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua kuti ŵasamire ku malo ghakucemeka Philippolis, agho ghakaŵa malo gha upharazgi ku San. Philip wakakhumbanga kuti ŵamunyumba ya Griqua ŵavikilire ofesi ya ŵamishonale ku vigeŵenga vya mu chigaŵa ichi. Kweniso ŵakakhumbanga kuti iyi yiŵe linga lakukhora kuti ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape Colony ŵaleke kwiza kumpoto. Cifukwa ca mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua na awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakatumika ku malo agha mu 1845. Ici cikaŵa kwamba kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kucitako vinthu vya ku Britain mu cigaŵa ici.<ref>Karel Schoeman, ''The British Presence in the Transorange 1845–1854'', Human & Rosseau, Cape Town, 1992, p.11, {{ISBN|0-7981-2965-4}}</ref> Mu 1861, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Philippolis Griquas ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake kuti ŵaleke kukakika na boma la Orange Free State. Ŵakasamukira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Quathlamba (uko sono ni mapiri gha Drakensberg), ndipo ŵakakhala mu malo ghakucemeka "Nomansland". Kufuma apo, mu 1874 charu cha East Griqualand chikapokeka na Britain, ndipo mu 1879 chikazgoka chigaŵa cha Cape Colony. Griqualand wakwambilira, kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Orange, wakatoleka na Britain ndipo wakacemeka Griqualand West pamanyuma pakuti mu 1871 ŵakasanga malibwe gha daimondi ghanandi ku Kimberley. Nangauli pakaŵavya mphaka izo zikalembeka, kweni mulongozgi wa Griqua, Nicolaas Waterboer, wakati malo agha ghakaŵa gha Griqua. Maboma gha Boer gha Transvaal na Orange Free State nagho ghakakwesananga kuti ghaŵe na malo agha, kweni Britain ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha. Mu 1878, Waterboer wakalongozga gulu lakugalukira maboma, ndipo ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu caru cinyake.<ref>EJ Verwey: ''New Dictionary of South African Biography'', Vol I, Human Sciences and Research (HSRC) Press, Pretoria: 1995</ref> === Nkhondo na Ŵachixhosa === Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanyanga yayi mphaka za charu chawo na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Kwa Moshoeshoe, mulongozgi wa BaSotho wa ku Lesotho, ntchawanangwa cha mahachi na viŵeto.<ref>Paul Germond, ''Chronicles of Basutoland'', Morija (Lesotho): Morija Sesuto Books, 1967, pp. 144f, 252–53</ref><ref>Elizabeth Eldredge, ''A South African Kingdom'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 48–9, {{ISBN|052144067X}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa ŵakagomezganga kuti munthu uyo wakupeleka msonkho uwu ndiyo wakugura na kuŵa mweneko wa malo. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakambanga kupanga minda yikuruyikuru mu charu chose kuti ŵasange malo ghakutowa ghakuryapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu awo ŵakasamukira kumwera kufuma ku Central Africa, ŵakaŵasuska. Nkhondo izo zikacitika pa mphaka zikamanyikwa kuti Nkhondo za Xhosa (izo zikayowoyeka mu nyengo yira kuti Nkhondo za Kafir panji Nkhondo za Cape Frontier). <ref>{{cite journal|title=Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D|journal=BMJ|volume=2|issue=2859|year=1915|pages=589|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b|pmc=2303193}}</ref>Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa South Africa, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer na ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakalimbananga mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Great Fish, ndipo mu 1779 Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵa Xhosa yikamba. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Ŵachixhosa ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mu Nkhondo yacinayi ya Ŵa Xhosa, iyo yikacitika kwambira mu 1811 m'paka mu 1812, ŵamazaza ŵa Britain ŵakacicizga Ŵa Xhosa kuti ŵambuke Mlonga Ukuru wa Somba na kuzenga vigongwe mumphepete mwa mphaka iyi. Kuŵikapo mtima kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pa vyachuma mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Africa kwambira mu 1820, ndipo comenecomene pamanyuma pa kusanga dayamondi yakwamba ku Kimberley na golide mu Transvaal, kukacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kukhumba malo na ŵantchito ŵa ku Africa. Mu 1818 mphindano pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵa Xhosa ŵaŵiri, Ndlambe na Ngqika, zikamara apo Ngqika wakathereskeka, kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kumumanya Ngqika kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru. Wakalomba wovwiri ku Britain kuti wawovwire Ndlambe, uyo wakawezgera mu 1819 pa Nkhondo ya Cinkhondi ya ku Frontier. ==== Nkhondo na Ŵazulu ==== [[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|thumb|200px|Fumu [[Cetshwayo kaMpande|Cetshwayo]] (ca. 1875)]]Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha South Africa, mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakachemanga kuti Natalia. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ng'ombe, ndipo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Piet Retief ŵakakomeka. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Retief ŵakomeka, Ŵaburu ŵakajivikilira ku Ŵazulu pa Mlonga wa Ncome pa Disembala 16, 1838. Ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 5,000 ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ndiwo ŵakaŵa pa nkhondo iyi. Ŵaburu ŵakamba kujikora pa mtunda pa Mlonga wa Ncome, ndipo ŵakakanizgika na magaleta ghawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Zulu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyo yikachemeka kuti Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Ndopa.<ref>Ngubane, Jordan K. ''An African Explains Apartheid''. New York: Praeger, 1970. pp.40–41</ref><ref>Donald R Morris, ''The Washing of the Spears'', London: Cardinal, 1973, p.148-50 {{ISBN|0 351 17400 1}}</ref> Mu 1879, ufumu wa Zulu ukatoleka na ufumu wa Britain. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa Ufumu wa Britain kuti wakacite mulimo uwu. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa boma la South Africa na ufumu wa Zululand. Frere, kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma la Britain, ndipo wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga nkhondo na Ŵazulu, wakapeleka ulongozgi kwa Themba Cetshwayo pa Disembala 11, 1878. Kufuma apo, Bartle Frere wakatuma Fumu Chelmsford kuti yikawukire caru ca Zululand. Nkhondo iyi yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhondo zinandi zakuthiska ndopa, kusazgapo kutonda kwa Ŵazulu pa Nkhondo ya ku Isandlwana, kweniso cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru cose. Kuwina kwa Ŵazulu, uko kukaŵa umaliro wa wanangwa wa mtundu wa Ŵazulu, kukacitika na wovwiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Ŵazulu. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kupanga minda yikuru ya shuga mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka KwaZulu-Natal Province. ==== Nkhondo na Basotho ==== [[File:King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho with his ministers.jpg|thumb|Themba Moshoeshoe pamoza na ŵapharazgi ŵake]] Kwambira mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Cape Colony ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Orange ndipo ŵakamba kufika ku chigaŵa chakumwera cha Lower Caledon Valley, uko kukaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa Basotho. Mu 1845, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano na ŵanthu ŵa ku Moshoeshoe. Pakaŵavya mphaka pakati pa malo agho kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa na ufumu wa Moshoeshoe, ntheura pakaŵa nkhondo. Moshoeshoe wakaghanaghananga kuti wakupeleka malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi mwakuyana na dango la ku Africa lakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikenge malo ghawo mu malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Moshoesoe kweniso pakati pa Ŵafrika.<ref>David B Coplan, ''Unconquered Territory: Narrating the Caledon Valley'', Journal of African Cultural Studies, Vol 13, No 2, December 2000, p.192</ref> Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain, awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Orange na Vaal, ŵakawona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kupanga mphaka na kugaŵa chigaŵa ichi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ŵasotho na Ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain ŵathereskeke na ŵasilikari ŵa Moshoeshoe pa nkhondo ya Viervoet mu 1851. Pakupeleka cilango ku Basotho, kazembe na mulongozgi wa Cape Colony, George Cathcart, wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Mlonga wa Mohokare. Cifukwa cakuti wakakana kulipira ndalama zose, mu 1852 ku Berea Plateau kukawuka nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakakomeka comene. Mu 1854, ŵa ku Britain ŵakapeleka chigaŵa ichi ku Ŵaburu. Malo agha pamoza na ghanyake ghakazgoka Republic of the Orange Free State.<ref>Information department, Government of Lesotho, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107030932/http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/about/default.php ''About Lesotho'']. Accessed 1 May 2015</ref> Kufuma mu 1858 m'paka 1868, pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ufumu wa Basotho na boma la Orange Free State. Mu nkhondo izo zikacitika pamanyuma pake, boma la Orange Free State likayezga kwambura kucitapo kanthu kuti lipoke msumba wa Thaba Bosiu, apo Ŵasotho ŵakacitanga nkhondo mu vigaŵa vya Free State. Vyaru vinandi na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto vikaparanyika. Pa 15 Okutobala, 1858, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano la mtende. Mu 1865, nkhondo yikambaso. Pamanyuma pa kupempha wovwiri ku ufumu wa Britain, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano la Thaba Bosiu mu 1866, apo Basotho ŵakapeleka malo ghanandi ku Orange Free State. Pa Malichi 12, 1868, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Britain yikati Ufumu wa Basotho ni boma la Britain ilo likuvikilirika na Ufumu wa Britain. Nkhondo pakati pa Orange Free State na Basotho yikamara.<ref>James S Olson, Robert S Shadle (eds.) ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire'', Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut 1996, p.118 {{ISBN|0-313-27917-9}}</ref> Pamanyuma, charu ichi chikachemeka Basutoland ndipo pasono chikuchemeka Lesotho. ==== Nkhondo na Ŵandebele ==== [[File:G.S. Smithard; J.S. Skelton (1909) - The Voortrekkers.jpg|thumb|Boer ''Voortrekkers'' depicted in an early artist's rendition]]Mu 1836, apo ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer Voortrekkers (ŵapayiniya) ŵakafika ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha South Africa, ŵakakumana na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Ndebele. Nkhondo zinandi zikacitika, ndipo Mzilikazi wakathereskeka. Wakafumamo mu chigaŵa ichi na kuluta na ŵanthu ŵake kumpoto ku malo agho pamasinda ghakazgoka chigaŵa cha Matabele ku Southern Rhodesia (uko sono ni Zimbabwe). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakasangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Voortrekkers, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa icho pamanyuma chikazgoka Northern Transvaal. Mu Seputembala 1854, ŵanthu 28 ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakaŵapa mulandu wa kwiba ng'ombe ŵakakomeka pa ngozi zitatu. Mokopane na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu ŵaheni ŵizenge na kuŵawukira. Kuumaliro wa Okutobala, ŵasilikari ŵa Boer awo ŵakakhozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kgatla ŵakazingilizga mphanji. Pakati pajumpha masabata ghatatu, ŵanthu 1,000 na 3,000 ŵakafwa mu mphanji. Awo ŵakapona ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga.<ref>Isabel Hofmeyr, ''We Spend Our Years as a Tale that is Told: Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom''. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg: 1993, pp.109–111</ref> ==== Nkhondo na Ŵapedi ==== Nkhondo za ku Bapedi, izo zikumanyikwaso kuti Nkhondo za ku Sekhukhune, zikaŵa zinkhondo zitatu zakupambanapambana izo zikachitika pakati pa 1876 na 1879 kwimikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bapedi awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa Themba Sekhukhune I, mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Kweniso pakaŵa mphindano cifukwa cakuti Sekhukhune wakakana kuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga golide kuti ŵapenje golide mu caru ico iyo wakawonanga kuti nchakujiyimira yekha. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Sekhukhune ya 1876 yikacitika na Ŵaburu, ndipo nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Sekhukhune ya 1878/1879 yikacitika na ŵa ku Britain.<ref>H W Kinsey,[http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html "The Sekukuni Wars"], ''South African Military History Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 – June 1973. Accessed 28 June 2015</ref> Pa nyengo ya nkhondo yaumaliro, Sekukuni (uyo wakalembekangaso Sekhukhune) na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakabisama mu mphanji ya mu mapiri. Paumaliro wakajipeleka ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Boer na ku Britain pa 2 December 1879. Sekhukhune, ŵamumbumba yake na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa Bapedi ŵakajalirika mu jele ku Pretoria kwa vyaka viŵiri. Ŵakasanga yayi golide mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Roma.<ref>SA History Online, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-sekhukhune ''King Sekhukhune'']. Accessed 29 June 2015</ref> === Kusanga dayamondi === [[File:CecilRhodes.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Cecil John Rhodes, wakayambiska De Beers Consolidated Mines ku Kimberley]]Malibwe ghakwamba agho ghakasangika pakati pa 1866 na 1867 ghakaŵa gha mu malo agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Orange. Kuzakafika mu 1869, dayamondi ŵakayisanga kutali na mlonga uliwose, mu malibwe ghakukhoma ghakucemeka blueground, agho pamasinda ghakacemekanga kimberlite. Malo agha ghakaŵa na mphaka zambura kupulikikwa makora kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani ya malo. Boma la South Africa (Transvaal), Orange Free State Republic, na mtundu wa Griqua awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Nicolaas Waterboer ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga malo agha.<ref>Dougie Oakes, ''Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story'', Reader's Digest:Cape Town 1992, p.166 {{ISBN|9781874912279}}</ref> Kazembe wa Cape Colony, Henry Barkly, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na boma kuti ŵapulikire ivyo mweruzgi wakadumura, ntheura Robert W. Keate, mulaŵiliri mulara wa boma la Natal, wakapempheka kuti waŵe mweruzgi. Keate wakapeleka katundu uyu ku Griqua. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Waterboer, ŵakawopa kuti ŵangakumana na boma la Orange Free State, ndipo ŵakapempha wovwiri ku Britain. Kufuma apo, mu 1871, Griqualand yikazgoka koloni lakwimira ufumu ndipo yikachemeka Griqualand West. Mu 1877, charu cha Griqualand West chikapelekeka ku boma la Cape Colony. Ŵagiriki ŵakasangirapo candulo cilicose yayi cifukwa ca kukoloneska panji kukolerana na caru cawo. Ŵakapokerapo yayi usambazi wa dayamondi uwo ukasangika ku Kimberley. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵa ku Griqua ŵakaŵasuska. Kuzakafika m'ma 1870 na 1880, migodi ya Kimberley yikapanganga dayamondi pafupifupi 95 peresenti pa caru cose.<ref>Diamond Museum, Cape Town, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709194130/https://www.capetowndiamondmuseum.org/about-diamonds/south-african-diamond-history/ ''History of Diamonds'']. Accessed 1 June 2015</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide na vinthu vinyake chifukwa cha usambazi uwo ŵakasanganga ku Kimberley. Vinthu ivyo vikasangika ku Cape Colony kufuma ku Kimberley vikapangiska kuti mu 1872 Cape Colony yipike udindo wa boma, chifukwa yikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain yayi. Usambazi uwo ukafuma ku migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Kimberley, uwo ukakwera katatu kufuma mu 1871 m'paka mu 1875, ukakhozga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony. Mu 1888, Cecil John Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa migodi ku Britain, wakawovwira kukhazikiska De Beers Consolidated Mines ku Kimberley, pamanyuma pakuti wagura na kusazga migodi iyi na ndalama izo mbumba ya Rothschild yikapeleka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga dayamondi ku Kimberley ŵakakondwanga comene cifukwa ca nchito iyi. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti usambazi uwo ukapangika ku Kimberley ndiwo ukambiska nkhondo ya ku Africa iyo yikacitika mu 1902.<ref>Christopher Oldstone-Moore, [http://www.wright.edu/~christopher.oldstone-moore/imperiallecture.htm The Imperialist Venture], Wright State University. Accessed 24 May 2015</ref><ref>Stacey Greer,[http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/lessons/view_lesson.php?id=21 South African Diamond Mines 1970s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154746/http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/lessons/view_lesson.php?id=21 |date=24 May 2015 }}, University of California, Davis. Accessed 24 May 2015</ref> === Kusanga golide === {{Main|Witwatersrand Gold Rush}} [[File:Johannesburg, South Africa (1896).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Johannesburg pambere kulije migodi ya golide iyo yikapangiska kuti uŵe msumba wamoyo]]Nangauli pali nkhani zinandi, kweni palije ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti mbanjani awo ŵakasanga golide panji umo likasangikira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ku Witwatersrand, mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal.<ref>P Holz, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150527205302/http://www.heritageportal.co.za/article/greatest-discovery-them-all ''The Greatest Discovery of them all''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527205302/http://www.heritageportal.co.za/article/greatest-discovery-them-all |date=27 May 2015 }}, (originally published in Guide Book, Geological Society of South Africa). Accessed 27 May 2015.</ref> Mu Febuluwale 1886, ŵanthu ŵakasanga golide mu famu yinyake ku Witwatersrand. Ndipouli, kupaturako malo ghacoko waka, malo agho kukaŵa golide ghanandi ghakaŵa kuti ghabenekelereka na malibwe ghanandi. Pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zinandi na maluso gha ma injiniya kuti ŵasange na kufumiska golide mu malo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakaŵa pasi pa charu.<ref>Extract from ''New History of South Africa'', by Hermann Giliomee and Bernard Mbenga (eds.) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131101083245/http://newhistory.co.za/Part-3-Chapter-8-The-story-of-gold-Johannesburg-an-instant-city/ Chapter 8, "The story of gold"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101083245/http://newhistory.co.za/Part-3-Chapter-8-The-story-of-gold-Johannesburg-an-instant-city/ |date=1 November 2013 }}. Accessed 27 May 2015</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika viŵiri kufuma apo ŵakasangira golide ku Witwatersrand, ŵakazenga mabungwe ghanayi ghakwendeska migodi. Yachiŵiri yikapangika na Hermann Eckstein mu 1887, ndipo pamanyuma yikamba kucemeka Rand Mines. Pamanyuma pake, Cecil Rhodes na Charles Rudd ŵakaluta na kampani yawo ya Gold Fields of South Africa. Rhodes na Rudd ŵakaŵa kuti ŵasanga ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca kuguliska dayamondi ku Kimberley.<ref>Goldavenue.com [https://web.archive.org/web/20110421002356/http://info.goldavenue.com/Info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_rush_safrica.html ''South African Gold Rush: 1885''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421002356/http://info.goldavenue.com/Info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_rush_safrica.html |date=21 April 2011 }} Accessed 30 May 2015.</ref> Mu 1895, ndalama zinandi zikaguliskika mu migodi ya golide ya ku Witwatersrand. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikawovwiranga chomene pa malonda pa charu chose. Pa ŵamalonda ŵakumanyikwa 25 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga migodi ya golide ku Witwatersrand, 15 ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, 11 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Germany panji Austria, ndipo 9 ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, ŵakakopeka na malonda agho ghakacitika cifukwa ca kusanga golide. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalanga mu South Africa mu 1880 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 4,000. Kweni mu 1914, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakukwana 40,000. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Lithuania. Kweni umo wakulemba mbiri munyake wakayowoyera, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi iyi ŵakaŵa "ŵakofya, ŵankhaza, ndiposo ŵakusuzga", ntheura ŵakaŵatemwanga yayi ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa ku Africa. Kulemba ŵantchito ŵa mitundu yinyake kukaŵa kwakusuzga, nangauli ŵakapika malipiro ghawemi. Pakati pa 1903, pa ŵanthu 90,000 ŵa fuko lakuda awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyamalonda mu 1899, ŵakakhalapo hafu pera. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵambe kutolera ŵantchito ŵa ku China awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kugwira nchito pa malipiro ghacoko comene kuluska ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba 1,000 ŵa ku China ŵakiza mu Juni 1904. Mu Janyuwale 1907, ŵanthu 53,000 ŵa ku China ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya golide.<ref>Jones (1995), p.53</ref> === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Anglo-Boer === {{Main|First Boer War}} [[File:South Africa late19thC map.png|thumb|right|Malo gha mu chigaŵa mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Anglo-Boer: <br />{{colorbox|green}} [[South African Republic]]/Transvaal<br />{{colorbox|orange}} [[Orange Free State]]<br />{{colorbox|blue}} British [[Cape Colony]]<br />{{colorbox|red}} [[Natalia Republic]]]]Mu 1877, boma la Britain likakolerana na boma la Transvaal Boer apo likakhumbanga kukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nkhondo yakwamba ya Anglo-Boer, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Boer Insurrection, yikamba mu 1880.<ref>Rayne Kruger, ''Goodbye Dolly Gray: The story of the Boer War'', London: Pimlico 1996, p.7 {{ISBN|978-0-7126-6285-7}}</ref>Nkhondo iyi yikamara mwaluŵiro chomene apo ŵakawina nkhondo ya Majuba Hill (27 February 1881). Charu ichi chikamba kujithemba ndipo chikachemekanga Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ("South African Republic"). Paul Kruger, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ciwukirano ici, wakaŵa purezidenti wa ZAR mu 1883. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakawonanga kuti ŵakutondeka pa nkhondo ya ku Majuba, ŵakalutilira kukhumba kukolerana na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵakawona kuti iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi yakucitira vinthu na ŵanthu ŵacenje awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene mu cigaŵa ici, kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na vilato vyawo mu cigaŵa ici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Africa/European-and-African-interaction-in-the-19th-century |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Nkhondo za Anglo-Boer zikacitika cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti ni mtundu wuli uwo ukeneranga kulamulira migodi ya golide ya ku Witwatersrand. Usambazi ukuru wa migodi iyi ukaŵa mu mawoko gha "ŵakaronga ŵa ku Europe" awo ŵakalongozganga ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵantchito ŵakwendeska migodi, ŵantchito ŵakumanya kupanga vinthu, na ŵantchito ŵantchito awo Ŵaburu ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "uitlander". Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakasuskanga cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵakananga mwaŵi wa kwimilira mu nyumba za malango na wa kuvota. Kweniso ŵakadandawuranga kuti boma likucedwa kupeleka malaisensi na vikalata, kweniso kuti boma likucita makora yayi vinthu. Mu 1895, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu kampani ya Cecil John Rhodes yakuchemeka Rhodesian Charter Company ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kaputeni Leander Starr Jameson ŵakanjira mu ZAR na cilato cakuti ŵambiske chigaluka pa cirwa ca Witwatersrand na kukhazikiska boma la Britain. Nkhondo iyi yikamanyikwa kuti Jameson Raid. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakaŵawukira. Pulezidenti Kruger wakaghanaghananga kuti boma la Cape Colony ilo likalamuliranga na Cecil John Rhodes ndilo likakolerana na chigaluka ichi. Kruger wakachita phangano na boma la Orange Free State, ilo likaŵa pafupi na charu cha Boer. Ici cikapangiska kuti nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Anglo-Boer yileke kwambaso. === Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Boer === {{Main|Second Boer War}} [[File:Hobhouse.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Emily Hobhouse wakachitanga kampeni yakususkana na vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku South Africa.]] Mu 1899, pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa Britain na Boers, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazungu 60,000 awo ŵakakhalanga ku Witwatersrand ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Pambere ivi vindacitike, boma la Pulezidenti Paul Kruger likazomerezganga yayi kuti ŵalendo ŵagwirenge nchito iyi. Kruger wakakana ivyo Britain likakhumbanga ndipo wakacema ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵafumemo mu caru ca South Africa. Ŵanandi ŵakakana, ndipo Kruger wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵarwe nawo nkhondo. Nkhondo yachiŵiri iyi, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Nkhondo ya ku South Africa, yikatora nyengo yitali kuluska yakwamba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakaŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi. Kuzakafika mu Juni 1900, msumba wa Pretoria, uwo ukaŵa waumaliro pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya Ŵaburu, ukajipeleka. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakaŵa na mtima wakununkha ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari kwa vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaburu ŵakalutilira kurwa nkhondo. Mwanakazi munyake wa ku Britain, zina lake Emily Hobhouse, wakaluta ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku South Africa ndipo wakalemba lipoti ilo likasuska vinthu viheni ivyo vikacitikanga. Kuzakafika mu 1902, ŵanakazi na ŵana 26,000 ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafwa cifukwa ca matenda ndiposo kulekelereka mu misasa.<ref>Owen Coetzer, ''Fire in the Sky: The destruction of the Orange Free State 1899–1902'', Johannesburg: Covos Day, 2000, pp.82–88 {{ISBN|0-620-24114-4}}.</ref> Nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer yikakhwaska mafuko ghose mu South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose yiŵiri ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire pa nkhondo. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa yayi. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵikika mu malaro ghambura mazina. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 17,182 ŵakafwa na matenda mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku Cape pera. Ŵalara ŵa misasa ya ŵakayidi ŵakalembanga yayi nyifwa za ŵanthu ŵafipa.<ref>Nosipho Nkuna, [http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol113nn.html "Black involvement in the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902"], ''Military History Journal of the South African Military History Society'', Vol 11 No 3/4 – October 1999. Accessed 6 June 2015</ref> Kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mu Okutobala 1899 m'paka apo kukakhazikiskikira mtende pa Meyi 31, 1902, nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Roma ŵakukwana 22,000 na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Republican 7,000. Mu phangano la mtende ilo likacemeka kuti Treaty of Vereeniging, maboma gha ŵa Boer ghakazomera muwuso wa Britain, ndipo ŵa Britain ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵazengeso malo agho ŵakaŵa na mazaza pawo. == Mgwilizano wa charu cha South Africa (1910-1948) == {{Main|History of South Africa (1910–1948)|Union of South Africa}} [[File:Uniegebou in Pretoria, Suid-Afrika c1925.jpeg|thumb|Union Buildings, boma la boma, Pretoria, c. 1925]] Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo nkhondo za Anglo-Boer, Britain yikamba kuwunganya vyaru vinayi ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, kusazgapo vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Boer, kuŵa charu chimoza chakujiyimira paŵekha. Ivi vikachitika mu 1909, apo Dango la South Africa Act likazomerezga kuti charu cha Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, na Orange Free State viŵe charu chimoza. Kuyana na dango ili, wupu uwu ukazgoka chigaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu mu zina la boma. Vyaru vya British High Commission nga ni Basutoland (sono ni Lesotho), Bechuanaland (sono ni Botswana), na Swaziland (sono ni Eswatini) vikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain.<ref>Leonard M. Thompson, ''A history of South Africa'' (Yale University Press, 2001).</ref> Pakati pa malango ghanyake ghakofya agho ghakaŵa ghakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, kusazgapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵaleke kuvota, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku South Africa yikapanga dango lakuti mu 1913 malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ghaŵe gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa 20 peresenti ya ŵanthu, ŵakaŵa na 90 peresenti ya malo. Dango lakukhwaskana na malo liŵenge libwe lapakona la kusankhana mitundu kwa vyaka 90.<ref name="Natives' Land Act">"[http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm 19 June 1913 Native Land Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm |date=14 October 2010 }}", ''This day in history'', publish date unknown (accessed 20 December 2007).</ref> [[File:DFMalanPortret.jpg|thumb|upright|Daniel François Malan, mulongozgi wa National Party kufuma mu 1934 mpaka 1953]] Mulara wa ŵasilikari Louis Botha ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma lakwamba la wupu uphya uwu, ndipo Jan Smuts wakaŵa wachiŵiri wake. Chipani chawo cha South African National Party, icho pamasinda chikachemekanga South African Party panji SAP, chikalondezganga fundo yakuti ŵazungu ŵakoleranenge na Britain. Ŵa Boer awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene ŵakajipatura pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Barry Hertzog, ndipo ŵakambiska National Party (NP) mu 1914. Chipani cha National Party chikavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika, ndipo chikachiskanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yiŵiri kuti ŵaŵe ŵakupambana, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.<ref>Thompson, ''A history of South Africa'' (2001).</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhorwa yayi na umo Britain yikagwilira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakamba kugaluka mu Seputembala 1914. Ŵanthu ŵakagaluka ŵakamara, ndipo mulara wa ŵasilikari yumoza ŵakamuphalira kuti wakomeke. Mu 1924, chipani cha National Party, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, chikamba kuwusa pamoza na chipani cha Labour. Chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans, icho kale chikawonekanga nga ni chiyowoyero cha ku Netherlands, chikanjira m'malo mwa chiyowoyero cha Dutch. Mu 1925, Cingelezi na Ciholandi vikaŵa viyowoyero viŵiri vya boma. Wupu wa South Africa ukamara pa referendum pa 5 Okutobala 1960, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakazomera kufumamo mu wupu wa British Commonwealth. === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose === {{Main|Jan Smuts|Military history of South Africa during World War I}} [[File:British Empire 1921 IndianSubcontinent.png|thumb|300px|Ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa pa mapu pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene m'ma 1910 na m'ma 1920. (India wakuwoneka makora mu viyuni.) Ku South Africa, pakati, kuli pakati pa vigaŵa viŵiri vya Ufumu.]] Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga, caru ca South Africa cikakolerana na Britain na ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵarwe na ufumu wa Germany. Mulara wa boma, Louis Botha, na mulara wa boma, Jan Smuts, wose ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa likakana kurwa nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani kweniso ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵa boma. Pa Okutobala 14, 1914, boma likapharazga dango lakukanizga nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Louis Botha na Jan Smuts ŵakathereska ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakaŵeruzga, ŵakaŵapa ndalama zinandi, na kuŵakaka vyaka 6 m'paka 7.<ref name="google2012">{{cite book|author=Bill Nasson|title=Springboks On The Somme – South Africa in the Great War 1914 – 1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0kv8HfrLUoC|year=2012|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143027164}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene pa nkhondo iyi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku India (ŵakulongozgeka na Mahatma Gandhi) ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana, ndipo ŵanyake nga ni Botha na Smuts ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru pa nkhondo ya Britain. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ŵakakana fundo iyi. Wupu wa ŵantchito ukagaŵikana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi chifukwa ŵakagomezganga kuti yingaŵawovwira kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Ŵanyake ŵakatenge fundo iyi njambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wawo. Ŵanandi ŵakateŵeteranga mu mawupu gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na France.<ref name="google2012" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 6 miliyoni. Pakati pa 1914 na 1918, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250,000 ŵa mitundu yose ŵakateŵetera mu caru cawo. Ŵanandi ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵakamba kuteŵetera mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain. Vikuwoneka kuti pa ŵanalume wose ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵacekuru kuti ŵanjire usilikari, pafupifupi 50 peresenti ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi. Ŵachikuda 83,000 na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku Asia 2,500 nawo ŵakateŵeteranga ku German South-West Africa, East Africa, Middle East, panji ku Western Front ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka, ndipo pafupifupi 12,000 ŵakapwetekeka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Great Britain. War Office|url=http://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea|title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920|date=1922|publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Ŵanthu 8 ŵa ku South Africa ndiwo ŵakapokera Victoria Cross, uyo ni mphumphu ya nkhondo yapachanya chomene ya Ufumu wa Britain. Nkhondo ya ku Delville Wood na kubira kwa sitima ya nkhondo yakucemeka SS Mendi, ndivyo vikaŵa vyakofya comene. [[File:Botha and Smuts in uniforms, 1917.jpg|thumb|right|Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Smuts (kumalyero) na Botha ŵakaŵa ŵa mu British Imperial War Cabinet mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose.]]Ŵanthu 25,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakalembeka ntchito na British War Cabinet kuti ŵagwirenge nchito mu South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). 21,000 ŵa iwo ŵakatumika ku France kuti ŵakateŵetere nga ni ŵantchito ŵa ku French ports. Pa 21 February 1917, ŵanthu 616 ŵa mu gulu la 5th Battalion la SANLC ŵakabira mu nyanja apo sitima ya nkhondo ya SS Mendi, iyo ŵakendangamo kuluta ku France, yikaswa ngalaŵa yinyake kufupi na Isle of Wight. Nkhondo ya ku Mendi yikaŵa yimoza mwa masoka ghakofya comene mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Boma la South Africa likapeleka yayi mendulo ya nkhondo ku ŵasilikari ŵa fuko lakuda ndipo mendulo yapadera iyo Themba George V likapeleka ku "ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici" awo ŵakateŵeteranga Ufumu, iyo ni British War Medal mu mkuŵa, yikazomerezgeka yayi ndipo yikapelekeka yayi ku SANLC. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakakolerana na nkhondo iyi ŵakakwiya chomene apo ku South Africa kukaŵavya uyo wakazomerezga kuti ŵazungu ŵambe kulamulira. Boma la Britain likapokera wovwiri ukuru comene kufuma ku South Africa. Vinyake ivyo vikaŵa mu vyaru viŵiri vya ku Africa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa Germany vikaŵa mu mawoko gha South Africa pera panji na wovwiri ukuru wa South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti ŵarwe na Ufumu wa Ottoman. Maboti gha ku South Africa agho ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa ghakaŵa ghakukhumbikwa comene pakurwa nkhondo pa caru cose. Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy ŵakasanganga malo ghakupumulirapo na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta, ŵakate ŵakwaniskenge kukolerana na boma la Britain. Ku South Africa ndiko kukafuma golide wakukwana vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ufumu wa Britain. Apo nkhondo yikambanga, ŵalara ŵa Bank of England ku London ŵakakolerana na South Africa kuti ŵaleke kupeleka golide ku Germany, ndipo ŵakacicizga ŵeneco ŵa migodi kuti ŵaguliske ku British Treasury pera, pa mtengo uwo ukanozgeka na Treasury. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵagure vilwero na vyakurya ku United States na vyaru vinyake.<ref>Russell Ally, "War and gold—the Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 1914–19," ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' (1991) 17#2 pp 221–38 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637235 in JSTOR]</ref> === Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose === {{Main articles|Military history of South Africa during World War II}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, maboti gha ku South Africa, nga ni Cape Town, Durban, na Simon's Town, ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain. Wupu wa South Africa wakuwona vya mlengalenga (Special Signals Service) ukawovwira chomene pakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye malo agho kuli mawoko gha mlengalenga. Kuzakafika mu Ogasiti 1945, ŵasilikari ŵa South African Air Force pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Dutch awo ŵakaŵa ku South Africa, ŵakakora ngalaŵa za ŵalwani 17, kovwira ŵanthu 437 awo ŵakapona ku maboti agho ghakanjira mu nyanja.<ref>Andre Wessels, ''South African Military History Journal'', Vol. 11 No. 5, June 2000, South African Military History Society.</ref><ref name="John Keene 1995">{{cite book|author=John Keene|title=South Africa in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iN6AAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Human & Rousseau|isbn=978-0-7981-3388-3}}</ref>[[File:Simonstown Harbour.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito dowoko la Simon's Town na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa.]] Ŵanthu pafupifupi 334,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ŵasilikari nyengo zose. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi 9,000 ŵakafwa. Pa Juni 21, 1942, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku South Africa, awo ŵakimiranga chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku South Africa, ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa German Field Marshal Rommel mu msumba wa Tobruk, ku Libya. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ndege za nkhondo ŵa ku South Africa ŵakateŵeteranga mu Royal Air Force pa Nkhondo ya Britain, kusazgapo Adolph "Sailor" Malan uyo wakalongozga 74 Squadron ndipo wakaparanya ndege 27 za ŵalwani.<ref>Alfred Price, ''Spitfire Mark V Aces, 1941–45''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing 1997, p. 65. {{ISBN|978-1-85532-635-4}}.</ref> Mulara Jan Smuts ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wa ku Britain pera uyo wakapemphanga ulongozgi kwa Winston Churchill, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain. Smuts wakacemeka ku Imperial War Cabinet mu 1939 pakuŵa munthu mulara comene wa ku South Africa uyo wakatemwanga nkhondo. Pa 28 May 1941, Smuts wakasankhika kuŵa Field Marshal wa British Army, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kuŵa na udindo uwu. Nkhondo yikati yamara, Smuts wakimilira South Africa ku San Francisco apo ŵakalembanga chikalata cha United Nations Charter mu Meyi 1945. Nga ni umo wakacitira mu 1919, Smuts wakaciska ŵimiliri kuti ŵapange wupu wankhongono wa pa caru cose kuti usungilire mtende. Smuts wakalembaso phangano la mtende la ku Paris, ilo likapeleka mtende mu Europe. Ntheura wakaŵa yekha uyo wakalembeska phangano ili.<ref name="John Keene 1995"/> ==== Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa Germany na Nazi ==== Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, mu 1914, ku South Africa kukacitika nkhondo yakususkana na boma la South West Africa. Wakawelera mu 1923, ndipo wakalutilira kugwira nchito ku South Africa nga ni mswiri wa boma la Germany. Mu 1896, Kaiser Wilhelm wa ku Germany wakakwiyiska Britain mwa kutuma malumbo kwa mulongozgi wa boma la Boer Paul Kruger pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Kruger ŵakakora gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa British South Africa Company awo ŵakacitanga nkhondo na kuwukira, ndipo ŵakathera. Germany ndiyo yikapelekanga vilwero ku Ŵabowa pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Anglo-Boer. Boma la Kaiser Wilhelm likanozga vyakuti maboma ghaŵiri gha Boer ghagure futi za Mauser na mabomba ghanandi gha gunpowder. Kampani ya ku Germany yakucemeka Ludwig Loewe, iyo pamasinda yikamanyikwa kuti Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, yikapeleka futi 55,000 ku Ŵaburu mu 1896.<ref>Paul Scarlata, [http://www.shootingtimes.com/long-guns/longgun_reviews_st_boermodel_201007/ The 1893/95 "Boer Model" Mauser]. Accessed 21 May 2015</ref> Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1940, gulu la Nazi la Ossewa Brandwag (OB) likaŵa na ŵanthu 500,000, kusazgapo John Vorster, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma, na Hendrik van den Bergh, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵapolisi. Nyengo yichoko waka, gulu la Boerenasie (Boer Nation) na magulu ghanyake agho ghakatinkhanga Ŵayuda, ghakaŵakolerana nawo. Nkhondo yikati yamara, gulu la OB likaŵa limoza mwa magulu ghakwimikana na boma agho ghakaŵa mu chipani cha National Party. Gulu la South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging panji AWB (lakuyowoya kuti Afrikaner Resistance Movement), gulu la nkhondo la Nazi ilo likafuma mu ma 1970, ndipo likaŵa lakugwira ntchito m'paka pakati pa ma 1990, likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndembera iyo yikuyana chomene na swastika.<ref>Anti-defamation League, [http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/hate-on-display/c/triskele.html Hate on Display], Accessed 25 April 2015</ref><ref>[[:File:Afrikaner Weerstandsbewegung flag.svg|AWB neo-Nazi insignia]]</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, AWB yikayezga kutimbanizga kusintha kwa chalo ku demokilase. Pamanyuma pa maungano ghakwamba gha vyaru vinandi mu 1994, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na AWB. Pa 11 March 1994, mamembala mazana ghanandi gha AWB ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Bophuthatswana, mu chiyezgo chakutondeka kukhozga mulongozgi wake wambura kutemweka, Chief Lucas Mangope. Mulongozgi wa AWB Eugène Terre'Blanche wakakomeka na ŵantchito ŵa mu famu pa 3 Epulero 2010. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Afrika awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyuyura ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka ndipo ŵakakolerananga yayi na ivyo AWB yikachitanga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191439/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/coming_to_terms_with_past_present.pdf Wessel Visser, ''Coming to terms with the past and the present: Afrikaner experience and reaction to the "new" South Africa''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191439/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/coming_to_terms_with_past_present.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, (Seminar lecture presented at the Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, 30 September 2004), p.2. Accessed 3 May 2015.</ref>[[File:The Union of South Africa, Its Land and Its People (1956), Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc..webm|thumb|Buku la Encyclopedia Britannica lakulongosora vya South Africa kufuma mu 1956]] == Nyengo ya apartheid (1948-1994) == {{Main|Apartheid}} === Malango gha katangale === Ndondomeko ya kusankhana mitundu yikafuma ku malango gha vyaru vinyake agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch mu ma 1700, ndipo ghakalutilira na kusazgikira mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain. Kwambira mu 1948, maboma gha National Party ghakazomerezga na kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kusankhana mitundu na kukana wanangwa wa ŵanthu kuŵa dango la apartheid, ilo likamara mu 1991. Pa nyengo iyi, dango lakuzirwa chomene likaŵa la Homeland Citizens Act la mu 1970. Dango ili likakhozga chomene dango la Native Land Act la mu 1913, ilo likaŵa lakuti "vigaŵa vyakupatulika". Chikazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵafumiskike mu matawuni gha ku South Africa na South West Africa (lero ni Namibia) na kuluta ku malo agho ŵanthu ŵakughacemanga kuti "Bantustans" panji "makaya ghakwambilira" gha mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵafipa gha ku South Africa. Ndondomeko yeneyiyi yikagwiraso nchito ku South West Africa, uko South Africa yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza gha League of Nations pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakakolerana na muwuso wa apartheid ŵakayezga kuzomerezga fundo ya bantustan mwa kuyowoya kuti boma la Britain likagaŵa India mu 1947.<ref>Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in ''Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity'' edited by David Bennett {{ISBN|0-415-12159-0}} (Routledge UK, 1998) p.122</ref>[[File:Bantustans in South Africa.svg|thumb|300px|right|Mapu gha caru ca ŵanthu ŵafipa ku South Africa paumaliro wa muwuso wa apartheid mu 1994]] Nangauli vinthu vikuruvikuru vikacitika mu nyengo iyi, kweni apartheid ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene pa nkhani za mdauko wa mu nyengo iyi, kusazgapo nkhondo zaciwawa na nkhondo za mu caru ca South Africa. Kuzakafika mu 1987, ndalama zose izo zikagwiliskirika pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi 28% ya bajeti ya boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Soweto mu 1976 na kukanizgika kwa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ma Joint Management Centres (JMCs) agho ghakacitanga milimo yawo mu vigaŵa 34 ivyo boma likati ni vyakofya comene ghakazgoka cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa ndondomeko ya kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa JMC pakatikati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vyakucita pa vigaŵa vyose, kwambira ku nduna mpaka ku boma.<ref>Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 1979–89", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.), ''Towards Justice?: Crime and state control in South Africa'', Cape Town: Oxford University Press 1990, pp.45–50 {{ISBN|0 19 570579 3}}</ref> ===UN embargo=== Pa Disembala 16, 1966, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumura kuti apartheid ni "kwananga kwa ŵanthu". Pa Novembala 30, 1973, wupu wakulongozga ukazomerezga fundo ya mtundu wa apartheid. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba kugwira nchito pa Julayi 18, 1976. Pa Okutobala 23, 1984, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomera fundo iyi. Ungano uwu ukati muwuso wa apartheid ukaŵa wambura kuzomerezgeka na dango kweniso ukaŵa waupusikizgi cifukwa ukaswa Dango la Wupu wa United Nations.<ref>John Dugard, [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cspca/cspca.html ''Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid''], New York: UN Office of Legal Affairs, 2013. Accessed 26 July 2015</ref>Pa Novembala 12, 1974, wupu wa UN ukafumiska kale South Africa mu wupu uwu. Pa Novembala 4, 1977, Wupu wa Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵika dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugura na kuguliska vilwero ku vyaru vinyake. Charu ichi chikazomerezgekaso mu wupu wa UN mu 1994 pamanyuma pakuti cazgoka caru ca demokilase. Boma la Apartheid la South Africa likakolerana na ivyo UN likadumura kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa Israyeli. Vipolopolo vyakukwana 400 vya M-113A1 na futi za 106 mm vyambura kuponyamo ŵanthu ivyo vikapangika mu United States vikapelekeka ku South Africa kwizira mu Israyeli.<ref>International Defence and Aid Fund, ''The Apartheid War Machine'', London, 1980.</ref> === Kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu === Pakati pa ma 1980, ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakakomanga ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na boma. Kuzakafika pakati pa 1987, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Commission) ukamanya kuti mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 140 awo ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca ndyali. Nakuti tingamanya yayi unandi wa awo ŵali kufwa. Ŵapharazgi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kulemba, kujambura panji kujambula vinthu ivi, apo boma likaŵa na pulogiramu yake yakubisira ŵanthu uthenga wautesi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, magulu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyawo ghakachitanga nkhaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakanizganga apartheid. Boma likati ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in ''States of Terror'', Catholic Institute of International Relations, London: 1989, pp. 2–3 {{ISBN|1-85287-019-2}}</ref> Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana (TRC) yikati yasanga kuti gulu lakubisika la ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa kale panji awo ŵachali kuteŵetera, kanandi ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵakunyoloka, ŵakacitanga vinthu ivyo vingawoneka nga ni kwambiska vivulupi. Pakati pa 1960 na 1994, kuyana na ma statistics gha Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Inkatha Freedom Party yikaŵa na mulandu wa nyifwa za ŵanthu 4,500, ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police 2,700, ndipo ANC pafupifupi 1,300. Kukwambilira kwa 2002, ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakatondeska gulu la ŵanthu ŵazungu ilo likakhumbanga kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana makumi ghaŵiri, kusazgapo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakakakika cifukwa ca mulandu wa upusikizgi na kukoma ŵanthu, pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa bomba mu Soweto. Ŵapolisi ŵakakanizga boma kuwukira boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghana kuti boma la demokilase ilo likaŵako mu 1994 ndakuzomerezgeka yayi. Pakumalizga mulimo wake mu 2004, Komiti iyi yikapeleka mazina gha ŵanthu 300 ku National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) kuti yikayezge na kuŵeruzga. Ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikaŵa na milandu.<ref>Ranjeni Munusamy, [http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-03-25-the-trcs-unfinished-business-old-wounds-new-oppressor/#.VTj-SNKqqkr Unfinished business of the TRC], ''Daily Maverick'' 23 March 2013. Accessed 23 April 2015.</ref><ref>Paul Seils, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-seils/political-pardons-would-d_b_6810864.html Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission], ''Huffington Post'', 6 March 2015. Accessed 25 April 2015.</ref> === Ntchito za nkhondo mu vyaru vya ku mphepete === {{see also|South African Border War|Angolan Civil War}} Paumaliro wa muwuso wa apartheid, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakanizganga maboma ghapafupi, kovwiranga ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, kunanga vinthu, na kuwukira malo gha ANC. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, vikacemekanga kuti Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, ndipo kwambira mu 1980, Zimbabwe.<ref>M Evans, [http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/Fronline%20States.pdf The Frontline States], ''Zambezia'' (1984/5), Vol XII, University of Zimbabwe. Accessed 11 April 2016.</ref><ref>Scott Thomas, ''The Diplomacy of Liberation: Foreign relations of the ANC since 1960'', London: I B Taurus 1996, p.18 {{ISBN|1850439931}}</ref> [[File:SADF-Operations 4.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ŵabali ŵa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa parachute la 44 ŵakendeskanga nkhondo ya ku mphaka ya South Africa.]] Kukwambilira kwa Novembala, 1975, pamanyuma pakuti Portugal yapeleka wanangwa ku Angola, caru ico kale cikaŵa mu Africa, nkhondo yikamba pakati pa UNITA na MPLA. Kuti UNITA yileke kuparanyika na kukhozga muwuso wa boma laubwezi, South Africa yikanjilirapo pa 23 Okutobala, kutuma ŵasilikari pakati pa 1,500 na 2,000 kufuma ku Namibia kuya kumwera kwa Angola kuti ŵarwe na MPLA. Pakuzgora ku nkhondo ya South Africa, Cuba wakatuma ŵasilikari 18,000 mu ciphalizgano cikuru ico cikacemekanga kuti Operation Carlota. Ku Cuba, pakwamba MPLA yikaŵa na ŵapharazgi ŵa nkhondo ŵakukwana 230. Kuwukira kwa Cuba kukawovwira kuti SADF na UNITA vileke kunjilirapo na kukhozga muwuso wa MPLA mu Angola. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 10, ŵasilikari 36,000 ŵa ku Cuba ŵakatumika mu caru cose kuti ŵawovwire MPLA kulimbana na UNITA. Nkhondo ya mukati mu Angola yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu 550,000 ŵafwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa pakati pa 1992 na 1993, pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya ku South Africa na Cuba yamara.<ref>Inge Tvedten, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction</ref><ref>SIPRI Yearbook: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</ref><ref>[[Victoria Brittain]], ''Hidden Lives, Hidden Deaths: South Africa's crippling of a continent'', London: Faber 1990, p. 2, {{ISBN|0571142168}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1975 na 1988, ma SADF ghakalutilira kunjilira mu Angola na Zambia kuti ŵaparanyenge maofesi gha PLAN agho ghakaŵa pa mphaka na Namibia kweniso kuti ŵawovwire UNITA. Nkhondo ya mabomba iyo yikapangika na ŵasilikari 200 ŵa ku South Africa pa 4 May 1978 ku Cassinga kumwera kwa Angola, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 700 ŵa ku South West Africa ŵakomeke, kusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa PLAN na ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵanandi. Mulara wa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa parachute ku South Africa, Koloneli Jan Breytenbach, wakati "ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakuti agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene kufuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose". Boma la Angola likati ciŵiya ico cikaŵa pa nkhondo iyi cikaŵa msasa wa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Pa Meyi 6, 1978, wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukadumura kuti caru ca South Africa nchakucita cinthu ciheni. Pa Ogasiti 23, 1981, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjiliraso mu Angola na wovwiri wa CIA. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Angola, apo likagomezganga kuti charu cha South Africa chaŵawukira, likakhozgeka na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Cuba pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa PLAN na ANC, awo wose ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakufuma ku Soviet Union. Gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakalongozganga vinthu vya ndyali, ŵakagwiranga lumoza nchito na ŵasilikari ŵa ku America, Britain, na West Germany. Ku South Africa na ku Cuba, wose ŵakatonda nkhondo ya ku Cuito Cuanavale, iyo yikulongosoreka kuti "njakofya comene mu Africa kufuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose". Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakataya mazaza ghawo pa nkhondo kweniso luso lawo. Kuŵapo kwa South Africa mu Angola kukamara pamanyuma pa kusazga phangano la United Nations ilo likamanyikwa kuti New York Accords pakati pa maboma gha Angola, Cuba na South Africa, ilo likapangiska kuti ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵafumemo mu Angola kweniso kuti South Africa nayo wafumemo mu South West Africa (lero ni Namibia), uko UN yikuwona kuti kuli na ŵasilikari ŵambura kuzomerezgeka kwambira mu 1966.<ref>UN General Assembly, res n° 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/21/ares21.htm [Recovered 1 October 2015]</ref><ref>United Nations, [http://peacemaker.un.org/namibia-genevaprotocol88 UN Resolution 435 of 1978] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081735/http://peacemaker.un.org/namibia-genevaprotocol88 |date=18 May 2015 }} Accessed 1 May 2015</ref> Mu ma 1980, chalo cha South Africa chikapelekaso wovwiri ku gulu la Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) mu charu cha Mozambique, apo likarwa nkhondo na boma la FRELIMO.<ref>B Turok (ed), ''Witness from the Frontline: Aggression and resistance in southern Africa'', London: Institute for African Alternatives, 1990 {{ISBN|1 870425 12X}}</ref><ref>Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109</ref><ref>"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, ''International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995'' (1997).</ref> === Kulimbana na apartheid === [[File:Murder at Sharpeville 21 March 1960.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha kuphana kwa ku Sharpeville mu March 1960]]Ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na mtundu wa Afrikaans, ŵakaŵa waka ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa yayi. Mu ma 1950, gulu linyake la ŵasilikari la Torch Commando likapangika, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Axis mu Europe na North Africa. Pa nyengo iyo gulu ili likaŵa na ŵanthu 250,000, likaŵa gulu likuru comene la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kufika mu 1952, moto uwo ukaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukazimwika, apo gulu la Torch Commando likamara chifukwa cha malango gha boma agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Dango la Kukanizga Chikomyunizimu, 1950. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu gulu la Torch Commando ŵakazgoka ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la African National Congress.<ref>''Sunday Times'' (Johannesburg), ''Insight'' section. 1 November 1998</ref> Kwamba mu 1940 m'paka mu 1960, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na apartheid. Pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu 69 mu Sharpeville mu Malichi 1960, na kukhazikiska boma la vyakofya, na kukanizga maboma gha anti-apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), na Communist Party of South Africa. Wupu wa ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK, kung'anamura Mkondo wa Mtundu) ukayowoya kuti nkhaza ni zaurunji chifukwa cha kujivikilira na nkhondo yaurunji. Kwambira mu ma 1960 m'paka mu 1989, MK wakacitanga viheni vinandi na kuwukira ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Komiti ya Unenesko na Kuphemana yikati mu 2003, nangauli ANC yikayowoya kuti yikurwa waka nkhondo na ŵapolisi, "ŵanandi awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵanthu bweka". Gulu lakufwatuka ku vyaru likapambana mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 apo gulu la "Africanist" mukati mwa ANC likakananga kuti pakaŵe mgwirizano pakati pa ANC na Communist Party of South Africa. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha Communist mu South Africa ŵakaŵa ŵazungu.<ref>Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172619/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/sites/default/files/files/downloads/Learners%20book%20Chapter4.pdf Resistance to Apartheid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172619/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/sites/default/files/files/downloads/Learners%20book%20Chapter4.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }} Accessed 26 April 2015</ref> Ŵa Africanists ŵakafumako ku ANC na kupanga Pan-Africanist Congress na gulu lake la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Poqo, ilo likamba kugwira nchito comene mu vigaŵa vya Cape. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Poqo wakachemeka kuti Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). Gulu ili likachitanga ukhuluku kuti lisange ndalama na vilwero. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa panji kupwetekeka na mabandi agha. Mu 1993, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu awo ŵakacitiranga nkhaza ŵazungu cikakwera. APLA yikakana kuti ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakusankhana mitundu, ndipo yikati vikacitikanga kwimikana na boma la apartheid cifukwa ŵatuŵa wose, kuyana na PAC, ŵakacitanga nawo ndyali ya apartheid. Ŵanthu 11 ŵakafwa ndipo 58 ŵakapwetekeka pa ngozi iyo yikacitikira tchalitchi la Cikhristu ku Cape Town mu 1993.<ref>South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive,[http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/glossary/apla_attacks.htm Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks.] Accessed 26 April 2015</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵanandi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene ku Botswana, kuti ŵaleke kukakika pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Soweto pa Juni 16, 1976, ŵakapanga malo ghakutowa ghakusankhira ŵasilikari ŵa ANC na PAC. Kuwukira uku kukacitika cifukwa ca malango gha boma agho ghakakanizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵaŵazgenge mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans. Chigaluka ichi chikafika mu charu chose. Apo nkhondo iyi yikamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na kupwetekeka. Mu 1983, gulu la United Democratic Front (UDF) likapangika na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400. Pa nyengo iyo UDF yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu 1987, yikaŵa na mawupu pafupifupi 700 na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000,000. Ŵakachita nkhaza zinandi izo zikamanyikwanga kuti "kuleka kuwusa". Ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha opposition, comenecomene ŵa Inkatha Freedom Party, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakaŵawotcha ŵamoyo. Pakati pa African National Congress (ANC) na UDF pakaŵa ubwezi wakukhora, wakuthemba pa fundo yakuyana ya Freedom Charter. Pamanyuma pa kukanizgika kwa milimo yake, mu 1988 UDF yikasinthika na Mass Democratic Movement, wupu uwo ukaŵa na magulu ghakwimikana na apartheid. Ŵakayidi 130 ŵa ndyali ŵakakomeka pa khuni la mphinjika mu jele la Pretoria Central pakati pa 1960 na 1990. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika ŵakaŵa ŵa Pan Africanist Congress na United Democratic Front.<ref>News24.com [http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/remains-of-83-hanged-prisoners-to-be-exhumed-from-kgosi-mampuru-ii-20160323 Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323061434/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/remains-of-83-hanged-prisoners-to-be-exhumed-from-kgosi-mampuru-ii-20160323 |date=23 March 2016 }} Accessed 25 March 2016.</ref> == Nyengo ya apartheid (1994~pano) == {{Main|History of South Africa (1994–present)}} [[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Frederik W. de Klerk]] and [[Nelson Mandela]], two of the driving forces in ending apartheid]] Nkhondo ya Soviet Union mu ma 1980 yikati yamara, African National Congress (ANC) yikakolerana na South African Communist Party, ndipo yikaleka kugomezga Soviet Union kuti yipelekenge vilwero na wovwiri wa ndyali. Kweniso cikang'anamuranga kuti boma la apartheid lingalekaso yayi kukolerana na apartheid na kuzomerezgeka kwake na kuvikilira visambizgo vya Cikristu na civilisation cifukwa ca rooi gevaar, kung'anamura "soka liswesi" panji kofya kwa cikomyunizimu. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikakanizgika kukhala pa thebulu la kudumbiskirana, ndipo mu Juni 1991, malango ghose gha katangale ghakalekeka.<ref>United Nations Yearbook 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BTdmYFgvyi0C&dq=apartheid+laws+rescinded&pg=PA108 Apartheid laws rescinded] UN Dept of Public Information, Accessed 3 May 2015</ref> Pakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake na vyaru vinyake ŵakasuskira apartheid mu ma 1980, kusazgapo nkhondo, vivulupi vya ŵanthu, ndyali na visambizgo vyautesi vya caru cose, kweniso kuyuzgika na gulu lakususka apartheid pa caru cose, Pulezidenti F. W. de Klerk wakapharazga vya kuwuskapo dango lakukanizga African National Congress, Pan Africanist Congress na South African Communist Party, kweniso kufwatura Nelson Mandela uyo wakaŵa mu jele pa Febuluwale 2, 1990, pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jele vyaka 27. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose uwo ukacitika pa 17 Malici 1992, ŵanthu ŵacenje ŵakavota 68% kuti ŵaŵe na demokilase. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali mu wupu wa Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), pa Julayi 26, 1993, ŵakalemba dango ilo likapeleka wanangwa ku vyaru vyose. Kufuma pa 26 m'paka pa 29 Epulero, 1994, ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakavota pa mavoti ghakwamba. Gulu la African National Congress ndilo likathereska, ndipo likaluska chomene gulu la National Party na la Inkatha Freedom Party. Chipani cha Democratic Party na Pan Africanist Congress, pamoza na ŵanyake, vikaŵa vyakwimikana na boma mu nyumba ya malango yakwamba ya caru ici. Nelson Mandela wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti pa 9 Meyi 1994 ndipo wakapangiska boma la wupu wa National Unity, ilo lili na ANC, National Party na Inkatha. Pa 10 Meyi 1994 Mandela wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa South Africa mu Pretoria pamoza na Thabo Mbeki na F. W. De Klerk kuŵa vice-president wake. Boma la National Unity likamara paumaliro wa pharalamende yakwamba mu 1999, apo ANC yikaŵa chipani pera pa mazaza uku yikukolerana na Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) na South African Communist Party. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana comene, kweniso pamanyuma pa maungano gha mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha na ŵanthu bweka, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapanga dango liphya la malango mu 1996. Ŵakalekeska chilango cha nyifwa, ŵakamba kunozga malo na kugaŵira ŵanthu malo, ndipo ŵakaŵika malango ghakwendeskera ntchito. Gulu la ANC likaŵa na mazaza chifukwa cha fundo za Socialist izo zikalembeka mu chikalata cha wanangwa. Chikalata ichi chikati "usambazi wa caru cithu, uwo mbusambazi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa, uzamuwezgeka ku ŵanthu. Mubali Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ANC, wakayowoya mu mazgu ghake pa 25 January 1990 kuti: "Ndondomeko ya ANC njakuti migodi, mabanki, na vyamaseŵero viŵe vya boma, ndipo tingakwaniska yayi kusintha maghanoghano ghithu pa nkhani iyi". Pamanyuma pa kutonda kwa ANC mu 1994, suzgo la ukavu likamara yayi. Boma la ANC, likasintha fundo zake ndipo likamba kulondezga fundo za ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa vinthu viphya. Msonkho wa usambazi wa ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene ukaseŵeka kuti uŵawovwire kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu vyawo. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakazomerezgekanga kusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, nkhwantha ya vya cuma ya ku South Africa, boma likapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵamalonda ŵaheni cifukwa ca "masuzgo agho ghazamuŵapo mu miwiro yakunthazi".<ref>Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, ''Lost in Transformation'', Johannesburg: KMM Review Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|0620537256}}, quoted in Ronnie Kasrils, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/24/anc-faustian-pact-mandela-fatal-error "How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest"], ''The Guardian'' 24 June 2013. Accessed 26 October 2015.</ref> === Kusama === Nyengo ya apartheid yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha vigeŵenga. Mu 2008, wupu unyake (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati kufuma mu 1995, pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu charu cha South Africa apo muwuso wa katangale ukamalira, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa 800,000 panji kujumpha. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakayowoyanga Chingelezi na Cifurikansi ŵakamba kukhala mu Australia, New Zealand, North America, na ku UK uko ŵanthu pafupifupi 550,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasamukira.<ref>''The Economist'', [http://www.economist.com/node/12295535 "White flight from South Africa"] 25 September 2008. Accessed 18 July 2015</ref> Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake chaka chilichose. Kufika mu 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakafumanga mu charu ichi chikaluska cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brophy |first=Selene |date=25 August 2019 |title=More black than white South Africans leaving the country |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Travel/more-black-than-white-south-africans-leaving-the-country-20190825 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 August 2019 |title=More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/336809/more-skilled-black-professionals-are-leaving-south-africa/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Ngongole za boma=== {{main|South Africa national debt}} Boma la apartheid likapharazga kuti lilekenge kuwezga ngongoli za caru cinyake pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, apo likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo likuru cifukwa ca vivulupi. Apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamara mu 1994, boma liphya la demokilase likaŵa na ngongoli yikuru ya R86.7 B (US$14 B pa mtengo wa ndalama) iyo boma la apartheid likaŵa nayo. Boma ilo likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama likakhumbikwiranga kuwezga ngongoli iyi panji kuchepeskeka ngongoli ku vyaru vinyake. Paumaliro, ngongoli yikamara mu Seputembala 2001.<ref>Fin24.com, [http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Apartheid-debt-settled-20010903 Apartheid debt settled] 3 September 2001. Accessed 26 July 2015.</ref> Boma liphya ilo likaŵako pamanyuma pa muwuso wa apartheid likaŵaso na suzgo la ndalama chifukwa likakhumbikwiranga kupeleka munkhwala ku ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakasuzgika na HIV/AIDS. Ku South Africa ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS kuluska charu chilichose pa charu chapasi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu 5,600,000 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ndipo ŵanthu 270,000 ŵakafwa na HIV. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵana ŵakujumpha 2,000,000 ŵakaŵa ŵalanda cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Mu 2011, ŵanthu 100,000 ŵakafwa na nthenda ya AIDS kuluska mu 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103314/http://www.aids.org.za/hivaids-in-south-africa/ Aids Foundation of South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103314/http://www.aids.org.za/hivaids-in-south-africa/ |date=25 September 2015 }}. Accessed 24 September 2015.</ref> ===Labour relations=== [[File:Church on Green Market Square Marikana.JPG|thumb|Church on [[Greenmarket Square]] in Cape Town, South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre]] Ŵalendo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku South Africa, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Mu Ogasiti 2012, apo ŵapolisi ŵakakomanga ŵanthu 34 awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi, ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, mawupu gha wupu wakulongozga, na ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakasuska ivyo vikacitika. Ŵakawona kuti suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwira nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Makampani gha migodi gha vyaru vinandi, kusazgapo Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, na Anglo Platinum, ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakatondeka kumazga suzgo la apartheid.<ref>''Financial Times'',[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e0b9bee0-b0e4-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de.html#axzz3Ze1AyNHG "South African mining stuck in the past"]. Accessed 9 May 2015</ref> ===Poverty=== {{Main|Poverty in South Africa}} Mu 2014, pafupifupi 47% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko lakuda) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe chimoza mwa vyaru vyambura mtende chomene pa charu chose.<ref>James L. Gibson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822232932/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-africa/2015-02-10/apartheid-s-long-shadow "Apartheid's Long Shadow"], ''Foreign Affairs'', March/April 2015. Accessed 27 July 2015</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na kusintha kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, boma likaŵa lambura mahara, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakwiya chomene. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana hafu ya awo ŵakachitanga viwawa ŵakaŵa na nkhaza, pakuyaniska na awo ŵakachitanga mu 2014, apo pafupifupi 80% ŵakachitanga nkhaza na ŵamazaza. Kuchedwa kwa kusintha kwa vinthu kukapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu wupu wa ANC, Communist Party na Congress of South African Trade Unions.<ref>Independent Online, [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/spat-within-tripartite-alliance-runs-deep-1.226909#.Vhpwluyqqko "Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep"], 14 November 2004. Accessed 12 October 2015</ref> ===Corruption=== {{Main|Corruption in South Africa}} Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma, vimbundi vikakura comene mu South Africa. Mu nyengo iyi pakaŵa vigeŵenga vinandi ivyo vikachitikanga chifukwa cha vigeŵenga. Vinthu ivi vikakhwaskanga na masuzgo gha ndalama agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha vimbundi mu makampani ghanyake gha boma nga ni Eskom na South African Airways. Vinthu vinyake vya vimbundi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo iyi ni VBS Mutual Bank na Bosasa.<ref name="Gevisser">{{Cite news|last=Gevisser|first=Mark|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jul/11/state-capture-corruption-investigation-that-has-shaken-south-africa|title='State capture': the corruption investigation that has shaken South Africa|date=2019-07-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Khoti la Zondo la Kupenjerezga likimikika pa nyengo iyo Cyril Ramaphosa wakaŵa purezidenti kuti lipenjepo pa milandu ya vimbundi. === Energy crisis === {{Main articles|South African energy crisis}} Kwambira mu 2007, ku South Africa kuli suzgo la magesi ilo lakhwaska chomene chuma cha charu ichi. Chifukwa chakwamba cha suzgo ili chikaŵa chakuti pakaŵavya vyakugwilirapo pa kupanga magesi ghaphya kweniso magesi ghakale chomene. Wupu wakupeleka magesi wa Eskom wa boma ukusuzgika na vimbundi na vinthu viheni, chomenechomene pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=How the ANC government broke Eskom – 2008 versus 2018 |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/288412-how-the-anc-government-broke-eskom-2008-versus-2018.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=myBoardband |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/201543/south-africa-how-jacob-zuma-helped-destroy-eskom/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Xenophobia=== {{See also|Xenophobia in South Africa}} Nyengo ya apartheid yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwukira ŵalendo awo ŵakafumanga ku vyaru vinyake na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakutinkha ŵalendo chomene. Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukasanga kuti kuphalizgana pa nkhani ya nchito, bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kukapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo, awo ŵakupenja ciphokwero, ŵanthu ŵakusamukira kunyake, na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 207,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakuponerako ku South Africa, ndipo mu 2009, 222,300 ŵakapempha malo ghakuponerako. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia.<ref>UNHCR, [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e485aa6 2011 UNHCR country operations profile – South Africa]</ref> ===2021 civil unrest=== {{Main|2021 South African unrest}} Nkhondo za ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng ku South Africa zikacitika mu Julayi 2021, chifukwa cha kukakika kwa President wakale Jacob Zuma chifukwa cha kuswa malango, pamanyuma pakuti wakana kupeleka ukaboni ku Zondo Commission, kafukufuku wa milandu ya vimbundi apo wakaŵa president kufuma mu 2009 mpaka 2018. Chiwonetsero chotsutsana ndi kusungidwa m'ndende chinayambitsa chipolowe chachikulu ndi kuba, zomwe zinawonjezereka chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi mavuto azachuma omwe akuwonjezeka chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19.<ref name=cnbc20210713>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/13/deaths-climb-to-72-in-south-africa-riots-after-zuma-jailed.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=aj20210714>{{Cite web|last=Bauer|first=Nickolaus|title='Little to lose': Poverty and despair fuel South Africa's unrest|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/14/little-to-lose-poverty-and-despair-fuel-south-africas-unrest|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Magazini ya [[The Economist]] yikati nkhaza izi zikaŵa ziheni comene kuluska zose izo zacitikapo mu caru ca South Africa kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira. Ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari ŵakaŵawovwira kuti ŵamazge vivulupi.<ref name=wapo20210712>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/south-africa-zuma-protests/|title=South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing|first=Lesley|last=Wroughton|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 July 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714012249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/south-africa-zuma-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/live-updates-looting-violence-continues-in-gauteng-kzn-1f4e0b9c-8c88-494e-8160-aeacff164ec1|title=LIVE UPDATES: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN|website=www.iol.co.za|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712153317/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/live-updates-looting-violence-continues-in-gauteng-kzn-1f4e0b9c-8c88-494e-8160-aeacff164ec1|url-status=live}}</ref>Kuzakafika pakati pa mwezi wa Julayi, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 25,000 ŵa South African National Defence Forces ŵakaŵa kuti ŵatumika. Pa Julayi 18, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3,400 ŵakakakika, ndipo pa Julayi 22, ŵanthu 337 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha vivulupi. Chiwawa cha mu Julayi 2021 chikukolerana na chiwawa cha taxi ku Cape Town na chiwawa cha Transnet ransomware icho chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti vinthu ivi vikukolerana. ===Post-apartheid heads of state=== Kuyana na dango ilo likaŵako pamanyuma pa apartheid, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulara wa boma. Pulezidenti wakusankhika na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo nyengo yake yikumalira pa chisankho. Pulezidenti wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri. Para malo ghaŵavya, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndiyo wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti. {|class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3|President ! colspan=3|Term of office ! rowspan=2|Political party |- ! # ! Portrait ! Name ! Took office ! Left office ! Duration |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|1 | [[File:Nelson Mandela.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Nelson Mandela]]'''<br /><small>(1918–2013)</small> | 10 May 1994 | 16 June 1999 | {{nowrap|5 years}}, {{nowrap|37 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|2 | [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Thabo Mbeki]]'''<br /><small>(1942–)</small> | 16 June 1999 | 24 September 2008<br /><small>(resigned)</small> | {{nowrap|9 years}}, {{nowrap|100 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|3 | [[File:GeorgeBushKgalemaMotlanthe crop.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Kgalema Motlanthe]]'''<br /><small>(1949–)</small> | 25 September 2008 | 9 May 2009 | {{nowrap|226 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|4 | [[File:Jacob G. Zuma - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Jacob Zuma]]'''<br /><small>(1942–)</small> | 9 May 2009 | 14 February 2018<br /><small>(resigned)</small> | {{nowrap|8 years}}, {{nowrap|264 days}} | [[African National Congress]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|African National Congress}}; color:white;"|5 | [[File:Cyril Ramaphosa.jpg|60px]] | '''[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]'''<br /><small>(1952–)</small> | 15 February 2018 | Present | {{Age in years and days|2018|2|15}} | [[African National Congress]] |} ==Wonaniso== *[[Freedom Day (South Africa)]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[Scramble for Africa]] *[[History of Cape Colony]] *[[History of Johannesburg]] *[[History of the Northern Cape]] *[[History of South African wine]] *[[President of South Africa|List of presidents of South Africa]] *[[List of prime ministers of South Africa]] *[[List of heads of state of South Africa]] *[[List of South Africa-related topics]] *[[Military history of South Africa]] *[[Politics of South Africa]] *[[Timeline of South Africa]] *[[Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa]] *[[Years in South Africa]] * History of cities in South Africa: ** Cape Town [[History of Cape Town|history]] and [[Timeline of Cape Town|timeline]] ** Durban [[Durban#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Durban|timeline]] ** Johannesburg [[History of Johannesburg|history]] and [[Timeline of Johannesburg|timeline]] ** Pietermaritzburg [[History of Pietermaritzburg|history]] and [[Timeline of Pietermaritzburg|timeline]] ** Port Elizabeth [[History of Port Elizabeth|history]] and [[Timeline of Port Elizabeth|timeline]] ** Pretoria [[History of Pretoria|history]] and [[Timeline of Pretoria|timeline]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == ===General=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * [[William Beinart|Beinart, William]]. ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 2001. * Beck, Roger S. ''History of South Africa'', Greenwood Press, Westport CT: 2000 * Blignaut, Charl. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History." ''South African Historical Journal'' 65.4 (2013): 596–617. * Bunting, Brian. ''Rise of the South African Reich'' First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964, revised 1969. * Christopher, A. J. ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}. * Deegan, Heather. ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}. * Elbourne, Elizabeth. ''Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853''. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. {{ISBN|0-7735-2229-8}}. * Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. ''The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 1: From Early Times to 1885'' (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150709095458/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521517942_frontmatter.pdf excerpt] * Hetherington, Penelope. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 26#2 (1993): 241–269. * {{Cite book |author-link=:cs:Ivan Hrbek |author=Hrbek, Ivan |title=Methodology and African Prehistory |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1981 |isbn=0435948075 |editor-last=J. Ki-Zerbo |series=[[General History of Africa]] |volume=1 |pages=121–124 |chapter=Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards |quote=Republic of South Africa |chapter-url=http://www.unesco.org/new/index.php?id=50851}} * Johnson, R.W. ''South Africa's Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid'' (Overlook Press; 2011) 702 pages; a history since 1994 * Joyce, Peter. ''The Making of a Nation South Africa's Road to Freedom'', Zebra Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-77007-312-8}} * Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander. ''The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others''. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. {{ISBN|0-909079-14-5}}. * Mabin, Alan. ''Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties''. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages. * Meiring, Hannes. ''Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People'', Human & Rousseau, 1986, 143 pages, {{ISBN|0-7981-1456-8}} * Mitchell, Laura. ''Belongings: Property, Family, and Identity in Colonial South Africa: An Exploration of Frontiers, 1725-c. 1830.'' [[Columbia University Press]], 2008. [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/mitchell/ Gutenberg-e.org] * Pakenham, Thomas. ''The Boer War'', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979, {{ISBN|9780349104669}} * Rosenthal, Eric. ''Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush'', AD. Donker, 1970, {{ISBN|0-949937-64-9}} * Ross, Robert, and David Anderson. ''Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1999. 220 pages. {{ISBN|0-521-62122-4}}. * Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. ''The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 2 since 1885'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-South-Africa/dp/0521869838/ excerpt] * Thompson, Leonard. ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}. * Tomlinson, Richard, et al. ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}. * [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Welsh, Frank]]. ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}. * Worden, Nigel. ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}. {{Refend}} ===VOC period=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: ''De Kaap: Goede Hoop halverwege Indië. Bloemlezing van Kaapteksten uit de Compagnietijd''. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2003) * Biewenga, A.: ''De Kaap de Goede Hoop: Een Nederlandse Vestigingskolonie, 1680–1730''. (Amsterdam: Promotheus and Bert Bakker, 1999) * Botha, Colin Graham: ''The [[Huguenots in South Africa|French Refugees at the Cape]]''. (1919; reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1970) * Bryer, Lynne; Theron, Francois: ''The Huguenot Heritage: The Story of the [[Huguenots in South Africa|Huguenots at the Cape]]''. (Diep River, Chameleon Press, 1987) * Coertzen, Pieter: ''Die Hugenote van Suid Afrika, 1688–1988''. (Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers Limited, 1988) * Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 1652–1662', in ''Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World'', ed. [[Nigel Worden]] (Cape Town: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 2007) * Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds.): ''The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840''. (Wesleyan University Press, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0819562111}}) * Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). 'Explaining the Ship Traffic Fluctuations in the Early Cape Settlement: 1652–1793', South African Journal of Economic History, 23 (2008), pp.&nbsp;1–27. * Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp.&nbsp;469–503. * Fourie, J. (2014). 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp.&nbsp;142–168. * Franken, J. L. N.: ''Die Hugenote aan die Kaap''. (Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker, 1978) * Gerstner, Jonathan Neil: ''The Thousand Generation Covenant: Dutch Reformed Covenant Theology and Group Identity in Colonial South Africa, 1652–1814''. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: eerste deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1652–1686''. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: tweede deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1686–1806''. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) * Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: ''Jan van Riebeeck en zijn tijd. Een stuk zeventiende-eeuws Oost-Indië'' [Jan van Riebeeck and his times: A piece of seventeenth-century East Indies]. (Amsterdam: P. N. Van Kampen en Zoon, 1937) * Groenewald, Gerald: ''Een Dienstig Inwoonder: Entrepreneurs, Social Capital and Identity in Cape Town, c. 1720–1750''. South African Historical Journal, 59, 1(2007), pp.&nbsp;126–152 * Guelke, Leonard (1976). "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". (''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 66, no. 1 (March 1976): 25–42) * Huigen, Siegfried: ''Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa''. (Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. xii + 273 pp) * Hunt, John: ''[[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch South Africa]]: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708''. (Leicester, UK: Matador, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1904744955}}) * Johnson, David: ''Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature and the South African Nation''. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012) * Lucas, Gavin: ''An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa''. (New York: Springer, 2006) * Marais, J.S.: ''The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937''. (1939; reprint, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1968) * Mitchell, L.J.: ''Belongings: Property and Identity in Colonial South Africa, an Exploration of Frontiers, 1725–c. 1830''. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. xv + 232) * Newton-King, Susan: ''Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) * Raven-Hart, Rowland (ed.): ''Cape Good Hope, 1652–1702: The First Fifty Years of Dutch Colonisation as Seen by Callers'' [2 vols]. (Cape Town: A.A.Balkema, 1971) * Schoeman, Karel: ''Early Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1717''. (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007) * Schoeman, Karel: ''Portrait of a Slave Society: The Cape of Good Hope, 1717–1795''. (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2012) * Shell, Robert: ''Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838''. (Hanover, Conn.; Wesleya University Press, 1994) * Singh, Daleep: ''From Dutch South Africa to Republic of South Africa, 1652–1994. The Story of Three and a Half Centuries of Imperialism''. (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2010) * [[Dan Sleigh|Sleigh, Dan]]: ''Die Buiteposte: VOC-buiteposte onder Kaapse Bestuur, 1652–1795''. (Pretoria: HAUM, 1993) * Stapleton, Timothy J.: ''A Military History of South Africa: From the [[Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars|Dutch-Khoi Wars]] to the End of Apartheid''. (Santa Barbara, CA.: Praeger, 2010) * Terreblanche, Sampie: ''A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002''. (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2002) * Theal, George McCall: ''History of South Africa under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company, 1652 to 1795''. Nabu Press, 2010, 474pp * Theal, George McCall: ''History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain''. (Greenwood Press, 1970, {{ISBN|0-8371-1661-9}}) * Twidle, Hedley (2013). ''Writing the Company: From VOC Daghregister to Sleigh's Eilande'', South African Historical Journal 65(1) (2013): 125–52. * [[Francois Valentijn|Valentijn, Francois]]: ''Description of the Cape of Good Hope with Matters Concerning It''. (Amsterdam, 1726). [Edited and annotated by Prof. P. Serton, Maj. B. Raven-Hart, Dr. W. J. de Kock.] * Van der Merwe, P. J. : ''The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842''. Translated from the Dutch by Roger B. Beck. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995) * Van Duin, Pieter; Ross, Robert: ''The Economy of the Cape Colony in the Eighteenth Century''. (Leiden: Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1987, pp. viii + 166) * [[Jan van Riebeeck|Van Riebeeck, Jan]]: ''1652–1662, Daghregister gehouden by den oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck''. In Bosman, D.B. & B. Thorn (eds). ''Daghregister Gehouden by den Oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck'', 3 vols. [Treated as a sequence of eleven manuscripts]. (Cape Town: Balkema, 1952–1957) * Verstegen, M.: ''De Indische Zeeherberg, De stichting van Zuid-Afrika door de VOC''. (Zaltbommel, 2001) * Viljoen, Russel: ''Jan Paerl: A Khoikhoi in Cape Colonial Society, 1761–1851''. (Boston, MA: Brill, 2006, pp. xviii + 213) * Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27 * Welch, Sidney: ''Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa, 1641–1806''. (Cape Town: Juta Press, 1951) * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |title=Slavery in Dutch South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryindutchso0000word |isbn=9780521258753 |date=1985 |pages=xiii, 207}} * {{Cite book |author-link1=Nigel Worden |last1=Worden |first1=Nigel |last2=van Heyningen |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Bickford-Smith |first3=Vivian |title=Cape Town: The Making of a City |isbn=9780864866561 |date=1998}} * {{Cite book |editor-link1=Nigel Worden |editor-last1=Worden |editor-first1=Nigel |editor-last2=Groenewald |editor-first2=G. |title=Trials of Slavery: Selected Documents Concerning Slaves from the Criminal Records of the Council of Justice at the Cape of Good Hope, 1705–1794 |location=Cape Town |publisher=Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of South African Historical Documents |date=2005}} * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World |isbn=9780620385091 |page=vi, 612}} * {{Cite book |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=VOC Cape Town as an Indian Ocean Port |editor-first1=Himanshu Prabha |editor-last1=Ray |editor-first2=Edward A. |editor-last2=Alpers |work=Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World |isbn=9780195677058 |pages=142–162}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2007 |title=New Approaches to VOC History in South Africa |journal=[[South African Historical Journal]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=3–18|doi=10.1080/02582470709464770 |s2cid=145747452 }} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2010 |title=After Race and Class: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Early Colonial Cape Society |journal=[[South African Historical Journal]] |volume=62|issue=3 |pages=589–602 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2010.519904 |hdl=11427/28195 |s2cid=161070564 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite book |editor-link=Nigel Worden |editor-last=Worden |editor-first=Nigel |date=2012 |title=Cape Town between East and West: Social Identities in a Dutch Colonial Town |isbn=9781431402922 |page=xxii, 264}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2014 |title=Cape Slaves in the Paper Empire of the VOC |journal=Kronos |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=23–44}} * {{Cite journal |author-link=Nigel Worden |last=Worden |first=Nigel |date=2016 |title=Indian Ocean Slaves in Cape Town, 1695–1807 |journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=389–408|doi=10.1080/03057070.2016.1171554 |s2cid=147980814 }} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [http://www.saha.org.za/collections.htm South African History Archive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200534/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=224&CISOBOX=1&REC=3 Democratic Development in South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200534/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=224&CISOBOX=1&REC=3 |date=3 March 2016 }} from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062354/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/ Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062354/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/ |date=12 January 2012 }} * [http://www.sahistory.org.za South African History Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407183735/http://mediaclub.co.za/culture/35-culture/culture-bg/104-history The History of South Africa] Brand South Africa. Accessed 24 November 2017. * [http://www.gov.za South Africa Government Online]. Accessed 20 February 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621043856/http://www.villagelife.co.za/NewFiles/15_hromnik.pdf Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa] – an article written by Maré Mouton. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050414045450/http://www.afrikanerbond.org.za/Dokideal.pdf ''Bearer of an Ideal''] – a public-release document of the Afrikanerbond (formerly ''Afrikaner Broederbond''): think-tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa * [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/11.htm Full text of the UN convention] * [https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela/ South Africa, 10 years later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130112958/https://www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela/ |date=30 November 2018 }} from US [[National Public Radio]] * {{cite web |work=LibGuides |title=History: Useful links |url=http://libguides.ukzn.ac.za/content.php?pid=470272&sid=3850521 |publisher=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] Libraries |access-date=25 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104181021/http://libguides.ukzn.ac.za/content.php?pid=470272&sid=3850521 |archive-date=4 November 2017 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/ |title=Registry |work=[[Archivalplatform.org]] |location=Rondebosch |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151526/https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151526/http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 }} (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations) {{Navboxes |list = {{South Africa topics}} {{Political history of South Africa}} {{South Africa year nav}} {{History of Africa}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of South Africa}} [[Category:History of South Africa| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] 60k1gus4s4fhsjx5qa7j5xgp4609qrb 0 39976 122474 99747 2026-09-28T00:11:36Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CCS Benito Ramirez en Camajuaní.jpg|thumb|CCS Benito Ramirez]] '''CCS Benito Ramírez''' nkha [[CCS mu Cuba|CCS]] na Msumba kachoko mu malo gha [[Council Lakumanyikwa ya Taguayabón]], [[Cuba]]. ==Mbiri== Benito Ramirez wakaŵa yumoza wa CCS ŵa mu [[Camajuaní|Camajuani]] kunjira mu gulu la "el movimiento agroecológico del territorio de 1997". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberto Hernández Medina |first=Carlos (Faculty Member at [[University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas]]) |last2=Báez Hernández |first2=Alexander (Faculty Member at [[Universidad Central del Ecuador]]) |date=2018 |title=PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO SOCIOCULTURAL. ESTUDIO DE CASO DE LA COOPERATIVA CAMPESINA BENITO RAMÍREZ DEL MUNICIPIO CAMAJUANÍ, CUBA |url=https://www.academia.edu/45408690/PROGRAMA_PARA_EL_DESARROLLO_SOCIOCULTURAL_ESTUDIO_DE_CASO_DE_LA_COOPERATIVA_CAMPESINA_BENITO_RAM%C3%8DREZ_DEL_MUNICIPIO_CAMAJUAN%C3%8D_CUBA |website=[[Academia.edu]] |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CC |first=Post Author |date=2017-06-27 |title=Impactos de un programa para el desarrollo agroecológico: Estudio de caso de la Cooperativa Campesina Benito Ramírez del municipio Camajuaní, Cuba |url=http://www.cienciacierta.uadec.mx/2017/06/27/impactos-de-un-programa-para-el-desarrollo-agroecologico-estudio-de-caso-de-la-cooperativa-campesina-benito-ramirez-del-municipio-camajuani-cuba/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=CienciAcierta |language=es-MX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410214245/http://www.cienciacierta.uadec.mx/2017/06/27/impactos-de-un-programa-para-el-desarrollo-agroecologico-estudio-de-caso-de-la-cooperativa-campesina-benito-ramirez-del-municipio-camajuani-cuba/ |archive-date=2023-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO SOCIOCULTURAL ESTUDIO DE CASO DE LA COOPERATIVA CAMPESINA BENITO RAMÍREZ DEL MUNICIPIO CAMAJUANÍ, CUBA |url=http://www.ridaa.es/ridaa/index.php/ridaa/article/viewFile/183/179 |website=Ridaa |page=5}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} 1e45mfkne7dpsd6gqi3pl6jdx800itf 0 40319 122565 118821 2026-09-28T01:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{About|charu|the geographical area|Kummwera kwa Afilika|ntchito zinyake}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use South African English|date=April 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%; | title = 10 other official names<ref name="constitution">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]: | data1 = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data2 = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data3 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]]: | data4 = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Sotho language|Southern&nbsp;Sotho]]: | data5 = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]]: | data6 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: | data7 = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Swazi language|Swati]]: | data8 = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data9 = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]: | data10 = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa.svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Unity in diversity]]" | national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:ZAF orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = {{unbulleted list|[[Pretoria]] (executive)<ref name="South Africa at a glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=www.gov.za|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Cape Town]] (legislative)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />|[[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />}} | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate = 60,604,992 (2022 est.)<ref name="statssa_2022">{{cite web |title=Mid-year population estimates 2022 |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022022.pdf |website=stats sa |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | population_census = 51,770,560<ref name=cib11/>{{rp|18}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 24th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 42.4 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | ethnic_groups_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|title=Mid-year population estimates|date=29 July 2019|publisher=Statistics South Africa|access-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223342/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> | official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|11 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution" /> {{plainlist| * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Afrikaans]] * [[South African English|English]] * [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Sotho language|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[South African Sign Language]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|80.7% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}} | 8.8% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 7.9% [[White South Africans|White]] | 2.6% [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 78.0% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]] ** 58.3% [[Protestantism in South Africa|Protestantism]] ** 19.7% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |10.9% [[Irreligion in South Africa|No religion]] |4.4% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] |1.0% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]] |2.7% Others |1.4% Undetermined}} | religion_year = 2016 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|title=South Africa – Community Survey 2016|website=www.datafirst.uct.ac.za|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204526/https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of South Africa|South African]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[National Council of Provinces|Chairperson of the National Council]] | leader_name3 = [[Amos Masondo]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]] | legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[1994 South African general election|Democratisation]] | established_date4 = 27 April 1994 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $990 billion<ref name="IMFSA">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=7 April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 23, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,090<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 97th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $400 billion<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $6,485<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 96th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.713 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 109th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''South Africa''', icho ni '''Charu cha South Africa''', ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 2,798 (1,739 mi) ndipo chili mumphepete mwa [[nyanja ya South Atlantic]] na [[Indian Ocean]];<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> kumpoto kuli vyaru vya [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], na [[Zimbabwe]], ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli [[Mozambique]] na [[Eswatini]]. Kweniso charu cha [[Lesotho]] chili mukati mwake.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Guy Arnold]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO|title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996|url-status=live }}</ref> Ni caru ca kumwera comene pa caru ca Cikale, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kumwera kwa equator. Charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Msumba wa [[Pretoria]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa [[boma]], ndipo msumba wa [[Cape Town]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma. Malo gha [[Bloemfontein]] ghakumanyikwa kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyeruzgo.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na khoti likuru comene ni [[Johannesburg]]. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa mbanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref name="safacts" />Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi mba ku [[Europe]] (Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa), ku [[Asia]] ([[Ŵahindi]] ŵa ku South Africa na Ŵachinayi ŵa ku South Africa), kweniso ŵa mitundu yinandi (Ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa). Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ndimo viliriso na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni [[Chizulu]] (22.7%) na [[ChiXhosa]] (16.0%). Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakulondezgapo ni vya ku [[Europe]]: [[Cifurikansi]] (13.5%) cikafuma ku [[Ciholandi]] ndipo nchakwamba ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu South Africa; Cingelezi (9.6%) cikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira caru. Charu ichi nchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka mu Africa ivyo vindachitepo viwawa, ndipo kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku mavoti. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake mu South Africa ŵakapika wanangwa uwu mu 1994. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1948, [[chipani cha National Party]] chikamba kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali na nkhaza kwa [[African National Congress]] na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalimbananga na apartheid mu caru na kuwaro kwa caru, malango ghakupambaniska ŵanthu ghakamba kufiskika pakati pa ma 1980. Kwambira mu 1994, mafuko ghose na viyowoyero vyose vili na ŵimiliri mu vyaru ivyo vili na demokilase. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu cha South Africa kuti "charu cha chiŵingavula" chifukwa cha mitheto yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya [[apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Ni caru ico cikucita makora yayi, ndipo cili pa nambara 109 pa ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura. [[Banki ya Caru Cos]]<nowiki/>e yikati ni caru ciphya ico cikucita vyamalonda, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa ico cili na cuma cikuru comene ndiposo cacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghanandi agho ghali kulembeka na [[UNESCO]] kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu pa charu chose. Kufuma waka apo nkhaza zacigaŵa zikamalira, boma laŵikapo mtima comene pa vinthu vyawo kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu waŵa uwemi comene. Ndipouli, uphuvya, ukavu na kuleka kuyana vinthu vikulutilira, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵalije nchito mu 2021, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 60% ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ndipo cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu ŵakukhala pasi pa $2.15 pa zuŵa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank" : South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> == Zina == {{See also|Mazina gha charu cha South Africa}} Zina lakuti "South Africa" lili kufuma ku malo agho charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa. Pakwamba, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Union of South Africa mu Chingelezi na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu [[Chidachi]]. Kwamba mu 1961, zina lakwamba mu [[Chingelezi]] ni "Republic of South Africa" na Republiek van Suid-Afrika mu chiAfrikaans. Kwambira mu 1994, charu ichi chili na zina mu viyowoyero 11. Mzansi, kufuma ku lizgu la [[Xhosa]] [[uMzantsi]] ilo likung'anamura "[[kumwera]]", ni zina la South Africa, apo maboma ghanyake gha [[Pan-Africanist]] ghakutemwa lizgu lakuti "[[Azania]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya South Africa}} === Kufukura vinthu vyakale === [[File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|left|Malo gha ku Maropeng uko ŵanthu ŵakambira]] Ku South Africa kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene pa caru capasi agho ŵanthu ŵakusangako visomba.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|url= https://archive.org/details/middlestoneageat0000sing|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Guide to Klasies River|page= 11|year= 2001|url= http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|author= Deacon, HJ|publisher= Stellenbosch University|access-date= 5 September 2009|archive-date= 21 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195519/http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/|title=Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga viswaswa vinandi mu mphanji zinandi mu chigaŵa cha Gauteng. Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga". Vinthu ivi ni Sterkfontein, malo agho ghali na visomba vinandi chomene vya ŵanthu, kweniso Swartkrans, [[Gondolin Cave]], [[Kromdraai, Limpopo|Kromdraai]], [[Cooper's Cave]], na [[Malapa]]. Mu 1924, Raymond Dart wakamanya kuti munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamusanga ku Africa ni mwana wa Taung (uyo ŵakamusanga kufupi na [[Taung, Limpopo|Taung]]). Viwangwa vinyake vya ŵanthu vikusangika ku [[Makapansgat]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Limpopo]]; Cornelia na Florisbad mu chigaŵa cha Free State; [[Border Cave]] mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal; [[Klasies River Caves]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Eastern Cape]]; na [[Pinnacle Point]], [[Elandsfontein]] na Die Kelders Cave mu chigaŵa cha Western Cape. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakaŵako mu South Africa vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kwambira na Australopithecus africanus, na Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, [[Homo erectus]], [[Homo rhodesiensis]], Homo helmei, Homo naledi na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano (Homo sapiens). Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa kwa vyaka 170,000. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵali kusanga vinthu vyakuzengera mu dambo la Mlonga wa Vaal.<ref name=Langer>{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | last1 = Leakey | first1 = Louis Seymour Bazett | author-link1 = Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey | chapter = Stone Age cultures of South Africa | title = Stone age Africa: an outline of prehistory in Africa | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FsEiAAAAMAAJ | edition = reprint | publisher = Negro Universities Press | publication-date = 1936 | page = 79 | access-date = 21 February 2018 | quote = In 1929, during a brief visit to the Transvaal, I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River, and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland, who visited South Africa, and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians. | year = 1936 | isbn = 9780837120225 }} </ref> === Kukula kwa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Main|Bantu expansion}} [[File:MapungubweHill.jpg|thumb|Phiri la Mapungubwe, ilo likaŵa likuru la ufumu wa Mapungubwe]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa mlonga wa Limpopo (uno ni mphaka ya kumpoto na Botswana na Zimbabwe) m'ma 400 panji 500 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachimbizga, kuwukira, na kupoka ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan, Khoikhoi, na San. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visimi vyakwambilira vya visulo mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako mu 1050. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumwera chomene ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakafika ku Great Fish River, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka [[Eastern Cape Province]]. Apo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakamba kusama. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga, ŵanthu ŵali kusanga mizere yinandi ya malibwe pamoza na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghapanga na zina lakuti Kalendala ya Adamu..<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfred|first=Luke|title=The Bakoni: From prosperity to extinction in a generation|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|access-date=13 September 2020|website=Citypress|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040304/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam's Calendar in Waterval Boven, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.sa-venues.com|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217065507/https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kufufuza kwa ku Portugal === {{see also|Portuguese discoveries}} [[File:F. Benda-The planting of cross by Bartholomew Dias in 1488-0681 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Munthu wa ku Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, wakukwera mphinjika ku Cape Point wati waŵa wakwamba kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope.]] Mu 1487, munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake [[Bartolomeu Dias]], ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufika ku Africa.<ref name="domville-25">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>Pa Disembala 4, wakakhira pa nyanja ya Walfisch Bay (iyo sono ni Walvis Bay mu Namibia). Malo agha ghakaŵa kumwera kwa malo ghakutali comene agho wakadangirapo, Diogo Cão wa ku Portugal, wakafikako mu 1485. Dias wakalutilira kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamanyuma pa Janyuwale 8, 1488, wakaleka kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa cha chimphepo, ndipo wakafuma mu nyanja na kujumpha ku Africa. Mu Meyi 1488, wakafika pa mtunda utali comene uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, m'paka ku Rio do Infante. Wakati wawerako wakawona congo ico wakacicema kuti Cabo das Tormentas. Themba John II likathya malo agha kuti Cabo da Boa Esperança, panji Cape of Good Hope, cifukwa ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi vya ku East Indies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackenzie|first1=W. Douglas|last2=Stead|first2=Alfred|title=South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars|publisher=The Co-Operative Publishing Company|location=Chicago|year=1899}}</ref> Ivyo Dias wakacita vikulongosoreka mu buku la Luís de Camões lakuti Os Lusíadas. === Kuwusa kwa ŵa Dutch === {{Main|Dutch Cape Colony|Boer Republics}} [[File:Charles Bell - Jan van Riebeeck se aankoms aan die Kaap.jpg|thumb|Charles Davidson Bell wakajambura Jan van Riebeeck, uyo wakambiska malo ghakwamba agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu South Africa, mu 1652]] Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1600, charu cha Portugal chikamba kuchepa pa nkhani ya malonda gha vyakununkhira. Mu 1601, ŵimiliri ŵa British East India Company ŵakizanga ku Cape Cape kupenja vyakurya, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ascension Island na Saint Helena ni malo ghanyake ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakamba kukopeka na nkhani iyi mu 1647, apo ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵa Dutch East India Company ŵakabira ngalaŵa ku Cape kwa myezi yinandi. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ŵakasanganga maji ghawemi na nyama ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakaseŵa vyakurya mu dongo liwemi. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Holland, ŵakaphalirako ŵanyawo kuti chirwa ichi chingaŵa "malo ghakusungiramo vinthu" kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya ngalaŵa izo zikujumpha.<ref name="Stapleton2">{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy |title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000stap |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-313-36589-8 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000stap/page/4 4]–6}}</ref> Mu 1652, pakati pajumpha vilimika 150 kufuma apo ŵakasangira nthowa ya ku Cape, Jan van Riebeeck wakambiska malo ghakusungirako vyakurya ku Cape of Good Hope, uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici awo ŵakacemekanga kuti vrijlieden. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakizaso na ŵazga ŵanandi kufuma ku Indonesia, Madagascar, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe mtundu uphya wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciholandi na Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakati ŵafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa awo ŵakendanga kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vrijburg awo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha pa mphaka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba Boer, ndipo ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga umoyo wa kusama ŵakachemekanga kuti trekboers. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan kuti ŵathereske Ŵachixhosa. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikamba kurwa nkhondo, kweni vikatondeka kumazga nkhondo.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> === Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain === {{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}} Britain yikakora msumba wa Cape Town pakati pa 1795 na 1803 kuti uleke kuwusika na boma la France ilo likagalukira vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu 1803, msumba uwu ukaweleraso ku mazaza gha Ŵachidachi. Nkhondo za Napoleon zikati zamara, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaluta ku South Africa mu 1818 ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi.<ref name="Lloyd1">{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Trevor Owen |title=The British Empire, 1558–1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishempire1550000lloy_y9l5 |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873133-7 |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/britishempire1550000lloy_y9l5/page/201 201]–203}}</ref> [[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha umo Ŵazulu ŵakasuzgikira msasa wa Ŵaburu mu Febuluwale 1838]] Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1800, Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Nkhondo ya Shaka yikalongozgera ku Mfecane ('kuswa'), uko ŵanthu 1 panji 2 miliyoni ŵakakomeka ndipo chigaŵa cha mukati mwa charu chikabwanganduka na kumara ŵanthu mu ma 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|title=Shaka (Zulu chief)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043550/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. D. Rubinstein|title=Genocide: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|page=22|archive-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele, awo ŵakaŵa mphapu ya Ŵazulu, ŵakapanga ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha mapiri. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony uko ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain. Ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya Natal, Free State, na Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska vyaru vya Boer: South African Republic, Natalia Republic, na Orange Free State. Ŵakati ŵasanga dayamondi mu 1867 na golide mu 1884 mu charu ichi, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵawusa. Nkhondo ya kulamulira vinthu vyakuzirwa ivi yikaŵa cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakoleranenge na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120731083954/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Cape Colony map 1876 - Eve of Confederation Wars.jpg|thumb|right|Mapu gha South Africa gha 1876]] Pa Meyi 16, 1876, pulezidenti Thomas François Burgers wa ku South Africa wakapharazga nkhondo ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pedi. Themba Sekhukhune likathereska ŵasilikari pa Ogasiti 1, 1876. Ŵasilikari ŵa Lydenburg Volunteer Corps nawo ŵakathereskeka. Pa Febuluwale 16, 1877, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalemba phangano la mtende ku Botshabelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵaburu ŵakati ŵatondeka kukanizga Ŵapedi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burger ŵakafumako na kwamba kulamulira na Paul Kruger. Mu 1878 na 1879, ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka m'paka apo Garnet Wolseley wakathereskera Sekhukhune mu Novembala 1879 na ŵasilikari 2,000 ŵa Britain, Boers na 10,000 ŵa Swaziland. Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu yikacitika mu 1879 pakati pa Britain na Ufumu wa Zulu. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa maboma gha Boer na ŵasilikari ŵa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Nkhondo ya Isandlwana. Paumaliro, charu cha Zululand chikathera pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo mtundu wa Zulu ukaleka kujiwusa wekha. === Nkhondo za ma Boer === {{main|Boer Wars|First Boer War|Second Boer War}} [[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya ku Majuba Hill yikaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro ya nkhondo ya ku Boer.]] [[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa chiBoer mu msasa wakusuzgirako ŵanthu wa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.]] Maboma gha ma Boer ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ma Boer (1880-1881) pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za nkhondo za ŵasilikari. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera na unandi wa ŵasilikari, maluso ghanandi, na nthowa yiphya mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902) ndipo, nangauli ŵakakomeka comene cifukwa ca kuyuzgika, kweni paumaliro ŵakawina. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakujumpha 27,000 ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakafwa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Britain.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku South Africa. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo zikacitika, ŵalimi ŵa mafuko gha Boer ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakachimbilira ku misumba kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Transvaal na Orange Free State kuti ŵakasange vyakukhumbikwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Mitsuo|date=1996|title=Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition|journal=The Developing Economies|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=402–423|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x|pmid=12292280|issn=1746-1049|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kujilamulila === {{See also|Union of South Africa|Military history of South Africa during World War I|Military history of South Africa during World War II}} Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain ndipo ŵakakhumbanga chomene kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Netherlands na Britain vikalamuliranga charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhananga yayi chifukwa cha mitundu yawo, kweni ŵakaŵikapo malango ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bond|first=Patrick|title=Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis|publisher=Africa World Press|year=1999|page=140|isbn=978-0-86543-611-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|year=1906|title=Report of the Select Committee on Location Act|publisher=Cape Times Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/reportoftheselec00capeiala|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Godley |first1=Godfrey |first2=Welsh|last2=Archibald|last3=Thomson |first3=William |last4=Hemsworth |first4=H. D.|year=1920|title=Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up|publisher=Cape Times Limited|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|institution=Great Britain Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901–1905: Milner)|date=January 1902|title=Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaalpapersr00grea}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=De Villiers|first=John Abraham Jacob|title=The Transvaal |publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1896|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi/page/30 30] (n46)|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kufuma apo Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya ku Boer yikamalira, ndipo pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi vya kudumbiskana, Dango la South Africa Act 1909 likapeleka wanangwa wa kujilongozga apo likapangiska kuti South Africa yikhalenge yekha pa 31 May 1910. Boma ili likaŵa na vigaŵa vya Cape, Transvaal na Natal, kweniso Orange Free State. Mu 1913, dango la Natives' Land Act likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa na malo ghawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 7% pera. Pamanyuma, malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ghakakwera pachoko waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Mu 1931, wupu uwu ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha pakuyana na ufumu wa United Kingdom. Mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya mu Africa, Liberia, Ethiopia, na Egypt, vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Mu 1934, chipani cha South African Party na National Party vikasazgikana na kupanga chipani cha United Party. Mu 1939, chipani ichi chikagaŵikana chifukwa cha umo wupu uwu ukanjilira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose. === Nyengo ya Apartheid === {{Main|Apartheid}} Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kuwusa. Likakhozga comene kusankhana mitundu uko kukamba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch na British. Pakugwiliskira nchito dango la ku Canada lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada likagaŵa ŵanthu wose mu mitundu yitatu (Ŵachizungu, Ŵachikuda, Ŵaindiya, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana) ndipo waliyose wakaŵa na wanangwa wake. Ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (pasi pa 20%) ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa kuti apartheid. Nangauli ŵazungu ŵakaŵa na umoyo uwemi comene mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vya ku Western, kweni ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene pa vigaŵa vyose, kusazgapo ndalama, masambiro, nyumba, na umoyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apartheid {{!}} South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid|access-date=2022-05-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Chikalata cha wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikalembeka mu 1955 na wupu wa Congress Alliance, chikati ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu. Pa Meyi 31, 1961, caru ici cikazgoka caru cakucemeka republic pamanyuma pa referendum (iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanalume ŵatuŵa pera) iyo yikapokelereka mwakukwana. Elizabeth II wakataya zina lakuti Fumukazi ya ku South Africa, ndipo Kazembe Mukuru waumaliro, Charles Robberts Swart, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma. Pakuti boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wasankhike na nyumba ya malango, pakaŵavya uyo wakimikanga. W. Dango la Botha la mu 1983, likawuskapo udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo likakhazikiska "pulezidenti wankhongono" uyo wakaŵa na udindo ku nyumba ya malango. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika na vyaru vinyake vya Commonwealth of Nations, South Africa yikafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1961 ndipo yikaweleramo mu 1994. Nangauli boma likasuskanga muwuso wa katangale mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake, kweni likapeleka malango kuti muwuso uwu ulutilire. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma, ndipo nkhaza zikazara chomene, ndipo mawupu agho ghakatinkhanga apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organization, na Pan-Africanist Congress ghakachitanga nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kunanga vinthu mu misumba. Magulu ghatatu agha ghakakumananga nyengo zinyake apo ghakakumananga kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la South Africa pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma, ŵakawovwira kuti paŵe vyeruzgo vya pa caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo.<ref name="Bridgland">{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Bridgland|title=The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent|year=1990|publisher=Ashanti Publishing|location=Gibraltar|page=32|isbn=978-1-874800-12-5}}</ref><ref name="Landgren">{{cite book| first = Signe| last = Landgren| title = Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa's Military Industry| edition = 1989| pages = [https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6 6–10]| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-829127-5| year = 1989| url = https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6}}</ref> === Nyengo ya apartheid === {{Further|History of South Africa (1994–present)}} [[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|[[F. W. de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] na [[Nelson Mandela]] mu Janyuwale 1992]] Mu 1974, Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. Paumaliro, F.W. de Klerk wakamba kudumbiskana na Nelson Mandela mu 1993 kuti ŵasinthe ndondomeko na boma. Mu 1990, boma la National Party likamba kumazga sankho apo likawuskapo dango lakukanizga ANC na mawupu ghanyake. Likamufumiska Nelson Mandela mu jere pamanyuma pa vilimika 27 ivyo wakakhala mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga vinthu. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakadumbiskana. Mu 1992, boma likapokera wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵazungu pa referendum, ndipo likalutilira kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge nkhaza za katangale. Mu 1994, ku South Africa kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba, ndipo ANC ndiyo yikawina. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili ndakukhora. Charu ichi chikaŵaso mu wupu wa Commonwealth ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community. Ku South Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kukwera m'paka kufika mu magulu ghapakati panji ghapachanya, kweni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵalije nchito ukakwera comene pakati pa 1994 na 2003. Ukavu pakati pa ŵazungu, uwo ukaŵa ucoko, ukakura. Boma likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na ndyali na ndarama kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ndondomeko ya United Nations Human Development Index yikakwera m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990 ndipo yikakhira kufuma mu 1995 m'paka 2005 pambere yindafike pa m'paka mu 2013. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kwachitika chifukwa cha mliri wa HIV/AIDS wa ku South Africa, uwo ukapangiska kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku South Africa ukhale wa vyaka 62, mu 1992 kufika pa vyaka 53 mu 2005, kweniso chifukwa chakuti boma likutondeka kuchitapo kanthu pa suzgo ili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428|title=Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=10 November 2006|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524005041/http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428|archive-date=24 May 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>[[File:Watching South Africa & France match at World Cup 2010-06-22 in Soweto 13.jpg|thumb|Supporters watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]]]] [[File:People's March Anti Xenophobia.jpg|thumb|March in [[Johannesburg]] against [[xenophobia in South Africa]], 23 April 2015]] Mu Meyi 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakafwa pa viwawa. Wupu unyake ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mwakuzomerezgeka na dango yayi, kweniso ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wupu wa South African Migration Project ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakususka chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza mu charu chawo. Wupu wa UN High Commissioner for Refugees ukati mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia. Kuphalizgana cifukwa ca nchito, mwaŵi wa bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakuŵapokelera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kutinkhana ŵalendo, kweni wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati mu 2011, nkhaza zafika paheni chomene. Ndipouli, pakuti South Africa yikulutilira kusuzgika na nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, nthowa yimoza iyo yikovwira njakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo malango, nga ni malango ghakukhwaskana na kusankhana mitundu. Kufika mu 2020, macenjezgo ghanandi ghafumiskika kuti South Africa yili pafupi kunjira ku boma lakupeleŵera na ndarama za boma zambura kukhazikika, unandi wa ŵambura nchito, unandi wa milandu, vimbundi, mabungwe gha boma agho ghakutondeka na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/state-south-africa-2020-johan-marais|title=South Africa, Failed State?|website=www.linkedin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/642791/south-africa-is-slowly-collapsing/ |title=South Africa is slowly collapsing |work=BusinessTech |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/23/crime-worrying-in-south-africa-7000-murdered-in-three-months|title=Crime 'worrying' in South Africa: 7,000 murdered in three months|website=Aljazeera |date=23 November 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says|title=South Africa Heading Toward Becoming a Failed State, Group Says|newspaper=Bloomberg |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony |date=10 September 2020 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/10/south-africa-heading-towards-becoming-a-failed-state-report|title=South Africa heading towards becoming a failed state: Report|website=Aljazeera |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony|date=10 September 2020}}</ref>Mu 2022, wupu wa World Economic Forum ukati charu cha South Africa chili pangozi yakuparanyika ndipo ukati pali vinthu vikuruvikuru vinkhondi ivyo vingatimbanizga charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|title=South Africa 'at risk of STATE COLLAPSE' - according to top experts|first=Tom|last=Head|date=12 January 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> Mulara wa vya ndalama wa ku South Africa, Dondo Mogajane, wakati, "SA yikulongora vimanyikwiro vya boma ilo likutondeka". Jay Naidoo, uyo wakaŵa nduna, wakayowoya kuti caru ca South Africa cili mu suzgo yikuru ndipo cikulongora kuti nchakutondeka, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵazamusanga nchito yayi. Dawie Roodt, mulembi mukuru wa vyachuma wa Efficient Group wakati caru cili mu suzgo yikuru, "Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵaŵa ŵakavu comene kwa vyaka 10. Iyo wakati wakwenjerwa comene cifukwa cakuti "ŵanthu 32 miliyoni ŵakusanga ndalama ku boma. Boma lingakwaniska yayi kuchita nthena".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/461398-south-africa-is-in-deep-trouble-warns-economist.html |title=South Africa is in deep trouble, warns economist |work=My Broadband |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Neal Froneman, mulara wa kampani ya Sibanye-Stillwater, wakati upusikizgi uli kuthera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti para ŵagura vinthu, ŵakuchita 'vyakupusikizgira nga ni vigeŵenga.' "Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵapangiska suzgo ili ndipo ŵakucita kalikose yayi. Boma lingatondeka kulimbana nalo cifukwa likususkana na maghanoghano ghawo". Pulofesa Eddy Maloka, wa pa Institute of Risk Management, wakati: "Chipani cha ANC chatipa suzgo likuru. Ŵazgora suzgo lawo kuŵa lithu. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu ichi ghawa. Tikulaŵiska umo mizi yikubwangasukira". Pulofesa David Himbara wakati: "Charu cha South Africa chili na boma la chipani chimoza. Mu Meyi 2023, Chairman wa Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, adati "machenjezo oti South Africa ikhale boma lolephera akuchedwa kwenikweni ′′ tili kale kumeneko".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business-opinion/684085/south-africa-is-already-a-failed-state/|title=South Africa is already a failed state – BusinessTech}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of South Africa}} [[File:South_Africa_sat.jpg|thumb|left|[[Satellite image]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili kumwera chomene kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghakukwana 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi). Kwambura kupenda virwa vya Prince Edward, caru ici cili pakati pa latitude 22° na 35° S, na longitude 16° na 33° E. Charu cha South Africa chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili pa mtunda wa pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 2,100. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghakuru agho ghakumwera na ghapacanya nkhanira ghakucemeka Drakensberg. Mafadi mu Drakensberg pa mamita 3,450 (11,320 ft) ndiyo yili pachanya chomene. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho pali chigaŵa cha Great Escarpment icho chili pachanya pa mamita 3,000. Chigaŵa chakumwera na kumwera kwa mapiri (pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100 na 1,800) na chigaŵa cha pasi (pa mtunda wa mamita 700 na 800) chikuchemeka Great Karoo. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi, chipalamba cha Great Karoo chikunjira mu chipalamba icho chikuchemeka Bushmanland. Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumafumiro gha dazi na cha pachanya nkhanira cha chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Highveld. Malo agha ghali na maji ghanandi, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Highveld, kufuma pa 25° 30' S latitude, chigaŵa ichi chikukhilira ku Bushveld, ndipo paumaliro chikuchemeka Limpopo River lowlands panji Lowveld.<ref name="Altas">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho chili kusi kwa Great Escarpment, icho chikwenda mu nthowa ya mawoko kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, chili na chigaŵa cha Limpopo Lowveld, icho chikunjira mu Mpumalanga Lowveld, kusi kwa Mpumalanga Drakensberg (chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Great Escarpment). Malo agha ngakotcha comene, ngakomira, ndipo ghakulimika comene yayi kuluska malo gha Highveld agho ghali pacanya pa mapiri. Kruger National Park, iyo yili mu vigaŵa vya Limpopo na Mpumalanga kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, yili na malo ghakukwana 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi).<ref name="Kruger National Park">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> [[File:South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg|thumb|alt=Image depicting the Drakensberg|[[Drakensberg]], the eastern and highest portion of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau.]] [[File:Namaqualand, Goegap 0035.jpg|thumb|Spring flowers in [[Namaqualand]]]] Mphepete mwa nyanja, kumwera na kumwera kwa mphepete kwa Great Escarpment, kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Cape Fold Mountains agho ghakwenda lumoza na mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref><ref name="geological map">Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.</ref> (Mapiri agha ghali pa mapu, kumalyero. Wonani umo mapiri agha ghakambira kumpoto kwa Great Escarpment.) Charu icho chili pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg kumwera na Swartberg kumpoto chikuchemeka Little Karoo, ndipo chili na makuni ghakupambanapambana ghakuyana waka na gha Great Karoo. Malo gha Little Karoo ngakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulima viyuni vyakuchemeka ostrich. Chigaŵa chakumpoto kwa Swartberg m'paka ku Great Escarpment ndicho chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Karoo, icho nyengo yake na vyakumera vyake vikupambana yayi na vya ku Karoo. Mphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg muli vula zinandi izo zikulokwa chaka chose. Cikaŵa cakumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhorongo zinandi izo zili mu caru ca South Africa. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, cirwa ca Cape Peninsula ndico cili kumwera comene kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba cha Cape chili na mphepo ya Mediterranean, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi nacho ndivyo viŵe vyekha mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara uko kukulokwa vula yinandi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref><ref name="Altas1">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Cape Peninsula kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Cape Fold ghakumalira pa latitude 32° S, ndipo pamanyuma pake Great Escarpment yikumalira pa nyanja. Chigaŵa chakumwera chomene cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ichi chikuchemeka Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, ndipo ni malo ghakulimira tirigu. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto chomene chikuchemeka Namaqualand. Para vula yikuwa pachoko, kanandi yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. South Africa nayo wali na malo gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja, chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Prince Edward Islands, icho chili na chirwa cha Marion (290 km2) na Prince Edward Island (45 km2) (kusazgikana yayi na chigaŵa cha Canada icho chili na zina lenelili). === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa Köppen.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili na mphepo yakuzizima chifukwa chili kuzingilizgika na nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili ku Southern Hemisphere. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambanapambana. Vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nyengo ya chiwuvi mu South Africa yikuŵa pakati pa Juni na Ogasiti. Ku chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuyana na ya ku Mediterranean. Malo agha ndigho ghakupangira vinyo linandi ku South Africa ndipo ghakumanyikwa na mphepo izo zikuputa pafupifupi cilimika cose. Pakuti mphepo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono comene, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵakasuzgikanga comene kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, vula yikuwira mwakuyana waka chaka chose, ndipo malo agha ngakutowa. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikukwera chomene kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Lowveld, chomenechomene kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa cha Free State ntchakudikanya comene cifukwa chili pakati pa mapiri. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal, malo gha Highveld ghakuthirira makora ndipo ghakuŵa na chithukivu yayi. Johannesburg, mu mphepete mwa Highveld, yili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,740 (5,709 ft) pachanya pa nyanja ndipo yikulokwa mvula ya mamita 760 pa chaka. Mu chigaŵa ichi nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, nangauli chiwuvi chikuŵa chichoko. Malo ghakuzizima chomene mu charu cha South Africa ni Buffelsfontein ku Eastern Cape, uko kukazizima chomene mu 2013. Virwa vya Prince Edward vili na mphepo zakuzizima comene, kweni ku Buffelsfontein kuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu cha South Africa ndimo muli kutentha chomene: mu 1948 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape cha Kalahari kufupi na Upington mukaŵa kutentha kwa 51.7 °C (125.06 °F). Kusintha kwa nyengo ku South Africa kukupangiska kuti kuthukira kwa maji kuchepeko. Vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha vula vikuwoneka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakwenjerwa comene na nkhani iyi cifukwa cakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, nga ni umo maji ghakukhalira. Vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu na vinthu vinyake vyambenge kusuzgika. Kuyana na ivyo likusanda boma la South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa, mu 2050 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape kuzamuŵa chithukivu chikuru chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti malo gha Cape Floral ghazamusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Vyakumera vinandi vizamumara chifukwa cha chilangalanga, moto uwo ukubuka kanandi waka, kweniso chifukwa cha kuthukira kwa nyengo. Ku South Africa kukaŵa malipoti ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa nyengo mu 2011 na 2016. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska mphepo zinandi chomene za carbon dioxide, ndipo chili pa nambara 14. Nga umo charu cha South Africa chikapelekera ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chajipeleka kuti chileke kunjizga poyizoni pakati pa 2020 na 2025.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509123731/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{main|Biodiversity of South Africa}} {{See also|Wildlife of South Africa|Protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa}} [[File:South African Giraffes, fighting.jpg|thumb|[[South African giraffe]]s, Kruger National Park]] [[File:African Leopard Sabi Sands Fir0002 Oct18.jpg|thumb|The female [[African Leopard]] "Thandi" in the Djuma concession of the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]]] Pa Juni 4, 1994, charu cha South Africa chikalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi pa Novembala 2, 1995. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Juni 7, 2006. Pa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, charu ichi chili pa nambara 6. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyalo vinandi vya ku South Africa vyamba kulondezga vyalo vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinyama vinandi chomene nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe wa ku Africa, cheetah wa ku South Africa, southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyena, hippopotamus na giraffe wa ku South Africa. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Bushveld chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kusazgapo Kruger National Park na Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Ku South Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikukhala ku malo agha. Kuzakafika mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga mitundu yakujumpha 4,900 ya tusomba (kusazgapo tusomba uto tukupangiska nthura). Mu 2006, ku South Africa kukaŵa vyakumera vyakukwana mitundu 200,000, kweni vikayananga yayi na vyakumera vinyake. Usange ndimo viliri nadi, mbwenu hona wa ku South Africa ni mucoko comene kuluska vyakumera. Mu vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru vya ku South Africa, viyuni vinandi vikupambana chomene na vyakumera. Ndondomeko ya vyamoyo na ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongosorapo yayi za bowa (kusazgapo bowa uyo wakupangiska nthura). Ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vinandi, ndipo kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 22,000. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera, comenecomene ku Highveld, uko kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, makuni ghapasi, na makuni gha acacia. Vyakumera vikusangika viŵi yayi kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca vula yichoko. Mu Namaqualand muli vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikusunga maji nga ni aloyi na euphorbia. Ndipo kuyana na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund, ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, vyakumera na minga vikukura chomene. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kufupi na kumpoto kwa Kruger National Park, muli makuni ghanandi gha baobab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants and Vegetation in South Africa|url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Southafrica-travel.net|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175454/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikukhala mu nkhorongo iyi vili mu chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Western Cape, ndipo vili na vyakumera vyakujumpha 9,000. Vinyama ivi ni vinandi chomene kuluska nkhorongo ya Amazon. Vipasi vinandi ni vyakumera vyakukhora ivyo vikuŵa na mahamba ghakutowa nga gha singano. Mtundu unyake wa vyakumera vya mu South Africa ni Protea. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera vinandi, kweni malo ghakukwana 1% gha charu ichi ni nkhorongo. Nanga ni makuni ghapusu comene ghakumara moto. Vipambi vinandi vya makuni gha ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene makuni gha eucalyptus na pine, ivyo ni vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake. [[File:Flora at Cape Peninsula.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cape Floral Region Protected Areas]]]] Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca South Africa caleka malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukura kwa vinthu, na kudumulika kwa makuni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 4.94/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika comene na vinyama vya mitundu yinyake, ndipo vyamoyo vinandi (nga ni viyuni vya black wattle, Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana na Jacaranda) vikupweteka comene vyamoyo vya mu caru ici kweniso maji agho ghalipo. Nkhorongo yakwamba iyo yikasangika na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe, ŵakayigwiliskira nchito m'paka pakakhala tuvigaŵa tuchoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, makuni ghanyake gha ku South Africa nga ni yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), na black ironwood (Olea capensis) ghakuvikilirika na boma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵakakoma viyuni 1,215 mu charu ichi. Pakuti mu South Africa muli vyakumera vinandi (vinandi mwa vyakumera ivi vikusangika ku Karoo), ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupenja vyakumera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Trenchard|first=Tommy|date=2021-07-31|title=In South Africa, Poachers Now Traffic in Tiny Succulent Plants|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html|access-date=2022-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 population density map (hex cells).svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa{{Clear}} {{legend-col |{{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} |{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} |{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} |{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} |{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} |{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} |{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} |{{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} ]] Charu cha South Africa chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni (kwambira mu 2021) ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero, na visopa. Kafukufuku waumaliro uyu wakacitika mu 2011, ndipo pa caka cilicose ŵanthu ŵakweruzgika. <ref name=":3" />Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni awo ŵiza kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town&nbsp;– The New York Times|website=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=23 May 2008|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-date=14 February 2009|title=More illegals set to flood SA|publisher=Fin24|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2008, pakachitika viwawa vinandi vyakwimikana na ŵalendo. Wupu wa Statistics South Africa ukupempha ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongore ŵekha mu vigaŵa vinkhondi. Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa: Ŵachikuda ŵa ku Africa 79.2%, Ŵachizungu 8.9%, Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 8.9%, Ŵachindi panji Ŵaciindiya 2.5%, na Ŵanyake/Ŵambura Kuzunulika 0.5%. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchimbilira ku caru cinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira kwawo na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 144,700. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe (ŵanthu 48,400), DRC (ŵanthu 24,800), na Somalia (ŵanthu 12,900) ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakacimbira na kupenja ciphokwero. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, na Port Elizabeth.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Languages of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 dominant language map (hex cells).svg|right|thumb|{{Collapsible list |title=Map showing the dominant [[Languages of South Africa|South African languages]] by area |{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%)}} |{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%)}} |{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠[[Afrikaans]] (13.5%)}} |{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]] (9.6%)}} |{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] (9.1%)}} |{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (8.0%)}} |{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] (7.6%)}} |{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (4.5%)}} |{{legend|#bc80bd|[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (2.5%)}} |{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]] (2.4%)}} |{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (2.1%)}} |{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}} |{{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}} }}]] Ku South Africa kuli viyowoyero 11 vyakuzomerezgeka: Chizulu, Chixhosa, Chifurikansi, Chingelezi, Chipedi, Chitswana, Chisotho cha Kumwera, Chitsonga, Chiswazi, Chivenda, na ChiNdebele cha Kumwera (mwakuyana na awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chakwamba). Pa nkhani iyi, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pamanyuma pa Bolivia, India, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose ni vyakuyana, kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka chomene kuluska vinyake. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%), Chixhosa (16.0%), na Chifurikansi (13.5%). Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi nchakumanyikwa kuti nchiyowoyero ca malonda na sayansi, kweni ni ciyowoyero cacinayi ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu caru ici, ndipo pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika mu 2011, ŵanthu 9.6% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuwaro kwa nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, na Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|title=The languages of South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=4 February 1997|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoekhoe ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku malo agha, vikusangika kumpoto kwa Namibia na Botswana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kuleka kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo viyowoyero vyawo vinyake vili pafupi kumara. Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵangayowoyaso viyowoyero vya ku Europe, nga Chiitaliya, Chiphwitikizi (ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakuyowoya), Chidachi, Chijeremani, na Chigiriki. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. === Chisopo === {{Main|Religion in South Africa}} {{bar box |title=Religion in South Africa (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102511/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar= #Fcd116 |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|#B57EDC|73.2}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|14.9}} {{bar percent|[[Catholicism]]|darkblue|7.4}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.1}} {{bar percent|Other faith|silver|1.7}} }} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 79.8% ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chipulotesitanti (ivyo vikusazgapo matchalitchi gha ku Africa) kweniso Ŵaroma na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵachoko waka. Mu gulu la Ŵakhristu muli Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Ziyoni (11.1%), Ŵapentekosite (Charismatic) (8.2%), Ŵaroma Katolika (7.1%), Ŵamethodisti (6.8%), Ŵachidachi Ŵakunozgekera (6.7%), na Ŵanglican (3.8%). Ŵanthu ŵanyake 36 pa 100 ŵali mu visopa vinyake vya Cikhristu. Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.5% ca ŵanthu, Ŵahindu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.2%, visopa vya ku Africa vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.3% ndipo Ciyuda cikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.2%. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, 0.6% ŵakaŵa "ŵanyake", ndipo 1.4% ŵakaŵa "ŵambura kumanya chisopa chawo".<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=South Africa |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa&nbsp;– Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614133513/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Wessel|last1=Bentley|author2=Dion Angus Forster|title=Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission|year=2008|publisher=AcadSA|isbn=978-1-920212-29-2|pages=97–98|chapter=God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses}}</ref> Matchalitchi agho ghakafuma ku Africa ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali mu cisopa cilicose yayi ŵakalondezganga cisopa ca ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 awo ŵakuchizga ŵalwari, ndipo ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵakuchizga aŵa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigomezgo vya ŵasekuru na kugomezga kuti vyamoyo vya mu malo agha ni vyamzimu kweniso ni vyakuti vingovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Cikhristu na vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku India. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵali kung'anamukira ku cisopa ca Ciarabu na Cizungu, kweniso awo ŵali kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵali kutorana nawo. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya kuti cisopa cawo ndico cikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu caru ici.<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=10 January 2002 |access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173053/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa|date=15 November 2004 |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001060330/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|url-status=live }}</ref> Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 120,000 mu ma 1970, kweni lero ŵalipo 67,000 pera, ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca Ŵayuda mu South Africa ciŵe ca nambara 12 pa caru cose.<ref>{{Citation| editor-last = Rebecca Weiner| editor-first = Rebecca Weiner| year = 2010| publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| title = South African Jewish History and Information| format = PDF| url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| access-date = 13 August 2010| archive-date = 11 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051609/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| url-status = live }}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in South Africa}} [[File:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[University of Cape Town]]]] Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 88.7%. Ku South Africa kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vitatu. Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira kwa vyaka 12, kwambira mu kilasi 1 m'paka 12. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa gredi R ŵakwamba kusambira pambere ŵandafike ku pulayimale. Sukulu za pulayimale zikuchitika kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakutora vilimika vinkhondi. Para munthu wakwaniska kilasi la nambara 12, wakuŵa na chiyezgelero cha National Senior Certificate. Masukulu ghapacanya pa boma ghakupambana mu mitundu yitatu: masukulu ghapacanya ghacilengiwa, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite; masukulu gha sayansi (agho kale ghakacemekanga technikon), agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku nchito; na masukulu ghapachanya, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yose yiŵiri. Ku South Africa kuli maunivesite 23 gha boma: 11 ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, 6 gha sayansi, na 6 ghakupambanapambana. Mu nyengo ya apartheid, masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵafipa ghakaŵanga na sankho chifukwa cha ndalama zakukwana yayi kweniso pakaŵa ndondomeko yinyake yakuchemeka Bantu Education. Mu 2004, charu cha South Africa chikamba kunozga masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵa masukulu ghapachanya ŵawovwirika na ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ndalama iyo yikamba mu 1999.<ref name=Cele>{{cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho|title=Shocking cost of SA's universities|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|access-date=19 January 2015|agency=City Press|publisher=fin24.com|date=18 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119205443/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|url-status=live }}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Main|Health in South Africa|Healthcare in South Africa}} [[File:Tygerberg from air.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Tygerberg Hospital]] in [[Parow, South Africa|Parow, Cape Town]]]] Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 71, ndipo ŵafipa vyaka 48. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni pafupifupi 9% ya GDP. Pafupifupi 84% ya ŵanthu ŵakuthemba wovwiri wa boma wa vyaumoyo. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwiliskira nchito wovwiri wa boma. Ŵanthu 16 pera ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala; ŵanyake wose ŵakujilipira ŵekha panji ŵakupokera wovwiri wa mu chipatala. Mabungwe ghatatu gha vipatala, [[Mediclinic]], [[Life Healthcare]] na [[Netcare]], pamoza ghakwendeska 75% ya msika wa vipatala vyapadera.<ref name="fmhealth">{{cite web |title=Motsoaledi to reform private health care |url=http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707152200/http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Financial Mail}}</ref> ==== Edesi (HIV/AIDS) ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in South Africa}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2015, likati ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni awo ŵali na HIV. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV (ŵakujumpha vyaka 15 m'paka 49) chikaŵa 20.4%, ndipo mu chaka chenechicho ŵanthu 71,000 ŵakafwa na matenda gha AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|title=South Africa|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828020358/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2008, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵali na HIV. Pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, 13.6% ŵali na HIV, apo pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, 0.3% pera ndiwo ŵali na HIV. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda gha AIDS ŵakuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Ku South Africa kuli ŵana ŵalanda 1,200,000. Kwa nyengo yitali, pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki na nduna yake ya vyaumoyo, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ŵakakana kuti HIV, nthenda iyo yikuthandazgika na kugonana, na AIDS vikukolerana. Mu 2007, boma la Britain likamba kulimbana na matenda gha AIDS cifukwa ca kucenjezgeka na vyaru vinyake. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2009, Purezidenti Jacob Zuma adasankha Aaron Motsoaledi kukhala nduna ya zaumoyo ndipo adadzipereka ku boma lake kuti liwonjezere ndalama zoyendetsera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha HIV, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2015, South Africa idapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala a antiretroviral zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo chiwonjezeke kuchokera zaka 52.1 mpaka zaka 62.5.<ref name="conversationHIVExcelled">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|title=South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster|first=Saiqa|last=Mullick|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052403/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|url-status=live}}</ref> === Chitauni === Pa webusayiti yinyake pali madera ghakujumpha 12,600 mu South Africa. Maofesi gha munthavi gha ku South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Cities And Provinces – A Complete List|url=https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|website=dirkstrauss.com|date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050602/https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> . {{Largest cities of South Africa}} == Boma == {{Main|Government of South Africa|Politics of South Africa|Law of South Africa|Human rights in South Africa}} [[File:Uniegebou.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Union Buildings|[[Union Buildings]] in Pretoria, seat of the executive]] [[File:Cape_Town,_Houses_of_Parliament.JPG|thumb|Houses of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] in Cape Town, seat of the legislature]] [[File:Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Constitutional Court|[[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] in Johannesburg]] Charu cha South Africa chili na boma laparamende, kweni mwakupambana na maparamende ghanyake, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma kweniso mutu wa boma. Wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakwimika malango na wupu wakweruzga, vyose vikukolerana na Dango la South Africa, ndipo makhoti ghapachanya ghali na mazaza gha kulekeska malango gha wupu wakulongozga na malango gha Nyumba ya Malango usange ghakususkana na dango. Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma, yili na ŵanthu 400 ndipo yikuŵa na ŵimiliri. Wupu wa vigaŵa, uwo ni nyumba yikuru, uli na mamembara 90, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 9 chikusankha mamembara 10.<ref name=":4" /> Para maungano ghaparamende ghajumpha, wupu wa National Assembly ukusankha yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu wupu uwu kuŵa pulezidenti. Palije pulezidenti uyo wangaŵa pa udindo nyengo zinandi kuluska ziŵiri. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna izo zikuyimira dipatimenti yinyake. Nyumba ya Malango yingawuskapo purezidenti na nduna za boma mwa kuleka kugomezga. Pa chisankho chaposachedwapa, chomwe chinachitika pa 8 May 2019, ANC inapeza 58% ya mavoti ndi mipando 230, pamene chipani chachikulu chotsutsa, Democratic Alliance, chinalandira 21% ya mavoti ndi mipando 84. Gulu la Economic Freedom Fighters, ilo likakhazikiskika na Julius Malema, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa ANC Youth League ndipo pamasinda wakafumiskika mu ANC, likapokera mavoti 11% na vithuzithuzi 44. Kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ANC ndiyo yikulongozga mu South Africa.<ref name=":4" /> Charu cha South Africa chilije msumba ukuru. Cipaturo cacinayi ca dango ili cikuti: "Malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ni Cape Town, kweni Dango la Nyumba ya Malango ilo lalembeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya 76 (1) na (5) lingapangiska kuti malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ghaŵe kunyake". Maboma ghatatu gha mu caru ici ghali kugaŵika mu misumba yakupambanapambana. Msumba wa Cape Town, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; Pretoria, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; ndipo Bloemfontein ndiwo msumba ukuru wa khoti likuru la apilu. Maboma ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake ghali ku Pretoria.<ref name=":5" /> Kwambira mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza. Pali milandu yinandi ya nkhaza za ndyali kweniso kuthaskika kwa nkhaza izo zikususkana na dango la chalo, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya ndyali na mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakuti pali panji pangaŵa suzgo la nkhaza za ndyali.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|author=J. Duncan|url=http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|title=The Return of State Repression|publisher=South African Civil Society Information Services|date=31 May 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630181604/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|title=Increasing police repression highlighted by recent case|publisher=Freedom of Expression Institute|year=2006|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181236/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Mu 2008, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru 48 vya mu Africa. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya malango, kujikora na vimbundi, kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kweni likaŵa na masambiro ghachoko pa nkhani ya chivikiliro. Mu 2006, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku South Africa ndiyo njakwenelera. Malamulo gha ku South Africa ghakafuma ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma na ŵa ku Netherlands, kweniso ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> Dango lakwamba la ku Europe ilo likakhazikiskika ku South Africa likafuma ku Dutch East India Company ndipo likucemeka dango la Ŵaroma na ŵa ku Netherlands. Dango ili likatoleka pambere dango la ku Europe lindanozgeke na kunjizgika mu Dango la Napoleon. Mu ma 1800, boma la England likamba kulondezga malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango iyo yikapeleka malango ghakukhwaskana na charu ichi. Makhoti agha ni: Khoti Likuru Chomene (Supreme Court of Appeal) na Khoti Likuru Chomene (Constitutional Court). === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Main|Foreign relations of South Africa}} [[File:Leaders BRICS summit 2019.jpg|thumb|left|President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] (far left), poses with the [[BRICS]] heads of state and government during the [[11th BRICS summit]], 2019]] Pakuŵa mu wupu wa South Africa, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations (UN), ndipo nduna yikuru Jan Smuts ndiyo wakalemba mazgu ghakwamba gha United Nations Charter.<ref name="gildersleeve">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|title=Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)|first=Rosalind|last=Rosenberg|date=Summer 2001|magazine=Columbia Magazine|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102153832/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite book|author=Schlesinger, Stephen E.|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World|publisher=Westview, Perseus Books Group|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|pages=236–7|isbn=978-0-8133-3275-8 }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu wa African Union (AU). Ndilo liŵapo pa gulu la AU la New Partnership for Africa's Development. Boma la apartheid likati lamara, charu cha South Africa chikaweleraso ku Commonwealth. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa G77 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza pa wupu uwu mu 2006. Charu cha South Africa chili mu chalo cha Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, na Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha South Africa chachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, na Zimbabwe. Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma na Pulezidenti wa China Hu Jintao ŵakakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi mu 2010 apo ŵakasaina phangano la Beijing ilo likakwezga "ubwezi wakudumura" wa South Africa na China ku "ubwezi wakudumura" mu vyaru vyose vya vyaru ivi. Mu 2011, chalo cha South Africa chikapokelerana na maboma gha Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS), agho Zuma wakamanya kuti ni maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha charu ichi kweniso maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha Africa. Mr. Zuma wakati vyaru vya BRICS vicitirenge lumoza nchito kwizira mu UN, G20, na India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|title=SA brings 'unique attributes' to BRICS|publisher=Southafrica.info|date=14 April 2011|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709031314/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Administrative divisions of South Africa|Provinces of South Africa}} [[File:Map of South Africa with English labels.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|[[Provinces of South Africa]]]] Chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa ivi chili na wupu wa malango uwo ukuŵa na nyumba yimoza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vyose vyaka 5. Wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ukusankha nduna yikuru kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo nduna yikuru yikwimika wupu wa Executive Council kuŵa nduna yikuru ya boma. Maufumu gha vigaŵa ghakukhala waka pa nkhani izo zili kulembeka mu dango; nkhani izi ni za umoyo, masambiro, nyumba za ŵanthu wose, na mendero. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 52, ndipo vili na matawuni 8. Ŵana ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 205. Ŵalara ŵa boma, awo ŵakulongozga misumba yikuruyikuru, ŵakucita milimo ya boma la cigaŵa na la cigaŵa. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right" |- ! Province ! Provincial capital ! Largest city ! Area (km²)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |title=Stats in Brief, 2010 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-621-39563-1 |location=Pretoria |page=3 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132652/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ! Population (2016)<ref name="2016CS">{{cite web |title=Community Survey 2016 In Brief |url=http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516231635/http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |publisher=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> ! Population (2020)<ref>''Stats in Brief, 2020'': Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.</ref> |- | align="left" | [[Eastern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Bhisho]]|| align="left" |[[Gqeberha]]|| 168,966|| 6,996,976|| 6,734,000 |- | align="left" |[[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]|| align="left" |[[Bloemfontein]]|| align="left" |Bloemfontein|| 129,825|| 2,834,714|| 2,929,000 |- | align="left" |[[Gauteng]]|| align="left" |[[Johannesburg]]|| align="left" |Johannesburg|| 18,178|| 13,399,724|| 15,488,000 |- | align="left" |[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|| align="left" |[[Pietermaritzburg]]|| align="left" |[[Durban]]|| 94,361|| 11,065,240|| 11,532,000 |- | align="left" |[[Limpopo]]|| align="left" |[[Polokwane]]|| align="left" |Polokwane|| 125,754|| 5,799,090|| 5,853,000 |- | align="left" |[[Mpumalanga]]|| align="left" |[[Mbombela]]|| align="left" |Mbombela|| 76,495|| 4,335,964|| 4,680,000 |- | align="left" |[[North West (South African province)|North West]]|| align="left" |[[Mahikeng]]|| align="left" |[[Klerksdorp]]|| 104,882|| 3,748,435|| 4,109,000 |- | align="left" |[[Northern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]|| align="left" |Kimberley|| 372,889|| 1,193,780|| 1,293,000 |- | align="left" |[[Western Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Cape Town]]|| align="left" |Cape Town|| 129,462|| 6,279,730|| 7,006,000 |} === Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza === {{Main|South African National Defence Force}} {{See also|List of equipment of the South African National Defence Force|Defence industry of South Africa|South Africa and weapons of mass destruction}} {{Multiple image | image1 = SAAF-Gripen-001 (cropped).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[South African Air Force]] [[JAS-39|Saab Gripen]] | image2 = Rooivalk in flight (cropped).jpg | caption2 = South African-made [[Denel Rooivalk|Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | image3 = SAS Spioenkop during Exercise IBSAMAR V (cropped).JPG | caption3 = [[SAS Spioenkop|SAS ''Spioenkop'' (F147)]], one of the four [[Valour-class frigate|Valour-class]] stealth guided-missile frigates of the [[South African Navy]] | total_width = | perrow = 2 | caption4 = The [[Denel Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | direction = vertical | width = 220 }} Gulu la South African National Defence Force (SANDF) likapangika mu 1994 nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujipeleka ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵa kale ŵa South African Defence Force, ŵasilikari ŵa magulu gha African nationalist (uMkhonto we Sizwe na Azanian People's Liberation Army), na ŵasilikari ŵa bantustan. Wupu wa SANDF uli kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi, South African Army, South African Air Force, South African Navy, na South African Military Health Service.<ref name="act-42-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|title=Defence Act 42 of 2002|access-date=23 June 2008|date=12 February 2003|publisher=South African Government|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211758/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref>Gulu la SANDF lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 75,000 m'paka mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, SANDF yazgoka gulu likuru lakuvikilira mtende mu Africa, ndipo yikugwira nchito ku Lesotho, DRC, na Burundi, na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso likateŵeterapo mu mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha UN, nga ni UN Force Intervention Brigade. Mu 2022, chalo chikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana US$3.069 billion pa vya nkhondo izo ni 0.86% ya GDP yose ya chalo. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvikilira caru zachepa comene cifukwa pasono caru ici cikukumana yayi na suzgo la nkhondo. Gulu la SANDF kanandi likugwira ntchito pakukoma vigeŵenga ndipo para ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police Service (SAPS) ŵaleka kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vili makora. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vya ku South Africa mu chaka cha 2021, chiwawa chankhongono chomene ku South Africa kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira, ŵasilikari 25,000, ma helikopita gha ŵasilikari ghakujumpha 12 na magalimoto ghakuŵa na vilwero vikapelekeka ku vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa kumazga vivulupi na kupoka vinthu. Ichi chikaŵa chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru chomene ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ŵakachitanga kufuma mu 1994, ndipo chikaŵa chikuru chomene kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira. Charu cha South Africa chili na maofesi gha ŵasilikari ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseini |first=Talal |date=2019-06-13 |title=Air force bases in South Africa: past and present operations |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Makampani gha kuvikilira caru ca South Africa ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru cose. Kufika mu 2020 chalo cha South Africa chili pa chigaŵa cha 24 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vilwero pa charu chose chapasi. Charu ichi chikupanga mitundu yinandi ya vilwero kufuma ku vyakuphakaphaka vya nkhondo mpaka ku mabomba gha balistic, vilwero vyakuzirwa vya ku South Africa vikusazgapo Ratel IFV, galimoto yakwamba ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari pa charu chose. Charu ichi chikapangaso ndege yake yakuchemeka "Denel Rooivalk" iyo njimoza mwa vilwero vyakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Japan likapangana ndalama zakukwana R16 biliyoni (USD 1 biliyoni) na makampani ghakuvikilira charu ichi kuti ghapangire magalimoto gha Badger gha muwiro uphya 244 gha nkhondo. Charu cha South Africa ndicho pera mu Africa icho chili kupanga makora vilwero vya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuleka na kumazga mapulogiramu ghake gha nyukiliya (panyuma pa Ukraine) ndipo chikalemba phangano la kuleka kusazgirako vilwero vya nyukiliya mu 1991. Mu ma 1970, caru ca South Africa cikamba kupanga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Ku South Africa ŵakayowoya kuti kukachitika kuyezga nyukiliya mu 1979, kweni boma likakana. De Klerk wakati charu cha South Africa "chindachitepo kuyezga nyukiliya mwakubisilizga". Pakati pa 1980 na 1990, ŵakazenga mabomba ghankhondi na limoza, kweni ghose ghakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1991. Mu 2017, charu cha South Africa chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|date=7 July 2017|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango === {{Main|Law enforcement in South Africa|Crime in South Africa}} [[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]] Boma la South Africa ndilo likulongozga ŵapolisi. Wupu wa SAPS ndiwo ukupenjerezga milandu na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu caru cose. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na maofesi gha ŵapolisi ghakujumpha 1,154 mu charu chose. Mu chaka cha 2023, gulu la Special Task Force (SAPS) likaŵa na malo gha nambara 9 pa mpikisano wa SWAT wa pa caru cose kufuma pa magulu 55 gha ŵapolisi kufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa chili na makampani ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ghakujumpha 10,380 na ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 miliyoni. Gulu la ŵapolisi la South African Police Service (SAPS) ndilo likovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, nchito ya kuvikilira ŵanthu yafika paheni comene. Kufumira mu February 2023, charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vigeŵenga vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kwambira mu Epulero 2017 m'paka mu Malichi 2018, ŵanthu 57 ŵakakomeka zuŵa lililose mu South Africa. Mu chaka icho chikajumpha mu Malichi 2017, ŵanthu 20,336 ŵakakomeka ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakakomeka chikaŵa 35.9 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 526,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka kufuma mu 1994 mpaka mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Douglas|title=SA's murder rate is worse than the coronavirus mortality rate|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|agency=IOL|publisher=iol.co.za|date=3 March 2020|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804174704/https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Smash and Grab Hot Spot, Retreat (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in [[Retreat, Cape Town]]]] Ku South Africa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka mwankhaza, ndipo mu 2014/15 pakachitika ŵanthu 43,195. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009 pakati pa ŵanalume 1,738 ku KwaZulu-Natal na Eastern Cape na Medical Research Council, wakalongora kuti mwanalume yumoza pa ŵanalume ŵanayi waliyose wakazomera kuti wakachita uleŵi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugona ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekha, kweni ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuti ŵakugona ŵanakazi ŵekha yayi. Ŵana (ŵanyake ŵa vyaka 10 pera) ndiwo ŵakugona ŵanakazi. Ŵana na ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza comene pa caru, comene cifukwa ca cisambizgo cakuti ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa ŵakutozgeka. Pakati pa 1994 na 2018, ku South Africa kukacitika vinthu vyakukhuŵazga ŵalendo vyakujumpha 500. Chiwawa cha 2019 ku Johannesburg chikaŵa chakuyana na chiwawa cha 2008 icho chikachitikaso ku Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations|date=5 September 2019|website=News24|language=en|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of South Africa}} [[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) ni msika ukuru comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ni msika wa nambara 17 pa caru cose. Msika wake uli na ndalama zakukwana $1.36 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023] |url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.tradinghours.com}}</ref>]] Charu cha South Africa chili na chuma chakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vyalo vinandi chomene mu Africa. <ref name=":6" />Charu ichi chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 pa kugura vinthu nga umo vikaŵira mu 2023. Nangauli vili nthena, charu cha South Africa chili na ukavu na kusoŵa nchito ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru 10 vyapacanya pa caru cose pa nkhani ya ndalama.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|title=Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08|publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org|date=4 November 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234423/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|title=South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor|publisher=Business Report|date=28 September 2009|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023162404/http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref> South Africa yili pa malo gha 40 pa chuma chose, ndipo ni chalo chachiŵiri chakukhwima chomene mu Africa, pakuyowoya za usambazi wa ŵanthu. South Africa yili na usambazi wa ŵanthu 651 biliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 55.5% (30.3 miliyoni) ŵakukhala mu ukavu uwo uli pachanya pa ukavu wa pa caru cose uku ŵanthu 13.8 miliyoni (25% ya ŵanthu) ŵakusuzgika na ukavu wa vyakurya. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 10% ndiwo ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 71%, apo ŵanthu 60% ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 7% pera. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vikavu, caru ca South Africa nchambura ndalama. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku South Africa, 15 pera ndiwo ŵali mu vyaru vyambura kulembeka. Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama (OECD) ukuti chifukwa cha mphambano iyi ni umo vinthu viliri mu charu cha South Africa. Kafukufuku wa Banki ya Caru Cose wakulongora kuti caru ca South Africa cili na mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa GDP ya munthu yumoza na Index ya Kukura kwa Munthu.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEPWeb: Beyond Economic Growth|url=http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|publisher=The World Bank Group|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106020301/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Johannesburg Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg]], the financial capital of South Africa and the African continent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwole |first=Victor |date=2022-04-14 |title=Top 10 wealthiest cities in Africa |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma mu 1994, boma likakhwimiska ndalama, likakhozga ndalama za boma, ndipo likakopa ndalama zinyake za ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi. Pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti, boma likakhozga comene makampani gha boma. Mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ghali na boma ni Eskom, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya magesi, South African Airways (SAA), na Transnet, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya kujima sitima na madoko. Mabungwe ena a boma sanali opindulitsa, monga SAA, yomwe idafunikira ndalama zokwana R30 biliyoni ($ 2.03 biliyoni) pazaka 20 zisanafike 2015.<ref>"Commanding Plights." ''The Economist'' 29 August 2015: 37–38. Print.</ref> [[File:South Africa Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of South African exports, 2019]] Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ni Germany, United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom na Spain. Lipoti la 2020 Financial Secretion Index likati South Africa ndi malo 58 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Makampani gha vyakurya gha ku South Africa ghakupanga pafupifupi 10% ya ntchito za boma, ndipo ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Cifukwa cakuti malo agha ngakomira comene, 13.5% pera ndigho ghakugwilira nchito pakupanda vyakurya, ndipo 3% pera ndigho ghakugwirapo nchito. Mu Ogasiti 2013, chalo cha South Africa chikapika malo ghapachanya pa vyalo vya ku Africa ku fDi Intelligence pakususkana na chuma cha chalo ichi, malo gha ntchito, ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, vinthu vyakwendeskeka, bizinesi, na ndondomeko ya ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyalo vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|title=African Countries of the Future 2013/14|publisher=fDiIntelligence.com|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072835/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mining=== {{main|Mining in South Africa}} [[File:Platinum Mining.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[Two Rivers mine]] in [[Steelpoort]], [[Limpopo]], owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.]] Nyengo zose South Africa yikaŵa na migodi yinandi. Kufika mu 2006, South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose pakupanga golide kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, kweni kuumaliro wa 2009, migodi ya golide mu South Africa yikamba kuchepa chomene chifukwa mu 2008 yikapanga golide wakukwana matani 205.<ref name="mwsa" /> Nangauli vili nthena, caru ici nchali na golide wakukwana matani 6,000 ndipo nchali pa nambara 5 pa vyakusangirapo golide. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga vinthu vinandi chomene nga ni chrome, manganese, platinamu, vanadium, na vermiculite. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga ilmenite, palladium, rutile, na zirconium. Ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska malasha pa caru cose. Charu ichi chikupanga chomene visulo; mu 2012, chikajumpha India kuŵa charu chachitatu pa charu chose icho chikuguliska visulo ku China.<ref name=mwsa>{{Citation | url = http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | title = SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Mining Weekly]] | publication-place = International | access-date = 31 May 2021 | archive-date = 13 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113139/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | url-status = live }}</ref> === Tourism === {{Excerpt|Tourism in South Africa}} == Infrastructure == === Roads === [[File:Mandela Bridge, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]] in [[Johannesburg]]]] Ku South Africa kuli misewu yitali ya makilomita 750,000, iyo njikuru comene kuluska misewu yose ya mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na SANRAL, msewu uwu uli na mtengo wa R2.1 trillion. SANRAL ndiyo wakwendeska misewu ya mu vyaru vyose ndipo wali na misewu ya makilomita 22 197. Vigaŵa ivi vili na mtunda wa makilomita 222,951, ndipo kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Malango, msumba uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 275,661. Misewu yinyake njakukhoma yayi (iyo yikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi) ntheura palije boma la misewu ilo likuyiwona. Mu caru ici muli magalimoto ghakujumpha 12 miliyoni, ndipo pa mtunda wa makilomita limoza pali magalimoto 16. Msewu wa chigaŵa ichi uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 222,951, ndipo uli na makilomita 170,837 gha misewu yambura kujintha na makilomita 52,114 gha misewu yakukhoma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx|title=National Treasury|website=www.treasury.gov.za|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> === Njanji === {{Main|Rail transport in South Africa}} [[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Gautrain]] [[Higher-speed rail|higher-speed]] commuter rail]] Mtundu wa njanji mu caru ca South Africa ngwakuzirwa comene pa vinthu vya mu caru ici. Matawuni ghose ghakurughakuru ghakukolerana na njanji. Transnet Freight Rail yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu, apo PRASA yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu. Gulu la boma la Transnet Freight Rail ndilo likwendeska masitima ghakurughakuru pa Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Transnet Freight Rail |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Njanji za ku South Africa ni zinandi comene mu Africa ndipo ni zinandi comene pa vyaru vyose. Kweni katundu, ŵanthu na malo ghakunjilira mu ngalaŵa vikusuzga comene. Mafuta na njere vikwendeskeka chomene pa mizere iyi, njanji ya chalo ichi yikendeskanga katundu pafupifupi matani 230 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2017 kweni ichi chakhira kufika matani 179 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Compiled by Luke |title=SA's railways have lost a quarter of its freight in five years – making already bad roads worse |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Airports === {{Main articles|List of airports in South Africa}} [[File:South African Airways Airbus A340-313 ZS-SXE MUC 2015 01.jpg|thumb|[[South African Airways]] [[Airbus A340]] at [[Munich Airport]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ma eyapoti gha vyaru vinandi mu misumba yinkhondi na umoza: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley na Nelspruit. Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha South Africa chikaŵa na ma airport 407, icho chikupangiska kuti chiŵe chalo chakudanga mu Africa pakuyowoya za katundu wa ma airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171702/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison/ |archive-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> Malo ghanayi ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu South Africa ni: O.R. Tambo International Airport mu Johannesburg, Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport mu Durban na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport mu Port Elizabeth. Ku cipatala. Ndege ya Tambo International Airport ku Johannesburg ndiyo ni ndege yikuru comene na yakufuluka comene mu Africa ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni pa caka. Pa 2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yiweme chomene pa Africa kwa chaka cha 7. Ndege ya Tambo International yikakhala yachitatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Luke |title=Cape Town voted best airport in Africa – for 7th year in a row – but its global rank slides |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Magesi === {{main|Energy in South Africa}} {{See also|Eskom|List of power stations in South Africa}} [[File:Koebergnps.jpg|thumb|The [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station|Koeberg Power Station]], the only [[nuclear power plant]] on the entire African continent]] Charu cha South Africa chili na nkhongono zinandi comene ndipo pa nyengo yasono ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera pa caru ca Africa ico cili na sitima ya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga magesi ghanandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo pa caru cose cili pa nambara 21. Charu cha South Africa chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga malasha ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo chikupanga matani ghakujumpha 248 miliyoni gha malasha ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya mafuta agha vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 77% ya nkhongono izo charu cha South Africa chikukhumbikwira zikufuma ku malasha ndipo 92% ya malasha agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu Africa ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu South Africa. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska magasi ghanandi chomene pa charu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prater |first=Tom |date=2018-10-15 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupanga magesi ghanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo yili pakati pa makampani 7 ghakwamba pa charu chose. Ndico cikuru comene pa vyamalonda vya boma mu South Africa. Eskom wakupangiska magesi pafupifupi 95% mu South Africa ndipo wakwendeskanga magesi ghanandi, kusazgapo Koeberg Nuclear Power Station mu Cape Town, ghekha ghakukhazikiska magesi gha nyukiliya mu Africa, Kendal Power Station, ghakukhazikiska magesi ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose, kweniso Duvha Power Station agho ghakaŵa magesi ghakwamba pa charu chose kugwiliskirika ntchito na pulse jet fabric filter plants. Mu 2001, Eskom wakacemeka kampani yiweme ya magesi pa caru cose.<ref name="as">{{Cite web |last1=Sguazzin |first1=Antony |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prinesha |last3=Burkhardt |first3=Paul |title=Eskom turns 100 next year - here's how it went from world best to SA's biggest economic risk |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Business |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Energy crisis ==== {{Main articles|South African energy crisis}} [[File:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|thumb|The [[Kusile Power Station]] was built as a response to the energy crisis, when fully operational it will be the 4th largest [[Coal-fired power station]] in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering News - Kusile power plant project, South Africa – update |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world. |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Engineering News |language=en}}</ref>]]Chifukwa cha upusikizgi na upusikizgi wa Eskom, kampani iyi yili na ngongoli ya R392 billion ($22 billion) ndipo yikutondeka kukwaniska ivyo boma la South Africa likukhumba. Chifukwa cha ivi, Eskom wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska magesi ku magesi ghanyake mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. Ku South Africa, para magetsi ghamara, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaleke kunanga makina ghose. Para ŵanthu ŵafumamo mu mawoko gha mawoko, pa charu chose ŵakuleka kwendeska mawoko. Kafukufuku wa Eskom wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira ntchito makora magesi. Mu chaka cha 2023, ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakatumika kuti ŵavikilire magesi gha Eskom ku vigeŵenga.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army guards four Eskom power stations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-17/south-africa-deploys-army-at-four-eskom-power-stations |access-date=2023-04-02 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=17 December 2022 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu 2007, Eskom yikamba kuzenga magesi gha "Kusile" na "Medupi", magesi ghaŵiri ghakuru agha ndigho ghazamuŵa ghakurughakuru pa charu chose. Kweni ma power station agha ghakafika yayi pa nyengo yawo, ndipo hafu pera ya ma unit 6 agho ghamalizgika kugwiriska ntchito chifukwa cha kucedwa kwa nyengo yitali kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikugwirapo nchito izo zikukwana R300 billion ($16 billion) pa ma power station ghaŵiri agha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Energy crisis: Another R33-billion needed to complete Medupi and Kusile |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-09-29-energy-crisis-another-r33-billion-needed-to-complete-medupi-and-kusile/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Sayansi na tekinoloji === {{Main|Science and technology in South Africa}} [[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] in space]] Vinthu vinandi vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga vyafuma ku South Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili pa malo 61 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 63 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Disembala 1967, dokotala wa vya mtima, Christiaan Barnard, wakachita opareshoni yakwamba ya mtima kufuma kwa munthu kuya kwa munthu ku Groote Schuur Hospital. Max Theiler wakapangiska katemera wakukoma nthenda ya yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack wakambiska opareshoni ya X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); ndipo Aaron Klug wakapangiska nthowa za crystallographic electron microscopy. Cormack na Klug ŵakapokera njombe ya Nobel cifukwa ca mulimo wawo. Sonosono apa, mu 2002, Sydney Brenner ndiyo wakapokera njombe iyi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakupharazga za umoyo. Mark Shuttleworth ndiyo wakambiska kampani yinyake yakuvikilira Intaneti yakuchemeka Thawte, iyo pamanyuma yikagulika na Verisign. Boma likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthenge mu vyaru ivyo vikuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya tekinoloje. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya vya nyenyezi. Mu tawuni iyi muli Southern African Large Telescope, telescope yikuru comene ya ku Southern Hemisphere. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ca South Africa cikuzenga Karoo Array Telescope, iyo njakovwira pakuzenga pulogiramu yakuchemeka Square Kilometre Array.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office|publisher=SKA 2011|date=2 April 2011|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in South Africa}} Vinthu ivi ni misewu, njanji, viŵanja vya ndege, maji, na mapaipi gha mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku South Africa ŵakwenda pa basi. Mu misumba yinyake, mabasi ghakwenda mwaluŵiro ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora kweniso mwamahara. Makina agha ghakatambuzgika comene cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha South Africa chili na maboti ghanandi ghakuru, kusazgapo Cape Town, Durban, na Port Elizabeth, agho ghakupokelera ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa sitima. === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in South Africa}} Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupambana na maji mu charu cha South Africa ni ndondomeko ya kupeleka maji kwawanangwa na maboma gha maji, agho ghakupeleka maji ghanandi na kuguliska maji ku maboma. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka mauteŵeti. Kufuma waka apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakumwa ŵakasazgikira chomene. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakwenda makora ŵakakwera kufuma pa 71% kufika pa 79%.<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, maji na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyaukazuzi vyafika paheni chomene nangauli boma la Russia lajipeleka kuti liŵawovwire makora na kuŵapa ndalama zakwendeskera vyakusungiramo maji. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa vikusuzgika na chilangalanga chifukwa cha El Niño. Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Cape Town, uwo uli na nyengo zakupambana na za mu charu chose, ukaŵa na suzgo la maji. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti zuŵa lililose munthu waliyose waleke kumwa maji ghakujumpha malita 50. Msumba wa Cape Town ukakana wovwiri uwo Israyeli wakapeleka kuti uŵawovwire kuzenga malo ghakusololera maji.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122202625/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|date=22 November 2018 }}, Reuters, 25 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816|date=14 December 2021 }}, Wall St. Journal, 21 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053921/https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html|date=14 December 2021 }}, aish, 11 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053918/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/south-african-stupidity-540605|date=14 December 2021 }}, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 2018</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of South Africa}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵali na mitheto ya mitheto iyo yikukhalilira; cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi ndipo ŵakukhala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghapakati, awo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbatuŵa, kweni ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵa mitundu yinyake, na ŵa ku India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-date=22 August 2007|title=Black middle class explodes|date=22 May 2007|publisher=FIN24|url-status=dead }}</ref> === Maluso === [[File:San Rock Art - Cederberg.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art|Rock painting]] by the [[San people]], [[Cederberg]]]] Vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku South Africa vili kusangika mu mphanji yinyake ya ku South Africa, ndipo vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|title=World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave|publisher=Buzzle.com|access-date=16 April 2011|location=London|first=Tim|last=Radford|date=16 April 2004|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212095737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakasamukira ku South Africa kufuma mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa na luso lwawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu/Nguni ndiwo ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazgu ghawo. Vinthu vinyake vyakusanguluska vikamba kuwoneka mu migodi na mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka trekboers na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya ku malo agha, awo ŵakalondezganga chomene mitheto ya ku Europe kwambira mu ma 1850, nawo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. === Popular culture === {{Further information|Nyimbo za ku South Africa}} Boma la South Africa lili na vyakupharazga vinandi, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ndipouli, viyowoyero vinyake vyose 10 vilipo. [[File:2014-11-26 traditional Zulu performance 02 anagoria.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zulus]] performing a traditional dance]] Mu sumu za ku South Africa muli vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakwimba ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kupanga sumu za mtundu wa Kwaito na Amapiano, izo zikuyowoyeka kuti zili kunjilirapo pa wayilesi, TV, na magazini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> Brenda Fassie, uyo wakamba kumanyikwa na sumu yake ya "Weekend Special", wakayimba mu Cingelezi. Ŵakwimba awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Ladysmith Black Mambazo, apo Soweto String Quartet ŵakwimba sumu za ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵakwimba ŵa jazz awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, na Sathima Bea Benjamin. Sumu za mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans zili na mitundu yinandi, nga ni Steve Hofmeyr, gulu la punk rock la Fokofpolisiekar, na wakwimba Jeremy Loops. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵasanga vitumbiko pa charu chose ni Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether na rappers nga AKA, Nasty C na Cassper Nyovest. Nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵanthu ŵakumanyapo vinandi yayi vya mafilimu gha ku South Africa. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, filimu yakumanyikwa comene iyo yikulongosora vya caru ca South Africa ni District 9. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana ni filimu ya Tsotsi, iyo yikapokera Academy Award for Foreign Language Film pa nyengo ya 78th Academy Awards mu 2006, kweniso U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, iyo yikapokera Golden Bear pa 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Mu 2015, filimu ya Oliver Hermanus The Endless River yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku South Africa iyo yikasankhika pa Venice Film Festival. === Mabuku === {{Main|South African literature}} [[File:Alan Paton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alan Paton]], [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist and writer]] Mabuku gha ku South Africa ghakafuma mu mbiri ya ŵanthu na ndyali. Buku lakwamba lakucemeka Mhudi, ilo wakalemba mu 1930, likalembeka na Solomon Thekiso Plaatje. Mu ma 1950, magazini ya Drum yikazgoka malo ghakusungiramo nkhani za ndyali, vyakusekeska, na nkhani, ndipo yikapeleka mazgu ku ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mu misumba. Mu 1948 Alan Paton wakalemba buku lakuti Cry, the Beloved Country. Mu 1991, Nadine Gordimer wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. J.M. Mu 2003, Coetzee wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu nkhani zakulemba. Pakupereka chawanangwa ichi, wupu wa Swedish Academy ukati Coetzee "wakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakujipulikira".<ref name="Swedish Academy">{{cite news|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Swedish Academy|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307025506/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maseŵero gha Athol Fugard ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi mu South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) na New York. Buku la Olive Schreiner lakuti The Story of an African Farm (1883) likaŵa lakukondweska chomene mu nyengo ya Victorian. Breyten Breytenbach ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa gulu lakususkana na apartheid. André Brink wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo boma likamukanizga kulemba buku lake lakuti A Dry White Season. === Kuphika === {{Main article|South African cuisine}} {{See also|South African wine}}{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 280 | image1 = Bobotie, South African dish.jpg | caption1 = [[Bobotie]] | image2 = Melktert.jpg | caption2 = [[Melktert]] | image3 = The Potjie is ready.JPG | caption3 = [[Potjiekos]] | image4 = Koesisters Cape Malay South Africa.jpg | caption4 = [[Koe'sister]] | perrow = 2 | caption_align = center }} Vyakurya vya ku South Africa ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo vyakurya vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikukondweska ŵanthu wose, ndipo chomenechomene ŵakuguliska ku ŵalendo awo ŵakukhumba kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivi vikupangika na nyama ndipo ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachezgenge pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka braai. Charu cha South Africa nacho chili na minda yinandi ya mpheska iyo yili mu madambo ghakuzingilizga Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl na Barrydale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|title=South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more|publisher=Thewinedoctor.com|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223726/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in South Africa}} <!--- Note to editors: per [[WP:ENGVAR]], do not change "soccer" to "football", at least not without prior discussion on the talk page. ---> South Africa's most popular sports are association football, [[rugby union]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni kusambira, maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, gofu, nkhonya, tenisi, rugby, ringball, hockey, kuskamba, na netball. Nangauli maseŵero gha bola (soccer) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene na ŵawukirano, kweni maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, judo, softball na skateboard ghakwamba kutchuka comene. Mpira wa mawoko ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|title=Blacks like soccer, whites like rugby in SA|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525104157/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|title=SA sport not the unifier it once was: survey|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101120/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|title=Analysis: Bafana Bafana Struggling To Make Needed Improvements|date=11 June 2016|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101142/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵaseŵera ŵa mpira awo ŵakaseŵera mu magulu ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vinyake ni Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, na Delron Buckley. Ku South Africa ndiko kukachitikira maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha FIFA mu 2010, ndipo Sepp Blatter, pulezidenti wa FIFA, wakapeleka mapointi 9 pa 10 ku South Africa cifukwa ca kucita makora maseŵero agha. Msewera Benni McCarthy ndi mphunzitsi wa timu yoyamba ya mpira wa England Manchester United.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benni McCarthy appointed as first-team coach|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/benni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach|website=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |first=Adam |last=Marshall|date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha nkhondo nga ni Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian Mitchell na Dricus du Plessis. Jordy Smith wakathereska mu 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open ndipo ndiyo wakathereska chomene pa charu chose. Mu 1979, Jody Scheckter, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa caru cose pa maseŵero gha galimoto, wakafuma ku South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks na Faf du Plessis. [[File:Bokke Webb Ellis-beker toer JHB 20191107 145608.jpg|thumb|The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] on their tour of the country after winning the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuseŵera rugby, kusazgapo Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, Bryan Habana, Eben Etzebeth, Cheslin Kolbe na Siya Kolisi. Charu cha South Africa chili kuwina nkhonya ya Rugby World Cup katatu, ndipo chili pamoza na charu cha New Zealand pa kuwina nkhonya zinandi chomene. Mu 1995, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikapokera chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Rugby World Cup. Ŵakawina chiphalizgano ichi mu 2007 na mu 2019. Chalo ichi chikapokeleraso nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa mu chaka cha 1996. Mu chaka cha 2022, timu ya ŵanakazi nayo yikathereska chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations cha ŵanakazi, pakuthereska Morocco 2-1 pa chiphalizgano chaumaliro. Charu ichi chikapokeleraso maseŵera gha Cricket World Cup mu 2003, World Twenty20 Championship mu 2007. Timu ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Proteas nayo yikaluska West Indies pa chiphalizgano cha 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy. Mpikisano wa ICC Women's T20 World Cup wa 2023 ukachitikira ku South Africa ndipo gulu la ŵanakazi likaŵa laciŵiri. Gulu la South Africa la ŵanthu ŵachibulumutira likathereskaso chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Cricket World Cup mu 1998. Mu 2004, gulu la ŵakuseŵera la Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend na Ryk Neethling ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu Athens, ndipo nyengo yimoza ŵakathereska mbiri ya caru mu maseŵero gha 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Penny Heyns wakathereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta mu 1996, ndipo sonosono apa, Tatjana Schoenmaker na Lara van Niekerk ŵakathereska malekodi gha caru cose na kuthereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta. Mu 2012, Oscar Pistorius wakaŵa wakwamba kuchimbira pa maseŵero gha ku London. Mu gofu, Gary Player wakuwoneka kuti njumoza wa ŵakuseŵera gofu ŵakuluska wose, pakuti ndiyo wakatora mphaka ya Career Grand Slam. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵathereska maseŵero ghakurughakuru ni Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel. == Wonaniso == {{portal|South Africa|Africa}} * [[Outline of South Africa]] * [[Timeline of South Africa]]{{Clear}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. [[Yale University Press]]. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}. * ''Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991''. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN. * ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}. * ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}. * ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Frank Welsh]]. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}. * ''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]]. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-9802587-3-8}}. * ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}. * ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}. * ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart [[Oxford University Press]] 2001, 414 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-289318-1}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|South Africa|voy=South Africa|species=South Africa|d=Q258}} {{Scholia|country}} * [http://www.gov.za/ Government of South Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa South Africa]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035604/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm South Africa] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 South Africa] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scottdunn.com/south-africa/guides South Africa luxury travel] from Scott Dunn * {{wikiatlas|South Africa}} * {{osmrelation-inline|87565}} {{South Africa topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Countries of Africa}} {{G8 nations}} {{G20}} {{BRICS}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} {{The Commonwealth}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Coord|-30|25|display=title|type:country}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:BRICS nations]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:G20 nations]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Newly industrializing countries]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1910]] 0ezg73zjd9fy7r11jsiv4qq52rbsy0e 0 40341 122514 118038 2026-09-28T00:45:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122514 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Sacraments== {{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}} {{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}} [[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]] The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.<ref name="1113_14">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)<ref name=1113_14/>|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "[[Last Rites]]"), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').<ref>Kreeft, pp. 298–299</ref> The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful". These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}</ref> The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'': {{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the "communion of the Holy Spirit" who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}</ref>|}} According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}</ref> In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.<ref name="CoCC291">{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}</ref><!--<ref name="CCC, 1399"/>--> Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,<ref name="Kreeft326">Kreeft, p. 326</ref> those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).<ref name="Kreeft331"/> Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.<ref name="Kreeft331">Kreeft, p. 331</ref> Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.<ref name=CoCC291/><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}</ref> Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}</ref> Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}</ref> ===Sacraments of initiation=== {{Main|Sacraments of initiation}} ====Baptism==== [[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]] As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}</ref> It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}</ref> It makes a person a member of the church.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}</ref> As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}</ref> who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}</ref> If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}</ref> Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}</ref> The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize ("to do what the Church does when she baptizes") and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}</ref> ====Confirmation==== {{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}} The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}</ref> When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,<ref name="cann883">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.<ref name="cceo695">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.<ref name="cann891">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],<ref name="Chrism">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.<ref name="Chrism"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}</ref> ====Eucharist==== {{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}} [[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]] For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as "the source and summit of the Christian life".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}</ref> The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].<ref>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}</ref><ref group="note">For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the "Worship and liturgy".</ref> The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}</ref> and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).<ref name="ccc1392">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}</ref> [[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]] ===Sacraments of healing=== The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]]. ====Penance==== {{Main|Sacrament of Penance}} The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "[[seal of confession]]", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> ====Anointing of the sick==== {{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}} [[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&nbsp;1445.]] While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).<ref>{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}</ref> ===Sacraments at the service of communion=== According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}</ref> Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments "consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}</ref> ====Holy Orders==== {{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}} [[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]] The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).<ref name="cann10081009">{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}</ref> The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, "What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy"]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.</ref> Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church<ref name="CCL1031">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref name="CCL1037">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized. All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.<ref name="OneFaith114">Barry, p. 114.</ref> ====Matrimony==== {{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}} {{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}} {{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}} [[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]] The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}</ref>{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].<ref name="Gantley"/><ref name="Doors"/>||group="note"}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}</ref> The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}</ref> ==Liturgy== {{Main|Catholic liturgy}} [[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]] Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}</ref> In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], <!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation-->"a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''".<!--end quote--><ref name="CCEO28">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM "''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&nbsp;1"]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: "''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).</ref> The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}</ref> Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases. ===Western rites=== {{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}<!--sidebar anchor--> {{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}} The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}</ref> The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an "extraordinary form" (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' ("older use"), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} "The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."—Pope Benedict XVI</ref> An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form ("the ''forma ordinaria''" and "the ''forma extraordinaria''").<ref name="Universae Ecclesiae">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.<ref name=Kreeft326/> Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.<ref name=MPTC/> <!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--> Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''<ref name="Anglicanorum Coetibus">{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''"Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church"|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131204/http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,<ref group="note">The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.</ref> an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders. In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref> Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> and those of some religious institutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> ===Eastern rites=== {{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}} [[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]] The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.<ref>{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See "Eastern Catholic Churches"; In part: <!--quote-->"The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites"<!--end quote--></ref> The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}</ref> In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}</ref> Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==See also== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}} * [[Anti-Catholicism]] * [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] * [[Catholic Church by country]] * [[Catholic spirituality]] * [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]] * [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]] * [[List of Catholic religious institutes]] * [[Lists of Catholics]] * [[Role of Christianity in civilization]] ==Notes== {{Notelist|group=note}} ==References== '''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled "''CCEO'', Canon xxx", to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled "Canon xxx". {{Reflist|20em| <!--Begin list references--> |refs= <ref name=note1cite1>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name=note1cite2>{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}</ref> <!--End List references--> }} hw27ykc8rblju5xfpkuzq9oynul5zac 0 40346 122698 112137 2026-09-28T03:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian footballer}} <!-- {{Use Malawian English}} --> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Tabitha Chawinga | fullname = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|5|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Rumphi]], [[Malawi]] | height = 1.72m | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Inter Milan (women)|Inter Milan]] <br> (on loan from [[Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.|Wuhan Jianghan University]]) | clubnumber = 11 | years1 = 2014 | clubs1 = {{ill|Krokom/Dvärsätts IF|sv}} | caps1 = 17 | goals1 = 39 | years2 = 2015–2017 | clubs2 = [[Kvarnsvedens IK]] | caps2 = 70 | goals2 = 84 | years3 = 2018–2020 | clubs3 = [[Jiangsu Suning L.F.C.|Jiangsu Suning]] | caps3 = 78 | goals3 = 62 | years4 = 2021– | clubs4 = [[Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.|Wuhan Jianghan University]] | caps4 = ? | goals4 = ? | years5 = 2022– | clubs5 = → [[Inter Milan (women)|Inter Milan]] (loan) | caps5 = 15 | goals5 = 16 | nationalyears1 = 2011– | nationalteam1 = [[Malawi women's national football team|Malawi]] | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | pcupdate = 01:30, 26 February 2023 | image = Tabitha-Chawinga-celebrating.webp }} '''Temwa Chawinga''' (wakababika pa 20 September 1998) ni mulembi wa bola wa ku [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] uyo wakuseŵera ku [[China]] ku timu ya [[Wuhan Jianghan University FC]] na timu ya banthu ya Malawi. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Chawinga wakababika pa Meyi 19, 1996, mu [[Boma la Rumphi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto|chigawa cha kumpoto]] kwa Malawi. Wakafuma mu fuko [[ŴaTumbuka|waTumbuka]]. Wakamba kuseŵera bola wali na vyaka vinkhondi ndipo wakaseŵera na ŵanyamata mpaka apo wakaŵa na vyaka 13 apo wakamba kuseŵera mu kilabu cha ŵasungwana, [[DD Sunshine]] mu msumba wa [[Lilongwe]].<ref name="kvarnsvedensIK_bio">{{cite web|title=Tabitha Chawinge|url=http://idrottonline.se/KvarnsvedensIK-Fotboll/varaseniorlag/Damlaget/Spelarintervjuer/tabithachawinga11|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> Apo wakaŵa na vyaka ivi, ŵakamuchichizganga kuti wavure malaya chifukwa "ŵalwani ŵake ŵakagomezganga yayi kuti ni mwanakazi chifukwa cha kawonekero kake ndiposo umo wakaseŵeranga makora". Kweniso mudumbu wake [[Temwa Chawinga]] ni mulembi wa maseŵera ku China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=6 March 2021|title=Chawinga: Tabitha joins Malawian sister Temwa at Wuhan|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/chawinga-tabitha-joins-malawian-sister-temwa-at-wuhan/3vfopstnj7u91x1o1wfqt1440|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=Goal.com|publisher=Goal}}</ref> ==Playing career== === Krokom/Dvärsätts IF, 2014 === Pa vyaka 18, Chawinga wakaseŵera mu kilabu cha [[Sweden]] cha [[Krokom]]/[[Dvärsätts IF]], apo wakapokera golide la ligi pamanyuma pakukora vigoli 39 mu maseŵera 18. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Malawi kuseŵera mu kilabu ya ku [[Europe]].<ref>[https://www.dt.se/artikel/fotboll/elitettan/kvarnsvedens-tabitha-chawinga-vill-gora-40-mal Dalarnas Tidningar (Swedish)]</ref><ref name="2014_goldenboot">{{cite news|title=Malawi striker Chawinga wins Golden Boot in Sweden women football|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-striker-chawinga-wins-golden-boot-in-sweden-women-football/|accessdate=19 June 2017|work=[[Nyasa Times]]|date=13 October 2014}}</ref> ===Kvarnsvedens IK, 2015–2017=== Chawinga wakajoyina Kvarnsvedens IK ku Elitettan ku Sweden mu 2015. Mu chiphikiro chake chakwamba, wakalemba chiphalizgano mu chigonjetso cha 4-0 pa Linköpings FC. Gulu ili likamalizga mu malo ghakwamba mu nyengo ya nyengo zose na mbiri ya kupambana. Chawinga ndiyo wakaŵa na vigoli vinandi chomene mu ligi iyi ndipo wakaponya vigoli 43. Malo ghakwamba gha kilabu agha ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵakwelere ku Damallsvenskan mu 2016.<ref name="footdelles_061316">{{cite web|last1=Vincelot|first1=Charlotte|title=Tabitha Chawinga, buteuse made in Malawi|url=http://www.footdelles.com/article/Ligues-etrangeres_Tabitha-Chawinga-buteuse-made-in-Malawi_133953.html|publisher=Foot d'Elles|accessdate=19 June 2017|date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="2015_elitettan">{{cite web|title=2015 Elitettan|url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/national/sweden/division-1-women/2015/regular-season/r30498/|publisher=Soccer Way|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2016, Chawinga wakaŵa wachitatu pa wose awo ŵakasanga vilato vinandi chomene mu ligi iyi. Mu chaka cha 2017, wakamalizga nga ni uyo wakadinda chomene mu ligi iyi na vigoli 26, nangauli kilabu yake yikaduka kufuma mu ligi ya ku Sweden paumaliro wa nyengo iyi.<ref name="2017_scorers">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142805/https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/information/?scr=scorers&ftid=67020 2017 Damallsvenskan goal scorers]</ref> ===Jiangsu Suning, 2018–2021 === Pamanyuma pa kuwina makora ku Sweden, Chawinga wakasangika na vilato vinandi kufuma ku ma club gha ku vyaru vinyake ndipo paumaliro wakalembeska ku chi China cha Jiangsu Suning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tabitha Chawinga record-breaking transfer fee paid by Jiangsu Suning|url=http://jwsports1.com/revealed-tabitha-chawinga-record-breaking-transfer-fee-paid-by-jiangsu-suning|newspaper=JWsports1|date=2018-03-22}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/skyttedrottningens-pris-15-miljoner-kronor Dagens Nyheter (Swedish)]</ref> Pa 6 Meyi 2018, wakalemba chigonjetso mu chigonjetso chake chakwamba ku Shanghai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tabitha Chawinga opens scoring account|url=https://www.times.mw/tabitha-chawinga-opens-scoring-account|newspaper=The Daily Times (Malawi)|date=2018-05-10}}</ref> === Wuhan Jiangda 2021–present === Pamanyuma pakuti chipatala chikuru cha Jiangsu Suning chaleka kuthandizga Chawinga wakasamira ku Wuhan Jiangda uko kuno mudumbu Temwa wakwimba.<ref name=":0" /> == Umoyo wamunthu == Mudumbu wa Chawinga, Temwa nayo ni mulembi wa mpira wa ku Malawi.<ref name=":0" /> == Kulemekezgeka == ; Kvarnsvedens IK * [[Elitettan]] winner: 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Tabitha Chawinga|url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/players/tabita-chawinga/401554/|publisher=SoccerWay|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> '''Jiangsu Suning''' * [[Chinese Women's Super League]]: [[2019 Chinese Women's Super League|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=18 Nov 2019|title=Addo and Chawinga win quadruple as Jiangsu Suning lift Chinese Women's Super Cup title {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/addo-and-chawinga-win-quadruple-in-china-as-jiangsu-suning/136wvm6qkgagx1qte6y3qmtz6w|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Group|first=Suning Holdings|title=Zhang Jindong Praised Suning Women's Football Club for a Quadruple Crown|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/zhang-jindong-praised-suning-women-s-football-club-for-a-quadruple-crown-811182512.html|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en}}</ref> * Chinese Women's FA Cup: 2019<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> * Chinese Women's FA Tournament: 2019<ref name=":4" /> * Chinese Women's Super cup : 2019<ref name=":2" /> * [[2019 AFC Women's Club Championship|AFC Women's Club Championship 2019]] : Runners Up<ref>{{Cite web|title=MD3: Jiangsu Suning defeat Incheon Hyundai to finish second {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} Women's Club Championship 2019|url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-womens-club-championship/latest/news/md3-jiangsu-suning-defeat-incheon-hyundai-to-finish-second|access-date=2020-12-04|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB}}</ref> '''Wuhan Jianghan University''' * [[Chinese Women's Super League]]: [[2021 Chinese Women's Super League|2021]] ; Individual * Elitettan top scorer: 2015<ref name="2014_goldenboot"/> * [[Damallsvenskan]] top scorer: 2017<ref name="2017_scorers"/> * [[Damallsvenskan]] Best attacking player: 2017<ref>[[:sv:Fotbollsgalan 2017|Fotbollsgalan 2017 (Swedish)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} * [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#Women Team of the Decade (2011–2020)|IFFHS CAF Woman Team of the Decade]] 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925 |title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 |work=IFFHS |date=28 January 2021 |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925 |archive-date=2 April 2023 }}</ref> *[[Chinese Women's Super League]] Top scorer: 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 April 2018|title=#CWSL {{!}} Topscorers of the League|url=https://twitter.com/chnwnt/status/1056221824604872706/photo/1|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2021|website=China Women's Football - 中国女足|language=en}}</ref> 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=中国足球协会女子足球超级联赛|url=http://women.thecfa.cn/cwsl_data_2022/index.html|access-date=17 August 2022|website=CFA Women's SUper League|language=zh}}</ref> 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2021|title=#CWSL Top Scorers|url=https://twitter.com/CHNWNT/status/1465669582312644611|access-date=17 August 2022|website=China Women's Football - 中国女足|language=en}}</ref> *[[Chinese Women's Super League]] Player of the Year: 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=10 August 2020|title=Malawi striker Tabitha Chawinga retains Chinese Women's Player of the Year award {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/malawi-striker-tabitha-chawinga-retains-chinese-womens-player-of-/f950k5llpp9ozk48brlno73q|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2021|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> 2019<ref name=":0" /> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220909115938/http://www.cfadata.cn/fans/playerInfo.html?idx=7&leagueid=19&teamcode=1319&playercode=11133 Profile at Chinese Football Association data bank] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230625084915/https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/information/?scr=player&fplid=834512 Profile at Swedish Football Association] * {{Soccerway|tabita-chawinga/401554}} {{Inter Milan Women squad}} {{Damallsvenskan top scorers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chawinga, Tabitha}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Malawian women's footballers]] [[Category:Women's association football forwards]] [[Category:Damallsvenskan players]] [[Category:Kvarnsvedens IK players]] [[Category:Inter Milan (women) players]] [[Category:Malawi women's international footballers]] [[Category:Malawian expatriate women's footballers]] [[Category:Malawian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden]] [[Category:Malawian expatriate sportspeople in China]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in China]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Italy]] [[Category:Malawian expatriate sportspeople in Italy]] ak6qieqkcxmpwii3f5y4d629swedys2 0 40374 122652 109183 2026-09-28T02:42:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Nelly Butete Kashumba Mutti | image = Nelly Mutti at the 13th National Assembly 02 (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Nelly Mutti mu 2022 | office = 7th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]] | term_start = 3 September 2021 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Patrick Matibini]] | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = {{Birth date and age|1956|8|30|df=y}} | death_date = | death_place = | party = | profession = Lawyer | alma_mater = [[University of Zambia]] | website = | }} '''Nelly Butete Kashumba Mutti''' (wakababika pa 30 August 1956)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nelly Butete Kashumba Mutti {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia|url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/9465|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref>ni loya wa ku [[Zambia]] ndipo ni mwanakazi wakudanga kuŵa Speaker wa National Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nelly Butete Kashumba Mutti – Emeritus Reinsurance|url=http://www.emeritusre.com/team/nelly-butete-kashumba-mutti/|access-date=2021-09-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626095830/http://emeritusre.com/team/nelly-butete-kashumba-mutti/|archive-date=26 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia : Prominent Lusaka Lawyer Nelly Mutti elected as the first ever woman Speaker of the National Assembly|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/09/03/prominent-lusaka-lawyer-nelly-mutti-elected-as-the-first-ever-woman-speaker-of-the-national-assembly/|access-date=2021-09-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=zamobserver|date=2021-09-03|title=Who is Nelly Mutti?|url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/who-is-nelly-mutete-kashumba-mutti/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The Zambian Observer|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626095830/https://zambianobserver.com/who-is-nelly-mutete-kashumba-mutti/|archive-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> pamanyuma pakugwentha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia elects first woman as parliament speaker|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/zambia-elects-first-woman-as-parliament-speaker-20210903|access-date=2021-09-06|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Vice President wa [[Law Association of Zambia]] (LAZ). Mutti ni Managing Partner wa Lukona Chamber, kampani yochuka ya vyamalamulo mu Zambia. Mu umoyo wake wakumanyikwa, wakagwira nchito nga ni Chairperson wa [[Anti-Corruption Commission of Zambia|Anti-Corruption Commission]] kufuma mu 2002 mpaka 2006 ndipo nga ni [[Commissioner pa Constitution Review Commission of Zambia]] kufuma mu 2003 mpaka 2005. Kweniso wali kupika chikalata cha Arbiter na Mediator. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Zambia-bio-stub}} {{Zambian Speakers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mutti, Nelly}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Zambia]] [[Category:University of Zambia alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Zambia]] [[Category:1956 births]] cly6928m6a1z0dsgcq6v3e7qcqf1z33 0 40375 122636 99939 2026-09-28T02:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chief Justice of Zambia}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mumba Malila | image =Hon. Dr. Mumba Malila.jpg | spouse = | death_date = | birth_place = [[Lusaka]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|4|16}} | alma_mater = [[University of Zambia]] | nominator = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | office = 8th Chief Justice of Zambia | predecessor = [[Irene Mambilima]] | successor = | term_start = December 22, 2021 | office1 = Attorney General | term_start1 = November 2011 | term_end1 = June 2014 | successor1 = | predecessor1 = | nominator1 = [[Michael Sata]] }} '''Mumba Malila''' (wakababika pa 16 Epulero 1964) ni mulembi wa malango wa ku [[Zambia]] uyo pasono wakuteŵetera nga ni Chief Justice wa 8 wa ku Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=cfeditoren|date=2021-12-25|title=Parliament Okays The Appointment Of Mumba Malila As Chief Justice|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zambia/all-news/parliament-okays-the-appointment-of-mumba-malila-as-chief-justice-2|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Zambia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malila has a huge task to reform Judiciary – Kazabu – The Mast Online|url=https://www.themastonline.com/2021/11/20/malila-has-a-huge-task-to-reform-judiciary-kazabu/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Pakuti Mr. Malila wali na maudindo ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo kuŵa loya mukuru wa Zambia kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-21|title=Zambia : Attorney General Mumba Malila succeeds in blocking Silvia Masebo tribunal|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/11/21/attorney-general-mumba-malila-succeeds-blocking-silvia-masebo-tribunal/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Watchdog|title=Attorney General Mumba Malila saves his integrity, testifies against Masebo – Zambian Watchdog|url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/attorney-general-mumba-malila-saves-his-integrity-testifies-against-masebo/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203124740/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/attorney-general-mumba-malila-saves-his-integrity-testifies-against-masebo/|archive-date=2022-02-03}}</ref> Pambere wandasankhike kuŵa Chief Justice, Mumba Malila wakaŵa Judge wa Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Womanising Attorney General Malila appointed Supreme Court Judge – Zambian Watchdog|url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/womanising-attorney-general-malila-appointed-supreme-court-judge/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203124327/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/womanising-attorney-general-malila-appointed-supreme-court-judge/|archive-date=2022-02-03}}</ref> Kuonjezera apo, wapangaso vyakupeleka vikuru ku African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, uko wakachitanga nga ni Commissioner na Vice Chairman kufuma mu October 2006 mpaka November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khumalo|first=Simphiwe|title=Press Statement: Centre for Human Rights welcomes appointment of Dr Mumba Malila to the position of Chief Justice of Zambia|url=https://www.chr.up.ac.za/press-statements/2742-press-statement-centre-for-human-rights-welcomes-appointment-of-dr-mumba-malila-to-the-position-of-chief-justice-of-zambia|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Centre for Human Rights|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=cfeditoren|date=2021-11-18|title=Justice Malila is right man for the job- Mwenye|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zambia/all-news/justice-malila-is-right-man-for-the-job-mwenye|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Zambia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia : President Hichilema appoints Supreme Court Judge Mumba Malila as Chief Justice|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/11/17/president-hichilema-appoints-supreme-court-judge-mumba-malila-as-chief-justice/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{Zambia-bio-stub}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Chief justices of Zambia]] [[Category:Zambian judges]] [[Category:21st-century judges]] [[Category:20th-century Zambian lawyers]] [[Category:University of Zambia alumni]] 3flrapdto5pjpajqj2sjj8nlua8kdy0 0 40380 122519 99945 2026-09-28T00:50:29Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Zambian politician and economist}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Edith Nawakwi | image =Edith Nawakwi big.jpg | image_size = 220px | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = Edith Nawakwi in 2015 | order = | office = [[Ministry of Finance (Zambia)|Minister of Finance]] | term_start = {{Start date|1998}} | term_end = {{End date|1999}} | appointer = | president = [[Frederick Chiluba]] | predecessor = [[Ronald Penza]] | successor = Katele Kalumba | birth_name = Edith Zewelani Nawakwi | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1959}} | birth_place = Mwenzo, [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern Province]], Zambia | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | nationality = Zambian | spouse = Geofrey Hambulo | children = 3 | alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[University of Zambia]] *[[Imperial College London]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|[[politician]]|[[advocate]]}} | profession = [[Economist]] | known_for = | religion = | awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if | mawards= is not set --> | module = | party = [[Forum for Democracy and Development]] }} '''Edith Zewelani Nawakwi''' (wakababika c. 1959) ni wandale wa [[Zambia]] ndipo ni nkhwantha ya [[vyachuma]]. Ni mwanakazi wakudanga mu Zambia kuŵa nduna ya vya ndalama kufuma apo wakasankhika mu 1998 kufuma apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa vyaka 33. Kweniso wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba pa caru ca SADC. Iyo ni purezidenti wa [[Forum for Democracy and Development (FDDC)]] uko wakajiyimira pa chisankho cha 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/Meet-Zambia-sole-woman-presidential-contender/979182-3306730-cd54am/index.html|title=Meet Zambia's sole woman presidential contender|work=Africa Review|author=Michael Chawe|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref> == Umoyo na masambiro == Nawakwi wakababikira ku Mwenzo, kumpoto kwa Zambia. Ali ndi digiri ya Agriculture Economics and Business Management kuchokera ku University of Zambia ndipo ali ndi diploma ya postgraduate mu Economics of Energy and Development kuchokera ku Imperial College London, London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zambian.com/zambia/directory/people/last-name-nn/html/edith-nawakwi-zambian.html|title=Edith Nawakwi|work=zambian.com|author=Eric Gondwe|date=|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> ==Ntchito== Ntchito yake ya ndale yikamuwona wakunjira mu Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) mu 1990. Wakaŵa na maudindo ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, kusazgapo nduna yakuwona vya nkhongono na maji, nduna yakuwona vya nkhongono na maji, nduna yakuwona vya ulimi, vyakurya na somba, nduna yakuwona vya ndalama na nduna yakuwona vya ntchito na umoyo pakati pa 1992 na 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zambianeye.com/archives/42898|title=The positive side of your candidates – Edith Nawakwi|work=Zambian Eye|author=David Kapoma|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911140702/http://zambianeye.com/archives/42898|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2001, iyo pamoza na ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa ŵa [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] ŵakambiska Forum for Democracy and Development uko wakaŵa Secretary General na Vice-President wa chipani ichi pambere wandasankhike kuŵa president wa chipani ichi mu chaka cha 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lusakavoice.com/2015/01/23/women-leaders-perform-badly-presidential-elections/|title=Why women leaders perform badly in presidential elections|work=[[Times of Zambia]]|publisher=Lusaka Voice|author=Hildah Lumba|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref>Mu 2011, pasi pa chilato cha Forum for Democracy and Development, wakaŵa mwanakazi yekha uyo wakathaskana pa chisankho cha 2011, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 7 pa mavoti ghakukwana 6,833. Wakathasaso pa chisankho cha 2015 cha purezidenti, ndipo wakaŵa wachitatu na mavoti 0.92%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election/candidate/nawakwi,edith,fdd|title=2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: National Totals / NAWAKWI, Edith Z NAWAKWI, EDITH Z|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=|accessdate=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923063103/https://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election/candidate/nawakwi,edith,fdd|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2016, wakaluta ku mavoti gha president pa mavoti gha 2016 apo wakafika pa chitatu, kupokera mavoti 24,149.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.org.zm/results/2016_presidential_election/candidate/nawakwi,edith,fdd|title=2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: National Totals / NAWAKWI, Edith Z NAWAKWI, EDITH Z|work=Electoral Commission of Zambia|date=|accessdate=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923061655/https://www.elections.org.zm/results/2016_presidential_election/candidate/nawakwi,edith,fdd|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sardc.net/en/southern-african-news-features/edgar-lungu-re-elected-zambian-president/|title=Edgar Lungu re-elected Zambian president|work=Southern African Research and Documentation Centre|publisher=Southern African News Features|author=Kizito Sikuka|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> == Umoyo wa munthu == Wakutengwa kwa Geoffrey Hambulo uyo wali na ŵana ŵatatu. Mu Janyuwale 2013, yumoza wa ŵana ŵake ŵasungwana, Hatamba Hambulo, wakakomeka. Thupi lake likasangika mu chibuwu mu Ibex Hill na mawoko na malundi ghakukakika.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zambiawatchdog.com/nawakwis-daughter-murdered/comment-page-1/|title=Nawakwi's daughter murdered|work=[[Zambian Watchdog]]|date=9 January 2013|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200505090661.html|title=Zambia: I'm Happily Married - Nawakwi|work=The Post|publisher=[[allAfrica]]|last=Malupenga|first=Amos|date=8 May 2005|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|30em}} {{2011 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawakwi, Edith}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Finance Ministers of Zambia]] [[Category:Agriculture ministers of Zambia]] [[Category:University of Zambia alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]] [[Category:People from Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Forum for Democracy and Development politicians]] [[Category:Zambian economists]] [[Category:Zambian women economists]] [[Category:Female finance ministers]] [[Category:20th-century Zambian women politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Zambian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Zambian women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Zambian politicians]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Zambia]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Zambia]] [[Category:Energy ministers of Zambia]] 2b3zjayz9r1rfpemf62700843ed1crb 0 40382 122537 99953 2026-09-28T01:02:42Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Zambian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Brigadier General]]<br> | name = Godfrey Miyanda | image =Godfrey Miyanda small.jpg | alt = | order = 5th | office = Vice-President of Zambia | president = [[Frederick Chiluba]] | term_start = 4 July 1994 | term_end = 2 December 1997 | predecessor = [[Levy Mwanawasa]] | successor = [[Christon Tembo]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}} | birth_place = | party = [[Heritage Party (Zambia)|Heritage Party]] | otherparty = [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] }} '''Godfrey Miyanda''' (wakababika mu chaka cha 1944) ni ndyali wa ku [[Zambia]] ndipo wakaŵa [[msilikari]]. Mu 1993, wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Zambia mu nyengo ya [[Frederick Chiluba]]. Miyanda wakuti ni Mkhristu wakubabikaso. Wakutengwa kwa Angela Miyanda. Ŵali na ŵana ŵanayi. ==Umoyo wakwamba== Miyanda wakamba masambiro ghake gha ku sukulu ya ku Kitwe. Pamanyuma pake wakasambira ku sukulu za Buseko na Kawama Primary ku Kitwe. Pamanyuma, wakasambira ku sukulu za Katete na Munali. Wakasambiraso kwa chaka chimoza pa sukulu ya Evelyn Hone College of Higher Education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Godfrey Miyanda. Brigadier General Godfrey Miyanda is a Zambian politician and former military figure. In 1993, he became Vice-President of Zambia under Frederi|url=https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/19559225/1/godfrey-miyanda.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=ww.en.freejournal.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154053/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/19559225/1/godfrey-miyanda.html|archive-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> ==Ntchito== Miyanda wakaŵa msilikari. Wakasambira sukulu ya ŵasilikari ku sukulu ya Mons Officer Cadet School ku Aldershot, England. Wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Hythe, Kent, na ku Warminster, England. Mu 1968, wakaluta ku sukulu ya ŵasilikari ku Canada. Miyanda wali kusambira masambiro ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na urongozgi. Wakaŵa na maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu ŵasilikari, kusazgapo Mulongozgi wa Gulu la Ŵasilikari, Mulongozgi wa Mapulani, na Mulara wa vya Ukaboni . Mulimo wake waumaliro mu ŵasilikari ukaŵa wa kulongozga vinthu. Miyanda wakambiska Zambia Military Academy, ndipo wakaŵa mutu wake wakwamba ku Kohima Barracks ku Kabwe, chigaŵa chapakati cha Zambia. Ŵanyake awo ŵakasambirako vya usilikari ŵakaŵa Jenerale Kingsley Chinkuli, mulongozgi wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵisi ku Zambia, Jenerale Benjamin Mibenge, Colonel Patrick Kafumukache, Jenerale Christon Tembo, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Zambia. Wakasambira masambiro ghakukhwaskana na masamu gha ku Nairobi, Kenya, na Malaga, Spain. Wakasambira kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vinandi vya Caterpillar. Kweniso wakumanya kwendeska galimoto. Mu 1980, Kenneth Kaunda wakafumiska Miyanda mu usilikari cifukwa ca kupusika ŵanthu kuti ŵapange boma. Wakaŵa pa mskambo wa ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu kwa vyaka vinandi ndipo wakendeskanga taxi. Kweni pamasinda ŵakamuwezgera mulandu wose.<ref>[http://godfreymiyanda.ws/?page_id=96 Heritage Party President's Profile]</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Wakaba yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na Kenneth Kaunda ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa mu gulu la Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). Wakateŵeteranga mu nyengo ya Frederick Chiluba nga nduna yambura ntchito na Secretary National wa MMD mpaka 1995. Mu 1993, pamanyuma pa kuleka kwa Levy Mwanawasa, Miyanda wakasankhika kuŵa Vice President. Pa ungano wa chipani cha MMD mu 1995, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa chipani ichi. Mu 1997, wakasuskika kuŵa nduna ya vya masambiro, kweni wakalutilira kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa MMD.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BEATS FM ZAMBIA|url=https://www.facebook.com/beatsradiozambia/photos/a.227495960980340/769259090137355/?type=3|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> Miyanda wakachimbizgika mu MMD, pamoza na ŵalaraŵalara ŵa chipani ŵakumanyikwa 22, mu 2001 cifukwa ca kukana kuti Pulezidenti Chiluba waŵe pulezidenti waciŵiri. Michael Sata, Secretary wa MMD, ndiyo wakawovwira na kulongozga pa nyengo yachitatu. == Chipani cha Heritage == Kufuma mu 2001, Miyanda wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa chipani cha Heritage Party mu Zambia. Likapangika pamanyuma pakuti wafumiskika mu chipani cha Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) mu mwezi wa Meyi mu chaka cha 2001 chifukwa cha kukana kupika udindo wa chitatu. Mu mavoti gha 2001, chipani ichi chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinayi mu nyumba ya malango ya Zambia. Kweniso chipani ichi chikapokera mavoti gha mu wupu wa malango mu vyaru vinandi. Ndipouli, mamembara ghanayi agha ŵakasoleka na pulezidenti wakufwa wa Zambia Levy Mwanawasa mwa kuŵanjizga mu maudindo gha nduna za boma kuti ŵakhozge unandi wa mamembara. Pa mavoti gha 2006 agho ghakacitika pamanyuma pake, mamembala ghanayi agha ŵakakanjira chipani cha MMD ndipo chipani cha heritage chikataya vithuzithuzi vyose mu pharalamende. Miyanda wangalongozgeka makora. Wakayezgapo kanayi (2001, 2006, 2008 na 2011), kweni wakatondeka. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Levy Mwanawasa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of Zambia]]|years=1994–1997}} {{s-aft|after=[[Christon Tembo]]}} {{s-end}} {{Zambian Vice Presidents}} {{2001 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2006 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2008 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{2011 presidential candidates, Zambia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miyanda, Godfrey}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Copperbelt Province]] [[Category:Vice-presidents of Zambia]] [[Category:Zambian military personnel]] [[Category:Movement for Multi-Party Democracy politicians]] [[Category:Heritage Party (Zambia) politicians]] [[Category:Zambian Protestants]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly of Zambia]] [[Category:Alumni of Munali Secondary School]] emra160tah39687xmj2lo29xp9qwmeu 0 40415 122513 100029 2026-09-28T00:44:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = Djimadoum Tiraina | office1 = [[List of heads of state of Chad|Vice President of the Transitional Military Council of Chad]] | country1 = Chad | predecessor = [[Bada Abbas Maldoum]] | termstart1 = | president1 = [[Mahamat Déby]] | primeminister1 = [[Albert Pahimi Padacké]] | office = [[Vice President of Chad]] | termstart = 20 April 2021 | president = [[Mahamat Déby]] | primeminister = [[Albert Pahimi Padacké]] |image=Djimadoum Tiraina small.jpeg}} '''Djimadoum Tiraina''' ni wandale waku [[Chad]] uyo ngwachi'''ŵ'''ili kwa Purezidenti wa Chad pamasinda pa nyifwa ya [[Idriss Déby]] [[Purezidenti wa Chad]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Pour une transition apaisée au Tchad {{!}} DW {{!}} 17.06.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/pour-une-transition-apais%C3%A9e-au-tchad/av-57926789 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=DW.COM |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828084803/https://www.dw.com/fr/pour-une-transition-apais%C3%A9e-au-tchad/av-57926789 |archive-date=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-13 |title=Tchad: mise en place du comité chargé de désigner les membres du Conseil national de transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210613-tchad-mise-en-place-du-comit%C3%A9-charg%C3%A9-de-d%C3%A9signer-les-membres-du-conseil-national-de-transition |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref>na nduna ya vya nkhondo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Tchad : le général de division Djimadoum Tiraïna nommé ministre des Armées |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-general-de-division-Djimadoum-Tiraina-nomme-ministre-des-Armees_a100890.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Alwihda Info |language=fr}}</ref> Kweniso ni wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa wupu wakuwona vya nkhondo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-21 |title=Tchad : le vice-président de la transition présente les nouvelles orientations aux diplomates |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-le-vice-president-de-la-transition-presente-les-nouvelles-orientations-aux-diplomates/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Journal du Tchad |language=fr}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiraima, Djimadoum}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Chadian politicians]] {{Chad-politician-stub}} g8w9rlt5asqpszlx8th6jym0ne9r4eb 0 40419 122677 115729 2026-09-28T03:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chadian politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Saleh Kebzabo | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|صالح كبزابو}}}} | image = Saleh Kebzabo.jpg | office = [[List of prime ministers of Chad|Prime Minister of Chad]] | president = [[Mahamat Déby]] | term_start = 12 October 2022 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Albert Pahimi Padacké]] | successor = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|3|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Léré, Chad|Léré]], [[French Equatorial Africa]] {{small|(now [[Chad]])}} | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[National Union for Democracy and Renewal| National Union for Democracy and Renewal]] | caption = Kebzabo mu 2016 }} '''Saleh Kebzabo''' ({{lang-ar|صالح كبزابو}}, born 27 Malichi 1947 ku [[Léré, Chad]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makaila.fr/article-presidentielle-au-tchad-qui-sont-ces-5-candidats-par-e-t-69128857.html|title=Présidentielle au Tchad: Qui sont ces 6 candidats ? Par E.T|access-date=2023-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035728/http://www.makaila.fr/article-presidentielle-au-tchad-qui-sont-ces-5-candidats-par-e-t-69128857.html|archive-date=2018-05-06}}</ref> ni wa [[ndale]] wa ku [[Chad]]. Ni purezidenti wa [[National Union for Democracy and Renewal (UNDR)]] ndipo ni mphala mu chalo cha Chad.<ref name=Interview>"Saleh Kebzabo: "A voir Déby renforcer sa sécurité, circuler dans des véhicules blindés, changer d’itinéraire, dormir à des endroits différents, se montrer le moins possible en public, on se dit que plusieurs ressorts sont cassés et que, dans ces condition"", ''Alwihda'', September 30, 2004 {{in lang|fr}}. {{cite web |url=http://alwihdainfo.com/interviews/voir_int.php?idint=16 |title=< |accessdate=2017-12-31 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210225920/http://alwihdainfo.com/interviews/voir_int.php?idint=16 |archivedate=December 10, 2004 }}</ref> Wakimikika kuŵa Prime Minister na President Mahamat Déby pa 12 October 2022. ==Ntchito yandale== Kebzabo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Chadian Press Agency, wa Democratic Movement for the Restoration of Chad (MDRT), ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa Jeune Afrique na Demain l'Afrique. Kufuma apo, wakambiska nyuzipepara ya N'Djaména Hebdo, iyo yikaŵa nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Chad. Wakaŵa kazembe mu Douala, Cameroon, kweni wakachimbizgika mu Cameroon na Pulezidenti Paul Biya cifukwa ca kukhozgera Ahmadou Ahidjo, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Biya.<ref>[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadbios/Kebzabohbio.htm Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405134733/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadbios/Kebzabohbio.htm |date=2007-04-05 }} at ''Afrique Express'' {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chipani cha UNDR mu Disembala 1992. Mu Epulero 1993, pamanyuma pa Ungano wa Vyaru Vyose, wakasankhika kuŵa Nduna ya vya Malonda na Makampani mu boma la Nduna Yikuru Fidèle Moungar. Boma ili likakhalako myezi 6 pera pambere Wupu Wakulongozga (CST) undazomerezge kuti boma ili lileke kugomezgeka.<ref name=Interview/> Mu Seputembala 1995, Kebzabo ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu jele kwa mazuŵa ghankhondi. Pambere ŵandamukore, nyumba yake ŵakayipenja kwambura dango usiku wa pa Ogasiti 30. Kebzabo wakafwatulika pamanyuma pakuti ŵakususka ŵakadandawura cifukwa ca kukakika kwake, ndipo wakadandawura ku ŵalara ŵa boma awo ŵakaŵa na mulandu.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6aa328.html "U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1995 - Chad"], UNHCR.org.</ref><ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6aa0540.html Amnesty International Report 1996 - Chad], UNHCR.org.</ref> Malo ghakwamba agho Kebzabo wakugwilira nchito ni mu Mayo-Kebbi. Wakaŵa wakwimilira pa mavoti gha June 1996, ndipo wakaŵa wachitatu na mavoti 8.61%. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa Déby, Kebzabo adakhala Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Chad mu Ogasiti 1996, ndipo adagwira ntchitoyi mpaka pomwe adasankhidwa kukhala Nduna Yowona Ntchito Zapagulu, Mayendedwe, Nyumba ndi Kukula Kwa Mizinda pa Meyi 21, 1997. Wakasankhika ku National Assembly nga ni munthu wa UNDR mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha ma parliamentary election mu 1997, nangauli wakakhala mu boma ndipo wakakhumba yayi kukhala pa mpando wake.<ref name=Interview/><ref>[http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/RAPPORT_DE_LA_MISSION_D_OBSERVATION_DU_DEUXIEME_TOUR_DES_ELECTIONS_LEGISLATIVES_DU_23_FEVRIER_1997.pdf "Rapport de la mission d'observation du deuxième tour des élections législatives du 23 février 1997"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175127/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/RAPPORT_DE_LA_MISSION_D_OBSERVATION_DU_DEUXIEME_TOUR_DES_ELECTIONS_LEGISLATIVES_DU_23_FEVRIER_1997.pdf |date=2007-06-21 }}, democratie.francophonie.org {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref name="Ex">[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadbios/Kebzabohbio.htm Biography page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405134733/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadbios/Kebzabohbio.htm |date=2007-04-05 }} at ''Afrique Express'' {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref name="Sept">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606082929/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadpol/tchad-presidentielle2001.htm "Les portraits des sept candidats à l'élection présidentielle du 20 mai 2001 au Tchad"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606082929/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadpol/tchad-presidentielle2001.htm |date=2007-06-06 }}, ''Afrique Express'', number 229, May 16, 2001 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>"May 1997 - New Attack", ''Keesing's Record of World Events'', volume 43, May 1997, page 41,626.</ref><ref>"Aug 1996 - New government", ''Keesing's Record of World Events'', volume 42, August 1996, page 41,218.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175152/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/presidentielle_du_3_juillet_1996.pdf "Rapport de la mission d'observation du 2e tour de l'élection présidentielle le 3 juillet 1996"], democratie.francophonie.org.</ref><ref name="DB">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903121601/http://africanelections.tripod.com/td.html Elections in Chad], African Elections Database.</ref> Kebzabo wakazgoka Minister of State for Mines, Energy, and Oil pa January 1, 1998, kweni wakafumiskika mu boma pa May 11, 1998, pamoza na nduna zinyake ziŵiri za UNDR. Pakuyowoya za kufumiskika kwake, wakayowoya kuti vilato vyake vingafiskika kuwaro kwa boma. Mu Disembala 1999, wakasankhika kuŵa Minisita wa Vyamalonda mu boma la Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum. Pa Epulero 1, 2001, Kebzabo wakimikikaso kuŵa mulongozgi wa UNDR pa mavoti gha chaka chenechicho. Pamanyuma pake wakafumiskika pa udindo wake nga ni Minister of State for Agriculture pa 8 April; mamembala ghanyake gha boma la UNDR nawo ŵakasezgeka. Pambere wandaŵe nduna yikuru, wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna yikuru. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Kebzabo wakasankha kunyamuka kuti waŵe pulezidenti chifukwa wakatondeka kuyowoyeskana na Déby kuti waŵe nduna yikuru. Kebzabo pamanyuma wakayowoya kuti wakachitako mu boma pakugomezga kuti para wangacita nthena wangatimbanizga Déby kufuma mukati mwa ndondomeko, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi wakagomezganga kuti UNDR yikaŵa "cilato cakukhora" ca Déby.<ref name=Interview/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/44210.stm "Chad President reshuffles his government"], BBC News, January 2, 1998.</ref><ref name="Ex" /> In the presidential election, held on May 20, 2001, he placed third with 7% of the vote.<ref name=DB/><ref>"Chad: Council releases final polls results; Deby "elected" with 63.17 per cent", Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne, June 13, 2001.</ref> In late May he was twice detained briefly by police, along with five other opposition candidates.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1361261.stm "Losing candidates freed again in Chad"], BBC News, May 31, 2001.</ref> In the [[2002 Chadian parliamentary election|April 2002 parliamentary election]], Kebzabo was elected to the National Assembly<ref name=Interview/><ref name=List>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080504163813/http://ialtchad.com/assemblee.htm List of members of the National Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504163813/http://ialtchad.com/assemblee.htm |date=2008-05-04 }} (following 2002 election), ialtchad.com {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> as a UNDP candidate from [[Léré, Chad|Léré]] constituency in [[Mayo-Dallah|Mayo-Dallah Department]],<ref name=List/> and he became President of the Democratic Parliamentary Group during the parliamentary term that followed the election.<ref name=Interview/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070315044246/http://www.primature-tchad.org/ass.php List of leading figures in the National Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315044246/http://www.primature-tchad.org/ass.php |date=2007-03-15 }}, Chadian government website {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Kuyana na Kabzabo, pa Febuluwale 3, 2008, apo ŵasilikari ŵakiza ku nyumba ya Kabzabo ku N'Djamena, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵakugaluka, Kabzabo wakaŵa pa ulendo. Wakati ŵasilikari ŵakawombera munung'una wake. Mu pharazgo ilo wakalemba pa Febuluwale 26, iyo pamoza na mulongozgi munyake wa chipani cha opposition, Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, ŵakalembapo pharazgo ilo likati "kuŵikapo mtima mwaluŵiro kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa chalo chose", kufwatura ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa chipani cha opposition awo ŵakakakika, pamoza na kafukufuku wa pa caru cose pa ivyo vyacitika, ndiposo kuti paŵavye kukoma ŵanthu mwaluŵiro. Nangauli UNDR njumoza wa wupu wa Coordination of Political Parties for the Defense of the Constitution (CPDC), ndipo CPDC yikasankha kunjira mu boma la Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas mu mwezi wa Epulero 2008, Kebzabo wakakana kunjira mu boma, wakati wakukhumba kuti munyake wa chipani chake wanjire mu boma. Kebzabo wakayowoya kuti ntchito ya chipani chake mu UNDR yikamusuzga pa nyengo iyo; wakalongosora kuti nchito iyi yikaŵa "cizgoŵi cakukhozga" ndipo wakati wakambaso kunozgekera maungano gha pa caru cose gha 2009. Mu Juni 2017, mamembala a chipani cha FONAC adati National Assembly yakhala yopanda chilungamo chifukwa ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa 21 Juni, zaka ziwiri kuchokera pomwe nyengo yamalamulo ikupitilira, ndikuti aphungu ochokera ku chipani chotsutsa ayenera kusiya ntchito. Ŵabali ŵa chipani chakususka awo ŵakulongozgeka na Saleh Kebzabo ŵakazgora kuti ŵafumenge yayi, chifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti chingaŵa "chakovwira" chomene kuti ŵakhale mu Nyumba ya Malango; kweni ŵakayowoyaso kuti mavoti gha munthazi ghakwenera kuchitika mwaluŵiro. Mu Ogasiti 2021, Saleh Kebzabo, wakususka chomene muwuso wa pulezidenti wakale wa Chadi Idriss Déby Itno, uyo wakakomeka mu Epulero 2021 na ŵakugaluka, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa komiti yakunozga "mtende wa chalo chose" kuti walongozge ku mavoti gha pulezidenti na malango mu Chadi.<ref>[https://www.voaafrique.com/a/l-opposant-saleh-kebzabo-nomm%C3%A9-au-comit%C3%A9-du-dialogue-national/6002611.html "L'opposant tchadien Saleh Kebzabo nommé au comité du dialogue national'', 14 August 2021 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070823042124/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/tchad/tchadbios/kebzabo-Deby.htm "Tchad : Réflexion de Saleh Kebzabo, député, leader de l’UNDR, sur le régime d’Idriss Déby"], a critical assessment by Kebzabo of Déby's rule, December 2005. {{commons category}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Albert Pahimi Padacké]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of prime ministers of Chad|Prime Minister of Chad]]|years=2022–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Prime ministers of Chad}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kebzabo, Saleh}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:People from Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region]] [[Category:Heads of government of Chad]] [[Category:Foreign ministers of Chad]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Chad)]] [[Category:Chadian journalists]] [[Category:Male journalists]] [[Category:National Union for Democracy and Renewal politicians]] ta4uwvf9mymslsks1u4661525jsw8yb 0 40421 122586 100039 2026-09-28T01:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[General]] | name = Mahamat Déby | native_name = {{nobold|محمد ديبي}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Participation of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, in the 6th European Union Africa Union Summit (cropped).jpg | caption = Déby mu 2022 | office = President of Chad | order = Transitional | vicepresident = [[Djimadoum Tiraina]] | primeminister = [[Saleh Kebzabo]] | termstart = 10 October 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ilunga |first1=Patrick |title=Chadian junta leader Mahamat Deby sworn in as President |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/chadian-junta-leader-mahamat-deby-sworn-in-as-president-3980166 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The East African]] |date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chad Ruler Raises Hackles with Drawn-Out 'Transition' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chad-ruler-raises-hackles-with-drawn-out-transition-/6786565.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |agency=[[Voice of America]] |date=12 October 2022 |location=[[Libreville, Gabon]]}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Idriss Déby]] | office1 = President of the [[Transitional Military Council (Chad)|Transitional Military Council]] | vicepresident1 = [[Djimadoum Tiraina]] | primeminister1 = [[Albert Pahimi Padacké]] | termstart1 = 20 April 2021 | termend1 = 10 October 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=PORTRAIT |url=https://presidence.td/portrait/ |website=Présidence de la République du Tchad |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715193225/https://presidence.td/portrait/ |archive-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> | father = [[Idriss Déby]] | death_date = | birth_place = [[Massakory]], [[Chad]] | death_place = | spouse = Three wives, including [[Dahabaya Oumar Souni]] | nickname = Kaka | allegiance = {{Flag|Chad}} | branch = {{army|Chad}} | rank = [[File:Chad-Army-OF-9.svg|25px]] [[General]] | unit = Third Armoured Brigade<br> Fifth Air Brigade<br> Free Arab Volountiers | battles = [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|Chadian Civil War]] *[[Battle of Am Dam]] [[Mali War]] *[[Battle of Ifoghas]] *[[Battle of Tigharghar|Battle of Tighârghar]] [[Insurgency in Northern Chad]] *[[2021 Northern Chad offensive|Northern Chad offensive]] | awards = | laterwork = }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (Arabic: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wakababika pa 1 January 1984), wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti '''Mahamat Kaka''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210420102953-f2l4n/|title=Idriss Deby's son Kaka named interim head of state, says army spokesman|agency=Reuters|date=April 20, 2021|accessdate=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812230156/https://news.trust.org/item/20210420102953-f2l4n/|archive-date=August 12, 2023}}</ref> ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa nyenyezi zinayi wa ku [[Chad]] uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa nyengo ya kupankhuka wa Chad. Wakamba kuwusa nga ni purezidenti wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council pa 20 April 2021 apo awiske, pulezidenti wa Chadian Idriss Déby, ŵakafwa apo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari ku Northern Chad. Wakaŵaso mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Chadian Intervention in Northern Mali (FATIM).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Langzeitherrscher Idriss Déby Itno ist tot |language=de |date=20 April 2021 |publisher=Zeit Online |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2021-04/tschad-idriss-deby-praesident-tod-besuch-truppen |archive-url=https://archive.ph/MDXuW?https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2021-04/tschad-idriss-deby-praesident-tod-besuch-truppen |archive-date=2 April 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Mahamat Déby wakutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi ndipo wali na ŵawoli ŵatatu.<ref name=cw>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |work=CamerounWeb |publisher= |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cw2>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |work=CamerounWeb |publisher= |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609122800/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> Muwoli wake wakwamba wakaŵa wa ku Zaghawa. Mu 2010, Déby wakatora muwoli wake wachiŵiri, mwanakazi wa ku Central Africa ndipo ni mwana wa Abakar Sabon, nduna yakale ya boma la Central African Republic, pharazgi wa Michel Djotodia, na mulongozgi wa gulu lakugaluka la Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice. Ŵakugomezga kuti Déby na muwoli wake waciŵiri ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi. Mkazi wachitatu wa Mahamat Déby, Dahabaya Oumar Souni ndi mtolankhani komanso mlangizi wa media yemwe amadziwika kuti First Lady wa Chad.<ref name=cw/><ref name=cw2/> Souni wakagwiranga nchito lumoza na wiskevyara, Pulezidenti Idriss Déby, ndipo wakakwezgeka kuŵa director of public relations for the office of the presidency kufuma mu December 2019 mpaka apo wakafwira. Mu Meyi 2021, Dahabaya Oumar Souni adasankhidwa kukhala mlangizi wa media ku utsogoleri wa Transitional Military Council ndipo tsopano akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mwamuna wake, Purezidenti Mahamat Déby, ngati membala wa gulu lake la alangizi aukadaulo.<ref name=cw2/><ref name=jtchad>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: le président du CMT s'entoure d'une vingtaine de conseillers techniques |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-le-president-du-cmt-sentoure-dune-vingtaine-de-conseillers-techniques/ |work=[[Journal du Tchad]] |publisher= |date=2021-05-17 |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620035424/https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-le-president-du-cmt-sentoure-dune-vingtaine-de-conseillers-techniques/ |archive-date=2021-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=prch>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Présidence de la République du Tchad: Le Secrétariat Général de la Présidence |url=https://presidence.td/le-secretariat-general/ |work=Office of the [[President of Chad]] |publisher= |date= |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511232644/https://presidence.td/le-secretariat-general/|archive-date=2022-05-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ntchito ya usilikali == Mahamat Déby wakalembeska ku Joint Grouping of military schools mu Chad. Pamanyuma, wakasambira usilikari ku France, ku sukulu ya ŵasilikari ya Aix-en-Provence. Wakati wawerako wakalembeska ku sukulu ya ŵasilikari ŵa boma ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma (DGSSIE). Nkhondo yake yakwamba yikacitika mu mwezi wa Epulero 2006 apo ŵakugaluka ŵakawukira msumba ukuru wa Chad ndipo pamanyuma pake wakacitako nkhondo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad pamoza na Jenerale Abu Bakr al Said, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi. Mu Meyi 2009 wakapika udindo wa brigadier general ndipo wakadangiliranga ŵasilikari ŵa Chad pa Nkhondo ya Am Dam, apo ŵasilikari ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=P.M. News |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kutonda kwake, wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa magulu gha vilwero vya nkhondo na ŵalinda ŵa SERS. Mu Janyuwale 2013, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵapadera ŵa Chadi mu Mali pasi pa Jenerale Oumar Bikimo. Pa 22 February, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵake kwimikana na ŵakugaluka mu mapiri gha Adrar al-Ifoghas ku Northern Mali. Ŵakawuskapo msasa wa ŵakugaluka uwo ukayowoyeka kuti ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso ŵakakoma ŵanthu 26, kusazgapo Abdel Aziz Hassane Adam, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵapadera. Mahamat watora mazaza ghose gha FATIM ndipo wakulongozga milimo yakwimikana na ŵakugaluka ku North.<ref name=bamada.net>{{cite web|title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali|url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali|website=bamada.net|date=16 February 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali|archive-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == Wapampando wa Msonkhano Wankhondo Wapakati (Wapampando wa Transitional Military Council) == [[File:Chargé_d’affaires_a.i._David_Gilmour_meets_with_CMT_President.jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|Mahamat Déby meeting David Gilmour in 2021 to discuss U.S. support for a transition of power to a democratically elected government]] Ŵasilikari ŵakati ŵapharazga kuti boma na wupu wa National Assembly vyamara, ndipo wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukulongozgeka na Mahamat ndiwo uzamulongozga charu kwa myezi 18. Chikalata chiphya chikanjira m'malo mwa Dango la Chadi, ndipo Mahamat ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakanyengo na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420130632/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |website=constituteproject.org |publisher=Constitute Project |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchita ndyali mu Chad ŵakuti boma la ŵasilikari la nyengo ya kusintha ni "kuwukira boma", cifukwa malango gha boma ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu wangakhalira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ghakulondezgeka yayi. Kuyana na dango la chalo ili, pulezidenti wa National Assembly, Haroun Kabadi, <ref>{{cite news |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=BBC News|date=21 April 2021 }}</ref>wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wakuchitapo kanthu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Idriss Déby, ndipo mavoti ghakeneranga kuchitika mu mazuŵa 45 panji kujumpha yayi. Ndipouli, France, yumoza wa ŵabwezi ŵa Chad pa nkhani ya vyaru vya kuwaro, wakuwona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa, cifukwa ca "vinthu vyapadera" ivyo vikwambiska kugaluka. Wupu wa pa caru cose nawo wawovwira Déby, kumuwona kuti ni munthu wakukhora mu Sahel. Déby wakapokelereka ku Washington, D.C. pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa. Nangauli boma la Chad likuzomerezga fundo iyi, kweni ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT ŵakuti "Chad ni ufumu yayi".<ref>{{cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Who are Chad's FACT rebels and what are their goals? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/21/who-are-chads-fact-rebels-and-what-are-their-goals |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |work=BBC News |date=20 April 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |access-date=20 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadane |first=Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G |access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tahingam |first1=Pierre |title=Sommet USA-Afrique : Mahamat Idriss Deby prend part aux travaux |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/sommet-usa-afrique-mahamat-idriss-deby-prend-part-aux-travaux/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Journal du Tchad |publisher=Journal du Tchad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irish |first1=John |last2=Salaün |first2=Tangi |date=April 22, 2021 |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerald |first1=Krieger |date=2022 |title=Challenges in Mali, the Importance of Legitimate Governance in Combatting Terrorism and Violent Extremism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48687538.pdf |journal=Journal of Strategic Security |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=22–38 |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.15.3.2009 |jstor=48687538 |s2cid=252262159 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref> === National Dialogue === Pamanyuma pakukana kudumbiskana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka, Déby wakachepeska maghanoghano ghake mu Ogasiti 2021, na kupempha kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa chalo chose. Pamanyuma pakuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likakolerana na ivyo wakayowoya, pamanyuma pa myezi yiŵiri, mabungwe gha boma na ŵakwimira ŵakugaluka ghakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende. Maungano agha ghakafika paumaliro pa Ogasiti 8, 2022, apo ŵakalembeska phangano la mtende ku Doha. Ndipouli, phangano la mtende likakanika na gulu la FACT na magulu ghanyake agho ghakwimikana nalo, kweniso na magulu gha wupu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti boma la ŵanthu liŵengeko yayi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakakolerana yayi na phangano la mtende, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba yayi kuchezga. Nangauli pakaŵavya ŵakususka ŵanandi kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumba yayi kuti paŵe kudumbiskana, kweni ŵakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusazgirako nyengo yakwendakwenda na kunyamura mavoti mpaka Okutobala 2024.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=International Crisis Group |publisher=International Crisis Group}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadane |first=Mahamat |date=3 October 2022 |title=Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003163953/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/ |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>Mu Malichi 2023, Déby wakagowokera ŵa FACT ŵakukwana 380, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 400+ awo ŵakakakika chifukwa cha nyifwa ya awiske.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prentice |first1=Alessandra |title=Chad pardons 380 rebels in apparent peace gesture |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-pardons-380-rebels-apparent-peace-gesture-2023-03-25/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Reuters |date=25 March 2023 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> === Chiwoneskelo cha Okutobala 2022 === Pa 3 Okutobala, wupu wa Transitional Military Council ukati walekeska mavoti, ndipo pa 20 Okutobala, zuŵa lakwamba la mavoti, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na demokilase. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachitanga viphikiro mu misumba ya N'Djamena na Moundou, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Wakit Tamma na Succès Masra, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Les Transformateurs. Pakuzgora ku viyezgelero ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakacicizga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndipo boma likakanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti. Nkhaza zikamara na nyifwa ya ŵanthu pakati pa 50 na 200, kusazgapo Orédjé Narcisse, ndipo ŵanthu 600 ŵakakakika.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Nodjimbadem |first1=Katie |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreign Policy}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu 600+ aŵa, 342 ŵakakakika na kuŵikika mu jele vyaka 1 m'paka 3. Pamanyuma, zuŵa ili likamanyikwa kuti "Lachinayi Wakufipa" cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitikanga. Pamanyuma pa viwawa ivi, Déby wakapa mulandu ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga viwawa ivi na awo ŵakachitanga. Pambuyo pa zionetserozo, zipani za chipani chotsutsa zinayimitsidwa, pakati pawo Les Transformateurs ndi Tchadi Socialist Party. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Hold Your Fire! Podcast |title=After the Crackdowns, is Chad's Transition Unravelling? |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/after-crackdowns-chads-transition-unravelling |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=28 October 2022 |publisher=International Crisis Group}}</ref> === France yikukhozgera upharazgi === Nangauli muwuso wa Déby ukaŵa wambura demokilase, kweni wakapokera wovwiri ukuru ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, comenecomene ku France, caru ico cikakolerana na Tchad. Emmanuel Macron wakaluta ku dindi la Idriss Déby, uko wakalayizga wovwiri wake ku boma la Déby na kukhazikika kwa Chad, uko France yikakhozga kwizira mu Operation Barkhane, uko kukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵa ku France mu Sahel, na ofesi yawo yikuru mu Chad. Déby wakizaso kwa Macron ku Elysee Palace mu Juni 2021, uko wose ŵaŵiri ŵakadumbiskana vya kusintha kwa ndyali mu Chad. Nangauli boma la France likamalizga ntchito ya Barkhane mu 2021, kweni likuleka yayi kovwira boma la Déby ndipo likulutilira kuŵika ŵasilikari mu chigaŵa ichi. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Doukhan |first1=Dr. David |title=The end of operation Barkhane |url=https://ict.org.il/the-end-of-operation-barkhane/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=International Institute for Counterterrorism |date=28 November 2022 |publisher=International Institute for Counterterrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Macron announces the end of France's anti-Islamist Operation Barkhane in the Sahel |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210610-live-macron-to-announce-a-restructuring-of-french-forces-in-mali |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=France 24 |date=10 June 2021 |publisher=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schofield |first1=Hugh |title=France calls time on anti-jihadist Operation Barkhane in Sahe |work=BBC News |date=9 November 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63575602 |access-date=10 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahamat Déby's first foreign trip to Paris |url=https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2021/07/06/mahamat-debys-first-foreign-trip-to-paris/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Diplomat Magazine |publisher=Diplomat Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelz |first1=Daniel |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=DW |publisher=DW}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marielle |first1=Debos |title=COLONIAL VIOLENCE AND RESISTANCE IN CHAD (1900-1960) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/colonial-violence-and-resistance-chad-1900-1960.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=SciencesPo Mass Violence and Resistance- Research Network |date=25 January 2016 |publisher=Sciences Po}}</ref> == Wonaniso == *[[Military of Chad]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote|Mahamat Déby Itno}} {{Presidents of Chad}} {{Heads of state of republics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deby Itno, Mahamat}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Chadian Muslims]] [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Heads of state of Chad]] [[Category:20th-century Chadian politicians]] [[Category:Generals]] [[Category:Chadian military leaders]] [[Category:Children of presidents]] [[Category:People from Hadjer-Lamis Region]] [[Category:Chadian anti-communists]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] 5191fwssfbn09dvi9xspv9a9i906dfm 0 40423 122545 119267 2026-09-28T01:06:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chadian politician and convicted war criminal}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | native_name = حسين حبري | native_name_lang = ar | image = President Hissène Habré of Chad.jpg | caption = Habré during a visit to the United States in 1987 | order = 5th | office = President of Chad | primeminister = [[Djidingar Dono Ngardoum]] (1982) | vicepresident = | term_start = 7 June 1982 | term_end = 1 December 1990 | predecessor = [[Goukouni Oueddei]] | successor = [[Idriss Déby]] | order2 = 1st | office2 = Prime Minister of Chad | term_start2 = 29 August 1978 | term_end2 = 23 March 1979 | predecessor2 = [[François Tombalbaye]] (of [[French Chad]]) | successor2 = Djidingar Dono Ngardoum | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1942|8|13}} | birth_place = [[Faya-Largeau]], [[French Chad]], [[French Equatorial Africa]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|8|24|1942|8|13}} | death_place = [[Dakar]], Senegal<ref name=Senegal /> | resting_place = [[Yoff]] Muslim cemetery | spouse = Fatime Raymonde<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=Hissène Habré is dead|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/121313/hissene-habre-is-dead/|access-date=25 August 2021|publisher=[[The Africa Report]]|language=en-US}}</ref> | party = {{ubl|[[FROLINAT]] (1972–1984) |[[National Union for Independence and Revolution|UNIR]] (1984–1990)}} | alma_mater = {{ubli|[[École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer]]|[[Aosta Valley University]]|[[University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas]]}} | blank1 = Religion | data1 = [[Muslim]] | allegiance = {{Flagu|Chad}} | serviceyears = 1972–1990 | branch = [[Chadian Armed Forces]] | battles = {{Tree list}} * [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]] **[[Toyota War]] **[[First Chadian Civil War]]{{Tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox |child=yes |headerstyle=background:lavender; | header1 = Criminal details {{Infobox criminal|child=yes | conviction = [[Crimes against humanity]] {{List collapsed|title=''See list'' |(1) Rape |(2) Forced [[slavery]] |(3) [[voluntary homicide]] |(4) systematic and massive practice of [[summary execution]]s |(5) kidnapping of people |(6) [[Torture]] and inhumane acts }} | victims = &gt;40,000 alleged Chadian dissidents | beginyear = 1982 | endyear = 1990 | penalty = [[Life imprisonment]] | imprisoned = [[Prison du Cap Manuel]] | apprehended = 15 November 2005 }}}} }} '''Hissène Habré''' ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|حسين حبري}} ''Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī'',&nbsp;[[Chadian Arabic]]: {{IPA-ar|hiˈsɛn ˈhabre|pron}}; {{IPA-fr|isɛn abʁe}}; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021),<ref name=Senegal>{{cite news |title=Chad's former President Habre, convicted of war crimes, dies in Senegal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-former-president-habre-convicted-war-crimes-dies-senegal-2021-08-24/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>wakaŵa wandale wa ku [[Chad]] ndipo wakaŵa wa mulandu wa nkhondo. Wakaŵa purezidenti wa 5 wa charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 mpaka apo wakawuskikira mu 1990. Munthu uyu wakaŵa Musulumani ndipo wakaŵa wa ku Northern Chad. Chifukwa cha mphindano na Goukouni Oueddei, Habré na gulu lake la ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakajipeleka kwa Felix Malloum. Kufuma apo, Habré wakapika udindo wa Minisita wa vya Vyankhondo mu boma liphya la Tchad, ndipo Oueddei wakaŵa purezidenti. Mwaluŵiro ubwezi wawo ukamara, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Habré ŵakawuskapo Oueddei mu 1982. Wakati waŵa pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, Habré wakambiska muwuso wa wupu umoza uwo ukawusikanga na wupu wake wa National Union for Independence and Revolution. Wakafika pa mazaza na wovwiri wa France na United States, awo ŵakapeleka masambiro, vilwero, na ndalama mu nyengo yose ya muwuso wake cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga Muammar Gaddafi mulongozgi wa ku [[Libya]].<ref name="hartford-hwp.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/27/chads-torture-victims-pursue-habre-in-court/9da03c6b-ed13-477e-9e94-7f80450ca3b8/|title=Chad's Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court|author=Douglas Farah|date=27 November 2000|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> Wakalongozga chalo mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Libya na Chad, ndipo wakatonda nkhondo ya Toyota kufuma mu 1986 mpaka 1987 na wovwiri wa France. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vitatu, Idriss Déby wakathereska Tchad mu 1990 ndipo wakachimbilira ku Senegal. Mu Meyi 2016, khoti la pa charu chose ku Senegal likasanga Habré na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kuzgeriska, kugwiliska ntchito za uzga, na kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo ŵakamuphalira kuti wakakhale mu jele umoyo wake wose. Wakaŵa mutu wa boma wakwamba uyo wakeruzgika na khoti la caru cinyake cifukwa ca kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakafwa pa 24 August 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kuti wali na COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=Sénégal : Hissène Habré est mort – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1222220/politique/senegal-hissene-habre-est-mort/|access-date=24 August 2021|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès en prison au Sénégal de l'ex-président tchadien Hissène Habré|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/deces-en-prison-au-senegal-de-l-ex-president-tchadien-hissene-habre-20210824|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Le Figaro|date=24 August 2021|language=fr}}</ref> ==Umoyo== Habré wakababika mu 1942 ku Faya-Largeau, kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad. Wakaŵa wa fuko la Anakaza la fuko la Daza Gourane, ilo nalo ni fuko la fuko la Toubou. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake gha ku pulayimale, wakasanga nchito mu boma la France, ndipo wakakondweska ŵalara ŵake. Wakamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite mu Paris, ndipo wakawelera ku Chad mu 1971. Kweniso wakasanga madigiri ghanyake ghanandi na kupokera digiri ya udokotala. Pamanyuma pa nyengo yichoko waka yakuteŵetera boma nga ni Deputy Prefect, wakaluta ku Tripoli na kunjira gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) uko wakazgoka mulongozgi wa Second Liberation Army ya FROLINAT pamoza na Goukouni Oueddei. Abba Siddick wati watora mazaza gha FROLINAT, Second Liberation Army, pakwamba pasi pa Oueddei ndipo pamanyuma pa Habré, yikapatukana na FROLINAT ndipo yikazgoka Council of Command of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). Mu 1976 Oueddei na Habré ŵakakwesana ndipo Habré wakapatura gulu lake liphya la Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord panji FAN) ku ŵalondezgi ŵa Goukouni awo ŵakamba kucemeka People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires panji FAP). Habré wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose apo gulu ilo wakaŵa mulongozgi wake likawukira tawuni ya Bardaï ku Tibesti, pa Epulero 21, 1974, na kutora ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa ku [[Europe]] kuŵa ŵakayidi. Munthu uyo ŵakamukora wakaŵa dokotala wa ku [[Germany]], Dr. Christoph Staewen (uyo muwoli wake Elfriede wakakomeka), na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku France, Françoise Claustre, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu yakale, na Marc Combe, uyo wakugwira ntchito yakovwira ŵanthu. Pa Juni 11, 1974, Staewen ŵakamufumiska pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Germany ŵamupa ndalama zinandi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 1974|title=Entführung: Bedenkliches Zugeständnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen – Dr. Staewen berichtet über Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off – Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)|newspaper=Das Ostpreußenblatt|page=5|url=http://archiv.preussische-allgemeine.de/1974/1974_07_06_27.pdf|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41696557.html |title=Deutscher Rebellen-Funk |date=17 June 1974 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41443747.html |title=Zum Weinen |date=15 September 1975 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref>Combe wakacimbira mu 1975, kweni nangauli boma la France likacitapo kanthu, Claustre (uyo mfumu wake wakaŵa mulara wa boma la France) wakafwatulika pa 1 Febuluwale 1977. Habré wakapatukana na Oueddei, cifukwa ca nkhani iyi (iyo yikamanyikwa kuti "nkhani ya Claustre" mu France).<ref name="Chad-CS">{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/ch/chadcountrystudy00coll/chadcountrystudy00coll.pdf |title=A Country Study: Chad |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |year=1990 |editor-last=Collelo |editor-first=Thomas |edition=Second |orig-year=December 1988}}</ref> == Kuŵa na mazaza == Mu Ogasiti 1978 Habré wakapika maudindo gha Prime Minister wa Chad na Vice President wa Chad nga ndi chigaŵa cha mgwirizano na Gen. Ndipouli, phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza likamara yayi. Mu Febuluwale 1979, ŵasilikari ŵa Habré na ŵasilikari ŵa Malloum ŵakarwa nkhondo mu N'Djamena. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chileke kuŵa na boma. Vyaru vinyake vikayezga nthowa zinandi kuti vimazge suzgo ili, ndipo mu Novembala 1979 boma liphya likapangika, ndipo Habré wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vyavikiliro. Mu Disembala 1980, Habré wakatolekera ku Sudan.:354 Mu 1982, wakambaso kulimbana na boma la Chad. FAN yikapoka mazaza pa N'Djamena mu Juni ndipo yikimika Habré kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma.<ref name="Chad-CS"/>{{Rp|30, 151}} ==Kulamula== [[File:President Ronald Reagan During a Working Visit of President Hissein Habre of Chad and His Departure Statements at The Diplomatic Entrance - DPLA - 394ffc8f3e4dc286e8cb4ed1949b868e.jpg|left|thumb|306x306px|[[Ronald Reagan]] na Habré ku White House]] Habré wakawusa mu charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 m'paka mu 1990 apo Idriss Déby wakamulekeska. Ufumu wa chipani chimoza wa Habré, nga umo ukaŵira na maparita ghanyake ghakale, ukaŵanga na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakakana kukoma na kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususkanga, nangauli mu 2012, khoti la United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) likalangura kuti Senegal yimweruzge panji kumupeleka ku caru cinyake. Wakati wafika pa mazaza, Habré wakambiska gulu la ŵapolisi lakucemeka Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). Ŵanyake mwa nthowa izo DDS yikugwiliskira nchito pakusuzga ŵakayidi ni kuwotcha mathupi ghawo na vinthu vyakugolera, kuŵapopera gasi mu maso, makutu na mphuno, kuŵachichizga kumira maji, na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵajumphe milomo yawo mu viŵiya vya galimoto. Boma la Habré likacitangaso vyakukanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Sara, Hadjerai na Zaghawa, kukoma na kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi para ŵawona kuti ŵalongozgi ŵawo mbakofya ku boma. Habré wakacimbira na ndalama za boma zakukwana $11 miliyoni, kuya ku Senegal pamanyuma pa kuwuskika mu 1990. Wakaŵikika mu jele mu 2005 mpaka apo wakakakikira mu 2013. Wakasoleka na milandu ya nkhondo na kutambuzga ŵanthu mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo wakaŵira pa mazaza mu Chad, uko magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 ŵakakomeka. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti ŵanthu 1,200 ŵakakomeka ndipo 12,000 ŵakayuzgika, ndipo wupu unyake wa ku Chad ukati ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakayuzgika. Human Rights Watch pamanyuma pake yikati Habré ni "Pinochet wa ku Africa".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5140818.stm |title=Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6919022.stm |title=France to help try Chad ex-leader |date=27 July 2007 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/201329142812801421.html "Africa's Pinochet" or the beginning of "Africa's solutions"?] Al Jazeera</ref> == Nkhondo na Libya == {{Main|Chadian–Libyan conflict}} [[File:Idriss Déby - 2004.jpg|thumb|Idriss Deby, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Habré, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Chadi na Libya, wakakomeka myezi yinayi pambere Habre wandafwe.]] Mu Julayi 1980, charu cha Libya chikapoka charu cha Chad na kupoka chigaŵa cha Aozou. Boma la United States na la France likapokelera wovwiri wa Chadi kuti likanizge ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Libya awo ŵakaŵa na mtima wa kuwukira boma la Muammar al-Gaddafi.:354 Mu 1980, boma la umoza likasazga phangano la ubwezi na kukolerana na Libya. Phangano ili likazomerezga boma la Chadi kupempha wovwiri ku Libya usange wanangwa wa Chadi uli pangozi.:191 Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Libya likamba kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Goukouni. Mu 1983, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya ŵakawelera ku Chad ndipo ŵakakhalira mu charu ichi, kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Goukouni, mpaka mu 1988.:193?? 198:354?? 356 Nangauli boma la Habré likathereska ŵalwani ŵake, kweni likaŵa na nkhongono yayi. Mu Novembala 1990, ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Idriss Déby, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zaghawa, ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Habré. Ŵafarisi ŵakasankha kuleka kovwira Habré pa nyengo iyi, ndipo ŵakamulekeska ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti chifukwa icho charu cha France chikagwenthera ku Tchad chikaŵa chakuti chindanjirepo pa nkhondo izo zikaŵa mukati mwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanyake ŵakukhorwa yayi na ivyo Habré wakachita chifukwa chakuti wakakhumba yayi kuchita vinthu mwakukolerana na vyaru vinandi. Habré wakacimbilira ku Cameroon, ndipo ŵakugaluka ŵakanjira mu N'Djamena pa 2 Disembala 1990; Habré wakaluta ku Senegal.<ref>Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms", ''Political Reform in Francophone Africa'' (1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, page 274 (see also note 26).</ref> == Wovwiri wa United States na France == {{See also|CIA activities in Chad}} {{quote box | quote = Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, United States yikaŵa na udindo ukuru pakuwuska Hissène Habré ku mazaza, ndipo yikamuwona kuti ni munthu wakujivikilira mwachikanga kuti Muammar Gaddafi wa ku Libya waleke kusazgikira, ntheura yikapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku gulu lake na ku boma lake, nangauli boma ili likacitanga viheni vikuru na vyakukhozga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.| source = —[[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite web|date =June 28, 2016| title=Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad's Hissène Habré 1982-1990|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/06/28/enabling-dictator/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990|access-date=December 10, 2019 |publisher= [[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> | width = 340px}} United States na France vikawovwira Habré, ndipo vikamuwona kuti ni munthu wakuvikilirika ku boma la Gaddafi ku Libya. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan, boma la United States likapeleka wovwiri ku CIA kuti wawovwire Habré kutora mazaza. Boma la United States likagwiliskiraso nchito msasa unyake mu caru ca Chad kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakakoleka. Donald Norland, uyo wakaŵa thenga la United States ku Chad kwambira mu 1979 m'paka 1981, wakati: "Nkhukayika usange CIA yikamanya ivyo vikacitikanga. Kweni pakaŵavya kudumbiskana za ndondomeko iyi, kweniso tikaŵavya kuyowoyapo usange ivyo tikachita vikaŵa vyavinjeru". Malipoti agho Human Rights Watch yikasanga ghakulongora kuti boma la United States likapeleka masambiro, mauthenga gha mu charu, vilwero, na wovwiri unyake ku gulu la DDS la Habré nangauli likamanyanga uheni uwo likachitanga. Mabuku agho ghakasangika mu mabuku gha DDS ghakulongosora umo ŵasambizgi ŵa boma la United States ŵakasambizgiranga ŵantchito ŵa DDS. Kuyana na Chadian Truth Commission, United States yikapelekaso DDS wovwiri wa ndalama mwezi uliwose ndipo yikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakwendeskera maofesi gha vyenjezgo agho ghakacemekanga kuti "Mosaic" agho Chad yikagwiliskiranga nchito pakulondezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakususka boma la Habré nangauli ŵakachimbira mu caru. Mu cihanya ca 1983, apo Libya wakawukira kumpoto kwa Chad ndipo wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Habré, France yikatuma ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na wovwiri wa mu mphepo, apo boma la Reagan likapeleka ndege ziŵiri za AWACS kuti ziwovwire ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1987, ŵasilikari ŵa Gaddafi ŵakawerako. Mulara munyake wa boma la United States wakati: "Habré wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru comene ndipo wakamanyanga makora umo wangacitira vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru. Kweniso wakaŵa munthu wankhaza na wakusuzga. Tingayowoya kuti tikamanyanga uyo wakaŵa na ivyo wakachitanga, kweni tikamuleka waka".<ref name="hartford-hwp.com"/> == Milandu == === Kuyowoya vya kuswa malango === Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakuwona kuti Habré ndiyo wakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake kumwera (1984), ŵa Hadjerai (1987), na ŵa Zaghawa (1989). Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakomeke na kutambuzgika. Habré ŵakamucemanga kuti "Pinochet wa ku Africa", pakuyowoya za Augusto Pinochet, muwusi wa ku Chile. Habre wakasayinanga yekha vyeruzgo vya nyifwa na kulaŵilira vyakuyuzga ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kunjilirapo pa kutambuzga ŵanthu na kuŵakolelera. Kuyana na nkhwantha zinyake, khoti ilo likweruzga mulandu uwu likaŵa "khoti la caru cose", nangauli ndilo likaŵa 'likuru comene' pa makhoti ghose". Boma la Idriss Déby likakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Complices and/or Accessories in 1990, ilo likati ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakakomeka, kweni likalondezga yayi ivyo likayowoya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Chad-Charter.pdf|title = Decree No. 014 /P.CE/CJ/90|date = 29 December 1990|access-date = 25 August 2021|website = usip.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170503231745/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Chad-Charter.pdf|archive-date = 3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2021|title=Convicted ex-Chadian leader Hissène Habré dies at 79|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58316923|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 2015">{{cite news|title=Chad's Hissene Habre: Battle to bring 'Africa's Pinochet' to court|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33566865|access-date=30 May 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes" /><ref name="BBC News" /> === Kuyezgayezga kwambiro (Initial trial attempts) === Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, boma la Belgium likaŵa na dango lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵeruzgike (Loi belge des crimes de guerre) ilo likazomerezganga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa chomene wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵeruzgike mu makhoti gha mu charu chawo kweniso gha pa charu chose. Nangauli dango ili likawuskikapo, kweni ŵapolisi ŵakalutilira na kusanda mulandu wa Habré, ndipo mu Seputembala 2005 ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kutambuzga ŵanthu, na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ku Senegal, uko Habré wakaŵa ku wuzga kwa vilimika 17, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Dakar. Pa Malichi 17, 2006, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe yikapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habré ku Belgium kuti wakeruzgike. Senegal wakapulikira yayi, ndipo pakwamba wakakana ivyo wupu wa African Union ukayowoya kuti waŵapeleke kwa iyo. Wupu wa Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, ukazomerezga fundo iyi. Usange mphanyi ŵakamupeleka, mphanyi wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo charu chinyake chikamupeleka ku khoti chifukwa cha kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 2007, boma la Senegal likakhazikiska khoti lakunozga la milandu ya nkhondo kuti limweruzge Habré. Pa Epulero 8, 2008, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Senegal ukazomerezga kusintha malango gha charu ichi kuti Habré wasangike na mulandu. Pa ungano wa wupu wa National Assembly na Senate mu Julayi 2008, ŵakazomerezga dango ilo likapeleka mazaza ku makhoti gha ku Senegal kuti gheruzgenge ŵanthu chifukwa cha milandu iyo ŵakacita mu vyaru vinyake kweniso milandu iyo ŵakacita vyaka vyakujumpha 10 kumasinda. Nduna ya vya Malango ya ku Senegal, Madicke Niang, yikimika ŵeruzgi ŵanayi. Filimu ya mu 2007 ya Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, yikulongosora vya Souleymane Guengueng na Reed Brody, awo ŵakalongozga ntchito ya kuzenga mulandu Habré.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2008/6/12/the_dictator_hunter_victims_of_us |title="The Dictator Hunter": Victims of US-Allied Chadian Dictator Hissene Habre Lead Quest to Bring Him to Justice |author=Amy Goodman and Juan González |date=12 June 2008 |work=Democracy Now! |access-date=3 July 2012}}]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ilSuW-bsoOgcqLzkuQthox0qGrig |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124143928/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ilSuW-bsoOgcqLzkuQthox0qGrig |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |title=Sénégal: les députés modifient la Constitution pour juger Hissène Habré |language=fr |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=8 April 2008 |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Senegal-amends-constitution-20080409 |title=Senegal amends constitution |agency=Associated Press |date=9 April 2008 |publisher=News 24 |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> === Kuyezgeka ku Chad === Pa 15 Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku Chad likadumura kuti Habré wakomeke kwambura mulandu chifukwa cha milandu ya nkhondo na yakwimikana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakamuyowoyera kuti wakagwiranga lumoza ntchito na ŵakugaluka mukati mwa Chad kuti wafumiske Déby. François Serres, loya wa Habré, wakasuska mulandu uwu pa Ogasiti 22 cifukwa cakuti ukaŵa wambura urunji ndiposo wachisisi. Kuyana na Serres, mulandu uwo upharazgi uwu ukajintha ukaŵa wambura kumanyikwa ndipo Habré wakapokera yayi uthenga uliwose wakukhwaskana na mulandu uwu.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/28/african-union-press-senegal-habr-trial "African Union: Press Senegal on Habré Trial"], Human Rights Watch, 28 January 2009</ref> === Kuyezgeka ku Senegal === Mu 2008, boma la Senegal likasazgirako fundo yinyake iyo yikapeleka mwaŵi wakuti Habré weruzgike. Kweni pamasinda, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likapempha wovwiri wa ndalama zakujumpha 27 miliyoni za ku caru cose pambere ŵandambe kuyezga. Ici cikapangiska Belgium kuti wacimbizge khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ) kuti liŵachichizge Senegal kuti wapeleke Habré ku Belgium panji kuti walutilire na mulandu wake. Khoti la ICJ likakana kupeleka mulandu uwu, ndipo likati para munthu waswa dango ili ndikuti wabuda. Boma la Senegal likasuskika cifukwa ca kuleka kufiska ivyo likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya ucigeŵenga, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kupeleka mulandu uwu ku ŵalara ŵa boma kuti ŵeruzgike. Khoti la ICJ likakana ivyo boma la Senegal likayowoya vyakuti ndarama ni zichoko kweniso kuti likususka malango gha mu charu. Mu Novembala 2010, khoti la Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) likadumura kuti Senegal yingachita yayi mulandu uwu kwizira mu khoti la ku malo pera, ndipo likapempha kuti paŵe khoti lapadera lakweruzgira mulandu wa Habré. Mu Epulero 2011, Senegal yikakolerana kuti paŵe wupu wa ad hoc mu Africa, Chad, na vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likafumamo mu khoti ili pa Meyi 30, 2011 kwambura kulongosora. Komiti ya African Union pa nkhani ya Habré, pakunozgekera ungano wawo wakulondezgapo wa pa Juni 30, yikalemba lipoti ilo likapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habré ku Belgium. Pa Julayi 8, 2011, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Senegal ŵakapharazga kuti Habré wazamumupeleka ku Chad pa Julayi 11, kweni ivi vikamara.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14101258 |title=Senegal suspends Hissene Habre's repatriation to Chad |date=10 July 2011 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2012, khoti la ICJ likadumura kuti Senegal yambe kweruzga Habré "kwambura kuchedwa". Bungwe la Amnesty International likapempha boma la Senegal kuti lipulikire ivyo khoti la ICJ ladumura. Khoti la pa caru cose (ICC) likakana kweruzga mulandu uwu, cifukwa milandu iyi yikacitika pambere khoti ili lindambe kuwumbika mu 2002, ndipo likulongozga waka vinthu ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pa nyengo iyi. Mu Disembala 2012, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Senegal yikapeleka dango lakuti mu Senegal mupangike khoti la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose kuti limweruzge Habre. Ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti ili ŵakwimikika na wupu wa African Union, ndipo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Pa Juni 30, 2013, ŵapolisi ŵa ku Senegal ŵakamukora Habré ku Senegal. Pulezidenti wa Chadi, Idriss Déby, wakati kukakika kwake kukaŵa "nthowa yakulongozgera ku Africa uko kulije uheni uliwose, uko kulije maboma ghakupusa". Khoti la ku Senegal, ilo likakhazikiskika pamoza na wupu wa African Union, likamuphalira mulandu wa kusuzga ŵanthu. Mu caka ici, khoti la ku Chad likamuphalira kuti wakomeke cifukwa ca kuswa malango. Khoti ilo likeruzga mulandu wa Hissène Habré ku Senegal likuyowoyeka kuti lili na vinthu vinandi. Pa Julayi 20, 2015, mulandu uwu ukamba. Apo wakalindiliranga kuti mulandu uwu wambike, Habré wakacemerezga kuti: "Ŵalwani ŵa boma ŵaparanyike. [Ceruzgo ici] nchinthu caucindere ico ŵandyali ŵa ku Senegal ŵakucita. Ŵapusikizgi ŵa ku Africa. Muteŵeti wa ku America". Kufuma apo, Habré ŵakamufumiska mu khoti ndipo mulandu ukayamba kwambura iyo. Pa Julayi 21, 2015, mulandu wa Habré ukasinthika kufika pa Seputembala 7, 2015, pamanyuma pakuti maloya ghake ghakana kwiza ku khoti.<ref>{{cite news| title =Trial of Chad's ex-dictator Habré adjourned to September 7| newspaper =[[France 24]]| date =21 July 2015| url =http://www.france24.com/en/20150721-senegal-trial-chad-ex-dictator-habre-adjourned-september-7| access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Chad's Hissene Habre forced to appear in court| quote =The trial has been suspended until 7 September after Mr Habre and his lawyers refused to speak to the judge.|publisher=[[BBC News]]| date =21 July 2015| url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33607843| access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Diadie Ba| title =Trial of Chad's Habre suspended after boycott by his lawyers|publisher=[[Reuters]]| date = 21 July 2015| url =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-justice-habre-idUSKCN0PV11K20150721| access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Thierry Cruvellier| title =For Hissène Habré, a Trial by Refusal| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]| date =27 July 2015| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/opinion/for-hissene-habre-a-trial-by-refusal.html| access-date =28 July 2015}}</ref> === Khoti Lapadera ku Senegal Likatumizga Mulandu === Pa 30 May 2016, makhoti gha ku Africa ghakasanga kuti Habré ngwakwananga cifukwa ca kucitiska uleŵi, uzga wa kugonana, na kuphalira ŵanthu 40,000 kuti ŵakomeke apo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Chad ndipo ŵakamupa chilango cakuti wakhale mu jele la Cap Manuel ku Senegal umoyo wake wose. Uwu ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba kuti khoti lakuwovwirika na wupu wa African Union limare mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa munthu uyo kale wakaŵa mulongozgi wa charu chinyake.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36411466|access-date=30 May 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Jason|title=Hissène Habré trial provides model for international justice|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/30/hissene-habre-trial-provides-model-for-international-justice|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Dewan|first1=Angela|last2=Swails|first2=Brent|title=Ex-Chad dictator sentenced to life for war crimes|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/30/africa/habre-africa-chad-war-crimes/|access-date=30 May 2016|publisher=CNN|date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|last1=Searcey|first1=Dionne|title=Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/31/world/africa/hissene-habre-leader-chad-war-crimes.html?_r=0|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The New York Times|date=30 May 2016}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2017, Mweruzgi Ougadeye Wafi wakakhozgera chilango cha umoyo wake wose kwa Habre pamoza na milandu yose iyo ŵakamupa, kupaturako wacigeŵenga. Khoti likati nkhani iyi yikakhwaska ndondomeko ya mulandu uwu, cifukwa cakuti ivyo mwanakazi uyu wakayowoya vikapelekeka mwakucedwa comene mwakuti vingaŵa nga ni mulandu wa nkhaza za kugonana izo ŵantchito ŵake ŵakacita. Pa 7 April 2020, mweruzgi ku Senegal wakapeleka kwa Habre myezi yiŵiri kuti waleke kukhala mu jele, pakuti jele ili likugwiliskirika nchito kuti ŵakayidi ŵaphya ŵa COVID-19 ŵaŵikikenge mu malo ghakupatulika. Wakati wafuma mu jele, wakawelera mu jele pa Juni 7.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/996420/societe/senegal-le-tchadien-hissene-habre-regagne-sa-prison/|title=Sénégal : le Tchadien Hissène Habré regagne sa prison – Jeune Afrique|date=7 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.notimerica.com/politica/noticia-chad-expresidente-chad-hissene-habre-vuelve-prision-senegal-permiso-covid-19-20200608115455.html|title=Chad.- El expresidente de Chad Hissne Habré vuelve a prisión en Senegal tras el permiso por la COVID-19|first=Europa|last=Press|date=8 June 2020|website=www.notimerica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/former-chadian-strongman-hissene-habre-returns-to-prison/|title=Former Chadian strongman Hissene Habre returns to prison|date=7 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Seelinger|first=Kim Thuy |date=10 May 2017 |title=Hissène Habré's rape acquittal must not be quietly airbrushed from history|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/10/hissene-habre-acquittal-not-airbrushed-from-history-khadidja-zidane-kim-thuy-seelinger|work=The Guardian |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2020 |title=Chad: Ex-president temporarily released from jail due to COVID-19|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chad-president-temporarily-released-jail-due-covid-19-200407070630471.html|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |agency= [[AFP news agency]] |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> == Nyifwa == cHabré wakafwira ku Senegal pa 24 August 2021, sabata yimoza pamanyuma pa zuŵa lake lakubabikira la 79, wati wafika ku chipatala chikuru ku Dakar na nthenda ya COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Maclean|first1=Ruth|last2=Camara|first2=Mady|date=24 August 2021|title=Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad Jailed for War Crimes, Dies at 79|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/world/africa/hissene-habre-dead.html|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210824-chad-s-former-president-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-dies-at-79 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=[[France24]] |date=24 August 2021}}</ref> Wakalwara apo wakaŵa mu jele sabata yimoza kumasinda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chad's former President Hissene Habre dies of COVID aged 79|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/24/chads-former-president-hissene-habre-dies-of-covid-aged-79|access-date=24 August 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Mu mazgu, muwoli wa Habré, [[Fatimé Raymonne Habré]], wakasimikizga kuti wali na COVID-19. Wakasungika mu dindi la Ŵasilamu la Yoff.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Sénégal : Hissène Habré enterré en l'absence de représentants officiels – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1223629/politique/senegal-hissene-habre-enterre-en-labsence-de-representants-officiels/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=rfi>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=L'ancien président tchadien Hissène Habré est mort |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210824-l-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-tchadien-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-est-d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9-du-covid-19 |work=[[Radio France International]] |date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2021-09-03}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Rose Lokissim]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160804154204/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=bs&case=144&k=5e ''Belgium v. Senegal Hissene Habre'' Case of 19 February 2009] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124151137/http://www.hrw.org/justice/habre/ The Case against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124151137/http://www.hrw.org/justice/habre/ |date=24 November 2010 }}, [[Human Rights Watch]]. * [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/5/31/from_us_ally_to_convicted_war "From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal: Inside Chad's Hissène Habré's Close Ties to Reagan Admin"]. ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' 31 May 2016. {{ChadPres}} {{ChadPMs}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habre, Hissene}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century criminals]] [[Category:Chadian anti-communists]] [[Category:Chadian people convicted of crimes against humanity]] [[Category:Chadian people imprisoned abroad]] [[Category:Chadian politicians convicted of crimes]] [[Category:Chadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]] [[Category:Chadian rebels]] [[Category:People of the Chadian–Libyan War]] [[Category:Critics of Islamism]] [[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal]] [[Category:Heads of government of Chad]] [[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]] [[Category:Heads of state of Chad]] [[Category:National Union for Independence and Revolution politicians]] [[Category:People convicted of genocide]] [[Category:Chadian people convicted of rape]] [[Category:People from Faya-Largeau]] [[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]] [[Category:Place of birth missing]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Senegal]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Senegal]] [[Category:Toubou people]] [[Category:Vice presidents of Chad]] [[Category:Prisoners who died from COVID-19]] [[Category:20th-century Chadian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Chadian politicians]] r5eh50gsv9nui65qetghk4fegxenkid 0 40625 122618 108785 2026-09-28T02:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Head of state of the Gabonese Republic}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox official post | post = Mlongozgi | body = <br/>Charu cha Gaboni | native_name = ''{{lang|fr|Président de la<br>République gabonaise}}'' | insignia = | insigniasize = | insigniacaption = | flag = Flag of the President of Gabon.svg | flagsize = 125px | flagborder = yes | flagcaption = Presidential standard | image = | imagesize = 165px | alt = | incumbent = [[Brice Oligui]] | acting = yes | incumbentsince = 30 August 2023 | department = | style = | type = | status = | abbreviation = | member_of = | reports_to = | residence = Presidential Palace, [[Libreville]] | seat = | nominator = | appointer = | appointer_qualified = | termlength = 7 years, renewable | termlength_qualified = | constituting_instrument = | precursor = | formation = {{start date and age|1960|8|17|df=y}} | first = [[Léon M'ba]] | last = | abolished = | succession = | unofficial_names = | deputy = [[Vice President of Gabon]] | salary = 65,000 USD annually<ref name="africaranking.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.africaranking.com/highest-paid-african-presidents/|title=Top 15 Highest Paid African Presidents 2017|date=15 December 2016|access-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143225/http://www.africaranking.com/highest-paid-african-presidents/|archive-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> | website = }} {{Politics of Gabon}} Mulongozgi wa chalo cha [[Gabon]] (French) ni mulongozgi wa chalo cha Gabon. Ŵanthu ŵatatu ndiwo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti (ŵambura kupenda ŵaŵiri awo ŵakateŵeteranga nga ni pulezidenti) kwambira mu 1960. ==Ukhalilo wa udindo== ===Chisankho=== Purezidenti wa chalo wakusankhika kwa nyengo yakukwana virimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, mwa ŵanthu wose. Pulezidenti wangasankhikaso.<ref name=Art9>Article 9 of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> Dango la boma la Gabon likaŵa lakuti pulezidenti wangakhalanga yayi vyaka viŵiri. Malire agha ghakawuskikapo kwa Omar Bongo mu 2003.<ref name="termlimits">{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi ndiyo wakuwina. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Gabon, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha makumi ghanayi (40) ndipo ŵakhala mu Gabon kwa myezi yakukwana khumi na yiŵiri (12), ndipo ŵakukondwa na wanangwa wawo wose wa chalo na wa ndyali, ŵangasankhika kuŵa ŵalongozgi. Khoti la Malango likwenera kunjilirapo pa nkhani iyi, kweni likwenera yayi kujumpha mazuŵa 35. Usange ndondomeko izo zili mu ndime izi zikusintha maungano gha vyaru vinyake m'paka pa zuŵa laumaliro la pulezidenti wa sono, pulezidenti uyu wakulutilira kukhala mu maofesi m'paka pa zuŵa la kusankhika kwa uyo wamulondezgenge. Ndondomeko ya dango ili yikulongosoreka na dango la malango.<ref name="Art10">Article 10 of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> Mulimo wa pulezidenti ukuyamba pa zuŵa ilo wakujilapizgira na kumalira paumaliro wa cilimika cacinkhondi na ciŵiri. Nduna yikuru ya chalo yikusankhika mwezi umoza panji myezi yiŵiri pambere nyengo ya nduna iyi yindamare. Mulara wa boma uyo walipo sono wangadumulizga yayi nyengo yake ya kuwusa. Usange pulezidenti wa sono wa charu cha Gabon wakukhumba kuwusa, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Gabon yingasakazika yayi. Kweniso pulezidenti wangapeleka yayi malango kufuma apo wayowoyera kuti wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti m'paka pa nyengo iyo wazamusankhikira. Para ntchakukhumbikwa, Nyumba ya Malamulo yingawungana mwaluŵiro.<ref name="Art11">Article 11 of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> ===Oath of office=== Para munthu walapa layizgo ili ndikuti wamba uteŵeti wake. Likwenera yayi kuchitika pambere Khoti la Malango gha Ndondomeko.<ref name=Art11A>Article 11A of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> Para wapika mazaza, wakuchita chilapo panthazi pa Nyumba ya Malamulo na Khoti la Malango, woko lake lamazere lili pa Dango la Wupu Wakulongozga, ndipo woko linyake lakwera panthazi pa ndembera:<ref name=Art12>Article 12 of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> {{blockquote|Nkhulayizga kuti nipelekenge nkhongono zane zose kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Gabon ŵasange chandulo, kuŵavikilira na kuŵavikilira ku masoka ghose, kuchindika na kuvikilira Dango na boma la malango, kufiska milimo ya udindo wane na kuŵa wakunyoloka ku wose.}} ===Vacancy=== Para ofesi ya purezidenti yilije ntchito chifukwa cha chifukwa chilichose, panji usange wapresident uyo walipo walije ntchito, ndipo khoti la constitutional lamupempha kuti boma lichitepo kanthu na wanandi wa mamembala ghake, panji usange palije, ndipo maofesi gha nyumba ziŵiri za chalo ichi ghali na wanandi wa mamembala ghawo, pulezidenti wa Senate wachitengepo ntchito ya purezidenti wa chalo, panji para wapresident wa Senate walije ntchito, ndipo khoti la constitutional lamupempha kuti wachitepo kanthu mu malo agha, wapresident wa chigaŵa chakwamba wa Senate wachitengepo kanthu.<ref name="Art13">Article 13 of the Constitution of 1991.</ref> Wupu uwo ukuchita mulimo wa purezidenti mu nyengo iyi uzamuŵa na milimo na mazaza ghose gha purezidenti wa charu, kupaturako milimo na mazaza ghanyake agho ghali mu ndime 18, 19, na ndime yakwamba ya 116. Mulara wa nyengo yitali wangasankha yayi kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa boma.<ref name="Art13" /> Pambere wandafike pa udindo wake, wupu wakulongozga uwu ukulapa mwakuyana na ivyo vili mu ndime 12.<ref name="Art13" /> Para malo gha pulezidenti ghasintha, panji para Khoti la Malango likati suzgo la pulezidenti ndakukhalilira, mavoti gha kusora pulezidenti muphya, kupatula para kwachitika suzgo la mwaluŵiro ilo khoti la Malango likapharazga, ghachitikenge palipose mazuŵa 30 panji 60 kufuma apo malo gha pulezidenti ghasintha.<ref name=Art13 /> == Mndandanda wa wogwira ntchito == ;Vipani {{legend|{{party color|Gabonese Democratic Party}}|[[Gabonese Democratic Party|Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG) → Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG)]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Democratic and Republican Alliance}}|[[Democratic and Republican Alliance]] (ADERE)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} ;;Pasono {{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Acting President}} ;Chimanykwilo {{note label|†|†|†}} Wakafwa apo wakaŵa pa udindo ; {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" |Nkhope ! rowspan="2" |Zina<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! rowspan="2" |Elected ! colspan="3" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party ! rowspan="2" |[[Prime Minister of Gabon|Prime minister]] |- !Took office !Left office !Time in office |- ! style="background:{{party color|Gabonese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 1 | [[File:Léon M'ba 1964.jpg|139x139px]] | [[Léon M'ba]]<br>{{small|(1902–1967)}}{{efn|Briefly interrupted during the [[1964 Gabonese coup d'état|17–18 February 1964 coup d'état]].}} | [[1961 Gabonese general election|1961]]<br>[[1967 Gabonese general election|1967]] | {{nowrap|17 August}} 1960 | {{nowrap|27 November}} 1967{{ref label|†|†|†}} | {{ayd|1960|08|17|1967|11|27}} | [[Gabonese Democratic Party|BDG]] | Himself |- ! style="background:{{party color|Gabonese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 2 | [[File:Omar Bongo 1973.jpg|131x131px]] | [[Omar Bongo|Omar Bongo Ondimba]]<br>{{small|(1935–[[Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo|2009]])}}{{efn|Previously named Albert-Bernard Bongo; changed name on 29 September 1973, after [[conversion to Islam]]. Added Ondimba to name on 15 November 2003.}} | [[1973 Gabonese general election|1973]]<br>[[1979 Gabonese presidential election|1979]]<br>[[1986 Gabonese presidential election|1986]]<br>[[1993 Gabonese presidential election|1993]]<br>[[1998 Gabonese presidential election|1998]]<br>[[2005 Gabonese presidential election|2005]] | {{nowrap|2 December}} 1967 | {{nowrap|8 June}} 2009{{ref label|†|†|†}} | {{ayd|1967|12|02|2009|06|08}} | [[Gabonese Democratic Party|BDG]]<br />{{small|until 1968 renamed to}}<br />[[Gabonese Democratic Party|PDG]] | [[Léon Mébiame|Mébiame]]<br>[[Casimir Oyé-Mba|Oyé-Mba]]<br>[[Paulin Obame-Nguema|Obame-Nguema]]<br>[[Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane|Ntoutoume Emane]]<br>[[Jean Eyeghé Ndong|Eyeghe Ndong]] |-style="background:#e6e6aa;" | style="background:{{party color|Democratic and Republican Alliance}}; color:white;"| – | [[File:No image.png|70px]] | [[Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge]]<br>{{small|(born 1946)}}{{efn|Acted for Bongo while he was incapacitated in the hospital, [[Vice President of Gabon|Vice President]].}} | — | {{nowrap|6 May}} 2009 | {{nowrap|10 June}} 2009 | {{ayd|2009|05|06|2009|06|10}} | [[Democratic and Republican Alliance|ADERE]] | Eyeghe Ndong |-style="background:#e6e6aa;" | style="background:{{party color|Gabonese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| – | [[File:No image.png|70px]] | [[Rose Francine Rogombé]]<br>{{small|(1942–2015)}}{{efn|Succeeded Bongo as the constitutional successor, [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Gabon|President of the Senate]].}} | — | {{nowrap|10 June}} 2009 | {{nowrap|16 October}} 2009 | {{ayd|2009|06|10|2009|10|16}} | [[Gabonese Democratic Party|PDG]] | Eyeghe Ndong<br>[[Paul Biyoghé Mba|Biyoghé Mba]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Gabonese Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 3 | [[File:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (cropped).jpg|103x103px]] | [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]<br>{{small|(born 1959)}}{{efn|Son of Omar Bongo Ondimba.}} | [[2009 Gabonese presidential election|2009]]<br>[[2016 Gabonese presidential election|2016]] | {{nowrap|16 October}} 2009 | {{nowrap|30 August}} 2023 | {{ayd|2009|10|16|2023|08|30}} | [[Gabonese Democratic Party|PDG]] | Biyoghé Mba<br>[[Raymond Ndong Sima|Ndong Sima]]<br>[[Daniel Ona Ondo|Ona Ondo]]<br>[[Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet|Issoze-Ngondet]]<br>[[Julien Nkoghe Bekale|Nkoghe Bekale]]<br>[[Rose Christiane Raponda|Raponda]]<br>[[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|By Nze]] |-style="background:#e6e6aa;" ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;"| 4 | | [[Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema|Brice Oligui]] | — | {{nowrap|30 August}} 2023 | ''Incumbent'' | {{ayd|2023|08|30}} | [[Armed Forces of Gabon|Military]] | ''Vacant'' |} == Mndandanda wa nyengo == {{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20 AlignBars = late Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}} Colors = id:bdg value:rgb(0,0.4,0.2) legend:Gabonese_Democratic_Bloc id:pdg value:rgb(0.06,0.59,0.22) legend:Gabonese_Democratic_Party id:udsg value:rgb(1,0,0) legend:Gabonese_Democratic_and_Social_Union id:adere value:rgb(0.25,0.43,0.71) legend:Democratic_and_Republican_Alliance id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) id:gray2 value:gray(0.95) DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1960 till:$today TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1960 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1960 Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170 TextData = pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Political party:" BarData = bar:M'ba bar:Aubame bar:OmarBongo bar:DiNdinge bar:Rogombe bar:AliBongo PlotData = width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:M'ba from: 17/08/1960 till: 17/02/1964 color:bdg from: 18/02/1964 till: 27/11/1967 color:bdg text:"[[Léon M'ba]]" bar:Aubame from: 17/02/1964 till: 18/02/1964 color:udsg text:"[[Jean-Hilaire Aubame]] (coup)" bar:OmarBongo from: 27/11/1967 till: 12/03/1968 color:bdg from: 12/03/1968 till: 08/06/2009 color:pdg text:"[[Omar Bongo Ondimba]]" bar:DiNdinge from: 06/05/2009 till: 10/06/2009 color:adere text:"[[Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge]] (acting)" bar:Rogombe from: 10/06/2009 till: 16/10/2009 color:pdg text:"[[Rose Francine Rogombé]] (acting)" bar:AliBongo from: 16/10/2009 till: $today color:pdg text:"[[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]" }} ==Chisankho chakale mwasono sono== {{main|2016 Gabonese presidential election}} {{Election results |cand1=[[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]|party1=[[Gabonese Democratic Party]]|votes1=177722 |cand2=[[Jean Ping]]|party2=Union of Forces for Change|votes2=172128|color2=#3366cc |cand3=[[Bruno Ben Moubamba]]|party3=Independent|votes3=1896 |cand4=[[Raymond Ndong Sima]]|party4=Independent|votes4=1510 |cand5=[[Pierre Claver Maganga Moussavou]]|party5=[[Social Democratic Party (Gabon)|Social Democratic Party]]|votes5=1130 |cand6=[[Paul Mba Abessole]]|party6=[[National Woodcutters' Rally – Rally for Gabon]]|votes6=761 |cand7=Gérard Ella Nguema|party7=Independent|votes7=583 |cand8=[[Augustin Moussavou King]]|party8=[[Gabonese Socialist Party]]|votes8=553 |cand9=Dieudonné Minlama Mintogo|party9=Independent|votes9=393 |cand10=Abel Mbombe Nzoudou|party10=Independent|votes10=214 |invalid=16420 |electorate=627805 |source=[https://twitter.com/MinInterieurGA/status/771022527871197184 Interior Ministry], [https://twitter.com/MinInterieurGA/status/771022817026576385 Interior Ministry] }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{notelist}} ==Wonaniso== * [[First Lady of Gabon]] * [[Vice President of Gabon]] * [[Prime Minister of Gabon]] * [[List of colonial governors of Gabon]] * [[Politics of Gabon]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * {{Official website|www.presidence-gabon.ga}} {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Gabon.html World Statesmen – Gabon] * [https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Gabon_2011?lang=en 1991 Constitution of Gabon (as amended in 2011)] {{In lang|en}} {{Presidents of Gabon}} {{Gabon topics}} {{Heads of state and government of Africa}} [[Category:Presidents of Gabon|*]] [[Category:Lists of national presidents|Gabon]] [[Category:Gabon politics-related lists|Presidents]] [[Category:Gabon history-related lists|Presidents]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Gabon]] 79ddjpowp9oax3ct41cqh73ol9dpaox 0 41212 122714 101520 2026-09-28T03:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|American actress}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox person |name = Uzo Aduba |image = Uzo Aduba 2014 (cropped).jpg |caption = Aduba mu 2014 |birth_name = Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|2|10}} |birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S. |education = [[Boston University]] ([[Bachelor of Music|BM]]) |occupation = Actress |years_active = 2003–present |spouse = {{marriage|Robert Sweeting|2020}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/|title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020|work=People|first1=Dory|last1=Jackson|first2=Julie|last2=Jordan|date=September 12, 2021|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> }} '''Uzoamaka Nwanneka "Uzo" Aduba''' {{Audio|Ig-Ụzọamaka Nwanneka Aduba.ogg|(listen)|help=no}}<ref name=rtd>{{cite web | url = http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html | title = Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba | publisher = Reviewing The Drama | date = March 26, 2012}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|uː|z|oʊ|_|ə|ˈ|d|uː|b|ə}}; kubabika pa Febuluwale 10, 1981<ref>{{cite news|title=UPI Almanac for Monday, Feb. 10, 2020|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/02/10/UPI-Almanac-for-Monday-Feb-10-2020/4651581213315/|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2021|work=United Press International|quote=actor Uzo Aduba in 1981 (age 39)}}</ref>) ni mwanakazi wa ku [[America]]. Wakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha udindo wake wa Suzanne [["Crazy Eyes"]] Warren pa Netflix original series [[Orange Is the New Black]] (2013  2019), chifukwa cha icho wakapokera Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series mu 2014, Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series mu 2015, na SAG Awards ziŵiri za Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series mu 2014 na 2015. Ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera awo ŵali kupokera Emmy Award mu vigaŵa vya comedy na drama pa mulimo umoza.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzo Aduba Watch 'OITNB' actress speak Igbo, reveal her favourite Nigerian dish|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/uzo-aduba-watch-oitnb-actress-speak-igbo-reveal-her-favourite-nigerian-dish-id4619100.html|website=Pulse.ng|date=January 28, 2016|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|access-date=January 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129090939/http://pulse.ng/movies/uzo-aduba-watch-oitnb-actress-speak-igbo-reveal-her-favourite-nigerian-dish-id4619100.html|archive-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> Mu 2020, Aduba wakachita Shirley Chisholm mu Hulu miniseries Mrs. America, iyo wakapokera Emmy Award ya Best Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie na Critics' Choice Television Award ya Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries. Aduba wali kuwoneka mu mafilimu nga American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Miss Virginia (2019), na Lightyear (2022). Mu 2021, wakawoneska mu sewero la Lynn Nottage la Clyde's pa Broadway ilo wakapokera Tony Award ya Best Featured Actress mu Play nomination. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Uzo Aduba wakababikira ku [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ku ŵapapi ŵa ku [[Nigeria]], ndipo wakakulira ku [[Medfield, Massachusetts]]. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake ku Medfield High School mu 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com |date=May 5, 2014}}</ref> Wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Boston, uko wakasambiranga sumu za sumu na kuchimbira. Iyo wakuchema mbumba yake kuti "mbumba ya maseŵero". Munung'una wake, Obi, wakaseŵera hockey pa University of Massachusetts Amherst na nyengo zinkhondi na yimoza mwa maseŵera agha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |title=Obi Aduba player profile |publisher=hockeydb.com }}</ref> ==Ntchito== === Maudindo ghakwambilira === Aduba wakamba kumanyikwa mu 2003, apo wakachitanga mu filimu ya Translations of Xhosa pa Olney Theatre Center for the Arts ndipo wakapika Helen Hayes Award ya Best Supporting Actress mu Play.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://theatrewashington.org/find-hha-nominees?field_award_year_value_many_to_one%5B%5D=2004&field_award_winner_value_many_to_one=All&field_award_category_value=&field_award_theater_name_value=&field_award_show_title_value=&field_nominee_first_name_value=&field_nominee_last_name_value=&page=full | title = Outstanding Supporting Actress, Resident Play – 2004 | publisher = Awards and nominations Theatre Washington | access-date = October 27, 2013 | archive-date = October 8, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201008202607/http://theatrewashington.org/find-hha-nominees?field_award_year_value_many_to_one%5B%5D=2004&field_award_winner_value_many_to_one=All&field_award_category_value=&field_award_theater_name_value=&field_award_show_title_value=&field_nominee_first_name_value=&field_nominee_last_name_value=&page=full | url-status = dead }}</ref> Mu 2006, wakachita Amphiarus mu The Seven ku New York Theatre Workshop ndipo kachiŵiri mu 2008 ku La Jolla Playhouse. Mu 2007, wakachita chiwonetsero chake chakwamba pa Broadway, wakaseŵeranga Toby mu filimu ya Helen Edmundson ya Coram Boy pa Imperial Theatre. Mu 2011, wakawimba sumu yakuti "By My Side" mu filimu ya Godspell. Wakamba kuwonekera pa TV mu 2012 apo wakaŵa nesi pa TV ya Blue Bloods. Aduba wakachitaso Anna, mama wa munthu uyo wakaŵa na udindo mu Venice pa The Public Theater ku New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| first = Ben | last = Brantley | date = June 15, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com |access-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===2013–2019: ''Orange Is the New Black''=== [[File:American Pastoral PC 13 (29777111985).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aduba pa kuwonekera kakwamba kwa American Pastoral pa Toronto Film Festival 2016]] Mu 2013, Aduba wakamba kuzunura Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren mu Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black. Apo ŵakamupanga, Aduba wakati: Nkhajipeleka kuti niŵepo pa ungano uwu kuumaliro wa Julayi panji kukwambilira kwa Ogasiti mu 2012. Mu cihanya ici, nkhalutanga ku maungano kuti nkhawone vinandi pa TV na mafilimu. Nkhaŵazga malemba ghanandi ndipo nkhukumbuka kuti nkhaŵazga Orange Is the New Black, ndipo yikaŵa pakwamba pa mabuku ghose. Nkhukumbuka kuti nkhaghanaghananga kuti, 'Ici nchiwemi comene, nane ningatemwa kuŵa mu gulu ili.' Nkhaluta ku maudindo ghanyake, ndipo ŵantchito ŵane ŵakanichema pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza. Ŵakati: "Tili na makani ghawemi. Kasi mukukumbuka ivyo mukacita apo mukawoneleranga filimu ya Orange Is the New Black? Mukapulikiska yayi". Nkhati, "Ipo nkhani yiwemi ni nji?" Ŵakaniphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kunipako ciphalizgo cinyake, Crazy Eyes. Nkhajifumbanga kuti, "Kasi nchivici ico cikupangiska munthu munyake kughanaghana kuti ningaŵa wakwenelera kucita mulimo wa Crazy Eyes?" Kweni kuti niyowoye unenesko, apo nkhapokera nkhani iyi, nkhawona kuti yikukolerana. Jennifer Euston, uyo ni director wa casting, wakalongosora umo Aduba wakasankhikira: "Uzo Aduba...wakaŵa na sisi lakuvwara makora chomene. Ŵakawona cinthu cinyake cakuziziswa mwa iyo ndipo ŵakakolerana na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mu Crazy Eyes". Apo wakaŵa mu seŵero ili, Aduba wakapokera kadi lake la Screen Actors Guild, ndipo wakati: "Nkhaghanaghananga kuti, 'Wow, ichi chikung'anamura kuti sono ndine mwanakazi wakuchita maseŵero gha kuvina.' Nkhakondwa comene, ndipo nkhukumbuka kuti nkhakondwa comene". Aduba wali kupika mbiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya "Crazy Eyes", kuwina Best Guest Actress mu Comedy Series pa 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards na Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series pa 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. Wakasoleka kuŵa Best Supporting Actress pa 18th Satellite Awards chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita mu nyengo yakwamba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/25/showbiz/primetime-emmy-awards-winners-2014/|title=Primetime Emmy Awards 2014: The winners list|date=August 26, 2014|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-international-press-academy-announces-nominations-for-the-18th-annual-satellite-awards-234075351.html|title=The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards|access-date=September 5, 2014|date=December 2, 2013|agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/06/19/critics-choice-television-awards-winners-2/|title=Critics' Choice TV Awards: The winners list|access-date=September 5, 2014|date=June 19, 2014|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|author=Atkinson, Kate}}</ref> Ntchito ya Aduba mu nyengo yachiŵiri yikamovwira kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha Best Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series pa 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards na kupika chawanangwa cha Best Supporting Actress pa 72nd Golden Globe Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/|title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Leeds, Sarene|date=January 26, 2015|access-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1|title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Keegan, Rebecca|date=January 26, 2015|access-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvline.com/2014/12/11/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees/ |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |publisher=TVLine |first=Matt Webb |last=Mitovich |date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2014}}</ref> Aduba wakathereska Emmy wachiŵiri pa 67th Primetime Emmy Awards mu 2015, wakathereska chawanangwa cha Best Supporting Actress mu Drama Series. Ivi vikapangiska kuti waŵe mwanakazi wakwamba kuwina Emmy pa ntchito yimoza. Kuchita kwake mu nyengo yachitatu kukamovwiraso kuti wapokere mphotho ya 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards. Aduba wakapokeraso mphaka ya Best Supporting Actress ️ Series, Miniseries or Television Film pa 73rd Golden Globe Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html|title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 10, 2016|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Mu March 2014, Aduba wakachita pa Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards. Wakakolerana na Rachel Bay Jones pakwimba sumu ya "Lily's Eyes" kufuma mu sumu ya The Secret Garden. Mu 2015, Aduba wakachitanga Glinda the Good Witch mu NBC live musical event special The Wiz Live!, kupokera viwemi kufuma ku ŵakususka.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/12/uzo-aduba-the-wiz-live|title=See a Whole New Side of Uzo Aduba in The Wiz Live!|first=Katey|last=Rich|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764|title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132158/http://www.broadwaycares.org/backwards2014 "BROADWAY BACKWARDS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132158/http://www.broadwaycares.org/backwards2014 |date=January 28, 2015 }}. Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS. March 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Gans, Andrew (March 20, 2014). [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 "Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for ''Broadway Backwards''; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance"]. ''[[Playbill]]''.</ref> Aduba wakachita filimu yake yakwamba mu 2015 mu filimu ya nyimbo ya comedy-drama Pearly Gates. Chaka chakulondezgapo, wakawoneska pamoza na Maggie Grace mu seŵero la comedy-drama Showing Roots, ndipo wakawoneska mu Tallulah, Steven Universe, na American Pastoral yakulembeka na Ewan McGregor. Aduba wakachita ntchito yikuru mu filimu ya nyimbo ya My Little Pony: The Movie ya mu 2017, ndipo wakalizganga mazgu gha Queen Novo, mulongozgi wa gulu la hipogriffs/seaponies. Wakagwiraso nchito mu mafilimu ghaŵiri gha Netflix; Candy Jar mu 2018, na Beats mu 2019. Mu chaka cha 2019, Aduba wakachitaso ntchito ya Miss Virginia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2018/05/09/uzo-aduba-films-at-the-capitol-building/|title=Uzo Aduba films at the Capitol Building|last=Polus|first=Sarah|date=May 9, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/matthew-modine-uzo-aduba-miss-virginia-1202741542/|title=Matthew Modine Joins Uzo Aduba in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE)|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2018-04-02|work=Variety|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> === 2020~pano: Nkhani zakudumura na ntchito za ku theatre === Orange Is the New Black yikati yamara, Aduba wakatoleka kuti waŵe ndyali Shirley Chisholm mu Hulu miniseries Mrs. America, pafupi na Cate Blanchett na Sarah Paulson. Chisholm wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa mtundu wa chira uyo wakasoleka na chipani chikuru kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, mwanakazi wakwamba uyo wakasoleka na chipani cha Democratic Party kuŵa pulezidenti, kweniso mwanakazi wakwamba uyo wakawonekera pa nkhani ya pulezidenti wa United States. Nkhani iyi yikamba pa April 15, 2020, ndipo yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na Lupita Nyong'o mu filimu ya HBO Max yakuchemeka Americanah iyo yikalembeka na Danai Gurira. Aduba nayo wakeneranga kuzakaŵa mu nyengo yacinayi ya FX Fargo, kweni wakaleka cifukwa ca "vinthu vinyake vya mbumba".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/|title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series|first1=Nellie|last1=Andreeva|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/|title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series|first1=Denise|last1=Petski|date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> Aduba wakawoneska mu filimu ya romantic drama ya 2020 Really Love. Mu Okutobala 2020, wakasoleka kuŵa dokotala Dr. Brooke Taylor mu nyengo yacinayi ya HBO in Treatment. Mu chaka cha 2021, Aduba wakawonekera pa Broadway mu sewero la Lynn Nottage Clyde's, ndipo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Tony. Pa February 1, 2023, Netflix yikapharazga kuti Aduba wazamuwoneska mu filimu ya Shonda Rhimes yakuchemeka The Residence.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Romero|first=Ariana|title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.'|url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence|work=[[Netflix Tudum]]|date=February 1, 2023|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/|title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love'|first1=Amanda|last1=N'Duka|date=July 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/|title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE)|first1=Justin|last1=Kroll|date=December 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01|title=Mrs. America: Season 1|via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Kuvikilira == Mu mwezi wa Epulero 2017, Aduba wakapokera chawanangwa cha Point Courage Award kufuma ku Point Foundation chifukwa cha wovwiri wake ku chalo cha LGBT.<ref name="globe-5apr2017">{{cite news|last1=Sweeney|first1=Emily|title=Uzo Aduba honored in New York|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/04/04/uzo-aduba-honored-new-york/KHnRtt8NpeNqc0ECq3uX2K/story.html|access-date=April 11, 2017|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=April 5, 2017}}</ref> Mu Juni 2018, Aduba wakaŵa nthumi yakwamba ya Heifer International ku Africa. Wakawona umo Heifer wakakhwaskikira pa maulendo gha ku Uganda mu 2016 na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html|title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty|website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty|language=en|access-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html|archive-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2020, Aduba wakapharazgika kuti ni mweneko ndalama mu timu ya ku Los Angeles, iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Angel City FC, iyo yikwenera kwamba kuseŵera mu National Women's Soccer League mu 2022.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/national-womens-soccer-league-awards-expansion-team-rights-to-los-angeles |title=National Women's Soccer League awards expansion team rights to Los Angeles |publisher=National Women’s Soccer League |date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> ==Ma filimu== ===Filimu=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2015 | ''[[Pearly Gates (film)|Pearly Gates]]'' | Corrie | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 | ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip]]'' | [[Transportation Security Administration|TSA]] Officer |Cameo |- | ''[[Tallulah (film)|Tallulah]]'' |Detective Louisa Kinnie | |- | ''[[American Pastoral (film)|American Pastoral]]'' | Vicky | |- | ''[[Showing Roots]]'' | Pearl | |- |2017 | ''[[My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)|My Little Pony: The Movie]]'' | Queen Novo |Voice |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''[[Candy Jar]]'' | Julia Russell | |- |''[[We Are Boats]]'' |Sir | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | ''[[Beats (2019 American film)|Beats]]'' |Carla Monroe | |- | ''[[Steven Universe: The Movie]]'' |Bismuth |Voice |- | ''[[Miss Virginia (film)|Miss Virginia]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/|title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE)|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2017-11-03|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> |Virginia Walden | |- |2020 | ''[[Really Love (film)|Really Love]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/|title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love'|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2018-07-26|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> |Chenai Hungwe | |- |2021 | ''[[National Champions (film)|National Champions]]'' |Katherine Poe | |- |2022 | ''[[Lightyear (film)|Lightyear]]'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Voice |- | 2023 | ''[[Providence (2023 film)|Providence]]''<ref>[https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/amp/ Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ‘Providence’ From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment]</ref> | {{TableTBA}} |Post-production |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''[[The Supremes at Earl's All-You-Can-Eat]]'' |{{TableTBA}} | Post-production |} ===Pa Tv=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2012 | ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' | Nurse | Episode: "Nightmares" |- | 2013 | ''How to Live Like a Lady'' | Acting Teacher | Television film |- | 2013–2019 | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | [[Crazy Eyes (character)|Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren]] | Recurring role (season 1); main role (seasons 2–7) |- | 2014 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Daughter Dudley | Episode: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]]'' | Herself | Episode: "Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels" |- | ''[[The Wiz Live!]]'' | [[Glinda the Good Witch]] | Television special |- | 2016–2019 | ''[[Steven Universe]]'' | Bismuth | Voice, 9 episodes |- | 2018–2019 | ''[[3Below: Tales of Arcadia]]'' | Officer Kubritz | Voice, 11 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'' | Bismuth | Voice, episode: "Bismuth Casual" |- | ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'' | [[Shirley Chisholm]] | Miniseries |- | rowspan="3" | 2021 | ''[[In Treatment]]'' | Dr. Brooke Taylor | Main role<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor|url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor|access-date=2021-08-11|website=HBO|language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[Solos (TV series)|Solos]]'' | Sasha | Episode: "Sasha"<ref name="Collider">{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More|first=Joshua|last=Lezmi |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]'' |Herself |Episode: "Hair" |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | ''[[Animal (TV series)|Animal]]'' | Narrator | Voice, episode: "Dolphins"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |publisher= [[Netflix]] |title= N series: Animal |access-date= May 8, 2022}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ada Twist, Scientist (TV series)|Ada Twist, Scientist]]'' | Lifeguard | Voice, episode: "Swift The Waves" |- | 2023 | ''[[Painkiller (TV series)|Painkiller]]'' | Edie |Upcoming series |- | TBA | ''[[The Residence (TV series)|The Residence]]'' |Cordelia Cupp |Upcoming series |} == Kupanga pa ŵanthu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006 || ''[[The Seven (play)|The Seven]]'' || Amphiarus || [[New York Theatre Workshop]] |- | 2007 || ''[[Coram Boy (play)|Coram Boy]]'' || Toby || [[Imperial Theatre]] |- | 2008 || ''[[The Seven (play)|The Seven]]'' || Amphiarus || [[La Jolla Playhouse]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Eclipsed (play)|Eclipsed]]'' || Helena || [[Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company]] |- | ''A Civil War Christmas'' || Hannah || [[Huntington Theatre]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Godspell]]'' || Company || [[Circle in the Square Theatre]] |- || ''Prometheus Bound ''|| Io || [[American Repertory Theater]] |- | 2013 || ''[[Venice (musical)|Venice]]'' || Anna Monroe || [[The Public Theater]] |- | 2016 || ''[[The Maids]]'' || Solange || [[Trafalgar Studios]] |- | 2021 || ''[[Clyde's (play)|Clyde's]]'' || Clyde|| [[Hayes Theater|Hayes Theatre]] |} ==Awards and nominations== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ List of awards and nominations. |- !scope="col"|Chaka{{efn|Year in which awards ceremony was held.}} !scope="col"|Wupu !scope="col"|Ntchito !scope="col"|Mtundu !scope="col"|Result |- | [[4th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2014]] | rowspan="3"| [[Critics' Choice Television Award]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series|Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series]] | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[11th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2021]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries|Best Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie]] | ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[12th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2022]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series|Best Actress in a Drama Series]] | ''[[In Treatment]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2016 | [[Glamour Awards]] | Comedy Actress | rowspan="3"| ''Orange Is the New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[72nd Golden Globe Awards|2015]] | rowspan="3"| [[Golden Globe Award]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | {{nom}} |- | [[73rd Golden Globe Awards|2016]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | {{nom}} |- | [[79th Golden Globe Awards|2022]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress – Television Series Drama]] | ''In Treatment'' | {{nom}} |- | [[47th NAACP Image Awards|2015]] | rowspan="5"| [[NAACP Image Awards]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | rowspan="8"| ''Orange Is the New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[47th NAACP Image Awards|2016]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[48th NAACP Image Awards|2017]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[49th NAACP Image Awards|2018]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[49th NAACP Image Awards|2019]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2014]] | rowspan="5" |[[Primetime Emmy Award]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[67th Primetime Emmy Awards|2015]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[69th Primetime Emmy Awards|2017]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[72nd Primetime Emmy Awards|2020]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie]] | ''Mrs. America'' | {{won}} |- | [[73rd Primetime Emmy Awards|2021]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series]] | ''In Treatment'' | {{nom}} |- | [[18th Satellite Awards|2013]] | [[Satellite Awards]] | [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | rowspan="9" |''Orange Is The New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[21st Screen Actors Guild Awards|2015]] | rowspan="8"| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[21st Screen Actors Guild Awards|2015]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2017]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2017]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[24th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2018]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[24th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2018]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[75th Tony Awards|2022]] | [[Tony Award]] | [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play|Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Clyde's (play)|Clyde's]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2022 | [[Outer Critics Circle Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards|url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/|access-date=2022-05-17|website=Outer Critics Circle Awards|language=en}}</ref> | Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play | {{won}} |} ==Vyakulemba== {{noteslist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite journal|title=Aduba, Uzo|journal=Current Biography|date=August 8, 2016|volume=77}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Widdicombe|first1=Lizzie|title=On Ice|magazine=The New Yorker|date=December 7, 2015|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/07/on-ice}} ==External links== {{cc}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{IBDB name|456811}} * {{IOBDB name|31772}} {{Navboxes |title = Awards for Uzo Aduba |list = {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Movie/Miniseries Supporting Actress}} {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series}} {{EmmyAward DramaSupportingActress 2001–2025}} {{EmmyAward MiniseriesSupportingActress}} {{EmmyAward ComedyGuestActress}} {{ScreenActorsGuildAward FemaleTVComedy}} }} {{Angel City FC}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aduba, Uzo}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from Boston]] [[Category:Actresses from Massachusetts]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:Angel City FC owners]] [[Category:Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:American people of Igbo descent]] [[Category:American LGBT rights activists]] [[Category:Igbo actresses]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:People from Medfield, Massachusetts]] [[Category:African-American actresses]] 9r1wkamx4oy6n8h66o52xisjryrkyl0 122716 122714 2026-09-28T03:39:10Z KiranBOT 9970 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 122716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|American actress}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox person |name = Uzo Aduba |image = Uzo Aduba 2014 (cropped).jpg |caption = Aduba mu 2014 |birth_name = Uzoamaka Nwanneka Aduba |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|2|10}} |birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S. |education = [[Boston University]] ([[Bachelor of Music|BM]]) |occupation = Actress |years_active = 2003–present |spouse = {{marriage|Robert Sweeting|2020}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/tv/uzo-aduba-secretly-married-robert-sweeting-in-2020/|title=Surprise! OITNB's Uzo Aduba Secretly Married Filmmaker Robert Sweeting in 2020|work=People|first1=Dory|last1=Jackson|first2=Julie|last2=Jordan|date=September 12, 2021|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> }} '''Uzoamaka Nwanneka "Uzo" Aduba''' {{Audio|Ig-Ụzọamaka Nwanneka Aduba.ogg|(listen)|help=no}}<ref name=rtd>{{cite web | url = http://www.reviewingthedrama.com/2012/03/godspell-talk-back-uzo-aduba.html | title = Godspell Talk Back – Uzo Aduba | publisher = Reviewing The Drama | date = March 26, 2012}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|uː|z|oʊ|_|ə|ˈ|d|uː|b|ə}}; kubabika pa Febuluwale 10, 1981<ref>{{cite news|title=UPI Almanac for Monday, Feb. 10, 2020|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/02/10/UPI-Almanac-for-Monday-Feb-10-2020/4651581213315/|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=October 18, 2021|work=United Press International|quote=actor Uzo Aduba in 1981 (age 39)}}</ref>) ni mwanakazi wa ku [[America]]. Wakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha udindo wake wa Suzanne [["Crazy Eyes"]] Warren pa Netflix original series [[Orange Is the New Black]] (2013  2019), chifukwa cha icho wakapokera Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series mu 2014, Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series mu 2015, na SAG Awards ziŵiri za Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series mu 2014 na 2015. Ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera awo ŵali kupokera Emmy Award mu vigaŵa vya comedy na drama pa mulimo umoza.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uzo Aduba Watch 'OITNB' actress speak Igbo, reveal her favourite Nigerian dish|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/uzo-aduba-watch-oitnb-actress-speak-igbo-reveal-her-favourite-nigerian-dish-id4619100.html|website=Pulse.ng|date=January 28, 2016|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|access-date=January 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129090939/http://pulse.ng/movies/uzo-aduba-watch-oitnb-actress-speak-igbo-reveal-her-favourite-nigerian-dish-id4619100.html|archive-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> Mu 2020, Aduba wakachita Shirley Chisholm mu Hulu miniseries Mrs. America, iyo wakapokera Emmy Award ya Best Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie na Critics' Choice Television Award ya Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries. Aduba wali kuwoneka mu mafilimu nga American Pastoral (2016), My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Candy Jar (2018), Miss Virginia (2019), na Lightyear (2022). Mu 2021, wakawoneska mu sewero la Lynn Nottage la Clyde's pa Broadway ilo wakapokera Tony Award ya Best Featured Actress mu Play nomination. == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Uzo Aduba wakababikira ku [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ku ŵapapi ŵa ku [[Nigeria]], ndipo wakakulira ku [[Medfield, Massachusetts]]. Wakamalizga masambiro ghake ku Medfield High School mu 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medfield.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/medfield-native-uzo-aduba-attends-white-house-correspondents-dinner |title=Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner |publisher=medfield.patch.com |date=May 5, 2014}}</ref> Wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Boston, uko wakasambiranga sumu za sumu na kuchimbira. Iyo wakuchema mbumba yake kuti "mbumba ya maseŵero". Munung'una wake, Obi, wakaseŵera hockey pa University of Massachusetts Amherst na nyengo zinkhondi na yimoza mwa maseŵera agha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=77818 |title=Obi Aduba player profile |publisher=hockeydb.com }}</ref> ==Ntchito== === Maudindo ghakwambilira === Aduba wakamba kumanyikwa mu 2003, apo wakachitanga mu filimu ya Translations of Xhosa pa Olney Theatre Center for the Arts ndipo wakapika Helen Hayes Award ya Best Supporting Actress mu Play.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://theatrewashington.org/find-hha-nominees?field_award_year_value_many_to_one%5B%5D=2004&field_award_winner_value_many_to_one=All&field_award_category_value=&field_award_theater_name_value=&field_award_show_title_value=&field_nominee_first_name_value=&field_nominee_last_name_value=&page=full | title = Outstanding Supporting Actress, Resident Play – 2004 | publisher = Awards and nominations Theatre Washington | access-date = October 27, 2013 | archive-date = October 8, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201008202607/http://theatrewashington.org/find-hha-nominees?field_award_year_value_many_to_one%5B%5D=2004&field_award_winner_value_many_to_one=All&field_award_category_value=&field_award_theater_name_value=&field_award_show_title_value=&field_nominee_first_name_value=&field_nominee_last_name_value=&page=full | url-status = dead }}</ref> Mu 2006, wakachita Amphiarus mu The Seven ku New York Theatre Workshop ndipo kachiŵiri mu 2008 ku La Jolla Playhouse. Mu 2007, wakachita chiwonetsero chake chakwamba pa Broadway, wakaseŵeranga Toby mu filimu ya Helen Edmundson ya Coram Boy pa Imperial Theatre. Mu 2011, wakawimba sumu yakuti "By My Side" mu filimu ya Godspell. Wakamba kuwonekera pa TV mu 2012 apo wakaŵa nesi pa TV ya Blue Bloods. Aduba wakachitaso Anna, mama wa munthu uyo wakaŵa na udindo mu Venice pa The Public Theater ku New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theater.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/theater/reviews/venice-by-eric-rosen-and-matt-sax-teems-with-action.html |title=Of Shakespeare and Superheroes|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| first = Ben | last = Brantley | date = June 15, 2013 |access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |title=Venice, review, Off-Broadway, New York Theatre |publisher=newyorktheatreguide.com |access-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/reviews/venice13.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===2013–2019: ''Orange Is the New Black''=== [[File:American Pastoral PC 13 (29777111985).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aduba pa kuwonekera kakwamba kwa American Pastoral pa Toronto Film Festival 2016]] Mu 2013, Aduba wakamba kuzunura Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren mu Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black. Apo ŵakamupanga, Aduba wakati: Nkhajipeleka kuti niŵepo pa ungano uwu kuumaliro wa Julayi panji kukwambilira kwa Ogasiti mu 2012. Mu cihanya ici, nkhalutanga ku maungano kuti nkhawone vinandi pa TV na mafilimu. Nkhaŵazga malemba ghanandi ndipo nkhukumbuka kuti nkhaŵazga Orange Is the New Black, ndipo yikaŵa pakwamba pa mabuku ghose. Nkhukumbuka kuti nkhaghanaghananga kuti, 'Ici nchiwemi comene, nane ningatemwa kuŵa mu gulu ili.' Nkhaluta ku maudindo ghanyake, ndipo ŵantchito ŵane ŵakanichema pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza. Ŵakati: "Tili na makani ghawemi. Kasi mukukumbuka ivyo mukacita apo mukawoneleranga filimu ya Orange Is the New Black? Mukapulikiska yayi". Nkhati, "Ipo nkhani yiwemi ni nji?" Ŵakaniphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kunipako ciphalizgo cinyake, Crazy Eyes. Nkhajifumbanga kuti, "Kasi nchivici ico cikupangiska munthu munyake kughanaghana kuti ningaŵa wakwenelera kucita mulimo wa Crazy Eyes?" Kweni kuti niyowoye unenesko, apo nkhapokera nkhani iyi, nkhawona kuti yikukolerana. Jennifer Euston, uyo ni director wa casting, wakalongosora umo Aduba wakasankhikira: "Uzo Aduba...wakaŵa na sisi lakuvwara makora chomene. Ŵakawona cinthu cinyake cakuziziswa mwa iyo ndipo ŵakakolerana na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mu Crazy Eyes". Apo wakaŵa mu seŵero ili, Aduba wakapokera kadi lake la Screen Actors Guild, ndipo wakati: "Nkhaghanaghananga kuti, 'Wow, ichi chikung'anamura kuti sono ndine mwanakazi wakuchita maseŵero gha kuvina.' Nkhakondwa comene, ndipo nkhukumbuka kuti nkhakondwa comene". Aduba wali kupika mbiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya "Crazy Eyes", kuwina Best Guest Actress mu Comedy Series pa 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards na Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series pa 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards. Wakasoleka kuŵa Best Supporting Actress pa 18th Satellite Awards chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita mu nyengo yakwamba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/25/showbiz/primetime-emmy-awards-winners-2014/|title=Primetime Emmy Awards 2014: The winners list|date=August 26, 2014|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-international-press-academy-announces-nominations-for-the-18th-annual-satellite-awards-234075351.html|title=The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards|access-date=September 5, 2014|date=December 2, 2013|agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/06/19/critics-choice-television-awards-winners-2/|title=Critics' Choice TV Awards: The winners list|access-date=September 5, 2014|date=June 19, 2014|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|author=Atkinson, Kate}}</ref> Ntchito ya Aduba mu nyengo yachiŵiri yikamovwira kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha Best Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series pa 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards na kupika chawanangwa cha Best Supporting Actress pa 72nd Golden Globe Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/01/26/sag-awards-the-complete-2015-winners-list/|title=SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Leeds, Sarene|date=January 26, 2015|access-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sag-main-20150126-story.html#page=1|title=SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Keegan, Rebecca|date=January 26, 2015|access-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvline.com/2014/12/11/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees/ |title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods |publisher=TVLine |first=Matt Webb |last=Mitovich |date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2014}}</ref> Aduba wakathereska Emmy wachiŵiri pa 67th Primetime Emmy Awards mu 2015, wakathereska chawanangwa cha Best Supporting Actress mu Drama Series. Ivi vikapangiska kuti waŵe mwanakazi wakwamba kuwina Emmy pa ntchito yimoza. Kuchita kwake mu nyengo yachitatu kukamovwiraso kuti wapokere mphotho ya 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards. Aduba wakapokeraso mphaka ya Best Supporting Actress ️ Series, Miniseries or Television Film pa 73rd Golden Globe Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2016-nominees-winners-list-story.html|title=Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 10, 2016|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Mu March 2014, Aduba wakachita pa Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards. Wakakolerana na Rachel Bay Jones pakwimba sumu ya "Lily's Eyes" kufuma mu sumu ya The Secret Garden. Mu 2015, Aduba wakachitanga Glinda the Good Witch mu NBC live musical event special The Wiz Live!, kupokera viwemi kufuma ku ŵakususka.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/12/uzo-aduba-the-wiz-live|title=See a Whole New Side of Uzo Aduba in The Wiz Live!|first=Katey|last=Rich|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wiz-live-uzo-adubas-gold-845764|title='The Wiz Live!': Uzo Aduba's Gold Costume Was Everything|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132158/http://www.broadwaycares.org/backwards2014 "BROADWAY BACKWARDS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132158/http://www.broadwaycares.org/backwards2014 |date=January 28, 2015 }}. Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS. March 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Gans, Andrew (March 20, 2014). [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/uzo-aduba-and-rachel-bay-jones-join-lineup-for-broadway-backwards-rush-tick-216251 "Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for ''Broadway Backwards''; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance"]. ''[[Playbill]]''.</ref> Aduba wakachita filimu yake yakwamba mu 2015 mu filimu ya nyimbo ya comedy-drama Pearly Gates. Chaka chakulondezgapo, wakawoneska pamoza na Maggie Grace mu seŵero la comedy-drama Showing Roots, ndipo wakawoneska mu Tallulah, Steven Universe, na American Pastoral yakulembeka na Ewan McGregor. Aduba wakachita ntchito yikuru mu filimu ya nyimbo ya My Little Pony: The Movie ya mu 2017, ndipo wakalizganga mazgu gha Queen Novo, mulongozgi wa gulu la hipogriffs/seaponies. Wakagwiraso nchito mu mafilimu ghaŵiri gha Netflix; Candy Jar mu 2018, na Beats mu 2019. Mu chaka cha 2019, Aduba wakachitaso ntchito ya Miss Virginia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2018/05/09/uzo-aduba-films-at-the-capitol-building/|title=Uzo Aduba films at the Capitol Building|last=Polus|first=Sarah|date=May 9, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/matthew-modine-uzo-aduba-miss-virginia-1202741542/|title=Matthew Modine Joins Uzo Aduba in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE)|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2018-04-02|work=Variety|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> === 2020~pano: Nkhani zakudumura na ntchito za ku theatre === Orange Is the New Black yikati yamara, Aduba wakatoleka kuti waŵe ndyali Shirley Chisholm mu Hulu miniseries Mrs. America, pafupi na Cate Blanchett na Sarah Paulson. Chisholm wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa mtundu wa chira uyo wakasoleka na chipani chikuru kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, mwanakazi wakwamba uyo wakasoleka na chipani cha Democratic Party kuŵa pulezidenti, kweniso mwanakazi wakwamba uyo wakawonekera pa nkhani ya pulezidenti wa United States. Nkhani iyi yikamba pa April 15, 2020, ndipo yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na Lupita Nyong'o mu filimu ya HBO Max yakuchemeka Americanah iyo yikalembeka na Danai Gurira. Aduba nayo wakeneranga kuzakaŵa mu nyengo yacinayi ya FX Fargo, kweni wakaleka cifukwa ca "vinthu vinyake vya mbumba".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/fargo-uzo-aduba-cast-season-4-fx-anthology-series-1202731720/|title='Fargo': Uzo Aduba To Co-Star In Season 4 Of FX Anthology Series|first1=Nellie|last1=Andreeva|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/fargo-karen-aldridge-season-4-fx-series-1202813288/|title='Fargo': Karen Aldridge Joins Season 4 Of FX Series|first1=Denise|last1=Petski|date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> Aduba wakawoneska mu filimu ya romantic drama ya 2020 Really Love. Mu Okutobala 2020, wakasoleka kuŵa dokotala Dr. Brooke Taylor mu nyengo yacinayi ya HBO in Treatment. Mu chaka cha 2021, Aduba wakawonekera pa Broadway mu sewero la Lynn Nottage Clyde's, ndipo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Tony. Pa February 1, 2023, Netflix yikapharazga kuti Aduba wazamuwoneska mu filimu ya Shonda Rhimes yakuchemeka The Residence.''<ref>{{cite web|last=Romero|first=Ariana|title=Uzo Aduba to Crack the Case of Murder Mystery 'The Residence.'|url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/shonda-rhimes-uzo-aduba-the-residence|work=[[Netflix Tudum]]|date=February 1, 2023|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|title=Uzo Aduba To Star In HBO's 'In Treatment' Which Is Officially A Go For Season 4|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/in-treatment-new-season-uzo-aduba-hbo-1234604221/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/|title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love'|first1=Amanda|last1=N'Duka|date=July 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/uzo-aduba-americanah-lupita-nyongo-1203445744/|title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba Joins Lupita Nyong'o in HBO Max Series 'Americanah' (EXCLUSIVE)|first1=Justin|last1=Kroll|date=December 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/mrs_america/s01|title=Mrs. America: Season 1|via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Kuvikilira == Mu mwezi wa Epulero 2017, Aduba wakapokera chawanangwa cha Point Courage Award kufuma ku Point Foundation chifukwa cha wovwiri wake ku chalo cha LGBT.<ref name="globe-5apr2017">{{cite news|last1=Sweeney|first1=Emily|title=Uzo Aduba honored in New York|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2017/04/04/uzo-aduba-honored-new-york/KHnRtt8NpeNqc0ECq3uX2K/story.html|access-date=April 11, 2017|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=April 5, 2017}}</ref> Mu Juni 2018, Aduba wakaŵa nthumi yakwamba ya Heifer International ku Africa. Wakawona umo Heifer wakakhwaskikira pa maulendo gha ku Uganda mu 2016 na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html|title=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International's First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty|website=Uzo Aduba Announced as Heifer International’s First Ever Celebrity Ambassador to Africa {{!}} Heifer International {{!}} Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty|language=en|access-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050251/https://heifer.org/about-heifer/press/press-releases/2018/uzo-aduba-announced-as-heifer-internationals--first-ever-celebrity-ambassador-to-africa.html|archive-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2020, Aduba wakapharazgika kuti ni mweneko ndalama mu timu ya ku Los Angeles, iyo yikamanyikwa kuti Angel City FC, iyo yikwenera kwamba kuseŵera mu National Women's Soccer League mu 2022.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/article/national-womens-soccer-league-awards-expansion-team-rights-to-los-angeles |title=National Women's Soccer League awards expansion team rights to Los Angeles |publisher=National Women’s Soccer League |date=July 21, 2020 |access-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> ==Ma filimu== ===Filimu=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2015 | ''[[Pearly Gates (film)|Pearly Gates]]'' | Corrie | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 | ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip]]'' | [[Transportation Security Administration|TSA]] Officer |Cameo |- | ''[[Tallulah (film)|Tallulah]]'' |Detective Louisa Kinnie | |- | ''[[American Pastoral (film)|American Pastoral]]'' | Vicky | |- | ''[[Showing Roots]]'' | Pearl | |- |2017 | ''[[My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)|My Little Pony: The Movie]]'' | Queen Novo |Voice |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''[[Candy Jar]]'' | Julia Russell | |- |''[[We Are Boats]]'' |Sir | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | ''[[Beats (2019 American film)|Beats]]'' |Carla Monroe | |- | ''[[Steven Universe: The Movie]]'' |Bismuth |Voice |- | ''[[Miss Virginia (film)|Miss Virginia]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/uzo-aduba-drama-miss-virginia-1202605483/|title='Orange Is the New Black's' Uzo Aduba to Star in Drama 'Miss Virginia' (EXCLUSIVE)|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2017-11-03|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> |Virginia Walden | |- |2020 | ''[[Really Love (film)|Really Love]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/uzo-aduba-naturi-naughton-yootha-wong-loi-sing-macro-really-love-movie-1202434493/|title=Uzo Aduba, Naturi Naughton, Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing & More Round Out Cast For MACRO's 'Really Love'|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2018-07-26|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> |Chenai Hungwe | |- |2021 | ''[[National Champions (film)|National Champions]]'' |Katherine Poe | |- |2022 | ''[[Lightyear (film)|Lightyear]]'' |Alisha Hawthorne |Voice |- | 2023 | ''[[Providence (2023 film)|Providence]]''<ref>[https://deadline.com/2022/05/simon-rex-uzo-aduba-jim-gaffigan-providence-limelight-and-boies-schiller-entertainment-1235021942/ Simon Rex, Uzo Aduba, Jim Gaffigan Among Those Rounding Out All-Star Cast Of Comedy ‘Providence’ From Limelight And Boies Schiller Entertainment]</ref> | {{TableTBA}} |Post-production |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''[[The Supremes at Earl's All-You-Can-Eat]]'' |{{TableTBA}} | Post-production |} ===Pa Tv=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2012 | ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' | Nurse | Episode: "Nightmares" |- | 2013 | ''How to Live Like a Lady'' | Acting Teacher | Television film |- | 2013–2019 | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | [[Crazy Eyes (character)|Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren]] | Recurring role (season 1); main role (seasons 2–7) |- | 2014 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Daughter Dudley | Episode: "Woody Harrelson/Kendrick Lamar" |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]]'' | Herself | Episode: "Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels" |- | ''[[The Wiz Live!]]'' | [[Glinda the Good Witch]] | Television special |- | 2016–2019 | ''[[Steven Universe]]'' | Bismuth | Voice, 9 episodes |- | 2018–2019 | ''[[3Below: Tales of Arcadia]]'' | Officer Kubritz | Voice, 11 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'' | Bismuth | Voice, episode: "Bismuth Casual" |- | ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'' | [[Shirley Chisholm]] | Miniseries |- | rowspan="3" | 2021 | ''[[In Treatment]]'' | Dr. Brooke Taylor | Main role<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Treatment - Dr. Brooke Taylor|url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/dr-brooke-taylor|access-date=2021-08-11|website=HBO|language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[Solos (TV series)|Solos]]'' | Sasha | Episode: "Sasha"<ref name="Collider">{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/solos-amazon-anne-hathaway-anthony-mackie-morgan-freeman/ |title='Solos,' Amazon's New Anthology Series, Debuts New Images with Anne Hathaway, Anthony Mackie, and More|first=Joshua|last=Lezmi |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]'' |Herself |Episode: "Hair" |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | ''[[Animal (TV series)|Animal]]'' | Narrator | Voice, episode: "Dolphins"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.netflix.com/title/81145024 |publisher= [[Netflix]] |title= N series: Animal |access-date= May 8, 2022}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ada Twist, Scientist (TV series)|Ada Twist, Scientist]]'' | Lifeguard | Voice, episode: "Swift The Waves" |- | 2023 | ''[[Painkiller (TV series)|Painkiller]]'' | Edie |Upcoming series |- | TBA | ''[[The Residence (TV series)|The Residence]]'' |Cordelia Cupp |Upcoming series |} == Kupanga pa ŵanthu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Luwande ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006 || ''[[The Seven (play)|The Seven]]'' || Amphiarus || [[New York Theatre Workshop]] |- | 2007 || ''[[Coram Boy (play)|Coram Boy]]'' || Toby || [[Imperial Theatre]] |- | 2008 || ''[[The Seven (play)|The Seven]]'' || Amphiarus || [[La Jolla Playhouse]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Eclipsed (play)|Eclipsed]]'' || Helena || [[Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company]] |- | ''A Civil War Christmas'' || Hannah || [[Huntington Theatre]] |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Godspell]]'' || Company || [[Circle in the Square Theatre]] |- || ''Prometheus Bound ''|| Io || [[American Repertory Theater]] |- | 2013 || ''[[Venice (musical)|Venice]]'' || Anna Monroe || [[The Public Theater]] |- | 2016 || ''[[The Maids]]'' || Solange || [[Trafalgar Studios]] |- | 2021 || ''[[Clyde's (play)|Clyde's]]'' || Clyde|| [[Hayes Theater|Hayes Theatre]] |} ==Awards and nominations== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ List of awards and nominations. |- !scope="col"|Chaka{{efn|Year in which awards ceremony was held.}} !scope="col"|Wupu !scope="col"|Ntchito !scope="col"|Mtundu !scope="col"|Result |- | [[4th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2014]] | rowspan="3"| [[Critics' Choice Television Award]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series|Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series]] | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[11th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2021]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries|Best Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie]] | ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[12th Critics' Choice Television Awards|2022]] | [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series|Best Actress in a Drama Series]] | ''[[In Treatment]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2016 | [[Glamour Awards]] | Comedy Actress | rowspan="3"| ''Orange Is the New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[72nd Golden Globe Awards|2015]] | rowspan="3"| [[Golden Globe Award]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | {{nom}} |- | [[73rd Golden Globe Awards|2016]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | {{nom}} |- | [[79th Golden Globe Awards|2022]] | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress – Television Series Drama]] | ''In Treatment'' | {{nom}} |- | [[47th NAACP Image Awards|2015]] | rowspan="5"| [[NAACP Image Awards]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | rowspan="8"| ''Orange Is the New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[47th NAACP Image Awards|2016]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[48th NAACP Image Awards|2017]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[49th NAACP Image Awards|2018]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[49th NAACP Image Awards|2019]] | [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2014]] | rowspan="5" |[[Primetime Emmy Award]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[67th Primetime Emmy Awards|2015]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[69th Primetime Emmy Awards|2017]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[72nd Primetime Emmy Awards|2020]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie]] | ''Mrs. America'' | {{won}} |- | [[73rd Primetime Emmy Awards|2021]] | [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series]] | ''In Treatment'' | {{nom}} |- | [[18th Satellite Awards|2013]] | [[Satellite Awards]] | [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] | rowspan="9" |''Orange Is The New Black'' | {{nom}} |- | [[21st Screen Actors Guild Awards|2015]] | rowspan="8"| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[21st Screen Actors Guild Awards|2015]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2016]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2017]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards|2017]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{won}} |- | [[24th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2018]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[24th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2018]] | [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series]] | {{nom}} |- | [[75th Tony Awards|2022]] | [[Tony Award]] | [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play|Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Clyde's (play)|Clyde's]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2022 | [[Outer Critics Circle Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=71st Outer Critics Circle Awards|url=https://outercritics.org/2022/05/17/occ-2021-2022-award-winners/|access-date=2022-05-17|website=Outer Critics Circle Awards|language=en}}</ref> | Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play | {{won}} |} ==Vyakulemba== {{noteslist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite journal|title=Aduba, Uzo|journal=Current Biography|date=August 8, 2016|volume=77}} *{{cite magazine|last1=Widdicombe|first1=Lizzie|title=On Ice|magazine=The New Yorker|date=December 7, 2015|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/12/07/on-ice}} ==External links== {{cc}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{IBDB name|456811}} * {{IOBDB name|31772}} {{Navboxes |title = Awards for Uzo Aduba |list = {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Movie/Miniseries Supporting Actress}} {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series}} {{EmmyAward DramaSupportingActress 2001–2025}} {{EmmyAward MiniseriesSupportingActress}} {{EmmyAward ComedyGuestActress}} {{ScreenActorsGuildAward FemaleTVComedy}} }} {{Angel City FC}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aduba, Uzo}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from Boston]] [[Category:Actresses from Massachusetts]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:Angel City FC owners]] [[Category:Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:American people of Igbo descent]] [[Category:American LGBT rights activists]] [[Category:Igbo actresses]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:People from Medfield, Massachusetts]] [[Category:African-American actresses]] o4u21vxq1yt5h8hpgwa6nqbn556426z 0 41344 122675 119312 2026-09-28T03:01:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country spanning Europe and Asia}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022|cs1-dates=l}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Wupu wa Russia | common_name = Russia | linking_name = Russia | native_name = {{native name|ru|Российская Федерация}} | image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|{{lang|ru|Государственный гимн Российской Федерации}}}}<br />{{transliteration|ru|Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Russian Federation]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Russia (2000), instrumental, one verse.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - All Territorial Disputes.svg|frameless]]|Show globe (incl. claimed and disputed territories){{Efn|[[Crimea]], which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014, remains [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|internationally recognised]] as a part of Ukraine.<ref name="dispute">{{cite web |last=Pifer |first=Steven |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/ |title=Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation |publisher=[[Brookings Institute]] |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed]]—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|internationally recognised]] as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost [[Kuril Islands]] have been the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.<ref name="chapple-2019" />}}|[[File:Map of Russia-en.svg|frameless]]|Show region with labels|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Moscow]] | coordinates = {{Coord|55|45|21|N|37|37|02|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official and national language | languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Russian">{{cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=Joan F. |title=Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation |jstor=43669126 |journal=Russian Language Journal |pages=25–36 |volume=56 |year=2006 |publisher=American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS}}</ref> | languages2_type = {{nobold|Recognised regional languages}} | languages2 = See [[Languages of Russia#Official languages|Languages of Russia § Official languages]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 71.7% [[Russians|Russian]] | 3.2% [[Tatars|Tatar]] | 1.1% [[Chechens|Chechen]] | 1.1% [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] | 22.9% [[Ethnic groups in Russia|other]] or not reported }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2021, including Russia and Crimea | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=EthnicGroups2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> | demonym = Russian | government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[semi-presidential]] [[republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref name="Krzywdzinski">{{cite book | author = Martin Krzywdzinski |year= 2020 | title = Consent and Control in the Authoritarian Workplace: Russia and China Compared | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | pages = 252– | isbn = 978-0-19-252902-2 | oclc = 1026492383 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gz5MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|quote=''officially a democratic state with the rule of law, in practice an authoritarian dictatorship''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Russia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report | website=Freedom House | date=2019-07-20 | url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2023 | access-date=2023-04-17}}</ref><ref name="cia"/><ref name="authoritarianness"/> <!--- Before adding [[Dominant-party system]] here, discuss in the talk page, additions before any consensus will be challenged and removed. ---> | leader_title1 = [[President of Russia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mikhail Mishustin]] | legislature = [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]] | upper_house = [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] | lower_house = [[State Duma]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Russia|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Kievan Rus']]}} | established_date1 = 879 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Vladimir-Suzdal]]}} | established_date2 = 1157 | established_event3 = [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Grand Duchy of<br>Moscow]] | established_date3 = 1263 | established_event4 = [[Tsardom of Russia]] | established_date4 = 16 January 1547 | established_event5 = [[Russian Empire]] | established_date5 = 2 November 1721 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[February Revolution|Monarchy abolished]]}} | established_date6 = 15 March 1917 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet Union]]}} | established_date7 = 30 December 1922 | established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Declaration of State<br>Sovereignty]]}} | established_date8 = 12 June 1990 | established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Belovezha Accords|Russian Federation]]}} | established_date9 = 12 December 1991 | established_event10 = [[Constitution of Russia|Current constitution]] | established_date10 = 12 December 1993 | established_event11 = [[Union State|Union State formed]] | established_date11 = 8 December 1999 | area_km2 = 17,098,246 | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |title=World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> (within internationally recognised borders) {{convert|17,234,028|km2|abbr=on}} (including claimed territories) | area_rank = 1st | percent_water = 13<ref name=gen>{{cite web |title=The Russian federation: general characteristics |url=http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064121/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R |archive-date=28 July 2011 |website=Federal State Statistics Service |access-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (including swamps) | population_estimate = {{plainlist| * {{IncreaseNeutral}} 147,182,123 ([[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]])<ref name="census2021">Including 2,482,450 people living on the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]] {{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul# |script-title=ru:Том 1. Численность и размещение населения |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=3 September 2022 |title=— |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707195807/https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |archive-date=7 July 2023}}</ref> * {{nowrap|(including Crimea)<ref name="gks.ru-popul">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2022_Site.xls |format=XLS |script-title=ru:Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2022 года и в среднем за 2021 год |trans-title=Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2022 and on the average for 2021 |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=30 January 2022 |title=— |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324230246/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2022_Site.xls |archive-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>}} * {{IncreaseNeutral}} 144,699,673 * (excluding Crimea)<ref name="gks.ru-popul"/>}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 9th | population_density_km2 = 8.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 21.5 | population_density_rank = 181st | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $4.771 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $33,263<ref name="IMFWEORU"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $2.215 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $15,444<ref name="IMFWEORU"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> | HDI = 0.822<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 52nd | currency = [[Russian ruble|Ruble]] ([[₽]]) | currency_code = RUB | utc_offset = +2 to +12 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Russia|+7]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ru]]|[[.рф]]}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="auto">https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/russia/</ref><ref name="ArenaAtlas2012">{{cite web|title=Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей|trans-title=Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities|year=2012|publisher=Среда (Sreda)|url=https://docviewer.yandex.com/view/0/?*=rvAv5PGTc%2Fw%2BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%3D%3D&page=1|format=PDF}} See also the results' '''[http://sreda.org/arena main interactive mapping]''' and the static mappings: {{cite map|title=Religions in Russia by federal subject|journal=Ogonek|volume=34|issue=5243|date=27 August 2012|url=http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg|archive-date=21 April 2017}} The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the [http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=census All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010)], the [http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=minust Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ)], the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: {{cite journal|title=Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей|trans-title=Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities|url=http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej|journal=Russian Journal|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space;|{{Tree list}} * 69.4% [[Christianity in Russia|Christianity]] ** 63% [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]<ref name="auto"/> ** 6.4% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}}|16.7% [[Irreligion in Russia|unaffiliated/no answer]]|6.5% [[Islam in Russia|Islam]]{{efn|name=ArenaAtlasIslam}}|2.4% [[Religion in Russia|other]] (including [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/327646-kalmykia-buddhism-russia |title=Check out Russia's Kalmykia: The only region in Europe where Buddhism rules the roost |last=Shevchenko |first=Nikolay |date=February 21, 2018 |website=[[Russia Beyond]] |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref>|5% atheism}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy|title=Russia - Soviet Union Dissolution, Privatization Process, and Economic Hardship &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> }} '''Russia''' ({{Lang-ru|Россия|Rossiya}}, {{IPA-ru|rɐˈsʲijə| }}), panji kuti '''Wupu wa Russia''',<!-- Both names are equally official - see: [[Talk:Russia/Archive 12#Equality of the names]]. -->{{efn|{{lang-rus|Российская Федерация|r=Rossiyskaya Federatsiya|p=rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə|links=yes}}}} ni charu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Europe]] na kumpoto kwa [[Asia]]. Ni caru cikuru comene pa caru capasi, ndipo cikupanga cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza pa vigaŵa vyose vya caru capasi. Charu cha Russia chili na vigaŵa 11 vya nyengo ndipo chili na vyaru 14. Ni caru cacinkhondi na cinayi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose ndiposo caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Europe. Msumba ukuru wa Russia ni [[Moscow]]. Msumba wa [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene wa Russia. Malo ghanyake ghakurughakuru mu charu ichi ni [[Novosibirsk]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Kazan]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Ufa]], na [[Krasnodar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/|title=Russia: Federal Districts and Major Cities|work=citypopulation.de|accessdate=2026-01-18}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slav ŵakamba kukhala ku Europe pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 300 na 800 C.E. Boma lakwamba la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[East Slavic]], la Kievan Rus', likaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ndipo mu 988, likamba kugomezga Chikhristu cha Orthodox kufuma ku [[Ufumu wa Byzantium]]. Paumaliro, caru ca Russia cikamara, ndipo u[[fumu wa Grand Duchy]] wa [[Moscow]] ukakura na kuzgoka Ufumu wa Russia. Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu cha Russia chikakura chomene chifukwa cha kuthereska ŵanthu na kuŵawukira. Ndipouli, apo ku Russia kukawuka vivulupi mu 1917, muwuso wa ufumu wa Russia ukamara ndipo pamasinda SFSR yikamba kulamulira. Pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo ya ku Russia]], [[Soviet Socialist Socialist Republic of Russia]] yikambiska Soviet Union pamoza na vyaru vinyake vitatu vya Soviet Union. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, [[Soviet Union]] yikasuzgika chomene na vinthu vya m'ma 1930. Apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikambanga, charu cha Russia chikamba kuphalizgana na charu cha [[United States]] kuti chiŵe na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa charu chose. Mu 1991, boma la Russia SFSR likafuma mu wupu wa Soviet Union. Dango liphya likapelekeka, ilo likakhazikiska muwuso wa boma. Kufuma waka apo vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikambira, boma la Russia likuwusika na Vladimir Putin. Russia wali kunjilirapo pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikacitika mu nyengo ya Soviet Union, kusazgapo kupoka Crimea mu 2014 kufuma ku Ukraine. Pa caru cose, caru ca Russia nchakutowa comene pa nkhani ya demokilase, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na wanangwa wa vyalo. Charu cha Russia chili pa nambara 11 pa nkhani ya GDP. Vinthu vyakununkhira na nkhongono ivyo charu ichi chili navyo ni vikuru comene pa caru cose, ndipo mafuta na gasi ivyo vikusangika mu caru ici ni vyakuzirwa comene. Pa caru cose, caru ca Russia cili na vilwero vya nyukiliya vinandi comene, ndipo ni cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na vilwero vya nkhondo vinandi. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council; nchigaŵa ca G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, na WTO; ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca mawupu agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pa Soviet Union nga ni CIS, CSTO, na Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Ku Russia kuli malo 30 agho ghali kulembeka na wupu wa UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu. ==Kwiza kwa zina== {{Main|Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia}} Zina lakuti Russia lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachilatini lakuti Rus' ilo likung'anamura charu icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku East Slavs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Webster's II New College Dictionary. |url=https://archive.org/details/webstersiinewcol00unse |date=1999 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |location=Boston |isbn=978-0395962145 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/webstersiinewcol00unse/page/n995 970]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuchkin|first=V. A.|title=|publisher=Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir|year=2014|editor-last=Melnikova|editor-first=E. A.|location=Moscow|pages=700–701|language=ru|script-title=ru:Древняя Русь в средневековом мире|trans-title=Old Rus' in the medieval world|script-chapter=ru:Русская земля|trans-chapter=Russian land|editor-last2=Petrukhina|editor-first2=V. Ya.}}</ref> Mu mabuku gha mdauko wa mazuŵa ghano, boma ili likuchemeka Kiev Rus' chifukwa cha msumba wake ukuru. Zina lakuti Rus' likufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Russia, awo ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Scandinavia awo ŵakafuma ku nyanja ya Baltic na kwamba kukhala ku Novgorod, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakambiska boma la Kiev. Zina linyake la Cilatini ilo likazunulika kuti Rus' likaŵa Ruthenia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nazarenko |first=Aleksandr Vasilevich|author-link=Aleksandr Nazarenko|script-title=ru:Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX–XII веков |year=2001 |publisher=Languages of the Rus' culture |isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1 |pages=40, 42–45, 49–50 |chapter=1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI–XII века)|trans-title=Old Rus' on international routes: interdisciplinary essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th–12th centuries |language=ru|trans-chapter=The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries)|chapter-url=http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> Mu Chirasha, zina la lero la charu ichi, Россия (Rossiya), likufuma ku zina la Chigiriki la Byzantine la Rus', Ρωσία (Rosía). Zina lakuti Rus' (Росия) lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachigiriki ndipo likasangika mu 1387. Kweni likamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mu Chirasha muli mazgu ghaŵiri agho ghakung'anamulika kuti "ŴaciRussian" mu Cingelezi kuti: Russian (russkiye), agho ghakung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Russia, na Russian (rossiyane), agho ghakung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Russia, kwali mba fuko wuli.<ref name="Hellberg-Hirn">{{cite book |last1=Hellberg-Hirn |first1=Elena |title=Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness |url=https://archive.org/details/soilsoulsymbolic0000hell |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=1855218712 |location=Aldershot [Hants, England] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soilsoulsymbolic0000hell/page/54 54]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Merridale |first=Catherine |title=Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2003-01_38_1/page/13 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=2003 |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1177/0022009403038001961 |jstor=3180694 |s2cid=143597960}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Russia}} === Mbiri yakwambilira === {{further|Ancient Greek colonies||Early Slavs|Huns|Turkic expansion|Prehistory of Siberia}} {{See also|Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Uralic homeland}} Malo ghakwamba agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku Russia ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Oldowan mu nyengo ya Lower Paleolithic. Vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Homo erectus ŵakaluta ku Taman Peninsula, kumwera kwa Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shchelinsky |first1=V.E. |last2=Gurova |first2=M. |last3=Tesakov |first3=A.S. |last4=Titov |first4=V.V. |last5=Frolov |first5=P.D. |last6=Simakova |first6=A.N. |title=The Early Pleistocene site of Kermek in western Ciscaucasia (southern Russia): Stratigraphy, biotic record and lithic industry (preliminary results) |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=393 |pages=51–69 |date=30 January 2016 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.032|bibcode=2016QuInt.393...51S }}</ref> Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vyaka pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni ivyo ŵakavisanga ku North Caucasus. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵako vyaka 195,122,700 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu mphanji iyi mukaŵaso viswaswa vya munthu munyake zina lake Denny, uyo wakababika mu nyengo yakale chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakakhalako vyaka pafupifupi 45,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Igor V. Ovchinnikov |last2= Anders Götherström |last3= Galina P. Romanova |last4= Vitaliy M. Kharitonov |last5= Kerstin Lidén |last6= William Goodwin |date= 30 March 2000 |title= Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-03-30_404_6777/page/490 |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 404 |issue= 6777 |pages= 490–493 |bibcode= 2000Natur.404..490O |doi= 10.1038/35006625 |pmid= 10761915 |s2cid= 3101375}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yithu iyi ŵakaŵako vyaka 45,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Western Siberia. Ŵakasanga viswaswa vya ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano vyaka 40,000 ivyo vyafuma ku Kostyonki Borshchyovo na Sungir, vyaka 34,600 ivyo vyafuma ku Russia. Ŵanthu ŵakafika ku Russia vyaka pafupifupi 40,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Mamontovaya Kurya. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Siberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku North Eurasia, awo ŵakayananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mal'ta Buret na Afontova Gora, ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eastern Hunter-Gatherers ŵakhalenge ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=M. |title=Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe |journal=Science |date=25 October 2013 |volume=342 |issue=6157 |pages=409–410 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.409 |pmid=24159019 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..409B |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg|thumb|320px|left|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Yamnaya Steppe awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto pakati pa 3300 na 1500 B.C.E., kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Siberia<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbons |first1=Ann |title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population |journal=Science |date=21 February 2017 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population}}</ref>]] Chiphunzitso cha Kurgan chikulongora kuti chigaŵa cha Volga-Dnieper icho chili kumwera kwa Russia na Ukraine ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Indo-Europe awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vya ku Pontic-Caspian ku Ukraine na Russia ŵakamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya Yamnaya na viyowoyero vya ku Indo-Europe mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Eurasia. Vinyama vya viŵeto vikamba kukhala mu chipalamba cha Pontic-Caspian mu nyengo ya Chalcolithic. Vinthu ivyo vikakhalako vya ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi vikasangika ku malo nga ni Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, na Pazyryk. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Urals kumpoto kwa Europe, ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Siberia vyaka 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=Thiseas C. |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Salmela |first4=Elina |last5=Wessman |first5=Anna |last6=Moiseyev |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Khartanovich |first7=Valery |last8=Balanovsky |first8=Oleg |last9=Ongyerth |first9=Matthias |last10=Weihmann |first10=Antje |last11=Sajantila |first11=Antti |last12=Kelso |first12=Janet |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Onkamo |first14=Päivi |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=2018-11-27 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |pmid=30479341 |pmc=6258758 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L |s2cid=53792952 |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. m'paka 400 C.E., ufumu wa Oium ukaŵa kumwera kwa Russia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 300 na 600 C.E., Ufumu wa Bosporus, uwo ukaŵa ufumu wa Ŵagiriki, nawo ukaparanyika chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Hun na Avars. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khazars, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Turkey, ndiwo ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa cha ku Caucasus kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Volga, na kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Kyiv pa Mlonga wa Dnieper m'paka mu 100 C.E. Pamanyuma pa iwo, Ŵachichenichi ŵakamba kuwungana pamoza, ndipo pamasinda Ŵacumani na Ŵachipaki ŵakamba kuwungana. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵali kufuma ku mafuko gha Ŵaslaviki agho ghakapambana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Indo-Europe awo ŵakaŵako kumpoto kwa Europe vyaka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavs ŵakamba kukhala ku Russia mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Chimoza chikafuma ku Kiev na kuluta ku Suzdal na Murom, ndipo chinyake chikafuma ku Polotsk na kuluta ku Novgorod na Rostov. Kwambira mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia ŵakaŵa ŵa ku East Slavs.<ref name="EarlyH">{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |year=1998 |title=Russia – Early History |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/2.htm |access-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> === Kievan Rus' === {{Main|Rus' Khaganate|Kievan Rus'|List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine}} [[File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png|thumb|Rus' wa ku Kiev pamanyuma pa ungano wa Lyubech mu 1097]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavic ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya Varangians, awo ŵakaŵa Ŵaviking awo ŵakendanga mu maji kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Baltic kuya ku Black na Caspian Seas. Mu 882, Oleg, uyo wakanjira mu ufumu wake, wakaluta kumwera na kuwukira Kiev, uko kale kukaŵanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakapelekanga mithulo ku Ŵakazari. Mwana wa Rurik, Igor, na mwana wa Igor, Sviatoslav, ŵakathereska mafuko ghose gha ku East Slavic, ŵakaparanya Khazar Khaganate, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Byzantium na Persia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Obolensky |first=Dimitri |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol |title=Byzantium & the Slavs |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-88141-008-2 |pages=75–108 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Francis Donald Logan|Logan, Donald F.]] |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingsinhistory00loga |title=The Vikings in History|edition=2nd |date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-08396-6 |page=201 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 m'paka mu 1100, caru ca Kievan Rus' cikazgoka cimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene na vyakutukuka comene mu Europe. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Vladimir Mukuru (980-1015) na mwana wake Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) kukaŵa nyengo ya golide ku Kiev. Nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari na kuleka kwendera boma yikaŵa kuti yakwana. Chigaŵa cha Kiev chikamba kuchepa, ndipo chikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Vladimir-Suzdal, kumpoto, Novgorod Republic, na Galicia-Volhynia, kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1200 C.E., Kiev yikaŵa kuti yindaŵepo na mazaza pa caru cose, ndipo yikaŵa kuti yagawikana mu vigaŵa vinandi. Fumu Andrey Bogolyubsky yikawukira Kiev mu 1169 ndipo yikapangiska Vladimir kuŵa msasa wake.<ref name="EarlyH"/> Ŵanalume ŵa ku Novgorod awo ŵakalongozgekanga na fumu Alexander Nevsky, ŵakathereska Ŵaswede mu Nkhondo ya ku Neva mu 1240, kweniso ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany mu Nkhondo ya ku Ice mu 1242. Paumaliro, Ŵamongoliya ŵakanjira mu charu cha Kievan Rus mu 1237 na 1240. Ŵalwani aŵa, awo pamasinda ŵakacemeka kuti Ŵataliyani, ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Golden Horde, uwo ukawusa Russia kwa vilimika vinandi. Boma la Novgorod ndilo likapona ku ŵasilikari ŵacilendo apo likajipeleka na kuzomera kupeleka msonkho ku Ŵa Mongol. Pamanyuma, chigaŵa cha Galicia-Volhynia chikapokeka na Lithuania na Poland, ndipo chigaŵa cha Novgorod chikalutilira kukura kumpoto. Ku mpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, mitheto ya Byzantine-Slavic iyo yikaŵa mu caru ca Kievan Rus' yikasintha na kupanga boma la Russia.<ref name="EarlyH" /> === Grand Duchy ya Moscow === {{Main|Grand Duchy of Moscow}} [[File:Lissner TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg|thumb|Sergius wa ku Radonezh wakutumbika Dmitry Donskoy mu Trinity Sergius Lavra, pambere nkhondo ya Kulikovo yindambe]] Kuwuskika kwa charu cha Kievan Rus' kukapangiska kuti ufumu wa Grand Duchy of Moscow, uwo pakwamba ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Vladimir-Suzdal, uŵeko. Apo mpositole wa Tchalitchi la Orthodox ku Russia wakasamira ku Moscow mu 1325, nkhongono zake zikakura comene. Ufumu wa Novgorod, uwo ukaŵa mulwani waumaliro wa Moscow, ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa malonda gha vikumba vya nyama na dowoko lakumafumiro gha dazi chomene la Hanseatic League.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Halperin |first=Charles J. |title=Novgorod and the 'Novgorodian Land' |jstor=20171136 |volume=40 |number=3 |pages=345–363 |date=September 1999 |publisher=EHESS |journal=Cahiers du Monde russe}}</ref> Mu 1380, ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Russia ŵakathereska Ŵamongoliya na Ŵatata mu Nkhondo ya Kulikovo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Moscow wakayamba kulamulira vigaŵa vinyake nga ni Tver na Novgorod. Ivan III ("Mukuru") wakawuskapo ufumu wa Golden Horde na kukhozga charu chose cha kumpoto kwa Russia. Mu 1453, msumba wa Constantinople ukati wabwangandulika, boma la Moscow likati ndilo liŵenge themba la Ufumu wa Roma. Ivan III wakatora Sophia Palaiologina, muzukuru wa Constantine XI, themba la ku Byzantium, ndipo wakazgora nombo ya nombo ya ku Byzantium kuŵa yake, ndipo pamanyuma yikazgoka ya Russia. Vasili III wakakolerana na caru cose ca Russia mwa kunjizga vyaru vinyake vya ku Russia ivyo vikaŵa vyambura mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=M.S. |title=The Origins of the Modern European State System, 1494–1618 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317892755 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smCgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT281}}</ref> === Tsardom wa Russia === {{Main|Tsardom of Russia}} {{See also|Moscow, third Rome}} [[File:Ivan IV by anonim (18th c., GIM).jpg|thumb|upright|Ivan IV wakaŵa Karonga Mukuru wa Moscow kwambira mu 1533 m'paka mu 1547, ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa Themba la Russia m'paka apo wakafwira mu 1584.]] Mu 1547, Themba Ivan IV ("Wakofya") ndilo likaŵa themba lakwamba la Russia. Themba ili likapeleka malango ghaphya (Sudebnik wa mu 1550), likakhazikiska wupu wakwimira boma la Russia (Zemsky Sobor), likasintha ŵasilikari, likakanizga ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu, ndipo likambaso kuwunganya maboma. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵira themba, Ivan wakasazgirako pafupifupi malo ghaŵiri gha Russia agho ghakaŵa ghakuru chomene. Paumaliro, kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, caru ca Russia cikamba kwenda kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Ural. Ndipouli, ufumu wa Tsardom ukalopwa cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku Livonia iyo yikacitika kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo yikaŵa yambura kucitika makora. Mu 1572, ŵasilikari ŵa Crimean Tatars ŵakathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya Molodi.<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |last=Skrynnikov |first=R. G. |title=Reign of Terror: Ivan IV |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-004-30401-7 |pages=417–421}}</ref> Nyifwa ya ŵana ŵa Ivan yikapangiska kuti muwuso wa Rurik umare mu 1598, ndipo njara yikuru iyo yikachitika mu 1601-1603 yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Boma la Poland na Lithuania likapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Russia na kufika ku Moscow. Mu 1612, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Russia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Muwukirano Kuzma Minin na fumu Dmitry Pozharsky, ŵakachimbizga Ŵapoliki. Mu 1613, nyumba ya ŵawusi ya ŵa Romanov yikamba kuwusa, ndipo charu chikamba kuchira. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, caru ca Russia cikalutilira kukura. Mu 1654, mulongozgi wa ku Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, wakapeleka Ukraine ku muwuso wa themba la Russia, Alexis. Paumaliro, Ukraine yikagaŵikana mumphepete mwa Dnieper, ndipo chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi (Left-bank Ukraine na Kiev) chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Russia. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakalutilira kupenja vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni vikumba na mino gha zovu. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Russia ŵakendanga kumafumiro gha dazi chomene na nthowa za ku Siberia, ndipo m'ma 1700, kukaŵa vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia, ku Chukchi Peninsula, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Amur, na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific. Mu 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kwendera mu nyanja ya Bering Strait.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=James A. |title=The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier between East and West |year=2006 |publisher=Information Architects |pages=36–37 |isbn=978-0-9546995-8-1}}</ref> === Ufumu wa Russia === {{Main|Russian Empire}} [[File:Territorial Expansion of Russia.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Kukula na kusintha kwa chigaŵa cha Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia na Russian Empire pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1900]] Mu 1721, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Peter Mukuru, caru ca Russia cikazgoka ufumu, ndipo cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya ku Europe. Peter wakawusa kwambira mu 1682 m'paka 1725, ndipo wakathereska Sweden mu Nkhondo Yikuru ya ku Northern (1700-1721) ndipo wakawovwira kuti Russia yambe kwenda pa nyanja. Mu 1703, Petrosi wakazenga msumba wa St. Petersburg, uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic. Mu nyengo yose iyo wakalamuliranga, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Russia. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa mwana mwanakazi wa Peter I, Elizabeti mu 1741-1762, caru ca Russia cikamba kurwa nkhondo ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763). Apo nkhondo yikaŵa mukati, ŵasilikari ŵa Russia ŵakanjira mu East Prussia na kufika ku Berlin. Kweni Elizabeti wakati wafwa, vinthu vyose ivi vikawezgeka ku Ufumu wa Prussia na Peter III wa ku Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raeff |first=Marc |title=The Domestic Policies of Peter III and his Overthrow |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1970-06_75_5/page/1289 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=75 |number=5 |date=June 1970 |pages=1289–1310 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |jstor=1844479 |doi=10.2307/1844479}}</ref> Catherine II ("Mukuru"), uyo wakawusa mu 1762-1796, ndiyo wakawusa mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasambizgikiranga vinthu mu Russia. Wakapeleka mazaza gha ndyali ku Russia pa charu cha Poland na Lithuania, ndipo wakawunjika vigaŵa vinandi mu Russia. Kumwera, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo za ku Russia na Turkey, Catherine wakawoneseska kuti mphaka ya Russia yifike ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Cifukwa ca kuthereska Ŵaqajar ku Iran mu Nkhondo za ku Russia na Peresiya, mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Russia cikathereskaso caru ca Caucasus. Mwana wake Paul, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Catherine, wakaŵa wambura kukhazikika ndipo wakatemwanga chomene vinthu vya mu nyumba. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo wakawusira, Alexander I (1801-1825) wakathereska charu cha Finland ku Sweden mu 1809 na Bessarabia ku Ottomans mu 1812. Ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Alaska na kukhalamo. Mu 1803-1806, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakazingilira charu. Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakasanga charu cha Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |title=Who really discovered Antarctica? Depends who you ask. |date=27 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-discovered-antarctica-depends-who-ask |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305011853/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-discovered-antarctica-depends-who-ask |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> ==== Nkhongono yikuru na kukura kwa ŵanthu, sayansi na luso ==== Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za Napoleon, Russia wakakolerana na maboma gha ku Europe, ndipo wakarwa nkhondo na France. Nkhondo ya ku France iyo yikafika ku Russia mu 1812 yikafika ku Moscow, kweni yikathera yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakagomezgeka yayi, kweniso nyengo yakuzizima ya ku Russia yikatimbanizga ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mikhail Kutuzov na Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, ŵakawuskapo Napoleon na kwenda mu Europe yose mu Nkhondo ya Gulu Lachinkhondi na Chimoza. Alexander I ndiyo wakalongozganga ŵimiliri ŵa ku Russia pa ungano wa ku Vienna, uwo ukalongosora umo caru ca ku Europe cikaŵira pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Napoleon.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghervas |first=Stella |title=The Long Shadow of the Congress of Vienna |jstor=26266203 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishers]] |journal=Journal of Modern European History |volume=13 |number=4 |pages=458–463 |year=2015|doi=10.17104/1611-8944-2015-4-458 |s2cid=151713355 }}</ref> [[File:Napoleons retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.jpg|thumb|Kupoka kwa Napoleon ku Moscow na Albrecht Adam (1851)]] Ŵasilikari awo ŵakalondezganga Napoleon mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe ŵakiza na maghanoghano gha ku Russia, ndipo ŵakayezga kukanizga mazaza gha fumu mu nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Decembrist mu 1825. Paumaliro wa muwuso wa Nicholas I (1825-1855), nyengo iyo ufumu wa Russia ukaŵa na nkhongono zinandi ku Europe, yikamara chifukwa cha kutondeka ku nkhondo ya ku Crimea.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vincent |first=J.R. Vincent |title=The Parliamentary Dimension of the Crimean War |journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Historical Society]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=37–49 |volume=31 |year=1981 |jstor=3679044 |doi=10.2307/3679044|s2cid=153338264 }}</ref> ==== Kusintha Kwambiri kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Chikapitale ==== Alexander II (1855-1881) uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Nicholas, wakasintha vinthu vinandi mu charu chose, kusazgapo kusintha kwa boma mu 1861. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Russia, ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia ŵambe kugwira ntchito mazuŵa ghano. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, Russia na Britain ŵakakolerananga pa nkhani ya Afghanistan na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central na South Asia. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ku Russia kukawuka magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu vyende makora. Mu 1881, Alexander II wakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵakugaluka. Muwuso wa mwana wake Alexander III (1881-1894) ukaŵa wambura kujikora kweni wamtende.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taranovski |first=Theodore |title=Alexander III and his Bureaucracy: The Limitations on Autocratic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-slavonic-papers_june-september-1984_26_2-3/page/207 |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |volume=26 |number=2/3 |year=1984 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1984.11091776 |jstor=40868293}}</ref> ==== Ufumu wa Wupu Wakulongozga na Nkhondo ya Caru Cose ==== Mu nyengo ya muwusi waumaliro wa Russia, Nicholas II (1894-1917), Nkhondo ya ku Russia na Japan yikatimbanizgika. Nkhondo iyi yikamara, kweni boma likakanizgika kusintha vinthu vinandi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Doctorow |first=Gilbert S. |title=The Fundamental State Laws of 23 April 1906 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1976-01_35_1/page/33 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1976 |jstor=127655 |doi=10.2307/127655 |volume=35 |number=1 |pages=33–52}}</ref> === Kuwukira na nkhondo ya cikaya === {{main|Russian Revolution|Russian Civil War}} [[File:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|thumb|left|Muwusi Nicholas II wa ku Russia pamoza na mbumba ya Romanov ŵakakomeka na Bolsheviks mu 1918.]] Mu 1914, caru ca Russia cikanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose cifukwa cakuti Austria-Hungary yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kurwa nkhondo na Serbia. Mu 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Russia ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Austria na Hungary. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga yayi kuti boma ili lichitenge vinthu mwamahara. Vyose ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia mu 1917, iyo yikacitika mu vigaŵa viŵiri vikuruvikuru. Kukwambilira kwa 1917, Nicholas II wakacicizgika kuleka ufumu wake. Iyo na mbumba yake ŵakakakika ndipo pamanyuma ŵakakomeka pa Nkhondo ya pa Cikaya ya ku Russia. Mu ufumu wa ufumu uwu mukaŵa magulu gha ndyali agho ghakajiphara kuti ni boma la kanyengo kachoko, ndipo ghakapharazga kuti ni charu cha Russia. Pa Janyuwale 19 [O.S. 6 January], 1918, Russian Constituent Assembly yikapharazga kuti Russia ni fuko la demokilase (pakuzomerezga fundo ya boma la kanyengo). Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Wupu Wakulongozga ukawuskapo ungano uwu. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵaso wupu unyake wa Petrograd Soviet, uwo ukaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa mu vyaru vinyake. Boma liphya likasazgirako waka suzgo mu caru m'malo mwa kulimazga, ndipo paumaliro, Nkhondo ya Okutobala, iyo yikalongozgekanga na Vladimir Lenin, yikathereska boma la nyengo yicoko na kupeleka mazaza ghose ku maboma gha Soviet, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti caru cikhazikike. Nkhondo ya ku Russia yikamba pakati pa gulu la White movement na Bolsheviks. Pamanyuma pa kusazga phangano la Brest-Litovsk ilo likamalizga nkhondo na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Central Powers mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Russia cikapeleka vigaŵa vyake vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, umo mukaŵa 34% ya ŵanthu ŵake, 54% ya mafakitale ghake, 32% ya vyaru vyake, na pafupifupi 90% ya migodi yake ya malasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin |title=From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111202/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin |archive-date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>[[File:Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Lenin na Leon Trotsky apo ŵakayowoyanga nkhani mu Moscow mu 1920]] Ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakacita nkhondo kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Germany. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵa Bolshevik na ŵa White ŵakacitiskana nkhondo ya kusonkhaniska ŵanthu na kuŵakoma. Paumaliro wa nkhondo ya pawenenawene, chuma na vinthu vinyake vya ku Russia vikaparanyika comene, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 10 miliyoni ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi, comenecomene ŵanthu bweka. Ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakafuma mu vyaru vyawo na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite web |last=Haller |first=Francis |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/5rfhjy.htm |title=Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921 |work=[[Le Temps]]|publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |date=8 December 2003 |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> === Soviet Union === {{Main|History of the Soviet Union}} [[File:Russian SFSR in Soviet Union (1936).svg|thumb|left|Location of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (red) within the [[Soviet Union]] in 1936]] ====Command economy and Soviet society==== Pa Disembala 30, 1922, Lenin na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakapanga Soviet Union, ndipo ŵakasazga Soviet Socialist Republic of Russia na vyaru vya Belarus, Transcaucasia, na Ukraine. Paumaliro, pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, caru cikaŵa na vyaru 15 ivyo vikakolerananga. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Lenin mu 1924, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵatatu likimikika kuti licitenge mulimo uwu. Paumaliro, Joseph Stalin, mulembi mukuru wa chipani cha Communist Party, wakamazga magulu ghose ghakwimikana na boma na kukhozga mazaza ghake mwakuti waŵe muwusi wankhongono wa caru mu ma 1930. Leon Trotsky, uyo wakaŵa wakuwovwira comene pa kusintha vinthu pa caru cose, wakacimbizgika mu Soviet Union mu 1929, ndipo fundo ya Stalin yakuti Socialism in One Country yikazgoka fundo ya boma. Nkhondo iyo yikalutilira mukati mwa chipani cha Bolshevik yikafika paheni comene.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuromiya |first=Hirosaki |title=Accounting for the Great Terror |jstor=41051345 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |year=2005 |pages=86–101 |volume=53 |number=1}}</ref> ====Stalinism and violent modernization==== Mu muwuso wa Stalin, boma likambiska vinthu vyakuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge ntchito mwakufwatuka, kupanga vyamuminda, na kupanga vyakurya vinandi. Mu nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasinthanga comene pa nkhani ya cuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatumizgika ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali. Mu 1932-33 mu Soviet Union mukaŵa njara yikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 8.7 miliyoni ŵakafwa. Paumaliro, mu nyengo yicoko waka, Soviet Union yikasintha kufuma ku cuma ico cikagwiranga nchito ya vyakurya kuya ku caru ico cikagwiranga nchito ya kupanga vinthu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |title=Excess Deaths and Industrialization: A Realist Theory of Stalinist Economic Development in the 1930s |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1988-04_23_2/page/277 |jstor=260849 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=1988 |volume=23 |number=2 |pages=277–289 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|doi=10.1177/002200948802300207 |pmid=11617302 |s2cid=26592600 }}</ref> ====World War II and United Nations==== {{main|Soviet Union in World War II}} [[File:RIAN archive 602161 Center of Stalingrad after liberation.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Stalingrad]], the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, ended in 1943 with a decisive Soviet victory against the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German army]].]] Soviet Union yikanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose pa Seputembala 17, 1939 apo yikawukira Poland, mwakuyana na dango lakubisika la Molotov Ribbentrop Pact na Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany |jstor=152247 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=44 |number=1 |year=1992 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |pages=57–78}}</ref> Pa 22 Juni, 1941, Germany yikawukira Soviet Union, ndipo yikajura chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Paumaliro, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ŵa Red Army ŵakakoleka na Nazi;:272 Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakomeka na njara panji ŵakakoma ŵanthu 3.3 miliyoni ŵa ku Soviet, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi, pakuti "Ndara" yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kufiska Generalplan Ost.:175-186 Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa German ŵakaŵa na viwemi vyakwambilira, kweni nkhondo ya ku Moscow yikaŵakoma. Pamanyuma, Ŵachijeremani ŵakathereskeka comene pakwamba pa Nkhondo ya Stalingrad mu nyengo ya cihanya ya 1942-1943 ndipo pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kursk mu cihanya ca 1943.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mulligan |first=Timothy P. |title=Spies, Ciphers and 'Zitadelle': Intelligence and the Battle of Kursk, 1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/235 |jstor=260932 |pages=235–260 |volume=22 |number=2 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |date=April 1987|doi=10.1177/002200948702200203 |s2cid=162709461}}</ref> Kuwina kunyake uko Ŵachijeremani ŵakacita kukaŵa kuzingilizga msumba wa Leningrad, uko msumba uwu ukazingilizgika na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany na Finland pakati pa 1941 na 1944. Ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya pakati pa Europe mu 1944 na 1945, ndipo ŵakapoka Berlin mu Meyi 1945. Mu Ogasiti 1945, ŵasilikari ŵa Reds ŵakanjira mu charu cha Manchuria na kuchimbizga Ŵapaniya ku North East Asia. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose ya mu 1941 m'paka mu 1945, ku Russia ŵakachemanga kuti Nkhondo Yikuru ya Charu. Soviet Union, pamoza na United States, United Kingdom na China ŵakawonekanga kuti ni Big Four of Allied powers mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ndipo pamasinda ŵakazgoka Four Policemen, iyo yikaŵa musisi wa United Nations Security Council.:27 Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2627 miliyoni ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Ndipouli, Soviet Union yikajipeleka comene kuti yiŵe ufumu wankhongono pa caru cose.<ref name="superpower">{{cite book |last=Reiman |first=Michael |title=About Russia, Its Revolutions, Its Development and Its Present |chapter=The USSR as the New World Superpower |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2t4dn7.14 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |pages=169–176 |jstor=j.ctv2t4dn7.14 |isbn=978-3-631-67136-8}}</ref> ====Superpower and Cold War==== [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The "[[Grand Alliance (World War II)|Big Three]]" at the [[Yalta Conference]] in February 1945, [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]]]] Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Austria, vikapokeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Red Army. Maboma gha Chikomyunizimu ghakaŵapo mu vyaru vya ku Eastern Bloc. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, Soviet Union yikamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa United States na NATO.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wagg |first1=Stephen |last2=Andrews |first2=David |title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-24167-5 |page=11}}</ref> ====Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development==== Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Stalin mu 1953 na nyengo yifupi ya muwuso wa wupu, mulongozgi muphya Nikita Khrushchev wakachenya Stalin ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska Stalin, kufumiska ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali mu misasa ya Gulag. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, nkhondo ya pa caru cose yikafika paheni comene apo ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakasuskananga pa nkhani ya kuŵika mabomba gha Jupiter ku Turkey na mabomba gha Soviet ku Cuba. Mu 1957, Soviet Union yikaponya pa mtunda satellite yakwamba pa caru cose yakucemeka Sputnik 1. Munthu wakwamba kuzingilira caru capasi wakaŵa Yuri Gagarin, uyo wakaluta pa Vostok 1 pa Epulero 12, 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210409-yuri-gagarin-the-spaceman-who-came-in-from-the-cold |title=Yuri Gagarin: the spaceman who came in from the cold |last=Dowling |first=Stephen |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> ====Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation==== Khrushchev wakati waparanyika mu 1964, pakaŵaso muwuso unyake wa ŵanthu wose, m'paka apo Leonid Brezhnev wakaŵira mulongozgi. Nyengo ya m'ma 1970 na kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1980 yikamanyikwa kuti nyengo ya kukhazikika. Mu 1965, boma la Soviet likasintha vinthu vinyake mu Soviet Union. Mu 1979, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakanjira mu charu ichi, ndipo paumaliro nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan yikamba. Mu Meyi 1988, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakamba kufumamo mu Afghanistan, cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose awo ŵakasuskanga ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet, nkhondo ya kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet, ndiposo cifukwa ca kuleka kukhozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa Soviet.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daley |first=Tad |title=Afghanistan and Gorbachev's Global Foreign Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_1989-05_29_5/page/496 |jstor=2644534 |doi=10.2307/2644534 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=29 |number=5 |date=May 1989 |pages=496–513 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref> [[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at Hofdi House During The Reykjavik Summit Iceland - DPLA - af5603d8cc5dc9f3bd2f69b218e112bd.jpg|thumb|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in one-to-one discussions with [[Ronald Reagan]] in the [[Reykjavík Summit]], 1986]] ====Perestroika, democratization and Russian sovereignty==== Kwambira mu 1985, mulongozgi waumaliro wa Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev, uyo wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu mu Soviet Union, wakambiska ndondomeko ya glasnost (kujulika) na perestroika (kuweleramo mu vinthu vinyake) kuti wamazge suzgo la vyachuma na kuzgora boma kuŵa la ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ndipouli, ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Pambere caka ca 1991 cindafike, caru ca Soviet Union cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene, kweni mu vilimika vyaumaliro vya umoyo wake, cikaŵa mu suzgo. Mu 1991, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu vyaru vya ku Baltic apo vyaru ivi vikafumako ku Soviet Union. Pa Malichi 17, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakazomerezga kuti Soviet Union yiŵe wupu wakukolerana. Mu Juni 1991, Boris Yeltsin wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakudunjika mu Russia. Mu Ogasiti 1991, boma la Gorbachev likayezga kuwuskapo boma, ndipo likaŵa na cilato cakuti likhalilire mu Soviet Union. Pa Disembala 25, 1991, pamanyuma pa kuparanyika kwa Soviet Union, pamoza na Russia wa mazuŵa ghano, vyaru vinyake 14 vikafuma mu wupu wa Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/soviet-union-collapse-timeline/31487661.html |title=The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |last=Foltynova |first=Kristyna |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> === Independent Russian Federation === {{Main|History of Russia (1991–present)}} {{Further|Presidency of Boris Yeltsin|Russia under Vladimir Putin|Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev}} [[File:Vladimir Putin taking the Presidential Oath, 7 May 2000.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vladimir Putin]] takes the oath of office as president on his [[First inauguration of Vladimir Putin|first inauguration]], with [[Boris Yeltsin]] looking over, 2000.]] ====Transition to a market economy and political crises==== Charu cha Russia chikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma na ndyali. Pa nyengo iyo Soviet Union yikaparanyikira na pamanyuma pake, pakaŵa kusintha kukuru, kusazgapo kupanikizga vinthu vya boma na kulekeska malonda, kusazgapo kusintha kukuru kwa vinthu nga ni "chock therapy". Kuŵika vinthu vya boma pa malo ghake kukapangiska kuti maboma gha Russia ghaleke kulamulira mabungwe gha boma na kwamba kulamulira ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga na boma. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ŵakawuskamo ndalama zinandi mu charu ichi. Kuchepa kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora yayi mu charu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakamba kusuzgika na ukavu. Kuumaliro wa 1993, mphindano pakati pa Yeltsin na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Russia zikakura comene mwakuti pakaŵa suzgo la ndyali. Mu nyengo ya suzgo iyi, Yeltsin wakawovwirika na maboma gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goncharenko |first=Roman |date=3 October 2018 |title=Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-1993-crisis-still-shaping-kremlin-politics-25-years-on/a-45733546 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> ==== Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilization ==== Mu Disembala, ŵakachita pharazgo na kuzomerezga dango liphya ilo likapa pulezidenti mazaza ghakuru. M'ma 1990, ku North Caucasus kukaŵa nkhondo, kuswa malango kwa mafuko na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Kufuma waka apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chechnya ŵakapharazgira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha mu ma 1990, nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamba pakati pa gulu la ŵakugaluka na ŵasilikari ŵa Russia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chechnya ndiwo ŵakacitiska vivulupi na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia. Pamanyuma pakuti Soviet Union yaparanyika, Russia ndiyo wakeneranga kulipira ngongoli za caru ici. Mu 1992, ŵakawuskapo malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera mitengo ya vinthu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ndalama za Russia zichepe chomene. Kuchepa kwa ndalama mu boma la Russia, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa ndalama na kutondeka kuwezga ngongoli, ndivyo vikapangiska suzgo la ndalama mu Russia mu 1998.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiodo |first1=Abbigail J. |last2=Owyang |first2=Michael T. |url=https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/02/11/ChiodoOwyang.pdf |title=A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998 |pages=7–18|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] |journal=[[Canadian Parliamentary Review]] |year=2002 |volume=86 |number=6}}</ref>{{efn|Most notably the [[Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis]], the [[Russian apartment bombings]], the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]], and the [[Beslan school siege]]}} ====Movement towards a modernized economy, political centralization and democratic backsliding==== Pa Disembala 31, 1999, pulezidenti Yeltsin wakafumapo mwamabuchi, ndipo wakalekera ntchito iyo nduna yikuru iyo yikaŵa kuti yasankhika waka, Vladimir Putin. Pamanyuma pake, Putin wakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chechnya mu nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Chechnya. Mu 2004, Putin wakathereskeka. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mafuta na kukwera kwa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, chuma cha Russia chikamba kwenda makora kweniso ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala makora. Muwuso wa Putin ukakhozga mtende, uku uku Russia wazgoka boma lakugaluka. Mu 2008, Putin wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru, apo Dmitry Medvedev wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo yimoza, kuti walutilire kuŵa na mazaza nangauli nyengo yake yikaŵa yakukwana yayi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Monaghan|first=Andrew|title=The vertikal: power and authority in Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_2012-01_88_1/page/1|volume=88|number=1|date=January 2012|pages=1–16|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01053.x |jstor=41428537}}</ref>[[File:Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine.svg|thumb|[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine]] as of 30 September 2022 at the time their [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexation was declared]]]] Nkhondo ya Russia na Georgia yikacitika pa 1 na 12 Ogasiti, 2008, pamanyuma pa suzgo ya ndyali na Georgia. Iyi yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Europe ya m'ma 2000.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/9382/2/9382.pdf|number=167|title=Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century|last=Emerson|first=Michael|publisher=[[Centre for European Policy Studies]]|date=August 2008|access-date=6 April 2022|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1333553|s2cid=127834430}}</ref> ====Invasion of Ukraine==== Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2014, Russia yikapoka charu cha Crimea kufuma ku Ukraine. Mu suzgo yikuru ya nkhondo, Russia yikamba nkhondo ya ku Ukraine pa 24 February 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets|title=Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 February 2022|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Nkhondo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu Europe kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira, ndipo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga. Pa cifukwa ici, Russia wakafumiskika mu wupu wa Council of Europe mu Malichi, ndipo wakasoleka mu wupu wa United Nations Human Rights Council mu Epulero. Mu Seputembala, pamanyuma pa nkhondo zakutonda za ku Ukraine, Putin wakapharazga za "kuwungana kwa vigaŵa", kuwungana kwa Russia kakwamba kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira. Kuumaliro wa Seputembala, Putin wakapharazga kuti vigaŵa vinayi vya Ukraine vyatoleka na boma la Russia. Putin na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Russia ŵakasazgapo phangano lakuti ŵanjire mu caru ca Russia, ilo caru cose cikumanya yayi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuliwona kuti ndakuswa malango. Pa maparamende ghanandi gha pa caru cose na gha pa caru cose, pakaŵa fundo izo zikati Russia ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Kweniso, Latvia, Lithuania, na Estonia ŵati Russia ni boma la vigeŵenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakafwa cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi. Nkhondo ya ku Ukraine yasazgirako suzgo la ŵanthu ku Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin’s War Escalation Is Hastening Demographic Crash for Russia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/putin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia |work=Bloomberg |date=18 October 2022}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Russia}} [[File:Russian Federation Relief Map.png|thumb|upright=1.34|[[Topographic map]] of Russia]] Charu cha Russia chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe na kumpoto kwa Asia. Chigaŵa ichi chili kumpoto chomene kwa charu cha Eurasia. Charu cha Russia chili pakati pa latitude 41° na 82° N, na longitude 19° E na 169° W, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 9,000 (5,600 mi) kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na makilomita 2,500 mpaka 4,000 (1,600 mpaka 2,500 mi) kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Ku Russia, charu ichi chili na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru kuluska vyaru vitatu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2015/jul/28/pluto-ten-things-we-now-know-about-the-dwarf-planet |title=Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Stuart |last=Clark |date=28 July 2015 |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Russia – Land|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia#ref38573|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>{{efn|Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], [[Antarctica]], and Europe; although it covers a large part of the latter itself. Its land area could be roughly compared to that of South America.}}{{efn|Russia has an additional {{convert|comma=5|850|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline along the [[Caspian Sea]], which is the world's largest inland body of water, and has been variously classified as a sea or a lake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake |title=Is the Caspian a sea or a lake? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>}} Russia yili na mapiri ghakuru ghankhondi na ghatatu, ndipo ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumwera chomene, uko kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Caucasus (uko kuli Phiri la Elbrus, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 5,642 (18,510 ft) ndilo ni phiri likuru chomene mu Russia na Europe); Mapiri gha Altai na Sayan mu Siberia; na mu mapiri gha East Siberia na Kamchatka Peninsula mu Russian Far East (uko kuli Klyuchevskaya Sopka, ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 4,750 (15,584 ft) ndilo phiri likuru chomene mu Eurasia). Mapiri gha Ural, agho ghali kumpoto na kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ghali na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Malo ghapasi chomene mu Russia na Europe, ghali ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian, uko maji gha mu Nyanja ya Caspian ghakukwera mamita 29. Russia njimoza mwa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na nyanja zitatu. Virwa vikuruvikuru vya charu ichi ni Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, Kuril Islands (vigaŵa vinayi ivyo vikususkana na Japan), na Sakhalin. Virwa vya Diomede, ivyo vili pasi pa boma la Russia na United States, vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 3.8 pera kufuma pa chirwa ichi. Ndipo chirwa cha Kunashir chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 pera kufuma ku Hokkaido, Japan.<ref name="chapple-2019">{{cite web |last=Chapple |first=Amos |title=The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II |date=4 January 2019 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref>{{efn|Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], to its west: the [[Baltic Sea]], to its north: the [[Barents Sea]] ([[White Sea]], [[Pechora Sea]]), the [[Kara Sea]], the [[Laptev Sea]], and the [[East Siberian Sea]], to its northeast: the [[Chukchi Sea]] and the [[Bering Sea]], and to its southeast: the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the [[Sea of Japan]].}} Ku Russia kuli milonga yakujumpha 100,000, ndipo kuli maji ghanandi chomene pa charu. Nyanja ya Baikal, iyo njakukhora comene pa nyanja zose za ku Russia, njakunyang'amira comene, njakutowa comene, yakale comene, ndiposo njakutowa comene. Nyanja ya Ladoga na ya Onega, izo zili kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia, ni zinandi comene mu Europe. Ku Russia, maji ghose agho ghakusangika ku malo ghakusangikako ghakusangika waka ku Brazil. Mlonga wa Volga uwo uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia, ndiwo ni mlonga utali chomene mu Europe. Mlonga wa Ob, Yenisey, Lena, na Amur, uwo uli mu Siberia, ngumoza mwa milonga yitali comene pa caru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/15/russias-largest-rivers-from-the-amur-to-the-volga-a65593 |title=Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Russia}} [[File:Russia Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.38|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Russia]] Chifukwa cha ukuru wa caru ca Russia ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici vili kutali comene na nyanja, mu caru ici muli nyengo yakuzizima, kweni mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici muli vyakumera vyambura maji. Mapiri agho ghali kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi ghakovwira kuti mphepo yakufuma ku nyanja za Indian na Pacific yileke kwiza, apo mapiri gha ku Europe agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto ghakovwira kuti mphepo izo zikufuma ku nyanja za Atlantic na Arctic zileke kwiza. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Russia na Siberia chili na mphepo ya subarctic, ndipo mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia muli nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic na pa virwa vya ku Russia, pali mphepo yakuzizima. Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Krasnodar Krai pa Nyanja Yiswesi, chomenechomene Sochi, na vigaŵa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja na vya mukati mwa North Caucasus, vili na mphepo yakuzizima chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Siberia na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Russia, nyengo ya chiwuvi njakomira chomene pakuyaniska na nyengo ya chihanya. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, vula yikuwa nga ni chiwuvi. Chigaŵa chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kaliningrad Oblast na vigaŵa vinyake kumwera kwa Krasnodar Krai na North Caucasus vili na mphepo ya nyanja. Malo agha ghali mumphepete mwa Lower Volga na Caspian Sea, kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Siberia. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici, pali nyengo ziŵiri pera, nyengo ya cihanya na ya cihanya. Mwezi wakuzizima comene ni Janyuwale (February pa mumphepete mwa nyanja). Nyengo zinyake matenthedwe ghakupambanapambana. Mu nyengo yakuzizima, kuzizima kukukulirakulira kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto ndiposo kufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kuya kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha comene, nanga nkhu Siberia. Kusintha kwa mphepo ku Russia kukupangiska kuti moto wa mu nkhorongo ulokenge kanandi waka, kweniso kuti charu ichi chiŵe na chiwuvi chikuru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/22/1075108299/why-russias-thawing-permafrost-is-a-global-problem|title=Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem|work=[[NPR]]|date=22 January 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> === Biodiversity === {{Main|Wildlife of Russia}} {{See also|List of ecoregions in Russia}} [[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|[[Yugyd Va National Park]] in the [[Komi Republic]] is the largest [[national park]] in Europe.<ref name="urals">{{cite web |date=13 July 2011 |title=The Ural Mountains |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87198/the-ural-mountains |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>]] Chifukwa cha ukuru wake, caru ca Russia cili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi ni mapopa gha ku mpoto, vyakumera vya tundra, vyakumera vya tundra, vyakumera vya taiga, vyakumera vya makuni ghakupambanapambana, vyakumera vya makuni, vyakumera vya makuni, vyakumera vya mu mapopa, vyakumera vya mu mapopa, na vyakumera vya mu vigaŵa vyakumwera. Pa caru cose ca Russia, hafu ya caru ici yili na makuni, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru comene pa caru cose gha makuni, agho ghakukanizga mphepo ya carbon dioxide.<ref name="Gardiner 2021">{{cite web | last=Gardiner | first=Beth | title=Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? | website=Yale University| date=2021-03-23 | url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-russias-forests-be-an-asset-or-obstacle-in-the-climate-fight | access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref><ref name="Schepaschenko Moltchanova Fedorov Karminov 2021 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Schepaschenko | first1=Dmitry | last2=Moltchanova | first2=Elena | last3=Fedorov | first3=Stanislav | last4=Karminov | first4=Victor | last5=Ontikov | first5=Petr | last6=Santoro | first6=Maurizio | last7=See | first7=Linda | last8=Kositsyn | first8=Vladimir | last9=Shvidenko | first9=Anatoly | last10=Romanovskaya | first10=Anna | last11=Korotkov | first11=Vladimir | last12=Lesiv | first12=Myroslava | last13=Bartalev | first13=Sergey | last14=Fritz | first14=Steffen | last15=Shchepashchenko | first15=Maria | last16=Kraxner | first16=Florian | title=Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=11 | issue=1 | date=Jun 17, 2021 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-021-92152-9 | page=12825| pmid=34140583 | pmc=8211780 | bibcode=2021NatSR..1112825S }}</ref> Mu vyakumera vya ku Russia muli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 12,500, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 2,200, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 3,000, vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 7,000, na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana 20,000, 25,000. Vinyama vya ku Russia vili na vyamoyo vyakukwana 320, viyuni vyakukwana 732, vyamoyo vyakukhala pasi vyakukwana 75, vyamoyo vyakukhala pasi na pasi vyakukwana 30, somba za mu maji ghawemi vyakukwana 343, somba za mu maji gha mchere vyakukwana 1,500, vyamoyo vyakukwana 9 na vyamoyo vyambura msana vyakukwana 100,000 na 150,000. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,100 ivyo ni vichoko chomene na ivyo vili pangozi ya kumara vili kulembeka mu buku la Russian Red Data Book. Vinthu vyose vyakuthupi vya ku Russia vili mu malo pafupifupi 15,000 agho ghali na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakuvikilirika. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vyaru 45 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, vyaru 64 ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, na vyaru 101 ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Nangauli charu ichi chikulutilira kunangika, kweni viyuni vinandi vichalipo, chomenechomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Siberia. Russia wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 9.02 mu 2019, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 10 pa vyaru 172.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grantham HS, ''et al''. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Russia}} {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300 | align = right | caption_align = center | image1 = Владимир Путин (18-06-2023) (cropped).jpg|caption1=[[Vladimir Putin]]<br /><small>[[President of the Russian Federation|President]]</small> | image2 = Mikhail Mishustin (2020-07-09).jpg|caption2=[[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of the Russian Federation|Prime Minister]]</small> }} [[File:Chart Constitution of Russia EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A chart of the Russian political system]] Mu 1993, boma la Russia likaŵa na fundo yakuti boma la Russia likwenera kuŵa na pulezidenti yumoza. Boma ili lili na vigaŵa vitatu:<ref name="DeRouenHeo2005">{{cite book |first1=Karl R. |last1=DeRouen |first2=Uk |last2=Heo |title=Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdeBgfmZI0cC&pg=PA666 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-781-4 |page=666}}</ref> * Wupu Wakulongozga: Wupu Wakulongozga wa Russia, uwo uli na ŵanthu 450 ndipo uli na ŵanthu 170, ndiwo ukukhazikiska malango gha boma, kupharazga nkhondo, kukolerana na vyaru vinyake, ndipo uli na mazaza ghakulongozga ndalama za boma na kukaka pulezidenti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly {{!}} The Constitution of the Russian Federation|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm|access-date=4 February 2022|website=www.constitution.ru}}</ref> * Muwuso: Pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Russia, ndipo wakwimika boma la Russia (Cabinet) na ŵantchito ŵanyake, awo ŵakwendeska na kufiska malango gha boma. Pulezidenti wangapeleka vyeruzgo vyambura mphaka, kweni vikususkana yayi na dango la boma.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Remington |first1=Thomas F. |title=Presidential Decrees in Russia: A Comparative Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-04079-3 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK-BAwAAQBAJ&dq=russia+decree+of+the+president+inpublisher:university&pg=PA48 |access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> * Ŵeruzgi: Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti Likuru Chomene, na makhoti ghachokoghachoko, agho ŵeruzgi ŵawo ŵakwimikika na Wupu wa Federation pa ulongozgi wa pulezidenti, ŵakung'anamura malango ndipo ŵangawuskapo malango agho ŵakughanaghana kuti ngakususkana na dango. Mulara wa boma wakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti waŵe na vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Maofesi gha boma ghakukhala na nduna yikuru na ŵantchito ŵake, nduna, na ŵanthu ŵanyake; wose ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti pa ulongozgi wa nduna yikuru (pakuwona kuti kwimika nduna iyi kukukhumba kuzomerezgeka na boma la Duma). United Russia ni chipani cha ndyali icho chili na mazaza chomene mu Russia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni "chipani cha nkhongono". Mu muwuso wa Vladimir Putin, caru ca Russia caweleramo ku demokilase, ndipo cazgoka boma la wupu wakulongozga pasi pa muwuso wa wupu wa Putin.<ref>{{cite book | author = Brian D. Taylor | date = 2018 | title = The Code of Putinism | url = https://archive.org/details/codeofputinism0000tayl | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/codeofputinism0000tayl/page/2 2]–7 | isbn = 978-0-19-086731-7 | oclc = 1022076734}}</ref>{{efn|In 2020, [[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|constitutional amendments]] were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.<ref name="reformvote">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964 |title=Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote |publisher=BBC |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Konitzer|first1=Andrew|last2=Wegren|first2=Stephen K.|title=Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the Party of Power|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publius_fall-2006_36_4/page/n38|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=36|number=4|year=2006|pages=503–522|journal=[[Publius (journal)|Publius]]|doi=10.1093/publius/pjl004|jstor=4624765}}</ref><ref name="authoritarianness">{{cite journal|last=Kuzio|first=Taras|title=Nationalism and authoritarianism in Russia|journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|year=2016|volume=49|number=1|pages=1–11|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.002|jstor=48610429}}</ref> === Political divisions === {{Main|Political divisions of Russia}} Mu 1993, boma la Russia likaŵa na malango ghakwendera lumoza. Mwakupambana na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu R.S.F.S.R., apo vyaru vikaŵa waka "vinthu vya mu wupu", dango ili likawovwira kuti vigaŵa vinyake viŵe nga ni vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vya Russia vili na vigaŵa ivyo vili na mazaza ghake, kweni palije vigaŵa ivyo vili na mazaza ghake, vilije mazaza gha boma, vilije wanangwa wa kulongora mazaza ghake mu malango ghawo, ndipo vilije wanangwa wa kujipatura ku caru. Malango gha vigaŵa ghangatimbanizga yayi malango gha boma. Vyaru vyose vya ku Germany vili na ŵimiliri ŵaŵiri mu wupu wa Federation Council, uwo ni wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma. Kweni ŵakupambana pa umo ŵakuchitira vinthu. Mu 2000, Putin wakambiska maboma gha Russia kuti ghaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozgeka na boma. Pakwamba kukaŵa vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, kweni sono kuli vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na nthumi yake.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Martin |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |title=Russia's constitutional structure |journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=2015 |access-date=3 November 2021 |isbn=978-92-823-8022-2 |doi=10.2861/664907}}</ref>{{efn|Including the [[Republic of Crimea]], and the federal city of [[Sevastopol]], which are disputed between Russia and Ukraine, since the internationally unrecognised annexation of Crimea in 2014<ref name="dispute"/>}}[[File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg|center|600px|frameless]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Federal subjects ! Governance |- | {{legend|#FFEC77|46&nbsp;[[oblasts of Russia|oblast]]s}} | The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Henry E. |title=The Makeup and Breakup of Ethnofederal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |pages=55–70 |volume=3 |number=1 |date=March 2005 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |doi=10.1017/S153759270505005X |jstor=3688110|s2cid=145259594 }}</ref> |- | {{legend|#00C160|22&nbsp;[[Republics of Russia|republics]]}} | Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific [[Ethnic groups in Russia|ethnic minority]], and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orttung |first1=Robert |last2=Lussier |first2=Danielle |last3=Paetskaya |first3=Anna |title=The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders |publisher=[[EastWest Institute]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7656-0559-7 |location=New York |pages=523–524}}</ref> |- | {{legend|#FF9400|9&nbsp;[[krais of Russia|krai]]s}} | For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shabad |first=Theodore |title=Political-Administrative Divisions of the U.S.S.R., 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1946-04_36_2/page/303 |journal=[[Geographical Review]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=36 |number=2 |pages=303–311 |date=April 1946 |doi=10.2307/210882 |jstor=210882}}</ref> |- | {{legend|#006989|4&nbsp;[[autonomous okrugs of Russia|autonomous okrugs]]}} | Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharafutdinova |first=Gulnaz |title=When Do Elites Compete? The Determinants of Political Competition in Russian Regions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2006-04_38_3/page/273 |pages=273–293 |volume=38 |number=3 |date=April 2006 |journal=[[Comparative Politics]] |publisher=Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, [[City University of New York]] |doi=10.2307/20433998 |jstor=20433998}}</ref> |- | {{legend|#FF0037|3&nbsp;[[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]]}} | Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as [[Sevastopol]] in Russian-occupied Ukraine).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelesh |first1=Yulia V. |last2=Bessonova |first2=Elena A. |title=Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country |journal=SHS Web of Conferences |url=https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2021/21/shsconf_icemt2021_05011.pdf |volume=110 |number=5011 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/202111005011 |date=11 June 2021 |page=05011 |s2cid=236655658 }}</ref> |- | {{legend|#C300FF|1&nbsp;autonomous oblast}} | The only autonomous oblast is the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alessandro |first=Vitale |title=Ethnopolitics as Co-operation and Coexistence: The Case-Study of the Jewish Autonomous Region in Siberia |journal=Politeja |year=2015 |number=31/2 |pages=123–142 |jstor=24919780 |publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka |doi=10.12797/Politeja.12.2015.31_2.09|s2cid=132962208 }}</ref> |} === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Russia}} [[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin with G20 counterparts in [[Osaka]], 2019]] Mu 2019, caru ca Russia cikaŵa pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Likukolerana na vyaru 190 ivyo vili mu wupu wa United Nations, vyaru vinayi ivyo vili na wupu uwu, na vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na wupu uwu. Russia njimoza mwa vyaru vinkhondi ivyo vili mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Kwamba kale, caru ici nchankhongono comene, ndipo nchakumanyikwa comene pakuŵa cigaŵa cikuru ca Soviet Union. Russia njumoza wa vyaru vya G20, OSCE, na APEC. Russia nayo wakulongozga mu mawupu nga ni CIS, EAEU, CSTO, SCO, na BRICS. Russia wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru viŵiri ivi. Kwamba kale, Serbia ni muwukirano wa Russia, cifukwa vyaru viŵiri ivi vikukolerana comene pa nkhani ya mitheto, mafuko, na visopa. India ndiyo wakuguliska comene vya nkhondo ku Russia, ndipo vyaru viŵiri ivi vili na ubwezi wakukhora wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana kwambira mu nyengo ya Soviet Union. Russia wali na mazaza pa vyaru vyakuzirwa nga ni South Caucasus na Central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nation |first=R Craig. |title=Russia and the Caucasus |journal=Connections |year=2015 |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=26326394 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.2.01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanström |first=Niklas |title=Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? |journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]] |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=101–113 |jstor=24590931|quote=The Central Asian states have been dependent on Russia since they gained independence in 1991, not just in economic and energy terms, but also militarily and politically.}}</ref>[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]". The list includes countries that have imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions against Russia]] for its invasion of Ukraine.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Russia wakulondezga fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kuti wasange mazaza pa charu chose kweniso kuti wawovwire boma lake. Kuwukira ŵasilikari mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Soviet Union, ni nkhondo na Georgia mu 2008, kweniso kuwukira Ukraine na kutimbanizga mtende mu 2014. Russia nayo wakukhumba kusazgirako nkhongono zake ku Middle East, comenecomene kwizira mu nkhondo ya ku Syria. Nkhondo za pa Intaneti na kunanga malo gha mu mlengalenga, pamoza na kunjilirapo pa mavoti, vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge kuti Russia ngwankhongono. Ubwezi wa Russia na Ukraine na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, chomenechomene United States, European Union, United Nations na NATO, watimbanizgika; comenecomene pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya Russia na Ukraine mu 2014 na kunjira mu suzgo mu 2022. Ubwezi pakati pa Russia na China wakukhozga comene pa vigaŵa viŵiri ndiposo vya cuma cifukwa ca ivyo ŵanthu wose ŵakutemwa. Turkey na Russia ŵakukolerana comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, nkhongono, na kuvikilira caru. Russia wali na ubwezi uwemi na Iran, cifukwa ni mubwezi wake wa ndyali ndiposo wa vya cuma. Kweniso Russia wakulimbikira kuti wasanuzge mazaza ghake mu vyaru vya ku Arctic, Asia-Pacific, Africa, Middle East, na Latin America. Kuyana na lipoti la Economist Intelligence Unit, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵaliwose pa caru capasi ŵakukhala mu vyaru nga ni China na India ivyo ni vyakutemwera yayi nkhondo panji ivyo vikutemwa Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stengel |first1=Richard |title=Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe |url=https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 2022}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Russian Armed Forces}} [[File:Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi T-50 (Su-57 prototype) (49581303977).jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Su-57]], a [[fifth-generation fighter]] of the [[Russian Air Force]]<ref name="Sukhoi">{{cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/08/russias-su-57-heavy-fighter-bomber-is-it-really-a-5th.html |title=Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? |work=[[RAND Corporation]] |author=Ryan Bauer and Peter A. Wilson |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>]] Ŵasilikari ŵa Russia ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghaŵiri: ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda, ŵasilikari ŵa mu nyanja, na ŵasilikari ŵa mu mlengalenga. Kufika mu 2021, ŵasilikari ŵali na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85743-988-5 |page=191}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nichol |first=Jim |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R42006.pdf |title=Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=24 August 2011 |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 27 ŵakwenera kunjira usilikari.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Russia – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> Boma la Russia ndilo lili na vilwero vya nyukiliya vinandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake. Russia ni yimoza mwa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na sitima za pasi pa nyanja za balistic missile. Boma la Russia ndilo lili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose pa nkhani ya vya nkhondo, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito madola 86.4 biliyoni mu 2022, panji kuti 4.1% ya GDP. Mu 2021, yikaŵa yikuluta yaciŵiri pa caru cose pakuguliska vilwero, ndipo yikaŵa na makampani ghakurughakuru gha kuvikilira caru, ndipo yikapanganga vilwero vinandi vya nkhondo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bowen |first=Andrew S. |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46937 |title=Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 }}</ref> === Wanangwa wa ŵanthu na vimbundi === {{Main|Human rights in Russia|Corruption in Russia}} [[File:Protest against the invasion of Ukraine (Yekaterinburg, February 24, 2022).jpg|thumb|Pamanyuma pakuti Russia wanjira mu Ukraine mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka nkhondo mu Russia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakanizgika kwiza pa ungano uwu ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 15,000 ŵakakakika.<ref name="massarrest">{{cite web |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaliy |date=15 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60749064 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka ivyo boma la Russia likuchita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa Amnesty International na wa Human Rights Watch ŵakuti Russia ni caru ca demokilase yayi ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵalije wanangwa wa ndyali panji wanangwa wa kucita vinthu vinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/ |title=Russian Federation |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/russia |title=Russia |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Kwambira mu 2004, wupu wa Freedom House, ukuwona kuti caru ca Russia nchambura wanangwa. Kwambira mu 2011, bungwe la Economist Intelligence Unit likuwona kuti charu cha Russia ni "chipani cha ŵanthu ŵankhongono" ndipo mu 2022 chiŵenge pa malo 146. Pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa vyalo, Russia wali pa malo gha 155 pa vyalo 180 mu lipoti la Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index la 2022. Boma la Russia lakususkika comene na ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ndyali na awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu cifukwa ca maungano ghambura urunji, kukanizga magulu gha visopa na viyezgelero, kutambuzga mawupu ghambura vya boma, kukanizga na kukoma ŵapharazgi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha, na kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vya boma. Ndyali za ku Russia zikuchemeka kleptocracy, oligarchy, na plutocracy. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vyose vya ku Europe pa ndondomeko ya Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ya chaka cha 2021. Ku Russia, vimbundi vyazara comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ni suzgo likuru. Likukhwaska vigaŵa vinandi, nga ni vya vyachuma, bizinesi, boma, malango, vyakusungilira umoyo, masambiro, na ŵasilikari. Ŵasilamu, comenecomene ŵa Salafi, ŵakutambuzgika mu Russia. Kuti ŵamazge viwawa ivyo vikucitika ku North Caucasus, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Russia ŵakususkika kuti ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kuŵakaka, kuŵachimbizga, na kuŵatambuzga. Ku Dagestan, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu gulu la Salafi ŵakusuzgika na boma cifukwa ca kawonekero kawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chechnya na Ingush awo ŵali mu majele gha ku Russia ndiwo ŵakusuzgika chomene kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Ukraine mu 2022, Russia wakhazikiska misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika ndipo ŵakutumika ku Russia. Misasa iyi yikayaniskika na iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo za ku Chechnya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marquise Francis |date=April 7, 2022 |title=What are Russian 'filtration camps'? |url=https://news.yahoo.com/what-are-russian-filtration-camps-194643731.html |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katie Bo Lillis, Kylie Atwood and Natasha Bertrand |title=Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/ukraine-filtration-camps-forcibly-remove-russia/index.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=[[CNN]]|date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> === Dango na upusikizgi === {{Main|Law of Russia|Crime in Russia}} Dango lakwamba na lakuzirwa chomene mu Russia ni Dango la Wupu Wakulongozga. Malango, nga ni Russian Civil Code na Russian Criminal Code, ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malango gha Russia.<ref name="Yılmaz 2020">{{cite web | last=Yılmaz | first=Müleyke Nurefşan İkbal | title=With its Light and Dark Sides; The Unique Semi-Presidential System of the Russian Federation | website=Küresel Siyaset Merkezi | date=31 August 2020 | url=https://www.kureselsiyaset.org/with-its-light-and-dark-sides-the-unique-semi-presidential-system-of-the-russian-federation/ | access-date=23 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523233305/https://www.kureselsiyaset.org/with-its-light-and-dark-sides-the-unique-semi-presidential-system-of-the-russian-federation/ | archive-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Partlett 2010">{{cite web | last=Partlett | first=William | title=Reclassifying Russian Law: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Solutions for an Overly Politicized Field | website=Search eLibrary | date=7 July 2010 | ssrn=1197762 | url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1197762 | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="butler99">{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=William E. |title=Criminal Code of the Russian Federation |year= 1999 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> Russia ni caru caciŵiri pa caru cose ico cikuguliska vilwero mwambura kuzomerezgeka, pamanyuma pa United States.<ref name="The Organized Crime Index 2023">{{cite web | title=Criminality in Russia | website=The Organized Crime Index | date=4 May 2023 | url=https://ocindex.net/country/russia | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=" The Organized Crime Index">{{cite web | title=The Organized Crime Index | website= The Organized Crime Index | url=https://ocindex.net/ | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="OSW Centre for Eastern Studies 2019">{{cite web | title=Russia behind bars: the peculiarities of the Russian prison system | website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies | date=7 February 2019 | url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2019-02-07/russia-behind-bars-peculiarities-russian-prison-system | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Russia}} {{Further|Economic history of the Russian Federation|Taxation in Russia}} [[File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow International Business Center|Moscow International Business Centre]] in Moscow. The city has one of the world's [[List of cities by GDP|largest urban economies]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Churkina|first1=Natalie|last2=Zaverskiy|first2=Sergey|title=Challenges of strong concentration in urbanization: the case of Moscow in Russia|doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.095|volume=198|year=2017|pages=398–410|journal=Procedia Engineering|publisher=[[Elsevier]]}}</ref>]] Boma la Russia lili na chuma cha msika, ndipo lili na vinthu vinandi chomene, chomenechomene mafuta na gasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/59.htm |title=Russia – Natural Resources |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |year=1998 |publisher=Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na cuma cikuru comene cacinkhondi na cinayi pa caru cose pa nkhani ya GDP, ndipo nchicinkhondi na cimoza pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya malonda. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya uteŵeti vikupanga 62% vya GDP yose, ivi vikulondezgana na vigaŵa vya vyamaseŵera (32%), apo vigaŵa vya vyakurya ni vichoko chomene, ndipo vikupanga 5% pera vya GDP yose. Ku Russia, ŵanthu awo ŵakutondeka kugwira nchito mbacoko comene. Vinthu ivyo charu ichi chikusunga ni vyacinkhondi pa vyaru vyose pa caru, ndipo vili na ndalama zakukwana madola 540 biliyoni. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 70 miliyoni, ndipo ni caru ca nambara sikisi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Russia ni caru ca nambara 13 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ndipo ni caru ca nambara 21 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c643%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1|title=List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021|work=[[International Trade Centre]]|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c643%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1|title=List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021|work=[[International Trade Centre]]|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> Boma la Russia likuthemba chomene pa ndalama izo likusanga kufuma ku misonkho ya mafuta na gasi kweniso misonkho ya vyakurya ivyo vikupanga vyakurya vinyake. Russia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ngongoli yichoko chomene pa vyaru vikuruvikuru, nangauli ni vyaru vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Kweniso pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa vigaŵa. Pamanyuma pa virimika vyakujumpha 10 vya kukura kwa cuma mu nyengo ya Soviet Union, kwakovwirika na mtengo wa mafuta ndiposo kukwera kwa ndalama zakwendakwenda, cuma ca Russia cikapwetekeka cifukwa ca nkhondo ya Russia na Ukraine na kunjizga Crimea mu 2014. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya Russia ya ku Ukraine mu 2022, chalo ichi chikakumana na viyezgo vikuru na vyakuti mabungwe gha vyamalonda ghalekerethu kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zawo, ndipo chikazgoka chalo ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucicizga pa caru cose. Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, boma la Russia laleka kufumiska vinthu vinandi vya vyachuma kufuma mu Epulero 2022. Ogwira ntchito zachuma akunena kuti zilangozi zidzakhudza kwambiri chuma cha Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-russias-economy-really-hurting/a-63000166|last=Martin|first=Nik|title=Is Russia's economy really hurting?|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=6 September 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> === Transport and energy === {{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}} [[File:VL 85-022 container train.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>]] Mu Russia, njanji zikwendeskeka na boma la Russia. Mtunda wose wa njanji izo zikugwiliskirika nchito ni mtunda wacitatu pa mtunda wose pa caru, ndipo ukujumpha makilomita 87,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html |archive-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> Mu 2016, Russia wakaŵa wa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na misewu yinandi chomene. Misewu ya maji ya ku Russia ndiyo yitali chomene pa charu chose. Pa ma eyapoti 1,218 gha ku Russia, agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ni Sheremetyevo International Airport ku Moscow. Doko likuru comene mu Russia ni Novorossiysk Port mu Krasnodar Krai mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatenge Russia ni boma la nkhongono chomene pa nkhani ya magesi. Charu ichi chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo chili pa nambara 8 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene. Kweniso charu cha Russia ndicho chikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. Kupanga mafuta na gasi mu Russia kukapangiska kuti paŵe ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya ku Europe, China, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/oil-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Gas Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/gas-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwachiyelezgero, mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, chiŵelengero cha Russia icho chikupeleka mafuta ku vyaru vyose vya ku Europe (mwakusazgapo United Kingdom) chikakwera kufuma pa 25% mu 2009 kufika pa 32% mu masabata ghakwambilira pambere charu cha Russia chindanjire mu Ukraine mu Febuluwale 2022. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chiŵelengero cha mafuta na gasi mu GDP chikaŵa pafupifupi 20%, ndipo mu 2013 chikaŵa 20~21% ya GDP. Malire gha mafuta na gasi mu vyakurya vya ku Russia (pafupifupi 50%) na ndalama za boma (pafupifupi 50%) ni ghanandi, ndipo GDP ya Russia yikuthemba pa mtengo wa mafuta na gasi, kweni ndalama izo zili mu GDP ni zicoko comene kuluska 50%. Kuyana na kafukufuku wakudumura wakudumura uyu uyo wakalembeka na wupu wa Russian Statistics Agency Rosstat mu 2021, chiŵelengero cha mafuta na gasi mu GDP ya Russia, kusazgapo kunozga mafuta na gasi, kwendeska, kuguliska mafuta na gasi, vinthu vyose ivyo vikugwiliskirika nchito, na milimo yose yakovwira, ni 19.2% mu 2019 na 15.2% mu 2020. Ivi vikuyana waka na GDP ya Norway na Kazakhstan. Ni pacoko comene kuluska GDP ya ku Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates.<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|title=Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП|website=РБК|date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020|website=neftegazru.com|date=14 July 2021|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172407/https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|archive-date=9 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 &#124; NORVANREPORTS.COM &#124; Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World|date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|title=Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020|website=OilPrice.com}}</ref> Russia yikazomera phangano la Paris mu 2019. Ku Russia ndiko kuli na vyakumera vinandi comene kuluska vyakumera vinyake vyose pa caru. Russia ni caru cacinayi pa caru cose ico cikupanga magesi. Kweniso ni caru cakwamba pa caru cose kupanga nkhongono za nyukiliya, na kuzenga sitima yakwamba ya nyukiliya. Mu 2019, Russia ndiyo yikaŵa na nkhongono zinandi chomene pa charu chose pa nkhani ya nyukiliya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7}}</ref> === Agriculture and fishery === {{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}} [[File:Wheat Tomsk.jpg|thumb|left|Wheat in [[Tomsk Oblast]], Siberia]] Vyaru vya Russia vikupanga pafupifupi 5% ya GDP ya caru ici, nangauli vikugwirapo nchito pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira nchito. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakurughakuru ghachitatu pa charu chose, ghakukwana 1,265,267 sq. km. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca umo caru ici ciliri, pafupifupi 13.1% ya caru ici ni vyakurya, ndipo 7.4% pera ni vyakurya. Malo gha vyakurya gha mu caru ici ghakumanyikwa kuti ni malo gha ku Europe. Malo ghakujumpha hafu gha malo agha ghakupambika vyakurya vya viŵeto. Vipambi vikuru comene mu vyaru vya Russia ni vyakurya vya tirigu, ivyo vikukwana pafupifupi hafu ya malo gha vyakurya. Russia ni caru ico cikuguliska tirigu comene pa caru cose, ndipo ndico cikuguliska balere na buckwheat comene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf|title=The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict|date=25 March 2022|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|location=[[Rome]]|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wheat/reporter/rus?redirect=true|title=Wheat in Russia &#124; OEC|website=OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing |title=Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |first1=Anatoly |last1=Medetsky |first2=Megan |last2=Durisin |date=23 September 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanya umo vyakumera vingasinthira na kusintha kwa nyengo ŵakuwona kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vyakurya vya ku Russia vizamusambazgika chomene. Chifukwa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja zikuruzikuru zitatu na nyanja 12 izo zili mumphepete mwa nyanja, charu cha Russia chili pa nambara 6 pa vyakumera vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi. Mu chaka cha 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ŵakakora somba. Mu charu ichi ndimo mukusangika somba ziwemi chomene za beluga.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Russia}} {{See also|Timeline of Russian innovation|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}} <!--section full of name spamming see Canada#Science and technology for proper example--> [[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]] Boma la Russia likagwiliskira nchito pafupifupi 1% ya GDP yake pa kafukufuku mu 2019, ndipo ndilo lili na ndalama zinandi comene pa caru cose. Kweniso yikaŵa ya nambara 10 pa charu chose pa nkhani ya mabuku gha sayansi agho ghakalembeka mu 2020. Kwambira mu 1904, ŵanthu 26 ŵa ku Soviet Union na Russia ŵali kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu vyaru vya physics, chemistry, medicine, economics, literature na peace. Russia ili pa malo 45 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |title=RUSSIAN FEDERATION |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Kufuma waka mu nyengo ya Nikolay Lobachevsky, uyo wakambiska masamu agho ghakusambizga vya Euclid yayi, na Pafnuty Chebyshev, uyo wakaŵa msambizgi wakumanyikwa chomene, ŵasayansi ŵa masamu ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza chomene pa charu chose. Dmitry Mendeleev ndiyo wakambiska sayansi ya vinthu vyamunthazi. Ŵasayansi 9 ŵa ku Russia na Soviet ŵali kupokera chawanangwa ichi. Mu 2002, Grigori Perelman wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award chifukwa cha ukaboni wake waumaliro wa fundo ya Poincaré, kweniso Fields Medal mu 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Frank |title=Manifolds with Density and Perelman's Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-monthly_2009-02_116_2/page/134 |jstor=27642690 |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=134–142 |date=February 2009 |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/00029890.2009.11920920 |s2cid=6068179 }}</ref> Alexander Popov wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakapanga wayilesi, ndipo Nikolai Basov na Alexander Prokhorov ndiwo ŵakapanga laser na maser. Oleg Losev wakacita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya kudumura vinthu mu viŵiya, ndipo wakabowozga viŵiya vyakufumiska ungweru. Vladimir Vernadsky wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska sayansi ya geochemistry, biogeochemistry, na radiogeology. Eli Metchnikoff wakumanyikwa na kafukufuku wake wakukhwaskana na munkhwala wakuvikilira thupi. Ivan Pavlov wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Lev Landau wakawovwira chomene pa nkhani ya sayansi. Nikolai Vavilov wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kumanya malo agho vyakumera vikupangikira. Trofim Lysenko wakamanyikwanga comene cifukwa ca cisopa ca Lysenko. Ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Russia ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Igor Sikorsky wakaŵa mupayiniya wa vya ndege. Vladimir Zworykin ndiyo wakapanga makina gha pa TV ghakucemeka iconoscope na kinescope. Theodosius Dobzhansky wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya umo vinthu vikalengekera. George Gamow wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizganga fundo yakuti vinthu vikachita kuphulika kufuma ku chinthu chinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title= The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date= 11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> ==== Space exploration ==== Roscosmos ni wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa Russia. Ivyo charu cha Russia chafiska pa nkhani ya sayansi ya mlengalenga vikamba na Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, uyo wakaŵa wiske wa sayansi ya mlengalenga. Mu 1957, Satellite yakwamba ya Sputnik 1 yikaponyeka kucanya. Mu 1961, Yuri Gagarin ndiyo wakaluta mu mlengalenga kakwamba. Pakajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo ku Russia na ku Soviet Union kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasanda mlengalenga. Mu 1963, Valentina Tereshkova wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kweniso muchoko comene kuluta mu mlengalenga. Mu 1965, Alexei Leonov wakaŵa munthu wakwamba kwenda mu mlengalenga. Mu 1957, Laika, ntcheŵe yakufuma ku Soviet, ndiyo yikaŵa nyama yakwamba kuzingilira caru capasi. Mu 1966, ndege ya Luna 9 ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kufika pa mwezi. Mu 1968, Zond 5 yikawovwira ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa pa charu chapasi kuti ŵende kuzingilira mwezi. Mu 1970, Venera 7 ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yakwamba kukhira pa caru cinyake, Venus. Mu 1971, Mars 3 yikaŵa ndege yakwamba kukwera pa Mars.:34 ¢60 Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, Lunokhod 1 yikaŵa ndege yakwamba kukwera mu mlengalenga, ndipo Salyut 1 yikaŵa sitima yakwamba ya mlengalenga. Mu Epulero 2022, caru ca Russia cikaŵa na mapulaneti 172 mu mlengalenga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Russia}} [[File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Kuyana na wupu wa World Tourism Organization, charu cha Russia chili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Wupu wakuwona vya maulendo ku Russia (Federal Agency for Tourism) ukati mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaluta ku Russia maulendo ghakukwana 24.4 miliyoni. Mu 2018, ndalama izo charu cha Russia chikapokera kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda zikakwana madola 11.6 biliyoni. Mu chaka cha 2019, maulendo na vyakukopa ŵanthu vikaŵa pafupifupi 4.8% ya GDP ya charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Contribution-of-travel-and-tourism-to-GDP-percent-of-GDP|title=Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 1995–2019 |website=Knoema}}</ref> Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo ghakupambanapambana ku Russia. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakwenda mu malo ghakuchemeka Golden Ring of Russia. Vinyake mwa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta ku Russia ni Red Square, Peterhof Palace, Kazan Kremlin, Trinity Lavra of St. Petersburg, na Moscow Cathedral. Sergius na Nyanja ya Baikal. Moscow, msumba ukuru wa caru ici, ni msumba ukuru comene. Nyumba iyi yili na vyakuzengeka vya nyengo ya Soviet ndipo yili na vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni vyakusanguluska, maseŵero gha ballet, na nyumba zikuruzikuru. Msumba wa St. Petersburg, uwo ni msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Russia, ukumanyikwa na vyakuzengeka, matchalitchi, nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vyakale, mise yituŵa, milonga na migelo yinandi. Charu cha Russia ntchakumanyikwa pa charu chose chifukwa cha malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni State Russian, State Hermitage, na Tretyakov Gallery. Nyumba ya Moscow Kremlin na Cathedral ya St. Basil ni vinyake mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Russia|Russians|List of cities and towns in Russia|List of cities and towns in Russia by population}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | caption_align = center | align = right | title = Ethnic groups across Russia | image1 = Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people 2010 Census English.png | caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census}} | image2 = Percentage of Russians by region.svg | caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census}} }} Charu cha Russia chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 142.8 miliyoni kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ndipo ŵakukwana 145.5 miliyoni mu 2022. Charu cha Russia ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Europe, ndipo chili pa nambara 9 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST |title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) |work=[[The World Bank]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Kwamba m'ma 1990, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa ku Russia cajumpha ca awo ŵakubabika. Mu 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu Russia chikaŵa 1.5 pa mwanakazi waliyose, ndipo ichi ntchichoko chomene pakuyaniska na chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu charu ichi. Ntheura, caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵake mbacekuru comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵali na vilimika 40.3. Mu 2009, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vilimika 15, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kufwa cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa, kunjira mu caru cinyake cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakubabika.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foltynova |first=Kristyna |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html |title=Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |quote="Russia has been trying to boost fertility rates and reduce death rates for several years now. Special programs for families have been implemented, anti-tobacco campaigns have been organized, and raising the legal age to buy alcohol was considered. However, perhaps the most successful strategy so far has been attracting migrants, whose arrival helps Russia to compensate population losses." |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> Ndipouli, kwambira mu 2020, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Russia chawelerapo, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa na nthenda ya COVID-19 yikapangiska kuti chiŵelengero chake chichepe chomene mu nyengo ya mtende. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya Russia ya ku Ukraine mu 2022, suzgo la ŵanthu mu chalo ichi likasazgikira comene, cifukwa boma ili likapwetekeka comene na ŵasilikari awo ŵakafwa. Boma la Russia lili na vyaru vinandi ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu caru cose ici muli mafuko ghakujumpha 193. Mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 81% ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Russia, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko linyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Europe. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, caru ca Russia ndico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 11.6 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-03/russia-and-ukraine-fight-but-their-people-want-reconciliation |title=Russia and Ukraine Fight, But Their People Seek Reconciliation |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |first=Leonid |last=Ragozin |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> {{Largest cities of Russia}} === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Russian language|Languages of Russia}} {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center | align = right | title = Minority languages across Russia | image1 = Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png|caption1=[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] and [[Uralic languages]] spoken across Russia | image2 = Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|caption2=The [[North Caucasus]] is [[Peoples of the Caucasus|ethno]]-[[North Caucasian languages|linguistically]] diverse.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lazarev |first1=Vladimir |last2=Pravikova |first2=Ludmila |title=The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity |publisher=Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University |quote=The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism. |page=1325 |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF}}</ref> }} Chiyowoyero cha ku Russia ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene.<ref name="Russian"/> Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Europe, kweniso ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Eurasia. Chiyowoyero cha Chirussia ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa malo ghakuchemeka International Space Station. Russia ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2011 |last=Iryna |first=Ulasiuk |title=Legal protection of linguistic diversity in Russia: past and present |journal=[[Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development]] |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=71–83 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2010.536237 |s2cid=145612470 |issn=0143-4632 |quote=Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |title=Russia – Ethnic groups and languages |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote="Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders." |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> Kuyana na kalembera uyo wakachitika mu 2010, ŵanthu 137.5 miliyoni ŵakayowoyanga Chirussia, 4.3 miliyoni ŵakayowoyanga Chitata, ndipo 1.1 miliyoni ŵakayowoyanga Chiukraine. Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka wanangwa ku vigaŵa vya caru ici kuti viŵe na viyowoyero vyawo vya boma padera pa Cirasha, kweniso yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasungilire ciyowoyero cawo na kupanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti ŵacisambire na kucikura. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Russia vikumara chifukwa viyowoyero vinandi vili pangozi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jankiewicz |first1=Szymon |last2=Knyaginina |first2=Nadezhda |last3=Prina |first3=Federic |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf |title=Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity |date=13 March 2020 |volume=45 |number=1 |pages=59–91 |journal=[[Review of Central and East European Law]] |doi=10.1163/15730352-bja10003 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |s2cid=216273023 |issn=0925-9880}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bondarenko |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Nasonkin |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Shagieva |first3=Rozalina V. |last4=Kiyanova |first4=Olga N. |last5=Barabanova |first5=Svetlana V. |year=2018 |title=Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? |url=https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |journal=Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods |pages=166–182 |volume=8 |number=5 |issn=2251-6204}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in Russia}} [[File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d18.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] in Moscow is the most iconic religious architecture of Russia.]] Ku Russia kuli boma la ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi, ndipo cisopa cikuru comene ni Cikhristu ca Eastern Orthodox, ico cikumanyikwa comene na Tchalitchi la Russian Orthodox. Dango la Russia likuti cisopa ca Orthodox, pamoza na Cisilamu, Cibuda, na Cikhristu ca Ŵamitundu Yinyake (icho cilipo sono panji caŵasopo), ni visopa vya mu caru ici, ndipo ni vigaŵa vya "mbiri ya caru ici".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourdeaux|first=Michael|chapter=Trends in Religious Policy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA46|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-1857431377|pages=46–52 [47]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fagan|first=Geraldine|title=Believing in Russia: Religious Policy After Communism|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415490023}} p. 127.</ref> Chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa visopa vyose mu Russia, ndipo ntchisopa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku North Caucasus, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Turkmenistan awo ŵakukhala ku chigaŵa cha Volga na Ural. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chibuda ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, na Tuva. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia ŵakulondezga visopa vinyake, kusazgapo Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism), mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusopa ŵangoza, na visopa vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵangoza nga ni Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism, visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chihindu, Siberian shamanism na Tengrism, visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Neo-Theosophical nga ni Roerichism, na visopa vinyake.<ref>{{cite book|year=2006|editor-surname1=Bourdeaux|editor-given1=Michael|editor-surname2=Filatov|editor-given2=Sergey|title=Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания|trans-title=Contemporary religious life of Russia. Systematic description of experiences|place=Moscow|publisher=[[Keston Institute]]; Logos|volume=4|language=ru|isbn=5987040574}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Menzel|editor-first1=Brigit|editor-last2=Hagemeister|editor-first2=Michael|editor-last3=Glatzer Rosenthal|editor-first3=Bernice|title=The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions|publisher=Kubon & Sagner|year=2012|isbn=978-3866881976|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/26681/1003383.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903042320/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/26681/1003383.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusopa mu visopa vichokovichoko ŵakutambuzgika ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukanizgika mu charu ichi. Mu 2017, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakaŵakanizga mu Russia. Mu 2012, wupu wakuwona vya chisopa wa Sreda, pamoza na Unduna wa vya Malango, ukafumiska buku la Arena Atlas, ilo likasazgako ku kalembera wa mu 2010, ilo likulongosora vya chisopa na mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Russia. Ivyo vikachitika vikalongora kuti ŵanthu 47.3% ŵa ku Russia ŵakajiphara kuti Mbakhristu, kusazgapo 41% ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox, 1.5% ŵa Orthodox panji ŵa matchalitchi ghanyake, 4.1% ŵa Ŵakhristu ŵambura kukolerana na tchalitchi linyake, ndipo ŵambura kukolerana na tchalitchi la Orthodox, Ŵakatorika, panji Ŵaprotesitanti, ndipo ŵakakwana 1%.<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012"/> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in Russia}} [[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]], the most prestigious educational institution in Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |title=Lomonosov Moscow State University |work=[[QS World University Rankings]] |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Russia ŵakumanya kulemba na kuŵazga, ndipo sukulu iyi njakukakamiza kwa vyaka 11. Dango la caru ici likuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge kwawanangwa.<ref name="CEPES">{{cite book |date=1997 |last=Kouptsov |first=Oleg |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |title=Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries |location=[[Bucharest]] |work=[[UNESCO-CEPES]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=25 |isbn=929-0-69146-8}}</ref> Unduna wa vya masambiro ku Russia ndiwo ukupeleka masambiro gha ku pulayimale na gha ku sekondare, kweniso masambiro gha mauteŵeti. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa vigaŵa ŵakulongozga masambiro mu vigaŵa vyawo mwakuyana na malango gha boma. Russia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na masambiro ghapacanya comene pa caru cose, ndipo ni caru ca nambara 6 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kumalizga masambiro ghapacanya.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |title=Population with tertiary education |publisher=[[OECD]] |doi=10.1787/0b8f90e9-en |year=2022 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Mu 2018, charu ichi chikagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana 4.7% pa GDP yake pa masambiro. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa vitatu na vinkhondi na cimoza mu caru ca Russia ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha ŵana ŵachoko. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 7 ndiwo ŵakwenera kusambira sukulu ya pulayimale. Kuti munthu wafike ku sekondare wakwenera kusambira vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 pa ŵanthu 8 ŵa ku Russia ŵakulutilira kusambira sukulu iyi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakunjira masukulu ghapachanya ndipo ŵakusanga mwaŵi wa kusambira. Maunivesite ghakale chomene na ghakuru chomene mu Russia ni Moscow State University na Saint Petersburg State University. Mu vyaru vyose ivi muli masukulu ghapachanya 10 gha boma. Russia ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghachinkhondi pa charu chose agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasambirangako ku charu ichi mu 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |title=Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Main|Healthcare in Russia}} [[File:Metallurg Sochi.jpg|thumb|Metallurg, a Soviet-era [[sanatorium]] in [[Sochi]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Elise |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |work=[[Calvert 22 Foundation]] |title=Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>]] Ku Russia, malango ghakwendeskera umoyo ghakupeleka wovwiri waulere ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Linda |url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |date=February 2015 |work=[[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]] |publisher=United Nations |title=Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation |location=Geneva |access-date=3 January 2022 }}</ref> Unduna wa vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu wa Russia ndiwo ukuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakugwira ntchito mu charu ichi. Vigaŵa vya boma navyo vili na maofesi gha vyaumoyo agho ghakuwona vya boma. Kuti munthu wasange wovwiri wa ku chipatala ku Russia wakwenera kuŵa na inshuwalansi yapadera. Boma la Russia lagwiritsa ntchito 5.65% ya GDP yake pa zaumoyo mu 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021|quote=Data retrieved on January 30, 2022.}}</ref> Ndalama izo charu ichi chikugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni zicoko comene pakuyaniska na za vyaru vinyake vyakutukuka. Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanalume awo ŵakufwa, caru ca Russia nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ŵanakazi. Mu 2019, umoyo wose wa ŵanthu ku Russia ukaŵa wa vyaka 73.2 (68.2 kwa ŵanalume na 78.0 kwa ŵanakazi). Mu Russia, matenda gha mtima ndigho ghakwamba kufwa. Ku Russia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakututuŵa chomene. Ndipouli, nangauli mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa chomene moŵa ku Russia, kweni ni suzgo likuru chomene pa charu chose. Kukhweŵa hona ni suzgo linyake mu caru ici. Nangauli chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakujikoma chikukhira, kweni ni suzgo likuru chomene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |title=Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 }}</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Russian culture}} [[File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in Moscow, at night]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakulondezga mitheto yawo chifukwa cha mbiri ya charu ichi, malo agho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, chisopa na mitheto ya ŵanthu, kweniso vinthu vya ku Western.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/western-culture-comes-russia |title=Western Culture Comes to Russia |date=10 October 1970 |volume=20 |number=10 |last=Lincoln |first=W.B. |publisher=[[History Today]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> Awo ŵakulemba mabuku na ŵavinjeru ŵa ku Russia ŵali kovwirapo chomene pa nkhani ya mabuku na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ŵakukhwaskaso chomene sumu, maseŵero, kupenta, na mafilimu. Charu ichi chachitaso vinandi pa nkhani ya sayansi na vyakupangapanga ndiposo kupenja malo.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hachten |first=Elizabeth A. |title=In Service to Science and Society: Scientists and the Public in Late-Nineteenth-Century Russia |jstor=3655271 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |journal=[[Osiris]] |year=2002 |volume=17 |pages=171–209|doi=10.1086/649363 |s2cid=144835649 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ipatieff |first=V.N. |title=Modern Science in Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_spring-1943_2_2/page/68 |jstor=125254 |doi=10.2307/125254 |year=1943 |pages=68–80 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=2 |number=2}}</ref> Ku Russia kuli malo 30 agho ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Russia awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵali kovwirapo chomene pa kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia. Chizindikiro cha charu cha Russia, nombo ya mitu yiŵiri, yikamba mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Tsardom, ndipo yili pa vikozgo vya charu ichi. Kanandi nkhalamira ya ku Russia na Mama Russia ni vimanyikwiro vya caru ici.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Platoff |first=Anne M. |title=The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia |journal=[[Raven: A Journal of Vexillology]] |volume=19 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5xz8x2zc/qt5xz8x2zc.pdf?t=n02jtk |pages=99–126 |doi=10.5840/raven2012197 |year=2012 |issn=1071-0043 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Riabov |first=Oleg |title=The Symbol of the Motherland in the Legitimation and Delegitimation of Power in Contemporary Russia |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |issn=0090-5992 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/nps.2019.14 |pages=752–767 |volume=48 |number=4|s2cid=214578255 }}</ref> Vidoli vya Matryoshka ni vyakuzirwa chomene ku Russia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture |page=19 |first=Hubbs |last=Joanna |year=1993 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-20842-2}}</ref> === Holidays === {{main|Public holidays in Russia}} [[File:Алые паруса.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Scarlet Sails (tradition)|Scarlet Sails]] being celebrated along the [[Neva]] in Saint Petersburg]] Mu Russia muli maholide ghankhondi na ghatatu. Chaka chikwamba na Zuŵa la Caka Ciphya pa 1 Janyuwale, ndipo pamanyuma pake pa 7 Janyuwale pakaŵanga Khisimasi. Zuŵa la kuvikilira caru, lakupelekeka ku ŵanalume, likukondwelereka pa Febuluwale 23. Zuŵa la Ŵanakazi pa 8 Malichi, likakura comene mu Russia mu nyengo ya Soviet Union. Zuŵa la ŵanakazi ilo likuŵako chaka chilichose lakhumbikwa chomene na ŵanalume ŵa ku Russia. Zuŵa la Khisimu na la Ŵantchito, ilo likaŵa holide ya mu nyengo ya Soviet, likukondwelereka pa Meyi 1.<ref name=":0" /> Zuŵa la Nkhondo, ilo likukumbukira kuwina kwa Soviet pa Nazi Germany na umaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose mu Europe, likukondwelereka pa Red Square mu Moscow. Maholide ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakukondwelera ni Zuŵa la Russia, ilo likuchitika pa Juni 12, kuti likumbukire umo charu cha Russia chikapharazgira kuti chili na mazaza pa charu chinyake kufuma ku Soviet Union. Pali maholide ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa. Chaka Ciphya cikukondwelereka pa 14 Janyuwale. Maslenitsa ni holide yakale ya ŵanthu ŵa ku East Slavic. Zuŵa la Cosmonautics pa 12 Epulero, kucindika ulendo wakwamba wa ŵanthu mu mlengalenga. Maholide ghaŵiri ghakuru gha Cikristu ni Isitara na Sabata ya Utatu.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Leonov |first=Tatyana |title=Celebrate: Russian Orthodox Easter |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/04/04/celebrate-russian-orthodox-easter |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2022 }}</ref> === Maluso na kuzenga === {{Main|Russian artists|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | perrow = 2 | total_width = 230 | caption_align = center | align = right | image_style = border:none; | image1 = Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg | caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Karl Bryullov]], ''[[The Last Day of Pompeii]]'' (1833)}} | image2 = Winter Palace Panorama 3.jpg | caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Winter Palace]] served as the [[official residence]] of the [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]].}} }} Ku Russia, ŵanthu ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi vyakutowa chomene. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Andrei Rublev, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya kupenta vikozgo, wakapanga vinthu vinyake vya cisopa vyakuzirwa comene mu Russia. Wupu wa Russian Academy of Arts, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu 1757, kuti usambizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia umo ŵangapangira vithuzithuzi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasayansi ŵanyake nga ni Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, na Vladimir Borovikovsky ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi vinandi vya Karl Briullov na Alexander Ivanov.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2018 |volume=77 |number=1 |jstor=26565352 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |last=Dianina |first=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero |pages=122–150|doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13 |s2cid=165942177 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> Ivan Aivazovsky, uyo nayo wakaŵa na nkharo iyi, wakuwoneka kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene pa nkhani ya vyakumera. Mu ma1860, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga vinthu (Peredvizhniki), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Ivan Kramskoy, Ilya Repin, na Vasiliy Perov, ŵakaleka kughanaghanira chomene vya sukulu iyi. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986|s2cid=191516851 }}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵa ku Russia awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵali na nkharo yiwemi ŵakamba kuzura mu 1890 m'paka mu 1930. Ŵaluso ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa chomene mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Wassily Kandinsky, na Marc Chagall. Mbiri ya vyakuzengeka vya ku Russia yikamba na vyakuzengeka vyakwambilira vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Slavonia, kweniso vya matchalitchi gha ku Kiev. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Kievan Rus' chazgoka Chikhristu, kwa vyaka vinandi chikaŵa na vyakuzengeka vya Byzantine. Aristotle Fioravanti na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Italy ndiwo ŵakambiska nyengo ya kuwuka kwa Yesu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵakazenga matchalitchi agho ghakaŵa nga ni mahema. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, "nthowa ya moto" ya kusongonora yikakura chomene mu Moscow na Yaroslavl, ndipo pachoko na pachoko yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵakazengeranga vinthu mu nyengo ya Naryshkin. Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa vinthu kwa Peter the Great, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutolera kalembero ka ku Russia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na vyakuzengeka vya Rococo, ndipo ŵakalemba milimo yiwemi chomene ya Bartolomeo Rastrelli na ŵalondezgi ŵake. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene awo ŵakazenganga vinthu ku Russia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, nga ni Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, na Ivan Starov, ŵakapanga vinthu vyakukumbukika ku Moscow na Saint Petersburg. Mu nyengo ya Catherine Mukuru, msumba wa St. Petersburg ukazgoka malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale. Mu nyengo ya Alexander I, nyumba izo ŵakazenganga zikaŵa za Ufumu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzgoŵera kalembero kakupambanapambana ka ku Russia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |title=To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization |last=Zubovich-Eady |first=Katherine |year=2013 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120150146/https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Music === {{Main|Music of Russia}} [[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893), in a 1893 painting by [[Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter)|Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov]]]] M'paka m'ma 1700, sumu za ku Russia zikaŵa za ku tchalitchi, na za ŵanthu.<ref name="Music">{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/44.htm |title=Russia – Music |year=1998 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, sumu iyi yikamanyikwa na umo ŵanthu ŵakakhalira pakati pa Mikhail Glinka, uyo wakaŵa wakwimba wakwimba, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa gulu la The Mighty Handful. Ivyo wakalemba Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene awo ŵakalemba sumu zachitemwa, Sergei Rachmaninoff ndiyo wakalutilira kulemba m'ma 1900. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene awo ŵakalemba sumu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ni Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev na Dmitri Shostakovich, kweniso Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina, Georgy Sviridov, na Alfred Schnittke.<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russia – Music |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya Soviet Union, ŵanthu ŵakamanyikwanga chomene na sumu nga ni Vladimir Vysotsky na Bulat Okudzhava. Nangauli boma la Soviet likakanizganga sumu za jazz, kweni zikalutilira kukura ndipo zikazgoka sumu zakumanyikwa comene mu caru ici. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, sumu za rock zikaŵa zakutchuka chomene mu Russia, ndipo zikafumiska magulu nga ni Aria, Aquarium, DDT, na Kino. Sumu za pop zikulutilira kukura mu Russia kwambira mu ma 1960, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni t.A.T.u.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html |title=Tatu bad to be true |work=[[The Age]] |date=14 June 2003 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> === Literature and philosophy === {{Main|Russian literature|Russian philosophy}} {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | caption_align = center | align = left | image1 = Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg | caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910), is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time, with works such as ''[[War and Peace]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thirlwell |first=Adam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/08/classics.leonikolaevichtolstoy |title=A masterpiece in miniature |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 October 2005 |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>}} | image2 = Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg | caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1821–1881), one of the great novelists of all time, whose masterpieces include ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dahlkvist |first=Tobias |date=October 2015 |title=The Epileptic Genius: The Use of Dostoevsky as Example in the Medical Debate over the Pathology of Genius |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_2015-10_76_4/page/587 |jstor=43948762 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=76|number=4 |pages=587–608 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0028 |pmid=26522713 |s2cid=37817118 |issn=0022-5037}}</ref>}} }} Mabuku gha ku Russia ghakumanyikwa kuti ndigho ghakupambanapambana pa charu chose. Baibolo ili likamba kulembeka mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba nkhani za mu Baibolo mu ChiSlavonic chakale. Kuzakafika mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakusambizga Ŵanthu, mabuku ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene, ndipo pakaŵa mabuku gha Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, na Nikolay Karamzin. Kwambira mu ma 1830, apo mabuku gha ku Russia ghakaŵa mu nyengo ya ndakatulo, mabuku agha ghakaŵa gha ndakatulo chomene. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu nyengo iyi. Vasiliy Zhukovsky na Alexander Pushkin ŵakamba kuyowoya makora. Kuyana na ivyo Pushkin wakalemba, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako ŵakababika nga ni Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev na Afanasy Fet.<ref name="literature">{{cite web |year=1998 |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |title=Russia – Literature |url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/43.htm |access-date=27 July 2021 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington D.C.}}</ref> Mulembi mukuru wakwamba wa ku Russia wakaŵa Nikolai Gogol. Kufuma apo, pakaŵa Ivan Turgenev, uyo wakalemba nkhani zicoko na mabuku ghanyake. Mwaluŵiro Fyodor Dostoevsky na Leo Tolstoy ŵakamanyikwa pa caru cose. Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wakalembanga vyakusekeska, apo Nikolai Leskov wakumanyikwa na mabuku ghake ghafupi. Mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya m'ma 1900, Anton Chekhov wakalemba nkhani zicoko comene ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa maseŵero. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba mabuku nga ni Ivan Krylov, Vissarion Belinsky, na Alexander Griboyedov. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti kukaŵa nyengo iyo visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia vikamba kulembeka. Mu nyengo iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakulemba nga ni Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, na Konstantin Balmont. Kweniso pakaŵa ŵalembi ŵa mabuku na mabuku gha nkhani zichoko waka nga ni Aleksandr Kuprin, Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky na Andrei Bely.<ref name="literature"/> Pamasinda pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia mu 1917, mabuku gha ku Russia ghakagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vya Soviet na White émigré. Mu m'ma 1930, fundo yakuti vinthu vikuchitika nadi ndiyo yikamba kulamulira mu Russia. Munthu uyo wakawovwira pakusintha kalembero aka wakaŵa Maxim Gorky. Mikhail Bulgakov wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalembi ŵakumanyikwa comene mu nyengo ya Soviet Union. Buku la Nikolay Ostrovsky lakuti How the Steel Was Tempered ndilo ndakumanyikwa chomene mu mabuku gha ku Russia. Ŵanandi awo ŵakalemba mabuku agha ŵakaŵa Vladimir Nabokov na Isaac Asimov. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakasuska maghanoghano gha Soviet, nga ni Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, uyo wakalemba vya umoyo wa mu misasa ya Gulag. Fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia zikawovwira chomene. Alexander Herzen wakumanyikwa kuti njumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakambiska vyaru. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Mikhail Bakunin ndiyo wakambiska chisambizgo chakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kulamulira ŵanyawo. Peter Kropotkin wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya cikomyunizimu. Ivyo Mikhail Bakhtin wakalemba vyawovwira chomene ŵasayansi. Helena Blavatsky wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga pa charu chose. Vladimir Lenin, uyo wakaŵa munthu wankhongono comene, wakambiska cisopa ca cikomyunizimu. Kweni Leon Trotsky ndiyo wakambiska cisopa ca Trotsky. Alexander Zinoviev wakaŵa wavinjeru wakuzirwa comene mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Alexander Dugin, uyo wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghake gha ucigaluka, wakucemeka "mulongozgi wa vyaru vya caru".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rutland|first=Peter|date=December 2016|title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy|journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=425–436|doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009|jstor=26549593}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The myth of Trotskyism |year=1973 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/leon-trotsky-and-the-politics-of-economic-isolation/myth-of-trotskyism/95EE597BFA047615C393337F30CF63AF |work=Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation |pages=3–16 |editor-last=Day |editor-first=Richard B. |series=Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511524028.002 |isbn=978-0-521-52436-0 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brom |first=Libor |title=Dialectical Identity and Destiny: A General Introduction to Alexander Zinoviev's Theory of the Soviet Man |jstor=1347433 |doi=10.2307/1347433 |volume=42 |number=1/2 |year=1988 |pages=15–27 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|s2cid=146768452 }}</ref> === Kuphika === {{See also|Russian cuisine}} [[File:Mint bread kvas.jpg|thumb|[[Kvass]] is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage.]] Vyakurya vya ku Russia vikukolerana na umo charu chiliri, mitheto yake, chisopa chake, kweniso malo agho charu ichi chili. Vipambi vya mpunga, tirigu, balere, na mpiru ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange vingwa, makeke, na vyakurya vinyake. Cingwa ca mitundu yakupambanapambana cikumanyikwa comene mu Russia. Vyakurya vinyake vyakunowa ni shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, na okroshka. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusazgako smetana na mayonesi ku sopo na saladi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/15/spotlight-on-smetana-russias-sour-cream-a73909 |title=Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Shearlaw |first=Maeve |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/-sp-understanding-russias-obsession-with-mayonnaise |title=Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Pirozhki, blini, na syrniki ni vyakurya ivyo vikupangika mu charu ichi. Nyama ya nyama yakuchemeka Stroganoff, nyama ya nkhuku yakuchemeka Kiev, nyama ya nyama yakuchemeka pelmeni, na nyama yakuchemeka shashlyk ni vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakurya ni mphangwe zakuzura na nyama. Pa saladi iyi pali saladi ya Olive, vinegret, na hering'i. Vyakumwa vya ku Russia ivyo ni vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga yayi ni kvass, ndipo vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga ni vodka. Charu ichi ndicho chikumwa moŵa unandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo moŵa ndiwo ŵanthu ŵakumwa chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Russia ŵakutemwa vinyo. Mu Russia ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene tiyi kwa vilimika vinandi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-samovars-make-tea-time-distinctive-tradition/1720329 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |title=Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf |script-title=ru:Обзор российского рынка алкогольной продукции. IV квартал 2020 |title=Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. IV kvartal 2020 |publisher=[[Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation]] |page=11 |lang=ru |date=February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110728/http://www.ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/04/kvas-russias-national-tipple-a70784 |title=Kvas: Russia's National Tipple |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=4 July 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-drink-vodka-like-a-russian |title=How To Drink Vodka Like a Russian |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |first=Dan |last=Nosowitz |date=7 April 2016 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> === Mass media and cinema === {{Main|Media of Russia|Cinema of Russia}} [[File:2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]] in Moscow, the [[List of tallest freestanding structures|tallest freestanding structure]] in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/08/08/the-high-life-how-to-get-to-ostankino-tower-and-what-to-do-there_818720 |title=The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>]] Mu Russia muli mawupu gha nkhani ghakujumpha 400, ndipo ghanyake ghakuru chomene ni TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, na Interfax. Ku Russia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuwonelera TV.<ref name="bbcmedia">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840134 |title=Russia profile – Media |publisher=BBC |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="mediaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |title=Russia – Media Landscape |work=[[European Journalism Centre]] |first=Natalya |last=Krasnoboka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320003807/http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> Pa mawayilesi 3,000 agho ghali na malayisensi pa charu chose, ghapadera chomene ni Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, na Russkoye Radio. Pa manyuzipepara 16,000 agho ghali kulembeka, ghakumanyikwa chomene ni Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Izvestia, na Moskovskij Komsomolets. TV ya boma ya Channel One na Russia-1 ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani izi, apo RT ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani za ku Russia. Russia ndiyo ni caru cikuru comene pa vyamaseŵera gha pa vidiyo mu Europe, ndipo pali ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 65 miliyoni awo ŵakuseŵera. Mu Russia, ndipo pamanyuma, mu Soviet Union, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga mafilimu ghanandi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Jamie |jstor=20451166 |title=Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_2006-01_58_1/page/103 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=58 |number=1 |year=2006 |pages=103–124 |doi=10.1080/09668130500401715 |s2cid=153570960}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41 |title=Eisenstein, Sergei – Battleship Potemkin – 1925 Russia |publisher=[[Middlesex University]] |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵa mafilimu ŵa mu nyengo ya Soviet Union, comenecomene Sergei Eisenstein na Andrei Tarkovsky, ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle |title=Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |first=Mike |last=Brown |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky |title=Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky |work=[[British Film Institute]] |quote=He made only seven features, but Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky is widely regarded as one of cinema's true masters. |first=Carmen |last=Gray |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> Eisenstein wakaŵa msambiri wa Lev Kuleshov, uyo wakambiska fundo ya ku Soviet ya kusinthira mafilimu pa sukulu yakwamba ya mafilimu pa charu chose, ya All-Union Institute of Cinematography. Fundo ya Dziga Vertov yakuti "Kino-Eye" yikakhwaska chomene pa nkhani ya kupanga mafilimu ghavidiyo. Mafilimu ghanandi gha Soviet Socialist Realism ghakaŵa ghakovwira chomene, nga ni Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, na Ballad of a Soldier. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, mu Soviet Union mukaŵa mafilimu ghanandi. Vyakusanguluska vya Eldar Ryazanov na Leonid Gaidai vya nyengo yira vikaŵa vyakutchuka chomene, ndipo mazgu agha ghachali kugwiliskirika ntchito mazuŵa ghano.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html |title=Eldar Ryazanov And His Films |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prokhorova |first1=Elena |last2=Beumers |first2=Birgit |title=A History of Russian Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofrussian0000beum |date=2008 |section=The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy |isbn=978-1-84520-215-6 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |pages=519–542}}</ref> Mu 1961-68, Sergey Bondarchuk wakalongosora filimu ya Leo Tolstoy yakuchemeka War and Peace, iyo yikapokera mphotho ya Oscar. Iyi yikaŵa filimu yakuzirwa comene iyo yikaŵako mu Soviet Union. Mu 1969, Vladimir Motyl wakafumiska filimu yakuchemeka White Sun of the Desert. Pamasinda pa kuparanyika kwa Soviet Union, makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Russia ghakaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru, kweni kwamba m'ma 2000, ghakambaso kukura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197 |title=The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Ben |last=Aris |date=18 January 2019|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in Russia}} [[File:Maria Sharapova (18405201199).jpg|thumb|[[Maria Sharapova]], uyo kale wakaŵa na maudindo ghapachanya pa maseŵero gha tenesi, ndiyo wakapokeranga ndalama zinandi chomene pa maseŵero agha kwa vyaka 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/03/08/how-maria-sharapova-earned-285-mill-during-her-tennis-career/ |title=How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Russia. Gulu la mpira la Soviet Union likaŵa lakwamba kuwina maseŵera gha ku Europe apo likathereska vyalo vya ku Europe mu 1960, ndipo likaluta ku ma finals gha ku Europe mu 1988. Gulu la Russia la CSKA Moscow na Zenit Saint Petersburg likathereska nkhonya ya UEFA mu 2005 na 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/ |title=Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/ |title=How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008 |work=[[These Football Times]] |first=Joe |last=Terry |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |title=Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988 |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |title=EURO 1960: all you need to know |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195942/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>Gulu la mpira la Russia likafika ku semi-final ya Euro 2008. Russia ndiyo yikachitiska nkhonya ya FIFA Confederations Cup ya 2017, na World Cup ya 2018. Ndipouli, sono timu za ku Russia zilije mwaŵi wa kuseŵera pa maseŵera gha FIFA na UEFA. Hockey yikumanyikwa chomene mu Russia, ndipo timu ya ku Soviet Union ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa maseŵera agha. Bandy ni maseŵero gha caru ca Russia, ndipo ni caru ico cikucita makora comene pa maseŵero agha. Gulu la mpira la Russia ndilo likathereska EuroBasket 2007, ndipo gulu la mpira la Russia la PBC CSKA Moscow lili pakati pa magulu a mpira opambana kwambiri ku Ulaya. Mpikisano wa chaka chilichonse wa Formula One Russian Grand Prix unachitikira ku Sochi Autodrom mu Sochi Olympic Park, mpaka kutha kwake chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html |title=Russia – Sochi |publisher=[[Formula One]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/60601632|last=Benson|first=Andrew|title=Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix|work=[[BBC]]|date=3 March 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html |title=Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |first=Ilya |last=Trisvyatsky |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007 |title=EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007 |work=[[EuroLeague]] |first=Javier |last=Gancedo |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵakuchita maseŵero gha maseŵero gha ku Russia ndiwo ŵakuchita makora chomene maseŵero agha. Russia ndiyo wakwendeska maseŵero gha maseŵero gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Ku Russia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuseŵera maseŵero ghakuchemeka skating. Mu Russia muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha tennis. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuseŵera maseŵero gha chesi mu charu ichi. Maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1980 ghakachitikira ku Moscow, ndipo maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha mu 2014 gha mu nyengo yakuzizima na gha mu nyengo yakuzizima gha mu 2014 ghakachitikira ku Sochi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Ndipouli, caru ca Russia cikapokaso mendulo 43 pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki cifukwa ca kuswa malango gha doping.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keh |first1=Andrew |last2=Panja |first2=Tariq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/sports/olympics/Wada-Russing-doping.html |title=Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? A Primer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022|url-access=limited}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Russia}} * [[Outline of Russia]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=Note}} == Mwakufuma vyakulemba == {{Free-content attribution | title = Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security | author = [[International Energy Agency]] | publisher = the International Energy Agency | documentURL = https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security | license statement URL = https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af2ef37e-cbf5-49ce-b05a-ecb5725f9769/ListordescriptionofCC-licensedContent_20220406.pdf | license = CC BY 4.0 }} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{main|Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'|Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)|Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)}} {{refbegin|3}} * Bartlett, Roger P. ''A history of Russia'' (2005) [https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia00bart online] * Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. 2017. ''Russia Beyond Putin'' ([[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]]) [https://www.amacad.org/daedalus/russia-beyond-putin online] * Brown, Archie, ed. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union'' (1982) [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00brow online] * {{cite book | last1=Dutkiewicz | first1=P. | last2=Richard | first2=S. | last3=Vladimir | first3=K. | title=The Social History of Post-Communist Russia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-317-32846-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vo7DCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 | access-date=11 April 2022}} * Florinsky, Michael T. ed. ''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union'' (1961). * Frye, Timothy. ''Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Weak-Strongman-Limits-Putins-Russia/dp/0691212465/ excerpt] * Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. ''Putin v. the People: the Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia'' (Yale UP, 2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Putin-v-People-Perilous-Politics/dp/0300238398/ excerpt] * Hosking, Geoffrey A. ''Russia and the Russians: a history'' (2011) [https://archive.org/details/russiarussianshi2ndehosk online] * Kort, Michael. ''A Brief History of Russia'' (2008) [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofru0000kort online] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Russia | volume= 23 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin|last2= Bealby |first2=John Thomas|last3=Phillips|first3=Walter Alison |author3-link=Walter Alison Phillips|pages = 869–912}} * Lowe, Norman. ''Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Twentieth-Century-Russian-History/dp/0333963075/ excerpt] * Millar, James R. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History'' (4 vol 2003). [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0001unse online] * Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. ''A History of Russia'' (9th ed. 2018) [https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia0000rias 9th edition 1993 online] * Rosefielde, Steven. ''Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ excerpt] * Service, Robert. ''A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century'' (Harvard UP, 3rd ed., 2009) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Russia-Tsarism-Twenty-First/dp/0674034937/ excerpt] * Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Contemporary-Russian-Culture-Encyclopedias/dp/0415758629/ excerpt]; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics. * Walker, Shauin. ''The Long Hangover: Putin's New Russia and the Ghosts Of the Past'' (2018, Oxford UP) [https://www.amazon.com/Long-Hangover-Putins-Russia-Ghosts/dp/0190659246 excerpt] {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Russia}} {{Wikisource portal|Russia}} <!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> '''Government''' * [http://www.gov.ru/index_en.html Official Russian governmental portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223744/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/RS.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] (archived 4 October 2013) '''General information''' * {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Russia}} * {{wikiatlas|Russia}} * {{osmrelation-inline|60189}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ Russia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022164202/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/russia.htm Russia] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 22 October 2008) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17839672 Russia] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia Russia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RU Key Development Forecasts for Russia] from [[International Futures]] '''Vinyake''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070149/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552653 Post-Soviet Problems] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] (archived 15 December 2012) {{Russia topics}} {{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Russia |list= {{Sovereign states of Europe}} {{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)|state=collapsed}} {{Eurasian 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establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Transcontinental countries]] [[Category:Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] 3tocwwmf51n35k4e9vicnw71k4i0wuu 0 41800 122448 113120 2026-09-27T23:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{zambia-geo-stub}} {{Language review}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Baghdad |settlement_type = Msumba |image_skyline = |pushpin_map = |subdivision_type = Charu |subdivision_name = [[Zambia]] |subdivision_type1 = Chigaŵa |subdivision_name1 = Kumafumiro gha dazi |subdivision_type2 = Boma |subdivision_name2 = [[Boma la Chama|Chama]] |subdivision_type3 = Chigaŵa chavisankho |subdivision_name3 = [[Chama South]] |subdivision_type4 = Chigaŵa |subdivision_name4 = }} '''Baghdad''' ni msumba mu [[Boma la Chama]], [[Zambia]].<ref> [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-map-of-Zambia-showing-the-area-of-the-outbreak-in-Chama-district-in-the-northeast-of_fig1_223984858 Mapu ya Chama] </ref> == Mbiri == Cifukwa ca nthenda ya Anthrax iyo yikathandazgika mu Chama mu 2016, ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Wild Authority (ZAWA) ŵakamba kwenda mu Baghdad kukanizga ŵanthu kugwira nyama ya viwangwa vya [[chigwele]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wednesday, 5th October, 2016 {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/6311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616161917/https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/6311 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm |language=en}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Msumba mu Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi, Zambia]] q96sat9cj14fkkx1ld5kvhrd8jsjpi5 0 41839 122567 122350 2026-09-28T01:26:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Standard Normal Distribution-en.svg|right|thumb|Kugaŵa kwakaŵiri-kaŵiri, ako kali kakusangika chomene mu kuthithika kwa unandi, kukugwiliskika chomene pa Kusanthura-Maŵiro.]] [[File:Iris_Pairs_Plot.svg|right|thumb|Minda ya kumija na ma tchati gha mzere, yakugwiliskika chomene mu Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwa kulongosoleka kuwoneska ubali pakati pa visintho vyakupambana, apa kugwiriska chibwayila cha Iris flower.]] '''Kusanthura-Maŵiro''' (kufuma ku [[German language|ChiGerman]]: ''[[wikt:Statistik#German|Statistik]]'', {{Abbr|orig.|originally}} "kulongosora [[State (polity)|boma]], la charu")<ref>{{Cite OED|statistics}}</ref><ref>“[https://www.dwds.de/?q=Statistik Statistik]” in ''Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache''</ref> ni kafukufuku uyo wakukhwaskana na kuwunjika, kwendeska, kusanda, kung'anamura, na kulongosora [[uthenga]].<ref name=ox>{{cite book|title = Oxford Reference|chapter = Statistics|date = January 2008|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-954145-4|url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|access-date = 2019-08-14|archive-date = 2020-09-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903144424/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |access-date=2016-11-03 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033058/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cambridge Dictionary | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | access-date=2019-08-14 | archive-date=2020-11-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122210156/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics | url-status=live }}</ref> Para tikugwiliskira ntchito Kusanthura-Maŵiro pa suzgo la [[sayansi]], malonda, panji la umoyo wa ŵanthu, kanandi tikwamba na [[Unandi-wose]] panjiso [[kayezgero ka Kusanthura-Maŵiro]] ako katiŵazgikenge. Unandi-wose, ungaŵa vigaŵa vyakupambana pambana vya ŵanthu panji vinthu nga "ŵanthu ŵose ŵakukhala mu charu" panji "chimenyu chilichose chakuwumba khristoli". Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukuwona vyose vyakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri, kusazgapo ndondomeko ya kunozga ma [[statistical survey|Save]] na [[experimental design|ma kafukufuku]].<ref name=Dodge>Dodge, Y. (2006) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', Oxford University Press. {{isbn|0-19-920613-9}}</ref> Pala uthenga wa [[chipendero]] ungatoleleka yayi, [[waKusanthura-Maŵiro]] wakutolela uthenga pakupanga makafukufuku na ma save ago ghakugwiliska ntchito [[sample (statistics)|viyezgero]]. Kutola viyezgero vyakwimilra yikuwoneseska kuti fundo zingatandazga mwa mahara kufuma ku kachiyezgero kuluta ku unandi-wose mwanthunthu. [[experimental study|Kafukufuku wakusanda]] kukukhwaska kupima vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu ndondomeko iyo yikusambizgika, kunjizgapo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikusintha vinthu ivi, na kupima vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mwakuyana na ndondomeko iyo yikapangika kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye usange vinthu ivi vyasintha vinthu ivyo vikupima. Mwakupambaniska, [[observational study|kusanda Kwakulaŵilira]] kukukhwaska kafukufuku wakuseŵeleska yayi. Vyakudanga viŵiri mwa nthowa za Kusanthura-Maŵiro yakugwiliskika mu [[data analysis|kusanda uthenga]]: [[descriptive statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro kwakulongosoleka]], Ivyo vikuyowoya mwakudumura ivyo vyafuma mu viyezgero kugwiriska [[Index (statistics)|maindekse]] nthe [[mean|tikatikati]] panji [[standard deviation|yisezgo yakukhazikika]], na [[statistical inference|Kusanthura-Maŵiro mwa fundo]], izo zikufunya fundo kufuma pa uthenga uwo ukupambanangapambananga (nthe, vyakubekeka mwautesi, upambano wa viyezgero).<ref name=LundResearchLtd>{{cite web |last=Lund Research Ltd. |url=https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |title=Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |publisher=statistics.laerd.com |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075549/https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusanthura-Maŵiro ghakulongosoleka kanandi ghakukhwaska magulu yaŵiri ya maunenesko gha chigaŵo (chiyezgero panji unandi-wose): ''[[central tendency|uzgoloŵezgi wa pakati]]'' (pangi malo) uikukhumba kulongora umo vinthu viliri pakatikati panji umo vikuŵira, apo kusakatuka (panji kuti kusinthasintha) kukulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakufumira pakati pa vinthu. Fundo zakuroska mu [[mathematical statistics|Kusanthura-Maŵiro musamuzi]] zikupangika pa chizengero cha [[probability theory|fundo ya mayero]], iyi yikulongosora umo vinthu vikuchitikira mwamwaŵi. Kanandi ndondomeko ya Kusanthura-Maŵiro kukukhwaska kutolela kwa uthenga kulazgiska ku [[statistical hypothesis testing|kuyezga kwa ubali]] pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vya Kusanthura-Maŵiro, panji vibwayila vyauthenga na mauthenga ghakuwumbika na ŵanthu kufuma ku chiyezgero chakuwumbika mwausuma. Chiloskero chikupelekeka kulongosola ubali wa Kusanthura-Maŵiro pakati pa vibwayila viŵiri vyauthenga, ndipo this is compared as an [[alternative hypothesis|alternative]] to an idealized [[null hypothesis]] of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false, given the data that are used in the test. Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: [[Type I error]]s (null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive") and [[Type II error]]s (null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual relationship between populations is missed giving a "false negative"). Statistical measurement processes are also prone to error in regards to the data that they generate. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic ([[Bias (statistics)|bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. {{TOC limit|3}} == Vyakudanga == {{main|Outline of statistics}} Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of [[data]],<ref>Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) ''Think and Explain with Statistics'', Addison-Wesley, {{isbn|978-0-201-15619-5}}. pp. 1–3</ref> or as a branch of [[mathematics]].<ref>Hays, William Lee, (1973) ''Statistics for the Social Sciences'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. xii, {{isbn|978-0-03-077945-9}}</ref> Some consider statistics to be a distinct [[mathematical sciences|mathematical science]] rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision-making in the face of uncertainty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=David |title=Statistics for the Twenty-First Century |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America |editor=F. Gordon |editor2=S. Gordon |location=Washington, DC |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 14–25] |chapter=Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject |isbn=978-0-88385-078-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chance |first=Beth L. |author1-link=Beth Chance |author2=Rossman, Allan J. |title=Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods |publisher=Duxbury Press |year=2005 |chapter=Preface |isbn=978-0-495-05064-3 |chapter-url=http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2020-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122092901/http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In applying statistics to a problem, it is common practice to start with a [[statistical population|population]] or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics, such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population (an operation called a [[census]]). This may be organized by governmental statistical institutes. ''[[Descriptive statistics]]'' can be used to summarize the population data. Numerical descriptors include [[mean]] and [[standard deviation]] for [[Continuous probability distribution|continuous data]] (like income), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing [[categorical data]] (like education). When a census is not feasible, a chosen subset of the population called a [[sampling (statistics)|sample]] is studied. Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample members in an observational or [[experiment]]al setting. Again, descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the sample data. However, drawing the sample contains an element of randomness; hence, the numerical descriptors from the sample are also prone to uncertainty. To draw meaningful conclusions about the entire population, ''[[inferential statistics]]'' are needed. It uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented while accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of answering yes/no questions about the data ([[hypothesis testing]]), estimating numerical characteristics of the data ([[Estimation theory|estimation]]), describing [[Association (statistics)|associations]] within the data ([[correlation and dependence|correlation]]), and modeling relationships within the data (for example, using [[regression analysis]]). Inference can extend to the [[forecasting]], [[prediction]], and estimation of unobserved values either in or associated with the population being studied. It can include [[extrapolation]] and [[interpolation]] of [[time series]] or [[spatial statistics|spatial data]], as well as [[data mining]]. ===Mathematical statistics=== {{main|Mathematical statistics}} Mathematical statistics is the application of [[mathematics]] to statistics. Mathematical techniques used for this include [[mathematical analysis]], [[linear algebra]], [[stochastic analysis]], [[differential equations]], and [[measure-theoretic probability theory]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lakshmikantham|first1=D. |last2=Kannan|first2= V.|title=Handbook of stochastic analysis and applications|date=2002|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=0824706609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schervish|first=Mark J.|title=Theory of statistics|date=1995|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=0387945466|edition=Corr. 2nd print.}}</ref> == Mbiri == {{main|History of statistics|Founders of statistics}} [[File:Jakob Bernoulli.jpg|thumb|Bernoulli's ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.]] Formal discussions on inference date back to [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arab mathematicians]] and [[cryptographers]], during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] between the 8th and 13th centuries. [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|Al-Khalil]] (717–786) wrote the ''Book of Cryptographic Messages'', which contains one of the first uses of [[permutation]]s and [[combination]]s, to list all possible [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words with and without vowels.<ref name="LB">{{cite journal|last=Broemeling|first=Lyle D.|title=An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology|journal=The American Statistician|date=1 November 2011|volume=65|issue=4|pages=255–257|doi=10.1198/tas.2011.10191|s2cid=123537702}}</ref> [[Al-Kindi|Al-Kindi's]] ''Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages'' gave a detailed description of how to use [[frequency analysis]] to decipher [[encrypted]] messages, providing an early example of [[statistical inference]] for [[Code|decoding]]. [[Ibn Adlan]] (1187–1268) later made an important contribution on the use of [[sample size]] in frequency analysis.<ref name="LB"/> The term 'statistic' was introduced by the Italian scholar [[Girolamo Ghilini]] in 1589 with reference to this science.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostasiewicz |first=Walenty |year=2014 |title=The emergence of statistical science |journal=Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny |volume=12 |issue=18 |doi=10.15611/sps.2014.12.04 |pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bruneau |first=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63RnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=States and the Masters of Capital: Sovereign Lending, Old and New |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0231555647}}</ref> The earliest writing containing statistics in [[Europe]] dates back to 1663, with the publication of ''[[Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality]]'' by [[John Graunt]].<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref> Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its [[History of statistics#Etymology|''stat-'' etymology]]. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences. The mathematical foundations of statistics developed from discussions concerning [[Game of chance|games of chance]] among mathematicians such as [[Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Pierre de Fermat]], and [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Although the idea of probability was already examined in ancient and medieval law and philosophy (such as the work of [[Juan Caramuel]]), [[probability theory]] as a mathematical discipline only took shape at the very end of the 17th century, particularly in [[Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob Bernoulli's]] posthumous work ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]''.<ref>J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal, Johns Hopkins Univ Pr 2002</ref> This was the first book where the realm of games of chance and the realm of the probable (which concerned opinion, evidence, and argument) were combined and submitted to mathematical analysis.<ref>Schneider, I. (2005). Jakob Bernoulli, ''Ars Conjectandi'' (1713). In I. Grattan-Guinness (Ed.), ''Landmark writings in Western Mathematics, 1640-1940'' (pp. 88-103). </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sylla |first1=E. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xgwSAjTh34C |title=The Art of Conjecturing, Together with Letter to a Friend on Sets in Court Tennis (trans.) |last2=Bernoulli |first2=Jacob |publisher=JHU Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8235-7 |language=en}}</ref> The [[method of least squares]] was first described by [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805, though [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] presumably made use of it a decade earlier in 1795.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=M. |date=2021 |title=Gauss, Least Squares, and the Missing Planet |url=https://www.actuaries.digital/2021/03/31/gauss-least-squares-and-the-missing-planet/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Actuaries Digital}}</ref> [[File:Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.]] The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|title=Studies in the history of statistical method|author=Helen Mary Walker|author-link=Helen M. Walker|year=1975|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0405066283|access-date=2015-06-27|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141905/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]], who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis, not just in science, but in industry and politics as well. Galton's contributions included introducing the concepts of [[standard deviation]], [[correlation]], [[regression analysis]] and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics—height, weight and eyelash length among others.<ref name=Galton1877>{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = F | year = 1877 | title = Typical laws of heredity | journal = Nature | volume = 15 | issue = 388| pages = 492–553 | doi=10.1038/015492a0| bibcode = 1877Natur..15..492. | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pearson developed the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], defined as a product-moment,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1214/ss/1177012580 | last1 = Stigler | first1 = S.M. | year = 1989 | title = Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation | journal = Statistical Science | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 73–79 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[Method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]] for the fitting of distributions to samples and the [[Pearson distribution]], among many other things.<ref name="Pearson, On the criterion">{{Cite journal|last1=Pearson|first1=K.|year=1900|title=On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|journal=Philosophical Magazine|series=Series 5|volume=50|issue=302|pages=157–175|doi=10.1080/14786440009463897|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818110818/https://zenodo.org/record/1430618|url-status=live}}</ref> Galton and Pearson founded ''[[Biometrika]]'' as the first journal of mathematical statistics and [[biostatistics]] (then called biometry), and the latter founded the world's first university statistics department at [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karl Pearson (1857–1936)|publisher=Department of Statistical Science&nbsp;– [[University College London]]|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065418/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html|archive-date=2008-09-25}}</ref> The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by [[William Sealy Gosset]], and reached its culmination in the insights of [[Ronald Fisher]], who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1918 seminal paper ''[[The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]'' (which was the first to use the statistical term, [[variance]]), his classic 1925 work ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'' and his 1935 ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | author = Box, JF | title = R.A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-statistician_1980-02_34_1/page/n1 | jstor = 2682986 | journal = [[The American Statistician]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 |date=February 1980 | pages = 1–7 | doi = 10.2307/2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Yates, F | title = Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biometrics_1964-06_20_2/page/307 | jstor = 2528399 | journal = [[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] | volume = 20 | issue = 2 |date=June 1964 | pages = 307–321 | doi = 10.2307/2528399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_1966-05_3_3/page/223 |first1=Julian C. |last1=Stanley |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1966|pages= 223–229 |jstor=1161806 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223|s2cid=145725524 }}</ref> where he developed rigorous [[design of experiments]] models. He originated the concepts of [[sufficiency (statistics)|sufficiency]], [[ancillary statistic]]s, [[linear discriminant analysis|Fisher's linear discriminator]] and [[Fisher information]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agresti|first=Alan|author2=David B. Hichcock|year=2005|title=Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis|journal=Statistical Methods & Applications|issue=3|page=298|url=http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y|volume=14|s2cid=18896230|access-date=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212926/http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He also coined the term [[null hypothesis]] during the [[Lady tasting tea]] experiment, which "is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation".<ref name="oed">OED quote: '''1935''' R.A. Fisher, ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'' ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis', and the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</ref><ref>Fisher|1971|loc=Chapter II. The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</ref> In his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'', he applied statistics to various [[biology|biological]] concepts such as [[Fisher's principle]]<ref name="Edwards98">{{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=A.W.F.|year=1998|title=Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1998-06_151_6/page/564|journal=American Naturalist|volume=151|issue=6|pages=564–569|doi=10.1086/286141|pmid=18811377|s2cid=40540426}}</ref> (which [[A. W. F. Edwards]] called "probably the most celebrated argument in [[evolutionary biology]]") and [[Fisherian runaway]],<ref name="fisher15">Fisher, R.A. (1915) The evolution of sexual preference. Eugenics Review (7) 184:192</ref><ref name="fisher30">Fisher, R.A. (1930) [[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]. {{isbn|0-19-850440-3}}</ref><ref name="pers00">Edwards, A.W.F. (2000) Perspectives: Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics. The Genetics Society of America (154) 1419:1426</ref><ref name="ander94">{{cite book|last = Andersson|first = Malte|date = 1994|title = Sexual Selection|isbn = 0-691-00057-3|publisher = Princeton University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|access-date = 2019-09-19|archive-date = 2019-12-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191225202726/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="ander06">Andersson, M. and Simmons, L.W. (2006) Sexual selection and mate choice. Trends, Ecology and Evolution (21) 296:302</ref><ref name="gayon10">Gayon, J. (2010) Sexual selection: Another Darwinian process. Comptes Rendus Biologies (333) 134:144</ref> a concept in [[sexual selection]] about a positive feedback runaway effect found in [[evolution]]. The final wave, which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments, emerged from the collaborative work between [[Egon Pearson]] and [[Jerzy Neyman]] in the 1930s. They introduced the concepts of "[[Type I and type II errors|Type II]]" error, [[power of a test]] and [[confidence interval]]s. Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive (quota) sampling.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Neyman | first1 = J | year = 1934 | title = On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection | journal = [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]] | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 557–625 | jstor=2342192| doi = 10.2307/2342192 }}</ref> Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern [[computer]]s has expedited large-scale statistical computations and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually. Statistics continues to be an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze [[big data]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|title=Science in a Complex World – Big Data: Opportunity or Threat?|work=Santa Fe Institute|access-date=2014-10-13|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530001750/http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mauthenga gha Kusanthura-Maŵiro== {{main|Statistical data}} === Kutolela uthenga === ====Kutolela Viyezgero==== When full census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect sample data by developing specific [[design of experiments|experiment designs]] and [[survey sampling|survey samples]]. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting through [[statistical model]]s. To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represents the overall population. Representative [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent that the sample chosen is actually representative. Statistics offers methods to estimate and correct for any bias within the sample and data collection procedures. There are also methods of experimental design that can lessen these issues at the outset of a study, strengthening its capability to discern truths about the population. Sampling theory is part of the [[mathematics|mathematical discipline]] of [[probability theory]]. Probability is used in [[statistical theory|mathematical statistics]] to study the [[sampling distribution]]s of [[sample statistic]]s and, more generally, the properties of [[statistical decision theory|statistical procedures]]. The use of any statistical method is valid when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method. The difference in point of view between classic probability theory and sampling theory is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given parameters of a total population to [[deductive reasoning|deduce]] probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—[[inductive reasoning|inductively inferring]] from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population. ====Experimental and observational studies==== A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate [[causality]], and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or [[Dependent and independent variables|independent variables on dependent variables]]. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: [[Experiment|experimental studies]] and [[Observational study|observational studies]]. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies in how the study is actually conducted. Each can be very effective. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve [[Scientific control|experimental manipulation]]. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated. While the tools of data analysis work best on data from [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized studies]], they are also applied to other kinds of data—like [[natural experiment]]s and [[Observational study|observational studies]]<ref>[[David A. Freedman (statistician)|Freedman, D.A.]] (2005) ''Statistical Models: Theory and Practice'', Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|978-0-521-67105-7}}</ref>—for which a statistician would use a modified, more structured estimation method (e.g., [[Difference in differences|Difference in differences estimation]] and [[instrumental variable]]s, among many others) that produce [[consistent estimator]]s. =====Vifukufuku===== The basic steps of a statistical experiment are: # Planning the research, including finding the number of replicates of the study, using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of [[Average treatment effect|treatment effects]], [[alternative hypothesis|alternative hypotheses]], and the estimated [[experimental error|experimental variability]]. Consideration of the selection of experimental subjects and the ethics of research is necessary. Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects. # [[Design of experiments]], using [[blocking (statistics)|blocking]] to reduce the influence of [[confounding variable]]s, and [[randomized assignment]] of treatments to subjects to allow [[bias of an estimator|unbiased estimates]] of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the ''[[protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]]'' that will guide the performance of the experiment and which specifies the'' primary analysis'' of the experimental data. # Performing the experiment following the [[Protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]] and [[analysis of variance|analyzing the data]] following the experimental protocol. # Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study. # Documenting and presenting the results of the study. Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous [[Hawthorne study]] examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the [[Western Electric Company]]. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the [[assembly line]] workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a [[control group]] and [[double-blind|blindness]]. The [[Hawthorne effect]] refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|pages=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1}}</ref> =====Kuŵazga Kwakulaŵilila===== An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a [[cohort study]], and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J|editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth/page/n100 100]|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> A [[case-control study]] is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected. ===Mitundu ya uthenga=== {{main|Statistical data type||Levels of measurement}} Various attempts have been made to produce a taxonomy of [[level of measurement|levels of measurement]]. The psychophysicist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not have meaningful rank order among values, and permit any one-to-one (injective) transformation. Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values, and permit any order-preserving transformation. Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with [[longitude]] and [[temperature]] measurements in [[Celsius]] or [[Fahrenheit]]), and permit any linear transformation. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any rescaling transformation. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as [[categorical variable]]s, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as [[Variable (mathematics)#Applied statistics|quantitative variables]], which can be either [[Probability distribution#Discrete probability distribution|discrete]] or [[Probability distribution#Continuous probability distribution|continuous]], due to their numerical nature. Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with [[data type]] in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the [[Boolean data type]], polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned [[integer]]s in the [[integer (computer science)|integral data type]], and continuous variables with the [[real data type]] involving [[floating-point arithmetic]]. But the mapping of computer science data types to statistical data types depends on which categorization of the latter is being implemented. Other categorizations have been proposed. For example, Mosteller and Tukey (1977)<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mosteller | first1 = F. | author-link1 = Frederick Mosteller | last2 = Tukey | first2 = J.W | author-link2 = John Tukey | year = 1977 | title = Data analysis and regression | url = https://archive.org/details/dataanalysisregr0000most | location = Boston | publisher = Addison-Wesley}}</ref> distinguished grades, ranks, counted fractions, counts, amounts, and balances. Nelder (1990)<ref>[[John Nelder|Nelder, J.A.]] (1990). The knowledge needed to computerise the analysis and interpretation of statistical information. In ''Expert systems and artificial intelligence: the need for information about data''. Library Association Report, London, March, 23–27.</ref> described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. (See also: Chrisman (1998),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chrisman | first1 = Nicholas R | year = 1998 | title = Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_cartography-and-geographic-information-science_1998-10_25_4/page/231 | journal = Cartography and Geographic Information Science | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 231–242 | doi=10.1559/152304098782383043}}</ref> van den Berg (1991).<ref>van den Berg, G. (1991). ''Choosing an analysis method''. Leiden: DSWO Press</ref>) The issue of whether or not it is appropriate to apply different kinds of statistical methods to data obtained from different kinds of measurement procedures is complicated by issues concerning the transformation of variables and the precise interpretation of research questions. "The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values which are not invariant under some transformations. Whether or not a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer."<ref>Hand, D.J. (2004). ''Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification.'' London: Arnold.</ref>{{rp|82}} == Nthowa == {{more citations needed section|date=December 2020}} === Descriptive statistics === {{main|Descriptive statistics}} A '''descriptive statistic''' (in the [[count noun]] sense) is a [[summary statistic]] that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of [[information]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> while '''descriptive statistics''' in the [[mass noun]] sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]] (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aims to summarize a [[Sample (statistics)|sample]], rather than use the data to learn about the [[statistical population|population]] that the sample of data is thought to represent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.researchconnections.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172011/https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |archive-date=2023-01-10}}</ref> === Inferential statistics === {{main|Statistical inference}} '''Statistical inference''' is the process of using [[data analysis]] to deduce properties of an underlying [[probability distribution]].<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a [[Statistical population|population]], for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is [[Sampling (statistics)|sampled]] from a larger population. Inferential statistics can be contrasted with [[descriptive statistics]]. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Inferential Statistics - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/writing_with_statistics/basic_inferential_statistics.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=owl.purdue.edu}}</ref> ====Terminology and theory of inferential statistics==== =====Statistics, estimators and pivotal quantities===== Consider [[Independent identically distributed|independent identically distributed (IID) random variables]] with a given [[probability distribution]]: standard [[statistical inference]] and [[estimation theory]] defines a [[random sample]] as the [[random vector]] given by the [[column vector]] of these IID variables.<ref name=Piazza>Piazza Elio, Probabilità e Statistica, Esculapio 2007</ref> The [[Statistical population|population]] being examined is described by a probability distribution that may have unknown parameters. A statistic is a random variable that is a function of the random sample, but {{em|not a function of unknown parameters}}. The probability distribution of the statistic, though, may have unknown parameters. Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an [[estimator]] is a statistic used to estimate such function. Commonly used estimators include [[sample mean]], unbiased [[sample variance]] and [[sample covariance]]. A random variable that is a function of the random sample and of the unknown parameter, but whose probability distribution ''does not depend on the unknown parameter'' is called a [[pivotal quantity]] or pivot. Widely used pivots include the [[z-score]], the [[Chi-squared distribution#Applications|chi square statistic]] and Student's [[Student's t-distribution#How the t-distribution arises|t-value]]. Between two estimators of a given parameter, the one with lower [[mean squared error]] is said to be more [[Efficient estimator|efficient]]. Furthermore, an estimator is said to be [[Unbiased estimator|unbiased]] if its [[expected value]] is equal to the [[true value]] of the unknown parameter being estimated, and asymptotically unbiased if its expected value converges at the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] to the true value of such parameter. Other desirable properties for estimators include: [[UMVUE]] estimators that have the lowest variance for all possible values of the parameter to be estimated (this is usually an easier property to verify than efficiency) and [[consistent estimator]]s which [[converges in probability]] to the true value of such parameter. This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the [[method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]], the [[maximum likelihood]] method, the [[least squares]] method and the more recent method of [[estimating equations]]. =====Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis===== Interpretation of statistical information can often involve the development of a [[null hypothesis]] which is usually (but not necessarily) that no relationship exists among variables or that no change occurred over time.<ref>{{cite book | last = Everitt | first = Brian | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0521593468 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00ever_0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |title=Cohen (1994) The Earth Is Round (p < .05) |publisher=YourStatsGuru.com |access-date=2015-07-20 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081658/http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a criminal trial. The null hypothesis, H₀, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H₁, asserts that the defendant is guilty. The indictment comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H₀ (status quo) stands in opposition to H₁ and is maintained unless H₁ is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H₀" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily ''accept'' H₀ but ''fails to reject'' H₀. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a [[Statistical power|power test]], which tests for [[type II error]]s. What [[statisticians]] call an [[alternative hypothesis]] is simply a hypothesis that contradicts the [[null hypothesis]]. =====Error===== Working from a [[null hypothesis]], two broad categories of error are recognized: * [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|Type I errors]] where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected, giving a "false positive". * [[Type I and type II errors#Type II error|Type II errors]] where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed, giving a "false negative". [[Standard deviation]] refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while [[Standard error (statistics)#Standard error of the mean|Standard error]] refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and population mean. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|statistical error]] is the amount by which an observation differs from its [[expected value]]. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|residual]] is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction). [[Mean squared error]] is used for obtaining [[efficient estimators]], a widely used class of estimators. [[Root mean square error]] is simply the square root of mean squared error. [[File:Linear least squares(2).svg|thumb|right|A least squares fit: in red the points to be fitted, in blue the fitted line.]] Many statistical methods seek to minimize the [[residual sum of squares]], and these are called "[[least squares|methods of least squares]]" in contrast to [[Least absolute deviations]]. The latter gives equal weight to small and big errors, while the former gives more weight to large errors. Residual sum of squares is also [[Differentiable function|differentiable]], which provides a handy property for doing [[regression analysis|regression]]. Least squares applied to [[linear regression]] is called [[ordinary least squares]] method and least squares applied to [[nonlinear regression]] is called [[non-linear least squares]]. Also in a linear regression model the non deterministic part of the model is called error term, disturbance or more simply noise. Both linear regression and non-linear regression are addressed in [[polynomial least squares]], which also describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (y axis) as a function of the independent variable (x axis) and the deviations (errors, noise, disturbances) from the estimated (fitted) curve. Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as [[Random error|random]] (noise) or [[Systematic error|systematic]] ([[bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also be important. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in [[bias (statistics)|biased estimates]] and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J.A., Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002</ref> =====Interval estimation===== {{main|Interval estimation}} [[File:NYW-confidence-interval.svg|thumb|right|[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.]] Most studies only sample part of a population, so results do not fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. [[Confidence intervals]] allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often they are expressed as 95% confidence intervals. Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does ''not'' imply that the probability that the true value is in the confidence interval is 95%. From the [[frequentist inference|frequentist]] perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a [[random variable]]. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to-be-observed [[random variable]]s. One approach that does yield an interval that can be interpreted as having a given probability of containing the true value is to use a [[credible interval]] from [[Bayesian statistics]]: this approach depends on a different way of [[Probability interpretations|interpreting what is meant by "probability"]], that is as a [[Bayesian probability]]. In principle confidence intervals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. An interval can be asymmetrical because it works as lower or upper bound for a parameter (left-sided interval or right sided interval), but it can also be asymmetrical because the two sided interval is built violating symmetry around the estimate. Sometimes the bounds for a confidence interval are reached asymptotically and these are used to approximate the true bounds. =====Significance===== {{main|Statistical significance}} Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the [[p-value]]). [[File:P-value in statistical significance testing.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|right|In this graph the black line is probability distribution for the [[test statistic]], the [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.]] The standard approach<ref name="Piazza"/> is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. A [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values of the estimator that leads to refuting the null hypothesis. The probability of type I error is therefore the probability that the estimator belongs to the critical region given that null hypothesis is true ([[statistical significance]]) and the probability of type II error is the probability that the estimator does not belong to the critical region given that the alternative hypothesis is true. The [[statistical power]] of a test is the probability that it correctly rejects the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Referring to statistical significance does not necessarily mean that the overall result is significant in real world terms. For example, in a large study of a drug it may be shown that the drug has a statistically significant but very small beneficial effect, such that the drug is unlikely to help the patient noticeably. Although in principle the acceptable level of [[statistical significance]] may be subject to debate, the [[significance level]] is the largest p-value that allows the test to reject the null hypothesis. This test is logically equivalent to saying that the p-value is the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, of observing a result at least as extreme as the [[test statistic]]. Therefore, the smaller the significance level, the lower the probability of committing type I error. Some problems are usually associated with this framework (See [[Statistical hypothesis testing#Criticism|criticism of hypothesis testing]]): * A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical significance, but it is possible to properly formulate tests to account for this. One response involves going beyond reporting only the [[significance level]] to include the [[p-value|''p''-value]] when reporting whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The p-value, however, does not indicate the [[effect size|size]] or importance of the observed effect and can also seem to exaggerate the importance of minor differences in large studies. A better and increasingly common approach is to report [[confidence interval]]s. Although these are produced from the same calculations as those of hypothesis tests or ''p''-values, they describe both the size of the effect and the uncertainty surrounding it. * Fallacy of the transposed conditional, aka [[prosecutor's fallacy]]: criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing approach forces one hypothesis (the [[null hypothesis]]) to be favored, since what is being evaluated is the probability of the observed result given the null hypothesis and not probability of the null hypothesis given the observed result. An alternative to this approach is offered by [[Bayesian inference]], although it requires establishing a [[prior probability]].<ref name=Ioannidis2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | author-link1 = John P.A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref> * Rejecting the null hypothesis does not automatically prove the alternative hypothesis. * As everything in [[inferential statistics]] it relies on sample size, and therefore under [[fat tails]] p-values may be seriously mis-computed.{{clarify|date=October 2016}} =====Examples===== Some well-known statistical [[Statistical hypothesis testing|tests]] and procedures are: {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em| * [[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA) * [[Chi-squared test]] * [[Correlation]] * [[Factor analysis]] * [[Mann–Whitney (U)|Mann–Whitney ''U'']] * [[Mean square weighted deviation]] (MSWD) * [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]] * [[Regression analysis]] * [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] * [[Student's t-test|Student's ''t''-test]] * [[Time series analysis]] * [[Conjoint Analysis]] }} ===Exploratory data analysis=== {{main|Exploratory data analysis}} '''Exploratory data analysis''' ('''EDA''') is an approach to [[data analysis|analyzing]] [[data set]]s to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A [[statistical model]] can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling or hypothesis testing task. == Misuse == {{main|Misuse of statistics}} [[Misuse of statistics]] can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all rely on the proper use of statistics. Even when statistical techniques are correctly applied, the results can be difficult to interpret for those lacking expertise. The [[statistical significance]] of a trend in the data—which measures the extent to which a trend could be caused by random variation in the sample—may or may not agree with an intuitive sense of its significance. The set of basic statistical skills (and skepticism) that people need to deal with information in their everyday lives properly is referred to as [[statistical literacy]]. There is a general perception that statistical knowledge is all-too-frequently intentionally [[Misuse of statistics|misused]] by finding ways to interpret only the data that are favorable to the presenter.<ref name="Huff">Huff, Darrell (1954) ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'', WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York. {{isbn|0-393-31072-8}}</ref> A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "[[Lies, damned lies, and statistics|There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics]]". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'',<ref name=Huff/> by [[Darrell Huff]], outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed light on the use and misuse of statistics, reviews of statistical techniques used in particular fields are conducted (e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter (2012)).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Warne | first1 = R. Lazo | last2 = Ramos | first2 = T. | last3 = Ritter | first3 = N. | year = 2012 | title = Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gifted-child-quarterly_summer-2012_56_3/page/134 | journal = Gifted Child Quarterly | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 134–149 | doi = 10.1177/0016986212444122 | s2cid = 144168910 }}</ref> Ways to avoid misuse of statistics include using proper diagrams and avoiding [[Bias (statistics)|bias]].<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology">{{cite book | chapter = Statistics in archaeology | pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear/page/n2072 2093]–2100 | first1 = Robert D. | last1 = Drennan | title = Encyclopedia of Archaeology | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear | url-access = limited | year = 2008 | publisher = Elsevier Inc. | editor-first = Deborah M. | editor-last = Pearsall | isbn = 978-0-12-373962-9 }}</ref> Misuse can occur when conclusions are [[Hasty generalization|overgeneralized]] and claimed to be representative of more than they really are, often by either deliberately or unconsciously overlooking sampling bias.<ref name="Misuse of Statistics">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Jerome B. |title=Misuse of Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-statistical-association_1938-12_33_204/page/657 |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |date=December 1938 |volume=33 |issue=204 |pages=657–674 |location=JSTOR |doi=10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344}}</ref> Bar graphs are arguably the easiest diagrams to use and understand, and they can be made either by hand or with simple computer programs.<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology" /> Unfortunately, most people do not look for bias or errors, so they are not noticed. Thus, people may often believe that something is true even if it is not well [[Sampling (statistics)|represented]].<ref name="Misuse of Statistics" /> To make data gathered from statistics believable and accurate, the sample taken must be representative of the whole.<ref name="Modern Elementary Statistics">{{cite journal|last=Freund|first=J.E.|author-link = John E. Freund|title=Modern Elementary Statistics|journal=Credo Reference|year=1988}}</ref> According to Huff, "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."<ref>{{cite book|last=Huff|first=Darrell|title=How to Lie with Statistics|url=https://archive.org/details/howtoliewithstat0000dare|year=1954|publisher=Norton|location=New York|author2=Irving Geis |quote=The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism.}}</ref> To assist in the understanding of statistics Huff proposed a series of questions to be asked in each case:<ref name=Huff/> * Who says so? (Does he/she have an axe to grind?) * How does he/she know? (Does he/she have the resources to know the facts?) * What's missing? (Does he/she give us a complete picture?) * Did someone change the subject? (Does he/she offer us the right answer to the wrong problem?) * Does it make sense? (Is his/her conclusion logical and consistent with what we already know?) [[File:Simple Confounding Case.svg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.]] ===Misinterpretation: correlation=== {{See also|Correlation does not imply causation}} The concept of [[correlation]] is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a [[data set]] often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death, might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or [[confounding variable]]. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. ==Applications== ===Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and mathematical statistics=== ''Applied statistics,'' sometimes referred to as ''Statistical science,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelder|first=John A.|date=1999|title=From Statistics to Statistical Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician)|volume=48|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1111/1467-9884.00187|jstor=2681191|issn=0039-0526|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|url-status=live}}</ref> comprises descriptive statistics and the application of inferential statistics.<ref>Nikoletseas, M.M. (2014) "Statistics: Concepts and Examples." {{isbn|978-1500815684}}</ref><ref>Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A. (1994) ''Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications'', pp. 5–9. West Group. {{isbn|978-0-314-03309-3}}</ref> ''Theoretical statistics'' concerns the logical arguments underlying justification of approaches to [[statistical inference]], as well as encompassing ''mathematical statistics''. Mathematical statistics includes not only the manipulation of [[probability distribution]]s necessary for deriving results related to methods of estimation and inference, but also various aspects of [[computational statistics]] and the [[design of experiments]]. [[Statistical consultant]]s can help organizations and companies that do not have in-house expertise relevant to their particular questions. ===Machine learning and data mining=== [[Machine learning]] models are statistical and probabilistic models that capture patterns in the data through use of computational algorithms. ===Statistics in academia=== Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in [[econometrics]], [[auditing]] and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of two journals in tropical biology found that the 12 most frequent statistical tests are: [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA), [[chi-squared test]], [[Student's t-test]], [[linear regression]], [[Pearson’s correlation coefficient]], [[Mann-Whitney U test]], [[Kruskal-Wallis test]], [[Diversity index#Shannon index|Shannon’s diversity index]], [[Tukey's range test]], [[cluster analysis]], [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] and [[principal component analysis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Natalia Loaiza Velásquez, María Isabel González Lutz & Julián Monge-Nájera|date=2011|title=Which statistics should tropical biologists learn?|url=https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|journal=Revista Biología Tropical|volume=59|pages=983–992|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160957/https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and [[normal distribution]]s, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pekoz|first=Erol|title=The Manager's Guide to Statistics|date=2009|publisher=Erol Pekoz|isbn=978-0979570438}}</ref> Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of [[free statistics software]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Statistical computing=== [[File:Gretl screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[gretl]], an example of an [[List of open source statistical packages|open source statistical package]]]] {{main|Computational statistics}} The rapid and sustained increases in computing power starting from the second half of the 20th century have had a substantial impact on the practice of statistical science. Early statistical models were almost always from the class of [[linear model]]s, but powerful computers, coupled with suitable numerical [[algorithms]], caused an increased interest in [[Nonlinear regression|nonlinear models]] (such as [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]]) as well as the creation of new types, such as [[generalized linear model]]s and [[multilevel model]]s. Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]], such as [[permutation test]]s and the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], while techniques such as [[Gibbs sampling]] have made use of [[Bayesian model]]s more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with a new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose [[List of statistical packages|statistical software]] are now available. Examples of available software capable of complex statistical computation include programs such as [[Mathematica]], [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SPSS]], and [[R (programming language)|R]]. ===Business statistics=== In business, "statistics" is a widely used [[Management#Nature of work|management-]] and [[decision support]] tool. It is particularly applied in [[financial management]], [[marketing management]], and [[Manufacturing process management|production]], [[operations management for services|services]] and [[operations management]] .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |title=Aims and scope |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194835/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics is also heavily used in [[management accounting]] and [[auditing]]. The discipline of [[Management Science]] formalizes the use of statistics, and other mathematics, in business. ([[Econometrics]] is the application of statistical methods to [[economic data]] in order to give empirical content to [[economic theory|economic relationships]].) A typical "Business Statistics" course is intended for [[Business education#Undergraduate education|business majors]], and covers <ref>Numerous texts are available, reflecting the scope and reach of the discipline in the business world: *Sharpe, N. (2014). ''Business Statistics'', Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0134705217}} *Wegner, T. (2010). ''Applied Business Statistics: Methods and Excel-Based Applications,'' Juta Academic. {{ISBN|0702172863}} Two [[Open textbook|open textbooks]] are: *Holmes, L., Illowsky, B., Dean, S. (2017). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509 ''Introductory Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616084059/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509|date=2021-06-16}} *Nica, M. (2013). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384 ''Principles of Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518151122/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384|date=2021-05-18}}</ref> [[descriptive statistics]] ([[Data collection|collection]], description, analysis, and summary of data), probability (typically the [[binomial distribution|binomial]] and [[normal distribution]]s), test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation; (follow-on) courses may include [[forecasting]], [[time series]], [[decision trees]], [[multiple linear regression]], and other topics from [[business analytics]] more generally. See also {{sectionlink|Business mathematics#University level}}. [[Professional certification in financial services|Professional certification programs]], such as the [[Chartered Financial Analyst|CFA]], often include topics in statistics. ===Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts=== Traditionally, statistics was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology that was "required learning" in most sciences. This tradition has changed with the use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed enthusiastically.{{according to whom|date=April 2014}} Initially derided by some mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain areas. * In [[number theory]], [[scatter plot]]s of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns, which may then lead to hypotheses. * Predictive methods of statistics in [[forecasting]] combining [[chaos theory]] and [[fractal geometry]] can be used to create video works.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cline|first=Graysen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1132348139|title=Nonparametric Statistical Methods Using R|date=2019|publisher=EDTECH|isbn=978-1-83947-325-8|oclc=1132348139|access-date=2021-09-16|archive-date=2022-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515012840/https://www.worldcat.org/title/nonparametric-statistical-methods-using-r/oclc/1132348139|url-status=live}}</ref> * The [[process art]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] relied on artistic experiments whereby underlying distributions in nature were artistically revealed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Palacios|first1=Bernardo|last2=Rosario|first2=Alfonso|last3=Wilhelmus|first3=Monica M.|last4=Zetina|first4=Sandra|last5=Zenit|first5=Roberto|date=2019-10-30|title=Pollock avoided hydrodynamic instabilities to paint with his dripping technique|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0223706|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223706|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6821064|pmid=31665191|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423706P|doi-access=free}}</ref> With the advent of computers, statistical methods were applied to formalize such distribution-driven natural processes to make and analyze moving video art.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} * Methods of statistics may be used predicatively in [[performance art]], as in a card trick based on a [[Markov process]] that only works some of the time, the occasion of which can be predicted using statistical methodology. * Statistics can be used to predicatively create art, as in the statistical or [[stochastic music]] invented by [[Iannis Xenakis]], where the music is performance-specific. Though this type of artistry does not always come out as expected, it does behave in ways that are predictable and tunable using statistics. == Specialized disciplines == {{main|List of fields of application of statistics}} Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: [[biostatistics]], [[computational biology]], [[computational sociology]], [[network biology]], [[social science]], [[sociology]] and [[social research]]. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have [[specialized terminology]]. These disciplines include: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Actuarial science]] (assesses risk in the insurance and finance industries) * Applied information economics * [[Astrostatistics]] (statistical evaluation of astronomical data) * [[Biostatistics]] * [[Chemometrics]] (for analysis of data from [[chemistry]]) * [[Data mining]] (applying statistics and [[pattern recognition]] to discover knowledge from data) * [[Data science]] * [[Demography]] (statistical study of populations) * [[Econometrics]] (statistical analysis of economic data) * [[Statistical study of energy data|Energy statistics]] * [[Engineering statistics]] * [[Epidemiology]] (statistical analysis of disease) * [[Geography]] and [[geographic information system]]s, specifically in [[spatial analysis]] * [[Image processing]] * [[Jurimetrics]] ([[law]]) * [[Medical statistics]] * [[Political science]] * [[Psychological statistics]] * [[Reliability engineering]] * [[Social statistics]] * [[Statistical mechanics]]}} In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|Bootstrap]]{{\}}[[Jackknife resampling|jackknife]] [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]] * [[Multivariate statistics]] * [[Statistical classification]] * [[Structured data analysis (statistics)|Structured data analysis]] * [[Structural equation modelling]] * [[Survey methodology]] * [[Survival analysis]] * Statistics in various sports, particularly [[Baseball statistics|baseball]] – known as [[sabermetrics]] – and [[Cricket statistics|cricket]] }} Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in [[statistical process control]] or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} == See also == {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Statistics}} {{main|Outline of statistics}} <!-- NOTE: This is mainly for statistics-related lists. Please consider adding links to either the "Outline of statistics" or the "List of statistics articles" entries rather than here.--> {{Columns-list|colwidth=20em| * [[Abundance estimation]] * [[Glossary of probability and statistics]] * [[List of academic statistical associations]] * [[List of important publications in statistics]] * [[List of national and international statistical services]] * [[List of statistical packages]] (software) * [[List of statistics articles]] * [[List of university statistical consulting centers]] * [[Notation in probability and statistics]] * [[Statistics education]] * [[World Statistics Day]] }} ;Foundations and major areas of statistics {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<!-- Foundations and major areas of statistics, closely related fields NOT already mentioned in "Specialised disciplines" section--> * [[Foundations of statistics]] * [[List of statisticians]] * [[Official statistics]] * [[Multivariate analysis of variance]] :<!--empty column--> :<!--empty column--> }} == References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp.&nbsp;62–67. "The use of [[p value|''p'' values]] for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine [[statistical significance]] of [[experiment]]al results has contributed to an illusion of [[certainty]] and [to] [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crises]] in many [[science|scientific fields]]. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p.&nbsp;63.) * {{cite book|author1=Barbara Illowsky|author2=Susan Dean|title=Introductory Statistics|url=https://openstax.org/details/introductory-statistics|year=2014|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1938168208}} * {{cite web|first=David W.|last=Stockburger|url=http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|title=Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications|edition=3rd Web|website=[[Missouri State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528093101/https://web.archive.org/web/20200528093101/http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|archive-date=28 May 2020|access-date=8 July 2023}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os ''OpenIntro Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os |date=2019-06-16 }}, 3rd edition by Diez, Barr, and Cetinkaya-Rundel * Stephen Jones, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215092220/https://books.google.com/books?id=mywdBQAAQBAJ ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations'']. Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1137282392}}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | year = 1990 | title = Things I have learned (so far) | url = http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018181831/http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-10-18 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1304–1312 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1304 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Gigerenzer | first1 = G | year = 2004 | title = Mindless statistics | journal = Journal of Socio-Economics | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–606 | doi = 10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | year = 2005 | title = Why most published research findings are false | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 696–701 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168 | pmid = 17456002 | pmc = 1855693 }} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Statistics}} * (Electronic Version): TIBCO Software Inc. (2020). [https://docs.tibco.com/data-science/textbook Data Science Textbook]. * [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study'']. Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, Tufts University, and National Science Foundation. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] (archived 17 July 2006) * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] from the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] {{Statistics |state=expanded}} {{Areas of mathematics |collapsed}} {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} {{Portal bar|Mathematics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Statistics| ]]<!--space-indexed (i.e. lead/home/eponymous) category first--> [[Category:Data]] [[Category:Formal sciences]] [[Category:Information]] [[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]] [[Category:Research methods]] [[Category:Arab inventions]] t67yfgdsxovkenvlezmrhb91lb7wv82 0 41864 122728 120852 2026-09-28T03:44:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cuban writer}} {{Infobox writer <!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].--> | name = Wendy Guerra | image = Wendy Guerra.jpg | caption = Guerra mu 2018 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|11|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = Writer | language = Spanish | nationality = [[Cuban nationality law|Cuban]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | genres = Poetry, novel | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = | awards = }} '''Wendy Guerra''' (wakababika pa 11 Disembala 1970), wakuchemeka '''Wendy Guerra Torres''', ni [[mulembi]] wa [[mabuku]] wa ku [[Cuba]], wakufuma ku [[Miami]].<ref>{{Citation|title=¿Tienen los cubanos que callarse en nombre de la utopía? La escritora Wendy Guerra dice "No más" - CNN Video|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/spanish/2021/07/14/revolucion-cubana-izquierda-latinoamericana-wendy-guerra-poeta-escritora-intv-camilo-egana-cnne.cnn|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kucita maseŵero gha pa filimu na pa wayilesi ya ku Cuba, wakamba kulemba mabuku ndipo wakazomerezgeka luŵiro comene mu vyaru vinyake kuluska mu Cuba. Ŵanthu ŵakumuwona kuti ni "mulembi wa mabuku gha ku Cuba".<ref name="postmodern">{{cite news|last1=Vázquez| first1=Yailuma| title=Wendy Guerra: Postmodern Updating of the Diary as a Genre|url=http://www.cubanow.net/articles/wendy-guerra-postmodern-updating-diary-genre|accessdate=31 May 2016|work=Cuba Now|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Mabuku ghake ghatatu ghakafuma mu Cuba: ''Platea a oscuras'' (poetry, Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1987),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platea a oscuras - Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.agenciabalcells.com/en/authors/works/wendy-guerra/platea-a-oscuras/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lahabana.com">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-01|title=Wendy Guerra, la novela » LaHabana.com|url=http://www.lahabana.com/content/wendy-guerra-la-novela/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=LaHabana.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gras 839–862">{{Cite journal|last=Gras|first=Dunia|date=2019-09-20|title=WENDY GUERRA: POSAR DESNUDA… ¿EN LA HABANA?|url=http://revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/view/7810|journal=Revista Iberoamericana|language=es|volume=85|issue=268|pages=839–862|doi=10.5195/reviberoamer.2019.7810|issn=2154-4794|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Cabeza rapada'' (poetry. Havana: Letras Cubanas, 1996) and ''Posar desnuda en La Habana'' (Havana: Letras Cubanas, 2014).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-29|title=Wendy Guerra: "Yo soy un objeto de mucho peligro."|url=https://oncubanews.com/opinion/columnas/esta-boca/wendy-guerra-yo-soy-un-objeto-de-mucho-peligro/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=OnCubaNews|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-24|title=Wendy Guerra naked in Havana|url=https://oncubanews.com/en/styles-trends/technologies-of-communication-and-media/wendy-guerra-naked-in-havana/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=OnCubaNews English|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gras 839–862"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabeza rapada - Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.agenciabalcells.com/en/authors/works/wendy-guerra/cabeza-rapada/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells|language=en}}</ref> == Mbili == Guerra wakababika pa 11 Disembala 1970 ku Havana mu malo agho pamanyuma pake wakaghazunura kuti "chipatala chichoko cha chigaŵa". Nyengo yichoko waka, mbumba yake yikasamukira ku Cienfuegos, kumwera kwa Cuba. Amama ŵake, Albis Torres, ŵakaŵa mulembi wambura kusindikizgika. Awiske ŵakaŵa Raúl Guerra, wakulemba maseŵero wa ku Cuba, uyo wakafwa na uloŵevu ndipo wakapemphanga vyawanangwa mu misewu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-cuba/article114282748.html|title=Cuba y la puesta en escena revolucionaria|last=Guerra|first=Wendy|date=11 Nov 2016|website=El Nuevo Herald|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Wakaŵa na munung'una wake munyake, Sandro Guerra García, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vinthu vyakuwoneka makora. Buku lake lakwamba la mapowemu lakuti Platea a oscuras, likamupa chawanangwa cha "13 de marzo". Kufuma apo, wakasambira vya mafilimu, wayilesi na wayilesi ku Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana. Wakawonekeranga pa pulogiramu yakwamba ya pa wayilesi ya ku Cuba, Buenos Días, apo wakaŵazganga nkhani za ŵana. Wakagwiranga nchito ya ku Cuba pa TV na mu mafilimu, kweni wakawonanga kuti maluso ghake ghakaŵa ghacoko. Mu mafilimu ghake muli Hello Hemingway (1990). Wakasunganga madayari agho ghakaŵa ghakwamba kulembeka mu buku lake lakwamba, Todos se van (Waliyose Wakufumapo). Buku ili likulongosora umo munthu uyo wakulemba buku ili wakakulira mu Cuba. Buku ili likalembeka kuti liŵe filimu yakulembeka na Sergio Cabrera wa ku Colombia. Cabrera wakawoneska filimu iyi ku Cuba ndipo pamasinda yikayowoyeka pa Havana Film Festival. Mu 2012, Guerra wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Posar desnuda en la Habana (Posing Nude in Havana). Mu buku ili, vinthu vinyake ivyo Nin wakalemba mu buku lake vyalembeka mu mabuku ghautesi. Mu 2014 buku ili likapelekeka ku Cuba (Alejo Carpentier room, La Cabaña Fortress) pa 23rd Havana's International Book Fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wendy Guerra, la novela|language=es|work=La Habana Magazine|url=http://www.lahabana.com/content/wendy-guerra-la-novela/.|accessdate=2 Jun 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-29|title=Wendy Guerra: "Yo soy un objeto de mucho peligro."|url=https://oncubanews.com/opinion/columnas/esta-boca/wendy-guerra-yo-soy-un-objeto-de-mucho-peligro/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=OnCubaNews|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Presentan en la Cabaña Posar desnuda en La Habana|url=http://www.granma.cu/granmad/secciones/23-feria-libro/noticias/20-noticias-05.html|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.granma.cu}}</ref> Mu 2013, wakafumiska buku lakuti Negra in [[Spain]], ilo likulongosora za kusankhana mitundu mu charu cha Cuba. Mu 2016, Guerra wakafumiska Domingo de Revolución (Revolution Sunday) mu Spain, nkhani ya mulembi wa ku Cuba uyo wakafumiska buku la sumu mu [[Europe]] ndipo boma la Cuba na awo ŵakususka boma la Cuba ŵakumugomezga. Ivyo Guerra wakalemba vili kulembeka mu magazini nga ni Encuentro, La gaceta de Cuba, na Nexos, kweniso mu magazini ghakulongosora vya luso. Wakasambizganga pa Princeton University na Dartmouth College. Mabuku ghake ghali kung'anamulika mu viyowoyero vinandi. Wakutengwa kwa Ernán López-Nussa, uyo wakwimba piyano. Pambuyo pokhala ku Chile, adakhazikika ku Miami, ngati gawo la gulu la anthu othawa kwawo ku Cuba, komwe adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati wopanga zina za CNN en Español mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=La escritora Wendy Guerra se incorpora a CNN en Español como analista|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/09/28/la-reconocida-escritora-wendy-guerra-se-une-a-cnn-en-espanol-como-colaboradora-y-analista/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=CNN|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=DDC|date=2021-09-18|title=Wendy Guerra a López Obrador: pase 15 días en Cuba 'viviendo como cualquier cubano' {{!}} DIARIO DE CUBA|url=https://diariodecuba.com/cultura/1631916555_34184.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=diariodecuba.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Many Cuban female writers are working out of the public eye, author says|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/many-cuban-female-writers-are-working-out-of-the-public-eye-author-says/50000263-3211234|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.efe.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lecture by Cuban Poet/Novelist Wendy Guerra|url=https://spanport.dartmouth.edu/events/event?event=25712 |accessdate=30 May 2016|publisher=Dartmouth College Department of Spanish and Portuguese|date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Visiting Faculty, 2015-2016|url=https://www.princeton.edu/plas/visitors/|accessdate=30 May 2016|publisher=Princeton University Program in Latin American Studies}}</ref> ==Awards and honours== Mu 2009, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Carbet des Lycéens. Mu 2010, boma la [[France]] likamupa zina lakuti Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|title=Wendy GUERRA reçoit les insignes de Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Arts et Lettres|url=http://www.ambafrance-cu.org/Wendy-GUERRA-recoit-les-insignes|website=French Embassy in Cuba|accessdate=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624175957/http://www.ambafrance-cu.org/Wendy-GUERRA-recoit-les-insignes|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Le prix Carbet des lycéens pour Wendy Guerra|url=http://www.franceguyane.fr/actualite/culture-et-patrimoine/le-prix-carbet-des-lyceens-pour-wendy-guerra-16094.php|accessdate=30 May 2016|work=France-Guyane|date=20 January 2009| language=fr}}</ref> ==Mabuku ghakulembeka== === Ndakatulo === *''Platea a oscuras'' (Havana: Universidad de La Habana, 1987) *''Cabeza rapada'' (Havana: Letras Cubanas, 1996) *''Ropa interior'' (Bruguera, 2009) **''A Cage Within'' (Harbor Mountain Press, 2013); translated by Elizabeth Polli === Mabuku === *''Todos se van'' (''Everyone's Leaving'') (Barcelona: Bruguera, 2006) **''Everyone Leaves'' (2013); translated by [[Achy Obejas]] *''Nunca fui primera dama'' (''I was never the grand dame'') (Barcelona: Bruguera, 2008) *''Posar desnuda en La Habana'' (''Posing Nude in Havana''); [[Alfaguara]] (2012), Havana: [[Letras Cubanas]] (2013) *''Negra'' ([[Editorial Anagrama]], 2014) *''Domingo de Revolución'' (Anagrama, 2016) **''Revolution Sunday'' (2018); translated by Achy Obejas == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|30em}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == *[http://www.elmundo.es/blogs/elmundo/habaname/ Habáname], Guerra's blog hosted by ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'' *{{IMDb name|1817288}} *[http://havana-cultura.com/en/literature/wendy-guerra "Wendy Guerra, Writer", biography and video interview in Spanish with English subtitles], Havana Cultura {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guerra, Wendy}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cuban film actresses]] [[Category:20th-century Cuban actresses]] [[Category:Cuban women novelists]] [[Category:Cuban women poets]] [[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:Instituto Superior de Arte alumni]] pz4r32b8sl29ebwix2obli2jmi2qwuj 0 41903 122622 112071 2026-09-28T02:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|None}} {{see also|Regions of Belarus}} [[File:Un-belarus.png|thumb|380px|Mapu gha charu cha Belarus]] Uwu ni mdauko wa misumba yikuruyikuru na matawuni mu [[Belarus]], kusazgapo malo agho muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/ | title=National Statistical portal of the Republic of Belarus | access-date=2023-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101195839/http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/ | archive-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> Mu viyowoyero vya ku Belarus na Russia, mulije lizgu lakuyana na la Cingelezi lakuti "city" panji "town". Lizgu lakuti horad (Lang-be) panji gorod (Russian) likugwiliskirika nchito pa viŵiri ivi. == Mwakudumula == Nyumba ya malamulo ya ku Belarus imagwiritsa ntchito magulu atatu a magulu a mizinda.<ref name="L154Z">{{cite web|url=http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=H19800154|title=Закон Республики Беларусь от 5 мая 1998 года № 154-З "Об административно-территориальном делении и порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства Республики Беларусь"|publisher=Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь|access-date=2010-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042254/https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=h19800154|archive-date=2021-03-22}}</ref> Kuyana na Dango ilo likapelekeka pa Meyi 5, 1998, vigaŵa vya misumba iyo yili kukura comene mu Belarus ni ivi: * ''capital'' — Minsk; * ''city of [[oblast]] (voblasć) subordinance'' ({{lang-be|горад абласнога падпарадкавання}}, {{lang-ru|город областного подчинения}}) — urban locality with the population of not less than 50,000 people; it has its own body of self-government, known as ''Council of Deputies'' ({{lang-be|Савет дэпутатаў}}, {{lang-ru|совет депутатов}}) and an executive committee ({{lang-be|выканаўчы камітэт}}, {{lang-ru|исполнительный комитет}}), which stand on the level with these of a ''raion'' ({{lang-be|раён}}). * ''city of [[raion]] subordinance'' ({{lang-be|горад раённага падпарадкавання}}, {{lang-ru|город районного подчинения}}) — chigaŵa cha mizi icho chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6,000; chingaŵa na wupu wake wa boma (Template:Lang-be, Russian: совет депутатов) na komiti yakufiska (Template:Lang-be, Russian: исполнительный комитет), iyo yili pa chigaŵa chimoza na maboma gha ku mizi na haradski pasiolak (Template:Lang-be, Russian: городской посёлок) (mtundu wa chigaŵa chichoko cha mizi). Chigaŵa ichi chikapokera kufuma ku BSSR ndipo chikamba mu 1938.<ref name="Decree27Sep1938">Указ Президиума Верховного Совета БССР от 27 сентября 1938 года «О классификации населённых пунктов Белорусской ССР» (Собрание законов Белорусской ССР и указов Президиума Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР, 1938—1955 гг. — Мн.: издание Президиума Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР, 1956. — С.71—74)</ref> Mu 2020, malo 115 ghakaŵa na malo gha msumba. Pakati pawo:<ref>Административно-территориальное деление Республики Беларусь на 1 января 2010 года // Статистический ежегодник Республики Беларусь 2010 / Зинковский В.И. и др.. — Мн.: Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь, 2009. — С. 26.</ref> * 10 cities of oblast (voblasć) subordinance; * 104 towns of raion subordinance; * Minsk — the capital of the country. == Mndandanda == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nambala ! {{abbr|Belarusian|Names in official orthography and in Łacinka are introduced in round brackets}}<br>([https://web.archive.org/web/20071219023255/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Byelorussian.pdf BGN/PCGN]) ! Russian<br>([https://web.archive.org/web/20120619102640/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Russian.pdf BGN/PCGN]) ! {{abbr|Pasono|Voblasć — the town of voblasć subordinance, rajon — the town of rajon subordinance}} ! {{abbr|Obtaining|The date of obtaining the status implies the date of obtaining the status in BSSR. As the division of the towns was introduced on September 27, 1938, this date is viewed as a starting date.}} ! {{abbr|Foundation|The date, when the town was found or first mentioned}} !data-sort-type=number|Ŵanthu Malipoti gha 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Население Республики Беларусь, 2012 |url=https://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_compilation/index_3519/ |publisher=Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429183042/https://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_compilation/index_3519/ |archive-date=2021-04-29}}</ref> !data-sort-type=number|Ŵanthu Malipoti gha 2009<ref>{{cite web |title=Перепись населения 2009. Население Республики Беларусь: его численность и состав |url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/informatsiya-dlya-respondenta/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/statisticheskie-publikatsii/statisticheskie-sborniki_2/index_545/ |publisher=Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020515/https://www.belstat.gov.by/informatsiya-dlya-respondenta/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/statisticheskie-publikatsii/statisticheskie-sborniki_2/index_545/ |archive-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> ! Kusintha |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Minsk Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|1 |{{flag|Minsk}}<br>(''Мінск'', ''Minsk'') |[[Minsk]]<br>(''Минск'') |Capital |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938]<ref>Minsk, being the capital of BSSR, became a city of republican subordinance on [http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_14.05.1946_Минск May, 14 1946]. It means that it has become a separate administrative unit on the level with a region (voblasć). It has been included into the table for convenience.</ref> |align=right|1067 |{{change|invert=on|1,877,604|1,836,808}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|2 |{{flag|Barysaw}}<br>(''Барысаў'', ''Barysaŭ'') |[[Barysaw|Borisov]]<br>(''Борисов'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1102 |{{change|invert=on|148,360|147,381}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|3 |{{flag|Salihorsk}}<br>(''Салігорск'', ''Salihorsk'') |[[Soligorsk]]<br>(''Солигорск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_07.03.1963_Жодино_Солигорск March, 7 1963] |align=right|1959 |{{change|invert=on|103,950|102,297}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|4 |{{flag|Maladzyechna}}<br>(''Маладзечна'', ''Maladziečna'') |[[Molodechno]]<br>(''Молодечно'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_20.09.1944 September, 20 1944] |align=right|1388 |{{change|invert=on|94,912|94,282}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|5 |{{flag|Zhodzina}}<br>(''Жодзіна'', ''Žodzina'') |[[Zhodino]]<br>(''Жодино'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_07.03.1963_Жодино_Солигорск March, 7 1963] |align=right|1643 |{{change|invert=on|63,139|61,724}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|6 |{{flag|Slutsk}}<br>(''Слуцк'', ''Sluck'') |[[Slutsk]]<br>(''Слуцк'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1116 |{{change|invert=on|61,830|61,444}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|7 |{{flag|Vileyka}}<br>(''Вілейка'', ''Viliejka'') |[[Vileyka]]<br>(''Вилейка'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1460 |{{change|invert=on|26,646|26,836}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|8 |{{flag|Dzyarzhynsk}}<br>(''Дзяржынск'', ''Dziaržynsk'') |[[Dzyarzhynsk|Dzerzhinsk]]<br>(''Дзержинск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|11th century |{{change|invert=on|25,433|25,164}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|9 |{{flag|Maryina Horka|Mar’’ina Horka}}<br>(''Мар'іна Горка'', ''Marjina Horka'') |[[Maryina Horka|Mar’ina Gorka]]<br>(''Марьина Горка'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Марьина_Горка July, 22 1955] |align=right|16th century |{{change|invert=on|21,770|21,446}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|10 |{{flag|Stowbtsy}}<br>(''Стоўбцы'', ''Stoŭbcy'') |[[Stolbtsy]]<br>(''Столбцы'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1511 |{{change|invert=on|15,586|15,367}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|11 |{{flag|Smalyavichy}}<br>(''Смалявічы'', ''Smaliavičy'') |[[Smolevichi]]<br>(''Смолевичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи March, 7 1968] |align=right|1448 |{{change|invert=on|15,274|15,092}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|12 |[[Zaslawye]]<br>(''Заслаўе'', ''Zaslaŭje'') |[[Zaslavl’]]<br>(''Заславль'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20190612015916/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1835.htm August, 14 1985] |align=right|985 |{{change|invert=on|14,750|14,202}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|13 |[[Nyasvizh]]<br>(''Нясвіж'', ''Niasviž'') |[[Nesvizh]]<br>(''Несвиж'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1223 |{{change|invert=on|14,013|14,033}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|14 |[[Fanipal]]<br>(''Фаніпаль'', ''Fanipaĺ'') |[[Fanipol|Fanipol']]<br>(''Фаниполь'') |Raion |[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C29900345 March, 10 1999] |align=right|1856 |{{change|invert=on|13,325|12,718}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|15 |[[Byerazino]]<br>(''Беразіно'', ''Bierazino'') |[[Berezino]]<br>(''Березино'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи March, 7 1968] |align=right|1501 |{{change|invert=on|11,924|12,020}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|16 |[[Lyuban, Belarus|Lyuban]] <br>(''Любань'', ''Liubań'') |[[Lyuban, Belarus|Lyuban’]]<br>(''Любань'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_07.03.1968_Березино_Любань_Смолевичи March, 7 1968] |align=right|1566 |{{change|invert=on|11,267|11,256}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|18 |{{flag|Staryya Darohi}}<br>(''Старыя Дарогі'', ''Staryja Darohi'') |[[Staryye Dorogi]]<br>(''Старые Дороги'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1524 |{{change|invert=on|11,029|11,036}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|19 |{{flag|Kletsk}}<br>(''Клецк'', ''Klieck'') |[[Kletsk]]<br>(''Клецк'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1127 |{{change|invert=on|10,779|10,761}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|17 |[[Lahoysk]]<br>(''Лагойск'', ''Lahojsk'') |[[Logoysk]]<br>(''Логойск'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225056/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time16/berk5371.htm May, 28 1998] |align=right|1078 |{{change|invert=on|11,098|10,706}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|20 |[[Valozhyn]]<br>(''Валожын'', ''Valožyn'') |[[Volozhin]]<br>(''Воложин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|14th century |{{change|invert=on|10,533|10,558}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|21 |[[Chervyen]]<br>(''Чэрвень'', ''Červień'') |[[Cherven’]]<br>(''Червень'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1387 |{{change|invert=on|9,981|10,150}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|22 |{{flag|Kapyl}}<br>(''Капыль'', ''Kapyĺ'') |[[Kopyl’]]<br>(''Копыль'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20190611161353/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1854.htm April, 29 1984] |align=right|1274 |{{change|invert=on|9,977|9,938}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|23 |[[Uzda]]<br>(''Узда'', ''Uzda'') |[[Uzda]]<br>(''Узда'') |Raion |[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C29900345 March, 10 1999] |align=right|1450 |{{change|invert=on|9,859|9,684}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|24 |{{flag|Krupki}}<br>(''Крупкі'', ''Krupki'') |[[Krupki]]<br>(''Крупки'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150428170727/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1408.htm May, 7 1991] |align=right|1575 |{{change|invert=on|8,736|8,675}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|25 |{{flag|Myadzyel}}<br>(''Мядзел'', ''Miadziel'') |[[Myadel’]]<br>(''Мядель'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225132/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time15/berk4478.htm November, 18 1998] |align=right|1324 |{{change|invert=on|7,039|7,065}} |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Vitebsk Region|Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk) Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|1 |{{flag|Vitebsk}}<br>(''Віцебск'', ''Viciebsk'') |[[Vitebsk]]<br>(''Витебск'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|974 |{{change|invert=on|354,563|347,928}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|2 |{{flag|Orsha}}<br>(''Орша'', ''Orša'') |[[Orsha]]<br>(''Орша'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1067 |{{change|invert=on|117,553|117,225}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|3 |{{flag|Novopolotsk}}<br>(''Наваполацк'', ''Navapolack'') |[[Novopolotsk]]<br>(''Новополоцк'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_14.12.1963_Новополоцк December, 14 1963] |align=right|1958 |{{change|invert=on|98,408|98,138}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|4 |{{flag|Polotsk}}<br>(''Полацк'', ''Polack'') |[[Polotsk]]<br>(''Полоцк'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|862 |{{change|invert=on|84,092|82,547}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|5 |{{flag|Pastavy}}<br>(''Паставы'', ''Pastavy'') |[[Postavy]]<br>(''Поставы'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1409 |{{change|invert=on|19,973|19,815}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|6 |{{flag|Hlybokaye}}<br>(''Глыбокае'', ''Hlybokaje'') |[[Hlybokaye|Glubokoye]]<br>(''Глубокое'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1514 |{{change|invert=on|18,272|18,082}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|7 |{{flag|Lepiel}}<br>(''Лепель'', ''Liepieĺ'') |[[Lepel’]]<br>(''Лепель'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1439 |{{change|invert=on|17,109|17,280}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|8 |[[Novalukoml]]<br>(''Новалукомль'', ''Novalukomĺ'') |[[Novolukoml]]<br>(''Новолукомль'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.07.1970_Новолукомль July, 31 1970] |align=right|1964 |{{change|invert=on|14,007|13,945}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|9 |[[Haradok]]<br>(''Гарадок'', ''Haradok'') |[[Haradok|Gorodok]]<br>(''Городок'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|13th century |{{change|invert=on|12,838|12,968}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|10 |{{flag|Baran}}<br>(''Барань'', ''Barań'') |[[Baran, Belarus|Baran’]]<br>(''Барань'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_17.05.1972_Барань May, 17 1972] |align=right|1598 |{{change|invert=on|11,472|11,662}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|11 |[[Talachyn]]<br>(''Талачын'', ''Talačyn'') |[[Tolochin]]<br>(''Толочин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Толочин July, 22 1955] |align=right|1433 |{{change|invert=on|10,033|10,155}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|12 |[[Braslaw]]<br>(''Браслаў'', ''Braslaŭ'') |[[Braslaw|Braslav]]<br>(''Браслав'') |Raion |1940<ref>[http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/77510 Браслав] // Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.П.Шишков. — Москва: НИ «Большая Российская энциклопедия», 1998. — 640 с. — {{ISBN|978-5-85270-262-3}}</ref> |align=right|1065 |{{change|invert=on|9,538|9,516}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|13 |[[Chashniki]]<br>(''Чашнікі'', ''Čašniki'') |[[Chashniki]]<br>(''Чашники'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.08.1962_Чашники August, 31 1962] |align=right|1504 |{{change|invert=on|9,123|9,203}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|14 |[[Myory]]<br>(''Міёры'', ''Mijory'') |[[Miory]]<br>(''Миоры'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20190610110252/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2043.htm January, 7 1972] |align=right|1514 |{{change|invert=on|8,160|8,188}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|16 |{{flag|Dubrowna}}<br>(''Дуброўна'', ''Dubroŭna'') |[[Dubrovno]]<br>(''Дубровно'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1773 |{{change|invert=on|7,878|8,041}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|15 |[[Syanno]]<br>(''Сянно'', ''Sianno'') |[[Senno]]<br>(''Сенно'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1442 |{{change|invert=on|7,911|8,007}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|17 |[[Verkhnyadzvinsk]]<br>(''Верхнядзвінск'', ''Vierchniadzvinsk'') |[[Verkhnedvinsk]]<br>(''Верхнедвинск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1386 |{{change|invert=on|7,341|7,360}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|18 |[[Sharkawshchyna]]<br>(''Ша́ркаўшчына'', ''Šarkaŭščyna'') |Sharkovshchina <br>(''Шарковщина'') |Raion |1940 |align=right|1503 |{{change|invert=on|6,881|7,041}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|18 |{{flag|Dokshytsy}}<br>(''Докшыцы'', ''Dokšycy'') |[[Dokshitsy]]<br>(''Докшицы'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1407 |{{change|invert=on|6,615|6,628}} |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Mogilev Region|Mahilyow (Mogilev) Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|1 |{{flag|Mogilev}}<br>(''Магілёў'', ''Mahilioŭ'') |[[Mogilev]]<br>(''Могилёв'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1267 |{{change|invert=on|361,779|358,279}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|2 |{{flag|Babruysk}}<br>(''Бабруйск'', ''Babrujsk'') |[[Bobruysk]]<br>(''Бобруйск'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1387 |{{change|invert=on|215,694|215,092}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|3 |{{flag|Horki}}<br>(''Горкі'', ''Horki'') |[[Horki|Gorki]]<br>(''Горки'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1544 |{{change|invert=on|33,030|32,777}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|4 |{{flag|Asipovichy}}<br>(''Асіповічы'', ''Asipovičy'') |[[Osipovichi]]<br>(''Осиповичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1872 |{{change|invert=on|32,393|32,543}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|5 |{{flag|Krychaw}}<br>(''Крычаў'', ''Kryčaŭ'') |[[Krichev]]<br>(''Кричев'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1136 |{{change|invert=on|26,555|27,202}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|6 |[[Klimavichy]]<br>(''Клімавічы'', ''Klimavičy'') |[[Klimovichi]]<br>(''Климовичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1581 |{{change|invert=on|17,136|17,064}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|7 |[[Bykhaw]]<br>(''Быхаў'', ''Bychaŭ'') |[[Bykhov]]<br>(''Быхов'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1370 |{{change|invert=on|16,684|17,031}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|8 |[[Shklow]]<br>(''Шклоў'', ''Škloŭ'') |[[Shklov]]<br>(''Шклов'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1535 |{{change|invert=on|16,650|16,439}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|9 |[[Kastsyukovichy]]<br>(''Касцюковічы'', ''Kasciukovičy'') |[[Kostyukovichi]]<br>(''Костюковичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|16th century |{{change|invert=on|16,386|15,993}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|10 |[[Mstsislaw]]<br>(''Мсціслаў'', ''Mscislaŭ'') |[[Mstislavl’]]<br>(''Мстиславль'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1135 |{{change|invert=on|10,753|10,804}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|11 |[[Chavusy]]<br>(''Чавусы'', ''Čavusy'') |[[Chausy]]<br>(''Чаусы'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|16th century |{{change|invert=on|10,487|10,692}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|12 |[[Byalynichy|Bialyničy]]<br>(''Бялынічы'') |(''Белыничи'') |Raion |[https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3961&p0=D917m0081020&p1=1&p5=0 January 17, 2017] |align=right|1577 |{{change|invert=on|NA|10,688}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|13 |[[Kirawsk]]<br>(''Кіраўск'', ''Kiraŭsk'') |[[Kirawsk|Kirovsk]]<br>(''Кировск'') |Raion |[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20100832 June, 4 2001] |align=right|19th century |{{change|invert=on|8,813|8,756}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|14 |[[Cherykaw]]<br>(''Чэрыкаў'', ''Čerykaŭ'') |[[Cherikov]]<br>(''Чериков'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1604 |{{change|invert=on|8,112|8,177}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|15 |{{flag|Slawharad}}<br>(''Слаўгарад'', ''Slaŭharad'') |[[Slawharad|Slavgorod]]<br>(''Славгород'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.05.1945_Пропойск_Славгород May, 23 1945] |align=right|1136 |{{change|invert=on|7,976|7,992}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|16 |[[Kruhlaye]] <br>(''Круглае'') |Круглое |Raion |[https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3961&p0=D917m0081020&p1=1&p5=0 January 17, 2017] |align=right|1524 |{{change|invert=on|NA|7,529}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|17 |{{flag|Klichaw}}<br>(''Клічаў'', ''Kličaŭ'') |[[Klichev]]<br>(''Кличев'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225401/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm September, 11 2000] |align=right|1592 |{{change|invert=on|7,455|7,521}} |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Gomel Region|Homyel’ (Gomel) Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|1 |{{flag|Gomel}}<br>(''Гомель'', ''Homieĺ'') |[[Gomel’]]<br>(''Гомель'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1142 |{{change|invert=on|489,392|482,652}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|2 |[[Mazyr]]<br>(''Мазыр'', ''Mazyr'') |[[Mozyr’]]<br>(''Мозырь'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1155 |{{change|invert=on|110,299|108,792}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|3 |{{flag|Zhlobin}}<br>(''Жлобін'', ''Žlobin'') |[[Zhlobin]]<br>(''Жлобин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1492 |{{change|invert=on|78,778|75,866}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|4 |{{flag|Svietlahorsk}}<br>(''Светлагорск'', ''Svietlahorsk'') |[[Svetlogorsk, Belarus|Svetlogorsk]]<br>(''Светлогорск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_29.06.1961_О_преобразовании_городского_посёлка_Шатилки_..._и_переименовании_Паричского_района_Гомельской_области June, 29 1961] |align=right|1560 |{{change|invert=on|70,248|69,995}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|5 |{{flag|Rechytsa}}<br>(''Рэчыца'', ''Rečyca'') |[[Rechitsa]]<br>(''Речица'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1213 |{{change|invert=on|64,952|64,731}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|6 |{{flag|Kalinkavichy}}<br>(''Калінкавічы'', ''Kalinkavičy'') |[[Kalinkovichi]]<br>(''Калинковичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1560 |{{change|invert=on|38,406|38,381}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|7 |{{flag|Rahachow}}<br>(''Рагачоў'', ''Rahačoŭ'') |[[Rogachëv]]<br>(''Рогачёв'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1560 |{{change|invert=on|33,751|33,702}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|8 |[[Dobrush]]<br>(''Добруш'', ''Dobruš'') |[[Dobrush]]<br>(''Добруш'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1335 |{{change|invert=on|18,205|18,330}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|9 |[[Zhytkavichy]]<br>(''Жыткавічы'', ''Žytkavičy'') |[[Zhinkovichi]]<br>(''Житковичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_19.11.1971_Житковичи_Василевичи November, 19 1971] |align=right|1500 |{{change|invert=on|16,085|15,893}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|10 |[[Khoyniki]]<br>(''Хойнікі'', ''Chojniki'') |[[Khoyniki]]<br>(''Хойники'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_10.11.1967_Хойники November, 10 1967] |align=right|1512 |{{change|invert=on|13,596|13,844}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|11 |[[Pietrykaw]]<br>(''Петрыкаў'', ''Pietrykaŭ'') |[[Pyetrykaw|Petrikov]]<br>(''Петриков'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1523 |{{change|invert=on|10,520|10,591}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|12 |[[Yel’sk, Belarus|Yel'sk]]<br>(''Ельск'', ''Jeĺsk'') |[[Yel’sk]]<br>(''Ельск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_05.07.1971_Ельск July, 5 1971] |align=right|16th century |{{change|invert=on|9,825|9,725}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|13 |[[Buda-Kashalyova]]<br>(''Буда-Кашалёва'', ''Buda-Kašaliova'') |[[Buda-Koshelëvo]]<br>(''Буда-Кошелёво'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.12.1971_Буда-Кошелёво December, 31 1971] |align=right|1824 |{{change|invert=on|9,080|9,016}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|14 |[[Chachersk]]<br>(''Чачэрск'', ''Čačersk'') |[[Chechersk]]<br>(''Чечерск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_03.11.1971_Наровля_Чечерск November, 3 1971] |align=right|1159 |{{change|invert=on|7,860|7,991}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|15 |[[Naroulia]]<br>(''Нароўля'', ''Naroŭlia'') |[[Narovlya]]<br>(''Наровля'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_03.11.1971_Наровля_Чечерск November, 3 1971] |align=right|1406 |{{change|invert=on|7,856|8,110}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|16 |[[Vietka]]<br>(''Ветка'', ''Vietka'') |[[Vetka]]<br>(''Ветка'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_от_27.09.1938_о_классификации_населенных_пунктов_Белорусской_ССР September, 27 1938] |align=right|1685 |{{change|invert=on|7,746|7,927}} |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Brest Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|1 |{{flag|Brest}}<br>(''Брэст'', ''Brest'') |[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]<br>(''Брест'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1019 |{{change|invert=on|318,709|309,764}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|2 |[[Baranavichy]]<br>(''Баранавічы'', ''Baranavičy'') |[[Baranovichi]]<br>(''Барановичи'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1871 |{{change|invert=on|169,777|168,240}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|3 |[[Pinsk]]<br>(''Пінск'', ''Pinsk'') |[[Pinsk]]<br>(''Пинск'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1097 |{{change|invert=on|131,708|130,355}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|4 |{{flag|Kobryn}}<br>(''Кобрын'', ''Kobryn'') |[[Kobrin]]<br>(''Кобрин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1287 |{{change|invert=on|51,822|51,166}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|5 |{{flag|Byaroza}}<br>(''Бяроза'', ''Biaroza'') |[[Berëza]]<br>(''Берёза'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1477 |{{change|invert=on|30,141|29,357}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|7 |{{flag|Luninets}}<br>(''Лунінец'', ''Luniniec'') |[[Luninets]]<br>(''Лунинец'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1449 |{{change|invert=on|23,574|23,608}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|6 |{{flag|Ivatsevichy}}<br>(''Івацэвічы'', ''Ivacevičy'') |[[Ivatsevichi]]<br>(''Ивацевичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_28.05.1966_Ивацевичи May, 28 1966] |align=right|1654 |{{change|invert=on|23,729|22,958}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|8 |[[Pruzhany]]<br>(''Пружаны'', ''Pružany'') |[[Pruzhany]]<br>(''Пружаны'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1487 |{{change|invert=on|18,503|19,032}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|9 |{{flag|Ivanava}}<br>(''Іванава'', ''Ivanava'') |[[Ivanovo]]<br>(''Иваново'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_11.03.1971_Иваново March, 11 1971] |align=right|1423 |{{change|invert=on|16,378|16,086}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|10 |[[Drahichyn]]<br>(''Драгічын'', ''Drahičyn'') |[[Drogichin]]<br>(''Дрогичин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_10.11.1967_Дрогичин November, 10 1967] |align=right|1452 |{{change|invert=on|14,871|14,744}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|11 |[[Hantsavichy]]<br>(''Ганцавічы'', ''Hancavičy'') |[[Gantsevichi]]<br>(''Ганцевичи'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608193132/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time3/lavz2019.htm December, 6 1973] |align=right|1898 |{{change|invert=on|13,816|13,894}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|12 |[[Zhabinka]]<br>(''Жабінка'', ''Žabinka'') |[[Zhabinka]]<br>(''Жабинка'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.12.1970_Жабинка_Малорита December, 23 1970] |align=right|1871 |{{change|invert=on|13,352|13,084}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|13 |[[Mikashevichy]]<br>(''Мікашэвічы'', ''Mikaševičy'') |[[Mikashevichi]]<br>(''Микашевичи'') |Raion |[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20500841 May, 5 1998] |align=right|1785 |{{change|invert=on|13,000|13,016}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|14 |[[Byelaazyorsk]]<br>(''Белаазёрск'', ''Bielaaziorsk'') |[[Beloozërsk]]<br>(''Белоозёрск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_16.09.1970_Белоозёрск September, 16 1970] |align=right|1958 |{{change|invert=on|12,727|12,519}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|15 |[[Stolin]]<br>(''Столін'', ''Stolin'') |[[Stolin]]<br>(''Столин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1555 |{{change|invert=on|12,694|12,462}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|16 |[[Malaryta]]<br>(''Маларыта'', ''Malaryta'') |[[Malorita]]<br>(''Малорита'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_23.12.1970_Жабинка_Малорита December, 23 1970] |align=right|1566 |{{change|invert=on|12,004|11,751}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|17 |[[Lyakhavichy]]<br>(''Ляхавічы'', ''Liachavičy'') |[[Lyakhovichi]]<br>(''Ляховичи'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1572 |{{change|invert=on|11,001|10,997}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|18 |[[Kamyenyets]]<br>(''Камянец'', ''Kamianiec'') |[[Kamyanyets|Kamenets]]<br>(''Каменец'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501024626/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1872.htm June, 24 1983] |align=right|1276 |{{change|invert=on|8,442|8,447}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|19 |[[Davyd-Haradok]]<br>(''Давыд-Гарадок'', ''Davyd-Haradok'') |[[David-Gorodok]]<br>(''Давид-Городок'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1127 |{{change|invert=on|6,418|6,573}} |- |align=center bgcolor="DC143C"|20 |[[Vysokaye]]<br>(''Высокае'', ''Vysokaje'') |[[Vysokaye|Vysokoye]]<br>(''Высокое'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|14th century |{{change|invert=on|5,478|5,376}} |- |colspan=9 style="background-color:silver;text-align:center;"|'''{{flag|Grodno Region|Hrodna (Grodno) Region}}''' |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|1 |{{flag|Grodno}}<br>(''Гродна'', ''Hrodna'') |[[Grodno]]<br>(''Гродно'') |Oblast |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1127 |{{change|invert=on|339,406|327,540}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|2 |[[Lida]]<br>(''Ліда'', ''Lida'') |[[Lida]]<br>(''Лида'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1323 |{{change|invert=on|98,578|97,629}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|3 |[[Slonim]]<br>(''Слонім'', ''Slonim'') |[[Slonim]]<br>(''Слоним'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1252 |{{change|invert=on|49,350|48,970}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|4 |{{flag|Vawkavysk}}<br>(''Ваўкавыск'', ''Vaŭkavysk'') |[[Volkovysk]]<br>(''Волковыск'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1005 |{{change|invert=on|44,632|44,167}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|5 |[[Smarhon’]]<br>(''Смаргонь'', ''Smarhoń'') |[[Smarhoń|Smorgon]]<br>(''Сморгонь'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1503 |{{change|invert=on|37,005|36,283}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|6 |{{flag|Navahrudak}}<br>(''Навагрудак'', ''Navahrudak'') |[[Novogrudok]]<br>(''Новогрудок'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1212 |{{change|invert=on|29,287|29,336}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|7 |[[Masty, Belarus|Masty]]<br>(''Масты'', ''Masty'') |[[Masty, Belarus|Mosty]]<br>(''Мосты'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_22.07.1955_Мосты July, 22 1955] |align=right|1486 |{{change|invert=on|16,592|16,595}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|8 |[[Shchuchyn]]<br>(''Шчучын'', ''Ščučyn'') |[[Shchuchin]]<br>(''Щучин'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_от_31.08.1962_Щучин August, 31 1962] |align=right|1487 |{{change|invert=on|14,987|15,042}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|9 |[[Ashmyany]]<br>(''Ашмяны'', ''Ašmiany'') |[[Oshmyany]]<br>(''Ошмяны'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_ВС_БССР_об_образовании_районов_в_Барановичской,_..._областях_Белорусской_ССР January, 15 1940] |align=right|1341 |{{change|invert=on|14,807|14,813}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|10 |[[Skidzyel’]]<br>(''Скідзель'', ''Skidzieĺ'') |[[Skidel’]]<br>(''Скидель'') |Raion |[http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Указ_Президиума_Верховного_Совета_БССР_от_30_января_1974_года January, 30 1974] |align=right|1508 |{{change|invert=on|10,852|10,869}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|11 |[[Byarozawka]]<br>(''Бярозаўка'', ''Biarozaŭka'') |[[Berëzovka]]<br>(''Берёзовка'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150428180005/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1664.htm September, 21 1990] |align=right|19th century |{{change|invert=on|10,753|10,835}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|12 |[[Astravyets]]<br>(''Астравец'', ''Astraviec'') |[[Ostrovets]]<br>(''Островец'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20240201203736/https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3961&p0=C21200268 March 27, 2012] |align=right|1468 |{{change|invert=on|NA|8,285}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|13 |[[Iwye]]<br>(''Іўе'', ''Iŭje'') |[[Iv’ye]]<br>(''Ивье'') |Raion |[http://www.pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=C20000034 January, 12 2000] |align=right|1444 |{{change|invert=on|8,192|8,174}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|14 |[[Dzyatlava]]<br>(''Дзятлава'', ''Dziatlava'') |[[Dyatlovo]]<br>(''Дятлово'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150428173530/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel193/time2/lavz1665.htm September, 21 1990] |align=right|1498 |{{change|invert=on|7,879|7,853}} |- |align=center bgcolor="98FB98"|15 |[[Svislach]]<br>(''Свіслач'', ''Svislač'') |[[Svisloch]]<br>(''Свислочь'') |Raion |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330225401/http://old.bankzakonov.com/obsch/razdel210/time11/berk0831.htm January, 11 2000] |align=right|1256 |{{change|invert=on|6,747|6,886}} |} == Mapu == Map legend: : [[File:Green Dot.svg|10px]] Capital : [[File:Green pog.svg|10px]] Cities and towns of regional (voblast) subordination : [[File:Red pog.png|10px]] Cities and towns of raion subordination {{Location map+|Belarus|width=1000|height=1000|float=center|caption=Cities and towns of Belarus|places= {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green_Dot.svg|lat_deg=53|lat_min=55|lon_deg=27|lon_min=33|label='''[[Minsk]]'''|position=right|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=53|lat_min=40|lon_deg=23|lon_min=49|label='''[[Grodno]]'''|position=top|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=52|lat_min=08|lon_deg=23|lon_min=40|label='''[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]'''|position=right|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=53|lat_min=55|lon_deg=30|lon_min=21|label='''[[Mogilev]]'''|position=top|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=52|lat_min=26|lon_deg=30|lon_min=59|label='''[[Gomel]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=55|lat_min=11|lon_deg=30|lon_min=10|label='''[[Vitebsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=120}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=54|lat_min=06|lon_deg=28|lon_min=21|label='''[[Zhodino]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=14|lon_deg=28|lon_min=30|label='''[[Barysaw|Borisov]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=49|lon_deg=27|lon_min=32|label='''[[Salihorsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=18|lon_deg=26|lon_min=51|label='''[[Molodechno]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=01|lon_deg=27|lon_min=33|label='''[[Slutsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=29|lon_deg=26|lon_min=55|label='''[[Vilejka]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=41|lon_deg=27|lon_min=08|label='''[[Dzyarzhynsk]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=31|lon_deg=28|lon_min=08|label='''[[Marjina Horka]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=29|lon_deg=26|lon_min=44|label='''[[Stolbtsy]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=01|lon_deg=28|lon_min=04|label='''[[Smolevichi]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=00|lon_deg=27|lon_min=17|label='''[[Zaslavl]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=13|lon_deg=26|lon_min=40|label='''[[Niasviž]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=45|lon_deg=27|lon_min=20|label='''[[Fanipal]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=50|lon_deg=28|lon_min=59|label='''[[Byerazino]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=46|lon_deg=28|lon_min=03|label='''[[Lyuban, Belarus|Lyuban]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=02|lon_deg=28|lon_min=15|label='''[[Starye Dorogi]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=03|lon_deg=26|lon_min=38|label='''[[Kletsk]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=12|lon_deg=27|lon_min=51|label='''[[Lahojsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=05|lon_deg=26|lon_min=31|label='''[[Volozhin]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=42|lon_deg=28|lon_min=25|label='''[[Chervyen]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=09|lon_deg=27|lon_min=05|label='''[[Kopyl]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=27|lon_deg=27|lon_min=13|label='''[[Uzda]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=19|lon_deg=29|lon_min=08|label='''[[Krupki]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=52|lon_deg=26|lon_min=56|label='''[[Miadzel]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=30|lon_deg=30|lon_min=24|label='''[[Orsha]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=55|lat_min=32|lon_deg=28|lon_min=40|label='''[[Novopolotsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=29|lon_deg=28|lon_min=48|label='''[[Polotsk]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=07|lon_deg=26|lon_min=50|label='''[[Pastavy]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=08|lon_deg=27|lon_min=41|label='''[[Hlybokaye]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=52|lon_deg=28|lon_min=41|label='''[[Lepel]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=39|lon_deg=29|lon_min=09|label='''[[Novalukoml]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=28|lon_deg=29|lon_min=59|label='''[[Haradok]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=29|lon_deg=30|lon_min=20|label='''[[Baran, Belarus|Baran]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=25|lon_deg=29|lon_min=42|label='''[[Talachyn]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=38|lon_deg=27|lon_min=03|label='''[[Braslaw]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=51|lon_deg=29|lon_min=09|label='''[[Chashniki]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=37|lon_deg=27|lon_min=37|label='''[[Miory]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=34|lon_deg=30|lon_min=41|label='''[[Dubrouna]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=49|lon_deg=29|lon_min=41|label='''[[Syanno]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=46|lon_deg=27|lon_min=56|label='''[[Verkhnyadzvinsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=53|lon_deg=27|lon_min=46|label='''[[Dokshitsy]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=33|lon_deg=28|lon_min=13|label='''[[Dzisna]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=53|lat_min=06|lon_deg=29|lon_min=13|label='''[[Babruisk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=17|lon_deg=30|lon_min=59|label='''[[Horki]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=18|lon_deg=28|lon_min=39|label='''[[Asipovichy]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=43|lon_deg=31|lon_min=42|label='''[[Krychau]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=31|lon_deg=30|lon_min=14|label='''[[Byhau]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=37|lon_deg=31|lon_min=57|label='''[[Klimavichy]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=12|lon_deg=30|lon_min=17|label='''[[Shkloŭ]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=20|lon_deg=32|lon_min=02|label='''[[Kastsyukovichy]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=01|lon_deg=31|lon_min=43|label='''[[Mstislavl]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=59|lon_deg=29|lon_min=42|label='''[[Bialynichy]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=48|lon_deg=30|lon_min=58|label='''[[Chausy]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=16|lon_deg=29|lon_min=28|label='''[[Kirawsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=34|lon_deg=31|lon_min=22|label='''[[Cherykaw]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=26|lon_deg=30|lon_min=59|label='''[[Slawharad]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=14|lon_deg=29|lon_min=47|label='''[[Kruhlaye]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=28|lon_deg=29|lon_min=20|label='''[[Klichaw]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=03|lon_deg=29|lon_min=14|label='''[[Mazyr]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=54|lon_deg=30|lon_min=02|label='''[[Zhlobin]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=38|lon_deg=29|lon_min=44|label='''[[Svetlahorsk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=21|lon_deg=30|lon_min=23|label='''[[Rečyca]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=08|lon_deg=29|lon_min=20|label='''[[Kalinkavichy]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=06|lon_deg=30|lon_min=03|label='''[[Rahachow]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=25|lon_deg=31|lon_min=19|label='''[[Dobrush]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=14|lon_deg=27|lon_min=52|label='''[[Žytkavičy]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=51|lat_min=54|lon_deg=29|lon_min=58|label='''[[Chojniki]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=08|lon_deg=28|lon_min=30|label='''[[Petrykau]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=51|lat_min=49|lon_deg=29|lon_min=09|label='''[[Yelsk]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=43|lon_deg=30|lon_min=34|label='''[[Buda-Kashalyova]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=51|lat_min=48|lon_deg=29|lon_min=30|label='''[[Naroulia]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=33|lon_deg=31|lon_min=10|label='''[[Vetka]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=55|lon_deg=30|lon_min=55|label='''[[Chachersk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=16|lon_deg=29|lon_min=48|label='''[[Vasilievičy]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location 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map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=33|lon_deg=24|lon_min=27|label='''[[Pruzhany]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=08|lon_deg=25|lon_min=33|label='''[[Ivanava]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=11|lon_deg=25|lon_min=09|label='''[[Drahičyn]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=45|lon_deg=26|lon_min=25|label='''[[Hantsavichy]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=12|lon_deg=24|lon_min=01|label='''[[Žabinka]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=13|lon_deg=27|lon_min=28|label='''[[Mikashevichy]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=27|lon_deg=25|lon_min=10|label='''[[Byelaazyorsk]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=51|lat_min=53|lon_deg=26|lon_min=51|label='''[[Stolin]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=51|lat_min=47|lon_deg=24|lon_min=04|label='''[[Malaryta]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=02|lon_deg=26|lon_min=16|label='''[[Lyakhavichy]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=24|lon_deg=23|lon_min=48|label='''[[Kamyenyets|Kamianets]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=03|lon_deg=27|lon_min=12|label='''[[Davyd-Haradok]]'''|position=left|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=22|lon_deg=23|lon_min=22|label='''[[Vysokaye]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=52|lat_min=45|lon_deg=25|lon_min=09|label='''[[Kosava, Belarus|Kosava]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=53|lon_deg=25|lon_min=18|label='''[[Lida]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=05|lon_deg=25|lon_min=19|label='''[[Slonim]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=10|lon_deg=24|lon_min=28|label='''[[Vawkavysk]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=29|lon_deg=26|lon_min=24|label='''[[Smarhon]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=35|lon_deg=25|lon_min=49|label='''[[Navahrudak]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=24|lon_deg=24|lon_min=32|label='''[[Masty, Belarus|Masty]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=37|lon_deg=24|lon_min=44|label='''[[Shchuchyn]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=25|lon_deg=25|lon_min=55|label='''[[Ashmyany]]'''|position=bottom|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=35|lon_deg=24|lon_min=15|label='''[[Skidel]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=43|lon_deg=25|lon_min=30|label='''[[Byarozawka]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=55|lon_deg=25|lon_min=46|label='''[[Iŭje]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=27|lon_deg=25|lon_min=24|label='''[[Dzyatlava]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=53|lat_min=02|lon_deg=24|lon_min=06|label='''[[Svislach]]'''|position=right|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=54|lat_min=36|lon_deg=25|lon_min=57|label='''[[Astravets]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} {{Location map~|Belarus|lat_deg=55|lat_min=22|lon_deg=27|lon_min=28|label='''[[Sharkawshchyna]]'''|position=top|label_size=85}} }} ==Vithuzi== <gallery> File:Miensk - Ratuša.jpg|[[Minsk]], City Hall File:Палацава-паркавы комплекс ў Гомелі. Фасад палаца.jpg|[[Homyel’]], Rumyantsev-Paskevich Residence File:Магілёў. Цэнтр.JPG|[[Mahilyow]], City Hall File:Віцебск. 30.JPG|[[Vitsebsk]], City Hall File:Grodno plac.jpg|[[Grodno]], Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier File:Brest2.JPG|[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross File:Babrujsk-Maryja catholic church-1.JPG|[[Babruysk]], Church of the Immaculate Conception of Saint Virgin Mary File:Baranavichy pl lenina.JPG|[[Baranavichy]], Lenin Square File:Barysau.jpg|[[Barysaw]], Church of the Resurrection of Christ File:Цэнтр Пінска 10.jpg|[[Pinsk]], Jesuit collegium File:Комплекс былога езуіцкага калегіюму. г. Ворша 3.jpg|[[Orsha]], former Jesuit Cloister File:Church of Saint Michael Archangel, Mazyr.jpg|[[Mazyr]], Cathedral of Archangel Michael File:BLR Soligorsk Administration Building.jpg|[[Salihorsk]], Administration Building </gallery> ==Wonaniso== * [[Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script]] * [[Names of Belarusian places in other languages]] * [[List of renamed cities in Belarus]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [http://toponim.by/en/ Toponym.by] — toponyms map of Belarus. Search by pattern and the visualization on the map. * [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_be.htm Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names of Belarus] * {{webarchive |date=2012-12-09 |url=https://archive.today/20121209001630/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/s/p_by.htm |title=Belarus Maps at World-Gazetteer}} {{Belarus topics}} {{List of cities in Europe}} {{Europe topic|List of towns in|BY={{PAGENAME}}}} [[Category:Populated places in Belarus| ]] [[Category:Cities in Belarus| ]] [[Category:Towns in Belarus|*]] [[Category:Lists of cities in Europe|Belarus]] [[Category:Lists of cities by country|Belarus]] 95tg3gm1upfc844fobqwc663joc9yd6 0 43785 122628 105850 2026-09-28T02:29:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Prime minister of Egypt since 2018}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mostafa Madbouly | native_name = مصطفى مدبولي | image = مصطفى مدبولي - مؤتمر بالعراق 2020.png | office = [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] | term_start = 14 June 2018<br />{{small|Acting: 7 June 2018 – 14 June 2018}} | president = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | predecessor = [[Sherif Ismail]] | office1 = [[Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities (Egypt)|Minister of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities]] | term_start1 = 1 March 2014 | term_end1 = 14 February 2019 | primeminister1 = [[Ibrahim Mahlab]]<br />[[Sherif Ismail]]<br />Himself | predecessor1 = [[Ibrahim Mahlab]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|4|28|df=y}} | alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] | successor2 = [[Assem el Gazzar]] | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | caption = Madbouly mu 2020 }} '''Mostafa Kamal Madbouly''' ({{lang-ar|مصطفى كمال مدبولي}}; born 28 April 1966)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.soutalomma.com/Article/814874/السيرة-الذاتية-لرئيس-وزراء-مصر-الجديد-في-سطور |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608143925/http://www.soutalomma.com/Article/814874/السيرة-الذاتية-لرئيس-وزراء-مصر-الجديد-في-سطور |archive-date=2019-06-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/News/42736.aspx|title=السيرة الذاتية للدكتور مصطفى مدبولى وزير الاسكان الجديد في حكومة محلب|website=الأهرام العربي|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614161600/http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/News/42736.aspx|archive-date=2018-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni Prime Minister wa [[Egypt]], wakugwira ntchito kuyambira 2018. Wakapelekeka na pulezidenti Abdel Fattah el-Sisi kuti walondezge Sherif Ismail pamanyuma pakuti boma lake lalekerathu nchito apo Sisi wakasankhikaso. Madbouly nayo wakaŵa nduna ya nyumba mu boma la Sherif Ismail, ndipo nyengo yichoko waka wakaŵa nduna ya boma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nileinternational.net/en/?p=100542|title=El Sisi appoints Mostafa Madbouly, former housing minister, as new prime ministerNile International {{!}} Nile International|website=www.nileinternational.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141106/http://www.nileinternational.net/en/?p=100542|archive-date=2018-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/51733/Knowing-Egypt%E2%80%99s-new-PM-Moustafa-Madbouly|title=Knowing Egypt's new PM, Moustafa Madbouly - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com|access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> ==Ntchito== Madbouly wakamalizga masambiro ghake ku [[Cairo University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mostafa Madbouly, Arab Republic of Egypt: Profile and Biography|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20649134|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref> wakapokera digiri ya masters na PhD ku sukulu ya Engineering mu 1988 na 1997. '''Housing and Building Research Center''' Madbouly wakamba nchito yake ku boma la Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Training and Urban Studies Institute. '''General Organisation for Physical Planning''' Kufuma mu Seputembala 2009 kufika mu Novembala 2011, Madbouly wakaŵa wapampando wa wupu wakuwona vya mapulani gha msumba, General Organisation for Physical Planning (GOPP) uwo ukakolerananga na Unduna wa Nyumba. '''United Nations Human Settlements Program''' Kufuma mu Novembala 2012 mpaka Febuluwale 2014 wakaŵa mulongozgi wa vyaru vya Arab pa United Nations Human Settlements Program.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-07|title=Knowing Egypt's new PM, Moustafa Madbouly|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/51733/Knowing-Egypt’s-new-PM-Moustafa-Madbouly|access-date=2020-10-29|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> '''Minister of Housing''' Mu March 2014 Madbouly wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya Nyumba, Utilities and Urban Communities. Madbouly adakhalabe paudindo pambuyo pa kusankhidwa kwa Sherif Ismail kukhala Prime Minister mu Seputembara 2015. Apo wakaŵa nduna ya vya nyumba, wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa Nyumba za Ŵanthu (uwo ukuchemekaso kuti Miliyoni ya Nyumba).<ref>million housing units” was one of the major national projects that came into force after President Sisi took office, though the project was former Housing Minister Mohamed Fathy al-Baradei's idea. For political and social reasons, the project, which was suggested by Baradie in 2011, stopped during the Muslim brotherhood era, and came into force again when Madbouly took office.</ref> Apo wakaŵa nduna ya vya nyumba, Madbouly wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa mawupu ghanandi, kusazgapo New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA), wupu uwo ukwendeska ntchito za malo na nyumba ku Egypt. Ku malo agha, wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa kuzenga Nyumba ya Ufumu. '''Acting''' '''Prime Minister''' Mu Novembala 2017, Madbouly wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yapachanya panyuma pakuti Sherif Ismail wakaluta ku Germany kukalwara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/33872/Housing-min-named-acting-prime-minister|title=Housing min. named acting prime minister - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com|date=23 November 2017}}</ref> == Nduna yikuru ya Egypt == {{Main|Mostafa Madbouly's ministry}} [[File:Cairo EuroAfrica Signing.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Nasos Ktorides CEO wa EuroAfrica Interconnector wasayina mgwirizano wa InterConnector pakati pa Egypt ndi Cyprus pamaso pa Moustafa Madbouly, Prime Minister wa Egypt, Minister of Electricity, ndi Ioannis Kasoulides, Chairman wa EuroAfrica Strategic Council]] Pa 7 June 2018, Pulezidenti Sisi wakasankha Madbouly kuŵa Prime Minister, uyo wakalutizga Sherif Ismail uyo wakaleka nchito cifukwa cakuti Sisi wakasankhikaso mu chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pa 9 June, nduna yikuru Madbouly yikasintha nduna za Egypt, na kusinthiska nduna zinkhondi na zitatu. Pa zuŵa lenelira, nkhani zikalongosorekaso kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Egypt yikakolerana na ndondomeko yake ya mafumu ghaphya. Pa 10 June, vikamanyikwa kuti ŵanakazi ŵankhondi na ŵatatu ndiwo ŵateŵeterenge mu boma lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/51863/Egypt%E2%80%99s-Cabinet-to-include-8-female-ministers-for-1st-time|title=Egypt's Cabinet to include 8 female ministers for 1st time - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com}}</ref><ref name=cabinetpavap>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/302158/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-new-PM-Madbouly-settles-on-new-cabinet;-list.aspx|title=Egypt new PM Madbouly settles on new cabinet; list to be presented to President Sisi Monday - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online|website=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref> Pa 13 June, ŵakayowoya kuti Madbouly wasankha ma Deputy Ministers 13 mpaka 16 ndipo Madbouly na boma lake ŵazamulayizgika na Sisi pa 14 June. Madbouly na wupu wake ŵakalumbikika na Sisi pa 14 June. Kweniso wakulutilira kuŵa nduna ya vya nyumba. Ŵakapharazga kuti boma lizamupharazga fundo zake pa 23 June,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/302484/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-new-PM-Madbouly-to-deliver-a-policy-stateme.aspx|title=Egypt's new PM Madbouly to deliver a policy statement before parliament on 23 June - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online|website=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/52371/Parliament-to-hear-new-Cabinet%E2%80%99s-program-Saturday|title=Parliament to hear new Cabinet's program Saturday - Egypt Today|website=www.egypttoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/302931.aspx|title=National security, price control, economic development are top priorities for Egypt's new cabinet - Economy - Business - Ahram Online|website=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/06/19/new-cabinet-to-governmental-present-programme-before-parliament-next-week/|title=New cabinet to governmental present programme before parliament next week - Daily News Egypt|date=19 June 2018}}</ref> kweni muyowoyeri wa nyumba ya malango Salah Hassaballah wakati nkhani izi ni zautesi. Pa 23 June, Hassaballah wakayowoya kuti nangauli pakaŵavya zuŵa ilo ŵakanozga kuti ŵapeleke ndondomeko iyi ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, kweni wakagomezganga kuti boma la Madbouly lizamupeleka ndondomeko iyi sabata yakulondezgapo, kweni boma ili likutondeka kunozga ndondomeko iyi pa nyengo iyo ŵakanozga. Pa 30 June, boma likapharazga kuti Madbouly wazamupharazga fundo zake pa 3 July, kuti wakwaniriske malango gha boma. Pa Julayi 3, 2018, Madbouly wakalembeska ndondomeko yake ku nyumba ya malango ya Egypt. Mu mazgu agha, wakayowoya kuti 85% ya ndondomeko yake ya kusintha vinthu mu ndyali yili kufiskika. Kufuma apo, mazgu agha ghakatumizgika ku komiti ya pa nyumba ya malango iyo yikulongozgeka na wachiŵiri kwa mulongozgi wa nyumba ya malango, ndipo pamasinda ŵakayowoyapo vya kugomezgeka. Ndime 146 ya dango la chalo yikulongosora kuti nduna yikuru iyo yikwimikika sono yikwenera kuyowoya fundo zake ku nyumba ya malango, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵimiliri ŵa nyumba ya malango ŵakwenera kuvota pa fundo iyo, ndipo ivi vikwenera kuchitika mu mazuŵa 30. Pa 11 Julayi 2018, wachiwiri kwa mulongozgi wa nyumba ya malango ya Egypt, Al-Sayed Al-Sherif, uyo wakalongozga komiti ya nyumba ya malango iyo yikawona umo Madbouly wakasinthira fundo zake, wakapharazga kuti komiti yake yamalizga kusanda fundo izo Madbouly wakayowoya ndipo yikapempha kuti pa 15 Julayi paŵe voti ya chigomezgo. Pa 25 July 2018, mazuŵa 10 kufuma pa zuŵa ilo ŵakakhumbanga kuti Madbouly wakhazikiskike, nyumba ya malango ya Egypt yikazomerezga ivyo Madbouly wakakhumbanga.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.el-balad.com/2388570 |title=Sada El Balad: Egypt's parliament gives vote of confidence to Madbouly's Cabinet |website=en.el-balad.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184112/https://en.el-balad.com/2388570 |archive-date=2018-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/54651/Egypt-s-House-speaker-congratulates-gov-t-on-winning-vote|title=Egypt's House speaker congratulates gov't on winning vote of confidence|website=EgyptToday|date=25 July 2018}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category}} {{wikiquote}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Sherif Ismail]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Egypt]]|years=2018–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Prime Ministers of Egypt}} {{Mahlab Cabinet}} {{Second Mahlab Cabinet}} {{Third Mahlab Cabinet}} {{Ismail Cabinet}} {{Madbouly Cabinet}} {{Arab country leaders}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Madbouly, Mostafa}} [[Category:1966 kubabika]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:21st-century prime ministers of Egypt]] [[Category:Cairo University alumni]] 0t4sw92n1xxnx523jc1qbcz85knw8zu 0 43945 122682 115174 2026-09-28T03:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian economist and politician|bot=PearBOT 5}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Wakuchindikika]]<br> | image = Saulos Chilima small.jpg | office1 = [[Vice President of Malawi]] | term_start1 = 3 February 2020 | president1 = [[Lazarus Chakwera]]<br />[[Peter Mutharika]] | term_start2 = 31 May 2014 | term_end2 = 31 May 2019 | president2 =[[Peter Mutharika]] | predecessor2 = [[Khumbo Kachali]] | successor2 = [[Everton Chimulirenji]] | office3 = [[Minister of Economic Planning and Development]] | term_start3 = 29 June 2020 | term_end3 = | president3 = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor3 = Position Created | office4 = [[Minister of the Civil Service]] | term_start4 = 31 May 2014 | term_end4 = 31 May 2019 | president4 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | predecessor4 = [[Khumbo Kachali]] | successor4 = | office5 = [[Minister Responsible for Public Events and Disaster Management]] | term_start5 = 31 May 2014 | term_end5 = 31 May 2019 | predecessor5 = [[Khumbo Kachali]] | successor5 = | president5 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|02|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ntcheu]]<ref>[https://www.nyasatimes.com/are-you-saulos-chilima/ ‘Are you Saulos Chilima?’]</ref> | party = Tonse Alliance<br />[[United Transformation Movement]] (UTM) | otherparty = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (until 2018) | alma_mater = [[University of Malawi]] <br /> [[University of Bolton]] | spouse = Mary Chilima | children = Sean Chilima <br /> Elizabeth Chilima }} '''Saulos Klaus Chilima'''(wakababika pa 12 February 1973 -10 June 2024) wakaŵa economist m'Malaŵi na wandale uyo wakaŵaso vice president wa chalo cha [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Chilima wakayamba kugwira ntchito pa 28 June 2020. Chilima wakaŵa nduna ya Economic Planning and Development, kweniso mutu wa Public Sector Reforms, udindo uwo wakaba nawo mu nyengo ya boma la Peter Mutharika. Pambere wandaŵepo pa ndyali, Chilima wakaŵa na maudindo ghakuru mu makamphani ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo Unilever, Coca-Cola na Airtel Malawi, uko wakafika pa udindo wa Chief Executive Officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statehouse.mw/profile-of-the-vice-president-of-the-republic-of-malawi-right-honourable-saulos-klaus-chilima/|title=Profile of the Vice President of the Republic of Malawi, Right Honourable Saulos Klaus Chilima {{!}}|website=www.statehouse.mw|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307033306/http://www.statehouse.mw/profile-of-the-vice-president-of-the-republic-of-malawi-right-honourable-saulos-klaus-chilima/|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Mu February 2014, Chilima wakapharazgika kuti ni nduna ya Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) ya Peter Mutharika pa chisankho cha May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 February 2014|title=Meet Mutharika's runningmate Saulos Klaus Chilimaa: A great achiever at 40|url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/02/12/meet-mutharikas-runningmate-saulos-klaus-chilimaa-great-achiever-at-40/|newspaper=malawivoice.com|accessdate=1 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318020426/http://www.malawivoice.com/2014/02/12/meet-mutharikas-runningmate-saulos-klaus-chilimaa-great-achiever-at-40/|archive-date=18 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chilima wakafumako ku chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) kuti wapange chipani cha United Transformation Movement (UTM), ndipo wakaluta ku chisankho cha 2019. == Umoyo na masambiro == Chilima wakababika pa 12 February 1973 ku Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, ku Blantyre, Malawi, ni mwana wakwamba wa Henderson Brown Chilima wa Ching ⁇ anga Village, T/A Njewa, Lilongwe na Elizabeth Frances Chilima wa Mbilintengerenji Village, T/A Champiti, Ntcheu. Chilima wakakhala ku Blantyre uko ŵapapi ŵake ŵakagwiranga nchito ndipo nga umo ŵana ŵanandi ŵakacitiranga, nayo wakakhalako nyengo yitali ku sukulu (mu cihanya) pamoza na ŵasekuru na agogo ŵake ku muzi wa Lilongwe na Ntcheu. Chilima wakasambira sukulu ya pulayimale ku HHI na Dharap, ndipo wakasambira masambiro gha sekondale ku Marist Brothers Mtendere Secondary School Thiwi mu chigaŵa cha Dedza.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mwnation.com/vp-inspires-mtendere-secondary-school-students/|title=VP inspires Mtendere Secondary School students - The Nation Online|date=2017-06-05|work=The Nation Online|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaluta ku Yunivesite ya Malaŵi, Chancellor College, uko wakasambira masambiro gha social sciences mu 1994. Wakati wagwira nchito kwa vilimika vicoko waka, wakawelera ku sukulu yake kuti wakasambire masters pa nkhani ya kupwelelera vinthu, ndipo wakamalizga masters mu 2006. Pa 10 Ogasiti 2015, Chilima adalandira Ph.D yake mu Knowledge Management kuchokera ku University of Bolton ku United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malawinewsnow.com/2015/08/malawi-president-proud-of-vp-chilima-for-attaining-genuine-doctorate-degree/|title=Malawi President 'proud' of VP Chilima for attaining genuine doctorate degree {{!}} Malawi NEWSNow|website=malawinewsnow.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> == Ntchito == Chilima wakamba ntchito yake ku Lever Brothers (Mw) Limited (sono ni Unilever) pambere wandalute ku Leasing and Finance Company of Malawi, ndipo pamanyuma ku Southern Bottlers Limited (sono ni Castel Malawi). Mulimo wake waumaliro ukaŵa ku Airtel Malawi, uko ŵakamulemba nchito kuti walongozge gulu la malonda pambere ŵandamusankhe kuŵa mulaŵiliri wakwendeska kampani mu 2010. Chilima wakwaniska chomene ntchito zake za pa ntchito ndipo wakulongozga ntchito za pa Airtel, Project Precision, Yabooka, Airtel Money, na 3G network upgrade, ivyo vikakhwaska chomene ndalama za bizinesi na kugwiliska ntchito wantchito, kukwezga ndalama za pachaka za Airtel Malawi na 75% mu vyaka vitatu kufuma pa USD54m mu 2010 kufika pa USD95m mu 2013. == Ntchito ya ndale == Pa 21 Julayi 2018, Chilima wakambiska gulu lake la United Transformation Movement (UTM) kuti wapange chipani chake kuti chizakalute ku visankho vya May 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/02/meet-saulos-chilima-the-dpp-running-mate/#sthash.wUxpqHol.dpbs|title=Meet Saulos Chilima, the DPP running mate|date=10 February 2014|newspaper=.faceofmalawi.com|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref>  <ref>{{cite web| url = https://malawi24.com/2018/06/12/chilima-is-the-chosen-one-hollywood-star| title = Chilima is the chosen one - Hollywood star - Malawi 24 - Malawi news| date = 12 June 2018}} </ref> Pa 1 February 2019 Chilima's UTM yikachita maungano na vipani vinyake viŵiri vya ndyali na gulu la vipani vichoko vya ndyali ivyo vikakhumbanga kupanga gulu lakususkana. Magulu ghanyake agho ghakapulikananga nkhani iyi ni Alliance for Democracy (Aford), Peoples Party ya Joyce Banda, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi, na Tikonze People's Movement, iyo yikulongozgeka na Cassim Chilumpha, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa pulezidenti. Ŵakazomerezgana kuti ŵaŵikengepo munthu yumoza pa visora vya mu Meyi 2019. Joyce Banda na Cassim Chilumpha pamanyuma ŵakafumamo mu gulu ili cifukwa cakuti "ŵakazomerezgana yayi na munthu uyo wakeneranga kuzakaŵa mulembi wa gulu ili". Pa visankho vya Malawi vya 2019 ivyo vikati vyamara, Chilima pamoza na Dr. Michael Usi wakaba wacitatu na 20.24% ndipo UTM yikapoka mipando yinayi mu mphala ya malango. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2019 chidachitikanso mu 2020. Mu chisankho cha 2020 cha pulezidenti, Chilima wakalutizga mpikisano wa Lazarus Chakwera wa Malawi Congress Party, mu chipani cha Tonse icho chikwiza na vipani 9 vyakwimikana na boma na chigomezgo cha kuwuska boma la Mutharika. Pa 22 June 2022, Chilima wakachimbizgika ku udindo wa vice president chifukwa cha kukolerana na ndalama zakukwana $150 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=62b297fa32686a6e65af01ed%26Malawi%20president%20strips%20deputy%20of%20powers%20over%20graft%262022-06-22T04%3A39%3A29.219Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:ede44276-7481-402b-ab3b-055ef572d596&pinned_post_asset_id=62b297fa32686a6e65af01ed&pinned_post_type=share | title=Malawi president strips deputy of powers over graft | publisher=BBC News |access-date=2022-06-22 }}</ref> ==Outreach== Pakwamba, Chilima wakaŵaso nduna ya kovwira ŵanthu para kwachitika masoka na milimo yinyake ya boma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malawihighcommission.co.uk/index.php/44-about-malawi/138-malawi-cabinet|title=MALAWI CABINET|last=Editor|first=Online|website=www.malawihighcommission.co.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307082301/http://www.malawihighcommission.co.uk/index.php/44-about-malawi/138-malawi-cabinet|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> Chilima ni membala wa Leadership Council of Compact 2025, gulu ilo likupanga na kupeleka ulongozgi wakukhorweska ku banthu ba ndale na banthu awo ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵalekeske njara na kusuzgika na chakurya chakukwana mu 2025, ndipo wali kulembapo pa nkhani ya chakurya chakukwana. Wakayowoyapo pa nkhani ya kulera makora ŵanthu kweniso pa maungano gha pa caru cose ghakukhwaskana na kumazga njara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Farming/Fight-hunger-by-educating-farmers-/689860-4245778-tg2v71/index.html|title=Fight hunger by educating farmers|work=Daily Monitor|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compact2025.org/about-compact2025/governance/leadership-council/|title=Leadership Council|website=www.compact2025.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105052340/http://www.compact2025.org/about-compact2025/governance/leadership-council/|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acbf-pact.org/what-we-do/how-we-do-it/knowledge-learning/development-memoirs/role-information-and-communication|title=THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN AFRICA'S SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT: UNDERSTANDING THE CAPACITY CHALLENGES {{!}} The African Capacity Building Foundation|website=www.acbf-pact.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023122/https://www.acbf-pact.org/what-we-do/how-we-do-it/knowledge-learning/development-memoirs/role-information-and-communication|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/author/abdoulaye-bio-tchane-and-saulos-klaus-chilima/|title=Abdoulaye Bio Tchané & Saulos Klaus Chilima, Author at African Arguments|website=African Arguments|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> Chilima wakuyowoyapo pa nkhani ya kuvikilira cilengiwa, kulimbikira maseŵero, kususka vimbundi mu ndyali, kweniso wakukhozgera visambizgo vya ŵasembe ŵa Archdiocesan. Apo wakaŵa musambiri, wakamanyikwanga kuti wakakhumbanga kuti mu caru muŵe vyaru vinandi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mafrsaprovince.com/tag/saulos-klaus-chilima/|title=Saulos Klaus Chilima – Missionaries of Africa – SAP Province|website=mafrsaprovince.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timveni.com/revamp-minority-sports---veep|title=Revamp minority sports - Veep|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malawi24.com/2018/02/28/chilima-speaks-tough-blind-loyalty/|title=Chilima speaks tough on blind loyalty {{!}} Malawi 24 - All the latest Malawi news|date=2018-02-28|work=Malawi 24|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mwnation.com/chilima-speaks-corruption/|title=Chilima speaks on corruption - The Nation Online|date=2018-02-28|work=The Nation Online|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanewshub.com/tag/saulos-klaus-chilima/country/mw|title=News by topic :: Saulos Klaus Chilima|last=Hub|first=Africa News|website=www.africanewshub.com|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022810/https://www.africanewshub.com/tag/saulos-klaus-chilima/country/mw|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.maravipost.com/17494-2/|title=Vice President Rt. Hon Dr. Saulos Klaus Chilima joins #Be More Race - The Maravi Post|date=2017-07-26|work=The Maravi Post|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201802140793.html|title=Malawi VP Chilima in Pre-Valentine Fundraising Dinner - Pleads With Catholics to 'Adopt a Seminary'|date=2018-02-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Chilima ni Mkatolika wakugomezgeka ndipo wali kutengwa kwa Mary (uyo wakababika Chibambo) ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri, Sean na Elizabeth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Candidate : UTM|url=https://utm-mw.org/meet-the-candidate/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=utm-mw.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025232347/https://utm-mw.org/meet-the-candidate/|archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chilima, Saulos}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Malawi alumni]] [[Category:Vice-presidents of Malawi]] [[Category:1973 births|Chilima, Saulos]] [[Category:People from Ntcheu District]] [[Category:Malawian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Bolton]] [[Category:United Transformation Movement politicians]] n24m9dbh7h4nzqfuvx79kkr6w74nbox 0 43949 122686 105943 2026-09-28T03:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Malawian politician (1965–2021)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Honorable]] | name = Mohammed Sidik Mia |image = Sidik Mia big.png |imagesize = 250px | current_office = Vice President of Malawi Congress Party | office = Minister of Transport and Public Works | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Ralph Jooma]] | term_start = 28 June 2020 | term_end = 12 January 2021 | president1 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]<br>[[Joyce Banda]] | term_start1 = August 2010 | term_end1 = January 2014 | office2 = Minister of Defence | president2 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | term_start2 = June 2009 | term_end2 = August 2010 | office3 = Minister of Irrigation and Water Development | term_start3 = September 2005 | term_end3 = March 2009 | president3 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | office4 = Deputy Minister of Transport and Public Works | term_start4 = 2005 | term_end4 = 2005 | president4 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | office5 = Deputy Minister of Mines, Natural Resources and Environment | term_start5 = 2005 | term_end5 = 2005 | president5 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | office6 = Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security | term_start6 = 2004 | term_end6 = 2005 | president6 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] | office7 = [[Member of Parliament]] <br> from [[Chikwawa-Nkombezi]] | term_start7 = May 2004 | term_end7 = January 2021 | birth_name = Mohammed Sidik Mia | birth_date = 4 March{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} 1965 | spouse = [[Abida Mia]] | party = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] <small>(2005)<br>[[United Democratic Front (Malawi)]] </small> | death_date = 12 January 2021 (aged 55) | death_place = [[Lilongwe]], Malawi }} '''Sidik Mia''' (4 March 1965  -12 January 2021) wakaŵa munthu wa bizinesi wa ku [[Malawi]], [[wandale]], ndipo wakaŵa Member of Parliament uyo wakaŵa na maudindo ghanandi mu boma la Malawi kufuma mu 2004, ndipo wakaŵa Minister of Transport and Public Works kufuma mu June 2020. Wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mpaka apo wakafwira pa 12 January 2021 chifukwa cha nthenda ya COVID-19 mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malawi declares state of disaster as two ministers die of COVID-19|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/12/covid-19-kills-two-malawi-cabinet-ministers|access-date=2021-01-13|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Wakimilira nga ni movwiri wa pulezidenti kwa Dr. Lazarus Chakwera mu 2019 Malawi chisankho chachikulu. == Umoyo wake == Sidik Mia wakababika mu 1965 ku Chikwawa. Wakasambira masambiro gha Business Management. Wakati wamalizga, wakambiska mabizinesi ghanandi mu Malaŵi na kupanga gulu la ŵanthu ŵasambazi awo wakakhumbanga kuti nawo ŵambe kupeleka ndalama ku Democratic Progressive Party. Dada wa Sidik Mia, Abdul Wahab Sidik Mia wakababikira ku Nsanje, Marka. Munthu uyu wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru pa bizinesi ndipo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru pa ndyali ya Nyasaland ndipo pamanyuma pa Malawi (kanandi ku Lower Shire ndipo pamanyuma pa charu chose). Padera pa kuŵa munthu wa ndyali, Hon. Sidik Mia nayo wakatemwanga kucezga na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Wakapelekanga ndalama zakusambizgira ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusuzgika kweniso wakawovwiranga ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika kwizira mu pulogiramu yake ya vyawanangwa. Kweniso wakaŵa Musulumani wakujipeleka comene. == Umoyo wa ndale == Sidik Mia wakasankhika kuŵa MP wa Chikwawa-Nkombedzi mu May 2004 mu chigaŵa cha Chikwawa ku Malawi ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security mu June 2004. Mu 2005 wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa nduna ya migodi, vinthu vyakutowa na malo, wachiŵiri kwa nduna ya vya mayendedwe na ntchito za boma na nduna ya vya maji. Wakaŵa pa udindo uwu kwambira mu Seputembala 2005 m'paka mu Malichi 2009.<ref name=Bestof/> Mia wakasankhikaso pa chisankho cha May 2009 pa Democratic Progressive Party tikiti.<ref name=Bestof/> Mu boma ilo likamba kugwira ntchito pa 15 June 2009, wakasankhika kuŵa nduna ya vya chivikiliro cha chalo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html |work = Nyasa Times |title = Malawi's 43 member cabinet list as unveiled by President Mutharika |date = 17 June 2009 |accessdate = 3 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110210030117/http://www.nyasatimes.com/politics/43-member-full-cabinet-list-as-unveiled-by-bingu.html |archivedate = 10 February 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa nduna pa 9 August 2010, adakhala nduna ya Transport and Public Infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Cabinet_9_Aug_2010.pdf |title = Malawi cabinet as of August 9, 2010 |publisher = Government of Malawi |accessdate = 3 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika na kuwuskika kwa Joyce Banda, Sidik Mia pamoza na ŵanyake 18 ŵa Democratic Progressive Party ŵakapharazga kuti ŵakukhumba kukhozga Joyce Banda nga ni pulezidenti wa chalo.<ref name=Maulidi20120404/> Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca suzgo ya dango la chalo iyo yikacitiska kuti National Governing Council ya Democratic Progress Party, iyo Mia nayo wakaŵa mulara, yikadandawura ku Khoti Likuru Chomene kuti Joyce Banda ngwakwenelera yayi kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pa Mutharika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africareview.com/News/+Vice+President+ineligible+Malawi+Cabinet+/-/979180/1381864/-/11bgq9i/-/ |title=Vice President ineligible – Malawi Cabinet |work=Africa Review |author=Rex Chikoko |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023337/http://www.africareview.com/News/+Vice+President+ineligible+Malawi+Cabinet+/-/979180/1381864/-/11bgq9i/-/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Mu Janyuwale 2014 Sidik Mia wakafumapo mu chipani cha People's Party (PP) ndipo wakalekaso kuŵa nduna ya vya mayendedwe. Wakanjira chipani cha Malawi Congress mu chaka cha 2017 ndipo wakazgoka mulongozgi wa chipani ichi, Lazarus Chakwera.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://times.mw/sidik-mia-joins-mcp-chakwera-says-dpp-days-numbered/ |title=Sidik Mia joins MCP, Chakwera says DPP days numbered |work=The Times |author=Tom Sangala |date=15 July 2017 |accessdate=2 August 2020}}</ref> '''Kufwa''' Sidik Mia wakafwa pa 12 January 2021 chifukwa cha Covid 19. Wakasungika ku nyumba yake ku Nsanje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somba |first=Janet |date=12 January 2021 |title=Ministers Sidik Mia and Belekanyama dies from Covid19 |url=https://www.247malawi.com/ministers-sidik-mia-and-belekanyama-dies-from-covid19/ |url-status=live |website=www.247malawi.com}}</ref> Waleka mwanakazi wake, MP Abida Mia. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Bestof>{{cite web |url = http://www.bestofmalawi.com/news/174/ARTICLE/1929/2010-06-09.html |title = Cabinet Profiles – June 2010 |work = Best of Malawi |accessdate = 5 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101115064246/http://www.bestofmalawi.com/news/174/ARTICLE/1929/2010-06-09.html |archivedate = 15 November 2010 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name=Maulidi20120404> {{cite web |url=http://www.zodiakmalawi.com/ZBS%20Malawi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4749%3Ayunus-mussa-17-dpp-mps-vow-to-support-jb&catid=42%3Abanner-stories&Itemid=102 |title=Yunus Mussa, 17 DPP MPs Vow to Support JB |work=Zodiak Malawi |author=Patrick Maulidi |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519014333/http://www.zodiakmalawi.com/ZBS%20Malawi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4749:yunus-mussa-17-dpp-mps-vow-to-support-jb&catid=42:banner-stories&Itemid=102 |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead }} </ref> }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mia, Sidik}} [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Defence ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:Government ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Malawian politicians of Indian descent]] [[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi]] [[Category:People from the Southern Region, Malawi]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Malawi)]] g7n1qk391wlhvuk9w30nmbt6o8gj4sd 0 43951 122672 105947 2026-09-28T02:57:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder|name=Ralph Jooma|image=Ralph Jooma small.jpeg}} '''Ralph Pachalo Jooma''' ni munthu wa [[ndyali]] wa ku [[Malawi]]. Wakaŵaso mulembi wa Unduna wa vya Umoyo mu Malaŵi.<ref>http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5736-mutharika-hires-new-cabinet-abolishes-4-ministries.html{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wakasankhika kuŵa MP wa Monkey Bay ku Mangochi District pasi pa Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iceida.is/english/news/nr/1074|title=Government of Iceland &#124; 404|access-date=2023-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402093715/http://www.iceida.is/english/news/nr/1074|archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> Wakaŵaso wapampando wa komiti ya bajeti na ndalama mu nyumba ya malango ya Malawi.<ref>http://www.maravipost.com/business-and-development/investments/4727-malawians-can-retire-at-50.html{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jooma, Ralph}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Government ministers of Malawi]] [[Category:People's Party (Malawi) politicians]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Malawi)]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] {{Malawi-politician-stub}} paglbxxuwgahe0ruz9ivz1t5durqrm0 0 44726 122733 106936 2026-09-28T03:47:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | ground = [[Tazihu Football Training Centre]], [[Wuhan]] | capacity = 2,000 | league = [[Chinese Women's Super League|CWSL]] | season = [[2020 Chinese Women's Super League|2020]] | position = Chinese Women's Super League, 1st of 8 | pattern_la1 = | pattern_b1 = | pattern_ra1 = | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = E4287C | body1 = E4287C | rightarm1 = E4287C | shorts1 = ffffff | socks1 = ffffff | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = ffffff | body2 = ffffff | rightarm2 = ffffff | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = ffffff | clubname = Wuhan Jianghan University | image = | founded = {{Start date and age|2001}} | chrtitle = President | chairman = | manager = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Lin (footballer)|Liu Lin]] }}'''Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.''' ([[ChiChinese]]: 武汉江汉大学足球俱乐部) ndi [[China]] akatswiri mpira club ili mu [[Wuhan]]. Ŵakuchita maseŵero agha mu mpikisano wa [[Super League wa ŵanakazi wa ku China]], ndipo malo ghawo ni [[Tazihu Football Training Center]]. == Mbili == Wuhan Jianghan University F.C. yikapangika mu chaka cha 2001 nga ni mgwirizano pakati pa [[Jianghan University]] na [[Wuhan football association]]. Mu chaka cha 2017, timu iyi yikapoka chipharazgo chakwamba mu mdauko wake, yikapoka chipharazgo cha [[2017 China Women's League One]] kuti yikapoke chipharazgo cha China Women's Super League kwa nyengo yakwamba mu mdauko wake. Mu [[2018 China Women's Super League]] nyengo, iwo anamaliza wachinayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 2018 |title=CWSL League Table |url=http://www.cfadata.cn/Wechat/index/rank/index.html?id=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910203926/http://www.cfadata.cn/Wechat/index/rank/index.html?id=21 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=China Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 2019 |title=China Women's League |url=http://www.thecfa.cn/cwsl2/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=The CFA}}</ref> Mu [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup]] iwo ŵakaŵa na ŵimiliri ŵankhondi mu [[China national team]] awo ŵakasankhika ku mpikisano. Pambuyo pa mpikisanowu, adasainiranso wosewera wakale Wang Shuang pambuyo pa nyengo ku [[Paris Saint-Germain]] isanachitike kampeni ya [[2019 China Women's Super League]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Lady Messi' wants to see some home improvement - China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/sports/2019-07/18/content_75005272.htm |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China at the Women's World Cup 2019: Schedule, scores, full roster, fixtures, TV and live stream |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/china-at-the-womens-world-cup-2019-schedule-scores-full-roster-fixtures-tv-and-live-stream/ |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=CBSSports.com |language=en}}</ref> == Gulu la sono == <small>Kusinthika: 14 Ogasiti 2022</small> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=CHN|pos=GK|name=Chen Chen}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Wang Xinxin}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=[[Wang Ying (footballer)|Wang Ying]]}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=[[Wu Haiyan]]}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=[[Li Tingting (footballer)|Li Tingting]]}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=[[Liu Yanqiu]]}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=[[Lue Yueyun]]}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=[[Yao Wei (footballer)|Yao Wei]]}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=CHN|pos=GK|name=[[Zhu Yu (footballer) |Zhu Yu]]}} {{Fs player|no=13|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Min Qi}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Sun Shaoyu}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=Lu Wenhui}} {{fs player|no=|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=[[Ma Jun (footballer)|Ma Jun]]}} {{fs player|no=|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Desire Oparanozie]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=16|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Wang Mengfen}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Gan Xiaoman}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Huang Jing}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Xiao Jingfang}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Qin Manman}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=CHN|pos=MF|name=Dai Chenying}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=CHN|pos=FW|name=Chen Ao}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=CHN|pos=FW|name=Peng Ziwei}} {{Fs player|no=25|nat=CHN|pos=FW|name=Wang Yumeng}} {{Fs player|no=26|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=[[Xue Jiao]]}} {{Fs player|no=27|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=Zhu Fangyu}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=Bai Jing}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=Chen Beibei}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=CHN|pos=DF|name=Xiong Meiyi}} {{fs player|no=|nat=MWI|pos=FW|name=[[Temwa Chawinga]]}} {{Fs end}} == Chokoleti == === Vimphindano === * [[Chinese Women's Super League]] : '''Champions (3):''' [[2020 Chinese Women's Super League|2020]], [[2021 Chinese Women's Super League|2021]], [[2022 Chinese Women's Super League]] * [[Chinese Women's League One]] : '''Champions (1):''' [[2017 Chinese Women's League season|2017]], == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} dqoj8twkby4yfvb00m4frw7g0eedeub 0 44987 122508 107655 2026-09-28T00:40:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Dominican-American actress (b. 1982)}} {{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Dascha Polanco | image = File:Dascha Polanco HD full.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = Polanco mu [[Orange is the New Black]] | birth_name = Dascha Yolaine Polanco | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]] | alma_mater = [[Hunter College]] | occupation = Actress | years_active = 2011–pano | children = 2 }} '''Dascha Yolaine Polanco''' (kubabika pa Disembala 3, 1982)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Polanco|first1=Dascha|title=I'm just grateful for another year of life. May I be blessed with health and staying true to who I am. #ismellgood #itsmybirthday|url=https://instagram.com/p/-0aoJEzRK4/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/-0aoJEzRK4 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|work=Instagram|date=December 3, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ni mwanakazi wakupanga ma filimu wa ku [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]-[[United States of America|American]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mulimo wa Dayanara "Daya" Diaz pa Netflix mndandanda [[Orange Is the New Black]], na mulimo wa Cuca mu 2021 filimu In the Heights.<ref name="thr">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905|title='Orange Is the New Black's' Latinas – The Hollywood Reporter|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 22, 2013|access-date=December 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202084051/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905|archive-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Polanco wakababika mu [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ultimahora.com.do/dascha-polanco-talento-dominicano-en-holywood/|title=Dascha Polanco. Talento dominicano en Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecartelera.com/personas/dascha-polanco/|title=Dascha Polanco|website=Ecartelera}}</ref> ndipo wakasamira ku United States apo wakaŵa muwukirano.<ref name=miami>{{cite web|url=http://miamiherald.typepad.com/gaysouthflorida/2014/05/orange-is-the-new-black-co-star-dascha-polanco-to-be-special-guest-friday-at-aqua-girl-vip-dance-events.html|title='Orange Is the New Black' co-star Dascha Polanco to be guest Friday at Aqua Girl VIP, dance events|first=Steve|last=Rothaus|work=[[Miami Herald]]|date=May 2014|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Wakakulira mu [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Brooklyn]], na [[Miami]] uko adada ŵake ŵakaŵa makhanikhi, ndipo amama ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasayansi ŵakuwona vya kutozga thupi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diariolibre.com/revista/2013/08/18/i398155_cinco-dominicanas-serie-del-momento-orange-the-new-black.html|title=Cinco dominicanas en la serie del momento: Orange Is The New Black|language=es|first=Orlando|last=Santos|date=August 18, 2013|work=Diario Libre|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name=nydn>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/dascha-polanco-returns-orange-new-black-season-article-1.1452628|title=Dascha Polanco returns to 'Orange Is the New Black' for second season|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=September 11, 2013|first=Erik|last=Ortiz|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Polanco ni mwana wakwamba pa ŵana ŵatatu; wali na munung'una na mudumbu wake.<ref name="DPLM">{{cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/dascha-polanco-june-july-2015-cover-star |title=Dascha Polanco is Latina Magazine's June/July 2015 Cover Star!|last=Trivino|first=Jesus|work=Latina Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=April 28, 2015 }}</ref> ==Ntchito== Polanco wakakhumbanga kuŵa wamaseŵero kufuma waka pa wanici wake kweni "wakakayikiranga nyengo zose para wakuluta ku ma audition cifukwa ca kunenepa", ntheura wakamalizga masambiro gha psychology ku Hunter College.<ref name=nydn/> Wati wamalizga masambiro gha ku koleji wakamba kugwira nchito ya vyaumoyo na cilato cakuti wazakaŵe nesi.<ref name=nbc>{{cite web|url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/08/15/dominican-actress-dascha-polanco-talks-netflix-series-orange-is-the-new-black/|title=Dominican actress Dascha Polanco talks Netflix series "Orange is the New Black"|work=NBC Latino|publisher=[[NBC]]|date=August 15, 2013|first=Nina|last=Terrero|access-date=June 13, 2014|archive-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406121607/http://nbclatino.com/2013/08/15/dominican-actress-dascha-polanco-talks-netflix-series-orange-is-the-new-black/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=atg>{{cite web |url=http://allthingsgirl.com/2013/07/meet-actress-dascha-polanco/ |title=Meet Actress Dascha Polanco |work=All Things Girl |first=Deborah |last=Smouse |date=July 11, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029021825/http://allthingsgirl.com/2013/07/meet-actress-dascha-polanco/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> Wakagwiranga nchito ku chipatala cha Montefiore Medical Center mu Bronx apo wakasambiranga vya unesi, ndipo wakakhwima mtima na kwamba kucita maseŵero.<ref name=nydn/><ref name=atg/> Wakasambira pa sukulu ya BIH Studios ku New York, ndipo apo wakaŵa ku sukulu iyi, wakalembeskeka na wupu wa Shirley Grant Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oitnb.com/exclusive-interview-oitnbs-dascha-polanco-daya-diaz/|title=Exclusive Interview: OITNB's Dascha Polanco (Daya Diaz)|work=OITNB.com|date=March 23, 2014|publisher=[[Netflix]]|access-date=June 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109072121/http://oitnb.com/exclusive-interview-oitnbs-dascha-polanco-daya-diaz/|archive-date=November 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ntchito yake yakwamba yikaŵa ya vigaŵa vichoko waka mu ma TV gha Unforgettable na NYC 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-daya-dascha-polanco-interview.html|title= OITNB's Dascha Polanco on Daya and Bennett, Doodling Penises, and Her Johnny Depp Crush|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|first=Patti|last=Greco|date=August 3, 2013|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2012, Polanco wakaloleka kuti wagwire ntchito ya Dayanara "Daya" Diaz mu filimu ya Netflix ya Orange Is the New Black.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ilana-rapp/actress-dascha-polanco-te_b_3596577.html|title= Actress Dascha Polanco Tells Us About Life Before and After Netflix's Orange Is the New Black |work=[[Huffington Post]]|first=Ilana|last=Rapp|date=July 15, 2014|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Mu 2013, Polanco adawonekera mu filimu yodziyimira payokha ya Gimme Shelter asanabwerere ku Orange Is the New Black nyengo yachiwiri.<ref name=nydn/> Mu Juni 2014, adalengezedwa kuti adakwezedwa kuchokera ku ntchito yobwereza ku mndandanda wokhazikika wa chiwonetsero cha nyengo yachitatu, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu June 2015. Wakawoneskeka mu mafilimu gha The Cobbler na Joy, ndipo wakawonekaso mu filimu ya The Perfect Match. Mu 2018, Polanco adachita nawo gawo lina mu The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story, ndipo mu 2019, adachita nawo gawo lina mu mndandanda wa Netflix, Russian Doll ndi When They See Us. Mu 2021, Polanco adachita gawo la Cuca, m'modzi mwa azimayi omwe akutsogolera salon, mu kanema In the Heights . Kufuma mu 2021 kufika mu 2022, Polaco wakalongosora mazgu gha Ms. Camilla Torres, mama wa Winston uyo wali na sitoro yakuguliskiramo sumu, mu sinema ya Karma's World.<ref name="milligan2021">{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/trailer-karmas-world-brings-a-positive-beat-to-netflix/|title=Trailer: 'Karma's World' Brings a Positive Beat to Netflix|website=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=September 23, 2021|access-date=April 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005210447/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/trailer-karmas-world-brings-a-positive-beat-to-netflix/|archive-date=5 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Umoyo wamunthu== Polanco wali na ŵana ŵaŵiri, mwana msungwana na msepuka.<ref name="DPLM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a42135/dascha-polanco-orange-is-the-new-black-season-3-profile/ |title="Orange Is the New Black" Star Dascha Polanco Wishes She Could Tell Off Haters|last=Greco |first=Patti|work=Cosmopolitan Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2015}}</ref> Mwana wake msungwana wakachita nga ni Polanco mu nyengo ya 5 ya Orange Is the New Black.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a10201350/dascha-polanco-daughter-orange-is-the-new-black/|title=Young Daya Looks So Much Like Dascha Polanco Because She's Dascha Polanco's Daughter |last=Thompson |first=Eliza|work=Cosmopolitan Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date= June 21, 2017}}</ref> Mu 2015, Polanco wakapika mulandu wa kusuzga muwukirano, chifukwa "wakaponyapo kanandi waka na kukasweka.”<ref>{{Cite web |author=Variety Staff |date=2015-12-05 |title='Orange is the New Black's' Dascha Polanco Charged With Assault |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/orange-new-black-dascha-polanco-assault-1201654907/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Dascha Polanco Charged With Assaulting Teen Girl |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/orange-black-star-dascha-polanco-charged-assaulting-teen/story?id=35576743 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-03 |title='Orange Is The New Black' Star Accused Of Beating Up A Teenage Girl |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dascha-polanco-arrested-orange-is-the-new-black_n_56609847e4b08e945fee85eb |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Kweni pamanyuma ŵakamulekeska mulandu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charges against "Orange is the New Black" actress dismissed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/charges-against-orange-is-the-new-black-actress-dascha-polanco-dismissed/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mafilimu== ===Filimu=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Ntchito ! Vyakulemba |- | 2013 | ''[[Gimme Shelter (2013 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' | Carmel | |- | 2014 | ''[[The Cobbler (2014 film)|The Cobbler]]'' | Macy | |- | 2015 | ''[[Joy (2015 film)|Joy]]'' | Jackie | |- | 2018 | ''[[Mutafukaz|MFKZ]]'' | Luna <small>(voice)</small> | English dub |- | 2019 | ''[[The Irishman]]'' | Nurse | |- | 2021 | ''[[In the Heights (film)|In the Heights]]'' | Cuca | |- | 2022 | ''[[DC League of Super-Pets]]'' | Jessica Cruz / Green Lantern (voice) | |- | 2022 | ''[[Samaritan (film)|Samaritan]]'' | Isabelle | |- | 2023 | ''[[A Little Prayer]]'' | | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Ntchito ! Vyakulemba |- | 2011 | ''[[Unforgettable (2011 TV series)|Unforgettable]]'' | Estella | Episode: "Trajectories" |- | 2012 | ''[[NYC 22]]'' | Fan #2 | Episode: "Firebomb" |- | 2013–2019 | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | [[List of Orange Is the New Black characters#Dayanara Diaz|Dayanara "Daya" Diaz]] | 81 episodes<br>[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] <small>(2014, 2015)</small> |- | 2018 | ''[[The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story]]'' | Det. Lori Wieder | 3 episodes |- | 2019 | ''[[Russian Doll (TV series)|Russian Doll]]'' | Beatrice | 4 episodes |- |2019 | ''[[When They See Us]]'' | Elena | Episode: "Part Three" |- |2019 | ''[[Evil (TV series)|Evil]]'' | Patti Hitchens | Episode: "3 Stars" |- |2023 | ''[[Poker Face (TV series)|Poker Face]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2022-06-03 |title=Dascha Polanco & Lil Rel Howery Join Natasha Lyonne In Rian Johnson's Peacock Series 'Poker Face' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/dascha-polanco-lil-rel-howery-natasha-lyonne-rian-johnsons-peacock-series-1235037972/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Deadline}}</ref> | Natalie | Episode: "Dead Man's Hand" |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|4745601}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polanco, Dascha}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actresses from Miami]] [[Category:Actresses from New York City]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:American voice actresses]] [[Category:American people of Dominican Republic descent]] [[Category:Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Dominican Republic film actresses]] [[Category:Dominican Republic television actresses]] [[Category:Entertainers from the Bronx]] [[Category:Hispanic and Latino American actresses]] [[Category:Hunter College alumni]] [[Category:Mixed-race Dominicans]] [[Category:People from Santo Domingo]] [[Category:People from Sunset Park, Brooklyn]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] ki7u7y5l36h0t4yy2yg286en0worjws 0 45248 122542 112721 2026-09-28T01:05:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Constructed language created on the basis of several Nigerian languages}} {{Infobox language | name = Guosa | nativename = Guosa | fam1 = Chiyowoyero chakuchita kupanga | fam2 = Chiyowoyero ca pa caru cose cakovwira | creator = Alex Igbineweka | created = 1965 | setting = Kugwiritsa ntchito ku West Africa | posteriori = Chiyowoyero ici cikafuma ku viyowoyero vya CiHausa, CiYoruba na CiIgbo. | iso2 = none | iso3 = none | notice = | glotto = none }} '''Guosa''' ni ciyowoyero ico cikapangika na Alex Igbineweka mu 1965. Ciyowoyero ici cikapangika kuti ciŵe cakukolerana na viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu caru ca Nigeria, kweniso kuti ciŵe ciyowoyero cakupharazgikira ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/guosa-the-lingua-franca-to-oust-english|title=Guosa: The lingua franca to oust English|last=Okafor|first=Judd-Leonard|date=20 March 2016|website=dailytrust.com.ng}}</ref> == Vinthu Vyakukhwaskana na Chiyowoyero == === Viyowoyero Vyakwambilira === Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Guosa cikugwiliskira nchito viyowoyero vyakukwana 118 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, kweni mazgu ghake ghanandi ghali kufuma ku viyowoyero vya Hausa, Yoruba, na Igbo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nico.gov.ng/2016/03/17/hausa-igbo-and-yoruba-are-the-tripod-of-guosa-language-igbineweka/|title=Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba Are The Tripod of Guosa Language – Igbineweka|last=Dimgba|first=Njideka|date=17 March 2016|website=www.nico.gov.ng|access-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325010407/https://nico.gov.ng/2016/03/17/hausa-igbo-and-yoruba-are-the-tripod-of-guosa-language-igbineweka/|archive-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> Cingelezi cikuperekaso mazgu ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na luso, kwali mwakudunjika panji kwizira mu ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku Africa. Kweniso mazgu ghanyake ghakaŵanga na mazgu agho ghakung'anamulika nga ni meeh "mberere", yanmu-yanmu "mbuwu", na wuam "kurya". Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kayowoyero kanandi vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Viyowoyero vinandi vikufuma ku viyowoyelo vya ku Hausa, ndipo viyowoyero na mazgu ghakulembeka ghakufuma ku viyowoyelo vya ku Igbo na ku viyowoyero vya ku Yoruba. Kweniso, mazgu gha viyowoyero vyose vitatu ivi kanandi ghakusazgikana kuti ghaŵe na lizgu limoza ilo likuyanako na ghose ghatatu. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu la Ciguosa lakuti méni, ilo likung'anamura "cici", likufumira ku lizgu la Cihausa lakuti menini, la Ciigbo lakuti gini, na la Ciyoruba lakuti kini, ghose ghakung'anamura "cici".<ref>{{cite book|last=Igbinéwéká|first=Alexander|date=31 January 2019|title=The Complete Dictionary of Guosa Language 2nd Revised Edition|location=Bloomington, IN|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-5320-6574-3}}</ref> === Kuyowoya === Tikumanya yayi umo mazgu ghakupulikikwira panji unandi wa mazgu agho ghakuyowoyeka mu Chiguosa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ici cili na vilembo vinandi, cifukwa ciyowoyero ici cikugwiliskira nchito vilembo vinandi ivyo vili mu viyowoyero vichoko waka. ==== Malembo ghakukolerana ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar/]] [[Postalveolar consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Labial–velar consonant|Labiovelar]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | ({{IPA link|ɲ}}) | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop/Affricate]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|k͡p}} | |- ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]}} | ([[Prenasalized consonant|ᵐp]]) | ([[Prenasalized consonant|ⁿt]]) | [[Prenasalized consonant|ⁿtʃ]] | [[Prenasalized consonant|ᵑk]] | ([[Prenasalized consonant|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p]]) | |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|dʒ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ͡b}} | |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]}} | [[Prenasalized consonant|ᵐb]] | [[Prenasalized consonant|ⁿd]] | [[Prenasalized consonant|ⁿdʒ]] | [[Prenasalized consonant|ᵑɡ]] | [[Labial-velar consonant|ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b]] | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}} | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|x}} | | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | | {{IPA link|ɣ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | {{IPA link|w}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | | |} # Mazgu gha /p/ na /v/ ghakusangika viŵi yayi mu viyowoyero vya ku India. Ghakusangika mu mazgu gha Cingelezi panji gha mu viyowoyero vinyake. # It is unknown exactly how many pre-nasalized stops are actually phonemes, and which, if any, are considered consonant clusters. Several do appear word initially in common words such as: {{lang|art-011|ncha}} "every", {{lang|art-011|nkami}} "my", {{lang|art-011|mbí}} "here", {{lang|art-011|njika}} "evil", {{lang|art-011|ngate}} "coast", and {{lang|art-011|ngbà}} "time". All other stops do appear with a preceding nasal word medially, but it is unclear if these are pre-nasalized stops or clusters of a nasal and a stop. # Sumu ya rhotic yingaŵa ya tap panji ya trill. # Syllabic consonants can appear as separate words, such as ng (present continuous marker). These always have the mid tone. # The plosives, nasals (/ŋ/ exempt), the fricatives (velars exempt), the approximants, and /dʒ/ can be geminated, though minimal pairs are rare. # It is unknown if the palatal nasal is a phoneme or if it is simply the cluster /nj/. ==== Vokala ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |&nbsp; ! colspan="2" |Short vowels ! colspan="2" |[[Long vowels]] ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal vowel]]s |- ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] !Front !Back !Front !Back |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|u}} |{{IPA|iː}} |{{IPA|uː}} |({{IPA|ĩ}}) |({{IPA|ũ}}) |- ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|o}} |{{IPA|eː}} |{{IPA|oː}} |({{IPA|ẽ}}) |({{IPA|õ}}) |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|a}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA|aː}} | colspan="2" |({{IPA|ã}}) |} Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Guosa cikaŵa na ma vowel 7 nga ni ciyowoyero ca Yoruba, kweni ma vowel agha /ɛ/ na /ɔ/ ghasazgikana na ma vowel ghanyake, ndipo sono ciyowoyero ici cikuŵa na ma vowel ghankhondi. Vokala lingaŵa litali panji lichoko, kweni pakuyowoya za utali wa vokala, vikulongora kuti vikuthemba pa vinthu vinyake yayi, pakuti pali viyuni vichoko waka ivyo vikuŵa na viyuni vichoko. Pali vilembo vinyake ivyo vikulembeka na ⁇ n ⁇ , nangauli ni vilembo vyose yayi ivyo vikulongora kuti ni vilembo vya mu mphuno. Vinthu ivi vikuŵavya ntchito yinandi, ndipo mazina ghanandi gha vilembo vya mu mphuno ni ghafupi. Palije mazgu ghaŵiri agho ghali na mazgu ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwendera mu mulomo na utali wake. Tikumanya yayi usange mu Chiguosa muli ma diphthongs. Vokala yose yingayowoyeka nga ni ma syllable ghakupambanapambana, panji ma vowel ghanandi ghangapangiska ma diphthongs. Ndipouli, mazgu gha Ciyoruba ghakulongora kuti mazgu gha mu ciyowoyero ca Guosa ghakupanga vilembo yayi, cifukwa mazgu ghose agho ghali na vilembo ivyo vikuyanako ghakufuma mu ciyowoyero ca Ciyoruba, ico mazgu ghose ghakuyowoyeka mwakupambana. ==== Mtundu ==== Ku Guosa kuli mazgu ghatatu ghakupambanapambana: mazgu ghapachanya, ghapakati, na ghapasi. Mzere wapakati ulije mazina ndipo ukuwoneka kuti ndiwo wakupangika waka, apo mzere wapachanya ukulembeka na lizgu lakuti  ⟨◌́⟩, ndipo mzere wapasi ukulembeka na lizgu lakuti  ⟨◌̀⟩. Pa vilembo vifupi vya vowel, vilembo vya low-rising vikulembeka na caron  ⟨◌̌⟩  ndipo vya high-falling vikulembeka na circumflex  ⟨◌̂⟩. Para mazgu ghatali ghalembeka, mazgu agho ghalembeka ghakudumura mazgu ghaŵiri. Para mazgu ghatali ghalembeka nga ni mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, mazgu agha ghakulembeka nga ni mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambana. ==== Kusintha==== Para mazgu ghaŵiri ghakuyana ghakupambana, panji para mazgu ghanyake ghakupambana ghakupambana. Mwaciyelezgero, para mazgu agho ghakwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel ghakuŵa na lizgu lakuti é, lizgu ili likwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel: é ómóntàkélé → émóntàkélé "ŵana ŵachoko". Mazgu agha ghangalembeka na apostrophe para mazgu ghaŵiri ghakuyana: ji inang → ji'nang "makumi ghaŵiri na ghanayi". Lizgu ili likulembeka kuti apostrofe para lizgu ili likusazga mazgu ghaŵiri agho ni vigaŵa viŵi yayi. ==== Kugwiliskira Ntchito Vyakupharazga ==== Lizgu la Chiguosa kanandi likuŵa nga ni (C)(A)V(C), kweni mazgu ghanyake ghakuŵa nga ni (C)(C)(C)V(C). === Kulemba Malemba === Alifabeti ya Guosa yili na vilembo 23, na ma digrafu ghanandi. Makalata gha  ⟨q⟩  na  ⟨x⟩  ghakusangika yayi, ndipo kalata ya  ⟨c⟩  yikuwoneka waka mu digraph  ⟨ch⟩. Pakwamba pakaŵanga vilembo viŵiri ivyo vikuwoneka nga vyaleka kulembeka mu ciyowoyero ici:  ⟨ẹ⟩ na  ⟨ọ⟩. Padera pa vilembo ivi, vilembo vinyake vikulembeka kuti viyowoye umo mazgu ghakupulikikwira. Chilembo ichi chikuyimira /ŋg/ pakwamba na pakatikati pa lizgu, kweni paumaliro chikuyimira /ŋ/ {| class="wikitable" ! Kalata ! IPA |- | a | {{IPAslink|a}} |- | b | {{IPAslink|b}} |- | d | {{IPAslink|d}} |- | e | {{IPAslink|e}} |- | f | {{IPAslink|f}} |- | g | {{IPAslink|ɡ}} |- | h | {{IPAslink|h}} |- | i | {{IPAslink|i}} |- | j | {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} |- | k | {{IPAslink|k}} |- | l | {{IPAslink|l}} |- | m | {{IPAslink|m}} |- | n | {{IPAslink|n}} |- | o | {{IPAslink|o}} |- | p | {{IPAslink|p}} |- | r | {{IPAslink|r}} |- | s | {{IPAslink|s}} |- | t | {{IPAslink|t}} |- | u | {{IPAslink|u}} |- | v | {{IPAslink|v}} |- | w | {{IPAslink|w}} |- | y | {{IPAslink|j}} |- | z | {{IPAslink|z}} |} Ma digraph agho ghali kukhorwa ni agha: {| class="wikitable" ! Digraph ! IPA |- | ch | {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} |- |gb |{{IPA link|ɡ͡b}} |- |gh |/{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ |- |kh |/{{IPA link|x}}/ |- |kp |{{IPA link|k͡p}} |- |ng |/{{IPA link|ŋ}}/, /[[Prenasalized consonant|ᵑk]]/ |- | sh | {{IPAslink|ʃ}} |} === Kusambira Ciyowoyero === Chiyowoyero cha Guosa chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Mazgu ghanandi ghakung'anamulika na vilembo, nga ni é (plural), ng (present progressive), lá (perfective aspect), na kà (volitive). Palije nkhani. Zina likufuma pa zina. Palije ndondomeko ya kalembero iyo yikulongora kuti munthu ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi. Kanandi mazgu gha Guosa ghakulembeka na mazgu ghanyake. ==== Mazina ==== Vimanyikwiro vinyake vya Ciguosa vikupambana na mazgu ghanyake mu ciyowoyero ici, pakuti vikusintha kuyana na umo munthu wakuyowoyera. Kweni viŵaro vya munthu vikupambana yayi, ndipo munthu wangapambaniska pakati pa viŵaro vya mwanakazi na vya mwanalume. Mazgu ghakulondezgapo agha, ni mazina gha mazina gha ŵanthu. Zina mwa mazina agha ghakumanyikwa makora yayi, ntheura tikumanya yayi mazina agho ghakuzunurika. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | !subject !object/genitive |- ! colspan="2" |1st person singular |'''mò''' (I) |'''mí''' (me/mine) |- ! colspan="2" |2nd person singular |'''o''' (you, thou) |'''yín''' (you/your, thee/thy) |- ! rowspan="2" |3rd person<br>singular !masculine/neuter |'''ó''' (he, it) |'''ya''' (him/his, it/its) |- !feminine |'''ta''' (she) |'''ta''' (she/her) |- ! colspan="2" |1st person plural |'''àwá''' (we) |'''<nowiki/>'wá, kewá''' (us/our) |- ! colspan="2" |2nd person plural |'''ee''' (you all) |'''éyín''' (you all/all of your) |- ! colspan="2" |3rd person plural |'''ha, fa, su''' (they) |'''ha, fa, su''' (they, them) |} Lizgu lakuti us likapangika na mazgu ghakuti -wan. Nangauli lizgu lakuti posessive kanandi likulongosoreka na lizgu lakuti pronoun, kweni mazgu ghakuti nke "of" ghangang'anamuraso kuti posession. ==== Vinthu ivyo vikulongosora ==== Vinthu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu ciyowoyero ca Guosa ni vigaŵa vyakupambana yayi, ndipo vyose pamoza vikucemeka kuti ni mazgu agho ghakulongosora vinthu. Kweni mazgu ghanyake ghakulongosora waka ivyo vikuchitika. Ku Guosa kuli madigiri ghanayi gha kupambaniska. Lizgu lakuti jù "vinandi" likusangika pakuyaniska lizgu ili na lizgu linyake: rámá "chiwemi" → rámá jù "chiwemi". Lizgu ili likusazga waka mazgu ghakuti khà "very" na jù: rámá jù khà "best" (lit. Paumaliro, pali cigaŵa cacinayi ca kupambaniska vinthu. Nangauli lizgu lakuti superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu linyake, kweni lizgu lakuti category ilo likulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi kuluska superlative likulongora kuti munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi ni muwemi comene mu gulu lose. ==== Vilembo ==== Ku Guosa, vilembo vyose vili na nthowa yimoza; palije kukolerana. Pali lizgu la ciyowoyero ici, wù, kweni likugwiriskirika nchito para pali lizgu la munthu. Kweni para mazgu ghakuyowoya za chinthu chinyake, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti wù yayi, ndipo lizgu ili likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti verb. Yaniskani mazgu ghakuti mò wù mámbézè "Ndine themba" na mò rámá "Nili makora". Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikusintha umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera, umo ghakuyowoyekera, na umo ghakupulikikwira. Kanandi vilembo ivi vikuŵa kunthazi kwa mazgu agho vikusintha, kweni vilembo vya lá vikulondezga waka mazgu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Igbinéwéká|first=Alexander|date=1999|title=Teach Yourself Guosa Language Book 2: Nigeria's future common indigenous lingua franca|location=Richmond, CA |publisher=Guosa Publication Services}}</ref> * ''ng'' (present continual): ''mó sòngí 'sóngà'' "Nkhuyimba sumu" → ''mó ng sòngí 'sóngà'' "Nkhuyimba sumu" * ''tí'' (perfect): ''mò jòndú'' "I sit" → ''mò tí jòndú'' "I have sat" Lizgu lakuti lá likulembeka mu nthowa yakupambana, ndipo likupangiska kuti lizgu ili liŵe nga ni lizgu lakulembeka kale. Vinthu ivi vingaŵaso vyakuwoneka. * ''mó kùndé'' "I wake up" → ''mó kùndé lá'' "I am awake" ==== Vyakusazgirapo ==== ==== Manambara ==== Guosa wali na nambala ya khumi. Manambara ghakulondezgapo agha: # ''dáyá'' "one" # ''ejì'' "two" # ''ètá'' "three" # ''ìnàng'' "four" # ''ìsén'' "five" # ''ìsíì'' "six" # ''asáà'' "seven" # ''asáto'' "eight" # ''essé'' "nine" # ''góma'' "ten" Vinthu ivyo vikuyana na nambara 10 vikusangika para nambala 10 yakwamba ya nambara yiliyose yikhwaskika. # ''gó "''ten, -teen" (used in the numbers 11–19) # ''jì'' "twenty" # ''tá'' "thirty" # ''nà'' "forty" # ''sén'' "fifty" # ''síì'' "sixty" # ''sá'' "seventy" # ''sát'' "eighty" # ''ssé'' "ninety" The number multiples of one hundred are created by using the reduplicated ''gogo'' root. These numbers are not treated as compounds, unlike the number 11–99. * ''ejì gógó'' "two hundred" * ''asáà gógó'' "seven hundred" The [[ordinal number]]s are formed by using the preposition ''nke''. * ''nke dáyá'' "first" * ''nke sáètá'' "seventy third" * ''nke'' ''asáà gógó'' "seven hundredth" ==== Kulemba Mazgu ==== Guosa wakugwiliskira nchito vigaŵa viŵiri kuti wamanye mazgu kufuma ku vinyake. Mwaciyelezgero: ò - munthu, munthu uyo wakuzunulika na lizgu ili. Mu vilembo vinandi, ici ni è. * ''kózí'' "to teach" → ''ò kózí'' "teacher", ''è kózí'' "teachers" * ''gwùebí'' "hungry" → ''ò gwùebí'' "hungry person", ''è gwùebí'' "hungry people" * ''mákárántá'' "school" → ''ò mákárántá'' "student", ''è mákárántá'' "students" ì - ni lizgu na lizgu la munthu kufuma ku lizgu panji lizgu linyake: * ''bísí'' "to succeed" → ''ìbísí'' "success, successful" * ''kózí'' "to teach" → ''ìkózí'' "lesson" * ''rùshé'' "to work" → ''ìrùshé'' "work, labor" * ''máchè'' "woman" → ''ìmáchè'' "womanhood, womanly" Mu Chiguosa, mazgu ghanandi ghakufuma mu vilembo viŵiri ivi pera. === Viyelezgero === {{interlinear|indent=3 |bìa kà ‘wá jé àbínchí. |'come, let's eat food.'}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |ò chètó ájì ‘wá shìengá la gídá.|c1= (Note the past tense: {{lang|art-011|la}} ({{lang|art-011|shienga la}}) |'our class monitor has left to go home.'}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |ó shìhé la kófà? |'have you opened the door?'}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |báasì, mó shìhé la kófà. |'yes, I have opened the door.'}} {{interlinear|indent=3 |bíko, fún mi ní rúwá. |'please, give me water'}} == Kugwiliskira Ntchito == Ŵasambizgi ŵa Guosa ŵakasambizganga pa Yunivesite ya Abuja.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/50-uniabuja-students-undergo-guosa-language-training|title=50 UniAbuja students undergo Guosa language training|last=Idris|first=Shaba Abubakar|date=25 March 2019|website=dailytrust.com.ng}}</ref> Nthowa ya AI yakung'anamulira malemba kufuma ku Chingelezi kuya ku Chiguosa nayo yilipo pa intaneti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditu- Guosa Curation |url=https://www.aditu.tech/thelanguageproject/guosa |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Aditu. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kuyowoyapo == <references /> {{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Viyowoyelo]] [[Category:Languages of Africa]] [[Category:Zonal constructed languages]] [[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1960s]] [[Category:1965 introductions]] [[Category:Languages of Nigeria]] [[Category:Isolating languages]] [[Category:Constructed languages]] mosp8xdnor7vuqrl1d1xlrms9yvaysr 0 45705 122699 121840 2026-09-28T03:19:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Tania Bruguera | image = File:Tania Bruguera small.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Tania Brugueras | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}} | birth_place = [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = {{ubl | [[Instituto Superior de Arte]] | [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]] }} | movement = Performance Art, installation and video | awards = {{ubl | Guggenheim Fellowship (1998) | Prince Claus Prize (2000) | {{ill|Velázquez Award for Plastic Arts|es|Premio Velázquez de Artes Plásticas}} }} | elected = | patrons = | website = {{URL|http://www.taniabruguera.com}} | father = [[Miguel Brugueras]] | field = Artist and activist | notable_works = Displacement (1989-99), <br>Untitled (Havana, 2000),<br> Tatlin's Whisper #5 (2008) }} '''Tania Bruguera''' (wakababika mu 1968 ku [[Havana]], [[Cuba]])<ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |title=Great Women Artists |date=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=79}}</ref>) ni nkhwantha ya vyakujambura na kujambura vinthu ndipo wakujambura vinthu na kujambura vinthu. Iye wakukhala ku Cambridge uko wakugwira nchito nga ni mutu wa vya manyuzipepara na vyakucita pa [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author 14ymedio |date=2023-05-04 |title=Forced Into Exile, Artist Tania Bruguera Says That She Will Return to Cuba in August |url=https://translatingcuba.com/forced-into-exile-artist-tania-bruguera-says-that-she-will-return-to-cuba-in-august/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Translating Cuba |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bruguera wakaluta ku maungano ghakurughakuru pa caru cose.<ref name="Global" /> Ntchito yake yili mu nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vya pa caru cose, kusangzapo [[Museum of Modern Art]] na [[Bronx Museum of the Arts]] na [[Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana]].<ref name="Global" /> Mulimo wa Bruguera ukulongosora vya mazaza na kuwusa, ndipo milimo yake yinandi yikulongosora vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu Cuba.<ref name="IUAV" /><ref name="Posner">{{Cite book|title=Tania Bruguera: On the political imaginary|url=https://archive.org/details/taniabrugueraonp0000posn|last1=Posner|first1=Helaine|last2=Mosquera|first2=Gerardo|last3=Lambert-Beatty|first3=Carrie|publisher=Charta|year=2009|isbn=978-88-8158-764-3|location=New York, NY}}</ref> Chifukwa cha ivyo wakachitanga, Bruguera wakakakika kanandi waka na kujalirika mu jele. == Mbili == Wakababika na zina lakuti Tania Brugueras, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa Miguel Brugueras uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma, kweni wakati wakwaniska vyaka 18, wakasintha zina lake na kuŵa Bruguera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/tania-bruguera-cuban-artist-fights-free-expression-160930124023219.html|title=Tania Bruguera: Cuban artist fights for free expression|first=Carlos Manuel|last=Alvarez|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Cifukwa cakuti adada ŵake ŵakaŵa nduna ndipo ŵakaŵa mu boma la Fidel Castro, Tania wakasama maulendo ghatatu apo wakaŵa mwana. Adada ŵake ŵakaluta ku Paris (1973-1974), Lebanon (1974-1977), na Panama (1977-1979). Mu 1979, vilimika viŵiri kufuma apo wakasamukira kacitatu, Bruguera wakasankha kuwelera ku Cuba. Bruguera wakasambira ku Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana ndipo pamasinda wakatora digiri ya M.F.A. ku School of the Art Institute of Chicago.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=http://www.taniabruguera.com/PDFdocuments/Resume.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae|website=taniabruguera.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701060314/http://www.taniabruguera.com/PDFdocuments/Resume.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="IUAV">[http://www.iuav.it/Facolta/facolt--di1/English-ve/faculty/teaching-f/Tania-Brug/index.htm IUAV], Faculty of Arts & Design</ref><ref name="Global">{{cite book|last=Reilly and Nochlin|first=Eds|title=Global Feminisms: New Directions in Contemporary Art|year=2007|publisher=Merrell|location=London and New York|page=270}}</ref> Ndiwo wakambiska na kulongozga Catédra Arte de Conducta (sukulu ya maluso gha kachitiro), sukulu yakwamba ya maluso gha kachitiro ku Latin America, iyo yikupangika na Instituto Superior de Arte ku Havana. Kufuma mu 2003 kufika mu 2010, wakaŵa pulofesa mu Dipatimenti ya Visual Arts pa Yunivesite ya Chicago, ku United States ndipo ni pulofesa wakucemeka ku Yunivesite ya Iuav di Venezia ku Venice, [[Italy]]. Mu 2021, Bruguera wakafumako ku Cuba kuti boma lizomerezge kuti ŵakwimira boma awo ŵakakakika mu chaka chenechichi ŵafumemo mu Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tania Bruguera Departing Cuba in Exchange for Government Freeing Prisoners |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/tania-bruguera-departing-cuba-in-exchange-for-government-freeing-prisoners-86897 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Ntchito== Mu 1985-96, Ana Mendieta wati wafwa, Bruguera wakambiska viphikiro vyakuti Tribute to Ana Mendieta. Mu 1997 Bruguera wakalemba buku lakuti The Burden of Guilt (El peso de la culpa) ilo likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cuba ŵakajiphyera mwakuti ŵaleke kukomeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Spain]].<ref name="guggenheim.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/tania-bruguera|title = The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Corpus Delecti: Performance Art of the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/corpusdelectiper0000unse|last=Fusco|first=Coco|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0415194547|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/corpusdelectiper0000unse/page/152 152]–153}}</ref> Bruguera wakalongosora kuti kurya fuvu kukaŵa "nkhondo ya kulimbana na boma". Pa nyengo iyi, Bruguera wakimilira kwambura kuvwara, ndipo thupi la mwana wa mberere likaŵa mu singo yake. Kwa maminiti 45, wakarya dongo lakusazgako maji na mchere, ivyo vikimiranga masozi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Terrors: Performing Greater Cuba: Tania Bruguera and the Burden of Guilt |url=https://scalar.usc.edu/nehvectors/taylor/performing-greater-cuba-tania-bruguera-and-the-burden-of-guilt |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Holy Terrors: Latin American Women Perform}}</ref><ref name="Guilt">{{cite web |last=Bruguera |first=Tania |title=The Burden of Guilt |url=http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/214-0-The+Burden+of+Guilt.htm |access-date=May 17, 2013 |work=Tania Bruguera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929074337/http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/214-0-The+Burden+of+Guilt.htm |archive-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Rubin">{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Edward|title=Art in America Featured Installation by Cuban Artist at Neuberger Museum|url=http://www.artesmagazine.com/2010/03/neuberger-museum-features-installation-art-by-cuban-artist/|work=Artes Magazine|access-date=May 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164806/http://www.artesmagazine.com/2010/03/neuberger-museum-features-installation-art-by-cuban-artist/|archive-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref> Nga ni umo Edward Rubin wakalongosolera, "cithuzithuzi cakucitiska citima ici cikadankha kulongoreka mu Havana, uko ŵategherezgi ŵakakumbuskika makora kuti wanangwa, wanangwa, na wanangwa wa kujisankhira vyakucita ni vintu vyambura kuwoneka, kweni ni vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti tili na wanangwa". Mu 1998-1999 Bruguera wakapanga cinthu cakucita cithuzithuzi cakucemeka kuti "Destierro" (Kusamuka). Vinthu ivi vikuyanako na ivyo munthu munyake wankhongono zina lake - Nikis Nkonde -  wakachita ndipo vikulongora kuti boma la Cuba likaŵalayizga vinthu vyawaka ŵanthu ŵake apo likachitanga vinthu vyautesi. Na cinthu ici, Tania wakucema ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba kuti ŵacitepo kanthu na kupempha boma la ku Cuba kuti licite ivyo laŵalayizga. Mu 2002, Bruguera wakambiska Cátedra Arte de Conducta (Sukulu ya Maluso gha Nkharo) ku Havana kuti wapeleke malo ghakusambizgirako vya maluso ghanyake mu caru ca Cuba. Cátedra iyi yikaŵa na mulimo wa kusambizga ŵawukirano ŵa ku Cuba maluso ghakupambanapambana, na kulongora umo maluso ghangagwilira nchito kuti ghasinthe maghanoghano gha ŵanthu. Kweniso, Cátedra yingapulikikwa nga ni mulimo wa luso mu nthowa ya maboma kususka, social mchitidwe, panji parasitism, na Bruguera reformulating maboma frameworks wa Cuban national art sukulu, the Havana Biennial, ndipo ndalama-ndi-nkongono-fueled mayiko luso dera kuti unintended vilato. Pakugwiliskira nchito malo agho wakaŵa, Bruguera wakawovwira ŵasambiri ŵake kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi mwa kuŵalongoraso milimo yawo pa Havana Bienal". Bruguera wakaluta ku Havana ku Havana Biennial of Tatlin's Whisper #6 2009 ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye vinandi. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakacitanga cinthu ici, Bruguera wakaŵika maikolofoni na kuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge cilicose ico ŵakukhumba kwa miniti yimoza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vya ŵasilikari ŵakaŵikanga tuyuni tuchokotuchoko pa viŵegha vya waliyose uyo wakayowoyanga nkhani, kulongora kuti ŵakakumbukiranga ivyo vikacitika apo nkhunda yikakhala pa viŵegha vya Fidel Castro apo wakayowoyanga nkhani yakulongosora kuti watonda pa nkhondo mu Janyuwale 1959. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵapo pa ungano uwu ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "ufulu" na "demokirasi". Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakaŵa Yoani Sánchez, uyo ni mulembi wa mabulogu.<ref name="Reuters">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090409045549/http://uk.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUKTRE5306OQ20090401?sp=true Reuters], Cuba accuses blogger of "provocation".</ref><ref name="MHerald">[http://www.miamiherald.com/living/story/976152.html The Miami Herald], Artist's work lets Cubans speak out in Havana for freedom</ref><ref name="Repubblica">[http://www.repubblica.it/2009/03/sezioni/esteri/cuba-usa/performance-liberta/performance-liberta.html La Repubblica], Cuba, blogger sul palco per un grido di libertà.</ref> Boma la ku Cuba likayowoya kuti likususka ivi ndipo likati "ichi ntchiyezgo chakukhozga soni na chambura kuzomerezgeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kujambura vinthu ndipo chikukwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakiza kuzakalongora kuti ŵakukolerana na boma".<ref name="Reuters" /><ref name="Jiribilla">[http://www.lajiribilla.cu/2009/n412_03/412_50.html La Jiribilla:], Declaración del Comité Organizador de la Décima Bienal de La Habana.</ref> IMu 2011, Bruguera adayamba kugwira ntchito pa Immigrant Movement International, ntchito yojambulidwa m'magawo ambiri yomwe ikuyembekezeka kupitilira mu 2015. Mu 2011, Bruguera wakamba kukhala mu nyumba yichoko ku Corona, Queens, na ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵana ŵawo. Iyo wakakhumbanga kumanya masuzgo agho ŵanthu awo ŵali na vikalata vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakukumana nagho para ŵakukhumba kusanga ndalama zinandi yayi kweniso para ŵalije inshuwalansi. Mulimo uwu ukacitikanga na Queens Museum of Art na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga ndalama yayi lakucemeka Creative Time. Mulimo uwu ukaŵangaso wa kujura sitoro ku [[New York]], uko Bruguera wakakhumbanga kuti wacitiskenge masambiro gha luso ku ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kweni wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakizanga ku sitoro iyi ŵakakhumbanga kusambira Cingelezi panji kusanga nchito. Mu chaka cha 2012, wakalemba buku la Surplus Value, ilo likaŵa chigaŵa cha pulogiramu ya Immigrant Movement International ku Tate Modern. Kuti ŵanjire mu cipinda ca Surplus Value, ŵalendo ŵakalindiliranga pa mzere utali, ndipo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kupimika na makina ghakupimira utesi. Pa malo agha pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vinayi vyakuyana na ivyo vikaŵa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Nazi. Mu chaka cha 2013, wakambiska pulogiramu ya The Museum of Arte Útil mu mgwirizano na Queens Museum of Art ku New York na Van Abbemuseum ku Eindhoven (NL). Mu Cisipanishi, lizgu lakuti Arte Útil likung'anamura luso, kweni likung'anamuraso luso panji cinthu cinyake. Arte Útil wakughanaghana, kulenga na kufiska vinthu ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu. Nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ya Arte Útil yikapangika na gulu la Asociación de Arte Útil, ilo ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Alistair Hudson, uyo ni mulara wa sukulu ya Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA) na Bruguera ndiwo ŵakulongozga gulu ili. Mu chaka cha 2017, Bruguera wakajipharazga kuti waŵe mulembi wa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku Cuba mu chaka cha 2018 mu vidiyo yakuchemeka #YoMePropongo en Cuba. Mu pulogiramu iyi, wakufumba ŵanthu kuti ŵaghanaghanire ivyo ŵangacita kuti ŵazakaŵe na umoyo uwemi munthazi ku Cuba usange ŵangasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. M'paka sono, Bruguera wapokera mavidiyo 70 kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba awo ŵakukhumba kusintha boma la vimbundi ili, kuti ŵaŵape nyumba zakukwana, kweniso kuti ŵasinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya ndalama. Mu chaka cha 2018, wakapokera ntchito ya ku Tate Modern's Turbine Hall. Pa malo agha, Bruguera wakabenekelera cigaŵa cinyake ca pasi na malangi ghafipa. Para ŵalendo ŵakhala panji kugona pa malo agha, ŵakawonanga cithuzithuzi cikuru ca munthu uyo wakacimbira ku Syria. Catherine Wood, uyo wakonkheska malo agha, wakalongosora kuti: "Mukucema ŵanthu kuti ŵacitepo kanthu, cifukwa palije ico mungacita kuti muwonenge cithuzithuzi ici kwambura kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵanandi". Mu chaka cha 2021, nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ya Pérez Art Museum ku Miami yikagura ntchito ya Bruguera ya El peso de la culpa (The Burden of Guilt).<ref>{{Cite web |title=El peso de la culpa (The Burden of Guilt) • Pérez Art Museum Miami |url=https://www.pamm.org/en/artwork/2017.073 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Pérez Art Museum Miami |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria L. |date=2021-08-21 |title=New Acquisitions: Pérez Art Museum Miami Adds 13 Works to Collection, Diverse Slate of Artists Includes Kenturah Davis, Bisa Butler, Karon Davis, Coco Fusco, and Sonia Gomes |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2021/08/20/new-acquisitions-perez-art-museum-miami-adds-13-works-to-collection-diverse-slate-of-artists-includes-kenturah-davis-bisa-butler-karon-davis-coco-fusco-and-sonia-gomes/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Culture Type |language=en-US}}</ref> Bruguera wakaluta ku malo ghanandi ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Documenta 11 (2002), Documenta fifteen (2022), Bienal Iberoamericana ku Lima, Peru (2002), Istanbul Biennial (2003), Shanghai Biennale (2004), na Gwangju Biennale ku Gwangju, Korea (2008). Ntchito zake zili mu nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vya ŵanthu ŵanandi pa charu chose, kusazgapo Museum of Modern Art na Bronx Museum of the Arts ku New York na Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.<ref name="Global" /> === Activism === Bruguera wakakakika na kufumiskika katatu mu nyengo ya Disembala 2014 mpaka Janyuwale 2015 chifukwa cha kupanga chiwonetsero ku Plaza de la Revolución ku Havana. Iyo wakakakika pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Cuba, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu visinthe, awo ŵakalembanga mabulogu, na awo ŵakalembanga nkhani mu nyuzipepara, awo ŵakalondezganga kampeni ya 'Yo Tambien Exijo.' Kampeni iyi yikamba pa Disembala 17, 2014, apo Raúl Castro na Barack Obama ŵakapharazga kuti ŵaŵeso paubwezi na caru ca Cuba, ndipo ivi vingapangiska kuti nkhondo iyo yili kuŵapo kwa vyaka 50 yimare. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba kukakika pa Ciŵiri, Disembala 30, pamasinda pakuti Bruguera wapharazga kuti wacitenge maseŵero gha pa wumba na cilato cakuti waŵaleke ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba kuti ŵayowoye maghanoghano ghawo mwakufwatuka. Mulimo uwu ukacemeka kuti Tatlin's wisper #6  ⁇  Havana Version, ndipo ukacitikapo kale mu 2009 pa nyengo ya 10th Havana Biennial. Mu nyengo ya Tatlin's Whisper #5 (2008), ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa chiphikiro ichi ŵakasangana na ŵapolisi awo ŵakakweranga pa mahachi.<ref name="guggenheim.org"/> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyapo nkhani iyi mu manyuzipepara<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyperallergic.com/173328/how-tania-brugueras-free-speech-performance-was-mishandled-and-misreported-in-cuba/|title=How Tania Bruguera's Free Speech Performance Was Mishandled, and Misreported, in Cuba|website=Hyperallergic|date=7 January 2015|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/on-the-detention-of-cuban-artist-tania-bruguera-by-coco-fusco/|title=On the detention of Cuban artist Tania Bruguera, by Coco Fusco {{!}} e-flux|website=www.e-flux.com|access-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302103905/http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/on-the-detention-of-cuban-artist-tania-bruguera-by-coco-fusco/|archive-date=2016-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/how-tania-brugueras-whisper-became-the-performance-heard-round-the-world-213637|title=Tania Bruguera's 2014 Whisper Performance – artnet News|website=artnet News|date=8 January 2015|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-agenda.com/reviews/tania-bruguera%25E2%2580%2599s-tatlin%25E2%2580%2599s-whisper-6-and-the-hannah-arendt-international-institute-for-artivism/|title=Tania Bruguera's Tatlin's Whisper #6 and the Hannah Arendt International Institute for Artivism {{!}} Art Agenda|website=www.art-agenda.com|access-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124122723/http://www.art-agenda.com/reviews/tania-bruguera%E2%80%99s-tatlin%E2%80%99s-whisper-6-and-the-hannah-arendt-international-institute-for-artivism/|archive-date=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/13/frieze-tania-bruguera-artist-cuba-torture-interview|title=Tania Bruguera: the more the secret police torture me, the better my art gets|last=Hoby|first=Hermione|date=2015-10-13|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 pa caru cose ŵakalemba na kusayinira kalata yakukhozgera Tania iyo yikalembekera Raúl Castro. Kalata iyi yikayowoya kuti: "Tikugomezga kuti kumukaka na kukanizga pasipoti yake ya ku Cuba, ni nthowa zambura kwenelera zakucitira vinthu na munthu uyo wakakhumbanga waka kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo". Pamanyuma ŵakamufumiska ndipo boma la Cuba likamuwezgera pasipoti yake pa Julayi 10, 2015, myezi 6 kufuma apo ŵakayipokelera. Mu Disembala 2015, Bruguera wakapharazga kuti wangaweleraso ku Cuba. Iyo wakati apo wakaŵa mu jele wakazomera kuti wafumenge pekha para wapika vinthu viŵiri: kuti awo ŵakakolerana nayo yayi na boma awo ŵakakakika pamasinda pakuti wawonelerapo ivyo wakacita pa Revolution Square ŵafumiskike; ndiposo kuti boma la Cuba limupeko kalata yakusachizga kuti wawelerenge ku Cuba. Pa 3 March, 2016, iye wakambiska kampeni ya Kickstarter kuti wasange ndalama za INSTAR (Institute of Artivism Hannah Arendt). Wupu uwu ukukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi, ŵacitenge vinthu mwamtende kweniso mwamahara para vinthu vyasuzga, kweniso kuti ŵanthu awo ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana pa nkhani ya ndyali ŵakumanenge pamoza kuti ŵazenge caru ciwemi. Awo ŵakalemba pulogiramu iyi ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵapeleke uthenga wawo ku boma la Cuba apo Bruguera wakanizgikanga. Mu Okutobala 2017, Tania Bruguera wakapharazga kuti wazamupharazga nga ni "Purezidenti wa ku Cuba", para Pulezidenti Raul Castro (munyamata wa Fidel Castro) wafumapo pa udindo. Bruguera wakayowoya kuti mulimo wa kuseka uwu ni mulimo wa kuvumbura kuti Cuba ni boma la chipani chimoza ilo ŵanthu ŵakulisora yayi. Iyo wakugomezga kuti wasinthenge vinthu mwa kuvumbura unenesko uwu, na kuwuskapo cikhaliro ca wofi. Bruguera wakakakika mu Disembala 2018 pambere wandachite chipharazgo chakususkana na dango la ku Cuba (Docree 349) ilo likukhumba kuti awo ŵakucita vyakusanguluska ŵapemphe boma kuti liŵapenge malaisensi. Pa Disembala 6, 2018, Bruguera wakafumiskika mu jele pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghatatu pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake 12 awo ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, mudumbu wake wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Art Newspaper kuti boma la Cuba likumujalira mu nyumba ndipo likukhumba kuti wamukome. Bruguera wakadandawura ku boma la ku Cuba kuti likamuyowoyera vyauzeleza pamasinda pakusindikizga nkhani izo zikakhumbanga "kumuŵinya [mwanakazi uyu] na mbumba yake, mu maghanoghano, mu umoyo, na mu nchito yake". Nkhani izi zikaŵa mu nyuzipepara ya Gramma, Razones de Cuba, na La Jiribilla. Mu Okutobala 2020, Bruguera wakadandawura kuti wakapulikanga vyakuŵinya vinandi chifukwa cha kupoma uko wakapulika mu nyumba yake ku Havana.<ref name = "CiberCuba">{{cite web |url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2020-10-18-u1-e20037-s27061-tania-bruguera-denuncia-malestares-fisicos-sonido-parecido-al |title=Tania Bruguera denuncia malestares físicos y un sonido parecido al de un grillo electrónico en su casa |work=CiberCuba |author=CiberCuba |date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref>Vimanyikwiro vya matenda agha vikuyana waka na ivyo vikucitika para munthu wali na nthenda ya ku Havana. == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * Art21 episode featuring Tania Bruguera https://art21.org/artist/tania-bruguera/ *[https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/22 Dignity Does Not Rest: An Interview with Tania Bruguera, MoMA Magazine] * [https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3898?locale=en Tania Bruguera, Untitled (Havana 2000) at The Museum of Modern Art] * [https://www.moma.org/audio/playlist/47 Hear Bruguera speak about her work Untitled (Havana 2000)] * [http://www.taniabruguera.com/ Official webpage of the artist] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150607153816/http://bombmagazine.org/article/10071/tania-bruguera Interview with Paul O'neil in Bomb Magazine] *[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/oct/13/frieze-tania-bruguera-artist-cuba-torture-interview Tania Bruguera: the more the secret police torture me, the better my art gets, The Guardian] *[http://worldfellows.yale.edu/tania-bruguera Tania Bruguera: Yale World Follows] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160501202035/http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/art-and-design/2015/12/tania-bruguera-cuban-artist/photos Tania Bruguera: Rebel with a Cause] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501202035/http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/art-and-design/2015/12/tania-bruguera-cuban-artist/photos |date=2016-05-01 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bruguera, Tania}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century Cuban women artists]] [[Category:21st-century Cuban women artists]] [[Category:Women performance artists]] [[Category:Cuban contemporary artists]] [[Category:Artists from Havana]] [[Category:School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Women installation artists]] [[Category:Instituto Superior de Arte alumni]] j6630jmpe19ae79ftzldhl7kf7r9dla 0 46073 122711 111684 2026-09-28T03:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Government ministry in Zambia}} {{Politics of Zambia}} Unduna wa vyaulimi ni unduna wa boma ku [[Zambia]]. Likulongozgeka na nduna ya vya ulimi ndipo likupanga, kukhazikiska na kulongozga vinthu ivyo boma likucita mu vigaŵa vya ulimi. Unduna uwu ukalamuliranga vya ulimi, somba na viŵeto m'paka mu 2015, apo dipatimenti ya somba na ya viŵeto vikasazgikana na kupanga dipatimenti ya usambazi.[[Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (Zambia)|Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock]].<ref>[https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/vets-welcome-split-ministry-agriculture/ Vets welcome split of Ministry of Agriculture] Daily Mail, 2 October 2015</ref> == Mndandanda wa nduna == {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Unduna !Chipani !Kuyamba !Kumala |- !colspan=4|Member for Agriculture and Natural Resources |- |[[Geoffrey Beckett]]|| || ||1953 |- |[[William Harris Wroth]]||[[Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)|Federal Party]]||1954||1957 |- |[[Harold Watmore]]||[[Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)|Federal Party]]||1957||1958 |- |[[Ebden Carlisle]]||[[United Federal Party]]||1958|| |- !colspan=4|Minister of African Agriculture |- |[[Edson Mwamba]]|| ||1959||1962 |- |[[Simon Kapwepwe]]||[[United National Independence Party]]||1962||1964 |- !colspan=4|Minister of Agriculture |- |[[Elijah Mudenda]]||[[United National Independence Party]]||1964|| |- !colspan=4|Minister of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries |- |[[Guy Scott]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||1991||1993 |- |[[Suresh Desai]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]|| || |- |[[Edith Nawakwi]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]|| ||1998 |- |[[Amusaa Mwanamwambwa]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||1998||1998 |- |[[Mundia Sikatana]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||2002||2006 |- !colspan=4|Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives |- |[[Peter Daka]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||2009||2010 |- !colspan=4|Minister of Agriculture and Livestock |- |[[Emmanuel Chenda]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2011||2013 |- |[[Bob Sichinga]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2013||2014 |- |[[Wylbur Simuusa]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2014|| |- |[[Given Lubinda]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2015||2015 |- !colspan=4|Minister of Agriculture |- |[[Dora Siliya]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2016||2018 |- |[[Micheal Zondani Katambo]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2018|| |} ==Zambia Agricultural Research Institute== Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), iyo yili pasi pa Unduna wa vya vyaulimi, ndiyo yili na malo ghakuru chomene ghakusambilira vya ulimi mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 May 2020|title=The Ministry of Agriculture-Zambia Agricultural Research Institute|url=https://www.agriculture.gov.zm/?page_id=4821|website=The Ministry of Agriculture-Zambia Agricultural Research Institute|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228230244/https://www.agriculture.gov.zm/?page_id=4821|archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> Mulimo wake nkhupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵalimi na ku boma. ZARI ni yimoza mwa mawupu ghakudumbiskana vya vyakurya mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Wrigley|first1=Colin W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ce7tBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Zambia+Agricultural+Research+Institute%22+%22ministry+of+agriculture%22&pg=PA449|title=Encyclopedia of Food Grains|last2=Corke|first2=Harold|last3=Seetharaman|first3=Koushik|last4=Faubion|first4=Jonathan|date=2015-12-17|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-394786-4|pages=449|language=en}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230918212828/https://www.agriculture.gov.zm/ Official website] {{Ministries of Zambia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Agriculture ministries|Zambia]] [[Category:Government ministries of Zambia|Agriculture]] [[Category:Agricultural organisations based in Zambia]] [[Category:Agriculture ministers of Zambia| ]] [[Category:Agriculture ministers|Zambia]] fiujt3kh0j1opv9dua7iwrs5rc14o60 0 46074 122710 111683 2026-09-28T03:37:33Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry | type = Ministry | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | logo = | logo_width = 180 px | logo_caption = | seal = Coat of arms of Zambia.svg | seal_width = 150px | seal_caption = Coat of arms of Zambia | picture = | picture_width = | picture_caption = | formed = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | preceding1 = | preceding2 = <!-- (etc.) --> | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = [[Government of Zambia]] | headquarters = New Government Complex <br>8th, 9th and 10th Floors, Nasser Road <br>P.O. Box 31968 <br>[[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] | region_code = | coordinates = | motto = | employees = | budget = [[Zambian kwacha|ZMW]]. 318.3 million <small>(2016)</small> | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = <!-- (etc.) --> | deputyminister1_name = | deputyminister1_pfo = | deputyminister2_name = | deputyminister2_pfo = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief1_name = [[Chipoka Mulenga]] | chief1_position = <br>Minister of Commerce, <br>Trade and Industry | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | agency_type = Ministry | parent_department = | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | child3_agency = | child4_agency = | child5_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = [http://www.mcti.gov.zm/ Homepage] | footnotes = | map = | map_width = | map_caption = }} Unduna wa malonda, malonda na mafakitale (MCTI) ni unduna wa boma la [[Zambia]]. Boma la Zambia likukhumba kuti likhazikiske malo ghakwendeskera malonda na mafakitale agho ghangaŵa ghakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, ndipo likukhumba kuti lichitengepo kanthu pa nkhani ya mtende mu charu ichi.<ref name="About">{{cite web | url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/about-mcti/ | last=MCTI | title=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry, Republic of Zambia: About the Ministry | date=11 September 2016 | accessdate=11 September 2016 | publisher=Zambian Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (MCTI) | location=Lusaka | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924042941/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/about-mcti/ | archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Unduna uwu ukulongozgeka na nduna ya vya malonda na mafakitale. ==Malo== Ofesi yikuru ya MCTI yili pa malo gha 8, 9 na 10 mu Nyumba ya Boma, mu Lusaka pafupi na Cathedral Hill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/contact/ |title=Street Address of Zambian Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry |publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI) |accessdate=11 September 2016 |date=11 September 2016 |author=MCTI |location=Lusaka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924043301/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/contact/ |archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> ==Mwakudumula== Unduna uwu ukulongozgeka na nduna ya boma, iyo yikovwirika na wachiŵiri kwa nduna, ndipo wose ŵaŵiri ŵakwimikika na boma. Mlembi Wamuyirayira, uyo ni muteŵeti wa boma, ndiyo wakulaŵilira maofesi ghankhondi gha unduna uwu. Dipatimenti yiliyose yikulongozgeka na mulara.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/organisation-structure | title=Zambian Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry: Organisational Structure | accessdate=11 September 2016 | date=11 September 2016 | location=Lusaka | publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI) | author=MCTI | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812153127/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/organisation-structure | archive-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> *Department of Foreign Trade *Department of Domestic Trade *Department of Human Resources and Administration *Department of Planning and Information *Department of Industry Bungwe la MCTI likugwira nchito na mabungwe gha boma agha: # Zambia Bureau of Standards<ref>{{cite web | accessdate=11 September 2016 | url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/zambia-bureau-of-standards/ | date=11 September 2016 | title=MCTI Statutory Bodies: Zambia Bureau of Standards | publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI) | author=MCTI | location=Lusaka | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924042926/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/zambia-bureau-of-standards/ | archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> # Zambia Development Agency<ref>{{cite web | accessdate=11 September 2016 | url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/zambia-development-agency/ | date=11 September 2016 | title=MCTI Statutory Bodies: Zambia Development Agency | publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI) | author=MCTI | location=Lusaka | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924043025/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/zambia-development-agency/ | archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> # Zambia Metrology Agency<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=11 September 2016| url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/zambia-metrology-agency/| date=11 September 2016 |title=MCTI Statutory Bodies: Zambia Metrology Agency |publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI) | author=MCTI | location=Lusaka}}</ref> # Patents and Companies Registration Agency<ref>{{cite web| accessdate=11 September 2016| url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/patents-and-companies-registration-agency/| date=11 September 2016| title=MCTI Statutory Bodies: Patents and Companies Registration Agency| publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI)| author=MCTI| location=Lusaka| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911095715/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/patents-and-companies-registration-agency| archive-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> # Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission<ref>{{cite web| accessdate=11 September 2016| url=http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/citizens-economic-empowerment-commission/| date=11 September 2016| title=MCTI Statutory Bodies: Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission| publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (Zambia) (MCTI)| author=MCTI| location=Lusaka| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924043200/http://www.mcti.gov.zm/index.php/about-mcti/statutory-bodies/citizens-economic-empowerment-commission/| archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> # Competition and Consumer Protection Commission == Mndandanda wa nduna == {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Nduna !Chipani !Term start !Term end |- !colspan=4|Minister of Commerce and Industry |- |[[Alexander Grey Zulu]]||[[United National Independence Party]]||1964|| |- !colspan=4|Commerce, Trade & Industry |- |[[Ronald Penza]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||1991||1993 |- |[[Enoch Kavindele]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||1997||1998 |- |[[Felix Mutati]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||2006||2011 |- |[[Emmanuel Chenda]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2013||2014 |- |[[Margaret Mwanakatwe]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2015||2018 |- |[[Christopher Yaluma]]||[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]]||2018||2021 |- |[[Chipoka Mulenga]]|| [[United Party for National Development]]||2021|| |- |} ===Deputy ministers=== {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center !Deputy Minister !Chipani !Term start !Term end |- !colspan=4|Deputy Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry |- |[[Paul Tembo]]||[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]]||1992|| |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231004153002/https://www.mcti.gov.zm/ Official website] {{Ministries of Zambia}} {{coord|15|25|20|S|28|17|25|E|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Government ministries of Zambia|Commerce]] [[Category:Trade ministries|Zambia]] [[Category:Industry ministries|Zambia]] [[Category:Commerce, Trade and Industry ministers of Zambia| ]] 0xhi1yw0ibyq5227lhjfvo16puzs5xi 0 46077 122619 112934 2026-09-28T02:25:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post | post = Mlongozgi | body = wa<br />Charu cha Zambia | insignia = Flag of the President of Zambia.svg{{!}}border | insigniasize = 125px | insigniacaption = Presidential Flag | nativename = | image = Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = 165px | incumbent = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | incumbentsince = 24 August 2021 | style = | residence = State House | appointer = | termlength = 5 years, renewable once | formation = 24 October 1964 | succession = | inaugural = [[Kenneth Kaunda]] | status = [[Head of state]]<br>[[Head of government]] | deputy = [[Vice-President of Zambia]] | salary = 1,280,299 [[Zambian kwacha]] <br>/63,100 USD annually<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zambialii.org/node/11376|title=Presidential Emoluments (Amendment) Regulations, 2012 &#124; Zambia Legal Information Institute|website=zambialii.org|access-date=2023-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629144638/https://zambialii.org/node/11376|archive-date=2021-06-29}}</ref> | website = https://www.sh.gov.zm/ }} {{Politics of Zambia}} '''Mlongozgi wa Zambia''' pani kuti '''''Pulezidenti wa Zambia''''' ni mulongozgi wa chalo na boma la [[Zambia]]. Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa na udindo uwu mu 1964. Kwambira mu 1991, apo Kaunda wakafumapo pa udindo uwu, ŵanthu ŵanyake 7 ndiwo ŵamba kuwusa. Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu na pulezidenti wa sono Hakainde Hichilema, uyo wawina chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2021. Kweniso, Guy Scott uyo wakacitanga mulimo wa pulezidenti wakagwira nchito ya nyengo yicoko apo Pulezidenti Michael Sata wakafwa. Kwambira pa 31 Ogasiti 1991, pulezidenti ni mulongozgi wa boma, pakuti udindo wa nduna yikuru ukalekeka mu myezi yaumaliro ya Kaunda, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana na vipani vya chipani. ==Utali wa kulamulila== Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi. Kuyambira mu 1991, pali malire a nyengo ziŵiri kwa pulezidenti mu [[Constitution of Zambia]]. Mu 2001, boma la Chiluba likayezga kusintha nyengo iyo ŵeruzgi ŵakeneranga kulamulira, kweni vikacitika yayi.<ref name="termlimits">{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> ==Mbili== ===Northern Rhodesia=== Apo boma la Britain la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia likapatukana na boma la Southern Rhodesia na British South Africa Company, mulongozgi wa boma wakaŵa British Monarch uyo wakimiranga boma la kumpoto kwa Rhodesia uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma na boma. Mu 1964 ku Northern Rhodesia kukachitika chisankho, ndipo ofesi ya Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia yikaŵikika kuti yiŵe mutu wa boma pambere charu chindipoke wanangwa. Pa 19 Meyi 1964, nduna ya vyaru vya Commonwealth, Duncan Sandys, yikapharazga kuti Northern Rhodesia yiŵenge yakujiyimira payekha. Wupu wakulongozga ukeneranga kusora mwakubisilizga ŵanthu awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa mu wupu uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/180565899/?terms=%22president%20of%20zambia%22&match=1 |title=Free Rhodesia Set |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |via=Newspapers.com |date=1964-05-20 |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> ===Zambia=== Boma ili likati lafumiskika, ndipo likasintha zina lake kuŵa Zambia, nduna yikuru Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ofesi ya nduna yikamara, ndipo mulara wa boma wakazgoka nduna ya boma. Pakwamba, caru ici cikeneranga kuŵa na vipani vinandi. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa African National Congress ukakolane na United National Independence Party (UNIP), pulezidenti Kaunda wakapharazga kuti dango la chalo cha Zambia lisinthikenge na kuzgoka wupu wa chipani chimoza mu chaka cha 1973 na UNIP kuŵa chipani chimoza chekha icho chili na wanangwa wose. Kaunda wakati ici cikacitikanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana. Ndipouli, dango ili likaŵaso na udindo wa nduna yikuru. Mu 1973, ku Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezgekanga kuvota kwa Kaunda uyo wakawovwirikanga na UNIP. Ŵakazomerezgekanga kuvota kwa Kaunda usange ŵakukhumba panji ŵakukana. Kaunda wakasankhikaso mu vipharazgo vyose mpaka mu 1991. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhumba kuti boma lilekerethu kukanizga vyaru vinandi kuti vileke kwendera ndyali. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana na gulu la Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) mu 1990, pulezidenti Kaunda wakasaina dango lakukanizga vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na vipani vinyake padera pa UNIP. Ŵakatondekaso kuŵa na udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo ŵakapeleka mazaza ghose kwa pulezidenti. Mu 1991, Kaunda wakathereskeka na Frederick Chiluba wa MMD. Kaunda wakazomera kuti wapelekenge maudindo ghake mwa mtende, ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wachiŵiri wa ku Africa kuchita nthena pamanyuma pa Mathieu Kérékou wa ku Benin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Zambia's Kenneth Kaunda helped liberate Southern African countries |last=Matiashe |first=Farai Shawn |work=The Africa Report.com |date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2021-07-27 |url= https://www.theafricareport.com/99206/obituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries/}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 1996, pulezidenti Chiluba wakasangika na chipani cha UNIP icho chikakhumbanga kupoka boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti boma lili mu suzgo kuti likakike ŵantchito ŵa UNIP. Kweni khoti likuru ku Zambia likati dango ili ndawaka, ndipo likawuskapo dango ili na kufwatura awo ŵakakakika.<ref>{{cite web | title=ZAMBIA | website=Human Rights Watch | date=1996-11-18 | url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/zambia/Zambia-01.htm | access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Pamasinda, Chiluba wakasintha dango la boma lakuti ŵanthu awo mupapi yumoza wali kubabikira ku Zambia panji ku Northern Rhodesia ndiwo ŵekha ŵangaŵapo pa mpando wa pulezidenti. Cakusinthika ici cikaŵa na cilato cakuti Kaunda waleke kunjira mu nchito ya kuwusa cifukwa ŵapapi ŵake ŵakababikira ku Nyasaland (mazuŵa ghano Malawi).<ref>{{cite web | last=Chawe | first=Michael | title=Zambia's former president Kenneth Kaunda dies aged 97 | website=The East African | date=2021-06-17 | url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/zambia-kenneth-kaunda-dies-3441052 | access-date=2021-07-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727104036/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/zambia-kenneth-kaunda-dies-3441052 | archive-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Chifukwa cha malango agho ghakupanga mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵaŵiri, Chiluba wakasankha Levy Mwanawasa kuti ndiyo walondezgenge pa maudindo. Mwanawasa ndiyo wakawina visankho vya mu 2001 ku Zambia, kweni chipani chakususka chikamupusikizgira kuti wakasuzga pa visankho. Mu 2005, Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura kuti nangauli vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa, kweni vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa. Mwanawasa wakathereskeka mu 2006. Wakafwa mu 2008 ndipo wakawuskika na Rupiah Banda. Mu 2011, Rupiah wakathereskeka na Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front (PF).<ref name=gs>{{cite web | title=Guy Scott's rise to Zambia's presidency | publisher=BBC News | date=2014-10-29 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29816559 | access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Sata wakafwa mu 2014. Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti Guy Scott ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Ici cikapangiska kuti Scott waŵe munthu wakwamba muzungu kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ca mu Africa kufuma apo F. W. de Klerk uyo wakaleka nchito mu 1994 pamanyuma pakuti boma la apartheid lamara.<ref name=gs /><ref>{{cite web | last=Mfula | first=Chris | title=Zambia's Scott becomes Africa's first white leader in 20 years | website=Reuters | date=2014-10-29 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-zambia-sata-idUKKBN0II07420141029 | access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti ŵapapi ŵake ŵakababikira ku Zambia yayi, cifukwa ca dango la chalo, iyo wakazomerezgekanga kuŵa pulezidenti kwa mazuŵa 90 pera, ndipo wakatondekanga kuvota. Mu 2015, Edgar Lungu wa chipani cha PF ndiyo wakathereska chipharazgo cha pulezidenti ndipo chaka chimoza pamanyuma pake mu 2016 wakathereska chipharazgo cha pulezidenti. Pali vinthu vinayi ivyo vikusintha mu ndondomeko iyi, ivyo Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu Janyuwale 2016, ndipo vinandi mwa vinthu ivi vikusangika mu chigaŵa cha VII cha dango la chalo cha Malawi. Cakwamba, dango la 100 ndime 1 a) likuwuskapo dango la ŵapapi ilo likukhumba kuti munthu uyo wakwiza kuzakatora udindo wa pulezidenti panji wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti waŵe na mupapi yumoza uyo wakababikira ku Zambia. Ndipo dango la 110 ndime 2 likukolerana na malango agho ghakovwira kuti munthu waŵe wakwenelera kuŵa pulezidenti panji wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Chachiwiri, Article 101 Sections 1, 2 3 (a & b) and 8 signaled the shift from a First-Past the Post system to a Two-round system in which over 50% of valid votes cast are required for a president to win. Usange ivi vingacitika yayi, mu mazuŵa 37 kuzamucitikaso ciphalizgano caciŵiri pakati pa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakulongozga, ndipo pa ciphalizgano caciŵiri ici, uyo wazamuthereska wazamuŵa uyo wazamulongozgeka na dango la 50% + 1. Cinthu cacitatu ico cikupambana comene na ici nchakuti mu cipaturo 110, cipaturo 1, 2 na 3, muli fundo yakuti mubali uyo wakwiza na munthu uyo wakwiza na iyo, ndiyo waŵenge na udindo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti na vice president ŵasankhike mwadango waka pa thikiti limoza, mwakupambana na umo vikaŵira kumanyuma apo pulezidenti uyo wakasankhika wakimikanga na kuwuskapo vice president mwadango wa executive. Paumaliro, kusintha kwachinayi kukaŵa mu Article 100 Section 1 (j) uko kukukhumba kuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti walongore kuti wali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 100 mu vigaŵa vyose 10 kuti wapokere mavoti ku Electoral Commission of Zambia. Mu chaka cha 2020, Lungu wakayezga kusintha dango la chalo kuti lizomerezge pulezidenti kusintha malango gha visankho na kuwusa ndalama za Zambia. Ndipouli, Bill 10 wakakanika cifukwa Wupu wa Malamulo wa ku Zambia wakatondeka kuvotera na mavoti gha vigaŵa viŵiri pa viŵiri.<ref>{{cite web | last=Asala | first=Kizzi | title=Zambian President's Bid to Amend Constitution Fails | website=Africa News | date=2020-10-30 | url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/10/30/zambia-s-ruling-party-s-controversial-bid-to-pass-bill-10-fails/ | access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> == Mndandanda wa awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu ofesi == ;Vipani va ndale {{legend|{{party color|United National Independence Party}}|[[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Movement for Multi-Party Democracy}}|[[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] (MMD)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Patriotic Front (Zambia)}}|[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]] (PF)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|United Party for National Development}}|[[United Party for National Development]] (UPND)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} ;Vimanyikwiro {{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes vice president acting as president}} {{note label|§|§|§}} Elected unopposed † Died in office {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Nkhope ! rowspan="2" width="150" |Zina<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! rowspan="2" |Kusankhika ! colspan="3" |Nyengo ya kulamulila ! rowspan="2" |Chipani |- ! Kutola udindo ! Kuuthula udindo ! Utali wa kulamulila pa mpando |- ! style="background:{{party color|United National Independence Party}}; color:white;" |1 | [[File:Kenneth David Kaunda.jpg|100px]] | [[Kenneth Kaunda]]<br />{{small|(1924–[[State funeral of Kenneth Kaunda|2021]])}} | [[1968 Zambian general election|1968]]<br>{{small|[[1973 Zambian general election|1973]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}<br />[[1978 Zambian general election|1978]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}<br />[[1983 Zambian general election|1983]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}<br />[[1988 Zambian general election|1988]]{{ref label|§|§|§}}}} | 24 October 1964 | 2 November 1991 | {{Age in years and days|1964|10|24|1991|11|2}} | [[United National Independence Party|UNIP]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Movement for Multi-Party Democracy}}; color:white;" |2 | [[File:Frederick Chiluba (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Frederick Chiluba]]<br />{{small|(1943–2011)}} | [[1991 Zambian general election|1991]]<br>[[1996 Zambian general election|1996]] | 2 November 1991 | 2 January 2002 | {{Age in years and days|1991|11|2|2002|1|2}} | [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Movement for Multi-Party Democracy}}; color:white;" |3 | [[File:Levy Mwanawasa.jpg|100px]] | [[Levy Mwanawasa]]<br />{{small|(1948–2008)}} | [[2001 Zambian general election|2001]]<br>[[2006 Zambian general election|2006]] | 2 January 2002 | 19 August 2008{{ref label|†|†|†}} | {{Age in years and days|2002|1|2|2008|8|19}} | [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Movement for Multi-Party Democracy}}; color:white;" |4 | [[File:Rupiah Banda 2010-11-18.jpg|100px]] | [[Rupiah Banda]]<br />{{small|(1937–2022)}} | [[2008 Zambian presidential election|2008]] | 19 August 2008 | 23 September 2011 | {{Age in years and days|2008|8|19|2011|9|23}} | [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy|MMD]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Front (Zambia)}}; color:white;" |5 | [[File:Michael Sata 2013 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Michael Sata]]<br />{{small|(1937–[[Death and state funeral of Michael Sata|2014]])}} | [[2011 Zambian general election|2011]] | 23 September 2011 | 28 October 2014{{ref label|†|†|†}} | {{Age in years and days|2011|9|23|2014|10|28}} | [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|PF]] |- |- style="background:#e6e6aa;" ! style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Front (Zambia)}}; color:white;" |– | [[File:Guy Scott.png|100px]] | [[Guy Scott]]<br />{{small|(born 1944)}} | — | 28 October 2014 | [[Inauguration of Edgar Lungu|25 January 2015]] | {{Age in years and days|2014|10|28|2015|1|25}} | [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|PF]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Front (Zambia)}}; color:white;" |6 | [[File:Edgar Lungu, 26 july 2018 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Edgar Lungu]]<br />{{small|(born 1956)}} | [[2015 Zambian presidential election|2015]]<br>[[2016 Zambian general election|2016]] | [[Inauguration of Edgar Lungu|25 January 2015]] | [[Inauguration of Hakainde Hichilema|24 August 2021]] | {{Age in years and days|2015|1|25|2021|8|24}} | [[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|PF]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|United Party for National Development}}; color:white;" |7 | [[File:Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg|100px]] | [[Hakainde Hichilema]] <br /> {{small|(born 1962)}} | [[2021 Zambian general election|2021]] | [[Inauguration of Hakainde Hichilema|24 August 2021]] | Incumbent | {{Age in years and days|2021|8|24}} | [[United Party for National Development|UPND]] |} ==Nyengo== {{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:16 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20 AlignBars = late Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}} Colors = id:unip value:rgb(0.07,0.55,0) legend:United_National_Independence_Party id:mmd value:rgb(0,0.39,1) legend:Movement_for_Multi-Party_Democracy id:pf value:rgb(0.19,0.39,0.69) legend:Patriotic_Front id:upnd value:rgb(0.82,0.20,0.22) legend:United_Party_for_National_Development id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) id:gray2 value:gray(0.95) DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1964 till:$today TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1965 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1964 Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170 TextData = pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Political party:" BarData = bar:Kaunda bar:Chiluba bar:Mwanawasa bar:Banda bar:Sata bar:Scott bar:Lungu bar:Hichilema PlotData = width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:Kaunda from: 24/10/1964 till: 02/11/1991 color:unip text:"[[Kenneth Kaunda]]" bar:Chiluba from: 02/11/1991 till: 02/01/2002 color:mmd text:"[[Frederick Chiluba]]" bar:Mwanawasa from: 02/01/2002 till: 19/08/2008 color:mmd text:"[[Levy Mwanawasa]]" bar:Banda from: 19/08/2008 till: 23/09/2011 color:mmd text:"[[Rupiah Banda]]" bar:Sata from: 23/09/2011 till: 28/10/2014 color:pf text:"[[Michael Sata]]" bar:Scott from: 28/10/2014 till: 25/01/2015 color:pf text:"[[Guy Scott]] (acting)" bar:Lungu from: 25/01/2015 till: 24/08/2021 color:pf text:"[[Edgar Lungu]]" bar:Hichilema from: 24/08/2021 till: $today color:upnd text:"[[Hakainde Hichilema]]" }} == Ulamuliro wake == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Mndandanda !Mlongozgi !colspan=2| Nyengo ya Kulamulila |- |1 |[[Kenneth Kaunda]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|1964|10|24|1991|11|02}} |- |2 |[[Frederick Chiluba]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|1991|11|02|2002|01|02}} |- |3 |[[Levy Mwanawasa]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|2002|01|02|2008|08|19}} |- |4 |[[Edgar Lungu]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|2015|01|25|2021|08|24}} |- |5 |[[Rupiah Banda]] |{{ayd|2008|11|02|2011|09|23}} |colspan=2 rowspan=2| {{ayd|2008|06|29|2011|09|23}} |- |— |''[[Rupiah Banda]]'' |{{ayd|2008|06|29|2008|11|02}} (Acting) |- |6 |[[Michael Sata]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|2011|09|23|2014|10|28}} |-bgcolor="ccccff" |- |7 |[[Hakainde Hichilema]] |colspan=2|{{ayd|2021|08|24}} |- |{{endash}} |''[[Guy Scott]]'' |colspan=2|{{ayd|2014|10|28|2015|01|25}} (Acting) |} ==Wonaniso== * [[First Lady of Zambia]] * [[Vice-President of Zambia]] * [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia]] * [[Prime Minister of Zambia]] * [[Lists of office-holders]] * [[List of current heads of state and government]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Zambia.html World Statesmen – Zambia] {{Presidents of Zambia}} {{Zambia topics}} {{Heads of state and government of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:President Of Zambia}} [[Category:Ŵalaraŵalara kuyana na charu|Zambia]] [[Category:Ŵapurezidenti ŵa Zambia|*]] [[Category:Mndandanda wa maofesi gha ndyali mu Zambia|Ŵalaraŵalara]] [[Category:1964 malo mu Zambia]] maffrhd0237t1q2k3hgkv5yy5ggsai9 0 46080 122495 118875 2026-09-28T00:29:03Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the belief in a supreme being in monotheistic thought|the general faith in a supreme being|Deity|God in specific religions|Conceptions of God|other uses}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Short description|Principal object of faith in monotheism}} {{multiple image | footer = Kuyimira (chifukwa cha luso kapena kupembedza) kwa Mulungu (kumanzere kuchokera kumanja kuchokera pamwamba) Chikristu, Chisilamu, Chihindu, Chiyuda, ndi Chikhulupiriro cha Baha'i | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Michelangelo, Creation of Adam 06.jpg | image2 = Allah3.svg | image3 = | image4 = Ek onkar.svg | image5 = Tetragrammaton Sefardi.jpg | image6 = 051907 Wilmette IMG 1404 The Greatest Name.jpg | align = | direction = | alt1 = | caption1 = | caption2 = | image7 = }} Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli '''Ciuta''' yumoza, ŵakumuwona kuti ni Ciuta Wankhongonozose, Mlengi, ndipo ŵakumugomezga comene.<ref name="Swinburne">[[Richard Swinburne|Swinburne, R.G.]] "God" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1995.</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi, ŵakuti chiuta ni "mzimu panji chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti chikulongozga vinthu vinyake mu mlengalenga panji umoyo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakumusopa chifukwa cha mzimu panji chinthu chinyake icho chikuyimira mzimu panji chinthu icho".<ref>{{Cite web |title=god |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/god |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of GOD |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/god |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>Munthu uyo wakugomezga kuti kuli ciuta yumoza panji kujumpha apa wakucemeka kuti musambizgi wa cisopa.<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism? "theism,"] ''Dictionary.com''. Retrieved 2016-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism "theism,"] ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''. Retrieved 2011-03-18.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana-pambana pa nkhani ya Ciuta. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa na ŵavinjeru ŵavinjeru ŵali na fundo izo zikukhozgera panji kukana kuti Ciuta waliko.<ref name="Plantinga" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ŵakukana kuti kuli ciuta. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuti Ciuta kulije ŵakugomezga kuti waliko. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakumanya waka vinthu cifukwa ca cipulikano. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta ni mukuru comene kuluska waliyose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose, ntheura ŵakumuwona kuti ndiyo wakalenga vyose, wakuvisungilira, ndiposo ni muwusi wa cilengiwa cose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta walije thupi ndipo wakuthemba cilengiwa yayi, kweni ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ni cilengiwa. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta wali na mtima uwemi comene, kweni ŵavisopa vyautesi ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta walije nchito na ŵanthu padera pa kulenga vinthu. Visambizgo vinyake vikulongora kuti kuŵa paubwezi na Ciuta nkhwakuzirwa comene, ndipo vikulongora kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakucitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vinthu viwemi, nga nkhusopa na kulomba. Nyengo zinyake Ciuta wakulongosoreka kuti ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi, kweni ŵanyake ŵakulongosora kuti mwanalume panji mwanakazi ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi. Zina la Ciuta likupambana kuyana na ciyowoyero na mitheto ya ŵanthu, ndipo mazina ghanyake ghakung'anamura mikhaliro yake. == Chiyowoyero na kugwiliskira ntchito == {{Main|God (word)|l1=''God'' (word)}} [[File:Mesha Stele (511142469) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Pa libwe la Mesha pali kulembeka zina la Ciuta wa Ŵaisrayeli, Yahweh.]] {{pp-semi-indef}} Lizgu la Cigerman lakuti Ciuta likamba kulembeka kale comene mu buku la Cikristu la m'ma 500 C.E. lakuti Codex Argenteus. Lizgu la Cingelezi ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cijeremani lakuti * - uđan. Lizgu la Chiindonesiya *- hu-tó-m likwenera kuti likafuma ku lizgu *- hau (ə) - ilo likung'anamura "kuchema" panji "kuchema". Mazgu gha Cijeremani agho ghakung'anamura Ciuta pakwamba ghakaŵavya zina, kweni apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu, mazgu agha ghakazgoka mazgu gha ŵanalume. Mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghakulembeka na vilembo vikuruvikuru ghakulembeka nga ni lizgu la munthu, kweniso nga ni mazina ghanyake agho ŵachiuta ŵakumanyikwa nagho. Lekani lizgu lakuti "chiuta" para lalembeka na vilembo vikuru likung'anamura ŵachiuta ŵanandi yayi.<ref>[[Webster's New World Dictionary]]; "God n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base *ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty" </ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/God Dictionary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419052813/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/God |date=19 April 2009 }}; "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the God of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony."</ref> Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti Ciuta na mazgu ghanyake agho ghakuyana nalo mu viyowoyero vinyake, kanandi ghakung'anamulika mu viyowoyero vinandi. El likung'anamura Ciuta mu Cihebere, kweni mu Ciyuda na Cikhristu, Ciuta wakucemekaso na zina lake, YHWH, ilo likwenera kuti ni zina la ciuta wa Ŵaedomu panji Ŵamidiyani, Yahweh. Mu Mabaibolo ghanandi gha Cingelezi, para mazgu ghakuti Fumu ghalembeka na vilembo vikuru vikuru, vikung'anamura kuti mazgu agha ghakwimira vilembo vinayi vya Tetiragiramatoni. Jah panji Yah ni zina lakucepeskeka la zina lakuti Jahweh, ndipo kanandi Ŵayuda na Ŵakhristu ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazgu ghakuti "Hallelujah", agho ghakung'anamura kuti "Lumbani Jah", agho ghakupeleka ucindami kwa Ciuta. Mu Ciyuda, mazina ghanyake gha Ciuta agho ghali kulembeka mu Cihebere ghakuwoneka kuti ngatuŵa. Allah ni lizgu la Chiarabu ilo likuyowoyeka na Ŵasilamu, Ŵakhristu na Ŵayuda. Lizgu ili likung'anamura "Chiuta", apo ʾilāh ni lizgu la chiarabu ilo likung'anamura chiuta panji chiuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking [[Christians]] and [[Jew|Jews]] also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Allah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=L. Gardet}}</ref> Ŵasilamu ŵakugwiliskiraso nchito mazina ghanyake ghanandi pakuzunura Ciuta. Mu Chihindu, zina lakuti Brahman kanandi likulongosoreka kuti ni zina la Ciuta. Ciuta wangapika zina lake leneko mu visambizgo vya Chihindu ivyo vikukhozgera kuti Ciuta ni munthu, ndipo zina lake likuzunulika kuti Krishna-Vasudeva mu buku la Bhagavata panji Vishnu na Hari. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka mu Chihindu cha ku Bali. Mu cisopo ca ku China, Shangdi wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska cilengiwa cose, ndipo nyengo zose wakucitiska vinthu kuti viŵe makora. Ahura Mazda ni zina la Ciuta ilo likuyowoyeka mu cisopo ca Zoroaster. Lizgu lakuti "Mazda", panji lizgu la chiAvestan lakuti Mazdā-, lizgu lakuti Mazdå, likung'anamura lizgu la chiIranian *Mazdāh. Lizgu ili likumanyikwa kuti ni zina leneko la mzimu, ndipo nga ni lizgu la Cisipanishi lakuti medhā, likung'anamura "vinjeru" panji "vinjeru". Mazgu gha chiAvestan na chiSanskrit ghakwimira mazgu gha chiIndo-Iranian *mazdhā-, kufuma ku chiIndo-European mn̩sdheh1, agho ghakung'anamura "kuŵika (dheh1) maghanoghano gha munthu (*mn̩-s)", ntheura "vinjeru". Pa nyengo yasono, mazina ghanyake 101 nagho ghakugwiliskirika nchito. Waheguru (Template:Lang-pa) ni lizgu ilo kanandi likuyowoyeka mu visambizgo vya Sikhism pakuyowoya za Chiuta. Lizgu ili likung'anamura kuti "Msambizgi Wakuzizwiska" mu ciyowoyero ca Cipunjabi. Vāhi (kufuma ku chi Persian chapakati) kukung'anamura "wakukondweska" ndipo guru (Template:Lang-sa) ni lizgu ilo likung'anamura "musambizgi". Ŵanji ŵakuti Waheguru wakuŵa nga ni munthu uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska. Lizgu lakuti "Waheguru" kanandi likuyowoyeka para Ŵasikh ŵakutawuzgana.  ⁇  Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh "Wonderful Lord's Khalsa, Victory is to the Wonderful Lord". Zina lakuti Baha, ilo ni zina "likuru comene" la Ciuta mu cisopa ca Baháʼí, mu Ciarabu likung'anamura kuti "Wacindami Wose".<ref>A Feast for the Soul: Meditations on the Attributes of God : ... – p. x, Baháʾuʾlláh, Joyce Watanabe – 2006</ref> Zina linyake la Chiuta ni Aten mu chiyowoyero cha Ŵaeguputo, apo Aten wakalongosoreka kuti ndiyo ni "mweneco" wakuluska vyose ndiposo uyo wakalenga cilengiwa cose, Chukwu mu chiyowoyero cha Igbo, na Hayyi Rabbi mu chiyowoyero cha Mandae.<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|url=https://archive.org/details/mandaeansancient0000buck|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0195153855|oclc=65198443}}</ref><ref name=Nashmi>{{Citation|last=Nashmi |first=Yuhana|title=Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith|website=Mandaean Associations Union|date=24 April 2013|url=http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> == Maghanoghano ghanyake == ===Existence=== {{Main|Existence of God}} {{Seealso|Theism|Atheism|Agnosticism}} [[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|upright|Thomas Aquinas wakayowoya fundo zinkhondi izo zikulongora kuti Ciuta waliko. (Chakajambulika na Carlo Crivelli, 1476)]] [[File:Portrait of Sir Isaac Newton, 1689.jpg|thumb|upright|Isaac Newton wakawona kuti kuti vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikwenda, pakwenera kuŵa Mlengi. (Cithuzithuzi ca Godfrey Kneller, 1689)]] Kuyowoya mwakudumura, kugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije kukung'anamura kukana kugomezga kuti kuli ŵaciuta. Agnosticism ni maghanoghano ghakuti unenesko wa vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, chomenechomene vyautesi na visopa, nga ni kuti kuli Ciuta, vinthu vyauzimu panji vyamunthazi, ni vinthu vyambura kumanyikwa ndipo vingacitika yayi kuti munthu wavimanye..<ref>[[Thomas Henry Huxley]], an English biologist, was the first to come up with the word ''agnostic'' in 1869 {{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=Thomas |title=Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv0000dixo |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0199295517 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv0000dixo/page/63 63]}} However, earlier authors and published works have promoted an agnostic points of view. They include [[Protagoras]], a 5th-century [[Before Common Era|BCE]] Greek philosopher. {{cite web |title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE) |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/protagor.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014181706/http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/protagor.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008 |quote=While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began 'Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life.'}}</ref><ref name="Hepburn">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2005|title=Agnosticism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|publisher=MacMillan Reference US (Gale)|last=Hepburn|first=Ronald W.|orig-date=1967|edition=2nd|volume=1|page=92|isbn=978-0028657806|quote=In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.|editor=Donald M. Borchert}} (p. 56 in 1967 edition)</ref><ref name="RoweRoutledge">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1998|title=Agnosticism|encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&q=agnosticism&pg=PA122|last=Rowe|first=William L.|author-link=William L. Rowe|isbn=978-0415073103|quote=In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.|editor=Edward Craig}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|dictionary=OED Online, 3rd ed.|entry=agnostic, agnosticism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012 <!--|access-date=22 July 2013-->|quote='''agnostic'''. : '''A'''. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : '''B.''' adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. '''agnosticism''' n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ndipo wakuthemba pa maghanoghano gha ŵanthu yayi.<ref name="philosofrelGlossthe">{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/definitions.html|title=Philosophy of Religion.info – Glossary – Theism, Atheism, and Agonisticism|publisher=Philosophy of Religion.info|access-date=16 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424071443/http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/definitions.html|archive-date=24 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="TFDtheism">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/theism|title=Theism – definition of theism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|access-date=16 July 2008}}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Richard Dawkins wakati "cigaŵa ca cilengiwa ico muli Ciuta cingaŵa cakupambana na cigaŵa ca cilengiwa ico mulije Ciuta, ndipo mphanyi pali mphambano pakati pa ŵasayansi". Carl Sagan wakayowoya kuti cisambizgo cakuti kuli Mlengi wa cilengiwa cose nchakusuzga kuti munthu wagomezge panji kukana, ndipo kuti cisambizgo cakuti kuli Mlengi (kung'anamura kuti Ciuta yayi) nchambura kupulikikwa, ndikuti cilengiwa cose cili na vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Alister McGrath, ŵakuti palije ukaboni wakuti Ciuta waliko. Stephen Jay Gould, uyo wakagomezganga kuti kulije Ciuta, wakayowoya kuti sayansi na cisopo vikupambana yayi ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti caru ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ici cigaŵike mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo wakavicemanga kuti "magisteria" (NOMA). Mu maghanoghano agha, mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vyacilengiwa, nga ni agho ghakuyowoya za kuŵapo kwa Ciuta na umo waliri, ghakusangika yayi ndipo ni nkhani ya cisambizgo ca cisopa. Ntheura, nthowa za sayansi zikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito pakuzgora mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa, ndipo visambizgo vya cisopa vikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito pakuzgora mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na ng'anamuro leneko na makhaliro ghawemi. Mu kawonero aka, kuti palije ukaboni wakulongora kuti vinthu vyamunthazi vikuchitika nadi, vikupangiska kuti ŵasayansi ndiwo ŵekha ŵali na mazaza pa vinthu vyamunthazi. Stephen Hawking na Leonard Mlodinow ŵakayowoya mu buku lawo la mu 2010 lakuti The Grand Design, kuti ntchakupulikikwa kufumba uyo panji icho chikalenga vinthu vyose, kweni usange zgoro ni Chiuta, mbwenu fumbo ili likung'anamura kuti uyo wakalenga Chiuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose. Kweni ŵalembi wose ŵaŵiri ŵakuti nchamacitiko kuzgora mafumbo agha mu sayansi pera, kwambura kuzunura ŵachiuta. Fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu vikwendera mu caru zikuyowoya za fundo yiliyose yakukhwaskana na umo Ciuta waliri iyo yikuthemba pa fundo zakwambilira. Anselm na René Descartes ŵakayowoya fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda umo cilengiwa ciliri ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na umo cilengiwa ciliri kuti ŵalongore kuti Ciuta waliko. Ukaboni wakuti kuli Ciuta ukuwoneka mu vinthu ivyo vili mu mlengalenga. Ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti pa charu chapasi paŵe vyamoyo ni vyautesi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakumanya waka chigaŵa chichoko waka cha vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti viŵeko, icho chikuchemeka fundo ya anthropic, ntheura ŵangamanya yayi kuti kuli vyamoyo pa mapulaneti ghanyake panji kuti vyamoyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha malango ghanyake gha sayansi. Awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ŵakususka kuti vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikucitika kwambura kuti vyalongosoreka makora vikucitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyakuthupi, ivyo vikucemeka kuti ni ciuta wa vinthu vyambura kuwoneka. Ŵanyake awo ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vikachita kusintha, nga ni John Henry Newman, nawo ŵakususka fundo yakuti vinthu vikachita kusintha kufuma ku vinyake ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa vinthu. Nkhani ya kukolerana pa nkhani ya kutowa yikulongosora kuti mu cilengiwa muli kutowa kwapadera ndipo palije cifukwa cinyake cakucitira nthena padera pa Ciuta. Ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi mwa kuyowoya kuti vinthu viheni vilipo mu cilengiwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi, ŵakuti kutowa kulije ukaboni, ntheura tingawona kuti cilengiwa nchakusuzga panji kuti ŵanthu ŵali kupanga cinthu cinyake cakutowa comene kuluska cilengiwa. Ukaboni wakulongora kuti Ciuta waliko ukuyowoya kuti vinthu viwemi vikuŵako. Apo ŵantu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije, nga ni J. L. Mackie wakazomerezga kuti fundo iyi njaunenesko, kweni iwo ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. David Hume wakayowoya kuti palije cifukwa ca kugomezgera fundo za kakhaliro. O. Wilson wakalemba fundo yakuti para munthu wakughanaghana kuti wali na nkharo yiwemi, wakwamba kughanaghana kuti wali na nkharo yiwemi. Michael Lou Martin, nkhwantha ya vinjeru, wakayowoya kuti munthu wangapulikiska yayi umo nkharo yiwemi yikugwilira nchito. Mwakuyana waka na fundo ya nkharo, pali fundo ya njuŵi iyo yikukhozgera kuti Ciuta waliko cifukwa ca njuŵi iyo yikumanya ico nchiwemi na ico nchiheni, nanga ni para yikususkana na malango gha kakhaliro. M'malo mwake, John Locke, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vinjeru, wakayowoya kuti njuŵi yikupangika na ŵanthu ndipo yingatilongozgera ku nkharo ziheni.<ref>{{cite book | title=An Encyclopedia of Philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofp0000unse_x0x3 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofp0000unse_x0x3/page/344 344]–345| author=Parkinson, G. H. R. | isbn=978-0415003230}}</ref> ===Oneness=== {{Main|Deity|Monotheism|Henotheism}} [[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|upright|Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga cisambizgo cakuti kuli ŵaciuta ŵatatu mwa yumoza ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ni Dada, Mwana, na Mzimu Utuŵa.]] Ciuta, panji "ciuta" (uyo wakulembeka na g), wakuyowoya za munthu uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta yumoza pera, ŵakucemeka kuti  ⁇ Chiuta ⁇  (na g yikuru). Kuyaniska panji kupima Ciuta na vinthu vinyake kukuwoneka nga nkhusopa vikozgo mu cisopa ca Ciuta yumoza, ndipo kanandi cikususkika comene. Mu Ciyuda muli visambizgo vya cisopo cimoza ca Ciuta yumoza. Fundo yikuru ya Cisilamu ni tawhid, kung'anamura "kuŵa pamoza" panji "kupambana". Chizindikiro choyamba cha Chisilamu ndi lumbiro lomwe limapanga maziko a chipembedzocho ndipo omwe si Asilamu omwe akufuna kutembenuka ayenera kuliwerenga, likulengeza kuti "Ndikuchitira umboni kuti palibe mulungu wina koma Mulungu". Mu Cikristu, cisambizgo ca Utatu cikulongosora kuti Ciuta ni Ciuta yumoza uyo wali na Ŵadada, Mwana (Yesu), na Mzimu Utuŵa. Mu virimika ivyo vyajumpha, cisisi cakuzirwa ici ca Cikristu cikalongosoreka mwakudumura mu mazgu gha Cilatini ghakuti Sancta Trinitas, Unus Deus (Utatu Utuŵa, Ciuta Yumoza), agho ghakusangika mu buku la Litanias Lauretanas. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta. Ŵachikhristu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta (Brahman) uyo wakusangika mu vikozgo vinandi. Ntheura, nyengo zinyake cisopo ici cikucemeka kuti Polymorphic Monotheism. Chipulikano na kusopa ciuta yumoza pa nyengo yimoza uku ukuzomera kusopa ŵaciuta ŵanyake. Kusopa Ciuta yumoza kukung'anamura kugomezga kuti pali Ciuta yumoza pera uyo wakwenera kusopeka, kweni kugomezga kuti paliso ŵachiuta ŵanandi.<ref>{{citation |author-link= Bruce R. McConkie |first= Bruce R. |last= McConkie |title= [[Mormon Doctrine]] |edition= 2nd |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= Bookcraft |year= 1979 |page= 351}}</ref> ===Transcendence=== {{Seealso|Pantheism|Panentheism}} Kuŵa na nkhongono zakucanya ni mukhaliro uwo Ciuta wali nawo, uwo ukuyana yayi na vinthu vya mu caru ndiposo malango ghake. Unandi wa mikhaliro ya Ciuta yikuyowoyeka mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira. Anselm wakaghanaghananga kuti Ciuta walije maghanoghano nga ni ukali panji citemwa, kweni wakucita nthena cifukwa ca kupulikiska kwithu kwambura kufikapo. Kuleka kukolerana kwa "kuŵako" na cinthu cinyake ico cingaŵako yayi, kukapangiska kuti ŵafilosofi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo yakale ŵamanye za Ciuta kwizira mu vinthu viheni, ivyo vikucemeka kuti cisambizgo cautesi. Mwaciyelezgero, munthu wangayowoya yayi kuti Ciuta ngwavinjeru, kweni wangayowoya kuti Ciuta ngwambura kumanya vinthu. Munthu munyake wakusambira vya cisopa zina lake Alister McGrath, wakalemba kuti munthu wakwenera kupulikiska kuti "ciuta ni munthu". "Para munthu wakuyowoya kuti Ciuta wali nga ni munthu ndikuti wakukhozgera kuti wali na nkhongono ndiposo ngwakukhumbisiska kucezga na ŵanji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti Ciuta ni munthu yayi, panji kuti wali na malo ghamoza mu cilengiwa cose". Pantheism yikuti Ciuta ni cilengiwa ndipo cilengiwa ni Ciuta ndipo yikukana kuti Ciuta wakuluska cilengiwa. Kuyana na Baruch Spinoza, musambizgi wakumanyikwa wa cisopa cautesi, caru cose cikupangika na Ciuta, panji cinthu cinyake cakuyana na ici, Cilengiwa. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakususka cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta cifukwa cakuti cikupeleka ng'anamuro la Ciuta yayi. Munthu wavinjeru wa ku Germany zina lake Schopenhauer wakati "cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta ni mazgu agho ghakung'anamura kuti kulije Ciuta". Pandeism yikuti Ciuta wakaŵa munthu wapadera kweni pamanyuma wakazgoka cilengiwa cose. Visopa vyose vikugomezga kuti Ciuta wali na vinthu vyose mu cilengiwa, kweni kuti wakukolerana navyo yayi.<ref>John Culp (2013). [http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=panentheism "Panentheism,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016023813/http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=panentheism |date=16 October 2015 }} ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Spring.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Ultimate Truth, Book 1 |author = Peter C. Rogers |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1438979687 |page = 121 |quote = As with [[Panentheism]], [[Pantheism]] is derived from the Greek: 'pan'= all and 'theos' = God, it literally means "God is All" and "All is God." Pantheist purports that everything is part of an all-inclusive, indwelling, intangible God; or that the Universe, or nature, and God are the same. Further review helps to accentuate the idea that natural law, existence, and the Universe which is the sum total of all that is, was, and shall be, is represented in the theological principle of an abstract 'god' rather than an individual, creative Divine Being or Beings of any kind. This is the key element that distinguishes them from Panentheists and Pandeists. As such, although many religions may claim to hold [[Pantheistic]] elements, they are more commonly [[Panentheistic]] or Pandeistic in nature.}}</ref> ===Creator=== {{See also|Creator deity}} [[File:Blake God Blessing.jpg|thumb|upright|Ciuta Wakutumbika Zuŵa Lakacinkhondi na Ciŵiri, 1805 William Blake]] Kanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti vyose vikaŵako cifukwa ca Ciuta. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Pythagoras ŵakatenge zina lakuti Monad likung'anamura kuti Ciuta waliko nadi, panji kuti waliko kufuma ku vinthu vinyake. Filosofi ya Plato na Plotinus yikuyowoya za  ⁇ Uyo waliko  ⁇  iyo ni fundo yakwamba ya unenesko iyo yili  ⁇ kuwaro kwa  ⁇  kuŵako ndipo ni jando la Chilengiwa na cilato ca vinthu vyose. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti pali chinthu chinyake icho chikupangiska kuti vinthu vyose viŵepo ndipo wakawonanga kuti chinthu ichi ntchakutowa chomene, ntchambura kusintha, kweniso chambura kugaŵa. Kuŵa na umoyo ni para munthu wakuthemba kanthu kanyake yayi kuti waŵeko. Avicenna wakayowoya kuti pakwenera kuŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikwenera kuti chikaŵako, icho chikwenera kuti chikaŵako nadi. Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikucitika vikulongora kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose mu mlengalenga, ndipo vikusintha mwakuyana na umo vinthu ivi viliri. Padera pa kugomezga kuti vinthu vikalengeka, ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vikalengeka nyengo yimoza, ntheura ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta ndiyo wakuvipwelelera. Nangauli mazgu ghakuti Ciuta wakucitapo kanthu ghakung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo pa vinthu vinyake, kweni kanandi ghakung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo pa vinthu vinyake, nga ni minthondwe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Providence.aspx#1O101-Providence |title=Providence |work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=2014-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Creation, Providence, and Miracle |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/creation-providence-and-miracle |publisher=[[Reasonable Faith]] |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref> ===Benevolence=== {{Seealso|Deism|Thirteen Attributes of Mercy}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko kweni wakunjilirapo yayi pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu caru, nga ni kuzgora malurombo panji kucita minthondwe. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa cakuti Ciuta walije citemwa panji kuti wakumanya yayi ivyo vikucitikira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga fundo ya Pandeists ŵakuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo yayi cifukwa cakuti Ciuta ndiyo ni Mlengi wa vyose. Ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ngwankhongonozose, wakumanya vyose, ndiposo ngwalusungu. Kweni cisambizgo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵajifumbenge usange Ciuta ndiyo wakupangiska viheni na masuzgo pa caru. Dystheism, iyo yikukolerana na theodicy, ni mtundu wa cisopa ico cikugomezga kuti Ciuta ni muwemi yayi panji wali na uheni cifukwa ca uheni. ===Omniscience and omnipotence=== Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti Ciuta wali na nkhongono zose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta walije nkhongono, ndipo ŵakughanaghana kuti: "Kasi Ciuta wangawumba libwe lakusuzga mwakuti iyo wangatondeka kuliwuska?" Nga ni umo Ciuta wakatondekera kulenga libwe ili panji kuliwuskapo, ntheura wangaŵa wankhongono zose yayi. Ivi vikususkana na fundo yakuti nkhongono zose, nga ni zina linyake lililose la Ciuta, zikugwira nchito pekha para zikukolerana na zina la Ciuta. Ntheura Ciuta wangateta yayi, panji kucita cinthu ico cikususkana na zina la Ciuta, cifukwa ici cikung'anamura kuti wakususkana na zina lake. Mazgu ghakuti Ciuta wakumanya vinthu vyose, kanandi ghakuyowoyeka kuti wakumanya vyose. Ici cikung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵazamusankhira vyakucita. Usange Ciuta wakumanya ici, mbwenu wanangwa wawo wa kusankha ungaŵa wautesi, panji kumanya vinthu vyamunthazi kukung'anamura kuti Ciuta wali kuŵasankhirathu viheni ivyo vicitikenge munthazi yayi, ndipo usange Ciuta wakumanya yayi, ndikuti Ciuta wakumanya vyose yayi. Chiphunzitso cha Open Theism chimachepetsa chidziwitso cha Mulungu mwa kunena kuti, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha nthawi, chidziwitso cha Mulungu sichikutanthauza kuti mulunguyo amatha kuneneratu zamtsogolo ndipo chiphunzitso chaumulungu chimati Mulungu alibe kusasinthika, kotero zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chake.<ref name="Wierenga">Wierenga, Edward R. "Divine foreknowledge" in [[Robert Audi|Audi, Robert]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Philosophy''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 2001.</ref> ===Other concepts=== Awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta (nga mbafilosofi ŵa mu nyengo ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, Ŵakatolika, Ŵakatolika ŵa Orthodox, Ŵayuda na Ŵasilamu, na Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanyake) ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta ni 'kanthu yayi' ndipo wali na mikhaliro yinyake nga nkhusintha yayi, wambura kusintha, ndiposo wambura nyengo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa cisopo ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta waliko nadi (mawonekero gha Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne, William Lane Craig, na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa visopo vya lero) ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakupangiska vinthu vyose, wali na nkhongono pa vinthu vyose, ndipo wali na nkhongono pa vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta walije thupi, wali na mikhaliro yiwemi, ndipo ni "munthu mukuru comene". Ŵayuda, Ŵakhristu, na Ŵasilamu ŵakagomezganga fundo izi. Ŵanyake mwa iwo ni Maimonides, Augustine wa ku Hippo, na Al-Ghazali.<ref name="Plantinga">[[Alvin Plantinga|Plantinga, Alvin]]. "God, Arguments for the Existence of", ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, 2000.</ref> ==Non-theistic views== ===Religious traditions=== Ŵanthu ŵa visopo vya Jain ŵakukana kuti vinthu vikaŵako vyekha, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu (Jīva) kuti ukaŵako waka yayi, kweniso kuti nyengo yili na jando yayi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo Ŵabuddha ŵakalongosora na maluso ghawo vikukolerana yayi na chisopa chaunenesko. Ŵabuddha ŵakukana cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta yumoza uyo wakalenga vyose. Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha Ŵabuddha, Buddha wakususka fundo yakuti vinthu vikaŵako vyekha. Ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku India, nga ni Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Dharmakirti na Buddhaghosa, ŵakasuskanga maghanoghano gha Ŵahindu pa nkhani ya Mlengi.<ref>Hsueh-Li Cheng. "Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God" in Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 207–216 (10 pages), Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition", ''Journal of Indian Philosophy'', 16:1 (1988:Mar.).</ref><ref>Harvey, Peter (2019). ''"Buddhism and Monotheism",'' p. 1. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti cisopa ca Cibuda nchambura kukolerana na cisopa cautesi, cikugomezga yayi kuti kuli ciuta munyake mukuru. Pali Ŵabuddha ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga mwa Ciuta, ndipo paliso ŵanyake ŵanandi awo ŵakukana kuti Ciuta waliko panji ŵakukayika.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Khan |first=Razib |date=June 23, 2008 |title=Buddhists do Believe in God |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/buddhists-do-believe-in-god |magazine=Discover |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/religious-tradition/buddhist/ |title=Buddhists |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=The Pew Charitable Trusts}}</ref> Visopo vya Taoic nga ni Confucianism na Taoism vikupharazga yayi kuti kuli ŵachiuta awo ŵakalenga vinthu. Ndipouli, mwakuyana na cisambizgo ca kusopa ŵasekuru mu China, awo ŵakulondezga cisambizgo ici ŵakusopa mizimu ya ŵanthu nga ni Confucius na Lao Tzu mu nthowa yakuyana waka na Ciuta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism/ |title=Confucianism |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/taoism/ |title=Taoism |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426232309/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/taoism/ |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> ===Anthropology=== {{See also|Evolutionary origin of religions|Evolutionary psychology of religion|Anthropomorphism}} Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ciuta waliko, wakumanya vyose, ndipo wali kulenga vinthu vyose, ndipo wakughanaghanira comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pascal Boyer wakuti nangauli pali vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyachilengiwa, kweni kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchita vinthu nga mbanthu. Kuwona ŵachiuta na mizimu nga ni ŵanthu nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo visopa vikutemwa. Wakayowoya viyelezgero vya mu vidokoni vya Ŵagiriki, ivyo wakughanaghana kuti vikuyana waka na maseŵero gha mazuŵa ghano agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kutorapo cinthu, m'malo mwa visopa vinyake. Bertrand du Castel na Timothy Jurgensen ŵakalongora kuti Boyer wakalongosora makora umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu nyengo yake. Stewart Guthrie, uyo wakumanya vya ŵanthu, wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakulongora mikhaliro ya ŵanthu ku vinthu ivyo ni vya ŵanthu yayi, cifukwa vikovwira kuti vinthu ivi viŵamanye makora. Sigmund Freud wakayowoyaso kuti maghanoghano gha Ciuta ghakulongora umo dada wake waliri. Mwakuyana waka, Émile Durkheim wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kuyowoya kuti ŵachiuta ŵakwimira umoyo wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo vilengiwa vyauzimu. Mwakukolerana na fundo iyi, Matt Rossano, uyo wakumanya za umoyo wa ŵanthu, wakuti ŵanthu ŵakati ŵamba kukhala mu magulu ghakurughakuru, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakalenga ŵachiuta kuti ŵaŵawovwire kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵacoko, nkharo yiwemi yingaŵikika na ŵanthu nga ni miseche panji lumbiri. Ndipouli, nchakusuzga comene kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi mu magulu ghakuru. Rossano wakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasanga nthowa yiwemi yakumazgira kujighanaghanira ŵekha na kukolerana na ŵanyawo.<ref name="supernature">{{cite journal |last=Rossano |first=Matt |title=Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation |journal=Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) |year=2007 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=272–94 |doi=10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4 |pmid=26181064 |s2cid=1585551 |url=http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf |access-date=25 June 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101304/http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Neuroscience and psychology=== {{see also|Jungian interpretation of religion}} Sam Harris wakalongosora ivyo ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵasanga kuti Ciuta waliko nadi yayi. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Johns Hopkins awo ŵakasanda vyakucitika vya "molekyuli ya mzimu" ya DMT, iyo yili mu wongo wa munthu ndiposo ni molekyuli yakugwira nchito mu munkhwala wa ayahuasca, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafumbika ŵakati DMT yikaŵapangiska kuti ŵakumane na "munthu wakuŵa na mahara, wamahara, walusungu, ndiposo wakuzirwa", ndipo ŵakalongosora umo ŵakayowoyeskananga na munthu uyo wakaŵa na cimwemwe, kugomezgana, citemwa, na lusungu. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta waliko. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda iyi, pafupifupi yumoza pa ŵanayi wakutemwa kusopa ndipo nyengo zinyake wakughanaghana vya Ciuta nangauli pakwamba wakakhumbanga yayi kumusopa. Wasayansi munyake wa vya minthenda ya wongo, V. S. Ramachandran wakughanaghana kuti para munthu wali na nthenda ya kusuzgika maghanoghano iyo yikucitika mu thupi, iyo yikukolerana comene na umo wongo ukugwilira ntchito, panji kuti limbic system, wangamba kuwona vinthu vyambura kuzirwa na kughanaghanirapo comene. Ŵasayansi awo ŵakusanda umo munthu wakujipulikira para wawona vinthu vyakukondweska, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakujipulika nthena para ŵawona vinthu vyakukondweska, ŵakugomezga chomene kuti kuli munthu munyake uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska ndipo ŵakuwona kuti vinthu ivi vili kulengeka, nanga ni para ŵapika manambara ghambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite magazine|last = Kluger|first = Jeffrey|title = Why There Are No Atheists at the Grand Canyon|url = https://science.time.com/2013/11/27/why-there-are-no-atheists-at-the-grand-canyon/|access-date = 12 October 2022|magazine =Time|date = 27 November 2013}}</ref> ==Relationship with humanity== {{anchor|Relationship with creation}} [[File:Duerer-Prayer.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Praying Hands (Dürer)|Praying Hands]]'' kulembeka na [[Albrecht Dürer]]]] ===Worship=== {{Seealso|Worship|Prayer|Supplication}} Kanandi visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta vikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵasopenge Ciuta, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakuyowoya kuti cilato ca umoyo nkhusopa Ciuta. Kuti ŵamanye usange kuli Ciuta wankhongono zose uyo wakukhumba kusopeka, ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta wakukhumbikwira kusopeka yayi, ndipo wakusanga candulo yayi, kweni uyo wakumusopa wakusanga candulo. Gandhi wakayowoya kuti Ciuta wakukhumbikwira kulomba yayi, ndipo wakati: "Kulomba nkhupempha yayi. Ni khumbo la mtima withu. Nkhuzomera zuŵa lililose kuti nili wakulopwa". Ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ŵakumucema mu lurombo. Kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ndipo munthu wakwenera kulomba kwa iyo, apo ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti munthu wakwenera kulomba kwa ŵatuŵa kuti ŵamuŵeyelere. Kanandi lurombo lukusazgapo kuŵeyelera, nga nkhulomba kuti Ciuta watigowokere. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta wakugowokera. Mwaciyelezgero, buku linyake likuti Ciuta wangatora ŵanthu ŵambura kwananga na kuŵikamo ŵanthu ŵaheni, kweni ŵakulutilira kupempha kuti ŵalape. Kupelekera sembe kwa Ciuta nchinthu cinyake ca kusopa ico cikusazgapo kuziŵizga kurya na kupeleka vyawanangwa. Kukumbuka Ciuta mu umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa kukusazgapo kuyowoya mazgu gha kuwonga Ciuta para tikuwonga panji mazgu gha kusopa nga ni kwimba sumu uku tikucita milimo yinyake. ===Salvation=== {{Main|Salvation}} Visopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta, vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta, kweni vikukana kuti ŵachiuta ŵaliko. Lizgu ili likulongosora visambizgo vinyake vya Ŵabuddha, Ŵajini, na Ŵastoyiki. Visopa ivyo vikuyowoya kuti munthu wakwenera kuŵa paubwezi na Ciuta kuti waŵe paubwezi na Ciuta, vikukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo munthu wangasopera Ciuta na ivyo wakukhumba ku ŵanthu. Pali ntowa zakupambana-pambana za kukolerana pakati pa visambizgo vyakupambana-pambana vya visopo vya cisopo cimoza. Ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti iwo ŵekha ndiwo ŵakusoleka panji kuti ndiwo ŵekha ŵakumanya unenesko, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta wali kuŵavumbulira vinthu vinyake. Fundo yinyake njakuti visopa vyose vikupambana. Munthu uyo wakugomezga kuti visopa vyose ni viwemi wakugomezga kuti visopa vyake ni viwemi, kweni wakukana yayi kuti visopa vinyake ni viwemi. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vya Cibahá'í, Cihindu, na Cisikh, ŵakugomezga kuti wose awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta, ŵakusopa ciuta yumoza, kwali ŵakumanya panji yayi. Chisopa cha Bahá'í chikupharazga kuti vinthu ivyo Chiuta wakuvumbura vikusazgapo ntchimi zikuruzikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa vikuruvikuru nga ni Krishna, Buddha, Yesu, Zoroaster, Muhammad, Bahá'ú'lláh, kweniso chikupharazga umoza wa visopa vyose na kuŵika mtima pa vinthu vinandi ivyo Chiuta wakuvumbura nga ni ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵasange vinthu ivyo ŵakukhumbikwira pa nyengo zakupambanapambana mu mdauko kweniso mu mitheto yakupambanapambana, kweniso nga ni chigaŵa cha chivumbuzi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyelezgero cha umo Ŵakhristu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani ya visopa ni cisambizgo cakuti visopa vyawo vikulondezga visopa vinyake ivyo vikaŵako kale. Nthowa yacitatu njakuti waliyose waŵe na wanangwa wakucita ivyo wakukhumba; ciyelezgero ni cisambizgo cakuti munthu waliyose wazamupona. Nthowa yacinayi njakuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa vyakupambanapambana ŵagonanenge. Ciyerezgero ca kusankhana mitundu ni gulu la New Age. ==Epistemology== ===Faith=== {{Main|Faith}} Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti para munthu wali na cipulikano wakucita makora, ndipo usange wakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko, kweni wakugomezga yayi kuti waliko, mbwenu wangacita makora yayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakughanaghana kuti mtima ukutoleka na uwemi, unenesko na uwemi, ntheura ungaŵa uwemi comene pakulongosora vya Ciuta, nga umo Blaise Pascal wakayowoyera kuti, "Mtima uli na vifukwa vyake ivyo mahara ghakumanya yayi". Hadith yikulongosora mazgu gha Ciuta ghakuti "Ndine ico muzga wane wakughanaghana vya ine". Mu Chisilamu, para munthu wakumanya kuti kuli Ciuta wakucemeka kuti fitra, panji kuti "munthu wakubabika nayo". Mu visambizgo vya Confucius, Confucius na Mencius ŵakayowoya kuti nthowa yekha yakucitira vinthu viwemi, iyo yikucemeka kuti Nthowa, ni iyo yili kulembeka na Ciuta, uyo wali na nkhongono zakuyana na za munthu, ndipo wali kuŵika mu ŵanthu, ntheura pali nthowa yimoza pera iyo njakuzomerezgeka pa caru cose.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://aeon.co/essays/the-influential-confucian-philosopher-you-ve-never-heard-of |title=The Second Sage|publisher=Aeon|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> ===Revelation=== {{Main|Revelation}} {{Seealso|Prophet}} Buku la Uvumbuzi likuyowoya za uthenga wakufuma kwa Ciuta. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ivi vikucitika kwizira mu nchimi panji ŵangelo. Al-Maturidi wakadandawura kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuti vimanyikwiro vipelekeke cifukwa nangauli ŵanthu ŵali na mahara kuti ŵamanye Ciuta, kweni khumbo la munthu lingasuska maghanoghano, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vinjeru vinyake vingawoneka yayi kwambura kuti vyapelekeka ku nchimi, nga ni ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakusopa. Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuyana yayi na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya. Kuyana na Chisilamu, cimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vyakwambilira ivyo vikayowoyeka vikaŵa vyakuti: "Usange ulije soni, ungacita ico ukukhumba". Lizgu lakuti chivumbuzi chikuru likuyowoya za umanyi wakuvumbulika wa Chiuta uwo ukuleka kuvumbulika mwadango waka panji mwapadera nga ni malemba. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti, ici cikusazgapo kusambira za cilengiwa, ico nyengo zinyake cikucemeka kuti ni Buku la Cilengiwa. Mu Ciarabu muli mazgu ghakuti, "Koran ni cilengiwa ico cikuyowoya. Chilengiwa ni Qur'an yambura kuyowoya".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hofmann |first=Murad |title=Islam and Qur'an|url=https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm |publisher=Amana publications|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm/page/121 121] |isbn=978-1590080474}}</ref> ===Reason=== Pa nkhani za cisopo, ŵanyake nga ni Richard Swinburne, ŵakugomezga kuti pali ukaboni, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti pali cifukwa ico munthu wakugomezgera vinthu vinyake, m'malo mwa kugomezga kuti vikuthemba pa ukaboni. Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopo ŵakugomezga kuti munthu wakwenera yayi kughanaghana vinthu vyakupambana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya kuti wamanye umo Ciuta waliri, ndipo ŵakwenera yayi kughanaghana vinthu vyakupambana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakulongosolera vinthu nga ni "Woko la Ciuta" na vinthu vinyake vya Ciuta, iwo ŵakususka yayi malemba agha panji kuzomerezga kuti mazgu agha ghali kulembeka nadi, kweni ŵakughaleka waka kwa Ciuta, uyo wakucemeka tafwid, kwambura kufumba umo ghakufiskikira. Chisambizgo cha cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Chignell|first1=Andrew|title=Natural Theology and Natural Religion|date=2020|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/natural-theology/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Fall 2020|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2020-10-09|last2=Pereboom|first2=Derk}}</ref> ==Specific characteristics== {{Seealso|Attributes of God (disambiguation)}} ===Titles=== [[File:Allah Names in Chinese Arabic Script.jpg|thumb|upright|Mazina 99 gha Allah, mu Chitchayinizi]] {{Main|Names of God}} {{Seealso|Names of God in Islam}} Mu cisopo ca Ciyuda na Cikhristu, "Baibolo ndilo likusambizga comene za Ciuta". Pakuti mu Baibolo muli "malingaliro ghakupambanapambana ghakukhwaskana na Ciuta", vyapangiska kuti paŵe "kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya umo Ciuta wakwenera kuŵira na kupulikiskika". Mu Mabaibolo gha Cihebere na Cikhristu muli mazina ghantchindi gha Ciuta, uyo zina lake ni YHWH (panji Yahweh panji Yehova). Yumoza wawo ni Elohim. Zina linyake ni El Shaddai, ilo likung'anamulika kuti "Ciuta Wankhongonozose". Zina lacitatu lakuzirwa ndakuti El Elyon, ilo likung'anamura kuti "Ciuta Wapacanya Nkhanira". Zina lakuti "Ndine Mweneuyo Ndine" likusangikaso mu Baibolo la Cihebere na la Cikhristu. Chiuta wakuyowoyeka mu Quran na Hadith na mazina ghanyake, mazina agho ghakuyowoyeka kanandi ni Al-Rahman, kung'anamura "Wachisungusungu" na Al-Rahim, kung'anamura "Walusungu". Ŵanandi mwa mazina agha ŵakughagwiliskira nchito mu malemba gha cisopa ca Bahá'í. Mu cisopo ca Vaishnavism, ico nchimoza mwa visopo vya Ŵahindu, muli mazina na mazina gha Krishna. ===Gender=== {{Main|Gender of God}} Kuyana na visambizgo vya ku Europe, munthu wangawona kuti Ciuta wali na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi. Visopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi, vikuphalira ŵachiuta wose kuti ŵali na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti waliyose waŵasopenge mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake, panji ŵanthu. Mu visopa vinandi ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta yumoza, Ciuta walije munyake uyo wangacita nayo uzaghali. Mwantheura, mu visambizgo vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, kugonana kwa ciuta yumoza uyu kukwenera kuti ni mazgu ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu na Ciuta ŵakuyowoyera, ndiposo umo ŵakukolerana. Ŵakuwona kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga caru na kuvumbura vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na umo munthu wakucitira pa kugonana. ===Depiction=== {{SeeAlso|Incorporeality|God the Father in Western art}} [[File:Naqsh i Rustam. Investiture d'Ardashir 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ahura Mazda (depiction is on the right, with high crown) presents [[Ardashir I]] (left) with the ring of kingship. (Relief at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]], 3rd century CE)]] Mu cisopa ca Zoroaster, apo Ufumu wa Ŵapariti ukaŵa kuti wamba kuwusa, Ahura Mazda wakimiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵamusopenge. Ivi vikamara mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵasassani. Visambizgo vya Zoroaster, ivyo vikaŵako ku umaliro wa muwuso wa Ŵaparthia na kwamba kwa muwuso wa Ŵasassani, pamasinda vikalekeska kugwiliskira nchito vikozgo vyose vya Ahura Mazda pakusopa. Ndipouli, Ahura Mazda wakalutilira kumanyikwa na zina la mwanalume wakucindikika, uyo wakimilira panji wakwera pa hachi, ndipo zina ili likusangika mu visambizgo vya Ŵasassani. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Near East ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵachiuta ŵali na thupi lakuyana na la munthu, kweni ŵakuyana yayi na la munthu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mathupi agha ghakaŵanga ghakunyang'amira, ghakaŵa ghakuru kuluska gha munthu, panji ghakutowa comene. Ciuta wakale wa Ŵaisrayeli (Yahweh) nayo ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene, kweni wakaŵa nga ni munthu. Ŵanthu ŵakatondekanga kumuwona cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa ŵakufipirwa, kweni Yehova wakaŵa mutuŵa. Yehova wakalongosoreka kuti wakufumiska moto na ungweru uwo ungakoma munthu usange wangulaŵiska. Kweniso, ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusopa panji awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyauzimu, ŵakuyowoya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na Ciuta. Mu Ciyuda, buku la Tora kanandi likulongosora kuti Ciuta wali na mikhaliro ya wunthu, kweni mu vigaŵa vinyake likulongosora kuti Ciuta walije mikhaliro ndipo wali na nkhongono zakupambana na za ŵanthu. Cikhristu ca Ciyuda cilije vikozgo, ico cikung'anamura kuti cilije vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo vikwimira vinthu vyacilengiwa na vyacilengiwa. Kweniso, kusopa vikozgo kukukanizgika. Kawonero ka kaŵirikaŵiri, ako kakalongosoreka na ŵanthu nga ni Maimonides, kakulongora kuti Ciuta ngwakuzizika comene, ntheura nchambura macitiko kumumanya, ndipo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kuyowoya kuti Ciuta walije thupi. Ntheura, kuphalira munthu umo Ciuta waliri kukuwoneka nga nkhumuyuyura. Ŵagnostic kanandi ŵakulongosora kuti ciuta uyo wakalenga vinthu wa mu Testamente Lakale ni ciuta munonono panji kuti Demiurge, apo ciuta uyo wakutemwa ŵanthu panji kuti Monad wakulongosoreka kuti wali na ungweru wambura kupimika ndipo wali na nyengo yayi panji vinthu vinyake ivyo vilipo, kweni ni mukuru kwa iwo mu nthowa yinyake. Ŵanthu wose ŵakuti ŵali na cigaŵa ca Ciuta mukati mwawo ico cawa kufuma ku caru ca vinthu vyambura kuwoneka na kunjira mu caru ca vinthu vyambura kuwoneka ndipo cili mu cipingo pekha para cafika pa kumanya vinthu vyamunthazi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bataille |first1=Georges |author-link1=Georges Bataille|title=Base Materialism and Gnosticism |journal=Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939 |date=1930 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Marvin Meyer]]|author2=[[Willis Barnstone]]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]|chapter=The Secret Book of John|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rebecca|last=Denova|title=Gnosticism|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Gnosticism/|publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref>[[File:Ascension, sacramentaire de Drogon.jpg|thumb|upright|Use of the symbolic [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]] in the [[Ascension of Christ|Ascension]] from the [[Drogo Sacramentary]], c. 850]] Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵakagomezganga kuti mazgu gha mu buku la Yohane 1:18 ghakuti: "Palije munthu wali kuwonapo Ciuta", na mazgu ghanyake ghakuyowoya za Ciuta pera yayi, kweni ghakuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kumulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu ghanyake agho ghakuyowoya za Ciuta ghakusangika mu Baibolo. Vinthu vinyake, nga ni woko la Ciuta, vikulongoreka mu vithuzithuzi ivyo Ŵayuda ŵakajambura. Pambere vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. vindafike, pakaŵavya ciyezgo cakuti Ciuta Ŵadada walongoreke na munthu. Kweni, luso la ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi likakhumbikwiranga nthowa yinyake yakulongolera kuŵapo kwa Dada, ntheura kwizira mu maluso ghakupambanapambana, maluso ghanyake ghakulongolera Dada mwa munthu ghakawoneka pacoko na pacoko mu vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito munthu ni cigomezgo cakuti Ciuta wakalenga umoyo wa munthu mu cikozgo cake (cifukwa ici cikapangiska kuti munthu waŵe wakuzirwa kuluska vinyama vinyake). Vikuwoneka kuti apo ŵakujambura ŵakale ŵakakhumbanga kujambulira Ciuta Dada, wofi na wofi vikaŵakanizga kuti ŵajambure munthu yose. Kanandi waka, cipande cicoko waka cikaŵanga cikozgo, comenecomene woko, panji nyengo zinyake cisko, kweni kanandi waka munthu yose. Mu vithuzithuzi vinandi, Mwana wakuluska Adada, ntheura cithuzithuzi cikulongora kuti Adada mbanthu ŵacoko. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1200, Ciuta Dada wakalongoreka mu mipukutu ya Cifurenci, iyo yikaŵanga ya ŵanthu wose yayi, ndipo yikaŵanga na vithuzithuzi vyamahara, kweniso mu mawindo gha tchalitchi ku England. Pakwamba mutu panji chikhuni cha munthu chikaŵanga nga ni mabingu agho ghakaŵanga pachanya pa chithuzithuzi, uko kale kukaŵanga woko la Chiuta. Mwambura kucedwa, munthu uyo wali pa cithuzithuzi ici wangakura na kuzgoka cithuzithuzi ca hafu ya cithuzithuzi, kufuma apo, wakuzgoka cithuzithuzi ca cithuzithuzi cose, ico kanandi cikuŵa pa cithuzithuzi ca Giotto ca mu 1305 ku Padua. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, Baibolo la ku Naples likaŵa na cithuzithuzi ca Ciuta Dada mu civwati cakugolera moto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, pa Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vinandi, kusazgapo munthu muchekuru kweni mutali na wakutowa uyo wakendanga mu munda wa Edeni. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵa na vyaka vinandi kweniso wakavwaranga malaya ghakupambanapambana. Mu 1425 Lorenzo Ghiberti wakamba kuzenga "Milyango ya Paradiso" mu Baptistry ya Florence, iyo yili na cimanyikwiro cakuyana waka ca Dada. Buku la maora la Rohan la mu 1430 likalongoranga Ciuta Dada mu cigaŵa ca ŵanthu, ndipo ivi vikaŵa vyacilendo, ndipo Woko la Ciuta likaŵa lacilendo. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanyake, nga ni Meister Bertram wa ku Hamburg, ŵakalutilira kulongora Khristu nga ni Logos. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulongora ŵachiuta ŵatatu ŵa Utatu nga ni munthu yumoza panji nga ni Khristu. Mu Pietà ya cisopo ca ŵaciuta ŵatatu, Ciuta Ŵadada kanandi wakulongoreka nga ni munthu uyo wavwara cakuvwara ca papa na mphumphu ya papa, uyo wakunyamura Khristu wakufwa mu mawoko ghake. Mu 1667, cipaturo ca 43 ca Great Moscow Council cikati citani pakukanizga kuti paŵavye vikozgo vya Ciuta Dada na Mzimu Utuŵa, ico cikapangiska kuti vikozgo vinyake viŵikike pa ivyo vikakanizgika, comene-comene vikozgo vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ivyo vikaŵa na malo mu vikozgo vya Orthodox. Wupu uwu ukayowoyaso kuti munthu wa Utatu uyo ni "Mukuru wa Mazuŵa" ni Khristu, nga ni Logos, kuti ni Ciuta Ŵadada cara. Ndipouli, vikozgo vinyake vikalutilira kupangika ku Russia, Greece, Romania, na vyaru vinyake vya Orthodox. [[File:Istanbul 027 (6445021161).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Arabic script of "Allah" in the [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]]]] Mu Chisilamu, Ŵasilamu ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta (Allah) ngwambura kupulikikwa, ndipo wakuyana yayi na vilengiwa vyake. Ŵasilamu ŵakutemwa yayi kuyowoya mazgu ghakuyana na gha munthu. Ŵalije vithuzithuzi ndipo ŵali na mazina gha Ciuta mu malo mwa vithuzithuzi.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author = Robyn Lebron |year = 2012 |title = Searching for Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground? |url = https://archive.org/details/searchingforspir0000lebr |isbn = 978-1462712625 |page = [https://archive.org/details/searchingforspir0000lebr/page/117 117] }}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Mythology|Philosophy|Religion}} {{Div col|small=no}} * {{look from|God}} * [[Absolute (philosophy)]] * [[Apeiron (cosmology)]] * [[Deity]] * [[Demigod]] * [[Existence of God]] * [[God complex]] * [[God (disambiguation)]] * [[God (word)]] * [[Relationship between religion and science]] {{Div col end}} == Ukaboni == '''Footnotes''' {{notelist}} '''Mazgo ghakulembeka''' {{reflist}} ==Mabuku== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Boyce |first=Mary |chapter=Ahura Mazdā |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica |location=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1983 |volume=1 |pages=684–687}} * {{cite book | last1 = Bunnin | first1 = Nicholas | last2 = Yu | first2 = Jiyuan | title = The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy | year = 2008 | publisher = Blackwells | isbn = 978-0470997215 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LdbxabeToQYC }} * [[Cliff Pickover|Pickover, Cliff]], ''The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience'', Palgrave/St Martin's Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1403964572}} * [[Francis Collins (geneticist)|Collins, Francis]], ''The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief'', Free Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0743286391}} * [[Jack Miles|Miles, Jack]], ''God: A Biography'', Vintage, 1996. {{ISBN|0679743685}} * [[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]], ''A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam'', Ballantine Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0434024562}} * [[Paul Tillich]], ''Systematic Theology'', Vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951). {{ISBN|0226803376}} * {{cite book |last1=Halverson |first1=J. |title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism |year= 2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0230106581 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=James Rodney |author-link=James Hastings |others=John A Selbie |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |edition=Volume 4 of 24 (Behistun (continued) to Bunyan.) |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |location=Edinburgh |year=1925–2003 |orig-date=1908–26 |quote=The encyclopedia will contain articles on all the religions of the world and on all the great systems of ethics. It will aim at containing articles on every religious belief or custom, and on every ethical movement, every philosophical idea, every moral practice. |isbn=978-0766136731 |url=<!-- |access-date=5 March 2008--> |page=476 }} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Library resources box}} {{Sister project links|s=no |b=no}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|God_Article_Spoken_2008.ogg|date=2008-01-06}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101006005230/http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4 Concept of God in Christianity] * [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm Concept of God in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421081921/http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm |date=21 April 2019 }} * [http://www.allaboutgod.com/ God Christian perspective] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030504073425/http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm Hindu Concept of God] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080545/http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp Jewish Literacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080545/http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp |date=19 December 2010 }} {{Theism}} {{Religion topics|hide}} {{Theology}} {{Names of God}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:God| ]] [[Category:Singular God| ]] [[Category:Creator gods]] [[Category:Deities]] tl05antusxf95wpd37ndiu6rmzl89uy 0 46107 122509 121595 2026-09-28T00:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British explorer and missionary to Africa (1813–1873)}} {{other people}} {{Use British English|date=September 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = David Livingstone | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRGS|FRS}} | image = David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg | caption = Livingstone in 1864 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | birth_place = [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], in Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}}<ref name="BBC2014">{{cite web | title = David Livingstone (1813–1873) | work = BBC - History - Historic Figures | date = 2014 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml }}</ref> | death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]], Kingdom of Kazembe {{awrap|(today [[Northern Province, Zambia]])}} | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.499444|-0.1275}} | known_for = Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Moffat Livingstone|Mary Moffat]]|January 1845|27 April 1862|end=d}} | children = 6 }} '''David Livingstone''' (19 Malichi 1813 - 4 Meyi 1873) wakaŵa dokotala wa ku Scotland<ref name=":0" />, Congregationalist, mupayiniya wa mishonale wachikhristu na London Missionary Society<ref name=":0" />, na explorer ku Africa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waleke wuzga; yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Victorian ya 19th century. David wakaŵa mfumu wa Mary Moffat Livingstone, uyo wakafuma mu mbumba yakumanyikwa ya ŵamishonale ya mu virimika vya m'ma 1700, Moffat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173 |title=David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-78155-333-6 |location=Stroud |pages=50 |oclc=853507173}}</ref> Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru uyo wakacitanga vinthu vinandi vyakupambanapambana. Wakaŵa mishonale wa Chiprotesitanti uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambiri, munthu uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambazi, wasayansi, wakwendakwenda, wakunozga vinthu, wakususka wuzga, na wakukhozgera kuti Britain yisandenge malonda ghake na kukhazikiska maufumu ghanyake.<ref name="Easton2017">{{cite web | title = Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls? | last = Easton | first = Mark | work = BBC News | date = 3 September 2017 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374 }}</ref> Livingstone wakamanyikwanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kumanya uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti usange wangawuskapo cisisi ici, wamanyikwenge kuti wacitengepo kanthu kuti walekeske malonda gha ŵazga mu caru ca East Africa. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Maji gha mu Nile ghali na candulo cifukwa ca kunovwira kuti niŵe na nkhongono pakati pa ŵanthu. Nkhongono iyi [ndiyo] nkhugomezga kuti yizamumazga suzgo likuru".{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | p=289}} Wakamba kupenja malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Central Africa, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵasange malo ghakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, maulendo ghake gha umishonale, "kuzgeŵa", na nyifwa yake mu Africa, ndiposo kuzunurika kwake nga ni munthu wakuzirwa mu 1874 vikapangiska kuti paŵe maubwezi ghanandi gha Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Central Africa.<ref name="Mackenzie1990">{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=John M. |editor1-first=Graham |editor1-last=Walker|editor2-first=Tom |editor2-last=Gallagher|title=Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9|chapter=David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == [[File:Birthplace of david livingstone.jpg|thumb|Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre]], [[South Lanarkshire]], Scotland]] [[File:David Livingstones birthplace (geograph 4530192).jpg|thumb|David Livingstone's birthplace, with period furnishings]] Livingstone wakababika pa 19 March 1813 mu tawuni ya Blantyre, Scotland, mu nyumba ya ŵantchito ŵa fakitare ya thonje pa m'mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Clyde pasi pa mlatho uwo ukujumpha mu Bothwell.<ref name="nts.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |title=David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wakaŵa mwana waciŵiri pa ŵana ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa Neil Livingstone (1788 ⁇ 1856) na muwoli wake Agnes (née Hunter; 1782- 1865). Apo Davide wakaŵa na vilimika khumi, wakamba kugwira nchito pa fakitare ya Henry Monteith & Co. ku Blantyre Works. Iyo na mudumbu wake John, ŵakagwiranga nchito ya maora 12 pa zuŵa, ŵakakakiliranga visulo vya thonje pa makina ghakusonera. Neil Livingstone wakaŵa msambizgi wa Sande sukulu ndipo wakakananga kumwa moŵa, ndipo wakagaŵiranga mathirakiti gha Cikhristu paulendo wake wa kuguliska tiyi nyumba na nyumba. Wakaŵazga comene mabuku ghakukhwaskana na cisopo, vyamwendakwenda, na mauteŵeti gha umishonale. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe munthu wakutemwa kuŵazga, kweniso kuti wasangenge [[vinyama]], vyakumera, na vinthu vinyake mu migodi ya malibwe. Neil wakafipanga mtima kuti mabuku gha sayansi ghangatimbanizga Cikristu ndipo wakayezga kucicizga mwana wake kuti waŵazgenge vya cisopo pera, kweni David wakatemwanga comene vinthu vya cilengiwa na sayansi, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti wasande umo cisopa na sayansi vikukolerana.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | p=6}} Mu 1832, wakaŵazga buku la Thomas Dick lakuti Philosophy of a Future State, ndipo wakasanga fundo izo zikamovwira kuti wagwirizaniske cisopa na sayansi. Padera pa Baibolo, buku ili ndilo likamovwira comene pa nkhani ya vinjeru.<ref name="Blaikie1880">{{cite book|last=Blaikie|first=William Garden|author-link=William Garden Blaikie |title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone... Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13262|year=1880|publisher=John Murray|location=London|via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakamovwira comene apo wakaŵa mwana ŵakaŵa Thomas Burke, mupharazgi wa mu Blantyre, na David Hogg, msambizgi wake wa Sunday school. Apo wakaŵa na virimika 15, David wakafumamo mu Church of Scotland na kuluta ku mpingo wa Congregational, ndipo wakapusikika na ŵapharazgi nga ni Ralph Wardlaw, awo ŵakakananga kuti munthu wangapona cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vili kulembekerathu. Pakuti Livingstone wakasambizgika visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, wakazomera fundo iyo Charles Finney, uyo ni Pulofesa wa vya cisopa pa Oberlin College, ku [[Ohio]], wakayowoya yakuti "mzimu utuŵa ukupelekeka kwa wose awo ŵakuwulomba". Kwa Livingstone, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti walekerethu kopa kuti wazamuparanyika kwamuyirayira. Livingstone wakati waŵazga buku la Karl Gützlaff, ilo likayowoyanga za visopa vya ku Britain na America, wakaciska adada ŵake kuti ŵasambire vya udokotala kuti ŵasange nchito ya kusopa. Ivyo vikacitikira Livingstone ku H. Mulimo wa ku Blantyre uwo Monteith wakacitanga, ukaŵawovwiranga chomene ŵana awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 10 na 26. Mulimo uwu ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kuti wovwire mbumba yake iyo yikaŵa yambura ndalama zinandi, kweni ukamusambizga kuti waŵe wakuzizipizga, ndiposo kuti waŵenge walusungu na wose awo ŵakugwira nchito, nga ni umo wakalongolera mu mazgu agho wakacemerezganga mu sumu ya Robert Burns yakuti: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".{{efn|This sentiment today would be expressed along the lines of: "all people, worldwide, are brothers and sisters, despite everything."<ref name="Blaikie1880" />}} ==Masambilo== Livingstone wakasambiranga pa sukulu ya mu muzi wa Blantyre, pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya ku fakitare nangauli ŵakagwiranga nchito maora 14 pa zuŵa (6 koloko mulenji mpaka 8 koloko mise). Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa na mbumba iyo yikalimbikiranga comene kusambira, wakasambira vinandi. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika 21, wakakondwa comene na kapepara ako adada ŵake ŵakapokera kufuma ku chalichi ako kakayowoyanga ivyo Gützlaff wakacema ŵamishonale kuti ŵalute ku China, ndipo kakayowoyanga kuti ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kusambizgika kuŵa ŵadokotala. Awiske ŵakamukhorweska, ndipo nga umo ŵakacitiranga ŵana ŵanyake ku Scotland, Livingstone wakeneranga kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wake, na kuzomerezgana na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa fakitare, ndipo wakeneranga kugwira nchito yake yakale kufuma pa Isitara m'paka Okutobala. Mu 1836, wakasambira ku Anderson's University, ku Glasgow, ndipo wakasambiranga vyaumoyo na chemistry. Kweniso wakasambiranga vya cisopa na Richard Wardlaw, uyo wakalimbananga na wuzga.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=9–12}}<ref name="education">{{cite web |first1=Christopher |last1= Lawrence| editor-last =Wisnicki | editor-first =Adrian S. | editor-last2 =Ward | editor-first2 = Megan | title=Livingstone's Medical Education | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstones-medical-education |year= 2015 | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="UnivGlas">{{cite web | title = The University of Glasgow Story : David Livingstone | work = University of Glasgow | date = n.d. | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154315/https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P | archive-date = 12 July 2018 }}</ref> Kuti wanjire sukulu ya udokotala, wakakhumbikwiranga kumanya Cilatini, ndipo wakasambizgikanga na Daniel Gallagher (uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wasembe, ndipo wakambiska chalichi la St. Simon's, ku Partick). Livingstone wakalimbikiranga comene nchito, wakasambira comene vya sayansi na vya cipatala, ndipo wakasanga ŵabwezi ŵanandi, kusazgapo Andrew Buchanan na James Young.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=13–14}} Pa nyengo iyo, gulu la London Missionary Society (LMS) ndilo likaŵa likuru comene pa gulu la ŵamishonale mu caru ici. Mu Okutobala 1837 wakalembeska ku LMS, ndipo mu Janyuwale ŵakamutumira mafumbo agho wakazgora. Wakazgoreka yayi m'paka apo wakacemekera ku maungano ghaŵiri mu Ogasiti 1838. Pamanyuma pake wakapokelereka nga ni mulondezgi, ndipo wakapika masambiro ghakwambilira ku Ongar, Essex, nga ni umo ŵakambira masambiro kuti waŵe muteŵeti mu mpingo wa Congregational Union wakutumikira mu LMS, m'malo mwa masambiro ghakwambilira gha mishonale. Ku Ongar, iyo na ŵasambiri ŵanyake 6 ŵakasambiranga Cigiriki, Cilatini, Cihebere, na vya cisopa kwa Reverend Richard Cecil, uyo mu Janyuwale 1839 wakawona kuti nangauli Livingstone wakaŵa "wakujikuzga" kweniso "wakusuzga", kweni wakaŵa na "maghanoghano ghawemi, wakukhazikika, wakutemwa kusesa, kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, wakalutilira kughanaghana kuti Livingstone "wakaŵa wakunozgeka yayi" kuti wasambire vya cisopa ku Cheshunt College, ndipo wakaŵa "wakwenelera kweni wakaŵa kuti walije mahara". Mu Juni 1839 ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS ŵakazomera Livingstone, ndipo ŵakazomera pempho lake lakuti walutilire kusambira na Cecil ku Ongar mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika, ndipo pamanyuma pake LMS yikamovwira kuti wasambire vya udokotala ku London. Kuti wasambire vya chipatala, wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. Pa 16 November 1840 wakaba Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (mu 1857 wakaba Honorary Fellow of the Faculty). Pa Novembala 20, 1840, Livingstone wakimikika kuŵa muteŵeti wa mpingo, pamoza na William Ross, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale ku South Africa, mu mpingo wa Albion Chapel, ku Finsbury. Cecil na J. J. Freeman.<ref name="Albion Chapel">{{cite book | title=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle | issue=v. 19 | year=1841 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eI6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 | access-date=15 March 2022 | page=50}}</ref> ==Vision for Africa== [[File: Dance of Landeens.jpg|thumb|[[Zulu people|Zulu]] dance, at [[Chupanga|Shupanga]] on the [[Zambesi]] to collect tribute from Portuguese merchants.]] Nangauli Livingstone wakazomera pempho la Gützlaff lakuti ŵamishonale ŵapharazgike ku China, kweni cifukwa cakuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Opiyamu yikaŵa pafupi, ŵalara ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kutuma ŵanthu ku China. Wakati wapempha kuti wakakhaleko nyengo yitali ku Ongar, Cecil wakamuphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kuti iyo wagwirenge nchito ku West Indies "m'malo mwa ku South Africa". Pa Julayi 2, 1839, wakalembera kalata ŵalara ŵa LMS kuti ku West Indies kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵanandi, ndipo nyengo zose wakakhumbanga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pa charu chapasi m'malo mwa kukakhala ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Wati wazomerezgana na gulu la LMS, wakalutilira kusambira vya cisopa na Cecil mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, ndipo pamasinda wakambiraso masambiro gha udokotala. Mu Janyuwale 1840, wakati wamba masambiro ghake, wakawelera ku sukulu ya Mrs. Nyumba iyo Sewell wakakhalanga apo wakaŵa mishonale ku Aldersgate.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=19–20}} Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nyengo na nyengo ŵakizanga kucezga na mishonale Robert Moffat, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa ku England na mbumba yake kuti waŵapharazgire vya mulimo wa LMS ku Kuruman, South Africa. Livingstone wakamufumba kanandi waka vya Africa, ndipo nga umo Moffat wakalongosolera pamanyuma, wakati: "Nyengo na nyengo wakanifumbanga usange ine nkhugomezga kuti wangawovwira ku Africa. Nkhamuphalira kuti ine nkhugomezga kuti wangacita nthena, usange wangaluta ku malo ghakale yayi, kweni ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, chomenechomene ku mapiri ghakumpoto, uko nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga josi la mizi yikuruyikuru, uko kulije mishonale uyo wali kufikapo". Iyo wakakondwa na umo Moffat wakawoneranga mulimo wa umishonale kumpoto kwa Bechuanaland, kweniso nkhani ya Chikhristu na malonda. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa LMS, wakati wadumbiskana na Fowell Buxton, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti boma lilekerethu mulimo wa kupharazga, wakalemba buku la Researches in South Africa mu 1828. Fundo iyi yikakhozgeka na Livingstone apo wakaluta ku ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Exeter Hall pa Juni 1, 1840. Pa ungano uwu, Buxton wakalongosora mwakukhorweska kuti malonda gha ŵazga ku Africa ghamalenge usange ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, m'malo mwa kuguliska ŵazga, ŵangasanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku Europe kwizira mu "malonda ghaunenesko".<ref name="Vetch1893">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Livingstone, David|first=Robert Hamilton|last=Vetch|authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch|p=385|volume=33}}</ref>{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=24–25}} ===Mission stations=== Livingstone wakafumako ku London pa Novembala 17, 1840, ndipo wakaluta ku Cape of Good Hope, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ŵa LMS: Ross, uyo wakasankhika pa uteŵeti umoza na iyo, na muwoli wake. Pa ulendo utali uwu, wakasambira ciyowoyero ca Cidachi na Citswana, ndipo kapiteni wakamusambizga comene umo ŵangendeskera sitima. Mu Rio de Janeiro, mwakupambana na maboti ghanyake ghaŵiri, iyo wakafika pa mtunda ndipo wakakondwa na tchalitchi na malo agho ghakaŵa ku mtunda, kweni wakakondwa yayi na uloŵevu wa ŵantchito ŵa sitima ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku America, ntheura wakaŵagaŵira mathirakiti mu malo ghakunjilira moŵa. Pa 15 March 1841, ngaraŵa yikafika ku Simon's Bay, ndipo kwa mwezi umoza, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakhala mu msumba wa Cape Town pamoza na mfumu na muwoli wa Philip. Nga ni mulongozgi wa LMS, Philip wakalutilira na ndondomeko yawo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana pamaso pa Chiuta na dango, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe na mphindano na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boers, na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Britain. Ŵamishonale ŵakakolerana nayo yayi nkhani iyi, kweniso ŵakakolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua ndiwo ŵapharazgenge. Ŵanyake, nga ni Moffatt, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za mawoko, na ŵamishonale awo ŵakaŵikika kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=25, 33–36, 37–40}} Ngalaŵa iyi yikaluta na Livingstone na mbumba yake ku Algoa Bay, ndipo kufuma pa 19 Meyi mpaka pa 31 Julayi ŵakenda pa ngolo ya ng'ombe kuluta ku Kuruman Mission. Mbumba ya Moffat yikaŵa kuti yindawelere kufuma ku Britain, ndipo iyo wakajiŵikamo comene mu umoyo wa Ŵatswana. Kufuma mu Seputembala mpaka kuumaliro wa Disembala, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 1,210 na mishonale Roger Edwards, uyo wakaŵa ku Kuruman kwambira mu 1830. Ŵakacezgera na kudumbiskana malo ghakucemeka Mabotsa, Botswana, kufupi na Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa. Mu 1842, Livingstone wakaluta ku Africa na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, Paul na Mebalwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale. Mu Juni 1843, Edwards wakazomelezgeka na LMS kuti wakhazikiske malo gha mishoni pamoza na muwoli wake ku Mabotsa. Livingstone wakasamukira ku malo agha na kukolerana nawo, ndipo wakaŵawovwira pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Wakalembera kalata Arthur Tidman, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa LMS, kuti waŵenge wakukondwa kucemeka Mabotsa kuti "ntchigaŵa ca nchito yane", kweni waŵenge wakunozgeka "kuya kulikose, kweni kunthazi pera". Mu Janyuwale 1844, mbumba ya Moffat yikati yafika ku Mlonga wa Vaal pamoza na mbumba zinyake ziŵiri za ŵamishonale, Livingstone wakaluta kukakumana nawo, ndipo wakakhala mu ngolo ya Moffat na kuyowoya na Robert kwa maora ghanandi mu ulendo wa mazuŵa 17 panji 18 wa ku Kuruman. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti wakumane na mwana wawo Mary, uyo wakababikira na kukulira ku Africa.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=44–46, 49}}[[File:David Livingstone attacked by a lion in Africa. Lithograph. Wellcome V0018847.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deacon Mebalwe shooting, distracting the lion which had overpowered Livingstone.]] [[File:Livingstone and the Lion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Livingstone Memorial Sculpture in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland]] Pa 16 February, Mebalwe na Livingstone ŵakamba kuvikilira mberere zawo. Livingstone wakawona nkharamu yikuru, kweni apo iyo wakayeghanga katundu, nkharamu iyi yikamuwukira, yikamudinya woko lake lamazere, ndipo yikamugwaza pasi. Mebalwe wakaponoska umoyo wa nkhalamu apo wakayizguzga kuti yikome nkharamu. Nayo wakuluma. Mwanalume munyake uyo wakayezga kumugwaza na mkondo wakalasika pambere wandafwe. Nangauli Livingstone wakaphwanya chiwangwa, kweni iyo na Edwards ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo. Wakaluta ku Kuruman kuti wakachizgike, ndipo mwana wa Moffat, zina lake Mary, ndiyo wakamupweleleranga. Woko lake likachizgika, ndipo likamba kumuwuska na futi, nangauli likalutilira kumusuzga umoyo wake wose, ndipo wakatondekanga kuwuska woko lake kujumpha pa chiŵegha. Livingstone na Mary ŵakatorana pa Janyuwale 9, 1845. Livingstone wakeneranga kuleka uteŵeti wake wakwamba wa umishonale ku Mabotsa mu caru ca Botswana mu 1845 cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa iyo na Rogers Edwards, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakgatla ŵakaleka kupulikira makani ghawemi. Mu 1847, wakaleka uteŵeti wake wa ku Chonuane cifukwa ca njara, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakaŵa pafupi, ndipo wakakhumbanga "kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake". Ku Kolobeng Mission, Livingstone wakang'anamura maghanoghano gha mulongozgi Sechele mu 1849 pamanyuma pa vilimika viŵiri vya kulimbikira kumunyengelera. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, Sechele wakafwa.<ref name="Livingstone1960">{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor=Isaac Schapera|title=Livingstone's private journals, 1851–1853|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgQrAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of California Press|page=304}}</ref> ==Exploration of southern and central Africa== [[File:Map livingstone travels africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873]] Livingstone na William Cotton Oswell ŵakaluta kutali kumpoto kwa Kolobeng kuti ŵasambire ciyowoyero ca Tswana na kusanga malo ghakukhala ŵamishonale. Mu 1849 ŵakambuka mapopa gha Kalahari na kufika pa Nyanja ya Ngami. Mu 1850, Royal Geographical Society yikamuwonga ndipo yikamupa wachi wa chronometer chifukwa cha ulendo wake wa ku nyanja yikuru ya Ngami. Wakapulika za mlonga uwo ukwenera kuti ukaŵa "msewu ukuru" uwo ukafikanga ku nyanja, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1851 ŵakafika ku Zambezi, uko wakagomezganga kuti kukaŵa "kiyi wakunjilira mu vyaru vya mukati". Mu 1852, wakati watuma mbumba yake ku Britain, Livingstone wakaluta kumpoto ku muzi wa Linyanti pa mlonga wa Zambezi, uwo ukaŵa pakati pa mphepete ya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵakafika mu msumba wa Luanda ku [[Portugal]] mu Meyi 1854 pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghanandi na nyifwa iyo yikaŵa pafupi kucitika ya Livingstone. Livingstone wakamanya kuti ulendo uwu ukaŵa wakusuzga comene ku ŵamalonda ŵa munthazi, ntheura wakawelera ku Linyanti. Pamanyuma pake, pamoza na ŵanalume 114 ŵa fuko la Kololo, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na mulongozgi uyu, ŵakanyamuka kuya ku Zambezi. Pa ulendo uwu, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba ku Europe kuwona maji ghakututuka gha Mosi-oa-Tunya, agho wakathya zina lakuti Victoria Falls, mu zina la Fumukazi Victoria. Paumaliro wakafika ku Quelimane pa Nyanja ya India, ndipo wakapanga mapu gha nthowa ya mu mlonga wa Zambezi.{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | pp=126, 147–8}}<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> Pa cifukwa ici, Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kujumpha mu caru ca Africa pa mtunda uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti "wakajura" caru ca Africa, kweni pakaŵa kale nthowa zinandi za malonda. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakanjira mu caru ca Africa kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, mu 1853 na 1854 ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arabia ŵakambukira ku Zanzibar kuluta ku Benguela, ndipo ca m'ma 1800 ŵamalonda ŵa ku Angola ŵakambukira ku [[Mozambique]].{{sfn|Jeal|1973b|p=159}} [[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Livingstone preaching the gospel to unconverted Africans. Like other missionaries of the era he had a low success rate and is credited with a single conversion.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b}}]] Livingstone wakakhumbanga kuti ku Central Africa kuŵe malonda na visopa, kweni wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito na Ŵaphwitikizi ŵa ku Tete na Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Kilwa. Mazgu ghake agho ghakalembeka pa chikhwangwani chake ku Victoria Falls ghakaŵa "Chikhristu, Malonda na Civilization", ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ghazamuzgora malonda gha ŵazga na kupeleka ntchindi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakagomezganga kuti nthowa yakufiskira vilato ivi yikaŵa yakuti Mlonga wa Zambezi uŵe nthowa yikuru yakwendeskera malonda gha Ŵakhristu mu vyaru vya mukati.<ref name="Holmes1996">{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Tim |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-86872-012-5|chapter=The History}}</ref> ===Author and campaigner=== Wakawelera ku Britain mu Disembala 1856. Mu 1855, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa nkhombo ya Patron's Medal cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita ku Africa. Wati wacicizgika na wupu wa London Missionary Society, wakalemba buku lake lakucemeka kuti Missionary Travels, ilo mu 1857 likalembeka na John Murray. Buku ili likaŵa la malonda comene. Buku ili likaŵa na nkhani za sayansi, ndipo likalongosoranga makora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wakayowoya kuti mauteŵeti gha umishonale na "malonda gha pamtunda" pa mlonga wa pakati pa Africa vizamumazga malonda gha ŵazga.<ref name="Life & Expeditions">{{cite web |first1=Adrian S. |last1=Wisnicki |first2= Megan |last2=Ward | title=Livingstone's Life & Expeditions | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions |year=2015| access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn | Livingstone | 1857 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n122 92], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n740 679–680, 683]}} [[File:Gang of Captives at Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Slave traders and their captives bound in chains and collared with 'taming sticks'. From Livingstone's ''Narrative'']] Livingstone wakakhozgeka comene na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitira na ivyo wakasanga, kweniso ŵakamovwira kuti wacitenge maulendo ghanyake. Wakayowoya kuti wakambenge kupenjerezga malo ghanyake, kuti wasange nthowa za malonda izo wakagomezganga kuti zingatora malo gha malonda gha ŵazga, m'malo mwa kupenja nthowa za umishonale. Wupu wa London Missionary Society (LMS) ukati wamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita, ukamutumira kalata, iyo Livingstone wakapokera ku Quelimane, na kumuwonga cifukwa ca ulendo wake, kweni ukati ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu uwu "ŵakakanizgika kovwira kuti mulimo wa kupharazga makani ghawemi ufike patali". Wakakana kuti ŵambe kuzenga misasa yinyake kumpoto kwa Zambezi, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti Zambezi yiŵe nthowa yakwendeskera malonda mu vyaru vinyake, kweni wakakhumba yayi kuleka LMS nyengo yeneyiyo. Apo Roderick Murchison, pulezidenti wa Royal Geographical Society, wakadumbiskana nayo na nduna ya vya caru, Livingstone wakayowoyapo cilicose yayi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS, nanga ni apo cikawonekanga kuti boma ndilo lizamugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakwendeska ulendo wa ku Zambezi. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Nindamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Boma, kweni nkhumanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Sosaite (LMS)". Mu 1857, Livingstone wakafumapo pa gulu la London Missionary Society, ndipo mu Meyi wa cilimika ici, wakimikika kuŵa mulara wa boma la ku Mozambique. Mu Febuluwale 1858, boma likati malo agho wakenera kulamulira ni "mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Africa". Apo wakadumbiskananga na boma kuti waŵe Konsolo, ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wawelerenge ku Africa na ulendo wawo wa ku Kololo ku Barotseland, uko Livingstone wakawovwira. Paumaliro, mishonale yumoza, muwoli wake, muwoli wa mishonale munyake, na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakafwa na maleriya. Livingstone wakakumana na viyezgo vinandi pa ulendo wake wakwamba, kweni wakapulikiska yayi masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho, ndipo wakajumphizga kughanaghanira za caru ico ŵakasangako, ntheura ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakaluta ku malo gha mathipa uku ŵakaŵa na cakurya cambura kukwana ca quinine. Munthu munyake wakulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu zina lake Tim Jeal, wakawona kuti nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti Livingstone wakatondeka kucita makora vinthu vinyake, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo zose wakaŵikanga vilato vyake na ntchito yake pakwamba kuluska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa nyengo iyi Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti wayowoyenge nkhani pa wumba, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mu Royal Society. Wakapokera ndalama zinandi ku boma kuti wawovwire pa ulendo wake wakulondezgapo. Kweniso boma likamupa ndalama zakukwana £5,000 kuti wawone umo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain ŵangagwilira nchito pa Mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> ===Zambezi expedition===<!-- This section is linked from [[Zambezi]] --> Mu Disembala 1857, ofesi ya munthavi yikanozga kuti yilute na gulu likuru. Mu Janyuwale 1858 wakazomera kulongozga ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Zambezi pamoza na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi na yumoza. Boti lakucemeka Ma Robert likapangika mwaluŵiro ndipo likanyamulika mu boti la Colonial Office la Pearl, ilo likaluta nalo ku Ceylon. Ŵakafumako pa 10 March, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Freetown na kutora ŵanthu 12 ŵa mtundu wa Kru kuti ŵakateŵetere pa sitima ya pa mlonga, ndipo ŵakafika pa Zambezi pa 14 May. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ngalaŵa zose ziŵiri ziŵawovwire kuti ŵende mu mlonga na kukhazikapo malo, kweni pakaŵa pakusuzga kuti ngalaŵa zijumphemo para zajumpha mu Cahora Bassa rapids. Pearl wakataya katundu wawo pa cirwa ico cikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 64 kufuma uko kukaŵa boti ili. Kufuma pa malo agha, Ma Robert wakendanga mwakuzizima, ndipo ŵakamuguzira mu maji ghanandi. Mlonga uwu ukaŵa malo gha nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal na ŵazga ŵawo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na Ŵachikunda ŵa ku Matakenya (Mariano) awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga, kweni wose ŵaŵiri ŵakazomera kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=129–138}}<ref name="Popular Account I">{{cite wikisource|chapter=CHAPTER I|wslink=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries|plaintitle=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries| last=Livingstone|first=David|year= 1894 |publisher=John Murray|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>[[File:MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The grave of Livingstone’s wife, [[Mary Moffat Livingstone]], in [[Chupanga]], Mozambique. She died in 1862.]] Ŵasayansi ŵara ŵakati ŵakhala waka ku Shupanga, ŵakamanya yayi umo vinthu vikwenera kucitikira, ntheura ŵakakolerana yayi. Thomas Baines, uyo wakaŵa citatata, ŵakamuwuskamo mu gulu ili. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku Nyanja ya Nyasa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Nyanja iyi, ndipo ŵakenda pa sitima zinayi. Mu 1861, ofesi ya Colonial yikatumizga boti la nkhuni lakucemeka Pioneer, ilo likanyamura gulu la University Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) ilo likalongozgekanga na Bishop Charles MacKenzie. Livingstone wakawunjika ndalama kuti wapange ngalaŵa yinyake, ya Lady Nyasa, iyo yikanozgeka kuti yende pa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Buku ili likatumizgika mu vigaŵa-vigaŵa, mwakupambana na ivyo wakapempha, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake, kusazgapo Mary Livingstone, ndipo ŵakafika mu 1862. Ngalaŵa ya Pioneer yikacedwa kufika pa mtunda kuti yikakumane nawo, ndipo yikacedwa comene cifukwa cakuti yikamanya kuti Bishopu wafwa. Mary Livingstone wakafwa pa 27 Epulero 1862 cifukwa ca maleriya. Livingstone wakatora sitima ya Pioneer na kuluta ku mtunda na kukawona Mlonga wa Ruvuma, ndipo dokotala John Kirk wakalemba kuti: "Nkhuwona kuti Dr. Livingstone wali na maghanoghano ghaheni ndipo ni mulongozgi wakofya comene". Apo ŵapayiniya ŵakaweleranga ku Shupanga mu Disembala 1862, ŵakaŵalipira (mu salu) "ŵanalume ŵa Mazaro" awo ŵakafumapo na kusanga ŵanyake. Pa 10 Janyuwale 1863 ŵakanyamuka, ŵakaguzanga Lady Nyasa, ndipo ŵakakwelera mu Mlonga wa Shire uko kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaparanyika apo Mariano wakambanga kupenja ŵazga ku Chikunda, ivyo vikapangiska njara. Ŵakafika ku Chibisa na ku Murchison Cataracts mu Epulero, ndipo ŵakamba kuwuskapo Nyanakazi Nyasa na kuzenga msewu uwo ukajumphanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nyanja iyi.{{sfn | Livingstone | Livingstone | 1866 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog/page/n509/mode/2up 472–475]}}{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=180–182}} Mu 1864 wakanyamura ngalaŵa izi mu mlonga pamanyuma pakuti boma lazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kuluta. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyuzipepara ŵakayowoya kuti ulendo wa ku Zambezi watondeka, ndipo Livingstone vikamusuzga kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera ulendo wake wa ku Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, na Richard Thornton, ŵasayansi awo ŵakasankhika na Livingstone kuti ŵacite mulimo uwu, ŵakapeleka vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na vyakumera, vinyama, na ŵanthu ku masukulu gha ŵasayansi ku United Kingdom. ===Nile River=== Mu Janyuwale 1866, Livingstone wakawelera ku Africa, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Zanzibar, ndipo kufuma ku malo agha wakamba kupenja uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, na Samuel Baker ŵakayowoya kuti Nyanja ya Albert panji Nyanja ya Victoria ndiyo yikafuma maji agha. (Ivyo vikaŵa vyaunenesko nadi, cifukwa Nile "yikuphulika kufuma pasi pa mapiri gha ku Burundi pakati pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Nyanja ya Victoria"), kweni pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani iyi. Livingstone wakagomezganga kuti cisimi ici cikaŵa kumwera ndipo wakasora gulu la ŵazga awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros, na ŵateŵeti ŵaŵiri ŵa pa ulendo wake wakwamba, Chuma na Susi. [[File:Livingstone House, Mikindani, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.]] Livingstone wakamba ulendo wake kufuma pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Ruvuma, kweni pacoko na pacoko awo ŵakamovwiranga ŵakamba kumuleka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros ŵakawelera ku Zanzibar ndipo ŵakaphalira ŵalara ŵa boma kuti Livingstone wafwa. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Malawi pa 6 Ogasiti, ndipo pa nyengo iyi vinthu vyake vinandi vikaŵa kuti vyibika, kusazgapo munkhwala wake wose. Kufuma apo, Livingstone wakaluta ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ndipo umoyo wake ukaŵa pa ngozi. Wakatuma uthenga ku Zanzibar kupempha kuti ŵatumizge vinthu ku Ujiji ndipo wakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi, chifukwa cha ulwari. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Mweru pa 8 November 1867 ndipo wakalutizga ulendo wake, wakaluta kumwera kukaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Nyanja ya Bangweulu. Wakati wasanga mlonga wa Lualaba, Livingstone wakaghanaghana kuti ungaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nile, kweni wakamanya kuti mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo muli Nyanja ya Upper Congo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Livingstone |first1=David |title=Personal Letter to J. Kirk or R. Playfair |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |website=David Livingstone Online |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195004/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Caka ca 1869 cikamba apo Livingstone wakalwara comene apo wakaŵa mu nkhorongo. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakamuponoska, ŵakamupa munkhwala na kuluta nayo ku malo gha Ŵaarabu. Mu Malici 1869, Livingstone wakalwara nthenda ya chibungu ndipo wakati wafika ku Ujiji, wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵabiba katundu wake. Wakapwetekeka na cholera ndipo malundi ghake ghakaŵa na vilonda, ntheura wakeneranga kugomezga ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga kuti ŵamufikiske ku Bambara, uko nyengo ya vula yikamukora. Pakuti wakaŵaje cakurya, Livingstone wakaryanga mu cipinda ico ŵakakakilira vingwe kuti ŵakondweske ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Julayi 15, 1871, Livingstone wakalemba ivyo wakawona apo Ŵaarabu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku msika wa Nyangwe, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Lualaba. Ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca kupanikizgira ici cikaŵa kuwezgera pa ivyo wakacita Manilla, uyo wakaŵa muzga uyo wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mohombo cifukwa ca kulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa mtundu wa Wagenya, Kimburu. Ŵaarabu ŵakawukira ŵamalonda na ŵanthu ŵa Kimburu. Ŵasayansi ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, awo ŵakawona ivyo vikaŵa mu diary ya Livingstone ŵakayowoya kuti apo wakalembanga ivyo vikaŵa mu diary yake, wakaleka kughanaghanira vya ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanyake, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Banyan, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na John Kirk, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma ku Zanzibar, ndipo wakatumika kuti wakaponoske Livingstone. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakaŵafwatura ndipo ŵakasazgikako ku gulu lake, kweni ŵakalongora nkhaza ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha mwakupambana na ulongozgi wake, ndipo wakafipanga mtima kuti panji ndiwo ŵakambiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Mu diary yake wakalemba kuti "ŵanalume ŵa Dugumbe ŵakakoma Kimburu na munyake kuti ŵaŵe ŵazga" ndipo wakalongosora kuti ŵazga ŵa Manilla ndiwo ŵakalongozganga, kweni pakuwona ivyo vikacitika, wakati ŵanthu ŵa Dugumbé ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mulandu, ndipo ŵakamba mulandu uwu kuti ŵaŵe ciyelezgero ciwemi ku Manilla. Mu diary yake wakalongosora kuti wakatuma ŵanalume ŵake na ndembera kuti ŵawovwire munung'una wa Manilla. Baibolo ilo Waller wakalemba mu "Last Journals", ilo likalembeka mu 1874, likulongosora yayi ivyo Livingstone wakayowoya vyakukhwaskana na Kirk na nkharo yiheni ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Banyan awo ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo likulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi ŵakakhalira pakwamba apo ŵakalimbana na ŵazga ŵa Ŵaarabu. Cigaŵa ico cikulongosora vya kukoma ŵanthu cikaŵa na mazgu ghacoko waka. Kupenjerezga ivyo vikalembeka mu dayare kukulutilira.<ref name="cbsn_Rese">{{Cite web |title=Researchers now presume that Dr Livingstone lied |work=CBS News |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/researchers-now-presume-that-dr-livingstone-lied/ }}</ref><ref name="livingstoneonline.org">{{Cite web |last=Wisnicki |first=Adrian S. |date=2011 |title=Livingstone in 1871 |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/livingstone-in-1871 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=livingstoneonline.org}}</ref> Livingstone wakatenthema comene na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo wakalutilira yayi kupenja maji gha mu Nile. Nyengo ya vula yikati yamara, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 390 kufuma ku Nyangwe kuwelera ku Ujiji, malo gha Ŵaarabu agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. ===Geographical discoveries=== Nangauli Livingstone wakananga pakuyowoya za Nile, kweni wakasora malo ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵasayansi ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni Nyanja ya Ngami, Nyanja ya Malawi, na Nyanja ya Bangweulu, kusazgapo Victoria Falls iyo yazunulika kale. Wakalongosora makora umo Nyanja ya Tanganyika, Nyanja ya Mweru, na nthowa ya milonga yinandi, comenecomene ya Zambezi, ndipo ivyo wakawona vikawovwira kuti vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kumanyikwa vilembeke. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni wakafika yayi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa Equator, ndipo wakafika yayi ku nkhorongo za mu Mlonga wa Congo uko kukaŵa kufupi na Msumba wa Ntangwe, kufupi na Misisi. Livingstone wakapika mendulo ya golide ya Royal Geographical Society of London, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu ili umoyo wake wose.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /> ==Stanley meeting== [[File:Omani Empire 2.png|thumb|Livingstone's meeting with Stanley took place at [[Ujiji]], an Arab trading post under the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]], marked in pink at the bottom left of this map.]] [[File:Henry Morton Stanley meeting David Livingstone at Ujiji, in Wellcome V0006855.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone]] [[File:Livingstone Memorial, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Livingstone Memorial in [[Ujiji]], Tanzania]] Kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Livingstone wakaleka kucezga na ŵanthu ndipo vilimika vinayi vyaumaliro wa umoyo wake, wakaŵa mulwari comene. Pa makalata 44 agho wakatuma, limoza pera ndilo likafika ku Zanzibar. Kalata yimoza iyo yikalembeka na Horace Waller, yikavumbukwa na Peter Beard mu 2010. Likuti: "Nili na nthumbo yikuru, kweni iyi njinu pera... Nkhukayika usange nizamukuwonaso".<ref>{{cite news|title=David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2010|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ ''Livingstone's Letter from Bambarre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ |date=5 July 2010 }}, emelibrary.org; accessed 4 July 2010.</ref> Mu 1869, nyuzipepara ya New York Herald yikatuma Henry Morton Stanley kuti wamupenje. Wakamusanga Livingstone mu tawuni ya Ujiji pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika pa Novembala 10, 1871. Livingstone, nkhugomezga?" Livingstone wakazgora kuti, "Enya", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nkhuwonga comene kuti nili pano kuti nimupokelerani". Mazgu ghakumanyikwa agha ghangaŵa ghakupangika waka, cifukwa pamasinda Stanley wakalemba mu diary yake ivyo vikacitika. Nanga ni nkhani ya Livingstone ya umo wakakumana na ŵanthu aŵa yikuzunurapo yayi mazgu agha. Kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika mu nyuzipepara ya New York Herald ya Ogasiti 10, 1872, ndipo mabuku gha Encyclopædia Britannica na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ghakuzunura mazgu agha kwambura kukayika. Mazgu agha ghakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ghakulongora kuti Livingstone wakaŵa yekha muzungu uyo wakaŵapo pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi, kweniso cifukwa cakuti Stanley wakayezgayezga kuti wawoneke wakucindikika mu nkhorongo ya mu Africa mwa kuyowoya mazgu agho munthu wangaghanaghananga kuti wangapulika mu kilabu ya ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ku London. Ndipouli, awo ŵakaŵazganga nyuzipepara iyi ŵakawona kuti Stanley wakuneneska yayi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Stanley, zina lake Tim Jeal, wakati umoyo wake wose Stanley wakalimbananga na suzgo lakuti wakaŵa mukavu. Buku la Stanley likulongora kuti mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakufuma ku soni, cifukwa wakakhumba yayi kukumbatira Livingstone. Nangauli Stanley wakamuchiskanga, kweni Livingstone wakaŵikapo mtima kuti waleke kuwukapo mu Africa m'paka wamalizge mulimo wake. Ulwari wake ukamupangiska kuti watimbanizgike maghanoghano ndipo wakasuzgikanga kusankha vinthu paumaliro wa umoyo wake. Wakenda mu mlonga wa Lualaba, ndipo wakati watondeka kusanga nthowa yakunjilira mu mlonga wa Nile, wakawelera ku Nyanja ya Bangweulu na malo ghake kuti wakawone umo mlonga uwo ukendanga kumpoto ukuyendera.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}} ==Christianity and Sechele== Livingstone wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mishonale mulara comene mu Africa", ndipouli, pali kulembeka kuti wakang'anamura mtima munthu yumoza pera wa ku Africa: Sechele, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena ŵa ku Botswana (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena mba Sotho-Tswana, awo ŵakusangika mu South Africa, Lesotho, na Botswana mu magulu ghose ghatatu gha ciyowoyero ca Sotho-Tswana). Sechele wakababika mu 1812. Adada ŵake ŵakafwa apo Sechele wakaŵa na vilimika 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri mwa ŵadumbu ŵake ŵakagaŵana fuko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Sechele wafumeko ku nyumba yake kwa vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi. Sechele wakati wawelera, wakatora cigaŵa ca fuko la sekuru wake, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ndipo wakakumana na Livingstone. Livingstone wakamba kutemwa chomene Sechele, chomenechomene umo wakaŵazgiranga. Pakuti Sechele wakasambiranga luŵiro, wakasambira alufabeti mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri ndipo mwaluŵiro wakamba kuyowoya Cingelezi. Wakati wasambizga ŵanakazi ŵake luso ulu, wakalemba Baibolo mu ciyowoyero cake. Livingstone wakamanyikwanga mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa kuti wakacindikanga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo mafuko agho wakaluta nagho ghakamucindikanga na cipulikano ndiposo kugomezgeka. Ndipouli, wakatondeka kuzgora ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili kuti ŵaŵe Ŵakhristu. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti, Sechele, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa fuko la ku Africa, wakakondwa yayi na fundo yakuti Livingstone wangapempha yayi vula kwa Ciuta wake nga ni umo awo ŵakapanganga vula ŵakacitiranga, ŵeneawo ŵakatenge ŵangacita. Livingstone wakadandawura kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo wakabapatiza Sechele na kumuzomerezga kuti waŵe muteŵeti wa chalichi. Sono Sechele wakaŵa mu chalichi, kweni wakalutilira kucita vinthu kuyana na mitheto yake ya ku Africa, iyo yikaŵa yakupambana na visambizgo vya Livingstone.:20 Sechele wakaŵa wakupambana yayi na ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵa fuko lake pa nkhani ya kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na ŵawoli ŵankhondi, kusazgapo MmaKgari (kufuma ku lizgu la Citswana ilo likung'anamura "anyina ŵa Kgari"), Mokgokong na Masebele. Wakati walekana na ŵanakazi aŵa, Livingstone wakaŵabatizga wose ndipo vyose vikenda makora. Ndipouli, pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵake wakale wakaŵa na nthumbo, ndipo mwana wakababika na Sechele. Sechele wakapempha Livingstone kuti waleke kumugongoweska cifukwa cipulikano cake cikaŵa kuti citali, kweni Livingstone wakafumamo mu caru ici na kuluta kumpoto kuti walutilire kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Template:Mapeji ghakukhumbikwa Livingstone wakati wafumako ku fuko la Kwena, Sechele wakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Cikhristu ndipo wakalongozganga ŵamishonale ku mafuko gha pafupi na kuzgora pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa fuko la Kwena kuŵa Ŵakristu. Neil Parsons wa ku Yunivesite ya ku Botswana wakati, Sechele "wakacita vinandi pakuthandazga Cikristu kumwera kwa Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 kuluska mishonale waliyose wa ku Europe". Nangauli Sechele wakajicemanga kuti ni Mkhristu, kweni ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. Mulongozgi wa fuko la Kwena wakakhumbanga kuti vula yilokwe, kweniso wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵe na ŵanakazi ŵanandi.<ref name="Tomkins2013a">{{cite web |last=Tomkins |first=Stephen |date=19 March 2013 |title=The African chief converted to Christianity by Dr Livingstone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21807368 |access-date=2018-07-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref> ==Death== [[File:David Livingstone Medal (p.60) - Copy.jpg|thumb|David Livingstone Medal<ref name="LMS1890">{{cite journal|title=A Livingstone Medal|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=February 1890 |url=https://archive.org/stream/chroniclelondon00unkngoog#page/n104/mode/2up/search/livingstone+medal|first=Allen|last=Wyon|page=60|location=London}}</ref>]] Livingstone wakafwa pa 1 May 1873 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 60 mu muzi wa Chitambo ku Chipundu, kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Bangweulu, mu Zambia lero, chifukwa cha maleriya na kuthika ndopa mukati chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo. Wakalongozgeka na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakugomezgeka, Chuma na Susi, ndipo gulu lake likanozga vyakusunkhizga nyifwa. Ŵakafumiskamo mtima wake na kuwusunga musi mwa khuni ilo likaŵa pafupi na malo agho wakafwira. Ŵanthu ŵakuti khuni ili ni mvula panji baobab, kweni likwenera kuti ni mpundu, chifukwa awo ŵakukhala pasi pa khuni ili mbachoko chomene kweniso ŵali mu malo ghambura maji.<ref name="WickensLowe2008">{{cite book|last1=Wickens|first1=G. E. |last2= Lowe |first2=P.|title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYq6NAEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2|page=33}}</ref>{{sfn|Dugard|2014|p=147}} Pa malo agha, agho sono ghakucemeka kuti Livingstone Memorial, pali kulembeka kuti wakafwa pa 4 May, zuŵa ilo Chuma na Susi ŵakayowoya (ndipo ŵakalilemba mu khuni); kweni mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti zuŵa lakwamba la Meyi ndilo likaŵa zuŵa leneko ilo Livingstone wakalemberanga ivyo wakalemba. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chuma na Susi, ŵakanyamura thupi lake, pamoza na buku lake lakulongosora umoyo wake na katundu wake, ndipo ŵakenda ulendo wa mazuŵa 63 kuluta ku Bagamoyo, tawuni iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja, mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 1,600. Ŵakafika ku Ujiji mu Febuluwale 1874, uko ŵakasanga mapepara gha Livingstone na kughapeleka ku England. Ŵalondezgi 79 ŵakamalizga ulendo uwu, ndipo ŵanalume aŵa ŵakapokera malipiro ghawo, ndipo viwangwa vya Livingstone vikaweleraso ku Britain kuti ŵakasunge. Mu London, thupi lake likagona pa No.1 Savile Row, uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa likuru la Royal Geographical Society, pambere ŵandamuŵike ku Westminster Abbey.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|title=On Savile Row|author=G. Bruce Boyer|magazine=Cigar Aficionado|date=Summer 1996|access-date=21 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817001808/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/david-livingstone|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Westminster Abbey}}</ref> ==Livingstone and slavery== [[File:The Slave Gang (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|Arab slave traders and their captives]] {{blockquote|Ndipo usange ivyo nasanga vyakukhwaskana na wuzga wa ku Ujijian vikovwira kuti malonda gha ŵazga ghaleke kucitika ku East Coast, niwonenge kuti nkhani iyi njakuzirwa comene kuluska kusanga maji ghose gha mu Nile.|Livingstone mu kalata iyo wakalembera mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya New York Herald<ref name="Stanley1872">{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|author-link=Henry Morton Stanley |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving01stangoog|year=1872|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong & Company}}</ref>}} Apo wakayowoyanga za malonda gha ŵazga ku East Africa mu nyuzipepara yake: {{blockquote|Ntchambura macitiko kuti uheni wake uleke kuŵa na nkhongono.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=442}} }} Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the [[African Great Lakes]] region when he was travelling there in 1866: {{blockquote|Tikawona muzga mwanakazi uyo ŵakamukoma na futi panji kumudinya ndipo wakaŵa mu nthowa. Gulu la ŵanalume likimilira patali, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanakazi likawoneleranga. Ŵakati Muarabu munyake uyo wakajumphapo mulenjilenji zuŵa lira, wakachita nthena chifukwa cha ukali chifukwa cha kutaya ndalama izo ŵakamulipira, chifukwa chakuti mwanakazi uyu wakatondekanga kwenda. 27 Juni 1866 - Lero tikakumana na munthu uyo wakafwa na njara, cifukwa wakaŵa wakunyotwa comene. Yumoza wa ŵanalume ŵithu wakendendendeka ndipo wakasanga ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na ndodo za wuzga, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵaleka cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya. Ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kuyowoya panji kuyowoya uko ŵakafuma; ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=62}}}} He also described: {{blockquote|Nthenda yiheni comene iyo nili kuyiwonapo mu caru ici yikuwoneka kuti ni mtima wakuphyoka, ndipo yikuwukira ŵanalume ŵanangwa awo ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga... Ŵanalume 21 ŵakafwatuka, kweni wose ŵakacimbira nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanandi 8 ŵakakakika, ndipo ŵakafwa mu mazuŵa ghatatu ŵati ŵambuka. Iwo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakasuzgikanga waka mu mtima, ndipo ŵakaŵika woko pa malo ghakwenelera, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti woko ili lili mu chiwangwa cha pa nganga.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=352}} }} Makalata gha Livingstone, mabuku ghake, na magazini ghake ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakane wuzga, kweni wakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, awo wakakhumbanga kuŵawuskapo. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wambura nkharo pakati pa ŵanyake, ndipo pa ulendo wake waumaliro wakaluta nga ni munthu uyo wakwenda yekha, na ŵateŵeti na awo ŵakamunyamulira katundu, kweni wakaŵavya wovwiri wa nkhwantha. Kweniso wakakhumbanga yayi kulondezga nthowa za ŵanthu ŵankhaza nga ni Stanley, kuti waŵavikilire ŵantchito ŵake na katundu wake. Pa vifukwa ivi, wakazomera kovwirika na kupokelereka kufuma mu 1867 na Mohamad Bogharib na Mohamad bin Saleh (wakumanyikwaso kuti "Mpamari"), ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, nga umo wakalongosolera mu mabuku ghake. Iwo nawo ŵakasanga candulo cifukwa cakuti Livingstone wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti Mpamari wafumiskike mu wuzga wa Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone wakakwiya comene wakati wamanya kuti ŵanji mwa awo ŵakatumizgikanga kufuma ku Ujiji ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kweni maukaboni gha Livingstone ghakukhwaskana na ŵazga ŵakughakayikira comene.<ref name="TeelockPeerthum2017">{{cite book|last1=Teelock|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Peerthum|first2=Satyendra|title=Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iXUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2017|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=978-2-86978-680-6|pages=47–}}</ref><ref name="Rijpma2015">{{cite book|last=Rijpma|first=Sjoerd |title=David Livingstone and the Myth of African Poverty and Disease: A Close Examination of his Writing on the Pre-colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jj8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29373-1|pages=161–}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Legacy== Ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1860, Livingstone wakaŵa na lumbiri luheni ku Europe cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa ulendo wake wa ku Zambezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamugomezganga yayi pa nkhani ya uko kukufuma Mlonga wa Nile. Ulendo wake ukaŵa wakulongozgeka makora yayi. Stanley na nyuzipepara yake ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe na lumbiri luwemi, kweniso ŵateŵeti ŵa Livingstone ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe wakugomezgeka. Kulembeka kwa buku lake laumaliro kukavumbura kuti wakaŵa wakukhwima mtima nangauli wakasuzgikanga. Mu 1860, pa pempho lake, ŵakambiska sukulu ya University's Mission to Central Africa. Ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵakuzirwa, nga ni Mulongozgi Stirling na Miss Annie Allen, ŵakamba kuteŵetera gulu ili. Gulu ili na ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya udokotala ŵakamba kovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Livingstone wakabowozga vinthu vinyake vya ku Europe. Wakaciska ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito, awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, na ŵamishonale. Wakajulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Central Africa kuti ŵamishonale ŵambe kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na kuŵapwelelera, kweniso wakambiska kampani ya African Lakes Company. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamucindikanga comene, ndipo zina lake likawovwira kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵaboma ŵa ku Britain.<ref name="Blaikie1880" />[[File:David Livingstone statue, Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|Livingstone statue]], Edinburgh by [[Amelia Robertson Hill]]]] Ici cikapangiska kuti pamasinda pa vilimika 50 kufuma apo wakafwira, mu Africa muŵe ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵazungu ŵakaciskika kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ivyo Livingstone wakaghanaghananga kuti "makoloni" ghaŵenge nga ni umo ise tikughanaghanira sono ni ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yayi, kweni vikaya vya Ŵakhristu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵaŵawovwire kusanga nthowa za umoyo zambura wuzga. Livingstone wakaŵa yumoza wa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakatemwanga kupharazga makani ghawemi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora ku Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, gulu ili likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Britain ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nyumba ya David Livingstone ku Blantyre yili mu nyumba iyo wakababikiramo, ndipo yili pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba iyo wakagwirangamo ntchito. Cipulikano cake ca Cikhristu cikulongoreka mu buku lake, umo muli mazgu ghakuti: "Nkhukhumba cara kuŵa na cinthu cilicose ico nili naco panji ico ningaŵa naco, kweni ico cikukolerana na ufumu wa Khristu. Usange cinthu cinyake cingawovwira kuti vinthu vya Ufumu viŵe makora, cipelekekenge panji kusungika, kweni para nkhupeleka panji kusungika, ndikuti nkhukhozga ucindami wa Uyo nkhugomezga kuti wazamuniponoska kwamuyirayira". Alvyn Austin mu 1997 wakati:<ref>Alvyn Austin, "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp 10-19.</ref><blockquote>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Livingstone wakalongosoreka kuti ni munthu yumoza pera uyo wakazgoka Mkhristu, kweni pamasinda wakawelera nyuma. Wakenda mu vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafikako yayi. Wakathaska ŵazga ŵachoko waka. Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi apo mazina gha vyaru ghakuzgoreka na vithuzithuzi vikubwangandulika, Livingstone wandafwe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mazuŵa ghano ŵakutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, nga ni Cecil Rhodes, kweni Livingstone wakalutilira kuŵa munthu wacikanga. Kwa nyengo yitali, Rhodesia wali kuleka kuzunura zina lake, kweni mu misumba ya Livingstone (Zambia) na Livingstonia (Malawi) zina la munthu uyu likulutilira kumanyikwa.</blockquote> Mu 2002, David Livingstone wakasankhika kuŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 100 ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵa ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=The Top 100 Great Britons |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |url-status=dead | work = BBC | date= 2002|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Family life== [[File:David Livingstone by Frederick Havill.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of David Livingstone by [[Frederick Havill]]]] Nangauli Livingstone wakawovwira comene kuti ufumu wa Britain uthande, kweni mbumba yake yikakhwaskika comene. Ŵana ŵake ŵakakura kwambura awiskewo, ndipo muwoli wake Mary (mwana wa Mary na Robert Moffat), uyo wakatorana nayo mu 1845, wakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene, ndipo wakafwa na maleriya pa 27 Epulero 1862. Wakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: # Robert died while serving in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]];<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=716469|pages=250–252|last1=Chirgwin|first1=A. M.|title=New Light on Robert Livingstone|volume=33|issue=132|journal=Journal of the Royal African Society|year=1934}}</ref> He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the [[3rd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry|3rd New Hampshire Volunteers]]. Robert ended up being captured by the [[Confederate States Army]] and died at the [[Salisbury National Cemetery|Salisbury prison camp]] in [[Rowan County, North Carolina]],<ref name="Murray2011">{{cite web | title = Rupert Vincent, I Presume? | last = Murray | first = John | work = Crossfire |issue=96|date=August 2011 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.acwrt.org.uk/uk-heritage_The-Search-for-Robert-Livingstone.asp }}</ref> which has since been termed, "North Carolina's [[Andersonville Prison|Andersonville]]."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joel R. Stegall|date=2018-09-13|title=Salisbury Prison: North Carolina's Andersonville|url=https://nccivilwarcenter.org/salisbury-prison-north-carolinas-andersonville/|access-date=2023-02-07|website=North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center|language=en-US}}</ref> # Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=384}}) # Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from [[Schistosomiasis|bilharzia]], a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}} # Elizabeth (who died at two months) # William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}}) # Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939) Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steven Wilson|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm|title=Livingstone Descendants|publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.<ref name="Ferguson2002">{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson|title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02329-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/158 158]}}</ref> ==Archives== Ivyo vikalembeka mu mabuku gha David Livingstone vikusungikira mu ofesi ya University of Glasgow (GUAS). Pa Novembala 11, 2011, buku la Livingstone la 1871 Field Diary, pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakalembeka na David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora ivyo vikacitika apo Livingstone wakaŵa mishonale wa London Missionary Society (nga ni mapu gha ku South-East Africa) ghali mu malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale gha School of Oriental and African Studies. Mabuku gha pa Intaneti agho ghakukolerana na vinthu ivi na vinyake, ghakusangika na ŵanthu wose kwizira mu pulogiramu ya Livingstone Online ya pa Yunivesite ya Nebraska-Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|title=Scottish explorer David Livingstone's writings, drawings now available through online archive|date=2015-06-24|website=Life at OSU|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063211/https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/about-this-site/livingstone-online-introduction|title=Livingstone Online: An Introduction {{!}} Livingstone Online|website=www.livingstoneonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref> ==Place names and other memorials== [[File:Portrait of David Livingstone (4671614).jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Livingstone in later life]] ===Africa=== '''Botswana''' *Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of [[Gaborone|Gaborone, Botswana]] * There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the [[Kolobeng Mission]], 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana. * Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. '''Burundi''' The [[Livingstone–Stanley Monument]] in [[Mugere]] (present-day [[Burundi]]) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. '''Congo''' *[[Livingstone Falls]] on the River Congo, named by Stanley. * The [[Livingstone Inland Mission]], a Baptist mission to the [[Central Africa]] 1877–1884, located in present-day [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. '''Ghana''' * Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). '''Kenya''' * Dr Livingstone Primary School in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. * Livingstone house, Alliance Highschool in [[Kiambu]], Kenya. [[File:David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Zimbabwe|David Livingstone statue]] at [[Victoria Falls]], the first statue on the Zimbabwean side]]'''Malawi''' *The town of [[Livingstonia, Malawi]]. * The city of [[Blantyre, Malawi]] is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial. * The ''David Livingstone Scholarships'' for students at the [[University of Malawi]], funded through [[Strathclyde University]], Scotland. * The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in [[Lilongwe]], Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone Clinic - University of Strathclyde |url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/malawi/projects/davidlivingstoneclinic}}</ref> * The [[Kipengere Range]] in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of [[Lake Malawi]] is also called the Livingstone Mountains. '''Namibia''' * David Livingstone Museum in [[Sangwali]], north-eastern [[Namibia]]. Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north. '''South Africa''' * David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa. * Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. '''Tanzania''' *A memorial in [[Ujiji]] commemorates his meeting with Stanley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=C. H. B. |date=April 1932 |title=The Livingstone-Stanley Memorials in Africa |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.2307/1784331 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1784331}}</ref> * The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in [[Bagamoyo]], Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Livingstone House in [[Stone Town]], [[Zanzibar]], provided by the [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Sultan]] for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Plaque commemorating his departure from [[Mikindani]] (present-day [[Tanzania]]) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Livingstone Street], [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. '''Uganda''' * Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala, Uganda]]. '''Zambia''' * The [[Livingstone Memorial]] in [[Zambia|Ilala, Zambia]] marks where David Livingstone died * The city of [[Livingstone, Zambia]], which includes a memorial in front of the [[Livingstone Museum]] and a new statue erected in 2005.<ref name="TOZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |title=David Livingstone Remembered |access-date=27 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225346/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * The [[Rhodes-Livingstone Institute]], located a few miles outside [[Lusaka, Zambia]], 1937 to 1964, was a pioneering research institution in anthropology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crehan |first1=Kate |date=1997 |title=The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia|place=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0779n6dt/ |chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0779n6dt&chunk.id=d0e2527&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e2413&brand=ucpress |chapter=Max Gluckman and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute}}</ref><ref>Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1937-1964" (1994). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI9521118. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9521118</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heron |first1=Alastair |title=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-03_2_1/page/112 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=March 1964 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003724|s2cid=155082162 }}</ref> * David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. * A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> '''Zimbabwe''' * The David Livingstone Memorial statue at [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]], erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls.<ref name="Michler2007">{{cite book|last=Michler|first=Ian|title=Victoria Falls & Surrounds: The Insider's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NprYukGOsEoC|year=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-77007-361-6|page=11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{harvnb|Michler|2007}} quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934<ref name="VicFalls">{{cite sign|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|title=David Livingstone's statue|date=1934|location=[[Victoria Falls]]|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> * David Livingstone Primary School in [[Harare|Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|title=Dr Livingstone Primary School - Nairobi|website=dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke|access-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603205706/http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> * David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. * Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. {{Who|date=January 2014}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Museum to honour David Livingstone | last=Lottering | first=Francois | work=[[The Namibian]] | date=28 October 2016 | page=7 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | access-date=29 October 2016 | archive-date=29 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174306/http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asia=== '''New Zealand''' *Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland *Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings ===Europe=== '''Scotland''' [[File:David Livingstone statue, Glasgow.JPG|thumb|Livingstone statue, [[Glasgow]]]] * The [[David Livingstone Centre|David Livingstone Birthplace Museum]] in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], is a museum in his honour, operated by the David Livingstone Trust. * David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in Blantyre. * David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre. * A statue of Livingstone in [[Cathedral Square, Glasgow|Cathedral Square]], [[Glasgow]]. * A [[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|statue]] of Livingstone in [[Princes Street Gardens]], Edinburgh. * A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the [[Wallace Monument]] near [[Stirling]]. * [[Strathclyde University]], Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the [[Royal College of Science and Technology]]), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084611/http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs/|url-status=dead|title=David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability webpage|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> and the [[Livingstone Tower]] where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer. * The David Livingstone Room in the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|title=David Livingstone Meeting & Function Room {{!}} Fifteen Ninety Nine|website=fifteenninetynine.co.uk|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531140052/http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A portrait of Livingstone by [[Thomas Annan]] (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|title=Thomas Annan and the Documentary Photograph|last=Andrew McAinsh|date=5 January 2016|website=College Library|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629185327/https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The ''David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology'' commemorates him at the [[University of Glasgow]]. * Livingstone Place, a street in the [[Sciennes]] neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Stuart |title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua |date=2002 |publisher=Steve Savage Publishers |isbn=1-904246-06-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua/page/371 371]}}</ref> * Livingstone Street in [[Addiewell]]. * A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in [[Hamilton United Reformed Church|St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton]], the church he attended as a boy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |title=David Livingstone – a brief history |publisher=Hamilton.urc.org.uk |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Town]] of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blaikie, William Garden|title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2004|orig-year=1880|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13262/13262-h/13262-h.htm}}</ref> '''England''' * A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1954-03_120_1/page/15|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=120|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=1954|issn=0016-7398|doi=10.2307/1791984|jstor=1791984}}</ref> * Livingstone is one of the four houses at [[Eltham College]]. * David Livingstone Primary School in Thornton Heath, South London. ===North America=== '''Canada''' * The [[Livingstone Range (Canada)|Livingstone Range]] of mountains in southern [[Alberta]]. * David Livingstone Elementary School, [[Vancouver]]. * David Livingstone Community School, [[Winnipeg]]. * Bronze bust in [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia. * Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. * Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario. * Livingstone Street, St. John's, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada. '''United States''' * The town of [[Livingston, California]] * [[Livingstone College]], Salisbury, North Carolina. * Livingstone Adventist Academy, [[Salem, Oregon]]. * Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay ===South America=== *The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |title=Livingstone Healthservice |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Banknotes=== In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|£10 notes]] issued by the [[Clydesdale Bank]]. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African [[tribesmen]] on the back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the [[Zambezi|River Zambezi]], [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]], [[Lake Nyasa]] and [[Blantyre, Malawi]]; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> ===Science=== The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: * Livingston's cichlid, ''[[Nimbochromis livingstonii]]'' * Livingstone's eland, ''[[Taurotragus oryx]] livingstonii'' * [[Livingstone's fruit bat]], ''Pteropus livingstonii'' The mineral [[livingstonite]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barcena |first1=M |title=On livingstonite, a new mineral |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1874 |volume=108 |pages=145–146}}</ref> It was described in 1874 from Mexico. ==Portrayal in film and books== * Livingstone has been portrayed by [[M.A. Wetherell]] in [[Livingstone (film)|''Livingstone'']] (1925), [[Percy Marmont]] in [[David Livingstone (film)|''David Livingstone'']] (1936), Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]] in ''[[Stanley and Livingstone]]'' (1939), [[Bernard Hill]] in [[Mountains of the Moon (film)|''Mountains of the Moon'']] (1990) and Sir [[Nigel Hawthorne]] in the TV movie ''Forbidden Territory'' (1997).<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0132972|title=Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)}}</ref> * [[Marvel Comics]]' ''[[Young Allies (Marvel Comics)|The Young Allies]]'' #2 featured an explorer named "Martin Livingstone" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. [[Bucky Barnes]] greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by [[Ernie Hart]], but the writer is unknown--[[Otto Binder]] had written the preceding issue and [[Stan Lee]] the following one.<ref>Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. ''[[Marvel Masterworks]]: Young Allies''. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009.</ref> * The 1949 [[comedy film]] ''[[Africa Screams]]'' is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by [[Lou Costello]]), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. * Stanley Livingston, played by [[Mort Marshall]], whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]'', a 1963-66 animated series. * ''Out of Darkness, Shining Light'' (2019) by [[Petina Gappah]] is a fictionalized account of how Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. ==In popular culture== In the 1940 [[Warner Bros.]] [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon "[[Africa Squeaks]]", a caricature of [[Spencer Tracy]] as [[Henry Morton Stanley]] erroneously presumes Porky Pig to be Livingstone in the heart of "Darkest Africa". The [[Moody Blues]] 1968 single [[Dr. Livingstone, I Presume (song)|"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume"]] paints the adventures of Livingstone, [[Captain Scott]], and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "[[What About Livingstone?|What about Livingstone?]]"<ref name="Sheridan2012">{{cite book|last1=Sheridan|first1=Simon|title=The Complete ABBA|date=2012|publisher=Titan Books|isbn=978-0857687241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glQ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|page=69|edition=40th Anniversary}}</ref> mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. A song from American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Alcatrazz]] called Jet to Jet from 1983's [[No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll]] contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to [[Africa]]. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the [[Hugh Masekela]] song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, ''[[Colonial Man]]''. ==Wonaniso== *[[Thomas Baines]] *[[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] *[[Livingstone Inland Mission]] *[[History of Christianity in Zambia]] ==Ukaboni== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources and further reading=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19. * Dritsas, Lawrence. ''Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9}} *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7}} * Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." ''Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies'' 5.2 (2021): 243–269. [https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72 online] * Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in ''Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress'' (CRC Press, 2018). [https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf online]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * Holmes, Timothy (1993). ''Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth''. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86241-402-3}}; scholarly biography *{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Jeal|author-link=Tim Jeal|title=Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone0000unse_i2j7|year=1973|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-434-37208-9}}, scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first= Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal |date=1973b |title=Livingstone |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|isbn= 9780399112157 |lccn=73-82030}}, first American edition * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Jeal |title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC|year=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19100-4}} * Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." ''Journal of Southern History'' (2016) 82#4 p789-822; how he was seen in the American South. * Lewis, Joanna. ''Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) . * Liebenberg, Elri. "‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." ''Cartographic Journal'' 58.1 (2021): 29-49. <!--*{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|title=Journeys in South Africa, or Travels and Researches in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00livi|orig-year=1857|year=1905|publisher=The Amalgamated Press Ltd.|location=London, UK}}--> *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |title=Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3 |year=1857|publisher=Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342 Contents]}} * {{cite book | last1=Livingstone | first1=D. | last2=Livingstone | first2=C. | title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864 | publisher=Harper & Brothers | year=1866 | url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog }} *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor-first=Horace |editor-last=Waller|editor-link=Horace Waller (activist)|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray}} * Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). ''Livingstone's Travels''. London: J.M. Dent. * Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F ''Dernier Journal'']. Paris: [[Arléa]]; {{ISBN|2-86959-215-9}} {{in lang|fr}} * Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone’s Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. ''Livingstone Online'' (2015) [http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236 online]. * MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in ''Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199. * [[Thomas Banks Maclachlan|Maclachlan, T. Banks.]] ''David Livingstone,'' Edinburgh: [[Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier]], 1901, ([[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]). * Martelli, George (1970). ''Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition'', 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-1527-2}} * {{cite book|first=Jay|last=Milbrandt|title=The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions|url=https://archive.org/details/daringheartofdav0000milb|year=2014|publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (book publisher)|Thomas Nelson]]|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=978-1-59555-592-2}} scholarly biography * [[Basil Joseph Mathews|Mathews, Basil Joseph]], ''Livingstone, the Pathfinder'', illustrated by [[Ernest Prater]] (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913) * Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in ''Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa'' (Brill, 2017). 59-79 [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml online]. * Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). ''Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God''. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. * [[M. NourbeSe Philip|Philip, M. NourbeSe]] (1991). ''Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence''. Stratford: The Mercury Press; {{ISBN|978-0-920544-88-4}} * Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." '' History Today'' (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online. * {{cite book | last=Ross | first=Andrew | title=David Livingstone : Mission and Empire | publisher=Hambledon Continuum | publication-place=London | year=2002 | isbn= 978-1-85285-285-6 | oclc=}} * Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother’s Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the ‘Failure’ of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.1 (2019): 76-99. * Seaver, George. ''David Livingston: His Life and Letters'' (1957), a standard biography * Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." ''Geographical Journal'' (1973): 205–219. {{doi|10.2307/1796089}} * Stanley, Henry M. ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872) [https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving00stangoog famous primary source]. * Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., ''Sites of imperial memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2016). * Waters, John (1996). ''David Livingstone: Trail Blazer''. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; {{ISBN|978-0-85111-170-4}} * Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 37.1 (Mar.): 255–71. {{refend}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|David Livingstone}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} {{EB1911|wstitle=Cameron, Verney Lovett|volume=5|page=109}} *[https://www.livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions Livingstone Online] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ |date=15 July 2017 }}. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone] Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401060253/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192 David Livingstone (c. 1956)]. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive * {{Gutenberg author |id=519| name=David Livingstone}} **''[[gutenberg:1039|Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa]]'' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries] '' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone] '' * {{Internet Archive author |sname=David Livingstone}} *{{cite journal |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |pages=225–236 |year=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874) |journal=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from the Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol I, 1870–1875}} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/ The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone] Documentary produced by the [[PBS]] Series [[Secrets of the Dead]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu |date=13 April 2017 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Livingstone, David}} [[Category:David Livingstone| ]] [[Category:1813 births]] [[Category:1873 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Big cat attack victims]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in Africa]] [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]] [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] [[Category:Explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Zambia]] [[Category:Medical missionaries]] [[Category:People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]] [[Category:Scottish explorers]] [[Category:Scottish evangelicals]] [[Category:Deaths from bleeding]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist ministers]] 8hgitnrnnmdzag23u7zni3ha4zx7mm8 0 46490 122550 122349 2026-09-28T01:09:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Interlingua | nativename = {{lang|ia|interlingua}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} | speakers = A few hundred | date = 2007 | ref = <ref name="Fiedler">{{cite book|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779-788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779}}</ref> | familycolor = | fam1 = [[Chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | creator = [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] | created = 1951 | setting = Kulembeka kwa mazgu gha sayansi gha pa charu chose; [[chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | posteriori = '''Viyowoyelo vyakufuma ku vyakale''': [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyana]], [[Chipwitikizi]], na [[Chisipanishi]]. | script = [[Malembo gha Chilatini]] | agency = Palije bungwe lakulamulira | iso1 = ia | iso2 = ina | iso3 = ina | image = Bandiera de Interlingua.svg | imagescale = | imagecaption = Official Interlingua flag<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |language=ia |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | notice = IPA | glotto = inte1239 | glottorefname = Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''Interlingua''' (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha '''Interlingua''' ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeager|first1=Leland B.|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|year=1991|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua}}</ref> nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.<ref name="iala1971">{{harvnb|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}}</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti ''inter'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na ''lingua'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.' == Chidule == Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku [[Chilatini]] panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni [[viyowoyero vya Romance]]). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyani]], na kuphatikizika kwa [[Chisipanishi]] na [[Chitogorezi]], ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, [[Chijeremani]] na [[Chirashiya]] vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha sono|Neo-Latin]] chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni [[mazgu ghakupokera|mazgu ghakupokera]]. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu [[Chiyapani]] nga ''[[geisha]]'' na ''[[samurai]]'', kweniso lizgu la mu [[Chifini]] lakuti ''[[sauna]]'', ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu [[Chiyowoyero cha Guugu Yimithirr|Guugu Yimithirr]] lakuti ''gangurru'' likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: {{Lang|ia|kanguru}}, Chingelezi: ''[[kangaroo]]'').{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} == Mbiri == Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na [[vyakusambira vya viyowoyero|masambiro gha viyowoyero]] na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA) mu [[New York City]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]].{{sfn|Falk|1995}} Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} === International Auxiliary Language Association === IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na [[Morris Swadesh]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[Research Corporation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006a}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru: * kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana; * kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyero na [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa umo viyowoyero vikukolerana]]; * kwendeska kuyerekezgera kwa viyowoyero vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, kusazgapo [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido (chiyowoyero)|Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua ya Peano]] (Latino sine flexione), [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue]] (Occidental). Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua == Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa [[Esperanto]] vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990|p=46}} Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html|title=18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas2001.hu|lang=hu|trans-title=Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000434/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html |archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose]], padera pa [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.]],{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la [[viyowoyero vya Romance]] na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha [[Wikipedia]] na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'' kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}} Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati]], panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991a}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991b}} Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku [[University of Granada]] mu [[Spain]] mu 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/curso-introduccion-a-la-interlinguistica-interlingua-hablado-y-escrito/|title=Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»|lang=es|date=2007-11-07|website=Universidad de Granada|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Kalembero == Interlingua wali na [[kalembero]] iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera. === Alfabeti ya Interlingua === Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO]], kwambura [[diacritic|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/interlingua.htm|title=Interlingua Alphabet|website=Omniglot|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA)]], kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha: {| class="wikitable" |+ Alfabeti ya Interlingua ! Nambara ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26 |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghakuru]])''|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghachoko]])''|| a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y || z |- |''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''|| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|t͡s}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|h}}~{{IPA link|∅}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|s}}~{{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|k}}{{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|z}} |- |''Mazina''|| a || be || ce || de || e || ef || ge || ha || i || jota || ka || el || em || en || o || pe || cu || er || es || te || u || ve || duple ve || ix || ypsilon || zeta |} {{Notelist}} === Kalembero wakunjilirapo === Buku lakuti ''Grammar of Interlingua'' likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/spell/collat.html|title=''Grammar of Interlingua''}}</ref> == Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology) == [[File:Vocabulario scientific international.ogg|thumb|Interlingua yakuyowoyeka]] Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha milomo|gha milomo]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu zino|gha mu zino]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha kuseri kwa zino|gha kuseri kwa zino]] ! [[Mazgu gha pakatikati pa kamwa|gha pakatikati]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu mmero|gha mu mmero]] ! [[Mazgu gha mu khosi|gha mu khosi]] |- ! [[Mazgu gha mphuno|Mazgu gha mphuno]] | colspan="2"| {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo|Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo]] | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2"| | | {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusazga|Mazgu gha kusazga]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="3"| ({{IPA link|ts}} ~ {{IPA link|tʃ}}) | rowspan=2| ({{IPA link|d}}){{IPA link|ʒ}} | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusisita|Mazgu gha kusisita]] | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||| | colspan="2"| | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! [[Mazgu gha kuyandikira|Mazgu gha kuyandikira]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2"| | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha r|Mazgu gha r]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Lizgu lakudanga|lakudanga]] ! [[Lizgu lakubwelera|lakubwelera]] |- ! [[Lizgu lakufupi|Lakufupi]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakatikati|Lakati]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakujuruka|Lakujuruka]] | colspan=2|{{IPA link|a}} |} === Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera === Mu nyengo zinandi, [[konsonanti|makonsonanti]] mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo [[vowel|mavawelo]] ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora. Interlingua wali na [[diphthong|mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri]] ghakukhilira, agho ni {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, na {{IPA|/oi/}}.{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} Kweni {{IPA|/ei/}} na {{IPA|/oi/}} ghakuwoneka mwachoko. === Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress) === Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga. Viyelezgero: * {{lang|ia|l'''i'''ngua}} — "chiyowoyero" * {{lang|ia|ess'''e'''r}} — "kuŵa" * {{lang|ia|requirim'''e'''nto}} — "chakukhumbikwa" Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga {{lang|ia|-(e)s}} likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|l'''i'''nguas}} likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni {{lang|ia|lingua}}. Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba. Pali vyakuleka vichoko: * Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa {{lang|ia|-le}}, {{lang|ia|-ne}}, panji {{lang|ia|-re}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ica/-ico}}, {{lang|ia|-ide/-ido}}, na {{lang|ia|-ula/-ulo}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ic}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro. Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|kilom'''e'''tro}} ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli {{lang|ia|kil'''o'''metro}} ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} === Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics) === Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi. Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi {{lang|ia|-s}} nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, {{lang|ia|-s}} wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa {{lang|ia|-es}}. === Mazgu ghakubwereka === [[Mazgu ghakubwereka|Mazgu ghakubwereka]] kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako. Malembo ghangaŵa na [[vimanyikwiro vya malembo|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]] panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} == Mazgu gha chiyowoyero == Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni [[Chisipanishi|Spanish]], [[Chipwitikizi|Portuguese]], [[Chitaliyana|Italian]], [[Chifurenchi|French]], na [[Chingelezi|English]], apo [[Chijeremani|German]] na [[Chirashiya|Russian]] vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]], apo [[Chigiriki|Greek]] na [[viyowoyero vya Chijeremani|Germanic languages]] ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku [[viyowoyero vya Chisilavo|Slavic languages]] na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} === Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka === Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke. Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi ''proximity'' likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua {{lang|ia|proxime}}, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo. Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]]. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala. === Kapangidwe ka mazgu === Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo. Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni {{lang|ia|tempore}}, osati {{lang|ia|*tempus}} panji {{lang|ia|*tempo}}, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni {{lang|ia|temporal}}.{{cite}} Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na [[malango gha kusintha kwa mazgu|sound laws]] gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha ŵanthu|Vulgar Latin]], kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} == Malango gha chiyowoyero == {{Main|malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua}} Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa [[mazina na mazgu ghakulongosora|zina na lizgu lakulongosora]] mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese {{lang|es|gatas negras}} panji Italian {{lang|it|gatte nere}}, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi ''I am reading''), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi. Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na [[Chirashiya|Russian]]. Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa {{lang|ia|le}} likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya [[chibabiro cha galamala|jenda ya galamala]].{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo ''-s'', panji ''-es'' para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} [[Viimiliri vya munthu|Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu]] ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni {{lang|ia|se}}.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo {{lang|ia|-mente}}, panji {{lang|ia|-amente}} para lizgu likumalira na ''-c''. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.{{sfn|Brauers|1975}} Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose ({{lang|ia|io vive}}, {{lang|ia|tu vive}}, {{lang|ia|illa vive}}, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). [[Mubali wakulongora|Mubali wakulongora]] (indicative) ({{lang|ia|pare}}, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na [[mubali wa malango|imperative]] ({{lang|ia|pare!}}, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono: * {{lang|ia|es}} kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi"; * {{lang|ia|ha}} kwa "wali na", "ŵali na"; * {{lang|ia|va}} kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta". Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi: * sono; * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa (conditional). Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira: * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa. Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Ille ha arrivate}}, "Iyo wafika").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Nos haberea morite}}, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa"). Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni [[wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera|wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu]], kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi ({{lang|ia|io les vide}}, "ine nkhuŵawona").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha [[Chijapanizi|Japanese]] na chomenechomene [[Chichayina|Chinese]].{{sfn|Yeager|1991b}} F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli ''Interlingua Grammar'' ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} == Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro == Nga umo viliri na [[Esperanto]], pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA)] kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)</ref> Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |title=Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest |website=Airbagjacket.eu |access-date=2016-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814014706/http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |archive-date=2016-08-14}}</ref> Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua. Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni [[Blue Marble|Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble)]] chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za [[Mbumba ya ku Europe|mbumba ya Europe]] (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe). <gallery widths=200 heights=130> File:Bandiera de Interlingua.png|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo iyo kanandi yikuwoneka mu gulu la ŵakuyowoya Interlingua File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo ya Interlingua iyo Karel Podrazil wakapereka File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|Mbumba ya Interlingua iyo yikazomerezgeka mwalamulo pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 75<ref name="flag"/><ref name="flagspec"/> </gallery> === Malongosolero gha mbumba === [[File:Construction sheet for the flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.]] Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. <ref name="flagspec" /> Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri: * azure (buluu); * gold (chikasu). Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi: {| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- style="text-align: centre; background: #eee" ! !style="background:#003399"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Buluu (Azure) </span> !style="background:#FFCC00"| Chikasu (Gold) |- | [[Pantone]] | Reflex Blue | Yellow |- | [[RGB color model|RGB]] | <code>#003399</code> | <code>#FFCC00</code> |- | [[CMYK]] | 100.80.0.0 | 0.21.100.0 |- |} Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide. Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha: [ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ]. == Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka == <references/> == Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba == * {{Cite book |last=Blandino|first=Giovanni|year=1989|title=Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia|chapter=Le problema del linguas international auxiliari|lang=ia|publisher=[[Pontifical Lateran University|Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis]], [[Pontifical Urban University|Pontificia università urbaniana]]|location=Rome, Italy}} * {{cite book | last = Brauers | first = Karl | year = 1975| title = Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua | publisher = Editiones Interlingua | location = Morges, Switzerland }} * {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mary Connell |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |chapter="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements" |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language 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world|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427122501/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006c|orig-date=2001|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm|title=Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur|lang=ia|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web |first=Thomas|last=Breinstrup|editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2006d |orig-year=2001 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | title = Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair | website = Interlingua|lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428002611/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-28 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web 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2006-10-16 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2012 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | title = Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch | website = Interlingua|orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101324/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | archive-date= 2011-05-14 | url-status = live }} *{{cite journal|last=Falk|first=Julia S.|title=Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-communication_1995-07_15_3/page/241|journal=Language and Communication|volume=15|issue=3|pages=241–259|publisher=Pergamon|year=1995|doi=10.1016/0271-5309(95)00010-N}} * {{cite book|last=Falk|first= Julia S.|title=Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century.|publisher= Routledge|location=London & New York|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first=Sabine|last=Fiedler|editor-first1=Harald |editor-first2=Dmitrij |editor-first3=Peter |editor-first4=Neal R. |editor-last1=Burger |editor-last2=Dobrovol'Skij |editor-last3=Kühn |editor-last4=Norrick |year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung|volume=2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779–788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779|isbn=978-3-11-019831-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Gode|last2=Blair |first2=Hugh E. |author2-link=Hugh E. Blair|title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode|access-date=2007-03-05|edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1990|title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1994|title=Interlingua today: A course for beginners|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=9781898017011}} * {{cite web|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|url=http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua {{!}} 1951-1991|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2025-01-14}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114352/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006a|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|title=Profunde recerca duce a un lingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210152200/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006b|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|title=Le natura, si – un schema, no|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014242/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|archive-date=2022-04-12|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006c|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite book |author=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) |author-link=International Auxiliary Language Association |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language |url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second |orig-year=1951 |year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8044-0188-8 |oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped |ref=CITEREFGode1971}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Alice Vanderbilt|author-link=Alice Vanderbilt Morris|url=http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02|url-status=dead|title=International Auxiliary Language Association General Report 1945|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|location=New York|year=1945}} * {{cite book|last=Pei|first=Mario|author-link=Mario Pei|title=One Language for the World and How To Achieve It|publisher= [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]]|location= New York|year=1958}} * {{cite book|last1=Sexton|first1=Brian C.|last2= Wilgenhoff|first2=Karel|first3=F. Peter|last3=Gopsill|title=Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=Sheffield|year= 1991}} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991a | chapter = The Interlingua of IALA: From "the linguists' project" of 1951 to the working "tool of international scientific communication" of 1981 | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991b | chapter = Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas | trans-chapter=Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} *{{cite book| last1 = Stillman | first1 = E. Clark | last2 = Gode von Aesch | first2 = Alexander | chapter = Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua | language = ia | title = Interlinguistic standardization | location = New York | publisher = International Auxiliary Language Association | year = 1943 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-date= 2008-05-15 | url-status = live | pages = Articles 82–100 | translator-last= Mulaik | translator-first= Stanley A. | translator-link= Stanley A. Mulaik }} * {{cite web|author=Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI)|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |title=Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|lang=ia }} * {{cite book | last = Wilgenhof | first = Karel | year = 1995 | title = Grammatica de Interlingua | publisher = Union Mundial pro Interlingua | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands}} * {{cite book|last=Yeager|first=Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager|year=1991a|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua|lang=ia}} * {{cite book | last = Yeager | first = Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager| year = 1991b | chapter = Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua |trans-chapter=Artificiality, ethnocentrism, and the Oriental languages: The case of Interlingua| title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI}} {{Interlingua}}{{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakovwira vya pa charu chose]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakukolerana]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika vikayambiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950]] [[Category:1951 mazgu ghakwamba]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya chitemwa]] 6f6vg1ke85lufktt8q8drwfzkpv3i4k 0 46510 122679 111665 2026-09-28T03:04:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = San Pedro | settlement_type = Msumba | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cuba}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Chigaŵa (Cuba)|Chigaŵa]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara|Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Maboma (Cuba)|Maboma]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = [[Camilo Cienfuegos, Villa Clara|Camilo Cienfuegos]] | pushpin_map = Cuba | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | image_map = | image_caption = | image_skyline = }} '''San Pedro''' ni msumba mu [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. ==Mbiri== Kale San Pedro ukawa mu [[Luis Arcos Bergnes]], ku [[Camajuaní]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez Ruiz |first=Asdural |last2=Torres Cala |first2=Yerenis |last3=Lopez Jimenez |first3=Osvalo |last4=Martinez Galdona |first4=Aroldo |date=2023 |title=Plandeaccionesparacontrarrestarlosimpactosdelcambioclimáticoenzonasvulnerablesen Camajuaní |url=https://cmad.ama.cu/index.php/cmad/article/view/357/834 |website=cmad.ama.cu |page=3 |access-date=2024-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817175324/https://cmad.ama.cu/index.php/cmad/article/view/357/834 |archive-date=2024-08-17}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== [[Category:Msumba mu Chigaŵa cha Villa Clara]] [[Category:Luis Arcos Bergnes, Cuba]] l6gb1wg66293jc5skwzb29wgaft2mtp 0 46564 122482 111535 2026-09-28T00:23:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chigaŵa chavisankho 40''' ([[ChiSpanish]]: ''Delegado Circunscripción 40'') ndi [[Chigaŵa chavisankho]] ya Maboma ya [[Camajuaní]]. Lili mu msumba [[Guajén, Cuba|Guajén]], [[Aguada de Moya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perera |first=Dalia Reyes |title=Llama Díaz-Canel a reforzar la unidad, el optimismo y la voluntad de vencer en visita a Villa Clara (+Audio y Fotos) |url=https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CMHW |language=es-es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115184445/https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |archive-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> == Mndandanda ya boma == {| class="wikitable" !Vyaka !Mulongozgi !Chipani |- |2020-? |Lázaro González Marrero<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210812175247/http://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/318-consejo-popular-aguada-de-moya Aguada de Moya - 16 Marzo 2020]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153155/https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/318-consejo-popular-aguada-de-moya/amp Aguada de Moya - 30 Marzo 2023]</ref> |{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Cuba.svg}} [[Chipani cha Cikomyunizimu ya Cuba]] |} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Aguada de Moya]] mj7dgvwxtw6ht0r69mff6y2i5za7bks 0 46754 122450 122333 2026-09-28T00:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Syria from 2000 to 2024}} {{Family name hatnote|[[Al-Assad family|Assad]]|lang=Arabic}} {{Current related|date=December 2024|2=Fall of the Assad regime}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=June 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Bashar al-Assad | native_name = {{nobold|بشار الأسد}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Bashar al-Assad in May 2024.png | image_upright = | alt = | caption = Assad in 2024 | order = 19th | office = President of Syria | primeminister = {{clist|title=''See list''|[[Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]|[[Muhammad Naji al-Otari]]|[[Adel Safar]]|[[Riyad Farid Hijab]]|[[Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji]]|[[Wael Nader al-Halqi]]|[[Imad Khamis]]|[[Hussein Arnous]]|[[Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali]]}} | vicepresident = {{clist|title=''See list''| Abdul Halim Khaddam<br />(2000–2005)|[[Zuhair Masharqa]]<br />(2000–2006)|[[Farouk al-Sharaa]]<br />(2006–2014)|[[Najah al-Attar]]<br />(2006–2024)|[[Faisal Mekdad]]<br />(Sep–Dec 2024)}} | term_start = 17 July 2000 | term_end = 8 December 2024 | predecessor = {{ubl|[[Hafez al-Assad]]|[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] (acting)}} | successor = | office1 = General Secretary of the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Central Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] | deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Abdullah al-Ahmar]]|[[Hilal Hilal]]|[[Ibrahim al-Hadid]]}} | term_start1 = 24 June 2000 | term_end1 = 8 December 2024 | predecessor1 = Hafez al-Assad | successor1 = Ibrahim al-Hadid | birth_name = Bashar Hafez al-Assad | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|9|11}} | birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Ba'athist Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | residence = {{ubl|[[Presidential Palace, Damascus|The People's Palace]], [[Damascus]] (until 2024)| [[Moscow]], Russia (since 2024)}} | party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] | otherparty = [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Asma al-Assad]]|2000}} | children = 3, including [[Hafez Bashar al-Assad|Hafez]] | father = [[Hafez al-Assad]] | mother = [[Anisa Makhlouf]] | relatives = [[al-Assad family]] | signature = Bashar al-Assad Signature.png | allegiance = Syria | branch = [[Syrian Armed Forces]] | serviceyears = 1988–2024 | rank = [[File:Syria Army - OF10.svg|15px]] [[Field marshal]] | unit = [[Republican Guard (Syria)|Republican Guard]] (until 2000) | commands = [[Syrian Armed Forces]] | battles = [[Syrian civil war]] | citizenship = | education = [[Damascus University]] ([[Medical degree|MD]]) }} {{Bashar al-Assad series}} {{Ba'athism sidebar}} '''Bashar al-Assad''' (wakababika pa 11 Seputembala 1965) ndi wandale wa ku Syria ndipo ndi msilikari uyo wakaba 19th president wa Syria kufuma 2000 mpaka kuwa kwa boma la Assad mu 2024. Apo wakaŵa pulezidenti, Assad wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Siriya kweniso wakaŵa mulembi wa ŵasilikari ŵa chipani cha Ba'ath. Iyo ni mwana wa Hafez al-Assad, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti kufuma mu 1971 mpaka apo wakafwira mu 2000.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Civilian Death Toll |url=https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305114908/https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |website=SNHR}}</ref><ref name=":7">* {{Cite news|date=6 March 2023|title=Security Council Deems Syria's Chemical Weapon's Declaration Incomplete|work=United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15220.doc.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314022057/https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15220.doc.htm|archive-date=14 March 2023}} * {{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Fifth Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fifth-review-conference-chemical-weapons-convention-eu-priorities-reinforce-convention_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515121348/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fifth-review-conference-chemical-weapons-convention-eu-priorities-reinforce-convention_en |archive-date=15 May 2023 |website=European Union External Action}}</ref> M'ma 1980, Assad wakazgoka dokotala, ndipo kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990 wakasambizganga vya maso ku London. Mu 1994, mukuru wake Bassel al-Assad wakafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto, ndipo Assad wakacemeka ku Syria kuti wakapokere udindo wa Bassel. Assad wakanjira sukulu ya usilikali na kwamba kulongozga ŵasilikari ŵa Siriya mu Lebanoni mu 1998. Pa 17 July 2000, Assad wakazgoka pulezidenti, ndipo wakawelera mu malo gha adada ŵake, awo ŵakafwa pa 10 June 2000.Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu 2001-2002 vikawovwira kuti Damascus Spring yimare, nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe palipose kweniso kuti paŵe demokilase.<ref name=":7" /> Ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulongosora kuti muwuso wa Assad ukaŵa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora, ndipo boma la Syria likaŵa nga ni boma la ŵapolisi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵasuzganga na kuŵatambuzga chomene. Apo boma la Assad likati ni la ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake yayi, ŵasayansi na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti boma ili likagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake mu caru ici. Nangauli Asad wakahara mazaza na nkharo ya wiske, kweni ŵanthu ŵakamutemwanga yayi nga umo ŵakachitiranga ŵadada ŵake. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu muwuso wa ŵawiske ŵakaleka nchito panji ŵakathereskeka, ndipo ŵamazaza ŵa mu muwuso ŵakasuskika na ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ŵa fuko la Alawite. Mapulogiramu ghakwambilira gha Assad gha kuwunjikira chuma ghakawunjikira mpambano ndipo ghakawunjikira nkhongono ŵanthu ŵa ku Damascus awo ŵakagomezgekanga ku mbumba ya Assad, ndipo ghakaŵachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi, mu misumba, ŵamalonda, ŵamalonda, na ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba'ath. Mu Febuluwale 2005, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon ŵakacita nkhondo ya Cedar Revolution, iyo yikamba cifukwa ca kukoma Rafic Hariri, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya caru ca Lebanon.<ref name=":6" /> Mu 2011, United States, European Union, na vigaŵa vinandi vya Arab League vikacema Assad kuti wafumeko pa udindo wake cifukwa ca kuyuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhuŵiliranga mu nyengo ya Arab Spring. Nkhondo iyi yikoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 580,000, ndipo ŵanthu 306,000 awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari yayi. Boma la Assad lapanga milandu yinandi ya nkhondo mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya chalo cha Syria, apo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵacita nkhondo zinandi na vilwero vya mankhwala (makamaka, bomba la sarin ku Ghouta pa 21 August 2013). Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa UN, ukayowoya kuti ivyo ukawona vikavumbura kuti Assad wali na mulandu wa nkhondo, ndipo boma la vyaru vinyake likamufumba na kumususka. Mu Novembala 2024, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Syria likawukira boma na chilato chakuti likhizge Assad. Pa Disembala 8, ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakati ŵanjira mu Damascus, Assad wakacimbilira ku Moscow ndipo boma la Russia likamupa ciphokwero. Pamanyuma pa zuŵa lenelira, ŵasilikari ŵakagalukira boma la Damaseko, ndipo boma la Assad likamara..<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2024 |title=Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/ |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2024 |title=Assad flees to Moscow after rebels take Syrian capital, Russian state media report |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/syria-damascus-falls-to-rebels-1.7404700 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 December 2024|title=Syria's President Bashar al Assad is in Moscow and has been granted asylum, confirms Russian state media|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/syrias-president-bashar-al-assad-175000548.html}}</ref> == Umoyo wakwamba, mbumba na masambiro == {{Further|Al-Assad family}} Bashar al-Assad wakababikira ku Damascus pa 11 September 1965, mwana wachiŵiri wa Anisa Makhlouf na Hafez al-Assad. Mu Ciarabu, zina lakuti "Al-Assad" likung'anamura kuti "nkhalamu". Ali al-Assad, uyo wakaŵa sekuru wa Assad, wakasintha zina lake kufuma pa kuŵa mulimi na kuŵa munthu wakuzirwa, ndipo mu 1927, wakasintha zina la mbumba yake kufuma pa "Wahsh" (kung'anamura kuti "Chikavu") na kuŵa "Al-Assad". Dada wa Assad, Hafez al-Assad, wakababikira mu mbumba yambura ndalama, iyo yikaŵa ya ku mizi ndipo yikaŵa ya chigaŵa cha Alawite. Hafez wakakwezga ŵanthu awo ŵakamulondezganga mu chipani cha Ba'ath, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Alawite. Pamanyuma pa cipanduko ici, ŵasilikari ŵa Alawite ŵakamba kuwusa, ndipo ŵa Sunni, ŵa Druze, na ŵa Ismaili ŵakafumiskika mu gulu la ŵasilikari na gulu la Ba'ath. Muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa Hafez al-Assad wa vilimika 30, ukazgora Siriya kuŵa muwuso waciŵembu. Ndondomeko yiphya ya ndyali yikalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa gulu la Ba'ath, awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka comene ku mbumba ya Assad, ndipo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari, ŵasilikari ŵa boma, na ŵapolisi.<ref name="Allam, Saber 2019 26–27">{{Cite book |author1=Ashraf Allam |author2= Salah Saber |title=Assad's Survival: The Symbol Of Resisting The Arab Spring |publisher=Lamar |year=2019 |isbn=978-977-85412-3-6 |location=Alexandria, Egypt |pages=26–27 |chapter=The domestic structure of the regime}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Robert |title=The Encyclopaedia of Propaganda |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9781317471981 |pages=760–761 |chapter=Syria}}</ref> Mubali Assad wakaŵa na ŵabali ŵake ŵankhondi, ndipo ŵatatu ŵali kufwa. Mudumbu munyake zina lake Bushra wakafwa apo wakaŵa bonda. Mudumbu wa Assad, Majd, wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa yayi, ndipo pali vinandi yayi ivyo tikumanya vya iyo padera pa fundo yakuti wakaŵa wakupendera maghanoghano, ndipo wakafwa mu 2009 pamanyuma pa "kulwara kwa nyengo yitali". Mwakupambana na ŵanung'una ŵake Bassel na Maher, na mudumbu wake Bushra, Bashar wakaŵa wakuzika, wakudemelera, ndipo wakakhumbanga yayi kunjira ndyali panji usilikari. Ŵana ŵa Assad ŵakatemwanga yayi kucezga na adada ŵawo, ndipo Bashar wakayowoya kuti wakanjira mu ofesi ya adada ŵake kamoza pera apo ŵakaŵa pulezidenti. Munthu munyake uyo wakasambiranga nayo ku yunivesite wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na soni, wakakhumbanga yayi kulaŵiskana na munthu, ndipo wakayowoyanga mwakuzika. Assad wakasambira sukulu ya pulayimale na sekondare ku sukulu ya Al-Hurriya ku Damascus. Mu 1982, wakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare ndipo wakasambira udokotala pa yunivesite ya Damascus.{{sfn|Leverett|2005|p=59}} == Medical career and rise to power == [[File:Basil assad.JPG|thumb|upright=0.95|Chithunzithunzi cha Bassel al-Assad (1962–1994), mubali mulara wa Bashar, uyo pakwamba wakakhumbikwiranga kuzakatora malo gha ŵawiske pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa Syria, kweni wakafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto mu 1994.]] Mu 1988, Assad wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha udokotala ndipo wakamba kugwira nchito ya udokotala ku chipatala cha Tishrin ku Damascus. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, wakasamira ku London kuti wakambe masambiro gha ku chipatala cha Western Eye. Mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa ku London, ŵanthu ŵakamuzunuranga kuti ni "munthu wakucita vya makompyuta". Bashar wakaŵa na vilato vichoko waka vya ndyali, ndipo adada ŵake ŵakasambizganga Bassel, mukuru wa Bashar kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa caru. Mu 1994, Bassel wakafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto, ndipo nyengo yicoko waka, Bashar wakacemeka kuti wakambe usilikari. Boma likamba kuphalira ŵanthu kuti Bashar ni "chigomezgo cha ŵanthu wose" kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa mu muwuso wa Assad. Ŵakati ŵafwa waka, Hafez al-Assad wakasankha Bashar kuti ndiyo waŵe themba. Kwa vyaka 6 na hafu, mpaka apo wakafwira mu 2000, Hafez wakanozganga Bashar kuti wapokere mazaza. General Bahjat Suleiman, uyo wakaŵa msilikari mu gulu la ŵasilikari, wakapika mulimo wa kulongozga kunozgekera kuti vinthu viŵe makora, ndipo mulimo uwu ukachitika mu vigaŵa vitatu. Cakwamba, ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵakamovwira comene Bashar. Caciŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumumanya makora Bashar. Paumaliro, Bashar wakamanyikwa makora umo boma likwendera.<ref name="Ladno">{{cite news|title=Ladno.ru|script-title=ru:Асад Башар : биография|trans-title=Bashar Assad: A Biography|url=http://www.ladno.ru/person/asad/bio/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150441/http://ladno.ru/person/asad/bio/|archive-date=18 October 2015|access-date=23 September 2011|newspaper=Ladno|language=ru}}</ref> Kuti waŵe msilikari, Bashar wakaluta ku sukulu ya usilikali ku Homs mu 1994 ndipo wakaluta ku gulu la ŵasilikari la Syrian Republican Guard mu Janyuwale 1999. Kuti Bashar waŵe na mazaza pa ŵasilikari, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakaŵachimbizga kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari, ndipo ŵapya, ŵawukirano, ŵasilikari ŵa chigaŵa cha Alawite awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugomezgeka kwa Bashar ndiwo ŵakanjira m'malo mwawo. Mu 1998, Bashar wakatora udindo wa Syria ku Lebanon, uwo kufuma mu 1970 ukaŵa wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti Abdul Halim Khaddam, uyo m'paka pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa kuti wangakhumbikwira kuŵa pulezidenti. Pakwamba kulamulira ku Lebanon, Bashar wakathereska Khaddam na kukhazikiska boma lake ku Lebanon. Mu chaka chenechichi, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana na ŵanthu ŵa ndyali ŵa ku Lebanoni, Bashar wakimika Emile Lahoud, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wake wakugomezgeka, kuŵa pulezidenti wa ku Lebanoni ndipo wakathereska Rafic Hariri, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya ku Lebanoni. Kuti watimbanizge boma la Syria ku Lebanon, Bashar wakasora Rustum Ghazaleh, uyo wakakhala kwa nyengo yitali nga ni High Commissioner wa Syria ku Lebanon, Ghazi Kanaan.{{sfn|Blanford|2006|p=88}} Kuyana waka na ntchito yake ya usilikari, Bashar wakachitanga ntchito za boma. Wakapika mazaza ghanandi ndipo wakazgoka mulara wa ofesi yakupokelera madandaulo na mapemphero gha ŵantu, ndipo wakalongozga kampeni yakulimbana na vimbundi. Chifukwa cha kampeni iyi, ŵanandi awo ŵangaŵa ŵakususkana na Bashar pakuŵa pulezidenti ŵakazengeka mulandu chifukwa cha vimbundi. Bashar wakazgokaso Pulezidenti wa wupu wa ŵamakompyuta ŵa ku Syria ndipo wakawovwira kuti paŵe intaneti ku Syria, ndipo ivi vikamovwira kuti ŵawoneke kuti ni munthu uyo ​​wakusintha vinthu mazuŵa ghano ndiposo wakusintha vinthu. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Ba'athist mu chipani, ŵasilikari na gulu la Alawite ŵakakhozgeranga Bashar al-Assad, ndipo ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa ŵawiske.<ref name="facing down rebellion">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10338256 |title=Syrian President Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion |work=BBC News |date=21 October 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411120901/https://www.bbc.com/news/10338256 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Presidency == {{Main|Presidency of Bashar al-Assad}} === Early leadership (2000–2011) === [[File:TlassBashar.webp|thumb|Pa nyengo iyo, Nduna ya Chitetezo Mustafa Tlass pamoza na Bashar al-Assad, pa 1 Ogasiti 2000. Pamanyuma Tlass na mwana wake Manaf Tlass ŵakafumapo pa gulu ili pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Syria ŵasintha boma.]] [[File:AlAsssad2004 militaryuniform.jpg|thumb|Assad mu 2004]] Hafez al-Assad wakati wafwa pa 10 June 2000, Constitution ya Syria yikasinthika. Ŵakachepeska vyaka vya munthu uyo wangaŵa pulezidenti kufuma pa 40 kufika pa 34, apo Bashar wakaŵa pa nyengo iyo. Asad ndiyo yekha wakakhalapo pa mpikisano uwu ndipo pa 10 Julayi 2000, wakazomerezgeka kuŵa pulezidenti. Mwakuyana na udindo wake wa pulezidenti wa Syria, wakasoleka kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Syria kweniso kuŵa mulembi wa chipani cha Ba'ath. Pa vyaka 7 vilivyose kukaŵanga visankho ndipo Assad ndiyo wakawusanga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwona umo vinthu viliri pa caru ŵakuwona kuti ivyo vikucitika pa visora ni vyautesi ndipo ŵakususka ŵakuvilekeska. Masankho ghaŵiri ghaumaliro agho ghakachitika mu 2014 na 2021 ghakachitikira mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma la Syria.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |date=28 May 2014 |title=Syrians in Lebanon battle crowds to vote for Bashar al-Assad |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/syrians-lebaanon-vote-assad-embassies-refugees-boycott |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122744/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/syrians-lebaanon-vote-assad-embassies-refugees-boycott |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |date=16 July 2014 |title=Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president |website=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10970476/Bashar-al-Assad-sworn-in-for-a-third-term-as-Syrian-president.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10970476/Bashar-al-Assad-sworn-in-for-a-third-term-as-Syrian-president.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Kossaify">{{Cite news |last=Kossaify |first=Ephrem |date=22 April 2021 |title=UN reiterates it is not involved in Syrian presidential election |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1846771/%7B%7B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422181511/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1846771/middle-east |archive-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ==== Damascus Spring ==== {{See also|Damascus Spring}} Wakati wamba waka kuwusa, gulu linyake lakucemeka Damascus Spring, ilo likalongozgekanga na ŵalembi, ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵakususka, na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa vinthu vyautesi, likacita vinthu mwamahara, ndipo ŵakamalizga kujalira jele la Mezzeh na kufumiska ŵakayidi ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la Muslim Brotherhood. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kutimbana na ŵasilikari, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe nga ni umo vikaŵira ku Damascus mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵakora, kuŵatimba, kuŵatumizga ku wuzga, panji kuŵakaka, ndipo boma likalutilira kuŵapa wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Vinthu ivyo ŵakacita pakwamba vikawelerapo kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu, ndipo boma likakanizga mulimo wa Damascus Spring na chilato chakuti "ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana kweniso ŵakhazikike". Ndondomeko ya boma ya "kukolerana pa vinthu vya ŵanthu na vya malonda" yikazgoka chimanyikwiro cha vimbundi, ndipo awo ŵakakolerananga na Assad ndiwo ŵakasanganga chandulo. Maofesi ghanandi ghakakanizgika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵavinjeru ŵakakoleka na ŵapolisi ŵa Mukhabarat, ŵakakomeka na kutambuzgika. Ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ivyo boma likalayizga pakwamba vikaŵa vigaŵa vya nthowa iyo boma likagwiliskiranga nchito kuti lisange Ŵasiriya awo ŵakakolerananga yayi na boma liphya. Pa ulendo wa nduna yikuru ya Britain Tony Blair ku Syria mu Okutobala 2001, Bashar wakususka pakweru kuwukira kwa United States ku Afghanistan pa ungano wa wupu wa ŵapharazgi, wakati "tikutondeka kuzomera ivyo tikuwona zuŵa lililose pa TV kwithu - kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu. Ŵanandi ŵakufwa zuŵa lililose". Pa ungano uwu, Asad wakalumba gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Palestina kuti ni "ŵasilikari awo ŵakurwa nkhondo ya wanangwa" ndipo wakasuska Israyeli na vyaru vya ku [[Europe]]. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo Assad wakacitanga pakusopa vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Ŵakatenge wakususka ivyo vikacitika pa Seputembala 11, ndipo wakuzomerezga kuti boma la Israyeli ndakuzomerezgeka. Pamanyuma pa vilengo vya pa 11 Seputembala, ndipo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku America ya kulimbana na vigeŵenga, "Syria yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo CIA yikagwiliskiranga nchito pa nkhondo yakwimikana na al-Qaeda", ndipo "makhaliro na unandi wa uthenga uwo ukafumanga ku Syria [ukaŵa] ukuru comene kuluska ivyo CIA yikaghanaghananga". 8] Syria yikakolerana chomene na CIA pakukaka ŵanthu na kuŵafumba mafumbo. Mu majele gha ku Syria ndimo mukaŵanga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo CIA yikaŵapharazgiranga kuti mba al-Qaeda. Kuyana na lipoti la 2013 la gulu la Open Society Foundations, ku Syria ndiko kukaŵanga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya CIA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/05/cia-rendition-countries-covert-support|title=CIA rendition: more than a quarter of countries 'offered covert support': Report finds at least 54 countries co-operated with global kidnap, detention and torture operation mounted after 9/11 attacks|last=Cobain|first=Ian|date=5 February 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 October 2024|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519103259/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/05/cia-rendition-countries-covert-support|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Killing of Rafic Hariri and Cedar Revolution ==== {{See also|Assassination of Rafic Hariri|Cedar Revolution|Syrian occupation of Lebanon}} {{quote box|"It will be [[Emile Lahoud|Lahoud]].. opposing him is tantamount to opposing [[Assad dynasty|Assad]] himself.. I will break [[Lebanon]] over your head and over [[Walid Jumblatt]]'s head. So you had better return to [[Beirut]] and arrange the matter on that basis." | source = — Assad's threats to [[Rafic Hariri]] in August 2004, over the issue of tenure extension of Syrian ally Emile Lahoud<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coughlin |first=Con |title=Assad: The Triumph of Tyranny |url=https://archive.org/details/assadtriumphofty0000conc |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5290-7490-1 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/assadtriumphofty0000conc/page/80 80]–97 |chapter=5: First Blood}}</ref> | align = right | width = 25em }} [[File:Hariri Scene-of-crime View-from-east.jpg|thumb|left|The crime-scene in [[Beirut]] where Hariri and 21 others were killed in a terrorist attack in February 2005. The area was cordoned off to conduct an international investigation.]] On 14 February 2005, [[Rafic Hariri]], the former prime minister of Lebanon, was [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassinated]] in a massive truck-bomb explosion in [[Beirut]], killing 22 people. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' reported that "Syria was widely blamed for Hariri's murder. In the months leading to the assassination, relations between Hariri and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad plummeted amid an atmosphere of threats and intimidation."<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0214/Rafik-Hariri-In-Lebanon-assassination-reverberates-10-years-later |title=Rafik Hariri: In Lebanon, assassination reverberates 10 years later |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=20 April 2015 |date=14 February 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420011320/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0214/Rafik-Hariri-In-Lebanon-assassination-reverberates-10-years-later |url-status=live }}</ref> Bashar promoted his brother-in-law [[Assef Shawkat]], a key figure suspected of orchestrating the terrorist attack, as the chief of [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate]] immediately after Hariri's death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2012 |title=Comeback kid of Assad regime was a feared figure |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721080802/https://www.smh.com.au/world/comeback-kid-of-assad-regime-was-a-feared-figure-20120719-22d5g.html |archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> [[File:Cedar Revolution Demonstrators.jpg|thumb|Protesters take to the streets during Lebanon's "Independence Intifada", also known as the [[Cedar Revolution]].]] The killings caused massive uproar, triggering an ''[[intifada]]'' in [[Lebanon]] and hundreds of thousands of protestors poured on the streets to demand total withdrawal of Syrian military forces. After mounting international pressure that called Syria to implement the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559|UNSC Resolution 1559]], Bashar al-Assad declared on 5 March that he would order the departure of Syrian soldiers. On 14 March 2005, more than a million [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] protestors – Muslims, Christians, and Druze – demonstrated in Beirut, marking the monthly anniversary of Hariri's murder. UN Resolution 1595, adopted on 7 April, sent an [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri#Investigation|international commission]] to investigate the assassination of Hariri. By 5 May 2005, United Nations had officially confirmed the total departure of all Syrian soldiers, ending the 29-year old [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|military occupation]]. The uprisings that occurred in these months came to be known as Lebanon's "independence intifada" or the "[[Cedar Revolution]]".<ref>Rudy Jaafar and [[Maria Stephan|Maria J. Stephan]]. (2009). "Lebanon's Independence Intifada: How an Unarmed Insurrection Expelled Syrian Forces", in Maria J. Stephan (ed.), ''Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.&nbsp;169–185.</ref> UN investigation commission's report published on 20 October 2005 revealed that high-ranking members of [[Syrian intelligence]] and [[Assad family]] had directly supervised the killing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2005 |title=UN Harīrī probe implicates Syria |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4362698.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107092900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4362698.stm |archive-date=7 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=John Kifner |author2= Warren Hoge |date=21 October 2005 |title=Top Syrian Seen as Prime Suspect in Assassination |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/21/world/middleeast/top-syrian-seen-as-prime-suspect-in-assassination.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529190850/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/21/world/middleeast/top-syrian-seen-as-prime-suspect-in-assassination.html |archive-date=29 May 2015 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehlis |first=Detlev |date=19 October 2005 |title=Report of the International Independent Investigation Commission Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1595 (2005) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/21_10_05_mehlisreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051021233807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/21_10_05_mehlisreport.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2005 |journal=}}</ref> The [[BBC]] reported in December 2005 that "Damascus has strongly denied involvement in the car bomb which killed Hariri in February".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4519346.stm |title=Middle East – New Hariri report 'blames Syria' |access-date=20 April 2015 |date=11 December 2005 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326082247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4519346.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil and the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at the ceremonial reception of the President of Syrian Arab Republic, Dr. Bashar al – Assad and his wife Mrs. Asma al-Assad, in New Delhi on June 18, 2008.jpg|thumb|Assad with Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in New Delhi, India, 18 June 2008]] On 27 May 2007, Assad was [[2007 Syrian presidential election|approved for another seven-year term]] in a referendum on his presidency, with 97.6% of the votes supporting his continued leadership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm |title=Syria |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121022641/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2007 |title=Syria's Assad wins another term |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505061141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2007 |title=Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420124315/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack |url-status=live }}</ref> Opposition parties were not allowed in the country and Assad was the only candidate in the referendum.<ref name="CBS %">Klatell, James (27 May 2007). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrians-vote-in-presidential-referendum/ "Syrians Vote in Presidential Referendum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406134454/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrians-vote-in-presidential-referendum/ |date=6 April 2017 }}. CBS News.</ref> Syria's opposition parties under the umbrella of [[Damascus Declaration]] denounced the elections as illegitimate and part of the regime's strategy to sustain the "[[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] system".<ref name="WaPo %2">{{cite news |date=28 May 2007 |title=Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |location=Damascus |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511075416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html |archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Reuters %2">{{Cite news |last=Yacoub Oweis |first=Khaleb |date=17 May 2007 |title=Syria's opposition boycotts vote on Assad |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Damascus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-vote-opposition-idUSOWE75174320070517 |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406134644/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-vote-opposition-idUSOWE75174320070517 |archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Elections in Syria are officially designated as the event of "renewing the pledge of allegiance" to the [[Assad dynasty|Assads]] and voting is enforced as a compulsory duty for every citizen. Announcement of the results are followed by pro-government rallies conducted across the country extolling the regime, wherein citizens declare their "devotion" to the President and celebrate "the virtues" of the Assad dynasty.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klatell |first=James |date=27 May 2007 |title=Syrians Vote in Presidential Referendum |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrians-vote-in-presidential-referendum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406134454/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrians-vote-in-presidential-referendum/ |archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Black |first=Ian |date=28 May 2007 |title=Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406134014/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack |archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chulov |first=Martin |date=13 April 2014 |title=The one certainty about Syria's looming election – Assad will win |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/apr/13/certainty-syria-election-assad-will-win |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621100122/https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/apr/13/certainty-syria-election-assad-will-win |archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> Syria began developing a covert [[Syria and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear program|nuclear weapons programme]] with assistance of [[North Korea]] during the 2000s, but its suspected [[nuclear reactor]] was destroyed by the [[Israeli Air Force]] during [[Operation Orchard|Operation Outside the Box]] in September 2007.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Silent Strike |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/17/the-silent-strike |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118235708/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/17/the-silent-strike |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="ifimes.org">{{Cite web |title=Syria: Between oppression and freedom |url=https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215253/https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |website=Ifimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2008 |title=N.Koreans may have died in Israel raid in Syria: NHK |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-syria/n-koreans-may-have-died-in-israel-raid-in-syria-nhk-idUSL271480120080428 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424091316/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-syria/n-koreans-may-have-died-in-israel-raid-in-syria-nhk-idUSL271480120080428 |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> === Syrian Civil War (2011–2024) === ==== Leadership until 2015 ==== {{See also|Arab Spring|2011 Syrian Revolution|Syrian civil war|Sanctions against Syria}} [[File:Syrian Demonstration Douma Damascus 08-04-2011.jpg|thumbnail|Anti-Assad demonstrations in [[Douma, Syria|Douma]], 8 April 2011]] [[Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War|Protests in Syria]] began on 26 January 2011 following the [[Arab Spring]] protests that called for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the [[state of emergency]] which had been in place since 1963.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html |title=Q&A: Syrian activist Suhair Atassi |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212112539/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html |archive-date=12 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> One attempt at a "day of rage" was set for 4–5 February, though it ended uneventfully.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41400687 |title='Day of rage' protest urged in Syria |work=[[NBC News]] |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913054615/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41400687 |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests on 18–19 March were the largest to take place in Syria for decades, and the Syrian authority responded with violence against its protesting citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/middleeast/19syria.html |title=In Syria, Crackdown After Protests |work=The New York Times |date=18 March 2011 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322061301/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/middleeast/19syria.html |archive-date=22 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In his first public response to the protests delivered on 30 March 2011, Assad blamed the unrest on "conspiracies" and accused the Syrian opposition and protestors of seditious "''[[Fitna (word)|fitna]]''", toeing the party-line of framing the [[Ba'athist Syria|Ba'athist state]] as the victim of an international plot. He also derided the [[Arab Spring]] movement, and described those participating in the protests as "germs" and [[Fifth column|fifth-columnists]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sadiki |first1=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring |last2=Abbas |first2=Akeel |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 |location=New York |pages=412, 413 |chapter=31: Deconstructing Despotic Legacies in the Arab Spring|quote=In the nearly 50-minute speech, President al-Assad gave his interpretation to the protests in Syria and other Arab countries, almost mocking the Arab Spring, invoking the outside regional and international conspirators and their inside 'agents' as the evil 'them'.. Resorting to conspiratorial attribution to explain the 'real' reasons behind the protests in Syria, al-Assad bestowed a pathological inevitability on the actions of political opposition, where the oppressive political system he heads turns into a noble victim, recipient of foreign illnesses. [Assad speech] "Conspiracies are like germs: They procreate at every moment everywhere; they cannot be annihilated, but the immunity of the body can be strengthened against them." … dissent loses its political meaning, or moral justification, acquiring 'othering' essence when the president places it in the dismissive context of the 'fitna'.}}</ref><ref name="Farge">{{Cite news |last=Farge |first=Emma |date=28 June 2022 |title=War has killed 1.5% of Syria's population: UN estimate |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-civilian-death-toll-over-306000-since-2011-un-2022-06-28/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628101243/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-civilian-death-toll-over-306000-since-2011-un-2022-06-28/ |archive-date=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="ohchr.org">{{Cite web |title=UN Human Rights Office estimates more than 306,000 civilians were killed over 10 years in Syria conflict |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/06/un-human-rights-office-estimates-more-306000-civilians-were-killed-over-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075327/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/06/un-human-rights-office-estimates-more-306000-civilians-were-killed-over-10 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Ohchr.org}}</ref> {{quote box|"Throughout the speech, al-Assad remained faithful to the basic ideological line of [[neo-Ba'athism|Syrian Baathism]]: the binary opposition of a devilishly determined, conspiring 'outside' bent on hurting a heroically defending and essentially good 'inside'... consistent with [[Baathist]] dualism, [the speech] makes the sparing, if not grudging, mention of supposedly minor dissent in this 'inside'. This dissent loses its political meaning, or moral justification, acquiring 'othering' essence when the president places it in the dismissive context of the '''fitna'''... Following this hard-line speech, the protesters' demands moved from reforming to overthrowing the regime."| source = — Professor Akeel Abbas on Assad's first public speech after the outbreak of [[2011 Syrian Revolution|Syrian Revolution protests]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sadiki |first1=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring |last2=Abbas |first2=Akeel |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 |location=New York |pages=412, 413 |chapter=31: Deconstructing Despotic Legacies in the Arab Spring}}</ref> | align = right | width = 25em }} The U.S. imposed limited sanctions against the Assad government in April 2011, followed by [[Barack Obama]]'s executive order as of 18 May 2011 targeting Bashar Assad specifically and six other senior officials.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration Takes Additional Steps to Hold the Government of Syria Accountable for Violent Repression Against the Syrian People |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1181.aspx |work=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |access-date=18 May 2011 |quote=Today, President Obama signed an Executive Order ([[s:Executive Order 13573|E.O. 13573]]) imposing sanctions against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and six other senior officials of the Government of Syria in an effort to increase pressure on the Government of Syria to end its use of violence against its people and to begin a transition to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people. |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522122023/http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1181.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ussanct>{{cite news |title=How the U.S. message on Assad shifted |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/how-the-us-message-on-assad-shifted/2011/08/18/gIQAfPZxNJ_blog.html |access-date=23 November 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415104022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/how-the-us-message-on-assad-shifted/2011/08/18/gIQAfPZxNJ_blog.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Oweis |first=Khaled Yacoub |title=U.S. imposes sanctions on Syria's Assad |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518 |access-date=12 March 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 May 2011 |quote=The U.S. move, announced by the Treasury Department, freezes any of the Syrian officials' assets that are in the United States or otherwise fall within U.S. jurisdiction and generally bars U.S. individuals and companies from dealing with them. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518111248/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2011, the EU foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels to add Assad and nine other officials to a list affected by travel bans and asset freezes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13500395 |work=BBC News |title=EU imposes sanctions on President Assad |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401032222/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13500395 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 May 2011, Canada imposed sanctions on Syrian leaders, including Assad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13533833 |work=BBC News |title=Canada imposes sanctions on Syrian leaders |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402085604/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13533833 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 June, in response to the demands of protesters and international pressure, Assad promised a national dialogue involving movement toward reform, [[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|new parliamentary elections]], and greater [[Civil and political rights|freedoms]]. He also urged [[refugee]]s to return home from Turkey, while assuring them [[amnesty]] and blaming all unrest on a small number of saboteurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speech of H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at Damascus University on the situation in Syria |url=http://sana.sy/eng/337/2011/06/21/pr-353686.htm |date=21 June 2011 |agency=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525170047/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2011/06/21/pr-353686.htm |archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> [[File:Anti-government protest in Assi square of Hama.ogg|right|thumb|275px|Hundreds of thousands of anti-Assad protesters parade the Syrian flag and shout the [[Arab Spring]] slogan [[Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam]] (''the people want to bring down the regime!'') in the Assi square, during the [[Siege of Hama (2011)|Siege of Hama]], 22 July 2011.]] In July 2011, U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] said Assad had "lost legitimacy" as president.<ref name="ussanct"/> On 18 August 2011, Barack Obama issued a written statement that urged Assad to "step aside".<ref name=mustgo>{{cite news |title=Assad must go, Obama says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |access-date=23 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513065624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assad-must-go-the-world-unites-against-syria-s-tyrant-2340307.html|title=Assad must go: the world unites against Syria's tyrant|work=[[The Independent]]|date=19 August 2011|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118232120/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assad-must-go-the-world-unites-against-syria-s-tyrant-2340307.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=whstatem>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad President Obama: "The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123020409/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad |date=23 January 2017 }} The White House website, 18 August 2011.</ref> In August, the cartoonist [[Ali Farzat]], a critic of Assad's government, was attacked. Relatives of the humourist told media outlets that the attackers threatened to break Farzat's bones as a warning for him to stop drawing cartoons of government officials, particularly Assad. Farzat was hospitalised with fractures in both hands and blunt force trauma to the head.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nour Ali |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/syria-cartoonist-ali-ferzat-beaten |title=Syrian forces beat up political cartoonist Ali Ferzat |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 March 2012 |date=25 August 2011 |location=London |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419133157/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/syria-cartoonist-ali-ferzat-beaten |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Syrian-Activists-Anti-Regime-Cartoonist-Attacked-Beaten-128385448.html |title=Prominent Syrian Cartoonist Attacked, Beaten |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203183255/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Syrian-Activists-Anti-Regime-Cartoonist-Attacked-Beaten-128385448.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since October 2011, Russia, as a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]], repeatedly [[United Nations Security Council veto power|vetoed]] Western-sponsored draft resolutions in the UN Security Council that would have left open the possibility of UN sanctions, or even military intervention, against the Assad government.<ref name=guardunlegit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/23/russian-vetoes-putting-un-security-council-legitimacy-at-risk-says-us |title=Russian vetoes are putting UN security council's legitimacy at risk, says US |work=The Guardian |access-date=10 January 2016 |date=23 September 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517013841/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/23/russian-vetoes-putting-un-security-council-legitimacy-at-risk-says-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Itar-Tass27-1-12">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-russia-idUSTRE80Q0I620120127 |title=Russia won't back U.N. call for Syria's Assad to go |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=12 January 2016 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=28 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128064627/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/27/us-syria-russia-idUSTRE80Q0I620120127 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39935 Russia and China veto draft Security Council resolution on Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629175424/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39935 |date=29 June 2017 }} UN website, 4 October 2011.</ref> By the end of January 2012, it was reported by [[Reuters]] that over 5,000 civilians and protesters (including armed militants) had been killed by the Syrian army, security agents and militia ([[Shabiha]]), while 1,100 people had been killed by "terrorist armed forces".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-idINDEE7BC00720111213 |work=Reuters |title=Syria death toll hits 5,000 as insurgency spreads |date=13 December 2011 |author=Khaled Yacoub Oweis |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807040746/https://in.reuters.com/article/syria-idINDEE7BC00720111213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 January 2012, Assad gave a speech in which he maintained the uprising was engineered by foreign countries and proclaimed that "victory [was] near". He also said that the [[Arab League]], by suspending Syria, revealed that it was no longer Arab. However, Assad also said the country would not "close doors" to an Arab-brokered solution if "national sovereignty" was respected. He also said a referendum on a new constitution could be held in March.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16483548 |work=BBC News |title=Syria's Assad blames 'foreign conspiracy' |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=10 January 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193447/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16483548 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bombed out vehicles Aleppo.jpg|thumb|Destroyed vehicle on a devastated [[Aleppo]] street, 6 October 2012]] On 27 February 2012, Syria claimed that a proposal that a new constitution be drafted received 90% support during the [[2012 Syrian constitutional referendum|relevant referendum]]. The referendum introduced a fourteen-year cumulative term limit for the president of Syria. The referendum was pronounced meaningless by foreign nations including the U.S. and Turkey; the EU announced fresh sanctions against key regime figures.<ref>{{cite news |author=Martin Chulov |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syria-bashar-al-assad |title=Syria claims 90% of voters backed reforms in referendum |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 March 2012 |date=27 February 2012 |location=London |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517014625/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/27/syria-bashar-al-assad |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2012, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] denounced Western powers for what he said amounted to blackmail thus provoking a civil war in Syria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3646362.ece |title=Russia backs Assad as fighting in Damascus escalates |date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Atul |last=Aneja |location=Chennai |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150440/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3646362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 July 2012, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] declared Syria to be in a state of civil war,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18849362 |work=BBC News |title=Syria in civil war, Red Cross says |date=15 July 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620110230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18849362 |url-status=live }}</ref> as the nationwide death toll for all sides was reported to have neared 20,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/22/syria-death-toll-tops-19000 |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Syrian death toll tops 19,000, say activists |date=22 July 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012 |location=London |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517014621/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/22/syria-death-toll-tops-19000 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 January 2013, Assad, in his first major speech since June, said that the conflict in his country was due to "enemies" outside of Syria who would "go to Hell" and that they would "be taught a lesson". However, he said that he was still open to a political solution saying that failed attempts at a solution "does not mean we are not interested in a political solution."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/06/world/meast/syria-civil-war/?hpt=hp_t1 |title=Al-Assad: Enemies of Syria 'will go to hell' |work=CNN |date=6 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103510/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/06/world/meast/syria-civil-war/?hpt=hp_t1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Listening Post |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/syria-153 |title=Syrian Live Blog |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071334/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/Syria-153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 2014, Assad renewed his third term of presidency after voting process conducted in pro-regime territories which were boycotted by the opposition and condemned by the [[UN|United Nations]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/><ref name="Kossaify"/> According to [[Joshua Landis]]: "He's (Assad) going to say: 'I am the state, I am Syria, and if the West wants access to Syrians, they have to come through me.'"<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> After the fall of four military bases in September 2014,<ref name="AssadWeak">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625865-bashar-assad-may-be-weaker-he-thinks-tough-bowing |title=Bashar Assad may be weaker than he thinks |newspaper=The Economist |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |quote=In Latakia and Tartus, two coastal cities near the Alawite heartland, posters of missing soldiers adorn the walls. When IS took over four government bases in the east of the country this summer, slaughtering dozens of soldiers and displaying some of their heads on spikes in Raqqa, IS's stronghold, families started to lose faith in the government. A visitor to the region reports hearing one man complain: 'We're running out of sons to give them.' |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131748/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625865-bashar-assad-may-be-weaker-he-thinks-tough-bowing |url-status=live }}</ref> which were the last government footholds in the [[Raqqa Governorate]], Assad received significant criticism from his Alawite base of support.<ref name="Dissent2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-dissent-idUSKBN0GW2GQ20140901 |last1=Dziadosz |first1=Alexander |last2=Heneghan |first2=Tom |title=Pro-government Syrian activist arrested after rare public dissent |work=Reuters |access-date=23 September 2014 |date=September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204007/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/01/us-syria-crisis-dissent-idUSKBN0GW2GQ20140901 |url-status=live }}</ref> This included remarks made by Douraid al-Assad, cousin of Bashar al-Assad, demanding the resignation of the Syrian Defence Minister, [[Fahd Jassem al-Freij]], following the massacre by the [[Islamic State]] of hundreds of government troops captured after the IS victory at [[Battle for Tabqa Air base|Tabqa Airbase]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-military-idUKKBN0HD0LW20140918 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419222514/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-military-idUKKBN0HD0LW20140918 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2018 |last=Westhall |first=Syliva |title=Assad's army stretched but still seen strong in Syria's war |work=Reuters |access-date=23 September 2014|date=18 September 2014 }}</ref> This was shortly followed by Alawite protests in [[Homs]] demanding the resignation of the governor,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/kurdish-fighters-group-nearing-syrian-town-25911163 |last1=Hadid |first1=Diaa |title=Activists Say Assad Supporters Protest in Syria |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002102336/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/kurdish-fighters-group-nearing-syrian-town-25911163 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the dismissal of Assad's cousin [[Hafez Makhlouf]] from his security position leading to his subsequent exile to Belarus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/change-leadership-damascus-syria-regime.html |title=Assad dismisses security chief of powerful 'Branch 40' |first1=Jean |last1=Aziz |publisher=Al Monitor |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018101938/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/change-leadership-damascus-syria-regime.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Growing resentment towards Assad among Alawites was fuelled by the disproportionate number of soldiers killed in fighting hailing from Alawite areas,<ref name="BurySons">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/syrias-alawites-pay-heavy-price-bury-sons-26598184 |title=Syria's Alawites Pay Heavy Price as They Bury Sons |first1=Diaa |last1=Hadid |agency=Associated Press |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031172047/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/syrias-alawites-pay-heavy-price-bury-sons-26598184 |url-status=live }}</ref> a sense that the Assad regime has abandoned them,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-homs-blast-idUSL5N0SO3GI20141029 |title=Car bomb wounds 37 in government-held area of Syria's Homs |work=Reuters |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210033/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/29/mideast-crisis-homs-blast-idUSL5N0SO3GI20141029 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the failing economic situation.<ref name="AlawitesVoice">{{cite news |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/syria-tartous-alawites-pro-regime-protests.html |title=Alawites find their voice against Assad |publisher=Al Monitor |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102024626/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/syria-tartous-alawites-pro-regime-protests.html? |url-status=live }}</ref> Figures close to Assad began voicing concerns regarding the likelihood of its survival, with one saying in late 2014; "I don't see the current situation as sustainable ... I think Damascus will collapse at some point."<ref name="AssadWeak" /> [[File:Syrian civil war 01 12 2015.png|thumb|Military situation in December 2015]] In 2015, several members of the Assad family died in [[Latakia]] under unclear circumstances.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=In Syria's war, Alawites pay heavy price for loyalty to Bashar al-Assad |work=The Daily Telegraph |last=Sherlock |first=Ruth |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 14 March, an influential cousin of Assad and founder of the [[shabiha]], Mohammed Toufic al-Assad, was assassinated with five bullets to the head in a dispute over influence in [[Qardaha]]{{snd}}the [[ancestral home]] of the Assad family.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-14/290802-assad-relative-assassinated-in-syria-activists.ashx |title=Assad relative assassinated in Syria: activists |work=The Daily Star |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=15 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531205717/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-14/290802-assad-relative-assassinated-in-syria-activists.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2015, Assad ordered the arrest of his cousin Munther al-Assad in Alzirah, Latakia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syria-bashar-al-assad-arrests-own-cousin-munther-kidnapping-links-1496410 |title=Syria: Bashar al-Assad arrests own cousin Munther 'for kidnapping links' |last1=Alajlan |first1=Anas |work=International Business Times |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417073648/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/syria-bashar-al-assad-arrests-own-cousin-munther-kidnapping-links-1496410 |url-status=live }}</ref> It remains unclear whether the arrest was due to actual crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0421/Can-Syria-s-Assad-withstand-latest-battlefield-setbacks-video |title=Can Syria's Assad withstand latest battlefield setbacks? (+video) |work=The Christian Science Monitor |last=Blanford |first=Nicholas |date=21 August 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621060446/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0421/Can-Syria-s-Assad-withstand-latest-battlefield-setbacks-video |url-status=live }}</ref> After a string of government defeats in northern and southern Syria, analysts noted growing government instability coupled with continued waning support for the Assad government among its core Alawite base of support,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/flash-points-syria-assad-losing-power/ |title=Flash Points: Is Syria's Assad losing power? |work=CBS News |last=Flores |first=Reena |date=2 May 2015 |access-date=3 May 2015 |quote='a lot of suspicion within the regime itself about who's doing what and if folks are leaving.' [...] 'These are signs that I think demonstrate a bit of weakness and instability in the regime that you haven't seen in recent months,' he said. He cites the waning support from the nation's minority Alawite community as one of these important shifts. |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504064305/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/flash-points-syria-assad-losing-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and that there were increasing reports of Assad relatives, Alawites, and businessmen fleeing Damascus for Latakia and foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.655153 |title=Syrian rebel victories stretch Assad's forces |work=Haaretz |last1=Harel |first1=Amos |last2=Cohen |first2=Gili |last3=Khoury |first3=Jack |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |quote=There have also been increasing reports of Assad relatives, businessmen and high-ranking members of the Alawite community fleeing Damascus for the coastal city of Latakia, or other countries, after transferring large sums of money to banks in Lebanon, eastern Europe and the United Arab Emirates. |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150440/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.655153 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/opinion/time-to-reconsider-life-after-al-assad-1.1507735 |title=Time to reconsider 'Life after Al Assad' |work=Gulf News |last=Karkouti |first=Mustapha |date=9 May 2015 |access-date=10 May 2015 |quote=[The] reality on the ground can't be more clear as the population in the regime-controlled parts of Syria are preparing for life after the Al Assad dynasty. According to information received by this author, many businessmen and financiers who flourished under the regime have successfully moved huge amounts of money and capital to neighbouring Lebanon. Some of these funds are now known to have been secretly deposited in Europe.}}</ref> Intelligence chief [[Ali Mamlouk]] was placed under house arrest sometime in April and stood accused of plotting with Assad's exiled uncle [[Rifaat al-Assad]] to replace Bashar as president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11596142/Bashar-al-Assads-spy-chief-arrested-over-Syria-coup-plot.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11596142/Bashar-al-Assads-spy-chief-arrested-over-Syria-coup-plot.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Bashar al-Assad's spy chief arrested over Syria coup plot |work=The Daily Telegraph |last1=Sherlock |first1=Ruth |last2=Malouf |first2=Carol |date=11 May 2015 |access-date=12 May 2015 |quote=Mamlouk had also used a businessman from Aleppo as an intermediary to contact Rifaat al-Assad, Bashar's uncle, who has lived abroad exile since he was accused of seeking to mount a coup in Syria in the 1980s.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Further high-profile deaths included the commanders of the Fourth Armoured Division, the Belli military airbase, the army's special forces and of the First Armoured Division, with an errant air strike during the [[Palmyra offensive (May 2015)|Palmyra offensive]] killing two officers who were reportedly related to Assad.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaileh |first=Salameh |url=http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2015/5/22/the-syrian-regime-is-slowly-being-liquidated |title=The Syrian regime is slowly being liquidated |website=Al-Araby Al-Jadeed |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> ==== After Russian intervention (from 2015) ==== {{See also|Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war|Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war}} [[File:Ali Khamenei and Bashar al-Assad05.jpg|thumb|Bashar al-Assad meets with Iran's supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]], 25 February 2019.]] [[File:Sergey Shoigu and Bashar al-Assad (2017-09-12).jpg|thumb|Assad with former Russian defense minister [[Sergei Shoigu]], 9 September 2017]] On 4 September 2015, when prospects of Assad's survival looked bleak, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that Russia was providing the Assad government with sufficiently "serious" help: with both logistical and military support.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oliphant|first1=Roland|last2=Loveluck|first2=Louisa|date=4 September 2015|title=Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11845635/Vladimir-Putin-confirms-Russian-military-involvement-in-Syrias-civil-war.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11845635/Vladimir-Putin-confirms-Russian-military-involvement-in-Syrias-civil-war.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naylor|first=Hugh|date=4 September 2015|title=Putin says Syria's president is ready for elections, compromise|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Beirut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-says-syrias-president-is-ready-for-elections-compromise-with-rebels/2015/09/04/9dfa818b-92c2-4012-b956-1784189b8ab7_story.html|access-date=11 October 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Borshchevskaya 2022 69–88">{{Cite book |last=Borshchevskaya |first=Anna |title=Putin's War in Syria |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-7556-3463-7 |location=London |pages=69–88 |chapter=6: The Military Campaign }}</ref> Shortly after the start of [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|direct military intervention by Russia]] on 30 September 2015 at the formal request of the Syrian government, Putin stated the military operation had been thoroughly prepared in advance and defined Russia's goal in Syria as "stabilising the legitimate power in Syria and creating the conditions for political compromise".<ref name="goalstabilis">{{cite news |url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/472593 |script-title=ru:Путин назвал основную задачу российских военных в Сирии |agency=[[Interfax]] |date=11 October 2015 |language=ru |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221040027/http://www.interfax.ru/russia/472593 |url-status=live }}</ref> Putin's intervention saved the Assad regime at a time when it was on the verge of a looming collapse. It also enabled Moscow to achieve its key geo-strategic objectives such as total control of Syrian airspace, naval bases that granted permanent martial reach across the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and easier access to intervene in [[Libya]].<ref name="Borshchevskaya 2022 69–88"/> In November 2015, Assad reiterated that a diplomatic process to bring the country's civil war to an end could not begin while it was occupied by "terrorists", although it was considered by [[BBC News]] to be unclear whether he meant only [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] or Western-supported rebels as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34867215 |title=Syria crisis: Assad says no transition while 'terrorists' remain |newspaper=BBC News |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133244/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34867215 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 November, Assad said that within two months of its air campaign Russia had achieved more in its fight against ISIL than the [[American-led intervention in Syria|U.S.-led coalition]] had achieved in a year.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2860324 |script-title=ru:ВКС РФ за два месяца добились большего прогресса в Сирии, чем альянс США за год |trans-title=Russian air force have in two months achieved more progress in Syria that the U.S. alliance in a year |magazine=Kommersant |date=22 November 2015 |access-date=22 November 2015 |language=ru |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415104020/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2860324 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with [[Czech Television]] on 1 December, he said that the leaders who demanded his resignation were of no interest to him, as nobody takes them seriously because they are "shallow" and controlled by the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rozhovor s Bašárem Asadem|url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10997918455-mimoradne-porady-ct24/215411034000172-rozhovor-s-basarem-asadem/|website=Czech Television|access-date=1 December 2015|language=cs|archive-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119001015/http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10997918455-mimoradne-porady-ct24/215411034000172-rozhovor-s-basarem-asadem|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Асад обвинил Турцию, Саудовскую Аравию и Катар в поддержке террористов в Сирии |url=https://www.newsru.com/world/02dec2015/assad.html |website=newsru.com |language=ru |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811163204/https://www.newsru.com/world/02dec2015/assad.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of December 2015, senior U.S. officials privately admitted that Russia had achieved its central goal of stabilising Syria and, with the expenses relatively low, could sustain the operation at this level for years to come.<ref name="reutersstabilis">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-syria-idUSKBN0UB0BA20151229 |title=U.S. sees bearable costs, key goals met for Russia in Syria so far |work=Reuters |date=28 December 2015 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415104043/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-syria-idUSKBN0UB0BA20151229 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2015, Putin stated that Russia was supporting Assad's forces and was ready to back anti-Assad rebels in a joint fight against IS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/putin-claims-support-to-syrian-rebels/a-18913306|title=Putin claims support to Syrian rebels|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=11 December 2015|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032500/https://amp.dw.com/en/putin-claims-support-to-syrian-rebels/a-18913306|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Syrian President Bashar al-Assad meets Iran's special representative on Syrian affairs Ali Akbar Velayati.jpg|thumb|Bashar al-Assad meets with Iran's representative on Syrian affairs, [[Ali Akbar Velayati]], 6 May 2016.]] On 22 January 2016, the ''[[Financial Times]]'', citing anonymous "senior western intelligence officials", claimed that Russian general [[Igor Sergun]], the director of [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]], the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]], had shortly before his sudden death on 3 January 2016 been sent to Damascus with a message from Vladimir Putin asking that President Assad step aside.<ref name="ftresign">{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/735b4746-c01f-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/735b4746-c01f-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Vladimir Putin asked Bashar al-Assad to step down |newspaper=Financial Times |date=22 January 2016 |access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref> The ''Financial Times''' report was denied by Putin's spokesman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2016|title=Putin Requested Assad Step Aside, But Syrian Leader Refused|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/01/22/putin-requested-assad-step-aside-but-syrian-leader-refused-a51558|access-date=11 October 2021|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174859/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/01/22/putin-requested-assad-step-aside-but-syrian-leader-refused-a51558|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported in December 2016 that Assad's forces had retaken half of rebel-held [[Aleppo]], ending a 6-year stalemate in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2016/12/03/Assads-forces-retake-half-of-rebel-held-Aleppo/3411480810004/ |first=Eric |last=DuVall |title=Assad's forces retake half of rebel-held Aleppo |work=[[United Press International]] |date=3 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211201105/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2016/12/03/Assads-forces-retake-half-of-rebel-held-Aleppo/3411480810004/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38194136|title=Aleppo siege: Syria rebels lose 50% of territory|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=3 December 2016|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413140020/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38194136|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 December, as it was reported government forces were on the brink of retaking all of Aleppo{{snd}}a "turning point" in the civil war, Assad celebrated the "liberation" of the city, and stated, "History is being written by every Syrian citizen."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fox6now.com/2016/12/17/evacuation-agreement-reached-in-aleppo-rebel-group-says/ |title=Evacuation agreement reached in Aleppo, rebel group says|website=Fox 6 Now|publisher=Fox News|date=17 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220125836/http://fox6now.com/2016/12/17/evacuation-agreement-reached-in-aleppo-rebel-group-says/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the election of [[Donald Trump]], the priority of the U.S. concerning Assad was unlike the priority of the [[Presidency of Barack Obama#Syrian civil war|Obama administration]], and in March 2017, [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. Ambassador to the UN]] [[Nikki Haley]] stated the U.S. was no longer focused on "getting Assad out",<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. priority on Syria no longer focused on "getting Assad out": Haley |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-haley-idUSKBN1712QL |work=Reuters |date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502174900/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-haley-idUSKBN1712QL |url-status=live }}</ref> but this position changed in the wake of the [[2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/tillerson-u-s-will-lead-coalition-to-oust-assad-2348075513.html |title=Tillerson: U.S. will lead coalition to oust Assad |first=Alayna |last=Treene |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023192349/https://www.axios.com/tillerson-u-s-will-lead-coalition-to-oust-assad-2348075513.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strikes on a Syrian airbase]] on the orders of President Trump, Assad's spokesperson described the U.S.' behaviour as "unjust and arrogant aggression" and stated that the missile strikes "do not change the deep policies" of the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Syria's Assad Calls U.S. Airstrikes an Outrageous Act |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-07/syrias-assad-calls-us-airstrikes-an-outrageous-act |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124220516/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-07/syrias-assad-calls-us-airstrikes-an-outrageous-act |url-status=live }}</ref> President Assad also told the [[Agence France-Presse]] that Syria's military had given up all its chemical weapons in 2013, and would not have used them if they still retained any, and stated that the chemical attack was a "100 percent fabrication" used to justify a U.S. airstrike.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's Assad says Idlib chemical attack 'fabrication': AFP interview |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad-idUSKBN17F1NE |work=Reuters |date=13 April 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207132915/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad-idUSKBN17F1NE |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2017, Russian President Putin said "Assad didn't use the [chemical weapons]" and that the chemical attack was "done by people who wanted to blame him for that."<ref>{{cite web |title=Putin: Syria chemical attack was provocation against Assad |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News United States]]|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company]]|date=2 June 2017 |first1=Ian |last1=Phillips |first2=Vladimir |last2=Isachenkov |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/putin-syria-chemical-attack-provocation-assad-47790720 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602223827/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/putin-syria-chemical-attack-provocation-assad-47790720 |archive-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> UN and international chemical weapons inspectors from the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) found the attack was the work of the Assad regime.<ref name="CNN sarin report"/> [[File:Vladimir Putin visited Khmeimim Air Base in Syria (2017-12-11) 41.jpg|thumb|Assad and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Khmeimim Air Base]] in Syria, 11 December 2017]] On 7 November 2017, the Syrian government announced that it had signed the [[Paris Climate Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/climate/syria-joins-paris-agreement.html|title=Syria Joins Paris Climate Accord, Leaving Only U.S. Opposed|last=Friedman|first=Lisa|date=7 November 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413160706/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/climate/syria-joins-paris-agreement.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, it recognized the independence of Russian-occupied separatist republics of [[Abkhazia|Abhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]] in Georgia, leading to backlash from the [[European Union]], [[United States]], [[Canada]] and other countries.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Syria recognizes Georgia's breakaway regions |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/syria-recognizes-georgias-breakaway-regions-in-nod-to-russia/a-43988153 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530092144/https://www.dw.com/en/syria-recognizes-georgias-breakaway-regions-in-nod-to-russia/a-43988153 |archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2018 |title=Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia |work=rferl.org |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-syria-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-abkhazia-south-ossetia/29257063.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034717/https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-syria-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-abkhazia-south-ossetia/29257063.html |archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2018 |title=Canada concerned by Syria's recognition of Georgian breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/06/canada-concerned-by-syrias-recognition-of-georgian-breakaway-regions-of-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605131719/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/06/canada-concerned-by-syrias-recognition-of-georgian-breakaway-regions-of-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref> On 30 August 2020, the [[First Hussein Arnous government]] was formed, which included a new [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=AFP|date=30 August 2020|title=Syria's Assad designates new government headed by PM Arnous|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/syrian-crisis/syrias-assad-designates-new-government-headed-by-pm-arnous|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Daily Sabah|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830231314/https://www.dailysabah.com/world/syrian-crisis/syrias-assad-designates-new-government-headed-by-pm-arnous|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2021 Syrian presidential election|2021 presidential elections]] held on 26 May, Assad secured his fourth 7-year tenure; by winning 95.2% of the eligible votes. The elections were boycotted by the [[Syrian opposition|opposition]] and [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]]; while the refugees and internally displaced citizens were disqualified to vote; enabling only 38% of Syrians to participate in the process. Independent international observers as well as representatives of Western countries described the elections as a farce. [[United Nations]] condemned the elections for directly violating Resolution 2254; and announced that it has "no mandate".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kossaify |first=Ephrem |date=22 April 2021 |title=UN reiterates it is not involved in Syrian presidential election |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1846771/%7B%7B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425141450/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1846771/middle-east |archive-date=25 April 2021 |website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Nigel |date=9 June 2021 |title=Syria: 2021 presidential election and future prospects |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9250/CBP-9250.pdf |journal=House of Commons Library |pages=4–15 |via=UK Parliament |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815074550/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9250/CBP-9250.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=Syria's Assad wins 4th term with 95% of vote, in election the West calls fraudulent |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-president-bashar-al-assad-wins-fourth-term-office-with-951-votes-live-2021-05-27/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127122709/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-president-bashar-al-assad-wins-fourth-term-office-with-951-votes-live-2021-05-27/ |archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria Events of 2021 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103070540/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/syria |archive-date=3 January 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch|date=14 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Lister |first=Charles |date=10 May 2021 |title=US policy in Syria in 2021 |work=Asharq al-Awsat |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2965846/charles-lister/us-policy-syria-2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813233750/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2965846/charles-lister/us-policy-syria-2021 |archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> [[File:AssadRaisi2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Assad with Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] in Damascus, 3 May 2023]] On 10 August 2021, the [[Second Hussein Arnous government]] was formed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2021|title=Syria's Assad asks PM Arnous to form new cabinet|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-asks-pm-hussein-arnous-form-new-cabinet-2021-08-01/|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005033010/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-asks-pm-hussein-arnous-form-new-cabinet-2021-08-01/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Assad, Syria became a strong supporter of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and was one of the five countries that opposed the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] resolution denouncing the invasion, which called upon Russia to pull back its troops. Three days prior to the invasion, Foreign Minister [[Faisal Mekdad]] was dispatched to Moscow to affirm Syria's recognition of [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]] separatist republics. A day after the invasion, Bashar al-Assad praised the invasion as "a correction of history and a restoration of balance in the [[International order|global order]] after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]]" in a phone call with [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Syria's Assad says Russia's Ukraine invasion a 'correction of history' |work=Al-Arabiya News |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2022/02/25/Syria-s-Assad-says-Russia-s-Ukraine-invasion-a-correction-of-history- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225144651/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2022/02/25/Syria-s-Assad-says-Russia-s-Ukraine-invasion-a-correction-of-history- |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops |url=https://press.un.org/en/2022/ga12407.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807161917/https://press.un.org/en/2022/ga12407.doc.htm |archive-date=7 August 2022 |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makki |first=Danny |date=9 March 2022 |title=Syria's role in Putin's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/syrias-role-putins-invasion-ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309133840/https://www.mei.edu/publications/syrias-role-putins-invasion-ukraine |archive-date=9 March 2022 |website=Middle East Institute}}</ref> Syria became the first country after Russia to officially recognize the "independence and sovereignty" of the two breakaway regions in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2022 |title=Syria to recognize Ukraine's Luhansk and Donetsk regions |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-middle-east-syria-moscow-c5505e965d7d354b2b1f408385197829 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702012411/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-middle-east-syria-moscow-c5505e965d7d354b2b1f408385197829 |archive-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2022 |title=Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk – state news agency |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703150251/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-recognizes-independence-sovereignty-donetsk-luhansk-state-news-agency-2022-06-29/ |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2022 |title=Syria first country other than Russia to recognise Ukraine separatist republics of Donetsk and Lugansk |work=WIO News |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/syria-first-country-other-than-russia-to-recognise-ukraine-separatist-republics-of-donetsk-and-lugansk-493080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629211244/https://www.wionews.com/world/syria-first-country-other-than-russia-to-recognise-ukraine-separatist-republics-of-donetsk-and-lugansk-493080 |archive-date=29 June 2022}}</ref> On the 12th anniversary of beginning of the protests of [[2011 Syrian Revolution|Syrian Revolution]], Bashar al-Assad held a meeting with [[Vladimir Putin]] during an official visit to Russia. In a televised broadcast with Putin, Assad defended Russia's "special military operation" as a war against "[[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] and [[Banderite|old Nazis]]" of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2023 |title=Assad meets Putin in Moscow as Syrians mark 12 years since anti-regime uprising |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230315-assad-meets-putin-in-moscow-as-syrians-mark-12-years-since-anti-regime-uprising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315170723/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230315-assad-meets-putin-in-moscow-as-syrians-mark-12-years-since-anti-regime-uprising |archive-date=15 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="rferl.org">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2023 |title=Zelenskiy Announces Sanctions On Hundreds Of Individuals, Including Syrian President, Iranian Drone Makers |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/zelenskiy-ukraine-sanctions-syria-iran/32324885.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319093053/https://www.rferl.org/a/zelenskiy-ukraine-sanctions-syria-iran/32324885.html |archive-date=19 March 2023 |website=rferl.org}}</ref> He recognised the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|Russian annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts]] and ratified the new Russian borders, claiming that the territories were "historically Russian". Assad also urged Russia to expand its [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war|military presence in Syria]] by establishing new bases and deploying more boots on the ground, making its military role permanent.{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=Assad welcomes new Russian bases in Syria after Putin meeting |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/assad-will-welcome-new-russian-military-bases-in-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316094529/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/assad-will-welcome-new-russian-military-bases-in-syria |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Guy Faulconbridge |author2=Caleb Davis |date=16 March 2023 |title=Syria's Assad would like more Russian bases and troops |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-says-would-welcome-more-russian-troops-2023-03-16/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316070448/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-says-would-welcome-more-russian-troops-2023-03-16/ |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Assad: Syria recognizes Russia's new borders |url=https://www.teletrader.com/assad-syria-recognizes-russia-s-new-borders/news/details/59649372?ts=1679546104895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323052728/https://www.teletrader.com/assad-syria-recognizes-russia-s-new-borders/news/details/59649372?ts=1679549248213 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |website=teletrader.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=Assad Welcomes New Russian Bases in Syria, Recognizes Russian Annexations in Ukraine |work=Havana Times |url=https://havanatimes.org/news/assad-welcomes-new-russian-bases-in-syria-recognizes-russian-annexations-in-ukraine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323053657/https://havanatimes.org/news/assad-welcomes-new-russian-bases-in-syria-recognizes-russian-annexations-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=23 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Minal |date=16 March 2023 |title=Assad Says Syria Recognizes New Russian Borders Following Accession Of New Regions |work=Pakistan Point |url=https://www.pakistanpoint.com/en/story/1659999/assad-says-syria-recognizes-new-russian-borders-followi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323053926/https://www.pakistanpoint.com/en/story/1659999/assad-says-syria-recognizes-new-russian-borders-followi.html |archive-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>}} [[File:Syrian Civil War map (November 29, 2024).svg|thumb|Military situation before the [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|opposition offensives]] in late 2024.<br />Territories held by the [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]] (yellow), [[Islamic State|IS]] (grey), the [[Syrian Army]] (red), the [[Syrian National Army|SNA]] and [[Turkey]] (light green), [[Tahrir al-Sham]] (white), the [[Revolutionary Commando Army|SFA]] and the [[United States]] (teal).]] In March 2023, he visited the [[United Arab Emirates]] and met with UAE's President [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's Assad in UAE as Second Post-Quake Gulf Visit Signals Growing Arab Outreach |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/syria-s-assad-arrives-in-uae-for-official-visit-/7011966.html |work=VOA News |date=19 March 2023}}</ref> In May 2023, he attended the [[2023 Arab League summit|Arab League summit in Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], where he was welcomed by Saudi Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's Assad wins warm welcome at Arab summit after years of isolation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020102358/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-attend-arab-summit-bringing-regional-isolation-an-end-2023-05-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He met with Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] and other Arab leaders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's Assad shakes hands, kisses cheeks with onetime foes at Arab League summit |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-shakes-hands-kisses-cheeks-with-onetime-foes-arab-league-summit-2023-05-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 May 2023}}</ref> In September 2023, Assad attended the [[Asian Games]] opening ceremony in [[Hangzhou]] and met with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's Bashar al Assad and wife laugh and wave at Asian Games opening ceremony amid China talks |url=https://news.sky.com/story/syrias-bashar-al-assad-and-wife-laugh-and-wave-at-asian-games-opening-ceremony-amid-china-talks-12968127 |work=Sky News |date=23 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010235/https://news.sky.com/story/syrias-bashar-al-assad-and-wife-laugh-and-wave-at-asian-games-opening-ceremony-amid-china-talks-12968127 |url-status=live }}</ref> They announced the establishment of a China–Syria strategic partnership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leaders of Syria and China announce strategic partnership as part of Asian Games diplomacy |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-syria-asian-games-diplomacy-assad-xi-cce801eaa586fe5db82d28df79b0f91f |work=Associated Press |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108022849/https://apnews.com/article/china-syria-asian-games-diplomacy-assad-xi-cce801eaa586fe5db82d28df79b0f91f |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2023, Assad attended the [[2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit|Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit]] in Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-host-extraordinary-joint-islamic-arab-summit-riyadh-saturday-2023-11-10/|title=Arab and Muslim leaders call for immediate end to Gaza war|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=11 November 2023|author=Aziz El Yaakoubi, Nayera Abdallah}}</ref> In May 2024, he attended the Arab League summit in [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/05/assad-sisi-gulf-leaders-bahrain-arab-league-summit-gaza-war-rages|title=Assad, Sisi, Gulf leaders in Bahrain for Arab League summit as Gaza war rages|date=16 May 2024|publisher=Al Monitor}}</ref> === Rebel offensive, regime collapse and exile in Russia (2024) === {{See also|2024 Syrian opposition offensives|Fall of the Assad regime}} [[File:Northwestern Syria offensive (2024).jpg|thumb|right|[[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|Syrian opposition offensives]] that overthrew Assad's regime in 11 days]] In December 2024, the United States, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom urged for de-escalation in Syria as violence flared up once again. Rebel factions, led by the Islamist group [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hayat Tahrir al-Sham]] (HTS), had [[Battle of Aleppo (2024)|taken control of Aleppo]], prompting a retaliatory airstrike campaign by President Assad and his Russian allies. The strikes, which targeted population centers and several hospitals in the [[Insurgency in Idlib|rebel-held]] city of [[Idlib]], resulted in at least 25 deaths, according to the [[White Helmets (Syrian civil war)|White Helmets]] rescue group. [[NATO]] countries issued a joint statement calling for the protection of civilians and critical infrastructure to prevent further displacement and ensure humanitarian access. They stressed the urgent need for a Syrian-led political solution, in accordance with [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254]], which advocates for dialogue between the Syrian government and opposition forces. The [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|rebel offensive]], which had begun on 27 November 2024, continued its [[2024 Hama offensive|advance into Hama Governorate]] following their capture of Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria: US, Germany, France, UK call for de-escalation |date=2 December 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/syria-us-germany-france-uk-call-for-de-escalation/a-70933512 |website=DW News |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=Fighting Worsens Already Dire Conditions in Northwestern Syria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/middleeast/syria-civil-war-rebels-aleppo.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syrian hospital hit in air attack on opposition-held Idlib |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/12/3/syrian-hospital-hit-in-air-attack-on-opposition-held-idlib |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> On 4 December 2024, fierce clashes erupted in [[Hama Governorate]] as the Syrian army engaged Islamist-led insurgents in a bid to halt their advance on the key city of [[Hama]]. Government forces claimed to have launched a counteroffensive with air support, pushing back rebel factions, including Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), around six miles from the city. However, despite reinforcements, the rebels captured the city on 5 December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria rebels capture major city of Hama after military withdraws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cql5r2px4yyo |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The fighting led to widespread displacement, with nearly 50,000 people fleeing the area and over 600 casualties reported, including 104 civilians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian army launches counterattack as rebels push towards Hama |date=4 December 2024 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241204-syrian-army-launches-counterattack-as-rebels-push-towards-hama |website=France24 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 6 December, rebels began encircling the capital Damascus.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2024 |title=Syrian rebels seize Damascus, ending decades of brutal Assad dynasty rule |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-rebels-control-south-approaching-damascus |access-date=10 December 2024 |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]}}</ref> On 7 December, Assad fled the city just before [[Fall of Damascus|its fall to the rebels]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Syrian army command tells officers that Assad's rule has ended, officer says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/ |website=Reuters |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> ending 54 years of the Assad family's rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-bashar-assad-war-1468a97ff95bb782f5933856d99c9a8d|work=Associated Press News|title=The fall of Bashar Assad after 13 years of war in Syria brings to an end a decades-long dynasty|date=8 December 2024|author=Zeina Karam & Abby Sewell}}</ref> The Russian government said that Assad had "stepped down" as president following a personal decision and had left Syria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Bashar al-Assad? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqx89reeevgo |website=BBC |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2024 |title=Assad Chose to Resign From Syrian Presidency, Kremlin Says |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/12/10/assad-chose-to-resign-from-syrian-presidency-kremlin-says-a87282 |access-date=10 December 2024 |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> [[Interfax]], quoting an unnamed source at the [[Kremlin]], said that Assad and his family had arrived in Moscow and that the Russian government had granted them [[Political asylum|asylum]] "on humanitarian grounds."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Gebeily |first1=Maya |last2=Azhari |first2=Timour |date=8 December 2024 |title=Syria's Assad and his family are in Moscow after Russia granted them asylum, say Russian news agencies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-his-family-are-moscow-after-russia-granted-them-asylum-say-russian-2024-12-08/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> == Controversies == === Corruption === {{Main|Corruption in Syria}} {{See also|Economy of Syria}} At the onset of the [[Syrian Revolution of Dignity|Syrian revolution]], corruption in Syria was endemic, and the country was ranked 129th in the 2011 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2011|title=2011 – CPI|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002112428/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2011|archive-date=2 October 2020|website=Transparency.org}}</ref> Since the 1970s, Syria's economy has been dominated by the patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites and [[Alawite]] loyalists of the Assad family, who established control over Syria's public sectors based on kinship and nepotism. The pervasive nature of corruption had been a source of controversy within the Ba'ath party circles and the wider public; as early as the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. Sadowski |first=Yahya |date=1987 |title=Patronage and the Ba'th: Corruption and Control in Contemporary Syria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857946 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=442–461 |jstor=41857946 }}</ref> Bashar al-Assad's economic liberalization program during the 2000s became a symbol of corruption and nepotism, as the scheme's beneficiaries were Alawite loyalists who seized a significant portion of the privatized sectors and business assets. The government's actions alienated the vast majority of the Syrian public, particularly the rural and urban working classes, who strongly disliked the resulting economic disparities that became overtly visible.<ref name="Allam, Saber 2019 26–27"/><ref name="France 24">{{Cite news|date=9 July 2020|title=Assad's 20-year rule, from Damascus Spring to pariah|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-assad-s-20-year-rule-from-damascus-spring-to-pariah|access-date=21 May 2023|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514182340/https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-assad-s-20-year-rule-from-damascus-spring-to-pariah|url-status=live}}</ref> Assad's cousin [[Rami Makhlouf]] was the regime's most favored oligarch during this period, marked by the institutionalization of corruption, handicapping of small businesses and casting down private [[entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2012 |title=Bashar al-Assad's inner circle |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13216195 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327062345/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13216195 |archive-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> The persistence of corruption, sectarian bias towards Alawites, nepotism and widespread bribery that existed in party, bureaucracy and military led to popular anger that resulted in the eruption of the 2011 Syrian Revolution. The protests were the most fierce in working-class neighbourhoods, which had long bore the brunt of the regime's exploitation policies that privileged its own loyalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gersh |first=Nick |date=6 February 2017 |title=The Role of Corruption in the Syrian Civil War |url=https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2017/02/06/the-role-of-corruption-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219152118/https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2017/02/06/the-role-of-corruption-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |website=GAB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ashraf Allam |author2=Salah Saber |title=Assad's Survival: The Symbol Of Resisting The Arab Spring |publisher=Lamar |year=2019 |isbn=978-977-85412-3-6 |location=Alexandria, Egypt |pages=26–27}}</ref> According to [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], as a result of the Syrian civil war, "government-controlled Syria is truncated in size, battered and impoverished."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/assads-syria-truncated-battered-defiant-26633429 |title=Assad's Syria Truncated, Battered, but Defiant |work=Abc News |first=Diaa |last=Hadid |date=2 November 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102205346/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/assads-syria-truncated-battered-defiant-26633429 |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) were applied long before the Syrian civil war by the U.S. and were joined by the EU at the outbreak of the civil war, causing disintegration of the Syrian economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17088270 |title=Syria 'disintegrating under crippling sanctions' |work=BBC News |date=19 February 2012 |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515091458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17088270 |url-status=live }}</ref> These sanctions were reinforced in October 2014 by the EU and U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-eu-idUSKCN0IA1AF20141021 |title=EU targets ministers, UAE firm in latest Syria sanctions |work=Reuters |first=Adrian |last=Croft |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007014415/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/21/us-mideast-crisis-syria-eu-idUSKCN0IA1AF20141021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/16/treasury-syrian-sanctions-qusay-mihoub/17354081/ |title=Tightened sanctions target Syrian human rights abuses |work=USA Today |first=Gregory |last=Korte |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811132431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/16/treasury-syrian-sanctions-qusay-mihoub/17354081/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Industry in parts of the country that are still held by the government is heavily state-controlled, with [[economic liberalisation]] being reversed during the current conflict.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-economy-socialist-idUSBRE8630FA20120704 |title=Syria reverts to socialist economic policies to ease tension |first1=Suleiman |last1=Al-Khalidi |work=Reuters |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020124949/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/04/us-syria-economy-socialist-idUSBRE8630FA20120704 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[London School of Economics]] has stated that as a result of the Syrian civil war, a [[war economy]] has developed in Syria.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0IU10Z20141110?irpc=932 |title=Local ceasefires best way to ease Syrians' suffering: researchers |work=Reuters |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161119/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0IU10Z20141110?irpc=932 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2014 [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] report also stated that a war economy has formed: {{blockquote|Three years into a conflict that is estimated to have killed at least 140,000 people from both sides, much of the Syrian economy lies in ruins. As the violence has expanded and sanctions have been imposed, assets and infrastructure have been destroyed, economic output has fallen, and investors have fled the country. Unemployment now exceeds 50 percent and half of the population lives below the poverty line ... against this backdrop, a war economy is emerging that is creating significant new economic networks and business activities that feed off the violence, chaos, and lawlessness gripping the country. This war economy – to which Western sanctions have inadvertently contributed – is creating incentives for some Syrians to prolong the conflict and making it harder to end it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR97_SYRIA_BRIEF_AW.pdf |title=Syria's War Economy |first1=Jihad |last1=Yazigi |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009205851/http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR97_SYRIA_BRIEF_AW.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A [[United Nations|UN]] commissioned report by the Syrian Centre for Policy Research states that two-thirds of the Syrian population now lives in "extreme poverty".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-economy-idUSKBN0E81WL20140528 |title=Syria's economy heads into ruin: U.N. sponsored report |first1=Suleiman |last1=Al-Khalidi |work=Reuters |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824204400/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/28/us-syria-economy-idUSKBN0E81WL20140528 |url-status=live }}</ref> Unemployment stands at 50 percent.<ref name="SurvivalMode">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-regime-cuts-subsidies-focuses-ailing-economy-on-war-effort/2014/11/29/5f830894-719c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489_story.html |title=Syria's Assad regime cuts subsidies, focuses ailing economy on war effort |newspaper=The Washington Post |first1=Hugh |last1=Naylor |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103114216/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-regime-cuts-subsidies-focuses-ailing-economy-on-war-effort/2014/11/29/5f830894-719c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2014, a $50 million mall opened in [[Tartus]] which provoked criticism from government supporters and was seen as part of an Assad government policy of attempting to project a sense of normalcy throughout the civil war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-17/274357-glitzy-mall-sparks-anger-from-assad-backers.ashx |title=Glitzy mall sparks anger from Assad backers |first1=Rita |last1=Daou |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022183913/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-17/274357-glitzy-mall-sparks-anger-from-assad-backers.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A government policy to give preference to families of slain soldiers for government jobs was cancelled after it caused an uproar<ref name="BurySons"/> while rising accusations of corruption caused protests.<ref name="AlawitesVoice"/> In December 2014, the EU banned sales of jet fuel to the Assad government, forcing the government to buy more expensive uninsured jet fuel shipments in the future.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11290437/EU-tries-to-ground-Bashar-al-Assads-warplanes-by-banning-fuel-supplies.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11290437/EU-tries-to-ground-Bashar-al-Assads-warplanes-by-banning-fuel-supplies.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=EU tries to ground Bashar al-Assad's warplanes by banning fuel supplies |work=The Telegraph |first1=David |last1=Blair |date=12 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Taking advantage of the increased role of the state as a result of the civil war, Bashar and his wife Asma have begun annexing Syria's economic assets from their loyalists, seeking to displace the old business elites and monopolize their direct control of the economy. [[Maher al-Assad]], the brother of Bashar, has also become wealthy by overseeing the operations of Syria's state-sponsored [[captagon]] drug industry and seizing much of the spoils of war. The ruling couple currently owns vast swathes of Syria's shipping, real estate, telecommunications and banking sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2022 |title=Changes to Syria's Business Elite Concentrates Wealth in Hands of Presidential Couple |work=The Syria Report |url=https://syria-report.com/analysis-changes-to-syrias-business-elite-concentrates-wealth-in-hands-of-presidential-couple-open-access/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202222632/https://syria-report.com/analysis-changes-to-syrias-business-elite-concentrates-wealth-in-hands-of-presidential-couple-open-access/ |archive-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Chloe Cornish |author2=Asser Khattab |date=25 July 2019 |title=Syria's Assad puts pressure on business elite |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a7a75e4c-a95d-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727060100/https://www.ft.com/content/a7a75e4c-a95d-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04 |archive-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> Significant changes have been happening to Syrian economy since the government's confiscation campaigns launched in 2019, which involved major economic assets being transferred to the Presidential couple to project their power and influence. Particularly noteworthy dynamic has been the rise of [[Asma al-Assad]], who heads Syria's clandestine economic council and is thought to have become "a central funnel of economic power in Syria". Through her Syria Trust NGO, the backbone of her financial network, Asma vets the foreign aid coming to Syria; since the government authorizes UN organizations only if it works under state agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jalabi |first=Raya |date=2023 |title=Syria's state capture: the rising influence of Mrs Assad |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a51c6227-0c93-4fe1-aca7-25783a43708f |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405013209/https://www-ft-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/content/a51c6227-0c93-4fe1-aca7-25783a43708f |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Corruption has been rising sporadically in recent years, with Syria being considered the most corrupt country in the [[Arab World]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title=Middle East corruption rankings: Syria most corrupt, UAE least, Turkey slipped |work=Al-Monitor |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/01/middle-east-corruption-rankings-syria-most-corrupt-uae-least-turkey-slipped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203201215/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/01/middle-east-corruption-rankings-syria-most-corrupt-uae-least-turkey-slipped |archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title=Syria, Yemen and Libya among 'lowest in the world' for corruption perceptions |work=The New Arab |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-yemen-and-libya-rank-among-lowest-corruption-index?amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208070207/https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-yemen-and-libya-rank-among-lowest-corruption-index?amp |archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> As of 2022, Syria is the ranked second worst globally in the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title= Corruption Perceptions Index |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001659/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> === Sectarianism === {{See also|Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war}} Hafez al-Assad's government was widely counted amongst the most repressive Arab [[dictatorship]]s of the 20th century. As Bashar inherited his father's mantle, he sought to implement "authoritarian upgrading" by purging those from his father's generation and staffing the party and military with loyalist Alawite officers, further entrenching the sectarianism within the system.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ashraf Allam |author2=Salah Saber |title=Assad's Survival: The Symbol Of Resisting The Arab Spring |publisher=Lamar |year=2019 |isbn=978-977-85412-3-6 |location=Alexandria, Egypt |pages=27–30 |chapter=The domestic structure of the regime |quote=Because he lacks his father's leadership skills... Bashar may settle for consensus among his junta of Alawi officers... When Bashar assumed office he attempted to consolidate power through 'authoritarian upgrading'.. However, the conservative military establishment and senior members of the regime were not favorable to Bashar's reforms, which forced Bashar to retire such senior personnel in order to further consolidate his power. But Bashar struggled to appoint new and loyal staff, his Ba'athist regime became increasingly like a sectarian family clan}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Ker-Lindsay |first=James |date=27 April 2023 |title=Is Syria No Longer a Pariah State? |work=World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/syria-pariah-state/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602100607/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/syria-pariah-state/ |archive-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> While officially the Ba'athist government adheres to a strict secularist doctrine, in practice it has implemented sectarian engineering policies in the society to suppress dissent and monopolize its absolute power.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf |title=Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria |publisher=International Crisis Group |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |page=23 |quote=The regime aims to compel people to take refuge in their sectarian and communitarian identities; to split each community into competing branches, dividing those who support it from those who oppose it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220181554/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{quote box|"During Hafez-al-Assad's reign, he resorted to emphasising the sectarian identities that the previous [[Ba'ath Party]] rejected; believing the only way to ensure stability was through building a trusted security force... Hafez pursued a strategy to "make the Alawite community a loyal monolith while keeping Syria's Sunni majority divided". Yet Syria became a [[police state]], enforcing stability through threat of brute force repression... Bashar had already followed in his father's footsteps, carefully manoeuvring his most loyal allies into the military-security apparatus, government ministries and the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath party]]." | source = — Antonia Robson<ref name="Robson">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |last=Robson| first=Antonia |title=The Mobilisation of Sectarian Identities in the Syrian Civil War |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2021/05/03/the-mobilisation-of-sectarian-identities-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130180133/https://www.e-ir.info/2021/05/03/the-mobilisation-of-sectarian-identities-in-the-syrian-civil-war/ |archive-date=30 November 2022 |website=E-International Relations}}</ref> | align = right | width = 25em }} The regime has attempted to portray itself to the outside world as "the protector of minorities" and instills the fear of the majority rule in the society to mobilize loyalists from minorities.<ref name="NPR_APRIL_2015">{{cite web |last=Meuse |first=Alison |date=18 April 2015 |title=Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/04/18/400360836/syrias-minorities-caught-between-sword-of-isis-and-wrath-of-assad |access-date=19 April 2015 |publisher=NPR |quote=Karim Bitar, a Middle East analyst at Paris think tank IRIS [...] says [...] 'Minorities are often used as a shield by authoritarian regimes, who try to portray themselves as protectors and as a bulwark' |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419125016/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/04/18/400360836/syrias-minorities-caught-between-sword-of-isis-and-wrath-of-assad |url-status=live }}</ref> Assad loyalist figures like [[Michel Samaha]] have advocated sectarian mobilization to defend the regime from what he labelled as the "sea of [[Sunnis]]". Assad regime has unleashed sectarian violence through private Alawite militias like the ''[[Shabiha]]'', particularly in Sunni areas. Alawite religious iconography and communal sentiments are common themes used by [[Alawites|Alawite]] warrior-shaykhs who lead the Alawite militias; as justification to commit massacres, abductions and torture in opposition strongholds.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ümit Üngör|first=Uğur |date=9 February 2022 |title=The Specter of Sectarian Violence in Syria |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-specter-of-sectarian-violence-in-syria/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704031407/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-specter-of-sectarian-violence-in-syria/ |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=19 April 2015 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Various development policies adopted by the regime had followed a sectarian pattern. An urbanization scheme implemented by the government in the city of Homs led to expulsions of thousands of Sunni residents during the 2000s, while Alawite majority areas were left intact.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |last=Hokayem| first=Emile|title=Assad or We Burn the Country|url=https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323074045/https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-date=23 March 2022 |website=War on the rocks}}</ref> Even as [[Syrian Ba'athism]] absorbed diverse communal identities into the homogenous unifying discourse of the state; socio-political power became monopolized by Alawite loyalists. Despite officially adhering to non-confessionalism, [[Syrian Armed Forces]] have also been institutionally sectarianized. While the conscripts and lower-ranks are overwhelmingly non-Alawite, the higher ranks are packed by Alawite loyalists who effectively control the logistics and security policy. Elite units of the Syrian military such as the [[Tiger Forces]], [[Republican Guard (Syria)|Republican Guard]], [[4th Armoured Division (Syria)|4th Armoured Division]], etc. regarded by the government as crucial for its survival; are composed mostly of Alawites. Sunni officers are under constant surveillance by the secret police, with most of them being assigned with Alawite assistants who monitor their movements. Pro-regime [[paramilitary]] groups such as the [[National Defense Force (Syria)|National Defense Force]] are also organized around sectarian loyalty to the Ba'athist government. During the [[2011 Syrian Revolution|Syrian Revolution]] uprisings, the [[Ba'athist Syria|Ba'athist government]] deployed a securitization strategy that depended on sectarian mobilization, unleashing violence on protestors and extensive crackdowns across the country, prompting opposition groups to turn to armed revolt. Syrian society was further sectarianized following the [[Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war]], which witnessed numerous [[Khomeinism|Khomeinist]] militant groups sponsored by Iran fight in the side of the Assad government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |last=Hokayem| first=Emile|title=Assad or We Burn the Country|url=https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323074045/https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-date=23 March 2022 |website=E-International Relations}}</ref><ref name="Robson"/> === Human rights === {{See also|Human rights in Syria}} The Ba'athist government has been ruling Syria as a totalitarian state, policing every aspect of Syrian society for decades. Commanders of government's security forces – consisting of [[Syrian Arab Army]], [[secret police]], Ba'athist paramilitaries – directly implement the executive functions of the state, with scant regard for legal processes and [[bureaucracy]]. The surveillance system of the ''[[Mukhabarat]]'' is pervasive, with the total number of agents working for its various branches estimated to be as high as 1:158 ratio with the civilian population. Security services shut down civil society organizations, curtail freedom of movement within the country and bans non-Ba'athist political literature and symbols.<ref name="ifimes.org"/><ref name="Hill">{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Evan |date=16 July 2010 |title=Syria slammed on human rights |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/16/syria-slammed-on-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521182156/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/16/syria-slammed-on-human-rights |archive-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> In 2010, [[Human Rights Watch]] published the report "''A Wasted Decade''" documenting repression during Assad's first decade of [[emergency rule]]; marked by arbitrary arrests, censorship and discrimination against [[Kurds in Syria|Syrian Kurds]].<ref name="Hill"/><ref name="hrw.org">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=A Wasted Decade: Human Rights in Syria during Bashar al-Asad's First Ten Years in Power |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/07/16/wasted-decade/human-rights-syria-during-bashar-al-asads-first-ten-years-power |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713084607/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/07/16/wasted-decade/human-rights-syria-during-bashar-al-asads-first-ten-years-power |archive-date=13 July 2015 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>[[File:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Billboard with a portrait of Bashar al-Assad and the text 'Syria is protected by God' on the [[Damascus#Walls and gates of Damascus|old city wall of Damascus]] in 2006]] Throughout the 2000s, the dreaded ''[[Mukhabarat]]'' agents carried out routine [[Forced abduction|abductions]], [[arbitrary detention]]s and [[torture]] of civilians. Numerous [[show trial]]s were conducted against dissidents, filling Syrian prisons with journalists and human rights activists. Members of Syria's [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|General Intelligence Directorate]] had long enjoyed broad privileges to carry out extrajudicial actions and they have immunity from criminal offences. In 2008, Assad extended this immunity to other departments of security forces.<ref name="hrw.org"/> Human Rights groups, such as [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]], have detailed how the Assad government's [[secret police]] tortured, imprisoned, and killed political opponents, and those who speak out against the government.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Wasted Decade |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/91580/section/4 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |pages=4, 8 |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416235023/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/91580/section/4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Syria |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,SYR,,4da56d83a2,0.html |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=8 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019171745/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CSYR%2C%2C4da56d83a2%2C0.html |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> In addition, some 600 Lebanese political prisoners are thought to be held in government prisons since the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]], with some held for as long as over 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/565320-syrias-secret-prisoners |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009185724/https://m.media/Pages/NotFoundPage.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2017 |title=Syria's secret prisoners |publisher=NOW News |last1=Luca |first1=Ana Maria |date=21 May 2015 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> Since 2006, the Assad government has expanded the use of [[Persona non grata|travel bans]] against political dissidents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/17155868 |title=How Syria controls its dissidents – Banning travel |date=30 September 2010 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830231102/http://www.economist.com/node/17155868 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- The Syrian [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|General Intelligence Directorate]] is Alawite dominated.{{sfn|Pierret|2013|p=204}}--> In an interview with [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] in 2007, Assad stated: "We don't have such [things as] political prisoners," though ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported the arrest of 30 Syrian political dissidents who were organising a joint opposition front in December 2007, with 3 members of this group considered to be opposition leaders being remanded in custody.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14syria.html |work=The New York Times |title=Challenged, Syria Extends Crackdown on Dissent |first=Thanassis |last=Cambanis |date=14 December 2007 |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605051853/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14syria.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The government also denied permission for human rights organizations and independent NGOs to work in the country.<ref name="hrw.org"/> In 2010, Syria banned [[Veil|face veils]] at universities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |title=Syria bans face veils at universities |newspaper=BBC News |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405215836/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0720/Veil-ban-Why-Syria-joins-Europe-in-barring-the-niqab |title=Veil ban: Why Syria joins Europe in barring the niqab |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |date=20 July 2010 |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517215400/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0720/Veil-ban-Why-Syria-joins-Europe-in-barring-the-niqab |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the protests of Syrian Revolution in 2011, Assad partially relaxed the veil ban.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/06/syria-relax-veil-ban-teacher |title=Syria relaxes veil ban for teachers |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 April 2011 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908080959/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/06/syria-relax-veil-ban-teacher |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:(5)_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in [[Montreal]] in solidarity with the people of Syria. The sign reads: "Stop torture and inhumane treatment of prisoners in Syria!"]] ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' journal released an editorial on the Syrian situation in the wake of the 2011 protests:<ref name="The Sturdy House That Assad Built">{{cite journal |author=Michael Bröning |date=7 March 2011 |title=The Sturdy House That Assad Built |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67561/michael-broening/the-sturdy-house-that-assad-built |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119093700/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2011-03-07/sturdy-house-assad-built |archive-date=19 January 2023}}</ref> {{blockquote|During its decades of rule... the Assad family developed a strong political safety net by firmly integrating the military into the government. In 1970, Hafez al-Assad, Bashar's father, seized power after rising through the ranks of the [[Syrian armed forces]], during which time he established a network of loyal [[Alawites]] by installing them in key posts. In fact, the military, ruling elite, and [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|ruthless secret police]] are so intertwined that it is now impossible to separate the [[Assad regime]] from the security establishment. Bashar al-Assad's threat to use force against protesters would be more plausible than Tunisia's or Egypt's were. So, unlike in Tunisia and Egypt, where a professionally trained military tended to play an independent role, the regime and its loyal forces have been able to deter all but the most resolute and fearless oppositional activists... At the same time, it is significantly different from [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]], where the military, although brutal and loyal to the regime, is a more disorganized group of militant thugs than a trained and disciplined army.}} Between 2011 and 2013; the state security apparatus is believed to have tortured and killed over 10,000 [[civil activist]]s, [[political dissidents]], [[Independent journalists|journalists]], [[Civil defense|civil defense volunteers]] and those accused of treason and terror charges, as part of a campaign of deadly crackdown ordered by Assad.<ref name="Entous, Nissenbaum">{{Cite news |author1=Adam Entous |author2=Dion Nissenbaum |date=25 July 2014 |title=10,000 Bodies: Inside Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's Crackdown |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/10-000-bodies-inside-syrian-president-bashar-al-assads-crackdown-1406315472 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103162318/https://www.wsj.com/articles/10-000-bodies-inside-syrian-president-bashar-al-assads-crackdown-1406315472 |archive-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> In June 2023, [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] voted in favour of establishing an independent body to investigate the whereabouts of hundreds of thousands of missing civilians who have been forcibly disappeared, killed or languishing in Assad regime's [[Human rights in Syria#Detention Centres|dungeons]] and [[torture chamber]]s. The vote was condemned by Russia, North Korea and Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2023 |title=UN votes to establish independent body to clarify fate of over 130,000 Syrians missing in conflict |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2023/06/30/fgn2-un-syria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630045225/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2023/06/30/fgn2-un-syria.amp.html |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kossaify |first=Ephrem |date=30 June 2023 |title=In milestone decision, UN creates institution for Syria's missing and disappeared |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2330286/middle-east |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630045427/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2330286/middle-east |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M. Lederer |first=Edith |date=30 June 2023 |title=UN votes to establish independent body to clarify fate of over 130,000 Syrians missing in conflict |work=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-syria-conflict-missing-people-75ab620d2ab939b54152a3f1ded5a156 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630163007/https://apnews.com/article/un-syria-conflict-missing-people-75ab620d2ab939b54152a3f1ded5a156 |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> In 2023, [[Canada]] and Netherlands [[Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic|filed a lawsuit against Syria]] at the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), charging the latter with violating the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]]. The joint petition accused the Syrian regime of organizing "unimaginable physical and mental pain and suffering" as a strategy to collectively punish the Syrian population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Joint statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on instituting proceedings at the International Court of Justice to hold Syria to account for torture |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/06/12/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-the-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-for-torture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613135748/https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/06/12/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-the-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-for-torture |archive-date=13 June 2023 |website=Government of Netherlands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands jointly institute proceedings against the Syrian Arab Republic and request the Court to indicate provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230612-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613135950/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230612-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2023 |website=International Court of Justice.org |pages=1, 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Canada and the Kingdom of Netherlands vs. the Syrian Arab Republic |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230608-REQ-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612142054/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230608-REQ-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2023 |website=International Court of Justice.org}}</ref> Russia vetoed [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] efforts to prosecute Bashar al-Assad at the International Criminal Court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2023 |title=Canada and Netherlands take Syria to ICJ over alleged torture |work=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/06/12/canada-and-netherlands-take-syria-to-icj-over-alleged-torture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613135519/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/06/12/canada-and-netherlands-take-syria-to-icj-over-alleged-torture/ |archive-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> === Repression of Kurds === {{Further|Arab Belt|Arabization#Arabization in Syria|Qamishli massacre|label 1=Arab Belt Project|label 2=Arabization in Syria}} [[Ba'athist Syria]] had long banned [[Kurdish language]] in schools and public institutions; and discrimination against [[Syrian Kurds|Kurds]] steadily increased during the rule of Bashar al-Assad. State policy officially suppressed Kurdish culture; with more than 300,000 Syrian Kurds being rendered stateless. Kurdish grievances against state persecution eventually culminated in the [[2004 Qamishli riots|2004 Qamishli Uprisings]], which were crushed down violently after sending Syrian military forces. The ensuing crackdown resulted in the killings of more than 36 Kurds and injuring at least 160 demonstrators. More than 2000 civilians were arrested and tortured in government detention centres. Restrictions on Kurdish activities has been further tightened following the Qamishli massacre, with the [[Assad regime]] virtually banning all Kurdish cultural gatherings and political activism under the charges of "inciting strife" or "weakening national sentiment." During 2005–2010, [[Human Rights Watch]] verified security crackdowns on at least 14 [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] political and cultural gatherings.<ref name="hrw.org"/><ref name="Hill"/> In March 2008, Syrian military opened fire at a Kurdish gathering in Qamishli that marked Nowruz, killing three and injuring five civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2008 |title=Syria: Investigate Killing of Kurds |work=Human RIghts Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/03/23/syria-investigate-killing-kurds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505183620/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/03/23/syria-investigate-killing-kurds |archive-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> === Censorship === {{Main|Censorship in Syria|Internet censorship in Syria}} On 22 September 2001, Assad decreed a Press Law that tightened government control over all literature printed or published in Syria; ranging from newspapers to books, pamphlets and periodicals. Publishers, writers, editors, distributors, journalists and other individuals accused of violating the Press Law are imprisoned or fined. Censorship has also been expanded into the [[cyberspace]], and various websites are banned. Numerous bloggers and content creators have been arrested under various "national security" charges.<ref name="hrw.org"/> A 2007 law requires [[internet cafés]] to record all the comments users post on chat forums.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria |url=http://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=predateur&id_article=42411 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716102326/http://en.rsf.org/spip.php?page=predateur&id_article=42411 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=26 October 2012 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> Another decree in 2008 obligated internet cafes to keep records of their customers and report them routinely to the police.<ref name="10 Worst Countries to be a Blogger">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2009 |title=10 Worst Countries to be a Blogger |url=https://cpj.org/reports/2009/04/10-worst-countries-to-be-a-blogger/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201109/https://cpj.org/reports/2009/04/10-worst-countries-to-be-a-blogger/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> Websites such as [[Arabic Wikipedia]], [[YouTube]], and [[Facebook]] were [[Internet censorship in Syria|blocked intermittently between 2008 and February 2011]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2008 |title=Red lines that cannot be crossed – The authorities don't want you to read or see too much |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/node/11792330 |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054714/http://www.economist.com/node/11792330 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jennifer Preston |date=9 February 2011 |title=Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210033047/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Enemies – Syria |url=http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria,39779.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518055039/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria%2C39779.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=29 April 2011 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) ranked Syria as the third dangerous country to be an online blogger in 2009. Individuals are arrested based on a wide variety of accusations; ranging from undermining "national unity" to posting or sharing "false" content.<ref name="hrw.org"/><ref name="10 Worst Countries to be a Blogger"/> Syria was ranked as the third most censored country in CPJ's 2012 report. Apart from restrictions for international journalists that prohibit their entry, domestic press is controlled by state agencies that promote Ba'athist ideology. From 2011, the Syrian government has issued a complete [[media blackout]] and foreign correspondents were quickly detained, abducted or tortured. As a result, the outside world is able to know of situations happening inside Syria only through videos of independent civilian journalists. The Assad government has shut down internet coverage, [[Cellular network|mobile networks]] as well as telephone lines in areas under its control to prevent any news that has its attempts to monopolize information related to Syria.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2012 |title=10 Most Censored Countries |url=http://cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725103343/http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> === Crackdowns, ethnic cleansing, and forced disappearances === {{Further|Casualties of the Syrian civil war|Syrian refugee crisis}} The [[2011 Syrian revolution#Crackdown|crackdown]] ordered by Bashar al-Assad against Syrian protesters was the most ruthless of all military clampdowns in the entire [[Arab Spring]]. As violence deteriorated and death toll mounted to the thousands; the European Union, Arab League and United States began imposing wide range of sanctions against Assad regime. By December 2011, [[United Nations]] had declared the situation in Syria to be a "[[civil war]]".<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Elizabeth A. Kennedy |author2=Frank Jordans |date=2 December 2011 |title=UN: Syria now in a civil war |work=MSNBC |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45514855 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726024135/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45514855 |archive-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> By this point, all the protestors and armed [[Resistance movement|resistance]] groups had viewed the unconditional resignation of Bashar al-Assad as part of their core demands. In July 2012, [[Arab League]] held an emergency session demanding the "swift resignation" of Assad and promised "safe exit" if he accepted the offer.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bassem Mroue |date=18 April 2011 |title=Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists |work=[[HuffPost]] |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512045222/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 July 2012 |title=Arab League to offer 'safe exit' if Assad resigns |work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/meast/syria-unrest |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514043736/http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/meast/syria-unrest |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Assad rebuffed the offers, instead seeking foreign military support from Iran and Russia to defend his embattled regime through [[Scorched earth|scorched-earth tactics]], massacres, sieges, forced starvations, ethnic cleansing, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yacoubian |first=Mona |date=1 January 2021 |title=Syria Timeline: Since the Uprising Against Assad |url=https://www.usip.org/syria-timeline-uprising-against-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072630/https://www.usip.org/syria-timeline-uprising-against-assad |archive-date=24 February 2021 |website=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> The crackdowns and extermination campaigns of Assad regime resulted in the [[Syrian refugee crisis]]; causing the [[forced displacement]] of 14 million Syrians, with around 7.2 million refugees.<ref name="Syria Refugee Crisis Explained">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Syria Refugee Crisis Explained |url=https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329091756/https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |website=UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency}}</ref> This has made the Syrian refugee crisis the largest [[refugee crisis]] in the world; and [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] High Commissioner [[Filippo Grandi]] has described it as "the biggest humanitarian and refugee crisis of our time and a continuing cause for suffering."<ref name="Syria Refugee Crisis Explained" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Syria Refugee Crisis |url=https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518033038/https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/syria/ |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> === Ethnic cleansing === [[File:Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg|thumb|Wounded civilians getting rushed to a hospital in [[Aleppo]]]] Eva Koulouriotis has described Bashar al-Assad as the "master of [[ethnic cleansing]] in the 21st century".<ref name="J. Koulouriotis">{{Cite web |last=J. Koulouriotis |first=Eva |date=22 May 2022 |title=Assad: Master of ethnic cleansing in the 21st century |url=https://www.syriawise.com/opinion-assad-master-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-the-21st-century/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702072830/https://www.syriawise.com/opinion-assad-master-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-the-21st-century/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 |website=Syria Wise}}</ref> During the course of the civil war, Assad ordered depopulation campaigns throughout the country to re-shape its demography in favor of his regime and the military tactics have been compared to the [[Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War|persecutions of the Bosnian war]]. Between 2011 and 2015, [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] militias are reported to have committed 49 ethno-sectarian [[massacre]]s for the purpose of implementing its social engineering agenda in the country. [[Alawites|Alawite]] loyalist militias known as the ''[[Shabiha]]'' have been launched into [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] villages and towns, perpetrating numerous [[Anti-Sunnism|anti-Sunni]] massacres. These include the [[Houla massacre|Houla]], [[Bayda and Baniyas massacres]], [[Al-Qubeir massacre]], Al-Hasawiya massacre, and others which have resulted in hundreds of deaths with hundreds of thousands of residents fleeing under threats of regime persecution and [[sexual violence]]. Pogroms and deportations were pronounced in central Syrian regions and Alawite majority coastal areas where the Syrian military and Hezbollah prioritize the establishment of strategic control by expelling Sunni residents and bringing in Iran-backed Shia militants.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Martin Chulov |author2=Mona Mahmood |date=22 July 2013 |title=Syrian Sunnis fear Assad regime wants to 'ethnically cleanse' Alawite heartland |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/syria-sunnis-fear-alawite-ethnic-cleansing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505110349/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/syria-sunnis-fear-alawite-ethnic-cleansing |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nakhoul |first=Samia |date=12 June 2012 |title=Insight: Syria massacres, ethnic cleansing that may backfire |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-massacres-idUSBRE85A1DY20120611 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222180327/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-massacres-idUSBRE85A1DY20120611 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="J. Koulouriotis"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamad |first=Sam |date=30 June 2017 |title=Daraa 'de-escalation' masks Assad's ethnic cleansing in Syria |work=New Arab |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/daraa-de-escalation-masks-assads-ethnic-cleansing-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207165354/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/daraa-de-escalation-masks-assads-ethnic-cleansing-syria |archive-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> In 2016, UN officials criticized Bashar al-Assad for pursuing demographic engineering and ethnic cleansing in [[Darayya District|Darayya district]] in Damascus under the guise of de-escalation deals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=El-Bar |first=Karim |date=5 September 2016 |title='Ethnic cleansing on an unprecedented scale': Rebels, UN criticise Assad tactics |work=Middle East Eye |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ethnic-cleansing-unprecedented-scale-rebels-un-criticise-assad-tactics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015105258/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ethnic-cleansing-unprecedented-scale-rebels-un-criticise-assad-tactics |archive-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> Syrian government forces have pursued mass-killings of civilian populations as part of its war strategy throughout the conflict and is responsible for inflicting more than 90% of the [[Casualties of the Syrian civil war|total civilian deaths in the Syrian civil war]].<ref name="auto1">*{{Cite news |date=20 June 2022 |title=Assad, Iran, Russia committed 91% of civilian killings in Syria |work=Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220620-assad-iran-russia-committed-91-of-civilian-killings-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104153837/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220620-assad-iran-russia-committed-91-of-civilian-killings-in-syria/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 }} * {{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Civilian Death Toll |url=https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305114908/https://snhr.org/blog/2021/06/14/civilian-death-toll/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |website=SNHR }} * {{Cite news |date=19 June 2022 |title=91 percent of civilian deaths caused by Syrian regime and Russian forces: rights group |work=The New Arab |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-regime-and-russia-caused-91-deaths-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105112752/https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-regime-and-russia-caused-91-deaths-report |archive-date=5 January 2023 }} * {{Cite web |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Syria |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702114009/https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/syria/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 |website=U.S Department of State }} * {{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=9 January 2017 |title=Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202082511/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights |archive-date=2 February 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch }} * {{Cite web |title=The Regional War in Syria: Summary of Caabu event with Christopher Phillips |url=https://www.caabu.org/news/news/regional-war-syria-summary-caabu-event-christopher-phillips |website=Council for Arab-British Understanding |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209022611/https://www.caabu.org/news/news/regional-war-syria-summary-caabu-event-christopher-phillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The UN estimates a minimum of 306,000 civilian deaths occurred between 2011 and 2021.<ref name="Farge"/><ref name="ohchr.org"/> As of 2022, the total death toll has risen to approximately 580,000.<ref name="GCR2P2">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128063728/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect}}</ref> An additional 154,000 civilians have been [[forcibly disappeared]] or subject to [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary detentions]] across Syria between 2011 and 2023. As of 2023, more than 135,000 individuals are being [[torture]]d, incarcerated or dead in [[Human rights in Syria#Detention Centers|Ba'athist prison networks]], including thousands of [[Woman|women]] and [[child]]ren.<ref>* {{Cite news |date=March 2023 |title=Record of Arbitrary Arrests |work=SNHR |url=https://snhr.org/blog/2021/08/14/record-of-arbitrary-arrests1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172453/https://snhr.org/blog/2021/08/14/record-of-arbitrary-arrests1/ |archive-date=13 May 2023}} * {{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=On the 12th Anniversary of the Popular Uprising |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/12th-anniversary-popular-uprising-total-230224-civilians-documented-dead-including-15275-who-died-due-torture-154871-arrested-andor-forcibly-disappeared-and-roughly-14-million-syrians-displaced#:~:text=The%20report%20reveals%20that%20no,March%202011%20and%20March%202023. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316062415/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/12th-anniversary-popular-uprising-total-230224-civilians-documented-dead-including-15275-who-died-due-torture-154871-arrested-andor-forcibly-disappeared-and-roughly-14-million-syrians-displaced |archive-date=16 March 2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]]}} * {{Cite news |last=Mustafa |first=Wafa |date=18 May 2023 |title=Assad's regime took my father. Normalising relations feels like an attempt to rewrite history |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/may/18/assads-regime-took-my-father-normalising-relations-feels-like-an-attempt-to-rewrite-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519021625/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/may/18/assads-regime-took-my-father-normalising-relations-feels-like-an-attempt-to-rewrite-history |archive-date=19 May 2023}} * {{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Humans not Numbers |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/humans-not-numbers-case-international-mechanism-address-detainees-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115616/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/humans-not-numbers-case-international-mechanism-address-detainees-and |archive-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]]}} * {{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Seven reasons why normalizing with Assad is a shameful, terrible move |url=https://diary.thesyriacampaign.org/assad-normalization-arab-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518154642/https://diary.thesyriacampaign.org/assad-normalization-arab-league/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |website=The Syria campaign}}</ref> Since 2011, the Assad regime has arrested and detained children without trial until the age of 18, after which they are transferred to Syrian military field courts and killed. A 2024 investigative report by the Syrian Investigative Journalism Unit (SIRAJ) identified 24 Syrian children who were forcibly disappeared, had their assets confiscated, detained and later killed after they reached the age of 18. The report, based on inside sources within the Assad government, interviews with victims' families, and public sources, estimated that more than 6,000 detainees under the age of 18 were sentenced to death in the [[Sednaya Prison]] and an Assadist military field court in [[Al-Dimas]] between 2014 and 2017, citing eyewitness accounts of an insider within the Ba'athist military police.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ali Al Ibrahim |author2=Mohamad Skaf |date= 28 October 2024|title=Delayed Execution: The Syrian Regime Detains Minors in Prisons to Execute Them Upon Reaching 18 |url=https://sirajsy.net/the-syrian-regime-detains-minors/ |website=SIRAJ |access-date=31 October 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121052540/https://sirajsy.net/the-syrian-regime-detains-minors/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2024 |title=Syria regime detained children until 18 before executing them under 'terrorism' law, investigation reveals |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241029-syria-regime-detained-children-until-18-before-executing-them-under-terrorism-law-investigation-reveals/#comment-6582201907 |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=31 October 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121052320/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241029-syria-regime-detained-children-until-18-before-executing-them-under-terrorism-law-investigation-reveals/#comment-6582201907 |url-status=live }}</ref> === War crimes === {{Further|Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war|Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war}} {{quote box|"The nature and extent of Assad's violence is strategic in design and effect. He is pursuing a [[state terrorism|strategy of terror]], [[siege]], and [[Ethnic cleansing|depopulation]] in key areas, calculating that winning back the loyalty of much of the [[Sunni]] middle class and underclass is highly unlikely and certainly not worth the resources and political capital. Better to level half the country than to give it over to the [[Syrian opposition|opposition]]." | source = — Emile Hokayem, Senior Fellow at [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |last=Hokayem| first=Emile|title="Assad or We Burn the Country" |url=https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323074045/https://warontherocks.com/2016/08/assad-or-we-burn-the-country-misreading-sectarianism-and-the-regime-in-syria/ |archive-date=23 March 2022 |website=War on the rocks}}</ref> | align = right | width = 25em }} Numerous politicians, dissidents, authors and journalists have nicknamed Assad as the "butcher" of Syria for his war-crimes, [[Anti-Sunnism|anti-Sunni]] sectarian mass-killings, [[Chemical warfare|chemical weapons attacks]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Jack |title=Selling War and Peace: Syria and the Anglosphere |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108489249 |location=New York |page=211 |chapter=7: Proxy War}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dagher |first=Sam |title=Assad Or We Burn the Country: How One Family's Lust for Power Destroyed Syria |url=https://archive.org/details/assadorweburncou0000dagh |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-316-55670-5 |location=New York|chapter=15: Don't Stay with the Butcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tibi |first=Bassam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXAdAAAAQBAJ |title=The Shari'a State: Arab Spring and Democratization |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-66216-1 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warrick |first=Jobby |title=Red Line |url=https://archive.org/details/redlineunravelin0000warr |publisher=Doubleday |year=2021 |isbn=9780385544467 |location=New York}}</ref> The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] has stated that at least 10 European citizens were tortured by the Assad government while detained during the Syrian civil war, potentially leaving Assad open to prosecution by individual European countries for [[war crime]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-12-15/us-says-europeans-tortured-by-assads-death-machine |title=U.S. says Europeans killed by Assad's death machine |work=Chicago Tribune |agency=Bloomberg News |first1=Josh |last1=Rogin |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413082059/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-12-15/us-says-europeans-tortured-by-assads-death-machine |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CNN sarin report" /> [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] Navi Pillay stated in December 2013 that UN investigations directly implicated Bashar al-Assad guilty of [[crimes against humanity]] and pursuing an extermination strategy developed "at the highest level of government, including the [[President of Syria|head of state]]."<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2013 |title=UN implicates Bashar al-Assad in Syria war crimes |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25189834 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331104230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25189834 |archive-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> [[Stephen Rapp]], the [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues|U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues]], stated in 2014 that the crimes committed by Assad are the worst seen since those of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/fbi-says-europeans-tortured-by-assad-regime |title=FBI says Europeans tortured by Assad regime |first1=Tamar |last1=Pileggi |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114063429/http://www.timesofisrael.com/fbi-says-europeans-tortured-by-assad-regime/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2015, Rapp further stated that the case against Assad is "much better" than those against [[Slobodan Milošević]] of Serbia or [[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]] of Liberia, both of whom were indicted by international tribunals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-war-crimes-case-assad-milosevic-29542721 |title=US: War Crimes Case Vs. Assad Better Than One for Milosevic |work=ABC News |first1=Cara |last1=Anna |agency=Associated Press |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323132342/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-war-crimes-case-assad-milosevic-29542721 |url-status=live }}</ref> Charles Lister, Director of the Countering Terror and Extremism Program at [[Middle East Institute]], describes Bashar al-Assad as "21st century's biggest war criminal".<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Bombing_of_Darayya.png|thumb|240x240px|Bombing of [[Darayya]] suburb of [[Damascus]] by the [[Syrian Air Force|Syrian Arab Air Force]], 17 June 2016]] In a February 2015 interview with the [[BBC]], Assad dismissed accusations that the [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] used [[barrel bomb]]s as "childish", claiming that his forces have never used these types of "barrel" bombs and responded with a joke about not using "cooking pots" either.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/assad-syria-interview-bbc-barrel-bombs-facts-video |title='There are no barrel bombs': Assad's Syria 'facts' |publisher=Channel Four News |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212212426/http://www.channel4.com/news/assad-syria-interview-bbc-barrel-bombs-facts-video |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[BBC]] Middle East'' editor conducting the interview, [[Jeremy Bowen]], later described Assad's statement regarding barrel bombs as "patently not true".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31438916 |title=What does Assad really think about Syria's civil war? |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2014 |access-date=15 February 2015 |last=Bowen |first=Jeremy |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215040413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31438916 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--The Syrian Arab Air Force's use of barrel bombs is well documented.--><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-04/what-are-barrel-bombs-and-why-syrian-military-using-them |title=What are 'barrel bombs' and why is the Syrian military using them? |publisher=PRI |date=4 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2015 |last=Bell |first=Matthew |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185404/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-04/what-are-barrel-bombs-and-why-syrian-military-using-them |url-status=live }}</ref> As soon as [[Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war|demonstrations arose in 2011–2012]], Bashar al-Assad opted to implement the "[[Samson Option|Samson option]]", the characteristic approach of the [[Neo-ba'athist]] regime since the era of Hafez al-Assad; wherein protests were violently suppressed and demonstrators were shot and fired at directly by the armed forces. However, unlike Hafez; Bashar had even less loyalty and was politically fragile, exacerbated by alienation of the majority of the population. As a result, Bashar chose to crack down on dissent far more comprehensively and harshly than his father; and a mere allegation of collaboration was reason enough to get assassinated.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ashraf Allam |author2=Salah Saber|title=Assad's Survival: The Symbol Of Resisting The Arab Spring |publisher=Lamar |year=2019 |isbn=978-977-85412-3-6 |location=Alexandria, Egypt |pages=29–38 |chapter=The domestic structure of the regime}}</ref> [[Nadim Shehadi]], the director of [[The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies]], stated that "In the early 1990s, Saddam Hussein was massacring his people and we were worried about the weapons inspectors," and claimed that "Assad did that too. He kept us busy with chemical weapons when he massacred his people."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-11/301349-iran-spends-billions-to-prop-up-assad.ashx |title=Iran spends billions to prop up Assad |publisher=TDA |agency=Bloomberg |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517021040/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-11/301349-iran-spends-billions-to-prop-up-assad.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/19/a-damning-indictment-of-syrian-president-assad-s-systematic-massacres.html |title=A Damning Indictment of Syrian President Assad's Systematic Massacres |newspaper=The Daily Beast |last1=Dettmer |first1=Jamie |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418223422/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/19/a-damning-indictment-of-syrian-president-assad-s-systematic-massacres.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Contrasting the policies of Hafez al-Assad and that of his son Bashar, former [[Vice President of Syria|Syrian vice-president]] and [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'athist]] dissident [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] states: <blockquote>"The Father had a mind and the Son has a loss of reason. How could the army use its force and the security apparatus with all its might to destroy Syria because of a protest against the mistakes of one of your security officials. The father would act differently. Father Hafez hit Hama after he encircled it, warned and then hit Hama after a long siege... But his son is different. On the subject of Daraa, Bashar gave instructions to open fire on the demonstrators."<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ashraf Allam |author2=Salah Saber |title=Assad's Survival: The Symbol Of Resisting The Arab Spring |publisher=Lamar |year=2019 |isbn=978-977-85412-3-6 |location=Alexandria, Egypt |pages=33–34 |chapter=The domestic structure of the regime}}</ref></blockquote> Human rights organizations and criminal investigators have documented Assad's war crimes and sent it to the [[International Criminal Court]] for indictment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nebehay |first1=Stephanie |date=10 June 2014 |title=Assad tops list of Syria war crimes suspects handed to ICC: former prosecutor |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0EL25020140610?irpc=932 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194851/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/10/us-syria-crisis-warcrimes-idUSKBN0EL25020140610?irpc=932 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Since Syria is not a party to the [[Rome Statute]], [[International Criminal Court]] requires authorization from the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] to send Bashar al-Assad to tribunal. As this gets consistently [[veto]]ed by Assad's primary backer [[Russia]], ICC prosecutions have not transpired. On the other hand, courts in various European countries have begun prosecuting and convicting senior Ba'ath party members, [[Syrian Armed Forces|Syrian military]] commanders and ''[[Mukhabarat]]'' officials charged with war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swart |first=Mia |date=15 March 2021 |title=National courts lead the way in prosecuting Syrian war crimes |work=Al Jazeera News |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/15/national-courts-lead-the-way-in-prosecuting-syrian-war-crimes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303174028/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/15/national-courts-lead-the-way-in-prosecuting-syrian-war-crimes |archive-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> In September 2015, France began an inquiry into Assad for [[crimes against humanity]], with French Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]] stating "Faced with these crimes that offend the human conscience, this bureaucracy of horror, faced with this denial of the values of humanity, it is our responsibility to act against the impunity of the killers".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/france-opens-war-crimes-inquiry-against-assad-regime-222026549.html |title=France opens probe into Assad regime for crimes against humanity |work=Yahoo News |agency=Agence France-Presse |last1=Talagrand |first1=Pauline |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930084126/http://news.yahoo.com/france-opens-war-crimes-inquiry-against-assad-regime-222026549.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2016, head of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria, [[Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro|Paulo Pinheiro]], told reporters: "The mass scale of deaths of detainees suggests that the government of Syria is responsible for acts that amount to extermination as a crime against humanity." The UN Commission reported finding "unimaginable abuses", including women and children as young as seven perishing while being held by Syrian authorities. The report also stated: "There are reasonable grounds to believe that high-ranking officers{{snd}}including the heads of branches and directorates{{snd}}commanding these detention facilities, those in charge of the military police, as well as their civilian superiors, knew of the vast number of deaths occurring in detention facilities ... yet did not take action to prevent abuse, investigate allegations or prosecute those responsible".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/un-probe-accuses-damascus-extermination-detainees-131405484.html |title=UN probe accuses Syria govt of 'exterminating' detainees |work=Yahoo News |agency=Agence France-Presse |last1=Larson |first1=Nina |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209093447/http://news.yahoo.com/un-probe-accuses-damascus-extermination-detainees-131405484.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2016, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] led by [[New Jersey]] Rep. [[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]] called on the Obama administration to create a war crimes [[tribunal]] to investigate and prosecute violations "whether committed by the officials of the Government of Syria or other parties to the civil war".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/assad-war-crimes-russia-us-congress-persecution-cholera.html |title=Congress goes after Assad for war crimes |publisher=Al Monitor |last1=Pecquet |first1=Julian |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229102201/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/assad-war-crimes-russia-us-congress-persecution-cholera.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018, Germany's chief prosecutor issued an international arrest warrant for one of Assad's most senior military officials, [[Jamil Hassan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/germany-seeks-arrest-of-leading-syrian-general-on-war-crimes-charges/2018/06/08/2fa025d0-6b21-11e8-a335-c4503d041eaf_story.html |title=Germany seeks arrest of leading Syrian general on war crimes charges |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=8 June 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=12 June 2018 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/germany-seeks-arrest-of-leading-syrian-general-on-war-crimes-charges/2018/06/08/2fa025d0-6b21-11e8-a335-c4503d041eaf_story.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hassan is the head of Syria's powerful [[Air Force Intelligence Directorate]]. Detention centers run by Air Force Intelligence are among the most notorious in Syria, and thousands are believed to have died because of [[torture]] or neglect. Charges filed against Hassan claim he had command responsibility over the facilities and therefore knew of the abuse. The move against Hassan marked an important milestone of prosecutors trying to bring senior members of Assad's inner circle to trial for war crimes. In an investigative report about the [[Tadamon Massacre]], Professors [[Uğur Ümit Üngör]] and Annsar Shahhoud, found witnesses who attested that Assad gave orders for the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Syrian Military Intelligence]] to direct the [[Shabiha]] to kill civilians.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/how-a-massacre-of-nearly-300-in-syria-was-revealed/ | title=How a Massacre of Nearly 300 in Syria Was Revealed | newspaper=New Lines Magazine | date=27 April 2022 | first1=Annsar | last1=Shahhoud | first2=Uğur | last2=Ümit Üngör | access-date=1 May 2022 | archive-date=27 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427195055/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/how-a-massacre-of-nearly-300-in-syria-was-revealed/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === 2023–2024 arrest warrant and legal proceedings === On 15 November 2023, France issued an arrest warrant against Syrian President Bashar Assad over the use of banned chemical weapons against civilians in Syria.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad – source |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/france-issues-arrest-warrants-against-syrias-president-assad-source-2023-11-15/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> In May 2024, French anti-terrorism prosecutors requested the Paris appeals court to consider revoking Assad's arrest warrant, asserting his absolute immunity as a serving head of state.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Surk |first1=Barbara |last2=Turnbull |first2=Alex |date=26 June 2024 |title=Paris court upholds validity of France's arrest warrant for Syrian President Bashar Assad |url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-france-assad-war-crimes-arrest-warrant-d64d25b39801dafdcbe031558b52b81b |work=Associated Press}}</ref> On 26 June 2024, the Paris appeals court determined that the international arrest warrant issued by France against Assad for alleged complicity in war crimes during the Syrian civil war remains valid. This decision was confirmed by attorneys involved in the case.<ref name=":3" /> According to the lawyers, this ruling marked the first instance where a national court acknowledged that the personal immunity of a serving head of state is not absolute, as reported by The Associated Press.<ref name=":3" /> ===Chemical attacks=== {{Main|Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war}} {{See also|Syria and weapons of mass destruction}} The [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces|Syrian military]] has deployed chemical warfare as a systematic military strategy in the [[Syrian civil war]], and is estimated to have committed over 300 [[Chemical warfare|chemical attacks]], targeting civilian populations throughout the course of the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=17 February 2019 |title=Syrian army responsible for Douma chemical weapons attack, watchdog confirms |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-military-linked-to-more-than-300-chemical-attacks-report-says/2019/02/16/c6e128de-31d4-11e9-ac6c-14eea99d5e24_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301032936/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-military-linked-to-more-than-300-chemical-attacks-report-says/2019/02/16/c6e128de-31d4-11e9-ac6c-14eea99d5e24_story.html |archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Michael |date=17 February 2019 |title=Syria used chemical weapons more than 300 times, researchers say |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/430414-syria-used-chemical-weapons-more-than-300-times-researchers-say/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219014216/https://thehill.com/policy/international/430414-syria-used-chemical-weapons-more-than-300-times-researchers-say/ |archive-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> Investigation conducted by the [[Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi)|GPPi]] research institute documented 336 confirmed attacks involving chemical weapons in Syria between 23 December 2012 and 18 January 2019. The study attributed 98% of the total verified chemical attacks to the Assad's regime. Almost 90% of the attacks had occurred after the [[Ghouta chemical attack]] in August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Tobias Schneider |author2=Theresa Lutkefend |date=February 2019 |title=Nowhere to Hide: The Logic of Chemical Weapons Use in Syria |url=https://www.gppi.net/media/GPPi_Schneider_Luetkefend_2019_Nowhere_to_Hide_Web.pdf |journal= |pages=1–47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216060712/https://www.gppi.net/media/GPPi_Schneider_Luetkefend_2019_Nowhere_to_Hide_Web.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2022 |via=GPPi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lombardo |first=Clare |date=17 February 2019 |title=More Than 300 Chemical Attacks Launched During Syrian Civil War, Study Says |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/17/695545252/more-than-300-chemical-attacks-launched-during-syrian-civil-war-study-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107103943/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/17/695545252/more-than-300-chemical-attacks-launched-during-syrian-civil-war-study-says |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> [[File:Ghouta massacre4 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Children killed by pro-[[Syrian military|Assad military forces]] in the Ghouta chemical attack, the deadliest [[chemical warfare|chemical weapons attack]] in the 21st century]] Syria joined the Chemical Weapons Convention and OPCW member state in October 2013, and there are currently three OPCW missions with UN mandates to investigate chemical weapons issues in Syria. These are the Declaration Assessment Team (DAT) to verify Syrian [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|declarations of CW Programme]]; [[OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria|OPCW Fact-Finding Mission]] (FFM) tasked to identify the chemical attacks and type of weapons used; and the Investigation and Identification Team (IIT) which investigates the perpetrators of the chemical attacks. The conclusions are submitted to the [[United Nations|United Nations bodies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria and the OPCW |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/featured-topics/opcw-and-syria#:~:text=As%20a%20result%20of%20a,completeness%20of%20Syria's%20declaration%20remain. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506165127/https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/featured-topics/opcw-and-syria |archive-date=6 May 2023 |website=OPCW| date=27 January 2023 }}</ref> In April 2021, Syria was suspended from OPCW through the public vote of member states, for not co-operating with the body's Investigation Identification Team (IIT) and violating the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=21 April 2021 |title=States suspend Syria's OPCW rights over chemical attacks |work=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-chemical-weapons-damascus-the-hague-syria-ab2da467f4a4d9336010a141e5178276https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-chemical-weapons-damascus-the-hague-syria-ab2da467f4a4d9336010a141e5178276 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524194220/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-chemical-weapons-damascus-the-hague-syria-ab2da467f4a4d9336010a141e5178276 |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Conference of the States Parties adopts Decision to suspend certain rights and privileges of the Syrian Arab Republic under the CWC |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2021/04/conference-states-parties-adopts-decision-suspend-certain-rights-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303125905/https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2021/04/conference-states-parties-adopts-decision-suspend-certain-rights-and |archive-date=3 March 2022 |website=OPCW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Decision addressing the Possession and Use of Chemical Weapons by the Syrian Arab Republic |url=https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021/04/c25dec09%28e%29.pdf |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223356/https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021/04/c25dec09(e).pdf |archive-date=19 March 2022 |via=OPCW}}</ref> Findings of another investigation report published the OPCW-IIT in July 2021 concluded that the Syrian regime had engaged in confirmed chemical attacks at least 17 times, out of the reported 77 chemical weapon attacks attributed to Assadist forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=OPCW Confirms Chemical Weapons Use in Syria |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2021-07/news-briefs/opcw-confirms-chemical-weapons-use-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401005907/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2021-07/news-briefs/opcw-confirms-chemical-weapons-use-syria |archive-date=1 April 2022 |website=Arms Control Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Syria has likely used chemical weapons 17 times: International chemical weapons watchdog |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/syria-has-likely-used-chemical-weapons-17-times-international-chemical-weapons-watchdog/article34724203.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606111350/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/syria-has-likely-used-chemical-weapons-17-times-international-chemical-weapons-watchdog/article34724203.ece |archive-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> As of March 2023, independent United Nations inquiry commissions have confirmed at least nine chemical attacks committed by forces loyal to the [[Assad Government|Assad government]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title=Security Council Deems Syria's Chemical Weapon's Declaration Incomplete |work=United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15220.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314022057/https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15220.doc.htm |archive-date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Fifth Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fifth-review-conference-chemical-weapons-convention-eu-priorities-reinforce-convention_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515121348/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fifth-review-conference-chemical-weapons-convention-eu-priorities-reinforce-convention_en |archive-date=15 May 2023 |website=European Union External Action}}</ref> [[File:2015-08-21 Gedenken am Ernst-August-Platz in Hannover an die Giftgas-Opfer von Ghouta in Syrien, (14).JPG|thumb|Members of the Syrian community in [[Hannover]] protest against Bashar al-Assad on the second anniversary of [[Ghouta chemical attacks]], 21 August 2015.]] The deadliest chemical attack have been the Ghouta chemical attacks, when Assad government forces launched the [[nerve agent]] [[sarin]] into civilian areas during its brutal [[Siege of Eastern Ghouta]] in early hours of 21 August 2013. Thousands of infected and dying victims flooded the nearby hospitals, showing symptoms such as foaming, body convulsions and other neurotoxic symptoms. An estimated 1,100–1,500 civilians; including women and children, are estimated to have been killed in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Sareta |date=22 August 2022 |title=Nine Years Since Ghouta: Reflecting on the Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/nine-years-since-ghouta-chemical-weapons-in-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822152939/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/nine-years-since-ghouta-chemical-weapons-in-syria |archive-date=22 August 2022 |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Ben Hubbard |author2=Mark Mazzetti |author3=Mark Landler|date=26 August 2013 |title=Blasts in the Night, a Smell, and a Flood of Syrian Victims |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/world/middleeast/blasts-in-the-night-a-smell-and-a-flood-of-syrian-victims.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184248/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/world/middleeast/blasts-in-the-night-a-smell-and-a-flood-of-syrian-victims.html |archive-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Attacks on Ghouta |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/09/10/attacks-ghouta/analysis-alleged-use-chemical-weapons-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102104640/https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/09/10/attacks-ghouta/analysis-alleged-use-chemical-weapons-syria |archive-date=2 November 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> The attack was internationally condemned and represented the deadliest use of chemical weapons since the [[Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq war]].<ref>{{cite news |author=S.B. |date=21 August 2013 |title=Syria's war: If this isn't a red line, what is? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/08/syria-s-war |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174814/http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/08/syria-s-war |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=Syria gas attack: death toll at 1,400 worst since Halabja |url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/syria-uprising/54759/syria-gas-attack-death-toll-1400-worst-halabja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825115627/http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/syria-uprising/54759/syria-gas-attack-death-toll-1400-worst-halabja |archive-date=25 August 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |work=The Week}}</ref> On 21 August 2022, United States government marked the ninth anniversary of Ghouta Chemical attacks stating: "[[United States]] remembers and honors the victims and survivors of the Ghouta attack and the many other chemical attacks we assess the Assad regime has launched. We condemn in the strongest possible terms any use of chemical weapons anywhere, by anyone, under any circumstances... The United States calls on the Assad regime to fully declare and destroy its [[Syria chemical weapons program|chemical weapons program]]... and for the regime to allow the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]' Declaration Assessment Team."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=Ninth Anniversary of the Ghouta, Syria Chemical Weapons Attack |url=https://www.state.gov/ninth-anniversary-of-the-ghouta-syria-chemical-weapons-attack/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526194512/https://www.state.gov/ninth-anniversary-of-the-ghouta-syria-chemical-weapons-attack/ |archive-date=26 May 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> In April 2017, a [[sarin]] [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack|chemical attack on Khan Sheikhoun]] killed more than 80 people.{{sfn|Bronner|2007|p=63}}<ref>{{cite news |date=8 May 2014 |title=Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria |page=23 |publisher=International Crisis Group |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220181554/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2016 |quote=The regime aims to compel people to take refuge in their sectarian and communitarian identities; to split each community into competing branches, dividing those who support it from those who oppose it}}</ref><ref name="Entous, Nissenbaum" /> In response, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] ordered an [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strike against the Syrian Shayrat base]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/05/middleeast/syria-airstrike-idlib-how-it-unfolded/index.html |title=Airstrike to US intervention: How attack unfolded |author1=Lauren Said-Moorhouse |author2=Sarah Tilotta |work=CNN|access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165854/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/05/middleeast/syria-airstrike-idlib-how-it-unfolded/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WhyWasSharyatAirbaseBombed">{{cite news |date=7 April 2017 |title=Syria war: Why was Shayrat airbase bombed? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39531045 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430182855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39531045 |url-status=live }}</ref> A joint report from the UN and international chemical weapons inspectors concluded that Assad regime perpetrated the sarin attack.<ref name="CNN sarin report">{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/middleeast/syria-khan-sheikhoun-chemical-attack-sarin/index.html |title=UN: Syria responsible for sarin attack that killed scores |author1=Steve Almasy |author2=Richard Roth |work=CNN|access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612174315/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/middleeast/syria-khan-sheikhoun-chemical-attack-sarin/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReutersSyriaChemicalWeaponsKhanSheikhoun">{{cite news |last=Campos |first=Rodrigo |date=27 October 2017 |title=Syrian government to blame for April sarin attack: U.N. report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1CV3GF/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424151004/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1CV3GF/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2018, a [[Douma chemical attack|chemical attack occurred in Douma]], prompting the U.S. and its allies to accuse Assad of violating international law and initiated joint [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|missile strikes at chemical weapons facilities in Damascus and Homs]]. Both Syria and Russia denied involvement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/un-syria-haley-chemical-weapons.html|title=U.S. Says Syria Has Used Chemical Weapons at Least 50 Times During War|work=The New York Times|date=13 April 2018|last1=Gladstone|first1=Rick|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802140836/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/un-syria-haley-chemical-weapons.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooper|first1=Helene|last2=Gibbons-Neff|first2=Thomas|last3=Hubbard|first3=Ben|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/trump-strikes-syria-attack.html|title=U.S., Britain and France Strike Syria Over Suspected Chemical Weapons Attack|work=The New York Times|date=13 April 2018|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012221/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/trump-strikes-syria-attack.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The third report published on 27 January 2023 by the OPCW-IIT concluded that the Assad regime was responsible for the [[2018 Douma chemical attack]] which killed at least 43 civilians.{{Efn|Sources: * {{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=OPCW Releases Third Report by Investigation and Identification Team |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2023/01/opcw-releases-third-report-investigation-and-identification-team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127111421/https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2023/01/opcw-releases-third-report-investigation-and-identification-team |archive-date=27 January 2023}} * {{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Third Report by the OPCW Investigation and Identification Team |url=https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/01/s-2125-2023%28e%29.pdf |journal= |pages=2–139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127111959/https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/01/s-2125-2023(e).pdf |archive-date=27 January 2023 |via=OPCW}} * {{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Joint Statement on OPCW Report Finding Syrian Regime Responsible for Chemical Weapons Attack in Douma, Syria on April 7, 2018 |url=https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-opcw-report-finding-syrian-regime-responsible-for-chemical-weapons-attack-in-douma-syria-on-april-7-2018/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128024629/https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-opcw-report-finding-syrian-regime-responsible-for-chemical-weapons-attack-in-douma-syria-on-april-7-2018/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |website=U.S Department of State}} * {{Cite news |date=27 January 2023 |title=OPCW blames Syria gov't for 2018 chlorine gas attack in Douma |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/27/opcw-blames-syria-government-forces-for-2018-douma-chlorine-gas-attack}} * {{Cite news |date=27 January 2023 |title=Watchdog blames Syria for 2018 Douma chemical attack |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64424831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128025152/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64424831 |archive-date=28 January 2023}} * {{Cite news |last=Chulov |first=Martin |date=27 January 2023 |title=Syrian regime found responsible for Douma chemical attack |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/27/syrian-regime-found-responsible-for-douma-chemical-weapons-attack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127200237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/27/syrian-regime-found-responsible-for-douma-chemical-weapons-attack |archive-date=27 January 2023}} * {{Cite news |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=27 January 2023 |title=Syrian army responsible for Douma chemical weapons attack, watchdog confirms |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/27/syria-chemical-weapons-douma-opcw/}}}} === Comments on the Holocaust === {{See also|Holocaust denial}} In a speech delivered at the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath party]]'s central committee meeting in December 2023, Bashar al-Assad claimed that there was "no evidence" of the killings of six million Jews during [[the Holocaust]]. Emphasizing that Jews were not the sole [[Holocaust victims|victims of Nazi extermination campaigns]], Assad alleged that the Holocaust was "politicized" by [[Allied Powers (World War II)|Allied powers]] to facilitate the mass-deportation of [[European Jews]] to Palestine, and that it was used as an excuse to justify the creation of Israel. Assad also accused the U.S. government of financially and militarily sponsoring the [[rise of Nazism]] during the [[Interwar period|inter-war period]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silkoff |first=Shira |date=20 December 2023 |title=Syria's Assad claims Holocaust was a lie fabricated to justify creation of Israel |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrias-assad-claims-holocaust-was-a-lie-fabricated-to-justify-creation-of-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220150406/https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrias-assad-claims-holocaust-was-a-lie-fabricated-to-justify-creation-of-israel/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2023 |title=Syrian President Assad denies Holocaust and accuses U.S. of funding Nazis in controversial speech |work=i24news |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy/1703081866-syrian-president-assad-denies-holocaust-and-accuses-u-s-of-funding-nazis-in-controversial-speech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142407/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy/1703081866-syrian-president-assad-denies-holocaust-and-accuses-u-s-of-funding-nazis-in-controversial-speech |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> ==Public image== === Domestic opposition and support === {{Further|Syrian opposition}} [[File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(March_15_2013).svg|thumb|[[Syrian opposition]] in March 2013]] The secular resistance to Assad rule is mainly represented by the [[Syrian National Council]] and [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces]], two political bodies that constitute a coalition of [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] factions of the [[Syrian opposition]]. Military commanders and civilian leaders of [[Free Syrian Army]] militias are represented in these councils. The coalition represents the political wing of the [[Syrian Interim Government]] and seeks the [[democratic transition]] of Syria through grass-roots activism, protests and armed [[Resistance movement|resistance]] to overthrow the Ba'athist dictatorship.<ref name="nahex">{{cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=Syria Opposition Expands, Closes Meeting |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/85113-syria-opposition-expands-closes-meeting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625042548/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/85113-syria-opposition-expands-closes-meeting |archive-date=25 June 2013 |work=Naharnet}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite news|date=23 August 2011 |title=Syrian activists form a 'national council' |work=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/23/syria.un.resolution/index.html?eref=mrss_igoogle_cnn |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012915/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/23/syria.un.resolution/index.html?eref=mrss_igoogle_cnn |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayigh |first=Yezid |date=April 2013 |title=The Syrian Opposition's Leadership Problem |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/syrian_leaderiship_problem.pdf|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |pages=1–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916020532/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/syrian_leaderiship_problem.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> A less influential faction within the Syrian opposition is the [[National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change]] (NCC), a coalition of [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Socialism|socialist]] parties that seek to end the rule of [[Al-Assad family|Assad family]] but without [[Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war|foreign involvement]]. Established in June 2011, major parties in the NCC coalition are the [[Democratic Arab Socialist Union]], [[Syrian Democratic People's Party]] and the [[Communist Labour Party (Syria)|Communist Labour Party]].<ref name="Guide to the Syrian opposition">{{Cite news |date=17 October 2013 |title=Guide to the Syrian opposition |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15798218 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104105606/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15798218 |archive-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> [[National Democratic Rally (Syria)|National Democratic Rally]] (NDR) was an older left-wing opposition coalition of [[Socialism|socialist]] parties formed in 1980, but banned by the Baathist government. NDR was active during the nationwide protests of the 1980s and the [[Damascus Spring]] of the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daher |first=Joseph |date=30 October 2020 |title=Syria's Labor Communist Party, a rich political history |url=https://syriauntold.com/2020/10/30/syrias-labor-communist-party-a-rich-political-history-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104175433/https://syriauntold.com/2020/10/30/syrias-labor-communist-party-a-rich-political-history-2/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 |website=Syria Untold}}</ref> During the early years of the civil war, the [[Druze in Syria]] primarily sought to remain neutral, "seeking to stay out of the conflict". [[Druze-Israeli]] politician Majalli Wahabi claimed in 2016 that over half support the Assad government despite its relative weakness in Druze areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Druse-ex-MK-Syrian-brethren-not-abandoned-by-Assad-441879 |title=Druse ex-MK: Syrian brethren not abandoned by Assad |date=21 January 2016 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> The "Sheikhs of Dignity" movement, which had sought to remain neutral and to defend Druze areas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/features/2015/2/7/the-neutral-druze-sheikh-angering-syrias-regime |title=The 'neutral' Druze sheikh angering Syria's regime |publisher=The New Arab |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> blamed the government after its leader [[Sheikh Wahid al-Balous]] was assassinated and organized large scale protests which left six government security personnel dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/six-syria-regime-loyalists-killed-after-druze-cleric-assassinated/ |title=Six Syria regime loyalists killed after Druze cleric assassinated |work=The Times of Israel |agency=AFP and AP |date=5 September 2015 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Druze community became fervently opposed to the Assad government over time and has been vocal about its opposition to increasing Iranian interference in Syria.<ref name="Abdulhamid">{{Cite journal |last=Abdulhamid |first=Ammar |date=5 February 2024 |title=The Syrian Conflict |url=https://www.cjlpa.org/post/the-syrian-conflict-the-myth-of-containment-and-the-realities-of-accountability |journal=The Cambridge Journal of Law, Politics, and Art |via=cjlpa.org}}</ref> In August 2023, mass protests against Assad regime erupted in the Druze-majority city of [[As-Suwayda|Suweida]],<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Protests in southern Syria as economy worsens |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/08/protests-southern-syria-economy-worsens |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East}}</ref><ref name="Sinjab">{{Cite news |last=Sinjab |first=Lina |date=24 August 2023 |title=Syria: Protests over growing economic hardship spread in south |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66607118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825090905/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66607118 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> which eventually spread to other [[Southern Syria protests (2023 – present)|regions of Southern Syria]].<ref name="Sinjab"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2023 |title=Syria Protests Spurred by Economic Misery Stir Memories of the 2011 Anti-Government Uprising |url=https://english.aawsat.com/features/4514386-syria-protests-spurred-economic-misery-stir-memories-2011-anti-government-uprising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122111/https://english.aawsat.com/features/4514386-syria-protests-spurred-economic-misery-stir-memories-2011-anti-government-uprising |archive-date=29 August 2023 |work=Asharq al-Awsat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=al-Mahmoud |first=Hussam |date=12 February 2024 |title=Six months into As-Suwayda uprising, What is the future of street protests? |url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/02/six-months-into-as-suwayda-uprising-what-is-the-future-of-street-protests/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212161419/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/02/six-months-into-as-suwayda-uprising-what-is-the-future-of-street-protests/ |archive-date=12 February 2024 |work=Enab Baladi}}</ref> Druze cleric Hikmat al-Hajiri, religious leader of Syrian Druze community, has declared war against "Iranian invasion of the country".<ref name="Abdulhamid"/> Syrian [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholar [[Muhammad al-Yaqoubi]], a fervent opponent of both the Ba'athist regime and [[Islamic State]] group, has described Assad's rule as a "reign of terror" that wreaked havoc and enormous misery on the Syrian populace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=al-Yaqoubi |first=Muhammad |date=5 December 2014 |title=To defeat the Islamic State we must first remove Bashar al-Assad |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/defeating-the-islamic-state-requires-first-ousting-bashar-al-assad/2014/12/05/8097b9f8-7c05-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/defeating-the-islamic-state-requires-first-ousting-bashar-al-assad/2014/12/05/8097b9f8-7c05-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html |archive-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> The regime's support base consisted of [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] loyalists who dominate Syrian politics, [[trade union]]s, youth organizations, [[Students' union|students unions]], [[bureaucracy]] and [[Syrian Armed Forces|armed forces]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awad |first=Ziad |title=The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks |date= 2023 |publisher=European University Institute |isbn=978-92-9466-358-0 |location=San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy |pages=5–20 |doi=10.2870/52247 |issue=1}}</ref> [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath party]] institutions and its political activities form the "vital pillars of regime survival". Family networks of politicians in the Ba'ath party-led [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] (NPF) and businessmen loyal to the Assad family form another pole of support. Electoral listing is supervised by Ba'ath party leadership which expels candidates not deemed "sufficiently loyal".<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Carl Yonker |author2=Christopher Solomon |title=The Banality of Authoritarian Control: Syria's Ba'ath Party Marches On |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202101520/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83906 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |website=carnegieendowment.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Assad: The Presidency That Never Ends |url=https://crd.org/al-assad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226152530/https://crd.org/al-assad/ |archive-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Civil Rights Defenders]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Awad |first=Ziad |title=The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks |year=2023 |publisher=European University Institute |isbn=978-92-9466-358-0 |location= San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy |pages=5–20 |doi=10.2870/52247 |issue=1}}</ref> Although it has been reported at various stages of the Syrian civil war that [[Religion in Syria|religious minorities]] such as the [[Alawites]] and [[Christianity in Syria|Christians in Syria]] favour the Assad government because of its secularism,<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/2014/0122/Loyalty-to-Assad-runs-deep-on-Syrian-coast Loyalty to Assad runs deep on Syrian coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627151953/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/2014/0122/Loyalty-to-Assad-runs-deep-on-Syrian-coast|date=27 June 2015}}". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. 22 January 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrias-christians-stand-by-assad/ |title=Syria's Christians stand by Assad |work=[[CBS News]] |date=6 February 2012 |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111004508/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-57372175-503543/syrias-christians-stand-by-assad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> opposition exists among [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Christians who have claimed that the Assad government seeks to use them as "puppets" and deny their distinct ethnicity, which is non-Arab.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/a-glifmpse-into-the-world-of-syrias-christian-sutoro-fighters-video_24956 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407135145/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/a-glifmpse-into-the-world-of-syrias-christian-sutoro-fighters-video_24956 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2015 |last=Ahmad |first=Rozh |title=A glimpse into the world of Syria's Christian "Sutoro" fighters (video) |publisher=Your Middle East |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015 |quote=The regime wants us to be puppets, deny our ethnicity and demand an Arab-only state. }}</ref> Although Syria's [[Alawites|Alawite]] community forms Bashar al-Assad's core support base and dominate the [[Syrian Military|military]] and [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|security apparatus]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/10/20111010122434671982.html |title=Assad's Alawites: The guardians of the throne |first=Nir |last=Rosen |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/syrias-alawites-the-people-behind-assad-1435166941 Syria's Alawites: The People Behind Assad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226142611/https://www.wsj.com/articles/syrias-alawites-the-people-behind-assad-1435166941 |date=26 February 2017 }} ''The Wall Street Journal'', 25 June 2015.</ref> in April 2016, [[BBC News]] reported that Alawite leaders released a document seeking to distance themselves from Assad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35941679 |title=Syrian Alawites distance themselves from Assad |work=BBC News |last=Wyatt |first=Caroline |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> [[File:Syrian Civil War map (November 24, 2023).svg|thumb|Military situation, November 2023 – November 2024]] [[Kurdish Supreme Committee]] was a coalition of 13 Kurdish political parties opposed to Assad regime. Before its dissolution in 2015, the committee consisted of [[Kurdish National Council|KNC]] and [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|PYD]].<ref name="Guide to the Syrian opposition"/> [[Circassians in Syria]] have also become strong opponents of the regime as Ba'athist crackdowns and massacres across Syria intensified viciously; and members of Circassian ethnic minority have attempted to escape Syria, fearing persecution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richmond |first=Walter |title=The Circassian Genocide |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8135-6068-7 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |page=170 |chapter=8: The Road to Sochi}}</ref> In 2014, the Christian [[Syriac Military Council]], the largest Christian organization in Syria, allied with the Free Syrian Army opposed to Assad,<ref name="SyriacMilitaryCouncil">{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/25/world/meast/us-syria-rebel-agreement/ |last1=Bronstein |first1=Scott |last2=Griffin |first2=Drew |title=Syrian rebel groups unite to fight ISIS |work=CNN|date=26 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |quote=Under the agreement, moderate Muslim rebel groups fighting under the Supreme Military Council of Syria agreed to form an alliance with the predominantly Christian Syriac Military Council.}}</ref> joining other Syrian Christian militias such as the [[Sutoro]] who had joined the Syrian opposition against the Assad government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/12/21/syria-christian-islamic-state/18915275 |title=Remaining Christians in Syria fight to save their land |work=USA Today |first1=Sophie |last1=Cousins |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> [[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]], commander of the [[Tahrir al-Sham]] rebel militia, condemned Assad regime for converting Syria "into an ongoing earthquake the past 12 years", in the context of the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]].<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Ruth Michaelson |author2=Lorenzo Tondo |date=13 February 2023 |title=Syrian rebel leader pleads for outside help a week on from earthquakes |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/syria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214012142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/syria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> "In June 2014, Assad won a disputed [[2014 Syrian presidential election|presidential election]] held in government-controlled areas (and boycotted in opposition-held areas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/03/syria-presidential-electi_n_5435706.html |title=Syria's 2014 Presidential Election Ignored in Opposition-Held Areas |work=HuffPost |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> and Kurdish areas governed by the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Wladimir van Wilgenburg |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/syria-kurds-assad-presidential-elections-pyd.html |title=Syria's Kurdish region to boycott presidential elections |work=Al-Monitor |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607230545/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/syria-kurds-assad-presidential-elections-pyd.html |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) with 88.7% of the vote. Turnout was estimated to be 73.42% of eligible voters, including those in rebel-controlled areas.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2014 |title=Supreme Constitutional Court: Number of participants in Presidential elections reached at 11.634.412 with 73.42% |url=http://sana.sy/eng/393/2014/06/04/548612.htm |agency=Syrian Arab News Agency |location=Damascus |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000918/http://sana.sy/eng/393/2014/06/04/548612.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The regime's electoral commission also disqualified millions of Syrian citizens displaced outside the country from voting.<ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Dominic |date=28 April 2014 |title=Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-assad-idUKKBN0DE0UY20140428 |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104163541/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-assad-idUKKBN0DE0UY20140428 |archive-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> Independent observers and academic scholarship unanimously describe the event as a [[sham election]] organized to legitimise Assad's rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheeseman |first=Nicholas |title=How to Rig an Election |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24665-0 |pages=140–141 |oclc=1089560229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norris |first1=Pippa |last2=Martinez i Coma |first2=Ferran |last3=Grömping |first3=Max |date=2015 |title=The Year in Elections, 2014 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/projects/expert-survey-2/the-year-in-elections-2015 |journal=Election Integrity Project |language=en |quote=The Syrian election ranked as worst among all the contests held during 2014. |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415091339/https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/projects/expert-survey-2/the-year-in-elections-2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Mark P. |date=2018 |editor1-last=Herron |editor1-first=Erik S |editor2-last=Pekkanen |editor2-first=Robert J |editor3-last=Shugart |editor3-first=Matthew S |title=Presidential and Legislative Elections |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190258658-e-23 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.001.0001 |isbn=978-0190258658 |quote="unanimous agreement among serious scholars that... al-Assad's 2014 election... occurred within an authoritarian context."}}</ref> In his inauguration ceremony, Bashar denounced the opposition as "terrorists" and "traitors"; while attacking the [[Western world|West]] for backing what he described as the "fake [[Arab Spring|Arab spring]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Makdisi |first=Marwan |date=16 July 2014 |title=Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717 |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903040841/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717 |archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]'' reported that although various individuals interviewed in a "Sunni-dominated, middle-class neighborhood of central Damascus" exhibited fealty for Assad; it was not possible to discern the actual support for the regime due to the ubiquitous influence of the [[Syrian intelligence|secret police]] in the society.<ref>"[https://www.timesofisrael.com/assad-wins-syria-presidency-with-88-7-of-vote/ Syria's Assad reelected with 88.7% of vote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126192515/http://www.timesofisrael.com/assad-wins-syria-presidency-with-88-7-of-vote/|date=26 January 2016}}". [[The Times of Israel]]. 4 June 2014.</ref> Ba'athist dissident [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] who had served as [[Vice President of Syria|Syrian Vice President]] during the tenures of both Hafez and Bashar, disparaged Bashar al-Assad as a pawn in Iran's [[Shia crescent|imperial scheme]]. Contrasting the power dynamics that existed under both the autocrats, Khaddam stated: <blockquote>"[Bashar] is not like his father.. He never allowed the Iranians to intervene in Syrian affairs.. During Hafez Assad's time, an Iranian delegation arrived in Syria and attempted to convert some of the Muslim Alawite Syrians to Shia Islam... Assad ordered his minister of foreign Affairs to summon the Iranian ambassador to deliver an ultimatum: The delegation has 24 hours to exit Syria.... They had no power [during Hafez's rule], unlike Bashar who gave them [Iranians] power and control."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Interview with Former Syrian Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam |url=https://newsweekme.com/exclusive-interview-former-syrian-vice-president-abdul-halim-khaddam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005013940/http://newsweekme.com/exclusive-interview-former-syrian-vice-president-abdul-halim-khaddam/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |website=NewsWeek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2016 |title=Daesh was nurtured by Iran, says former Syrian vice president |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/994396/middle-east |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006075951/http://www.arabnews.com/node/994396/middle-east |archive-date=6 October 2016 |website=Arab News}}</ref></blockquote> === International opposition === [[File:Manifestation_pro_révolution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris,_14-12-2016-5.jpg|thumb|Anti-Assad demonstrations held in [[Paris]], 14 December 2016]] Foreign journalists and political observers who travelled to Syria have described it as the most "ruthless [[police state]]" in the [[Arab world|Arab World]]. Assad's violent repression of [[Damascus Spring]] of the early 2000s and the publication of a UN report that implicated him in the [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassination]] of [[Lebanese Prime Minister]] [[Rafic Hariri]], exacerbated Syria's [[Post–Cold War era|post-Cold War]] isolation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=Jeremy |title=The Arab Uprisings: The People Want the Fall of the Regime |url=https://archive.org/details/arabuprisingspeo0000bowe |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1471129827 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabuprisingspeo0000bowe/page/14 14], 15, 118 |chapter=Prologue: Before the Spring}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Marc |date=16 June 2012 |title=Syria's Assad has embraced pariah status |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-has-embraced-pariah-status/2012/06/16/gJQAsY9shV_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618133455/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-has-embraced-pariah-status/2012/06/16/gJQAsY9shV_story.html |archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> Following global outrage against Assad regime's deadly crackdown on the [[Arab Spring|Arab Spring protestors]] which led to the Syrian civil war, [[Scorched earth|scorched-earth policy]] against the civilian populations resulting in more than half a million deaths, [[mass murder]]s and systematic deployment of [[chemical warfare]] throughout the conflict; Bashar al-Assad became an international [[Pariah state|pariah]] and numerous world leaders have urged him to resign.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jung|last3=Beck|last2=Seeberg |first1=Dietrich|first3=Martin|first2=Peter |title=The Levant in Turmoil: Syria, Palestine, and the Transformation of Middle Eastern Politics|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-57628-9 |location= New York|pages=101–102 |chapter=5: The Crisis in Syria, International and Regional Sanctions, and the Transformation of the Political Order in the Levant}}</ref><ref name="Fisher"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Hamzah |date=24 November 2021 |title=Focus on Pariah Leaders: Bashar al-Assad |url=https://blogs.shu.edu/thediplomaticenvoy/2021/11/24/focus-on-pariah-leaders-bashar-al-assad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208152331/http://blogs.shu.edu/thediplomaticenvoy/2021/11/24/focus-on-pariah-leaders-bashar-al-assad/ |archive-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Diplomatic Envoy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C. Tucker |first=Spencer |title=U.S Conflicts in The 21st Centiry (Volume 1) |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-3878-1 |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=834, 835}}</ref> Since 2011, Bashar al-Assad has lost recognition from several international organizations such as the [[Arab League]] (in 2011),<ref name="NYT Arab League">{{cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=12 November 2011 |title=Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> [[Union for the Mediterranean]] (in 2011)<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2012 |title=Syria suspends its membership in Mediterranean union |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-12/01/c_131282989.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206201635/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-12/01/c_131282989.htm |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> and [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Co-operation]] (in 2012).<ref name="CNN OIC">{{cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=Regional group votes to suspend Syria; rebels claim downing of jet |work=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/13/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2012 |title=OIC Suspends Syria Over Crackdown |work=RFE/RL |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/oic-suspends-syria/24678392.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208075035/https://www.rferl.org/amp/oic-suspends-syria/24678392.html |archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> [[United States]], [[European Union]], [[Turkey]], [[Arab League]] and various countries began enforcing broad sets of sanctions against Syrian regime from 2011, with the objective of forcing Assad to resign and assist in a political solution to the crisis.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jung|last3=Beck|last2=Seeberg |first1=Dietrich|first3=Martin|first2=Peter |title=The Levant in Turmoil: Syria, Palestine, and the Transformation of Middle Eastern Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-57628-9 |location=New York |pages=101–122 |chapter=5: The Crisis in Syria, International and Regional Sanctions, and the Transformation of the Political Order in the Levant}}</ref> International bodies have criticized one-sided elections organized by Assad government during the conflict. In the 2014 London conference of countries of the [[Friends of Syria Group|Friends of Syria group]], [[Foreign Secretary|British Foreign Secretary]] [[William Hague]] characterized Syrian elections as a "parody of democracy" and denounced the regime's "utter disregard for human life" for perpetrating [[War crime|war-crimes]] and [[State terrorism|state-terror]] on the [[Syrians|Syrian population]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2014 |title=UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27419552 |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026161021/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27419552 |archive-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> Assad's policy of holding elections under the circumstances of an ongoing civil war were also rebuked by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref name="UN">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBREA3K0ST20140421?irpc=932 |title=Syrian election will undermine political solution: U.N.'s Ban |work=Reuters |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> [[File:Ted_Kaufman_with_al-Assad.jpg|thumb|Assad meets with U.S. Senator [[Ted Kaufman]] in 2009]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] suspended all relations with Syria following Bashar al-Assad's [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia]], condemning his government as a "Russian-manipulated regime" that supported [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Russian occupation]] and "[[ethnic cleansing]]".{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=US Condemns Syria for Recognizing Georgia's Breakaway Regions |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-condemns-syria-for-recognizing-georgia-s-breakaway-regions/4416097.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323062308/https://www.voanews.com/a/us-condemns-syria-for-recognizing-georgia-s-breakaway-regions/4416097.html |archive-date=23 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Deutsche Welle"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-syria-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-abkhazia-south-ossetia/29257063.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034717/https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-syria-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-abkhazia-south-ossetia/29257063.html |archive-date=30 May 2018 |website=rferl.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2018 |title=Syria recognises Russian-backed Georgia regions |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44291091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529144450/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44291091 |archive-date=29 May 2018}}</ref>}} Following Assad's strong backing of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and recognition of the breakaway separatist republics, [[Ukraine]] cut off all diplomatic relations with Syria in June 2022. Describing Assad's policies as "worthless", [[Ukrainian President]] [[Volodimir Zelensky]] pledged to expand further [[sanctions against Syria]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2022 |title=Ukraine's Zelenskyy cuts ties with Syria after it recognized separatist republics |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/06/30/Ukraine-s-Zelenskyy-cuts-ties-with-Syria-after-it-recognized-separatist-republics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630120322/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/06/30/Ukraine-s-Zelenskyy-cuts-ties-with-Syria-after-it-recognized-separatist-republics |archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Ukraine Cuts Diplomatic Ties With Syria After It Recognizes Eastern Regions As Independent |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-syria-diplomatic-ties-russia-assad/31922447.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701050748/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-syria-diplomatic-ties-russia-assad/31922447.html |archive-date=1 July 2022 |website=rferl.org}}</ref> In March 2023, [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine]] put into effect a range of sanctions targeting 141 firms and 300 individuals linked to Assad regime, Russian weapons manufacturers and Iranian dronemakers. This was days after Assad's visit to [[Moscow]], wherein he justified [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] as a fight against "old and new Nazis". Bashar al-Assad, Prime Minister [[Hussein Arnous]] and Foreign Minister [[Faisal Mekdad|Faisal Mikdad]] were amongst the individuals who were sanctioned.{{Efn|<ref name="rferl.org"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2023 |title=Zelensky imposes sanctions against Syrian dictator Bashar Al-Assad, other officials |work=The Kyiv Independent |url=https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/zelensky-imposes-sanctions-against-syrian-dictator-bashar-al-assad-other-officials |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318134326/https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/zelensky-imposes-sanctions-against-syrian-dictator-bashar-al-assad-other-officials |archive-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 163/2023 |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1632023-46149 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319043836/https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/1632023-46149 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |website=Office of the President of Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2023 |title=Zelenskyy introduces sanctions against Syria's Assad |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/zelenskyy-introduces-sanctions-against-syrias-assad/2849658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318212055/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/zelenskyy-introduces-sanctions-against-syrias-assad/2849658 |archive-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="The New Arab">{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=Ukraine's Zelensky imposes sanctions on Syria's Assad, other officials |work=[[The New Arab]] |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/ukraines-zelensky-imposes-sanctions-syrias-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320201806/https://www.newarab.com/news/ukraines-zelensky-imposes-sanctions-syrias-assad |archive-date=20 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2023 |title=Ukraine sanctions Syrian dictator Assad, hundreds of other individuals and entities |work=TVP World |url=https://tvpworld.com/68572144/ukraine-sanctions-syrian-dictator-assad-hundreds-of-other-individuals-and-entities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319121913/https://tvpworld.com/68572144/ukraine-sanctions-syrian-dictator-assad-hundreds-of-other-individuals-and-entities |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>}} Sanctions also involved freezing of all Syrian state properties in Ukraine, curtailment of monetary transactions, termination of economic commitments and recision of all official Ukrainian awards.<ref name="The New Arab"/> Syria formally broke its diplomatic ties to Ukraine on 20 July, citing the [[Reciprocity (international relations)|principle of reciprocity]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=Syria, a close Russia ally, breaks diplomatic ties with Ukraine |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/20/syria-formally-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-ukraine}}</ref> [[File:Rückschrittskoalition_stoppen_protest_and_protest_against_Assad_in_Berlin_2023-03-18_01_(cropped)3.jpg|thumb|Anti-Assad demonstrations in [[Berlin]], 18 March 2023]] In April 2023, a French court declared three high-ranking Ba'athist security officials guilty of [[crimes against humanity]], [[torture]], and various war-crimes against French-Syrian citizens. These included [[Ali Mamlouk]], director of [[National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|National Security Bureau of Syrian Ba'ath party]] and [[Jamil Hassan]], former head of the [[Air Force Intelligence Directorate|Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2023 |title=France to try senior Assad allies for crimes against humanity in Syria |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230404-france-to-try-senior-assad-allies-for-crimes-against-humanity-in-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004515/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230404-france-to-try-senior-assad-allies-for-crimes-against-humanity-in-syria |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2023 |title=France to try Syrian regime officials for crimes against humanity |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/5/france-to-try-syrian-regime-officials-for-crimes-against-humanity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415214212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/5/france-to-try-syrian-regime-officials-for-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> France had issued [[international arrest warrant]]s against the three officers over the case in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jarry |first=Emmanuel |date=5 November 2018 |title=France issues arrest warrants for senior Syrian officials |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-france/france-issues-arrest-warrants-for-senior-syrian-officials-idUSKCN1NA11L |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406162922/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-france/france-issues-arrest-warrants-for-senior-syrian-officials-idUSKCN1NA11L |archive-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> In May 2023, [[French Foreign Minister]] Catherine Colonna publicly demanded the prosecution of Bashar al-Assad for engaging in [[Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war|chemical warfare]] and killing [[Casualties of the Syrian civil war|hundreds of thousands of people]]; branding him as "the enemy of his own people".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2023 |title=Syria's Assad should be put on trial, says French foreign minister |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20230523-syria-s-assad-should-be-put-on-trial-says-french-foreign-minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524023150/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20230523-syria-s-assad-should-be-put-on-trial-says-french-foreign-minister |archive-date=24 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2023 |title=French minister demands Assad trial |work=Daily Tribune |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2023/05/24/french-minister-demands-assad-trial/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524013433/https://tribune.net.ph/2023/05/24/french-minister-demands-assad-trial/ |archive-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> On 15 November 2023, France issued an arrest warrant against Assad for use of chemical weapons against civilians in Syria.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Left-wing ==== [[File:Madrid - Acampada Sol 2011 39.JPG|thumb|Billboards of the [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|Spanish Indignados Movement]] with denouncements of Bashar al-Assad's crackdown against [[Syrian revolution]] in [[Puerta del Sol]] square, [[Madrid]] (29 May 2011)]] Bashar al-Assad is widely criticised by left-wing activists and intellectuals world-wide for appropriating leftist ideologies and its [[socialist]], [[Progressivism|progressive]] slogans as a cover for his own family rule and to empower a loyalist clique of elites at the expense of ordinary Syrians. His close alliance with clergy-ruled [[Khomeinism|Khomeinist]] [[Iran]] and its sectarian militant networks; while simultaneously pursuing a policy of locking up left-wing critics of [[Al-Assad family|Assad family]] has been subject to heavy criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harkin |first=Juliette |date=1 May 2018 |title='Assadism' Is Destroying Syria – Here's Where It Came From |url=https://thewire.in/world/assadism-is-destroying-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410213629/https://thewire.in/world/assadism-is-destroying-syria |archive-date=10 April 2021 |website=The Wire}}</ref> The [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region|Egyptian branch]] of the [[Iraqi Ba'ath movement]] has declared its strong support to the [[2011 Syrian Revolution|Syrian revolution]]; denouncing Ba'athist Syria as a repressive dictatorship controlled by the "Assad gang". It has attacked Assad family's Ba'athist credentials, accusing the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Ba'ath party]] of acting as the borderguards of [[Israel]] ever since its overthrowal of the [[National Command of the Ba'ath Party|Ba'athist National Command]] during the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état|1966 coup d'état]]. Describing Bashar al-Assad as a disgraceful person for inviting hostile powers like [[Iran]] to Syria, Egyptian Ba'athists have urged the [[Free Syrian Army|Syrian revolutionaries]] to unite in their efforts to overthrow the Assad regime and resist foreign imperialism.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2013 |title=The statement of the Arab Baath Socialist Party of Egyptian on the aggression against Syria |url=http://www.aladhwaa.net/?ac=3&no=6445&d_f=10&t_f=0&t=5&lang_in=Ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216203242/http://www.aladhwaa.net/?ac=3&no=6445&d_f=10&t_f=0&t=5&lang_in=Ar |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=30 July 2018 |newspaper=Aladhwaa}}</ref> Describing Assad's regime as a [[mafia state]] that thrives on corruption and sectarianism, [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] socialist academic [[Gilbert Achcar]] stated: <blockquote>"Bashar Assad's cousin became the richest man in the country, controlling – it is widely believed – over half of the economy. And that's only one member of the ruling clan... The clan functions as a real mafia, and has been ruling the country for several decades. This constitutes the deep root of the explosion, in combination with the fact that the Syrian regime is one of the most despotic in the region. Compared to Assad's Syria, [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak's Egypt]] was a beacon of democracy and political freedom!... What is specific to this regime is that Assad's father has reshaped and reconstructed the state apparatus, especially its hard nucleus – the armed forces – in order to create a Pretorian guard for itself. The army, especially its elite forces, is tied to the regime itself in various ways, most prominently through the use of sectarianism. Even people who had never heard of Syria before know now that the regime is based on one minority in the country – about 10% of the population; the [[Alawites]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Achcar |first=Gilbert |date=8 October 2013 |title=Syria between Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions |url=https://www.cetri.be/Syria-between-Revolution-and?lang=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602233849/http://www.cetri.be/Syria-between-Revolution-and |archive-date=2 June 2016 |website=CETRI}}</ref></blockquote>The [[Progressive Socialist Party]] (PSP) in Lebanon has taken an anti-Assad stance and organised mass-protests in support of the Syrian revolution. In August 2012, PSP publicly denounced the Assad government as a "killing machine" engaged in slaughtering Syrian people. PSP leader Ayman Kamaleddine demanded the expulsion of the Syrian ambassador from Lebanon, describing him as "the representative of the murderer regime in Lebanon".<ref name=":1" /> === International support === ==== Far-right ==== Bashar al-Assad's regime has received support from prominent [[white nationalist]], [[neo-Nazi]] and [[far-right]] figures in Europe, who were attracted by his "[[war on terror]]" discourse against [[Islamists]] during the period of [[European refugee crisis]]. Assad's bombings of Syrian cities are admired in the [[Islamophobic]] discourse of far-right circles, which considers Muslims as a civilizational enemy. American [[White-supremacists|white supremacists]] often praise Assad as an authoritarian bulwark against what they view as the forces of "Islamic extremism" and [[Globalist (epithet)|globalism]]; and several pro-Assad slogans were chanted in the neo-Nazi [[Unite the Right rally]] held in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]] in 2017.{{Efn|sources: * {{Cite news |last=Elba |first=Mariam |date=8 September 2017 |title=Mariam Elba |work=The Intercept |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/09/08/syria-why-white-nationalists-love-bashar-al-assad-charlottesville/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005175942/https://theintercept.com/2017/09/08/syria-why-white-nationalists-love-bashar-al-assad-charlottesville/ |archive-date=5 October 2017}} * {{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Patrick |date=14 February 2018 |title=Why do Italian fascists adore Syria's Bashar al-Assad? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/2/14/why-do-italian-fascists-adore-syrias-bashar-al-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105164955/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/2/14/why-do-italian-fascists-adore-syrias-bashar-al-assad |archive-date=5 January 2023}} * {{Cite news |last=Snell |first=James |date=17 August 2017 |title=Why Nazis from Charlottesville to Europe love Bashar al-Assad |work=New Arab |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-nazis-love-bashar-al-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227143504/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-nazis-love-bashar-al-assad |archive-date=27 December 2022}} * {{Cite news |last=Ayoub |first=Joey |date=3 October 2022 |title=How the European far right coopted an Arabic letter |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/3/how-the-european-far-right-coopted-an-arabic-letter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220215405/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/3/how-the-european-far-right-coopted-an-arabic-letter |archive-date=20 December 2022}} * {{Cite news |date=3 November 2022 |title=Western Far-right Worries Syrians and Delights Bashar al-Assad |work=The Syrian Observer |url=https://syrianobserver.com/news/79899/western-far-right-worries-syrians-and-delights-bashar-al-assad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103015933/https://syrianobserver.com/news/79899/western-far-right-worries-syrians-and-delights-bashar-al-assad.html |archive-date=3 November 2022}} * {{Cite news |last=Huetlin |first=Josephine |date=28 March 2018 |title=The European Far-Right's Sick Love Affair With Bashar al-Assad |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-european-far-rights-sick-love-affair-with-bashar-al-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116203833/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-european-far-rights-sick-love-affair-with-bashar-al-assad |archive-date=16 November 2022}}}}<ref name="Assad_far_right">{{cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Alex |date=2 December 2014 |title=Europe's far-right activists continue to throw their weight behind Syria's Assad |publisher=Middle East Eye |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/europes-far-right-activists-continue-throw-their-weight-behind-syrias-assad |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045342/https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/europes-far-right-activists-continue-throw-their-weight-behind-syrias-assad |archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> [[Nick Griffin]], the former leader of the [[British National Party]] (BNP), was formerly an official ambassador and guest of the Syrian government;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/mobile/1.629501 |title=Disgraced U.K. politician's visit to Syria raises eyebrows back home |work=Haaretz |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> due to public controversy, the Assad government publicly disassociated itself from him after his trip to Syria in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Alex |date=2 December 2014 |title=Europe's far-right activists continue to throw their weight behind Syria's Assad |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/europes-far-right-activists-continue-throw-their-weight-behind-syrias-assad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045342/https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/europes-far-right-activists-continue-throw-their-weight-behind-syrias-assad |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=6 December 2014 |publisher=Middle East Eye |quote=...the Syrian government attempted to distance themselves from Nick Griffin last time he visited…}}</ref> ==== Right-wing ==== In 2017, former [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States House of Representatives|congresswoman]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]] met with then-president Bashar al-Assad on an unannounced visit to Syria.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Tulsi Gabbard, Trump's top spy pick, faces fresh scrutiny over Syria and Russia positions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14l6jpykmjo |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The visit was the first by a U.S. lawmaker since 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tulsi Gabbard's Trip to Meet Assad |url=https://www.sacouncil.com/aalert_gabbard_assad |website=Syrian American Council |language=en}}</ref> and made under a travel warning issued by the [[United States Department of State]], which continues to warn U.S. citizens against all travel to the country.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Congresswoman Gabbard makes unannounced trip to Syria |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/congresswoman-gabbard-makes-unannounced-trip-syria |website=PBS News |language=en-us |date=18 January 2017}}</ref> Gabbard did not consult with the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House speaker]] or State Department before meeting with Assad.<ref name=":5" /> The meeting came after Gabbard introduced legislation that would, in her words, "end our country's illegal war to overthrow the Syrian government."<ref name=":5" /> She said that Assad is "a brutal [[dictator]]. Just like [[Saddam Hussein]]. Just like [[Gadhafi]] in Libya. The reason that I’m so outspoken on this issue of ending these wasteful [[United States involvement in regime change|regime-change]] wars is because I have seen firsthand this high human cost of war and the impact that it has on my fellow brothers and sisters in uniform."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tulsi Gabbard: Bashar Assad is 'a brutal dictator' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/politics/tulsi-gabbard-assad-dictator-cnntv/index.html |work=CNN |date=1 August 2019}}</ref> Following her visit to Syria, Gabbard expressed doubts that the Assad regime was behind chemical weapons attacks in Syria.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manduley |first=Christina |date=8 April 2017 |title=Congresswoman 'skeptical' Assad regime behind gas attack {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/tulsi-gabbard-assad-chemical-weapons-blitzer-cnntv/index.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Gabbard has continued to defend her comments, and in 2019 stated that Assad was "not the enemy of the United States because Syria does not pose a direct threat to the United States".<ref name=":4" /> ==== Left-wing ==== Left-wing support for Assad has been split since the start of the Syrian civil war;{{sfn|Hashemi|Postel|2013|pp=11–13}}{{update inline|date=April 2024}} the Assad government has been accused of cynically manipulating [[Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War|sectarian identity]] and [[anti-imperialism]] to continue its worst activities.{{sfn|Hashemi|Postel|2013|p=231}} Some heads of state or governments have declared their support for Assad, including North Korean leader [[Kim Jong Un]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/north-korean-leader-offers-support-to-assad/a-16392804|title=North Korean leader offers support to Assad |date= 20 November 2012|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> After declaring victory in the 2014 elections, Assad received congratulations from [[President of Venezuela]] [[Nicolás Maduro]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lainfo.es/en/2014/06/05/venezuela-congratulated-by-bashar-al-assad-in-syrian-presidential-victory/ |title=Venezuela congratulated by Bashar Al Assad in Syrian presidential victory |work=lainfo.es |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811131504/http://lainfo.es/en/2014/06/05/venezuela-congratulated-by-bashar-al-assad-in-syrian-presidential-victory/ |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[President of Algeria]] [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/news/local/13361-president-assad-receives-congratulations-from-president-bouteflika-on-winning-elections |title=syriatimes.sy – President Assad Receives Congratulations from President Bouteflika on Winning Elections |work=syriatimes.sy |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> [[President of Guyana]] [[Donald Ramotar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sana.sy/eng/21/2014/06/21/551372.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140621123014/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2014/06/21/551372.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2014 |title=الوكالة العربية السورية للأنباء |work=Syrian Arab News Agency |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> [[President of South Africa]] [[Jacob Zuma]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4016 |title=President al-Assad receives congratulatory cable from South African President Zuma |author=Hazem al-Sabbagh |access-date=20 April 2015|date=23 June 2014 }}</ref> President of [[Nicaragua]] [[Daniel Ortega]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriatimes.sy/index.php/presidential-elections/13206-nicaragua-s-ortega-congratulates-president-al-assad-on-winning-elections |title=Nicaragua's Ortega Congratulates President Al-Assad on Winning Elections |work=syriatimes.sy}}</ref> and [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the leader of [[Fatah]] and [[President of the State of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=4246 |title=President al-Assad receives congratulatory letter from President Abbas |author=h.said |access-date=20 April 2015|date=25 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/12365-abbas-congratulates-al-assad-for-re-election-as-syrian-president |title=Abbas congratulates Al-Assad for re-election as Syrian president |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512105225/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/12365-abbas-congratulates-al-assad-for-re-election-as-syrian-president |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20320 |title=Abbas says he backs Syria's "war against terrorism" |work=Al Akhbar English |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503220223/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20320 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Palestinian [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] militant group [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) supported Assad during the Syrian civil war. As a result of this stance, the Iranian government increased its military and financial funding to the PFLP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/iran-pflp-gaza-palestine-syria.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418132016/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/iran-pflp-gaza-palestine-syria.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pro-Assad Palestinians call for Yarmouk truce |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/201318143633928478.html |access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> === International public relations === [[File:Lula Al-Assad Itamaraty 2010.jpg|thumb|Bashar al-Assad wearing the "Grand Collar" of the ''[[National Order of the Southern Cross]]'', accompanied by Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in [[Brasília]], 30 June 2010]] [[File:Alexander Lukashenko in a meeting with Bashar al-Assad in December 2003 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Belarusian president [[Alexander Lukashenko]] alongside Bashar al-Assad during a state-visit to Syria in December 2003]] In order to promote their image and media-portrayal overseas, Bashar al-Assad and his wife [[Asma al-Assad]] hired U.S. and UK based [[Public relations|PR firms]] and consultants.<ref name=turnedtowest>{{cite news |title=Syria's Assads Turned to West for Glossy P.R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/syrian-conflict-cracks-carefully-polished-image-of-assad.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 June 2012 |last1=Carter |first1=Bill |last2=Chozick |first2=Amy}}</ref> In particular, these secured photoshoots for Asma al-Assad with fashion and celebrity magazines, including ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''{{'}}s March 2011 "A Rose in the Desert".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/the-only-remaining-online-copy-of-vogues-asma-al-assad-profile/250753/ |title=The Only Remaining Online Copy of Vogue's Asma al-Assad Profile |author=Max Fisher |work=The Atlantic|date=3 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert-1265002284 |title=Asma al-Assad: A Rose in the Desert |author=Joan Juliet Buck |work=Gawker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604013456/http://gawker.com/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert-1265002284 |archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> These firms included [[Bell Pottinger]] and [[Brown Lloyd James]], with the latter being paid $5,000 a month for their services.<ref name=turnedtowest/><ref name=PRcomeback/> At the outset of the Syrian civil war, Syrian government networks were hacked by the group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]], revealing that an ex-[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] journalist had been hired to advise Assad on how to manipulate the public opinion of the U.S. Among the advice was the suggestion to compare the popular uprising against the regime to the [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anonymous exposes e-mails of Syrian presidential aides |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/02/anonymous-hackers-expose-emails-of-syrian-presidential-aides/ |website=Ars Technica |date=8 February 2012 |access-date=15 March 2015 |last=Gallagher |first=Sean}}</ref> In a separate email leak several months later by the [[Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution]], which were published by ''[[The Guardian]]'', it was revealed that Assad's consultants had coordinated with an Iranian government media advisor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/14/assad-emails-lift-lid-inner-circle |title=Exclusive: secret Assad emails lift lid on life of leader's inner circle |first1=Robert |last1=Booth |first2=Mona |last2=Mahmood |first3=Luke |last3=Harding |work=The Guardian |quote=Before a speech in December his media consultant prepared a long list of themes, reporting that the advice was based on "consultations with a good number of people in addition to the media and political adviser for the Iranian ambassador". |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, an expanded version of the aforementioned leaks was handed to the Lebanese ''[[NOW News]]'' website and published the following month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/AssadLeaks/565291-friends-in-the-media |last=Rowell |first=Alex |title=International relations |publisher=NOW News |date=18 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022091657/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/AssadLeaks/565291-friends-in-the-media |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Syrian civil war began, the Assads started a [[social media]] campaign which included building a presence on Facebook, YouTube, and most notably [[Instagram]].<ref name="PRcomeback">{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/2013/09/14/Assad-makes-PR-comeback-targets-American-psyche-.html |title=Assad makes PR comeback, targets 'American psyche' |first=Mustapha |last=Ajbaili |publisher=Al Arabiya |quote=Assad's regime also activated its YouTube channel and multiple Facebook accounts. |date=14 September 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> A Twitter account for Assad was reportedly activated; however, it remained unverified.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/30/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-joined-instagram-here-are-his-first-photos/ |title=Syrian President Bashar al-Assad joined Instagram. Here are his first photos. |first=Caitlin |last=Dewey |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> This resulted in much criticism, and was described by ''[[The Atlantic Wire]]'' as "a propaganda campaign that ultimately has made the [Assad] family look worse".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thewire.com/politics/2013/08/bashar-al-assads-family/68915/ |title=The Failed Public Relations Campaign of Bashar al Assad's Family |first=Allie |last=Jones |work=The Wire |quote=a propaganda campaign that ultimately has made the family look worse |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308212143/http://www.thewire.com/politics/2013/08/bashar-al-assads-family/68915/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Assad government has also allegedly arrested activists for creating Facebook groups that the government disapproved of,<ref name=Dissent2014/> and has appealed directly to Twitter to remove accounts it disliked.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/assad-emails-the-documents |title=Assad emails: 'Fares closed all your Twitter accounts' |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2012 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> The social media campaign, as well as the previously leaked emails, led to comparisons with [[Hannah Arendt]]'s ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem|A Report on the Banality of Evil]]'' by ''The Guardian'', ''The New York Times'' and the ''Financial Times''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/06/syrian-presidency-instagram-banality-evil |title=The Syrian presidency's Instagram account shows the banality of evil |first=Johnathan |last=Jones |work=The Guardian |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/syrias-first-couple-and-the-banality-of-e-mail/ |title=Syria's First Couple and the Banality of E-Mail |first1=Robert |last1=Mackey |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e0ce4102-710e-11e1-a7f1-00144feab49a.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e0ce4102-710e-11e1-a7f1-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Assad: faithful student of ruthlessness |first1=Roula |last1=Khalaf |work=Financial Times |date=18 March 2012 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> In October 2014, 27,000 photographs depicting torture committed by the Assad government were put on display at the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bashar-al-assad-s-syrian-torture-chambers-205323124.html |title=Inside Bashar Assad's Torture Chambers |first1=Michael Abdel |last1=Isikoff |work=Yahoo News |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/photo-gallery/syria-army-defectors-photos |title=Photos Presented to the House Foreign Affairs Committee by 'Caesar' at Briefing on 'Assad's Killing Machine Exposed: Implications for U.S. Policy'|publisher=House Committee on Foreign Affairs |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314211352/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/photo-gallery/syria-army-defectors-photos |archive-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> Lawyers were hired to write a report on the images by the British law firm [[Carter-Ruck]], which in turn was funded by the [[Government of Qatar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/20/world/syria-torture-photos-amanpour/ |title=Gruesome Syria photos may prove torture by Assad regime |author1=Mick Krever |author2=Schams Elwazer|date=20 January 2014 |work=CNN|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> [[File:دیدار بشار اسد با سید علی خامنه‌ای، ۱۰ مهر ۱۳۸۹ (04).jpg|thumb|Assad with Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] and Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Tehran, Iran, 2010]] In November 2014, the [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam Foundation]] reported that a propaganda campaign, which they claimed had the "full backing of Assad", spread false reports about the deaths of Western-born jihadists in order to deflect attention from the government's alleged war crimes. Using a picture of a Chechen fighter from the [[Second Chechen War]], pro-Assad media reports disseminated to Western media outlets, leading them to publish a false story regarding the death of a non-existent British jihadist.<ref name="Simpson 2014">{{cite news | last=Simpson | first=John | title=Assad's allies invent British jihadi death | website=The Times | date=6 November 2014 | url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/assads-allies-invent-british-jihadi-death-0fstqsrn2zl | access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> In 2015, [[Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war]] in support of Assad, and on 21 October 2015, Assad flew to Moscow and met with Russian president Vladimir Putin, who said regarding the civil war: "this decision can be made only by the Syrian people. Syria is a friendly country. And we are ready to support it not only militarily but politically as well."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/syria-assad-met-russia-putin-moscow-151021064340109.html |title=Syria's Assad in surprise visit to Moscow |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Personal life == [[File:Bashar and Asma al-Assad.jpg|thumb|Bashar al-Assad and his wife [[Asma al-Assad]]]] Assad speaks fluent English and basic conversational French, having studied at the Franco-Arab al-Hurriyah school in [[Damascus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/how-bashar-al-assad-became-so-hated/275058/ |title=How Bashar al-Assad Became So Hated |first1=Majid |last1=Rafizadeh |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref> In December 2000, Assad married [[Asma al-Assad|Asma Akhras]], a British citizen of Syrian origin from [[Acton, London]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1630134.stm |work=BBC News |title=The road to Damascus (all the way from Acton) |date=31 October 2001 |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1400296/Syria-factfile-Key-figures.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1400296/Syria-factfile-Key-figures.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Syria factfile: Key figures |date=24 February 2003 |access-date=14 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2001, Asma gave birth to their first child, a son named [[Hafez Bashar al-Assad|Hafez]] after the child's grandfather Hafez al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad's son Hafez graduated from [[Moscow State University]] in the summer of 2023 with a master's thesis in number theory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Сын Башара Асада с отличием окончил МГУ |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/29/06/2023/649dd3249a79470f8edd25b2 |website=Rbc.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Their daughter Zein was born in 2003, followed by their second son Karim in 2004.<ref name=New_Republic_2013/> In January 2013, Assad stated in an interview that his wife was pregnant.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=28 January 2013|title=Syria's Bashar al-Assad says his wife is pregnant|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/01/28/syrias-bashar-al-assad-says-his-wife-is-pregnant/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|date=29 January 2013|title=Bashar al-Assad's wife Asma 'pregnant with fourth child'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/29/bashar-al-assad-wife-asma-pregnant|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> Bashar al-Assad is an [[Alawites|Alawite]] Muslim.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baltacioglu-Brammer |first1=Ayse |title=Alawites and the Fate of Syria |journal=Current Events in Historical Perspective |date=January 2014 |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=2 |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/alawites-and-fate-syria |access-date=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]]}}</ref> Bashar performed the ''[[hajj]]'' pilgrimage twice, in 1999 and in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Litvak |first=Meir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cpjrIcHoQkC&pg=PA67 |title=Middle Eastern Societies and the West: Accommodation of Clash of Civilizations? |date=2006 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |isbn=978-965-224-073-6 |language=en}}</ref> Assad's sister, [[Bushra al-Assad]], and mother, [[Anisa Makhlouf]], left Syria in 2012 and 2013, respectively, to live in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="New_Republic_2013">{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/114630/bashar-al-assad-syria-family-guide |title=Think Bashar al Assad Is Brutal? Meet His Family |last1=Dwyer |first1=Mimi |magazine=The New Republic |date=8 September 2013 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Makhlouf died in [[Damascus]] in 2016.<ref name=aje>{{cite news |title=Syrian president's mother Anissa Assad dies aged 86 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/syrian-president-mother-anissa-assad-dies-aged-86-160206210505879.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=6 February 2016 |access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> ==Awards and honours== {{color box|#f99}} Revoked and returned awards and honours. {{Clear}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! style="width:90px;" | Ribbon ! style="width:250px;" | Distinction ! style="width:120px;" | Country ! style="width:100px;" | Date ! style="width:100px;" | Location ! style="width:250px;" | Notes ! Reference |- | [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|80px]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | Grand Cross of the National Order of the [[Legion of Honour]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | {{flag|France}} | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 25 June 2001 | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Paris]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | Highest rank in the Order of the Legion of Honor in the Republic of France. Returned by Assad on 20 April 2018<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/europe/assad-france-legion-of-honor.html |title = A French Honor Not Always for the Honorable; Assad Returns His|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 20 April 2018|last1 = Pérez-Peña|first1 = Richard}}</ref> after the opening of a revocation process by the [[President of France|President of the Republic]], [[Emmanuel Macron]], on 16 April 2018. | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/04/16/la-france-engage-la-procedure-pour-retirer-sa-legion-d-honneur-a-bachar-al-assad_5286264_823448.html |title=La France engage la procédure pour retirer sa Légion d'honneur à Bachar Al-Assad |publisher=Le Monde |language=fr |date=16 April 2018|newspaper=Le Monde.fr }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/bachar-al-assad-rend-sa-legion-d-honneur-a-la-france-esclave-des-etats-unis-19-04-2018-7673658.php |title=Bachar al-Assad rend sa Légion d'honneur à la France, "esclave des Etats-Unis" |newspaper=Le Parisien |language=fr |date=19 April 2018}}</ref> |- | [[File:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png|80px]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Ukraine}} | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 21 April 2002 | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Kyiv]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | Revoked on 18 March 2023, as part of sanctions issued by [[Ukrainian President]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] which revoked all previous Ukrainian state awards to members of the Assad government.<ref name="The New Arab"/> | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | <ref name="rada">{{cite web |url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/362/2002 |title=Про нагородження орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого – від 20 April 2002 № 362/2002 |publisher=rada.gov.ua}}</ref><ref name="The New Arab"/> |- | [[File:Reale ordine di francesco I.png|80px]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | [[Knight]] [[Grand Cross]] of the [[Royal Order of Francis I]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Two Sicilies}} | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 21 March 2004 | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Damascus]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | [[Dynastic order of knighthood|Dynastic order]] of the [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]; Revoked several years later{{When|date=July 2024|reason=This is wildly unclear}} by [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]]. | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | <ref name="Two_Sicilies_awards_1">{{cite news |url=http://www.mediafaxfoto.ro/Preview.aspx?Id=256111 |title=SYRIA-ASSAD-BOURBON |last1=Beshara |first1=Louai |publisher=mediafaxfoto.ro |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=21 March 2004 |access-date=15 March 2015 |language=ro}}</ref><ref name="Two_Sicilies_awards_2">{{cite news |url=http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-presents-prince-carlo-of-news-photo/181414500 |title=181414500 |last1=Beshara |first1=Louai |publisher=[[Getty Images]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=21 March 2004 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> |- | [[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of Zayed.svg|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Order of Zayed]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 31 May 2008 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Abu Dhabi]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Highest civil decoration in the United Arab Emirates. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2008/06/01/129056.html |script-title=ar:رئيس دولة الامارات يقلد الرئيس السوري وسام زايد تعبيرا عن عمق العلاقات التي تربط البلدين|publisher=Al Watan Voice |date=1 June 2008 |access-date=16 September 2018 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[File:FIN Order of the White Rose Grand Cross BAR.svg|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Finland}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 5 October 2009 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Damascus]] | style="font-size:90%;" | One of three [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Finland|official orders in Finland]]. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.savonsanomat.fi/kotimaa/IS-Syyrian-sotarikoksista-syytetyll%C3%A4-presidentill%C3%A4-Suomen-korkein-kunniamerkki/427627 |title=Syyrian sotarikoksista syytetyllä presidentillä Suomen korkein kunniamerkki |publisher=savonsanomat.fi |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2016 |language=fi}}</ref> |- | [[File:Spange des König-Abdulaziz-Ordens.png|85px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Order of King Abdulaziz]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 8 October 2009 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Damascus]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Highest Saudi state order. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://thawra.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=63107819420091008022531 |script-title=ar:القمــــــــــة الســـــــــورية الســـــــــعودية... الرئيس الأسد وخادم الحرمين الشريفين يبحثان آفاق التعاون ويتبادلان أرفع وسامين وطنيين.. تعزيز العمل العربي المشترك – رفع الحصار عن الفلسطينيين|publisher=Al Thawra |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=16 September 2018 |language=ar}}</ref> |- | [[File:ITA OMRI 2001 GC-GCord BAR.svg|80px]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | Knight Grand Cross with [[Collar (order)|Collar]] of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Italy}} | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 11 March 2010 | style="background:#f99; text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Damascus]] | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | Highest ranking honour of the Republic of Italy. Revoked by the [[President of Italy|President of the Republic]], [[Giorgio Napolitano]], on 28 September 2012 for "indignity". | style="background:#f99; font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Dettaglio decorato: Al-Assad S.E. Bashar Decorato di Gran Cordone |publisher=quirinale.it |url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=311336 |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=14 March 2015 |language=it}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150440/http://banchedati.camera.it/sindacatoispettivo_16/showXhtml.asp?highLight=0&idAtto=57321&stile=8 ATTO CAMERA INTERROGAZIONE A RISPOSTA SCRITTA 4/17085] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150440/http://banchedati.camera.it/sindacatoispettivo_16/showXhtml.asp?highLight=0&idAtto=57321&stile=8 |date=18 October 2015 }} Banchedati.camera.it {{in lang|it}}</ref> |- | [[File:VEN Order of the Liberator - Grand Cordon BAR.png|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Venezuela}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 28 June 2010<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n160308.html |title= Gaceta Oficial 39.454 lunes 28 de junio 2010 |language=es |trans-title= Official Gazette 39.454 Monday 28 June 2010 |date= 28 June 2010 |access-date= 25 October 2023 |publisher= [[Aporrea]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Caracas]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Highest Venezuelan state order. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/05/venezuela-chavezs-authoritarian-legacy |publisher= Human Rights Watch |title= Venezuela: Chávez's Authoritarian Legacy |date= 5 March 2013 |access-date= 25 October 2023}}</ref> |- | [[File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Brazil}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 30 June 2010 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Brasília]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Brazil's highest order of merit. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.antt.gov.br/html/objects/_downloadblob.php?cod_blob=3231 |title=Diário Oficial da União – Seção |publisher=Superintenência de Seguros Privados |issn=1677-7042 |format=PDF |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=15 March 2015 |language=pt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091010/http://www.antt.gov.br/html/objects/_downloadblob.php?cod_blob=3231 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |- | [[File:LBN National Order of the Cedar - Grand Cordon BAR.svg|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Grand Cordon]] of the [[National Order of the Cedar]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 31 July 2010 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Beirut]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Second highest honour of Lebanon. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=President Michel Suleiman hosts Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdel Aziz |url=http://www.marada-news.org/?q=node/3338 |publisher=Marada-news.org |date=31 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080726/http://www.marada-news.org/?q=node%2F3338 |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> |- | [[File:Orden al Mérito IRI.png|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Order of the Islamic Republic of Iran]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 2 October 2010 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Tehran]] | style="font-size:90%;" | Highest national medal of Iran. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Iran Awards Syrian Leader Highest Medal of Honor |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/assad-in-iran-to-discuss-iraq-104203254/127153.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052040/http://www.voanews.com/content/assad-in-iran-to-discuss-iraq-104203254/127153.html |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Syrian President Awarded Iran's Medal of Honor |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Syrian-President-Awarded-Irans-Medal-of-Honor/ |publisher=[[CBN News]] |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> |- | [[File:Лента Ордена Уацамонга.png|80px]] | style="font-size:90%;" | [[Uatsamonga Order]] | style="font-size:90%;" | {{flag|South Ossetia}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | 2018 | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | [[Damascus]] | style="font-size:90%;" | State award of South Ossetia. | style="font-size:90%;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to visit South Ossetia|url=https://oc-media.org/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-to-visit-south-ossetia/ |publisher=OC Media|date=31 July 2018 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804000533/https://oc-media.org/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-to-visit-south-ossetia/ |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==See also== {{Portal|Middle East|Biography|Politics}} * [[List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Presidency of Hafez al-Assad]] * [[Foreign Policy of Bashar al-Assad]] == Explanatory notes == {{Notelist}} == References == === Citations === {{Reflist|30em}} === General and cited references === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Blanford |first=Nicholas |title=Killing Mr Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-202-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/killingmrlebanon00blan }} * {{Cite book |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |title=Peace Out of Reach: Middle Eastern Travels and the Search for Reconciliation |url=https://archive.org/details/peaceoutofreachm0000bron |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8131-2446-9 }} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Hashemi |editor1-first=Nader |editor2-last=Postel |editor2-first=Danny |title=The Syria Dilemma |url=https://archive.org/details/syriadilemma0000unse |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-262-02683-3 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Heydemann |first1=Steven |last2=Leenders |first2=Reinoud |title=Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8047-9333-9 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Leverett |first=Flynt L. |title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial By Fire |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8157-5204-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn }} * {{Cite book |last=Lesch |first=David W. |title=Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad |url=https://archive.org/details/syriafallofhouse0000lesc |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-300-18651-2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Mammone |editor1-first=Andrea |editor2-last=Godin |editor2-first=Emmanuel |editor3-last=Jenkins |editor3-first=Brian |date=2012 |title=Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-50265-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Ma'oz |first1=Moshe |last2=Ginat |first2=Joseph |last3=Winckler |first3=Onn |title=Modern Syria: From Ottoman Rule to Pivotal Role in the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/modernsyriafromo0000unse |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=1-898723-83-4 }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Mikaberidze |editor1-first=Alexander |title=Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59884-925-7 }} * {{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A–C |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0002mina |year=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-32109-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Moosa |first=Matti |title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pierret |first=Thomas |title=Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/religionstateins0000pier |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-60990-7 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Sadiki |first=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Seale |first1=Patrick |last2=McConville |first2=Maureen |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-520-06976-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal }} * {{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla |edition= |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0003unse_x7p5 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-841-5 }} * {{Cite book |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |title=Commanding Syria: Bashar Al-Asad And the First Years in Power |url=https://archive.org/details/commandingsyriab0000zise |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-153-3 }} {{refend}} == Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Abboud |first=Samer |title=Syria (Hot Spots in Global Politics) |url=https://archive.org/details/syria0000abbo |publisher=Polity |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7456-9797-0|ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Belhadj |first=Souhaïl |date=2013 |title=La Syrie de Bashar Al-Asad : Anatomie d'un régime autoritaire |trans-title=Bashar's Syria: Anatomy of an Authoritarian Regime |language=fr |publisher=Belin |isbn=978-2-7011-6467-0|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hinnebusch |first1=Raymond |title=Syria: Revolution From Above |url=https://archive.org/details/syriarevolutionf0000hinn |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28568-1|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Perthes |first1=Volker |title=Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change |url=https://archive.org/details/syriaunderbashar0000pert |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-856750-9|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Tabler |first=Andrew |title=In the Lion's Den: An Eyewitness Account of Washington's Battle with Syria |publisher=Zephyr Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-56976-843-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlionsdeneyewit00tabl |ref=none}} '''Reports''' * {{Cite report |author=Yossi Baidatz |date=August 2001 |title=Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus41.pdf |publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |asin=B0006RVLNM |access-date=12 March 2015 |ref=none |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225095843/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus41.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite report |author=Annette Büchs |date=March 2009 |title=The Resilience of Authoritarian Rule in Syria under Hafez and Bashar Al-Asad |url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp97_buechs.pdf |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |docket=97 |access-date=12 March 2015 |ref=none |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009210705/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp97_buechs.pdf |url-status=dead }} '''Articles''' * {{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0304_s2.htm |first=Ziad K. |last=Abdelnour |title=Syria's Proxy Forces in Iraq |publisher=[[Al-Hayat]] |date=12 April 2003|ref=none}} * {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2579331.stm |title=Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 March 2005|ref=none}} * {{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/730 |first=William |last=Harris |title=Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble |journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]] |date=Summer 2005|ref=none}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html |first=Esther |last=Pan |title=Syria's Leaders |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=10 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719135235/https://web.archive.org/web/20060719135235/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html |archive-date=19 July 2006 |ref=none |access-date=12 December 2024}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894 |title=Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=31 January 2011|ref=none}} * {{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2007/07/200852518514154964.html |title=Profile: Bashar al-Assad |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=25 March 2011|ref=none}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9gyTXO_xIg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118094013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9gyTXO_xIg |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=live |first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Rose |last=Rose |title=Interview with Bashar Hafez al-Assad |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=9 September 2013 |ref=none |access-date=5 November 2016 }} ==External links== {{sister project links|c=Category: Bashar al-Assad|d=yes|q=yes|n=yes|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{Official website|sana.sy/en/}} ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101337/http://www.sana.sy/eng/article/123.htm Biography] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042116/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=13&newlang=eng Decrees] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042110/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=11&newlang=eng Speeches] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529041500/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=12&newlang=eng Interviews] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529042829/http://sana.sy/section.html?&req=shownews&topicid=10&newlang=eng Press releases] * {{C-SPAN|93150}} * {{Guardian topic}} * {{NYTtopic|people/a/bashar_al_assad}} * {{IMDb name|1519747}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Halim Khaddam]] <br /><small>Acting</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Syria]] | years=2000–2024}} {{s-aft|after=TBD}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Hafez al-Assad]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Secretary of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Command]] of the [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]|years=2000–2024}} {{s-aft|after=TBD}} |- {{s-end}} {{Presidents of Syria}} {{Ba'ath Party}} {{Syria topics}} {{Arab Spring}} {{Syrian Civil War}} {{Arab nationalism}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Bashar Al-}} [[Category:Bashar al-Assad| ]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century presidents in Asia]] [[Category:20th-century Syrian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian politicians]] [[Category:Presidents of Syria]] [[Category:Anti-Americanism]] [[Category:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world]] [[Category:Al-Assad family|Bashar Al]] [[Category:Ba'athism]] [[Category:Children of presidents of Syria]] [[Category:Damascus University alumni]] [[Category:Exiled politicians]] [[Category:Far-left politics in Asia]] [[Category:Fugitives wanted by France]] [[Category:Fugitives wanted on crimes against humanity charges]] [[Category:Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges]] [[Category:Grand Cordons of the National Order of the Cedar]] [[Category:Holocaust deniers]] [[Category:Homs Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:Leaders of political parties]] [[Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)]] [[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]] [[Category:Muslim socialists]] [[Category:People of the Syrian civil war]] [[Category:People stripped of honorary degrees]] [[Category:Politicians from Damascus]] [[Category:Politicide perpetrators]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class]] [[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]] [[Category:Syrian Alawites]] [[Category:Syrian Arab nationalists]] [[Category:Syrian exiles]] [[Category:Syrian expatriates in Russia]] [[Category:Syrian expatriates in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Syrian mass murderers]] [[Category:Syrian nationalists]] [[Category:Syrian male writers]] [[Category:Syrian male boxers]] [[Category:Syrian ophthalmologists]] [[Category:Totalitarianism]] d0wilgc5uepbi4chdjt9hzkayaujsjd 0 46771 122649 119325 2026-09-28T02:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|System that supports business decisions}} {{Redirect|Business Information System|the Finnish government service|Business Information System (government service)}} '''Nthowa ya uthenga''' ('''IS''') ni nthowa yakumanyikwa, [[sociotechnical]], ndondomeko ya bungwe iyo yikupangika kuti yitolere, kupanga, [[Kunozga na Kulongozga Uthenga|kusunga]], na [[ kugaŵira uthenga|kugaŵira]] [[uthenga]].<ref>{{kuzunura buku |kumaliya1=Piccoli |wakwamba1=Gabriele |wakumaliya2=Pigni |wakwamba2=Federico |mutu=Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵalongozgi: na milandu|wakupharazga=Prospect Press |isbn=978-1-943153-50-3 |masamba=28 |buku=4.0 |url=https:// Prospectvt.com/maudindo/ndondomeko-za-uthenga-za-ŵalongozgi/ |kufika-zuŵa=25 Novembala 2018|zuŵa=Julayi 2018 }}</ref> Kufuma pa umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera vinthu, ndondomeko za uthenga zili na vigaŵa vinayi: ntchito, ŵanthu, kapangikiro (panji maudindo), na luso.<ref name="Ohara et {{kuyowoya za nyuzipepara |kumaliya1=O'Hara |wakwamba1=Margaret |kumaliya2=Watson |wakwamba2=Richard |wakumaliya3=Cavan |wakwamba3=Bruce |mutu=Kulaŵilira vigaŵa vitatu vya kusintha |magazini=Kulaŵilira Nthowa za Uthenga |buku=16 |magazini=3 |zuŵa=1999 |page=64 |url=https:// 220630523 |zuŵa lakufikako=25 Novembala 2018|doi=10.1201/1078/43197.16.3.19990601/31317.9 }}</ref> Nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu zingalongosoreka kuti ni kusazgako vigaŵa vyakusonkheska, kusunga na [[kupanga data|kupanga data]] ya [[kupanga data]] ya [[kupanga data] [[chinthu cha digito]]s icho chikupanga data ku kupangiska [[kusankha]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|dazi=2020-11-12|mutu=Nthowa za Uthenga|url=https://www.britannica.com/mutu/ndondomeko-ya-uthenga| }}</ref> na data iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito kuti yipeleke uthenga na kuwovwira pa chimanyisko. '''Nthowa ya uthenga wa pa kompyuta''' ni nthowa, iyo yili na ŵanthu na makompyuta agho ghakupanga panji kuzgoŵezga uthenga.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.buku la bizinesi.com/kulongosora/ndondomeko-ya-uthenga.html| title=ndondomeko ya uthenga| ntchito=Dikishonale ya Bizinesi.com| zuŵa lakufikapo=21-09-2014| zuŵa lakusungiramo vinthu vyakale=2020-08-11| 2020811225424. url-mkhaliro=wakufwa| access-date=2025-01-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724035002/http://buku/| archive-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{kuyowoya pa webusayiti| title=Nthowa zakumanyiskira| ntchito=Masambiro gha pa Intaneti pa Webusayiti| url= http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/KUmanyiska_Nthowa. url= http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/mutu/287895/ndondomeko-ya-uthenga |mutu=Nthowa-ya-uthenga| encyclopedia=Britain | D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (2008). "Vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya masambiro gha ndondomeko ya uthenga", Physica-Verlag, Springer, Germany, pp. 2009-6}}</ref> Lizgu ili nyengo zinyake likugwiriskirikaso nchito ku . kuyowoya waka za kompyuta iyo yili na mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta. "'''Nthowa zakumanyiskira'''" ni nthowaso ya masambiro ya masambiro ghakukhwaskana na ndondomeko izo zikuyowoya za uthenga na ma netiweki ghakovwira gha [[vipangizo vya pa kompyuta]] na mapulogiramu agho ŵanthu na mabungwe ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakuwunganya, kusefa, kupanga, kupanga ndiposo [[Kugaŵira makompyuta|kugaŵira]] [[data (kugaŵira makompyuta)|data]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-16|title=Uteŵeti wa Uthenga na Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kasi Pali Mpambano Wuli? 2021-11-13|webusayiti=MzindaU wa Seattle|chiyowoyero=Chi-US}}</ref> Kukhozgera likuŵikika pa ndondomeko ya uthenga iyo yili na mphaka yakusimikizgika, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, awo ŵakunozga, awo ŵakusunga, awo ŵakunjizga, awo ŵakufumamo na nthowa zakudumbiskana izo zayowoyeka pacanya apa.<ref>Jessup, Leonard M.; Yosefe S. Valaci (2008). ''Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu mazuŵa ghano'' (3rd ed.). Kusindikizga kwa Pearson. Buku la Mazgu p. 416 Mu mabungwe ghanandi, dipatimenti panji chigaŵa icho chikulaŵilira ndondomeko za uthenga na [[kupanga data]] chikumanyikwa kuti "'''ntchito za uthenga'''".<ref>{{cite web | title=Kasi Nthowa zakumanyiskira panji Ntchito zakumanyiskira (IS) ni vichi? | webusayiti=Kulongosora kufuma ku Techopedia | 1027/ndondomeko-za-uthenga-panji-maseŵero-gha-uthenga-ni | zuŵa lakufikapo=6 Malichi 2021}}</ref><ref>{{lembani webusayiti | title=Kasi IS (ndondomeko ya uthenga panji ntchito za uthenga) ni vichi? | webusayiti=Ivyo.com | url=https://nchivichi. zuŵa lakufikapo=6 Malichi 2021}}</ref><ref>{{lembani webusayiti| url=https://www.directory.gov.au/mapotifoliyo/ulimi-maji-na-chilengedwe/dipatimenti-ya-ulimi-maji-na-chilengedwe/gulu-la-maseŵero-ghakukhozga/maseŵero-ghakumanyiska| title=Mauteŵeti gha Uthenga| webusaiti=Chilongozgo| zuŵa=2 Juni 2017| wakupharazga=[[Boma la Australia]]| zuŵa lakufikapo=6 Malichi 2021| zuŵa lakusungiramo vinthu vyakale=27 Malichi 2022| Maji-na-chilengedwe cha ulimi-na-chilengedwe/ kukhozgera-mauteŵeti-gulu/uthenga-mauteŵeti| url-mkhaliro = wakufwa}}</ref><ref>{{kuyowoya pa webusayiti | title=Uthenga Smauteŵeti | webusayiti=Chigaŵa cha Ramsey | zuŵa=12 Seputembala 2015 | url=https://www.ramseycounty.us/boma-linu/madipatimenti/uthenga-na-vyakulemba-vya-boma/uthenga-wa-uthenga| zuŵa lakufika=6 Malichi 2021}}</ref> Nthowa yiliyose yakumanyiskira ŵanthu yikukhumba kovwira ntchito, kulongozga na [[kusankha vinthu]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=2013|title= Chigaŵa chakwamba cha kupanga ndondomeko yakumanyikwa ya pa charu chose chapasi yakugwiriskira ntchito tekinoloje yasono/Software 55312 Kafukufuku|buku=7|magazini=3|peji=250| kuzunura ml -mkhaliro = bot: wakumanyikwa yayi Nkhongono zakale 3, 2007 }}</ref> Nthowa yakumanyiskira ŵanthu ni [[uthenga na luso lwa kuyowoyeskana]] (ICT) ilo wupu ukugwiriskira nchito, ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira na luso ili kuti ŵawovwire pa ndondomeko ya bizinesi.<ref>Kroenke, D . M. (2008). Kukumana na MIS. Holo ya Prentice, Mtsinje wa Saddle Wapachanya, NJ Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakupambaniska makora pakati pa ndondomeko ya kumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, [[ndondomeko ya kompyuta]], na [[ndondomeko ya bizinesi]]. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikuŵa na chigaŵa cha ICT kweni zikukhwaskana na ICT pera yayi, zikuŵika mtima pa kugwiliskira ntchito [[tekinoloje ya uthenga]]. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu zikupambanaso na ndondomeko ya bizinesi. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikovwira kuti ndondomeko za bizinesi zichitikenge makora.<ref>O'Brien, J A. (2003). Kuyambiska kwa ndondomeko za uthenga: vyakuzirwa vya bizinesi ya e-business. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA Kusintha<ref>Kusintha, S. (2003). "Vifukwa 18 ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko za ntchito zakuthemba pa IT zikwenera kunjilirapo pa 'Chinthu cha IT' nga ni Nkhani Yikuru ya Munda wa IS"], ​​''Kudumbiskana ya Wupu wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Ŵanthu '', 12 (23), Okutobala, pp. 365–394. {{kuyowoya za nyuzipepara | last1 = Sinthani | wakwamba1 = S | chaka = 2013 | title = Nthowa ya Ntchito: Kuwoneseska Mazgu Ghakuzirwa, Kusazgirapo, na Masuzgo gha Munthazi | url = https://kusungirako.usfca.edu/cgi/kuwona ivyo vili mukati.cgi?nkhani=1034&nkhani=pa | journal = Buku la Wupu wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira | buku = 14 | nkhani = 2| masamba = 72-121 | doi = 10.17705/1jayisi.00323 | doi-access = free }}</ref> wakususka kuti kuwona ndondomeko ya uthenga nga ni mtundu wapadera wa [[ndondomeko ya ntchito]] kuli na vitumbiko vyake. Nthowa ya ntchito ni nthowa iyo ŵanthu panji makina ŵakuchitira ndondomeko na milimo yakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu kuti ŵapange vinthu panji ntchito zakupambanapambana za makasitomala. Nthowa ya uthenga ni nthowa ya ntchito iyo milimo yikupelekeka ku kukora, kutumizga, kusunga, kusanga, kugwiliskira ntchito na kulongora uthenga.<ref>Alter, S. (2006) Nthowa ya Nthowa ya Ntchito: Kulumikiza Ŵanthu, Ndondomeko, na IT ya Bizinesi . Vyakusatira. Nthowa yakusindikizgirako ntchito, CA</ref> Pakuŵa nthena, ndondomeko za uthenga zikukolerana na ndondomeko za data ku chigaŵa chimoza na ndondomeko za milimo ku chigaŵa chinyake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bacon|first1=C. James|wakumaliya2=Fitzgerald|wakwamba2=Brian|dazi=2001-04-01|mutu=Nthowa ya ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga| DATABASE ya Kulutilira kwa Uthenga Nthowa zakumanyikwa ni mtundu wa [[kuyowoyeskana] mu umo data yikwimira ndipo yikupangika nga ni mtundu wa kukumbukira kwa ŵanthu. Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu yingawonekaso kuti ni semi-[[chiyowoyero chakumanyikwa]] icho chikovwira ŵanthu kusankha na kuchita vinthu. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu ndizo zikusambizgika chomene pa nkhani ya uthenga wa bungwe.<ref>Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vya bizinesi. Palgrave, ku Basingstoke ==Kuwonera mwakudumura== Siliva na ŵanyake. (1995) wakapeleka maghanoghano ghaŵiri pa IS agho ghakusazgapo mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, vipangizo, data, ŵanthu, na ndondomeko. =Chiyelezgero cha Kusambizga vya Tekinoloje: Fundo ya Masambiro Ghakuzirwa gha MBA|journal=MIS Kotala|dazi=Sep 1995|masamba=361–390|url=http://misq.org/chiyelezgero-cha-kuchezga-vya-uthenga-wa-maziko-gha-mba-core-course.html?SID =k2fh85s9nd5a2ne85qh5a3luso7}}</ref> [[Association for Computing Machinery]] yikulongosora kuti "Ŵasayansi ŵa ndondomeko ya uthenga [nga] ŵakuŵika mtima [ing] pa kuphatikiza [[umanyi]] mayankho na ndondomeko za bizinesi kuti ŵafiske ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa uthenga wa malonda na mabizinesi ghanyake."<ref name=" masambiro">Gulu lakukolerana la masambiro gha pa kompyuta 2005. Masambiro gha pa kompyuta gha 2005: Lipoti la Kuwoneseska (pdf)] {{CC2005-March06Final.pdf |zuŵa=2014-10-21 }}</ref > Pali mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ndondomeko za uthenga, : kusazgapo [[ndondomeko yakulongozgera malonda]]s, [[ndondomeko yakuwovwira pakusankha]]s, [[ndondomeko yakulongozgera chimanyisko]]s, [[ndondomeko yakulongozgera kusambira]]s, [[ndondomeko yakulongozgera database . system]]s, na ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵanthu mu maofesi. Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ku ndondomeko zinandi za uthenga ni tekinoloje ya uthenga, iyo kanandi yikupangika kuti yiwovwire ŵanthu kuchita milimo iyo wongo wa munthu ukukwaniska yayi, nga ni: kugwiliskira ntchito uthenga unandi, kuchita mawerengero ghakusuzga, na kulongozga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo yimoza. Ma tekinoloje ghakumanyiska ŵanthu ni chinthu chakuzirwa chomene ndiposo chakukhozga chomene icho chikusangika ku ŵalara ŵa boma.<ref>Rockart et al. (1996) Vinthu 8 vyakuzirwa vya bungwe liphya la IT Sloan Management review.</ref> Makampani ghanandi ghapanga malo gha [[mulongozgi wa uthenga]] (CIO) uyo wakukhala pa wupu wa ŵalara pamoza na [[mulongozgi mulara]]. (CEO), [[mulongozgi wa vya ndalama]] (CFO), [[mulongozgi wa ntchito]] (COO), na . [[mulongozgi wa ŵasayansi]] (CTO). CTO wangateŵeteraso nga ni CIO, ndiposo mwakuyana waka. [[mulongozgi wa chivikiliro cha uthenga]] (CISO) wakuŵika mtima chomene pa [[chivikiliro cha uthenga]] kulongozga. ===Vigaŵa 6=== ''Vigaŵa 6'' ivyo vikwenera kuwungana pamoza kuti vipangiske ndondomeko ya uthenga ni ivi:<ref>{{Cite buku |kumaliya=Stair |kwamba=Ralph |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/ 1305839544 |mutu=Fundo za Nthowa za Kumanyiska |zuŵa=2020 |wakupharazga=Cengage 14.Malo gha Mason, OH. #''Hardware'': Lizgu lakuti hardware likuyowoya za makina na vipangizo. Mu ndondomeko ya mazuŵa ghano yakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kompyuta na vinthu vyose ivyo vikovwira. Vipangizo vyakovwira vikusazgapo vipangizo vyakunjilirapo na vyakufumamo, vipangizo vyakusungirako na vipangizo vyakupharazgira. Mu ndondomeko za uthenga za pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko, hardware yingaŵa na mabuku gha ledger na inki. #''Software'': Lizgu lakuti software likuyowoya za mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta na mabuku (usange ghalipo) agho ghakovwira. Mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta ni malango agho ghakuŵazgika na makina agho ghakulongozga vigaŵa ivyo vili mu vigaŵa vya hardware kuti vigwirenge ntchito mu nthowa izo zikupangiska kuti paŵe uthenga wakukhumbikwa kufuma mu data. Mapulogalamu ghakusungika pa vinthu vinyake vyakunjilirapo/vyakufumapo, kanandi pa diski panji pa tepi. "Software" ya ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko yikaŵa na umo hardware yikanozgekera kuti yigwiriskike nchito (mwachiyelezgero, mitu ya mizati mu buku la ledger) na malango ghakugwiriskira nchito (buku la ndondomeko ya katalogo ya khadi). #''Data'': Data ni fundo izo zikugwiriskirika nchito na ndondomeko kuti zipangiske uthenga wakukhumbikwa. Mu ndondomeko za mazuŵa ghano zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu, kanandi ŵakusunga vinthu ivyo vikuŵazgika na makina pa diski panji pa tepi m’paka apo kompyuta yivikhumbe. Mu ndondomeko za uthenga za pambere kompyuta yindaŵeko, kanandi data yikasungikanga mu nthowa iyo ŵanthu ŵangaŵazga. #''Nthowa'': Ndondomeko ni ndondomeko izo zikulaŵilira umo ndondomeko ya uthenga yikugwilira ntchito. "Nthowa ni ku ŵanthu ivyo mapulogalamu ghali ku hardware" ni ntharika yakumanyikwa iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito kulongosora mulimo wa ndondomeko mu ndondomeko. #''Ŵanthu'': Nthowa yiliyose yikukhumba ŵanthu usange yikukhumba kuŵa yakovwira. Kanandi chinthu icho chikulekeskeka chomene pa ndondomeko iyi ni ŵanthu, ndipo panji ndicho chikupangiska chomene kuti ndondomeko za uthenga zichitike makora panji zitondeke. Ivi vikusazgapo "ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makompyuta pera yayi, kweni awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito na kuteŵetera makompyuta, awo ŵakusunga data, na awo ŵakukhozgera netiweki ya makompyuta".<ref>Kroenke, D. M. (2015). Vinthu vyakuzirwa vya MIS. Masambiro gha Pearson #''Internet'': Intaneti ni chinthu icho chikusazgapo data na ŵanthu. (Nangauli chigaŵa ichi nchakukhumbikwa yayi kuti chigwirenge ntchito.) Data ndiyo bulawuro pakati pa hardware na ŵanthu. Ici cikung’anamura kuti data iyo tikutora ni data pera mpaka apo tikunjilirepo ŵanthu. Pa nyengo iyo, data yikuŵa uthenga. ==Mitundu== [[Fayilo:Chiyelezgero cha Piramidi-ya Vigaŵa Vinayi.png|chigunwe|Mndandanda wa Vigaŵa Vinayi |250px]] Kuwona kwa "chikhalidwe" kwa ndondomeko za Uthenga izo zikusangika mu mabuku ghakusambizgira<ref>Laudon, K.C. na Laudon, J.P. Nthowa zakumanyiskira vyakulongozga, Macmillan, 1988.</ref> mu vilimika vya m’ma 1980 pakaŵa piramidi ya ndondomeko izo zikalongoranga ndondomeko ya bungwe, kanandi [[ndondomeko zakulongozgera malonda]] zikaŵanga pasi pa piramidi, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵanga [ 1 ]. [ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵalongozgi]], [[ndondomeko zakovwira pa kusankha vinthu]], ndipo kumalizga na . [[ndondomeko zakumanyiskira ŵalara ŵa boma]] pachanya. Nangauli chiyelezgero cha piramidi chikulutilira kuŵa chakovwira kufuma waka apo chikapangikira, kweni vinthu viphya vinandi vyapangika ndiposo vigaŵa viphya vya ndondomeko za uthenga vyawoneka, vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikukoleranaso yayi na chiyelezgero chakwamba cha piramidi. Viyelezgero vinyake vya ndondomeko zanthena ni ivi: {{div col}} * [[Mahara ghakupangika]] ndondomeko * [[Pulatifomu ya kompyuta]] * [[Malo ghakusungiramo data]] * [[Nthowa yakuwovwira ŵanthu kusankha vinthu]] * [[Kunozga vyakukhumbikwa vya bizinesi]] * [[Nthowa za bizinesi]] * [[Nthowa za ŵamanyi]] * [[Nthowa yakumanyiskira malo]] * [[Uthenga wa pa charu chose s .dongosolo]] * [[Nthowa yakumanyiskira vyakulongozga]] * [[Database ya vithuzithuzi vinandi|Nthowa yakumanyiskira vithuzithuzi vinandi]] * [[Kuchita kwa ofesi]] * [[Nthowa yakulongozgera ndondomeko]] * [[Ma injini ghakupenjera]] * [[Nthowa yakumanyiskira ŵanthu]]s {{div col kumapeto}} Nthowa yakumanyiskira ŵanthu pa kompyuta (-based) ndiyo yikupangiska kuti IS yigwiriskirenge nchito tekinoloje ya kompyuta kuti yichitenge milimo yinyake panji yose iyo yikunozga. Vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya ndondomeko ya kumanyiska ŵanthu pa kompyuta ni ivi: *''Hardware'' ni vipangizo nga ni monita, purosesa, printer, na kiyibodi, vyose vikugwira ntchito pamoza kuti vizomerezge, kugwira ntchito, kulongora data, na uthenga. *''Software'' ni mapulogalamu agho ghakuzomerezga kuti hardware yichitenge data. *''Databases'' ni kuwunganya mafayilo panji matebulo ghakukolerana agho ghali na data yakukolerana. *''Networks'' ni nthowa yakukolerana iyo yikupangiska kuti makompyuta ghakupambanapambana ghagaŵire vinthu. *''Nthowa'' ni malango ghakusazga vigaŵa ivyo vili pachanya kuti vipangiske uthenga na kupanga ivyo vikukhumbikwa. Vigaŵa vinayi vyakwamba (hardware, software, database, na network) ndivyo vikupanga ivyo vikuchemeka kuti pulatifomu ya tekinoloje. Ŵantchito ŵa vya tekinoloje ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vigaŵa ivi kuti ŵapange ndondomeko za uthenga izo zikulaŵilira ndondomeko za chivikiliro, ngozi na umo data yikuchitikira. Ivyo ŵakuchita vikumanyikwa kuti ntchito za tekinoloje.<ref>Rainer, R. Mazgu ghakwamba gha Nthowa Yakumanyiskira: Wovwiri na Kusintha Bizinesi Buku Lachinayi. New Jersey: John Wiley na Ŵana ŵake, Inc., 2012. Nthowa zinyake zakumanyiskira ŵanthu vinthu zikovwira vigaŵa vinyake vya mabungwe, zinyake zikovwira mabungwe ghose, ndipo zinyake zikovwira magulu gha mabungwe. Dipatimenti yiliyose panji malo ghakugwilira ntchito mu wupu ghali na msonkho wake wa mapulogiramu ghakugwiriskira ncito panji ndondomeko za uthenga. Nthowa izi zakumanyiskira malo ghakugwira ntchito (FAIS) ni nkhongono zakovwira pa IS yose iyo ni, [[mahara gha bizinesi]] nthowa na [[dashboard]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} Nga umo zina likuyowoyera, FAIS yiliyose likuwovwira ntchito yinyake mu wupu, mwachiyelezgero: kupenda ndalama, ndalama, kupanga-kugwira ntchito kulongozga (POM) IS, malonda IS, na ŵanthu IS. Pa nkhani ya ndalama na kupenda ndalama, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za IT kuti ŵamanye umo ndalama zizamuŵira na umo bizinesi yikuchitikira, kuti ŵamanye uko ndalama zingafuma makora na umo zingagwiriskikira ntchito, ndiposo kuti ŵachitenge kafukufuku kuti ŵawoneseske kuti wupu uwu uli makora chomene ndiposo kuti malipoti ghose gha vya ndalama na mabuku ghake ghali ghaunenesko. Mitundu yinyake ya ndondomeko ya uthenga wa bungwe ni FAIS, [[ndondomeko yakupangira malonda]]s, [[kunozga vyakugwiriskira ncito vya bizinesi]], [[kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ofesi]] ndondomeko, [[ndondomeko yakumanyiskira ŵalongozgi]], [[ndondomeko yakovwira pa kusankha vinthu]], . [[ndondomeko ya ŵamanyi]], dashibodi ya ŵalaraŵalara, [[dongosolo la kulongozga vyakupeleka]], na [[malonda gha pa kompyuta]] dongosolo. Dashboards ni mtundu wapadera wa IS uwo ukuwovwira ŵalongozgi wose ŵa bungwe. Iwo ŵakupereka mwaŵi wa kusanga uthenga mwaluŵiro ndiposo kusanga mwaluŵiro uthenga wakunozgeka mu nthowa ya malipoti. Nthowa za ŵamanyi zikuyezgayezga kurongosora mulimo wa ŵamanyi ŵa ŵanthu mwa kugwiliskira nchito luso lwa kughanaghana, cimanyisko, na luso mu cigaŵa cinyake. ==Kutukuka== Dipatimenti ya vyakupangapanga mu mabungwe ghakurughakuru yikutemwa chomene kukhuŵilizga pakupanga, kugwiliskira ntchito, na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakupangapanga mu bizinesi. Nthowa na ndondomeko zakupambanapambana zingaseŵezeskeka kuti paŵe na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya uthenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakupanga vinthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa yakupangira vinthu nga ni [[dongosolo la umoyo]] (SDLC), kuti ŵapange ndondomeko ya uthenga mu vigaŵa. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa kupanga ndondomeko ni ndondomeko, kusanda ndondomeko, na ivyo vikukhumbikwa, ndondomeko ya kupanga, kupanga, kuphatikizga na kuyezga, kukhazikiska na kugwira ntchito, na kupwelelera. Kafukufuku wasonosono apa wakukhumba kupangiska kuti<ref>{{zunurani magazini|kumaliya1=Neumann|kwamba1=Gustaf|kumaliya2=Sobernig|kwamba2=Stefan|kumaliya3=Aram|kwamba3=Michael|mutu=Nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu vya bizinesi zakusintha|journal=Nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu vya bizinesi Uinjiniya|zuŵa=Febuluwale 2014|buku=6|magazini=1|masamba=33–36|doi=10.1007/s12599-0305-1|s2cid=15979292}}</ref> na kupima magazini|yakumaliya1=Aram|yakwamba1=Michael|yakumaliya2=Neumann|yakwamba2=Gustaf|mutu=Kusanda kwa vigaŵa vinandi kwa kupanga pamoza kwa ndondomeko za uthenga wa bizinesi|magazini=Nyuzipepara ya Intaneti na Mapulogalamu 1| kulutilira, kukura kwa pamoza kwa ndondomeko zanthena mukati mwa bungwe na wose awo ŵakuchitako ŵanthu ŵekha. Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu yingapangika mu nyumba (mukati mwa bungwe) panji kupelekeka ku ŵanyawo. Ivi vingafiskika mwa kupereka vigaŵa vinyake panji ndondomeko yose ku ŵanyake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Using MIS|chaka=2009|wakupharazga=Kroenke|isbn=978-0-13-713029-0|kulembeska| ni kugaŵika kwa malo kwa th .e gulu la chitukuko ([[kufumira ku nyanja]], [[ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pa charu chose]]). Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu pa kompyuta, yakulondezga ng’anamuro la [[Langefors]],<ref>{{zunura buku|lakumaliya= Börje Langefors|mulembi-link= Börje Langefors|mutu=Kusanda kwa Visambizgo vya Uthenga Nthowa zakulembera, kusunga, na kuthandazga mazgu gha viyowoyero, ndiposo zakusangirapo fundo kufuma ku mazgu ghanthena agha . mazgu ghakuyowoya. [[Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo mu nzeru za malo|Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo]], nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, na nthowa zakumanyiskira masoka gha chilengiwa ni viyelezgero vya nthowa zakumanyiskira ivyo vikuwoneka, kweni zingawoneka mwakukwana nga ni nthowa zakumanyiskira malo. Kupanga ndondomeko kukuchitika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikusazgapo:<ref>{{zunura buku|mutu=Masambiro gha pa kompyuta|chaka=2008|wakupharazga=Frederick Nyawaya| * Kumanya suzgo na kulongosora * Kuwunganya uthenga * Vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko yiphya * Kapangilo ka ndondomeko * Kuzenga kwa ndondomeko * Kukhazikiska ndondomeko * Kuwoneseska na kunozga ==Nga ni chilango cha masambiro== {{Wonaniso|Injiniya wa uthenga|Sayansi ya uthenga|Tekinoloje ya uthenga|Kulaŵilira uthenga}} Munda wa masambiro uwo ukuchemeka ''information systems'' ukukhwaska mitu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo kusanda na kupanga ndondomeko, kupanga makompyuta, kuvikilira uthenga, kulongozga database, na ndondomeko zakovwira pakusankha vinthu. ''[[Kulaŵilira uthenga]]'' kukukhwaskana na masuzgo ghakuchitika na ghakusambizgika ghakusonkheska na kusanda uthenga mu malo gha ntchito ya bizinesi kusazgapo vipangizo vyakupangira bizinesi, kupanga mapulogalamu na kukhazikiska, malonda gha pa kompyuta, kupanga vyakupharazgira vya pa intaneti, migodi ya data, na wovwiri wakusankha . ''Kudumbiskana na kupanga ma netiweki'' kukukhwaskana na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana pa foni. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikukoleska [[bizinesi]] na [[sayansi ya kompyuta]] mwakugwiliskira ntchito visambizgo vya [[uthenga]] na [[kupenda]] kuti ŵasambire mitundu yakupambanapambana ya bizinesi na ndondomeko zakukhwaskana na [[algorithm]]ic <ref>{{ kuzunura Web|url=http://www. Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> pa kuzenga ndondomeko za IT <ref>{{Yowoyani pa webusayiti | url=htt:Masambiro/masambiro/049802 | title=Kuzenga Nthowa za IT – Yunivesite ya RMIT}}</ref><ref>{{kuyowoya pa webusayiti|url=http://www. title=Kupanga ndondomeko – Vigaŵa vya masambiro – Yunivesite ya Swinburne ya Tekinoloje – Melbourne, Australia 52/www. mu chisambizgo cha sayansi ya kompyuta. |wakwamba4=Ben |zuŵa=Julayi 1999 |mutu=Kuŵika mtima Nkhani pa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Ŵanthu Ŵakale na Uinjiniya wa Nthowa za Bizinesi: Kuwona kwa Bizinesi kwa Nthowa Zakumanyikwa Zakale |journal=Kupharazga kwa AIS |buku=2 |nkhani=7 |masamba=1–27}}</ref><ref name="Archibald1975 ">{{kuzunura magazini |kumaliya=Archibald |kwamba=J.A. |date=May 1975 |title=Masambiro gha sayansi ya kompyuta gha masambiro ghakuru gha visambizgo vinyake |journal=AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences |pages=903–906 |quote=Sayansi ya kompyuta yikuthandazgika mu visambizgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana, ndipo yikugaŵana na visambizgo ivi visambizgo vinyake vichokovichoko- kuti mwachikhaliro ŵali kusangika waka mu . visambizgo vinandi vyakumanyikwa}}</ref><ref zina="Denning1999">{{zunura magazini |yakumaliya=Denning |yakwamba=Peter |dazi=Julayi 1999 |mutu=Sayansi ya Makompyuta: Chisambizgo |magazini=Encyclopaedia ya Sayansi ya Makompyuta ( 2000 Edition) |quote=Chigaŵa cha Sayansi ya Makompyuta: Nangauli sayansi ya kompyuta yikulongosora . vyose viŵiri vyakupangika na ŵanthu na vyakuchitika vya chilengiwa, kuyezgayezga kukuru mu chilango ichi kwalongozgeka ku ndondomeko zakupangika na ŵanthu, chomenechomene ndondomeko zakupangira uthenga na makina}}</ref><ref name="Coy 2004 7–10">{{ cite nyuzipepara |kumaliya=Coy |kwamba=Wolfgang |zuŵa=Juni 2004 |mutu=Pakati pa visambizgo |magazini=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin |buku=36 |magazini=2 |masamba=7–10 |issn= 0097-8418 |quote=Sayansi ya kompyuta yingaŵa mu mtima wa ndondomeko izi. Fumbo leneco ndakuti tileke kughanaghanira mphaka za malango na nthowa zake zakupambanapambana yayi, kweni tijure malango kuti ghagwirenge ntchito pamoza. Tikwenera kusambira kuzenga milatho, kuti tileke kwamba mu mphambano pakati pa visambizgo | 2001 |mutu=Masambiro ghanyake viyerezgero vyakusazga sayansi ya kompyuta na kusanda ndondomeko ya uthenga, viyezgelero, mitego, mwaŵi, kuzomerezgeka, na ivyo vikuchitika |journal=Journal ya Sayansi ya Makompyuta mu Makoleji |volume=17 |issue=2 |e gulu la chitukuko ([[kufumira ku nyanja]], [[ndondomeko ya uthenga wa pa charu chose]]). Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu pa kompyuta, yakulondezga ng’anamuro la [[Langefors]],<ref>{{zunura buku|lakumaliya= Börje Langefors|mulembi-link= Börje Langefors|mutu=Kusanda kwa Visambizgo vya Uthenga Nthowa zakulembera, kusunga, na kuthandazga mazgu gha viyowoyero, ndiposo zakusangirapo fundo kufuma ku mazgu ghanthena agha . mazgu ghakuyowoya. [[Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo mu nzeru za malo|Nthowa zakumanyiskira malo]], nthowa zakumanyiskira malo, na nthowa zakumanyiskira masoka gha chilengiwa ni viyelezgero vya nthowa zakumanyiskira ivyo vikuwoneka, kweni zingawoneka mwakukwana nga ni nthowa zakumanyiskira malo. Kupanga ndondomeko kukuchitika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikusazgapo:<ref>{{zunura buku|mutu=Masambiro gha pa kompyuta|chaka=2008|wakupharazga=Frederick Nyawaya| * Kumanya suzgo na kulongosora * Kuwunganya uthenga * Vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko yiphya * Kapangilo ka ndondomeko * Kuzenga kwa ndondomeko * Kukhazikiska ndondomeko * Kuwoneseska na kunozga ==Nga ni chilango cha masambiro== {{Wonaniso|Injiniya wa uthenga|Sayansi ya uthenga|Tekinoloje ya uthenga|Kulaŵilira uthenga}} Munda wa masambiro uwo ukuchemeka ''information systems'' ukukhwaska mitu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo kusanda na kupanga ndondomeko, kupanga makompyuta, kuvikilira uthenga, kulongozga database, na ndondomeko zakovwira pakusankha vinthu. ''[[Kulaŵilira uthenga]]'' kukukhwaskana na masuzgo ghakuchitika na ghakusambizgika ghakusonkheska na kusanda uthenga mu malo gha ntchito ya bizinesi kusazgapo vipangizo vyakupangira bizinesi, kupanga mapulogalamu na kukhazikiska, malonda gha pa kompyuta, kupanga vyakupharazgira vya pa intaneti, migodi ya data, na wovwiri wakusankha . ''Kudumbiskana na kupanga ma netiweki'' kukukhwaskana na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana pa foni. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikukoleska [[bizinesi]] na [[sayansi ya kompyuta]] mwakugwiliskira ntchito visambizgo vya [[uthenga]] na [[kupenda]] kuti ŵasambire mitundu yakupambanapambana ya bizinesi na ndondomeko zakukhwaskana na [[algorithm]]ic <ref>{{ kuzunura Web|url=http://www. Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> pa kuzenga ndondomeko za IT <ref>{{Yowoyani pa webusayiti | url=htt:Masambiro/masambiro/049802 | title=Kuzenga Nthowa za IT – Yunivesite ya RMIT}}</ref><ref>{{kuyowoya pa webusayiti|url=http://www. title=Kupanga ndondomeko – Vigaŵa vya masambiro – Yunivesite ya Swinburne ya Tekinoloje – Melbourne, Australia 52/www. mu chisambizgo cha sayansi ya kompyuta. |wakwamba4=Ben |zuŵa=Julayi 1999 |mutu=Kuŵika mtima Nkhani pa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Ŵanthu Ŵakale na Uinjiniya wa Nthowa za Bizinesi: Kuwona kwa Bizinesi kwa Nthowa Zakumanyikwa Zakale |journal=Kupharazga kwa AIS |buku=2 |nkhani=7 |masamba=1–27}}</ref><ref name="Archibald1975 ">{{kuzunura magazini |kumaliya=Archibald |kwamba=J.A. |date=May 1975 |title=Masambiro gha sayansi ya kompyuta gha masambiro ghakuru gha visambizgo vinyake |journal=AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences |pages=903–906 |quote=Sayansi ya kompyuta yikuthandazgika mu visambizgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana, ndipo yikugaŵana na visambizgo ivi visambizgo vinyake vichokovichoko- kuti mwachikhaliro ŵali kusangika waka mu . visambizgo vinandi vyakumanyikwa}}</ref><ref zina="Denning1999">{{zunura magazini |yakumaliya=Denning |yakwamba=Peter |dazi=Julayi 1999 |mutu=Sayansi ya Makompyuta: Chisambizgo |magazini=Encyclopaedia ya Sayansi ya Makompyuta ( 2000 Edition) |quote=Chigaŵa cha Sayansi ya Makompyuta: Nangauli sayansi ya kompyuta yikulongosora . vyose viŵiri vyakupangika na ŵanthu na vyakuchitika vya chilengiwa, kuyezgayezga kukuru mu chilango ichi kwalongozgeka ku ndondomeko zakupangika na ŵanthu, chomenechomene ndondomeko zakupangira uthenga na makina}}</ref><ref name="Coy 2004 7–10">{{ cite nyuzipepara |kumaliya=Coy |kwamba=Wolfgang |zuŵa=Juni 2004 |mutu=Pakati pa visambizgo |magazini=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin |buku=36 |magazini=2 |masamba=7–10 |issn= 0097-8418 |quote=Sayansi ya kompyuta yingaŵa mu mtima wa ndondomeko izi. Fumbo leneco ndakuti tileke kughanaghanira mphaka za malango na nthowa zake zakupambanapambana yayi, kweni tijure malango kuti ghagwirenge ntchito pamoza. Tikwenera kusambira kuzenga milatho, kuti tileke kwamba mu mphambano pakati pa visambizgo | 2001 |mutu=Masambiro ghanyake viyerezgero vyakusazga sayansi ya kompyuta na kusanda ndondomeko ya uthenga, viyezgelero, mitego, mwaŵi, kuzomerezgeka, na ivyo vikuchitika |journal=Journal ya Sayansi ya Makompyuta mu Makoleji |volume=17 |issue=2 |–21 |issn= 0001-0782 |quote=Nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikukolerana na mapulogiramu gha kompyuta na mulimo wawo pa kapangilo ka dongosolo lose nkhwakuzirwa chomene, kweni chinthu chikuru icho chikwenera kughanaghaniridwa pa dongosolo ilo likugwiriskira ntchito mapulogiramu ghanandi ni mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta, na nthowa zinyake . kuti ŵapangire vinthu mwandondomeko ŵandamazge "suzgo la mapulogalamu"—ilo lizamumara yayi m’paka apo mapulogiramu ghapangike ghapulikiskike mwa sayansi . s2cid=14331332 }}</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵa IS ŵadumbiskana za umo ndondomeko za uthenga zikuŵira na maziko ghake agho ghakufuma mu visambizgo vinyake vyakulongosora nga ni [[sayansi ya kompyuta]], [[uinjiniya]], [[masamu]], [[sayansi ya kalongozgiro]], [[ cybernetics]], na ŵanyake.<ref>Culnan, M. J. Kupanga Mapu ya Kapangidwe ka Mahara ka MIS, 2019 . 1980–1985: Kusanda kwakuyowoyeka pamoza, ''MIS Kotala'', 1987, pp. 341–353. Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiskira Ŵanthu'', E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. IYO. 1991, pp. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu: Nthowa yakumanyikwa?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997.</ref> Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu nazo zingalongosoreka kuti ni msonkho wa vipangizo vyakukhozga, mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, data, ŵanthu, na ndondomeko izo zikukolerana kuti zipangiske uthenga uwemi. ===Mazgu ghakuyana=== [[Fayilo:IS-Ubale-Chart.jpg|thumb|Ubale wa ndondomeko za uthenga na [[tekinoloje ya uthenga]], [[sayansi ya kompyuta]], [[sayansi ya uthenga]], na [[bizinesi]].]] Kuyana waka na sayansi ya kompyuta, visambizgo vinyake vingawoneka kuti ni visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na fawundeshoni ya IS. Chigaŵa cha kusambira IS chikukhwaskana na kusambira visambizgo na mikhaliro yakukhwaskana na vyakuchitika vya ŵanthu na vya tekinoloje, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko za uthenga ziŵe zakukura, kugwiliskira ntchito, na vyakuchitika mu mabungwe na ŵanthu.<ref>John, W., na Joe, P (2002) "Kupanga ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga." Ed yachitatu. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sussex. John Wiley & Sons Ltd</ref> Kweni, nangauli pangaŵa kugaŵikana kukuru kwa visambizgo pa mphaka, visambizgo vichali vyakupambana na ivyo vikuŵikapo mtima, chilato, na umo vikuchitikira.<ref name="dogpile.com" >{{zunura web|url=http://www.mabuku/makompyuta/leslie-j/2006/mafayilo/ndondomeko zakumanyikwa Nthowa|zuŵa-lakufikira=2017-12-04|zuŵa-lakusungirako=2016-07-31|kusungamo-url=https. 2006.pdf#page=30|url-status=wakufwa}}</ref> Mu fundo yikuru, ''ndondomeko za uthenga'' ni fundo ya sayansi iyo yikulongosora vya ndondomeko, vyakulongozga, na vyakuchitika ivyo vikuchitika pakuwunganya, kupanga, kusunga, kugaŵira, na kugwiliskira ntchito uthenga na tekinoloje yakukolerana nayo mu charu . na mabungwe.<ref name="dogpile.com"/> Lizgu lakuti ''ndondomeko za uthenga'' nalo likugwiriskirika nchito kulongosora mulimo wa bungwe ilo likugwiriskira ncito cimanyisko ca IS mu mafakitale, mabungwe gha boma, na mabungwe ghambura kusanga phindu.<ref name="dogpile.com"/> ''Nthowa zakumanyiskira'' kanandi zikung'anamura kukolerana pakati pa ndondomeko za algorithmic na tekinoloje. Kuchezga uku kungachitika mukati panji ku mphaka ya bungwe. Nthowa ya uthenga ni tekinoloje iyo wupu ukugwiliskira ntchito ndiposo umo mabungwe ghakuchitira na tekinoloje na umo tekinoloje yikugwilira ntchito na ndondomeko ya bizinesi ya wupu. Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu zikupambana na [[information technology]] (IT) chifukwa nthowa zakumanyiskira vinthu zili na chigaŵa cha uthenga icho chikukolerana na vigaŵa vya ndondomeko. Suzgo linyake ilo lilipo na nthowa iyi ndakuti likukanizga kuti munda wa IS uŵe na chidwi na kugwiliskira ntchito ICT kwambura bungwe, nga ni pa malo ghakuchezgerapo, maseŵero gha pa kompyuta, kugwiliskira ntchito pa foni, na vinyake. kufumba kuti, "Kasi ni vigaŵa wuli vya unenesko ivyo vikukhumbikwa chomene mu chigaŵa cha IS na vigaŵa vinyake?"<ref Basden, A. (2010) Pa Kugwiriskira Ntchito Vigaŵa vya Kung’anamura Kulongosora na Kuchindika Chilango cha IS. ''Nyuzipepara ya pa charu chose yakukhwaskana na vyakukhwaskana na uthenga'', 30, 13–20.] Likugwiriskira nchito vinjeru vya wakufwa [[Herman Dooyeweerd]] kuti lipambaniske vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana panji ‘vigaŵa vya ng’anamuro’. Pepala ili likuti nangauli sayansi ya kompyuta yikusanga kuti [http://www.dooy.info/formative.html yikupangiska] chigaŵa cha kupanga, kupanga vinthu, kupanga vinthu, vyakukhumbikwa chomene, ndiposo vya bizinesi na vyakupangapanga vikusanga kuti [http:// . www.dooy.info//vyachuma.html vyachuma] na [http://www. chidwi chapakati, ndondomeko ya uthenga fild wangasanga [http://www.dooy.info/lingual.html chigaŵa cha chiyowoyero] cha chidwi chapakati apo wakupanga maubwezi na vigaŵa vya visambizgo vyapafupi.</ref> Nthowa iyi, yakuthemba pa filosofe, yikovwira kulongosora yayi . fundo pera, cilato, na ulongozgi, kweniso ucindami, mtende na, udindo wa munda pakati pa vinyake . minda.<wonani> ''Nyuzipepara ya pa charu chose yakulongosora vya uthenga'', 30, 13–20.</ref> [[Business informatics]] ni sambiro lakuyana waka ilo likukhazikika makora mu vyaru vinandi, comenecomene ku Europe. Nangauli ''Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu'' zayowoyeka kuti zili na "kulongosora-kulongozgeka", ''business informatics'' zili na "mazgoro-kulongosoreka" ndipo zikusazgapo [[uthenga wa tekinoloje]] vinthu na kuzenga na kukhazikiska-kuwoneska . vinthu. ==Nthowa za ntchito== Ŵantchito ŵa mu ndondomeko ya kumanyiska ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu ntchito zakupambanapambana: * Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya uthenga *[[Management information system]]s – Nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu vyakulongozga (MIS) ni nthowa yakumanyiskira vinthu iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakusankha vinthu, na kulongozga, kulaŵilira, kusanda, na kuwona vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu wupu. *[[Kulongozga ntchito]] – Kulongozga ntchito ni nthowa yakuyambiska, kunozga, kuchita, kulaŵilira, na kujara ntchito ya gulu kuti lifiske vilato vinyake na kufiska vigaŵa vinyake vya kupambana pa nyengo yakumanyikwa. *[[Enterprise architecture]] – Nthowa yakulongosoreka makora yakuchitira kafukufuku wa bizinesi, kupanga, kupanga ndondomeko, na kukhazikiska, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakukwana nyengo zose, kuti ndondomeko yiŵe yakunozga na kuchitika. * [[Kupanga mapulogalamu gha kompyuta|Kupanga IS]] * Bungwe la IS * [[Kusambizga vya tekinoloje|Kusambizga vya IS]] * IS chitetezo * IS kufufuza Pali nthowa zakupambanapambana za ntchito mu chilango cha ndondomeko za uthenga. "Ŵakugwira ntchito awo ŵali na luso lwapadera lwa tekinoloje na maluso ghakukhora ghakudumbiskana ŵazamuŵa na chigomezgo chiwemi. Ŵantchito awo ŵali na luso lwa kulongozga na kupulikiska ndondomeko na fundo za bizinesi ŵazamuŵa na mwaŵi uwemi chomene, chifukwa makampani ghakulaŵiska chomene pa tekinoloje kuti ŵasange ndalama zinandi."<ref>{ {kuzunura webusayiti|mupharazgi=Sloan Ntchito Yakukhoma Pakati; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation|chaka=2008|mutu=Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu Vimanyikwiro vya tekinoloje ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa ntchito ya malonda gha mazuŵa ghano, vikupereka mwaŵi unandi wa ntchito. Munda wa ndondomeko za uthenga ukusazgapo ŵanthu awo ŵali mu mabungwe agho ghakupanga na kuzenga ndondomeko za uthenga, ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko izo, na ŵanthu awo ŵali na udindo wa kulongozga ndondomeko izo. Kukhumba kwa ŵanchito ŵa IT ŵa chikhalidwe nga mbakupanga mapulogalamu, ŵakusanda vya bizinesi, ŵakusanda ndondomeko, na ŵakupanga vinthu nkhwakuzirwa chomene. Ntchito zinandi izo zikulipilika makora zilipo mu vigaŵa vya tekinoloje ya Information. Pamwamba pa mndandanda uwu pali mulara wa ŵalara ŵa boma (CIO). CIO ndiyo ni mulara uyo wakulaŵilira ntchito ya IS. Mu mabungwe ghanandi, CIO wakugwira ntchito na mulara wa ŵalara (CEO), mulara wa vya ndalama (CFO), na ŵalara ŵanyake. Ntheura, wakuchitako mwamwamphu pa ndondomeko ya kupanga ndondomeko ya gulu. ===Bachelor wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Bizinesi=== {{Chigaŵa|Bachelor wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Bizinesi}} ==Kafukufuku== Kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga kanandi [[wakusambizga ŵanthu ŵanandi]] wakukhwaskana na kusambira umo ndondomeko za uthenga zikukhwaskira nkharo ya ŵanthu, magulu, na mabungwe.<ref>Galliers, R.D., [[M. Lynne Markus | Markus, ML]], & Newell, S (Ŵakulemba) (2006). ''Kufufuza Nthowa za Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga.'' New York, NY: Routledge. ]] (2002). ''Ma Labyrinths gha Uthenga: Kususka Nzeru za Nthowa.''] Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press</ref> Hevner et al. (2004)<wonani>{{lembani magazini | waumaliro1 = Hevner | last2 = Malichi | last3 = Paki | waumaliro4 = Ram | chaka = 2004 | title = Sayansi ya Kupanga mu Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga | magazini = MIS Kotala | buku = 28 | nkhani = 1| masamba = 75-105 | doi = 10.2307/25148625| 25148625| s2cid = 13553735 }}</ref> wakagaŵa kafukufuku mu IS mu vigaŵa viŵiri vya sayansi kusazgapo ''sayansi ya nkharo'' iyo njakupanga na kukhozgera visambizgo ivyo vikulongosora panji kuyowoyerathu nkharo ya ŵanthu panji bungwe na ''sayansi yakupanga'' iyo yikutambasura mphaka . ya nkhongono za ŵanthu na za bungwe mwa kupanga vinthu viphya na vyakupangika mwaluso. Salvatore Malichi na Gerald Smith last1 = Malichi | wakwamba1 = S. | waumaliro2 = Smith | wakwamba2 = G. | chaka = 1995 | mutu = Kupanga na sayansi ya chilengiwa mu Tekinoloje ya Uthenga (IT) | journal = Nthowa Zakovwira Ŵanthu pa Kusankha | buku = 15 | nkhani = 4| masamba = 251-266 | doi=10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2| title-link = Uteŵeti wa Uthenga | s2cid = 2625498 }}</ref> wakapanga ndondomeko yakufufuzira vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya tekinoloje ya uthenga .nology kusazgapo vyakufuma mu kafukufuku (vyakufuma mu kafukufuku) na milimo yakuchitira kafukufuku uyu (milimo ya kafukufuku). Ŵakasanga ivyo vikafuma mu kafukufuku nga ni ivi: # ''Kuzenga'' ivyo ni fundo izo zikupanga [[chimanyisko cha chigaŵa|mazgu gha chigaŵa]]. Iwo ŵakupanga [[conceptualization]] iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakulongosora masuzgo agho ghali mukati mwa chigaŵa na kulongosora umo ŵangamazgira. # ''Chiyelezgero'' icho nchigaŵa cha viganizo panji mazgu ghakulongora ubwezi pakati pa vipangizo. # ''Nthowa'' iyo ni ndondomeko ([[algorithm]] panji ndondomeko) iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito pakuchita mulimo. Nthowa zikukhazikika pa seti ya vipangizo vyakupangika pasi na [[kuyimira chimanyisko|kuyimira]] (chiyelezgero) cha malo ghakumazgira. # ''Instantiation'' ni kumanya chinthu chakupangika mu malo ghake. Kweniso milimo ya kafukufuku kusazgapo: # ''Kuzenga'' chinthu chakupangika kuti chichitenge ntchito yinyake. # ''Kupima'' chinthu chakupangika kuti muwone usange pali ivyo vyachitika. # Kupelekeka kwa chinthu icho chikugwira ntchito chawonekera, nchakukhumbikwa chomene kumanya chifukwa na umo chinthu ichi chikagwilira ntchito panji chikagwiranga ntchito yayi mukati mwa malo ghake. Ntheura, ''theorize'' na ''kulunjiska'' visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na vinthu vyakupangika na IT. Nangauli Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu nga ni chisambizgo zasintha kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 30 sono,<ref>{{cite journal | lakumaliya1 = Pafupifupi | wakwamba1 = C | chaka = 2000 | title = Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu: kasi ni sayansi ya mtundu wuli? | magazini = Omega | buku = 28 | nkhani = 5| masamba = 567-579 | doi=10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9| citeseerx = 10.1.1.203.4718 }}</ref> fundo yikuru panji chimanyikwiro cha kafukufuku wa IS chichali kugaŵikana pakati pa ŵasambiri.<ref>{{zunura magazini | waumaliro1 = Benbasat | wakwamba1 = I. | waumaliro2 = Zmud | wakwamba2 = R. | chaka = 2003 | title = Suzgo la kumanyikwa mukati mwa chilango cha IS: kulongosora na kupharazga katundu wakuzirwa wa chilango | magazini = MIS Kotala | buku = 27 | nkhani = 2| masamba = 183-194 | doi = 10.2307/30036527 | 30036527 | s2cid = 6017797 }} {wonani> {{kuyowoya za nyuzipepara | waumaliro1 = Agarwal | wakwamba1 = R. | waumaliro2 = Lukasi | wakwamba2 = H. | chaka = 2005 | title = Suzgo la kumanyikwa kwa ndondomeko za uthenga: kuŵika mtima pa kafukufuku wakuwoneka chomene na wakukhwaska chomene | magazini = MIS Kotala | buku = 29 | nkhani = 3| masamba = 381-398 | doi = 10.2307/25148689 | 25148689 | s2cid = 15537428 }} {wonani> {{kuyowoya za nyuzipepara | waumaliro1 = El Sawy | wakwamba1 = O | chaka = 2003 | mutu = The IS core –IX: Nkhope 3 za chimanyikwiro cha IS: kulumikizgana, kujibika, na kuphatikizgika | journal = Kupharazga kwa wupu wa ndondomeko za uthenga| buku = 12 | masamba = 588-598 | 10.17705/1cais.01239 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Pali maghanoghano ghaŵiri ghakuru ghakuzingilizga mphindano iyi: maghanoghano ghachoko waka ghakuŵika mtima pa chinthu cha IT nga ni nkhani yikuru ya kafukufuku wa IS, na maghanoghano ghakuru agho ghakuŵika mtima pa kuseŵera pakati pa ŵanthu na ŵaluso . vigaŵa vya IT ivyo vikuŵikika mu nyengo yakusinthasintha.<ref>Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Kafukufuku mu Nthowa za Uthenga: Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo zose kwa nkhongono za IT mu nyengo ya kompyuta ya ŵanthu, mu Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.): '' Nkhani za Seminara ya Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga za 32 ku Scandinavia'', IRIS 32, Kupanga Kwakusazgapo, Koleji ya Yunivesite ya Molde, Molde, Norway, Ogasiti 2019. 9–12, 2009. {{ISBN|978-82-7962-120-1}}. waumaliro1 = Orlikowski | wakwamba1 = W. | waumaliro2 = Iakono | wakwamba2 = C. | chaka = 2001 | mutu = Kafukufuku wakulongosora: kupenja chomene "IT" mu kafukufuku wa IT—kuchema ku theorizing pa IT artifact | journal = Kafukufuku wa Nthowa za Uthenga | buku = 12 | nkhani = 2| masamba = 121-134 | 12.2.121.9700 s2cid = 10833059 }}</ref> wakuchema ŵasambiri ŵa IS kuti ŵaŵikengepo mtima mwakuyana pa vyose viŵiri vya IT na umo vikuchitikira. Pakuti kusambira vya ndondomeko ya uthenga ni nchito iyo yikugwiriskirika ncito, awo ŵakugwira nchito mu mafakitale ŵakulindilira kuti kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga wazamusanga vinthu ivyo vingagwiliskirika nchito nyengo yeneyiyo pa nchito. Kweni ivi vikuchitika nyengo zose yayi, chifukwa ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko za uthenga kanandi ŵakusanda nkhani za nkharo mwakukwana chomene kuluska umo ŵadokotala ŵangagomezgera kuti ŵachitenge. Ici cingapangiska kuti ivyo vikusangika pa kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga viŵe vyakusuzga kupulikiska, ndipo vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasuske.<ref>{{cite journal | waumaliro1 = Kock | wakwamba1 = N. | mlembi-kulumikizga = Ned Kock | mlembi-kulumikizga4 = Heinz Klein | last2 = Imvi | wakwamba2 = P. | last3 = Kukhala | wakwamba3 = R. | waumaliro4 = Klein | wakwamba4 = H. | waumaliro5 = Myers | wakwamba5 = M. | lakumaliya6 = Rockart | wakwamba6 = J. | chaka = 2002 | title = Kukhumbikwa kwa Kafukufuku wa Information Systems Kuwonekeraso: Kufiska Kwakubisika, Layizgo Lambura Kufiskika, Panji Upusikizgi Wakulongozgeka? | journal = Kupharazga kwa wupu wa ndondomeko za uthenga | buku = 8 | nkhani = 23| masamba = 330-346 | doi = 10.17705/1CAIS.00823 | doi-kufika = kwaulere }}</ref> Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, bizinesi yikuyimilirika na kukura kwakukwana kwa mulimo wa Information Systems Function (ISF), chomenechomene pa nkhani ya ndondomeko za bizinesi na ntchito zakovwira. Icho chikazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene kuti .kuwonjezera [[kupanga]] na kukhozgera [[kupanga mtengo]]. Vinthu, vyakulongozga na vyakuzirwa, ''mu Vigaŵa vya Masambiro gha Nthowa za Uthenga'', D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Ŵakulemba), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89-96, {{doi | Wupu wa ŵasayansi ŵa pa charu chose awo ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko ya uthenga, [[Association for Information Systems]] (AIS), na Komiti yake Yichoko ya Ŵasambiri Ŵalara pa Mabuku (202), ŵakapanga mndandanda wa magazini 11 agho AIS yikuwona kuti ‘ngawemi chomene’.<ref >{{Cite web |title=Kafukufuku - Wupu wa vyakumanyikwa (AIS) Kuyana na AIS, mndandanda uwu wa magazini ukumanyiska nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani, nthowa, na kusiyana kwa malo. Nthowa zakuwoneseska ni zakukhozga, ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakulemba ŵakuchindikika na kumanyikwa chomene, ndipo pali ŵaŵazgi ŵa pa charu chose ndipo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa. Mndandanda uwu ukugwiriskirika ncito (panji ukwenera) kugwiriskirika ncito, pamoza na ŵanyake, nga ni fundo yakurongosora pakukwezgeka na kuŵapo ndiposo, comenecomene, pakupima umo ŵasambiri ŵakucitira makora. Maungano ghanandi gha pa chaka [[:Category:Maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga|maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga]] ghakuchitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu, ndipo ghanandi ghakuwoneseska ŵanyawo. AIS yikulongozga mwaluŵiro [[Msonkhano wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (ICIS) na [[Msonkhano wa America pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (AMCIS), apo AIS yikulongozga maungano ghakukolerana<ref>{{cite web|url=http:// nyumba.aisnet.org/kulongora maungano|zuŵa-lakufikira=2012-02-10|url ya malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale 2012-02-15 kusazgapo [[Msonkhano wa Pacific Asia pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (PACIS), [[Msonkhano wa Europe pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (ECIS), Msonkhano wa Mediterranean pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (MCIS), Msonkhano wa Pachanya pa Kulaŵilira Vinthu vya Uthenga (Conf-IRM . ) na msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa Wuhan wakukhwaskana na bizinesi ya pa Intaneti (WHICEB). Maungano gha mu chaputala cha AIS<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti mabuku 478|zuŵa-la-kusungamo=2012-02-27|url-status=wakufwa}}</ref> kusazgapo [[Msonkhano wa ku Australia wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko za uthenga]] (ACIS), [[Kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga ku Scandinavia|Msonkhano wa Scandinavia pa ndondomeko za uthenga]] (SCIS), [[Msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa ndondomeko za uthenga]] (ISICO), Msonkhano wa Chaputala cha Italy . ya AIS (itAIS), Msonkhano wa Pachaka wa AIS wa Pakati pa Kumanjiliro gha dazi (MWAIS) na Pachaka . Msonkhano wa AIS ya Kummwera (SAIS). EDSIG,<ref>{{lembani webusaiti {cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org|title=Bungwe la Ŵasambizgi ŵa vya Tekinoloje pa Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu na masambiro gha pa kompyuta<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti. Msonkhano wa Kafukufuku Wakugwiriskira Ntchito pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska<ref>{{cite Maungano gha ISCAP – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|kwamba=ISCAP na|kumaliya=EDSIG}}</ref> agho ghose ghakuchitika chaka chilichose mu Novembala. ==Wonaniso== {{Col-yambani}} {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Nkhani zakuyana * [[Nkhani yakusambizga]] * [[Kuchezga kwa ŵanthu na kompyuta]] * [[Vimanyikwiro]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya vyamoyo]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya bizinesi]] ** [[Vyakusambizgika vya kemiko]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya masoka]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya charu]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya umoyo]] * [[Sayansi ya uthenga]] * [[Sayansi ya layibulare]] * [[Sayansi ya pa webusayiti]]s {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Vigaŵa * [[Wakupanga data]] * [[Kuyezgelera kwa data]] * [[Nthowa yakunozgera data]] * [[Chiyelezgero cha Data]] * [[Malo ghakusungamo data]] * [[KURYA]] * [[Vyakulembeka]] * [[Chiyowoyero cha Markup cha Chiyelezgero cha Kulotezga]] * [[Kumasulira kwa mazgu]] * [[Nthowa zitatu za schema]] {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Kukhazikiska * [[Nthowa yakumanyiskira vya bizinesi]] * [[Malo ghakuwoneskera vya chilengiwa]] * [[Bungwe la Kafukufuku wa Ntchito na Sayansi ya Ulongozgi]] (INFORMS) {{col-umaliro}} == Mazgu ghakulongosora == {{Kuwoneska|30em}} ==Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira== * Mvula, R. Kelly na Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Mazgu Ghakwamba gha Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kupangiska na Kusintha Bizinesi, Buku Lachitatu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201559/http://www.kuwonjezera [[kupanga]] na kukhozgera [[kupanga mtengo]]. Vinthu, vyakulongozga na vyakuzirwa, ''mu Vigaŵa vya Masambiro gha Nthowa za Uthenga'', D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Ŵakulemba), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89-96, {{doi | Wupu wa ŵasayansi ŵa pa charu chose awo ŵakusanda vya ndondomeko ya uthenga, [[Association for Information Systems]] (AIS), na Komiti yake Yichoko ya Ŵasambiri Ŵalara pa Mabuku (202), ŵakapanga mndandanda wa magazini 11 agho AIS yikuwona kuti ‘ngawemi chomene’.<ref >{{Cite web |title=Kafukufuku - Wupu wa vyakumanyikwa (AIS) Kuyana na AIS, mndandanda uwu wa magazini ukumanyiska nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani, nthowa, na kusiyana kwa malo. Nthowa zakuwoneseska ni zakukhozga, ŵabali ŵa mu wupu wakulemba ŵakuchindikika na kumanyikwa chomene, ndipo pali ŵaŵazgi ŵa pa charu chose ndipo ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa. Mndandanda uwu ukugwiriskirika ncito (panji ukwenera) kugwiriskirika ncito, pamoza na ŵanyake, nga ni fundo yakurongosora pakukwezgeka na kuŵapo ndiposo, comenecomene, pakupima umo ŵasambiri ŵakucitira makora. Maungano ghanandi gha pa chaka [[:Category:Maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga|maungano gha ndondomeko ya uthenga]] ghakuchitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu, ndipo ghanandi ghakuwoneseska ŵanyawo. AIS yikulongozga mwaluŵiro [[Msonkhano wa Pacharu Chose pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (ICIS) na [[Msonkhano wa America pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (AMCIS), apo AIS yikulongozga maungano ghakukolerana<ref>{{cite web|url=http:// nyumba.aisnet.org/kulongora maungano|zuŵa-lakufikira=2012-02-10|url ya malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale 2012-02-15 kusazgapo [[Msonkhano wa Pacific Asia pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (PACIS), [[Msonkhano wa Europe pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska]] (ECIS), Msonkhano wa Mediterranean pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska (MCIS), Msonkhano wa Pachanya pa Kulaŵilira Vinthu vya Uthenga (Conf-IRM . ) na msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa Wuhan wakukhwaskana na bizinesi ya pa Intaneti (WHICEB). Maungano gha mu chaputala cha AIS<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti mabuku 478|zuŵa-la-kusungamo=2012-02-27|url-status=wakufwa}}</ref> kusazgapo [[Msonkhano wa ku Australia wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko za uthenga]] (ACIS), [[Kafukufuku wa ndondomeko za uthenga ku Scandinavia|Msonkhano wa Scandinavia pa ndondomeko za uthenga]] (SCIS), [[Msonkhano wa pa charu chose wa ndondomeko za uthenga]] (ISICO), Msonkhano wa Chaputala cha Italy . ya AIS (itAIS), Msonkhano wa Pachaka wa AIS wa Pakati pa Kumanjiliro gha dazi (MWAIS) na Pachaka . Msonkhano wa AIS ya Kummwera (SAIS). EDSIG,<ref>{{lembani webusaiti {cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org|title=Bungwe la Ŵasambizgi ŵa vya Tekinoloje pa Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu na masambiro gha pa kompyuta<ref>{{lembani pa webusayiti. Msonkhano wa Kafukufuku Wakugwiriskira Ntchito pa Nthowa za Kumanyiska<ref>{{cite Maungano gha ISCAP – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|kwamba=ISCAP na|kumaliya=EDSIG}}</ref> agho ghose ghakuchitika chaka chilichose mu Novembala. ==Wonaniso== {{Col-yambani}} {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Nkhani zakuyana * [[Nkhani yakusambizga]] * [[Kuchezga kwa ŵanthu na kompyuta]] * [[Vimanyikwiro]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya vyamoyo]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya bizinesi]] ** [[Vyakusambizgika vya kemiko]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya masoka]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya charu]] ** [[Vimanyikwiro vya umoyo]] * [[Sayansi ya uthenga]] * [[Sayansi ya layibulare]] * [[Sayansi ya pa webusayiti]]s {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Vigaŵa * [[Wakupanga data]] * [[Kuyezgelera kwa data]] * [[Nthowa yakunozgera data]] * [[Chiyelezgero cha Data]] * [[Malo ghakusungamo data]] * [[KURYA]] * [[Vyakulembeka]] * [[Chiyowoyero cha Markup cha Chiyelezgero cha Kulotezga]] * [[Kumasulira kwa mazgu]] * [[Nthowa zitatu za schema]] {{Kupumula kwa Col}} ; Kukhazikiska * [[Nthowa yakumanyiskira vya bizinesi]] * [[Malo ghakuwoneskera vya chilengiwa]] * [[Bungwe la Kafukufuku wa Ntchito na Sayansi ya Ulongozgi]] (INFORMS) {{col-umaliro}} == Mazgu ghakulongosora == {{Kuwoneska|30em}} ==Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira== * Mvula, R. Kelly na Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Mazgu Ghakwamba gha Nthowa Zakumanyiskira: Kupangiska na Kusintha Bizinesi, Buku Lachitatu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628201559/http://www..html |zuŵa=28.06.2010 * Nkhongono, Davide (2008). ''Kugwiriskira ncito MIS - Buku laciŵiri'']. * Lindsay, Yohane (2000). ''Nthowa zakumanyikwa - Vinthu vyakuzirwa na nkhani'']. Yunivesite ya Kingston, Sukulu ya Nthowa Zakumanyiskira * Dostal, J. [Nthowa zakumanyikwa za sukulu (Skolni informacni systemy).] Mu Infotech 2007 – uthenga wa mazuŵa ghano na tekinoloje ya kuyowoyeskana mu masambiro. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540-546. * O’Leary, Timote na Linda. (2008). ''Vinthu vyakuzirwa vyakukhwaskana na kompyuta vyakwamba vya 2008.'' McGraw-Hill pa webusayiti. * Nkhwantha, S.M. "Nthowa zakumanyiskira: Kuwona mwakudumura mbiri", Datamation, 63-69, Nov. 1968. - Kuwonekera kwa mbiri yakwamba ya IS. ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wose|Nthowa zakumanyikwa}} *[https://aisnet.org/ Wupu wa Nthowa Zakumanyiskira Ŵanthu (AIS)] Webusaiti ya mbiri ya IS na AIS] *[webusayiti. *[www.ercis.org/ Bungwe la Kufufuza vya Nthowa za Kumanyiska Ŵanthu ku Europe] {{Vyakumanyikwa}} {{Sayansi ya kompyuta}} {{Nthowa}} {{Kulaŵilira kwa mazaza}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nthowa zakumanyikwa}} [[Chigaŵa:Nthowa zakumanyiskira ŵanthu| ]] [[Chigaŵa:Kupanga makompyuta gha bizinesi|*]] [[Chigaŵa:Nthowa]] ==References== {{Short description|System that supports business decisions}} {{Redirect|Business Information System|the Finnish government service|Business Information System (government service)}} {{div col}} {{div col end}} {{See also|Information engineering|Information science|Information technology|Information management}} {{Excerpt|Bachelor of Business Information Systems}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Col-break}} {{Col-break}} {{col-end}} {{Reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Information systems}} {{Informatics}} {{Computer science}} {{Systems}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Information Systems}} {{cite book |last1=Piccoli |first1=Gabriele |last2=Pigni |first2=Federico |title=Information systems for managers: with cases|publisher=Prospect Press |isbn=978-1-943153-50-3 |pages=28 |edition=4.0 |url=https://prospectpressvt.com/titles/piccoli-information-systems-for-managers/ |access-date=25 November 2018|date=July 2018 }} {{cite journal |last1=O'Hara |first1=Margaret |last2=Watson |first2=Richard |last3=Cavan |first3=Bruce |title=Managing the three levels of change |journal=Information Systems Management |volume=16 |issue=3 |date=1999 |page=64 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220630523 |access-date=25 November 2018|doi=10.1201/1078/43197.16.3.19990601/31317.9 }} {{cite web| url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-system.html| title=information system| work=BusinessDictionary.com| access-date=2014-09-21| archive-date=2020-08-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811225424/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-system.html| url-status=dead}} {{cite web| title=Information Systems| work=Principia Cybernetica Web| url= http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/INFORM_SYSTE.html}} {{cite encyclopedia| url= http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-system |title=Information system| encyclopedia=Britannica | author= Vladimir Zwass |date=2016-02-10}} {{cite web | title=What is Information Systems or Information Services (IS)? | website=Definition from Techopedia | url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1027/information-systems-or-information-services-is | access-date=6 March 2021}} {{cite web | title=What is IS (information system or information services)? | website=WhatIs.com | url=https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/IS-information-system-or-information-services | access-date=6 March 2021}} {{cite web| url=https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/agriculture-water-and-environment/department-agriculture-water-and-environment/enabling-services-group/information-services| title=Information Services| website=Directory| date=2 June 2017| publisher=[[Australian Government]]| access-date=6 March 2021| archive-date=27 March 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327213354/https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/agriculture-water-and-environment/department-agriculture-water-and-environment/enabling-services-group/information-services| url-status=dead}} {{cite web | title=Information Services | website=Ramsey County | date=12 September 2015 | url=https://www.ramseycounty.us/your-government/departments/information-and-public-records/information-services| access-date=6 March 2021}} {{cite journal|date=2013|title= The first phase of creating a standardised international innovative technological implementation framework/Software application|url=http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=55312|journal= International Journal of Business and Systems Research|volume=7|issue=3|page=250|doi=10.1504/IJBSR.2013.055312|last1=Bulgacs|first1=Simon|access-date=2015-11-02}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/03.reports/03tr002/03tr002glossary.html |title=SEI Report, "Glossary" |access-date=2013-04-02 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903115947/http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/03.reports/03tr002/03tr002glossary.html |archive-date=September 3, 2007 }} {{cite journal | last1 = Alter | first1 = S | year = 2013 | title = Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future | url =https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=at | journal = Journal of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 72–121 | doi = 10.17705/1jais.00323 | doi-access = free }} {{cite journal|author=Marc S. Silver, M. Lynne Markus, [[Cynthia Mathis Beath]]|title=The Information Technology Interactive Model: A Foundation for the MBA Core Course|journal=MIS Quarterly|date=Sep 1995|pages=361–390|url=http://misq.org/the-information-technology-interaction-model-a-foundation-for-the-mba-core-course.html?SID=k2fh85s9nd5a2ne85qh5a3art7}} {{cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Gustaf|last2=Sobernig|first2=Stefan|last3=Aram|first3=Michael|title=Evolutionary Business Information Systems|journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering|date=February 2014|volume=6|issue=1|pages=33–36|doi=10.1007/s12599-013-0305-1|s2cid=15979292}} {{cite journal|last1=Aram|first1=Michael|last2=Neumann|first2=Gustaf|title=Multilayered analysis of co-development of business information systems|journal=Journal of Internet Services and Applications|date=2015-07-01|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13174-015-0030-8|s2cid=16502371|url=http://www.jisajournal.com/content/pdf/s13174-015-0030-8.pdf|doi-access=free}} {{cite book|title=Using MIS|year=2009|publisher=Kroenke|isbn=978-0-13-713029-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/usingmis00kroe}} {{cite book|last= Börje Langefors|author-link= Börje Langefors|title=Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems|year=1973|publisher=Auerbach|isbn=978-0-87769-151-8}} {{cite book|title=Computer Studies|year=2008|publisher=Frederick Nyawaya|isbn=978-9966-781-24-6}} {{cite web|url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/study/courses/units/Computer-and-Logic-Essentials-COS10003/local|title=Computer and Logic Essentials – Units of study – Swinburne University of Technology – Melbourne, Australia}} {{cite web|url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/study/courses/units/Systems-Development-INF60003/local|title=Systems Development – Units of study – Swinburne University of Technology – Melbourne, Australia|access-date=2015-12-06|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191352/https://www.swinburne.edu.au/study/courses/units/Systems-Development-INF60003/local|url-status=dead}} {{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Sue |last2=Gibson |first2=Nicola |last3=Holland |first3=Christopher |last4=Light |first4=Ben |date=July 1999 |title=Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems |journal=Communications of the AIS |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1–27}} {{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=J.A. |date=May 1975 |title=Computer Science education for majors of other disciplines |journal=AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences |pages=903–906 |quote=Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines}} {{cite journal |last=Denning |first=Peter |date=July 1999 |title=Computer Science: The Discipline |journal=Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition) |quote=The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines}} {{cite journal |last=Coy |first=Wolfgang |date=June 2004 |title=Between the disciplines |journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=7–10 |issn= 0097-8418 |quote=Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines |doi=10.1145/1024338.1024340|s2cid=10389644 }} {{cite journal |last=Hoganson |first=Ken |date=December 2001 |title=Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=313–325 |issn= 1937-4771 |quote=... Information Systems grew out of the need to bridge the gap between business management and computer science ...}} {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Timothy |last2=Geist |first2=Robert |last3=Matzko |first3=Sarah |last4=Westall |first4=James |date=March 2004 |title=Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education {{!}} {{cite journal |last=Hoganson |first=Ken |date=December 2001 |title=Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=313–325 |issn= 1937-4771 |quote=The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures}} {{cite journal |last=Khazanchi |first=Deepak |author2=Bjorn Erik Munkvold |date=Summer 2000 |title=Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline |journal=ACM SIGMIS Database |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=24–42 |issn=0095-0033 |doi=10.1145/381823.381834 |s2cid=52847480 |quote=From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields|doi-access=free }} {{cite journal |last=Polack |first=Jennifer |date=December 2009 |title=Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=100–106 |issn= 1937-4771}} {{cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Helen |author2=Onkar Sharma |date=February 2003 |title=A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 |issn=1937-4771 |quote=In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach}} {{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Peter |last2=Hart |first2=David |date=August 2004 |title=A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_2004-08_47_8/page/19 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=19–21 |issn= 0001-0782 |quote=Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically |doi=10.1145/1012037.1012054|s2cid=14331332 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.booksbw.com/books/computers/leslie-j/2006/files/informationsystems2006.pdf#page=30|title=Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731075131/http://booksbw.com/books/computers/leslie-j/2006/files/informationsystems2006.pdf#page=30|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|publisher=Sloan Career Cornerstone Center; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation|year=2008|url=http://www.careercornerstone.org/infosys/infosys.htm|title=Information Systems|access-date=June 2, 2008}} {{cite journal | last1 = Hevner | last2 = March | last3 = Park | last4 = Ram | year = 2004 | title = Design Science in Information Systems Research | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mis-quarterly_2004-03_28_1/page/75 | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 75–105 | doi = 10.2307/25148625| jstor = 25148625| s2cid = 13553735 }} {{cite journal | last1 = March | first1 = S. | last2 = Smith | first2 = G. | year = 1995 | title = Design and natural science in Information Technology (IT) | journal = Decision Support Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 4| pages = 251–266 | doi=10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2| title-link = Information Technology | s2cid = 2625498 }} {{cite journal | last1 = Avgerou | first1 = C | year = 2000 | title = Information systems: what sort of science is it? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_omega_2000-10_28_5/page/567 | journal = Omega | volume = 28 | issue = 5| pages = 567–579 | doi=10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9| citeseerx = 10.1.1.203.4718 }} {{cite journal | last1 = Benbasat | first1 = I. | last2 = Zmud | first2 = R. | year = 2003 | title = The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the discipline's core properties | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mis-quarterly_2003-06_27_2/page/183 | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 183–194 | doi = 10.2307/30036527 | jstor = 30036527 | s2cid = 6017797 }} {{cite journal | last1 = Agarwal | first1 = R. | last2 = Lucas | first2 = H. | year = 2005 | title = The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mis-quarterly_2005-09_29_3/page/381 | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 29 | issue = 3| pages = 381–398 | doi = 10.2307/25148689 | jstor = 25148689 | s2cid = 15537428 }} {{cite journal | last1 = El Sawy | first1 = O | year = 2003 | title = The IS core –IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion | journal = Communications of the Association for Information Systems| volume = 12 | pages = 588–598 | doi = 10.17705/1cais.01239 | doi-access = free }} {{cite journal | last1 = Orlikowski | first1 = W. | last2 = Iacono | first2 = C. | year = 2001 | title = Research commentary: desperately seeking the "IT" in IT research—a call to theorizing about the IT artifact | journal = Information Systems Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 121–134 | doi=10.1287/isre.12.2.121.9700| s2cid = 10833059 }} {{cite journal | last1 = Kock | first1 = N. | author-link = Ned Kock | author-link4 = Heinz Klein | last2 = Gray | first2 = P. | last3 = Hoving | first3 = R. | last4 = Klein | first4 = H. | last5 = Myers | first5 = M. | last6 = Rockart | first6 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy? | journal = Communications of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 8 | issue = 23| pages = 330–346 | doi = 10.17705/1CAIS.00823 | doi-access = free }} {{cite web|url=http://home.aisnet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=34|title=AIS affiliated conferences|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215044835/http://home.aisnet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=34|archive-date=2012-02-15|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=http://ais.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=478|title=AIS chapter conferences|website=affiniscape.com|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227105218/http://ais.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=478|archive-date=2012-02-27|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=http://www.edsig.org|title=EDSIG Information Systems Educators}} {{cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org|title=Association of Information Technology Professionals}} {{cite web|url=http://www.edsigcon.org|title=ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|first=ISCAP and|last=EDSIG}} {{cite web|url=http://www.conisar.org|title=ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|first=ISCAP and|last=EDSIG}} c3p5r6lgninx6koeh8gmtl2b27d8546 0 46778 122707 119313 2026-09-28T03:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Charu cha Chirwa ku kumanjiliro gha dazi gha Ulaya}} {{Redirect|UK|other uses|Ufumu Ubanyi (disambiguation)|and|UK (disambiguation)}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=April 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox country | common_name = Ufumu Ubanyi | linThemba_name = Ufumu Ubanyi<!--Note: "the" required here as this entry used to create wikilinks--> | conventional_long_name = Ufumu Ubanyi wa Briteni Yilala na Ayelandi Yimpoto | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg | alt_flag = Mbendera iyo yili na mtanda wakufipirwa uwo uli na mphepete zituŵa ndipo ukuŵikika pa saltire wakufipirwa, iyo nayo yili na mphepete zituŵa, iyo yili pa saltire yituŵa pa mtundu wa mlengalenga . | image_coat = | other_symbol = [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, both variants).svg|250px]]<br>Kugwiriskira ntchito pakukhwaskana na Skotilandi (kumalyero) na malo ghanyake (kumazere) | other_symbol_type = [[Chidindo cha mahomwa cha Ufumu Ubanyi|Coats of arms]]: | national_anthem = "[[Chiuta thaskani Themba]]"{{Efn|"Chiuta thaskani Themba" ni [[sumu yafuko]] mwa mwambo, dango yayi, ndipo palije mtundu wakuzomerezgeka. Kanandi vesi lakwamba pera ndilo likuyimbika, nangauli vesi lachiŵiri nalo kanandi likuyimbikaso pa viphikiro vya boma na vya ŵanthu wose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sumu yafuko |url=https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130352/https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |url-status=live }}</ref> Mazgu ''Themba'', ivyo vikugwiriskirika nchito sono, vikusinthika na ''Fumukazi'' pala fumu ni mwanakazi.}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.ogg|Chiuta thaskani Themba / Queen <!-- Do not change file name due to computer error without ensuring that the file is playable. -->]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Europe-UK.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[File:United Kingdom (+overseas territories and crown Dependencies) in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show [[British Overseas Territories]] and [[vithembeliro vya mphumphu]]|[[File:Territorial waters - United Kingdom.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show [[Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom|its exclusive economic zones]]|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Landani]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city_region:GB}} | largest_city = cha boma | languages_type = [[Chiyowoyero cha fuko]] | languages = {{indented plainlist| * [[Chingerezi|Chingerezi]] <!--Note: Just English, don't add "British English".--> }} | languages2_type = Regional and minority languages{{Efn|chiScots, chiScots cha ku Ulista, chiWelichi, chiCornish, chiGaeliki cha chi Skoti na Chiayirishi vikuŵikika mu gulu la [[Chiyowoyero cha chigaŵa|chigaŵa]] panji [[Chiyowoyero chichoko|chichoko]] viyowoyero pasi pa [[Council of Ulaya]] ya [[Ulayaan Charter for Regional panji Minority Languages]].<ref name="reglang">{{Cite web |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |access-date=12 December 2013 |publisher=[[Council of Ulaya]] |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These include defined obligations to promote those languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=chiWelichi language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/chiWelichi-language-on-gov-uk |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014121/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |title=Welsh language scheme |work=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014119/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |title=Welsh language scheme |work=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802010917/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme |url-status=live }}</ref> See also [[Languages of Ufumu Ubanyi]]. chiWelichi has limited ''[[officially]]'' official status in Welosi, as well as in the provision of national government services provided for Welosi.}} | languages2 = {{Hlist <!--Anglo--> |[[Chiyowoyero cha chiScots|chiScots]] |[[chiScots cha ku Ulista dialects|chiScots cha ku Ulista]] <!--Brittonic--> |[[chiWelichi language|chiWelichi]] |[[chiCornish language|chiCornish]] <!--Goidelic--> |[[chiGaeliki cha chi Skoti]]<!--Keep "chiGaeliki cha chi Skoti"; people will find "Gaelic" confusing, as the Irish language is also commonly called "Gaelic"--> |[[Chiyowoyero cha Chiayirishi|Chiayirishi]] |[[Chidumbano cha Mawoko cha ku Britain]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 83.0% [[Ŵanthu ŵazungu mu Ufumu Ubanyi|ŵazungu]] | 8.6% [[Ŵanthu ŵa ku Briteni wachi Asia|ŵamwenyi-kuru]] | 3.7% [[Ŵafipa|ŵafipa]] | 2.7% [[Ŵosazgika (Ufumu Ubanyi ethnicity category)|Ŵosazgika]] | 2.0% [[Mafuko mu Ufumu Ubanyi|ŵanyakhe]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = [[2021 Ufumu Ubanyi chipendo|2021]] | ethnic_groups_ref = {{Efn|name=chipendo2021/22|Scotland held its chipendo a year later after Mangalande, Welosi and Ayelandi Yimpoto due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the data shown is from two separate years.}}<ref name="2021 chipendo - ethnicity - Mangalande and Welosi">{{cite web |title=Ethnic group |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93 |date=28 March 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528084856/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 chipendo - ethnicity - Ayelandi Yimpoto">{{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/chipendo-2021-ms-b01.xlsx |title=MS-B01 Ethnic group |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=30 November 2023 |website=[[Ayelandi Yimpoto Statistics and Research Agency]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812142657/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/chipendo-2021-ms-b01.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 chipendo - ethnicity and religion - Scotland">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion |url=https://www.scotlandschipendo.gov.uk/search-the-chipendo#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Scotland's chipendo |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandschipendo.gov.uk/search-the-chipendo#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list | 46.5% [[Chisopa ku Ufumu Ubanyi#Christianity|Christianity]] | 37.8% [[Kuleka kusopa ku Ufumu Ubanyi|kuleka kusopa]] | 6.0% [[Chisilamu ku Ufumu Ubanyi|Chisilamu]] | 1.6% [[Chihindu ku Ufumu Ubanyi|Chihindu]] | 0.8% [[ChiSikhi ku Ufumu Ubanyi|ChiSikhi]] | 0.4% [[chiBuda ku Ufumu Ubanyi|chiBuda]] | 0.4% [[chiYuda ku briteni|Judaism]] | 0.6% [[Chisopa ku Ufumu Ubanyi|zinyakhe]] | 5.9% not stated }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = {{Efn|name=Census2021/22}}<ref name="2021 census - religion - England and Wales">{{cite web |title=Religion (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/4/filter-outputs/0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744 |date=5 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528153440/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/4/filter-outputs/0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 census - religion - Northern Ireland">{{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx |title=MS-B21 Religion - full detail |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 May 2023 |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613221149/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 census - ethnicity and religion - Scotland" /> | demonym = {{hlist |[[ŵina briteni|mwene briteni]] |[[m'Briteni]] }} | government_type = Usuma [[ufumu wamalango#Mangalande, Scotland and Ufumu Ubanyi|Mphara yamarango ufumu wamalango]]{{Efn|Although Ufumu Ubanyi has traditionally been seen as a [[unitary state]], an alternative description of the UK as a "union state", put forward by, among others, [[Vernon Bogdanor]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradbury |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19 |title=Constitutional Policy and Territorial Politics in the UK: Volume 1: Union and Devolution 1997–2012 |date=2021 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-5292-0588-6 |pages=19–20 |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204328/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=%2522union%20state%2522%20UK%20unitary&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> has become increasingly influential since the adoption of devolution in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leith |first=Murray Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39 |title=Political Discourse and National Identity in Scotland |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-8862-3 |page=39 |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204223/https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=Uk%20%2522unitary%20state%2522&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A union state is considered to differ from a unitary state in that while it maintains a central authority it also recognises the authority of historic rights and infrastructures of its component parts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gagnon |first1=Alain-G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47 |title=Multinational Democracies |last2=Tully |first2=James |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80473-8 |page=47 |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002204329/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=%2522union%20state%2522%20UK%20unitary&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Bogdanor |first=Vernon |title=Constitutional Reform in Ufumu Ubanyi: Practice and Principles |date=1998 |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-901362-84-8 |editor-last=Beatson |editor-first=Jack |location=Oxford |page=18 |chapter=Devolution: the Constitutional Aspects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEEgDsCYmbQC&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA18 }}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[ufumu wa Ufumu Ubanyi|ufumu]] | leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Nduna Yidangi ya Ufumu Ubanyi|Nduna Yidangi]] | leader_name2 = [[Keir Starmer]] <!--Do NOT change the name to Sir Keir Starmer without discussion in the talk page. --> | legislature = [[Mphara yamarango ya Ufumu Ubanyi|Mphara yamarango]] | upper_house = [[Nyumba ya ŵatemi]] | lower_house = [[Nyumba bweka ya Ufumu Ubanyi|Nyumba bweka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Kupangika kwa Ufumu Ubanyi wa Briteni Yilala na Ayelandi Yimpoto|Kupangika]] | established_event1 = [[Malango mu Malango gha Welosi 1535 na 1542|Malango mu Malango gha Welosi]] | established_date1 = 1535 and 1542 | established_event2 = [[Kubanya Mphuphu]] | established_date2 = 24 March 1603 | established_event3 = [[Chipulikano cha Kubanya]] | established_date3 = 22 July 1706 | established_event4 = [[Milimo ya chipulikano cha 1707|Milimo ya chipulikano cha Mangalande na Skotilandi]] | established_date4 = 1 May 1707 | established_event5 = [[Milimo ya chipulikano cha 1800|Milimo ya chipulikano cha Briteni Yilala na Ayilandi]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1801 | established_event6 = [[Lamulo la Irish Free State 1922|Dango la Irish Free State]] | established_date6 = 6 December 1922 | area_label = Total{{efn|name=ONSArea|[[Ofesi ya Viŵelengero vya Charu Chose|ONS]] Kupima kwa malo kwakuzomelezgeka, 'area to mean high water'. Excludes the [[vithembeliro vya mphumphu]] and [[Madera gha ku Britain gha ku vyaru vinyake]].}} | area_km2 = 244376 | area_footnote = <ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |title=Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=31 May 2024 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607052407/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 78th | area_sq_mi = auto | area_label2 = Land{{efn|name=ONSLandArea|[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'. Excludes the [[vithembeliro vya mphumphu]] and [[Madera gha ku Britain gha ku vyaru vinyake]].}} | area_data2 = {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=K02000001}}|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 68,265,209<ref name="ONS.UK-Population">{{cite web |title=Population estimates for the UK, Mangalande, Welosi, Scotland and Ayelandi Yimpoto: mid-2023 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] (ONS) |website=www.ons.gov.uk |date=2024-10-08}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_chipendo = 66,940,559{{Efn|name=chipendo2021/22}}<ref name="2021 chipendo - population - Mangalande and Welosi">{{cite web |title=Population and household estimates, Mangalande and Welosi: chipendo 2021, unrounded data |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesMangalandeandWelosi/chipendo2021unroundeddata |date=2 November 2022 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="2021 chipendo - population - Ayelandi Yimpoto">{{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/chipendo/2021-chipendo |title=2021 chipendo |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Ayelandi Yimpoto Statistics and Research Agency]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703182652/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/chipendo/2021-chipendo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 chipendo - population - Scotland">{{Cite web |title=Quality Assurance report – Unrounded population estimates and ethnic group, national identity, language and religion topic data |website=Scotland's chipendo |date=21 May 2024 |url=https://www.scotlandschipendo.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-chipendo-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160444/https://www.scotlandschipendo.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-chipendo-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_chipendo_year = 2021 | population_chipendo_rank = | population_density_km2 = 281 | population_density_sq_mi = auto | population_density_rank = 51st | pop_den_footnote = <ref name="ONS.UK-Population"/> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $4.282&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GBR |title=IMF DataMapper: Ufumu Ubanyi |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $62,574<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 28th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.588&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $52,423<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20th | Gini = 35.4 | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Income inequality |url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=OECD Data |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.940<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15th | currency = [[Pound&nbsp;sterling]]{{Efn|Some of the devolved countries, vithembeliro vya mphumphu and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies, or use another nation's currency. See [[List of British currencies]].}} ([[£]]) | currency_code = GBP | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Nyengo ya Chihanya ya ku Britain|BST]]{{Efn|Kweniso ŵakawona kuti [[vithembeliro vya mphumphu]]. Kuti mumanye vinandi, wonani [[Nyengo ku Ufumu Ubanyi]].}} | DST_note = | date_format = {{Abbr|dd|day}}/{{Abbr|mm|month}}/{{Abbr|yyyy|year}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]]){{efn|The UK Government uses the [[ISO 8601]] format, {{Abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{Abbr|mm|month}}-{{Abbr|dd|day}} for machine-readable dates and times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formatting dates and times in data |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-standards-for-government/date-times-and-time-stamps-standard |date=9 August 2022 |website=[[gov.uk]] |publisher=[[Government of Ufumu Ubanyi|HM Government]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509092813/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-standards-for-government/date-times-and-time-stamps-standard |url-status=live }}</ref> See [[Date and time notation in Ufumu Ubanyi]].}} | drives_on = kumalyero{{Efn|Except two overseas territories: [[Gibraltar]] and the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]}} | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ufumu Ubanyi|+44]]{{Efn|[[Telephone numbers in Ufumu Ubanyi#Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories|Excludes most overseas territories]]}} | cctld = [[.uk]]{{Efn|The [[.gb]] domain is also reserved for the UK, but has been little used.}} }} '''Ufumu Ubanyi wa Briteni Yilala na Ayelandi Yimpoto''', ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa kuti '''Ufumu Ubanyi''' ('''UKhe''') panjiso '''Briteni''',{{Efn|Usage is mixed. The ''[https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u Guardian]'' and ''[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places-and-people Telegraph]'' use ''Briteni'' nga ni lizgu lakuyana waka la Ufumu Ubanyi. Ŵanyake ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito ''Briteni'' nga yifupi ya [[Briteni Yilala]]. [[Ofesi ya Kabineti]] ya [[Uteŵeti wa Digito wa Boma]] wa ku Britain. [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#great-Briteni style guide] kuti mugwiriskirenge ncito pa [[gov.uk]] wakulimbikiska kuti: "Gwiliskirani nchito UK na Ufumu Ubanyi mwakutemwa Briteni na Britain (bizinesi ya UK, ndondomeko ya UK ya vyaru vinyake, kazembe na mulaŵiliri mulara). Kweni kazembe wa Britain, kazembe wa UK yayi."}} ni chalo<!-- Lizgu lakuti "chalo" likasankhika chifukwa cha Pempho la 2022 lakuti ŵayowoyepo. Dumbiskani dankha ivyo vingasinthika pa tchati cha kudumbiskana. --> mu [[Kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ulaya]], pafupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya [[Charu chikuru cha Ulayaan|chigaŵa chikuru cha kontinenti]]. Lili na [Mangalande]], [[Scotland]], [[Welosi]], na [[Ayelandi Yimpoto]]. na [[Jersey]] ni [[vithembeliro vya mphumphu]] ndipo ni chigaŵa cha UK yayi.}} UK yikusazgapo chirwa cha . [[Briteni Yilala]], chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa chirwa cha [[Ireland]], ndipo vigaŵa vinandi vya [[Mndandanda wa virwa vya Ufumu Ubanyi|virwa vichokovichoko]] ivyo vili mukati mwa [[Virwa vya Britain]], vikukhwaska. Yimpoto wakugaŵana [[Mpaka wa Ireland–Ufumu Ubanyi|mphaka ya charu]] na [[Mphaka ya Ireland]]; apo yayi, Ufumu Ubanyi wakuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya Kumpoto]], [[Njira ya Chingelezi]], [[Nyanja ya Celtic]], na [[Nyanja ya Ireland]]. Ufumu Ubanyi wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 68.2&nbsp;miliyoni mu 2023. Msumba ukuru ndiposo msumba ukuru chomene wa Mangalande na Ufumu Ubanyi ni [[Landani]], [[Msumba ukuru wa Landani|uwo msumba wake ukuru chomene]] ndiwo ukuru chomene mu [ [Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ulaya]], ndipo kuli ŵanthu 100,000. 14.9 miliyoni. Mizinda ya [[Edinburgh]], [[Cardiff]], na [[[[Belfast]] ni mizinda yikuruyikuru ya charu cha Scotland, Welosi, na Ayelandi Yimpoto, mwakuyana waka. UK yakhala ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo nyengo zose kufuma mu nyengo ya[[Neolithic]]. Mu AD&nbsp;43, [[Kupoka kwa Ŵaroma ku Briteni]] kukayamba; [[umaliro wa muwuso wa Ŵaroma ku Briteni|Kufumapo kwa Ŵaroma]] ukalondezgeka na [[Kukhala kwa Ŵaanglo-Saxon ku Briteni|Kukhala kwa Ŵaanglo-Saxon]]. Mu 1066, [[Ŵa Norman ŵakapoka Mangalande|ŵaNorman ŵakapoka Mangalande]]. Paumaliro wa [[Nkhondo za Roses]], boma la England likakhazikika ndipo likamba kukura na mazaza, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mu vilimika vya m’ma 1500 mu [[Malango mu Malango gha Welosi 1535 na 1542|kupoka Welosi]], ndipo . kukhazikiska [[Ufumu wa Britain]]. Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1600, mulimo wa fumuy wa ku Britain ukacepeskeka, comenecomene cifukwa ca [[Nkhondo ya Ŵanthu ŵa ku England]]. Mu 1707, [[Ufumu wa Mangalande]] na [[Ufumu wa Scotland]] ŵakakolerana pasi pa [[Phangano la Mgwirizano]] kuti ŵapange [[Ufumu wa Briteni Yilala]]. [[Malimo gha Union 1800]] ghakasazgapo [[Ufumu wa Ireland]] kuti ŵapange [[Ufumu wa Ubanyi wa Briteni Yilala na Ireland]] mu 1801. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Ireland [[vikapatukana|vikapatukana]] kufuma ku UK mu 1922 . nga ni [[Boma Lakufwatuka la Ireland]], na [[Dango la Maudindo gha Ufumu na Mphara yamarango 1927]]. wakalenga Ufumu Ubanyi uyo walipo sono. UK [[Mbiri ya mafakitale#Kusintha kwa Mafakitale ku Ulaya|yikaŵa charu chakwamba cha mafakitale]] ndipo yikaŵa [[nkhongono yikuru]] pa charu chose kwa nyengo yitali mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 na kwamba kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya ''[[Pax Britannica . ]]'' pakati pa 1815 na 1914. Ufumu wa Britain ndiwo ukaŵa pakwamba . [[nkhongono za vyaru]] kwa nyengo yitali ya vilimika vya m’ma 1800, malo agho ghakakhozgekanga na [[British Agricultural Revolution|kutukuka kwake kwa ulimi]], mulimo wake nga ni [[mtundu wa malonda]] wakuwusa, nkhongono yikuru ya mafakitale, [[Mndandanda wa . Vinthu viphya vya ku Britain na ivyo ŵakasanga mu vilimika vya m’ma 1800|vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵakasanga pa nkhani ya tekinoloje]], ndiposo . kukwera kwa [[Landani] wa mu vilimika vya m’ma 1800] kuŵa malo ghakuru ghakusangirako ndalama pa caru cose. Pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa pa msinkhu wake mu vilimika vya m’ma 1920, Ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa pafupifupi kotala ya charu chose na ŵanthu ŵake, ndipo ukaŵa [[Mndandanda wa maufumu ghakuru#Maufumu pa msinkhu wawo ukuru|ufumu ukuru chomene mu mdauko]]. Kweni, [[Mbiri ya Ufumu Ubanyi mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose|kunjilirapo kwake mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]] na [[Mbiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu Ubanyi mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] vikananga [[Chuma cha Ufumu wa Britain . |Nkhongono zachuma za Briteni]] na chiphalizgano cha pa charu chose chapasi cha [[kuwuskapo ŵakoloni]] vikapangiska kuti vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain viŵe na wanangwa. United Kingdom ni [[constitutional monarchy]] na [[parliamentary democracy]].{{Efn|The United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments, traditions, and conventions.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is the UK Constitution? |date=9 August 2018 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution |publisher=The Constitution Unit of UCL |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: [[English law|England and Wales]], [[Scots law|Scotland]], and [[Law of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolved]] matters. A [[developed country]] with [[Economy of the United Kingdom|an advanced economy]], the UK ranks among the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest economies by nominal GDP]], and is one of the world's [[List of countries by exports|largest exporters]] and [[List of countries by imports|importers]]. It is a [[nuclear state]] with one of the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|highest military budgets]]. The UK has been a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the UN Security Council]] since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Council of Europe]], [[G7]], [[OECD]], [[NATO]], [[Five Eyes]], [[AUKUS]] and [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|CPTPP]]. Its [[Anglicisation|influence]] can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|its former colonies]], and [[Culture of the United Kingdom|its culture]] remains globally influential, particularly [[English-speaking world|in language]], [[British literature|literature]], [[Music of the United Kingdom|music]] and [[Sport in the United Kingdom|sport]]. [[English language|English]] is the world's [[List of languages by total number of speakers|most widely spoken language]] and the [[list of languages by number of native speakers|third-most spoken native language]]. == Etymology and terminology == {{Anchor|Etymology}}<!--linked--> {{See also|Britain (place name)|Terminology of the British Isles}} The [[Acts of Union 1707]] declared that the [[Kingdom of England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland]] were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".{{Efn|Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 [[Acts of Union (1800)|Acts of Union]] which reads: "the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall{{spaces}}... be united into one kingdom, by the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Scots History Online |postscript=; }} {{Cite book |last1=Barnett, Hilaire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165 |title=Constitutional & Administrative Law |last2=Jago, Robert |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-56301-7 |edition=8th |location=Abingdon |page=165 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140722/https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain".<ref>"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain{{'"}}, ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); {{Cite web |last=Gascoigne, Bamber |author-link=Bamber Gascoigne |title=History of Great Britain (from 1707) |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07 |access-date=18 July 2011 |publisher=History World |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527205230/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Acts of Union 1800]] formed the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. Following the [[partition of Ireland]] and the independence of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, which left [[Northern Ireland]] as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed in 1927 to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cottrell, P. |url=https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573 |title=The Irish Civil War 1922–23 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-270-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573/page/n85 85] |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |url-access=limited}}</ref> Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as [[countries]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=S. Dunn |title=An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict |year=2000 |place=[[Lewiston, New York]] |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |quote=One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself: in the general sense, it is not a country, or a province, or a state – although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet: the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction, but this might change. |last2=H. Dawson}}; {{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf |access-date=28 May 2012 |website=ISO 3166-2 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073956/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom.<ref name="page823">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2003 |title=Countries within a country |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 1 regions]], refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as "regions".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045523/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=5 March 2014}}; {{Cite web |title=13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession |url=http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194604/http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref> Northern Ireland is also referred to as a "province".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunn, Seamus |title=An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict |last2=Dawson, Helen |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7734-7711-7 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]]}}; {{Cite book |last=Murphy, Dervla |title=[[A Place Apart]] |publisher=Penguin |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-14-005030-1 |location=London}}</ref> With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used "can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=John |title=Interpreting Northern Ireland |last2=FitzGerald |first2=Garret |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-827380-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=John Henry Whyte |author-link2=Garret FitzGerald}}</ref> The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2008 |title=Guardian Unlimited Style Guide |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html |access-date=23 August 2011 }}; {{Cite news |date=19 August 2002 |title=BBC style guide (Great Britain) |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g |access-date=23 August 2011 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215074832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Government, citizens and rights |publisher=HM Government }}</ref> It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.<ref>[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> The word ''England'' is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK.<ref>"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — {{Citation |last=George Mikes |title=How To Be An Alien |year=1946 |publisher=Penguin}} {{ISBN|978-0-582-41686-4}}; {{Cite web |title=England OR United Kingdom (UK)? {{!}} Vocabulary {{!}} EnglishClub |url=https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=englishclub.com |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016192638/https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Britain (place name)|term "Britain"]] is used as a synonym for [[Great Britain]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024348/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |archive-date=26 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries – English }}</ref><ref name="Britain-Col">{{Cite web |title=Britain definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain |website=collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024837/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain |url-status=live }}</ref> but also sometimes for the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners |url=http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain |website=learnersdictionary.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024648/http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Britain-Col" /> Usage is mixed: the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] style guide prefers the term "UK" rather than "Britain" or "British" (except when referring to embassies{{Efn|"UK" embassies became "British" embassies in 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1961 |title='Cold U.K.' Becomes British |work=[[The Times]] |page=8}}</ref>}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |orig-date=23 February 2016 |title=Style guide: A to Z |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122222025/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z |archive-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> while other government documents acknowledge that both terms refer to the United Kingdom and that elsewhere "British government" is used at least as frequently as "United Kingdom government".<ref name="PCGN-uk-guide">{{Cite web |last=Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |title=Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines |website=gov.uk |date=17 May 2023 |publisher=UK Government |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK [[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names]] recognises "United Kingdom", "UK" and "U.K." as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list "Britain" but notes that "it is only the one specific nominal term 'Great Britain' which invariably excludes Northern Ireland".<ref name="PCGN-uk-guide" /> The [[BBC]] historically preferred to use "Britain" as shorthand only for Great Britain, though the present style guide does not take a position except that "Great Britain" excludes Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News style guide – Names |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110082858/https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=BBC Academy |publisher=BBC}}; {{Cite web |title=Alphabetical checklist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326162901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and [[British nationality law|nationality]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradley, Anthony Wilfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36 |title=Constitutional and administrative law |last2=Ewing, Keith D. |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-1207-8 |edition=14th |volume=1 |location=Harlow |page=36 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|Historically, the term ''British'' was used to refer to members and institutions within the British Empire and later Commonwealth and was not limited to the geographical British Isles. The UK Government adopted the term for its exclusive use only in 1961, but in recognition of its wider usage first sought the prior consent of Australia, Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curran |first1=James |title=The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownnationaus0000curr |last2=Ward |first2=Stuart |date=2010 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-522-85645-3 |location=Carlton, Vic |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unknownnationaus0000curr/page/26 26]–7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Stuart |title=Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14599-3 |at=Chapter 1 |language=en}}</ref>}} People of the United Kingdom use several different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being [[British people|British]], [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[People of Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]], or [[Irish people|Irish]];<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself? |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |access-date=1 July 2010 |website=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010 |publisher=ARK&nbsp;– Access Research Knowledge |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175111/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or as having a combination of different national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121012603/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Schrijver, Frans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275 |title=Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-5629-428-1 |pages=275–277 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140905/https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == {{Main|Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|History of the British Isles}} {{Further|History of the constitution of the United Kingdom|Timeline of British history}} === Prior to the Treaty of Union === {{Main|History of England|History of Wales|History of Scotland|History of Ireland}} {{see|Kingdom of England|Kingdom of Scotland}} [[File:Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG|thumb|[[Stonehenge]] in [[Wiltshire]] is a ring of stones, each about {{Cvt|13|ft|0|order=flip}} high, {{Cvt|7|ft|0|order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200&nbsp;BC.]] Settlement by [[Cro-Magnons]] of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/7069001.stm|date=13 February 2021}}". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> The island has been continuously inhabited only since the last retreat of the ice around 11,500 years ago. By the end of the [[Prehistoric Britain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprising [[Britons (historical)|Brittonic Britain]] and [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch, John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[File:Baños Romanos, Bath, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 39-41 HDR.JPG|alt=Photograph of the Baths showing a rectangular area of greenish water surrounded by yellow stone buildings with pillars. In the background is the tower of the abbey.|thumb|The [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].]] The [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman conquest]], beginning in 43 AD, and the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule of southern Britain]], was followed by an invasion by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducing the Brittonic area mainly [[Wales#Post-Roman era|to what was to become Wales]], [[Cornwall]] and, until the latter stages of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, the [[Hen Ogledd]] (northern England and parts of southern Scotland).<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |editor-last=Davies |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Davies (historian) |location=Cardiff |page=[https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse/page/915 915] |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Nigel |editor-link2=Nigel Jenkins |editor-last3=Baines |editor-first3=Menna |editor-last4=Lynch |editor-first4=Peredur I. |editor-link4=Peredur Lynch}}</ref> Most of the [[Anglo-Saxon England|region settled by the Anglo-Saxons]] became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Short Athelstan biography |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |magazine=BBC History |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=13 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213191353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic speakers in north-west Britain]] (with connections to the north-east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackie, J.D. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 |title=A History of Scotland |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18–19] |author-link=J.D. Mackie}}; {{Cite book |last=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |url=https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp |publisher=Canongate |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-86241-874-8 |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp/page/8 8]–15}}</ref> united with the [[Picts]] to create the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30 |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30 30]}}</ref> [[File:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|thumb|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.]] In 1066, the [[Normans]] invaded England from northern France. After [[Norman conquest of England|conquering England]], they seized [[Norman invasion of Wales|large parts of Wales]], [[Norman invasion of Ireland|conquered much of Ireland]] and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country [[feudalism]] on the Northern French model and [[Norman-French]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganshof, F.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5 |title=Feudalism |publisher=University of Toronto |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3 |page=165 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] [[ruling class]] greatly influenced, but eventually assimilated with, the local cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chibnall, Marjorie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115 |title=The Debate on the Norman Conquest |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7190-4913-2 |pages=115–122 |author-link=Marjorie Chibnall |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent [[House of Plantagenet|medieval English kings]] completed the [[conquest of Wales]] and tried unsuccessfully [[Wars of Scottish Independence|to annex Scotland]]. Asserting its independence in the 1320 [[Declaration of Arbroath]], Scotland maintained its independence thereafter, albeit in [[Anglo-Scottish Wars|near-constant conflict with England]]. In 1215, the [[Magna Carta]] was the first document to state that no government was above the law, that citizens have rights protecting them, and that they were entitled to a [[fair trial]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magna Carta |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=parliament.uk }} {{Cite web |title=The contents of Magna Carta |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=parliament.uk |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828101448/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ |url-status=live }} {{Cite web |title=Magna Carta Key Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=Britannica |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527191804/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts |url-status=live }}</ref> The English monarchs, through inheritance of [[Angevin Empire|substantial territories in France]] and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the [[Hundred Years' War]], while the [[List of Scottish monarchs|Kings of Scots]] were in [[Auld Alliance|an alliance with the French]] during this period.<ref>Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214092949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml |date=14 December 2013 }}. BBC History.</ref> [[Early modern Britain]] saw religious conflict resulting from the [[Reformation]] and the introduction of [[Protestant]] state churches in each country.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515015218/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland |date=15 May 2015 }} and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521133445/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period |date=21 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> The [[English Reformation]] ushered in political, constitutional, social and cultural change in the 16th century and [[State religion|established]] the [[Church of England]].&nbsp;Moreover, it defined a national identity for England and slowly, but profoundly, changed people's religious beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Reformation c1527-1590 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/ |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202002512/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Wales was [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542|fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 November 2009 |title=British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |magazine=BBC History |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145836/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholls |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |publisher=Blackwell |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |location=Oxford |pages=171–172 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In what was to become Northern Ireland, the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and [[Plantation of Ulster|given to Protestant settlers]] from England and Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Canny |first=Nicholas P. |url=https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann |title=Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-925905-2 |pages=189–200 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a [[personal union]] when [[James I of England|James VI, King of Scots]], inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from [[Edinburgh]] to London; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal, and religious institutions.<ref>Ross, D. (2002). ''[[iarchive:chronologyofscot0000ross|Chronology of Scottish History]]''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. {{ISBN|978-1-85534-380-1}}; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. {{ISBN|978-1-902930-16-9}}</ref> In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|were involved in a series of connected wars]] (including the [[English Civil War]]) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the [[execution of Charles I|execution of King Charles I]], and the establishment of the short-lived [[unitary republic]] of the [[Commonwealth of England]], Scotland and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=English Civil Wars |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502204708/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=14 March 2010 |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Archontology.org |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194016/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy was restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] along with the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]] in England and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] in Scotland ensured that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, [[royal absolutism]] would not prevail, and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne. The [[British constitution]] would develop on the basis of [[constitutional monarchy]] and the [[parliamentary system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4 |page=8 |orig-date=1910 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |url-status=live }}</ref> With the founding of the [[Royal Society]] in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. During this period, particularly in England, the development of [[English navy|naval power]] and the interest in [[Age of Discovery|voyages of discovery]] led to the acquisition and settlement of [[First British Empire|overseas colonies]], particularly in North America and the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy |url=http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103013901/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Royal Navy History |publisher=Institute of Naval History }}; {{Cite book |last=Canny |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC |title=The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924676-2 |ref=refOHBEv1 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135256/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the [[Treaty of Union]] of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments. {{Clear left}} === Union of England and Scotland === {{Main|Treaty of Union|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[File:John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_The_opening_engagement_at_Trafalgar;_H.M.S._'Royal_Sovereign'_raking_the_stern_of_the_Spanish_flagship_'Santa_Ana'.jpg|thumb|The opening engagement at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], by [[James Wilson Carmichael|J.W. Carmichael]]]] On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed, the result of the [[Acts of Union 1707]] between the [[Kingdom of England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |access-date=19 October 2008 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608152446/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Acts of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny |access-date=6 January 2011 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227033859/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=3 February 2011 |publisher=Scottish History online }}</ref> In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime minister (1721–1742). A series of [[Jacobite uprisings]] sought to remove the Protestant [[House of Hanover]] from the throne and restore the Catholic [[House of Stuart]]. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the [[Battle of Culloden]] in 1746, after which the [[Scottish Highlanders]] were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of [[Scottish clan chief|clan chiefs]]. The British colonies in North America that broke away in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] became the [[United States]]. British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to [[India]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140724/https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 |date=28 March 2024 }}, p. 73.</ref> British merchants played a leading part in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], mainly between 1662 and 1807 when British or British-colonial [[slave ships]] transported nearly 3.3&nbsp;million slaves from Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12 |title=Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-156627-1 |page=12 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The slaves were taken to work on [[Plantation economy|plantations]], principally in the [[History of the British West Indies|Caribbean]] but also [[British America|North America]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15 |title=Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-156627-1 |page=15 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, with pressure from the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionism movement]], Parliament banned the trade in 1807, banned slavery in the British Empire in 1833, and Britain took a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide through the [[blockade of Africa]] and pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103004954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml |date=3 November 2008 }}. BBC Devon. 2007.; {{Cite book |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290 |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-78012-4 |edition=2nd |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290 290] }}</ref> === United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland === {{Main|History of the United Kingdom|Acts of Union (1800)|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[File:Victoria in her Coronation robes.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] reigned as [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]] and [[Empress of India]] during the 19th century.]] In 1800 the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act of Union |url=http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061235/http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=15 May 2006 |publisher=Act of Union Virtual Library}}</ref> After the defeat of France at the end of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the [[List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world from about 1830]]).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|978-2-7605-1588-8}}.</ref> [[Royal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], British dominance was later described as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("British Peace"), a period of [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|relative peace among the great powers]] (1815–1914) during which the [[British Empire]] became the global [[hegemon]] and [[foremost power]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mathias |first=P. |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-26672-7 |location=London}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-465-02328-8 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=20th-century international relations |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |access-date=6 May 2023 |last=McDougall |first=Walter A. |date=4 May 2023 |author-link=Walter A. McDougall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712124130/https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and adopted the role of [[global policeman]].<ref>Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|978-1-86189-202-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924678-6 |page=332 |ref=refOHBEv3}}</ref> From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the [[Crimean War]], allied with the [[Ottoman Empire]] against [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benn |first=David Wedgwood |title=The Crimean War and its lessons for today |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_2012-03_88_2/page/387 |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |date=March 2012 |pages=387–391 |jstor=41428613 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01078.x }}</ref> participating in the naval battles of the [[Baltic Sea]] known as the [[Åland War]] in the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] and the [[Gulf of Finland]], among others.<ref>[https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html ''Nordisk familjebok'' (1913), s. 435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209123019/https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html |date=9 December 2023 }} (in Swedish)</ref> Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion in 1857]], the British government led by [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] assumed [[direct rule]] over [[British Raj|India]]. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively [[Informal Empire|controlled the economies]] of regions such as [[East Asia]] and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924678-6 |page=8 |ref=refOHBEv3 }}; {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |pages=156–157 |ref=refMarshall |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094154/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the [[Victorian era]], political attitudes favoured [[free trade]] and [[laissez-faire]] policies. Beginning with the [[Great Reform Act]] in 1832, Parliament gradually [[Reform Acts|widened the voting franchise]], with the [[Representation of the People Act 1884|1884 Reform Act]] championed by [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] granting [[suffrage]] to a majority of males for the first time. The British population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid [[Urbanization|urbanisation]], causing significant social and economic stresses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tompson |first=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63 |title=Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present |publisher=Facts on File |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0 |location=New York |page=63}}</ref> By the late 19th century, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] under [[Benjamin Disraeli]] and [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] initiated a period of [[Scramble for Africa|imperial expansion in Africa]], maintained a policy of [[splendid isolation]] in Europe, and attempted to contain Russian influence in [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], in what came to be known as the [[Great Game]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fromkin |first=David |date=1980 |title=The Great Game in Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=936–951 |doi=10.2307/20040512 |jstor=20040512 |issn=0015-7120 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412053528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512 |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] were granted self-governing [[dominion]] status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosch, William L. |title=World War I: People, Politics, and Power |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-61530-048-8 |series=America at War |location=New York |page=21}}</ref> At the turn of the century, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the [[German Empire]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zarembka |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1 |title=Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid |date=2013 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=978-1-78190-670-5 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Edwardian era]] saw [[Liberal welfare reforms|social reform]] and [[Irish Home Rule movement|home rule for Ireland]] become important domestic issues, while the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] emerged from an alliance of [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade unions]] and small socialist groups in 1900, and [[suffragettes]] campaigned for women's right to vote.<ref>Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref> === World wars and partition of Ireland === {{Main|History of the United Kingdom during the First World War|Partition of Ireland|Interwar Britain|United Kingdom home front during the Second World War|Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II}} [[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Wreaths being laid during the [[Remembrance Sunday]] service at the [[The Cenotaph|Cenotaph]] in Whitehall, London]] Britain was one of the principal [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] that defeated the [[Central Powers]] in the [[First World War]] (1914–1918). Alongside their French, Russian and (after 1917) American counterparts,<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove" /> The high fatalities of [[trench warfare]] caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order. Britain had suffered 2.5&nbsp;million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt.<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7231-5}}.</ref> The consequences of the war persuaded the government to expand the right to vote in national and local elections to all adult men and most adult women with the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove" /> After the war, Britain became a permanent member of the Executive Council of the [[League of Nations]] and received a [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] over a number of former German and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] colonies. Under the leadership of [[David Lloyd George]], the British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population.<ref>Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> By the mid-1920s, most of the British population could listen to [[BBC]] radio programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=Ofcom |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031332/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |last=Linfoot |first=Matthew |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920232207/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Experimental television broadcasts [[History of television#United Kingdom|began in 1929]] and the [[First day of BBC television|first scheduled BBC Television Service]] commenced in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the BBC: 1920s |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926064808/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s |url-status=live }}</ref> The rise of [[Irish nationalism]], and disputes within Ireland over the terms of [[Irish Home Rule]], led eventually to the [[Partition of Ireland|partition of the island]] in 1921.<ref>[[SR&O 1921]]/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> [[The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)|A period of conflict in what is now Northern Ireland]] occurred from June 1920 until June 1922. The [[Irish Free State]] became independent, initially with [[Dominion]] status in 1922, and [[Statute of Westminster 1931#Irish Free State|unambiguously independent in 1931]]. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921 |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |access-date=15 May 2006 |website=CAIN Web Service |archive-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1928 Equal Franchise Act]] gave women electoral equality with men in national elections. Strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the [[General Strike of 1926]]. Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the First World War when the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] (1929–1932) led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas, as well as political and social unrest with rising membership in communist and socialist parties. A [[National Government (1931)|coalition government]] was formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-0-415-03719-8}}.</ref> [[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|left|[[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] and [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during the [[Second World War]]]] Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system."<ref name="Edgerton2012">{{Cite book|last=Edgerton|first=David|date=2012|title=Britain's War Machine|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html|access-date=10 May 2020|publisher=Penguin|language=en|postscript=none|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428080558/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html|url-status=live}}; {{Cite web |title=Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War |url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Reviews in History |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173058/https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114 |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Poland in 1939, Britain entered the [[Second World War]]. [[Winston Churchill]] became prime minister and head of a [[Churchill war ministry|coalition government]] in 1940. Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year, Britain and its Empire continued the war against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort.<ref name="Edgerton2012" /> In 1940, the [[Royal Air Force]] defeated the German [[Luftwaffe]] in the [[Battle of Britain]]. Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during [[the Blitz]]. The [[Grand Alliance (World War II)|Grand Alliance]] of Britain, the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] formed in 1941, leading the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] against the [[Axis powers]]. There were eventual hard-fought victories in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], the [[North Africa campaign]] and the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]. British forces played important roles in the [[Normandy landings]] of 1944 and the [[liberation of Europe]]. The British Army led the [[Burma campaign]] against Japan, and the [[British Pacific Fleet]] fought Japan at sea. British scientists [[British contribution to the Manhattan Project|contributed to the Manhattan Project]] whose task was to build an atomic weapon.<ref>{{cite book |author=Septimus H. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1 |title=Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952 |publisher=Ohio State U.P. |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8142-0852-6 |pages=1–5}}</ref> Once built, it was decided, with British consent, to use the weapon against Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington, July 4, 1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918063918/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=22 November 2017 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> === Post-war 20th century === {{Main|Post-war Britain (1945–1979)|Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)}} [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921]] The UK was one of the [[Big Three (World War II)|Big Three]] powers (along with the US and the Soviet Union) who met to plan the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war world]];<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9416-7 |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Brian |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives |publisher=Indiana University of Pennsylvania |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |url-status=live }}</ref> it drafted the [[Declaration by United Nations]] with the United States and became one of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. It worked closely with the United States to establish the [[IMF]], [[World Bank]] and [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2010 |title=The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR |url=http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125021103/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=Roosevelt Institute |quote=and the joint efforts of both powers to create a new post-war strategic and economic order through the drafting of the Atlantic Charter; the establishment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; and the creation of the United Nations. }}; {{Cite press release |title=Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference |date=22 April 2016 |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press |quote=That's what we built after World War II. The United States and the UK designed a set of institutions – whether it was the United Nations, or the Bretton Woods structure, IMF, World Bank, NATO, across the board. |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608110653/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press |url-status=live }}</ref> The war left the UK severely weakened and financially dependent on the [[Marshall Plan]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2006 |title=Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820022220/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but it was spared the total war that devastated eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=David |date=17 April 2011 |title=Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130213/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review |url-status=live }}</ref> In the immediate post-war years, the [[Labour Government 1945–1951|Labour government]] under [[Clement Attlee]] initiated a radical programme of reforms, which significantly impacted British society [[Post-war consensus|in the following decades]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=Martin |title=Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7190-4833-3 |pages=225–233}}</ref> Major industries and public utilities were [[Nationalization|nationalised]], a [[welfare state]] was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the [[National Health Service]], was created.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Stephen J. |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees |title=Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995 |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-13103-2 |location=London; New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees/page/n183 173]–199 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain's much-diminished economic position after [[History of the United Kingdom during the First World War|its involvement in the First World War]] and [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|the Second World War]], so that a policy of [[decolonisation]] was unavoidable.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith |author-link=Judith M. Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924679-3 |ref=refOHBEv4 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}} p. 319</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite book |last=Louis |first=Wm. Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |ref=refLouis2006 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |archive-date=22 February 2017 |url-status=live}} p. 337</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book |last=Abernethy |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-09314-8 |ref=refAbernethy2000 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |archive-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=live}} p. 146</ref> Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larres |first=Klaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118 |title=A companion to Europe since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4051-0612-2 |location=Chichester |page=118 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, and many became members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Country List |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506071236/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist |archive-date=6 May 2013 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref> [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Concorde]] was a [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] airliner that reduced transatlantic flight time from 8 hours to 3.5 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage/celebrating-concorde|access-date=30 March 2023|title=Celebrating Concorde|archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317103939/https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage/celebrating-concorde}}</ref>]] [[File:HMS Invincible Returns From Falklands War.jpg|thumb|left|HMS Invincible returns after defeating Argentine forces in the [[Falklands War]] in 1982.]] The UK was the third country to develop [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|a nuclear weapons arsenal]] (with its first atomic bomb test, [[Operation Hurricane]], in 1952), but the post-war limits of Britain's international role were illustrated by the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956. The [[English-speaking world|international spread of the English language]], the world's [[List of languages by total number of speakers|most widely spoken language]] and [[List of languages by number of native speakers|third-most spoken native language]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> ensured the continuing international influence of [[British literature|its literature]] and [[Culture of the United Kingdom|culture]].<ref name="culture" /><ref name="sheridan" /> As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s, the government encouraged immigration from [[Commonwealth countries]]. In the following decades, the UK became a more multi-ethnic society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julios |first=Christina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84 |title=Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7158-9 |series=Studies in migration and diaspora |location=Aldershot |page=84 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, [[West Germany]] and Japan. The UK was the first democratic nation to [[Representation of the People Act 1969|lower its voting age to 18]] in 1969.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Loughran |first1=Thomas |last2=Mycock |first2=Andrew |last3=Tonge |first3=Jonathan |date=3 April 2021 |title=A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=284–313 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |issn=1361-9462 |s2cid=233956982 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604093606/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the decades-long process of [[European integration]], the UK was a founding member of the [[Western European Union]], established with the [[London and Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the [[European Communities]] (EC). In a [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|1975 referendum]] 67% voted to stay in it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm |access-date=8 March 2015 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620044520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the EC became the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states. From the late 1960s, Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence (sometimes affecting other parts of the UK) conventionally known as [[the Troubles]]. It is usually considered to have ended with the 1998 [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aughey |first=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/n15 7] |url-access=limited}}; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |publisher=Henry Holt |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221]}}; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-065-2}}.</ref> Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of the 1980s led by [[Margaret Thatcher]] initiated a radical policy of [[monetarism]], deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the [[Big Bang (financial markets)|Big Bang]] in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dorey |first=Peter |title=British politics since 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishpoliticss0000dore |publisher=Blackwell |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-631-19075-2 |series=Making contemporary Britain |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/britishpoliticss0000dore/page/164 164]–223}}</ref> In 1982, [[Argentina]] invaded the British territories of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Falkland Islands]], leading to the 10-week [[Falklands War]] in which Argentine forces were defeated. The inhabitants of the islands are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty, expressed in a [[2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum|2013 referendum]]. From 1984, the UK economy was helped by the inflow of substantial [[North Sea oil]] revenues.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Griffiths, Alan |url=http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |title=Applied Economics |last2=Wall, Stuart |publisher=Financial Times Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-273-70822-3 |edition=11th |location=Harlow |page=6 |access-date=26 December 2010 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823124048/http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another British overseas territory, [[Gibraltar]], ceded to Great Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht,<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain}}</ref> is [[Port of Gibraltar|a key military base]]. A [[2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum|referendum in 2002]] on shared sovereignty with Spain was rejected by 98.97% of voters in the territory. Around the end of the 20th century, there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of [[devolution|devolved]] administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publius_winter-1998_28_1/page/217 |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> The [[Human Rights Act 1998|statutory incorporation]] followed acceptance of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The UK remained a [[List of modern great powers#United Kingdom|great power]] with global diplomatic and military influence and a leading role in the United Nations and [[NATO]].<ref name="David M. McCourt">{{Cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-472-07221-7 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141741/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics |url-status=live }}</ref> === 21st century === {{Main|Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)|Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)}} [[File:Brexit Campaigners out side Parliament November 2016.jpg|thumb|right|Pro-[[Brexit]] campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016, after the [[Brexit referendum]]]] The UK broadly supported the United States' approach to the "[[war on terror]]" in the early 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |date=5 July 2016 |title=The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704200931/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html |url-status=live }}</ref> British troops fought in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], but controversy surrounded Britain's [[Iraq War|military deployment in Iraq]], which saw the [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|largest protest in British history]] in opposition to the government led by [[Tony Blair]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=11 February 2023 |title='A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world? |work=The Observer |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052000/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Great Recession]] severely affected the UK economy.<ref name="Latest UK GDP data">{{cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices) |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929150429/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Cameron–Clegg coalition]] government of 2010 introduced [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity measures]] intended to tackle the substantial public deficits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2022 |title=What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224 |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728105646/https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224 |url-status=live }}</ref> Studies have suggested that policy led to significant social disruption and suffering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Patrick |date=4 October 2022 |title=Over 330,000 excess deaths in Great Britain linked to austerity, finds study |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/oct/05/over-330000-excess-deaths-in-great-britain-linked-to-austerity-finds-study |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728105650/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/oct/05/over-330000-excess-deaths-in-great-britain-linked-to-austerity-finds-study |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mueller |first=Benjamin |date=25 February 2019 |title=What Is Austerity and How Has It Affected British Society? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/europe/britain-austerity-may-budget.html |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170233/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/europe/britain-austerity-may-budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A referendum on [[Scottish independence]] in 2014 resulted in the Scottish electorate [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|voting by 55.3 to 44.7%]] to remain part of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish independence referendum – Results |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=BBC News |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918212409/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, 51.9% of voters in the United Kingdom [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|voted to leave the European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2016 |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |access-date=24 June 2016 |first1=Griff |last1=Witte |first2=Karla |last2=Adam |first3=Dan |last3=Balz |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130215030/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Brexit|UK left the EU]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2021 |title=Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781 |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114212309/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 May 2021, the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]] came into force.<ref name="commission.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325155905/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]] had a severe [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|impact on the UK's economy]], caused major [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom|disruptions to education]] and had [[Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|far-reaching impacts on society and politics]] in 2020 and 2021.<ref name="GOVUK">{{cite web |url=https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK |website=[[gov.uk]] |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200414184317/https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020|access-date=2 August 2020|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802031859/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Andrew|date=10 June 2020|title=Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818031423/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to use an approved [[COVID-19 vaccine]], developing [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|its own vaccine]] through a collaboration between [[Oxford University]] and [[AstraZeneca]], which allowed the UK's vaccine rollout to be among the fastest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225194320/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/|archive-date=25 February 2023|website=NHS|date=8 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225194442/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved |archive-date=25 February 2023|website=UK Government}}</ref> == Geography == {{Main|Geography of the United Kingdom|Fauna of Great Britain|Flora of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])]] The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately {{Convert|244376|km2|sqmi|order=flip}},{{efn|name=ONSArea}}<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> with a land area of {{convert|242741|km2|sqmi|order=flip}}.<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> The country occupies the major part of the [[British Isles]]<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and [[List of islands of the United Kingdom|some smaller surrounding islands]], meaning it comprises [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |title=A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023) |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within {{Convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the [[English Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |access-date=23 September 2008 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Greenwich Observatory]] in London was chosen as the defining point of the [[Prime Meridian]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2012 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich }}</ref> at the [[International Meridian Conference]] in 1884.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2015 |title=Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323081414/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Kingdom lies between latitudes [[49th parallel north|49°]] and [[61st parallel north|61° N]], and longitudes [[9th meridian west|9° W]] and [[2nd meridian east|2° E]]. Northern Ireland shares a {{Convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.<ref name="factbook" /> The coastline of Great Britain is {{Convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} long,<ref name="UK coastline">{{Cite web |last=Darkes |first=Giles |date=January 2008 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]]}}</ref> though measurements can vary greatly due to the [[coastline paradox]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiner |first=Sophie |date=3 March 2018 |title=Why it's Impossible to Accurately Measure a Coastline |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/ |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629025825/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is connected to continental Europe by the [[Channel Tunnel]], which at {{Convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{Convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Channel Tunnel |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archive-date=18 December 2010 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Eurotunnel}}</ref> The UK contains four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Celtic broadleaf forests]], [[English Lowlands beech forests]], [[North Atlantic moist mixed forests]], and [[Caledonian Forest|Caledonian conifer forests]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |display-authors=1 |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |issn=0006-3568 |pmc=5451287 |pmid=28608869 |doi-access=free |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad}}</ref> The area of woodland in the UK in 2023 is estimated to be 3.25&nbsp;million hectares, which represents 13% of the total land area in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/|title=Woodland Statistics, Key findings|access-date=8 July 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802030149/https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Climate === {{Main|Climate of the United Kingdom|}} {{see|Climate of England|Climate of Scotland|Climate of Northern Ireland|Climate of Wales}} [[File:Puffin (Fratercula arctica) with lesser sand eels (Ammodytes tobianus).jpg|thumb|left|An endangered [[Atlantic Puffin]] with its distinctive orange-striped beak feeding on the British coastline<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/puffin|title=Puffin Bird Facts|website=RSPB|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>]] Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round.<ref name="factbook" /> The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below {{Convert|0|C|lk=on}} or rising above {{Convert|30|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hottest day of each year from 1900 |url=https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html |website=trevorharley.com |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616173152/https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Coldest day of each year from 1900 |url=https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html |website=trevorharley.com |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709173537/https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a [[subpolar oceanic climate]]. Higher elevations in Scotland experience a [[Subarctic climate|continental subarctic climate]] and the mountains experience a [[tundra climate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version) |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202702/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |url-status=live }}</ref> The prevailing wind is from the southwest and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook" /> although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind. Since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions, the eastern parts are the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters, especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the southeast of England and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1,339.7 hours, which is just under 30% of the maximum possible.<ref name="ukaverages">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html |title=UK 1971–2000 averages |access-date=4 August 2007 |publisher=Met Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705140124/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 }}</ref> The hours of sunshine vary from 1,200 to about 1,580 hours per year, and since 1996 the UK has been and still is receiving above the 1,981 to 2,010 average hours of sunshine.<ref name="met off climate series">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series|title=UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series|website=Met Office|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017203556/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== {{Main articles|Climate change in the United Kingdom|Climate change in Scotland}} Climate change has a serious impact on the country. A third of food price rise in 2023 is attributed to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smeeton |first1=George |title=Families hit by £605 food bill as extreme weather and energy crisis bites |url=https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites |website=Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit |date=28 November 2023 |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716124143/https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 EPI Results |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/epi |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Environmental Performance Index |date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610151325/https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/epi |url-status=live }}</ref> A law has been passed that [[Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom|UK greenhouse gas emissions]] will be [[net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK net zero target |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050. |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Institute for Government| date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240320042051/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/uk-net-zero-target |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update after|2050|01|01|category|reason=Hello from 2024! By the time you're reading this, that law will be a little older than 30 years old. Could you check if the UK ever ended up hitting that net zero GHG target?}} === Topography === [[File:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|right|The United Kingdom's topography]] [[Geography of England|England]] accounts for 53% of the UK, covering {{Convert|130395|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2010 |title=England&nbsp;– Profile |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |access-date=9 October 2010 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415064122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the country consists of lowland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia">{{Cite web |last=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |title=United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |access-date=26 October 2010 |website=Atlapedia.com |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191308/http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> with upland and mountainous terrain northwest of the [[Tees–Exe line]] which roughly divides the UK into lowland and upland areas. Lowland areas include [[Cornwall]], the [[New Forest]], the [[South Downs]] and the [[The Broads|Norfolk Broads]]. Upland areas include the [[Lake District]], the [[Pennines]], the [[Yorkshire Dales]], [[Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers and estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]], and the [[Humber]]. England's highest mountain is [[Scafell Pike]], at {{Convert|978|m|ft|0}} in the Lake District; its largest island is the [[Isle of Wight]]. [[Geography of Scotland|Scotland]] accounts for 32% of the UK, covering {{Convert|78772|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland Facts |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 |access-date=16 July 2008 |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway}}</ref> This includes nearly 800 [[List of islands of Scotland|islands]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winter |first=Jon |date=1 June 2000 |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |access-date=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164423/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |url-status=live }}</ref> notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney]] Islands and [[Shetland]] Islands. Scotland is the most mountainous constituent country of the UK, the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] to the north and west are the more rugged region containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including the [[Cairngorms]], [[Loch Lomond and The Trossachs]] and [[Ben Nevis]] which at {{Convert|1345|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Ordnance Survey |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000504/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is the highest point in the British Isles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ben Nevis Weather |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510193022/http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather}}</ref><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Geography of Wales|Wales]] accounts for less than 9% of the UK, covering {{Convert|20779|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2010 |title=Profile: Wales |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826085704/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Wales is mostly mountainous, though [[South Wales]] is less mountainous than [[North Wales|North]] and [[mid Wales]]. The highest mountains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] and include [[Snowdon]] ({{Langx|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) which, at {{Convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the highest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia" /> Wales has over {{Convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off}} of coastline including the [[Pembrokeshire Coast]].<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn''). [[Geography of Ireland|Northern Ireland]], separated from Great Britain by the [[Irish Sea]] and [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]], has an area of {{Convert|14160|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}} and is mostly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] which, at {{Convert|388|km2|sqmi|order=flip|0}}, is the largest lake in the British Isles by area,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |access-date=22 May 2006 |publisher=University of Ulster |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lough Erne]] which has over 150 islands and the [[Giant's Causeway]] which is a World Heritage Site. The highest peak in Northern Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Mountains]] at {{Convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia" /> == Politics == {{Main|Politics of the United Kingdom|Government of the United Kingdom|Monarchy of the United Kingdom}}{{Further|Constitution of the United Kingdom}}{{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = King Charles III (July 2023).jpg | alt1 = King Charles III | caption1 = [[Charles III]], <Br/> [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|king]] since 2022 | image2 = Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg | alt2 = Keir Starmer | caption2 = [[Keir Starmer]], <br/> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] since 2024 }} [[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Large sand-coloured building of Gothic design beside brown river. The building has several large towers, including large clock tower.|The [[Palace of Westminster]] in London is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.]] The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] and a [[parliamentary democracy]]<ref name=":5">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx|date=4 June 2019}}. Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/|date=9 January 2021}} CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> operating under the [[Westminster system]], otherwise known as a "democratic parliamentary monarchy".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |last2=Linz |first2=Juan J. |last3=Minoves |first3=Juli F. |date=2014 |title=Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0032 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=154555066}}</ref> It is a [[Centralized government|centralised]], [[unitary state]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewer |first=Andrew |date=5 May 2021 |title=The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703131907/https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy |url=https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Centre for Cities |language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141833/https://www.centreforcities.org/publication/centralisation-nation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> wherein the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|sovereign]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Sovereignty |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]] |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811195135/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Parliament is made up of the elected [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], the appointed [[House of Lords]] and [[the Crown]] (as personified by [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|the monarch]]).{{Efn|British [[sovereignty]] derives from the Crown, a [[corporation sole]] occupied by the monarch. It is therefore by and through the monarch that Parliament exercises supreme legislative authority over both the executive and judiciary. Distinguished Professor of [[Public Law]] Maurice Sunkin opined the Crown symbolically occupies "…what in other places would be a core element of a written constitution."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins|title=Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins|author=Polly Botsford|publisher=International Bar Association|publication-date=22 September 2022|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506211218/https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of this state of constitutional affairs, the monarch is formally referred to as "[[Sovereign|the Sovereign]]" in legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10|title=Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730073659/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]]}}</ref> The main business of parliament takes place in the two houses,<ref name=":1" /> but [[royal assent]] is required for a bill to become [[Act of Parliament (UK)|an act of parliament]] (that is, [[statute law]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Assent |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]] |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716022947/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of parliamentary sovereignty, the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|British constitution]] is [[Uncodified constitution|uncodified]], consisting mostly of disparate written sources, including parliamentary [[statute]]s, judge-made [[case law]] and international treaties, together with [[British Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter, Sarah |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |url=http://www.llrtwitter.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505115306/http://www.llrtwitter.com/features/uk2.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2006 |publisher=[[University of Kent]] at Canterbury}}</ref> Nevertheless, the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] recognises a number of principles underlying the British constitution, such as [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|parliamentary sovereignty]], the [[rule of law]], [[democracy]], and upholding [[Internationalism (politics)|international law]].<ref>See ''[[R (Miller) v Prime Minister]]'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''[[R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor]]'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104095357/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html|date=4 January 2023}}, [67] ff (rule of law), ''[[R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport]]'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''[[R v Lyons]]'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122064021/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html|date=22 January 2023}}, [27] (international law).</ref> [[Charles III|King Charles III]] is the monarch and [[head of state]] of the UK and of 14 other independent countries. These 15 countries are referred to as "[[Commonwealth realm]]s". The monarch is formally vested with all executive authority as the personal embodiment of the Crown and is "fundamental to the law and working of government in the UK".<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united |title=The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom |author=Robert Blackburn |journal=Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart |series=Neue Folge |year=2022 |volume=70 |pages=181–201 |editor=O. Lepsius |editor2=A. Nußberger |editor3=C. Schönberger |editor4=C. Waldhoff |editor5=C. Walter |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |doi=10.1628/joer-2022-0009 |s2cid=257830288 |publication-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619174428/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united |url-status=live }}</ref> The disposition of such powers however, including those belonging to the [[Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom|royal prerogative]], is generally exercised only on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of [[ministers of the Crown]] responsible to Parliament and thence to the electorate. Nevertheless, in the performance of official duties, the monarch has "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> In addition, the monarch has a number of [[Reserve power#United Kingdom|reserve powers]] at his disposal to uphold [[responsible government]] and prevent [[constitutional crisis|constitutional crises]].{{Efn|For instance, the monarch alone appoints the prime minister and confers [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|state honours]] in the personal gift of the Crown. When necessary, the monarch may also refuse a [[dissolution of Parliament|dissolution]] or [[Prorogation in the United Kingdom|prorogation of Parliament]], withhold [[royal assent]] to [[Act of Parliament (UK)|primary legislation]], and prevent illegal use of the [[British Armed Forces]], among other reserve powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf|title=The Crown and the Constitution|author=David Torrance|publisher=House of Commons Library|publication-date=11 January 2023|access-date=19 June 2023|pages=22|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302033737/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}} For [[General elections in the United Kingdom|general elections]] (elections to the House of Commons), the UK is divided into 650 [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]], each of which is represented by one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of Parliament]] (MP) elected by the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=General elections |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]]}}</ref> MPs hold office for up to five years and must then stand for re-election if they wish to continue to be an MP.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], colloquially known as the Tory Party or the Tories, and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] have been the dominant political parties in the UK since the 1920s, leading to the UK being described as a [[two-party system]]. However, since the 1920s other [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political parties]] have won seats in the House of Commons, although never more than the Conservatives or Labour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond |first=C |date=2016 |title=Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf |website=Queen's University Belfast |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172832/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|The prime minister]] is the [[head of government]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=9 March 2015 |website=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]]}}</ref> Acting under the direction and supervision of a [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] of senior ministers selected and led by the prime minister, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] serves as the principal instrument for public policymaking, administers public services and, through the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]], promulgates [[statutory instrument (UK)|statutory instruments]] and tenders advice to the monarch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet|title=Cabinet|author=Tim Durrant|date=25 March 2020|publisher=Institute for Government|publication-date=25 March 2020|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/|title=Parliament and Government|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C|title=The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative|author=Vernon Bogdanor|year=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-829334-7 |publication-date=1995|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Nearly all prime ministers have served concurrently as [[First Lord of the Treasury]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blick |first1=Andrew |last2=Jones |first2=George |date=1 January 2012 |title=The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government |url=https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721060401/https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and all prime ministers have continuously served as First Lord of the Treasury since 1905,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jack |title=The Prime Ministers |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5293-1214-0 |editor-last=Dale |editor-first=Iain |page=303}}</ref> [[Minister for the Civil Service]] since 1968,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister for the Civil Service |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902233116/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Minister for the Union]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woodcock |first=Andrew |date=26 July 2021 |title=Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union' |work=[[The Independent|Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727080405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Minister for the Union |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719053618/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union |url-status=live }}</ref> While appointed by the monarch, in modern times the prime minister is, by [[Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom|convention]], an MP, the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons, and holds office by virtue of their ability to [[Confidence motions in the United Kingdom|command the confidence]] of the House of Commons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=The Cabinet Manual |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |page=7 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=The Cabinet Manual |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |page=21 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Philip |title=Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-4545-1 |page=130}}</ref> The Prime Minister as of July 2024 is [[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]], leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. Although not part of the United Kingdom, the three [[Crown Dependencies]] of [[Jersey]], [[Guernsey]] and [[Isle of Man]] and 14 [[British Overseas Territories]] across the globe are subject to the sovereignty of the British Crown. The Crown exercises its responsibilities in relation to the Crown Dependencies mainly through the British government's [[Home Office]] and for the British Overseas Territories principally through the [[Foreign Office]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Palan|first= Rolen|editor-last1= Palan|editor-first1= Rolen|editor-last2= Halperin|editor-first2= Sandra|chapter= The second British Empire and the re-emergence of global finance|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48|title= Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order|year= 2015|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-107-10946-9|page= 48|access-date= 13 April 2024|archive-date= 2 October 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241002212946/https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q=%22British%20overseas%20territories%22%20%22crown%20dependencies%22%20UK%20%22British%20crown%22&f=false|url-status= live}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Countries of the United Kingdom|Administrative geography of the United Kingdom|List of counties in the United Kingdom}} [[File:United Kingdom labelled map7 vector.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|The four countries of the United Kingdom]] The geographical division of the United Kingdom into [[Counties of the United Kingdom|counties]] or shires began in England and Scotland in the early Middle Ages, and was completed throughout Great Britain and Ireland by the early Modern Period.<ref>Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> Modern local government by elected councils, partly based on the ancient counties, was established by separate Acts of Parliament: in England and Wales [[Local Government Act 1888|in 1888]], Scotland [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889|in 1889]] and Ireland [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898|in 1898]], meaning there is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the UK,<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |author-link=United Nations Economic and Social Council |date=August 2007 |title=Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211213055/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2009 |access-date=21 October 2008 |publisher=UN Statistics Division}}</ref> and [[English law|England and Wales]], [[Scots law|Scotland]], and [[Law of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] each have their own distinct jurisdictions.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last1=Dewart |first1=Megan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |title=The Scottish Legal System |date=2019 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-5265-0633-7 |location=London |page=57 |quote=The laws and legal institutions of Scotland and of England and Wales were not merged by the Union of 1707. Thus, they remain separate 'law areas', with separate court systems (as does Northern Ireland), and it is necessary to distinguish Scots law and English law (and Northern Irish law). |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |url-status=live}}; {{Cite web |title=The justice system and the constitution |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521180341/https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/ |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary |quote=The United Kingdom has three separate legal systems; one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins and the fact that both Scotland and Ireland, and later Northern Ireland, retained their own legal systems and traditions under the Acts of Union 1707 and 1800.}}</ref> Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barlow |first=I.M. |title=Metropolitan Government |url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-415-02099-2 |location=London}}</ref> [[Local government in England]] is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. The upper-tier [[subdivisions of England]] are the nine [[Regions of England|regions]], used primarily for statistical purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606073647/http://www.gos.gov.uk/national |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Government Offices}}</ref> One of the regions, [[Greater London Authority|Greater London]], has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a [[1998 Greater London Authority referendum|1998 referendum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A short history of London government |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=4 October 2008 |publisher=Greater London Authority}}</ref> [[Local government in Scotland]] is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]] with a wide variation in size and population. The cities of [[Glasgow]], Edinburgh, [[Aberdeen]] and [[Dundee]] are separate council areas, as is the [[Politics of the Highland council area|Highland Council]], which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000&nbsp;people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007 |url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222124635/http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=2 August 2008 |publisher=Political Studies Association}}</ref> [[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are unitary authorities in their own right.<ref name="unitary">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Unitary authorities |url=http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310210146/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Welsh Government}}</ref> Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.<ref name="unitary" /> [[Local government in Northern Ireland]] since 1973, has been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as waste collection, dog control, and maintaining parks and cemeteries.<ref name="Devenport">{{Cite news |last=Devenport |first=Mark |date=18 November 2005 |title=NI local government set for shake-up |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |access-date=15 November 2008 |archive-date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212221731/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils to replace the existing system.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Foster announces the future shape of local government |date=13 March 2008 |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |access-date=20 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> ===Devolution=== {{Main|Devolution in the United Kingdom}} [[File:Council of Nations and Regions (54059219744).jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister Starmer meets with the first ministers of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales during the [[Council of Nations and Regions]] summit.]] In the United Kingdom a process of devolution has transferred various powers from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] to three of the four UK countries - Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, as well as to the regions of England, which since 1999 have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |archive-date=18 July 2013 |access-date=17 April 2013 |publisher=United Kingdom Government |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...}}; {{Cite web |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-date=4 April 2010 |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre}}</ref> These powers vary and have been moved to the [[Scottish Government]], the [[Welsh Government]], the [[Northern Ireland Executive]] and in England, the [[Greater London Authority]], [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|Combined Authorities]] and [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|Combined County Authorities]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le Sueur |first1=Andrew |last2=Sunkin |first2=Maurice |last3=Murkens |first3=Jo Eric Khushal |title=Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials |year=2023 |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-19-287061-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3 |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002213048/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q=Le%20sueur%20Public%20Law%C2%A0fifth%20edition&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has an [[uncodified constitution]] and constitutional matters are not among the powers that have been devolved. Under the doctrine of [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|parliamentary sovereignty]], the UK Parliament could, in theory, therefore, abolish the Scottish Parliament, Senedd or Northern Ireland Assembly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrows |first=N. |year=1999 |title=Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998 |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 [p. 249] |doi=10.1111/1468-2230.00203 |quote=The UK Parliament is sovereign and the Scottish Parliament is subordinate. The White Paper had indicated that this was to be the approach taken in the legislation. The Scottish Parliament is not to be seen as a reflection of the settled will of the people of Scotland or of popular sovereignty but as a reflection of its subordination to a higher legal authority. Following the logic of this argument, the power of the Scottish Parliament to legislate can be withdrawn or overridden...}}; {{Cite journal |last=Elliot |first=M. |year=2004 |title=United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=545–627, 553–554 |doi=10.1093/icon/2.3.545 |quote=Notwithstanding substantial differences among the schemes, an important common factor is that the UK Parliament has not renounced legislative sovereignty in relation to the three nations concerned. For example, the Scottish Parliament is empowered to enact primary legislation on all matters, save those in relation to which competence is explicitly denied&nbsp;... but this power to legislate on what may be termed "devolved matters" is concurrent with the Westminster Parliament's general power to legislate for Scotland on any matter at all, including devolved matters&nbsp;... In theory, therefore, Westminster may legislate on Scottish devolved matters whenever it chooses... |doi-access=free}}</ref> Though in the [[Scotland Act 2016]] and the [[Wales Act 2017]] it states that the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government "are a permanent part of the United Kingdom's constitutional arrangements".<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland Act 2016 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements. |website=Gov.uk |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628211304/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wales Act 2017 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted |access-date=13 July 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002212916/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted |url-status=live }}</ref> In practice, it would be politically difficult for the UK Parliament to abolish devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Senedd, because these institutions were created by referenda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamble |first=A. |year=2006 |title=The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom |journal=Publius |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 [p. 29] |doi=10.1093/publius/pjj011 |quote=The British parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly by a simple majority vote in both houses, but since both were sanctioned by referenda, it would be politically difficult to abolish them without the sanction of a further vote by the people. In this way, several of the constitutional measures introduced by the Blair government appear to be entrenched and not subject to a simple exercise of parliamentary sovereignty at Westminster.}}</ref> The political constraints placed upon the UK Parliament's power to interfere with devolution in Northern Ireland are greater still, because devolution in Northern Ireland rests upon an international agreement with the [[Government of Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meehan |first=E. |year=1999 |title=The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme |journal=Parliamentary Affairs |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=19–31 [p. 23] |doi=10.1093/pa/52.1.19 |quote=[T]he distinctive involvement of two governments in the Northern Irish problem means that Northern Ireland's new arrangements rest upon an intergovernmental agreement. If this can be equated with a treaty, it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states...Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster's 'powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland' remains 'unaffected', without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters, it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated. The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement.|doi-access=free }}</ref> The UK Parliament restricts the three devolved parliaments' legislative powers in economic policy matters through an act passed in 2020.<ref name=UKIM /> ==== England ==== Unlike Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, England does not have a separate devolved government or national parliament,<ref>{{cite web |title=English devolution |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000. |publisher=Institute for Government |access-date=30 August 2024 |date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830150949/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000. |url-status=live }}</ref> rather a process of devolution of powers from the central government to local authorities has taken place, first in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title= Devolution explained |url= https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained |publisher= Local Government Association |access-date= 30 August 2024 |archive-date= 30 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240830152450/https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Greater London Authority]] (GLA) was set up following a [[1998 Greater London Authority referendum|referendum in 1998]]. Colloquially known as City Hall, it is the devolved regional government body for Greater London. It consists of two political branches: an [[Mayor of London|Executive Mayor]] and the [[London Assembly]], which serves as a check and balance on the Mayor. A [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|Combined Authority]] (CA) is a type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the [[Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009]]. CAs allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain devolved functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 March 2023 |title= English devolution |url= https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution |access-date= 4 February 2024 |publisher= Institute for Government |archive-date= 2 October 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241002212917/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution |url-status= live }}</ref> A [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|Combined County Authority]] (CCA) is a similar type of local-government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the [[Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023]], but may only be formed by upper-tier authorities: [[county council]]s and [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities |url=https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Local Government Lawyer |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204170903/https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Scotland ==== [[File:First Minister meets Prime Minister (53840421342).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets with [[First Minister of Scotland]] [[John Swinney]], the head of the [[Scottish Government]], at [[Bute House]], Edinburgh.]] Since 1999, Scotland has had a devolved national government and parliament with wide-ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically [[Reserved and excepted matters|reserved]] to the UK Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Devolved and Reserved Powers |url=https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers |website=parliament.scot |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920053732/https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1999 |title=Scotland's Parliament&nbsp;– powers and structures |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218234816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Their power over economic issues is significantly constrained by an [[United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020|act of the UK parliament]] passed in 2020.{{refn|name=UKIM|<ref name="Keating21">{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=2 February 2021 |title=Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom |journal=[[Journal of European Public Policy]] |location=Abingdon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=6–7 |doi=10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156 |quote=The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere. |hdl-access=free |hdl=1814/70296 |s2cid=234066376}}</ref><ref name="KenMcEw21">{{Cite journal |last1=Kenny |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Kenny (political scientist) |last2=McEwen |first2=Nicola |author-link2=Nicola McEwen |date=1 March 2021 |title=Intergovernmental Relations and the Crisis of the Union |journal=Political Insight |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1177/20419058211000996 |quote=That phase of joint working was significantly damaged by the UK Internal Market Act, pushed through by the Johnson government in December 2020...the Act diminishes the authority of the devolved institutions, and was vehemently opposed by them. |doi-access=free |s2cid=232050477}}</ref><ref name="WolffeDevol">{{Cite journal |last=Wolffe |first=W James |author-link=James Wolffe |date=7 April 2021 |title=Devolution and the Statute Book |url=https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886 |journal=[[Statute Law Review]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/slr/hmab003 |access-date=18 April 2021 |quote=the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent. |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145355/https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wincott21">{{Cite journal |last1=Wincott |first1=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Wincott |last2=Murray |first2=C. R. G. |last3=Davies |first3=Gregory |date=17 May 2021 |title=The Anglo-British imaginary and the rebuilding of the UK's territorial constitution after Brexit: unitary state or union state? |journal=Territory, Politics, Governance |location=Abingdon/Brighton |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]; [[Regional Studies Association]] |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=696–713 |doi=10.1080/21622671.2021.1921613 |quote=Taken as a whole, the Internal Market Act imposes greater restrictions upon the competences of the devolved institutions than the provisions of the EU Single Market which it replaced, in spite of pledges to use common frameworks to address these issues. [[David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead|Lord Hope]], responsible for many of the leading judgments relating to the first two decades of devolution, regarded the legislation's terms as deliberately confrontational: 'this Parliament can do what it likes, but a different approach is essential if the union is to hold together'. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DouganMcEwen20">{{Cite report |url=https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union |title=UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union |last1=Dougan |first1=Michael |last2=Hayward |first2=Katy |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]; [[University of Aberdeen]] |pages=2–3 |last3=Hunt |first3=Jo |last4=McEwen |first4=Nicola |last5=McHarg |first5=Aileen |last6=Wincott |first6=Daniel |author-link=Michael Dougan |author-link2=Katy Hayward |access-date=16 October 2020 |author-link4=Nicola McEwen |author-link6=Daniel Wincott |department=Centre on Constitutional Change |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dougan20Brief">{{Cite report |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf |title=Briefing Paper. United Kingdom Internal Market Bill: Implications for Devolution |last=Dougan |first=Michael |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Liverpool]] |location=Liverpool |pages=4–5 |author-link=Michael Dougan |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161836/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DouHu22>{{cite journal|last1=Dougan|first1=Michael|last2=Hunt|first2=Jo|last3=McEwen|first3=Nicola|last4=McHarg|first4=Aileen|author-link1=Michael Dougan|author-link3=Nicola McEwen|title=Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020|journal=[[Law Quarterly Review]]|date=2022|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/|location=London|publisher=[[Sweet & Maxwell]]|ssrn=4018581|via=[[Durham University|Durham Research Online]]|access-date=4 March 2022|quote=The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...This was not the first time since the Brexit referendum that the Convention had been set aside, but it was especially notable given that the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.|issn=0023-933X|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802185022/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The [[Scottish Government]] is a [[Scottish National Party]] minority government,<ref>{{cite web |title=Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads |website=Institute for Government |access-date=26 April 2024 |language=en |date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426221203/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads |url-status=live }}</ref> led by [[First Minister of Scotland|First Minister]] [[John Swinney]], leader of the Scottish National Party. In 2014, the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|Scottish independence referendum]] was held, with 55.3% voting against independence from the United Kingdom and 44.7% voting in favour, resulting in Scotland staying within the United Kingdom. [[Local government in Scotland]] is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]] with a wide variation in size and population. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<ref name="auto1"/> The Scottish Parliament is separate from the Scottish Government. It is made up of 129 elected [[Members of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSPs). It is the law-making body of Scotland, and thus it scrutinises the work of the incumbent Scottish Government and considers any piece of proposed legislation through parliamentary debates, committees and parliamentary questions.<ref>{{cite web |title=What the Scottish Government does |url=https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/ |website=gov.scot |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708045359/https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Wales ==== Since 1999, Wales has had a devolved national government and legislature, known as the Senedd. Elections to the Senedd use the [[additional member system]]. It has more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 1999 |title=Structure and powers of the Assembly |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=7 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207162926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Senedd can legislate on any matter not specifically reserved to the UK Parliament by [[Acts of Senedd Cymru]]. The [[Welsh Government]] is [[Welsh Labour|Labour]], led by [[First Minister of Wales|First Minister]] [[Eluned Morgan]], who has been the First Minister since 2024. [[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. ==== Northern Ireland ==== The devolved form of government in Northern Ireland is based on the 1998 [[Good Friday Agreement]], which brought to an end a 30-year period of [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]]-[[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] communal conflict known as [[The Troubles]]. The Agreement was [[1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum|confirmed by referendum]] and implemented later that year. It established [[power sharing]] arrangements for a devolved government and legislature, referred to as the Executive and Assembly respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title= Good Friday Agreement: What is it?|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177|website= BBC News|date= 3 April 2023|access-date= 11 April 2024|archive-date= 15 May 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240515131233/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177|url-status= live}}</ref> Elections to the Assembly use the [[single transferable vote]] system. The Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2019 |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=GOV.UK |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307093336/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> The Executive is led by a [[diarchy]] representing [[Designated Unionist|unionist]] and [[Designated Nationalist|nationalist]] members of the Assembly.<ref name="northernireland1">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Your Executive |url=https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821135048/https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland]] are the joint heads of government of Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles? |work=BBC News |date=15 May 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736 | access-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202190001/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736 |archive-date=2 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code |date=28 September 2015 |url=https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code | access-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202191115/https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code |archive-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> [[Local government in Northern Ireland]] since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities.<ref name="Devenport" /> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of the United Kingdom}} [[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Ireland Taoiseach Simon Harris (53977741364).jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister Starmer with Irish [[Taoiseach]] [[Simon Harris]]]] The UK is a [[Big Five (United Nations)|permanent member of]] the [[United Nations Security Council]], a member of [[NATO]], [[AUKUS]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[G7 finance ministers]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Theresa |author-link=Theresa May |date=29 March 2017 |title=Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50 |website= |via=Gov.uk |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605184239/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has the [[British Council]] which is a British organisation in over 100 countries specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. The UK is said to have a "[[Special Relationship]]" with the United States and a close partnership with France – the "[[Entente cordiale]]" – and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaine |first=Jon |date=13 January 2009 |title=Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |publication-place=[[London]] |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704192159/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kirchner |first1=Emil Joseph |title=Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century |url=https://archive.org/details/globalsecuritygo0000unse |last2=Sperling |first2=James |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-39162-7 |edition=illustrated |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/globalsecuritygo0000unse/page/100 100] |language=en}}</ref> the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] is considered to be the oldest binding military alliance in the world. The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a [[Common Travel Area]] and co-operate through the [[British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference]] and the [[British-Irish Council]]. Britain's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations, foreign investments, [[official development assistance]] and military engagements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=19 February 2009 |title=DFID's expenditure on development assistance |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222226/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> Canada, Australia and New Zealand, all of which are former colonies of the British Empire which share King Charles as their head of state, are the most favourably viewed countries in the world by [[British people]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Sharp Drop in World Views of US, UK: Global Poll – GlobeScan |url=https://globescan.com/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103213529/https://globescan.com/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=From the Outside In: G20 views of the UK before and after the EU referendum' |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/from_the_outside_in.pdf |publisher=British Council |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109225947/https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/from_the_outside_in.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=New Zealand is Britons' favourite country |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/articles-reports/2020/10/26/new-zealand-britons-favourite-country |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205213020/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/articles-reports/2020/10/26/new-zealand-britons-favourite-country |url-status=live }}</ref> === Law and criminal justice === <!-- Copyedit done to here --> {{Main|Law of the United Kingdom|Censorship in the United Kingdom|Crime in the United Kingdom}} {{further|English law|Northern Ireland law|Scots law}} [[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] and [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|JCPC]] are housed in [[Middlesex Guildhall]] in [[Parliament Square|Parliament Square, London]].]] The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the [[Treaty of Union|1706 Treaty of Union]] provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2008 |publisher=Scottish History Online}}</ref> The UK has three distinct [[Legal systems of the world|systems of law]]: [[English law]], [[Courts of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland law]] and [[Scots law]]. A new [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] came into being in October 2009 to replace the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords|Appellate Committee of the House of Lords]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2009 |title=UK Supreme Court judges sworn in |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm |access-date=6 October 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207160453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=July 2003 |title=Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090117132005/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2009 |access-date=13 May 2013 |publisher=Department for Constitutional Affairs }}</ref> The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], including the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the [[British Overseas Territories]] and the [[Crown Dependencies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the JCPC |url=http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |archive-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114165910/http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both [[English law]], which applies in England and Wales, and [[Northern Ireland law]] are based on [[common law]] (or [[case law]]) principles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bainham |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298 |title=The international survey of family law: 1996 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-411-0573-8 |location=The Hague |page=298 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141743/https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It originated in England in the [[Middle Ages]] and is the basis for many legal systems around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=Britannica |date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134920/https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[courts of England and Wales]] are headed by the [[Senior Courts of England and Wales]], consisting of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|Court of Appeal]], the [[High Court of Justice]] (for civil cases) and the [[Crown Court]] (for criminal cases).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Australian courts and comparative law |url=http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414202207/http://alpn.edu.au/node/66 |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Australian Law Postgraduate Network}}</ref> [[Scots law]] is a hybrid system based on common-law and [[Civil law (legal system)|civil-law]] principles. The chief courts are the [[Court of Session]], for civil cases,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court of Session&nbsp;– Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731094308/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |archive-date=31 July 2008 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Scottish Courts}}</ref> and the [[High Court of Justiciary]], for criminal cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Justiciary&nbsp;– Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912204821/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Scottish Courts}}</ref> The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Lords&nbsp;– Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206120915/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995, though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66% in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |title=Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |website=UK Government Web Archive |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221317/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> according to [[Crime statistics in the United Kingdom|crime statistics]]. As of June 2023, the United Kingdom has the highest per-capita incarceration rate in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sturge |first1=Georgina |title=UK Prison Population Statistics |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224031328/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total |url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total |archive-date=18 November 2023 |website=World Prison Brief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Prison Brief data |url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106135950/https://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data |archive-date=6 November 2023 |website=World Prison Brief}}</ref> [[United Kingdom labour law|UK labour laws]] establish employment rights including a [[National Minimum Wage Act 1998|minimum wage]], a minimum of 28 days annual holiday, parental leave, statutory sick pay and a [[Pensions Act 2008|pension]]. [[Same-sex marriage]] has been legal in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014, and in [[Northern Ireland]] since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wratten |first1=Marcus |title=Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/ |website=PinkNews |date=3 July 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902195143/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|LGBT equality]] in the United Kingdom is considered advanced by modern standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023 |url=https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Asher & Lyric |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910063408/https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=R. Flores |first1=Andrew |title=Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/ |website=Williams Institute |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913091254/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since leaving the [[European Union|EU]], most disputes under UK-EU agreements are addressed through consultation between the parties. If consultation fails to resolve the issue, either party can request [[arbitration]], typically at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|PCA]] in [[Peace Palace|The Hague]].<ref name="commission.europa.eu"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disputes under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/disputes-trade-and-cooperation-agreement |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=Institute for Government}}</ref> Under the [[Windsor Framework]], [[Northern Ireland]] matters requiring interpretation of EU law go to the [[European Court of Justice|ECJ]], though the [[Stormont Brake]] can prevent new EU rules from taking effect. === Military === {{Main|British Armed Forces|Military history of the United Kingdom}} {{Multiple image | align = right | image1 = HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales meet at sea for the first time.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)|HMS Queen Elizabeth]] and [[HMS Prince of Wales (R09)|HMS Prince of Wales]] | image2 = Royal Navy Destroyer HMS Defender (D36).jpg | caption2 = Royal Navy Destroyer [[HMS Defender (D36)|HMS Defender]] | image3 = Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 MOD 45160575.jpg | caption3 = Royal Air Force [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] Jet | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2 | image4 = Challenger 3.jpg | caption4 = British Army [[Challenger 3]] Main Battle Tank }} The [[British Armed Forces]] consist of three professional service branches: the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Marines]] (forming the [[Naval Service (United Kingdom)|Naval Service]]), the [[British Army]] and the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home |access-date=21 February 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |archive-date=19 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219194140/http://mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The armed forces of the United Kingdom are managed by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] and controlled by the [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]], chaired by the [[Secretary of State for Defence]]. The [[Commander-in-Chief]] is the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]], to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221305/http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories, promoting the UK's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in [[NATO]] (including the [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]]), the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]], [[RIMPAC]] and other worldwide coalition operations. [[Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom|Overseas garrisons]] and facilities are maintained in [[RAF Ascension Island|Ascension Island]], [[Mina Salman|Bahrain]], [[Military of Belize|Belize]], [[Military Forces based in Brunei|Brunei]], [[British Army Training Unit Suffield|Canada]], [[British Forces Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Diego Garcia]], the [[Military of the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]], [[British Forces Germany|Germany]], [[British Forces Gibraltar|Gibraltar]], [[British Army Training Unit Kenya|Kenya]], [[Oman]], [[Al Udeid Air Base|Qatar]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309114107/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=%2Fpa%2Fcm200405%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo050221%2Ftext%2F50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0 |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=23 October 2008 |publisher=UK Parliament}}; {{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214025754/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite report |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021 |last1=da Silva |first1=Diego Lopes |last2=Tian |first2=Nan |last3=Béraud-Sudreau |first3=Lucie |last4=Marksteiner |first4=Alexandra |last5=Liang |first5=Xiao |date=April 2022 |publisher=[[SIPRI]] |doi=10.55163/DZJD8826 |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425064753/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |type=fact sheet |s2cid=248305949}}</ref> and the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |date=January 2021 |title=IISS Military Balance 2021 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20 |url-status=live |journal=The Military Balance |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791 |issn=0459-7222 |s2cid=232050862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001220232/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> the UK has the [[List of countries by military expenditures|fourth- or fifth-highest military expenditure]]. Total defence spending in 2024 is estimated at 2.3% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi Sunak vows to boost UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171 |access-date=24 April 2024 |publisher=BBC News |date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423233438/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the end of the [[Cold War]], defence policy has a stated assumption that "the most demanding operations" will be undertaken as part of a coalition.<ref>''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the United Kingdom}} {{further|Economy of England|Economy of Scotland|Economy of Northern Ireland|Economy of Wales}} [[File:London Skyline (125508655).jpeg|thumb|[[London]] is the largest [[urban economy]] in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=16 March 2017 |title=The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Bloomberg |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308074221/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations |url-status=live }}</ref> and, alongside [[New York City|New York]], the city in the world most integrated with the [[World economy|global economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |website=GaWC |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |date=21 August 2020 |access-date=3 June 2023 |publisher=Loughborough University |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The UK has a regulated [[social market economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |access-date=1 May 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517134052/http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |archive-date= 17 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thane |first1=Pat |year=2019 |title=The Origins of the British Welfare State |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1162/jinh_a_01448 |s2cid=208223636 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ftms">{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Alan |last2=Wall |first2=Stuart |date=16 July 2011 |title=Applied Economics |url=http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620120524/http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Based on market [[exchange rate]]s, the UK is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|sixth-largest economy]] in the world and the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|second-largest]] in Europe, both by nominal GDP. Its currency, the [[pound sterling]], is the fourth most-traded currency in the [[foreign exchange market]] and the world's fourth-largest [[reserve currency]] (after the [[United States dollar]], [[euro]], and [[yen]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=IMF Data |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512202858/https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sterling was the 2nd best-performing G10 currency against the dollar in 2023 with a gain of about 5%, with only the [[Swiss franc]] performing better.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling steady but set for 5% rally in 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/sterling-steady-set-5-rally-2023-2023-12-27/|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikkei Asia - Currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Yen-is-worst-performing-G10-currency-for-3rd-straight-year |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142941/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Yen-is-worst-performing-G10-currency-for-3rd-straight-year |url-status=live }}</ref> [[London]] is the world capital for foreign exchange trading, with a market share of 38.1% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2022 – UK Data |url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2022/october/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Bank of England |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221135740/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2022/october/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets |url-status=live }}</ref> of the daily $7.5&nbsp;trillion global turnover.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global FX trading hits record $7.5 trln a day – BIS survey |date=27 October 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/global-fx-trading-hits-record-75-trln-day-bis-survey-2022-10-27/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=Reuters |last1=Jones |first1=Marc |last2=John |first2=Alun |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221135739/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/global-fx-trading-hits-record-75-trln-day-bis-survey-2022-10-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[HM Treasury]], led by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], is responsible for developing and executing the government's [[public finance]] policy and [[economic policy]]. The [[Department for Business and Trade]] is responsible for business, international trade, and enterprise. The [[Bank of England]] is the UK's [[central bank]] and is responsible for issuing notes and coins in the pound sterling. Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes, subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover their issue. In 2022, the UK became the world's [[List of countries by exports|fourth-largest exporter]] behind only China, the US, and Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.cityam.com/services-trade-sees-uk-become-worlds-fourth-largest-exporter/ |date= 9 April 2024 |title= Services trade sees UK become world's fourth largest exporter |work= City A.M. |location= London |first= Jessica |last= Frank-Keyes |access-date= 2 May 2024 |archive-date= 2 May 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240502182204/https://www.cityam.com/services-trade-sees-uk-become-worlds-fourth-largest-exporter/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The estimated nominal GDP of the UK for 2024 is £2.765 trillion.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=11 July 2023 |title= United Kingdom: 2023 Article IV Consultation |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/07/10/United-Kingdom-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-535878 |access-date=9 March 2024 |publisher=IMF |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/07/10/United-Kingdom-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-535878 |url-status=live }}</ref> This value is 23% higher than the 2019 figure of £2.255 trillion<ref>{{Cite press release |date=February 2022 |title=2021 Article IV Consultation |url= https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1GBREA2022001.ashx |access-date=9 March 2024 |publisher=IMF |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1GBREA2022001.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> before leaving the EU (at similar US and EU exchange rates to 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling Exchange Rates |url= https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/database/Rates.asp |access-date=9 March 2024 |publisher=Bank of England |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/database/Rates.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|Real GDP is an inflation-adjusted GDP, which is needed to study changes in volume rather than value, especially if the currency devalues due to the inflation but does not show current market values.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real GDP growth |url=https://obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/the-economy-forecast/real-gdp-growth/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=OBR |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143323/https://obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/the-economy-forecast/real-gdp-growth/ |url-status=live }};{{Cite web |title=Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP): How to Calculate It, vs. Nominal |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realgdp.asp |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Investopedia |archive-date=5 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205021005/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realgdp.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Inflation in the UK rose by 2% in the year to May 2024 which was the government's target.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inflation and the 2% target|url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation|website=Bank of England|date=21 March 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213011045/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK inflation rate: How quickly are prices rising? |work=BBC News |date=14 January 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12196322 |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703171307/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12196322 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.]] The [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] made up around 80% of the UK's [[Gross value added|GVA]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Georgina |date=6 December 2022 |title=Industries in the UK |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=UK Parliament: House of Commons Library |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007134640/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, the UK is the world's [[List of countries by service exports|second-largest exporter of services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> London is one of the world's largest financial centres, ranking second in the world in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]] in 2022. London also has the [[List of cities by GDP|largest city GDP]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428032945/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=16 November 2010 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Edinburgh ranks 17th in the world, and sixth in Western Europe in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2020.<ref name="GFCI 27 Rank – Long Finance">{{Cite web |title=GFCI 27 Rank |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=Long Finance |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815191828/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tourism in the United Kingdom|The country's tourism sector]] is very important to the British economy; London was named as Europe's most popular destination for 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-best-europe-city-tripadvisor-2022-b1996028.html |title=London named Europe's most popular destination for 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=19 January 2022 |first1=Helen |last1=Coffey |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142939/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-best-europe-city-tripadvisor-2022-b1996028.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/ |title=King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy |website=[[fortune.com]] |date=25 April 2023 |first1=Kelvin |last1=Chan |agency=The Associated Press |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502144950/https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/ }}</ref> The [[creative industries]] accounted for 5.9% of the UK's GVA in 2019, having grown by 43.6% in real terms from 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131001226/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added |url-status=live }}</ref> Creative industries contributed more than £111bn to the UK economy in 2018, growth in the sector is more than five times larger than growth across the UK economy as a whole as reported in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221131518/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lloyd's of London]] is the world's largest [[insurance]] and [[reinsurance]] market and is located in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lloyd's of London – value proposition |url=https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100951/https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder |archive-date=27 February 2023|website=Lloyd's of London}}</ref> [[WPP plc]], the world's biggest advertising company, is also based in the UK. The UK is one of the leading retail markets in Europe and is home to Europe's largest e-commerce market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/|access-date=18 January 2024|title=Retail|publisher=great.gov.uk|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118084416/https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/|url-status=live}}</ref> With [[Consumer spending|consumption expenditures]] of over $2 trillion in 2023, the UK has the [[List of largest consumer markets|second-largest consumer market]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=World Bank Group |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143614/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] is the UK's largest employee-owned business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/|access-date=18 January 2024|title=Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155249/https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Evening view across Carlton Hill towards the Castle (13164472813).jpg|thumb|right|[[Edinburgh]] is the financial centre of Scotland and is ranked the 4th largest in Europe and 13th largest internationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh 4th in Europe in new Financial Centres index – Scottish Financial Review |url=https://scottishfinancialreview.com/2020/09/25/edinburgh-4th-in-europe-in-new-financial-centres-index/ |website=scottishfinancialreview.com |access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>]] The [[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|British automotive industry]] employs around 800,000 people, with a turnover in 2022 of £67&nbsp;billion, generating £27&nbsp;billion of exports (10% of the UK's total export of goods).<ref name="Auto Output 2022"/> In 2023, the UK produced around 905,100 passenger vehicles and 120,400 commercial vehicles, output was up 17.0% on the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web | date=24 January 2024 | title=December 2023 UK Car Manufacturing | url=https://media.smmt.co.uk/december-2023-uk-car-manufacturing/ | access-date=16 March 2024 | website=SMMT | archive-date=16 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184018/https://media.smmt.co.uk/december-2023-uk-car-manufacturing/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Britain is known for iconic cars such as [[Mini Hatch|Mini]] and [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]],<ref>{{Cite web | date=19 November 2020 | title=Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2 | url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 | access-date=9 March 2024 | website=Auto Express | archive-date=16 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184015/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 | url-status=live }}</ref> also other luxury cars such as [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]], [[Bentley]] and [[Range Rover]]. The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing: in 2022 around 1.5&nbsp;million engines were produced.<ref name="Auto Output 2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/uk-automotive/ |title=UK Automotive |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders |access-date=14 November 2023 |quote= |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113163440/https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/uk-automotive/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the world's [[List of countries by engine exports|fourth-largest exporter of engines]], as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Combustion Engines |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014526/https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK [[auto racing|motorsport]] industry employs more than 40,000 people, comprises around 4,300 companies and has an annual turnover of around £10&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary |access-date=19 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219100712/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref> 7 of the 10 [[Formula One]] teams are based in the UK, with their technology being used in supercars and hypercars from [[McLaren Automotive|McLaren]], [[Aston Martin]] and [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]].{{Efn|Car brands here are classed as British based on several of the following criteria: historical heritage, cultural significance, design and engineering base, manufacturing location, headquarters location, UK registered company (even with overseas investors).}} The [[Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom|aerospace industry of the UK]] is the second-largest national aerospace industry in the world<ref>{{cite web |title=United Kingdom - Country Commercial Guide: Aerospace and Defense |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-aerospace-and-defense |website=[[International Trade Administration]] |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> and has an annual turnover of around £30&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tovey |first=Alan |date=29 June 2016 |title=Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The [[British space programme|UK space industry]] was worth £17.5bn in 2020/21 and employed 48,800 people. Since 2012, the number of space organisations has grown on average nearly 21% per year, with 1,293 organisations reported in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Size & Health of the UK Space Industry 2022 Summary Report |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022/size-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022 |access-date=1 April 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331072353/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022/size-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Size and Health of the UK Space Industry 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021/size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021 |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221103315/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021/size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[UK Space Agency]] has stated in 2023 that it is investing £1.6&nbsp;billion in space-related projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power |title=New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311195622/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power }} <!-- (last checked 2023-03-11) --></ref> [[Agriculture in the United Kingdom|Its agriculture industry]] is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing approximately 60% of the country's overall food requirements and 73% of its indigenous food needs, utilising around 0.9% of the labour force (292,000 workers).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Food Security Index 2024 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024 |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518072412/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024 |url-status=live }};{{Cite web |title=Agricultural workforce in England at 1 June 2023 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023 |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519211112/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops. The UK retains a significant, though much reduced fishing industry, with at least 49% of UK fish sustainably caught in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b2-sustainable-fisheries|title=Sustainable fisheries: fish stocks harvested within safe limits|website=JNCC|access-date=2024-12-14}}</ref> The UK gains sovereign rights over its [[exclusive economic zone]] from July 2026, enabling it to enforce sustainable fishing practices and protect marine habitats.<ref name="commission.europa.eu" /> It is rich in a variety of other natural resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica and an abundance of arable land.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html |title=Coal |website=BGS Minerals UK |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426141109/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has among the highest levels of [[Income inequality in the United Kingdom|income inequality]] in the [[OECD]], but has a very high [[Human Development Index|HDI]] ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK. |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210104536/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/ |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data |url=http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183322/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=theOECD |language=en}}</ref> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in the United Kingdom|Telecommunications in the United Kingdom}} [[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|[[Silicon Fen|Cambridge]] is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203061259/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305010458/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121259/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=RTD – Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] England and Scotland were leading centres of the [[Scientific Revolution]] from the 17th century.<ref>Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. {{ISBN|978-0-521-34804-1}}.</ref> The United Kingdom led the [[Industrial Revolution]] from the 18th century, and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances.<ref>Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336. {{OCLC|474197910}}</ref> Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include [[Isaac Newton]], whose [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]] and illumination of [[gravitation|gravity]] have been seen as a keystone of modern science;<ref>Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 |date=26 March 2023 }}. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. {{ISBN|978-0-486-42551-1}}.</ref> from the 19th century [[Charles Darwin]], whose theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] was fundamental to the development of modern biology, and [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who formulated classical [[electromagnetic theory]]; and more recently [[Stephen Hawking]], who advanced major theories in the fields of [[cosmology]], [[quantum gravity]] and the investigation of [[black holes]].<ref>Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC |date=26 March 2023 }}. London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. {{ISBN|978-0-237-53195-9}}.</ref> The [[Department for Science, Innovation and Technology]] (DSIT) is responsible for helping to encourage, develop and manage the UK's scientific, research, and technological outputs. Scientific research and development remains important in [[Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]], with many establishing [[science park]]s to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.<ref>Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. {{ISBN|978-0-415-10015-1}}.</ref> In 2022, the UK retained its number one spot for technology in Europe reaching a combined market value of $1&nbsp;trillion. Cambridge was named the number one university in the world for producing successful technology founders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe |url=https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=BrainStation |language=en-US |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007093133/https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the UK ranked 5th in the [[Global Innovation Index]], a position determined by approximately 80 indicators encompassing the political environment, education, infrastructure, and knowledge creation, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> During 2022, the UK produced 6.3% of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5% share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world for both. The UK ranked 1st in the world for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International comparison of the UK research base, 2022 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305235208/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}} (last checked 11 March 2023)</ref> Scientific journals produced in the UK include publications by the ''[[Royal Society]]'', ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' and ''[[The Lancet]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCook, Alison |year=2006 |title=Is peer review broken? |url=http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |journal=The Scientist |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816230933/http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |archive-date=16 August 2011 |access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> === Transport === {{Main|Transport in the United Kingdom}} [[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|A high-speed [[East Coast Main Line]] train in [[Northumberland]]]] [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Airports of London|London]] has the [[List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|busiest city airport system]] in the world.]] A radial road network totals {{Convert|29145|mi|km}} of main roads, {{Convert|2173|mi|km}} of motorways and {{Convert|213750|mi|km}} of paved roads.<ref name="factbook" /> The [[M25 motorway|M25]], encircling London, is the largest and busiest bypass in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moran |first=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora |title=Reading the Everyday |date=16 November 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37216-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora/page/n107 95] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2022, there were a total of 40.8&nbsp;million licensed vehicles in Great Britain.<ref name="Transport stats 2022">{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Freddie |title=RAC foundation traffic stats |url=https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20there,the%20end%20of%20September%202022. |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224202503/https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20there,the%20end%20of%20September%202022. |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has an extensive railway network of {{Convert|10072|mi|0|abbr=out}}. In Great Britain, the [[British Rail]] network was [[privatisation of British Rail|privatised]] between 1994 and 1997, followed by a rapid rise in passengers. [[Great British Railways]] is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee [[rail transport in Great Britain]]. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sylvain Duranton |last2=Agnès Audier |last3=Joël Hazan |last4=Mads Peter Langhorn |last5=Vincent Gauche |date=18 April 2017 |title=The 2017 European Railway Performance Index |url=https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx |publisher=Boston Consulting Group |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531104458/https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has a train direct from London to Paris which takes 2hrs 16mins<ref>{{Cite web |title=London to Paris Trains |url=https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Eurostar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511114452/https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris |archive-date=11 May 2024}}</ref> called the [[Eurostar]], it travels through the [[Channel Tunnel]] under the [[English Channel]], at 23.5&nbsp;miles long it is the world's longest undersea tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel Tunnel, Tunnel, Europe |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Britannica|date=10 May 2024}}</ref> There is also a car service through the tunnel to France called [[LeShuttle]]. The [[Elizabeth line]], a rail link running between East and West London, was named in honour of [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2016 and opened in 2022. It was Europe's largest construction project at the time and is estimated to bring in £42&nbsp;billion to the UK economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410034914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |last=Leftly |first=Mark |date=29 August 2010 |title=Crossrail delayed to save £1bn |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116062835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225110413/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen|archive-date=25 February 2023|website=Transport for London}}</ref> Another major infrastructure project is [[High Speed 2]] (HS2), a new high speed railway under construction. It will link London with Birmingham, with the potential to extend further north and capable of speeds of up to 225&nbsp;mph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is HS2 |url=https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2 |website=HS2 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190841/https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HS2 Trains |url=https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/ |website=HS2 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224183953/https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, there were 5.2&nbsp;billion bus journeys in the UK, 2.4&nbsp;billion of which were in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus statistics |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/bus-statistics |website=GOV.UK|date=26 April 2023 }}</ref> The red [[Double-decker bus|double-decker]] bus has entered popular culture as an internationally recognised icon of England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Collection |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=icons.org.uk}}</ref> The [[London Buses|London bus network]] is extensive, with over 6,800 scheduled services every weekday carrying about 6&nbsp;million passengers on over 700 different routes making it one of the most extensive bus systems in the world and the largest in Europe.<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref> During 2023, [[List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies|UK airports]] handled a total of 272.8&nbsp;million passengers.<ref name="caastats">{{Cite web |title=Size of Reporting Airports 2023 |url=https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/10288/81d07410-dbcd-46e7-aacc-d0a5accf0d90/16450 |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority}}</ref> In that period the three largest airports were [[London Heathrow Airport]] (79.1&nbsp;million passengers), [[Gatwick Airport]] (40.9&nbsp;million passengers) and [[Manchester Airport]] (28.1&nbsp;million passengers).<ref name="caastats" /> London Heathrow Airport, located {{Convert|15|mi|km|}} west of the capital, is the world's [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|second busiest airport by international passenger traffic]] and has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world;<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2008 |title=Heathrow 'needs a third runway' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm |access-date=17 October 2008}}; {{Cite press release |title=Statistics: Top 30 World airports |date=July 2008 |publisher=Airports Council International |url=http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf |access-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> it is the hub for the UK flag carrier [[British Airways]], as well as [[Virgin Atlantic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2008 |title=BMI being taken over by Lufthansa |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm |access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref> === Energy === {{Main|Energy in the United Kingdom}} [[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Wind turbines overlooking [[Ardrossan]] in Scotland. The UK is the best site in Europe for wind energy, and [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|its wind power production]] is its fastest-growing supply.]] In 2021, the UK was the world's 14th-largest consumer of energy and the 22nd-largest producer.<ref name="United Kingdom Energy Profile">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom Energy Profile |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228165225/https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> The UK is home to many large energy companies, including two of the six major oil and gas companies – [[BP]] and [[Shell plc|Shell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=24 October 2009 |title=Let the battle begin over black gold |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}; {{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Michael |date=26 November 2010 |title=RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term |work=Bloomberg |location=New York |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722062837/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> Renewable electricity sources provided 51% of the electricity generated in the UK in 2024. Wind power was the largest source of electricity in 2024, generating 30% of the UK's total electricity.<ref name="2024 Energy">{{Cite web |title=Britain's Electricity Explained: 2024 Review |url=https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126085830/https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=NESO}}</ref> The UK has the largest offshore wind farm in the world, which is located off the coast of Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Wind energy in the UK: June 2021 |work=UK Government |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021 |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> In 2023, the UK had nine nuclear reactors generating about 15% of the UK's electricity.<ref name="coal-ref">{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175735/https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=World Nuclear Association}}</ref> Unlike Germany and Japan, there are two reactors under construction and more planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2013 |title=Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061431/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |archive-date=14 February 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |publisher=World Nuclear Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear energy: What you need to know |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228181113/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25% of the total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down. The UK Government is investing in [[Small Modular Reactors]], [[Nuclear reactor#Future and developing technologies|Advanced Modular Reactors]] and [[Nuclear Fusion|Nuclear Fusion Reators]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKAEA implementing the UK's fusion energy strategy |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ukaea-implementing-the-uks-fusion-energy-strategy/174384/ |publisher=Open Access Government |access-date=27 May 2024}};{{Cite web |title=UK nuclear fusion reactor sets new world record for energy output |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2415909-uk-nuclear-fusion-reactor-sets-new-world-record-for-energy-output/ |publisher=New Scientist |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> research and development. At the end of 2023 it was estimated that there was 1.1 billion boe (barrels of oil equivalent) of ‘proven’ and ‘probable’ [[Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification|gas reserves]] and 2.3 billion boe of ‘proven’ and ‘probable’ [[North Sea oil|oil reserves]] offshore, reducing reliance on imports for energy security and transitioning to renewables.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Oil and Gas Reserves and Resources |url=https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113172052/https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=North Sea Transition Authority}}</ref> Emissions from UK gas production are roughly four times lower than imported [[Liquefied natural gas|liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), according to the [[North Sea Transition Authority|UK's oil and gas regulator]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Sea oil and gas claims fact-checked |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67945281 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201182137/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67945281 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In September 2024 the last coal power station was closed, making [[coal]] no longer a power source in the UK.<ref name="2024 Energy" /> The UK currently has no [[fracking]] (Hydraulic fracturing) for [[shale gas]] despite a large supply, due to environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK’s last fracking wells to be filled with cement despite dwindling gas stocks |url=https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201182917/https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/ |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=City AM}}</ref> === Water supply and sanitation === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom}} Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal. It is estimated that 96% of households are connected to the sewer network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf |title=Sewage Treatment in the UK |publisher=DEFRA |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |date=March 2022 |page=3 |id=PB 6655 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> According to the Environment Agency, total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406 [[megalitre]]s per day in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment Agency |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125040346/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |archive-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. In Scotland, water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company, [[Scottish Water]]. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, [[Northern Ireland Water]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.niwater.com/about |access-date=29 August 2020 |publisher=niwater.com}}</ref> == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of the United Kingdom|British people|Ceremonial counties of England}} In the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]], the population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2011 |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> It is the [[List of European countries by population|fourth-largest]] in Europe (after Russia, Germany and France), the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the [[List of countries by population|22nd-largest]] in the world. In 2012 and 2013, births contributed the most to population growth. In 2014 and 2015, net international migration contributed more to population growth.<ref name="pop2015">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, the population increased at an average annual rate of 0.7%.<ref name="2011census" /> The 2011 census also showed that, over the previous 100 years, the proportion of the population aged 0–14 fell from 31 to 18%, and the proportion of people aged 65 and over rose from 5 to 16%.<ref name="2011census" /> In 2018, the [[median age]] of the UK population was 41.7 years.<ref>{{Citation |title=World Factbook EUROPE: United Kingdom |date=12 July 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> <!-- Self-maintaining population table --> {{UK population table}} England's population in 2011 was 53&nbsp;million, representing some 84% of the UK total.<ref name="2011 UK censuses">{{Cite web |title=2011 UK censuses |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131125807/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> It is one of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated countries]] in the world, with 420&nbsp;people per square kilometre in mid-2015,<ref name="pop2015" /> with a particular concentration in London and the south-east.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Urmee |date=16 September 2008 |title=England is most crowded country in Europe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918221002/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html |archive-date=18 September 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |work=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> [[London metropolitan area|London's wider metropolitan area]] is the largest in [[Western Europe]], with a population of 14.9&nbsp;million in 2024.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Major Agglomerations |url=http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004094531/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref> The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3&nbsp;million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=17 December 2012 |title=Scotland's population at record high |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/17/scotland-population-record-high |access-date=18 December 2012 |location=London |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Wales at 3.06&nbsp;million and Northern Ireland at 1.81&nbsp;million.<ref name="2011 UK censuses" /> In 2017, the [[total fertility rate]] across the UK was 1.74 children born per woman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital statistics: population and health reference tables |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables |access-date=6 March 2018 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> While a rising birth rate is contributing to population growth, it remains considerably below the [[baby boom]] peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=14 July 2008 |title=The question: What's behind the baby boom? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women |access-date=28 August 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London |page=3}}</ref> or the high of 6.02 children born per woman in 1815,<ref>{{Citation |last=Roser |first=Max |title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries |date=2014 |work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]] |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121623/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |archive-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> below the replacement rate of 2.1, but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables (February 2014 Update): Annual Time Series Data |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/vital-statistics--population-and-health-reference-tables/spring-2014-update/annual-table.xls |access-date=27 April 2014 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427033024/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/vital-statistics--population-and-health-reference-tables/spring-2014-update/annual-table.xls |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> In 2011, 47.3% of births in the UK were to unmarried women.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> The [[Office for National Statistics]] reported in 2015 that amoung the UK population aged 16 and over, 1.7% identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (2.0% of males and 1.5% of females); 4.5% of respondents responded with "other", "I don't know", or did not respond.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2016 |title=Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015 |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref> The number of [[transgender]] people in the UK was estimated to be between 65,000 and 300,000 by research between 2001 and 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research report 27: Trans research review |url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706020643/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=equalityhumanrights.com |page=v}}</ref> {{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom}} === Ethnicity === {{Main|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom}} Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be [[Genetic history of the British Isles|descended from ethnic groups]] that settled there before the 12th century: the [[Celts]], Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the [[Normans]]. [[Welsh people]] could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2012 |title=Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The UK has a history of non-white immigration with [[Liverpool]] having the oldest black population in the country, dating back to at least the 1730s during the African slave trade. During this period, it is estimated the Afro-Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2011 |title=Victoria and Albert Museum Black Presence |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/silver-service-slavery-the-black-presence-in-the-white-home/}}</ref> which later declined after the abolition of slavery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winder |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94 |title=Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain |publisher=Little, Brown Book |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-7481-2396-4}}; {{Cite book |last=Costello |first=Ray |title=Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackliverpoolea0000cost |publisher=Picton Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-873245-07-1 |location=Liverpool}}</ref> The UK also has the oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese]] community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community |url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=In [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]]}}, 87.2% of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8% of the UK population identify themselves as of one of an [[minority group|ethnic minority]] group.<ref name="ethnicity2011">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Ethnic group ! colspan="2"|Population (absolute) ! colspan="2" |Population (percent) |- ! 2001 ! 2011 !2001<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2004 |title=Population size: 7.9 per cent from a non-White ethnic group |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619124235/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-date=19 June 2004 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> ! 2011<ref name="ethnicity2011" /> |- |style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|white | 54,153,898 |55,010,359 |92.1% |87.1% |- |style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|white: Gypsy, Traveller and {{Nowrap|Irish Traveller}}{{Efn|The 2011 census recorded Gypsies and Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time.}} |– |63,193 |– | 0.1% |- |style="text-align:left" rowspan="5"|Asian and Asian British | style="text-align:left"|Indian | 1,053,411 | 1,451,862 |1.8% | 2.3% |- |style="text-align:left"|Pakistani | 747,285 | 1,174,983 |1.3% | 1.9% |- |style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi | 283,063 | 451,529 |0.5% | 0.7% |- |style="text-align:left"|Chinese | 247,403 | 433,150 |0.4% | 0.7% |- |style="text-align:left"|Other Asian | 247,664 | 861,815 |0.4% | 1.4% |- |style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|black, African, Caribbean and black British{{Efn|In the 2011 census, for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK, the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (29,638 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or black" (6,540 people),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095926/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |publisher=National Records of Scotland}}</ref> in this "black or black British" category. The ONS note that "the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White/Asian/Other African in addition to black identities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2011 |title=Ethnic group |url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504141401/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html |archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>}} | 1,148,738 | 1,904,684 |2.0% | 3.0% |- |style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups | 677,117 | 1,250,229 |1.2% | 2.0% |- |style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Other ethnic groups | 230,615 | 580,374 |0.4% | 0.9% |- !style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Total !style="text-align:right"|58,789,194 !style="text-align:right"|63,182,178 !style="text-align:right"|100.0% !style="text-align:right"|100.0% |} Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4% of London's population and 37.4% of [[Leicester]]'s was estimated to be non-white {{As of|lc=y|2005|06|alt=in 2005}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68e5HAPQg?url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}; {{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): Leicester |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505032447/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> whereas less than 5% of the populations of [[North East England]], Wales and the [[South West England|South West]] were from ethnic minorities, according to the 2001 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2001&nbsp;– Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630185133/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/index.html |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2016|alt=In 2016}}, 31.4% of primary and 27.9% of secondary pupils at [[state school]]s in England were members of an ethnic minority.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/schools-pupils-and-their-characteristics-january-2016 |title=Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2016 |date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Department for Education |page=8 |id=SFR 20/2016 |format=PDF}}</ref> === Languages === {{Main|Languages of the United Kingdom}} The [[English language]] is official, and the most widely spoken language in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |website=[[Directgov]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mac Sithigh |first=Daithí |date=17 May 2018 |title=Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf |journal=Common Law World Review |publisher=Queen's University, Belfast |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=77–102 |doi=10.1177/1473779518773642 |s2cid=219987922}}</ref> The United Kingdom promotes the language globally to build connections, understanding and trust between people in the UK and countries worldwide.<ref>British Council {{Cite web |title=British Council &#124; the UK's international culture and education organisation |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201181104/https://www.britishcouncil.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=5 December 2018}} (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About BBC Learning English |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref> It is estimated that 95% of the UK's population are [[monolingual]] English speakers.<ref name="BBC languages">{{Cite web |title=Languages across Europe: United Kingdom |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml |access-date=4 February 2013 |website=BBC}}</ref> Over 5% of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of immigration.<ref name="BBC languages" /> South Asian languages are the largest group, which includes [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Hindi]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> According to the 2011 census, [[Polish language|Polish]] has become the second-largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=30 January 2013 |title=Polish becomes England's second language |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |access-date=4 February 2012 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> In 2019, some three-quarters of a million people spoke little or no English.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2019 |title=The teenagers who translate for their parents |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494/the-teenagers-who-translate-for-their-parents |access-date=23 April 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|[[Bilingual sign]] ([[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]]) in [[Newry]], [[Northern Ireland]]]] Three indigenous [[Celtic languages]] are spoken in the UK: [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]]. [[Cornish language|Cornish]], which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is being revived and has a small group of second language speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Track |first1=Robert Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63 |title=Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts |last2=Stockwell, Peter |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-41358-9 |page=63 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=4 August 2019}}; {{Cite web |title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222193410/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/157.htm |archive-date=22 February 2005}}; {{Cite web |title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226052008/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/HTML/148.htm |archive-date=26 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="reglang" /> According to the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], the [[Welsh-speaking population]] of Wales aged three or older was 538,300 (17.8%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=gov.wales |language=en}}</ref> In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn Thomas |first=Peter |date=March 2007 |title=Welsh today |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml |access-date=5 July 2011 |website=Voices |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the 2021 census in Northern Ireland 12.4% of people had some [[Irish language in Northern Ireland|Irish language]] ability and 10.4% of people had some facility in the [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster-Scots]] language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210110853/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> Over 92,000 people in Scotland (just under 2% of the population) had some Gaelic language ability, including 72% of those living in the [[Outer Hebrides]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2001&nbsp;– Gaelic Report |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522110328/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland}}</ref> The number of children being taught either Welsh or Scottish Gaelic is increasing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2009 |title=Local UK languages 'taking off' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Scots language|Scots]], a language descended from early northern [[Middle English]], has limited [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|recognition]] alongside its regional variant, [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] in Northern Ireland, without specific commitments to protection and promotion.<ref name="reglang" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Data&nbsp;– Scots |url=http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623185445/http://eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en |archive-date=23 June 2007 |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages}}</ref> As of April 2020, there are around 151,000 users of [[British Sign Language]] (BSL), a [[sign language]] used by deaf people, in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Hannah |date=23 April 2020 |title='People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=The Scotsman}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in the United Kingdom}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in the United Kingdom (2022 census)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/ab7776bd-b2ec-44f9-8acc-4c48a21eb41e#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref> |label1= Christianity |value1 = 46.53 |color1 = DodgerBlue |label2 = No religion |value2 = 37.75 |color2 = Gold |label3 = Islam |value3 = 5.97 |color3 = Green |label4 = Hinduism |value4 = 1.59 |color4 = DarkOrange |label5 = Sikhism |value5 = 0.79 |color5 = Red |label6 = Buddhism |value6 = 0.43 |color6 = Yellow |label7 = Judaism |value7 = 0.41 |color7 = Indigo |label8 = Other religion |value8 = 0.58 |color8 = Black |label9 = Not stated |value9 = 5.91 |color9 = Brown }} Christianity has dominated [[History of Christianity in Britain|religious life in the United Kingdom]] for more than 1,400 years.<ref>Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955037-1}}.</ref> Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in surveys, regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century,<ref>Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180717052125/http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of Islam and other faiths.<ref>Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-4389-0}}.</ref> This has led some commentators to describe the UK as a multi-faith,<ref>Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. {{ISBN|978-0-582-47289-1}}.</ref> [[secularised]],<ref>Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0-521-83984-6}}.</ref> or [[post-Christian]] society.<ref>Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. {{ISBN|978-0-521-52959-4}}.</ref> In the 2001 census, 71.6% of respondents reported that they were Christians, with the next largest faiths being [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]] (2.8%), [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]] (1.0%), [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhism]] (0.6%), [[Judaism in the United Kingdom|Judaism]] (0.5%), [[Buddhism in the United Kingdom|Buddhism]] (0.3%) and all other religions (0.3%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Census 2001 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=22 April 2007 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Of the respondents, 15% stated that they had [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]] and a further 7% stated no religious preference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2004 |title=Religious Populations |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111413/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> A [[Tearfund]] survey in 2007 showed that only one in ten Britons attend church weekly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church |url=http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213155625/http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=9 March 2015 |website=News.adventist.org}}</ref> Between the 2001 and 2011 census, there was a 12% decrease in those who identified as Christian, while the percentage reporting no religious affiliation doubled. This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing the most to about 5%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philby |first=Charlotte |date=12 December 2012 |title=Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html |work=[[The Independent|Independent]] |location=London}}</ref> The Muslim population has increased from 1.6&nbsp;million in 2001 to 2.7&nbsp;million in 2011, making it the second-largest religious group in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=The percentage of the population with no religion has increased in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/sty-religion.html |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115050/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/sty-religion.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The Church of England is the [[State religion|established church]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=The History of the Church of England |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221212004/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=23 November 2008 |website=The Church of England}}</ref> It retains [[Lords Spiritual|representation]] in the UK Parliament, and the British monarch is its [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen and Church of England |url=http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010 |publisher=British Monarchy Media Centre}}</ref> In [[religion in Scotland|Scotland]], the [[Church of Scotland]] is the [[national church]]. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterian Church Government]]" upon his or her accession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen and the Church |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025533/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx |archive-date=5 June 2011 |publisher=The British Monarchy (Official Website)}}</ref><ref name="reglang" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Our structure |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192732/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |archive-date=25 January 2020 |website=churchofscotland.org.uk}}</ref> The [[Church in Wales]] was disestablished in 1920 and, because the [[Church of Ireland]] was disestablished in 1870 before the [[partition of Ireland]], there is no established church in Northern Ireland.<ref>Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. {{ISBN|978-0-567-08487-3}}.</ref> Although there are no UK-wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, it has been estimated that 62% of Christians are Anglican, 13.5% Catholic, 6% Presbyterian, and 3.4% Methodist, with smaller numbers of other denominations.<ref>Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. {{ISBN|978-90-5589-248-8}}.</ref> === Migration === {{Main|Historical immigration to Great Britain|Modern immigration to the United Kingdom}} {{See also|Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom}} [[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Estimated foreign-born population by country of birth from April 2007&nbsp;to March 2008]] [[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006]] Immigration is contributing to a rising UK population,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2008 |title=Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="bbc-23-05-2024">{{cite news |title=Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> with arrivals and UK-born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001. According to statistics released in 2015, 27% of UK live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Births in England and Wales: 2014 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21% to 239,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |date=25 August 2011 |title=UK net migration rises 21 per cent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/25/uk-net-migration-rises-21 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> In 2013, approximately 208,000 foreign nationals were naturalised as British citizens, the highest number since 1962. This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014. Between 2009 and 2013, the average number of British citizenships granted annually was 195,800. The most common origins of those naturalised in 2014 were Indian, Pakistani, [[Philippines|Filipino]], [[Nigeria]]n, [[Bangladesh]]i, [[Nepal]]i, Chinese, South African, Polish and [[Somalia|Somali]].<ref name="Blinder2015">{{Cite web |last=Blinder |first=Scott |date=27 March 2015 |title=Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends |url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916052200/http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |publisher=The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford}}</ref> The number of grants of settlement, which confer [[Permanent residency|permanent residence]] in the UK but not citizenship,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blinder |first=Scott |date=11 June 2014 |title=Settlement in the UK |url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232123/http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |publisher=The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford}}</ref> was approximately 154,700 in 2013, higher than the previous two years.<ref name="Blinder2015" /> Long-term net migration (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) reached a record of 764,000 in 2022, with immigration at 1.26&nbsp;million and emigration at 493,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Net migration drops to 685,000 after hitting record levels, as even more arrived in UK last year than previously thought |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/net-migration-drops-to-685-000/ |date=23 May 2024 |work=[[LBC]]}}</ref> In 2023, net migration was 685,000; 10% of the total who came to the UK in that year were EU Nationals.<ref name="bbc-23-05-2024"/> More EU Nationals left the UK than arrived.<ref name="bbc-23-05-2024"/> [[British diaspora|Emigration]] was an important feature of British society in the 19th century. Between 1815 and 1930, around 11.4&nbsp;million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3&nbsp;million from Ireland. Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some 300&nbsp;million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.<ref>Richards (2004), pp. 6–7.</ref> {{asof|2006}} at least 5.5&nbsp;million UK-born people lived abroad,<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{Cite web |last1=Sriskandarajah |first1=Dhananjayan |last2=Drew |first2=Catherine |date=11 December 2006 |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828011816/http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-date=28 August 2007 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brits Abroad: world overview |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm |access-date=20 April 2007 |publisher=BBC}}; {{Cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=11 December 2006 |title=5.5&nbsp;m Britons 'opt to live abroad' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm |access-date=20 April 2007}}</ref> mainly in Australia, Spain, the United States and Canada.<ref name="BritsAbroad" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2006 |title=Brits Abroad: Country-by-country |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> === Education === {{Main|Education in the United Kingdom|Universities in the United Kingdom}} {{Further|Education in England|Education in Scotland|Education in Wales|Education in Northern Ireland}} [[File:1 christ church hall 2012.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Oxford]] is widely regarded as one of the world's leading universities.]] Education in the United Kingdom is a [[Devolution|devolved]] matter, with each country having a separate education system. About 38% of the United Kingdom population has a university or [[college degree]], which is the highest percentage in Europe, and among the highest percentage in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=The Most Educated Countries in the World |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204213400/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html%3B_ylt%3DAlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG%3B_ylu%3DX3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--%3B_ylg%3DX3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--%3B_ylv%3D3?page=1 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Yahoo Finance}}; {{Cite magazine |date=27 September 2012 |title=And the World's Most Educated Country Is… |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/ |magazine=Time |location=New York |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> The United Kingdom is home to [[List of universities in the United Kingdom|many universities]], including the [[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge]] which often achieve first place on global rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 |date=25 September 2023 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking |access-date=17 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> University education has varied tuition fees in different regions of the UK. England and Wales have a fixed maximum annual fee for all UK citizens, contingent on attaining a certain level of income. Only those who reach a certain salary threshold (£21,000) pay this fee through [[Taxation in the United Kingdom|general taxation]]. Northern Ireland and Scotland have a reduced maximum fee or no fee for citizens where it is their home region. Some NHS courses have bursaries which pay the fee and in 2017 it was stated that each doctor gets subsidised by £230,000 during their training.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans |url=https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=UCAS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More undergraduate medical education places |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=gov.uk}}</ref> In 2022, the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA), coordinated by the [[OECD]], ranked the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 14th in the world in reading, mathematics and science. The average British student scored 494, above the OECD average of 478.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PISA 2022 Results |url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/pisa-scores-by-country |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Data Pandas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PISA 2022 UK Results |url=https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=OECD|date=4 December 2023 }}</ref> === Healthcare === {{Main||Healthcare in the United Kingdom}}{{Further|Healthcare in England|Healthcare in Scotland|Healthcare in Wales|}}[[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|right|[[NHS Scotland]]'s [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]] in Glasgow, the largest hospital campus in Europe]] The modern system of [[Universal service|universal]] [[Publicly funded health care|publicly funded healthcare]] in the United Kingdom has its origins in the creation of the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) in 1949, which still exists and is the primary healthcare provider in the United Kingdom. The widespread popularity of the NHS has led to it being described as a "national religion".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Martha |date=9 July 2023 |title=To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75 |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=religionmediacentre.org.uk}}</ref> Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a [[Devolution|devolved matter]] and each country has its own system of universal publicly funded healthcare, although private healthcare is also available. Public healthcare is provided to all [[British nationality law|UK permanent residents]] and is mostly free at the point of need, being paid for from [[Taxation in the United Kingdom|general taxation]]. The [[World Health Organization]], in 2000, ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl |title=The world health report 2000&nbsp;– Health systems: improving performance |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2000 |isbn=978-92-4-156198-3 |editor-last=Haden |editor-first=Angela |location=Geneva |access-date=5 July 2011 |editor-last2=Campanini |editor-first2=Barbara}}; {{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries |url=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf |access-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=New York University}}</ref> Since 1979, expenditure on healthcare has increased significantly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Peter |title=The NHS from Thatcher to Blair |url=http://www.healthp.org/node/71 |journal=NHS Consultants Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120124807/http://www.healthp.org/node/71 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |quote=The Budget&nbsp;... was even more generous to the NHS than had been expected amounting to an annual rise of 7.4 per cent above the rate of inflation for the next five years. This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.}}</ref> The 2018 [[OECD]] data, which incorporates in health a chunk of what in the UK is classified as social care, has the UK spending £3,121 per person.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2019 |title=Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients |url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article? |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Health Service Journal}}</ref> In 2017, the UK spent £2,989 per person on healthcare, near the median for members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2019 |title=How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries? |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29 |access-date=5 October 2019 |publisher=Office of National Statistics}}</ref> Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK-wide basis such as the [[General Medical Council]], the [[Nursing and Midwifery Council]] and non-governmental-based, such as the [[Medical royal college|Royal College]]s. Political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national [[executive (government)|executives]]; [[healthcare in England]] is the responsibility of the UK Government; [[healthcare in Northern Ireland]] is the responsibility of the [[Northern Ireland Executive]]; [[healthcare in Scotland]] is the responsibility of the [[Scottish Government]]; and [[healthcare in Wales]] is the responsibility of the [[Welsh Government]]. Each [[National Health Service]] has different policies and priorities, resulting in contrasts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2008 |title='Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm |work=BBC News}}; {{Cite news |last=Triggle |first=Nick |date=2 January 2008 |title=NHS now four different systems |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm}}</ref> == Culture == {{Main|Culture of the United Kingdom}} The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the nation's island status, [[History of the United Kingdom|its history]], and being a [[political union]] of four countries with each preserving distinctive traditions, customs and symbolism. British influence can be observed in [[English language|the language]], culture and [[Common law|legal systems]] of many of [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|its former colonies]], in particular, the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Ireland, a common culture known as the [[Anglosphere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julian Go |title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15174-1 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=Saïd Amir |pages=92–94 |chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferguson|2004|p=307}} The influence of the United Kingdom has led to it being described as a [[cultural superpower]].<ref name="culture">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf |title=The cultural superpower: British cultural projection abroad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155419/http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=dead |journal=British Politics Review |location=Norway |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=Winter 2011 |issn=1890-4505 |publisher=British Politics Society}}</ref><ref name="sheridan">{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Greg |date=15 May 2010 |title=Cameron has chance to make UK great again |work=The Australian |location=Sydney |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again/story-e6frg6zo-1225866975992 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> A global survey in 2023 ranked the UK 3rd in the 'Most Influential Countries' rankings, behind the US and China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Influential Countries |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> === Literature === {{Main|British literature}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 320 | image1 = PG 1063Burns Naysmith.jpg | alt1 = Robert Burns | caption1 = [[Robert Burns]] (1759–1796) | image2 = William Shakespeare by John Taylor, edited.jpg | alt2 = William Shakespeare | caption2 = [[William Shakespeare]] (1564–1616) | footer = Burns and Shakespeare are considered the [[national poet]]s of Scotland and England respectively. }} British literature includes that associated with the United Kingdom, the [[Isle of Man]] and the [[Channel Islands]]. Most British literature is in English. In 2022, 669&nbsp;million physical books were sold in the UK, which is the most ever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK publishing industry reports record-breaking year in 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/17/uk-publishing-industry-reports-record-breaking-year-in-2022 |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=The Guardian|date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Britain is renowned for [[Literature for children|children's literature]], writers includes [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Lewis Carroll]] and [[Beatrix Potter]] who also illustrated her own books. Other writers include [[A.A. Milne]], [[Enid Blyton]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Roald Dahl]], [[Terry Pratchett]], and [[J.K. Rowling]] who wrote the best selling book series of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best-selling Book Series Of All Time |url=https://wordsrated.com/best-selling-book-series-of-all-time-statistics/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=Wordsrated|date=20 July 2023}}</ref> The English playwright and poet [[William Shakespeare]] is generally regarded as the greatest dramatist ever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |access-date=26 February 2006 |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |access-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archive-date=9 February 2006}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |access-date=26 February 2006}}</ref> Other important English writers are [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], known for [[The Canterbury Tales]], the poet [[William Wordsworth]], and other [[Romantic Poetry|romantic poets]], also the novelists [[Charles Dickens]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[George Orwell]], and [[Ian Fleming]]. The 20th-century English crime writer [[Agatha Christie]] is the [[List of best-selling fiction authors|best-selling novelist]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2005 |title=Mystery of Christie's success is solved |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by [[George Eliot]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Charlotte Brontë|Charlotte]], [[Emily Brontë]], [[Mary Shelley]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Doris Lessing]], and [[Zadie Smith]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ciabattari |first=Jane |date=December 2015 |title=The 25 greatest British novels |work=BBC Culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> [[Scottish literature|Scotland's contributions]] include [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (the creator of [[Sherlock Holmes]]), [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]], [[J. M. Barrie]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], and the poet [[Robert Burns]]. More recently [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] and [[Neil M. Gunn]] contributed to the [[Scottish Renaissance]], with grimmer works from [[Ian Rankin]] and [[Iain Banks]]. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, was UNESCO's first worldwide [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528152834/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 March 2015 |work=Unesco}}</ref> Welsh literature includes Britain's oldest known poem, ''[[Y Gododdin]]'', which was composed most likely in the late 6th century. It was written in [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] or [[Old Welsh]] and contains the earliest known reference to [[King Arthur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Welsh poetry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml |access-date=29 December 2010 |work=BBC Wales}}</ref> The Arthurian legend was further developed by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang, Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC |title=History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne |publisher=Wildside Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8095-3229-2 |location=Holicong, PA |page=42 |orig-date=1913}}</ref> Poet [[Dafydd ap Gwilym]] (''fl.''&nbsp;1320–1370) is regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Dafydd ap Gwilym |url=http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034938/http://www.literaturewales.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 January 2011 |website=[[Literature Wales|Academi.org]] |quote=Dafydd ap Gwilym is widely regarded as one of the greatest Welsh poets of all time, and amongst the leading European poets of the Middle Ages.}}</ref> [[Daniel Owen]] is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing ''[[Rhys Lewis (novel)|Rhys Lewis]]'' in 1885. The best-known of the [[Anglo-Welsh poetry|Anglo-Welsh poets]] are [[Dylan Thomas]] and [[R. S. Thomas]], the latter nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1996. Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include [[Richard Llewellyn]] and [[Kate Roberts (author)|Kate Roberts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm |title=True birthplace of Wales's literary hero |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316173733/http://newscdn.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/551486.stm |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=dead |website=BBC News |date=5 December 1999 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kate Roberts: Biography |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724104228/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 February 2017 |website=BBC Wales}}</ref> Northern Ireland's most popular writer is [[C. S. Lewis]] who was born in [[Belfast]] and wrote [[The Chronicles of Narnia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of Narnia Book Series Statistics |url=https://wordsrated.com/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-series-statistics/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=Wordsrated|date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include [[Oscar Wilde]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varty |first=Anne |title=A Preface to Oscar Wilde |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89231-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A9YFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 231–232]}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Oscar Wilde |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage]] |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> [[Bram Stoker]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moss |first=Joyce |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286 |title=British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–) |publisher=Gale Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7876-3729-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286/page/107 107] |url-access=registration}}</ref> and [[George Bernard Shaw]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384 |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7011-3350-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384 384] }}; {{Cite web |title=G B Shaw |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Discovering Literature: 20th century |publisher=[[British Library]] |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155152/https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including [[Joseph Conrad]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159 |title=Joseph Conrad |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-26851-6 |page=159}}</ref> [[T. S. Eliot]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=John Xiros |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111 |title=The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45790-3 |page=111}}</ref> [[Kazuo Ishiguro]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sim |first=Wai-chew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 |title=Kazuo Ishiguro |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19867-1 |page=201}}</ref> Sir [[Salman Rushdie]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Rushdie |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> and [[Ezra Pound]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=James |date=17 May 2008 |title=Home from home |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 |access-date=10 December 2019}}; {{Cite book |last=Nadel |first=Ira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Ezra Pound: A Literary Life |date=2004 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-37881-0 |page=90}}</ref> === Philosophy === {{Main|British philosophy}} The United Kingdom is famous for '[[British Empiricism]]', a branch of the philosophy that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the '[[Scottish School of Common Sense]]'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |title=A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins |publisher=Thoemmes Press |year=2000 |editor-last=Fieser, James |location=Bristol |access-date=17 December 2010 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409171906/https://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are [[John Locke]], [[George Berkeley]]{{Efn|Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a 'British empiricist' due to the territory of what is now known as the [[Republic of Ireland]] being in the UK at the time.}} and [[David Hume]]; while [[Dugald Stewart]], [[Thomas Reid]], and [[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet|William Hamilton]] were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school. Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of [[utilitarianism]], a moral philosophy first used by [[Jeremy Bentham]] and later by [[John Stuart Mill]] in his short work ''[[Utilitarianism (book)|Utilitarianism]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer, Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66 |title=Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook |publisher=Lutterworth Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7188-2978-0 |location=Cambridge |page=66}}; {{Cite book |last=Scarre, Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82 |title=Utilitarianism |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-12197-2 |location=London |page=82}}</ref> === Music === {{Main|Music of the United Kingdom}} {{see|Music of England|Music of Scotland|Music of Northern Ireland|Music of Wales}} <!----Caution should be taken to ensure that the sections are not simply a listing of names or mini biographies of individuals accomplishments.----> [[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|[[The Proms]] is a classical music festival, most closely associated with [[Henry Wood]] and held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], which regularly plays music by [[Edward Elgar]] and other British composers.]] Various styles of music have become popular in the UK, including the indigenous [[folk music]] of [[Folk music of England|England]], [[Music of Wales#Folk music|Wales]], [[Folk music of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Folk music of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]. Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the [[Tudor period]], with masses, madrigals and lute music by [[Thomas Tallis]], [[John Taverner]], [[William Byrd]], [[Orlando Gibbons]], and [[John Dowland]]. After the [[Stuart Restoration]], an English tradition of dramatic masques, anthems and airs became established, led by [[Henry Purcell]], followed by [[Thomas Arne]] and others. The German-born composer [[George Frideric Handel]] became a [[Naturalization|naturalised]] [[British nationality law|British citizen]] in 1727, when he composed the anthem ''[[Zadok the Priest]]'' for the [[coronation of George II]]; it became the traditional ceremonial music for anointing all future monarchs. Handel's many oratorios, such as his famous ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', were written in the English language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel |url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164147/http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm |archive-date=26 March 2010 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=UK Parliament}}; {{Cite news |last=Andrews |first=John |date=14 April 2006 |title=Handel all'inglese |work=Playbill |location=New York |url=http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html |access-date=11 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210558/http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> In the second half of the 19th century, as [[Arthur Sullivan]] and his librettist [[W. S. Gilbert]] wrote their popular [[Savoy opera]]s, [[Edward Elgar]]'s wide range of music rivalled that of his contemporaries on the continent. Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its [[folk music]], notably [[Gustav Holst]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], and [[Benjamin Britten]], a pioneer of modern British opera. Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] (Orkney), [[Harrison Birtwistle]] (mythological), and [[John Tavener]] (religious).<ref>{{Cite Grove|title=Great Britain|first1=Nicholas|last1=Iemperley|date = 2002| url =https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236 |url-access=subscription}}; {{Cite Grove|title=England (i)|date = 2001| url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044|url-access= subscription|first1=Stephen|last1= Banfield|first2= Ian|last2= Russell}}; {{Cite Grove|title=Wales| date=2001|first1=Geraint|last1= Lewis|first2= Lyn|last2= Davies|first3= Phyllis|last3= Kinney| url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108 | url-access=subscription}}; {{Cite Grove|title=Scotland| first1=Kenneth |last1= Elliott| first2= Francis|last2= Collinson| first3= Peggy |last3= Duesenberry |url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113 | url-access = subscription | date = 2001}}; {{Cite Grove|title= Ireland| first1 = Harry |last1=White |first2 = Nicholas| last2= Carolan| url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901|url-access= subscription| date = 2011}}; {{Cite web |title=British 20th century composers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Recent classical singers include: [[Alfie Boe]], [[Bryn Terfel]], [[Katherine Jenkins]], [[Michael Ball]], [[Roderick Williams]], [[Russell Watson]], and [[Sarah Brightman]], while [[Nicola Benedetti]] and [[Nigel Kennedy]] are renowned for their violin ability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=30 of the greatest violinists on record |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Gramophone}};{{Cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century |url=https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation? |url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Michael Ball |url=https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=English National Opera}};{{Cite web |title=Alfie Bow |url=https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023|title=Sarah Brightman facts |url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Smooth Radio}}</ref> According to ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', the term "[[pop music]]" originated in Britain in the mid-1950s to describe [[rock and roll]]'s fusion with the "new youth music".<ref>R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010. {{Subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113160329/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'' states that artists such as [[the Beatles]] and [[the Rolling Stones]] drove pop music to the forefront of popular music in the early 1960s.<ref>"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.{{Subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112170116/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237|date=12 November 2017}}</ref> Birmingham became known as the birthplace of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], with the band [[Black Sabbath]] starting there in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal |language=en |work=CNN |date=1 July 2011 |first1=Laura |last1=Allsop |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |postscript=;}} {{Cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=4 June 2013 |title=Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal |url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Birmingham Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In the following years, Britain took part in the development of [[rock music]], with British acts pioneering [[hard rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rolling Stones {{!}} Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=AllMusic |language=en-us}}</ref> [[raga rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tom Larson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183 |title=History of Rock and Roll |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7872-9969-9 |pages=183–187}}</ref> [[space rock]], [[glam rock]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Glam Rock |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224412/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |archive-date=28 August 2009 |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] }}</ref> [[Gothic rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=NME Originals: Goth |url=https://www.nme.com/originals/4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126150121/http://www.nme.com/originals/4 |archive-date=26 January 2008 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> [[psychedelic rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage |url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800 |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> and [[punk rock]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=2001 |title=The Sex Pistols |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/TheSexPistols/;kw=%5Bnews,artists,9620,40534,40572%5D |magazine=RollingStone.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201183919/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/TheSexPistols/;kw=%5Bnews,artists,9620,40534,40572%5D |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> British acts also developed [[neo soul]] and created [[dubstep]].<ref>Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923151236/http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465|date=23 September 2017}} "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; {{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Vivien |date=31 January 2012 |title=Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol}}</ref> The modern UK produces some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including [[Stormzy]], [[Kano (rapper)|Kano]], [[Yxng Bane]], [[Ramz (rapper)|Ramz]], [[Little Simz]], and [[Skepta]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018 |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8097878/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> The Beatles have international sales of over 1&nbsp;billion units and are the [[List of best-selling music artists|biggest-selling]] and [[Cultural impact of the Beatles|most influential band in the history of popular music]].<ref name="Beatles sales">{{Cite web |title=1960–1969 |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969 |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=EMI Group}}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{Cite magazine |date=8 June 1992 |title=Paul At Fifty |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |magazine=Time |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206120350/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |work=Belfast Telegraph |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref> Other prominent British contributors to popular music over the last 50 years include the Rolling Stones, [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], and [[Elton John]], all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200&nbsp;million or more.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |date=2 February 2009 |publisher=[[EMI]] |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |archive-date=23 April 2014}}; {{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Urmee |date=17 July 2008 |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730164432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |archive-date=30 July 2008}}; {{Cite news |last=Alleyne |first=Richard |date=19 April 2008 |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 March 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}; {{Cite news |date=11 July 2006 |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm}}; {{Cite news |last=Holton |first=Kate |date=17 January 2008 |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |access-date=26 October 2008}}; {{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=12 May 2008 |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Brit Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI's]] annual music awards, and some of the British recipients of the [[Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music|Outstanding Contribution to Music]] award include [[the Who]], [[David Bowie]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[the Police]], and [[Fleetwood Mac]] (who are a British-American band).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> <!-- Please note that the following list of recent musicians and groups includes only those selling more than 30&nbsp;million records. -->More recent UK music acts that have had international success include [[George Michael]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Spice Girls]], [[Radiohead]], [[Coldplay]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Susan Boyle]], [[Adele]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Lewis Capaldi]], [[One Direction]], [[Harry Styles]], and [[Dua Lipa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most |url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Consequence of Sound |language=en-US}}; {{Cite magazine |date=16 July 2020 |title=10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen |magazine=Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9419436/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews |access-date=15 September 2020}}; {{Cite news |last=Corner, Lewis |date=16 February 2012 |title=Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011 |work=Digital Spy |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html |access-date=22 March 2012}}; {{Cite web |title=Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar |url=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=PlanetRadio.co.uk |last=Magliola |first=Anna Sky |date=30 November 2022}}; {{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/6M2wZ9GZgrQXHCFfjv46we|title=Dua Lipa, 77.5M Monthly listeners|date=6 May 2024|publisher=Spotify}}</ref> [[File:Finnieston Bridge Glasgow at night.jpg|thumb|left|[[Glasgow]] in Scotland was recognised as the [[City of Music (UNESCO)|UNESCO City of Music]] in 2008, the first UK city and third internationally to be recognised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow UNESCO City of Music |url=https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/arts-music-and-culture/glasgow-unesco-city-of-music#:~:text=Our%20UNESCO%20status,United%20Nations%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals. |website=Glasgow Life |access-date=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>]] A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Mark |date=14 January 2008 |title=A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS |access-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175425/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS |archive-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Glasgow's contribution was recognised in 2008 when it was named a [[UNESCO]] [[City of Music (UNESCO)|City of Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2008 |title=Glasgow gets city of music honour |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm |access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> Manchester played a role in the spread of dance music such as [[acid house]], and from the mid-1990s, [[Britpop]]. London and Bristol are closely associated with the origins of [[electronic music]] sub-genres such as [[drum and bass]] and [[trip hop]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass |url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=Red Bull|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref> UK dance music traces its roots back to the black British [[Sound system (Jamaican)|Sound System Culture]] and the [[New Age travellers|New Age Traveller]] movement of the 60s and 70s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Dazed}}</ref> it also has influences from [[New Wave music|New Wave]] and [[Synth-pop]] such as from bands [[New Order (band)|New Order]] and [[Depeche Mode]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Depeche Mode — Pioneers In Electronic Music |url=https://medium.com/hd-pro/depeche-mode-pioneers-in-electronic-music-1f0e4a984fff |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Medium}}</ref> and also has influences from the [[House music|Chicago House]] and [[Detroit techno|Detroit Techno]] scenes. In the late 80's, dance music exploded with [[Rave]] culture mainly [[Acid House]] tracks which were made mainstream with novelty records (such as Smart E's [[Sesame's Treet]] and the Prodigy's [[Charly (song)|Charly]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2001 |title=Rave |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Oxford Music Online}}</ref> and the [[Balearic beat|Balearic sound]] brought back from the Ibiza club scene. This led on to genres such as [[UK Garage]], [[Speed Garage]], [[Drum and bass]], [[Jungle music|Jungle]], [[Trance music|Trance]], and [[Dubstep]]. Influential UK dance acts past and present include [[808 State]], [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]], [[the Prodigy]], [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]], [[Roni Size]], [[Leftfield]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Groove Armada]], [[Fatboy Slim]], [[Faithless]], [[Basement Jaxx]], [[Chemical Brothers]], [[Sub Focus]], [[Chase & Status]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]], [[Calvin Harris]], and [[Fred Again]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed |date=19 January 2012|url=http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414045620/http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed}};{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Other influential UK DJs include [[Judge Jules]], [[Pete Tong]], [[Carl Cox]], [[Paul Oakenfold]], [[John Digweed]], and [[Sasha (dj)|Sasha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003|url=http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp|archive-date=7 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207071739/http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp}}</ref> === Visual art === {{Main|Art of the United Kingdom|Architecture of the United Kingdom}} [[File:Morris Evenlode printed textile.jpg|thumb|[[William Morris]] textile design, 1883]] [[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|The [[Angel of the North]] sculpture by [[Antony Gormley]] has become a symbol of [[northern England]].]] Major British artists include: the [[Romanticism|Romantics]] [[William Blake]], [[John Constable]], [[Samuel Palmer]], and [[J. M. W. Turner]]; the [[portrait]] painters [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] and [[Lucian Freud]]; the landscape artists [[Thomas Gainsborough]] and [[L. S. Lowry]]; the pioneer of the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] [[William Morris]]; the figurative painter [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]]; the [[Pop artist]]s [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], and [[David Hockney]]; the pioneers of [[Conceptual art]] movement [[Art & Language]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tate |title=Art & Language – Art Term {{!}} Tate |work=Tate |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> the collaborative duo [[Gilbert and George]]; the [[Abstract art|abstract]] artist [[Howard Hodgkin]]; and the sculptors [[Antony Gormley]], [[Anish Kapoor]], and [[Henry Moore]]. During the late 1980s and 1990s the [[Saatchi Gallery]] in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "[[Young British Artists]]": [[Damien Hirst]], [[Chris Ofili]], [[Rachel Whiteread]], [[Tracey Emin]], [[Mark Wallinger]], [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]], [[Sam Taylor-Wood]], and the [[Jake and Dinos Chapman|Chapman Brothers]] are among the better-known members of this loosely affiliated movement. The [[Royal Academy]] in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom. Major schools of art in the UK include: the six-school [[University of the Arts London]], which includes the [[Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design]] and [[Chelsea College of Art and Design]]; [[Goldsmiths, University of London]]; the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] (part of [[University College London]]); the [[Glasgow School of Art]]; the [[Royal College of Art]]; and [[The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art]] (part of the University of Oxford). The [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] is a leading centre for the teaching of the [[history of art]]. Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the [[National Gallery]], [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[Tate Britain]], and [[Tate Modern]] (the most-visited modern art gallery in the world, with around 4.7&nbsp;million visitors per year).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayley |first=Stephen |date=24 April 2010 |title=The startling success of Tate Modern |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429173928/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=19 January 2011}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> === Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of the United Kingdom|Theatre of the United Kingdom}} The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], whose film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is considered by some critics as the [[List of films considered the best|best film of all time]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> and [[David Lean]] who directed [[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]] are among the most critically acclaimed directors ever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517155218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-date=17 May 2012 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Recent popular directors include: [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Sam Mendes]], [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]], [[Richard Curtis]], [[Danny Boyle]], [[Tony Scott]], and [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24 Best British Directors of All Time |date=13 May 2023 |url=https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Movieweb }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 22 U.K. Film Directors |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=IMDB }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 of the best … Richard Curtis films |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/5-of-the-best-richard-curtis-films-tzxx9fv2h |work=The Times |access-date=4 June 2024|date=17 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK's top 50 film directors |date=23 May 2012 |url=https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Televisual }}</ref> Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success. Some of the most commercially successful films have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the [[List of highest-grossing film series|highest-grossing film franchises]] (''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2007 |title=Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |access-date=2 November 2010}}</ref> 2019 was a particularly good year for British films which grossed around £10.3&nbsp;billion globally which was 28.7% of global box office revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Film Industry Statistics 2023 |date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217211749/https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> UK box-office takings totalled £1.25&nbsp;billion in 2019, with around 176&nbsp;million admissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK box office in 2019 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217214846/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> In 2023 UK film and television studio stage space stands at 6.9&nbsp;million sq ft, with 1&nbsp;million sq ft added in the past year with more in development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Film and Television Studios Market Report |url=https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Knight Frank }}</ref> The annual [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Film Awards]] are hosted by the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2001 |title=Baftas fuel Oscars race |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm |access-date=14 February 2011}}</ref> === Cuisine === {{Main|British cuisine}} {{Further|English cuisine|Northern Irish cuisine|Scottish cuisine|Welsh cuisine}} [[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|[[Fish and chips]], a traditional British dish, served with lemon, tartar sauce and mushy peas]] British cuisine developed from influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism. The food of England has historically been characterised by simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Else |first=David |title=Inghilterra |publisher=EDT srl |date=2007 |isbn=978-88-6040-136-6|page=76}}</ref> The traditional [[Sunday roast]] is one example, featuring a [[roasting|roasted joint]], usually of beef, lamb, chicken, or pork, often [[free range]] (and generally grass-fed, in the case of beef). Roasts are served with either roasted or boiled vegetables, [[Yorkshire pudding]], and [[gravy]]. Other traditional meals include [[meat pie]]s and [[stew]]s. A 2019 YouGov poll rated classic British food, with more than 80% of eaters liking: Sunday roast, Yorkshire pudding, fish and chips, crumpets, and full English breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons|date=11 June 2019|title=Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons}}</ref> The UK is home to a large selection of [[fine dining]]. In, 2024 there were 187 restaurants with a [[Michelin Star]]; 49 of them consider their cuisine to be 'Modern British'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/gb/restaurants/all-starred |title=United Kingdom |publisher=Michelin Guide |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> Sweet foods are common within British cuisine, and there is a long list of [[List of British desserts|British desserts]]. Afternoon tea is a light afternoon meal served with tea in tea rooms and hotels around the United Kingdom, with the tradition dating back to around 1840.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=The British Museum}}</ref> A poll from July 2024 revealed that 3% of the UK population follows a [[vegan]] diet, 6% are [[vegetarian]], and 13% identify as [[flexitarian]] (following a mainly vegetarian diet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc) | url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc | access-date=26 November 2024 | date=8 July 2024 | website=YouGov.co.uk}}</ref> The [[British Empire]] facilitated knowledge of [[Indian cuisine]] with its "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those who have [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|settled in Britain]], producing hybrid dishes, such as [[chicken tikka masala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2001 |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |access-date=7 September 2021}}; {{Cite news |last=BBC E-Cyclopedia |date=20 April 2001 |title=Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm |access-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> The British have embraced world cuisine and regularly eat recipes or fast food from other European countries, the Caribbean and Asia. The UK has many [[gastropub]]s and is the birthplace of many alcoholic drinks including many beer styles such as [[pale ale]], [[India pale ale]], [[bitter (beer)|bitter]], [[brown ale]], [[porter (beer)|porter]], and [[stout]]. The number of [[craft beer]]s and microbreweries have expanded rapidly in the last two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to British Beer |url=https://www.expatica.com/uk/lifestyle/food-drink/british-beer-469903/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Expatica}}</ref> Other popular alcoholic drinks produced in the UK include [[Scotch whisky]], [[Wine from the United Kingdom|English wine]], [[gin]], [[perry]], and [[cider]]. === Media === {{Main|Media of the United Kingdom}} [[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|[[MediaCityUK]] in [[Salford]], [[Greater Manchester]], is one of the largest media production facilities in Europe.]] The [[BBC]], founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.<ref name="MediaNewsline">{{Cite web |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref><ref name="ProspectMag">{{Cite web |title=Digital license |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107024637/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/07/digitallicense |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Prospect}}</ref><ref name="AboutBBC">{{Cite news |title=About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC |work=BBC Online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> It operates television and radio stations across the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=13 August 2009 |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |journal=Media Newsline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510090842/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}; {{Cite web |date=April 2010 |title=TV Licence Fee: facts & figures |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=BBC Press Office}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] is an [[International broadcasting|international broadcaster]] owned and operated by the BBC, and the world's largest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News in your language – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages |website=Bbc.co.uk}}; {{Cite web |title=BBC World Service |url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about |website=Facebook.com}}</ref> Other major players in the UK media include [[ITV plc|ITV]], which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV Network]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications & Policies: The History of ITV |url= http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110411224117/http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies |archive-date=11 April 2011 |website=ITV.com}}</ref> and [[Sky UK|Sky]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Direct Broadcast Satellite Television |url= http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |journal=News Corporation |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604095622/http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> Newspapers produced in the United Kingdom include the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']], ''[[The Times]]'', and the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2008 |title=ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Magazines and journals published in the United Kingdom that have achieved worldwide circulation include ''[[The Spectator]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[New Statesman]]'', and ''[[Radio Times]]''. London dominates the media sector in the UK: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although [[MediaCityUK]] in Manchester is also a significant national media centre. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales, respectively.<ref>William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. {{ISBN|978-9987-16-021-1}}, pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20&nbsp;billion and employs 167,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publishing |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505104322/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Department of Culture, Media and Sport}}</ref> In 2015, the UK published 2,710 book titles per million inhabitants, more than any other country, with much of this exported to other [[Anglophone]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016 |title=Annual Report 2015–2016 |url=https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=internationalpublishers.org |publisher=International Publishers Association |page=16 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831205753/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, 82.5% of the UK population were Internet users, the [[List of countries by number of Internet users|highest proportion]] among the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm |journal=Internet World Stats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610104435/http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Video games in the United Kingdom|British video game industry]] is the largest in Europe, and, since 2022, the UK has the [[List of video games markets by country|largest video game market]] in Europe by sales, overtaking [[Video games in Germany|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dring |first=Christopher |date=12 January 2023 |title=European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022 |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |language=en}}</ref> It is the world's third-largest producer of video games after [[Video games in Japan|Japan]] and the [[Video games in the United States|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UK Video Games Industry |url=https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=TIGA |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Sport === {{Main|Sport in the United Kingdom|Great Britain at the Olympics}} [[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|right|The [[2023 FA Cup final]] at [[Wembley Stadium]] between [[Manchester City]] and [[Manchester United]]]] [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|right|Golf originated from the [[Old Course at St Andrews]] in Scotland]] [[Association football]], [[tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[badminton]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby sevens]], [[golf]], [[boxing]], [[netball]], [[water polo]], [[field hockey]], [[English billiards|billiards]], [[darts]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[rounders]], and [[cricket]] originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th-century [[Victorian Britain]].{{efn|In 2012, the president of the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf |title=Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad |website=Olympic.org |access-date=30 November 2013 |date=27 July 2012 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819135346/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |title=Unparalleled Sporting History |work=Reuters |access-date=30 November 2013 |last=Mehaffey |first=John |location=London |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525164121/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the UK.<ref name="sports poll">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2003 |title=Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport' |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Ipsos-Mori}}</ref> England is recognised by [[FIFA]] as the birthplace of club football, and the [[Football Association]] is the oldest of its kind, with the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|rules of football]] first drafted in 1863 by [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rudd |first=Alyson |date=7 April 2008 |title=The father of football deserves much more |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 January 2015}}; {{Cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=29 January 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> Each of the [[Home Nations]] (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) has its own football association, national team and [[league system]], and each is individually a governing member of the [[International Football Association Board]] alongside FIFA. The English top division, the [[Premier League]], is the most watched football league in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebner |first=Sarah |date=2 July 2013 |title=History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> The first international football match was contested by [[England national football team|England]] and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] on 30&nbsp;November 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell, Paul |author-link=Paul Mitchell (broadcaster) |date=November 2005 |title=The first international football match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport Scotland}}</ref> England, Scotland, [[Wales national football team|Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] usually compete as separate countries in international competitions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harlow |first=Phil |date=5 August 2008 |title=Why is there no GB Olympics football team? |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm |access-date=31 December 2010}}</ref> In 2003, rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK.<ref name="sports poll" /> The sport was created in [[Rugby School]], Warwickshire, and the [[1871 England versus Scotland rugby union match|first rugby international]] took place on 27&nbsp;March 1871 between [[England national rugby union team|England]] and [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757 |title=Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world |work=BBC News |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Godwin |first1=Terry |last2=Rhys |first2=Chris |year=1981 |title=The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofru0000godw |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofru0000godw/page/10 10] |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |isbn=978-0-85112-214-4}}</ref> England, Scotland, [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]], [[France national rugby union team|France]], and [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]] compete in the [[Six Nations Championship]], which is the premier international rugby union tournament in the northern hemisphere. [[Sports governing bodies]] in [[Rugby union in England|England]], [[Rugby union in Scotland|Scotland]], [[Rugby union in Wales|Wales]], and [[Rugby union in Ireland|Ireland]] organise and regulate the game separately.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Louw, Jaco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95 |title=The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby |last2=Nesbit, Derrick |publisher=South Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-620-39541-0 |location=Johannesburg}}</ref> Every four years, the Home Nations make a combined team known as the [[British and Irish Lions]] which tours Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The United Kingdom hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games]] in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]], with London acting as the host city on all three occasions. Birmingham hosted the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], the seventh time a [[Countries of the United Kingdom|country of the United Kingdom]] hosted the [[Commonwealth Games]] (England, Scotland, and Wales have each hosted the Commonwealth Games at least once).<ref>{{Cite news |title=The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/ |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> === Symbols === {{Main|Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man|l1 = Symbols of the United Kingdom}} [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|Union Jack flags on [[The Mall, London|The Mall]], London]] The [[flag of the United Kingdom]] is the [[Union Flag]] (also referred to as the Union Jack).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Jack or Union Flag? |url=https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=The Flag Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the [[flag of England]], representing [[Saint George]], on the [[flag of Scotland]], representing [[Saint Andrew]], and was updated in 1801 with the addition of [[Saint Patrick's Flag]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=college-of-arms.gov.uk |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=The College of Arms}}</ref> Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales was discussed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2007 |title=Welsh dragon call for Union flag |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The [[national anthem]] of the United Kingdom is "[[God Save the King]]", with "King" replaced with "Queen" in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a woman. [[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the United Kingdom, originating from [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britannia on British Coins |url=http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html |access-date=25 June 2006 |publisher=Chard}}</ref> Beside [[The Lion and the Unicorn]] and the [[Welsh Dragon|dragon]] of heraldry, the [[bulldog]] is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Flag.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Steve |title=Picturing the Beast |url=https://archive.org/details/picturingbeastan0000bake_x9v8 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-252-07030-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/picturingbeastan0000bake_x9v8/page/52 52]}}</ref> A rare personification is a character originating in the 18th century, [[John Bull]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Who is John Bull |url=https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> [[National symbols of England|England]], [[National symbols of Wales|Wales]], and [[National symbols of Scotland|Scotland]] each have their own national symbols, including their national flags. [[National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] also has symbols, many of which are shared with the [[Republic of Ireland]]. == See also == * [[Outline of the United Kingdom]] ** [[Outline of England]] ** [[Outline of Northern Ireland]] ** [[Outline of Scotland]] ** [[Outline of Wales]] * [[Index of United Kingdom-related articles]] * [[International rankings of the United Kingdom]] * [[Historiography of the United Kingdom]] * [[Historiography of the British Empire]] * [[United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Sister project links|n=Category:United Kingdom|voy=United Kingdom|d=Q145}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389 United Kingdom] from [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ United Kingdom]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406224510/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm United Kingdom] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 6 April 2009) * {{Wikiatlas|United Kingdom}} * {{OSM relation|62149}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GB Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom] from [[International Futures]] === Government === * [http://www.gov.uk/ Official website of HM Government] * [http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Monarchy] * [http://www.number10.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Prime Minister's Office] === Travel === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081243/https://www.visitbritain.com/gb/en Official tourist guide to Britain] <!-- Please discuss links on the talk page before adding them to this list – remember to read the WP:EL guideline.--> {{United Kingdom topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{United Kingdom constituents and affiliations}} {{British Isles}} {{Sovereign states of Europe}} {{Commonwealth realms}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{The Commonwealth}} }} {{Portal bar|United Kingdom|England|Northern Ireland|Scotland|Wales|Europe|Countries}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|55|N|3|W|type:country_region:GB|display=title}} [[Category:United Kingdom| ]] [[Category:British Islands]] [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G20 members]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Council of Europe]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:OECD members]] m332i77oq2xqqv59anlnyate73lg0dp 0 46786 122653 112150 2026-09-28T02:43:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngalawa''' ni boti ilo pakwamba likapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakukhala ku Zanzibar na mphepete mwa nyanja [[Tanzania|ya Tanzania]] . <ref name="jbj">{{Cite web |last=Small Tri Guy |title=Jim Brown's Coming Seaclipper 20 trimaran (the "Janganda") |url=http://smalltrimarans.com/blog/jim-browns-coming-seaclipper-20-trimaran-the-janganda/ |publisher=Small Trimarans |access-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204003515/http://smalltrimarans.com/blog/jim-browns-coming-seaclipper-20-trimaran-the-janganda/ |archive-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> Iwo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa kunyamura katundu panji ŵanthu pa mtunda ufupi, kweniso pa boti lakuloŵera somba la mumphepete mwa nyanja . Zina ili na luso lwa kuŵikapo vingwe ivi vikasinthika kufuma ku ''vingwe'' vyakukhozga vingwe vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia ŵa ku [[Madagascar]] . ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ryrgjn9e4zkmiugyrtjym97g6on10ue 0 46833 122623 112405 2026-09-28T02:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122623 wikitext text/x-wiki Index yakulondezgapo yikupelekeka nga ni chiwoneskero cha na buku lakulongosora nkhani za sayansi: Malinki gha nkhani na kulongozgaso ku vigaŵa vya nkhani ivyo vikupereka uthenga pa mutu uliwose vili kulembeka na kulongosora mwakudumura na mutu. Para pali nkhani zakujumpha yimoza izo zili na uthenga wakukhwaskana na mutu unyake ivyo vikukhwaskana chomene kanandi vikulembeka ndipo lingaŵa lakukolerana na uthenga unandi kufuma pa hamba panji chigaŵa icho chikukolerana. '''[[Kasanthulo|Usanthuro]]''' ni mulimo wa ndondomeko za kuzenga na kuŵika umanyi mu nthowa ya vilongosolero vyakuyezgeka na vyakuyowoyerathu na vyakuloska vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa. Nthavi za usanthuro, izo zikuchemekaso kuti vigaŵa vya usanthuro, visambizgo vya usanthuro, panji usanthuro pera, zingagaŵika mwambura kughananapo chomene mu magulu ghakuru ghatatu: * Usanthuro wa chilengiwa ( usanthuro wa moyo, [[Kemistre|usanthuro wa visungunu]], [[Fisiks|usanthuro wa kaŵiro na nkhongono]], usanthuro wa vyakuthambo, na sayansi ya caru capasi ), iyo yikusambira cilengiwa mu fundo yikuru; * Sayansi ya ŵanthu (mwachiyelezgero, nkharo na wongo, ukhaliro, vya chuma, mbiri ) iyo yikusambira ŵanthu na mitundu; ndipo * Sayansi yakumanyikwa (mwachiyelezgero, samuzi, zeru, fundo ziŵisi za usanthuro wa mrangura ), iyo yikusambira fundo zambura kukhoma. Masambiro agho ghakugwiriskira ntchito usanthuro, nga ni uzengi ufundi na [[Mankhwala|munkhwara]], ghakulongosoreka kuti ni usanthuro wakugwiriskira ncito. ==A== * {{annotated link|Abiyoloje}} &ndash; Kuŵazga kwa vinthu vyambula moyo.<ref>abiology. (2024, August 18). Wiktionary. Retrieved 20:05, November 21, 2024 from https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=abiology&oldid=81077778.</ref> * {{annotated link|Abiofisioloje}} &ndash; Kuŵazga kwa ndondomeko za moyo kukhwaska ivyo vilije moyo<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Citations:abiophysiology</ref> * {{annotated link|Acanthochronology}} * {{annotated link|Acanthology}} &ndash; study of spined things, in particular sea urchins, and the resultant impact on taxonomy<ref>"Acanthology." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acanthology {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912222817/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acanthology |date=2024-09-12 }}. Accessed 21 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Acarology}} * {{annotated link|Aceology}} &ndash; science of remedies, or of therapeutics; iamatology. * {{annotated link|Acology}} * {{annotated link|Acoustics}} – the branch of physics studying the properties of sound. * {{annotated link|Actinobiology}} &ndash; synonymous with [[radiobiology]]. * {{annotated link|Adenology}} * {{annotated link|Aerobiology}} * {{annotated link|Aerodonetics}} &ndash; Science or study of gliding flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aerodonetics |title=aerodonetics |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327105807/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aerodonetics |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Aerodynamics}} * {{annotated link|Aerolithology}} &ndash; study of aerolites; meteorites.<ref>“Aerolithology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aerolithology {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927074944/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aerolithology |date=2023-09-27 }}. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Aerology}} * {{annotated link|Aeronautics}} * {{annotated link|Aeropalynology}} &ndash; study of pollens and spores in atmosphere.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198833338.001.0001/acref-9780198833338-e-132 |title=aeropalynology |website=www.oxfordreference.com |date=21 March 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883333-8 |access-date=22 November 2024 }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Aerospace engineering}} * {{annotated link|Aerostatics}} * {{annotated link|Agnoiology}} * {{annotated link|Agonistics}} * {{annotated link|Agricultural chemistry}} &ndash; study of influence in chemical processes in plants. * {{annotated link|Agriology}} &ndash; comparative study of primitive peoples. * {{annotated link|Agrobiology}} * {{annotated link|Agroecology}} * {{annotated link|Agrogeology}} * [[Soil science|Agrology]] &ndash; Soil science, study of soils, especially agricultural soils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of AGROLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrology |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Agronomics}} * {{annotated link|Agronomy}} * {{annotated link|Agrostology}} * {{annotated link|Algebra}} * {{annotated link|Algedonics}} * {{annotated link|Phycology|Algology}} ([[botany]]) * {{annotated link|Algology (medicine)|Algology}} * {{annotated link|Allergology}} - study of causes and treatment of allergies * {{annotated link|Anaesthesiology}} * {{annotated link|Anatomy}} * {{annotated link|Andragogy}} * {{annotated link|Andrology}} &ndash; study of men's physiology. * {{annotated link|Anemology}} &ndash; study of wind. * {{annotated link|Angiology}} * {{annotated link|Anthropobiology}} &ndash; study of human biology. * {{annotated link|Anthropology}} &ndash; study of human cultures. * {{annotated link|Anthrozoology}} &ndash; study of human-animal interaction. * {{annotated link|Apiology}} * {{annotated link|Aquatic ecology}} * {{annotated link|Arachnology}} * {{annotated link|Archaeology}} * {{annotated link|Archelogy}} &ndash; study of first principles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archelogy |title=Archelogy |publisher=Merriam Webster |access-date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929005508/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archelogy |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Archival science}} * {{annotated link|Archology}} &ndash; science of the origins of government. * {{annotated link|Areology}} * {{annotated link|Aristology}} &ndash; science or art of dining.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Aromachology}} * {{annotated link|Arthrology}} * {{annotated link|Arthropodology}} * {{annotated link|Astacology}} * {{annotated link|Asteroseismology}} * {{annotated link|Astheniology}} &ndash; study of diseases of weakening and aging. * {{annotated link|Astrobotany}} * {{annotated link|Astrobiology}} * {{annotated link|Astrodynamics}} * {{annotated link|Astrogeology}} * {{annotated link|Astronautics}} * {{annotated link|Astronomy}} * {{annotated link|Astrophysics}} &ndash; study of behaviour of interstellar matter. * {{annotated link|Atmology}} &ndash; the science of aqueous vapor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/atmology |title=atmology |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428074630/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/atmology |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Audiology}} * {{annotated link|Autecology}} * {{annotated link|Autology}} &ndash; scientific study of oneself.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Automata theory}} * {{annotated link|Auxology}} == B == * {{annotated link|Bacteriology}} * {{annotated link|Ballistics}} * {{annotated link|Balneology}} &ndash; science of the therapeutic use of baths. * {{annotated link|Barodynamics}} &ndash; science of the support and mechanics of heavy structures<ref>“Barodynamics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/barodynamics. Accessed 22 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Barology}} &ndash; study of gravitational force.<ref>“[[doi:10.1093/OED/9551871275|Barology, N]].” ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Oxford University Press, July 2023.</ref> * {{annotated link|Bathymetry}} * {{annotated link|Batology}} * {{annotated link|Batrachology}} * {{annotated link|Behavioural genetics}} * {{annotated link|Behavioral neuroscience}} * {{annotated link|Bibliography|Bibliology}} * {{annotated link|Bibliotics}} &ndash; study of documents to determine authenticity. * {{annotated link|Bioecology}} * {{annotated link|Biogeochemistry}} * {{annotated link|Biology}} * {{annotated link|Biochemistry}} * {{annotated link|Biomechanics}} * {{annotated link|Biometrics}} * {{annotated link|Bionomics}} &ndash; study of organisms interacting in their environments. * {{annotated link|Biophysics}} &ndash; study of physics of biological phenomena. * {{annotated link|Biopsychology}} &ndash; application of the science of biology to the study of psychology. * {{annotated link|Biotribology}} &ndash; study of friction, wear and lubrication of biological systems. * {{annotated link|Botany}} * {{annotated link|Bromatology}} &ndash; study of food. * {{annotated link|Bryology}} &ndash; study of mosses and liverworts. == C == * {{annotated link|Cacogenics}} * {{annotated link|Caliology}} &ndash; study of bird's nests. * {{annotated link|Calorifics}} &ndash; study of heat – relating to the production of heat <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of CALORIFIC |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorific#:~:text=:%20of%20or%20relating%20to%20heat%20production |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Cambistry}} &ndash; science of international exchange.<ref>“Cambistry.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cambistry. Accessed 22 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Campanology}} * {{annotated link|Carcinology}} * {{annotated link|Cardiology}} * {{annotated link|Caricology}} * {{annotated link|Carpology}} * {{annotated link|Cartography}} &ndash; science of making maps and globes. * {{annotated link|Castrametation}} &ndash; art of designing a camp.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Catacoustics}} &ndash; science of echoes or reflected sounds.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Catallactics}} &ndash; science of commercial exchange. * {{annotated link|Catechectics}} &ndash; art of teaching by question and answer.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Celestial mechanics}} &ndash; study of motion of objects in outer space. * {{annotated link|Cell biology}} &ndash; study of the different structures and functions of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. * {{annotated link|Cetology}} &ndash; study of whales and dolphins. * {{annotated link|Chaology}} * {{annotated link|Chaos theory}} * {{annotated link|Characterology}} &ndash; study of development of character. * {{annotated link|Chemistry}} &ndash; study of properties and behaviours of substances. * {{annotated link|Chirography}} &ndash; study of handwriting or penmanship. * {{annotated link|Chiropody}} * {{annotated link|Chorology}} &ndash; science of the geographic description of anything. * {{annotated link|Chrematistics}} &ndash; study of wealth; political economy. * {{annotated link|Colorimetry|Chromatics}} &ndash; study of color. * {{annotated link|Chronobiology}} &ndash; study of biological rhythms. * {{annotated link|Chrysology}} &ndash; study of precious metals.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Classical mechanics}} &ndash; study of motion of macroscopic objects. * {{annotated link|Climatology}} &ndash; study of climate. * {{annotated link|Clinology}} &ndash; study of aging or individual decline after maturity.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Codicology}} * {{annotated link|Cognitive science}} * {{annotated link|Coleopterology}} * {{annotated link|Cometology}} &ndash; study of comets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cometology |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cometology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429114218/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cometology |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Computer science}} &ndash; study of processes that interact with data. * {{annotated link|Conchology}} * {{annotated link|Coniology}} * {{annotated link|Connectomics}} * {{annotated link|Contact mechanics}} * {{annotated link|Coprology}} * {{annotated link|Cosmetology}} &ndash; study of cosmetics.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Cosmochemistry}} * {{annotated link|Cosmology}} * {{annotated link|Craniology}} &ndash; study of the skull. * {{annotated link|Criminology}} * {{annotated link|Cryobiology}} * {{annotated link|Cryptography}} * {{annotated link|Cryptology}} &ndash; study of codes. * {{annotated link|Ctetology}} &ndash; study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Cybernetics}} * {{annotated link|Cyclonology}} &ndash; study of tropical cyclones, e.g. hurricanes.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Cynology}} * {{annotated link|Cytology}} == D == * {{annotated link|Dactyliology}} &ndash; study of finger rings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of 'dactyliology' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/dactyliomancy |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Collins |publisher=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Dactylography}} * {{annotated link|Dactylology}} &ndash; study of sign language.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Data science}} – study of analyzing, processing, interpreting and extracting data. * {{annotated link|Demography}} * {{annotated link|Demology}} &ndash; study of human populations and behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/demology |title=demology |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429122344/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/demology |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Dendrochronology}} * {{annotated link|Dendrology}} * {{annotated link|Dermatoglyphics}} * {{annotated link|Dermatology}} * {{annotated link|Desmology}} * {{annotated link|Dialectology}} * {{annotated link|Dietetics}} * {{annotated link|Dioptrics}} * {{annotated link|Diplomatics}} &ndash; science of deciphering ancient writings and texts.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Dosiology}} &ndash; study of dosage of drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dosiology |title=dosiology |website=www.collinsdictionary.com|publisher=Collins |access-date=23 November 2024 }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics}} * {{annotated link|Dysgenics}} and study thereof. == E == * {{annotated link|Eccrinology}} &ndash; study of excretion. * {{annotated link|Ecology}} * {{annotated link|Economics}} &ndash; study of material wealth (production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services). * {{annotated link|Edaphology}} * {{annotated link|Egyptology}} &ndash; study of ancient Egypt. * {{annotated link|Eidology}} &ndash; study of mental imagery.<ref>{{Citation|title=eidology|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/eidology|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2020-12-24|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119114336/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/eidology|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Ekistics}} * {{annotated link|Electrochemistry}} &ndash; study of relations between electricity and chemicals. * {{annotated link|Electrodynamics}} &ndash; study of the effects arising from the interactions of electric currents with magnets, with other currents, or with themselves. * {{annotated link|Electrohydrodynamics}} &ndash; the study of dynamics of electrically charged fluids. * {{annotated link|Electrology}} &ndash; study of electricity.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{Relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Electrostatics}} &ndash; study of static electricity. * {{annotated link|Electromagnetism}} &ndash; study of electromagnetic force. * {{annotated link|Embryology}} * {{annotated link|Emetology}} &ndash; study of vomiting.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Emmenology}} &ndash; study of menstruation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmenology definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emmenology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430163335/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emmenology |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Endemiology}} &ndash; study of local diseases.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Endocrinology}} * {{annotated link|Energetics (disambiguation)|Energetics}} &ndash; study of energy under transformation within various fields. * {{annotated link|Engineering studies}} &ndash; study of engineering. * {{annotated link|Enigmatology}} &ndash; study of enigmas (puzzles).{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Entomology}} * {{annotated link|Entozoology}} &ndash; study of parasites that live inside larger organisms.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=entozoology, n. meanings, etymology and more |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/entozoology_n?tl=true |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Enzymology}} &ndash; study of enzymes. * {{annotated link|Ephebiatrics}} &ndash; branch of medicine dealing with adolescence. * {{annotated link|Epidemiology}} * {{annotated link|Epileptology}} &ndash; study of epilepsy. * {{annotated link|Eremology}} &ndash; study of deserts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of EREMOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eremology |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Ergology}} &ndash; study of effects of work on humans.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ergonomics}} &ndash; study of people at work. * {{annotated link|Escapology}} &ndash; study of freeing oneself from constraints.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ethnobiology}} &ndash; study of dynamic relationships between peoples. * {{annotated link|Ethnobotany}} &ndash; study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people. * {{annotated link|Ethnogeny}} &ndash; study of origins of races or ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of ETHNOGENY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethnogeny |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Ethnochoreology}} &ndash; study of dances and its implication in culture.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ethnomusicology}} – study of comparative musical systems.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ethnology}} &ndash; study of cultures. * {{annotated link|Ethnomethodology}} &ndash; study of everyday communication and social interaction. * {{annotated link|Ethology}} &ndash; study of natural or biological character. * {{annotated link|Ethonomics}} &ndash; study of economic and ethical principles of a society. * {{annotated link|Etiology}} * {{annotated link|Etymology}} &ndash; study of origins of words. * {{annotated link|Euthenics}} &ndash; science concerned with improving living conditions. * {{annotated link|Exobiology}} &ndash; study of extraterrestrial life. * {{annotated link|Exoplanetology}} &ndash; study of exoplanets. == F == * {{annotated link|Felinology}} &ndash; study of felines. * {{annotated link|Finance}} &ndash; science or study of money management.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Fluid dynamics}} * {{annotated link|Fluid mechanics}} &ndash; study of fluids behaviour at rest and in motion. * {{annotated link|Fluid statics}} &ndash; study of fluids behaviour at rest. * {{annotated link|Fluviology}} &ndash; study of watercourses.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of FLUVIOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fluviology |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Folkloristics}} &ndash; study of folklore and fables.{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Forestry}} &ndash; study of the creation, management, use, conservation, and repair of forests and associated resources. * {{annotated link|Fracture mechanics}} * {{annotated link|Futurology}} * {{annotated link|Forensic science}} &ndash; the use of scientific methods or expertise to investigate crimes or examine evidence that might be presented in a court of law == G == * {{annotated link|Garbology}} * {{annotated link|Gastroenterology}} * {{annotated link|Gemmology}} &ndash; study of gems and jewels * {{annotated link|Gender Studies}} &ndash; study of gender * {{annotated link|Genealogy}} &ndash; study of descent of families * {{annotated link|Genesiology}} &ndash; study of reproduction and heredity {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Genetics}} * {{annotated link|Geochemistry}} &ndash; study of chemistry of the Earth's crust * {{annotated link|Geochronology}} &ndash; study of measuring geological time * {{annotated link|Geography}} &ndash; study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants * {{annotated link|Geology}} &ndash; study of the rocks of a planet * {{annotated link|Geometry}} &ndash; study the sizes, shapes, positions, angles and dimensions of things. * {{annotated link|Geomorphogeny}} &ndash; study of the characteristics, origins, and development of land forms{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Geomorphology}} &ndash; study of landforms and landform evolution * {{annotated link|Geoponics}} &ndash; study of agriculture * {{annotated link|Geotechnics}} &ndash; study of increasing habitability of the Earth * {{annotated link|Geratology}} &ndash; study of decadence and decay * {{annotated link|Gerocomy}} &ndash; study of old age{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Gerontology}} * {{annotated link|Gigantology}} &ndash; study of giants{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Glaciology}} * {{annotated link|Glossology}} &ndash; study of language; study of the tongue * {{annotated link|Gnomonics}} &ndash; the art of measuring time using sundials * {{annotated link|Gnotobiology}} &ndash; study of life in germ-free conditions * {{annotated link|Googology}} &ndash; study of large numbers * {{annotated link|Graminology}} * {{annotated link|Grammatology}} &ndash; study of systems of writing * {{annotated link|Graphemics}} &ndash; study of systems of representing speech in writing * {{annotated link|Graphology}} &ndash; study of handwriting {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Gromatics}} &ndash; science of surveying * {{annotated link|Gynaecology}} &ndash; study of women's physiology * {{annotated link|Gyrostatics}} &ndash; study of rotating bodies{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} == H == * {{annotated link|Haemataulics}} &ndash; study of movement of blood through blood vessels{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}<!-- mention in Oxford dictionary paywalled --> * {{annotated link|Halieutics}} &ndash; study of fishing<ref>“Halieutics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/halieutics {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226123159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/halieutics |date=2024-02-26 }}. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Harmonics}} * {{annotated link|Helcology}} &ndash; study of ulcers<ref>helcology. (2024, July 10). Wiktionary. Retrieved 07:56, November 24, 2024 from https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=helcology&oldid=80676912.</ref> * {{annotated link|Heliology}} * {{annotated link|Helioseismology}} * {{annotated link|Helminthology}} * {{annotated link|Hematology}} * {{annotated link|Hemodynamics}} &ndash; study of the dynamics behind blood circulation * {{annotated link|Hepatology}} &ndash; study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas * {{annotated link|Heredity}} &ndash; study of passing of traits from parents to offspring {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Geology of Mercury|Hermeology}} – study of Mercury * {{annotated link|Herpetology}} * {{annotated link|Hippiatrics}} &ndash; study of diseases of horses{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hippology}} * {{annotated link|Histology}} * {{annotated link|Histopathology}} &ndash; study of changes in tissue due to disease * {{annotated link|Historiography}} * {{annotated link|Historiology}} * {{annotated link|Home economics}} * {{annotated link|Hoplology}} * {{annotated link|Horography}} &ndash; art of constructing sundials or clocks {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Horology}} &ndash; science of time measurement {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Horticulture}} &ndash; study of gardening {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hydraulics}} – study of application of engineering, chemistry and other fields of science involving the use of liquids {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hydrobiology}} &ndash; study of aquatic organisms * {{annotated link|Hydrodynamics}} * {{annotated link|Hydrogeology}} * {{annotated link|Hydrography}} * {{annotated link|Hydrokinetics}} &ndash; study of motion of fluids * {{annotated link|Hydrology}} &ndash; study of water resources * {{annotated link|Hydrometeorology}} &ndash; study of atmospheric moisture {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hydrostatics}} * {{annotated link|Hyetology}} &ndash; science of rainfall{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hygiastics}} &ndash; science of health and hygiene {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hygienics}} &ndash; study of sanitation; health {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hygiology}} &ndash; hygienics; study of cleanliness {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hygroscopy}} &ndash; study of humidity{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hygrometry}} &ndash; science of humidity{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Hypnology}} &ndash; study of sleep; study of hypnosis.<ref>“Hypnology.” Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hypnology. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024</ref> * {{annotated link|Hypsography}} &ndash; science of measuring heights{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} == I == * {{annotated link|Iamatology}} * {{annotated link|Iatrology}} &ndash; treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ichnography}} &ndash; art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan * {{annotated link|Ichnology}} * {{annotated link|Ichthyology}} * {{annotated link|Iconography}} &ndash; study of drawing symbols {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Iconology}} &ndash; study of icons; symbols {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ideogeny}} &ndash; study of origins of ideas {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ideology}} &ndash; science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Idiomology}} &ndash; study of idiom, jargon or dialect {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Idiopsychology}} &ndash; study of the psychology of one's own mind {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Immunochemistry}} * {{annotated link|Immunogenetics}} &ndash; study of genetic characteristics of immunity * {{annotated link|Immunology}} * {{annotated link|Immunopathology}} * {{annotated link|Information science}} * {{annotated link|Information technology|abbreviation=IT}} * {{annotated link|Insectology}} * {{annotated link|Irenology}} &ndash; study of peace {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} == J == * {{annotated link|Japanology}} – The study of [[Japan]], its [[language]], [[culture]] and [[history]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Japanology |date=2024-09-27 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Japanology |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en}}</ref> == K == * {{annotated link|Kalology}} &ndash; study of beauty {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Karstology}} * {{annotated link|Karyology}} &ndash; study of cell nuclei * {{annotated link|Kinematics}} &ndash; study of motion * {{annotated link|Kinesics}} &ndash; study of gestural communication * {{annotated link|Kinesiology}} &ndash; study of human movement and posture * {{annotated link|Kinetics (physics)|Kinetics}} &ndash; study of forces producing or changing motion * {{annotated link|Koniology}} &ndash; study of atmospheric pollutants and dust * {{annotated link|Ktenology}} * {{annotated link|Kymatology}} &ndash; study of wave motion == L == * {{annotated link|Larithmics}} &ndash; study of population statistics {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Laryngology}} * {{annotated link|Lepidopterology}} * {{annotated link|Leprology}} * {{annotated link|Lexicology}} &ndash; study of words and their meanings * {{annotated link|Lexigraphy}} &ndash; art of definition of words {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Library and information science|Library science}} – study of collection of information {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Lichenology}} * {{annotated link|Library and information science}} &ndash; study of organization, access, collection, and protection/regulation of information, whether in physical or digital forms.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Limacology}} * {{annotated link|Limnobiology}} &ndash; study of freshwater ecosystems {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Limnology}} * {{annotated link|Linguistics}} * {{annotated link|Loimology}} &ndash; study of plagues and epidemics {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Logic|Logics}} * {{annotated link|Loxodromy}} &ndash; study of sailing along rhumb-lines{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ludology}} == M == * {{annotated link|Macroeconomics}} &ndash; branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Magnetics}} &ndash; study of magnetism{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Magnetohydrodynamics}} &ndash; study of electrically conducting fluids * {{annotated link|Magnetostatics}} &ndash; study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady * {{annotated link|Malacology}} * {{annotated link|Malariology}} * {{annotated link|Mammalogy}} * {{annotated link|Marine biology}} &ndash; study of the ocean's ecosystem * {{annotated link|Mammalogy|Mastology}} &ndash; study of mammals {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Mathematics}} &ndash; study of magnitude, number, and forms * {{annotated link|Mazology}} &ndash; mammalogy; study of mammals {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Mechanics}} * {{annotated link|Meconology}} &ndash; study of or treatise concerning opium {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Media studies}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Medicine}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Melissopalynology}} * {{annotated link|Melittology}} * {{annotated link|Melology}} &ndash; study of music; musicology {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Mereology}} &ndash; study of part-whole relationships * {{annotated link|Mesology}} &ndash; ecology {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Metallogeny}} &ndash; study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits * {{annotated link|Metallography}} &ndash; study of the structure and constitution of metals * {{annotated link|Metallurgy}} * {{annotated link|Metaphysics}} &ndash; study of principles of nature and thought {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Metapolitics}} &ndash; study of politics in theory or abstract * {{annotated link|Metapsychology}} &ndash; study of nature of the mind {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Metascience}} * {{annotated link|Meteoritics}} * {{annotated link|Meteorology}} * {{annotated link|Methodology}} * {{annotated link|Methyology}} &ndash; study of alcohol {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Metrology}} * {{annotated link|Microanatomy}} * {{annotated link|Microbial ecology}} * {{annotated link|Microbiology}} * {{annotated link|Microclimatology}} &ndash; study of local climates {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Microeconomics}} &ndash; branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Micrology}} &ndash; study or discussion of trivialities {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Micropalaeontology}} * {{annotated link|Microphytology}} &ndash; study of very small plant life {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Military science}} * {{annotated link|Mineralogy}} * {{annotated link|Molecular biology}} * {{annotated link|Molinology}} * {{annotated link|Momilogy}} &ndash; study of mummies {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Morphology (disambiguation)|Morphology}} &ndash; study of forms and the development of structures {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Morphometrics}} – study of size and shape * {{annotated link|Muscology}} &ndash; study of mosses * {{annotated link|Museology}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Musicology}} &ndash; study of music {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Mycology}} * {{annotated link|Myology}} &ndash; study of muscles * {{annotated link|Myrmecology}} * {{annotated link|Mythology}} &ndash; study of myths; fables; tales{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} == N == * {{annotated link|Naology}} &ndash; study of church or temple architecture {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Nautics}} &ndash; study and art of navigation{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Navigation}} – study of controlling a movement of a vehicle from one place to another{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Necroplanetology}} &ndash; study of the destruction of planets<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Necroplanetology: Simulating the Tidal Disruption of Differentiated Planetary Material Orbiting WD 1145+017 |date=2020 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab7fa0 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2003.08410 |last1=Duvvuri |first1=Girish M. |last2=Redfield |first2=Seth |last3=Veras |first3=Dimitri |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=893 |issue=2 |page=166 |bibcode=2020ApJ...893..166D }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Nematology}} * {{annotated link|Neonatology}} * {{annotated link|Neossology}} &ndash; study of nestling birds {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Nephology}} * {{annotated link|Nephrology}} * {{annotated link|Neurobiology}} * {{annotated link|Neuroeconomics}} &ndash; study of human decision making and the ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action * {{annotated link|Neurology}} * {{annotated link|Neuropsychology}} * {{annotated link|Neuroscience}} &ndash; study of development, work and structure of nervous system * {{annotated link|Neurypnology}} &ndash; study of hypnotism {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Neutrosophy}} &ndash; study of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Nomology}} * {{annotated link|Noology}} &ndash; science of the intellect {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Nosology}} * {{annotated link|Nostology}} &ndash; study of senility {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Notaphily}} &ndash; study and collecting of bank-notes and cheques {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Numismatics}} * {{annotated link|Nymphology (disambiguation)|Nymphology}} &ndash; study of nymphs{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Nanotechnology}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} == O == * {{annotated link|Obstetrics}} * {{annotated link|Oceanography}} * {{annotated link|Oceanology}} * {{annotated link|Odontology}} * {{annotated link|Odonatology}} * {{annotated link|Oenology}} * {{annotated link|Oikology}} &ndash; science of housekeeping {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Olfactology}} &ndash; study of the sense of smell<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of OLFACTOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/olfactology |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Ombrology}} &ndash; study of rain<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of OMBROLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ombrology |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Oncology}} * {{annotated link|Oneirology}} * {{annotated link|Onomasiology}} &ndash; study of nomenclature {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Onomastics}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Ontology}} &ndash; science of pure being; the nature of things {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Oology}} * {{annotated link|Ophiology|aka=ophidiology}} * {{annotated link|Ophthalmology}} * {{annotated link|Optics}} * {{annotated link|Optology}} &ndash; study of sight {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Optometry}} &ndash; science of examining the eyes * {{annotated link|Orbital mechanics}} * {{annotated link|Orchidology}} * {{annotated link|Ornithology}} * {{annotated link|Organ (anatomy)|Organology}} ([[biology]]) &ndash; study of form, structure, development, and functions of plant or animal organs * {{annotated link|Organology}} ([[musicology]]) &ndash; study of musical instruments in relation to history, culture, construction, acoustic properties and classification * {{annotated link|Orology|aka=Mountain research}} * {{annotated link|Orthoepy}} {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Orthography}} {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Orthopterology}} * {{annotated link|Oryctology}} &ndash; mineralogy or paleontology<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of ORYCTOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oryctology |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Osmics}} &ndash; scientific study of smells<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Medical Definition of OSMICS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/osmics |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Merriam-Webster Medical}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Osmology}} &ndash; study of smells and olfactory processes {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Osphresiology}} &ndash; study of the sense of smell<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Medical Definition of OSPHRESIOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/osphresiology |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Merriam-Webster Medical}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Osteology}} * {{annotated link|Otology}} * {{annotated link|Otorhinolaryngology}} == P == * {{annotated link|Paedology}} * {{annotated link|Paidonosology}} &ndash; study of children's diseases; pediatrics{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Palaeoanthropology}} * {{annotated link|Palaeobiology}} * {{annotated link|Palaeoclimatology}} * {{annotated link|Palaeoichthyology}} &ndash; study of ancient fish * {{annotated link|Palaeolimnology}} * {{annotated link|Palaeontology}} * {{annotated link|Palaeopedology}} * {{annotated link|Paleobotany}} * {{annotated link|Paleo-osteology}} &ndash; study of ancient bones {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Paleoseismology}} * {{annotated link|Palynology}} * {{annotated link|Papyrology}} * {{annotated link|Paradoxology}} &ndash; study of paradoxes {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Parapsychology}} {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Parasitology}} * {{annotated link|Paroemiology}} &ndash; study of proverbs{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Parthenology}} &ndash; study of virgins {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Particle physics}} * {{annotated link|Pathology}} * {{annotated link|Pedagogics}} {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Pedology}} * {{annotated link|Pelology}} &ndash; study of mud<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=PELOLOGY definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pelology |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Penology}} &ndash; study of crime and punishment {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Periodontology|aka=Periodontics}} * {{annotated link|Pestology}} &ndash; science of pests {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Petrology}} * {{annotated link|Pharmacognosy}} * {{annotated link|Pharmacology}} * {{annotated link|Pharology}} * {{annotated link|Pharyngology}} &ndash; study of the throat<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of PHARYNGOLOGY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharyngology |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Phenology}} * {{annotated link|Phenomenology (philosophy)|Phenomenology}} &ndash; study of phenomena {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Philology}} * {{annotated link|Philosophy}} &ndash; science of knowledge or wisdom {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Phoniatrics}} * {{annotated link|Phonetics}} * {{annotated link|Phonology}} * {{annotated link|Photobiology}} * {{annotated link|Photonics}} &ndash; study of photons * {{annotated link|Phraseology}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Phycology}} * {{annotated link|Phylogenetics|aka=Phylogeny}} * {{annotated link|Physics}} * {{annotated link|Physiology}} * {{annotated link|Phytology|aka=Botany}} * {{annotated link|Piscatology}} &ndash; study of fishes{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Pisteology}} &ndash; science or study of faith {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Planetary science|aka=Planetology}} * {{annotated link|Plumology}} * {{annotated link|Plutology}} &ndash; political economy; study of wealth {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Pneumatics}} &ndash; study of mechanics of gases {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Pneumonology}} * {{annotated link|Podiatry|aka=Podology}} * {{annotated link|Political science}} * {{annotated link|Polemology}} * {{annotated link|Pomology}} * {{annotated link|Pogonology}} &ndash; study of beards{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Posology}} * {{annotated link|Potamology}} * {{annotated link|Pragmatics}} * {{annotated link|Praxeology}} * {{annotated link|Primatology}} * {{annotated link|Proctology}} * {{annotated link|Protistology}} &ndash; study of protists * {{annotated link|Proxemics}} * {{annotated link|Psephology}} &ndash; study of election results and voting trends * {{annotated link|Pseudology}} &ndash; art or science of lying {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Pseudoptics}} &ndash; study of optical illusions<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Definition of PSEUDOPTICS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pseudoptics |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Psychobiology}} * {{annotated link|Psychogenetics}} &ndash; study of internal or mental states * {{annotated link|Psychognosy}} &ndash; study of mentality, personality or character * {{annotated link|Psycholinguistics}} * {{annotated link|Psychology}} * {{annotated link|Psychopathology}} * {{annotated link|Psychophysics}} * {{annotated link|Pteridology}} &ndash; study of ferns * {{annotated link|Pterylology}} &ndash; study of distribution of feathers on birds * {{annotated link|Punnology}} &ndash; study of puns<ref>{{Citation|title=punnology|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/punnology|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2020-12-24|archive-date=2021-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419100049/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/punnology|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Pyretology}} &ndash; study of fevers * {{annotated link|Pyrgology}} &ndash; study of towers * {{annotated link|Pyroballogy}} &ndash; study of artillery * {{annotated link|Pyrography}} &ndash; study of woodburning * {{annotated link|Pyrotechnics}} &ndash; study of combustion through fire or explosions == Q == * {{annotated link|Quantum computing}} &ndash; the exploitation of collective properties of quantum states, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform computation.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Quantum mechanics}} &ndash; a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Quantum physics}} &ndash; the study of matter and energy at the most fundamental level{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Queer theory}} &ndash; study of issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Quinology}} &ndash; study of quinine.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} == R == * {{annotated link|Radiobiology}} &ndash; study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter * {{annotated link|Radiochemistry}} &ndash; study of ordinary chemical reactions under radioactive circumstances{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Radiology}} * {{annotated link|Rheology}} * {{annotated link|Rheumatology}} * {{annotated link|Rhinology}} * {{annotated link|Rhochrematics}} &ndash; science of inventory management and the movement of products{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Robotics}} * {{annotated link|Runology}} == S == * {{annotated link|Sarcology}} &ndash; study of fleshy parts of the body {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Scatology}} &ndash; study of excrement or obscene literature {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Schematonics}} &ndash; art of using gesture to express tones {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sciagraphy}} &ndash; art of shading * {{annotated link|Scientific modelling}} – study of application of models to understand a particular problem {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Programming language|Scientific programming}} – study of programming {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Scripophily}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sedimentology}} * {{annotated link|Seismology}} * {{annotated link|Selenodesy}} * {{annotated link|Geology of the Moon|Selenology}} &ndash; study of the Moon {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Semantics}} * {{annotated link|Semantology}} &ndash; science of meanings of words {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Semasiology}} * {{annotated link|Semiology}} &ndash; study of signs and signals {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Semiotics}} * {{annotated link|Serology}} * {{annotated link|Sexology}} * {{annotated link|Siderology}} &ndash; study of iron and its alloys, including steel {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Significs}} &ndash; science of meaning{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Silvics}} &ndash; study of tree's life{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sindonology}} * {{annotated link|Sinology}} * {{annotated link|Sitology}} &ndash; dietetics {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sociobiology}} &ndash; study of biological basis of human behaviour {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Socioeconomics}} – study of the relationship between economy and society {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sociolinguistics}} * {{annotated link|Sociology}} * {{annotated link|Solid mechanics}} * {{annotated link|Somatology}} &ndash; science of substances {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Snow hydrology}} * {{annotated link|Spectrology}} * {{annotated link|Spectroscopy}} &ndash; study of spectra * {{annotated link|Speleology}} * {{annotated link|Seed|Spermology}} &ndash; study of seeds{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sphagnology}} &ndash; study of peat moss{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Sphygmology}} * {{annotated link|Splanchnology}} * {{annotated link|Spongology}} &ndash; study of sponges {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Stasiology}} &ndash; study of political parties {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Statics}} * {{annotated link|Stellar astronomy}} * {{annotated link|Stemmatics|aka=Stemmatology}} &ndash; study of relationships between text{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Stereochemistry}} &ndash; study of chemistry of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Stoichiology}} &ndash; science of elements of animal tissues <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stoichiology definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/stoichiology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501055639/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/stoichiology |archive-date=2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Collins English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> * {{annotated link|Stomatology}} &ndash; study of the mouth{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Storiology}} &ndash; study of folk tales {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Stratigraphy}} * {{annotated link|Stratography}} &ndash; art of leading an army {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Stylometry}} &ndash; studying literature by means of statistical analysis {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Suicidology}} * {{annotated link|Supramolecular chemistry}} &ndash; study of the chemistry of assembled molecular sub-units{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Symbology}} &ndash; study of symbols * {{annotated link|Symptomatology}} &ndash; study of symptoms of illness * {{annotated link|Synecology}} &ndash; study of ecological communities * {{annotated link|Synectics}} &ndash; study of processes of invention * {{annotated link|Syntax}} &ndash; study of sentence structure * {{annotated link|Syphilology}} &ndash; study of syphilis * {{annotated link|Systematics}} &ndash; study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present * {{annotated link|Systems science}} &ndash; study of systems == T == * {{annotated link|Taxidermy}} &ndash; art of curing and stuffing animals {{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy}} * {{annotated link|Tectonics}} * {{annotated link|Teleology}} &ndash; study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Telmatology}} * {{annotated link|Tempestology}} * {{annotated link|Teratology}} * {{annotated link|Terrestrial ecology}} * {{annotated link|Teuthology}} * {{annotated link|Textual criticism|Textology}} &ndash; study of the production of texts {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Thalassography}} &ndash; science of the seas and gulfs <ref>“Thalassography.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thalassography {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725055532/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thalassography |date=2024-07-25 }}. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Thanatology}} * {{annotated link|Thaumatology}} – study of miracles{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Theology}} - study of religion{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Theoretical computer science}} * {{annotated link|Theriogenology}} * {{annotated link|Thermodynamics}} * {{annotated link|Thermokinematics}} &ndash; study of motion of heat {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Thermology}} &ndash; study of heat {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Therology}} * {{annotated link|Thremmatology}} &ndash; science of breeding domestic animals and plants<ref>“Thremmatology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thremmatology {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131854/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thremmatology |date=2023-10-04 }}. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Threpsology}} &ndash; science of nutrition {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Tidology}} &ndash; study of tides * {{annotated link|Timbrology}} &ndash; study of postage stamps {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Tocology}} &ndash; obstetrics; midwifery{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Tokology}} &ndash; study of childbirth{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Tonetics}} * {{annotated link|Topography}} * {{annotated link|Topology}} &ndash; study of places and their natural features{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Toponymy|aka=Toponymics}} * {{annotated link|Toxicology}} * {{annotated link|Traumatology}} &ndash; study of wounds and their effects {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Tribology}} * {{annotated link|Trichology}} * {{annotated link|Trophology}} * {{annotated link|Tsiganology}} &ndash; study of gypsies{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Turbology}} &ndash; study of tornadoes {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Typhlology}} &ndash; study of blindness and the blind <ref>“Typhlology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typhlology {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828195800/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typhlology |date=2024-08-28 }}. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Typography}} &ndash; art and technique of arranging type{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Typology}} &ndash; study of types of things{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} == U == * {{annotated link|Uranography}} * {{annotated link|Uranology}} * {{annotated link|Urbanology}} * {{annotated link|Urenology}} &ndash; study of rust molds{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Urogynecology}} * {{annotated link|Urology}} == V == * {{annotated link|Vaccinology}} * {{annotated link|Valeology}} &ndash; study of healthy living<ref>valeology. (2024, August 19). Wiktionary. Retrieved 12:26, November 23, 2024 from https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=valeology&oldid=81272185.</ref> * {{annotated link|Venereology}} * {{annotated link|Venology}} &ndash; The study of veins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/venology |title=venology |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430212822/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/venology |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Veterinary medicine}} * {{annotated link|Vexillography}} &ndash; the art and practice of designing flags * {{annotated link|Vexillology}} * {{annotated link|Victimology}} * {{annotated link|Vinology}} &ndash; scientific study of vines and winemaking <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/vinology |title=vinology |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427184153/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/vinology |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{annotated link|Virology}} * {{annotated link|Vitaminology}} &ndash; The study of vitamins.<ref>“Vitaminology.” Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/vitaminology. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Vitrics}} &ndash; study, art and technology of glassy materials; glassware {{citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{Relevance inline|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Volcanology}} == W == * {{annotated link|Webology}} &ndash; The study of the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Webology |date=2024-11-23 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Webology |access-date=2025-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> == X == * {{annotated link|Xenobiology}} &ndash; study of biological systems which do not exist in nature{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Xylography}} * {{annotated link|Xylology}} == Y == * {{annotated link|Youth Studies}} &ndash; the study of the [[Child development|development]], [[history]], [[culture]], [[psychology]], and [[politics]] of [[youth]] == Z == * {{annotated link|Zenography}} * {{annotated link|Zooarchaeology}} * {{annotated link|Zoochemistry}} &ndash; study of chemistry of animals * {{annotated link|Zoogeography}} * {{annotated link|Zoogeology}} &ndash; study of fossil animal remains {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zoology}} * {{annotated link|Zoonomy}} &ndash; study of animal physiology{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zoonosology}} &ndash; study of animal diseases {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zoopathology}} * {{annotated link|Zoophysics}} &ndash; Study of physics relating to structure and function of animal organs and bodies.<ref>“Zoophysics.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zoophysics {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527080218/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zoophysics |date=2024-05-27 }}. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.</ref> * {{annotated link|Zoophysiology}} &ndash; study of physiology of animals {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zoophytology}} &ndash; study of plant-like animals {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zoosemiotics}} &ndash; study of animal communication {{citation needed|date=November 2024}} * {{annotated link|Zootaxy}} * {{annotated link|Zootechnics}} * {{annotated link|Zygology}} &ndash; science of joining and fastening <ref>"zygology." Wiktionary. 19 Aug 2024, 06:03 UTC. 23 Nov 2024, 09:00 <https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=zygology&oldid=81318566>.</ref> * {{annotated link|Zymology}} * {{annotated link|Zymurgy}} * {{annotated link|Zythology}} ==See also== * [[List of words ending in ology]] * [[List of sciences]] * [[Portal:Science|Science]] * [[Outline of academic disciplines]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Branches of science}} [[Category:Indexes of science articles|Branches, science index]] [[Category:Science-related lists]] muz7np7txidenyhegb4dzzhranr8xya 0 46891 122497 122342 2026-09-28T00:29:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Software system design modeling tool}} {{Redirect|UML}} Chiyowoyero cha Kuyezgelera (UML) ni chiyowoyero cha kuyezgelera chakuwoneka icho chikugwiriskirika nchito pakupanga ndondomeko. Ikupereka nthowa yakumanyikwa yakulongolera ndondomeko ya ndondomeko mwakugwiliskira nchito vithuzithuzi. UML yikusazgapo mitundu yinandi ya vithuzithuzi, ivyo vingaŵikika mu magulu ghatatu ghakuru: * Vithuzithuzi vya nkharo (longora umo ndondomeko yikugwilira ntchito) * Vithuzithuzi vyakukolerana (longora umo vigaŵa vya ndondomeko vikukolerana) * Vithuzithuzi vya kapangilo (kulongora vigaŵa vya ndondomeko na ubale wawo) UML yikapangika kuti yiŵe yakuyana na nthowa zakupambanapambana zakupangira mapulogalamu. Wakapangika na mapulogalamu gha Rational pakati pa 1994 na 1996. Mu 1997, UML yikazgoka muyezo uwo ukulaŵilirika na Gulu la Kulaŵilira Vinthu (OMG). Pamanyuma, mu 2005, likazomerezgekaso kuŵa muyezo wa pa charu chose (ISO/IEC 19501) na ISO na IEC. Muyezo ukusinthika nyengo zose kuti uŵe nga ni UML ya sonosono. Mu mapulogalamu gha kompyuta, ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito UML mwakwenelera yayi. M’malo mwake, ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi vyambura kusuzga, vyambura kumanyikwa. Ndipouli, vithuzithuzi ivi kanandi vikugwiriskira nchito vinthu vinyake vya UML. == Mbiri == [[File:OO Modeling languages history.jpg|thumb|320px|History of object-oriented methods and notation]] === Pambere UML 1.0 === UML yasintha kufuma umalilo kwa ma1990. Icho chikufuma ku nthowa zakupangira mapulogalamu ghakulongozgeka na vinthu izo zikapangika kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1980 na kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1990. Mndandanda wa nyengo (wonani chithuzithuzi) ukulongora nyengo zikuru mu mdauko wa nthowa izi. UML yikusazga nthowa zitatu zakale mu chiyowoyero chimoza: * Nthowa ya Booch * Nthowa yakupangira vinthu (OMT) * Mapulogalamu ghakupangika na vinthu (OOSE) Mu 1994, Rational Software yakalemba ntchito James Rumbaugh kufuma ku General Electric. Pa nyengo iyo, Rational wakamanyikwanga kale chifukwa cha nthowa ziŵiri zakumanyikwa: * OMT ya Rumbaugh * Nthowa ya Grady Booch Pamanyuma, mu 1995, Ivar Jacobson (uyo wakalenga OOSE) wakaŵa nawo ku Rational. Pamoza, ŵakagwiranga nchito pa UML. === UML 1.x === Mu ulongozgi wa luso wa Rumbaugh, Jacobson, na Booch, gulu lakuchemeka UML Partners likakhazikiska mu 1996. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti limalizge ndondomeko ya chiyowoyero cha chiyelezgero cha Unified Modeling (UML) na kupeleka ku gulu lakulongozga vinthu (OMG) kuti liŵe lakuyana. Mgwirizano uwu ukaŵaso na ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga, nga ni HP, DEC, IBM, na Microsoft. Mu Januwale 1997, ŵanyawo ŵa UML ŵakapeleka ndondomeko yawo ya UML 1.0 ku OMG. Mwezi wenewuwu, ŵa UML Partners ŵakapanga gulu lapadera. Gulu ili likapangika kuti lilongosore ng’anamuro leneco la viyowoyero ivyo vikupangika. Mulongozgi wake wakaŵa Cris Kobryn ndipo Ed Eykholt ndiyo wakalongozganga. Ntchito ya gulu ili yikaŵa yakuti yimalizge ndondomeko ya UML na kuyiŵika pamoza na vinyake ivyo vikuchitika kuti viŵe vyakuyana. Ntchito yawo yikapangiska kuti paŵe UML 1.1, iyo yikapelekeka ku OMG mu Ogasiti 1997. OMG yikazomera UML 1.1 mu Novembala 1997.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=http://www.informit.com/store/unified-modeling-language-user-guide-9780321267979 |title=Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The |publisher=Addison-Wesley |year=2005 |isbn=0321267974 |edition=2 |page=496}} See the sample content: look for history</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/97-08-11 |title=UML Specification version 1.1 (OMG document ad/97-08-11) |publisher=Omg.org |access-date=2011-09-22}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kufwatulika kwakwamba, gulu lakugwira ntchito likapangika<ref name=":1" /> kuti ŵanozge chiyowoyero, icho chikafumiska vinyake vichokovichoko ivyo vikasintha, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/ |title=UML |publisher=Omg.org |access-date=2014-04-10}}</ref> Viyezgo ivyo yikapanga (pamoza na viyezgelero vyakwamba) vyawoneka kuti ni vyambura kupulikikwa makora ndiposo vyambura kukolerana.<ref>Génova et alia 2004 "Open Issues in Industrial Use Case Modeling"</ref> ==== Cardinality notation ==== Nga ni umo vikuŵira mu vithuzithuzi vya Chen, Bachman, na ISO ER, viyelezgero vya kilasi vikugwiriskira ncito "kuwona-kujumpha" vigaŵa vyakukhozga. Ici cikung’anamura kuti ŵakulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vili ku cigaŵa cinyake ca ubwezi. Ndipouli, ŵamanyi ŵanyake (nga awo ŵali kuseri kwa Merise, na ŵalembi Elmasri & Navathe) ŵakutemwa nthowa yinyake. Ŵakugwiriskira ncito "wonani-pano" makadinali. Ici cikulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vili ku cigaŵa cimoza ca ubwezi ndipo vikusazgapo vyose viŵiri, vichoko na vikuru. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda sonosono apa, nga ni Feinerer na Dullea na gulu lawo, ŵasanga masuzgo na nthowa ya "wonani-pala". Iwo ŵakuti vikuchitika makora yayi para ubwezi ukukhwaskana na vinthu vyakujumpha viŵiri (ivyo vikuchemeka n-ary relationships). Feinerer wakulongosora kuti masuzgo ghakuchitika para mukugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya "kuwonera-kuzungulira" mu UML. Wakuyowoya za Hartmann, uyo wakasambira nkhani iyi na kulongosora chifukwa icho nthowa zakupambanapambana zakusinthira ubwezi zikugwilira ntchito makora yayi. Feinerer wakuyowoyaso kuti nthowa ya "wonani-pala" yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi. Masuzgo agha ghakupangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga kusazgirako nthowa zipusu izo zikugwiriskirika ncito pa ubwezi wa vigaŵa viŵiri (binary) ku nthowa zakusuzga comene (n-ary) . == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book | first = Scott William | last = Ambler | year = 2004 | url = http://www.ambysoft.com/books/theObjectPrimer.html | title = The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven Development with UML 2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-54018-6 | access-date = 29 April 2006 | archive-date = 31 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100131215505/http://www.ambysoft.com/books/theObjectPrimer.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | first = Michael Jesse | last = Chonoles | author2 = James A. Schardt | year = 2003 | title = UML 2 for Dummies | publisher = Wiley Publishing | isbn = 0-7645-2614-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/uml2fordummies00chon }} * {{cite book | first = Martin | last = Fowler | author-link = Martin Fowler (software engineer) | title = UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language | url = https://archive.org/details/umldistilledbrie0000fowl_3ed | year = 2004 | edition = 3rd | publisher = Addison-Wesley | isbn = 0-321-19368-7 }} * {{cite book | first= Ivar | last = Jacobson |author2=Grady Booch |author3=James Rumbaugh | author-link = Ivar Jacobson | year = 1998 | title = The Unified Software Development Process | url= https://archive.org/details/unifiedsoftwared0000jaco | publisher = Addison Wesley Longman | isbn=0-201-57169-2 }} * {{cite book | first = Robert Cecil | last = Martin | author-link = Robert Cecil Martin | year = 2003 | title = UML for Java Programmers | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 0-13-142848-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/umlforjavaprogra00mart }} * {{cite web | author = Noran, Ovidiu S. | url = https://www.area-c54.it/public/business%20modelling%20-%20uml%20vs%20idef.pdf | title = Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF | access-date = 2022-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240718044149/https://www.area-c54.it/public/business%20modelling%20-%20uml%20vs%20idef.pdf | archive-date = 2024-07-18 }} * {{cite web | author = Horst Kargl | url = https://umlnotation.sparxsystems.eu/ | title = Interactive UML Metamodel with additional Examples | access-date = 2026-09-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250618165739/https://umlnotation.sparxsystems.eu/ | archive-date = 2025-06-18 }} * {{cite book | first = Magnus | last = Penker | author2 = Hans-Erik Eriksson | author-link2 = Hans-Erik Eriksson | year = 2000 | title = Business Modeling with UML | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 0-471-29551-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik }} * {{cite web | author = Douglass, Bruce Powel | url = https://www.bruce-douglass.com/ | title = Bruce Douglass: Real-Time Agile Systems and Software Development | format = web | access-date = 2019-01-01 }} * {{cite book | first = Bruce | last = Douglass | year = 2014 | title = Real-Time UML Workshop 2nd Edition | publisher = Newnes | isbn = 978-0-471-29551-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik | url-access = registration }} * {{cite book | first = Bruce | last = Douglass | year = 2004 | title = Real-Time UML 3rd Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/realtimeumladvan0000doug | publisher = Newnes | isbn = 978-0321160768 }} * {{cite book | first = Bruce | last = Douglass | year = 2002 | title = Real-Time Design Patterns | publisher = Addison-Wesley Professional | isbn = 978-0201699562 }} * {{cite book | first = Bruce | last = Douglass | year = 2009 | title = Real-Time Agility | publisher = Addison-Wesley Professional | isbn = 978-0321545497 }} * {{cite book | first = Bruce | last = Douglass | year = 2010 | title = Design Patterns for Embedded Systems in C | publisher = Newnes | isbn = 978-1856177078 }} == External links == {{Commons}} {{Wikiversity|UML}} * {{Official website}} * Current UML specification: {{cite book |title=Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1 |series=[[Object Management Group|OMG]] Document Number formal/2017-12-05 |date=December 2017 |publisher=[[Object Management Group]] Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO) |url=https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF }} {{UML}} {{Software engineering}} {{ISO standards}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Unified Modeling Language| ]] [[Category:Architecture description language]] [[Category:Data modeling languages]] [[Category:Data modeling diagrams]] [[Category:Diagrams]] [[Category:Knowledge representation]] [[Category:ISO standards]] [[Category:Specification languages]] [[Category:Software modeling language]] [[Category:Modeling languages]] 0tcjafe9uhw5guil7noakkw02t954ty 0 46902 122702 122368 2026-09-28T03:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Largest Christian church, led by the Pope}} {{Good article}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{Infobox Christian denomination |icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg |icon_width = 25px |icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See |name = Tchalitchi la Katolika |native_name = Ecclesia Catholica |native_name_lang = la |image = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg |imagewidth = 300px |alt = Saint Peter's Basilica |caption = Tchalitchi la St. Peter, ilo ni tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose |abbreviation = |main_classification = Ŵakatolika |type = |scripture = [[Baibolo la Katolika|Baibolo]] |theology = [[Cisambizgo ca Katolika]] |polity = [[Ndondomeko za boma la bishopu]]<ref name=Episcopal_Polity>{{cite book|title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|year=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}</ref> |governance = Malo Ghatuŵa na Curia ya Ŵaroma |leader_title = [[Papa]] |leader_name = {{incumbent pope}} |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2= |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |fellowships_type = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na maluso ghake|Matchalitchi ghanyake<br />''sui iuris'']] |fellowships =Tchalitchi la Cilatini na 23 Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha Dazi |fellowships_type1 = |fellowships1 = |division_type = Ma Diocese |division = {{plainlist| * Archdioceses: [[List of Catholic archdioceses|640]] * Dioceses: [[List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)|2,851]]}} |division_type1 = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]] |division1 = 221,700 |division_type2 = |division2 = |division_type3 = |division3 = |associations = |area = [[Catholic Church by country|Worldwide]] |language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[native languages]] |liturgy = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Rites|Western and Eastern]] |headquarters = [[Vatican City]] |founder = {{Ubl | [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]], according to | [[Sacred tradition#In the Catholic and Orthodox churches|sacred tradition]]}} |founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]] |founded_place = [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref name="RCC">{{cite web|last=Stanford|first=Peter|title=Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=18}} |parent = |merger = |absorbed = |separations = |merged_into = |defunct = |congregations_type = |congregations = |members = 1.378&nbsp;billion (2021)<ref name="AnnuarioPontificio">{{cite news |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2023-03/quo-052/pubblicati-l-annuario-pontificio-2023-e-l-annuarium-statisticum.html |title=Pubblicati l'Annuario Pontificio 2023 e l'Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2021 |date=3 March 2023 |work=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |language=it |access-date=3 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> |ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]] |ministers = {{plainlist| * [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishops]]: 5,340 * [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priests]]: 407,872 * [[Deacon]]s: 49,176 * (2021)<ref name="AnnuarioPontificio"/> }} |missionaries = |churches = |hospitals = [[Catholic Church and health care|5,500]]<ref name="World Development p.40">Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p.40</ref> |nursing_homes = |aid = |primary_schools = [[Catholic school|95,200]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Laudato Si|journal=Vermont Catholic|volume=8|issue=4, ''2016–2017, Winter''|pages=73|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication/index.php?i=365491&m=&l=&p=1&pre=&ver=html5#{%22page%22:74,%22issue_id%22:365491}|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> |secondary_schools = 43,800 |tax_status = |tertiary = |other_names = |publications = |website = {{Official URL}} |slogan = |logo = |footnotes = }} {{Catholic Church sidebar}} {{Christianity|expanded=hide}} '''Tchalitchi la Katolika''', ndilo tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose.<ref name="AnnuarioPontificio"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism|title=Roman Catholicism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|date=29 April 2021|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> Likuŵa limoza la mawupu ghakale chomene pa charu chose, ndipo lili na udindo ukuru chomene pa nkhani ya mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.<ref>Mark A. Noll. ''The New Shape of World Christianity'' (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009), 191.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5teCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&pg=PT75 |title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics |date=13 January 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-28746-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqCg8aqgus8C&dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&pg=PA457 |title=India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0904-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="O'CollinsPref">[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]], p. v (preface).</ref> Tchalitchi ili lili na matchalitchi 24, kusazgapo Tchalitchi la Latin na 23 la Eastern Catholic, agho ghali na ma diocese na ma eparchy pafupifupi 3,5000<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2005 |title=Statistics by Country, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304155457/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney}}</ref>pa charu chose. Papa, uyo ni bishopu wa ku Roma, ndiyo ni muliska mulara wa mpingo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lumen gentium|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> Bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Holy See, ndiyo wakulamulira tchalitchi. Wupu uwo ukulamulira mu Rome uli na maofesi ghake mu msumba wa Vatican, uwo uli ku chigaŵa chichoko cha Rome, mu Italy. Visambizgo vikuruvikuru vya Cikatolika vikusangika mu cisambizgo ca Cikatolika ca ku Nicaea. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti ni tchalitchi limoza, lituŵa, la Katolika na la ŵapositole ilo likakhazikiskika na Yesu Khristu mu mulimo wake ukuru,<ref name="Catholic News Service">{{cite web |title=Vatican congregation reaffirms truth, oneness of Catholic Church |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201403/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |archive-date=10 July 2007 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Catholic News Service}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=7}}{{refn|group=note|While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.<!--See List Refs--><ref name=note1cite1/><ref name=note1cite2/><!--/List Refs-->}} kuti mabishopu ghake ndigho ghakunjira mu malo gha ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, ndiposo kuti papa ndiyo wakunjira mu malo gha Petrosi Mutuŵa, uyo Yesu Khristu wakamupa mazaza.<ref>Holy Bible: Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref> Likuti likulondezga ivyo ŵapositole ŵakasambizganga, ndipo likusungilira unenesko wa mu Malemba na ivyo likusambizga'''.'''<ref name="CCC_890">{{Cite CCC|2.1|890}}</ref> Visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Roma, na visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Latin, vikulongora kuti visambizgo vya cisopa na vyauzimu vikukolerana.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|835|quote=The rich variety of ... theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches 'unified in a common effort shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church'.(cf. [[Second Vatican Council]], Dogmatic Constitution on the Church [[Lumen gentium]], 23)}}</ref><ref name="Gunton2">Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion", Religious Studies, Vol. 24, number 1, page 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: "[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases."</ref> Pa visungusungu vinkhondi na viŵiri, Ciphikiro Ciphya ndico nchakuzirwa comene, ndipo cikukondwelereka mu Misa.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1327|quote=[T]he Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith}}</ref> Tchalitchi likusambizga kuti para wasembe wakupeleka cingwa na vinyo kuŵa sembe, vikuzgoka thupi na ndopa za Khristu. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchindikika ni Mariya, mama wa Ciuta, na Fumukazi ya Kuchanya.{{refn|name=marian_dogmas|{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas|publisher=Catholic News Agency|title=The Four Marian Dogmas|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320070206/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas|archive-date=20 March 2021}}|}} Visambizgo vya Cikatolika vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kovwira ŵalwari, ŵakavu, na ŵakusuzgika. Tchalitchi la Katolika lili na masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, maunivesite na makoleji, vipatala, na nyumba za ŵalanda pa charu chose.<ref name="Geopolitics">{{cite journal|last=Agnew|first=John|title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church|journal=Geopolitics|date=12 February 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–61|doi=10.1080/14650040903420388|s2cid=144793259}}</ref> Pali mawupu ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵanthu. Tchalitchi la Katolika lawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Western pa nkhani ya vinjeru, maluso, sumu, na sayansi. Ŵakatolika ŵakukhala pa caru cose capasi cifukwa ca umishonale, kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, na kuzgoka. Kwambira mu ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Southern Hemisphere, chifukwa cha kusuzgika chomene ku Middle East na ku Europe. Tchalitchi la Katolika likakolerananga na tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox m'paka mu 1054 apo pakachitika chisopa cha East-West Schism. Pambere ungano wa ku Efeso undachitike mu 431 C.E., ŵa Ekleziya ya kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ŵakaŵa mu umoza uwu, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa Ekleziya ya Orthodox pambere ungano wa ku Chalcedon undachitike mu 451 C.E.; wose ŵakapambananga cifukwa ca kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya Khristu. Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, agho ghali na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18 miliyoni, ghakwimira Ŵakhristu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakawelera panji ŵakalutilira kukolerana na papa pa nyengo ya kugaŵikana uku panji pamanyuma pake. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500, Ŵaprotesitanti nawo ŵakamba kugaluka. Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Tchalitchi la Katolika lakususkika cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake vyakukhwaskana na kugonana, kususka ŵanakazi, ndiposo umo likucitira na nkhani za kugonana na ŵaliska. == Zina == {{Further|Chikatolika|Chikatolika cha Ŵaroma}} [[File:Ignatius of Antiochie, poss. by Johann Apakass (17th c., Pushkin museum).jpg|thumb|left|Lizgu lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" (ilo likung'anamura "Tchalitchi la pa Charu Chose") likalembeka kakwamba na mutuŵa Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke mu kalata yake ya ku Smyrna. ({{circa|110|lk=no}}&nbsp;AD).<ref>John Meyendorff, ''Catholicity and the Church'', St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-88141-006-3}}, p. 7</ref> Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke ndiyo wakambiska kugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti "Ukhristu" ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) {{circa|100|lk=no}}&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{Citation | last1 =Elwell | first1 =Walter | last2 =Comfort | first2 =Philip Wesley | year =2001 | title =Tyndale Bible Dictionary | publisher =Tyndale House Publishers | isbn =0-8423-7089-7|pages=266, 828}}</ref> He died in Rome, with his [[relic]]s located in the [[Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano]].|253x253px]] Mazgu ghakuti Katolika (kufuma ku Chigiriki: καθολικός, romanized: katholikos, lit. 'universal') ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora vya tchalitchi mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E.<ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 127.</ref> Lizgu lakuti "tchalitchi cha Katolika" (mu Cigiriki καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, ilo lili kulembeka kuti he katholike ekklesia) likamba kusangika mu kalata iyo St. Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke wakalembera ŵanthu ŵa ku Smyrna mu 110 C.E.{{refn|group=note|Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ({{Circa|110 AD|lk=no}})}}, iyo yikati: "Kose uko kuli bishopu, ŵanthu ŵaŵenge kwenekuko, nga umo kuliri Yesu, ndipo uko kuli mpingo wa [katholike]".<ref name="CathEnc1910_Catholic"/> Mu Catechetical Lectures (c. 350) ya Cyril wa ku Yerusalemu, zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likagwiliskirika nchito kuti liŵe lapadera na magulu ghanyake agho ghakajichemanga "tchalitchi".<ref name="CathEnc1910_Catholic">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Catholic |last=Thurston |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Thurston |place=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1908 |access-date=17 August 2012|editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Knight |editor-link=Knight |volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm |title=Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26 |publisher=Tertullian.org |date=6 August 2004 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> Fundo yakuti "Chisopa cha Katolika" yikayowoyeka chomene mu dango la De fide Catolica ilo likapelekeka mu 380 na Theodosius I.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm |title=Edictum de fide catholica |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm }}</ref> Kufuma waka mu 1054 apo pakaŵa kuswa malango kwa East na West, tchalitchi la Eastern Church likamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Orthodox".<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy "Eastern Orthodoxy"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' online.</ref> Tchalitchi la ku Western ilo likukolerana na Papa nalo likucemeka kuti "Chatoliki", ndipo likalutilira kucemeka nthena nanga ni apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa mu ma 1500, apo awo ŵakaleka kuwungana ŵakamba kucemeka "Ŵaprotesitanti".<ref>"catholic, adj. and n." [[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 7 August 2014. Excerpt: "After the separation of East and West 'Catholic' was assumed as its descriptive epithet by the Western or Latin Church, as 'Orthodox' was by the Eastern or Greek. At the Reformation, the term 'Catholic' was claimed as its exclusive right by the body remaining under the Roman obedience, in opposition to the 'Protestant' or 'Reformed' National Churches. These, however, also retained the term, giving it, for the most part, a wider and more ideal or absolute sense, as the attribute of no single community, but only of the whole communion of the saved and saintly in all churches and ages. In England, it was claimed that the Church, even as Reformed, was the national branch of the 'Catholic Church' in its proper historical sense." Note: The full text of the OED definition of "catholic" can be consulted [[Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17|here]].</ref><ref name="McBrien">McBrien, Richard (2008). ''The Church''. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 Browseinside.harpercollins.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 |date=27 August 2009 }}. Quote: "[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title ''Catholic'' Church, while the East appropriated the name ''Orthodox'' Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective "Catholic", while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called ''Protestant''."</ref> Apo "Tchalitchi la Ŵaroma" likuyowoyeka pakulongosora Diocese ya Roma kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawira m'ma 500 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E., "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likuyowoyeka pa mpingo wose wa Chingelezi kufuma apo Ŵaprotesitanti ŵakambiska chisopa cha Katolika m'ma 1500 C.E.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063 |title=Roman Catholic, n. and adj. |work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=24 October 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kweniso, ŵanji ŵakuyowoya za Tchalitchi la Cilatini kuti "Roman Catholic" kupambanako na matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be|title=Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?|work=[[Catholic News Herald]]|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte|Diocese of Charlotte]]|date=12 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Nyengo zinyake mazgu ghakuti "Roman Catholic" ghakusangika mu mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na Tchalitchi la Katolika. Zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likuyowoya za tchalitchi lose. Zina lakuti "Tchalitchi la Katolika" likusangikaso mu mabuku gha Vatican II (1962-1965), <ref>{{cite web |title=Documents of the II Vatican Council |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605190838/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/ |archive-date=5 June 2004 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Vatican.va. |quote=Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.}}</ref> First Vatican Council (1869-1870),<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 1868 |title=Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals |url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm}}</ref> Council of Trent (1545-1563),<ref>[https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html "The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III."] ''The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent''. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History.Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018.</ref> na mabuku ghanyake ghanandi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM|title=Kenneth D. Whitehead|website=www.ewtn.com}}</ref> ==Mbili== [[File:Perugino - Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro (Capilla Sixtina, 1481-82).jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.|This [[fresco]] (1481–82) by [[Pietro Perugino]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]] shows Jesus giving the [[Keys of Heaven|keys of heaven]] to [[Saint Peter]].]] <!--{{POV-section|date=October 2014}} (Addressed on talkpage archive:[[Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 53#History Section]])--> <!--See corresponding sections in the body of the history section for sources--> Chisopa cha Cikhristu chili na visambizgo vya Yesu, uyo wakaŵako na kupharazga mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira mu cigaŵa ca Yudeya mu Ufumu wa Roma. Baibolo likusambizga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo Yesu Khristu wakaŵakhazikiska ndiwo ŵakalutilira na Tchalitchi la Katolika. Cikristu cikapharazgika mu caru cose ico cikateŵeteranga Ŵaroma, nangauli ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca kususkana na cisopa cautesi. Mu 313 C.E., Fumu Constantine yikazomerezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵaunenesko ŵaŵe mu chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu caru ca Romu mu vilimika vya m'ma 400 na 600 C.E., ŵanandi awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵa cisopa ca Arian, ŵakamba kusopa Cikatolika kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi ŵa papa na nyumba za ŵasofi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 800 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Meditereniyani, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto kwa Europe. Kweniso chikachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantine. Nkhondo izo zikaŵa na mazaza mu tchalitchi, chomenechomene mazaza gha bishopu wa ku Romu, zikafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, pakaŵa kugaŵikana mu mpingo. Ndipouli, matchalitchi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghacoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghalutilira kukolerana na Roma, ndipo ghanyake ghakamba kukolerana na matchalitchi agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kunthazi. Ciraliro caumaliro, cithunzi ca Leonardo da Vinci ca kuumaliro wa 1490, ico cikulongora ciphikiro caumaliro ca Yesu na ŵapositole ŵake khumi na ŵaŵiri pambere wandapayikike. Ŵapositole ŵanandi ŵali kusungika mu Romu, kusazgapo mutuŵa Petrosi. Ŵasembe ŵakwambilira mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na Roma ŵaleke kusuzgika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, tchalitchi likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, tchalitchi likaŵawovwiranga. Ndipouli, mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozganga visambizgo vya Ciphwitikizgo ŵakamba kususka cisopa, comenecomene awo ŵakalongozganga visopa. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu Africa, Asia, na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia. Mu 1870, Wupu Wakwamba wa ku Vatican ukati papa wangabuda yayi, ndipo ufumu wa Italy ukatoranga msumba wa Roma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, maboma gha ku Mexico na Spain ghakatambuzga na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, tchalitchi likasuska muwuso wa Nazi, ndipo likavikilira Ŵayuda ŵanandi ku Ŵanazi. Nkhondo yikati yamara, wanangwa wa kusopa ukasuzgika comene mu vyaru vya Chikomyunizimu ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Soviet Union. Mu ma 1960, Wupu wa Vatican wachiŵiri ukapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa maluso gha tchalitchi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga chisopa ichi ŵakayowoya kuti "ŵakajura mawindo". Nangauli tchalitchi likususkika comene, kweni nyengo zinandi likukhozgera panji kukhozga visambizgo vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na ŵanalume. ===Nyengo ya ŵapositole na upapa=== [[File:DambachVille StEtienne 14.JPG|left|thumb|Jesus' commission to [[Saint Peter]]]] Cipangano Ciphya, comenecomene mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi, ghakuyowoya za milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu, umo wakasankhira ŵapositole ŵake 12 na mulimo wake ukuru wa kuŵatuma, ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalutilire kucita mulimo wake. Buku la Milimo la Ŵapositole likuyowoya umo mpingo wa Ŵakhristu ukambira na umo uthenga wawo ukathandazgikira mu ufumu wa Roma. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti uteŵeti wake ukambira pa Pentekoste, mazuŵa 50 pamanyuma pa zuŵa ilo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Khristu wakawuskika. Pa Pentekoste, ŵapositole ŵakagomezga kuti ŵakapokera mzimu utuŵa, uwo ukaŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kulongozga mpingo. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti mabishopu agho ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa ku Romu ndigho ghakanjira mu malo gha ŵapositole.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|880,883}}</ref> Mu buku la Mateyu, Khristu wakati Petrosi ni "libwe" ilo lizamuzengera mpingo wake. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuti bishopu wa ku Romu, uyo ni papa, ndiyo ni muhaliri wa Petrosi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusanda vya Baibolo ŵakuti Petrosi ndiyo wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa Romu. Ŵanyake ŵakuti udindo wa upapa ukuyana yayi na fundo yakuti Petrosi wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Romu panji kuti wakaŵa ku Romu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mpingo wa Katolika ukaŵa na ŵaliska ŵanandi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., apo ŵaliska ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito zina lakuti "bishopu wa Roma". Pa cifukwa ici, Oscar Cullmann, Henry Chadwick, na Bart D. Ehrman wakakayikanga usange Petrosi wakaŵa na udindo wa kuŵa papa. Raymond E. Brown wakayowoyaso kuti nchambura kwenelera kuyowoya za Petrosi nga ni bishopu wa ku Roma, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵa nyengo iyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakaŵa na "milimo iyo yikamovwira comene kuti paŵe udindo wa papa mu mpingo". Brown wakati maudindo agha "ghakawovwira comene kuti bishopu wa ku Roma, bishopu wa mu msumba uwo Petrosi wakafwira ndiposo uko Paulosi wakacitira ukaboni unenesko wa Khristu, waŵe wakulondezga Petrosi pa mulimo wa kupwelelera mpingo wa pa caru cose".<ref name="REB">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|year=2003|title=101 Questions and Answers on the Bible|url={{googlebooks|b8ubeFP6JUYC|page=132|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4251-4|pages=132–134}}</ref> ===Kale na Ufumu wa Roma=== Vinthu vikaŵa makora mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vinthu viphya. Pakuti mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa misewu yinandi na maji ghanandi, chikaŵa chipusu kwenda, ndipo pakaŵa mtende (Pax Romana). Ufumu uwu ukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora mitheto ya Ŵagiriki. Mwakupambana na visopa vinandi mu Ufumu wa Roma, Ŵakhristu ŵakeneranga kukana ŵachiuta ŵanyake wose. Cifukwa cakuti Ŵakhristu ŵakakananga kukolerana na viphikiro vyautesi, ŵakatondekanga kucita vinthu vinandi vya mu caru, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, kusazgapo ŵalara ŵa boma, kopa kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakukwiyiska ŵachiuta na kunanga mtende wa ufumu. Cifukwa ca nthambuzgo izi, Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kujighanaghanira ŵekha m'paka apo Cikristu cikazomerezgekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 300 C.E.<ref name="macculloch155and164">MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp. 155–159, 164.</ref>[[File:Basilica di San Pietro 1450.jpg|thumb|19th-century drawing by [[Henry William Brewer]] of [[Old Saint Peter's Basilica]], originally built in 318 by [[Emperor Constantine]]]] Mu 313, Themba Constantine I likapeleka dango lakuti Chikhristu chiŵe chakuzomerezgeka, ndipo mu 330 Constantine wakasamuskira msumba ukuru wa ufumu ku Constantinople, uko sono ni Istanbul, Turkey. Mu 380, dango la ku Tesalonika likazgora Chikhristu cha ku Nicaea kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya maungano ghaŵiri gha Ekumeniki, pakaŵa mipingo yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yikamba kulamulira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Fumu Justinian I ndiyo yikalamuliranga vinthu vya ku Roma, Constantinople, Antiyoke, Yerusalemu, na Alexandria.<ref name="Valliere2012">{{cite book|last=Valliere|first=Paul|year= 2012|title=Conciliarism|url={{googlebooks|Qrt3Z7fyzlUC|page=92|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01574-6|page=92}}</ref><ref name="Bartholomew2008">{{cite book|last=Patriarch|first=Bartholomew|year=2008|title=Encountering the Mystery|url={{googlebooks|4_UB3_UpIcQC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-52561-9|page=3}}</ref> Mu 451 C.E., pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Chalcedon, ŵaliska ŵa ku Constantinople ŵakakhozga cisambizgo cawo cakuti cisambizgo ici "ncaciŵiri kwa bishopu wa ku Roma". Kwamba mu 350 C.E. m'paka mu 500 C.E., mabishopu panji kuti ŵapapa ŵa ku Romu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox. Themba Justinian, ilo mu vigaŵa ivyo likalamuliranga likakhazikiska muwuso wa ŵapositole, umo "likakhazikiskiranga malango ghake ghakukhwaskana na kusopa na kulondezga malango, kweniso likalanguranga vigomezgo vya Tchalitchi", likakhazikiskaso mazaza ghake pa Roma na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likambiska nyengo ya ufumu wa Ŵapapa wa Byzantium (537-752 C.E.), apo ŵasembe ŵa ku Romu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na themba ku Constantinople panji mwimiliri wake ku Ravenna kuti ŵaŵe ŵapositole.<ref>[[Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]]. 1997. ''Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes''. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu Ufumu wa Roma mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kugomezga cisopa ca Arian, ico Tchalitchi la Katolika likati nchambura kugomezgeka. Mphindano ya cisopa iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa mafumu gha ku Germany na ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cikatolika yikamara mu 497 C.E. apo Clovis I, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ŵafrank, wakazgoka Mukatolika, ndipo wakajibatika ku ufumu wa papa na nyumba za cisopa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Visigoth mu Spain ŵakamulondezga mu 589, ndipo ŵa Lombard mu Italy mu ma 600 C.E. Chikhristu cha ku Western, chomenechomene mu nyumba zake za ŵachiuta, chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasungilire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Kwizira mu dango lake, Benedict wa ku Nursia (c. 480-543), yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chisopa cha ku Western monasticism, wakasintha chomene vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kusambira chomene ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Ireland, nga ni Columbanus na Columba, ŵakathandazga Chikhristu na kukhazikiska nyumba za ŵachiuta mu vyaru vya ku Europe.<ref name="Cahill_Thomas">{{cite book |last=Cahill |first=Thomas |title=[[How the Irish Saved Civilization|How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe]] |date=1995 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=[[New York City]]}}</ref> ===Nyengo zapakati na Kuwukaso=== [[File:Chartres Cath+Gare.JPG|left|upright=1.2|thumb|[[Chartres Cathedral]], completed 1220]] Tchalitchi la Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru comene mu vyaru vya ŵazungu kufuma mu nyengo yakale mpaka mu nyengo yithu yino.<ref name="O'CollinsPref"/> Mu msumba uwu ndimo mukaŵa vyakuvwara vyakucemeka Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist, na Baroque.<ref>Woods, pp. 115–27</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, nga ni Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini na Caravaggio, ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vyakupambanapambana.<ref>Duffy, p. 133.</ref> Paul Legutko, wakulemba mdauko wa ku Yunivesite ya Stanford, wakayowoya kuti Chalichi la Katolika "ndico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora, maghanoghano, sayansi, malango, na mawupu agho tikughacemera kuti civilisation ya ku Western".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation''|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Woods|url=http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|work=National Review Book Service|access-date=16 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|archive-date=22 August 2006}}</ref> Ku Manjiliro gha dazi [[Vikhristu]], mayunivesite ghakwamba ku Europe ghakakhazikiska ŵamonke ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika.<ref>{{cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|first=Alexandra |last= Den Heijer| isbn=9789059724877| year =2011|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon| quote= Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|first=Mark|last= A. Lamport |year= 2015| page =484|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield| isbn=9780810884939|quote= All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas |last=B M. Leonard|year= 2013| isbn=9781135205157| page = 1369|publisher=Routledge|quote= Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}</ref> Kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 kuya munthazi, masukulu ghanyake ghakale gha katedrale [[Yunivesite ya mu nyengo ya Ŵamitundu|ghakazgoka mayunivesite]] (wonani, mwaciyelezgero, [[Yunivesite ya Oxford]], [[Yunivesite ya Paris]] na [[Yunivesite ya Bologna]]). Pakwamba, masambiro ghapachanya ghakaŵa gha Ŵakhristu [[sukulu za katedrale]] panji [[sukulu za ŵasembe]] (''Scholae monasticae''), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na [[ŵasembe]] na [[ŵasembe]]. Ukaboni wa masukulu agha ukaŵapo mu vilimika vya m’ma 6th century&nbsp;CE.<ref name="auto">Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-87249-376-8}}, pp.&nbsp;126–127, 282–298</ref> Mayunivesite ghaphya agha ghakasazgirako masambiro gha ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa, ŵaloya, ŵanchito ŵa boma, na madokota.<ref>Rudy, ''The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914'', p. 40</ref> Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti yunivesite iyi ni sukulu iyo yikambira mu [[Mbiri ya Chikhristu|Mkhristu wa mu Nyengo Yapakati]].<ref name=verger1999>{{cite book |last=Verger |first=Jacques |date=1999 |author-link=:fr:Jacques Verger|title=Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles |edition=1st |language=fr |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes |isbn=978-2-86847-344-8 |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism," in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.</ref><ref name="Rüegg, Walter 1992, pp. XIX">Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. XIX–XX</ref> Kuwukira kukuru kwa Ŵasilamu mu [[Chikhristu mu vilimika vya m’ma 700|pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 700]] kukayamba nkhondo yitali pakati pa [[Chikhristu na Chisilamu]] mu chigaŵa chose cha Meditereniyani. Mwaluŵiro [[Ufumu wa Byzantium]] ukataya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi [[ufumu wa ŵasekuru]]s vya [[Mulongozgi wa Orthodox wa Ŵagiriki wa ku Yerusalemu|Yerusalemu]], [[Mulongozgi wa Alexandria|Alexandria]] na [[Mulongozgi wa Antiokeya wakaŵa|Mulongozgi wa ku Antiokeya wa] Konstantinople|Konstantinople]], msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Chifukwa cha [[Kuthereska kwa Ŵasilamu kwakwamba|Kuwusa kwa Chisilamu pa Meditereniyani]], boma la Frank, ilo likaŵa pakatikati pa nyanja iyo, likakwaniska kusintha kuŵa nkhongono yakuwusa iyo yikapanga Western Europe mu Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirenne|first=Henri|year=1980|title=Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade|others=Frank D. Halsey (trans.)|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-date=1925|url={{googlebooks|TKUN4UdfVaQC|page=27|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-691-00760-1|pages=27–32}}</ref> Nkhondo za [[Nkhondo ya Toulouse (721)|Toulouse]] na [[Nkhondo ya Poitiers (732)|Poitiers]] zikalekeska kuluta panthazi kwa Chisilamu ku Manjiliro gha dazi ndipo [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople (717–718)|kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople]] iyo yikatondeka yikalekeska ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 20 panji 30, mu 751, Ufumu wa Byzantium ukataya msumba wa Ravenna uwo [[Exarchate of Ravenna|ukalamuliranga]] vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya Italy, kusazgapo Roma, ivyo vikazomerezga kuti viŵe na mazaza pa ŵa Lombard. Kuwa kwa Ravenna kukang’anamuranga kuti kukhozgeka na exarch uyo wakaŵakoso yayi kukapempheka yayi pa nyengo ya chisankho mu 752 cha [[Papa Stephen II]] ndiposo kuti ŵapapa ŵakachichizgika kupenja malo ghanyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza gha boma kuti ŵaŵavikilire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages|publisher=Routledge|url={{googlebooks|Zod9AwAAQBAJ|page=230|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-317-67817-5|page=230}}</ref> Mu 754, pa pempho la mwaluŵiro la Papa Stephen, themba la Frank [[Pepin Mufupi]] likapoka Ŵalombard. Pamanyuma pake [[Kupeleka kwa Pepin|wakapeleka chawanangwa]] vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa vya exarchate kwa papa, ntheura wakambiska [[Vigaŵa vya Papa]]. Roma na Byzantine East ŵazamuŵa na nkhondo yinyake mu nyengo ya [[kugaŵikana kwa Photian]] mu vilimika vya m’ma 860, apo [[Photios I wa ku Constantinople | Nangauli kugaŵikana uku kukagowokerana, kweni nkhani izo zikaŵa kuti zindamazgike zingapangiska kuti ŵagaŵikaneso.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Willston|year=1985|title=History of the Christian Church|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url={{googlebooks|bFw8PtQhpVoC|page=250|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-684-18417-3|pages=250–251}}</ref> Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000, kuyezgayezga kwa [[Hildebrand wa ku Sovana]] kukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Koleji ya Ŵakadinala]] kuti ŵasankhe ŵapapa ŵaphya, kwamba na [[Papa Alexander II]] mu [[Chisankho cha Papa, 1061|chisankho cha Papa cha 1061]]. Alexander Wachiŵiri wakati wafwa, Hildebrand wakasankhika kuti waŵe m’malo mwake, nga ni [[Papa Gregory VII]]. Nthowa yakwamba ya chisankho cha College of Cardinals iyo Gregory VII wakawovwira kukhazikiska yalutilira kugwira ntchito m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000. Papa Gregory VII wakambiskaso [[Kusintha kwa Gregory]] pa nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ku ŵamazaza ŵa caru. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Nkhondo ya Kuŵika Ndalama]] pakati pa tchalitchi na [[Fumu Yituŵa ya Roma]], iyo yikaŵa na mazaza ghakusankha mabishopu na ŵapapa.<ref name="Vidmar107">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 107–11</ref><ref name="Duffy78">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor [[Pope Eugene II|Eugenius II]] (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]] (844–7) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."</ref> Mu 1095, [[Ufumu wa Byzantine|Byzantine]] themba [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I]] wakapempha [[Papa Urban II]] kuti wamovwire kulimbana na nkhondo za Ŵasilamu izo zikaŵa kuti zawukiraso ŵasilikari ŵawo. 8</ref> ivyo vikapangiska kuti Urban wambe [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Mtanda]] iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti wawovwire Ufumu wa Byzantine na kuwezgerapo [[Charu Chatuŵa]] ku mazaza gha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=140–141}} Mu [[Ubale] wa Chikhristu pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900, 1111. tchalitchi lakwamba la Chigiriki na Tchalitchi la Chilatini vikaŵapatura mu [[East–West Schism]], chigaŵa chinyake chifukwa cha kugaŵikana pa [[papa]] mazaza. [[Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Mtanda]] na kupoka Constantinople na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaswa malango ghaumaliro. Mu nyengo iyi, matchalitchi ghakuru gha chigothi ku France ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa chomene. Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1200 [[magulu ghakupemphapempha]] ghakakhazikiska [[Francis wa ku Assisi]] ​​na [[Dominic Mutuŵa|Dominic de Guzmán]]. ''Studia conventualia'' na ''[[sukulu yikuru|studia yikuru]]'' ya malango ghakupemphapempha ŵakawovwira chomene pa kusintha kwa [[sukulu ya katedrale]] iyo yikakhozgekanga na tchalitchi na sukulu za pa nyumba ya ufumu, nga ni ya [[Charlemagne]] ku [[Aachen]], ku mayunivesite gha [[Aachen]], kuŵa gha pro.<ref>Woods, pp. 44–48</ref> [[Masambiro|Masambiro]] ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa na ŵafilosofe nga ni wasembe wa ku Dominican [[Thomas Aquinas]] ŵakasambiranga na kusambizga pa masambiro agha. Aquinas ''Summa Theologica'' yikaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vinjeru pakusazga chiharo cha [[filosofe yakale ya ku Greece|ŵafilosofe ŵakale ŵa ku Greece]] nga ni Plato na Aristotle na ivyo vikaŵa mu chivumbuzi cha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=158–159}} Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona nkhondo pakati pa tchalitchi na boma. Kuti ŵaleke kukhazikika mu Roma, [[Papa Clement V|Clement V]] mu 1309 wakazgoka wakwamba pa ŵapapa ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wakukhora wa [[Avignon]] kumwera kwa France mu nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti [[Upapa wa Avignon]]. Upapa wa Avignon ukamara mu 1376 apo papa wakawelera ku Roma, kweni mu 1378 ukalondezgeka na [[Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi|Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] uko kukatora vyaka 38, ndipo awo ŵakatenge ŵaŵe ŵapapa ku Roma, Avignon na (pamanyuma pa 1409) Pisa.<ref name="McManners232"/> Nkhani iyi yikamazgika chomene mu 1415–17 pa [[Council of Constance]], ndipo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na boma ku Roma na Pisa ŵakazomera kuleka ntchito ndipo uyo wakakhumbanga boma wachitatu wakafumiskikapo na ŵakadinala, awo ŵakachita chisankho chiphya na zina lakuti [[Papa Martin V|Martin V]] papa.<ref name="McManners240">McManners, p. 240</ref> [[File:Lightmatter Sistine Chapel ceiling.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Nyengo ya Renaissance yikaŵa nyengo ya golide ya [[luso lwa Ŵakatolika]]. Pa cithuzithuzi: [[Siling’i ya Nyumba ya Kusopa ya Sistine]] iyo yikapenteka na [[Michelangelo]].]] Mu 1438, [[Council of Florence]] yikawungana, iyo yikaŵa na kudumbiskana kwakukhora uko kukaŵika mtima pa kupulikiska mphambano za visopa pakati pa Mafumiro gha dazi na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, na cigomezgo cakuti matchalitchi gha Katolika na gha Orthodox ghazamukoleranaso.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|year=1989|title=Constantinople and the West|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinoplewe0000gean|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11880-8}}</ref> Matchalitchi ghanandi gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakakoleranaso, ndipo ghakapanga chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Collinge|first=William J.|year=2012|title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url={{googlebooks|LR0Nyt3bi_MC|page=169|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1|page=169}}</ref> == Bungwe == [[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|"Nizamukupani makiyi gha ufumu wa kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamukaka pa charu chapasi chizamukakika kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamufwatura pa charu chapasi chizamufwatuka kuchanya." Yesu kwa Petrosi mu [[Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu]], Matthew 16:19.]] Mpingo wa Katolika ukulondezga ndondomeko ya episcopal polity, iyo yikulongozgeka na mabishopu awo ŵapokera sakramenti ya Holy Orders awo ŵakupika mazaza ghakulongozga mukati mwa mpingo.[186][187] Pali vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵaliska: episcopate, iyo yili na mabishopu agho ghali na mazaza pa malo agho ghakuchemeka diocese panji eparchy; presbyterate, iyo yili na ŵasembe awo ŵakuŵikika na mabishopu ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu madayosisi gha mu chigaŵa panji mu mabungwe gha visopa; na udikoni, uwo uli na ŵadikoni awo ŵakovwira mabishopu na ŵasembe pa milimo yakupambanapambana ya uteŵeti. Paumaliro uyo wakulongozga Mpingo wose wa Katolika ni bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti papa (mu Chilatini: papa, lit. 'dada'), uyo mazaza ghake ghakuchemeka Mpando Mutuŵa (Sancta Sedes mu Chilatini).[188] Pakuyana waka na kapangikiro ka dayosizi pali mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha visopa agho ghakugwira ntchito mwakujiyimira paŵekha, kanandi ghakulongozgeka na mazaza gha papa pera, nangauli nyengo zinyake ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa malo agha. Mabungwe ghanandi gha visopa ghakuŵa na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kweni ghanyake ghakuŵa na wose ŵaŵiri. Kweniso, ŵantu ŵambura kusopa ŵakuwovwira pa milimo yinandi ya cisopo pa nyengo ya kusopa. === Mpando Wakupatulika, upapa, Curia ya Roma, na Koleji ya Ŵakadinali === Ŵalongozgi ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika ŵakulongozgeka na papa—sono ni Papa Francis, uyo wakasankhika pa 13 March 2013 na msonkhano wa ŵapapa.[118] Ofesi ya papa yikumanyikwa kuti papacy. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuyowoya kuti Khristu wakambiska upapa apo wakapeleka makiyi gha Kuchanya kwa Petrosi Mutuŵa. Mazaza ghake gha tchalitchi ghakuchemeka Holy See, panji Mpando wa Ŵapositole (kung'anamura Mpando wa mpositole Petrosi).[119][120] Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera papa mwaluŵiro ni Roman Curia, wupu ukuru uwo ukulaŵilira bizinesi ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya Tchalitchi la Katolika. Papa nayo ni muwusi wa Vatican City,[121] msumba-boma lichoko ilo lili mu msumba wa Roma, uwo ni gulu lakupambana na Holy See. Ni nga ni mutu wa Holy See, nga ni mutu wa Vatican City State yayi, apo papa wakupokelera ŵamishonale ŵa vyaru na kuŵatumira ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa boma.[122] Mpando Wakupatulika ukupelekaso malango, kukongozga na mendulo, nga ni malango gha chivalry agho ghakafuma mu nyengo ya Middle Ages. Nangauli tchalitchi lakumanyikwa la Saint Peter lili mu msumba wa Vatican, pachanya pa malo ghakumanyikwa gha dindi la Saint Peter, tchalitchi likuru la papa la Dayosizi ya Roma ni Archbasilica ya Saint John Lateran, iyo yili mukati mwa msumba wa Roma, nangauli yili na mwaŵi wa kuzomerezgeka na Holy. Malo gha kadinala ni udindo wa ntchindi uwo ŵapapa ŵakupeleka ku ŵaliska ŵanyake, nga mbalongozgi ŵa mu Roman Curia, mabishopu agho ghakuteŵetera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa. Kuti ŵamupe ulongozgi na wovwiri pa kulamulira, papa wangaluta ku College of Cardinal.[123] Pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka kwa papa,[wonani 3] ŵabali ŵa College of Cardinals awo ŵali pasi pa vyaka 80 ŵakuchita nga ni koleji ya visankho, ŵakukumana mu msonkhano wa papa kuti ŵasankhe uyo wazamuŵalondezga.[125] Nangauli conclave yingasankha mwanalume waliyose wa Katolika kuŵa papa, kufuma mu 1389 ŵakasankhika waka makadinala.[126] === Dango la Canon === Catholic canon law (Chilatini: jus canonicum) ni ndondomeko ya malango na fundo za malango izo zikupangika na kukhozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma la Katolika kuti ŵalongozge bungwe lake la kuwaro na boma ndiposo kuti ŵalongozge na kulongozga milimo ya Ŵakatolika ku mulimo wa tchalitchi. Lamulo la canon la Tchalitchi la Latin ndilo likaŵa lakwamba la mazuŵa ghano la malango gha ku Manjiliro gha dazi,[115] ndipo ndilo dongosolo lakale chomene ilo likulutilira kugwira ntchito ku Manjiliro gha dazi,<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Edward N. |last1=Peters |author1-link=Edward N. Peters |url=http://canonlaw.info |title=CanonLaw.info Home Page |access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Raymond |last1=Wacks |author1-link=Raymond Wacks |title=Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |page=13 |isbn=978-0198745624}}</ref> apo mitheto yakupambanapambana ya malango gha Katolika ya Kummaŵa yikulamulira matchalitchi 23 gha ku Eastern Catholic particular sui iuris. Malango ghawemi gha tchalitchi, ghakukhazikika mwachindunji panji mwambura kumanyikwa pa dango la Chiuta ilo likusintha yayi panji dango la chilengiwa, ghakupokera mazaza ghakuzomerezgeka pa nkhani ya malango gha pa charu chose kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango mulara—Pontiff Mukuru—uyo wali na mazaza ghose ghakuŵika malango, ghakulongozga munthu, na ghakweruzga mu]. mazaza kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango uyo wali pasi pa wakupanga malango mulara, kwali ni wakupanga malango wambura kumanyikwa panji wakupeleka malango. Nkhani yeneco ya mu mabuku gha malango nja visambizgo panji nkharo pera yayi, kweni yikukhwaska vyose umo munthu waliri. Lili na vinthu vyose vyambura kumanyikwa vya ndondomeko ya malango yakukhwima: malango, makhoti, ŵaloya, ŵeruzgi, malango ghakumanyikwa makora gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini pamoza na malango gha Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, fundo zakulongosora malango, na penalties. Malango gha mu Tchalitchi la Katolika ghakukhwaskana na umoyo na gulu la Tchalitchi ndipo ghakupambana na malango gha boma. Mu munda wake ukupereka nkhongono ku malango gha boma pera mwa kuŵika malango ghanyake mu nkhani nga nkhupwelelera ŵana ŵachoko. Mwakuyana waka, dango la boma lingapereka nkhongono mu munda wake ku dango la canon, kweni mwa kuŵika waka dango lakumanyikwa, nga umo vikuŵira na nthengwa za canon. Pasono, 1983 Code of Canon Law yikugwira ntchito ku Mpingo wa Chilatini. Malango ghakupambana gha 1990 gha Matchalitchi gha Kummaŵa (CCEO, pamanyuma pa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya Chilatini) ghakugwira ntchito ku Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa ghakujiyimira paŵekha. === Matchalitchi gha Chilatini na gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi === Mu vyaka chikwi vyakwamba vya mdauko wa Katolika, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya Chikhristu yikapangika mu vigaŵa vya Chikhristu vya Kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kummaŵa kwa Europe, Asia na Africa. Nangauli matchalitchi ghanandi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghakukoleranaso yayi na Tchalitchi la Katolika pamanyuma pa Kugaŵikana Kukuru kwa 1054 (na kugaŵikana kwakwamba kwa Nestorian na Chalcedonian Schism), matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira paŵekha gha mitheto ya kumafumiro gha dazi ghakutorapo mbali mu chiyanjano cha Katolika, icho chikumanyikwaso kuti "church one:i'i's). Tchalitchi likuru chomene ndiposo lakumanyikwa chomene ni Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo ndilo pera ilo likulondezga mitheto ya ku Manjiliro gha dazi, ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 biliyoni pa charu chose. Pakuyowoya za ŵalondezgi ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ni Matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira pawokha gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 17.3 miliyoni kufuma mu 2010. Tchalitchi la Chilatini likulongozgeka na papa na mabishopu gha mu dayosizi agho wali kusankhika na iyo mwaluŵiro. Papa wakuchita mulimo wa ŵasekuru pa Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo likuwoneka kuti likapanga chigaŵa chakwamba ndiposo chikuru cha Chikhristu cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiharo cha vigomezgo vinyake na mitheto iyo yikafuma ku Europe na kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinyake mwa ivyo vikahara na visopo vinandi vya Chikhristu ivyo vikulondezgapo kufuma kwawo ku Reformation. Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulondezga mitheto na uzimu wa Chikhristu cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo ni matchalitchi agho nyengo zose ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na Tchalitchi la Katolika panji agho ghasankha kunjiraso mu ubwezi wose mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vikalondezgapo pa East–West Schism panji kugaŵikana kwakwambilira. Matchalitchi agha ni mitundu ya Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika awo mitundu yawo ya kusopa yikulongora kuti ŵali na mdauko na mitheto yakupambanapambana m’malo mwa kupambana mu visambizgo. Kweni chifukwa chakuti papa wakazomerezga Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pa nkhani ya kukolerana kwa matchalitchi gha Eastern Orthodox na matchalitchi ghanyake gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Kuyana na mdauko, kucicizgika kuti ŵalondezgenge mitheto ya Cikhristu ca ku Manjiliro gha dazi iyo yikacitikanga na Tchalitchi la Latin ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanjirepo (kusintha Cilatini) pa mitheto yinyake ya Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Vatican Council, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, chikazengeka pa kusintha kwakumanyuma kuti chikhozgereso wanangwa wa Ŵakatolika ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mikhaliro yawo yakupambanapambana ya chisopa. Mpingo sui iuris ukulongosoreka mu Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches nga ni "gulu la ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Chikhristu awo ŵakukolerana na ŵalongozgi" awo ŵakumanyikwa na papa mu udindo wake nga ni mulara wapacanya pa nkhani za visambizgo mukati mwa mpingo. Lizgu ili ni chinthu chiphya icho CCEO yikapanga kuti yilongore kuti Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ghakujiyimira paŵekha, agho ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na papa, kweni ghali na ndondomeko ya boma na mitheto ya chisopa yakupambana na ya Tchalitchi la Latin. Nangauli mabuku gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu ili mwakudunjika yayi, kweni ŵakuzomerezga kuti likuyana waka. Matchalitchi ghanyake gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulamulirika na patriarch uyo wakusankhika na sinodi ya mabishopu gha tchalitchi ilo, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na archbishop mulara,[124] ghanyake ghali pasi pa metropolitan, ndipo ghanyake ghakupangika nga ni eparchies paŵekha. Mpingo uliwose uli na mazaza pa vigaŵa vya bungwe lake la mukati, mitheto ya chisopa, kalendara ya chisopa na vinyake vya uzimu wake, vikulondezga waka mazaza gha papa. Roman Curia ili na dipatimenti yinyake, Mpingo wa Matchalitchi gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, kuti yiŵe paubwezi nawo. Kanandi papa wakusankha yayi mabishopu panji ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo wakuchedweska ndondomeko yawo ya boma la mukati, kweni wanganjilirapo usange wakuwona kuti nchakwenelera. === Ma dayosizi, ma parishi, mabungwe, na mabungwe === Vyaru vinyake, vigaŵa, panji misumba yikuruyikuru yikuteŵetereka na matchalitchi ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ma dayosizi mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, panji ma eparchies mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake ghakulaŵilirika na bishopu. Kufuma mu 2008, Mpingo Katolika uli na madayosisi 2,795. Mabishopu mu charu chinyake mba membala ŵa msonkhano wa ŵabishopu ŵa charu panji ŵa chigaŵa. Ma dayosizi ghagaŵika mu ma parishi, ndipo lililose lili na wasembe yumoza panji ŵanandi, ŵadikoni, panji ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika. Ma Parish ndiwo ghakuchitiska chikondwelero cha zuŵa na zuŵa cha masakramenti na kupwelelera ŵaliska ŵa ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Kufuma mu 2016, pali ma parishi 221,700 pa charu chose. Mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ŵanalume ŵa Katolika ŵangateŵetera nga mbadikoni panji ŵasembe mwa kupokera udindo wa sakramenti. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵangateŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵapadera ŵa Mgonero Utuŵa, nga mbaŵazgi (ŵasambizgi), panji nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero. Kuyana na mdauko, ŵanyamata na ŵanalume ŵakazomerezgekanga waka kuteŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero; kweni kufuma mu 1990s, ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi nawo ŵazomerezgeka. Ŵakatolika ŵakuŵikika, pamoza na ŵantu ŵambura kusopa, ŵanganjira mu umoyo wakupatulika panji paŵekha, nga ni hermit panji mwali wakupatulika, panji mwa kunjira mu wupu wa umoyo wakupatulika (wupu wa cisopo panji wupu wa ŵantu ŵambura kusopa) umo ŵangacitira malumbiro ghakukhozgera khumbo lawo la kulondezga vigaŵa vitatu vya chavertistigel na eselyun, . kupulikira. Viyelezgero vya mabungwe gha umoyo wakupatulika ni ŵa Benedictine, ŵa Carmelite, ŵa Dominican, ŵa Franciscan, ŵa Mishonale ŵa Chitemwa, Ŵasilikari ŵa Khristu na Ŵadumbu ŵa Lusungu. "Mabungwe gha chisopa" ni lizgu la mazuŵa ghano ilo likukhwaska "malango gha chisopa" na "mipingo ya chisopa," iyo nyengo yinyake yikaŵa yakupambana mu malango gha chisopa. Mazgu ghakuti "ndondomeko ya chisopa" na "bungwe la chisopa" ghakugwiriskirika nchito nga ni mazgu ghakuyana waka. Kwizira mu vyakovwira vya Katolika na vinyake, Mpingo Wa Katolika ndiwo ukupeleka masambiro na wovwiri wa umoyo pa charu chose chapasi kwambura boma. === Kuŵa membala === Chikatolika ndicho chisopa chachiŵiri pa charu chose, chikuluska Chisilamu cha Sunni pera.[115] Ŵanthu ŵa mu tchalitchi, awo ŵakulongosoreka kuti mba Katolika ŵakubatizika, ŵakaŵa 1.345 biliyoni kuumaliro wa 2019, awo ni 18% ya ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose. Brazil ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Katolika pa charu chose, ndipo pamanyuma pake pali Mexico, Philippines, na United States.[117] Ŵakatolika ŵakuyimira pafupifupi hafu ya Ŵakhristu wose. Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa Ŵakatolika pa charu chose kukulutilira kusintha, na 18.7% ku Africa, 48.1% ku America, 11.0% ku Asia, 21.2% ku Europe, na 0.8% ku Oceania. Ŵateŵeti ŵa Katolika ŵakusazgapo ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika, ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika, ŵamishonale, na ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu. Kweniso ku umaliro wa 2019, pakaŵa ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika 467,938, kusazgapo mabishopu 5,364, ŵasembe 414,336 (ŵa dayosizi na ŵa chisopa), na ŵadikoni 48,238 (ŵanyengo zose). Ŵateŵeti ŵambura kuŵikika ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu 3,157,568, ŵamishonale ŵambura kusambizgika 367,679, na ŵateŵeti ŵambura kusambizgika ŵa matchalitchi 39,951. Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kujipeleka ku umoyo wa cisopo panji wakupatulika m’malo mwa nthengwa panji kuŵa ŵambura kutora panji kutengwa, nga ni umoyo panji nchito ya ubwezi, ŵakusazgapo ŵanalume 54,559 ŵakusopa na ŵanakazi 705,529 ŵakusopa. Iwo ŵakuŵikika yayi, panji ŵakuwoneka kuti mbateŵeti pekha usange nawo ŵakuchitako chimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ŵateŵeti ŵambura kumanyikwa ivyo vili pachanya apa. ==Chisambizgo== Chisambizgo cha Katolika chakura mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo chikulongora visambizgo vyakudunjika vya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, kulongosora kwakuzomerezgeka kwa vigomezgo vyakugaluka na vya orthodox na makhonsolo gha visopo vyose na mu ng’ombe za ŵapapa, ndiposo mphindano za vya chisopa na ŵasambiri. Mpingo ukugomezga kuti nyengo zose ukulongozgeka na Mzimu Mutuŵa apo ukumanya nkhani ziphya za chisopa ndipo ukuvikilirika kwambura kubudiska kuti uleke kugwa mu visambizgo vyambura kwenelera para ŵasankha mwakukhora pa nkhani yinyake. Likusambizga kuti kuvumbulika kuli na mtundu umoza wakuyana, Chiuta, na nthowa ziŵiri zakupambanapambana zakupharazgira: Malemba Ghatuŵa na Mitheto Yakupatulika, ndipo ivi vikung’anamulika nadi na Magisterium. Malemba Ghakupatulika ghali na mabuku 73 gha Baibolo la Katolika, ndipo ghali na mabuku 46 gha Testamente Lakale na 27 gha Testamente Lasono. Sacred Tradition yili na visambizgo ivyo mpingo ukugomezga kuti vikapelekeka kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Malemba Ghakupatulika na Mwambo Wakupatulika vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti "kuŵika chipulikano" (depositum fidei mu Chilatini). Ivi vikung'anamulikaso na Magisterium (kufuma ku magister, Chilatini "msambizgi"), mazaza ghakusambizga gha tchalitchi, agho ghakuchitika na papa na College of Bishops pamoza na papa, Bishopu wa Roma.[179] Chisambizgo cha Katolika chikulongosoreka mwakudumura mu Katekisimu wa Tchalitchi la Katolika, ilo likalembeka na Holy See. === Mtundu wa Chiuta === Ŵakatolika ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu Khristu ni "Munthu Wachiŵiri" wa Utatu, Chiuta Mwana. Mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Kuzgoka Munthu, kwizira mu nkhongono ya Mzimu Mutuŵa, Chiuta wakakolerana na chilengiwa cha munthu kwizira mu kubabika kwa Khristu mu nthumbo ya Mariya Namwali Mutumbikika. Ntheura, Khristu wakupulikiskika kuti ni Ciuta wakukwana ndiposo munthu wakukwana, kusazgapo kuŵa na mzimu wa munthu. Ŵakusambizgika kuti mulimo wa Khristu pa charu chapasi ukaŵa wakupeleka ku ŵanthu visambizgo vyake na kupereka chiyelezgero chake kuti ŵalondezgenge nga umo vili kulembekera mu mabuku ghanayi gha Uthenga Uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu wakakhala wambura kwananga apo wakaŵa pa charu chapasi, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti ŵamukome kwambura urunji mwa kupayikika pa khuni, nga ni sembe yake kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; kugowokerana uku kukumanyikwa kuti Chisisi cha Paska. Lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti "Khristu" na la Chihebere lakuti "Mesiya" ghose ghakung'anamura "wakuphakazgika", ghakung'anamura chigomezgo cha Ŵakhristu chakuti nyifwa na chiwuka cha Yesu ni kufiskika kwa mauchimi gha mesiya gha mu Testamente Lakale. Mpingo Wa Katolika ukusambizga mwakusimikizga kuti "Mzimu Mutuŵa wakufuma kwa Ŵadada na Mwana kwamuyirayira, kufuma ku fundo ziŵiri yayi kweni kufuma ku fundo yimoza". Iwo ukuyowoya kuti Ŵadada, nga ni "fundo yambura fundo", ndiwo ŵakwamba kufuma ku Mzimu, kweniso kuti iyo, nga ni Ŵadada ŵa Mwana yumoza pera, wali na Mwana fundo yimoza iyo Mzimu wakufumiramo. Chigomezgo ichi chikulongosoreka mu fundo ya ''Filioque'' iyo yikasazgikira ku mtundu wa Chilatini wa Nicene Creed wa 381 kweni yikasazgikira yayi mu mtundu wa Chigiriki wa chigomezgo icho chikagwiriskirika nchito mu Chikhristu cha Kummaŵa. === Mtundu wa tchalitchi === Mpingo Katolika ukusambizga kuti ni "tchalitchi limoza launenesko",[172][173] "sakaramenti la chiponosko cha ŵanthu wose", na "chisopa chimoza chaunenesko". Kuyana na Katekisimu, Mpingo Katolika ukulongosorekaso mu Chigomezgo cha Nicene kuti "Mchalitchi umoza, utuŵa, wa Katolika, na wa ŵapositole". Vinthu ivi vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti Vimanyikwiro Vinayi vya Mpingo. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti uyo wakambiska ni Yesu Khristu. Testamente Lasono likulemba vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene pakukhazikiska Tchalitchi la Katolika, kusazgapo milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu ndiposo kusankha ŵapositole kuŵa ŵakaboni ŵa uteŵeti wake, masuzgo ghake, na chiwuka chake. Mulimo Ukuru, wakati wawuka, wakaphalira ŵapositole kuti ŵalutilire mulimo wake. Kuza kwa Mzimu Mutuŵa pa ŵapositole, mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Pentekoste, chikuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa pa wumba wa Mpingo Katolika. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti mabishopu ghose ghakupatulika ghakwenelera ghali na mzere wakulondezgapo kufuma ku ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, uwo ukumanyikwa kuti mzere wa ŵapositole. Makamaka, Bishopu wa Roma (papa) wakuwoneka kuti ni uyo wakalondezgapo mpositole Simoni Petrosi, udindo uwo wakupokerapo udindo wake pa mpingo. Chigomezgo cha Katolika chikuti mpingo "ni kuŵapo kwa Yesu kwakulutilira pa charu chapasi" ndipo ndilo pera ilo lili na nthowa zose za chiponosko. Kwizira mu suzgo (kusuzgika) kwa Khristu uko kukapangiska kuti wakomeke pa khuni nga umo vikulongosolekera mu Mauthenga Ghawemi, ŵakuti Khristu wakajipanga yekha kuŵa sembe kwa Chiuta Ŵadada kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; Chiwuka cha Yesu chikumupangiska kuŵa mwana wakwamba kufuma ku ŵakufwa, wakwamba pakati pa ŵabali ŵanandi. Pakuphemana na Chiuta na kulondezga mazgu na milimo ya Khristu, munthu wanganjira mu Ufumu wa Chiuta. Mpingo ukuwona kuti liturgy yake na masakramenti ghake vikukhozga lusungu ilo likusangika kwizira mu sembe ya Khristu kuti likhozge ubwezi wa munthu na Khristu na kovwira pakuthereska kwananga. === Kweruzgika kwaumaliro === Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti, para munthu waliyose wafwa waka, mzimu wake uzamupokera cheruzgo chinyake kufuma kwa Chiuta, mwakuyana na zakwananga zawo na ubwezi wawo na Khristu. Chisambizgo ichi chikukhozgeraso zuŵa linyake ilo Khristu wazamukhalapo na kweruzga ŵanthu wose. Kweruzgika kwaumaliro uku, mwakuyana na chisambizgo cha tchalitchi, kuzamumara mdauko wa ŵanthu na kwamba kwa vyose viŵiri, kuchanya na charu chapasi viphya na viwemi ivyo vizamuwusika na Chiuta mu urunji. Kuyana na umo munthu wakweruzgikira para wafwa, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu unganjira mu chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya umoyo wa pamanyuma pa nyifwa: * Kuchanya ni mkhaliro wa kukolerana kwambura kumara na kacitiro ka Ciuta ka Ciuta, ontologically yayi, kweni mwa lusungu. Ni umoyo wamuyirayira, umo mzimu ukughanaghanira Chiuta mu chimwemwe chambura kumara. * Purgatory ni nyengo ya nyengo yichoko waka yakutozgera mizimu iyo, nangauli yili kuŵikika kucanya, yikupatukana yayi na kwananga ndipo ntheura yinganjira yayi kuchanya nyengo yeneyiyo.Mu Purigatoriyo, mzimu ukusuzgika, ndipo ukutozgeka na kufikapo. Mizimu iyo yili mu purigatoriyo yingawovwirika kuti yifike kuchanya na malurombo gha ŵakugomezgeka pa charu chapasi na kuŵeyelera kwa ŵatuŵa. * Kuzengeka kwaumaliro: Paumaliro, awo ŵakulutilira kukhala mu mkhaliro wa kwananga kwakufwa ndipo ŵakulapa yayi pambere ŵandafwe ŵakujiŵika ku gehena, kupatukana na Ciuta kwamuyirayira.[178] Mpingo ukusambizga kuti palije uyo wakususkika ku gehena kwambura kuti wasankha mwakufwatuka kukana Chiuta. Palije uyo wali kuŵikika kale ku gehena ndipo palije uyo wangamanya mwakusimikizga uyo wali kuzengeka mulandu ku gehena. Chikatolika chikusambizga kuti kwizira mu lusungu lwa Chiuta munthu wangalapa nyengo yiliyose pambere wandafwe, kuŵalirika na unenesko wa chipulikano cha Chikatolika, ndipo ntheura wangasanga chiponosko. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ŵa Katolika ŵakughanaghana kuti mizimu ya ŵana ŵachoko awo ŵandabatizike na awo mbakhristu yayi awo ŵalije kwananga kwa nyifwa kweni ŵakufwa mu kwananga kwakwamba ŵakuŵikika ku limbo, nangauli ichi nchisambizgo cha boma cha tchalitchi yayi. Nangauli Mpingo Wakatolika ukusambizga kuti ndiyo pera ndiyo yili na nthowa zose za chiponosko, yikuzomerezgaso kuti Mzimu Mutuŵa wangagwiliskira ntchito mitundu ya Ŵakhristu iyo yili kupatukana na iyo kuti "yikhuŵirizge ku umoza wa Katolika" na "kutemwa na kulongozgera ku Mpingo wa Katolika this and paravation to peoples",[184] muli vinthu vinyake vya chisambizgo chakwenelera, nangauli vikusazgana na viheni. Likusambizga kuti waliyose uyo wakuponoskeka wakuponoskeka kwizira mu Mpingo Katolika kweni ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka kuwaro kwa nthowa zambura kumanyikwa izo zikumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa khumbo, ndiposo na kukomeka pambere ŵandabatizike, uko kukumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa ndopa, ndiposo para mikhaliro ya kuleka kumanya kwambura kuthereskeka yilipo, nangauli invincible is not a ignorance of me5. === Ŵatuŵa na kujipeleka === Mutuŵa (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti hallow) ni munthu uyo wakumanyikwa kuti wali na msinkhu wapadera wa utuŵa panji wakuyana panji pafupi na Chiuta, apo kuzgoka mutuŵa ni chinthu icho tchalitchi la Chikhristu likupharazga kuti munthu uyo wafwa wakaŵa mutuŵa, pa kupharazga uko munthu wakusazgikika mu "canon of sagn", panji list. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakachindikika nga mbatuŵa ŵakaŵa awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Nthano zakusopa zakukhwaskana na nyifwa zawo zikawonekanga kuti zikukhozgera unenesko wa cipulikano cawo mwa Khristu. Kweni mu vilimika vya m’ma 400 C.E., “ŵakuzomera”—ŵanthu awo ŵakazomera cipulikano cawo mwa kufwa yayi kweni na mazgu na umoyo—ŵakamba kucindikika pakweru. Mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Chilatini na gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, mulimo wa kuŵika munthu kuŵa mutuŵa ukusungikira ku Mpando wa Ŵapositole ndipo ukuchitika pa umaliro wa ndondomeko yitali iyo yikukhumbikwira ukaboni ukuru wakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵikika munthu mutuŵa wakakhala na kufwa mu nthowa ya ciyerezgero ndiposo yituŵa mwakuti ngwakwenelera kumanyikwa kuti ni saint. Kuzomerezga kwa tchalitchi kuti munthu ni mutuŵa kukung’anamura kuti munthu uyo sono wali Kuchanya ndipo wangachemeka pakweru na kuzunulika mu chisopa cha tchalitchi, kusazgapo mu Litany of the Saints. Kuŵikika pa malo ghatuŵa kukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵamusopenge mutuŵa mu liturgy ya Rite ya Ŵaroma; kuti ŵazomerezgeke kusopa waka pa malo ghawo, beatification pera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa. Kusopa ni "mikhaliro ya kuwaro ya kusopa" iyo ni chigaŵa cha liturgy yakuzomerezgeka ya Tchalitchi la Katolika yayi kweni ni chigaŵa cha mikhaliro yauzimu yakumanyikwa ya Ŵakatolika. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo mikhaliro yakupambanapambana yakukhwaskana na kusopa ŵatuŵa, comenecomene kusopa Namwali Mariya. Vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pakusopa ni Masiteshoni gha Mtanda, Mtima Wakupatulika wa [[Yesu Khristu|Yesu]], Nkhope Yituŵa ya Yesu, ma scapulars ghakupambanapambana, ma novena ku ŵatuŵa ŵakupambanapambana, maulendo gha pa chisopa na kusopa ku Sakramenti Lakutumbikika, na kusopa vikozgo vya mutuŵa. Mabishopu gha pa Second Vatican Council ghakakumbuska Ŵakatolika kuti "kusopa kukwenera kulembeka mwakuti kuŵe kwakukolerana na nyengo za chisopa, kukolerana na chisopa chakupatulika, mu nthowa yinyake chikufumiramo, ndipo chikulongozga ŵanthu ku chisopa ichi, chifukwa, nadi, chisopa mwa mtundu wake chikuluska chomene." === Namwali Mariya === [[File:Murillo-inmaculada del coro-sevilla-mba.JPG|alt=|thumb|Namwali Mariya Mutumbikika wakuchindikika chomene mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, ŵakumupharazga kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta, wambura kwananga kwakwambilira ndiposo wakuŵeyelera.]] Mariology wa Katolika wakuyowoya za visambizgo na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, ndiposo umo ŵakugomezgeka ŵakuchindikira Mariya. Mariya wakuchindikika chomene, wakupharazgika kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta (Chigiriki: Θεοτόκος, Chiroma: Theotokos, lit. 'Wakunyamura Chiuta'), ndipo wakugomezga kuti wakakhala mwaliri umoyo wake wose. Visambizgo vinyake ni visambizgo vya Immaculate Conception (kutora nthumbo yake kwambura banga la kwananga kwakwamba) na Kukwezgeka kwa Mariya (kuti thupi lake likatoleka mwaluŵiro kucanya pa umaliro wa umoyo wake). Visambizgo vyose ivi vikalongosoreka kuti ni visambizgo vyambura kubudiska, na Papa Pius IX mu 1854 na Papa Pius XII mu 1950 mwakuyana, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵadumbiskana na mabishopu gha Katolika pa charu chose kuti ŵakhorweske kuti ichi nchigomezgo cha Katolika. Kweni mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakulutilira kukondwelera chiphikiro cha Kukwezgeka kwa Chiuta pasi pa zina lakuti Dormition of the Mother of God pa zuŵa limoza.Chisambizgo chakuti Mariya wakafwa pambere ŵandamuwone kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa chikwamba pambere fundo yakuti wakafwa yayi. St John Damascene wakalemba kuti "St Juvenal, Bishopu wa Yerusalemu, pa ungano wa Chalcedon (451), wakamanyiska Themba Marcian na Pulcheria, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na thupi la Mama wa Chiuta, kuti Mariya wakafwa pamaso pa Ŵapositole wose, kweni kuti dindi lake likasangika pa upon wa St Thomas, apo likajulika; Ŵapositole ŵakadumura kuti thupi likatoleka kucanya." Kusopa kwa Mariya nchigaŵa ca kusopa kwa Katolika kweni nkhwakupambana na kusopa Ciuta. Ntchito zikusazgapo malurombo na luso lwa Marian, sumu, na vyakuzengazenga. Viphikiro vinandi vya chisopa cha Marian vikukondwelereka mu chaka chose cha Mpingo ndipo wakuchindikika na maudindo ghanandi nga ni Fumukazi ya Kuchanya. Papa Paul VI wakamuchema kuti Mama wa Mpingo chifukwa, pakubaba Khristu, wakuwoneka kuti ni mama wauzimu wa chiŵaro chilichose cha Thupi la Khristu. Chifukwa cha mulimo wake ukuru mu umoyo wa Yesu, malurombo na kujipeleka nga ni Hail Mary, Rosary, Salve Regina na Memorare ni mikhaliro ya Katolika yakumanyikwa chomene. Ulendo wa ku malo ghakuwonekerapo gha Marian ghanandi agho ghakukhozgeka na tchalitchi, nga ni Lourdes, Fátima, na Guadalupe, nawo ni visopa vyakumanyikwa vya Katolika. ===Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu=== {{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu}} [[Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu]], iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, yikapangiska kuti mazaza gha ndyali na chikhalidwe gha ku Western Europe ghafalikire pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha udindo ukuru uwo vyaru vya [[Spain]] na [[Portugal]], ivyo vikaŵa vya Chikatolika chomene, vikachita mu kulamulira vyaru vinyake (Western colonialism), Chikatolika chikafalikira ku [[Americas]], [[Asia]], na [[Oceania]] kwizira mu ŵakwendakwenda, ŵakuthereska vyaru (conquistadors), na ŵamishonale. Chikafalikiraso kwizira mu kusintha kwa vyaru na ŵanthu mwakugwiriska ntchito ndondomeko za ndyali na chikhalidwe za ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni. [[Papa Alexander VI]] wakapeleka [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] na [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] wanangwa wa kulamulira malo ghanandi agho ghakasangika sonosono,<ref name="Koschorke13">Koschorke, pp. 13, 283</ref> ndipo ndondomeko ya ''[[Patronato real|patronato]]'' yikapangiska kuti ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, m'malo mwa Vatican, ndiwo ŵaŵenge na mazaza ghakusankha ŵasembe na ŵalara ŵa mpingo mu vyaru viphya.<ref>Hastings (1994), p. 72</ref> Mu 1521, wakwendakwenda wa ku Portugal [[Ferdinand Magellan]] wakapembuzga ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa Chikatolika mu [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]].<ref name="Koschorke21">Koschorke, p. 21</ref> Kumalo ghanyake, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Portugal pamoza na Mjesuiti wa ku Spain [[Francis Xavier]] ŵakapharazga uthenga uwemi ku India, China, na Japan.<ref name="Koschorke3">Koschorke, pp. 3, 17</ref> Ulamuliro wa ŵaFrance mu [[Americas]], uwo ukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ukapangiska kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵa Chikatolika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kuŵa Ŵakatolika ŵakakanizgika kukhazikika mu [[Quebec]].<ref>Lyons (2013), p. 17</ref> ===Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti na Kusintha kwa Mpingo wa Katolika (Counter-Reformation)=== {{Main|Protestant Reformation|Counter-Reformation}} {{multiple image | footer = [[Martin Luther]] (kumazere), uyo pakwamba wakaŵa mmonke wa [[Order of Saint Augustine|gulu la Augustine]], wakapharazga ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' (kumalyero) mu 1517. | align = left | image1 = Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.jpg | width1 = 186 | caption1 = | alt1 = | image2 = Luther 95 Thesen.png | width2 = 140 | caption2 = | alt2 = }} Mu 1415, [[Jan Hus]] wakawotcheka pa moto chifukwa chakuti wakasuskikanga kuti wakasambizganga visambizgo vyautesi (heresy), kweni ivyo wakachitanga pakukhumbanga kusintha mpingo vikakhozga [[Martin Luther]], mmonke wa [[Order of Saint Augustine|gulu la Augustine]] ku Germany wa mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1517, Luther [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|wakatuma]] ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' zake ku mabishopu ghanandi.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} Mu mabuku agha wakasuska visambizgo vinyake vikuru vya Chikatolika na kuguliska [[indulgence]]s. Pamanyuma pa [[Leipzig Debate]], ichi chikapangiska kuti wafumiskike mu Mpingo wa Katolika (excommunication) mu 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}<ref name="Vidmar184">Vidmar, p. 184.</ref> Ku [[Switzerland]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]], na ŵakusintha ŵanyake ŵa Chiprotesitanti ŵakalutilira kususka visambizgo vya Chikatolika. Kususka uku ndiko kukambiska Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti (Reformation), uko kukapangiska kuti paŵe visopo vinandi vya [[Protestantism|Chiprotesitanti]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–224}} Kukasoŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasunganga visambizgo vya Chiprotesitanti mwakubisika mukati mwa Mpingo wa Katolika ([[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestantism]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecclesiastical-history_2000-04_51_2/page/347|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–365|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, [[Henry VIII]] wakalomba [[Pope Clement VII]] kuti wapereke [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|chilango chakukanizga nthengwa]] yake na [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Apo papa wakakana, Henry VIII wakapangiska kuti [[Acts of Supremacy]] zipasikike, ndipo wakajizgora yekha kuŵa [[Supreme Head of the Church of England|Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Mpingo wa England]]. Ichi chikambiska [[English Reformation]] ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapangiska kuti [[Anglicanism]] yikure.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–237}} Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti kukapangiska nkhondo pakati pa [[Schmalkaldic League]] ya Ŵaprotesitanti na Themba la Ufumu Watuŵa wa Roma, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa Chikatolika. Nkhondo yakwamba ya vyaka 9 yikamara mu 1555 na [[Peace of Augsburg]], kweni mphindano zikalutilira ndipo zikambiska nkhondo yikuru chomene ya [[Thirty Years' War]], iyo yikamba mu 1618.<ref name="Vidmar233"/> Ku France, pakati pa 1562 na 1598 pakaŵa nkhondo zakuchemeka [[French Wars of Religion]] pakati pa [[Huguenot]]s (Ŵacalvinist ŵa ku France) na ŵankhondo ŵa [[Catholic League (French)|French Catholic League]], awo ŵakawovwirikanga na mapapa ghakupambanapambana.<ref name="Duffy177">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–178</ref> Nkhondo izi zikamaliska apo [[Pope Clement VIII]] wakazomerezga, nangauli mwakusuzgika, kuti Themba [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] lipharazge [[Edict of Nantes]] mu 1598, ilo likapeleka wanangwa wa chisopa na kuzomerezga Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku France kukhala mwamtende.<ref name="Vidmar233">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233</ref><ref name="Duffy177"/> [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) ndiyo yikaŵa nkhongono yikuru ya [[Counter-Reformation]], kusintha uko Mpingo wa Katolika ukachita pakuzgora Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti. Pa nkhani ya chisambizgo, yikakhozgeraso visambizgo vikuru vya Chikatolika nga ni [[transubstantiation]] na kuti munthu wapokere chiponosko kwizira mu chipulikano, chitemwa, na chigomezgo.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–244}} Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Chikatolika chikafalikira chomene pa charu chose, chomenechomene kwizira mu ŵamishonale na [[imperialism]]. Ndipouli, nkhongono yake pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yikamba kuchepa chifukwa cha kukura kwa [[religious scepticism]] pa nyengo ya [[Enlightenment]] na pamanyuma pake.<ref>Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70</ref> ===Nyengo ya Ungweru na Nyengo Yasono=== {{Main|Nyengo ya Ungweru}} {{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}} [[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Vikaya vya [[Jesuit Reduction|misumba ya Ayeswiti]] ku [[São Miguel das Missões]] ku Brazil]] Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, [[Nyengo ya Ungweru]] yikamba kufumba na kususka nkhongono na mazaza gha [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name="Pollard8">Pollard, pp. 7–8</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵalembi nga ni [[Voltaire]] na [[Encyclopédistes]] ŵakalemba mazgu ghakususkira chomene chisopa na [[Mpingo wa Katolika]]. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo ŵakasuskanga chikaŵa [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes|kufumiskikapo kwa Edict of Nantes]] mu 1685 na Fumu [[Louis XIV of France]], ico chikamalizga ndondomeko ya vyaka pafupifupi 100 ya kuzomerezga [[Huguenot]] ŵa Chiprotesitanti kusopa mwawanangwa. Apo upapa ukakananga [[Gallicanism]], [[French Revolution|Chiwukirano cha ku France]] cha 1789 chikapeleka mazaza ku boma, chikaparanya matchalitchi ghanandi, chikambiska [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} ndipo ŵasungwana ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ([[Martyrs of Compiègne|ŵanakazi ŵa ku Compiègne]]) ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo pa nyengo ya ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}</ref> Mu 1798, Jenerale wa [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], wakanjira mu [[Italian Peninsula]], ndipo wakakora [[Papa Pius VI]], uyo wakafwira mu jele. Pamanyuma pake Napoleon wakawuskaso [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] ku France kwizira mu [[Concordat of 1801]].<ref name="Collins176">Collins, p. 176</ref> Kumara kwa [[Napoleonic Wars]] kukawovwira kuti Mpingo wa Katolika uwuskeso nkhongono zake ndipo [[Papal States]] zikaweleraso.<ref>Duffy, pp. 214–216</ref> Mu 1854, [[Papa Pius IX]], na wovwiri wa mabishopu ghanandi gha Katolika awo wakaŵafumbapo pakati pa 1851 na 1853, wakapharazga [[Immaculate Conception]] kuŵa [[dogma in the Catholic Church|chisambizgo chakwimikika cha Mpingo wa Katolika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> Mu 1870, [[First Vatican Council|Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Vatican]] ukakhozga chisambizgo cha [[papal infallibility|kusabudiska kwa papa]] para wakupharazga chisambizgo cha chipulikano mwakuzomerezgeka.<ref name="Leith">Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143</ref><ref name="Duffy232">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232</ref> Ivi vikakanizga maghanoghano gha [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Kususkana pa nkhani iyi na zinyake kukapangiska gulu linyake kupatukana na Mpingo wa Katolika na kupanga [[Old Catholic Church|Mpingo Wakale wa Katolika]].<ref name="Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729</ref> [[Kukolerana kwa Italy]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1860 kukasazgapo [[Papal States]], kusazgapo Roma mu 1870, mu [[Kingdom of Italy|Ufumu wa Italy]], ndipo ivi vikamalizga mazaza gha papa pa vyaru. Pakuzgora, [[Papa Pius IX]] wakamuchimbizga mu mpingo [[Victor Emmanuel II|Fumu Victor Emmanuel II]], wakakana kupokera malipiro gha charu, ndipo wakakana [[Dango la Law of Guarantees]] ilo likamupa wanangwa wapadera. Kuti waleke kuwoneka nga wali pasi pa boma la Italy, wakakhala nga ni "[[mukaidi wa ku Vatican]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}</ref> Suzgo ili, ilo likachemekanga kuti [[Roman Question|Soka la Roma]], likamara mu 1929 apo pakachitika [[Lateran Treaties|Mapangano gha Lateran]]. Pa nyengo iyi, Holy See yikazomera kuti Italy ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa Papal States zakale, ndipo Italy yikazomera kuti Vatican City ni boma lakujiyimira palokha pasi pa mazaza gha papa.<ref>{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}</ref> Ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakawovwiranga ndipo ŵakakhozgeranga kuwukira kwa maboma gha ku Europe pa [[kupoka Africa]] muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kuyana na mulembi wa mdauko wa visopa [[Adrian Hastings]], ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa panji kuŵawovwira kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusiyana na ŵamishonale ŵa Chiprotesitanti, awo kanandi ŵakasuskanga ukali na urunji uheni wa maboma gha ukoloni.<ref>Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394–490</ref> ===Vyaka vya m'ma 20=== {{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika mu vyaka vya m'ma 20}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, kufika kwa mpingo pa charu chose kukalutilira kukukura, nangauli maboma ghaulamuliro agho ghakasuskanga Chikatolika ghakakwera ndipo ma ufumu gha ku Europe ghakawa. Pamoza na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku vyaru vya ku mpoto kwa charu ŵakaleka kulondezga chisopa nga kale. Mu nyengo ya ŵapapa [[Benedict XV]] na [[Pius XII]], [[Mpando Mutuŵa]] ukayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi pa nkhondo za pa charu, uku ukuchita ntchito ya kuphalizgira mtende na kovwira awo ŵakasuzgika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu ma 1960, [[Papa John XXIII]] wakachema [[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]], uwo ukaleta kusintha kukuru mu mwambo na machitiro gha mpingo. Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha vyaka vya m'ma 20, nyengo yitali ya ulamuliro wa [[Papa John Paul II]] yikawovwira ku [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, ndipo yikapeleka papa udindo uphya wa pa charu chose. ; Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose Papa [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) wakakhazikiska so kujiyimira kwa ofesi ya papa mwa kufumiska veto ya maboma gha Chikatolika pa kusankha papa. Ŵalondezgi ŵake [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) na [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) ŵakakhozga kujiyimira kwa boma la Vatican mu Italy. Benedict XV wakasankhika pa nyengo iyo [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose]] yikambanga. Wakaŵa wakuyesga kuphalizgira pakati pa ŵankhondo na kukhazikiska ofesi ya wovwiri ya Vatican kuti yovwire awo ŵakasuzgika na nkhondo na kuweleska mbumba pamoza. Wakapeleka maudindo ghanandi gha mtende, kweni ndondomeko yake ya “Dès le début” ya 1 Ogasiti 1917 yikakanika na vyaru vyankhondo. ; Vyaka vya pakati pa nkhondo Maboma ghanandi agho ghakasuskanga mpingo ghakafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 20. Mu Mexico, [[Dango la Calles]] la 1926 ilo likapatula mpingo na boma likapangiska [[Nkhondo ya Cristero]], umo ŵasembe ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵakachimbizgika panji kukomeka, matchalitchi ghakachitirika nkhaza, mautumiki ghakasekeka, masisitere ghakachitikirika nkhaza ndipo ŵasembe ŵakakakika na kuwomberwa. Pamanyuma pa [[Revolution ya Okutobala]] ya 1917, kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Akatolika mu [[Soviet Union]] kukalutilira mpaka mu ma 1930, uku ŵasembe, ŵamonke na ŵanthu wamba ŵakukomeka panji kuchimbizgika, vinthu vya chisopa kutoreka na matchalitchi kujara. Mu [[Nkhondo ya ku Spain]] ya 1936–1939, ŵalongozgi ŵa Katolika ŵakakolerana na ŵa [[Nationalist]] ŵa [[Francisco Franco]] kulimbana na boma la [[Popular Front]], ŵakuti nkhaza izo ŵa Republic ŵakachitanga pa mpingo ndizo zikaŵachitiska. [[Papa Pius XI]] wakachema vyaru ivi kuti “katatu yakofya”. [[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|Nangauli kufuma mu ma 1960 [[Papa Pius XII]] wakasuskika kuti wakachita yayi vyakukwana kovwira Ŵayuda ku [[Holocaust]], ŵakumuvikilira ŵakuti wakaŵa wakovwira mwakubisika magulu gha Akatolika agho ghakalimbana na Nazi, nga ni gulu ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier wakawovwira ŵa Allies kulimbana na ma rocket gha V-2 agho ghakapangikanga na ŵakayidi ŵa ma camp gha Nazi.]] Papa [[Pius XI]] wa nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo wakasintha machitiro gha upapa mwa kuwoneka mu St Peter’s Square, kukhazikiska [[Vatican Radio]] na [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]], kusankha ŵabishopu 40 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake na kupanga mapangano 15, kusazgapo [[Lateran Treaty]] na Italy iyo yikakhazikiska [[Boma la Vatican City]]. Pamanyuma pa kuswa kwa [[Reichskonkordat]] ya 1933 pakati pa mpingo na [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI wakafumiska kalata ya papa ya 1937 yakuti ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', iyo yikasuska poyera kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Ŵa Nazi kweniso fundo zawo za [[kupulikira visopa vya ŵakale]] na [[kusankha mtundu umoza kuti ngwapachanya]]. ; Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose Wakulondezgapo wake [[Papa Pius XII]] wakalongozga Mpingo wa Katolika pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] na kuyambika kwa [[Cold War]]. Nga umo ŵapapa ŵa kale ŵakachitiranga, Pius XII wakayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera pa nkhondo, ndipo wakakhazikiska njira za wovwiri kuti zovwire awo ŵakasuzgika, kweni mwakubisika wakawovwira [[kulimbana na Hitler]] ndipo wakapelekanga uthenga kwa ŵa Allies. Kalata yake yakwamba ya papa, ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939), yikalongora chitima pa [[kuwukira Poland mu 1939]] ndipo yikakumbuska chisambizgo cha Chikatolika chakususka [[kusankhana mtundu]]. Wakalongora nkhawa pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu pa [[Vatican Radio]], ndipo wakachitapo kanthu mwa dipulomasiyo kuti wayezge kulekeska kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu vyaru vinyake kufuma mu 1942 mpaka 1944. Ndipouli, kulutilira kwake kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera na kuyowoya mwachenjezgo kwapangiska kususkika kukuru na kukambirana. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany, ŵasembe ŵakachita ntchito yikuru pakuvikilira Ŵayuda. Mwakulemba mdauko wa ku Israel [[Pinchas Lapide]] wakayezgera kuti Akatolika ŵakavikilira pakati pa Ŵayuda 700,000 na 860,000. Kusuzgika kwa Mpingo wa Katolika na Ŵa Nazi kukaŵa kukuru chomene mu Poland, ndipo [[kulimbana kwa Akatolika na Nazi Germany]] kukachitika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika 2,579 ŵakatumika ku [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], kusazgapo ŵa Germany 400. Ŵasembe, masisitere na ŵabale ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kutorereka ku ma camp gha kusuzgirako ŵanthu, kutambuzgika na kukomeka, kusazgapo ŵatuŵa [[Maximilian Kolbe]] na [[Edith Stein]]. Akatolika ŵakalwa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya nkhondo. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu boma la fascist la [[Slovakia]] ilo likakolerananga na Ŵa Nazi, kukopera malango ghawo ghakususka Ŵayuda na kuŵawovwira kuchita Holocaust mu Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], pulezidenti wa boma la Slovakia na wasembe wa Katolika, wakovwiranga kutumizga Ŵayuda ŵa Slovakia ku ma camp gha kukomekera ŵanthu. Vatican yikasuska kutumizgika uku ku Slovakia na mu maboma ghanyake gha Nazi nga ni [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy na Hungary. Gulu la Akatolika lakulimbana na Nazi ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]] likapelekanga ku ŵa Allies mapulani na malo ghakupangirako ma bomba gha [[V-1 flying bomb]], ma rocket gha [[V-2]], [[Tiger tank]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] na ndege zinyake, kuti ŵa Allies ŵalase mafakitale gha Germany. Uthenga unandi ukaŵa wakuzirwa ku [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] na [[Operation Crossbow]], ntchito zikuru zakunozgekera [[Operation Overlord]]. Maier wakovwiranga nkhondo yakulimbana na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa wakaŵa na fundo yakuti “bomba lililose ilo likugwa pa mafakitale gha vilwero likufupikiska nkhondo ndipo likuponoska ŵanthu wamba”. [[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canada ŵa [[Royal 22e Regiment]] pa nyengo yakukumana na [[Papa Pius XII]] pamanyuma pa [[Kuwomboreka kwa Rome]] mu 1944 pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]]]] Pafupifupi mu 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] wakanozga kutora papa na kumukakilira ku Germany. Wakapeleka dango ku General Wolff wa SS kuti wanozge ntchito iyi. Nangauli [[Papa Pius XII]] wakulumbika kuti wakawovwira kuponoska Ŵayuda masauzandi ghanandi pa nyengo ya [[Holocaust]], mpingo wakasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusambizga kwake kwa nyengo yitali uko ŵanyake ŵakuti kukalimbikiska [[kususka Ŵayuda]], kweniso chifukwa chakuchita yayi vyakukwana kulekeska nkhaza za Ŵa Nazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Nazi awo ŵakachita milandu ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose chifukwa ŵakaŵa na ŵakuvikilirira ŵankhongono kufuma ku Vatican. Kusankha umo Pius XII wakeneranga kuweruzgikira kukusuzga chifukwa ma archive gha mpingo gha nyengo yake nga ni nuncio, mlembi mukuru wa boma na papa ghali kujara panji ghandaŵikike makora. Mu [[Yugoslavia]] iyo yikabwanganduka, mpingo ukatemwanga boma la fascist la Katolika la ku Croatia la [[Ustaše]] ilo likakhazikiskika na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa cha kususka chikomyunizimu na chifukwa cha chigomezgo chakuti mphamvu ya Chikatolika yingaweleraso mu chigaŵa ichi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa [[Austria-Hungary]]. Ndipouli, mpingo ukaŵa usindandikazomerezge mwalamulo [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH). Nangauli wakamanya za [[kukomeka kwa Aserbia Ŵa Orthodox mu Independent State of Croatia]], [[Holocaust mu Independent State of Croatia]] na kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambura kuŵa A-Croatia, mpingo ukaŵa usindayowoyepo poyera kususka, ndipo ukatemwanga kugwiliskira ntchito dipulomasiyo. Polemba za malo gha Vatican pa nkhani iyi, mdauko [[Jozo Tomasevich]] wakalemba kuti “vikuwoneka kuti Mpingo wa Katolika wakawovwiranga chomene boma la Ustaše na ndondomeko zake.” ; Kuyambika kwa Cold War Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, maboma gha chikomyunizimu mu [[Central Europe]] na [[Eastern Europe]] ghakakanizga chomene wanangwa wa chisopa. Nangauli ŵasembe na ŵanthu ŵa umoyo wa chisopa ŵanyake ŵakakolerananga na maboma agha, ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kuchimbizgika panji kukomeka. Mpingo ukaŵa na udindo ukuru pa [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, chomenechomene mu [[Polish People’s Republic]]. Mu 1949, kupambana kwa ŵa Communist mu [[Nkhondo ya ku China]] kukapangiska kuchimbizgika kwa ŵamishonale wose ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Boma liphya likakhazikiskaso [[Patriotic Church]] ndipo likasankhanga ŵabishopu lake. Pakwamba, kusankhika uku kukakanika na Rome, kweni pamanyuma ŵanandi ŵakazomerezgeka. Mu ma 1960, pa nyengo ya [[Cultural Revolution]], ŵa Communist ŵa ku China ŵakajara malo ghose gha chisopa. Matchalitchi gha ku China ghakati ghanjira so, ghakalutilira kuŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa Patriotic Church. Ŵasembe ŵanandi ŵa Katolika ŵakalutilira kutumizgika ku jele chifukwa chakukana kukanira kugomezgeka kwawo ku Rome. ====[[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]]==== {{Main|Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican|Mbiri ya Mpingo wa Katolika kufuma mu 1962|Mzimu wa Vatican II}} [[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Ŵabishopu ŵakupulika pa nyengo ya Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican.]] [[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]] (1962–1965) ukaleta kusintha kukuru chomene mu machitiro gha Chikatolika kufuma pa nyengo ya [[Msonkhano wa Trent]], vyaka 400 ivyo vikajumpha. Wakwambiskika na [[Papa John XXIII]], msonkhano uwu ukasintha machitiro gha Mpingo wa Katolika, kuŵikapo chilolezgo chakuti misa yichitikenge mu [[chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu]], na kukhozga “kunjilirapo mwakumanya na mwakugwira ntchito” pa mauthenga gha liturugiya. Cholinga chake chikaŵa chakuti mpingo uŵe pafupi chomene na charu cha sono (''aggiornamento''), ndipo ŵakawovwira ŵakati ichi chikaŵa “kujura mawindo” gha mpingo. Kusazgapo kusintha kwa liturugiya, msonkhano uwu ukapangiska kusintha kwa umo mpingo ukawonera [[ecumenism]], kweniso ukachema kuti paŵe ubwezi uwemi na visopa vinyake ivyo vili vyachikhristu yayi, chomenechomene [[Chiyuda]], mu chikalata chake ''[[Nostra aetate]]''. Ndipouli, msonkhano uwu ukabwereska mkangano ukuru pa kugwiliskira ntchito kusintha uku. Ŵakukhozga “[[Mzimu wa Vatican II]]” nga ni wakusambira vya chisopa wa ku Switzerland [[Hans Küng]] ŵakati Vatican II “yikafika kutali yayi” pa kusintha ndondomeko za mpingo. Kweni [[Akatolika ŵa chikhalidwe]] nga ni [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]] ŵakasuska chomene msonkhano uwu, ŵakuti kusintha kwa liturugiya “kwakabwangandura Sembe Yituŵa ya Misa na masakramenti”, kusazgapo vinthu vinyake. Visambizgo vinyake vya Mpingo wa Katolika vikamba kufufuzgika chomene pa nyengo ya msonkhano uwu na pamanyuma pake. Chimoza mwa visambizgo ivi chikaŵa chakukhwaskana na ubudi wa [[kuvimbikira kubaba]]. Kuŵapo kwa [[kuvimbikira kubaba kwa mahomoni]] (nga ni “mapilisi”), uko ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti kukapambana na nthowa zakale, kukapangiska John XXIII kukhazikiska komiti kuti yimuphalire nkhani za makhaliro na chisambizgo cha chisopa pa nthowa yiphya iyi. Pamanyuma pake [[Papa Paul VI]] wakasazgirapo komiti iyi udindo wakufufuza nthowa zose mwakufwatuka, ndipo lipoti laumaliro ilo likafuma yayi likamanyikwanga kuti likasimikizganga kuzomerezga nthowa zinyake za kuvimbikira kubaba. Paul VI wakazomerezgana yayi na fundo izo zikapelekeka, ndipo wakafumiska kalata ya papa ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', iyo yikati yikakhozga chisambizgo chakukhazikika cha mpingo chakususka kuvimbikira kubaba. Kalata iyi yikaphalira mwakudunjika kuti nthowa za mahomoni nazo zili kuletsedwa. Ichi chikapangiska kuyankha kwakususkika chomene na Akatolika ŵanandi. ====[[Papa John Paul II]]==== {{Main|Papa John Paul II}} [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papa John Paul II]] wakuwoneka nga ni munthu wakovwira chomene pa kumara kwa [[Cold War]] na [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]]. Pano wali na pulezidenti wa United States [[Ronald Reagan]] na muwoli wake [[Nancy Reagan]] mu 1982.]] Mu 1978, [[Papa John Paul II]], uyo wakaŵa [[Archbishop wa Kraków]] mu [[Polish People’s Republic]], wakazgoka papa wakwamba wambura kuŵa wa ku Italy mu vyaka 455. Nyengo yake ya upapa ya vyaka 26 na hafu yikaŵa yimoza mwa zitali chomene mu mdauko. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], pulezidenti wa [[Soviet Union]], wakati papa wa ku Poland wakovwira kufulumizgiska kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu mu Europe. John Paul II wakayezga kupharazga uthenga wa chisopa ku charu icho chikamba kuŵa [[chakuleka chisopa]]. Wakakhazikiska [[World Youth Day]] nga ni “kukumana kwa ŵawukirano ŵa pa charu chose na papa”, ndipo sono kukuchitika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu vyose. Wakaluta ku vyaru 129, kujumpha papa waliyose, ndipo wakagwiliskira ntchito wayilesi na televizioni pakuthandazga visambizgo vya mpingo. Wakasindika chomene [[ulemu wa ntchito]] na wanangwa wa ŵantchito kuŵa na [[malipiro ghakukwana]] na malo ghakuvikilirika gha ntchito mu kalata yake ya papa ''[[Laborem exercens]]''. Wakasindika visambizgo vinandi vya mpingo, kusazgapo kuchenjezga pa makhaliro ghaheni gha [[kubapa]], [[kufwa mwakovwira munthu]], na kugwiliskira ntchito chomene [[chilango cha nyifwa]], mu kalata yake ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''. Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 20, Mpingo wa Katolika wasuskika chifukwa cha visambizgo vyake pa [[mikhaliro ya kugonana]], chifukwa cha kutondeka kwake [[kusankha ŵanakazi kuŵa ŵasembe]], na chifukwa cha umo wachitira na [[milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana mu Mpingo wa Katolika]]. Mu 1992, Vatican yikazomera kuti yikanangiska pakusuzga [[Galileo]] vyaka 359 ivyo vikajumpha chifukwa chakulongora kuti charu chikuzingilira zuŵa. ===Mwaka wa m'ma 21=== Mu 2005, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Yohane Paulo II, [[Papa Benedict XVI]], uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu|Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu wa Chisambizgo cha Chipulikano]] pasi pa Yohane Paulo II, wakasankhika kuŵa papa. Wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kusungilira [[mikhaliro ya Chikhristu]] ya kale kwimikana na [[kusazgika kwa chisopa mu umoyo wa ŵanthu]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]</ref> ndiposo chifukwa cha kusazomerezga chomene kugwiliskira ntchito [[Misa ya Tridentine]] iyo yikusangika mu [[Buku la Misa la ku Roma]] la 1962, iyo wakayichema "Mawonekedwe Ghanthazi".<ref>Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece "Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church"] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]</ref> Mu 2012, pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 50 kufuma ku [[Vatican II]], ungano wa [[Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu (Chikatolika)|Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu]] ukadumbiskana vya kupharazga upya makani gha chisopa kwa [[Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kuleka kulondezga chisopa]] mu charu [[charu chakutukuka|chakutukuka]].<ref name="Summary">{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}</ref> Pakuyowoya vya kufoka chifukwa cha uchekuru, Benedict wakalekera udindo wa upapa mu 2013, ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kuchita nthena mu vyaka pafupifupi 600.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> Kulekeŵa kwake kukapangiska mphindano pakati pa Ŵakatolika ŵachoko awo ŵakuti Benedict wakalekera yayi nadi udindo wa upapa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ====Papa Francis==== {{Main|Papa Francis}} Papa Francis, uyo sono ndiyo papa wa Mpingo wa Katolika, wakalondezgana na Papa Benedict XVI mu 2013 ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kufuma ku [[Amerika]], wakwamba kufuma ku [[Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu chapasi]], kweniso papa wakwamba kufuma kuwaro kwa Europe kufuma pa nyengo ya Msyriya [[Papa Gregory III|Gregory III]], uyo wakawusa mu vyaka vya m'ma 8. Papa Francis wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha [[kujiyuyura kwake]], kugomezgapo lusungu lwa Chiuta, kupwelelera ŵanthu [[umpoveri|ŵakavu]] na [[chilengedwe]], kweniso kujipereka kwake ku [[mazgu gha pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana]]. Ŵakulemba vya vyakusanguluska na vya ndyali Rachel Donadio wa mu ''[[The Atlantic]]'' na Brandon Ambrosino wa mu ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' ŵakayowoya kuti Papa Francis wali na nthowa yakupulikikwa mwambura mwambo chomene ya kulongozga upapa kuluska ŵapapa awo ŵakamwambiranga.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> == Notes == <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|b=Catholicism}} * {{URL|https://www.vatican.va|Vatican.va}} Holy See official website * {{YouTube|u=vatican|The Vatican}} {{Catholic Church footer}} {{Navboxes top|title= Articles related to Catholic Church}} {{Seven Sacraments}} {{Roman Curia footer}} {{Popes}} {{Papal symbols and rituals}} {{Holy See}} {{Particular churches sui iuris footer}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{History of Christianity}} {{Christianity footer}} {{Religion topics}} {{Western culture}} {{Navboxes bottom}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tchalitchi la Katolika| ]]<!-- Leave the empty space as is standard --> 9fm6bttl0h72o3u3719e10izjley6zm 0 46985 122633 113221 2026-09-28T02:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand English|topic=geo|Lusaka–Livingstone Road}} {{Language review}} [[File:Lusaka-Livingstone road, Zambia - OpenStreetMap.png|thumb|Mapu ya Msewu wa Lusaka–Livingstone]] Msewu wa '''T1''' panji '''Lusaka–Livingstone''' ni msewu ukuru wa [[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela, Zambia|Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] kwa [[Zambia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Roads and Road Traffic Act {{!}} National Assembly of Zambia |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1492 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.parliament.gov.zm}}</ref> Likwamba pa mtunda wa makilomita 55 kumwera kwa msumba wa [[Lusaka]] ndipo likuluta kummwela-kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Victoria Falls ku [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]], kujumpha ku Mazabuka, Monze, Choma na Kalomo, pafupifupi 430 kilomita.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="1R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lusaka,+Zambia/Livingstone,+Zambia/@-16.617861,25.9579117,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1940f37d3cbcaa49:0xd0d093c1462013eb!2m2!1d28.3228165!2d-15.3875259!1m5!1m1!1s0x194ff09b5958356f:0x482214a7d637286a!2m2!1d25.8285153!2d-17.8519791!3e0|title=Distance Between Lusaka And Livingstone, In Zambia|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> Nthowa yose iyi nja chigaŵa cha [[Msewu ukuru wa Africa]] wa nambara 4 panji msewu wa Cairo-Cape Town pakati pa Cairo na Cape Town . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Eleanor Whitehead |date=29 May 2014 |title=Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/ |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Howwemadeitinafrica.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918115605/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/ |archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> == Nthowa == Mtunda wose wa msewu uwu uli pafupifupi 430 kilomita. Iwo wose uli mu [[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela, Zambia|Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]] kwa [[Zambia]].<ref name="4R2">{{Cite web |last=Winnie Rioba |date=11 May 2020 |title=How To Travel From Zambia to Zimbabwe By Road |url=https://justrioba.com/how-to-travel-from-zambia-to-zimbabwe-by-road/ |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Justrioba.com}}</ref> [[File:T2_&_T1_Junction_in_Chikankata_District.jpg|thumb|Chimanyikwiro pa mphambano ya T2 & T1 mu [[Boma la Chikankata]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kummwela, Zambia|Chigaŵa cha Kummwela]], Zambia (Disembala 2022)]] == Netiweki ya Msewu == Nthowa iyi yose nja chigaŵa cha [[Msewu wa Trans-African]] wa nambara 4 panji [[Msewu wa Cairo-Cape Town]], uwo ukukoleska Cairo ku [[Egypt]] na Gaborone ku [[Botswana]] na Cape Town ku [[South Africa]].<ref name="3R"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170429031326/https://au.int/web/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf Trans-African Highway Network Routes - African Union]</ref> Kweniso ni chigaŵa cha [[Msewu Wakukhozga wa Walvis Bay-Ndola-Lubumbashi]]. Kweniso ni nthowa iyo ŵakwendeska galimoto na magalimoto ghakuzirwa ghakufuma ku [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]] na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[South Africa]] ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kuti ŵafike ku [[Lusaka]], msumba ukuru wa [[Zambia]]. Kufuma ku Lusaka, magalimoto agha ghakulutilira kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, kusazgapo ku [[Tanzania]], [[Malaŵi]] na [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]].<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Millicent Kgeledi |date=6 March 2017 |title=Towards effortlessly moving people and goods across borders |url=https://www.nepad.org/news/towards-effortlessly-moving-people-and-goods-across-borders |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=African Union Development Agency–New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA–NEPAD)}}</ref> Pa cifukwa ici, misewu iyi yingaŵa na magalimoto ghanandi, ndipo mu nthowa yiliyose mungaŵa magalimoto ghanandi. Pakuti mu msewu uwu muli nthowa yimoza pera mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwendamo na kujara mu msewu.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=6 March 2015 |title=Livingstone bound bus in road traffic accident after tyre burst, 24 injured |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/03/06/livingstone-bound-bus-road-traffic-accident-tyre-burst-24-injured/ |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Msewu mu Zambia]] g5l727hjlearngff7d31776w3hate3m 0 47031 122615 113257 2026-09-28T02:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Walongozgi wachiwiri wa Malawi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Michael Bizwick Usi | image = Michael Usi 2023 (cropped).jpg | alt = Headshot ya Michael Usi wali na masungunusu na hembe ya buluu | caption = Usi mu 2023 | office = [[Walongozgi wachiwiri wa Malawi]] | predecessor = [[Saulos Chilima]] | successor = | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | term_start = 20 Juni 2024 | birth_name = Michael Bizwick Usi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|12|16|df=y}} | birth_place = Malawi | nationality = Mu Malawian | alma_mater = [[University of Bedfordshire]] | occupation = {{hlist|Wapolitiki|Wasewera maseŵero|Musisiya|Wakulembapo maseŵero}} | spouse = Ella Usi | children = 2 }} '''Michael Bizwick Usi''' (wakababika pa 16 December 1968) ni nduna ya boma la Malawi na wakuwonelera masewero. Sono ndiyo ni [[Walongozgi ŵa charu cha Malawi|Walongozgi wachiwiri wa Malawi]] kufuma pa Juni 2024. Usi wakwimikika pa malo agha kufuma pa nyifwa ya Saulos Chilima uyo wakafwa mu ngozi ya ndege.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Usi Biography |url=https://aesplora.com/michael-usi-biography/ |website=Aesplora |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625212802/https://aesplora.com/michael-usi-biography/ |archive-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Pakwamba, wakatumikanga nga ni nduna ya vya Wukaryatrya, Mikalipentala na Maluso kweniso nga ni nduna ya vya Chilengedwe na Kusintha kwa Vipimo vya Nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi Cabinet 2023 |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-new-cabinet-list-2023/ |website=Nyasa Times |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> Wakumanyikwa chomene na zina lakuti "Manganya", zina ilo wakalongosora mu mafilimu na pa thelevizhoni. Iyu ndiyo wakalenga pulogilamu ya pa TV ya MBC yakuti ''Tikuferanji'' iyo yikayowoyanga vya masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho kusazgapo matenda gha HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manganya's Tikuferanji continues to educate masses |url=https://www.mbc.mw/manganyas-tikuferanji-continues-to-educate-masses/ |website=MBC Malawi |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Umoyo na masambilo == Usi wakababika pa 16 December 1968, ndipo wakasambira pa sukulu ya sekondare ku Mulanje. Iyu wakasanga udokotala ku [[University of Bedfordshire]] ku United Kingdom. Maphunziro ghake ghakazenga pa umo ŵanyamata ŵangagwilira ntchito pa vilato vya chalo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Usi profile |url=https://www.unibeds.ac.uk/alumni/michael-usi-profile |website=University of Bedfordshire |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Ntchito == Pakwamba, Usi wakamba ntchito yake mu maseŵero gha pa rediyo ku MBC Radio 1. Pamanyuma wakalutira mu maseŵero gha pa malo agho ghakachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamumanye chomene. Wakagwiranga ntchito ku [[Adventist Development and Relief Agency]] (ADRA) pambere wandalute mu ndale. Mu 2019, wakaŵa mweneko wa Saulos Chilima pa chisankho cha boma ku malinga gha chipani cha [[United Transformation Movement]] (UTM).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Usi picked as running mate |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/michael-usi-picked-as-running-mate/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=4 May 2019}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2020, Usi wakimikika kuŵa nduna ya vya Wukaryatrya, Mikalipentala na Maluso. Pamanyuma mu Janyuwale 2023, wakimikika kuŵa nduna ya vya Chilengedwe na Kusintha kwa Nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet reshuffle: Usi given new role |url=https://www.nationmw.net/cabinet-reshuffle-usi-given-new-role/ |website=The Nation |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Umoyo wa pa nyumba == Usi wali pa chikwati na Ella Usi, uyo wakaŵa nesi ku Blantyre Adventist Hospital. Ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri. Mu Disembala 2015, iwo ŵakapona mu soka apo ŵakapwetekeka na magetsi mu nyumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Usi survives electrocution |url=https://www.mwnation.com/michael-usi-survives-electrocution/ |website=The Nation |date=22 December 2015}}</ref> == Mafilimu na maseŵero == === Mafilimu === * ''Dr. Manga'' – Seka-seka yakulongosora umoyo wa mulara ku nyumba * ''Manganya in Action'' * ''Living on Perfume'' (2009) – Filimu yakulongosora umoyo wa mu jele, ndale, na chitemwa. Yikajambilira ku Malawi na Burundi<ref>{{Cite web |title='Living on Perfume' Comes Up Smelling Roses |url=http://www.jamati.com/online/film/living-on-perfume-recieved-with-mixed-reactions/ |website=Jamati |date=7 August 2009}}</ref> * ''International Cook'' * ''Watch Out'' (2010) – Maseŵero gha umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira ku vyaru vya kuwalo. Yikajambilira ku Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manganya shoots new film in US |url=http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2334:manganya-shoots-new-film-in-us&catid=87:story&Itemid=88 |website=The Nation |date=9 July 2010 |access-date=2 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220600/http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2334:manganya-shoots-new-film-in-us&catid=87:story&Itemid=88 |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> === Pa thelevizhoni === * ''Tikuferanji'' – Pulogilamu ya pa TV yakulongosora masuzgo gha umoyo nga ni HIV/AIDS == Mphaso na kuzomerezgeka == * 2008 – Mphaso yakuzomerezga ntchito ya kuwovwira ŵanyamata ku West Central Africa Division mu Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usi wins youth award in Nigeria |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/usi-wins-youth-award-in-nigeria/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=15 July 2008}}</ref> == Wonani so == * [[Lazarus Chakwera]] * [[Saulos Chilima]] * [[Ndale za ku Malawi]] * [[United Transformation Movement]] == Ukaboni == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Usi, Michael}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Walongozgi ŵachiwiri ŵa Malawi]] [[Category:Andale a ku Malawi]] [[Category:Asambilira ku University of Bedfordshire]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera pa TV ŵa ku Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa pa thelevizhoni ku Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵakulembapo maseŵero]] jltv1lk9k1cqbij79hfcb9yjtmxfhe6 0 47044 122439 113278 2026-09-27T23:52:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nduna ya boma ya ku Malaŵi}} {{Infobox person | name = Abida Sidik Mia | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | other_names = | known_for = nduna | education = | employer = | occupation = nduna ya boma | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | nationality = [[Malaŵi]] }} '''Abida Sidik Mia''' ni nduna ya boma ya ku [[Malaŵi]]. Ni Membala wa Phalamende wa Chikwawa Nkombezi mu [[Chigaŵa cha Chikwawa]], ndipo ni nduna ya maji na kusambazga.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hon. Abida Mia |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otLZO4fy6rk |language=en |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Wasankhika ku [[Phalamende la Malaŵi]] pa chisankho cha mu [[2019 Malawian general election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abida Mia |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/hon-abida-mia/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=PWC Malawi |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205081623/https://pwcmalawi.org/hon-abida-mia/ |archive-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> Ŵanakazi ŵa Chisilamu ŵanyake awo ŵali mu Phalamende ni [[Aisha Adams]], [[Halima Daud]], Mwalone Jangiya na [[Esther Majaza]].<ref name=muslimdep>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Aisha Mambo Adams First Muslim Female Second Deputy Speaker |website=Insight Bulletin |url=https://insightbulletin.org/aisha-mambo-adams-first-muslim-female-second-deputy-speaker/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mia wasankhika ku malo gha wa Nduna Wakovwira wa vya Malo mu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=In Abida Mia, Chakwera has awarded sacrifice, loyalty, hard-work and excellence: It’s not nepotism - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/in-abida-mia-chakwera-has-awarded-sacrifice-loyalty-hard-work-and-excellence-its-not-nepotism/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 2022, wasankhika ku malo gha Nduna ya Maji na Kusambazga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education |first=Brand |date=2022-02-07 |title=Malawi’s Water and Sanitation Minister Abida Mia Gears Up For Work |url=https://brand.education/malawis-water-and-sanitation-minister-abida-mia-gears-up-for-work/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Brand Education |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu Septemba 2024, wasankhika kukhala Wachiwiri kwa Pulezidenti wa [[Malawi Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalumbi |first=Mike |date=2024-09-02 |title=Abida Mia appointed MCP's Second Deputy President Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2024/09/02/abida-mia-appointed-mcps-second-deputy-president/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu Disemba 2024, wakaŵa mu chigaŵa chake cha Chikwawa Nkombezi kukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵalembeke kuti ŵasankhepo pa chisankho cha 2025. Wakapeleka na vyakulongora vya maborehole kuti vyambeso kugwira nchito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NyasaAuthor1 |date=2024-12-02 |title=Abida Mia Urges Voter Registration Amid Borehole Repairs in Chikwawa - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/abida-mia-urges-voter-registration-amid-borehole-repairs-in-chikwawa/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mia ni membala wa [[Malawi Parliamentary Women's Caucus]] iyo yikalongozgekanga na [[Roseby Gadama]] mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |archive-date=2024-12-31}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Ni muwoli wa nduna yakale [[Sidik Mia]], uyo wakafwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=247Malawi |date=2021-01-12 |title=Ministers Sidik Mia and Belekanyama dies from Covid19 |url=https://www.247malawi.com/ministers-sidik-mia-and-belekanyama-dies-from-covid19/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=247MALAWI NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ŵawo ni Huraine, Sauda, Akira (Aqrah), na Abdul Wahab.{{fact|date=December 2024}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mia, Abida}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Chipani cha Democratic Progressive (Malaŵi)]] [[Category:Ŵanduna ŵa boma mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa nduna mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵamembala ŵa Phalamende (Malaŵi)]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa ndale mu Malaŵi mu chimozga cha 21]] [[Category:Chaka cha kubabika chikusowa (ŵanthu ŵamoyo)]] [[Category:Malo agho ŵakababikirako ngachikusowa (ŵanthu ŵamoyo)]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] [[Category:Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Malaŵi]] {{Malaŵi-politician-stub}} t4wxgdgfqs9t9t9uu0bxvsqzff9yfq5 0 47045 122562 115695 2026-09-28T01:20:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nduna ya ndyali ya ku Malaŵi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Ken Kandodo |honorific-suffix = [[Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo|MP]] |office = [[Nduna ya Vyachuma (Malaŵi)|Nduna ya Vyachuma]] |president = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] |term_start = 15 Juni 2009 |term_end = 8 Septembala 2011 |predecessor = [[Goodall Gondwe]] |successor = [[Ken Lipenga]] |office2 = Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo [[Kasungu]] Central |term_start2 = 19 Meyi 2009 |nationality = [[Malaŵi]] |party = [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malaŵi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] |alma_mater = [[University of Malaŵi]], [[University of Strathclyde]] |relations = [[Hastings Banda]] |occupation = [[Mwandale]]<br><small>([[Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo|MP]], [[Nduna ya Boma]])</small> |profession = [[Wovwira pa ndalama]] }} '''Ken Kandodo''' ni Muwalongozgi wa vyachuma, Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo na wandale uyo wakaŵa Nduna ya Ntchito mu Malaŵi mu Julayi 2020, kufuma apo pakaŵa masankho gha purezidenti mu 2020. Ken Kandodo wakachimbilirapo ntchito ya unduna mu Epulero 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malawi President Fires Cabinet Minister Over COVID Funds|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_malawi-president-fires-cabinet-minister-over-covid-funds/6204774.html|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref> chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi|COVID-19]] mwakubipa. Ken Kandodo wakawovwirapo na kukhala Nduna ya Vyachuma ya Malaŵi kufuma 15 Juni 2009 m'paka<ref name=MiniFin/> 8 Septembala 2011, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nduna mu [[Boma la Malaŵi]]. Kandodo ni muzukuru wa purezidenti wakwamba wa Malaŵi, [[Hastings Banda]]. Pa 18 Epulero 2021, Ken Kandodo wakachimbilirapo ntchito chifukwa cha kusanguluska ndalama za COVID-19. Ndi wa fuko la [[ŴaChewa]] kufuma pakati pa Malaŵi.<ref name=MurphC/> ==Umoyo wakwambilira na ntchito== Wakasambira pa [[University of Malaŵi]], uko wakamalizga mu 1983 na digiri ya BSc mu Social Science, kusazgapo Economics. Wakasambirapo so pa [[University of Strathclyde]] ku [[Scotland]], uko wakapezga digiri ya MBA mu Finance. Wakalimbikira ntchito ya kuŵa Auditor ku [[KPMG]] kwa vyaka 10 mu [[United Kingdom]], Malaŵi na [[Mozambique]]. Wakawovwira UNICEF nga ni Consultant kwa vyaka 6, kusazgapo ntchito ku Mozambique pa projekiti yakukhazikiska ndondomeko za ndalama za HIV/AIDS Common Fund. Pambere wandasankhike ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, Kandodo wakaŵa Wapampando wa Lilongwe Water Board na National Food Reserve Agency.<ref name=MiniFin/> ==Ntchito ya ndyali== Kandodo wakamba kuŵa muteŵeti mukuru mu [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu 2006 wakaluta ku [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malaŵi)|Democratic Progressive Party]].<ref name=MurphC/> Wakapambaniska pa mpando wa Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malamulo wa Kasungu Central mu Mei 2009.<ref name=MiniFin/> Pa 15 Juni 2009, wakasankhika kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyachuma (Malaŵi)|Nduna ya Vyachuma]], kusintha [[Goodall Gondwe]].<ref name=LSE/> Mu 2011, Ken Kandodo wakayowoya bajeti yakuti [[Zero Deficit Budget]], iyo yikaŵa yakususkika chomene pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyachuma. Iyi yikapangiska kusoŵa kwa mafuta, ndalama zakusinthananga (forex), na kusoŵeka kwa umo boma likendeskekanga vyachuma.<ref name="Voice of America">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/malawi-president-chooses-new-cabinet-129452263/161167.html|title = Malawi President Chooses New Cabinet}}</ref> Ivi vikapangiska vilato vikuru pa 20 Julayi 2011, ivyo vikaŵa vya kususka suzgo la vyachuma.<ref name="Voice of America"/> Kandodo wakasinthika mu mwezi wa Septembala 2011, ndipo [[Ken Lipenga]] wakamupokelera ntchito.<ref name="Voice of America"/> ==Wovwilira vya ŵanthu== Iyo wakuyimika mpikisano wakumanyikwa nga ni Ken Kandodo Trophy, uwo ukupeleka mabhuku kwa timagulu ta mpira na netball mu Kasungu na malo ghakuzingilizga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mwnation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10245:ka-medicals-lift-k25-million-ken-kandodo-trophy&catid=39:club-house-news |title=KA Medicals lift K2.5 million Kan Kandodo Trophy |date=30 November 2010 |author=Christopher Jimu |work=The Nation |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> ==Umoyo wake paumunthu== Mu 1991, wakatorana na [[Monica Kandodo]] (née Chavula), uyo ni chartered quantity surveyor ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵakukazi ŵaŵiri. Muzukuru wake, [[Jane Dzanjalimodzi]], wakasankhika kuŵa First Secretary ku Malawi Mission ku Egypt mu Novembala 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maravipost.com/-life-and-style/health/4319-dzanjalimodzi-bingus-nephew-given-diplomatic-posts.html |title=Dzanjalimodzi given diplomatic post |date=22 November 2010 |author=Abel Wezzi |work=Maravi Post |accessdate=2011-03-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314001358/http://www.maravipost.com/-life-and-style/health/4319-dzanjalimodzi-bingus-nephew-given-diplomatic-posts.html |archivedate=14 March 2011 }}</ref> Iyo wakayowoya kuti wakakoleka na [[COVID-19]] pa 22 Disembala 2020. Wakawelera makora pambere.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phiri|first1=Frank|title=Four senior Malawi officials die from Covid-19|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2021-01-12-four-senior-malawi-officials-die-from-covid-19/|website=BusinessDay|access-date=14 January 2021|date=12 January 2021}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=LSE>{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=phk7zz412dv961g&ArticleHeadline=UPDATE_1Malawi_appoints_Ken_Kandodo_as_finance_minister |title=Malawi appoints Ken Kandodo as finance minister |date=17 June 2009 |work=London South East |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> <ref name=MiniFin>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=92 |title=Minister of Finance - Honourable Ken Kandodo (MP) |publisher=Malawi Ministry of Finance |accessdate=2010-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223356/http://www.finance.gov.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=92 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> <ref name=MurphC>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/malawimurphc/government/politics-since-independence |title=Politics since Independence |work=Malawi MurphC |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kandodo, Ken}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵanduna ŵa vyachuma ku Malaŵi]] [[Category:Ŵanduna ŵa boma ku Malaŵi]] [[Category:Chaka icho wakababikamo chikusoŵa (ŵamoyo)]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Democratic Progressive Party (Malaŵi)]] 1261mi09676fkioeuhh30bsp0llr3xz 0 47077 122534 113402 2026-09-28T01:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ordnance_Gazetteer_for_Scotland_-_Title_Page.jpg|thumb|Buku la vya kaŵiro ka charu la ku Scotland - Hamba la mutu]] [[File:Gazetteers-2.jpg|thumb|Buku la vya kaŵiro ka charu la ku Scotland - Hamba lakwamba]] '''Gazetteer''' ni [[Mung'anamulira mazgo]] wakulongosola kaŵiro ka charu<ref name="Macmillan">{{Cite web |title=Gazetteer |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gazetteer |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Macmillan Dictionary |publisher=Macmillan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211102406/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gazetteer |archive-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> panji [[wiktionary:directory|buku lakulongozga]] ilo likugwiriskirika ntchito pamoza na mapu panji [[atilasi]]. Kanandi likuŵa na uthenga wakukhwaskana na umo malo ghakupangikira, viŵelengero vya ŵanthu na vinthu vyakuwoneka vya charu, chigaŵa, panji kontinenti. Ivyo vili mu gazetteer vingaŵa malo gha nkhani, kukura kwa nsonga na nthowa za maji, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu, vyose ivyo vikupangika mu charu ivyo vitiguliskikenge na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵelenga na kulemba. Kanandi uthenga uwu ukugaŵika mu mitu ndipo ivyo vikulembeka vikulembeka mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya malembo. kciq0lg1x7ss5o7d9o9o5gqlp7hfw28 0 47104 122631 115124 2026-09-28T02:32:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Client-server-model.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|Chithunzithunzi cha mirangura ya [[Mupokeleri (Marangura)|Mupokeleri]] agho ghakudumbiskana na kompyuta ya seva kwizira pa [[Intaneti|Intaneti.]]]] [[File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_35.jpg|thumb|Ma seva gha Wikimedia Foundation ghakuŵikika mu vigoba vyachisulo mu likulu la kusungirako data]] [[File:First-server-cern-computer-center.jpg|thumb|Seva yakwamba [[Lutatavi wa Charu Chose (World Wide Web)|ya WWW]] yili ku CERN na chakudindapo chake icho chikaŵapo na kale icho chikuti: "Makina agha ni seva. MULEKE KUYIŴIZIMWISKA!!"]] '''Mrangura-ugaŵi''' ni mrangura iyo yikupereka uthenga ku mirangura ghanyake, ghakuchemeka "ŵapokeleli", pa mkwawo ya mirangura. Kazengekero aka kakuchemeka kuti chiyelezgero cha mpokeleri-Mrangura-ugaŵi. Mirangura-yigaŵi yingapereka milimo yakupambanapambana, kanandi yikuchemeka "mauteŵeti", nga nkhugaŵa uthenga panji vinthu vyakugwiliska ntchito pakati pa makasitomala ghanandi panji kuchita maŵerengero gha mirangura m'malo mwa mpokeleri. Mrangura-ugaŵi umoza ungateŵetera ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo mpokeleri yumoza wangagwiliskira ntchito mirangura-yigaŵi yinandi. Nthowa ya mpokeleri yingachitika pa makina ghamoza panji yingalumikizgika pa mkwawo na mirangura-yigaŵi pa makina ghanyake. mirangura-yigaŵi ghakumanyikwa ghakusazgapo mirangura-yigaŵi ya database, mirangura-yigaŵi ya mafayilo, mirangura-yigaŵi ya makalata, mirangura-yigaŵi ghakusindikizga, mirangura-yigaŵi gha pa webusayiti, mirangura-yigaŵi ya maseŵero, na mirangura-yigaŵi gha vilwero vipepu vyakugwiliska. <ref name="Cisco Networking Academy x508">{{Cite web |title=1.1.2.2 Clients and Servers |url=http://cisco.num.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S1/course/module1/1.1.2.2/1.1.2.2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407111300/http://cisco.num.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S1/course/module1/1.1.2.2/1.1.2.2.html |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Cisco Networking Academy |quote=Servers are hosts that have software installed that enable them to provide information...Clients are computer hosts that have software installed that enable them to request and display the information obtained from the server.}}</ref> Mikolelano ya mpokeleri-Mranguraugaŵi kanandi zikugwiriskirika ntchito mwakugwiliskira nchito (ndipo kanandi na) chiyelezgero cha pempho-kuzgora: mpokeleri wakutuma pempho ku seva, iyo yikuchita chinthu chinyake na kutuma zgoro ku mpokeleri, kanandi na chinthu icho chikuchitika panji kukhozgera. Kusankha mrangura nga ni "chipangizo cha Mrangura-ugaŵi" kukung'anamura kuti nchapadera pakugwiliskira ntchito maseva. Kanandi ivi vikung’anamura kuti ni vyankhongono chomene ndiposo vyaluŵiro chomene kuluska mirangura ya ŵanthu, kweni mwa nthowa yinyake, magulu ghakuru gha makompyuta ghangaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi vya mrangura-ugaŵi ivyo ni vipusu ndiposo vyakusinthika pala ntchakukhumbika. == Mbiri == Kugwiriskira ncito lizgu lakuti "seva" mu kompyuta kuli na kufumapo kwake mu fundo ya kuŵika mzere,[1] apo likaŵa pakati pa vilimika vya m'ma 1900, likagwiriskirika ncito kakwamba mu Kendall (1953) (pamoza na "utumiki"), pepala ilo likayambiska notation ya Kendall. Mu mapepala ghakwambilira, nga ni Erlang (1909), mazgu ghakukhozga chomene nga ni "[ŵakugwira ntchito pa foni]" ŵakugwiriskirika nchito. Mukupanga makompyuta, "mrangura-ugaŵi" yikayamba pafupifupi ku <nowiki>RFC 5</nowiki> (1969), yimoza mwa mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora ARPANET (iyo yikaŵako pakwamba pa Intaneti), ndipo yikugwiriskirika nchito pamoza na "wakugwiriskira ntchito", kupambaniska pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya ŵalendo: "seva-host" na "user-host". Kugwiriskira ncito "kuteŵetera" nako kwafuma mu mabuku ghakale, nga ni <nowiki>RFC 4</nowiki>, kuyezgelera "kuteŵetera-mwenenyumba" na "kugwiriskira ntchito-ŵalendo". Fayilo ya Jargon yikulongosora "mrangura-ugaŵi" mu fundo yakumanyikwa nga ni ndondomeko yakupelekera wovwiri ku ivyo vikupempha, kanandi vyakutali, na mtundu wa 1981 uwo ukuŵazga nthena:<ref>{{Cite web |title=JARGON.TXT recovered from Fall 1981 RSX-11 SIG tape by Tim Shoppa |url=http://www.catb.org/jargon/oldversions/jarg110.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041021195648/http://www.catb.org:80/jargon/oldversions/jarg110.txt |archive-date=2004-10-21}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Mrangura-ugaŵi z. mtundu wa [[Daemon (computing)|DAEMON]] iyo yikupeleka wovwiri m’malo mwa uyo wakupempha, iyo kanandi yikugwira ntchito pa kompyuta yinyake padera pa iyo seva yikugwira ntchito.}} Pafupifupi kugwiriskira ntchito kwa mrangura-ugaŵi kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 2000 kukaŵa 5 mpaka 15%, kweni na kuzomerezga virtualization, chiŵelengero ichi cikamba kusazgikira na unandi wa maseva agho ghakakhumbikwiranga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Chip Aging Accelerates |url=https://semiengineering.com/chip-aging-accelerates/}}</ref> == Kendeskero == [[File:Server-based-network.svg|thumb|Netiweki iyi yikukhazikika pa nthowa ya kasitomala-seva, apo kasitomala ŵanandi wakupempha wovwiri na vinthu vinyake kufuma ku maseva gha pakati.]] Kuyowoya mwakudumura, lizgu lakuti "mrangura-ugaŵi" likuyowoya za pulogiramu ya pa kompyuta panji ndondomeko (pulogalamu iyo yikuchitika). Pa metonymy, likung’anamura chipangizo icho chikugwiriskirika nchito (panji kujipeleka) kuti chichitenge pulogiramu yimoza panji zinandi za seva. Mu vya mikwawo, chilwero chanthena chikuchemeka "mwenenyumba". Padera pa "mrangura-ugaŵi", mazgu ghakuti "kuteŵetera" na "uteŵeti" (nga ni lizgu lakuti nchito ndiposo nga ni zina, mwakuyana) ghakugwiriskirika ncito kanandi waka, nangauli "wakuteŵeta" na "uteŵeti" ghakugwiriskirika ntchito yayi. Lizgu lakuti "kuteŵetera" (zina) lingayowoya za mtundu wambura kumanyikwa wa ntchito, e.g. "Uteŵeti wa pa webusayiti". Panji, lingayowoya za pulogiramu ya pa kompyuta iyo yikuzgora kompyuta kuŵa seva, e.g. "Uteŵeti wa mawindo". Pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nga ni "maseva ghakuteŵetera awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito" (na "ŵakugwiriskira ntchito ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maseva"), kung'anamura "kupulikira", mazuŵa ghano kanandi ŵakuti "maseva ghakuteŵetera data", mu ng'anamuro limoza na "kupereka". Mwachiyelezgero, ma seva gha pa webusayiti "ghakupereka masamba gha pa webusayiti ku awo ŵakuseŵezeska" panji "kupereka ivyo ŵakukhumba." Mrangura-ugaŵi ni chigaŵa cha chiyelezgero cha mpokeleri-mranguraugaŵi; mu chiyelezgero ichi, seva yikupeleka data ku mpokeleri. Mtundu wa kuyowoyeskana pakati pa mpokeleri na mranguraugaŵi ni pempho na kuzgora. Ichi chikupambana na chiyerezgero cha ŵanyawo umo ubwezi ukuŵira wa kuzgorana kwa pempho. Mu fundo, ndondomeko yiliyose ya pa mrangura iyo yingagwiliskirika ntchito panji kucemeka na ndondomeko yinyake (makamaka patali, chomenechomene kupharazga wovwiri) ni mrangura-ugaŵi, ndipo ndondomeko panji ndondomeko zakuchemeka ni mpokeleri. Ntheura, kompyuta yiliyose yakugwiriskira ncito vinthu vyose iyo yikulumikizgika ku netiweki yingaŵa na maseva. Mwachiyelezgero, usange mafayilo ghakugaŵika pa chilwero na ndondomeko, ndondomeko iyo ni seva ya mafayilo. Mwakuyana waka, mapulogiramu gha pa webusayiti ghangagwira ntchito pa kompyuta yiliyose yakukwana, ntheura laputopu panji kompyuta ya munthu payekha yingaŵa na webusayiti. Nangauli pempho-kuzgora ndilo nthowa yakumanyikwa chomene ya kasitomala-seva, vinyake vilikoso, nga ni mtundu wa kusindikizga-kulembeska. Mu chiyelezgero ichi, makasitomala ŵakulembeska na mrangura-ugaŵi ya pub-subscribe, kulembeska ku mitundu yinyake ya mauthenga; kulembeska kwakwamba uku kungachitika kwizira mu pempho-kuzgora. Pamanyuma, seva ya pub-subscribe yikutumizga mauthenga ghakuyana waka ku ŵamakasitomala kwambura kupemphaso: seva yikutumizga mauthenga ku kasitomala, m’malo mwa kasitomala kutora mauthenga kufuma ku seva, nga umo vikuŵira mu pempho-kuzgora. == Chirato == Mulimo wa seva nkhugaŵana data, kweniso kugaŵana vinthu na kugaŵira ntchito. mrangura ya mrangura-ugaŵi yingateŵeteraso mapulogiramu ghake gha pa mrangura; kutengera umo vinthu viliri, ichi chingaŵa chigaŵa cha quid pro quo, panji chingaŵa waka chinthu icho chingachitika mwaluso. Thebulu ilo lili pasi apa likulongora vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika apo seva yikugwiriskirika nchito. {| class="wikitable" !Mtundu wa Seva !Chirato !ŵakupokelera |- |Application server |Iwo ukusunga mapulogalamu gha mukati agho ghakulumikizgika na kugwiliskirika nchito na awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito kasitomala (mapulogalamu gha mukati, mapulogalamu gha pa webusayiti, panji mapulogiramu agho ghaŵikika pa malo ghawo) pa netiweki. Ma seva agha ghakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa chigaŵa cha World Wide Web; netiweki yiliyose ya m’dera yizamuŵa yakukwana. |Makasitomala awo ŵali na webusayiti panji mawonekero gha mu chigaŵa chawo, panji seva ya webusayiti |- |Catalog server |Iwo ukusunga mndandanda panji index ya vinthu ivyo vingasangika pa netiweki yikuru yakugaŵika, nga ni makompyuta, awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito, mafayilo pa maseva gha mafayilo ghakugaŵikana, na mapulogiramu gha pa webusayiti. Ma seva gha vilongozgo na ma seva gha mazina ni viyelezgero vya ma seva gha katalogu. |Pulogalamu yiliyose ya pa kompyuta iyo yikukhumba kusanga chinthu chinyake pa netiweki, nga ni membala wa domain uyo wakuyezga kulembeska, kasitomala wa email uyo wakupenja adiresi ya email, panji munthu uyo ​​wakugwiliskira ntchito fayilo. |- |Communications server |Kusunga malo agho ghakukhumbikwa kuti chigaŵa chimoza cha kuyowoyeskana (wakugwiriskira ntchito panji vipangizo) chisange chigaŵa chinyake na kuyowoyeskana nawo. Iwo ungaŵa panji ungaŵavya chilongozgo cha malo ghakumalira ghakudumbiskana na uteŵeti wakumanyira kuŵapo, kuyana na umo vikuŵira vyakujulika na vyakuvikilirika vya netiweki . |Malo ghakudumbiskana (ŵakugwiriskira-nchito panji makina) |- |Computing server |Iwo ukugaŵana vinthu vinandi vyakugwiriskira ncito pa kompyuta, comenecomene CPU na memory yakusangirapo mwamwaŵi, pa netiweki. |Pulogalamu yiliyose ya pa kompyuta iyo yikukhumbikwira nkhongono zinandi za CPU na RAM kuluska kompyuta ya munthu payekha, yikwenera kuti yingakwaniska. Kompyuta ya kasitomala yikwenera kulumikizgika ku netiweki; apo yayi, chiyelezgero cha kasitomala-seva chiŵengeko yayi. |- |Database server |Iwo ukusunga na kugaŵana mtundu uliwose wa database (msonkho wa data wakunozgeka na katundu wakulongosoreka kale uyo wangalongosoreka mu thebulu) pa netiweki. |Ma spreadsheet gha pa kompyuta, mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta ghakulembera ndalama, mapulogiramu ghakulongozgera katundu, panji pafupifupi pulogiramu yiliyose ya pa kompyuta iyo yikurya data iyo yili kuŵikika makora, comenecomene mu mabuku ghanandi. |- |Fax server |Ikugaŵana makina gha fakisi ghamoza panji ghanandi pa netiweki, ntheura yikuwuskapo suzgo la kusanga vinthu mwakuthupi. |Waliyose uyo wakutuma panji kupokera fakisi |- |File server |Iwo ukugaŵana mafayilo na mafoda, malo ghakusungirako kuti ŵasungiremo mafayilo na mafoda, panji vyose viŵiri, pa netiweki. |Makompyuta agho ghakulumikizgika ku netiweki ghakupangika kuti ghaŵe makasitomala, nangauli mapulogiramu gha mu chigaŵa chawo ghangaŵa makasitomala. |- |Game server |Iwo ukuzomerezga makompyuta ghanandi panji vipangizo vyakuseŵera maseŵero gha pa kompyuta kuti ŵaseŵerenge maseŵero gha pa kompyuta gha ŵanthu ŵanandi. |Makompyuta gha munthu payekha panji gha maseŵero gha pa kompyuta |- |Mail server |Kudumbiskana kwa pa kompyuta kukuchitika nga umo positi ofesi yikuchitira na makalata gha positi. |Awo ŵakutuma na kupokera makalata gha pa kompyuta |- |Media server |Iwo ukupharazga vithuzithuzi vya digito panji mazgu gha digito pa netiweki kwizira mu media streaming (kutumizga ivyo vili mu nthowa yakuti vigaŵa ivyo vyapokelereka viwoneke panji kupulikika apo vikwiza, mwakupambana na kukhumbikwira kukopera paketi yose na kuyigwiliskira nchito). |Kompyuta ya munthu uyo ​​wakuyipwelelera, iyo yili na monita na speaker. |- |Print server |Ikugaŵana printer yimoza panji zinandi pa netiweki, ntheura yikuwuskapo suzgo la kusanga vinthu vyakuthupi. |Makompyuta ghakwenera kusindikizga chinthu chinyake. |- |Sound server |Mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta ghakovwira kuti musungilire na kuseŵera viwawa, chilichose pachekha panji pa nyengo yimoza. |Mapulogalamu gha pa kompyuta gha kompyuta yimoza na ŵamakasitomala ŵa pa intaneti. |- |Proxy server |Iwo ukugwira ntchito nga ni mphemaniski pakati pa kasitomala na seva, ukupokera magalimoto kufuma ku kasitomala na kutumizga ku seva. Vinyake mwa vifukwa ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge nthena ni umo ŵakuŵikira vinthu pa malo ghakwenelera na kusefa, kupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwenda makora, kukanizga ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka kunjira mu ma netiweki, panji kulongozga waka ŵanthu pa netiweki yikuru na yakusuzga. |Kompyuta yiliyose iyo yili na netiweki |- |Virtual server |Iwo ukugaŵana hardware na mapulogalamu na ma seva ghanyake ghakuwoneka. Lilipo waka nga umo likulongosolekera mukati mwa pulogiramu yapadera yakuchemeka hypervisor. Hypervisor yikulongora vinthu vyakuwoneka ku seva nga ni para ni vinthu vyakuwoneka nadi. Virtualization ya ma seva yikupangiska kuti paŵe vyakupangika makora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IT Explained |title=Server - Definition and Details |url=https://www.paessler.com/it-explained/server |website=www.paessler.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IT Explained |title=DNS Server Not Responding |url=https://dnsservernotresponding.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926091559/https://dnsservernotresponding.org/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=www.dnsservernotresponding.org |language=en}}</ref> |Kompyuta yiliyose iyo yili na netiweki |- |Web server |Ikusunga mahamba gha pa webusayiti. Seva ya webusayiti ndiyo yikupangiska kuti webusayiti ya pa charu chose yiŵepo. Webusaiti yiliyose yili na seva yimoza panji zinandi. Kweniso, seva yiliyose yingaŵa na mawebusayiti ghanandi. |Kompyuta iyo yili na msanga-mahamba |} Pafupifupi ndondomeko yose ya Intaneti yikuthemba pa nthowa ya kasitomala na seva. Ma seva gha mazina ghapachanya, DNS, na ma router ghakulongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa Intaneti. Pali mamiliyoni ghanandi gha maseva gha pa Intaneti agho ghakukolerana, agho ghakugwira ntchito nyengo zose pa charu chose[1] ndipo pafupifupi chilichose icho munthu wakuchita pa Intaneti chikukhumbikwira kuti wachitenge chinthu chimoza panji vinandi na seva yimoza panji zinandi. Pali vyakupatulika ivyo vikugwiriskira ncito yayi maseva ghakupatulika; mwachiyelezgero, kugaŵana mafayilo na ŵanyako na kukhazikiska vinyake vya foni (mwachiyelezgero Skype pambere Microsoft yindaŵeko).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web Servers |url=http://www.serverwatch.com/stypes/index.php/V2Vi |access-date=July 31, 2013 |publisher=IT Business Edge}}</ref> == Vilwero vyakukhoma == [[File:Inside_and_Rear_of_Webserver.jpg|thumb|Seva yakuŵikika pa rack iyo yili na chibenekelero cha pachanya chakufumiskikapo kuti yiwoneske vigaŵa vya mukati]] Vilwero vyakukhoma vya vikukhumbikwa pa seva vikupambana chomene, vikuthemba pa chilato cha seva na mapulogiramu ghake. Kanandi maseva ghakuŵa ghankhongono chomene ndiposo ghakudura chomene kuluska makasitomala awo ŵakuŵalumikizga. Zina lakuti seva yikugwiriskirika nchito pa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya vilwero vyakukhoma na vilwero vipepu. Pa maseva gha hardware, kanandi likuyowoya za makina ghapachanya, nangauli maseva gha mapulogalamu ghangagwira ntchito pa hardware yakupambanapambana. Pakuti kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maseva pa netiweki, ghanandi ghakugwira ntchito kwambura kompyuta panji chipangizo chakulembera, vyakupulikira, na USB. Ma seva ghanandi ghalije chithuzithuzi cha munthu uyo ​​wakugwiriskira ntchito (GUI). Ŵakukonkheka na kulaŵilirika kutali. Kulaŵilira kwakutali kungakwaniskika kwizira mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, nga ni Microsoft Management Console (MMC), PowerShell, SSH, na ndondomeko zakulongozgera zakunja kwa band izo zikupangika na burauza, nga ni iDRAC ya Dell panji iLo ya HP. === Ma seva ghakuru === Ma seva ghakuru, gha chikhalidwe ghakwenera kugwira ntchito kwa nyengo yitali kwambura kuswa. Kusangika kukwenera kuŵa kwakukwana comene, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti kugomezgeka na kukhalilira kwa vipangizo ivi kuŵe kwakuzirwa comene. Ma seva ghakuzirwa chomene pa bizinesi ghakuzizipizga viheni ndipo ghakugwiliskira ntchito vipangizo vyapadera ivyo vikutondeka vichoko waka kuti visazgireko nyengo yakugwilira ntchito. Ŵangaŵikamo magesi ghambura kugaŵikana kuti magesi ghaleke kuzima. Ma seva kanandi ghakuŵa na vipangizo vyambura kukhumbikwa, nga ni magesi ghaŵiri, RAID disk systems, na ECC memory, [1] pamoza na kuyezga memory yikuru na kukhozgera pambere mundambe. Vinthu vyakuzirwa vingaŵa vyakutentha, ndipo ivi vingapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵasinthe mu seva iyo yikugwira ntchito kwambura kuyijara, ndipo kuti vileke kutentha chomene, maseva ghangaŵa na mafani ghankhongono chomene panji ghangaŵa na maji ghakuzizimiska. Kanandi ŵangakonkheska, kuŵika magesi na kuzima, panji kuyambiska kutali mwakugwiliskira nchito kulongozga kwa kuwaro kwa gulu, chomenechomene mwakuyana na IPMI. Kanandi vipinda vya seva vikuŵa vyakuphapha ndiposo vyakutambasuka, ndipo vikupangika kuti viŵikike mu makabati, panji makabati gha masentimita 19 panji makabati ghakujulika. Mitundu iyi ya ma seva kanandi yikuŵikika mu malo ghakupatulika ghakusungirako data. Ivi kanandi viŵenge na nkhongono zakukhazikika comene na Intaneti ndiposo civikiliro cikuru. Phokoso nalo likukhwaska viŵi yayi, kweni kugwiliskira ntchito magesi na kutentha kungaŵa nkhani yikuru. Vipinda vya seva vikuŵa na vyakuzizimiska mphepo. === Magulu === Munda wa maseva panji chiwunjiko cha seva ni gulu la ma seva gha pa kompyuta agho ghakusungika na wupu kuti ghapelekenge milimo ya seva kuluska chomene ivyo makina ghangachita. Malo gha mazuŵa ghano ghakusungirako data sono kanandi ghakuzengeka kufuma ku mafamu ghakuru gha maseva ghambura kusuzga chomene, [1] ndipo pali mulimo wakukolerana, Open Compute Project, kuzingilizga fundo iyi. === Vilwero vya megesi === Kilasi la ma seva ghachoko, ghapadera ghakuchemeka "network appliances" kanandi ghakuŵa ghapasi, kanandi ghakuŵa ghachoko chomene kuluska makompyuta gha pa kompyuta ghakumanyikwa. === Kwendakwenda === Seva ya kwendakwenda yili na fomu yakunyamulika, e.g. kompyuta ya kupakata. Kupambana na malo ghakuru ghakusungirako data panji maseva mu kabati, seva ya foni yikupangika kuti yigwiriskike nchito paulendo panji mu nyengo ya ngozi, masoka, panji malo gha nyengo yichoko waka apo maseva ghakale ghangakwaniska yayi chifukwa cha nkhongono zakukhumbikwa, kukura, na nyengo yakutumizgirako.[2] Pakati pa awo ŵakusanga phindu likuru la tekinoloje ya "mobile server" pali awo ŵakulaŵilira ma netiweki, awo ŵakupanga mapulogalamu panji database, malo ghakusambizgirako ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, ŵasayansi ŵa milandu, magulu ghakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakhwaskika na masoka gha chilengiwa, na mabungwe ghakovwira ŵanthu.[3] Kuti vinthu viŵe vyambura kusuzga kunyamura, vinthu nga ni kiyibodi, chiwoneskero, batire (nkhongono zambura kugaŵikana kuti zipeleke nkhongono zakusazgikira para vyatondeka), na mbeŵa vyose vikuŵikika mu chigaŵa cha galimoto. == Vilwero vipepu vya ulongozgi == [[File:Cobalt_Qube_3_Front.jpg|thumb|Qube 3 ya Kobalti ya Sun; kompyuta ya seva (2002); kuseŵezeska Cobalt Linux (mtundu wa Red Hat Linux wakusinthika kuti ugwiriskike nchito, kugwiriskira ncito kernel ya Linux 2.2) na seva ya webusayiti ya Apache.]] Pa intaneti, ndondomeko yakugwiliskira ntchito seva yikuru ni vyakugaŵira vyakuyana na UNIX ndiposo vyakujulika, nga ni ivyo vikukhazikika pa Linux na FreeBSD,[1] nangauli Windows Server nayo yili na chigaŵa chikuru. Mapulogalamu ghakugwiliskira ntchito, nga ni z/OS na macOS Server, nagho ghakugwiriskirika nchito, kweni mu unandi uchoko chomene. Ma seva agho ghakugwiliskira ntchito Linux ghakugwiriskirika nchito chomene nga ni ma seva gha pa webusayiti panji ma seva gha database. Ma seva gha Windows ghakugwiriskirika nchito pa ma netiweki agho ghali na makasitomala a Windows.<ref name="linuxusage">{{Cite web |title=Usage statistics and market share of Linux for websites |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux/all/all |access-date=18 Jan 2013}}</ref> Mapulogalamu ghakugwiliskira ntchito seva gha nkhwantha ghali na vinthu nga ni ivi: * GUI yikusangika yayi panji njakusankha * Kukwaniska kusintha na kusintha vyose viŵiri hardware na software kufika pa mlingo unyake kwambura kuyambaso * Malo ghapachanya ghakusungirako vinthu kuti ghazomerezge kusunga vinthu vyakuzirwa pa Intaneti nyengo zose na pafupipafupi , * Kutumizga data mwakuwonekera pakati pa mavoliyumu panji vipangizo vyakupambanapambana * Nkhongono zakusinthasintha na zapachanya zakupangira mauthenga * Nkhongono zakujiyimira paŵekha nga ni viŵanda mu UNIX na mauteŵeti mu Windows . * Chitetezo cha dongosolo, na wakuseŵezeska wapachanya, vyakugwiliskira ntchito, data, na chitetezo cha kukumbukira. * Kumanya makora na kuchenjezga pa vinthu nga nkhutenthema chomene, purosesa na kutondeka kwa diski. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Server Oriented Operating System |url=http://www.ingelec.uns.edu.ar/rts/soos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531174040/http://www.ingelec.uns.edu.ar/rts/soos/ |archive-date=2011-05-31 |access-date=2010-05-25}}</ref> Mukuchita, mazuŵa ghano ndondomeko zinandi zakugwiliskira ntchito pa makompyuta gha munthu payekha na maseva ghakugaŵana makodi ghakuyana waka, kanandi ghakupambana pa umo ghakuŵikika. == Kugwiriskira ncito nkhongono == Mu 2014, malo ghakusungirako data (maseva, kuzizimiska, na vinyake vya magesi) ghakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono za magesi za maora 415 terawatt, agho ghakwimira pafupifupi 1.5% ya nkhongono za magesi izo zikugwiriskirika nchito pa charu chose, [1] ndipo 4.4% ku United States, [2] ndipo chiŵerengero chimoza chikuwoneka kuti nkhongono za magesi zose zakukwana carbon footprint[3] ya chuma chose, kupulumuska ndalama mwa kusazgirako nchito. Kugwiriskira ncito nkhongono pa caru cose kukusazgikira cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba comene data na bandwidth. Magulu ghakuvikilira chilengiwa ghaŵika mtima chomene pa carbon dioxide iyo yikufuma mu malo ghakusungamo data chifukwa yikupanga matani 200 miliyoni gha carbon dioxide pa chaka. == Wonaniso == * Pakati-pa-ŵakuyana == Mabuku == {{Reflist|30em}} == Kuŵerenga kwakusazgikira ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3spgrypi96e6nxspurhac2gjk3bl6yw 0 47185 122731 115176 2026-09-28T03:47:48Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Content management system}} {{About|the open-source software (WordPress, WordPress.org)|the commercial blog host|WordPress.com}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Infobox software | name = WordPress | logo = [[File:WordPress Logotype Alternative.svg|300px]] | screenshot = [[File:WordPress 6.4 Dashboard.png|300px|WordPress 6.4 Dashboard]] | caption = WordPress 6.4 Dashboard | author = {{plainlist | * [[Mike Little]] * [[Matt Mullenweg]] }} | developer = {{plainlist | * Community contributors * [[WordPress Foundation]] }} | released = {{start date and age|2003|05|27}}<ref name="release">{{cite web |last=Mullenweg |first=Matt |date=2003-05-27 |title=WordPress Now Available |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719022037/http://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |archive-date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2010 |website=wordpress.org |publisher=WordPress}}</ref> | latest release version = <!-- If you update [[Template:WordPress version]], it will automatically update this page and [[List of content management systems]]--> {{Wordpress version}} | latest release date = {{Wordpress version|releasedate}} <!-- To edit the Stable release and/or Preview release fields you click on the [±] at the end of each field --> | programming language = [[PHP]] | operating system = [[Unix-like]], [[Windows]], [[Linux]] | size = 23.2 [[Megabyte|MB]] (compressed) | genre = [[Blog software]], [[content management system]], [[content management framework]] | license = [[GNU General Public License|GPLv2 or later]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wordpress.org/about/license/ | title = WordPress: About: GPL | publisher = WordPress.org | access-date = June 15, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100721045730/http://wordpress.org/about/license/ | archive-date = July 21, 2010 | url-status = live }}</ref> | website = {{official URL}} }} '''WordPress''' ('''WP''', panji '''WordPress.org''' ) ni nthowa yakulongozgera ivyo vili mu mahamba gha pa intaneti. Pakwamba yikapangika nga ni chirwelo chakupharazgira mabulogu kweni yasintha kuti yiwovwire kupharazga vinthu vinyake vya pa mahamba gha pa intaneti, kusazgapo mawebusaiti ghanyake gha bweka, mindandanda ya kutumizga makalata, maforamu gha pa Intaneti, malo ghakuwoneskera makani, mahamba gha intaneti gha aŵa mba ŵene-na-ŵene, ndondomeko zakulongozga masambiro, na misika ya pa intaneti. Kusangika nga ni virwero-vipepu vyambura kulipiliska ndiposo gha viphokwero vya kujulika, WordPress njimoza mwa ndondomeko zakumanyikwa chomene zakulongozgera vinthu – yikagwiriskirika ntchito na 22.52% ya mahamba ghapachanya miliyoni yimoza umo vikaŵira mu Desemba wa 2024 . <ref name="Usage of content management systems for websites">{{Cite web |date=24 Dec 2023 |title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Content Management Systems for Websites |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_management/all/ |access-date=24 Dec 2023 |website=w3techs.com |publisher=W3Techs}}</ref> <ref name="BuiltWith">{{Cite web |title=CMS Usage Statistics |url=http://trends.builtwith.com/cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806231531/http://trends.builtwith.com/cms/ |archive-date=August 6, 2013 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |website=builtwith.com |publisher=BuiltWith |language=en-US}}</ref> WordPress yikulembeka mu [[Chiyowoyero cha vilayizgo|chiyowoyero cha]] [[Nthamba ya data|PHP]] ndipo yilikukoleraniskika na MySQL panji MariaDB.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requirements |url=https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120114050/https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/ |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=Jan 29, 2020 |website=wordpress.org |publisher=WordPress |language=en-US}}</ref> Vya wordpress ni nthe ndondomeko ya pulagini na ndondomeko ya ma template, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti “mitu”. Kufuma mu 2018, WordPress yasazgapo chirwero cha kusintha cha kwendera vigaŵa-vigaŵa (“Gutenberg”). Kuti igwire ntchito, WordPress yikwenera kuikika pa [[web server]], kwali mu chigawo cha [[Internet hosting service]] panji pa kompyuta ya munthu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Support disaggregating WordPress.com and WordPress.org |url=https://en.support.wordpress.com/com-vs-org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230192031/https://en.support.wordpress.com/com-vs-org/ |archive-date=December 30, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2016 |website=wordpress.com }}</ref> WordPress yikafumiskika kakwamba pa May 27, 2003, na awo ŵakayambiska, wakupanga mapurogalamu wa ku America [[Matt Mullenweg]] na wakupanga mapurogalamu wa ku England [[Mike Little]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patterson |first1=Dan |date=2017-02-06 |title=WordPress "quietly" powers 27% of the web |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/wordpress-quietly-powers-27-percent-of-the-web/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205221711/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/wordpress-quietly-powers-27-percent-of-the-web/ |archive-date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |website=www.techrepublic.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[WordPress Foundation]] ndiyo ni mwini wa WordPress, mapulojekiti ya WordPress, na vikhwangwa vinyake vyakukhwaskana na zina ili.<ref name="Trademark Policy">{{Cite web |date=2010-09-09 |title=Trademark Policy |url=https://wordpressfoundation.org/trademark-policy/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=WordPress Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mwakudumura == [[File:Wp-twentyten.jpg|thumb|Blogu ya WordPress, yakugwiriskira ntchito monekelo ya mu 2010.]] "WordPress ni fakitare iyo yikupanga mapeji gha pa wepu"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Fred |date=2018-02-13 |title=WordPress is a Factory: A Technical Introduction |url=https://wpshout.com/courses/learn-wordpress-development-the-basic-course/wordpress-is-a-factory/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014357/https://wpshout.com/courses/learn-wordpress-development-the-basic-course/wordpress-is-a-factory/ |archive-date=February 4, 2019 |access-date=2018-12-12 |website=WPShout |language=en-US}}</ref> ni chiyelezgero chikulu chakukonkhoska ntchito za WordPress: yikusunga vyakulemba na kovwira munthu kupanga na kupaulika [[webpage]]s, kwambura kukhumbikwira chinthu chinyake kuluska [[Domain name|domain]] na [[hosting service]]. WordPress yina [[web template system]] yakugwiriskira ntchito [[template processor]]. Kapangidwe kake ni [[front controller]], uko kukutumizga madandaulo ghose gha [[Uniform Resource Identifier|URIs]] yambura kukhazikika ku fayilo yimoza ya PHP iyo yikusanda URI na kumanya peji ilo likukhumbikwa. Ichi chikuzomerezga kukhozgera [[permalink]]s izo ŵanthu ŵangaziŵerenga makora.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hayes |first=David |date=2014-02-11 |title=WordPress and the Front Controller Design Pattern {{!}} WPShout |language=en-US |newspaper=WPShout |url=https://wpshout.com/wordpress-front-controller/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517172044/http://wpshout.com/wordpress-front-controller/ |archive-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref> === Mitundu (Themes) === Ŵagwiriskiri ntchito ŵa WordPress ŵangayika na kusintha pakati pa [[Theme (computing)|themes]] zinandi zakupambanapambana. Themes zikuzomerezga ŵagwiriskiri ntchito kusintha monekelo na ntchito za webusayiti ya WordPress kwambura kusintha manambala gha mu kachitidwe panji vyakulemba vya pa sayiti. Manambala ghakukhumba (custom code) ghangasazgikako pa webusayiti pakugwiriskira ntchito "child theme" panji kwizira mu code editor. Webusayiti yiliyose ya WordPress yikukhumbikwira kuŵa na theme yimoza. Themes zingayikika mwadala pakugwiriskira ntchito chida cha WordPress "Appearance" mu dashboard, panji mafoda gha theme ghangakopeka mwadala mu malo gha themes.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Theme Installation |url=https://codex.wordpress.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426211036/http://codex.wordpress.org/ |archive-date=April 26, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2013 |website=wordpress.org |publisher=Codex.wordpress.org}}</ref> Mitundu ya WordPress kanandi yikugaŵika mu vigawo viŵiri: yaulere na yaulipira (premium). Mitundu yinandi yaulere yili pa mndandanda wa WordPress theme directory (panji repository), ndipo mitundu yaulipira yikusangika pa malonda kufuma ku ŵamalonda na ŵapangi ŵa WordPress ŵapaŵekha. Ŵagwiriskiri ntchito ŵa WordPress ŵangapangaso na kuzenga mitundu yawo yakukhumba na kuyiika mu chikwama panji repository ya WordPress.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandler |first=Jeff |date=April 3, 2014 |title=Introduction To Underscores: A WordPress Starter Theme With Konstantin Obenland |url=https://wptavern.com/introduction-to-underscores-a-wordpress-starter-theme-with-konstantin-obenland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819111713/https://wptavern.com/introduction-to-underscores-a-wordpress-starter-theme-with-konstantin-obenland |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2016 |website=wptavern.com}}</ref> === Mapulagini (Plugins) === Kapangidwe ka [[plugin (computing)|plugin]] ya WordPress kakuzomerezga ŵagwiriskiri ntchito kusazgirako panji kuchepeska vigawo na ntchito za webusayiti panji mabulogu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paudel |first=Bimal Raj |date=2022-07-30 |title=How to install a WordPress plugin |url=https://wptracer.com/info/how-to-install-wordpress-plugin/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=wptracer.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221235353/https://wptracer.com/info/how-to-install-wordpress-plugin/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WordPress Plugins |url=https://wordpress.org/plugins |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=WordPress.org |language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2021|12}}, WordPress.org yina mapulagini 59,756 agho ghalipo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WordPress Plugins |url=https://wordpress.org/plugins |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=WordPress.org}}</ref> ndipo lililose likupeleka ntchito na vigawo vyake ivyo vikuzomerezga ŵagwiriskiri ntchito kupanga masayiti ghawo kuyana na ivyo ŵakukhumba. Kweni, ichi chikusazgapo yayi mapulagini ghaulipira (pafupifupi 1,500+), agho ghangangopeka yayi mu [[Repository (version control)|repository]] ya WordPress.org. Vyakusazgirako ivi vikusazgapo kufuma ku [[search engine optimization|search engine optimization (SEO)]] m'paka ku [[client portal]]s izo zikugwiriskira ntchito kuoneska uthenga wachinsinsi kwa ŵagwiriskiri ntchito awo ŵajula (logged-in), m'paka ku ndondomeko za kasungiro ka vyakulemba, na vigawo vyakuoneska vyakulemba, nga ni kusazgirako kwa [[GUI widget|widgets]] na [[navigation bar]]s. Ni mapulagini ghose yayi agho ghakuŵa ghaphya nyengo zose na kusintha kwa purogalamu, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, ghangagwira ntchito makora yayi panji kuleka kugwirirathu ntchito. Ngati wakupanga pulagini wandayezge pulagini yake na mitundu yikulu yiŵiri yaposachedwa ya WordPress, uthenga wakuchenjezga ukaoneka pa malo gha mapulagini, kumanyiska ŵagwiriskiri ntchito kuti pulagini yingagwira ntchito makora yayi na mtundu uphya wa WordPress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plugin Developer FAQ |url=https://developer.wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-org/plugin-developer-faq/#why-does-my-plugin-say-its-not-been-tested-with-the-most-recent-wordpress-versions |access-date=29 Oct 2022 |website=WordPress.org}}</ref> Mapulagini yanandi yikusangika kwizira mu WordPress yeneko, kwali mwa kukhazika (download) na kuyiika pamanja kwizira mu [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] panji kwizira mu dashboard ya WordPress. Kweni, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakupeleka mapulagini kwizira mu mawebusayiti ghawo, ndipo yanandi mwa agha ni ghakuphala ndalama. Ŵakupanga mawebusayiti awo ŵakukhumba kupanga mapulagini ŵakwenera kusambira ndondomeko ya WordPress ya "hook", iyo yina mahook kuluska 2,000 (kufika mu Mtundu 5.7 mu 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=WordPress Hooks Database |url=https://adambrown.info/p/wp_hooks |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=adambrown.info}}</ref> yakugaŵika mu vigawo viŵiri: action hooks na filter hooks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plugin Developer Handbook |url=https://developer.wordpress.org/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=WordPress Developer Resources |language=en-US}}</ref> Mapulagini ghakuimira so nthowa yakupangira iyo yingasintha WordPress kuŵa mitundu yose ya mapurogalamu na ntchito, kuperekezga waka na maghanoghano na kulenga kwa ŵakupanga mapurogalamu. Izi zikuchitika pakugwiriskira ntchito mapulagini ghapadera kuti wapange nthowa zinyake zambura kuŵa webusayiti, nga ni headless WordPress applications na vyinthu vya [[Software as a service|Software as a Service (SaaS)]]. Mapulagini ghangagwiriskirika so ntchito na ŵanthu awo ŵakuswa mawebusayiti (hackers) kulazga masayiti agho ghakugwiriskira ntchito WordPress, chifukwa ŵangagwiriskira ntchito vibwanzi mu mapulagini m'malo mwa vibwanzi mu WordPress yeneko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cimpanu |first=Catalin |date=2020-03-01 |title=Hackers are actively exploiting zero-days in several WordPress plugins |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-are-actively-exploiting-zero-days-in-several-wordpress-plugins/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref> === Mapulogalamu gha pa foni === Mapulogalamu gha pa foni gha WordPress ghalipo gha [[Android (operating system)|Android]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Taylor Wimberly | title = WordPress publishes native Android application | url = http://androidandme.com/2010/02/news/wordpress-publishes-native-android-application/ | date = 2010-02-02 | access-date = 2010-06-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081639/http://androidandme.com/2010/02/news/wordpress-publishes-native-android-application/ | archive-date = 2011-07-21 | website = wirefly.com | publisher = AndroidAndMe }}</ref> [[iOS]],<ref name="altafsayani">{{cite web | title = Idea: WordPress App For iPhone and iPod Touch | url = http://www.altafsayani.com/2008/07/12/wordpress-app-for-iphone-and-ipod-touch/ | publisher = AltafSayani | work = AltafSayani technology, gadgets, web | date = 2008-07-12 | access-date = 2016-02-09 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122060312/http://www.altafsayani.com/2008/07/12/wordpress-app-for-iphone-and-ipod-touch/ | archive-date = 2009-01-22 }}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite news | last = Melanson | first = Mike | title = 18 Million WordPress Blogs Land on the iPad | url = https://readwrite.com/2011/03/23/18_million_wordpress_blogs_land_on_the_ipad/ | date = 2011-03-23 | publisher = [[ReadWrite]] | access-date = 2025-02-18 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112140/https://readwrite.com/2011/03/23/18_million_wordpress_blogs_land_on_the_ipad/ | archive-date = 2018-11-23 }}</ref>. Mapulogalamu agha, ghapangika na [[Automattic]], yina vigawo nga ni kusazgirako mabulogu na mapeji ghaphya, kulemba maghanoghano, kuwona maghanoghano (moderating), na kuzgora maghanoghano m'paka ku umathi wa kuwona masitatistiki.<ref name="altafsayani" /><ref name="post" /> === Kufikika (Accessibility) === Ndondomeko za WordPress za Accessibility Coding zikuti "Ma code ghose ghaphya panji ghakusintha agho ghakufumiskika mu WordPress ghakwenera kukolerana na Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 pa mlingo wa AA."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/best-practices/coding-standards/accessibility-coding-standards/ |title=Accessibility Coding Standards |work=WordPress}}</ref> === Vigawo vinyake === WordPress yina so kasungiro ka malinki ghakukolerana, ndondomeko ya [[Web search engine|search engine]]–friendly, na permalink yapayera; umathi wa kupeleka magulu (categories) ghanandi pa nkhani; na kukhozgera [[Tag (metadata)|tagging]] ya nkhani. Vyakusefera vyakuchita vyekha (Automatic filters) navyo vilimo, kupereka mpangidwe wakuyana na kasinthiro ka malemba mu nkhani (chiyelezgero, kusintha tumanyikiro twa nkhani twa bweka kuŵa [[Quotation marks in English#Smart quotes|smart quotes]]). WordPress yikukhozgeraso maluso gha [[trackback]] na [[pingback]] pakulongora malinki ku masayiti ghamanyake agho nagho ghakolerana na nkhani panji nkhani yakuzengeka. Nkhani za WordPress zingasinthika mu HTML, pakugwiriskira ntchito visual editor, panji pakugwiriskira ntchito pulagini yimoza mwa zinandi izo zikuzomerezga vigawo vyakusinthira vyakukwanira. == Kugwiriskira ntchito ŵanthu ŵanandi na mabulogu ghanandi == Pambere mtundu wa 3 undafike, WordPress yikakhozgeranga blogu yimoza pa kuikika kumoza, nangauli makope ghanandi ghangachitika kufuma mu mafoda ghakupambana usange yasinthika kugwiriskira ntchito matabulo gha database ghakupambana. WordPress Multisites (iyo kale yikachemekanga WordPress Multi-User, WordPress MU, panji WPMU) yikaŵa nthowa yinyake ya WordPress iyo yikapangika kuti mabulogu ghanandi ghaŵepo mu kuikika kumoza kweni ghangasungika na munthu yumoza pakati. WordPress MU yikupangiska kuti awo ŵana mawebusayiti ŵasungire magulu ghawo gha mabulogu, kweniso kulamulira mabulogu ghose kufuma pa dashboard yimoza. WordPress MU yikusazgirako matabulo gha data ghaphya ghankhondi na ghatatu pa blogu yiliyose. Kuyana na kufumiskika kwa WordPress 3, WordPress MU yasazgikana na WordPress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/development/2010/06/thelonious/ |title=WordPress 3.0 "Thelonious" |publisher=WordPress.org |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630061059/http://wordpress.org/development/2010/06/thelonious/ |archive-date=June 30, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Mbiri == ''b2/cafelog'', iyo yikumanyikwa chomene na zina lakuti ''b2'' panji ''catalog'', ndiyo yikaŵako pambere WordPress yindafike.<ref>{{Cite AV media |people=Andrew Warner, [[Matt Mullenweg]] |date=September 10, 2009 |title=The Biography Of WordPress&nbsp;– With Matt Mullenweg |url=http://mixergy.com/the-biography-of-wordpress-with-matt-mullenweg/ |format=[[MPEG-4 Part 14]] |medium=Podcast |publisher=Mixergy |access-date=September 28, 2009 |time=10:57 |quote=b2 had actually, through a series of circumstances, essentially become abandoned. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914084204/http://mixergy.com/the-biography-of-wordpress-with-matt-mullenweg/ |archive-date=September 14, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> b2/cafelog yikati yikaikika pa mabulogu pafupifupi 2,000 kufika mu May 2003.<ref>{{cite web |last=Valdrighi |first=Michel |title=b2 test weblog – post dated 23.05.03 |url=http://cafelog.com/index.php?p=500 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522163322/http://cafelog.com/index.php?p=500 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Yikalembeka mu PHP kuti igwire ntchito na MySQL na Michel Valdrighi, uyo wakaŵa wakupanga na wakovwira ku WordPress m'paka mu 2005. Nangauli WordPress ndiyo ni m'lowere wa boma, pulojekiti yinyake, [[b2evolution]], nayo yichali kupangika. Penecho kupangika kwa b2/cafelog kukachepa, Matt Mullenweg wakayamba kughanaghanira vyakupanga WordPress kufuma ku b2/cafelog na vigawo vinyake viphya ivyo wakakhumbanga mu CMS yiphya, mu nkhani ya pa blogu iyo yikalembeka pa January 24, 2003.<ref name="matt-blog-2003-01-24">{{cite web |author1=Matt Mullenweg |title=The Blogging Software Dilemma |url=https://ma.tt/2003/01/the-blogging-software-dilemma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162200/https://ma.tt/2003/01/the-blogging-software-dilemma/ |archive-date=8 February 2023 |date=24 January 2003}}</ref> Mike Little, wakupanga mapurogalamu waluso, wakaŵa wakwamba kulembapo pa blogu iyo na kulongora khumbo lakovwirapo.<ref name="matt-blog-2003-01-24" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=photomatt |number=1618374316999184385 |date=Jan 25, 2023 |title=It's so cool that because it all happened online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310095517/https://twitter.com/photomatt/status/1618374316999184385 |archive-date=Mar 10, 2023}}</ref> Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakagwilira ntchito lumoza kupanga mtundu wakwamba wa WordPress, mtundu wa 0.70,<ref>{{cite web |title=Version 0.70 |url=https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-0-70/ |website=WordPress.org |ref=wp.org-doc-v0.70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201163032/https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-0-70/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |date=19 May 2019}}</ref> uyo wakafumiskika pa May 27, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Matt Mullenweg |title=WordPress Now Available |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |website=WordPress.org |ref=wp.org-news-2003-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201163039/https://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |date=7 May 2003}}</ref> Christine Selleck Tremoulet, mubwezi wa Mullenweg, ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti ''WordPress''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.chron.com//techblog/2008/01/the-importance-of-being-matt/ |title=The importance of being Matt |author=Silverman, Dwight |publisher=Houston Chronicle |date=January 24, 2008 |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525023525/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/01/the-importance-of-being-matt/ |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigpinkcookie.com/2008/01/24/the-importance-of-being-matt/ |title=The Importance of Being Matt… |author=Tremoulet, Christine Selleck |publisher=Christine Selleck Tremoulet |date=January 24, 2008 |access-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504092157/http://www.bigpinkcookie.com/2008/01/24/the-importance-of-being-matt/ |archive-date=May 4, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2004, malango gha layisensi gha phukusi la [[Movable Type]] ghakasintha na [[Six Apart]], icho chikapangiska kuti ŵagwiriskiri ntchito ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa kusamira ku WordPress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2004/08/09/six_apart/ |title=Blogging grows up |author=Manjoo, Farhad |work=Salon |date=August 9, 2004 |access-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102103115/http://www.salon.com/2004/08/09/six_apart/ |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410125402/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/14/freedom-0 |url=http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/14/freedom-0 |title=Freedom 0 |author=Pilgrim, Mark |publisher=Mark Pilgrim |archive-date=April 10, 2006 |date=May 14, 2004 |access-date=March 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Pakufika mu October 2009, lipoti la Open Source CMS MarketShare likati WordPress yikaŵa na nkhongono yikulu ya zina kuluska CMS yiliyose ya wanangwa. {{As of|2024|12}}, WordPress yikagwiriskirika ntchito na 62.0% ya mawebusayiti ghose agho ndondomeko yawo ya kasungiro ka vyakulemba yikumanyikwa, ndipo 22.52% ya mawebusayiti miliyoni yimoza ghapachanya.<ref name="Usage of content management systems for websites" /><ref name="BuiltWith" /> Kuyambira mu September 2024, Mullenweg wakanjira WordPress, Wordpress.com, na Automattic mu [[WP Engine#WordPress dispute and lawsuit|mphikiro iyo yikapangiska mulandu]] na kampani yakusungira ya [[WP Engine]], icho chikapangiska chitima chikulu mu chigululu.<ref name="engine">{{Citation |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |title=The WordPress vs. WP Engine drama, explained |date=2024-09-26 |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/26/wordpress-vs-wp-engine-drama-explained/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001215146/https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/01/wordpress-vs-wp-engine-drama-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Vyawanangwa na kumanyikwa === * Wakuwina wa [[InfoWorld]]'s "Best of open source software awards: Collaboration", kuperekeka mu 2008.<ref name="award 2008">{{cite web | title = Best of open source software awards: Collaboration | publisher = infoworld.com | url = https://www.infoworld.com/article/2638571/techology-business/best-of-open-source-software-awards--collaboration.html | access-date = 2017-12-16 | date = 2008-08-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014545/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2638571/techology-business/best-of-open-source-software-awards--collaboration.html | archive-date = December 17, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> * Wakuwina wa Open Source CMS Awards's "Overall Best Open Source CMS", kuperekeka mu 2009.<ref name="Open Source CMS 2009">{{cite web | title = WordPress wins top prize in 2009 Open Source CMS Awards | publisher = cmscritic.com | url = https://www.cmscritic.com/wordpress-wins-top-prize-in-2009-open-source-cms-awards/ | access-date = 2017-12-16 | date = 2009-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014424/https://www.cmscritic.com/wordpress-wins-top-prize-in-2009-open-source-cms-awards/ | archive-date = December 17, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> * Wakuwina wa digital synergy's "Hall of Fame CMS category in the 2010 Open Source", kuperekeka mu 2010.<ref name="bossie 2010">{{cite web | title = Hall of Fame CMS | publisher = digitalsynergy.ca | url = http://www.digitalsynergy.ca/library/wordpress-wins-hall-of-fame-cms-award/ | access-date = 2017-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095906/http://www.digitalsynergy.ca/library/wordpress-wins-hall-of-fame-cms-award/ | archive-date = October 10, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> * Wakuwina wa [[InfoWorld]]'s "Bossie award for Best Open Source Software", kuperekeka mu 2011.<ref name="bossie 2011">{{cite web | title = WordPress wins Bossie Awards 2011: The best open source applications | date = September 8, 2011 | publisher = wprockers.com | url = http://wprockers.com/wordpress-wins-bossie-awards-2011-the-best-open-source-applications-1610.html | access-date = 2017-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014221/http://wprockers.com/wordpress-wins-bossie-awards-2011-the-best-open-source-applications-1610.html | archive-date = December 17, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> === Mbiri ya kufumiskika === Kufumiskika kukulu kwa WordPress kukuchemeka mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakuyimba [[jazz]], kuyambira pa mtundu wa 1.0.<ref>{{cite web|last1=hollander|first1=Roel|title=Fun Fact: Wordpress Jazz Tributes|url=https://roelhollander.eu/en/blog-other-articles/wordpress-jazz-tributes/|website=roelhollander.eu|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714124547/https://roelhollander.eu/en/blog-other-articles/wordpress-jazz-tributes/|archive-date=July 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/about/roadmap/ |title=Roadmap |work=Blog |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614120843/http://wordpress.org/about/roadmap/ |archive-date=June 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nangauli ni mtundu wasono pera uwo uli na chovwiro cha boma (supported), masinthiro gha chitetezo (security updates) ghakuwezgeka m'paka ku mitundu ya kale "nga ni nchindi" kufika m'paka ku mtundu wa 4.0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Dev Chat summary: Wednesday, November 30, 2022 |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/2022/11/30/dev-chat-summary-wednesday-november-30-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> {{sticky header}} {{Row hover highlight}} {| class="wikitable mw-datatable mw-collapsible sticky-header" |- ! Mtundu (Version)<ref>[https://wordpress.org/download/releases/ WordPress Releases]</ref> ! Zina lakuchindikira ! Dyazi lakufumiskira<ref>[https://wordpress.org/about/history/ WordPress History]</ref> ! Vimanyisko |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |0.7}} | {{NA}} | May 27, 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 0.7 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=May 27, 2003 |date=2003-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182541/http://wordpress.org/news/2003/05/wordpress-now-available/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikagwiriskira ntchito mpangidwe wa fayilo wakuyana na uwo ukaŵako pambere yindafike, ''b2/cafelog'', ndipo ikhalutilizga manambala kufuma pa kufumiskika kwake kwaumaliro, 0.6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cafelog.com/ |title=Cafelog |access-date=May 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902022505/http://cafelog.com/ |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Mtundu wa 0.71-gold pera ndicho chilipo kuti uchite dawunilodi pa peji la WordPress Release Archive. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |1.0}} | ''[[Miles Davis|Davis]]'' | January 3, 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2004/01/wordpress-10/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 1.0 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=January 3, 2004 |date=2004-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712170207/http://wordpress.org/news/2004/01/wordpress-10/ |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |  Ikasazgirako malinki ghapayera ghakukolerana na makina ghakusera (search engine-friendly permalinks), magulu ghanandi, kuikika (installation) kupusu, kusazgirako maluso, kulamulira ndemanga, chovwiro cha XFN, na chovwiro cha Atom. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |1.2}} | ''[[Charles Mingus|Mingus]]'' | May 22, 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2004/05/heres-the-beef/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 1.2 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=May 22, 2004 |date=2004-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714180415/http://wordpress.org/news/2004/05/heres-the-beef/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |  Ikasazgirako chovwiro cha Mapulagini; umo vikhaliro vimoza vyakuzomerezgera vikugwiriskirika ntchito kwambura kusintha mu WordPress {{as of|2011|lc=y}}. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |1.5}} |''[[Billy Strayhorn|Strayhorn]]'' | February 17, 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2005/02/strayhorn/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 1.5 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=February 17, 2005 |date=2005-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182715/http://wordpress.org/news/2005/02/strayhorn/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |  Ikasazgirako vigawo vyakuzirwa, nga ni umathi wa kulamulira mapeji ghambura kusintha (static pages) na ndondomeko ya timpu/mutima wa sayiti (Theme system). Ikasoŵekwa na timpu ya bweka yiphya (yakuchindika zina lakuti ''[[Stanley Kubrick|Kubrick]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://binarybonsai.com/kubrick |title=Kubrick at Binary Bonsai |publisher=Binarybonsai.com |access-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311043716/http://binarybonsai.com/kubrick |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> yakupangika na Michael Heilemann. |- valign=top | colspan="7" | |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.0}} | ''[[Duke Ellington|Duke]]'' | December 31, 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2005/12/wp2/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.0 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 31, 2005 |date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713090039/http://wordpress.org/news/2005/12/wp2/ |archive-date=July 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako kusintha malemba mwaluso (rich editing), vinthu viwemi vyakulamulira, kukweza vithuzi, kupeleka nkhanyi luŵiro, ndondomeko yiwemi ya kutorera vinthu (import system), kusintha chose nkhongono ya mukati (back end), na kunozga vinandi ku ŵakupanga Mapulagini. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.1}} | ''[[Ella Fitzgerald|Ella]]'' | January 22, 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2007/01/ella-21/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.1 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=January 22, 2007 |date=2007-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712195250/http://wordpress.org/news/2007/01/ella-21/ |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikhanozga masuzgo gha chitetezo, kusintha mawonekeru, kunozga vinthu vyakusinthira (kusazgirako kuyelezgera malembedwe na kusunga kwakuchita wekha), na kunozga nthowa za kulamulira vyakulemba. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.2}} | ''[[Stan Getz|Getz]]'' | May 16, 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2007/05/wordpress-22/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.2 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=May 16, 2007 |date=2007-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182830/http://wordpress.org/news/2007/05/wordpress-22/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako chovwiro cha widget pa matimpu (templates), kunozga chovwiro cha [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] feed, na kunozga nkhongono ya liŵiro. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.3}} | ''[[Dexter Gordon|Dexter]]'' | style="white-space: nowrap;"| September 24, 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2007/09/wordpress-23/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.3 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=September 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712195259/http://wordpress.org/news/2007/09/wordpress-23/ |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako chovwiro cha tagging, ndondomeko yiphya ya [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] pa magulu, na chipusu cha kumanyiskika kwa masinthiro, yikukhozgera chose Atom 1.0, na nthowa zakufumiskira, kweniso kunozga chitetezo chinyake chakuzirwa. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.5}} | ''[[Michael Brecker|Brecker]]'' | March 29, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2008/03/wordpress-25-brecker/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.5 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=March 29, 2008 |date=2008-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712195305/http://wordpress.org/news/2008/03/wordpress-25-brecker/ |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kusintha kukulu kwa dashboard, ma-widget gha dashboard, kukweza mafayilo ghanandi, kupenja kwasazgika, kunozga chosinthira (editor), ndondomeko yiwemi ya mapulagini, na vinyake. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.6}} | ''[[McCoy Tyner|Tyner]]'' | July 15, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2008/07/wordpress-26-tyner/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.6 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713090059/http://wordpress.org/news/2008/07/wordpress-26-tyner/ |archive-date=July 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako vigawo viphya ivyo vikapangiska WordPress kuŵa CMS yankhongono chomene: yingakwanitsa [[revision control|kulondezga masinthiro]] pa nkhani na peji liliyose na kuzomerezga kulemba nkhani mwachipusu kulikose pa wepu. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.7}} | ''[[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'' | December 11, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2008/12/coltrane/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.7 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 11, 2008 |date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182948/http://wordpress.org/news/2008/12/coltrane/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Mawonekeru ghakulamulira (Administration interface) gha khanozgika chose, kusazgirako kukweza mitundu kwakuchita wekha, na kuika mapulagini, kufuma mukati mwa mawonekeru ghakulamulira. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.8}} | ''[[Chet Baker|Baker]]'' | June 10, 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2009/06/wordpress-28/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.8 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714182956/http://wordpress.org/news/2009/06/wordpress-28/ |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako kunozga kwa liŵiro, kuika matimpu (themes) kwakuchita wekha kufuma mukati mwa mawonekeru ghakulamulira, kupeleka chosinthira cha CodePress cha [[syntax highlighting]], na kusintha mawonekeru gha widget. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |2.9}} | ''[[Carmen McRae|Carmen]]'' | December 19, 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2009/12/wordpress-2-9/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 2.9 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 19, 2009 |date=2009-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713090118/http://wordpress.org/news/2009/12/wordpress-2-9/ |archive-date=July 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako umathi wa kuwezga masinthiro (undo), chosinthira vithuzi chakuzengeka mkati, kukweza mapulagini ghanandi panyengo yimoza, na masinthiro ghanandi ghachoko agho ghakuwoneka yayi. |- valign=top | colspan="7" | |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.0}} | ''[[Thelonious Monk|Thelonious]]'' | June 17, 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2010/06/thelonious/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.0 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 17, 2010 |date=2010-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712143344/http://wordpress.org/news/2010/06/thelonious/ |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako timpu yiphya ya [[application programming interface|APIs]], yasazga WordPress na WordPress MU, kupanga umathi wa multi-site, timpu yiphya ya bweka ya "Twenty Ten" na mawonekeru ghakulamulira ghakupepuka. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.1}} | ''[[Django Reinhardt|Reinhardt]]'' | February 23, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2011/02/threeone/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.1 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=February 25, 2011 |date=2011-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224192910/http://wordpress.org/news/2011/02/threeone/ |archive-date=February 24, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako Admin Bar, iyo yikuwoneka pa mapeji ghose gha blogu usange wakulamulira wajura, na Post Format, umathi wakulemba mabulogu ghachoko (micro-blogging) nga ni Tumblr. Yikupeleka nthowa ya chipusu ku vigawo vyakuzirwa, nga ni ndemanga na masinthiro. Yili na umathi wa kulinkizga mukati (internal linking), mawonekeru ghakulembera ghapusu, na masinthiro ghamanyake ghanandi. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.2}} | ''[[George Gershwin|Gershwin]]'' | July 4, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2011/07/gershwin/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.2 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705201902/http://wordpress.org/news/2011/07/gershwin/ |archive-date=July 5, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Yikaŵika nkhongono pa kupangiska WordPress kuŵa ya liŵiro na yakupepuka. Ikafumiskika myezi yinayi pera panyuma pa mtundu wa 3.1, kulongora liŵiro lakukura lakupangika vinthu mu chigululu cha WordPress. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.3}} | ''[[Sonny Stitt|Sonny]]'' | December 12, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2011/12/sonny/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.3 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 12, 2011 |date=2011-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213220630/http://wordpress.org/news/2011/12/sonny/ |archive-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Yikaŵika nkhongono pa kupangiska WordPress kuŵa yipusu ku ŵanthu ŵakwamba na ŵagwiriskiri ntchito ŵa [[tablet computer]]. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.4}} | ''[[Grant Green|Green]]'' | June 13, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2012/06/green/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.4 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=June 13, 2012 |date=2012-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613214721/http://wordpress.org/news/2012/06/green/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Yikaŵika nkhongono pa kunozga kasinthiro ka matimpu (themes), kukolerana na [[Twitter]] na masinthiro ghanyake ghachoko. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.5}} | ''[[Elvin Jones|Elvin]]'' | December 11, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2012/12/elvin/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.5 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 11, 2012 |date=2012-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211191952/http://wordpress.org/news/2012/12/elvin/ |archive-date=December 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Chovwiro cha [[Retina Display]], chosolera mtundu (color picker), timpu yiphya ya bweka ya "Twenty Twelve", kunozga makhaliro gha vithuzi. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.6}} | ''[[Oscar Peterson|Oscar]]'' | August 1, 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2013/08/oscar/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.6 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=August 1, 2013 |date=August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802010334/http://wordpress.org/news/2013/08/oscar/ |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Timpu yiphya ya bweka ya "Twenty Thirteen", kunozga vyakulamulira, kusintha mawonekeru gha post formats, kunozga mawonekeru gha menyu, ndondomeko yiphya ya revision, autosave, na kujala (locking) nkhani. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.7}} | ''[[Count Basie|Basie]]'' | October 24, 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2013/10/basie/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.7 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=October 24, 2013 |date=2013-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025013926/http://wordpress.org/news/2013/10/basie/ |archive-date=October 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kuika masinthiro gha chitetezo kwakuchita wekha mukati, kupeleka ulongozgi wa nkhongono wa mazgu ghachinsinsi (password), na chovwiro cha kuika mafayilo gha viyowoyero kwakuchita wekha na kughasunga ghaphya. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.8}} | ''[[Charlie Parker|Parker]]'' | December 12, 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.8 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 12, 2013 |date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212200536/http://wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/ |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kunozga mawonekeru ghakulamulira, mpangidwe wakukolerana na mafoni (responsive design), malembedwe ghaphya pakugwiriskira ntchito [[Open Sans]], mitundu ya vyakulamulira, kusintha mawonekeru gha kulamulira matimpu, dashboard yapusu, timpu ya "Twenty Fourteen" ya magazini, kufumiskika kwachiŵiri pakugwiriskira ntchito nthowa ya "Plugin-first development". |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |3.9}} | ''[[Jimmy Smith (musician)|Smith]]'' | April 16, 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2014/04/smith/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 3.9 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=April 16, 2014 |date=2014-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416215553/http://wordpress.org/news/2014/04/smith/ |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kunozga chosinthira (editor) cha media, preview ya widget na mitu, na chakusolera matimpu (theme browser) chiphya. |- valign=top | colspan="7" | |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.0}} | ''[[Benny Goodman|Benny]]'' | September 4, 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2014/09/benny/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.0 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=September 4, 2014 |date=2014-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904180155/http://wordpress.org/news/2014/09/benny/ |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kunozga kulamulira kwa media, embeds, mawonekeru ghakulembera, kusintha chiyowoyero mwachipusu, chosinthira timpu, kusanga mapulagini, na kukolerana na PHP 5.5 na MySQL 5.6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suntecoss.com/blog/learn-whats-new-in-wordpress-v4-0 |title=Learn What's New in WordPress v4.0 |access-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307170803/http://www.suntecoss.com/blog/learn-whats-new-in-wordpress-v4-0/ |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |o|4.1}} | ''[[Dinah Washington|Dinah]]'' | December 18, 2014<ref name="wordpress1">{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2014/12/dinah/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.1 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 18, 2014 |date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218230243/https://wordpress.org/news/2014/12/dinah/ |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Twenty Fifteen monga timpu yiphya ya bweka, kulemba kwambura kutimbanizgika, kusintha chiyowoyero mwachipusu, Vine embeds, na kupeleka ulongozgi wa mapulagini. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.2}} | ''[[Bud Powell|Powell]]'' | April 23, 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2015/04/powell/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.2 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=April 23, 2015 |date=2015-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424045810/https://wordpress.org/news/2015/04/powell/ |archive-date=April 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Vigawo viphya vya "Press This", kunozga chovwiro cha vilembo, chovwiro cha emoji, kunozga customizer, embeds ziphya, na kunozga ndondomeko ya mapulagini. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.3}} | ''[[Billie Holiday|Billie]]'' | August 18, 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2015/08/billie/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.3 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=August 18, 2015 |date=2015-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819064141/https://wordpress.org/news/2015/08/billie/ |archive-date=August 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Yikaŵika nkhongono pa kugwiriskira ntchito mafoni, mazgu ghachinsinsi (passwords) ghawemi, na kunozga customizer. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.4}} | ''[[Clifford Brown|Clifford]]'' | December 8, 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2015/12/clifford |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.4 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 8, 2015 |date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209090509/https://wordpress.org/news/2015/12/clifford/ |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kupeleka timpu ya "Twenty Sixteen", na kunozga vithuzi vyakukolerana na mafoni (responsive images) na embeds. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.5}} | ''[[Ornette Coleman|Coleman]]'' | April 12, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2016/04/coleman/|title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.5|publisher=WordPress.org|access-date=April 26, 2016|date=2016-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426085358/https://wordpress.org/news/2016/04/coleman/|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | Ikasazgirako kulinkizga mukati (inline linking), njira za chipusu za mpangidwe (formatting shortcuts), live responsive previews, na masinthiro ghanyake mukati. |- valign=top ! {{Version |o |4.6}} | ''[[Pepper Adams|Pepper]]'' | August 16, 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2016/08/pepper/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.6 |newspaper=Wordpress News |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=August 16, 2016 |date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817002029/https://wordpress.org/news/2016/08/pepper/ |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Ikasazgirako masinthiro ghaphya, mafonti gha mchilengedwe, kunozga chosinthira (editor) na umathi wa kuyelezgera malinki na kuwezgerapo vyakulemba (content recovery), na masinthiro ghanyake mukati. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |4.7}} | ''[[Sarah Vaughan|Vaughan]]'' | December 6, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordpress.org/news/2016/12/vaughan/ |title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.7 "Vaughan" |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=December 7, 2016 |date=2016-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207092917/https://wordpress.org/news/2016/12/vaughan/ |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Yikiza na timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Seventeen", Video Header Support, PDF preview, CSS yakuyezgera panyengo yeneyo (live preview), kunozga chosinthira, na masinthiro ghanyake mukati. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |4.8}} | ''[[Bill Evans|Evans]]'' | June 8, 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/4-8/ |title=Version 4.8 – Make WordPress Core |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=August 1, 2017 |date=2017-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802095449/https://make.wordpress.org/core/4-8/ |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Chosinthira cha m'badwo uphya. Vilato vinyake ni TinyMCE inline element/link boundaries, ma-widget ghaphya gha media, na WYSIWYG mu widget ya malemba. Kumalizga chovwiro cha Internet Explorer mitundu ya 8, 9, na 10. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |4.9}} | ''[[Billy Tipton|Tipton]]'' | November 16, 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/4-9/ |title=Version 4.9 – Make WordPress Core |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=August 6, 2017 |date=2017-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182239/https://make.wordpress.org/core/4-9/ |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Kunozga makhaliro gha customizer, kusazgirako kutemeka (scheduling), malinki gha preview yakunchito, kusunga kuyelezgera (autosave revisions), kupenja matimpu, kunozga menyu, na syntax highlighting. Ikasazgirako widget yiphya ya gallery na kunozga za malemba na vidiyo. Chosinthira timpu chikupeleka chenjezo (warnings) na kuwezgera masinthiro usange mafayilo ghana masuzgo ghakofya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2017/10/wordpress-4-9-beta-1/|title=WordPress Blog: WordPress 4.9 Beta 1|publisher=WordPress.org|access-date=October 25, 2017|date=2017-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025184751/https://wordpress.org/news/2017/10/wordpress-4-9-beta-1/|archive-date=October 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |- valign=top | colspan="7" | |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.0}} ||[[Bebo Valdés|''Bebo'']] | December 6, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-0/|title=WordPress 5.0 Development Cycle|date=November 15, 2017|access-date=November 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151436/https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-0/|archive-date=November 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | Chosinthira chiphya chakuzengeka pa mabulo (block-based editor) chakuchimeka ''Gutenberg''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.org/gutenberg/|title=The new Gutenberg editing experience|website=The new Gutenberg editing experience|access-date=December 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207140956/https://wordpress.org/gutenberg/|archive-date=December 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> na timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Nineteen". |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.1}} ||[[Betty Carter|''Betty'']] | February 21, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-1/|title=WordPress 5.1 Development Cycle|date=December 19, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204752/https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-1/|archive-date=February 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | Vyakumanyiska vya kukweza mtundu wa PHP na kunozga block editor. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.2}} ||[[Jaco Pastorius|''Jaco'']] | May 7, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-2/|title=WordPress 5.2 Development Cycle|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412023454/https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-2/|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | Yisazgirapo Site Health Check, kuvikilira ku viphoso vya PHP, mndandanda uphya wa mabulo (block directory), na kusaina mapaketi ghakusazgirako. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.3}} ||[[Rahsaan Roland Kirk|''Kirk'']] | November 12, 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-3/|title=WordPress 5.3 Development Cycle|newspaper=Make WordPress Core |date=November 13, 2019|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> | Kunozga makhaliro gha ŵagwiriskiri ntchito na kupangiska mawonekeru kuŵa ghapusu. Timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Twenty", yakupangika na Anders Norén. |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.4}} ||[[Nat Adderley|''Adderley'']] | March 31, 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-4/|title=WordPress 5.4 Development Cycle|date=March 31, 2020|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> | Mabulo gha Social Icons na Buttons yasazgika, kunozga matimpu gha mabulo na mawonekeru, kusazgirako umathi wa kutorera data ya munthu (personal data exports), vigawo vya menyu, na kunozga mabulo ku ŵakupanga mapurogalamu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2020/03/adderley/|title=WordPress 5.4 "Adderley"|date=March 31, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.5}} ||[[Billy Eckstine|''Eckstine'']] | August 11, 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-5/|title=WordPress 5.5 Development Cycle|date=August 11, 2020|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> | Yasazgirapo lazy-loading images, XML sitemaps mwa bweka, kusazgirako mapulagini na matimpu kwakuchita wekha, na kunozga block editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2020/08/eckstine/|title=WordPress 5.5 "Eckstine"|date=August 11, 2020|access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.6}} |[[Nina Simone|''Simone'']] |December 8, 2020<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 December 2020|title=WordPress 5.6 Development Cycle|work=Wordpress|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-6/|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> |Timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Twenty-One," kunozga Gutenberg, kusazgirako core releases kwakuchita wekha, kusazgirako chovwiro cha PHP 8, mazgu ghachinsinsi gha REST API authentication, na kunozga nthowa za ŵanthu ŵakupunduka.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2020|title=WordPress 5.6 "Simone"|work=Wordpress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2020/12/simone/|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.7}} |[[Esperanza Spalding|''Esperanza'']] |March 9, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2021|title=WordPress 5.7 Development Cycle|work=WordPress|url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-7/|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> |Chosinthira chiphya nchipusu kugwiriskira ntchito, kuchita vinandi kwambura kulemba malango ghaphya (custom code), mitundu yapusu, kufuma ku HTTP kuya ku HTTPS mu kudofya kumoza, Robots API yiphya, na kutowetsera panyuma pa kusazgirako jQuery 3.5.1.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2021|title=WordPress 5.7 "Esperanza"|work=Wordpress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2021/03/esperanza/|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.8}} |[[Art Tatum|''Tatum'']] |July 20, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=WordPress 5.8 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-8/ |work=WordPress |date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> |Block widgets, query loop blocks, block themes, List View, Pattern Transformations, Duotone, fayilo yiphya ya theme.json, kuleka chovwiro cha [[Internet Explorer 11|IE11]], chovwiro cha vithuzi vya [[WebP]], na vimanyiko viphya vya block support.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 2021|title=WordPress 5.8 Tatum|work=WordPress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2021/07/tatum/|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |5.9}} |[[Josephine Baker|''Joséphine'']] |January 25, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=WordPress 5.9 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/5-9/ |work=WordPress |date=July 15, 2021 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> |Timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Twenty-Two", chigawo chiphya cha Site Editor mu WordPress Admin, kulamulira Block Themes kupyolera mu Site Editor, Navigation block yiphya, kunozga vyakulamulira mabulo, Pattern Directory, List View, kunozga Gallery block, chovwiro cha Theme.json child theme, block-level locking, na stylesheets ghanandi pa bulo limoza.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2022|title=WordPress 5.9 Josephine|work=WordPress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2022/01/josephine/|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> |- valign=top | colspan="7" | |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.0}} |[[Arturo O'Farrill|''Arturo'']] |May 24, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=WordPress 6.0 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-0/ |work=WordPress |date=January 25, 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> |Kunozga kulemba mu Gutenberg, mitundu yakupambana na vigawo vinandi vya matimpu pa block themes, integrated patterns, vinthu vinyake vyakupangira, kusankha mabulo ghanandi pa list view, block locking, na kunozga nkhongono na nthowa za ŵakupunduka.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2022|title=WordPress 6.0 Arturo|work=WordPress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2022/05/arturo/|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.1}} |[[Mikhail Alperin|''Misha'']] |November 1, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=WordPress 6.1 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-1/ |work=WordPress |date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> |Kunozga kulemba mu Gutenberg, vinthu vyakupangira kuti paŵe kukolerana na kulamulira, mawonekeru ghakutowa na kukuona makhaliro gha vyakulemba (document settings), kulamulira menyu, fluid typography, na kunozga mashelufu gha mabulo (block placeholders).<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 November 2022|title=WordPress 6.1 Misha|work=WordPress|url=https://wordpress.org/news/2022/11/misha/|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.2}} |[[Eric Dolphy|''Dolphy'']] |March 29, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=WordPress 6.2 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-2/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Mawonekeru ghaphya gha Site Editor, kunozga Navigation block, Block Inserter, na kulongosora makhaliro gha mabulo. Mpangidwe wa header na footer pa block themes ulipo, kweniso kukolerana na Openverse media na Distraction Free mode pakulemba. Style Book yiphya yikupeleka chithuzi chose cha umo bulo limoza na limoza likuwonekera, ndipo ŵagwiriskiri ntchito ŵangakwanitsa kutorera na kunatika (copy and paste) masitayelo na kusazgirako CSS yawo. Vigawo vinyake ni sticky positioning pa mabulo gha gulu, kusankha kutorera ma-widget kufuma pa matimpu gha kale (Classic themes), na mafonti gha panyumba (local fonts) pa matimpu gha bweka gha WordPress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Version 6.2 |url=https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-2/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.3}} |[[Lionel Hampton|''Lionel'']] |August 8, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=WordPress 6.3 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-3/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Kulamulira vyakulemba vyose kupyolera mu Site Editor, preview ya Block Theme, chigawo chiphya cha My Patterns pa mabulo agho yasungika, kulamulira timpu na editor kupyolera mu Command Palette, kunozga vinthu vyakupangira, mabulo ghaphya gha Footnotes na Details, na kunozga nkhongono na nthowa za ŵakupunduka. Makhaliro gha aspect ratio ya vithuzi, Site Editor yambura kutimbanizga, kunozga Toolbar ya pachanya, na kunozga List View.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Version 6.3 |url=https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-3/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.4}} |[[Shirley Horn|''Shirley'']] |November 7, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=WordPress 6.4 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-4/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Timpu yiphya ya "Twenty Twenty-Four," kunozga kulemba, kunozga Command Palette, kusefera kwa Patterns kwakuchindika, kusazgirako vigawo vya Block design, umathi wa lightbox pa vithuzi, kusintha zina la Group block, preview ya vithuzi pa List View, kufumiska patterns nga ni mafayilo gha JSON, chigawo chiphya cha Block Hooks, na kunozga nkhongono na nthowa za ŵakupunduka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Version 6.4 |url=https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-4/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.5}} |[[Regina Carter|''Regina'']] |April 2, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=WordPress 6.5 Development Cycle |url=https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-5/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Kusamalira [[Google Fonts]] kumpata kwa Font Library, kuwona nyengo ya kusintha, vifupiko vya mwaliyo, na mbiri ya kusintha kumpata kwa Style Book, vyakugwilira ntchito vya kuseri vyakusazgirika, tupimo twa mawonekedwe (aspect ratios), na vithunzi-thunzi vya bokosi (box shadows) vya makhazikikiro na magulu gha Block, mawonekedwe gha Data, nthowa yakusazgirika ya kuguza-na-kuponya (drag-and-drop), kusamalira ma link kwakusazgirika, ma API ghaphaya gha Interactivity na Block Bindings, vyakugwilira ntchito viphaya vya mawonekedwe pa ma theme gha Classic kwambura kugwiliskira ntchito ''theme.json'', Plugin Dependencies, na kunozgeka kunandi kwa kagwiridwe ntchito na kufikika kwa waliyose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Version 6.5 |url=[https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-5/](https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-5/) |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.6}} |[[Tommy Dorsey|''Dorsey'']] |Julayi 16, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=WordPress 6.6 Development Cycle |url=[https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-6/](https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-6/) |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Vyakusankha vinyake vya mitundu na maseti gha ma font, kuwona mwaliyo ma page, kuwelera kumanyuma kwa plugin izo zikujinozga zekha (rollbacks), kusintha masitayelo gha Block, na kunozgeka kunandi kwa kagwiridwe ntchito na kufikika kwa waliyose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Version 6.6 |url=[https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-6/](https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-6/) |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |co |6.7}} |[[Sonny Rollins|''Rollins'']] |Novemba 12, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=WordPress 6.7 Development Cycle |url=[https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-7/](https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-7/) |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Theme yaphaya ya "Twenty Twenty-Five," mawonekedwe gha Zoom Out, malo ghakulembapo gha Block, maseti gha ukulu wa ma font pa Styles, wovwiri wa vithunzi vya [[High Efficiency Image File Format|HEIC]], na kunozgeka kunandi kwa kagwiridwe ntchito na kufikika kwa waliyose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Version 6.7 |url=[https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-7/](https://wordpress.org/documentation/wordpress-version/version-6-7/) |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top ! {{Version |c |6.8}} |[[Cecil Taylor|''Cecil'']] |Epulero 15, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=WordPress 6.8 Development Cycle |url=[https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-8/](https://make.wordpress.org/core/6-8/) |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Make WordPress Core |language=en-US}}</ref> |Kunozga Style Book, kunozga editor, speculative loading, chivikiliro chakukhora cha password na bcrypt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Version 6.8 |url=[https://wordpress.org/download/releases/6-8/](https://wordpress.org/download/releases/6-8/) |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=WordPress.org Documentation |language=en-US}}</ref> |- valign=top | colspan="4" | <small>{{Version|l|show=11100}}</small> |} ==== WordPress 5.0 "Bebo" ==== [[File:WordPress PostEdit.png|thumb|Editor yaphaya ya page mu WordPress 5]] Kufumiskika kwa WordPress 5.0 mu Disemba 2018, "Bebo", kuli kupika zina kuli chindikiro kwa muimbi wakwamba wa jazz wa ku Cuba [[Bebo Valdés]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://wordpress.org/news/2018/12/bebo/](https://wordpress.org/news/2018/12/bebo/)|title=WordPress 5.0 "Bebo"|date=2018-12-06|website=WordPress News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181212051221/https://wordpress.org/news/2018/12/bebo/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181212051221/https://wordpress.org/news/2018/12/bebo/)|archive-date=December 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukaŵa editor yaphaya ya "Gutenberg" – editor yakujintha pa mabuloko; iyo yikuzomerezga ŵagwiliskiri ntchito kusintha vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka munthowa yapusu kuluska kale. Mabuloko ni vigawo vyakupambana ivyo vikupanga uthenga panji kakhazikikiro ka [[web page]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://codex.wordpress.org/Gutenberg](https://codex.wordpress.org/Gutenberg)|title=Gutenberg « WordPress Codex|website=codex.wordpress.org|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180903045206/https://codex.wordpress.org/Gutenberg](https://web.archive.org/web/20180903045206/https://codex.wordpress.org/Gutenberg)|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Vinthu vyakale ivyo vikapangika pa WordPress vili kulembeka musi mwa icho chikuchemeka Classic Block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://gogutenberg.com/blocks/classic/](https://gogutenberg.com/blocks/classic/)|title=The Complete Guide to Gutenberg's Classic Block|website=go gutenberg|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222339/https://gogutenberg.com/blocks/classic/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222339/https://gogutenberg.com/blocks/classic/)|archive-date=December 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pambere Gutenberg yindafike, pakaŵa ma editor ghanandi ghakujintha pa block agho ghakaŵapo nga ni maplugin gha WordPress, nga ni [[Elementor]]. Pamanyuma pa kufuma kwa Gutenberg, pakaŵa kuyelezgera pakati pa iyo na maplugin agho ghakaŵapo kale.<ref>[[https://createandcode.com/gutenberg-vs-elementor-comparison/](https://createandcode.com/gutenberg-vs-elementor-comparison/) Gutenberg vs Elementor: Comparing The New WordPress Block Editor To Elementor], ''CREATE & CODE'', December 5, 2018</ref><ref>[[https://elementor.com/blog/gutenberg-vs-elementor/](https://elementor.com/blog/gutenberg-vs-elementor/) Gutenberg vs. Elementor: ThemeIsle Actually Attempted to Build Their New Site With Both — Here’s What Happened] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200714052835/https://elementor.com/blog/gutenberg-vs-elementor/](https://web.archive.org/web/20200714052835/https://elementor.com/blog/gutenberg-vs-elementor/) |date=July 14, 2020 }}, ''Elementor.com'', February 6, 2020</ref> ##### Plugin ya Classic Editor Plugin ya Classic Editor yikapangika chifukwa cha ivyo ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵakukhumba ndipo yikawovwira ŵakupanga ma website kusunga maplugin ghakale agho ghakagwiranga ntchito pa WordPress 4.9 pera, kupereka nyengo kwa ŵakupanga plugin kuti vazanozgeke kuti zigwire ntchito pa 5.0. Kuŵa na plugin ya Classic Editor kukuwezgerapo nthowa yakale yakulemberamo ("classic") iyo WordPress yikaŵa nayo pambere WordPress 5.0 yindafumike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.godaddy.com/garage/wordpress-5-release/](https://www.godaddy.com/garage/wordpress-5-release/)|title=A tip for the WordPress 5.0 release – Gutenberg and the Classic Editor|date=2018-12-06|website=Garage|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181213121919/https://www.godaddy.com/garage/wordpress-5-release/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181213121919/https://www.godaddy.com/garage/wordpress-5-release/)|archive-date=December 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Plugin ya Classic Editor yovwirikenge m’paka kufika mu chaka cha 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/](https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/)|title=Classic Editor|website=WordPress.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181212062136/https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181212062136/https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/)|archive-date=December 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu Ogasiti 2023, plugin ya Classic Editor yikugwira ntchito pa malo ghakujumpha 5 miliyoni gha WordPress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/](https://wordpress.org/plugins/classic-editor/)|title=Classic Editor|website=WordPress.org|quote=Active installations: 5+ million|access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> == Malo Ghakutekenyeka == [[File:Apache Log.png|thumb|Log ya [[Apache HTTP Server]], yikulongora ŵanthu awo ŵiza pa login ya WordPress.]] Masuzgo ghanandi gha chivikiliro<ref>{{cite web |date=June 28, 2007 |title=David Kierznowski |url=[http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607/](http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607/) |publisher=Blogsecurity.net |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309013608/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607](https://web.archive.org/web/20120309013608/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607) |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> yasangika na kunozgeka mu software iyi, chomenechomene mu 2007, 2008, na 2015. Mndandanda wa masuzgo gha chivikiliro gha WordPress, agho ghandanozgeke ghose pa nyengo iyo, ukusungika na SecurityScorecard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wordpress: Security vulnerabilities, CVEs |publisher=SecurityScorecard|website=CVEdetails.com (security vulnerability database)| url=[https://www.cvedetails.com/vulnerability-list/vendor_id-2337/product_id-4096/Wordpress-Wordpress.html](https://www.cvedetails.com/vulnerability-list/vendor_id-2337/product_id-4096/Wordpress-Wordpress.html)|date=4 April 2024| access-date=1 December 2024}} Updated as required.</ref> Mu Januwale 2007, ma blog ghanandi ghakumanyikwa gha [[search engine optimization]] (SEO), kweniso ma blog ghanyake ghakuchitira malonda agho ghakaŵa na [[AdSense]], yakaŵa chakuluta cha kuwukirika kwa WordPress exploit.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.threadwatch.org/node/11333](http://www.threadwatch.org/node/11333) |title=WordPress Exploit Nails Big Name Seo Bloggers |publisher=Threadwatch.org |access-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181006064601/http://www.threadwatch.org/node/11333](https://web.archive.org/web/20181006064601/http://www.threadwatch.org/node/11333) |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Suzgo linyake lakupambana pa server yimoza ya webusaiti ya polojekiti yikazomerezga munthu kwinjizga code yakunanga munthowa ya [[Backdoor (computing)|back door]] ku ma download ghanyake gha WordPress 2.1.1. Kufumiskika kwa 2.1.2 kukanozga nkhani iyi; ulongozgi uwo ukafumiskika pa nyengo iyo ukachenjezga ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ghose kuti ŵasinthe pulogilamu yawo mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://wordpress.org/development/2007/03/upgrade-212/](https://wordpress.org/development/2007/03/upgrade-212/) |title=WordPress 2.1.1 dangerous, Upgrade to 2.1.2 |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=March 4, 2007 |date=March 2, 2007 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070304065650/http://wordpress.org/development/2007/03/upgrade-212/](https://web.archive.org/web/20070304065650/http://wordpress.org/development/2007/03/upgrade-212/) |archive-date=March 4, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2007, kafukufuku wakalongora kuti 98% ya ma blog gha WordPress agho ghakagwiranga ntchito ghakaŵa pangozi chifukwa ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinyake vyakale ivyo vikawa vyambura wovwiri.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315201030/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/articles/article-230507](https://web.archive.org/web/20120315201030/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/articles/article-230507) |url=[http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/articles/article-230507/](http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/articles/article-230507/) |title=Survey Finds Most WordPress Blogs Vulnerable |publisher=Blog Security |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=June 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Kuti awovwire kumazga suzgo ili, WordPress yikapanga nthowa ya kusintha software kuŵa yapusu chomene, "kudofya kamoza" (one-click) mu vinyake vya 2.7 (yakufumiskika mu Disemba 2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://codex.wordpress.org/Updating_WordPress](https://codex.wordpress.org/Updating_WordPress) |title=Updating WordPress |publisher=WordPress Codex |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011074540/http://codex.wordpress.org/Updating_WordPress](https://web.archive.org/web/20121011074540/http://codex.wordpress.org/Updating_WordPress) |archive-date=October 11, 2012 }}</ref> Kweni, masitayilo gha chivikiliro gha filesystem agho ghakukhumbikwa kuti nthowa iyi igwire ntchito ghakhoza kuŵa pangozi yinyake.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.realstorygroup.com/Blog/1663-Yet-another-WordPress-release](http://www.realstorygroup.com/Blog/1663-Yet-another-WordPress-release) |title=Yet another WordPress release |date=August 13, 2009 |access-date=September 24, 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030230921/http://www.realstorygroup.com/Blog/1663-Yet-another-WordPress-release](https://web.archive.org/web/20121030230921/http://www.realstorygroup.com/Blog/1663-Yet-another-WordPress-release) |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu June 2007, Stefan Esser, uyo wakambiska PHP Security Response Team, wakayowoya mwakususka vya mbiri ya chivikiliro ya WordPress, wakuzunura masuzgo gha kapangidwe ka application agho ghakapangiska kuti kuŵe kwakusuzga kulemba code iyo njakuvikilirika ku [[SQL injection]], na masuzgo ghanyake.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121013080700/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607](https://web.archive.org/web/20121013080700/http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607) |url=[http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607/](http://blogsecurity.net/wordpress/interview-280607/) |title=Interview with Stefan Esser |publisher=BlogSecurity |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |date=June 28, 2007 |access-date=June 15, 2010}}</ref> Mu June 2013, kukasangika kuti maplugin ghanandi gha WordPress agho ghakatsika chomene ghakaŵa pangozi ku mawukiridwe gha Web nga ni SQL injection na [[Cross-site scripting|XSS]]. Kafukufuku munyake wa maplugin 10 ghapachanya gha e-commerce wakalongora kuti masekondi ghano (7) ghakaŵa pangozi.<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Westervelt |url=[http://www.crn.com/news/security/240156883/popular-wordpress-e-commerce-plugins-riddled-with-security-flaws.htm](http://www.crn.com/news/security/240156883/popular-wordpress-e-commerce-plugins-riddled-with-security-flaws.htm) |title=Popular WordPress E-Commerce Plugins Riddled With Security Flaws – Page: 1 |publisher=CRN |date=June 18, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150320025904/http://www.crn.com/news/security/240156883/popular-wordpress-e-commerce-plugins-riddled-with-security-flaws.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20150320025904/http://www.crn.com/news/security/240156883/popular-wordpress-e-commerce-plugins-riddled-with-security-flaws.htm) |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuti ŵakhozge chivikiliro na kupangiska kusintha kwa software kuŵa kwapusu, kusintha kwa software kwa kuseri kwakujichitikira kukaŵikika mu WordPress 3.7.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://codex.wordpress.org/Configuring_Automatic_Background_Updates](https://codex.wordpress.org/Configuring_Automatic_Background_Updates) |title=Configuring Automatic Background Updates « WordPress Codex |publisher=Codex.wordpress.org |access-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140628074829/http://codex.wordpress.org/Configuring_Automatic_Background_Updates](https://web.archive.org/web/20140628074829/http://codex.wordpress.org/Configuring_Automatic_Background_Updates) |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kukhazikika kwa WordPress kukhoza kuvikilirika na maplugin gha chivikiliro agho ghakutondeska ŵanthu kuwona mazina gha ŵagwiliskiri ntchito, kubisa vinthu, na kutondeska kafukufuku. Ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵakhozgaso kuvikilira WordPress yawo mwa kukhazikiska vinyake viphaya, ma theme, na maplugin ghose, kugwiliskira ntchito ma theme na maplugin ghakugomezgeka pera,<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.pingable.org/original-free-wordpress-security-infographic-by-pingable/](http://www.pingable.org/original-free-wordpress-security-infographic-by-pingable/) |title=Original Free WordPress Security Infographic by Pingable |last=Ward |first=Simon |date=July 9, 2012 |publisher=Pingable |access-date=October 28, 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093957/http://www.pingable.org/original-free-wordpress-security-infographic-by-pingable/](https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093957/http://www.pingable.org/original-free-wordpress-security-infographic-by-pingable/) |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> na kusintha fayilo ya site ya <kbd>[[.htaccess]]</kbd> usange webserver yikuzomerezga kuti yitondesque mawukiridwe gha SQL injection na kukanizga ŵanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka kuwona mafayilo gha chisisi. Nkhwakuzirwa chomene kusintha maplugin gha WordPress chifukwa ŵa [[hacker (computer security)|hacker]] ŵakhoza kusanga mndandanda wa maplugin ghose agho webusaiti yikugwiliskira ntchito na kupenja pangozi. Usange pangozi zasangika, zikhoza kugwiliskirika ntchito na ŵa hacker, kwa chiyelezgero, kuŵika mafayilo ghawo (nga ni [[web shell]]) agho ghakusonkhanitsa uthenga wa chisisi. Ŵakupanga software ŵakhoza kugwiliskiraso ntchito vyakugwilira ntchito kuti ŵawone pangozi izo zingakaŵapo, kusazgapo Jetpack Protect, WPScan, WordPress Auditor, na WordPress Sploit Framework. Vyakugwilira ntchito ivi vikufufuza pangozi zakumanyikwa nga ni [[Cross-site request forgery|CSRF]], [[Local File Inclusion|LFI]], [[File inclusion vulnerability|RFI]], XSS, SQL injection, na user enumeration. Kweni, ni pangozi zose yayi izo zingasangika na vyakugwilira ntchito ivi, ntheura nkhwakunozga kuwona code ya maplugin, ma theme, na vinyake kufuma ku ŵakupanga software ŵanyake. Mu Malichi 2015, kukaripoteka kuti plugin ya Yoast SEO yikaŵa pangozi ku SQL injection, kuzomerezga ŵakuwukira kuti ŵachite malangulo gha SQL.<ref>{{Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ID|2015-2292}} {{Cite web |url=[http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2292](http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2292) |title=Cve - Cve-2015-2292 |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170614212804/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2292](https://web.archive.org/web/20170614212804/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2292) |url-status=live}}, Retrieved on July 7, 2017</ref><ref>Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures {{Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ID|2015-2293}}{{Cite web |url=[http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2293](http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2293) |title=Cve - Cve-2015-2293 |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=June 15, 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170615040555/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2293](https://web.archive.org/web/20170615040555/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-2293) |url-status=live}}, Retrieved on July 7, 2017</ref> Suzgo ili likanozgeka mu vinyake vya 1.7.4 vya plugin iyi.<ref>Barry Schwartz [[http://searchengineland.com/yoast-wordpress-seo-plugin-vulnerable-to-hackers-216656](http://searchengineland.com/yoast-wordpress-seo-plugin-vulnerable-to-hackers-216656) "Yoast WordPress SEO Plugin Vulnerable To Hackers"] {{Webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160211201247/http://searchengineland.com/yoast-wordpress-seo-plugin-vulnerable-to-hackers-216656](https://web.archive.org/web/20160211201247/http://searchengineland.com/yoast-wordpress-seo-plugin-vulnerable-to-hackers-216656) |date=February 11, 2016 }}, Retrieved on February 13, 2016.</ref> Mu Januwale 2017, ŵakuwona vya chivikiliro pa Sucuri ŵakasanga suzgo mu WordPress [[REST API]] ilo likazomerezganga munthu waliyose kwinjizga uthenga na kusintha post panji page mu WordPress 4.7 panji kujumpha. Ŵakuwona aŵa ŵakachenjezga ŵakupanga WordPress mwakuchela, ndipo mu masekondi ghano (6), WordPress yikafumiska kunozga kwa 4.7.2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=[https://make.wordpress.org/core/2017/02/01/disclosure-of-additional-security-fix-in-wordpress-4-7-2/](https://make.wordpress.org/core/2017/02/01/disclosure-of-additional-security-fix-in-wordpress-4-7-2/)|title=Disclosure of Additional Security Fix in WordPress 4.7.2|date=2017-02-01|newspaper=Make WordPress Core|access-date=2017-02-16|language=en-US|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170216141000/https://make.wordpress.org/core/2017/02/01/disclosure-of-additional-security-fix-in-wordpress-4-7-2/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170216141000/https://make.wordpress.org/core/2017/02/01/disclosure-of-additional-security-fix-in-wordpress-4-7-2/)|archive-date=February 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=[https://blog.sucuri.net/2017/02/content-injection-vulnerability-wordpress-rest-api.html](https://blog.sucuri.net/2017/02/content-injection-vulnerability-wordpress-rest-api.html)|title=Content Injection Vulnerability in WordPress 4.7 and 4.7.1|date=2017-02-01|newspaper=Sucuri Blog|access-date=2017-02-16|language=en-US|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131416/https://blog.sucuri.net/2017/02/content-injection-vulnerability-wordpress-rest-api.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131416/https://blog.sucuri.net/2017/02/content-injection-vulnerability-wordpress-rest-api.html)|archive-date=February 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Typical Tor Browser notification of a canvas read attempt.png|thumb|280x280px|Kuchenjezga kwa [[canvas fingerprinting]] kukuwoneka chomene mu [[Tor Browser]] pa ma website gha WordPress.]] Kufika pa WordPress 6.0, ukumu uwo ukukhumbikwa wa PHP ni PHP 5.6,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=[https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/](https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/) |title=WordPress › About » Requirements |access-date=Oct 28, 2022 |website=wordpress.org |date=Oct 28, 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221028182825/https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/](https://web.archive.org/web/20221028182825/https://wordpress.org/about/requirements/)|archive-date=Oct 28, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo yikafumiskika pa Ogasiti 28, 2014,<ref name="eol">{{cite web |url=[https://php.net/eol.php](https://php.net/eol.php) |title=Unsupported Branches |website=php.net |access-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084927/https://www.php.net/eol.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084927/https://www.php.net/eol.php) |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ndipo yili kuleka kovwirika na PHP Group kufuma pa Disemba 31, 2018.<ref name="eol" /> Ntheura, WordPress yikupereka ulongozgi wa kugwiliskira ntchito PHP 7.4 panji kujumpha.<ref name=":0" /> Para palije kusintha kwa code yawo, ma website gha WordPress ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[canvas element]] kuti ghawone usange browser yikulongora makora [[emoji]]. Chifukwa chakuti [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor Browser]] pa nyengo iyi yikumanya yayi kupambana pakati pa ntchito iyi na kuyezga kuchita [[canvas fingerprinting]], yikuchenjezga kuti webusaiti yikuyezga 'kutora uthenga wa chithunzi cha HTML5 canvas. Pachingali kuyezgelera kusanga nthowa zinyake zakovwilira ŵanthu awo ŵakupenja chisisi apo ŵakusunga luso la kuwona emoji.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/42428](https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/42428) |title=Bug report #42428: wp-emoji pops up privacy hanger in Firefox with privacy.resist fingerprinting turned on |author=|website=Make WordPress Core |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> == Kukulilira na Wovwiri == === Ŵakukuliliska software ŵapachanya === [[Matt Mullenweg]] na [[Mike Little]] ŵakaŵa ŵakwambiska polojekiti iyi. Ŵanthu ŵapachanya ŵa sono ŵali kulembeka pa webusaiti ya WordPress.<ref>{{cite web | title=Community – WordPress News | website=WordPress News| date=October 23, 2024| url=[https://wordpress.org/news/category/community/](https://wordpress.org/news/category/community/) | access-date=1 December 2024}} Updated as required.</ref> WordPress yikukuliliskikaso na gulu lawo, kusazgapo ''WP tester'', gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakuyezga chinyake chilichose icho chafuma. Ŵali na mwaŵi wa kuwona [[Neutral build|nightly builds]], vinyake vya beta, na vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kufuma. Ma error ghakulembeka kumpata kwa [[mailing list]] na chigwiliskiro cha [[Trac]]. Nangauli yikukuliliskika chomene na gulu la ŵanthu, WordPress njakukolerana chomene na [[Automattic]], kampani iyo yikambiskika na Matt Mullenweg.<ref>{{cite web |url= [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/billion-dollar-tech-company-offices-email-glenn-leibowitz](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/billion-dollar-tech-company-offices-email-glenn-leibowitz) |title= The Billion-Dollar Tech Company With No Offices or Email |access-date= 17 December 2017 |last= Leibowitz |first= Glenn |date= 17 December 2017 |quote= I recently met with Matt Mullenweg, the creator of WordPress and CEO of Automattic, the company that develops WordPress and offers a range of products and services for WordPress users both large and small. Automattic is valued today at over $1 billion. |website= [[LinkedIn]] |archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180927095957/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/billion-dollar-tech-company-offices-email-glenn-leibowitz](https://web.archive.org/web/20180927095957/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/billion-dollar-tech-company-offices-email-glenn-leibowitz) |archive-date= September 27, 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref> === WordPress Foundation === WordPress Foundation ni gulu lambura kupenja phindu ilo likapangika kuti liwovwire polojekiti ya WordPress.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=WordPress Foundation |url=[https://wordpressfoundation.org/](https://wordpressfoundation.org/) |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=WordPress Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Vasan |first=Anjana |date=2022-02-04 |title=What is the WordPress Foundation and Why Does it Exist? |url=[https://wordpressfoundation.org/news/2022/what-is-the-wordpress-foundation-and-why-does-it-exist/](https://wordpressfoundation.org/news/2022/what-is-the-wordpress-foundation-and-why-does-it-exist/) |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=WordPress Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Nilay |date=2022-03-15 |title=How WordPress and Tumblr are keeping the internet weird |url=[https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/15/22977857/wordpress-tumblr-simplenote-internet-automattic-matt-mullenweg-interview](https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/15/22977857/wordpress-tumblr-simplenote-internet-automattic-matt-mullenweg-interview) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Chilato cha gulu ili nkhusimikizga kuti software ya WordPress njakuzomerezgeka ku waliyose kwamuyirayira.<ref name=":04"/><ref name=":12" /> Monga chigawo cha ichi, gulu ili lili na WordPress, WordCamp, na ma [[trademark]] ghakukolerana.<ref name=":04"/><ref name="Trademark Policy"/><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=WordPress Foundation {{!}} Open Source Initiative |url=[https://opensource.org/node/504](https://opensource.org/node/504) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=opensource.org |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220531004225/https://opensource.org/node/504](https://web.archive.org/web/20220531004225/https://opensource.org/node/504) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Januwale 2010, Matt Mullenweg wakapanga gulu ili<ref name=":04"/> kuti liŵe na ma trademark gha polojekiti ya WordPress.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=The WordPress Foundation |url=[https://milestonesbook.wordpress.com/2015/11/25/the-wordpress-foundation/](https://milestonesbook.wordpress.com/2015/11/25/the-wordpress-foundation/) |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Milestones |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23"/> Pakwamba kufuma mu 2006 kuya munthazi Automattic yikagwiranga ntchito nga ni mweneko wa kanyengo wa ma trademark gha WordPress. Kufuma pakwamba, iyo wakakhumbanga kuzakaŵika ma trademark gha WordPress musi mwa WordPress Foundation, iyo yikaŵa yindapangike mu 2006 ndipo yikatora nyengo yitali kupangika kuluska umo kukaghanaghanikirika.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=For-Profit Automattic Gives WordPress Trademark To Non-Profit Foundation |url=[https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/09/wordpress-trademark/](https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/09/wordpress-trademark/) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=TechCrunch |date=September 10, 2010 |language=en-US }}</ref> === WordPress Photo Directory === Pa Disemba 14, 2021, [[Matt Mullenweg]] wakapharazga vya WordPress Photo Directory pa chakuchitika cha State of the Word 2021.<ref name=":13"/> Ili ni directory ya vithunzi ya [[Open-source software|open-source]] ya [[Open content|vithunzi vya wanangwa]] iyo yikusungika na polojekiti ya WordPress.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=The WordPress Photo Directory Is the Open-Source Image Project We Have Long Needed |url=[https://wptavern.com/the-wordpress-photo-directory-is-the-open-source-image-project-we-have-long-needed](https://wptavern.com/the-wordpress-photo-directory-is-the-open-source-image-project-we-have-long-needed) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=WP Tavern |language=en-US}}</ref> Directory ya vithunzi iyi yili na chilato cha kupereka nthowa yinyake ku ma [[image bank]] ghakujalika, nga ni [[Unsplash]], Pixbaby, na [[Adobe Stock]], agho malangulo ghawo gha layisensi yaŵa yakunonopa m'vyaka vyasonosono apa. Kugwiliskira ntchito mu ma theme gha WordPress, kwa chiyelezgero, nkhwakukanizgika.<ref name=":13"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=An Early Look at the WordPress Photo Directory |url=[https://speckyboy.com/wordpress-photo-directory/](https://speckyboy.com/wordpress-photo-directory/) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Speckyboy Design Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Mu Januwale 2022, polojekiti yikayamba kutora ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka, ndipo mu Febuluwale, webusaiti yawo ya ŵakupanga software yikafumiskika, uko ŵimiliri ŵa gulu ŵakasankhika pamanyuma.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-12 |title=WordPress Photo Directory Gets Its Own Make Team |url=[https://wptavern.com/wordpress-photo-directory-gets-its-own-make-team](https://wptavern.com/wordpress-photo-directory-gets-its-own-make-team) |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=WP Tavern |language=en-US}}</ref> === Misonkhano ya WordCamp ya ŵakupanga software na ŵagwiliskiri ntchito === [[File:WordCamp 2011 Bulgaria.jpg|thumb|right|WordCamp mu [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] (2011)]] Ma WordCamp ni misonkhano ya m'malo iyo yikunozgeka mwakuyana na chigawo yakukhwaskana na chilichose chakukhwaskana na WordPress.<ref name="WordCamp Central About">{{cite web|url=[https://central.wordcamp.org/about/](https://central.wordcamp.org/about/)|title=WordCamp Central > About|date=2010-05-11|publisher=Central.wordcamp.org|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190724061929/https://central.wordcamp.org/about/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190724061929/https://central.wordcamp.org/about/)|archive-date=July 24, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=August 18, 2019}}</ref> Chakuchitika chakwamba chikaŵa WordCamp 2006 mu Ogasiti 2006 mu [[San Francisco]], icho chikachitika zuŵa limoza ndipo chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://sf.wordcamp.org/2014/](https://sf.wordcamp.org/2014/) |title=WordCamp 2006 |publisher=2006.wordcamp.org |access-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126043742/http://2006.wordcamp.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20111126043742/http://2006.wordcamp.org/) |archive-date=November 26, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=[https://sf.wordcamp.org/2014/](https://sf.wordcamp.org/2014/) |title=WordCamp 2011 |publisher=2011.sf.wordcamp.org |access-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111209012321/http://2011.sf.wordcamp.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20111209012321/http://2011.sf.wordcamp.org/) |archive-date=December 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> WordCamp yakwamba kuwaro kwa San Francisco yikachitikira ku [[Beijing]] mu Sekutemba 2007.<ref name="wordcamp schedule">{{cite web |url=[https://central.wordcamp.org/schedule/](https://central.wordcamp.org/schedule/) |title=WordCamp Central > Schedule |publisher=Central.wordcamp.org |access-date=December 18, 2011 |date=2010-09-27 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216213930/http://central.wordcamp.org/schedule/](https://web.archive.org/web/20111216213930/http://central.wordcamp.org/schedule/) |archive-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma nyengo iyo, kuli kuŵa ma WordCamp ghakujumpha 1,022 mu misumba yakujumpha 75 mu vyaru 65 pa charu chose.<ref name="WordCamp Central About" /> WordCamp San Francisco 2014 chikaŵa chakuchitika chaumaliro cha chaka na chaka cha ŵakupanga WordPress na ŵagwiliskiri ntchito icho chikachitikira ku San Francisco, ndipo sono chilisinthika na WordCamp US.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://central.wordcamp.org/news/2011/01/wordcampsf-not-wordcon/](https://central.wordcamp.org/news/2011/01/wordcampsf-not-wordcon/) |title=WordCamp SF Announced (not WordCon) | WordCamp Central |publisher=Central.wordcamp.org |date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090835/http://central.wordcamp.org/news/2011/01/24/wordcampsf-not-wordcon/](https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090835/http://central.wordcamp.org/news/2011/01/24/wordcampsf-not-wordcon/) |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chikayamba mu 2013 nga ni WordCamp Europe, ma WordCamp gha chigawo mu vigawo vinyake ghakuchitika kuti ghakoleranyiske ŵanthu awo ŵandajipeleke mu vigawo vyawo na kuchiska ŵanthu awo ŵiza kuti ŵayambiske magulu gha ŵagwiliskiri ntchito mu misumba yawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://make.wordpress.org/community/handbook/wordcamp-organizer/become-an-organizer/regional-wordcamps/](https://make.wordpress.org/community/handbook/wordcamp-organizer/become-an-organizer/regional-wordcamps/)|title=Regional WordCamps|date=2017-08-21|website=Make WordPress Communities|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180928012337/https://make.wordpress.org/community/handbook/wordcamp-organizer/become-an-organizer/regional-wordcamps/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180928012337/https://make.wordpress.org/community/handbook/wordcamp-organizer/become-an-organizer/regional-wordcamps/)|archive-date=September 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2019, [[Nordic countries|chigawo cha Nordic]] chikaŵa na WordCamp Nordic yawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://yoast.com/wordpress-conferences-gutenberg-news/](https://yoast.com/wordpress-conferences-gutenberg-news/)|title=New conferences, Gutenberg news and more! • Yoast|date=2018-10-12|website=Yoast|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181018075057/https://yoast.com/wordpress-conferences-gutenberg-news/](https://web.archive.org/web/20181018075057/https://yoast.com/wordpress-conferences-gutenberg-news/)|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-nordic-2019-to-be-held-in-helsinki-march-7-8](https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-nordic-2019-to-be-held-in-helsinki-march-7-8)|title=WordCamp Nordic 2019 to be Held in Helsinki, March 7-8|date=2018-10-12|website=WordPress Tavern|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190714125812/https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-nordic-2019-to-be-held-in-helsinki-march-7-8](https://web.archive.org/web/20190714125812/https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-nordic-2019-to-be-held-in-helsinki-march-7-8)|archive-date=July 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> WordCamp yakwamba ya [[Asia]] yikakhumbanga kuchitika mu 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-asia-set-for-february-21-23-2020-in-bangkok-thailand](https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-asia-set-for-february-21-23-2020-in-bangkok-thailand)|title=WordCamp Asia Set for February 21-23, 2020, in Bangkok, Thailand|date=2019-07-24|website=WordPress Tavern|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190725132804/https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-asia-set-for-february-21-23-2020-in-bangkok-thailand](https://web.archive.org/web/20190725132804/https://wptavern.com/wordcamp-asia-set-for-february-21-23-2020-in-bangkok-thailand)|archive-date=July 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> kweni yikafutulika chifukwa cha [[COVID-19 pandemic|nthenda ya COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://asia.wordcamp.org/2020/cancellation/](https://asia.wordcamp.org/2020/cancellation/)|title=WordCamp Asia 2020 Cancellation: Event Ticket and Travel Refunds|last=Takano|first=Naoko|date=2020-02-12|website=WordCamp Asia 2020|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> === Wovwiri === Webusaiti yikuru ya wovwiri ya WordPress ni WordPress.org. Webusaiti iyi yili na WordPress Codex, buku la ulongozgi la pa internet la WordPress na forum ya WordPress, malo gha ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵa WordPress.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://codex.wordpress.org/](https://codex.wordpress.org/) |title=WordPress Codex |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312145153/http://codex.wordpress.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140312145153/http://codex.wordpress.org/) |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> na WordPress Forums, gulu la ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵa WordPress.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://wordpress.org/support/](https://wordpress.org/support/) |title=WordPress Forums |publisher=WordPress.org |access-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313052756/http://wordpress.org/support/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140313052756/http://wordpress.org/support/) |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Hosting === {{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}} Ntchito za hosting za WordPress kanandi zikupeleka nthowa ya kukhazikiska WordPress na kudofya kamoza, kusintha software na kukhazikiska backups kwakujichitikira, na chivikiliro ku mawukiridwe ghanandi. Ghanandi ghakupeleka wovwiri na kukhazikika kuti yigwire ntchito makora na CMS. Pali nthowa ziwiri zikuru za hosting ya WordPress: shared WordPress hosting na managed WordPress hosting. Shared WordPress hosting ni nthowa ya mtengo wapusi uko ma website ghanandi ghakusungika pa server yimoza, ghakugaŵana vinthu. Managed WordPress hosting yikusazgapo kusamalira kose kwa webusaiti ya WordPress, kusazgapo wovwiri wa technical, chivikiliro, kunozga kagwiridwe ntchito, na kanandi vinthu vinandi vya server, kweni njamtengo wapatali. == Wonaniso == {{Portal|Free and open-source software|Internet}} * [[List of content management systems]] * [[NextGEN Gallery]] * [[Weblog software]] * [[WordPress.com]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Sister project links|d=Q13166|voy=no|commons=Category:WordPress|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|q=no|n=no|s=no}} * {{Official website}} {{Automattic Inc.}} {{Web frameworks}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:WordPress| ]] [[Category:2003 software]] [[Category:Automattic]] [[Category:Blog software]] [[Category:Content management systems]] [[Category:Free and open-source Android software]] [[Category:Free content management systems]] [[Category:Free software programmed in PHP]] [[Category:Software forks]] [[Category:Software using the GNU General Public License]] [[Category:Website management]] clglw38wa861shon2k6vpmbbx3ftw0o 0 47186 122730 115183 2026-09-28T03:45:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122730 wikitext text/x-wiki WooCommerce ni pulagini ya malonda pa intaneti ya WordPress yakujulika kwa waliyose. Yikapangikila ŵamalonda ŵachoko na ŵakuru ŵapa intaneti awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito WordPress. Yikafumiskika pa 27 Seputemba, 2011, ndipo pulagini iyi yikamanyikwa luŵiro chifukwa cha kupusu kuyika na kusintha ndiposo chifukwa cha malo gha msika ya chinthu chakwamba nga ni pulogiramu yaulere (nangauli vinyake ivyo ungasazgirako ni vyakulipira kweniso vya ŵene). WooCommerce yikupangika na kovwirika na Woo ndipo muli wovwiri wakufuma ku gulu la ŵapangi ŵa pulogilamu pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez, Sarah |date=27 September 2011 |title=WooThemes Launches WooCommerce To Turn WordPress Sites Into Online Shops |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/27/woothemes-launches-woocommerce-to-turn-wordpress-sites-into-online-shops/ |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=What is WooCommerce? |url=https://woocommerce.com/woocommerce/ |publisher=woocommerce.com}}</ref> == Mbiri == WooCommerce pakudanga yikapangika na mupangi wa mawonekero gha WordPress (themes) wa WooThemes, uyo wakalemba ntchito Mike Jolley na James Koster, ŵapangi ŵa mapulogilamu pa Jigowatt, kuti ŵagwire ntchito pa mtundu unyake wakutolera ku Jigoshop uwo ukazgoka WooCommerce. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale 2020, kukapimika kuti WooCommerce yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa masamba gha pa intaneti pafupifupi miliyoni 3.9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez, Sarah |date=27 September 2011 |title=WooThemes Launches WooCommerce To Turn WordPress Sites Into Online Shops |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/27/woothemes-launches-woocommerce-to-turn-wordpress-sites-into-online-shops/ |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=What is WooCommerce? |url=https://woocommerce.com/woocommerce/ |publisher=woocommerce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=Our forking views |url=https://www.jigoshop.com/blog/2011/08/26/our-forking-views/ |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=Jigoshop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imel, Ryan |date=25 August 2011 |title=WooThemes forks Jigoshop into WooCommerce, launches WooLabs |url=http://wpcandy.com/reports/woothemes-forks-jigoshop-into-woocommerce/#.UjpYzN3_DXF/ |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=WPCandy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107091538/http://wpcandy.com/reports/woothemes-forks-jigoshop-into-woocommerce/#.UjpYzN3_DXF/ |archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyde |first=Ethan |title=WooCommerce Vs Shopify |url=https://moreleadsmorerevenue.com/shopify-vs-woocommerce/ |publisher=More Leads More Revenue |access-date=2026-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813064029/https://moreleadsmorerevenue.com/shopify-vs-woocommerce/ |archive-date=2021-08-13}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Novemba 2014, msonkhano wakudanga wa WooConf, uwo ukaŵa pa [[malonda pa intaneti|eCommerce]] pakugwiliskira ntchito WooCommerce, ukachitikira mu msumba wa [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. Ukakoka ŵanthu ŵakusangikapo ŵakukwana 300.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://2014.wooconf.com/ | title=Dedicated to store owners & WordPress developers wanting to learn the art of eCommerce using WooCommerce | publisher=Wooconf | date=November 2014 | access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2017}} Mu mwezi wa Meyi 2015, WooThemes na WooCommerce yakagulika na [[Automattic]], uwo ni mwenecho wa [[WordPress.com]] kweniso munjizgi mulara wa pulogilamu ya WordPress.<ref name=recode-automattic>{{cite web|title=WordPress Parent Automattic Buys WooCommerce, a Shopping Tool for Web Publishers|url=http://recode.net/2015/05/19/wordpress-parent-automattic-buys-woocommerce-a-shopping-tool-for-web-publishers/|website=Re/code|access-date=19 May 2015|date=2015-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520183506/http://recode.net/2015/05/19/wordpress-parent-automattic-buys-woocommerce-a-shopping-tool-for-web-publishers/|archive-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Disemba 2020, WooCommerce yikagula MailPoet, pulagini yakumanyikwa ya pa WordPress yakusamalira makalata gha nkhani.<ref>{{cite web|title=MailPoet Joins WooCommerce|url=https://www.mailpoet.com/blog/mailpoet-joins-woocommerce/|website=MailPoet Blog|access-date= 7 December 2020|date=2020-12-07}}</ref> Pamanyuma, WooCommerce yikafumiska pulogilamu ya pa foni ya WooCommerce ya [[IOS (Apple)|iOS]] na [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. Pulogilamu iyi yikovwira ŵeneku ŵa masitolo gha WooCommerce kulaŵiska na kusamalira masitolo ghawo kufuma pa mafoni ghawo.<ref>{{cite web|title=WooCommerce Mobile App announcement|url=https://woocommerce.com/posts/turn-ideas-into-products-and-capture-your-creative-spirit-with-the-woocommerce-mobile-app/|website=WooCommerce Blog|access-date= 22 March 2022|date=2022-03-22}}</ref> Pa 31 Okutobala, 2023, WooCommerce yakasintha kazunuliro ka zina lake kuŵa Woo. Zina lakuti Woo ndilo [[Automattic]] yikuyitchulira kampani iyi, apo WooCommerce ni nthowa yakujulika ya malonda pa intaneti ya WordPress — chinthu chikuru cha Woo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Say Hello to Woo.com|url=https://www.geekseller.com/blog/say-hello-to-woo-com/|website=GeekSeller Blog|access-date= 18 February 2024|date=2023-10-31}}</ref> ==Kugwiliskirika Ntchito== WooCommerce yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa masamba gha intaneti ghanandi ghaŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni WP Configurator (What is WooCommerce).<ref>{{cite web |last=G. |first=Charlie |date=2025-04-11 |title=What is WooCommerce? |url=https://wpconfigurator.com/what-is-woocommerce/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |publisher=WP Configurator}}</ref> Mu sabata ya chitatu ya mwezi wa Sekutemba 2015, kafukufuku wakalongora kuti WooCommerce yikagwiranga ntchito pa 30%<ref name="builtwith">{{cite web | url=http://trends.builtwith.com/shop | title=Statistics for websites using Ecommerce technologies (The Entire Internet Tab) | publisher=builtwith.com | access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> ya masamba ghose gha malonda pa intaneti ndipo yikaŵikika pa masamba mamiliyoni ghanandi.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnimont|first1=Joe|title=WooCommerce Review: The King of Ecommerce Plugins on WordPress|url=https://ecommerce-platforms.com/ecommerce-reviews/woocommerce-review|access-date=30 April 2018|work=Ecommerce Platforms|date=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Traver|first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOTGEAAAQBAJ |title=E-commerce 2023–2024: business. technology. society., Global Edition |date=2024|publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=978-1292449722 |location=Case study of open source for small business digitalization - Pagemira Marketplace, C74 pages 486}}</ref> Kuyana na W3Techs, WooCommerce yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa 9.2% ya masamba ghose gha pa intaneti mu mwezi wa Okutobala 2024.<ref name="W3Techs">{{cite web | url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cm-woocommerce | title=Usage statistics and market share of WooCommerce | publisher=w3techs.com | access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> Kufuma apo Automattic yikagulira kampani iyi, WooCommerce yalutilira kukura na kuŵa yimoza mwa nthowa zakulongozga pa [[Malonda pa intaneti|E-commerce]] pa intaneti.<ref>{{cite web |title=WooCommerce keeps gaining Market Share |date=5 August 2018 |url=http://prowoos.com/woocommerce-keeps-gaining-market-share/ |publisher=ProWoos |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> == Vinthu Vyakusazgirapo (Extensions) == WooCommerce yamanyikwa chomene chifukwa chinthu chikuru, pamoza na vinthu vinyake vyakuŵikapo, ni [[pulogilamu yaulere|vyanthengere]] kweniso [[pulogilamu yakujulika|vyakujulika kwa waliyose]]. WooCommerce yili na vinthu vyakusazgirapo mahandiredi ghanandi na mapulagini ghakujumpha 1,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hollerwp.com/woocommerce-statistics/|title=[Infographic] 2017 WooCommerce Statistics|date=2017-08-01|work=Holler Box|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Kweniso, kuliso vinthu vinyake masauzandi vinandi vyakulipira pa mtengo wakukhazikika. Mawonekero ghanandi gha Premium (Themes) ghakupeleka mwaŵi wakugwira ntchito na WooCommerce pamoza na mapulagini agho ghakovwira kuti nthowa ya mawonekero yigwirenge ntchito.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://wordpress.org/plugins/genesis-connect-woocommerce/|title = WooCommerce Genesis Framework for WooCommerce}}</ref> == Ndalama (Revenues) == Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2017 na Todd Wilkins, mulara wa WooCommerce, wakalongora kuti masitolo gha WooCommerce ghangapanga ndalama pafupifupi madola mabiliyoni 10 ($10 billion) mu malonda ghawo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wptavern.com/woocommerce-stores-on-track-to-surpass-10b-in-sales-this-year|title=WooCommerce Stores on Track to Surpass $10B in Sales This Year|date=2017-10-19|work=WordPress Tavern|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * [[Comparison of shopping cart software]] * [[List of online payment service providers]] * [[WordPress]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vyakuluta kuwalo== * {{Official website|https://woocommerce.com/}} {{Automattic Inc.}} [[Category:Free e-commerce software]] [[Category:Free software programmed in PHP]] [[Category:Online payments]] [[Category:WordPress]] [[Category:Companies of South Africa]] [[Category:Software using the GNU General Public License]] nw3svng6amw4qw0zlu9fdtpeq8l0u7p 0 47219 122564 119289 2026-09-28T01:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Nthowa ya kulongozga ntchito ya gulu kuti vilato na vilingo vifiskike pa nyengo yakutemeka}} {{Distinguish|Ulamuliro wa katundu}}{{Use American English|date=November 2021}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Business administration}} '''Ulamuliro wa milimo''' ni nthowa ya kulaŵilira ntchito ya [[Project team|gulu]] kuti vilato vyose vya mulimo vifiskike mukati mwa vyakulimira ivyo vyapeleka.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0072230622|page=[https://archive.org/details/pmpprojectmanage00jose/page/354 354]|title=PMP Project Management Professional Study Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/pmpprojectmanage00jose|last1=Phillips |first1=Joseph |year=2004 |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne }}</ref> Ukaboni uwu kanandi ukulembeka mu [[project initiation documentation|vinyake vyakulongozga mulimo]], ivyo vikunozgeka pakwamba kwa nthowa yakupanga vinthu. Vyakulimira vikuru ni [[Scope (project management)|mumpaka wa ntchito]], nyengo, na [[budget|chuma chakutemeka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baratta|first=Angelo|date=2006|title=The triple constraint a triple illusion|url=https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/triple-constraint-erroneous-useless-value-8024|access-date=22 December 2022|website=PMI}}</ref> Chigezgo chachiŵiri ni [[operations research|kunozga chomene]] kugaŵira kwa vyakukhumbikwa na kuvigwiliskira ntchito kuti vilato ivyo vikaŵikika kale vifiskike. Chilato cha ulamuliro wa milimo ni kupanga mulimo wakufiskika uwo ukukolerana na vilato vya mwenecho. Mu vyakuchitika vinandi, chilato cha ulamuliro wa milimo ni kusontha panji kunozga dango la mwenecho kuti vilato vyake vifiskike mwakwenelera. Vilato vya mwenecho vikati vyakhazikika, vikwenera kulongozga vyakusankha vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali mu mulimo uwu ŵakupanga—chiyelezgero, ŵalaŵiliri ba milimo, ŵanozgi ba vyakuoneka, ŵazengi ŵakuru, na ŵazengi ŵachoko. Vilato vya ulamuliro wa milimo ivyo vili kulembeka uheni panji ivyo vili kukanizgika chomene vikuŵika nthumbo nthowa ya kusankha vinthu. [[Project|Mulimo]] (Project) ni ntchito ya kanyengo na ya chapadera iyo yapangika kuti yifumiske katundu, uteŵeti, panji chakufumapo chinyake na pakwambira na pakumalira (kanandi pakuŵa na mphaka ya nyengo, ndiposo mphaka ya chuma panji ŵantchito) iyo yikuchitika kuti yifiske vilato vyapadera, chomenechomene kuti yifiske kusintha kuwemi panji kusazgirapo mtengo.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9780273710974|title=The Definitive Guide to Project Management: The Fast Track to Getting the Job Done on Time and on Budget |url=https://archive.org/details/definitiveguidet0000noke|last1=Nokes |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kelly |first2=Sean |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education. Prentice Hall Financial Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmi.org/About-Us/About-Us-What-is-Project-Management.aspx|title=What is Project Management?|publisher=[[Project Management Institute]]|access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> Kachitiro ka milimo ka kanyengo aka kakupambana na ntchito ya mazuŵa ghose (panji kachitiro),<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0787971138|page=[https://archive.org/details/rightprojectsdon0000dins_y7g6/page/35 35]|title=Right Projects Done Right: From Business Strategy to Successful Project Implementation |url=https://archive.org/details/rightprojectsdon0000dins_y7g6|last1=Dinsmore |first1=Paul C. |last2=Cooke-Davies |first2=Terence J. |date=4 November 2005 |publisher=Wiley }}</ref> izo ni ntchito zakuzunzikazunzi, zanyengozose panji zakufika pafupi kuŵa zanyengozose kuti zifumiske katundu panji uteŵeti. Pa kachitiro, [[management|ulamuliro]] wa nthowa zakupangira vinthu zakupambana izi ukukhumbikwa luso la luso lapadera na nthowa za ulamuliro.<ref name="Cattani201u1">{{cite book|title=Project-Based Organizing and Strategic Management|first1=Gino |last1=Cattani|first2=Simone|last2=Ferriani|first3=Lars|last3=Frederiksen|first4=Florian|last4=Täube|publisher=Emerald|location=Leeds, England|year=2011|isbn=978-1780521930|series=Advances in Strategic Management|volume=28}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike, milimo ya [[civil engineering|unyanziri wa chizengi]] kanandi yikalamuliranga na ŵanozgi ŵakale, ŵanyanziri, na [[master builder (occupation)|ŵazengi ŵakuru]] ŵenecho, chiyelezgero, [[Vitruvius]] (m'ma 100 BCE), [[Christopher Wren]] (1632–1723), [[Thomas Telford]] (1757–1834), na [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] (1806–1859).<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9780566087721|edition=9|title=Project Management|last=Lock|first=Dennis}}</ref> M'ma 1950, mawupu ghakayamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero na maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo mwakulongozgeka chomene pa milimo yakusuzga ya unyanziri.<ref name="YHK05">{{cite book|first=Young-Hoon|last=Kwak|year=2005|chapter=A brief History of Project Management|title=The story of managing projects|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_1567205062|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |editor= [[Elias G. Carayannis]]|isbn=1567205062}}</ref> [[File:Henry Gantt.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Henry Gantt]] (1861–1919), mapiŵi wa maluso gha kupanga ndondomeko na ulamuliro]] Nga ni chisambizgo, ulamuliro wa milimo ukakura kufuma mu vigaŵa vinandi kusazgapo chizengi cha boma, unyanziri, na ntchito zikuru za [[Defense (military)|uvikiliro wa nkhondo]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Project Management Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/globalprojectman00clel_0|chapter=1: The evolution of project management|isbn=0071460454|last1=Cleland |first1=David |last2=Gareis |first2=Roland |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education }}</ref> Ŵasekuru ŵaŵiri ŵa ulamuliro wa milimo ni [[Henry Gantt]], uyo wakumbika kuti ni mapiŵi wa maluso gha kupanga ndondomeko na ulamuliro,<ref>{{cite book|isbn=190349401X|page=xxii|title=Project Management Pathways |url=https://archive.org/details/projectmanagemen0000unse_s8n5|last1=Stevens |first1=Martin |year=2002 |publisher=Association for Project Management }}</ref> uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito [[Gantt chart|tchati cha Gantt]] nga ni chilwero cha ulamuliro wa milimo (panji ''Harmonogram'' iyo yikapelekeka dankha na [[Karol Adamiecki]]);<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=255537 |last1=Marsh |first1=Edward R. |title=The Harmonogram of Karol Adamiecki |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_academy-of-management-journal_1975-06_18_2/page/358 |journal=The Academy of Management Journal |year=1975 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=358–364 }}</ref> ndipo uyo munyake ni [[Henri Fayol]] chifukwa cha kupanga milimo yinkhondi ya ulamuliro iyo yikapanga fawundeshoni ya kumanyuma kwa ulamuliro wa milimo na mapulogiramu.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0415369770|pages=96–101|title=Fifty Key Figures in Management |last1=Witzel |first1=Morgen |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> Wose ŵaŵiri Gantt na Fayol ŵakaŵa ŵasambi ŵa maghanoghano gha [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]] pa nkhani ya [[scientific management|ulamuliro wa sayansi]]. Ntchito yake ni yeneiyo yikajula nthowa ku vilwero vya mazuŵa gano vya ulamuliro wa milimo kusazgapo [[work breakdown structure]] (WBS) na kugaŵira kwa vyakugwiliskira ntchito. M'ma 1950 mukaŵa pakwambira na pakumalira pa nyengo ya mazuŵa gano ya ulamuliro wa milimo, apo vigaŵa vikuru vya [[engineering|unyanziri]] vikakolerana kuti vigwire ntchito nga ni chimoza. Ulamuliro wa milimo ukamba kumanyikwa nga ni chisambizgo chapadera icho chikufuma mu chisambizgo cha ulamuliro pamoza na nthowa ya unyanziri.<ref name="ClGa06">{{cite book|isbn=0071460454|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalprojectman00clel_0/page/2 1]–4|quote=It was in the 1950s when project management was formally recognized as a distinct contribution arising from the management discipline.|title=Global Project Management Handbook: Planning, Organizing and Controlling International Projects|url=https://archive.org/details/globalprojectman00clel_0|last1=Cleland |first1=David |last2=Gareis |first2=Roland |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education }}</ref> Ku United States, pambere m'ma 1950 ghandafike, milimo yikalamuliranga mwavyaka-vyaŵaka, pakugwiliskira ntchito chomene [[Gantt chart|matchati gha Gantt]] na maluso gha boma yayi. Pa nyengo iyo, nthowa ziŵiri za masamu za [[Schedule (project management)|kupanga mndandanda wa milimo]] zikapangika. Nthowa ya [[Critical Path Method|nthowa yakuzirwa chomene]] (CPM) yikapangika nga ni ntchito yakukolerana pakati pa [[DuPont|Wupu wa DuPont]] na [[Remington Rand|Wupu wa Remington Rand]] pakulaŵilira milimo ya kunozga malo ghapangira vinthu. Nthowa ya [[Program Evaluation and Review Technique|kupima na kulaŵilira pulogiramu]] (PERT), yikapangika na Ofesi ya Milimo Yapadera ya Ŵasilikari ŵa pa Maji ya ku U.S. pamoza na [[Lockheed Corporation]] na [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] nga ni chigaŵa cha pulogiramu ya sitima zapasi ya [[Polaris missile]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1287/opre.7.5.646|url=http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF/PM-History_PERT-Original_Paper.pdf|title=Application of a technique for research and development program evaluation|year=1959 |last1=Malcolm |first1=D. G. |last2=Roseboom |first2=J. H. |last3=Clark |first3=C. E. |last4=Fazar |first4=W. |journal=Operations Research |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=646–669 |bibcode=1959OpRes...7..646M }}</ref> [[PERT]] na CPM vikuyanako chomene mu kachitiro kake kweni vichali na kupambana kunyake. CPM yikugwiliskira ntchito ku milimo iyo yikughanaghana nyengo zakutemeka; nyengo izo ntchito yiliyose yichitikirenge zikumanyikwa. PERT, ku chigaŵa chinyake, yikuzomerezga nyengo za ntchito izo zili na mwaŵi wa kusintha; nyengo izo ntchito yiliyose yichitikirenge zili na kukayika panji zikupambana. Chifukwa cha kupambana kukuru uku, CPM na [[PERT]] vikugwiliskira ntchito pa malo ghakupambana. Maluso gha masamu agha ghakazara luŵiro mu makampani ghawekha yanandi. [[File:Pert chart colored.svg|thumb|240px|[[PERT|Tchati cha PERT]] cha mulimo wa myezi yinkhondi na vilingo vinkhondi]] Pa nyengo yimoza, apo nthowa za kupanga mndandanda wa milimo zikapangikanga, luso la [[Estimation (project management)|kupimira]] mtengo wa mulimo, ulamuliro wa mtengo na sayansi ya chuma ya unyanziri vikaŵa mukukura, na ntchito ya Hans Lang na ŵanyake. Mu 1956, Wupu wa America wa Ŵanyanziri ŵa Mtengo (sono ni [[AACE International]]) ukapangika na ŵalaŵiliri ŵakwambilira ŵa ulamuliro wa milimo na vigaŵa vyakukolerana na kupanga ndondomeko, kupimira mtengo, na ulamuliro wa milimo. AACE yikalutilira na ntchito yake ndipo mu 2006, yikafumiska nthowa yakwamba yakukolerana ya kusamalira milimo yose (total cost management framework). Mu 1969, [[Project Management Institute]] (PMI) ukapangika ku USA.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0566078228|title=Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach |last1=Harrison |first1=F. L. |last2=Lock |first2=Dennis |year=2004 |page=34|publisher=Gower Publishing }}</ref> PMI wakufumiska buku lakwamba la ''[[A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge]]'' (PMBOK Guide) mu 1996 na William Duncan nga ni mulembi mukuru, ilo likulongosora maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo agho ngakuzunzikazunzi ku "milimo yinandi, nyengo yinandi."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Saladis|first=F. P.|year=2006|title=Bringing the PMBOK® guide to life|journal=PMI Global Congress|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=Project Management Institute|url=https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/bringing-pmbok-guide-life-practical-8009}}</ref> ==Mitundu== Nthowa za ulamuliro wa milimo zingagwiliskira ntchito ku mulimo uliwose. Kanandi zikunozgeka kuyana na mtundu wa mulimo chifukwa cha ukulu, kachitiro, panji chigaŵa cha ntchito. Chiyelezgero, chigaŵa cha chizengi, icho chikulaŵilira vya kupeleka vinthu nga ni nyumba, nthowa, na maburiji, chapanga nthowa yake yapadera ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikuchemeka ''construction project management'' ndipo mwenemumo ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵangasambizgika na kupokera vikalata.<ref name="Contruction_Project_Management">{{cite web|url=http://cmaanet.org/certified-construction-manager|title=Certified Construction Manager|publisher=CMAA|access-date=23 November 2013|archive-date=28 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128105639/http://cmaanet.org/certified-construction-manager|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha [[information technology|luso la uthenga]] (IT) nacho chakula mwakuti chipange nthowa yake ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikuchemeka ''IT project management'' iyo yikupambana pakulaŵilira vya kupeleka katundu wa luso na uteŵeti uwo ukukhumbikwa kujumpha mu vigaŵa vyakupambana nga ni kupanga ndondomeko, kusontha, kupanga, kupima, na kupeleka. ''[[Biotechnology]] project management'' yikulaŵilira chomene vya kusuzga kwa kafukufuku wa luso la vyamoyo na kukuza kwake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/biotechnology-project-management.html|title=Certificate in Biotechnology Project Management|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=23 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032804/http://www.pce.uw.edu/certificates/biotechnology-project-management.html|archive-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref> ''Localization project management'' yikusazgapo kugwiliskira ntchito maluso yanandi gha ulamuliro wa milimo pa ntchito za kung'anamura nangauli ŵanandi ŵakuwona ulamuliro uwu nga ni chisambizgo chakupambana chomene. Chiyelezgero, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵali na ntchito yakuzirwa pakunozga kung'anamura nanga ni apo ŵakuyowoya yayi chiyowoyero cha kung'anamura uko, chifukwa ŵakumanya makora vilato vya sambiro kuti ŵapange vyakusankha vyakwenelera.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sha |first1=Mandy |last2=Immerwahr |first2=Stephen |date=2018-02-19 |title=Survey Translation: Why and How Should Researchers and Managers be Engaged? |url=https://www.surveypractice.org/article/3248-survey-translation-why-and-how-should-researchers-and-managers-be-engaged |journal=Survey Practice |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.29115/SP-2018-0016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mwakuyanako, ''research study management'' nayo yingagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sha |first1=Mandy |last2=Childs |first2=Jennifer Hunter |date=2014-08-01 |title=Applying a project management approach to survey research projects that use qualitative methods |url=https://www.surveypractice.org/article/2865-applying-a-project-management-approach-to-survey-research-projects-that-use-qualitative-methods |journal=Survey Practice |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.29115/SP-2014-0021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kuliso ulamuliro wa milimo ya boma uwo ukulaŵilira milimo yose ya boma, iyo yingachitika na mawupu gha boma panji kupeleka ku makampani gha kunja. Kugaŵirapo kunyake kwa ulamuliro wa milimo kuli pa mtundu wa vinthu vyakuoneka (hard) panji vyosakhwaseka (soft). Chakupambana yayi pakati pa mitundu yose ya ulamuliro wa milimo ni chakuti yikulaŵilira vilato vitatu vyakuzirwa: nyengo, khalidwe la ntchito, na mtengo. Milimo yiwemi ni yeneiyo yamalizgika pa mndandanda wa nyengo, mukati mwa chuma chakutemeka, ndipo kuyana na vilingo vya khalidwe ivyo vikazomerezgeka kale.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Practical Guide to Localization|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto0000esse|last=Esselink|first=Bert|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2000|isbn=978-9-027-21956-5|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto0000esse/page/428 428]}}</ref> Pa mtundu uliwose wa ulamuliro wa milimo, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo ŵakupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito vilingo vyakuzunzikazunzi (templates) ivyo ni vyapadera ku chigaŵa icho ŵakuchita ntchito. Ichi chikuzomerezga kuti ndondomeko za milimo ziŵe zakufiskika chomene na zakuzunzikazunzi, na chilato chakuti chisazgirepo khalidwe la ntchito, kuchepeska mtengo wa kupeleka, na kuchepeska nyengo yakufiskira vyakufumapo vya mulimo. ==Nthowa== Sambiro la mu 2017 likati kufiskika kwa mulimo uliwose kukuthemba pa umo vigaŵa vinayi vikukolerana na kachitiro ka vinthu uko kukukhwaska mulimo, ivi vikuchemeka ''ma P yanayi'':<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9781498757911|title=Project Feasibility: Tools for Uncovering Points of Vulnerability |url=https://archive.org/details/projectfeasibili0000mesl|last1=Mesly |first1=Olivier |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis }}.</ref> * ''Ndondomeko (Plan)'': Milimo ya kupanga ndondomeko na kunegherera. * ''Kachitiro (Process):'' Nthowa yose ku milimo yose na ulamuliro wa mulimo. * ''Ŵanthu (People):'' Kusazgapo umo ŵakukolerana na kuyowoyeskana. * ''Mazaza (Power):'' Mizere ya ulamuliro, ŵakupanga vyakusankha, mapulani gha mawupu, malango gha kachitiro na vinyake vyanthena. Pali nthowa zinandi za kulinganya na kumalizga milimo ya mulimo, kusazgapo vigaŵa-vigaŵa, kachitiro kakuchepeska waste (lean), kachitiro kakuzunzikazunzi (iterative), na kachitiro kakusazgirapo (incremental). Paliso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasazgika ku kupanga ndondomeko ya milimo, chiyelezgero, kuyana na vyakufumapo (kuyana na katundu) panji milimo (kuyana na kachitiro). Nanga nthowa iyo yagwiliskirika ntchito yiŵe ya mtundu uli, kughanaghanira mwakupwelelera kukwenera kupelekeka ku vilato vya mulimo vyose, nyengo, na mtengo, ndiposo ntchito na milimo ya ŵose awo ŵalimo na [[Project stakeholder|ŵeneco ŵa mulimo]].<ref>Cf. The Bridger (blog), [http://www.thebridger.co.uk/project-management-pmp-prince-2-or-an-iterative-or-agile-variant/ "Project management: PMP, Prince 2, or an Iterative or Agile variant"]</ref> ===Ulamuliro wa kufiska vyandulo=== {{Main|Benefits realisation management}} Ulamuliro wa kufiska vyandulo (BRM) ukusazgirapo maluso gha ulamuliro wa milimo mwa kulaŵilira chomene pa vyakufumapo (vyandulo) vya mulimo m'malo mwa katundu panji vyakufumapo waka, ndipo panyuma pake kupima umo ichi chikuchitikira kuti mulimo uŵe pa nthowa. Ichi chingawovwira kuchepeska mwaŵi wa mulimo wakumala kuŵa wakutondeka chifukwa cha kupeleka vinthu ivyo vikazomerezgeka (outputs) kweni kutondeka kupeleka vyandulo (outcomes) vya vinthu ivyo. Sazgapo apo, BRM yikukhumba kusimikizga kukolerana kwa vilato vya mulimo na nthowa za bizinesi. ===Nthowa ya nthowa yakuzirwa chomene=== {{Main|Critical path method}} Nthowa ya nthowa yakuzirwa chomene (CPM) ni nthowa ya masamu ya kusankha mndandanda wa milimo. Ni nthowa ya mazuŵa ghose iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito pakupanga ndondomeko ya milimo iyo yikunegherereka. Nthowa ya CPM yikupima ndondomeko ya milimo, ntchito iyo yikukhumbikwa, umo vikuthembana, na nyengo ya mwaŵi (float time) kuti yasankhe utali wa mulimo uwo ukukhumbikwa. Mwantheura, kuyana na kulongosora, nthowa yakuzirwa ni nthowa ya ntchito pa tchati iyo yirije nyengo ya mwaŵi yiliyose yakuŵapo (panji nyengo yichoko chomene). ===Ulamuliro wa milimo wa mnyololo wakuzirwa=== {{Main|Critical chain project management}} Ulamuliro wa milimo wa mnyololo wakuzirwa (CCPM) ni kugwiliskira ntchito kwa [[theory of constraints]] (TOC) pakupanga ndondomeko na kusamalira milimo ndipo yapangika kuti yamalane na kukayika uko kukuŵapo pa kusamalira milimo, uku yikughanaghanira kuchepa kwa [[Resource (project management)|vyakugwiliskira ntchito]] (vya thupi, luso la ŵanthu, ndiposo ulamuliro na mwaŵi wa wovwiri) ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti mulimo uchitike. Chilato ni kusazgirapo kwenda kwa milimo mu wupu ([[throughput]]). Pakugwiliskira ntchito vigaŵa vitatu vyakwamba vya vigaŵa vinkhondi vya TOC, vyakulimira vya nthowa ya milimo yose, ndiposo vyakugwiliskira ntchito, vikuzunulika. Kuti vyakulimira ivi vigwire ntchito, milimo pa mnyololo wakuzirwa yikupelekeka mwaŵi wakwamba kuluska milimo yinyake yose. ===Ulamuliro wa mtengo uwo wapangika=== {{Main|Earned value management}} Ulamuliro wa mtengo uwo wapangika (EVM) ukusazgirapo ulamuliro wa milimo na maluso gha kunozga kulaŵilira kwa mulimo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmoudi |first1=Amin |last2=Bagherpour |first2=Morteza |last3=Javed |first3=Saad Ahmed |date=2021 |title=Grey Earned Value Management: Theory and Applications |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tem.2019.2920904 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1703–1721 |doi=10.1109/tem.2019.2920904 |bibcode=2021ITEM...68.1703M |s2cid=202102868 |issn=0018-9391|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ichi chikulongora umo mulimo ukulutira ku nthazi mwa ntchito na mtengo. ===Ulamuliro wa milimo wakuzunzikazunzi na wakusazgirapo=== {{See also|Iterative and incremental development}}Pa masambiro ghakuzirwa gha ulamuliro wa milimo, chawonekera kuti nthowa za vigaŵa-vigaŵa ntha zikukolerana makora na milimo iyo ni yikulu chomene na ya makampani yanandi, na vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa ivyo ni vyambura kulongosoreka makora, vyakukayikiska, panji vyakusintha luŵiro, panji milimo iyo yili na mwaŵi ukulu wa ngozi, kuthembana, na maluso gha mazuŵa gano agho ghakusintha luŵiro. Vinthu vyakusuzga ivi vikusamalika makora na nthowa yakupenja-penja panji yakuzunzikazunzi na yakusazgirapo. Nthowa zinandi za ulamuliro wa milimo yakuzunzikazunzi na yakusazgirapo zakura, kusazgapo [[Agile Project Management|ulamuliro wa milimo wa agile]], [[dynamic systems development method]], na [[extreme project management]]. Nthowa ya [[Scrum (project management)|Scrum]] ni nthowa iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene iyo yikugaŵa vilato vya ntchito mu kuzunzikazunzi uko kukuchemeka 'sprints'.<ref name="m255">{{cite book | last1=Layton | first1=Mark C. | last2=Morrow | first2=David | title=Scrum For Dummies | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=2018-04-16 | isbn=978-1-119-46769-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeJVDwAAQBAJ&q=scrum+framework+sprints | access-date=2025-11-13 | page=1}}</ref><ref name="b047">{{cite book | last=Larman | first=Craig | title=Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide | publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional | date=2004 | isbn=978-0-13-111155-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76rnV5Exs50C&dq=scrum++sprints&pg=PA113 | access-date=2025-11-13 | page=113}}</ref> ===Ulamuliro wa milimo wa Lean=== {{Main|Lean project management}} Ulamuliro wa milimo wa Lean ukugwiliskira ntchito maghanoghano kufuma mu [[lean manufacturing|kupanga vinthu kwa lean]] kuti upeleke vyandulo na waste yichoko ndiposo nyengo yifupi. ===Ndandanda ya umoyo wa mulimo=== Pali vigaŵa vinkhondi ku ndandanda ya umoyo wa mulimo; ivyo vikumanyikwa nga ni magulu gha kachitiro. Gulu lililose la kachitiro likulongora mndandanda wa kachitiro kakukolerana pakusamalira ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vikwenera kumala. Mtundu uwu wa nthowa ya mulimo kanandi ukuchemeka "traditional"<ref name="wysocki">{{cite book |title=Effective Project Management: Traditional, Adaptive, Extreme |last=Wysocki |first=Robert K. |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1118729168 |edition=Seventh }}</ref> panji "[[Waterfall model|waterfall]]".<ref name="Roy70">{{cite journal|first=Winston W.|last=Royce|url=http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Process/waterfall.pdf|title=Managing the Development of Large Software Systems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315200930/http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc838p/Process/waterfall.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-15|journal=Technical Papers of Western Electronic Show and Convention (WesCon)|date=August 25–28, 1970|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Magulu gha kachitiro vinkhondi ni:[[File:Project Management (phases).png|thumb|right|320px|Vigaŵa vyakupambana vya mulimo wa unyanziri]] # [[Project Initiation Documentation|Kuyambiska]] # [[project planning|Kupanga Ndondomeko]] # Kufiska # Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga # Kumalizga [Image of the project management lifecycle phases] Mawupu ghanyake ghangagwiliskira ntchito kusintha kwa vigaŵa ivi vya mulimo na kuvithya mazina ghanyake kuti vikolerane na wupu. Chiyelezgero, pakugwira ntchito pa kusontha kwa nyumba na chizengi, milimo kanandi yikuluta mu vigaŵa nga ni kupanga ndondomeko-pakwamba, kusontha kwa ghanoghano, kusontha kwa tchati, kukuza kusontha, vithuzi vya chizengi (panji vikalata vya dango), na ulamuliro wa chizengi. Nangauli nthowa ya vigaŵa-vigaŵa yikugwira ntchito makora ku milimo yichoko na yakulongosoreka makora, kanandi yikuzisa chigezgo panji kutondeka pa milimo yikulu chomene, panji iyo ni yakusuzga chomene panji iyo yili na vyambura kulongosoreka makora, nkhani, na ngozi. ===Ulamuliro wakuthemba pa kachitiro=== {{Main |Process-based management}} Kusazgapo ulamuliro wakuthemba pa kachitiro kwendeskeka na kugwiliskira ntchito kwa nthowa za kukhwima (maturity models) nga ni [[OPM3]] na [[CMMI]] (capability maturity model integration). [Image of the Capability Maturity Model] ===Ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo=== {{Main |Project production management}} Ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo ni kugwiliskira ntchito ulamuliro wa kachitiro (operations management) pa kupeleka milimo ya chuma. Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa kupanga kwa mulimo yili pa muwono wakuti mulimo uli nga ni nthowa ya kupangira vinthu, mwenemumo mulimo ukung'anamura vyakunjizga (vinthu vyambura kunozgeka, uthenga, ŵantchito, makina) kuŵa vyakufumapo (katundu na uteŵeti).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern construction management|last1=McCaffer|first1=Ronald|last2=Harris|first2=Frank|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2013|isbn=978-1118510186|page=5|oclc=834624541}}</ref> ===Kupanga ndondomeko yakuthemba pa katundu=== {{Main|Product-based planning}} Kupanga ndondomeko yakuthemba pa katundu ni nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yili na kulinganya, yakuthemba pa kuzunula katundu yose (milimo iyo yikupelekeka) iyo yikukasazgirapo pa kufiska vilato vya mulimo. Mwantheura, yikulongosora mulimo uwemi nga ni uwo ukulaŵilira katundu uwo wafuma m'malo mwa kachitiro panji ntchito waka.<ref name="managing">Office for Government Commerce (1996) ''Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2'', p14</ref> Kugwiliskira ntchito chomene kwa nthowa iyi ni [[PRINCE2]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ogc.gov.uk/methods_prince_2__background.asp| archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110822131357/http://www.ogc.gov.uk/methods_prince_2__background.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2011-08-22| title = OGC – PRINCE2 – Background}}</ref> == {{anchor|Project development stages}} Magulu gha kachitiro == [[File:Project development stages.jpg|thumb|230px|Vigaŵa vya kukuza mulimo<ref name="VA03">{{cite web|work=VA Office of Information and Technology |year=2003 |url=http://www.ppoe.oit.va.gov/docs/VA_IT_PM_Guide.pdf |title=Project Management Guide |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104001/http://www.ppoe.oit.va.gov/docs/VA_IT_PM_Guide.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2009 }}</ref>]] Mwavyakale (kuyana na nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito), ulamuliro wa milimo ukusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi: magulu gha kachitiro gha ulamuliro wa milimo yanayi panji yankhondi, na nthowa ya ulamuliro. Nanganthowa panji mazina agho yikugwiliskira ntchito yaŵe ya mtundu uli, kachitiro kakuyana ka ulamuliro wa milimo panji vigaŵa vya kukuza vigwiliskirikenge ntchito. Magulu gha kachitiro ghakuru kanandi ghakusazgapo:<ref name="PMI 10">[[Project Management Institute|PMI]] (2010). ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', pp. 27–35.</ref> * Kuyambiska * Kupanga Ndondomeko * Kupanga panji Kufiska * Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga * Kumalizga Mu vigaŵa vya milimo ivyo vili na chigaŵa chikuru chakupenja-penja (chiyelezgero, [[research and development|kafukufuku na kukuza]]), vigaŵa ivi vingasazgirapo vigaŵa vya kusankha (vyakusankha vya kuluta panji kuleka) apo kulutilira kwa mulimo kukuchezgeka na kusankhika. Ulamuliro wa milimo ukuthemba pa unandi wa maungano kuti ulongozge kachitiro ka vinthu. Chiyelezgero, pali ungano wa kuyambiska, uwo kanandi ukusazgapo ŵeneco ŵa mulimo pa kuyambika kwa mulimo. Maungano gha milimo panji makomiti gha milimo ghakuzomerezga gulu la mulimo kulongosora na kulaŵilira ndondomeko za kachitiro. Makomiti ghakulongozga ghakugwiliskira ntchito pakusamuka pakati pa vigaŵa na kumalana na nkhani. Ndondomeko ya milimo yose na mawoneshero gha mapulogiramu vikuchitika mu mawupu agho ghakwendeska milimo yinandi pa nyengo yimoza. Maungano gha masambiro agho yasambirika ghakuchitika kuti yakhozge masambiro. Maungano ghose agha ghakugwiliskira ntchito maluso agho ghakusangika mu [[meeting science|sayansi ya maungano]], chomenechomene pakulongosora chilato, mndandanda wa ŵanthu, na nthowa za kachitiro. ===Kuyambiska=== [[File:Initiating Process Group Processes.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Kachitiro ka gulu lakuyambiska<ref name="VA03"/>]] Kachitiro kakuyambiska kakusankha kachitiro na mumpaka wa mulimo.<ref>Nathan, Peter; Gerald Everett Jones (2003). ''PMP certification for dummies'', p. 63.</ref> Usange chigaŵa ichi ntha chachitika makora, mwaŵi nguchoko wakuti mulimo uŵe uwemi pakufiska vyakukhumbikwa vya bizinesi. Vinthu vyakuzirwa vya ulamuliro wa milimo ivyo vikukhumbikwa apa ni kupulikiska malo gha bizinesi na kusimikizga kuti ulamuliro wose wakukhumbikwa wasazgika mu mulimo. Kusoŵa kulikose kukwenera kulembeka ndipo fundo yakunozga yikwenera kupelekeka. Chigaŵa chakuyambiska chikwenera kusazgapo ndondomeko iyo yikusazgapo vigaŵa vyakulondolapo. Vigaŵa ivi vingalembeka mu mndandanda wa vikalata ivyo vikuchemeka Vikalata vya Kuyambiska Mulimo. Vikalata vya Kuyambiska Mulimo ni mndandanda wa vikalata ivyo vikupangika kuti vipange ndondomeko ya utali wa mulimo. Ivi kanandi vikusazgapo: * fundo ya mulimo (ghanoghano kumanyuma kwa mulimo, chilato chose, utali wa nyengo) * [[Scope (project management)|mumpaka wa mulimo]] (ko mulimo ukuluta na kachitiro kake) * [[product breakdown structure]] (PBS) (kugaŵira kwa vyakufumapo na vigaŵa vyake) * [[work breakdown structure]] (WBS) (kugaŵira kwa ntchito iyo yikwenera kuchitika, mpaka ku milimo ya mazuŵa ghose) * [[responsibility assignment matrix]] (RACI – Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed) (ntchito na milimo yakukolerana na vyakufumapo) * mndandanda wa nyengo wa kanyengo (vilingo vyakuzirwa, mazuŵa ghakuzirwa, nyengo yakumalizga) * kupima vyakukhumbikwa vya bizinesi kuyana na vilato ivyo vingapimika * kulaŵilira kachitiro ka vinthu ka panyengo iyi * [[financial analysis|kupima chuma]] kwa mitengo na vyandulo, kusazgapo [[budget|chuma chakutemeka]] * [[stakeholder analysis|kupima ŵeneco ŵa mulimo]], kusazgapo ŵagwiliskiri ntchito na ŵantchito wovwiri wa mulimo * [[project charter|dango la mulimo]] kusazgapo mitengo, ntchito, vyakufumapo, na mndandanda wa nyengo * [[SWOT analysis|kupima SWOT]]: nkhongono, kutereka, mwaŵi, na ngozi ku bizinesi ===Kupanga Ndondomeko=== [Image of project planning process] Pamanyuma pa chigaŵa chakuyambiska, mulimo ukunozgeka mu ndondomeko yakwenelera (wonani [[File:Planning Process Group Activities.jpg|chiyelezgero cha tchati cha kachitiro]]).<ref name="VA03"/> Chilato chikuru ni kunozga nyengo, mtengo, na vyakugwiliskira ntchito mwakwenelera kuti papimike ntchito yakukhumbikwa na kulaŵilira ngozi panyengo yakufiska mulimo. Nga ni umo viliri mu gulu la kuyambiska, kutondeka kunozga ndondomeko yakwenelera kukuchepeska mwaŵi wa mulimo wakufiska vilato vyake. [[Project planning|Kupanga ndondomeko ya mulimo]] kanandi kukuŵa na:<ref>{{cite book | author = Kerzner, Harold | year = 2003 | title = Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling | url = https://archive.org/details/projectmanagemen0000kerz_h0w8 | url-access = registration | edition = 8th | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 0-471-22577-0| author-link = Harold Kerzner }}</ref> * kusankha nthowa ya ulamuliro wa mulimo yakulondezga (chiyelezgero, usange ndondomeko yilinganyikenge [[Waterfall model|yose pakwamba]], [[Iterative and incremental development|mwakuzunzikazunzi]], panji mu [[Rolling-wave planning|maghonjo gha kulutilira]]); * kupanga [[scope statement|longosoro la mumpaka wa mulimo]]; * kusankha gulu lakunozga ndondomeko; * kuzunula vyakufumapo na kupanga ndondomeko ya kugaŵira katundu na ntchito; * kuzunula milimo yakukhumbikwa kuti vyakufumapo vifiskike na kulunganya milimo mu ndondomeko yakukolerana; * kupima vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakukhumbikwa pa milimo; * kupima nyengo na mtengo wa milimo; * kupanga mndandanda wa nyengo; * kupanga chuma chakutemeka (budget); * kunozgera ngozi; * kupanga nthowa zakusimikizgira khalidwe la ntchito; * kupokera chizomerezgo cha boma kuti ntchito yambe. Vinthu vinyake, nga ni kunozgera nthowa ya kuyowoyeskana na ulamuliro wa mumpaka wa ntchito, kuzunula ntchito na milimo ya ŵanthu, kusankha vinthu vyakugula vya mulimo, na kuchita ungano wa kuyambiska navyo ni vyakukhumbikwa. Pa milimo ya [[new product development|kupanga katundu muphya]], kusontha kwa kachitiro ka katundu wakumalizga kungachitika panyengo yimoza na milimo ya kupanga ndondomeko ndipo kungawovwira gulu lakunozga panyengo yakuzunula vyakufumapo na milimo ya ndondomeko. ===Kufiska=== [[File:Executing Process Group Processes.jpg|thumb|320px|Kachitiro ka gulu lakufiska<ref name="VA03"/>]] Panyengo yakufiska, munthu wakwenera kumanya malango gha ndondomeko agho ghakukhumbikwa kuchitika. Chigaŵa chakufiska chikuzomerezga kuti vyakufumapo vya ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo vichitike mwakwenelera. Chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kugaŵira makora, kukoleranya, na kulaŵilira ŵantchito na vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinyake nga ni vinthu na chuma. Chifumapo cha chigaŵa ichi ni vyakufumapo vya mulimo (project deliverables). ===Vyakulembeka vya mulimo=== Kulemba chilichose mu mulimo ni nthowa yakuzirwa yakufiskira vilato. Kuti chuma, mumpaka wa ntchito, na kachitiro ka luŵiro vilutilire, mulimo wakwenera kuŵa na vikalata vya thupi vyakukolerana na ntchito yiliyose. Kufumira mu vikalata vyakwenelera, ntchipusu kuwona usange vyakukhumbikwa vya mulimo vifiskika panji yayi. Kweniso, vikalata vikupeleka uthenga wa ivyo vyamalizgika kale pa mulimo uwo. Vyakulembeka mu mulimo wose vikupeleka nthowa ya ukaboni kwa waliyose uwo wakukhumba kuweleramo na kulaŵiska ntchito iyo yikachitika kale. Mu vyakuchitika vinandi, kulemba ni nthowa yiwemi chomene yakulaŵiliramo na kulongozga vigaŵa vyapadera vya mulimo. Na vikalata vyakwenelera, kufiskika kwa mulimo kungalondezgeka na kuwoneka apo mulimo ukuluta panji. Usange vyachitika makora, kulemba kungamba kuŵa msana wa kufiskika kwa mulimo. ===Kulaŵilira na Kulongozga=== [[File:Monitoring and Controlling Process Group Processes.jpg|thumb|320px|Kachitiro ka gulu lakulaŵilira na kulongozga<ref name="VA03"/>]]Kulaŵilira na kulongozga kuli na vigaŵa ivyo vikuchitika kuti kuwoneke umo mulimo ukufiskikira mwakuti masuzgo agho ghangaŵapo ghamanyikwe pa nyengo yake na nthowa zakunozgera zitolereke usange nkhwakukhumbikwa. Chandulo chikuru ni chakuti kachitiro ka mulimo kakuwonereka na kupimika nyengo na nyengo kuti pamanyikwe kupambana na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo. Kulaŵilira na kulongozga vikusazgapo:<ref name="JPL00">Lewis, James P. (2000). ''The project manager's desk reference: a comprehensive guide to project planning, scheduling, evaluation, and systems''. p. 185.</ref> * Kupima milimo ya mulimo iyo yikuchitika ('apo tili'); * Kulaŵilira vigaŵa vya mulimo (mtengo, khama, mumpaka, na vinyake) pakuyaniska na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo ('apo tikwenera kuŵa'); * Kuzunula nthowa zakunozgera kuti masuzgo na ngozi vimalane navyo mwakwenelera ('Kasi tingawelera bwanji pa nthowa yiwemi'); * Kuchitapo kanthu pa vinthu ivyo vingatimbanya ulamuliro wa kusintha mwakuti masinthidwe ghazomerezgeka pera ndigho ghachitike. Mawonekero ghaŵiri ghakuru ghakovwira pakulaŵilira na kulongozga milimo. Ku chigaŵa chinyake, [[contract|magulu gha mapangano]] ghakupeleka malango na vyakukhuŵilizga ivyo kanandi vikovwirika na vilango. Ku chigaŵa chinyake, ŵasambi ŵa bizinesi na ulamuliro ŵaŵika pamaso ntchito ya ŵakukoleranya (abo ŵakuchemekaso ŵeneco ŵa milimo) kuti vilato vya mulimo vifiskike. Pa nyengo yimoza, kafukufuku wasono mu ulamuliro wa milimo wafumbura umo mapangano na ŵakukoleranya ŵakugwilira ntchito pamoza. Ŵanyake ŵayowoya kuti nthowa ziŵiri izi zikugwira ntchito nga ni zakunjira mu malo mwa zinyake. Mu milimo ya vigaŵa vinandi, kachitiro ka kulaŵilira na kulongozga kukupeleka uthenga pakati pa vigaŵa vya mulimo, kuti kachitike nthowa zakunozgera panji zakutchinjilizga kuti mulimo ukolerane na ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa mulimo. Kupwelelera mulimo ni kachitiro kakulutilira, ndipo kikusazgapo:<ref name="PMI 10"/> * Kulutilira kovwira ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ŵakumalizga * Kunozga maunandi (errors) * Kunozga katundu panyengo na panyengo [[File:Project Management (project control).png|thumb|240px|Ghanjo la kulaŵilira na kulongozga]] Pa chigaŵa ichi, [[auditor|ŵapimi ŵa maakaunti]] ŵakwenera kulaŵiska pa umo masuzgo gha ŵagwiliskiri ntchito ghakunozgekera mwaluŵiro na mwakwenelera. Mu mulimo uliwose wa chizengi, mumpaka wa ntchito ungasintha. Kusintha nkhwakuyana na kwakwenelera mu kachitiro ka chizengi. Masinthidwe ghangaŵa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kusontha kwakukhumbikwa, kusintha kwa malo, kusangika kwa vinthu, masinthidwe ghakuchemeka na ŵazengi, unyanziri wa mtengo, na kukhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵachitatu. Kuluska kufiska kusintha uko, kusintha kanandi kukhumbikwa kulembeka kuti kulongore ivyo vyazengeka nadi. Ichi chikuchemeka ulamuliro wa kusintha (change management). Mwantheura, mwenecho kanandi wakhumba ukaboni wakumalizga wakulongora masinthidwe ghose. Chifumapo cha khama ili ni icho mu makampani ŵakuchema "as-built drawings". Kulembeka kwa vikalata vya chizengi ni ntchito yakuzirwa chomene iyo yikuchitika na wovwiri wa mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta panji kupwelelera vikalata vya thupi. Usange masinthidwe ghasazgika mu mulimo, usambazi wa mulimo ukwenera kupimikaso. Nkhwakuzirwa kuleka kutaya chilato chakwamba cha mulimo. Usange masinthidwe ghasazgikana chomene, chifumapo icho chikulindizgika chingatondeka kulongora chifukwa cha chuma icho chikapelekeka pakwamba. Ulamuliro wa milimo uwemi ukumanya vigaŵa ivi, ndipo ukulondezga na kulaŵilira umo vinthu vikulutira, mwakuti mulimo ukhale mukati mwa nyengo na chuma icho chikapangika pakwamba kwa mulimo. ===Kumalizga=== [Image of the project closing process] [[File:Closing Process Group Processes.jpg|thumb|270px|Kachitiro ka gulu lakumalizga<ref name="VA03"/>]] Kumalizga kuli na kupokelera kwa boma kwa mulimo na kuumalizga. Milimo ya ulamuliro yikusazgapo kusungira vikalata (archiving) na kulemba masambiro agho yasambirika (lessons learned). Chigaŵa ichi chili na:<ref name="PMI 10"/> * '''Kumalizga pangano''': Malizgani na kunozga pangano lililose (kusazgapo kumalana na nkhani zilizose zambura kumala) na kumalizga pangano lililose lakukhwaska mulimo panji chigaŵa cha mulimo. * '''Kumalizga mulimo''': Malizgani milimo yose mu magulu ghose gha kachitiro kuti mulimo panji chigaŵa cha mulimo chimalizgike mwaboma. Chigaŵa ichi chikusazgapo kupimaso kwa pamanyuma pa kufiska mulimo (post-implementation review). Ichi ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha mulimo kuti gulu la mulimo lisambirepo pa ivyo vyachitika na kuvigwiliskira ntchito ku milimo ya nthazi. Kanandi kupima uku kuli na kulaŵiska pa vinthu ivyo vyenda makora na kupima vinthu ivyo vyenda uheni pa mulimo kuti pasangike masambiro. ===Ulongozgi wa mulimo na nthowa zake=== '''Ulongozgi wa mulimo''' ukufiska kachitiro kakusimikizga na kulongozga panyengo yakuchita mulimo kuti ukhalire pa kachitiro na vilato ivyo vili kulembeka.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9783540434993|page=[https://archive.org/details/processmanagemen0000unse/page/27 27]|title=Process Management: A guide for the design of business processes |url=https://archive.org/details/processmanagemen0000unse|last1=Becker |first1=Jarg |last2=Kugeler |first2=Martin |last3=Rosemann |first3=Michael |year=2003 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> Ukwenera kukhazikika nga ni ntchito yakujiyimira payekha mu ulamuliro wa milimo. Ntchito yakukolerana ya [[cost engineering|unyanziri wa mtengo]] yikulaŵilira chomene ulamuliro wa mtengo wa mulimo. Milimo yinyake mu ulongozgi wa mulimo yikusazgapo: * kupanga vigaŵa vyakovwira pakupeleka uthenga wakwenelera na kuunozga * kukhazikiska nthowa ya kuyowoyeskana panyengo yakupambana pa vigaŵa vya mulimo * kukuza luso la uthenga la mulimo lakuthemba pa intranet panji kukhazikiska nthowa ya kupimira kachitiro ka mulimo (KPI) * kupima kupambana kwa vinthu na kupanga maghanoghano gha malango gha mulimo * kukhazikiska nthowa zakufiskira ndondomeko yakwenelera ya mulimo, kachitiro ka ntchito, ulongozgi, na ulamuliro * kupanga uthenga wambura kubisika pakati pa vigaŵa vya mulimo. Kufiskika kwa milimo iyi kungachitika mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vilwero vya ulongozgi wa mulimo. Nthowa izi zikusazgapo: * kupima chuma (investment analysis) * kupima mtengo na chandulo (cost–benefit analysis) * kupima chandulo cha mtengo (value benefit analysis) * kafukufuku wa ŵanthu ŵaluso (expert surveys) * masamu gha chiyelezgero (simulation calculations) * kupima ngozi (risk-profile analysis) * kupima kwa vilingo (milestone trend analysis) * kupima mtengo (cost trend analysis) * kuyaniska pakati pa chilato na icho chachitika nadi. Ulongozgi wa mulimo ni chigaŵa cha mulimo icho chikuusunga pa nthowa, panyengo, na mukati mwa chuma.<ref name="JPL00"/> Ulongozgi ukwamba pakwamba kwa mulimo na kupanga ndondomeko ndipo ukumalira panyuma pa kufiska mulimo na kupimaso kwake. Milimo yingapimika (audited) apo mulimo ukulutilira. Kupima kwa boma kanandi kuli pa ngozi panji kukolerana na malango. Mulimo uliwose ukwenera kupimika usange ukukhumbikwa ulongozgi uli: ulongozgi unandi chomene ukutaya nyengo, ulongozgi uchoko chomene uli na ngozi yikulu. Nthowa za ulongozgi zikukhumbikwa pa mtengo, [[risk|ngozi]], khalidwe la ntchito, kuyowoyeskana, nyengo, kusintha, kaguliro ka vinthu, na ŵantchito. Kweniso, ŵapimi ŵa maakaunti ŵakwenera kulaŵiska pa umo milimo yiliri yakuzirwa ku vyakulembeka vya chuma, umo ŵeneco ŵa mulimo ŵakuthemera pa ulongozgi, na unandi wa ulongozgi uwo ulipo. ==Vimanyikwiro vya milimo== Pali vimanyikwiro vinkhondi vyakuzirwa vya mulimo: (i) Ukwenera kuŵa na mazuŵa ghakutemeka gha kuyambira na kumalizga. (ii) Ukuchitika na kumalizgika na gulu la ŵanthu. (iii) Chifumapo chake ni kupeleka kwa katundu panji uteŵeti wapadera. (iv) Ni wa kanyengo pera. (v) Ukukulirako na kulongosoreka m'mipata m'mipata. Viyelezgero ni: kusontha galimoto liphya panji kulemba buku. === Kusuzga kwa mulimo === [Image of the Cynefin framework] Kusuzga na kachitiro kake vili na ntchito yakuzirwa mu ulamuliro wa milimo. Nangauli pali kudumbiskana kunandi pa nkhani iyi, masambiro ghakulongora kusoŵa kwa kulongosora na kupulikiska makora kusuzga pa nkhani ya kusamalira milimo yakusuzga. Kusuzga kwa mulimo ni chimanyikwiro cha mulimo icho chikupangiska kuti kuŵe kwakusuzga kupulikiska, kuwonerera, na kusunga kachitiro kake kose, nanga pangaŵa uthenga wakukwana pa mulimo uwo. Kuzunula milimo yakusuzga nkhwakuzirwa chomene ku malo gha unyanziri gha milimo yinandi. Chifukwa chakuti kusuzga kwa mulimo na kachitiro kake vili vyakukolerana chomene, nkhwakuzirwa kulongosora na kupima kusuzga kwa mulimo kuti ulamuliro uŵe uwemi. Kusuzga kungachitika mu nthowa izi: * Kusuzga kwa ndondomeko (structural complexity): kuli na vigaŵa vinandi vyakupambana ivyo vili vyakukolerana. Kanandi vikusazgapo unandi, mitundu, na umo vigaŵa vya mulimo vikuthemerana. * Kusuzga kwa kachitiro (dynamic complexity): kuli na vinthu nga ni kukayika, kusintha, na kavuluvulu. Kuyana na '''Cynefin framework''', milimo yakusuzga yingagaŵika mu: [[File:Simple, complicated, complex, and really complex projects.png|thumb|Milimo yambura kusuzga, yakusuzga panji, yakusuzga chomene, na ya kavuluvulu - kuyana na Cynefin framework]] * '''Yambura kusuzga''' (simple/clear): Vinthu vikumanyikwa kale, vili vyakukhazikika, ndipo chifukwa na chifumapo vili vyambura kubisika. Yingamalizgika na malango gha mazuŵa ghose na nthowa ziwemi. * '''Yakusuzga panji''' (complicated): Vinthu vinyake vikumanyikwa yayi kweni vingaŵako. Mulimo uwu ungagaŵika mu vigaŵa vichoko vyambura kusuzga. Ungamalizgika na ŵanthu ŵaluso, kupima, na kugaŵa vigaŵa. * '''Yakusuzga''' (complex): Vinthu vinandi vikumanyikwa yayi, ndipo kachitiro kake kakuzizwa. Chifumapo chake ni chikuru kuluska kusazga kwa vigaŵa vyake. * '''Yakusuzga chomene''' (chaotic): Vinthu vikumanyikwa yayi nalo. Palije nthowa iyo yikuwoneka poyera. Chifukwa na chifumapo vili vyambura kumanyikwa nanga pangaŵa panyuma pakuchita. Pakugwiliskira ntchito kupima kusuzga kwa ntchito, Elliott Jaques wakugaŵa milimo na ntchito ya mulimo mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kusuzga kwa mulimo kuyana na utali wa nyengo na kusuzga kwa chifumapo cha mulimo. Vyandulo kufuma mu kupima Kusuzga kwa Mulimo ni kunozga mwaŵi wa ŵanthu pakupeleka nyengo yakwenelera ya kumalizga mulimo, pamoza na luso lakwenelera la mulaŵiliri wa mulimo na gulu lake. === Kusuzga kuwemi, kwakwenelera, na kuheni === [[File:Positive complexity.png|thumb|Nthowa ya kusuzga kuwemi, kwakwenelera na kuheni iyo yikapelekeka na Stefan Morcov]] Mwakuyanako na malango gha kusuzga kwakukhumbikwa, kusuzga kwa mulimo nyengo zinyake kukukhumbikwa kuti mulimo ufiske vilato vyake, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa na vyandulo viwemi. Kuyana na ivyo kusuzga kukupangiska, Stefan Morcov wakayowoya kuti kugaŵika mu Kuwemi, Kwakwenelera, panji Kuheni. * '''Kusuzga kuwemi''' ni kusuzga uko kukusazgirapo mtengo ku mulimo, ndipo chandulo chake ku kufiskika kwa mulimo ni chikuru kuluska vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika. * '''Kusuzga kwakwenelera''' (requisite) ni kusuzga uko kukhumbikwa kuti mulimo ufiske vilato vyake, panji uko chandulo chake chikuyana na vinthu viheni, panji mtengo wakunozgera vinthu viheni ni ukuru kuluska kusuzga uko. * '''Kusuzga kuheni''' ni kusuzga uko kukukandizga kufiskika kwa mulimo. == Ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo == [[Project manager|Mulaŵiliri wa mulimo]] ni munthu uyo wali na luso mu ulamuliro wa milimo. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kupanga vinthu, unyanziri wa kusontha, na unyanziri wa mafakitale vili na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa milimo. == Kufiskika kwa mulimo pakuyaniska na kachitiro ka ulamuliro == Pali nthowa ya kutimbanya kufiskika kwa mulimo na kufiskika kwa ulamuliro wa mulimo. Kufiskika kwa mulimo kuli na mawonero ghaŵiri: * mawonero gha kachitiro, i.e. kupeleka vyakufumapo vyakwenelera; ichi chikuchemeka kachitiro ka ulamuliro wa mulimo panji ukhondo wa mulimo. * mawonero gha chifumapo, i.e. kupeleka vyandulo viwemi; ichi chikuchemeka kachitiro ka mulimo (panji nyengo zinyake kufiskika kwa mulimo). Vilingo vya kufiskika kwa ulamuliro wa mulimo vili vyakupambana na vilingo vya kufiskika kwa mulimo. Ulamuliro wa mulimo ukuchemeka wakufiskika usange mulimo uwo wapika wamalizgika mukati mwa nyengo iyo yikazomerezgeka, wafiska mumpaka uwo ukazomerezgeka na kuŵa mukati mwa chuma icho chikazomerezgeka. Vilingo vyakuzirwa vikusida vyandulo vyakuzirwa vya pamanyuma pa kumalizga mulimo ivyo vili na vigaŵa vinayi: chifumapo (katundu), chandulo (outcomes), na kukhwaskika kwa nthazi (impact) panyengo ya umoyo wa katundu uyo. Vilingo vya pamanyuma ivi vikulongora kachitiro ka katundu wa mulimo, uteŵeti panji chifumapo, panyuma pa kumalizga mulimo na kuupeleka. Mu mazgu ghamanyaka, mulimo ukuchemeka wakufiskika, usange wafiska vilato vya bizinesi ivyo vikazunulika pakwamba kwa mulimo. ===Ulamuliro wa Ngozi=== [Image of project risk assessment matrix] Dipatimenti ya Uvikiliro ya ku United States yikunena kuti "Mtengo, Mndandanda wa Nyengo, Kachitiro, na Ngozi" ni vinthu vinayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵaluso mu kaguliro ka vinthu (procurement) ŵakulaŵiska na kuyaniska pakulondezga umo pulogiramu yiliri.<ref>{{cite web|title=DoDD 5000.01|url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500001p.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825031855/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500001p.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 25, 2009|publisher=United States Department of Defense|access-date=20 November 2007}}</ref> Paliso vilingo vya vyaru vyose (international standards). Ulamuliro wa ngozi ukugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya kuzunula masuzgo gha nthazi na kupulikiska ivyo vingachitika kuti patoleke vyakusankha vyakovwira pa milimo. Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa ngozi mu kampani (ERM) nayo yili na ntchito ikuru mu ulamuliro wa ngozi wose. ===Ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito na zinyake=== '''Ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito''' (WBS) ni ndondomeko yakukolerana iyo yikulongora umo milimo yakukhumbikwa pakufiska chilato yikugaŵikira mu vigaŵa vichoko – chiyelezgero pa mndandanda wa milimo (portfolio), pulogiramu, mulimo, na pangano. WBS yingalaŵiska pa katundu, uteŵeti, panji kachitiro ka bizinesi (wonani chiyelezgero mu [[File:NASA NF 533 reporting structure.jpg|ndondomeko ya lipoti ya NASA (2001)]]).<ref name="NASA01">[http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_9501_002D_&page_name=Chp2&format=PDF NASA NPR 9501.2D]. May 23, 2001.</ref> Padera pa WBS ya kusamalira mumpaka wa mulimo, paliso ndondomeko ya kugaŵira gulu (OBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira mtengo (CBS), na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ngozi (RBS). WBS yingapangika pakuyambira na chilato chakumalizga na kuchigaŵira m’mipata yakwenelera kuyana na ukulu, nyengo, na udindo (chiyelezgero: nthowa zikuru, vigaŵa vya nthowa, milimo, na vigaŵa vya milimo), ivyo vikusazgapo masitepu ghose ghakukhumbikwa kufiska chilato.<ref name="Stellman05"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikupeleka chimango chakukolerana pakupeleka ndondomeko yose na ulongozgi wa pangano, ndipo ni fawundeshoni ya kugaŵa ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakumanyikwa apo pangano la ntchito lingapangikira na malipoti gha luso, nyengo, mtengo, na maora gha ntchito kukhazikika. Ichi ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene pakupima usange ndondomeko njiwemi, ndipo ni chinthu chakwamba icho chikugwiriskira ntchito panyengo yakunozgera mulimo. Chiyelezgero, WBS yikugwiriskira ntchito panyengo iyo mndandanda wa nyengo ya mulimo ukupangika, mwakuti kagwiliskiridwe ntchito ka vigaŵa vya ntchito kakhalire mu vyakulembeka. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ntchito (WBS), nthowa zinyake zakugaŵira ni: ndondomeko ya kugaŵira gulu (OBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira katundu (PBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira mtengo (CBS), ndondomeko ya kugaŵira ngozi (RBS), na ndondomeko ya kugaŵira vyakugwiliskira ntchito (ResBS). ===Vilingo vya vyaru vyose=== Pali vilingo vinandi vya ulamuliro wa milimo, kusazgapo: * Vilingo vya ISO nga ni [[ISO 9000]] vya ulamuliro wa khalidwe la ntchito, na [[ISO 10006]]:2003. * [[ISO 21500]]:2012 – ''Ulongozgi pa ulamuliro wa milimo''. Ichi chikaŵa chilingo chakwamba cha vyaru vyose chakukhwaska ulamuliro wa milimo icho chikafumiskika na ISO. * ISO 21502:2020, ISO 21503:2022 (Ulongozgi wa mapulogiramu), na ISO 21504:2015 (Ulongozgi wa mndandanda wa milimo). * [[ISO 31000]]:2009 – Ulamuliro wa ngozi. * Individual Competence Baseline (ICB) kufuma ku International Project Management Association (IPMA). * [[Capability Maturity Model]] (CMM) kufuma ku Software Engineering Institute. * [[PMBOK Guide]] kufuma ku Project Management Institute (PMI). * [[PRINCE2]] kufuma ku AXELOS. * PM²: Nthowa ya ulamuliro wa milimo iyo yikapangika na European Commission. ===Ulamuliro wa mapulogiramu na nthowa za milimo=== Milimo yinyake, nanga yingaŵa yakuyana panji yakupambana, yingalaŵilirika nga ni ulamuliro wa mapulogiramu. Mapulogiramu ni mndandanda wa milimo iyo yikovwira chilato chimoza. Apo milimo yiliyose yili na mumpaka na nyengo yakumanyikwa, chilato cha pulogiramu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa yakufatuka panji. Kusazgapo pa mapulogiramu na mndandanda wa milimo (portfolios), paliso nthowa zinyake nga ni: nthowa za milimo (project networks), milimo yakuru (mega-projects), panji mapulogiramu ghakuru (mega-programs). Milimo yakuru iyi yikuzunulika kuti njapadera chomene pa ukulu, mtengo, na luso lwakukhumbikwa. ===Ulamuliro wa mndandanda wa milimo=== Makampani ghanandi ghakugwiliskira ntchito icho chikuchemeka [[project portfolio management]] (PPM) nga ni nthowa yakusankhira milimo yakwenelera na kugwiliskira ntchito luso la ulamuliro wa milimo pakupeleka vyandulo ku ŵanthu panji mabungwe. Mndandanda wa milimo (portfolios) ni mndandanda wa milimo yakuyana. Ulamuliro wa mndandanda vikovwira kuti vinthu vyende makora na kuchepeska ngozi mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakuyana pa milimo yose. Kanandi makampani ghakupanga maofesi gha ulamuliro wa milimo (PMO) kuti ghasamalire mndandanda uwu mu nthowa yakunozgeka. ===Mapulogiramu gha ulamuliro wa milimo=== '''Mapulogiramu gha ulamuliro wa milimo''' (software) ni mapulogiramu gha mu kompyuta agho ghakovwira pakupanga ndondomeko, kunozga, na kulaŵilira vyakugwiliskira ntchito, na kufiska mapulani. Kuyana na umo pulogiramu yiliri, yingasazgapo kupima mtengo, mndandanda wa nyengo, ulongozgi wa chuma, kugaŵira ŵantchito, kuyowoyeskana, na ulamuliro wa vikalata. [[Comparison of project management software|Kuyaniska kwa mapulogiramu agha]] kukulongora vimanyikwiro vyakupambana ivyo vili mu mapulogiramu ghakupambana. ===Ulamuliro wa milimo wa pa nthazi=== Ulamuliro wa milimo wa pa nthazi (VPM) ni ulamuliro wa mulimo uwo ukuchitika na gulu lakutali (virtual team). Kulaŵilira mulimo wa pa nthazi nkhwakupambana chomene na milimo ya mazuŵa ghose, chifukwa kukusazgapo nkhani za ntchito ya kutali, kukolerana kwa vyaru na vyaru (mitheto, nyengo yakupambana, na viyowoyero). --- ==Wonaniso== * [[Construction management]] (Ulamuliro wa chizengi) * [[Cost engineering]] (Unyanziri wa mtengo) * [[Software project management]] (Ulamuliro wa milimo ya mapulogiramu) * [[Systems engineering]] (Unyanziri wa nthowa) * [[Kickoff meeting]] (Ungano wa kuyambiska) * [[Glossary of project management]] (Mndandanda wa mazgu gha ulamuliro wa milimo) ==Vyakunozgera== {{Reflist|30em}} edd7ihuibkrbt5btnyybxkmi5wgzlo4 3 47402 122625 122433 2026-09-28T02:27:37Z MediaWiki message delivery 2648 /* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 */ new section 122625 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == congrats! == Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉 This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits. The current criteria are: * registered editors only; * edits in the main/article namespace; * contributions from the previous 30 days; * bot edits are excluded; * anonymous/IP edits are excluded; * obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified. The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation. Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:31, 14 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == welcome to abstract wikipedia == Your articles about languages and cities are well done! [[User:ReXLer|ReXLer]] ([[User talk:ReXLer|pakuchezgela]]) 15:41, 18 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I will continue to make more to help AW grow! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:41, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Legacy and emergency == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you. If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs: <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=26301 1,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=24431 2,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=105397 3,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=108878 4,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=109763 5,] <br> Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: <br> [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&oldid=120042 this revision]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:02, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31045260 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"Suggestion mode" Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing "experimental" edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe. * A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]]. * The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi> configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:56, 27 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:27, 28 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31087748 --> d86h3hcp11gti6dvwi4cups866fy47z 122753 122625 2026-09-28T10:49:31Z MediaWiki message delivery 2648 /* Tech News: 2026-40 */ new section 122753 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Do you want articles translated? Go to [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral|TranslateCentral]] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == congrats! == Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉 This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits. The current criteria are: * registered editors only; * edits in the main/article namespace; * contributions from the previous 30 days; * bot edits are excluded; * anonymous/IP edits are excluded; * obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified. The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation. Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:31, 14 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == welcome to abstract wikipedia == Your articles about languages and cities are well done! [[User:ReXLer|ReXLer]] ([[User talk:ReXLer|pakuchezgela]]) 15:41, 18 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I will continue to make more to help AW grow! '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:41, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Legacy and emergency == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you. If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs: <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=26301 1,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=24431 2,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=105397 3,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=108878 4,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=109763 5,] <br> Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: <br> [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&oldid=120042 this revision]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:02, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31045260 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"Suggestion mode" Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing "experimental" edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe. * A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]]. * The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi> configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:56, 27 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:27, 28 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31087748 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]]. * Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section. * New magic words <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual. * On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:49, 28 Lupya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> 47dzq2c6bz0nf9ihld7nk8naeot280v 0 47765 122671 122364 2026-09-28T02:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mulara wa charu na boma la United States}} {{Hatnote group| {{For-multi|list ya mapulezidenti ŵa United States|List of presidents of the United States}} {{Other uses}} }} {{Pp-move}} {{Pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=March 2021}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox official post | post = Mulara | body = wa United States | insignia = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg | insigniasize = 145 | insigniacaption = [[Seal of the president of the United States|Chidindo cha pulezidenti]] | flag = Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg | flagsize = 145 | flagborder = yes | flagcaption = [[Flag of the president of the United States|Mbendera ya pulezidenti]] | image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (cropped)(2).jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = {{plainlist| * [[Executive branch of the U.S. government]] * [[Executive Office of the President]] }} | style = {{plainlist| * [[President (government title)|Mulara wa boma]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/02/archives/how-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html |agency=The Washington Star |title=How to Address the President; He Is Not Your Excellency or Your Honor, But Mr. President |date=August 2, 1891 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |title=USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4 |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> (mwakawiro) * [[The Honourable#United States|Mweneko]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |title=Models of Address and Salutation |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2010 }}</ref> (mwakuzirwika) * [[Excellency|Mwenekeso]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim |title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner |last=The White House Office of the Press Secretary |date=September 1, 2010 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |via=White House |access-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> (pa vyakukhwaskana na vyalo) }} | type = {{plainlist| * [[Head of state]] * [[Head of government]] * [[Commander-in-chief]] }} | abbreviation = POTUS | member_of = {{plainlist| * [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] * [[United States Domestic Policy Council|Domestic Policy Council]] * [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] * [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] }} | residence = [[White House]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] panji kwizira mu kulondeka | termlength = Vyaka vinayi | termlength_qualified = ([[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|wakusazgikaso kamoza pera]]) | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of the United States]] (1789) | succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|Mndandanda wa ŵakusazgapo]] | formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</p></ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maier |first=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788 |url=https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul |date=2010 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86854-7 |location=New York, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop00paul/page/433 433] |author-link=Pauline Maier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/ |title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history |date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=[[National Constitution Center]] |access-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> | first = [[George Washington]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ |title=Presidential Election of 1789 |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> | salary = $400,000 pa chaka{{efn|In addition to $100,000 in travel reimbursement, $19,000 for entertainment and $50,000 for additional expenses.<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite news |last=Elkins |first=Kathleen |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html |access-date=October 22, 2025 |agency=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/|whitehouse.gov}} }} {{Politics of the United States}} {{United States constitutional law}} The '''pulezidenti<!--"pulezidenti" is uncapitalized as per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]]. Specifically, it is uncapitalized because it is preceded by the modifier "the" (see [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1)--> wa United States''' ('''POTUS'''){{efn|Lizgu lakuti POTUS likambira mu [[Phillips Code]], nthowa yakulemba mwakudumura iyo yikapangika mu 1879 na [[Walter P. Phillips]] kuti yithandizge kutumiza mwaluŵiro malipoti gha manyuzipepala kwizira pa telegraph.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safire |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564 |title=Safire's Political Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534061-7 |page=564}}</ref>}} ni [[head of state|mulongozgi wa charu]] na [[head of government|mulongozgi wa boma]] wa [[United States]]. Pulezidenti wakulongozga [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|nthambi yakulongozga]] ya [[Federal government of the United States|boma la federo]] ndipo ni [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|mulara mukuru]] wa [[United States Armed Forces]]. Nkhongono za upulezidenti zikasazgikira<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry Jones|date=1908|title=The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power|journal=Proceedings of the American Political Science Association|volume=5|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/3038511|jstor=3038511| issn=1520-8605}}</ref> kufuma apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakambira uteŵeti mu 1789.<ref name=formation /> Nangauli nkhongono za pulezidenti zikakwera na kuchepa nyengo na nyengo, upulezidenti wakhala na ntchito yikuru mu ndyali za America kufuma kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 20, ndipo vikulutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 21 na kuŵa na kusazgikira kwa nkhongono mu maulamuliro gha [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 11, 2021 |title=How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government |url=https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Erin |title=Presidential Power Surges |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 21, pulezidenti ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhongono chomene mu ndyali pa charu chose ndipo ni mulongozgi wa [[superpower|charu chankhongono]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/|title=Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?|last=Von Drehle|first=David|date=February 2, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/meacham-history-power-83117|title=Meacham: The History of Power|last=Meacham|first=Jon|date=December 20, 2008|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref> Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa charu icho chili na [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|chuma chikuru chomene pa GDP yakuyana waka]], pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zikuru za mu charu na zakuwaro, zakuchema kuti [[Hard power|nkhongono zakukhora]] na [[soft power|nkhongono zakuzika]]. Kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya [[Cold War]], pulezidenti wa United States kanandi wakachemekanga kuti "mulongozgi wa charu chaufulu".<ref name="freeworld">{{cite web |last1=Tierney |first1=Dominic |title=What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Ndime Yachiŵiri ya Dango la United States]] yikakhazikiska nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la federo ndipo yikapeleka nkhongono zakulongozga kwa pulezidenti. Nkhongono izi zikusazgapo kusazga na kukhazikiska malango gha federo na udindo wa kusankha ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵa vyakuyana na vyalo, ŵa maofesi gha malango, na ŵa makhoti. Kwizira mu ndondomeko za dango izo zikapeleka kwa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusankha na kupokelera ŵa kazembe na kupanga mapangano na vyaru vinyake, kweniso malango agho ghakazomerezgeka na Congress, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na udindo ukuru pa ndyali zakuwaro za United States. Udindo uwu ukusazgapo kulongozga gulu lankhondo lakudura chomene pa charu chose, ilo lili na [[List of states with nuclear weapons|vyankhondo vya nyukiliya vinandi chomene pa charu chachiŵiri]]. Pulezidenti wakuchitapo kanthu kukuru pa malango gha federo na ndondomeko za mu charu. Mu ndondomeko ya [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|kupatukana kwa nkhongono]], [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 7: Bills|Ndime Yakwamba, Gawo 7]] la Dango likumupa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusaina panji [[Veto power in the United States|kukana]] malango gha federo. Pakuti mapulezidenti ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwoneka nga mbalongozgi ŵa vyipani vyawo vya ndyali, kupanga ndondomeko zikuru kukwenera chomene na ivyo vikuchitika pa visola vya pulezidenti, ndipo mapulezidenti ŵakuchitapo kanthu kulimbikiska ivyo ŵakukhumba mu ŵabali ŵa Congress awo kanandi ŵakuthemba pa pulezidenti pa nkhani za visola.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=J. P. |year=1988 |title=The President's Legislative Agenda |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=499 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |s2cid=143985489 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mu nyengo yasono, mapulezidenti ŵasazgirapo kugwiliskira ntchito [[executive order]]s, malango gha maofesi, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhwaskenge ndondomeko za mu charu. Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwizira mu [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] kuŵa na nyengo ya vyaka vinayi, pamoza na [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]. Kwizira mu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri]], uko kukazomerezgeka mu 1951, munthu uyo wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti maulendo ghaŵiri wangasankhikaso yayi kuŵa pulezidenti ulendo wachitatu. Kweniso, ma vice president 9 ŵakazgoka mapulezidenti chifukwa cha [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|nyifwa ya pulezidenti mu nyengo ya uteŵeti]] panji [[Richard Nixon's resignation speech|kuleka ntchito]].{{efn|Ma vice president 9 awo ŵakatora udindo wa upulezidenti pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka ntchito kwa pulezidenti wakale ndipo ŵakamalizga nyengo yake ni: [[John Tyler]] (1841); [[Millard Fillmore]] (1850); [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865); [[Chester A. Arthur]] (1881); [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901); [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923); [[Harry S. Truman]] (1945); [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1963); na [[Gerald Ford]] (1974).}} Pakuŵa na wose, [[List of presidents of the United States|ŵanthu 45]] ŵateŵetera, panji ŵakuteŵetera sono, mu ma pulezidenti 47 kufika pa nyengo ya sono ya 60 ya vyaka vinayi.{{efn|[[Grover Cleveland]] wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri zambura kulondezgana, ndipo [[Donald Trump]] sono wakuteŵetera nyengo yake yachiŵiri yambura kulondezgana, ntheura waliyose wakupendeka kaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland-24/ |title=Grover Cleveland—24 |publisher=White House}}</ref>}} [[Donald Trump]] ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa 47 ndipo wakuteŵetera sono kufuma pa January 20, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Weissert |first3=Will |last4=Colvin |first4=Jill |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> == Mbiri na chitukuko == === Kwamba === Mu Julayi 1776, [[Thirteen Colonies|Makoloni Khumi na Ghatatu]], agho ghakimirika pa [[Second Continental Congress|Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti]] mu [[Philadelphia]], ghakazomera mwakukolerana [[United States Declaration of Independence|Chilango cha Wanangwa cha United States]] umo makoloni ghakajilengeka kuti ni [[sovereign state|vyaru vyakujiyimira vyekha]] ndipo kuti ghakaŵaso pasi pa muwuso wa [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Ufumu wa Britain]] yayi.<ref name="Milkis">{{Cite book |last1=Milkis |first1=Sidney M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkUvAAAAYAAJ |title=The American Presidency: Origins and Development |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael |publisher=CQ Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87289-336-8 |edition=5th |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1–25}}</ref> Kuzomera uku kukalembeka mu [[United States Declaration of Independence|Chilango cha Wanangwa]], icho chikalembeka chomene na [[Thomas Jefferson]] ndipo chikazomerezgeka mwakukolerana pa Julayi 4, 1776, na [[Second Continental Congress|Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti]]. Pakumanya kuti ŵakakhumbikwiranga kukolerana chomene pa nkhondo yawo yakulimbana na [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Ufumu wa Britain]],<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Alfred H. |title=The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development |last2=Harbison |first2=Winfred A. |last3=Belz |first3=Herman |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-393-96056-3 |edition=7th |volume=I |location=New York |pages=76–81}}</ref> Kongiresi ya Kontinenti pa nyengo yimoza yikamba kulemba dango ilo likakoleranenge [[U.S. state|vyaru]] pamoza. Pakachitika kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pa nkhani zinandi, kusazgapo kuyimirika na kuvota, kweniso nkhongono izo boma likuru likeneranga kuŵa nazo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233742/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |title=Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781 |publisher=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 20, 2019 }}</ref> Kongiresi wakamalizga kulemba [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]] kuti wakhazikiske [[Perpetual Union|umoza wa nyengo zose]] pakati pa vyaru mu Novembala 1777 ndipo wakatumizga kwa vyaru kuti vikazomerezge.<ref name=Milkis /> Pasi pa [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]], agho ghakaŵa na nkhongono kufuma pa Malichi 1, 1781, [[Congress of the Confederation|Kongiresi ya Kukolerana]] yikaŵa ulamuliro wa ndyali wa pakati kweni ukaŵavya nkhongono zakupanga malango. Ukakwananga kupanga fundo, vyeruzgo, na malango ghake, kweni ukatenge ungapanga malango yayi, kweniso ukatenge ungatozga misonkho yayi panji kukhazikiska malango gha malonda gha mu vyaru pa ŵanthu ŵake.<ref name=Kelly /> Ndondomeko iyi yikalongora umo ŵa America ŵakaghanaghaniranga kuti ndondomeko ya Britain ya [[The Crown|Korona]] na [[Parliament of Great Britain|Nyumba ya Malango]] yikwenera kuti yikagwiranga ntchito pakuyowoya za [[dominion|muwuso wa ufumu]]: wupu wakulongozga pa vinthu ivyo vikakhwaskanga ufumu wose.<ref name=Kelly /> Vyaru vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka ku muwuso wa ufumu uliwose ndipo vikapeleka vinyake mwa [[royal prerogative|maufulu gha ufumu]] agho ghakaŵapo kale (mwachiyelezgero, kupanga nkhondo, kupokelera ŵakazembe, na vinyake) kwa Kongiresi; maufulu ghanyake ghakakhala mu maboma gha vyaru vyawo. Ŵabali ŵa Kongiresi ŵakasankha [[President of the Continental Congress|Pulezidenti wa United States mu Kongiresi Yakuwungana]] kuti walongozge madiskusoni ghawo nga ni munthu wambura kutemwera pa nkhani za [[discussion moderator|kulongozga kudumbiskana]]. Uwu ukaŵa udindo wakupambana chomene na wa pulezidenti wa United States uyo wakiza pamanyuma, chifukwa ukaŵa udindo wa mwambo pera kwambura nkhongono zakulongozga, kupatulapo kulongozga wupu wa nyumba ya malango.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmeEcpEvlsC |title=Founding the American Presidency |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=0-8476-9499-2 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=1}}</ref> Mu 1783, [[Phangano la Paris (1783)|Phangano la Paris]] likakhazikiska wanangwa wa makoloni ghose ghakale. Pakuti mtende ukaŵapo, vyaru vikalazga kuyang'anira vinthu vyawo vya mukati.<ref name=Milkis /> Kufika mu 1786, ŵa America ŵakawona kuti mphaka zawo za ku kontinenti zikaŵa zakufoka ndipo zikuvutika, ndipo vyaru vyawo vikakumana na masuzgo gha chuma apo vyaru vya pafupi vikambanga kulimbana pa malonda. Ŵakawona [[hard currency|ndalama zakukhora]] zawo zikwenda ku misika ya ku vyaru vinyake kulipira vinthu vyakunjira mu charu, malonda ghawo mu [[Mediterranean Sea|Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] ghakakhwaskika na ŵa [[North Africa]] awo ŵakaba mu nyanja, ndipo ngongoli za nkhondo ya wanangwa izo zikapokera ndalama zakuwaro zikaleka kulipirika ndipo zikamba kusazgikira na chiwongolero.<ref name=Milkis /> Vyakusuzga vya wanthu na ndyali vikamba kuwoneka. Vinthu nga ni [[Newburgh Conspiracy|Chiŵembu cha Newburgh]] na [[Shays' Rebellion|Muvundiko wa Shays]] vikulongora kuti [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]] zikatondeka kugwira ntchito, chomenechomene kuti pakaŵa pakukhumbikwa boma lankhongono la charu chose ilo likaŵenge na mulongozgi wa boma wakupika nkhongono. Pamanyuma pa kumazga mwakukolerana masuzgo gha malonda na somba pakati pa [[Virginia]] na Maryland pa [[Mount Vernon Conference|Ungano wa Mount Vernon]] mu 1785, Virginia wakachema kuti paŵe ungano wa malonda pakati pa vyaru vyose, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1786 ku [[Annapolis, Maryland]], na chilato cha kumazga masuzgo ghakuru gha malonda pakati pa vyaru. Kweni [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Ungano ya Annapolis]] yikatondeka chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko awo ŵakiza chifukwa cha kukayikira kwa vyaru vinandi, ndipo [[Alexander Hamilton]] wa New York wakalongozga ŵimiliri ŵa Annapolis kuti ŵacheme ungano wakusintha Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana, uwo ukeneranga kuchitika chaka chakulondezgapo ku [[Philadelphia]]. Ivyo vingachitika pa ungano uwu vikawoneka kuti ni vichoko mpaka apo [[James Madison]] na [[Edmund Randolph]] ŵakafiska kusanga kuti [[George Washington]] wize ku Philadelphia nga ni muyimiliri wa Virginia.<ref name=Milkis /><ref name="Beeman">{{Cite book |last=Beeman |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/plainhonestmenm00beem |title=Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution |publisher=Random House |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8129-7684-7 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> Apo [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Ungano wa Dango la United States]] ukakumana mu Meyi 1787, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 12 awo ŵakiza ([[Rhode Island]] yikatuma yayi ŵimiliri) ŵakiza na ivyo ŵakasambira mu ndondomeko zakupambana za maboma gha vyaru vyawo pa nkhani ya nthambi zakupanga malango na zakulongozga. Vyaru vinandi vikaŵa na mulongozgi wakufoka wambura nkhongono zakukana malango panji kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga chaka chilichose na nyumba ya malango ku nyengo yimoza pera, wakagawana nkhongono na wupu wa ulongozgi, ndipo wakasangana na nyumba ya malango yankhongono.<ref name=Milkis /> [[New York (state)|New York]] ndiyo yikaŵa yapadera chomene, chifukwa yikaŵa na kazembe wankhongono yumoza uyo wakaŵa na nkhongono zakukana malango na kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga vyaka vitatu ndipo wangasankhikaso maulendo ghanandi.<ref name=Milkis /> Kwizira mu kudumbiskana kwakubisika ku Philadelphia ndiko udindo wa upulezidenti uwo uli mu [[Constitution of the United States|Dango la United States]] ukapangika. === 1789–1933 === [[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States]] Nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu, [[George Washington]] wakakhazikiska maluso ghanandi agho ghakazakaŵa chilangilo cha udindo uwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|title=George Washington: Life in Brief|last=Steven|first=Knott|date=October 4, 2016|work=Miller Center|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001103/https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=Presidential Precedents |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-precedents/ |publisher=Mount Vernon, Washington Library, Center for Digital History |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Kusankha kwake kusiya ntchito pamanyuma pa nyengo ziŵiri kukawovwira kumazga wofi wakuti charu chingazakasanduka ufumu ndipo kukakhazikiska chiyerezgero icho chikaphyokeka yayi mpaka mu 1940 ndipo pamanyuma chikazakaŵa chakukhazikika kwizira mu [[Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri kwa Dango la United States|Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri]]. Kuumaliro wa upulezidenti wake, vipani vya ndyali vikaŵa kuti vyamba kuŵapo,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feeling |first1=John |title=How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History |url=https://time.com/4210440/jefferson-hamilton-excerpt/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> ndipo [[John Adams]] wakathereska [[Thomas Jefferson]] mu 1796, visola vyakwamba vya pulezidenti ivyo vikapikisana chomene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC staff |title=On This Day: The first bitter, contested presidential election takes place |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-first-bitter-contested-presidential-election-takes-place |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti Jefferson wathereska Adams mu 1800, iyo pamoza na [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]] ŵaliyose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakalamulira chomene ndyali za charu mu [[Nyengo ya Makhaliro Ghawemi]] mpaka mwana wa Adams [[John Quincy Adams]] wakathereska visola mu 1824 pamanyuma pa kupatulika kwa [[Chipani cha Democratic-Republican]]. Kusankhika kwa [[Andrew Jackson]] mu 1828 kukaŵa kakwamba munthu wakufuma kuwaro kwa ŵakulongozga ŵa Virginia na Massachusetts kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, vyaka 40 pamanyuma pakuti Washington wasankhika.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Kenneth |title=The Most Consequential Elections in History: Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/08/20/the-most-consequential-elections-in-history-andrew-jackson-and-the-election-of-1828 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref> [[Demokilase ya Jackson|Demokilase ya Jackson]] yikakhumbanga kukhozga nkhongono za upulezidenti pa mtengo wa Congress, uku yikukuzga kutora nawo mbali kwa ŵanthu apo charu chikakuranga mwaluŵiro kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweni uyo wakiza mu malo ghake, [[Martin Van Buren]], wakaleka kutemweka pamanyuma pa [[Chiwawa cha 1837]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bomboy |first1=Scott |title=Martin Van Buren's legacy: Expert politician, mediocre president |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/martin-van-burens-legacy-was-more-than-just-muttonchops-2/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=December 5, 2017}}</ref> ndipo nyifwa ya [[William Henry Harrison]] na ubwezi uheni pakati pa [[John Tyler]] na Congress vikapangiska kuti udindo uwu uŵe wakufoka chomene.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freehling |first1=William |title=John Tyler: Impact and Legacy |url=https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/impact-and-legacy |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Pamoza na Van Buren, mu vyaka 24 pakati pa 1837 na 1861, ma nyengo 6 gha upulezidenti ghakazuzgika na ŵanalume 8 ŵakupambana, ndipo palije uyo wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNamara |first1=Robert |title=Seven Presidents Served in the 20 Years Before the Civil War |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-before-the-civil-war-1773447 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=ThoughtCo |date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> Senate yikaŵa na ntchito yikuru mu nyengo iyi, apo [[Wupu Ukulu Watatu]] wa [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], na [[John C. Calhoun]] ukaŵa na ntchito yikuru pakupanga ndondomeko za charu mu ma 1830 na ma 1840, mpaka apo kudumbiskana pa nkhani ya wuzga kukamba kupatulanya charu mu ma 1850.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heidler |first1=David |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne |title=The Great Triumvirate |url=https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-great-triumvirate.html |website=Essential Civil War Curriculum |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winters |first1=Michael Sean |title='Do not trust in princes': the limits of politics |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/do-not-trust-princes-limits-politics |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> Ulongozgi wa [[Abraham Lincoln]] mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Wanangwa ya America|Nkhondo ya pa Wanangwa ya America]] wapangiska ŵakulemba mbiri kumuwona nga ni yumoza wa mapulezidenti ŵakuru chomene ŵa charu.{{efn|Pafupifupi ŵakusambira mbiri wose ŵakumuyika Lincoln mu mapulezidenti ŵatatu ŵakwamba ŵa charu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakumuyika pa malo ghakwamba. Wonani [[Malo gha mapulezidenti ŵa United States mu mbiri|Malo gha mapulezidenti ŵa United States mu mbiri]] kuti muwone ivyo kafukufuku wakulongora.}} Vinthu ivyo vikachitika pa nkhondo na kuwusa kwa Republican mu Congress vikapangiska udindo uwu kuŵa wankhongono chomene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Frank |title=Lincoln's War Powers: Part Constitution, Part Trust |url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/lincolns_war_powers_part_constitution_part_trust |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=American Bar Association |date=April 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Jennifer |title=Was Lincoln a Tyrant? |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/was-lincoln-a-tyrant/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=New York Times Opinionator |date=March 25, 2013}}</ref> Kusankhikaso kwa Lincoln mu 1864 kukaŵa kakwamba pulezidenti kusankhikaso kufuma apo Jackson wakachitira mu 1832. Pamanyuma pa kuphedwa kwa Lincoln, uyo wakiza mu malo ghake [[Andrew Johnson]] wakataya chovwiro chose cha ndyali<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varon |first1=Elizabeth |title=Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/campaigns-and-elections |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> ndipo wakakhala pafupi kufumiskika pa udindo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC Staff |title=The man whose impeachment vote saved Andrew Johnson |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-man-whose-impeachment-vote-saved-andrew-johnson |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> Congress yikalutilira kuŵa yankhongono mu nyengo ziŵiri za upulezidenti wa mulongozgi wa nkhondo ya Civil War [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Pamanyuma pa kumara kwa [[Nyengo ya Kuzengaso|Nyengo ya Kuzengaso]], [[Grover Cleveland]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Democrat kusankhika kufuma pambere pa nkhondo, wakaluta ku visola vitatu vyakulondezgana (1884, 1888, 1892) ndipo wakathereska kaŵiri. Mu 1900, [[William McKinley]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakaŵapo pa udindo kusankhikaso kufuma apo Grant wakachitira mu 1872. Pamanyuma pa [[Kuphedwa kwa William McKinley|kuphedwa]] kwa McKinley na [[Leon Czolgosz]] mu 1901, [[Theodore Roosevelt]] wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu ndyali za America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theodore-roosevelts-executive-orders-reshaped-countryand-presidency-180962908/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine (website) |date=April 17, 2017}}</ref> Ŵakulemba mbiri ŵakugomezga kuti Roosevelt wakasintha mwakukhalapo ndondomeko ya ndyali chifukwa cha kukhozga udindo wa upulezidenti,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Posner |first1=Eric |title=The inevitability of the imperial presidency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political-bookworm/post/the-inevitability-of-the-imperial-presidency/2011/04/22/AFTRBoPE_blog.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 22, 2011}}</ref> ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo wakachita vikuphatikizapo kumazga ma wupu ghakuru gha malonda, kusungilira chilengedwe, kusintha kwa ntchito, kupanga mikhaliro ya munthu kuŵa yakuzirwa nga ni nkhani za ndondomeko, na kusankha yekha uyo wakeneranga kulondezga, [[William Howard Taft]]. Mu ma 1910, [[Woodrow Wilson]] wakalongozga charu ku chigonjetso mu [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]], kweni fundo ya Wilson ya kukhazikiska [[Wupu wa Mitundu|Wupu wa Mitundu]] yikakanika na Senate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/senate-rejects-league-of-nations-nov-19-1919-113006 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=November 19, 2014}}</ref> [[Warren Harding]], nangauli wakatemwikwanga apo wakaŵa pa udindo, mbiri yake yikafipiskika chifukwa cha vinyake vyakuchita uheni, chomenechomene [[Teapot Dome scandal|Wubishi wa Teapot Dome]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robenalt |first1=James |title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> ndipo [[Herbert Hoover]] wakaleka kutemweka luŵiro pamanyuma pakutondeka kumazga [[Soka Likuru la Chuma|Soka Likuru la Chuma]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Richard Norton |last2=Walch |first2=Timothy |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |journal=Prologue Magazine |date=Summer 2004 |volume=36 |issue=2 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> === Upulezidenti wa Ufumu === {{Main|Upulezidenti wa Ufumu}} [[File:Franklin D Roosevelt - radio broadcast.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakuyowoya pa wayilesi mu 1933.]] Kukwera kwa [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mu 1933 kukalutilira kulazga ku ivyo wakulemba mbiri [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]] wakachema kuti ni [[Upulezidenti wa Ufumu|upulezidenti wa ufumu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialpresiden00schl|title=The Imperial Presidency|last=Schlesinger| first=Arthur M. Jr. |date=1973|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|others=Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries)|isbn=0-395-17713-8|location=Boston|pages=x|oclc=704887|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|url-access=registration}}</ref> Chifukwa cha chovwiro cha ma Republican ghanandi mu Congress na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha kukuru, [[New Deal|Ndondomeko Yiphya]] ya Roosevelt yikakura chomene ukuru na mulimo wa boma la pakati, kusazgapo ma wupu ghakulongozga ghanandi.<ref name=JohnYooFDR>{{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=John |title=Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power |journal=Chapman Law Review |date=February 14, 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=205 |ssrn=3123894 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3123894}}</ref>{{rp|211–12}} Ŵantchito awo ŵakateŵeteranga pulezidenti, awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵachoko, ŵakasazgikira chomene, ndipo [[Ofesi Yikuluwakuru ya Pulezidenti|Ofesi Yikuru ya Pulezidenti]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1939, ndipo palije yumoza wa ŵantchito aŵa wakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na Senate.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|229–231}} Kusankhikaso kwa Roosevelt mwakupambana na kale ku nyengo yachitatu na yachinayi, chigonjetso cha United States mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], na kukura kwa chuma cha charu vyose vikawovwira kukhazikiska udindo uwu kuŵa wa ulongozgi wa charu chose.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|269}} Awo ŵakamulondezga, [[Harry S. Truman]] na [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], waliyose wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri apo [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima|Nkhondo Yakuzizima]] yikapangiska kuti upulezidenti uwoneke nga ni "[[mulongozgi wa charu chafwatuka|mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa]]",<ref name="freeworld" /> apo [[John F. Kennedy]] wakaŵa mulongozgi muwukirano kweniso wakatemweka uyo wakapokera chandulo kufuma ku kukura kwa TV mu ma 1960.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |title=A Year Before His Presidential Debate, JFK Foresaw How TV Would Change Politics |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-jfk-had-say-about-tv-politics-180967172/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Ron |title=See How JFK Created a Presidency for the Television Age |url=https://time.com/4795637/jfk-television/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] wakataya chovwiro cha ŵanthu chifukwa cha [[Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam|Nkhondo ya Vietnam]] ndipo upulezidenti wa [[Richard Nixon]] ukamara mu [[Wubishi wa Watergate|wubishi wa Watergate]], Congress yikakhazikiska masinthiro ghanandi agho ghakakhumbanga kuti yijikhazikiske panthazi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallach |first1=Philip |title=When Congress won the American people's respect: Watergate |url=https://www.legbranch.org/2018-4-25-when-congress-won-the-american-peoples-respect-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=LegBranch.org |date=April 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Sam |last2=Tausanovitch |first2=Alex |title=Lessons From Watergate |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/07/30/454058/lessons-from-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Center for American Progress |date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ivyo vikasazgapo [[War Powers Resolution|Dango la Mphamvu za Nkhondo]], ilo likapangika kuŵa dango nangauli Nixon wakaliveta mu 1973,<ref>{{USStat|87|555}}, 559–560.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madden |first1=Richard |title=House and Senate Override Veto by Nixon on Curb of War Powers; Backers of Bill Win 3-Year Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/08/archives/house-and-senate-override-veto-by-nixon-on-curb-of-war-powers.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 1973}}</ref> ndiposo [[Dango la Bajeti la Congress na Kulongora Ndalama la 1974|Dango la Bajeti la Congress na Kulongora Ndalama la 1974]], ilo likakhumbanga kukhozga mazaza gha Congress pa nkhani za ndalama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Budget and Impoundment Control Act becomes law, July 12, 1974 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/budget-and-impoundment-control-act-becomes-law-july-12-1974-240372 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Mu 1976, [[Gerald Ford]] wakazomerezga kuti "pendulum ya mbiri" yikasintha kulazga ku Congress, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la "kuswa" luso lake la kulamulira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shabecoff |first1=Philip |title=Presidency Is Found Weaker Under Ford |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/presidency-is-found-weaker-under-ford-curbs-on-exerting-power-seen.html |access-date=September 9, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 28, 1976}}</ref> Ford wakatondeka kusankhikaso kuti watemwere nyengo yakukwana ndipo uyo wakamulondezga, [[Jimmy Carter]], nayo wakatondeka kusankhikaso. [[Ronald Reagan]], uyo wakaŵa wakuseŵera mafilimu pambere wandambe mulimo wake wa ndyali, wakagwiliskira ntchito luso lake la kuyowoya kuti wawovwire kusintha ndondomeko ya America kufuma ku ndondomeko za New Deal kulazga ku fundo za ndyali za kusungilira miyambo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Lee |title=What Made Reagan a Truly Great Communicator |url=https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615012306/https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator |url-status=unfit |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brands |first1=H. W. |title=What Reagan Learned from FDR |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159389 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=History News Network}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima|Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], United States yikazgoka charu chakulongozga chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Theodore |title=America's First Post-Cold War President |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=Fall 1992 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.2307/20045307 |jstor=20045307 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1992-09-01/americas-first-post-cold-war-president|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], na [[Barack Obama]] wose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri nga ni mapulezidenti. Pa nyengo iyi, charu chikamba kuŵa chakugaŵikana chomene pa ndyali, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵa Congress awo ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana chomene ŵakure, chomenechomene pamanyuma pa [[Chisankho cha pakati pa nyengo cha United States cha 1994|visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 1994]] ivyo vikawona ma Republican ghapoka mazaza mu Nyumba yakuwungana kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vyaka 40, kweniso kukura kwa kugwiliskira ntchito mwakawiro [[Filibuster mu Senate ya United States|filibuster]] mu Senate.<ref>Barber, Michael; McCarty, Nolan (2013), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193351/https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf Causes and Consequences of Polarization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193351/https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf |date=January 14, 2021 }}, American Political Science Association Task Force on Negotiating Agreement in Politics report, at 19–20, 37–38.</ref> Ntheura izi, mapulezidenti ŵasono ŵakulutilira kugomezga chomene pa [[Executive order|malango gha pulezidenti]], ndondomeko za ma wupu, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhazikiske ndondomeko zikuru, m'malo mwa malango ghakupangika na Congress kweniso mazaza gha Congress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudalevige |first1=Andrew |title=The Letter of the Law: Administrative Discretion and Obama's Domestic Unilateralism |journal=The Forum |date=April 1, 2014 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1515/for-2014-0023 |s2cid=145237493 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Visola vya upulezidenti mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vyalongora kulutilira kwa kugaŵikana uku, chifukwa palije munthu uyo wakapambana na mavoti gha ŵanthu na mphambano yakuluska pa 5 peresenti, kupatulapo Obama mu 2008, ndipo ŵaŵiri, George W. Bush ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2000|2000]]) na [[Donald Trump]] ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016|2016]]), ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweni ŵakataya mavoti gha ŵanthu.<ref>{{efn|Wonani [[Mndandanda wa visola vya pulezidenti vya United States mwakuyana na mphambano ya mavoti gha ŵanthu]].}}</ref> Bush ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2004|2004]]) na Trump ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2024|2024]]) pamanyuma ŵakasankhikaso, ndipo wose ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweniso mu mavoti gha ŵanthu. === Ŵakususka kusintha kwa upulezidenti === Ŵakakhazikiska charu ichi [[Ŵakakhazikiska charu cha United States|Ŵakakhazikiska charu cha United States]] ŵakaghanaghananga kuti [[Congress ya United States|Congress]], iyo yikaŵa nthambi yakwamba ya boma yakuzunulika mu [[Dango la Malango la United States|Dango la Malango]], ndiyo yizamuŵa nthambi yikuru ya boma; ŵakaghanaghananga yayi kuti paŵenge dipatimenti yankhongono ya vya ukulongozga.<ref name="tws9nov09">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=the founding fathers had "scant affection for strong executives" like England's king, and{{nbsp}}... Bush White House's claims are rooted in ideas "about the 'divine' right of kings"{{nbsp}}... and that certainly did not find their way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.}}</ref> Kweni mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakusintha mu nyengo, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano waŵa na nkhongono zinandi chomene,<ref name="twsSEPnnxcvdf1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582 |first=David |last=Sirota |title=The Conquest of Presidentialism |date=August 22, 2008 |work=HuffPost |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref><ref name="twsSEPnn5454">{{Cite news |last=Schimke |first=David |url=http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx |title=Presidential Power to the People—Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next President be taken down a notch |date=September–October 2008 |work=Utne Reader |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref> wambura kuŵa na vyakupimika,<ref name="tws9nov07">{{Cite news |last=Linker |first=Ross |url=http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/ |title=Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite |date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter |quote=Presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.}}</ref> ndiposo uli na mikhaliro ya "uchifumu".<ref name="tws9nov08">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)}}</ref> Mu 2008 pulofesa [[Dana D. Nelson]] wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti mu vyaka 30 ivyo vikajumpha ŵakagwira ntchito yakuti ŵaŵe na "mazaza ghose pa nthambi ya vya ukulongozga na ma wupu ghake".<ref name="twsSEPrt8jyh5">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story |title=Opinion—The 'unitary executive' question—What do McCain and Obama think of the concept? |date=October 11, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Wakususka awo ŵakukhozgera [[Chisambizgo cha nthambi yimoza ya ukulongozga|chigomezgo cha nthambi yimoza ya ukulongozga]] chifukwa cha kusazgirako "mazaza ghanandi gha ukulongozga agho ghakuleka kupimika—nga ni malango gha pulezidenti, vyilongolero, makalata gha ndondomeko, vipharazgo, malango gha vya chitetezo cha charu, na mazgu gha pulezidenti pa kusayina malango—ivyo vikuzomerezga kale mapulezidenti kupanga ndondomeko zinandi za vya charu cha kuwaro na mukati kwambura wovwiri, kususkika, panji kuzomerezgeka na Congress".<ref name=twsSEPrt8jyh5 /> [[Bill Wilson (activist)|Bill Wilson]], membala wa wupu wa [[Americans for Limited Government]], wakayowoya kuti upulezidenti wakusazgikira "ni suzgo likuru chomene ilo likukumana na wanangwa wa munthu payekha na ulamuliro wa demokilase".<ref name="tws8nov06">{{Cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html |title=A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target |date=September 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama's Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. "I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them," Mr. Wilson, the group's president, tells his eager researchers.}}</ref> == Mazaza gha kupanga malango == [[Vigaŵa vya kupika mazaza|Article I, Gawo{{nbsp}}1]] la Dango la Malango likuŵika mazaza ghose gha [[Ukwamba kupika dango|kupanga malango]] mu mawoko gha Congress, ndipo [[Dango lakukanizga kuŵa mu malo ghaŵiri|Article 1, Gawo 6, Ndime{{nbsp}}2]] likukanizga pulezidenti (na ŵantchito wose ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga) kuŵa membala wa Congress nyengo yeneyiyo. Nangauli vili nthena, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na mazaza ghakuru pa vya malango, chifukwa cha fundo za mu dango la malango kweniso kusintha kwa mbiri mu nyengo. === Kusayina na kuveta malango === [[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] wakusayina [[Dango la Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu la 1964|Dango la Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu la 1964]] pa [[Nyumba Yituŵa|Nyumba Yituŵa]] pa Julayi 2, 1964, apo [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] na ŵanyake ŵakulaŵiska.]] Mazaza ghakuru chomene gha pulezidenti pa kupanga malango ghakufuma ku [[Ndime ya Kupereka Dango|Ndime ya Kupereka Dango]], iyo yikupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kuveta [[Bill (law)|dango lililose]] ilo lapokelereka na [[Congress ya United States|Congress]]. Nangauli Congress yingasintha veto ya pulezidenti, yikukhumbikwira [[Voti zinandi chomene#Voti ziŵiri pa zitatu|voti ziŵiri pa zitatu]] za nyumba zose ziŵiri, ndipo kanandi ichi chikuŵa chakusuzga kuchitika kwambura malango agho ghakukhozgeka na magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali. Ŵakulemba dango la malango ŵakawopanga kuti Congress yingayezga kusazgirako mazaza ghake na kupangiska "uwofya wa ŵanandi", ntheura kupeleka veto kwa pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika yayi kukaŵa nthowa yakuzikika ya kupima mazaza gha kupika malango. Nangauli George Washington wakagomezganga kuti veto yikwenera kugwiliskirika ntchito pera para dango lili kwambiska yayi, sono veto yikugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi apo mapulezidenti ŵali na mphambano za ndondomeko na dango. Ntheura veto—panji chiwopsezo cha veto—yikasintha ndipo yapangiska upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano kuŵa chigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene cha ndondomeko ya kupanga malango mu America. Chomenechomene, pasi pa [[Ndime ya Kupereka Dango|Presentment Clause]], para dango laperekeka na Congress, pulezidenti wali na nthowa zitatu: # Kusayina dango mu mazuŵa khumi, kwambura kupenda mazuŵa gha Sabata. Dango ili [[Coming into force|likwamba kugwira ntchito]]. # [[Veto power mu United States|Kuveta]] dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya na kuliwezgera ku nyumba ya Congress iyo yikalambika, pakuyowoya ivyo wakususka. Dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, kwambura kuti nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress zivote kuti ziviske veto iyi na [[Voti zinandi chomene#Voti ziŵiri pa zitatu|voti ziŵiri pa zitatu]]. # Kuleka kuchitapo kanthu pa dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya. Dango ili likwamba kugwira ntchito nga ni kuti pulezidenti wakalisayina, kweni pekha para Congress yili pa holide yayi. Usange Congress yili kumalizga nyengo yake yakuwungana, dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikudziwika kuti [[pocket veto]]. Mu 1996, Congress yikayezga kusazgirako mazaza gha veto gha pulezidenti kwizira mu [[Dango la Line Item Veto la 1996|Dango la Line Item Veto]]. Dango ili likapeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kusayina dango lililose la ndalama kuti liŵe dango kweniso nyengo yeneyiyo kufumiskapo vinthu vinyake vya ndalama mu dango ilo, chomenechomene ndalama ziphya, ndalama zakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakukhumbikwa, panji chandulo chiphya cha msonkho chakupimika. Congress yikatenge yingapangaso chinthu icho chafumiskika. Usange pulezidenti wakaveta dango liphya ili, Congress yikatenge yingasintha veto iyi mwakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yake yakawiro, iyo ni voti ziŵiri pa zitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri. Mu ''[[Clinton v. City of New York]]'', {{ussc|524|417|1998}}, [[Khoti Likuru la United States|Khoti Likuru la United States]] likati kusintha uku kwa mazaza gha veto mu kupanga dango kukaŵa kwambura kulondezga dango la malango. === Kukhazikiska ndondomeko === [[File:2018 SOTU 27628831.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] wakuyowoya [[Uthenga wa Boma la Charu wa 2018]] panthazi pa [[Congress ya United States|Congress]].]] Kwa nyengo yitali mu mbiri ya America, ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga kuŵa mapulezidenti ŵakapenjanga kusankhika chifukwa cha layizgo la ndondomeko ya malango iyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita. [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Gawo 3, Ndime 2]] likukhumba kuti pulezidenti walongozge vinthu ivi ku Congress ivyo pulezidenti wakuwona kuti "nchakukhumbikwa kweniso chakwenelera". Ivi vikuchitika kwizira mu uthenga wa [[State of the Union|Umo Boma la Charu Liliri]], uwo kanandi ukuyowoya fundo za malango agho pulezidenti wakukhumba kuti ghapangike mu chaka chakulondezgapo, kweniso kwizira mu mauthenga ghanyake ghakuwoneka panji ghambura kuwoneka na Congress. Pulezidenti wangawovwirapo pakupanga malango mwa kupereka maghanoghano, kupempha, panji nanga nkhukoserezga kuti Congress ipange malango agho pulezidenti wakugomezga kuti ngakukhumbikwa. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kusintha umo dango likupangikira apo likali mu ndondomeko ya kupanga dango kwizira mu kukopa ŵabali ŵa Congress payekha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Recommendations Clause |last=Pfiffner |first=James |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵali na mazaza agha chifukwa Dango la Malango likuyowoya yayi uyo wangapanga malango, kweni mazaza agha ghali na mphaka chifukwa mbabali ŵa Congress pera ndiwo ŵangambiska dango.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-legislative-branch/ |title=Our Government: The Legislative Branch |website=[[White House]] |publisher=The White House |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Pulezidenti panji ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga ŵangapanga vyakulemba vya malango na kupempha maseneta panji ŵimiliri kuti ŵaloweske vyakulemba ivi mu Congress. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kuchiska Congress kuti yisinthire dango ilo laperekeka, mwakuti wayowoye kuti wavetenge dango ilo usange vinthu ivyo wakukhumba vikasinthika yayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42843.pdf |title=Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress |last=Heitshusen |first=Valerie |date=November 15, 2018 |website=R42843 · Version 14 · updated |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> === Kukhazikiska malango ghakulongozga === Malango ghanandi agho Congress yikapanga ghakuyowoya yayi vyose ivyo vingachitika, ndipo ghakupeleka mwakudunjika panji mwambura kudunjika mazaza gha kugwiliskira ntchito malango ku wupu wakwenelera wa boma. Nga ni mulongozgi wa nthambi ya ukulongozga, mapulezidenti ŵakulongozga ma wupu ghanandi gha [[List of federal agencies in the United States|boma la United States]] agho ghangapanga malango ghakulongozga kwambura kulaŵililika chomene na Congress. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakususkika ŵakayowoya kuti mazaza ghanandi gha kupanga malango na bajeti agho ghakeneranga kuŵa gha Congress ghakajumphira mu mawoko gha mapulezidenti. Munthu yumoza wakususka wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti ŵangapanga "gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana nga ni gulu la ŵankhondo la 'ma czar'—waliyose wambura kuyankha kwa Congress kweni wakupika mulimo wa kulongozga ndondomeko zikuru za ku White House".<ref name="tws28sep08">{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Eric |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html |title=Obama's 32 Czars |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵakususkika chifukwa cha kupanga [[mazgu gha kusayina|mazgu gha kusayina]] apo ŵakusayina malango gha Congress, pakuyowoya umo ŵakupulikira dango panji umo ŵazamugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="twsSEPrt8jyh5" /> Chizgoŵezi ichi chasukika na [[American Bar Association]] kuti nchakususkana na dango la malango.<ref name="tws11nov301">{{Cite news |last=Suarez |first=Ray |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |title=President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns |date=July 24, 2006 |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |publisher=PBS Online NewsHour |quote=The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications. |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Wakasangazga wa kusungilira miyambo [[George Will]] wakalemba vya "nthambi ya ukulongozga iyo yikusazgikira chomene" kweniso "kuzimirika kwa Congress".<ref name="tws28sep">{{Cite news |last=Will |first=George F. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html |title=Making Congress Moot |date=December 21, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> === Kucemera na kuzimiska Congress === Kuti boma lichitenge mwaluŵiro para pali suzgo likuru la mukati mwa charu panji la pa charu chose ilo likuchitika apo Congress yili pa nyengo yayi yakukumana, pulezidenti wali kupika nkhongono kwizira mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Extraordinary sessions and prorogation of Congress|Nkhani Yachiŵiri, Chigaŵa 3]] cha Malango kuti wacheme [[special session|ungano wapadera]] wa nyumba yimoza panji zose ziŵiri za Congress. Kufuma apo [[John Adams]] wakachita nthena kakwamba mu 1797, pulezidenti wachema Congress yose kuti yikumanenge pa ungano wapadera maulendo 27. [[Harry S. Truman]] ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kuchita nthena mu Julayi 1948, ndipo ungano uwu ukamanyikwa kuti [[Turnip Day Session]].<ref name="Forte">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress |last=Forte |first=David F. |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=Heritage Foundation |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Steinmetz">{{Cite magazine |last=Steinmetz |first=Katy |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Congressional Special Sessions |url=https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2009480,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Kweniso, pambere [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Chigaziso cha Makumiŵiri]] chindazomerezgeke mu 1933, icho chikiza nyengo iyo Congress yikakumananga kufuma mu Disembala kuluta mu Janyuwale, ŵapulezidenti ŵaphya awo ŵakamba maudindo ŵakachemanga Senate kuti yikumanenge kuti yikhozge kusankhika kwa ŵanthu panji kuzomera mapangano. Kweni mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano, nkhongono iyi yili kuleka kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa Congress sono yikukhalilira pa ungano chaka chose, ndipo yikuchita maungano gha pro forma mazuŵa ghose ghatatu nangauli yikuwoneka nga yili pa kupumura. Mwakuyana na ichi, pulezidenti wali na mazaza kuzimiska Congress usange Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na Senate zingatondeka kupulikana pa nyengo ya kuzimiska; palije pulezidenti uyo wagwiriskapo ntchito nkhongono iyi.<ref name="Forte"/><ref name="Steinmetz"/> == Nkhongono za kulongozga == {{Main|Nkhongono za pulezidenti wa United States}} {{Quote box|align=right|width=25%|quote=Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.|source=''[[Nixon v. General Services Administration]]'', '''{{ussc|433|425|1977}}''' ([[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist, J.]], [[Dissenting opinion|dissenting]])}} Pulezidenti ni mulongozgi wa nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la feduro ndipo wali na udindo wakuyana na [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Malango]] wa "kuwona kuti malango ghakugwiriskika ntchito mwakugomezgeka".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3 |title=Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution |year=2012 |publisher=Legal Information Institute |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Nthambi yakulongozga yili na ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 4 miliyoni, kusazgapo ŵasilikari.<ref name="obamapresidency">{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch |title=Executive Branch |date=April 2015 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> === Nkhongono za ulamuliro === Ŵapulezidenti ŵakusankha ŵanthu mu maudindo gha ndyali. Pulezidenti uyo wanjira waka mu udindo wangasankha ŵanthu 4,000, ndipo 1,200 mwa iwo ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate ya United States]]. [[Ambassador|Ŵakazembe]], ŵabali ŵa [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]], na ŵalara ŵanyake, ni mwa maudindo agho ghakuzuzgika kwizira mu kusankhika kwa pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate.<ref>{{cite web| title=Presidentially Appointed Positions| date=April 14, 2021| url=https://presidentialtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Presidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf| publisher=[[Partnership for Public Service]]| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Biden Political Appointee Tracker| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2020/biden-appointee-tracker/| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> Nkhongono za pulezidenti zakuchimbiska ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga zakhala nkhani yakukwaskana chomene mu ndyali. Kanandi, pulezidenti wangawuskamo ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga nyengo yiliyose.<ref>See ''Shurtleff v. United States'', {{ussc|189|311|1903}}; ''[[Myers v. United States]]'', {{ussc|272|52|1926}}.</ref> Kweni, Congress yingachepeska na kukhora mazaza gha pulezidenti pakuwuskamo ŵalongozgi ŵa mawupu ghakujiyimira ghakulongozga malango na ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa pasi mu nthambi yakulongozga kwizira mu [[statute|dango]].<ref>See ''[[Humphrey's Executor v. United States]]'', {{ussc|295|602|1935}} and ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]'', {{ussc|487|654|1988}}, respectively.</ref> Kuti ŵalamulire boma la feduro ilo likukulirakulira, ŵapulezidenti ŵakamba kuzijala na magulu ghanandi gha ŵantchito, agho pamanyuma ghakanozgekera mu [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]]. Mu Executive Office iyi, gulu la mukati chomene la ŵawovwiri ŵa pulezidenti na ŵawovwiri ŵawo likusangika mu [[White House Office]]. Pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zakulongozga milimo ya boma la feduro kwizira mu kupereka mitundu yakupambanapambana ya [[Presidential directive|malanguro]], nga ni [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|chilango cha pulezidenti]] na [[executive order|malanguro gha pulezidenti]]. Para pulezidenti wakugwiriskira ntchito mwakwenelera udindo uwo wali kupika na malango, ukuru wa nkhongono iyi ngukuru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030907/http://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential |url-status=unfit |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |title=Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives |last=Gaziano |first=Todd |date=February 21, 2001 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> Nangauli vili nthena, malanguro agha ghali pasi pa [[Judicial review in the United States|kuweleruzgika na ŵeruzgi]] mu makhoti gha feduro gha United States, agho ghangasanga kuti ngambula kukolerana na malango. Congress yingazgora malanguro gha pulezidenti kuŵa ghambura ntchito kwizira mu dango. === Vya vyakuwaro (Foreign affairs) === [[File:President George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev.jpg|thumb|Mulongozgi George H. W. Bush na mulongozgi wa Soviet [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ŵali kusayina [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord|Phangano la 1990 pa vya vilwero vya makemikolo]] ku [[White House|Nyumba ya White House]].]] [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Section 3, Clause 4]] chikukhumba kuti pulezidenti "wapokelere Mabambasada". Dango ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Reception Clause, lili kupulikikwa kuti likung'anamura kuti pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakuru pa nkhani za vyakuwaro,<ref>''[[United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.]]'', {{ussc|299|304|1936}}, likalongosora Pulezidenti kuti ni "chiŵaro chekha cha charu mu ubale wake wakuwaro", fundo iyo [https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/fisher.pdf yikatsutsika] na Louis Fisher wa [[Library of Congress|Layibulare ya Kongiresi]].</ref> ndiposo kumovwira pulezidenti pa mazaza ghake ghakupokera [[diplomatic recognition|kuwoneska kuzomera]] boma la charu chinyake.<ref>''[[Zivotofsky v. Kerry]]'', {{Ussc|576|___|2015|el=no}}.</ref> Malango gha Dango la Malango gha charu ghakumupaso pulezidenti mazaza ghakuŵika mabambasada gha United States, kweniso kupereka na kudumbiskana chomene mapangano pakati pa United States na vyaru vinyake. Mapangano agha, para ghazomerezgeka na ulangizi na chivomerezgo cha Seneti ya U.S. (na mavoti gha [[Supermajority|maghanaghano ghaŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu]]), ghakuŵa ghakukaka nga ni dango la boma. Nangauli nkhani za vyakuwaro zikaŵa nyengo zose chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha maudindo gha pulezidenti, kusintha kwa tekinoloje kufuma apo Dango la Malango likakhazikiskikira kwasazgirako mazaza gha pulezidenti. Kale mabambasada ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru gha kudumbiskana mwakujiyimira paŵekha mu zina la United States, kweni sono mapulezidenti ŵakukumana nyengo zose mwakudunjika na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake. === Mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari (Commander-in-chief) === [[File:Lincoln O-62 by Gardner, 1862-crop.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Abraham Lincoln]] wakavikilira mwakukwana [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] mu nyengo ya [[American Civil War|Nkhondo ya pa Wenenawene ya ku America]]. Pano wali (pakati) na General [[George B. McClellan]] (kumazere), ndiposo ŵasilikari ku [[Antietam National Battlefield|Antietam]], pa Okutobala 3, 1862.]] Chimoza mwa mazaza ghakuzirwa chomene gha wupu wakulongozga ni mulimo wa pulezidenti nga ni [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari]] wa [[United States Armed Forces|Ŵasilikari ŵa United States]]. Mazaza ghakupharazga nkhondo ghali mu mawoko gha Kongiresi mwakuyana na dango la malango, kweni pulezidenti wali na mulimo wakumalizga wakulongozga na kupangiska ndondomeko za ŵasilikari. Mlingo weneko wa mazaza agho Dango la Malango likumupa pulezidenti nga ni mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari waŵa nkhani ya kudumbirana chomene mu mdauko, apo Kongiresi nyengo zinyake yamupanga mazaza ghakuru ndipo nyengo zinyake yikayezga kuchepeska mazaza agha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/commander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck/clause/25 |title=Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause |last1=Ramsey |first1=Michael |last2=Vladeck |first2=Stephen |website=National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required) |publisher=National Constitution Center |access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> Ŵalembi ŵa Dango la Malango ŵakaphalira makora kuchepeska mazaza gha pulezidenti pa nkhani za ŵasilikari; [[Alexander Hamilton]] wakalongosora mu [[Federalist No. 69]] kuti:{{blockquote|Pulezidenti ndiyo wakwenera kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo za United States.{{nbsp}}... Ichi chikung'anamura waka ulongozgi ukuru na kulongozga ŵasilikari na ŵanyamata ŵa sitima za nkhondo{{nbsp}}... apo [mazaza] gha [[Monarchy of Great Britain|themba la Britain]] ghakusazgapo KUPHARAZGA nkhondo na KULENGA NA KULONGOZGA magulu gha ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo, vyose ivi{{nbsp}}... vikeneranga kuŵa vya wupu wakupanga malango.<ref>[[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton, Alexander]]. [http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm ''The Federalist'' #69] (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</ref> [Mazgu ghakudidimizgika mu chakwamba.]|sign=|source=}} Mu nyengo yasono, mwakuyana na [[War Powers Resolution|Dango la Mazaza gha Nkhondo]], Kongiresi yikwenera kuzomerezga kutumizga ŵasilikari kuluta ku malo ghanyake kwa mazuŵa ghakujumpha 60, nangauli ndondomeko iyi yikuthemba pa vinthu vyakuyambiska ivyo vindagwiriskikepo ntchito, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti yileke kugwira ntchito makora.<ref name="miller-center">{{Cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |title=The National War Powers Commission Report |last1=Christopher |first1=James A. |last2=Baker, III |date=July 8, 2008 |publisher=The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |quote=No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions. }}</ref> Kweniso, Kongiresi yikupeleka mphaka ku mazaza gha pulezidenti pa ŵasilikari kwizira mu kulamulira ndalama za ŵasilikari na malango ghawo. Mapulezidenti mu mdauko ŵakambiska nyengo zinandi ndondomeko zakunjira mu nkhondo,<ref name="tws12novef">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |title=The Law: The President's War Powers |date=June 1, 1970 |magazine=Time |access-date=September 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="tws8nov102">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.}}</ref> kweni ŵakususka ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa mikangano yinandi iyo mapulezidenti ŵakachitapo nkhondo kwambura kupokera chiphani chakuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo kuluta kwa ŵasilikari ŵa [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ku [[Panama]] mu 1903,<ref name="tws12novef" /> [[Korean War|Nkhondo ya Korea]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> [[Vietnam War|Nkhondo ya Vietnam]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> ndiposo kuwukira kwa [[Grenada]] mu 1983<ref name="tws8nov101">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.}}</ref> na [[Panama]] mu 1989.<ref name="tws8nov100">{{Cite news |last=Gordon |first=Michael R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article |title=U.S. troops move in Panama in effort to seize Noriega; gunfire is heard in capital |date=December 20, 1990 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.}}</ref> Nkhongono ya usilikari iyo pulezidenti wakulongozga yekha pa nyengo ya nkhondo yasintha chomene.Andrew J. Polsky, ''Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37003 online review] [[George Washington]], pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States, wakakhazikiska mwamphamvu [[Kulongozgeka kwa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu bweka|kujilambika kwa usilikari ku mazaza gha ŵanthu bweka]]. Mu 1794, Washington wakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zake za mu dango la malango kuwunganya ŵasilikari ŵa [[Militia]] ŵakukwana 12,000 kuti ŵamazge [[Chiwukirano cha Whiskey|Chiwukirano cha Whiskey]], nkhondo iyo yikachitika mu [[Western Pennsylvania|Western Pennsylvania]] yakukhwaskana na ŵalimi ŵakuvwara vilwero na ŵakupanga moŵa awo ŵakakana kulipira msonkho wa pa moŵa wa mizimu. Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mdauko [[Joseph Ellis]], iyi yikaŵa "nyengo yakwamba ndiposo yimoza pera apo pulezidenti wa America uyo wakaŵa pa udindo wakalongozga ŵasilikari pa malo gha nkhondo", nangauli [[James Madison]] wakalongozga kwa kanyengo waka magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa mfuti zikuru pakuvikilira [[Kuwotcheka kwa Washington|Washington, D.C.]], pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya 1812|Nkhondo ya 1812]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer12/george.cfm |title=George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief |publisher=The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation}} [[Abraham Lincoln]] wakachitanga mulimo ukuru pakunozga ndondomeko yose ya nkhondo ndiposo pa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Charu ya ku America|Nkhondo ya pa Charu ya ku America]], 1861–1865; ndipo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakamulumba chomene Lincoln chifukwa cha mahara ghake gha ndondomeko ya nkhondo ndiposo luso lwake lwakusankha na kukhozga ŵalongozgi ŵasilikari nga ni [[Ulysses S. Grant]].James M. McPherson, ''Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief'' (2009) Ulongozgi wa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa za ŵasilikari masiku ghano ukupika ku [[Dipatimenti ya Vyakuvikilira ya United States|Dipatimenti ya Vyakuvikilira]] ndipo kanandi ukuchitika kwizira mwa [[Mlembi wa Vyakuvikilira wa United States|Mlembi wa Vyakuvikilira]]. [[Mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff|Mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff]] pamoza na [[Combatant Commands|Combatant Commands]] ŵakovwira pa ulongozgi wa ntchito izi mwakuyana na Unified Command Plan (UCP) iyo yavomerezgeka na pulezidenti.{{Cite news |url=https://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |title=DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 |date=April 8, 2011 |work=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |archive-date=May 13, 2011}}{{USC|10|164}}[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2 About the Joint Chiefs of Staff]. Retrieved February 25, 2013. == Nkhongono za vyeruzgo == {{Further|[[Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakapika chigowokero panji kulekelereka na pulezidenti wa United States|Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakapika chigowokero panji kulekelereka na pulezidenti wa United States]]}} {{Update|section|reason=The case [[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States (2024)]]|date=July 2024}} [[File: P20220408AS-1467 (52067437977).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Joe Biden]] pamoza na wakweruzga wa [[Khoti Likuru Chomene la United States|Khoti Likuru Chomene]] uyo wakamusankha, [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]], kweniso Wachiwiri wa Pulezidenti [[Kamala Harris]] (uyo wali kumanyuma) pamanyuma pakuti Brown Jackson wazomerezgeke na [[Senate ya United States|Senate ya United States]] mu 2022]] Pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakusankha [[Muweruzgi wa federo wa United States|ŵeruzgi ŵa federo]], kusazgapoŵanthu mu [[Makhoti gha Chikwenu gha United States|Makhoti gha Chikwenu gha United States]] na [[Khoti Likuru la United States|Khoti Likuru la United States]]. Kweni, visankho ivi vikukhumbikwira [[Ndangaulizgi na chizomerezgo#United States|kuzomerezgeka na Senate]] pambere ŵangamba mulimo. Kupokelera chizomerezgo cha Senate chingaŵa chinthu chikuru chakususka ku ŵalongozgi awo ŵakukhumba kunyoloska makhoti gha federo kuya na maghanoghano ghawo. Para ŵakusankha ŵeruzgi mu [[Khoti la Boma la United States|makhoti gha boma gha United States]], ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakuchindika muzgo wakale wa [[Muzgo wa Senate|muzgo wa Senate]]. Ŵalongozgi ŵangaŵaso na mazaza ghakupereka [[Chigowokero|vigowokero]] na kuchedweska chilango. [[Gerald Ford]] wakagowokera [[Richard Nixon]] mwezi umoza pamanyuma pa kwamba mulimo wake. Ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakupereka vigowokero pafupi na para ŵakuti ŵafumepo mu udindo wawo, nga umo [[Bill Clinton]] wakagowokera [[Patty Hearst]] pa zuŵa lake laumaliro mu udindo; ichi nchakukayikiska kanandi.<ref name="tws8nov12">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the president was trying to shield officials for political purposes.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov11">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction'.{{nbsp}}... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov10">{{Cite news |last=Eisler |first=Peter |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm |title=Clinton-papers release blocked |date=March 7, 2008 |work=USA Today |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.}}</ref> Malango ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na mazaza gha boma ghakawoneka agho ghakuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti wachite milimo yake mwakujilongozga yekha munjila yinyake. Lakwamba ni [[Ufulu Wapadera wa Boma|ufulu wapadera wa boma]], uwo ukuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti waleke kuvumbura nkhani zauzgani izo zikachitika pakati pake nayo pakuchita milimo ya boma. George Washington ndiyo wakayambirizga kudemba ufulu uwu apo Bungwe la Congress likaŵeya kuwona vyalembo vya [[Muweruzgi Mkuru wa United States|Muweruzgi Mkuru]] [[John Jay]] kufuma ku chiwerengero cha phangano lakusuzga na [[Ufumu wa Great Britain|Great Britain]]. Nangauli chindindindi ichi chindalembeke mu Constitution panji dango linyake lililose, kuchita kwa Washington kukapangiska umboni wakwamba wa ufulu uwu. Apo Nixon wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma kuŵa chifukwa chakukana kupeleka ukaboni uwo ukalongozgeka na Congress mu nyengo ya [[Nkhani ya Watergate|nkhani ya Watergate]], Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu ''[[United States v. Nixon]]'', kuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ukazomerezgeka yayi mu nkhani izo pulezidenti wakayezganga kutaŵaka ku milandu yaupolisi. Apo Bill Clinton wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma pa nkhani ya [[Nkhani ya Clinton–Lewinsky|nkhani ya Lewinsky]], Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'', kuti ufulu uwu ungagwiliskikaso ntchito yayi mu milandu ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Milandu iyi yikakhazikiska [[Fundo Yakale|fundo yakale ya malango]] yakuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ngwaunenesko, nangauli umo ufulu uwu ukufikira nkhathomo undalongosoreke makora. Kuwonjezgapo, makhoti gha federo ghazomerezga ufulu uwu kuti ukhwaskeso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuteŵetera mu nthowa ya boma kweni ghawovwira yayi comene ku uzgani wa nthowa ya boma uwo pulezidenti wandavutikepo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |title=Executive Privilege 101 |last=Millhiser, Ian |date=June 1, 2010 |publisher=Center for American Progress |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609224239/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mwaŵi wakubisa vyamchindindi vya boma]] ukupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti na nthambi ya ulongozgi kubisa uthenga panji mabuku ku [[Discovery (law)|kufufuza kwa umboni]] mu milandu ya pa khoti usange kuwonekera kwake kungananga [[chivikiliro cha charu]]. Chiyambi cha mwaŵi uwu chikawoneka kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakakana kupeleka mabuku gha nkhondo pa mulandu wa [[chiwembu chakugalukira boma]] wa [[Aaron Burr]], ndipo pamanyuma mu ''[[Totten v. United States]]'', apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mulandu uwo ukapelekeka na kazondi wakale wa Union.{{cite case |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html |title=Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan |chapter=Part III |via=FindLaw |access-date=November 29, 2010}} Ndipouli, mwaŵi uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo na Khoti Likuru Chomene la United States yayi m'paka pa mulandu wa ''[[United States v. Reynolds]]'', apo ukawonekera kuti ni mwaŵi wa [[common law]] wa [[Evidence (law)|umboni]].{{Cite web |url=https://www.acslaw.org/issue_brief/briefs-2007-2011/reforming-the-state-secrets-privilege/ |title=Reforming the State Secrets Privilege |last1=Frost |first1=Amanda |last2=Florence |first2=Justin |year=2009 |publisher=[[American Constitution Society]] |access-date=November 9, 2017}} Pambere [[vigaŵa vya pa Seputembala 11]] vindachitike, kugwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu kukaŵa kwakuchitika nyengo zinyake waka, kweni kukamba kwasazgikiranga chomene.{{Cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=William G. |last2=Pallitto |first2=Robert M. |year=2005 |title=State Secrets and Executive Power |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-science-quarterly_spring-2005_120_1/page/85 |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=85–112 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x |quote=Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.}} Kwambira mu 2001, boma lagwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu mu milandu yinandi ndiposo pa nyengo yakwambilira ya mulandu, ndipo nyengo zinyake ichi chachitiska kuti milandu yimare pambere khoti lindafike pa fundo zikuru za madandawuro, nga umo vikawonekera pa cheruzgo cha [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera la Naini|Khoti la Apilu la Dera la Naini]] mu ''[[Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.]]''.{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html |title=Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A. |date=September 8, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}}{{Cite news |last=Finn |first=Peter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html |title=Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case |date=September 9, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}} Ŵakususka mwaŵi uwu ŵakuti kugwiliskira ntchito kwake kwazgoka nthowa yakubisira milimo ya boma iyo yikaŵa yakwambura kuzomerezgeka panji yakukhozga soni.{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama |title=The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position |last=Glenn Greenwald |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |date=February 10, 2009 |website=Salon |access-date=October 8, 2010}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege |title=Background on the State Secrets Privilege |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}} Kasi pulezidenti wali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] kufuma ku milandu ya pa khoti mpaka pa mlingo wuli, nkhani iyi yikususkana ndipo yakhala yikweruzgikapo mu vyeruzgo vinandi vya Khoti Likuru Chomene. ''[[Nixon v. Fitzgerald]]'' (1982) yikadumura mulandu wa boma uwo ukapelekeka ku pulezidenti wakale Richard Nixon chifukwa cha milimo yake ya pa udindo. ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'' (1997) yikadumura kuti pulezidenti walije chivikiliro ku milandu ya boma pa milimo iyo wakachita pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti, ndipo yikadumura kuti mulandu wa kuzunura munthu pa nkhani ya kugonana ungapitilirira kwambura kuchedwa, nangauli uyo wakususkika wakaŵa pulezidenti wakukhala pa udindo. [[Lipoti la Mueller]] la 2019 pa kunjilirapo kwa Russia mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016|visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016]] likalongosora ukaboni wa [[kunangiska urunji]], kweni ŵakufufuza ŵakakana kupeleka [[Donald Trump]] ku mulandu chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya [[Unduna wa Chilungamo wa United States]] yakukanizga kususka pulezidenti uyo wachali pa udindo. Lipoti ili likati kufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo na Congress kukaŵa nthowa yimoza yakumazgira suzgo ili. Kufika mu Okutobala 2019, mulandu ukaŵa uchali mu makhoti gha boma pa nkhani ya kusanga malipoti gha msonkho gha Donald Trump pa mulandu wa uheni uwo ukapelekeka na [[Loya Mukuru wa Chigaŵa cha New York]] chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma la New York.{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767830713/federal-judge-rules-trump-must-hand-over-8-years-of-tax-returns|title=President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now|website=[[NPR]]|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=April 28, 2020|last1=Brown|first1=Tanya Ballard}} Makalata gha [[Office of Legal Counsel]] agho ghakafuma mu 1973 na 2000 ghakakanizga mukati mwa Unduna wa Chilungamo kususka pulezidenti pa mulandu wa uheni, icho ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa malango ŵakususkira kweni ŵanyake ŵakuchizomerezga.{{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Saikrishna Bangalore |title=Prosecuting and Punishing Our Presidents. |journal=[[Texas Law Review]] |date=November 2021 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=55–113 |url=https://texaslawreview.org/prosecuting-and-punishing-our-presidents/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |ssrn=4039230 |id={{EBSCOhost|154035452|dbcode=a9h}}}} Pakujivikilira ku mulandu wa boma wa uheni pa [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|ivyo wakususkikira kuti wakayezga kunangiska visola vya 2020]], mu Janyuwale 2024, Trump wakaphalira [[Khoti la Apilu la DC Circuit]] kuti pulezidenti wali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] ku milandu ya uheni pa vinthu ivyo wachita apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Mwezi wakulondezgapo, gulu la ŵeruzgi ŵatatu la khoti ili likadumura mwakukolerana kuti Trump wakaŵavya mazaza agha. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti khoti la apilu lidumbiskane nkhani ya chivikiliro cha pulezidenti cha mtundu uwu, chifukwa pakaŵavya pulezidenti uyo wakaŵa pa udindo panji wakale uyo wakasuskikapo pa mulandu wa uheni.{{cite news |title=Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump's Claim of Absolute Immunity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/us/politics/trump-immunity-appeals-court.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 6, 2024|author1=Alan Feuer|author2=Charlie Savage}} Mu ''[[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'', pa Julayi 1, 2024, Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura kuti mapulezidenti ŵali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] para ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazaza ghakuru agho ghali kulembeka mu Dango Likuru, [[presumption|kughanaghana kuti pali chivikiliro]] pa milimo yinyake ya pa udindo, kweni palije chivikiliro pa milimo ya munthu payekha iyo yikukhwaskana yayi na udindo. Mulandu uwu ukaweleraso ku makhoti ghapasi kuti ghadumbiske kuti ni milimo yili iyo yikwenera kuwoneka kuti nja pa udindo panji nja munthu payekha.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/02/presidential-immunity-trump-lawsuits|title=What does the immunity ruling mean for Trump's criminal cases?|work= The Guardian}} Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti makhoti ghapeleke pulezidenti chivikiliro ku milandu ya uheni. == Maudindo gha ulongozgi == === Mutu wa boma === {{listen|filename=Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg|title=Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)}} Nga ni [[mutu wa boma]], pulezidenti wakwimira boma la United States ku ŵanthu ŵake ndipo wakwimira charu ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose. Mwachiyelezgero, para mutu wa boma wa charu chinyake wafika pa ulendo wa boma, kanandi pulezidenti wakuchitiska [[State visits to the United States|mwambo wakupokelera mutu wa boma]] uwo ukuchitikira pa [[South Lawn (White House)|South Lawn]], mwambo uwo ukambika na [[John F. Kennedy]] mu 1961.{{Cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=James A. |url=https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration |last2=Rice |first2=Elaine M. |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-442-02532-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo/page/9 9]–10 |url-access=registration}} Pamanyuma pake pakuchitika [[state dinner]] iyo pulezidenti wakupeleka mu [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]] kumise.{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner |title=The White House State Dinner |website=The White House Historical Association |access-date=November 9, 2017}} [[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Woodrow Wilson]] wakuponya bola lakwamba la mwambo pa [[Opening Day]] mu 1916.]] [[File:President Bill Clinton at Buckingham Palace.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Bill Clinton]] wakuwona gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ntchindi pa [[Buckingham Palace]] pa ulendo wa boma ku United Kingdom mu 1995.]] Nga ni mulongozgi wa charu, pulezidenti wakufiska maudindo ghanandi ghambura kuŵa gha boma chomene agho ghakukhwaskana na mwambo. Mwachiyelezgero, [[William Howard Taft]] wakambiska mwambo wa kuponya [[ceremonial first pitch|bola lakwamba la mwambo]] mu 1910 pa [[Griffith Stadium]], Washington, D.C., pa [[Opening Day]] ya [[Minnesota Twins#Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960|Washington Senators]]. Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa Taft, kupatulapo [[Jimmy Carter]], waponya bola limoza lakwamba la mwambo pa Opening Day, pa [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]], panji pa [[World Series]], kanandi pakuŵa chikondwelero chikuru.{{Cite news |last=Duggan |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html |title=Balking at the First Pitch |date=April 2, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |page=A01}} Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa [[Theodore Roosevelt]] waŵa pulezidenti wa ntchindi wa [[Boy Scouts of America]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |title=History of the BSA Fact Sheet |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629031545/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2017}} === Mutu wa chipani === [[File:President Reagan giving his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention in Dallas Texas.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] wakuyowoya mazgu ghake ghakuzomera kusankhika pa [[1984 Republican National Convention]].]] Kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mutu ndiposo muyowoyeri wa chipani chake cha ndyali. Kufuma apo visola vya kuwoneska ŵanthu ŵakusankhika (binding primaries) vikambira mu vyaru vinandi vya boma, ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimilira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵa na wovwiri wa ŵavoti ŵanandi ŵa chipani chawo. Pakuti Nyumba yose ya Ŵimiliri na pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vitatu cha Seneti vikusoleka pa nyengo yimoza na pulezidenti, kupunda kwa ŵakwimira chipani pa visola kanandi kukukolerana na umo wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti wachitira. [[Coattail effect]], panji kusoŵa kwake, nayo kanandi wakukhwaska ŵakwimira chipani pa visola vya boma na vya mu vigaŵa. Ndipouli, kanandi pakuŵa mphindano pakati pa pulezidenti na ŵanyake mu chipani, ndipo mapulezidenti awo ŵakutaya wovwiri ukuru wa ŵa chipani chawo mu Congress kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbafoka ndiposo ŵakuchita makora yayi. Kweniso, chifukwa United States ni boma la ndondomeko ya phalamende yayi, chipani cha pulezidenti chikusoŵa kanandi unandi wa ŵimiliri mu nyumba yimoza panji zose za Congress, panji pa maudindo gha mabwanamkubwa na mu nyumba za malango za vyaru vinandi. === Mulongozgi wa pa charu chose === Na kukura kwa United States kuŵa [[superpower|charu chankhongono chomene]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndiposo kuŵa na chuma chikuru chomene pa charu chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa pa charu chose, ndipo nyengo zinyake nga ni munthu wa ndyali wali na nkhongono zikuru chomene pa charu. Udindo wa United States nga ni membara mukuru wa [[NATO]], ndiposo ubwezi wake wakukhora na vyaru vinyake vyasambazi panji vya demokilase nga ni ivyo vili mu [[European Union]], vyapangiska kuti pulezidenti wachemekenge kuti "[[mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa]]". == Ndondomeko ya kusankha == === Ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo === [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Qualifications for office|Article II, Section 1, Clause 5]] ya Dango Likuru yikulongosora vinthu vitatu ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti wakwenera: waŵe [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|mwenekaya wa United States mwa kubabikira]]; waŵe na vyaka vyakukwana 35 panji kujumpha; waŵe [[Residency (domicile)#United States|wakukhala mu United States]] kwa vyaka vyakukwana 14.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |title=Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}} Munthu uyo wakufiska vyose ivyo vyalembeka pachanya wangatondeka kuŵa pulezidenti usange pali chilichose mwa ivi: Kuyana na [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Judgment in cases of impeachment; Punishment on conviction|Article I, Section 3, Clause 7]], usange munthu wakafumiskika pa udindo, wakasangika na mulandu ndiposo wakakanizgika kuŵaso na udindo uliwose wa boma, nangauli pali mphindano za malango pa nkhani yakuti dango ili likukhwaska so udindo wa pulezidenti: ŵanthu pera awo ŵali kukanizgikapo kuyana na dango ili ni ŵeruzgi ŵatatu ŵa boma.{{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard D. |title=Lots of People Are Disqualified From Becoming President |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/trump-disqualification-president/617908/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=February 4, 2021 |quote=In addition to the list of people who are ineligible for reasons of mere demographic chance, the Constitution adds a category of people who cannot be elected as a result of their misdeeds. This category includes presidents (along with vice presidents and federal "civil officers") who are impeached, convicted by two-thirds of the Senate, and disqualified for serious misconduct committed while they were in office.}}{{cite web |last1=Wolfe |first1=Jan |title=Explainer: Impeachment or the 14th Amendment – Can Trump be barred from future office? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-explainer-idUSKBN29I356 |website=Reuters |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=January 14, 2021}} Kuyana na [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Participants in rebellion|Section 3 ya Amendment ya 14]], munthu waliyose uyo wakalapa kuti wavikilirenge Dango Likuru ndipo pamanyuma wakagalukira United States ngwakwenelera yayi kuŵa na udindo uliwose wa boma. Ndipouli, kukanizgika uku kungafumiskikapo na voti ya magawo ghaŵiri pa ghatatu gha nyumba yiliyose ya Congress.{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Paul|title=Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=June 15, 2018}} Kweniso, pali mphindano pa nkhani yakuti dango ili, umo lili kulembekera, lingakanizga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti panji lingakhumbikwira dankha mulandu kuwaro kwa Congress, nangauli pali viyelezgero vya kugwiliskira ntchito amendment iyi pa vinthu vinyake padera pa chilato chake chakwambilira cha kukanizga [[Confederate States of America|ŵa Confederacy]] kuŵa pa maudindo gha boma pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene.{{cite web |last1=Vlamis |first1=Kelsey |title=Here's how the 14th Amendment could be used to prevent Trump from running again |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-14th-amendment-could-prevent-trump-from-office-2021-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=March 1, 2021}} Kuyana na [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Amendment ya 22]], palije munthu wangasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri. Amendment iyi yikulongosoraso kuti usange munthu wakwenerera wateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti panji pulezidenti wakuchitapo ntchito kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri vya nyengo iyo munthu munyake wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti, munthu wakwamba wangasolekaso kuŵa pulezidenti kamoza pera.{{cite journal|last1=Peabody|first1=Bruce G.|last2=Gant|first2=Scott E.|date=February 1999|title=The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment|url=http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|journal=Minnesota Law Review|volume=83|issue=3|pages=565–635|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115121046/http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}{{cite journal|last=Albert|first=Richard|title=The Evolving Vice Presidency|journal=Temple Law Review|date=Winter 2005|volume=78|issue=4|url=https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1624&context=lsfp|pages=811–896|access-date=July 31, 2018|via=Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School}} === Uteŵeti wakale === {{Main|List of presidents of the United States by other offices held|List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|List of presidents of the United States by education}} Palije chakukhumbikwa kuti pulezidenti panji ŵakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ŵaŵepo na udindo unyake pambere ŵandanjire pa udindo panji pa nyengo yeneyiyo. Ndipouli, pulezidenti waliyose, kupatulapo Donald Trump, wali kuŵapo [[Governor (United States)|kazembe wa boma]], [[United States Senate|seneta wa United States]], [[United States House of Representatives|membara wa Congress]], [[General officers in the United States|mulara wa ŵasilikari]], panji [[Cabinet of the United States|membara wa nduna za boma]]. Ntchito iyo mapulezidenti ŵanandi ŵakachitanga ni ya muloya, pakuti ŵanalume 27 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti ŵakaŵa maloya.International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012 Mapulezidenti ŵanyake awo ŵakazakaŵa mapulezidenti ŵakaleka kusambira panji kuchita ntchito ya uloya pambere ŵandazgoke mapulezidenti. Palije nyengo iyo munthu wakakhumbikwiranga kuŵa na katundu kuti waŵe pulezidenti panji kuŵa na udindo unyake wa boma, kweni mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya republic, pakaŵa [[Property qualification#United States of America|vyakukhumbikwa vya katundu kuti munthu wavote]] panji kuti waŵe pa maudindo ghanyake agho ghakafiskanga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti, chomenechomene pa udindo wa kazembe wa boma. Pambere Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene yindachitike, chikaŵa chakuzara kuti mapulezidenti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵa katundu munandi: mapulezidenti ŵa ku North kanandi ŵakaŵa na mafamu ghachoko, apo ŵanandi ŵa ku South ŵakaŵa na minda yikuru ndiposo [[List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves|ŵazga]].{{cite news|url=https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/|title=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|date=November 10, 2016|work=24/7 Wall St.|access-date=April 10, 2019|publisher=247wallst.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410142809/https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Whitney |first1=Gleaves |title=Slaveholding Presidents |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=ask_gleaves |website=Ask Gleaves |publisher=Grand Valley State University |access-date=October 14, 2020 |ref=gvsu}} Nangauli mapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakamanyuma ŵakafuma mu ukavu ukuru, ŵanyake, nga ni mbumba ya Roosevelt, John Kennedy, na Donald Trump, ŵakafuma mu mbumba zisambazi chomene. Ŵanalume 33 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose kwambira mu 1953 na wose kupatulapo yumoza kufuma mu 1901, ŵali kuŵa na digiri ya bachelor. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, [[Ivy League#U.S. presidents in the Ivy League|mapulezidenti 16]] ŵakasanga digiri ya Bachelor panji ya pachanya kufuma ku makoleji gha mu [[Ivy League]]. === Makampeni na kusankhika === {{Main|United States presidential primary|United States presidential nominating convention}} {{See also|United States presidential debates}} [[File:Carter Reagan Debate 10-28-80.png|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Jimmy Carter]] (kumazere) wakudumbiskana na wakwimira chipani cha Republican [[Ronald Reagan]] pa Okutobala 28, 1980, pa nyengo ya [[1980 United States presidential election|kampeni ya visola vya pulezidenti vya United States ya 1980]].]] Kampeni ya mazuŵa ghano ya pulezidenti yikwamba pambere [[United States presidential primary|visola vyakwambilira]] vindachitike, ivyo vipani viŵiri vikuru vya ndyali vikugwiliskira ntchito kupatura ŵakwimira pa visola pambere [[United States presidential nominating convention|misonkhano yawo ya kusankha wakwimira chipani]] yindachitike, uko munthu uyo wapunda chomene wakuzgoka wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti. Kanandi, wakwimira chipani pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakusankha munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo chisankho ichi [[Rubber stamp (politics)|chikuzomerezgeka]] na msonkhano. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakuchita [[United States presidential debates|nkhani za kudumbiskana]] izo zikuwoneskeka pa TV ya charu chose, ndipo nangauli nkhani izi kanandi zikuperekeka ku ŵakwimira [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] na [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] pera, [[Third party (United States)|ŵakwimira vipani vinyake]] nawo ŵangachemeka, nga ni [[Ross Perot]] pa [[1992 United States presidential debates|nkhani za 1992]]. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakwendakwenda mu charu chose kulongosora maghanoghano ghawo, kukopa ŵavoti na kupempha ndalama zakwendeskera kampeni. Chigaŵa chikuru cha visola vya mazuŵa ghano chikukhwaskana na kupunda mu [[swing state|vyaru vya boma vyakusintha voti]] kwizira mu maulendo ghanandi na malonda gha pa [[mass media]]. === Visola === {{Main|United States presidential election}} {{See also|United States Electoral College}} [[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg|thumb|293x293px|Mapu gha [[United States]] agho ghakulongora unandi wa mavoti gha Electoral College agho ghakapelekeka ku [[U.S. state|boma]] lililose na [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] pamanyuma pa [[2020 United States census]] pa visola vya pulezidenti vya 2024 na 2028. Mavoti 270 gha Electoral College ghakukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe na unandi pa mavoti 538 agho ghali ghose.]] Pulezidenti wakusoleka mwambura kulunjika na ŵavoti ŵa boma lililose na [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] kwizira mu Electoral College, gulu la ŵakusora ilo likupangika pa vyaka vinayi vilivyose kuti lisore pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake pa nyengo ya vyaka vinayi. Nga umo vikulembekera mu Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, boma lililose likuŵa na unandi wa ŵakusora wakuyana na unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵake mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution|Amendment ya 23]] yikupereka kuti District of Columbia yiŵe na unandi wa ŵakusora uwo yiŵenge nayo usange yikaŵa boma, kweni yingajumphanga yayi uwo boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene lili nawo.{{Cite web|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment|title=Twenty-third Amendment|date=March 29, 1961|website=Annenberg Classroom|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 30, 2018}} Sono, maboma ghose na District of Columbia ghakusankha ŵakusora ŵawo kwizira mu visola vya ŵanthu wose.{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|title=The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|date=May 15, 2017|website=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|page=13|access-date=July 29, 2018}} Mu maboma ghose kupatulapo ghaŵiri, chipani icho [[Ticket (election)|tikiti]] yake ya pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yapokera [[Plurality (voting)|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] mu boma, chikupokera [[Slate (elections)|gulu lose]] la ŵakusora ŵake kuŵa ŵakusora ŵa boma ilo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html|title=About the Electors|website=U.S. Electoral College|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 2, 2018}} [[Maine]] na [[Nebraska]] vikulondezga yayi ndondomeko iyi ya {{nowrap|winner-take-all}}; vikupereka ŵakusora ŵaŵiri kwa uyo wapunda mu boma lose, na yumoza kwa uyo wapunda mu [[List of United States congressional districts|dela lililose la Congress]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|title=Maine & Nebraska|publisher=FairVote|location=Takoma Park, Maryland|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041058/http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska/|title=Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska|website=[[270towin.com]]|access-date=August 1, 2018}} Pa Mande wakwamba pamanyuma pa Chitatu chachiŵiri cha mwezi wa Disembala, pafupifupi masabata ghankhondi na limoza pamanyuma pa visola, ŵakusora ŵakuwungana mu misumba yikuru ya maboma ghawo, na mu Washington, D.C., kuti ŵavotere pulezidenti, ndipo pa pepala linyake la voti, ŵavotere wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kanandi ŵakuvotera ŵakwimira chipani icho chikaŵasankha. Nangauli palije dango la mu Malango Ghakuru panji la boma ilo likuŵakakamizga kuchita nthena, District of Columbia na maboma 32 ghali na malango agho ghakukhumba kuti ŵakusora ŵavotere ŵakwimira awo ŵali [[Promise|kulayizgika]] kuvotera.{{cite web |title=Faithless Elector State Laws |url=https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |website=Fair Vote |access-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219162610/https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Laws Binding Electors |url=http://presidentialelectorlaws.us |access-date=March 4, 2020}} Kuzomerezgeka kwa malango agha kukakhozgeka mu mulandu wa ''[[Chiafalo v. Washington]]'' (2020).{{Cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=July 6, 2020|title=Opinion analysis: Court upholds "faithless elector" laws|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/07/opinion-analysis-court-upholds-faithless-elector-laws/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=[[SCOTUSblog]]}} Pamanyuma pa kuvota, boma lililose likutumizga mbiri yakukhozgeka ya mavoti ghake gha Electoral College ku Congress. Mavoti gha ŵakusora ghakujurika na kuŵerengeka pa ungano wakuphatikizika wa Congress uwo ukuchitika mu sabata yakwamba ya Janyuwale. Usange wakwimira pa visola wapokera [[Unandi wakukwana wa mavoti|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti, sono 270 pa 538, munthu yura wakupharazgika kuŵa wapunda. Para palije uyo wapokera mavoti agha, [[Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] yikwenera kuwungana kuti yisore pulezidenti kwizira mu ndondomeko ya [[visola vyapadera]], umo ŵimiliri, awo ŵakuvota mwakuyimira boma lawo, ndipo boma lililose likupeleka voti yimoza, ŵakusankhapo pakati pa ŵanthu ''ŵatatu'' awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti, wakwimira pa visola wakwenera kupokera mavoti gha unandi wa maboma, sono 26 pa maboma 50. Mu mbiri ya charu ichi, pali visola viŵiri pera vya pulezidenti ivyo vikamara na [[visola vyapadera]]. Mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1800|visola vya 1800]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] na munyake wa chipani cha Democratic-Republican [[Aaron Burr]] ŵakapokera mavoti ghakuyana, 73–73, gha Electoral College, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pakhale visola vyapadera vyakwamba. Vikachitika mwakukolerana na ndondomeko yakwamba iyo yikakhazikiskika na [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 3: Electoral College|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 3]] ya Dango Likuru, ilo likuti usange ŵanthu ŵaŵiri panji ŵatatu ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi ndiposo ghakuyana, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikusankha yumoza wa iwo kuŵa pulezidenti; ndipo uyo waŵa pa malo ghachiŵiri wakuzgoka wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti.{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|title=Essays on Article II: Electoral College|last=Kuroda|first=Tadahisa|website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=July 27, 2018}} Pa Febuluwale 17, 1801, Jefferson wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti ya 36, ndipo Burr wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pake, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika kwizira mu [[Amendment ya 12 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 12]] kuti yigwiliskike ntchito pa [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1804|visola vya 1804]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|title=Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College|last=Fried|first=Charles|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=February 20, 2018}} Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 25, kusankha pulezidenti kukaweleraso ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri apo palije wakwimira pa visola uyo wakapokera [[Unandi wakukwana wa mavoti|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] gha Electoral College, 131 pa 261, mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1824|visola vya 1824]]. Kuyana na Amendment ya 12, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikeneranga kusankha pulezidenti pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College: [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John Quincy Adams]], na [[William H. Crawford]]. Visola vyapadera ivi vyachiŵiri, ndiposo vyamumaliro mpaka sono, vikachitika pa Febuluwale 9, 1825, ndipo vikapangiska kuti John Quincy Adams wasankhike kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti yakwamba.{{Cite book|last=Boller|first=Paul F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ_fSmFIabQC|title=Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-516716-0|edition=2nd revised|location=New York, New York|pages=36–39|access-date=August 2, 2018}} === [[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Kunjira pa udindo]] === {{Main|[[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Kuyana na [[Amendment ya 20 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 20]], nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yikwamba pa 12 koloko muhanya pa Janyuwale 20, mu chaka icho chikulondezga visola vya pulezidenti ivyo vyajumpha.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx |title=The Twentieth Amendment |last1=Larson |first1=Edward J. |last2=Shesol |first2=Jeff |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}} Nyengo zakwamba za uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake izo zikambira pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti [[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Zuŵa la kunjira pa udindo]], zikaŵa [[Kunjira pa udindo kwachiŵiri kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt|nyengo yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti]] wa Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti [[John Nance Garner]] mu 1937.{{Cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True |title=The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937 |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=July 24, 2018}} Kale, Zuŵa la Kunjira pa Udindo likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa deti ili, nyengo yakwamba ya uteŵeti (1933–37) ya ŵanalume aŵa yikachepeskeka na {{age in days|1937|1|20|1937|3|4}} mazuŵa.{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf |title=Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment |website=Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation |publisher=United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=2297–98 |access-date=July 24, 2018}} Pambere wandambe kugwiliskira ntchito mazaza gha udindo wake, pulezidenti wakwenera [[Kuyowoya mwakuzomerezgeka|kuyowoya]] [[Chilapo cha udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|chilapo cha udindo wa pulezidenti]], icho chili mu [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 8: Chilapo panji kukhozgera|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 8 ya Dango Likuru]]. Ichi ndicho chigaŵa chekha cha mwambo wa kunjira pa udindo icho chikukhumbikwa na Dango Likuru: {{blockquote|Nikulapa mwakuzirwa (panji [[Kukhozgera mu malango|kukhozgera]]) kuti nichitenge mwakugomezgeka ntchito ya Udindo wa Pulezidenti wa United States, ndipo mwakukwaniska kwane, nisungenge, nivikirirenge, na kudefendera Dango Likuru la United States.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Oath of Office |last=Kesavan |first=Vasan |website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 2, 2018}}}} Mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵika woko limoza pa [[Baibolo|Baibolo]] apo ŵakulapa chilapo, ndipo ŵakusazgapo mazgu ghakuti "Chiuta wanovwire" paumaliro wa chilapo.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |title=How Presidents use Bibles at inaugurations |last=NCC Staff |date=January 20, 2017 |website=Constitution Daily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014507/https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014507/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |title=Who said that? A quick history of the presidential oath |last=Munson |first=Holly |date=July 12, 2011 |website=ConstitutionDaily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014505/https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014505/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |url-status=dead }} Nangauli chilapo ichi chingapelekeka na munthu waliyose uyo wali na mazaza gha kulolezgeka na dango kupereka vilapo, mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakulapiskika na [[Chief Justice wa United States|Chief Justice wa United States]]. == Uteŵeti pa udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, kazembe wa boma la New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakapunda pa visola vya pulezidenti vinayi, [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1932|1932]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1936|1936]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1940|1940]], na [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1944|1944]] pambere [[Amendment ya 22 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 22]] yindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, iyo yikakhazikiska malire gha nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.]] Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[Mazgu ghaumaliro gha George Washington|Mazgu Ghake Ghaumaliro]] kuti wazamukwimira yayi pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawuzomerezga pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵamanyuma ŵake ŵaŵiri, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Nangauli mwambo wa nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora chomene, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[Msonkhano wa Chipani cha Republican wa 1880]] kuti wakwimire pa nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression|Suzgo Likuru la Chuma]] ndiposo pakukhwimiska wovwiri ku vyaru vya [[Allies of World War II|ŵabwezi ŵa nkhondo]] ivyo vikamenyananga na [[Axis powers|vyaru vya Axis]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, ndipo wakaphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikanjilirapo kale mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachinayi nangauli thupi lake likafowokanga; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 ghati ghajumphapo kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi ya uteŵeti.{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}} Pakuzgora nyengo yitali iyo Roosevelt wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti, [[Amendment ya 22 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 22]] [[kuzomerezgeka|yikazomerezgeka]] mu 1951. Amendment iyi yikukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri (myezi 24) pa nyengo ya uteŵeti wa vyaka vinayi ya pulezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo amendment iyi yikapelekekera ku maboma na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena yayi, nthena wakaŵavya mwaŵi wakwimira pa nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga dankha kupenjera, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalapo ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika pa nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949. === Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana pa udindo === {{Main|[[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Kuyana na [[Amendment ya 25 ya Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 1: Kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti|Chigaŵa 1 cha Amendment ya 25]], iyo yikazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka pulezidenti para pulezidenti [[Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|wafumiskika pa udindo]], wafwa, panji waleka udindo. Nyifwa za mapulezidenti zachitikapo kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitikapo kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo yayi. Pambere Amendment ya 25 yindazomerezgeke (iyo yikapambaniska makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kuleka kukwaniska ntchito|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6]], yikayowoyanga waka kuti wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakutora "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita ntchito zake.{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}} Kuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka nadi pulezidenti para udindo wasoŵa munthu, panji wakuŵa waka [[Kuchita udindo mwakanyengo|wakuchita udindo wa pulezidenti]],{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}} icho nthena chikapangiska kuti pachitike [[visola vyapadera]]. Pulezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala ghose agho ghakalembekanga kwa "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Udindo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo yake. == Umulongozgi mu udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya udindo === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake uyo wakapikanga nayo pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kazembe wa New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakathereska visola vinayi vya [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States|pulezidenti]] mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1932|1932]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1936|1936]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1940|1940]], na [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1944|1944]] pambere [[Sintho la nambara 22 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 22]] lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa maudindo ghaŵiri.]] Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[Mazgu gha George Washington pakulekana na udindo|Mazgu ghake ghakulekana na udindo]] kuti walekenge kupikaso pa nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "maudindo ghaŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawovwira pakweru fundo iyi mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamulondezga, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Nangauli mwambo wa maudindo ghaŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880]] kuti wapike pa nyengo yachitatu yambura kulondezgana, kweni wakatondeka.{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression]] ndipo wakakhumbanga kovwira [[Ŵabwezi ŵa United States mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose|ŵabwezi ŵa United States]] awo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na [[Mphara za Axis|ŵa Axis]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhika pa nyengo yachitatu, kuphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma, apo United States yikachitanga [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likamba kufoka; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi.{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}} Pakuzgora utali wakuluska wa ulamuliro wa Roosevelt, [[Sintho la nambara 22 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 22]] likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kaŵiri kuluska, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakuluska viŵiri (myezi 24) vya nyengo ya pulezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo Sintho ili likatumizgikira ku vyaru na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena wakafwatulikapo yayi, nthena wakatondekanga kupika pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga pachoko waka, pakuti wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose ya Roosevelt yakusazgikira ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949. === Malo ghambura munthu na kulondezgana pa udindo === {{Main|[[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Pasi pa [[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 1: Kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti|Chigaŵa 1 cha Sintho la nambara 25]], ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuŵa pulezidenti para pulezidenti [[Mulandu wa kufumiskapo pa udindo wa boma ku United States|wafumiskika pa udindo]], wafwa, panji waleka ntchito. Nyifwa zachitika kanandi, kuleka ntchito kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo. Pambere Sintho la nambara 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghambura munthu na kuleka kutondeka kuchita ntchito|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6]], yikayowoya waka kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakupokera "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka ntchito, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake.{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}} Pasi pa ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti waŵenge nadi pulezidenti para malo ghaba ghambura munthu, panji waŵenge waka [[Kuchita ntchito ya munyake mu dango|wakuchita ntchito nga ni pulezidenti]],{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}} ndipo ichi nthena chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Visola vyapadera|visola vyapadera]]. Pulezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekanga ku "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomera fundo yake. Para pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵalije wose, Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6 nayo yikupaso mazaza ku Congress kuti yidumbe uyo waŵenge wakuchita ntchito ya pulezidenti para "Pulezidenti na Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti ŵafumiskika pa udindo, ŵafwa, ŵaleka ntchito, panji ŵatondeka kuchita milimo yawo". [[Dango la Kulondezgana pa Udindo wa Pulezidenti la 1947]] (ilo lili mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) likuti usange pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵangateŵetera yayi mu nyengo yawo ya udindo, [[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti]] yikulondezga nthowa iyi: wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwa, pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwaso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa [[Madipatimenti gha boma la United States|madipatimenti gha boma]] awo ŵakupanga [[Kabineti ya United States|Kabineti]] ya pulezidenti.{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html |title=Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=CNN}} Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo mulembi wa vya kuwaro ndiyo wali pakwamba pa mzere wa kulondezgana pa udindo. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵa Kabineti ŵakulondezga mwakulondezgana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikaluta m'malo mwa yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo Dango Likuru likuŵazomerezga yayi kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kupokera mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana pa udindo. Pakaŵavya munthu wakudumbika na dango uyo wali kuchitapo ntchito ya pulezidenti. === Kupharazga kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito === {{Main|[[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States]]}} Pasi pa Sintho la nambara 25, pulezidenti wangasamuskira kwa kanyengo mazaza na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa [[Pulezidenti wakuchita milimo wa United States|pulezidenti wakuchita milimo]], para watumizga kalata ku [[Wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] na [[Pulezidenti pro tempore wa Senate ya United States|pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]] yakuyowoya kuti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita milimo yake. Pulezidenti wakupokeraso mazaza ghake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti wangachitaso ntchito zake. Nthowa iyi yagwiliskirika ntchito na [[Ronald Reagan]] (kamoza), [[George W. Bush]] (kaŵiri), na [[Joe Biden]] (kamoza), wose pambere ŵandachite opaleshoni.{{cite news| last=Olsen| first=Jillian| title=How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?| date=November 19, 2021| url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f| publisher=[[WTSP]]| location=St. Petersburg, Florida| access-date=May 11, 2022}}{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}} Sintho la nambara 25 likupangaso kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[Kabineti ya United States|Kabineti]], wasamuske mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti para ŵatumizga kalata yakulembeka ku wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita mazaza na milimo yake. Usange pulezidenti pamanyuma wayowoya kuti kuleka kukwaniska uku kulije, wakupokeraso mazaza ghake, kweni usange wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti mazaza gha pulezidenti ghafumiskike, pakukhumbikwa mavoti gha magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. === Kufumiskika pa udindo === {{Main|[[Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo|Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo]]|[[Kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]]|[[Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]]}} [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 4: Kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 4]] ya Dango Likuru yikuzomerezga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵakuru ŵa boma, kusazgapo pulezidenti, ŵafumiskike pa udindo chifukwa cha "[[kupandukira charu]], [[kupokera viwongo]], panji [[milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru]]". [[Nkhani Yakwamba ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 5: Wakulongozga na ŵalara ŵanyake; kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 2, Ndime 5]] yikupereka mazaza ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichite nga ni "[[juri yikuru]]" yakuti yisuske ŵalara aŵa na voti ya ŵanandi.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Impeachment |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}} [[Nkhani Yakwamba ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Milandu ya kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 3, Ndime 6]] yikupereka mazaza ku Senate kuti yichite nga ni [[khoti]], ndipo yingafumiska pa udindo ŵalara awo ŵasangika na mulandu para ŵavotera na ŵanandi ŵakukwana magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment |last=Gerhardt |first=Michael J. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Ŵapulezidenti ŵatatu ŵasuskika na Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu [[Kufumiska Andrew Johnson pa udindo|1868]], Bill Clinton mu [[Kufumiska Bill Clinton pa udindo|1998]], na Donald Trump mu [[Kufumiska Donald Trump pa udindo kakwamba|2019]] na [[Kufumiska Donald Trump pa udindo kachiŵiri|2021]]. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu na Senate. [[Komiti ya Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States ya vya Malango|Komiti ya Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya vya Malango]] yikachita kafukufuku wa kufumiska Richard Nixon pa udindo mu [[Ndondomeko ya kufumiska Richard Nixon pa udindo|1973–74]] ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za kufumiska pa udindo ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichitepo kanthu. Kweni wakaleka ntchito pambere Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yindavotepo pa nkhani izi. === Kulekeska mazaza === Vinthu vyakususkana navyo vichitikirapo nyengo zinyake kwambura kufika pa kumufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo kuti ŵamazge nkharo yake yakuwoneka nga njambura kupwelera panji chifukwa cha kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito kwa nyengo yitali. Nyengo zinyake, ŵantchito ŵakuleka dala kupeleka mauthenga kwa pulezidenti panji kufuma kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵaleke kuchita panji kovwira pulezidenti kulemba malango ghanyake. Ivi vyachitika kufuma apo Mulara wa Ŵantchito ŵa [[Richard Nixon]] wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa pulezidenti, mpaka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumyapo mapepala pa desiki la [[Donald Trump]].{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |url=https://archive.org/details/howtogetridofpre0000davi |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}} Vyaka vinandi pambere [[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 25]] lindazomerezgeke, mu 1919, Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakadwala [[Ulongozgi wa Woodrow Wilson#Kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito, 1919–1921|sitiroko]] iyo yikamulekeska kuchita milimo yinyake. Muwoli wake wakwamba, [[Edith Wilson]], wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo ku ŵanthu, ndipo mwakususkana, [[Edith Wilson#Udindo ukuru pamanyuma pa sitiroko ya mfumu wake|wakaŵa yekha munthu wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa pulezidenti]] (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala na kusankha ivyo vikaŵa "vyakuzirwa" kuti vimanyiskike kwa iyo.{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |url=https://archive.org/details/howtogetridofpre0000davi |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}} === Malipiro === {| class="wikitable floatright" ; margin-right:2em" |- ! colspan="3" |Mbiri ya malipiro gha pulezidenti |- ! Chakachakakhazikiskikira !! Malipiro !! Malipiro mu{{Inflation/year|US}} USD |- | 1789 || style="text-align:right;"| $25,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|25000|1789|fmt=c}} |- | 1873 || style="text-align:right;"| $50,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|50000|1873|fmt=c}} |- | 1909 || style="text-align:right;"| $75,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|75000|1909|fmt=c}} |- | 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| $100,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|100000|1949|fmt=c}} |- | 1969 || style="text-align:right;"| $200,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|200000|1969|fmt=c}} |- | 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| $400,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|400000|2001|fmt=c}} |- ! colspan="3" | Malo ghakufumira:{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites|website=Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=July 31, 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php|title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present|last=Williamson|first=Samuel H.|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=July 31, 2020}}{{inflation/fn|US}} |} Kwambira mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha pulezidenti ghakhala $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti yambura msonkho ya ndalama zakwendera ya $100,000; na akaunti ya ndalama zakuchitira mphwando ya $19,000{{clarify|date=August 2022}}. Malipiro gha pulezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo pasi pa [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 7: Malipiro|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 7]] ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha pulezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgapo ya pulezidenti yindambe.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194|title=Presidential Pay and Compensation|last=Longley|first=Robert|date=September 1, 2017|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}} === Malo ghakukhala === {{for-multi|malo ghakukhala gha boma agho Pulezidenti Washington wakakhalanga|[[Ulongozgi wa George Washington#Malo ghakukhala|Ulongozgi wa George Washington § Malo ghakukhala]]|malo ghakukhala gha munthu yekha gha ŵapulezidenti ŵakupambanapambana ŵa United States|[[Mndandanda wa malo ghakukhala gha ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States]]}} [[Malo Ghakukhala gha Executive]] gha [[White House]] ku [[Washington, D.C.]], ndigho [[malo ghakukhala gha boma]] gha pulezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba la maziko likayikika mu 1792. Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira [[John Adams]] mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Mu nyengo zakupambanapambana za mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti "Nyumba ya Pulezidenti", "Nyumba ya Mlongozgi", na "Nyumba ya Executive". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mwalamulo mu 1901.{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/|title=The White House Building|website=[[White House|whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}} Boma la federal ndilo likulipira vyakurya vya pa mphwando za boma na milimo yinyake ya boma, kweni pulezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira ndalama za kulongoska vyakuvwara, vyakurya vya mbumba yake, na vya ŵalendo ŵake.{{Cite magazine|last=Bulmiller|first=Elisabeth|date=January 2009|title=Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018}} [[Camp David]], ilo mwalamulo likuchemeka Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa ŵasilikari uwo uli mu mapiri mu [[Frederick County, Maryland]]. Ni malo gha pulezidenti ghakupumulirako ku mizi. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kupumura, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kwambira m'ma 1940 pakupokelera ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake.{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/camp-david/|title=The White House Building|website=[[White House|whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}} == Kukhala pa Udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Purezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake wake wakuphalirika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, kazembe wa New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakathereska ma [[chisankho cha purezidenti wa United States|chisankho cha purezidenti]] vinayi, mu [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]], [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], na [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]], pambere [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sintho la Malango la 22]] lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.]] Apo purezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[George Washington's Farewell Address|mazgu ghake gha kupatura pa udindo]] kuti wangalutilira yayi kuphalirika nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wa boma apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawovwira fundo iyi pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalondezgani ŵake ŵaŵiri, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].<ref name="TermsTenure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Nangauli mwambo wa kuteŵetera nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[1880 Republican National Convention|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880]] kuti waphalirikeso nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression]] ndipo wakakhazikika pa kovwira ŵabwezi ŵa United States pa nkhondo na [[Axis powers]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso ku nyengo yachitatu, kuswa mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikachitanga nkhondo mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likalutilira kufoka; wakafwa mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi pa Epulero 12, 1945.<ref name="22ndAPPC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> Pakuzgora uteŵeti utali wakuluska wa Roosevelt, [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sintho la Malango la 22]] likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti kanandi kuluska kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange wakateŵetera kujumpha vyaka viŵiri (myezi 24) ya nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya purezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa purezidenti pa nyengo iyo sintho ili likatumizgikira ku maboma na Congress, wakafumiskikapo pa malire agha. Usange mphakawavyenge kulekeskeka uku, mphanyi wakazomerezgekanga yayi kuphalirikaso ku nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga mwachoko kuyipenja, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalako ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949.<ref name=22ndAPPC /> === Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana === {{Main|United States presidential line of succession}} Mwakuyana na [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 1: Presidential succession|Gawo 1 la Sintho la Malango la 25]], ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakuŵa purezidenti para purezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, panji waleka yekha. Kufwa kwa purezidenti kwachitika kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo. Pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana), [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Vacancy and disability|Article II, Section 1, Clause 6]] likati waka wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakutora "nkhongono na milimo" ya purezidenti para wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake.<ref name="FordhamLaw2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana usange wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti waŵenge purezidenti nadi para malo ghakhala ghawaka, panji waŵenge waka [[Acting (law)|wakuchita milimo]] ya purezidenti,<ref name="ArticleIIessays">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> ndipo ichi mphanyi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[chisankho chapadera]]. Pamasinda pakufwa kwa Purezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Purezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti wali kunjira mu udindo uwu wekha, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekera "Purezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo iyi. Usange malo gha purezidenti na gha wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ghose ghawaka pa nyengo yimoza, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 yikovwiraso Congress nkhongono zakulongosora uyo waŵenge wakuchita milimo ya purezidenti para purezidenti na wachiŵiri wake wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yawo.<ref name=ArticleIIessays /> [[Presidential Succession Act]] ya 1947 (iyo yili kulembeka mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) yikulongora kuti usange purezidenti na wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵaleka kutondeka kuteŵetera mu nyengo yawo, [[United States presidential line of succession|ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa purezidenti]] yikulondezgana nthena: [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri]], ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwa, [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]], ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwiraso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa [[United States federal executive departments|madipatimenti gha boma]] agho ghakupanga [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]] ya purezidenti.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html |title=Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo nduna ya vya kuwaro ndiyo yili pa malo ghakwamba mu mzere wa kulondezgana. Nduna zinyake zikulondezgana mwakuyana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikazgoka yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukanizgika na Dango Likuru kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kutora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana. Palije munthu uyo wakulongosoreka na dango uyo wali kuchitapo milimo ya purezidenti chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi.<ref name="cnn.com"/> === Kuphara kuti watondeka kuchita milimo === {{Main|Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution}} Mwakuyana na Sintho la Malango la 25, purezidenti wangapeleka nkhongono na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti kwa nyengo yichoko waka, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa [[Acting president of the United States|purezidenti wakuchita milimo]], para watumizga kalata kwa [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri]] na [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]] yakulongora kuti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Purezidenti wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakulongora kuti sono wangachitaso milimo yake. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika ntchito na [[Ronald Reagan]] (kamoza), [[George W. Bush]] (kaŵiri), na [[Joe Biden]] (kamoza), wose ŵakanozgekanga kuchita opareshoni.<ref>{{cite news| last=Olsen| first=Jillian| title=How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?| date=November 19, 2021| url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f| publisher=[[WTSP]]| location=St. Petersburg, Florida| access-date=May 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref> Sintho la Malango la 25 likulongoraso kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]], wangatora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti mwa kutumizga chikalata chakulembeka kwa Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri na purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, chakulongora kuti purezidenti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Usange pamanyuma purezidenti wakuti palije kutondeka kulikose, wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake, kwambura kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizge chikalata chachiŵiri chakulongora kuti watondeka. Para vyachitika nthena, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti purezidenti watoreke nkhongono zake, pakukhumbikwa voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. === Kufumiskika pa udindo === {{Main|List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States|Federal impeachment in the United States|Federal impeachment trial in the United States}} [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 4: Impeachment|Article II, Section 4]] ya Dango Likuru yikovwira kufumiska pa udindo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, kusazgapo purezidenti, chifukwa cha "[[treason|kupandukira charu]], [[bribery|kupokera vimbundi]], panji [[high crimes and misdemeanors|milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru]]". [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment|Article I, Section 2, Clause 5]] yikovwira Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuchita nga ni [[grand jury]], ndipo yili na nkhongono zakwambiska mulandu wa impeachment na voti ya ŵanandi.<ref name="A1essaySBP">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Impeachment |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Trial of Impeachments|Article I, Section 3, Clause 6]] yikovwira Senate kuchita nga ni [[court|khoti]] ilo lili na nkhongono zakufumiska pa udindo ŵanthu awo ŵasangika na mulandu wa impeachment, na voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment |last=Gerhardt |first=Michael J. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Apurezidenti ŵatatu ŵali kupika mulandu wa impeachment na Nyumba ya Wimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|1868]], Bill Clinton mu [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|1998]], na Donald Trump mu [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|2019]] na [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|2021]]. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu mu Senate. [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|Komiti ya Vyamalango ya Nyumba ya Wimiliri]] yikachita kufufuza kwa impeachment pa Richard Nixon mu [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|1973–74]] ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za impeachment ku Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuti yivoterenge. Kweni wakaleka udindo pambere Nyumba yindavotere pa nkhani izi.<ref name=A1essaySBP /> === Kulekeska nkhongono za purezidenti mwa nthowa zinyake === Nthowa zakususkana zinyake zili kugwiliskirika ntchito, kwambura kufumiska purezidenti pa udindo, kuti ŵachitepo kanthu pa purezidenti uyo wakuwoneka kuŵa wakupusa panji uyo wali na suzgo la nyengo yitali. Mu vinyake, ŵantchito ŵakakana dala kupeleka mauthenga ku purezidenti panji kufumira kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵalekeske kuchita panji kukhozgera malango agho purezidenti wakakhumbanga kulemba. Ivi vikachitika kufuma pa apo Chief of Staff wa [[Richard Nixon]] wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa purezidenti, m'paka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumiskanga memos pa desiki la [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |url=https://archive.org/details/howtogetridofpre0000davi |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}}</ref> Vyaka vinandi pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindachitike, mu 1919, Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakapwetekeka na [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson#Incapacity, 1919–1921|stroke]] iyo yikamulemesa pachoko. Mwanakazi wake, [[Edith Wilson]], wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo yinyake, ndipo mwakususkana wakazgoka [[Edith Wilson#Increased role after husband's stroke|munthu yekha wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa purezidenti]] (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala ndipo wakasankhanga uthenga uwo wakaŵa "wakukhumbikwa" kuti ulongoreke kwa iyo. === Malipiro === {| class="wikitable floatright" ; margin-right:2em" |- ! colspan="3" |Mbiri ya malipiro gha purezidenti |- ! Chaka !! Malipiro !! Malipiro mu<br />{{Inflation/year|US}} USD |- | 1789 || style="text-align:right;"| $25,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|25000|1789|fmt=c}} |- | 1873 || style="text-align:right;"| $50,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|50000|1873|fmt=c}} |- | 1909 || style="text-align:right;"| $75,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|75000|1909|fmt=c}} |- | 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| $100,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|100000|1949|fmt=c}} |- | 1969 || style="text-align:right;"| $200,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|200000|1969|fmt=c}} |- | 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| $400,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|400000|2001|fmt=c}} |- ! colspan="3" | Vyakufumira:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites|website=Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php|title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present|last=Williamson|first=Samuel H.|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>{{inflation/fn|US}} |} Kufuma mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha purezidenti ni $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti ya ulendo ya $100,000 yambura msonkho; na akaunti ya kulandilirako ŵalendo ya $19,000. Malipiro gha purezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo mwakuyana na [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Salary|Article II, Section 1, Clause 7]] ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha purezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgako ya purezidenti yindambe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194|title=Presidential Pay and Compensation|last=Longley|first=Robert|date=September 1, 2017|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="cnbc"/> === Malo ghakukhala === {{for-multi|the official residences in which President Washington resided|Presidency of George Washington#Residences|the private residences of the various U.S. presidents|List of residences of presidents of the United States}} [[Executive Residence]] ya [[White House]] mu [[Washington, D.C.]], ndiyo [[malo ghakukhala gha boma]] gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba likayikika mu 1792. Purezidenti waliyose kufuma pa John Adams mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Pa nyengo zakupambanapambana mu mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikachemekanga "President's Palace", "President's House", na "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mu 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Boma la federali ndilo likulipira chakurya cha boma na vyakuchitika vinyake vya boma, kweni purezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira vyakurya vyake, vya banja lake, vya ŵalendo ŵake, kweniso kuwuska malaya ghake.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Bulmiller|first=Elisabeth|date=January 2009|title=Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Camp David]], ilo likumanyikwa mwaboma kuti Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa nkhondo wa mu mapiri ku [[Frederick County, Maryland]], ndipo ni malo gha kupumulirako gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kuzgeŵa phokoso, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kulandira ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake kufuma m'ma 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/camp-david/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> === Kuleka ntchito ya pulezidenti (Post-presidency) === [[File:Five Presidents Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: Mapulezidenti [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], na [[Jimmy Carter]] mu [[Oval Office]] pa Janyuwale 7, 2009; Obama wakanjira pa udindo mazuŵa 13 pamanyuma.]] ==== Milimo iyo ŵakuchita pamanyuma pa udindo ==== Mapulezidenti ghanyake ghakale ghakaŵa na ntchito zikuru chomene pamanyuma pakufuma pa udindo. Viyelezgero vikuru ni [[William Howard Taft]], uyo wakaŵa [[Chief Justice of the United States|mweruzgi mukuru wa United States]], na [[Herbert Hoover]], uyo wakalongozga ntchito zakuweleraso kupanga boma pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]]. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri ŵakaweleraso ku [[United States Congress|Congress]] pamanyuma pakufuma mu White House: [[John Quincy Adams]] wakasankhika ku [[United States House of Representatives|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]], uko wakateŵetera vyaka 17, ndipo [[Andrew Johnson]] wakaweleraso ku [[United States Senate|Senate]] mu 1875, nangauli wakafwa nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri nawo ŵakaweleraso ku upulezidenti: [[Grover Cleveland]] wakathera pa [[1888 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 1888]] ndipo wakatheraso pa [[1892 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 1892]], apo [[Donald Trump]] wakathera pa [[2020 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 2020]] ndipo wakatheraso pa [[2024 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 2024]]. Ŵapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakakhalaso ŵakuchita vinandi pa nkhani za pa charu chose, kusazgapo [[Theodore Roosevelt]],<ref>Edmund Morris, ''Colonel Roosevelt'' (2011)</ref> [[Herbert Hoover]],<ref>Gary Dean Best, ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: Keeper of the Torch, 1933–1964'' (2013)</ref> [[Richard Nixon]],<ref>Kasey S. Pipes, ''After the Fall: The Remarkable Comeback of Richard Nixon'' (2019)</ref> na [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>Douglas Brinkley. ''The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House'' (1998).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = John Whiteclay | first1 = Chambers II | year = 1979 | title = Presidents Emeritus | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heritage_june-july-1979_30_4/page/16 | journal = American Heritage | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 16–25 }}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵakwambilira ŵakaweleranga ku vikaya vyawo kukulongozga ntchito zachitemwa, panji kulaŵilira milimo yaulimi pa minda yawo na mapulante awo ghakanyalanyazgika apo ŵakaŵa pa udindo. [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakambiska [[University of Virginia]] pamanyuma pa upulezidenti wake, ndipo wakati wafwa, [[James Madison]] ndiyo wakamulondezga nga ni rector. Madison na [[James Monroe]] nawo ŵakawovwira kulemba mtundu umoza wa [[Virginia Constitution]], apo [[John Tyler]] wakateŵeteranga pa [[Confederate Constitution]] na mu [[Confederate Congress]]. Mapulezidenti ŵa pa nyengo iyo ŵaleka udindo ŵangatumika na pulezidenti uyo wali pa udindo kuti ŵafikiskenge mauthenga ghachisisi ku vyaru vinyake panji kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵaboma pa nyifwa za ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na pa vyakuchitika vikuru vya pa charu chose.<ref name="apreaction19810331">{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |title=Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States |date=March 31, 1981 |access-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906144021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |agency=Associated Press }}</ref><ref name="4presidentsphotos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |title=Four Presidents |publisher=Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512020542/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Richard Nixon]] wakachita maulendo ghanandi ku vyaru nga ni China na Russia ndipo wakalumbikika nga ni mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=Biography of Richard M. Nixon |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=December 30, 2014 }}</ref> Mu [[Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter|umoyo wake pamanyuma pa upulezidenti]], [[Jimmy Carter]] wakaŵa mulimbikira wa [[human rights]], muphalamano wa pa charu chose, na mulaŵiliri wa visankho, ndipo wakapokera [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. [[Bill Clinton]] nayo wakateŵeteranga nga ni nthumwi yambura udindo wa boma, chomenechomene pa kudumbiskana uko kukapangiska kuti ŵamasulike ŵalembi ŵa nkhani ŵa ku America [[Laura Ling]] na [[Euna Lee]] kufuma ku [[North Korea]]. Pa nyengo ya upulezidenti wake, [[George W. Bush]] wakapempha ŵapulezidenti ŵakale [[George H. W. Bush]] na Clinton kuti ŵawovwire pa ntchito za wovwiri wa ŵanthu pamanyuma pa [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]. Pulezidenti Obama nayo wakachita mwakuyana waka pakupempha Clinton na George W. Bush kuti ŵalongozge ntchito zakovwira Haiti pamanyuma pa [[2010 Haiti earthquake|chindindindi chikuru]] icho chikaparanya charu ichi mu 2010. Ubwezi wa Clinton na ŵa Bush ŵaŵiri ukaŵa wakwamba yayi pakati pa ŵapulezidenti ŵakale; Carter wakaŵaso na ubwezi na kulemberana makalata na [[Gerald Ford]], apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] na [[John Adams]] nawo ŵakalemberananga makalata kwa nyengo yitali pamanyuma pa maudindo ghawo. [[Post-presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton]] walutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira muwoli wake [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] pa [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|kampeni ya 2008]] na [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|ya 2016]], kweniso wakawovwira Pulezidenti Obama pa [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya kusankhikaso mu 2012]]. Obama nayo walutilira kuŵa wakuchita ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wake [[Joe Biden]] pa [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|kampeni ya 2020]], kweniso wakawovwira muteŵeti wa Biden [[Kamala Harris]] pa [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya 2024]] pamanyuma pakuti Pulezidenti Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|wafumiskepo bid yake ya kusankhikaso]]. Pamanyuma pakutaya chisankho cha 2020, Trump wakalutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene mulondezgi wake na chipani cha Democratic Party. Wakasanganaso na milandu yinayi ya uchigeŵenga. Trump wakapharazga kuti waŵengepo pa chisankho cha upulezidenti kachinayi mu 2022, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka msankho wa chipani chake kachitatu, ndipo wakatheraso pa udindo wa upulezidenti mu 2024. ==== Penshoni na vyawanangwa vinyake ==== [[Former Presidents Act]] (FPA), iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1958, yikupereka vyawanangwa vya umoyo wose ku ŵapulezidenti ŵakale na ŵalongosi ŵawo, kusazgapo penshoni ya mwezi uliwose, chovwiri cha munkhwala mu vipatala vya ŵasilikari, inshuwalansi ya umoyo, na chivikiliro cha [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]]. Ndiposo boma likupeleka ndalama za ŵantchito ŵanyake na za ofesi. Dango ili lasinthika kanandi kuti likwezge ndalama za penshoni na za ŵantchito ŵa maofesi. FPA yikupereka yayi vyawanangwa ivi kwa pulezidenti uyo wakafumiskika pa udindo chifukwa cha [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite web |author1=Stephanie Smith |title=Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress |access-date=November 10, 2020 |date=March 18, 2008 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107170308/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mwakuyana na lipoti la [[Congressional Research Service]] la 2008:<ref name="CRS" /> <blockquote>Ŵalongozgi ŵakuru awo ŵakafumanga pa udindo pambere chaka cha 1958 chindafike kanandi ŵakalutiliranga kuchita ntchito zinyake ndipo ŵakapokeranga wovwiri uliwose yayi kufuma ku boma la federal. Apo mubizinesi Andrew Carnegie wakapharazga ndondomeko mu 1912 yakuti waŵapenge ŵapulezidenti ŵakale penshoni ya $25,000 pa chaka, ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa Congress ŵakawona kuti ntchambura kwenelera kuti kampani ya munthu payekha ndiyo yipelekenge penshoni yanthena. Mu chaka chenechira, dango lakukhazikiska mapenshoni gha ŵapulezidenti likayambiska kudumbiskika kakwamba, kweni likazomerezgeka yayi. Mu 1955, Congress yikawerezgaso kudumbiskana za dango ili chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama agho wakaŵa nagho pulezidenti wakale Harry S. Truman pakulemba ŵantchito ŵa ofesi.</blockquote> Penshoni yakwezgeka kanandi mwakuzomerezgeka na Congress. Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale ŵakupokera penshoni yakuyana na malipiro gha mlembi wa dipatimenti ya Cabinet wa boma ilo lili pa udindo, agho ghakaŵa $199,700 pa chaka mu 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf |title=President of the United States: Compensation |last=Schwemle |first=Barbara L. |date=October 17, 2012 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale awo ŵakateŵeteraso mu Congress ŵangapokeraso [[congressional pension]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html |title=Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks |date=January 7, 2007 |website=[[The Blade (Toledo)|Toledo Blade]] |access-date=May 22, 2007}}</ref> Dango ili likupelekaso ndalama za maulendo na wanangwa wa [[franking]]. Pambere chaka cha 1997 chindafike, ŵapulezidenti wose ŵakale, ŵawoli ŵawo, na ŵana ŵawo ŵasinkhu wa pasi pa vyaka 16 ŵakavikilirikanga na [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] mpaka nyifwa ya pulezidenti.<ref>{{usc|18|3056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |title=Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses |date=January 10, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Mu 1997, Congress yikadumura dango lakuti chivikiliro cha Secret Service chiŵe cha vyaka 10 pera kufuma apo pulezidenti wafumira pa udindo.<ref name="secretservice.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ |title=United States Secret Service: Protection |publisher=United States Secret Service |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> Pa Janyuwale 10, 2013, Pulezidenti Obama wakasayina dango ilo likawelereska chivikiliro cha umoyo wose cha Secret Service kwa iyomwene, [[George W. Bush]], na ŵapulezidenti wose awo ŵazamwiza pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all |title=Obama signs protection bill for former presidents |date=January 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Times |access-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref> [[First Spouse of the United States|Muwoli wa pulezidenti]] uyo wakutoraso nthengwa wakuleka kuŵa wakwenelera kupokera chivikiliro cha Secret Service.<ref name="secretservice.gov" /> === Kulemba mabuku === {{main|Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa mapulezidenti gha United States}} Kufuma apo [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakafumiska buku lake la ''[[Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant|Personal Memoirs]]'' mu 1885, mapulezidenti ghanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo mpaka wamara nyengo yake kufuma kwa [[Calvin Coolidge]] kufika kwa [[Barack Obama]], walemba buku limoza panji ghakujumpha limoza la umoyo wake. Mabuku agha gha umoyo ghakuchita vinthu viŵiri: kuvikilira chuma cha Banja Lakwamba (First Family) (Bill Clinton wakasangapo ndalama zakujumpha $30 miliyoni chifukwa cha kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7331834.stm |title= Clintons' earnings exceed $100m| publisher= BBC News| date= April 5, 2008| access-date= June 26, 2015}}</ref>), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgeraso mbiri ya upulezidenti wawo. === Kulemba === {{main|Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} Kwambira apo [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakafumiskira buku lake la ''[[Mabuku gha Umoyo gha U. S. Grant]]'' mu 1885, ŵapurezidenti ŵanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo m'paka kumalizga nyengo yake ya uteŵeti kufuma kwa [[Calvin Coolidge]] mpaka [[Barack Obama]], ŵalemba buku limoza panji vinandi vya umoyo wawo. Mabuku agha ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ghali na vilato viŵiri: kuvikilira ndalama za [[Banja Lakwamba la United States|Banja Lakwamba]] (mwachiyelezgero, [[Bill Clinton]] wakasanga ndalama zakujumpha madola 30 miliyoni kufuma ku kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7331834.stm |title= Clintons' earnings exceed $100m| publisher= BBC News| date= April 5, 2008| access-date= June 26, 2015}}</ref>), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ulamuliro wawo. === Malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti na malo ghakale === {{Main|Ndondomeko ya malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti|Mndandanda wa nyumba za ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} Nyumba izo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakababikiramo, ŵakakhalamo, panji ŵakapumulirangamo, kanandi zikusungika nga ni [[nyumba ya museum]] ndipo zikumanyikwa nga ni [[Mndandanda wa malo ghakale gha charu na mapaki gha mbiri gha United States|Malo Ghakale gha Charu]] panji kulembeka pa [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. [[File:George W. Bush Presidential Center dedication.tif|alt=|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumanja: Ŵapurezidenti [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]], na [[Jimmy Carter]] pa kujulira [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush]] ku [[Dallas]] mu 2013.]] Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira [[Herbert Hoover]] wali kupanga [[malo ghakusungiramo vyakulemba]] agho ghakumanyikwa kuti [[ndondomeko ya malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti|laibulale ya pulezidenti]] kuti ŵasungemo mapepala ghake, marekodi, na vinthu vinyake. Malaibulale agho ghazamala kuzengeka ghakuperekeka na kusungika na [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA); ndalama zakwamba zakuzengera na kuvikonzeska zikufuma ku ŵanthu pawokha, osati ku boma la federal.<ref>{{usc|44|2112}}</ref> Pasono pali malaibulale 13 gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghali mu ndondomeko ya NARA. Paliso malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghakusungika na maboma gha vigaŵa, maziko gha ŵanthu pawokha, kweniso mayunivesite, nga ni: * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln]], iyo yikwendeskeka na Boma la [[Illinois]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[Southern Methodist University]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George H. W. Bush]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[Texas A&M University]]; na * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Lyndon Baines Johnson]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[University of Texas at Austin]]. Ŵapurezidenti ŵanyake ŵakawoneseska kuzenga na kujulira malaibulale ghawo ŵekha. Ŵanyake ŵakanozga kuti ŵazakasungikike pamalo agha para ŵafwa. Malaibulale ghanandi gha ŵapurezidenti ghali na madindi gha pulezidenti uyo ghakumulongosora: * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman]] ku [[Independence, Missouri]]; * [[Laibulale, Museum na Nyumba ya Uwana ya Dwight D. Eisenhower]] ku [[Abilene, Kansas]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Richard Nixon]] ku [[Yorba Linda, California]]; na * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan]] ku [[Simi Valley, California]]. Madindi agha ghali kujulika ku ŵanthu wose. Mu viyelezgero vinyake (nga ni vya Nixon), laibulale ya pulezidenti yili pafupi na nyumba yake yakale. Kweni kwa ŵanyake, nga ni [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] na [[Jimmy Carter]], laibulale ya pulezidenti na malo ghakale vili mu misumba yakupambana. == Chipani cha ndale == [[Vipani vya ndale vya United States|Vipani vya ndale]] vyalongozga [[Ndale za United States|ndale za America]] kwa nyengo yitali chomene ya mbiri ya charu ichi. Nangauli [[Ŵadada ŵakwambiska United States]] ŵakawonanga vipani vya ndale kuti vingagaŵa na kunanga wumoza wa charu, ndipo kuŵapo kwake kukayembekezgekanga yayi apo [[Dango Likuru la United States]] likalembekanga mu 1787, vipani vya ndale vyakukhazikika vikamba kuwoneka pakati pa m'ma 1790. Vikafuma ku [[gulu la ndale|magulu gha ndale]], agho ghakamba kuwoneka mwaluŵiro chomene pamanyuma pakukhazikika kwa boma la federal. Awo ŵakawovwiranga [[Ulamuliro wa George Washington]] ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakukhozgera boma", ndipo pamanyuma ŵakapanga [[Federalist Party]], apo awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakolerana na [[Democratic-Republican Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Party Division|publisher=U.S. Senate|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na nkhongono izo vipani vya ndale vingamanya kuparanya wumoza wa charu, Washington wakakhalira [[wandale wambura chipani]] mu nyengo yose ya vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya ulamuliro wake. Wakaŵa, ndipo wachali, pulezidenti yekha wa United States uyo wandakhalepo wa chipani chilichose cha ndale.<ref name="GWpps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/|title=George Washington's views on political parties in America|last=Jamison|first=Dennis|date=December 31, 2014|website=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/political-parties/|title=Political Parties|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|location=Mount Vernon, Virginia|access-date=March 24, 2019}}</ref> Kwambira pa Washington, pulezidenti waliyose wa United States wakaŵa wa chipani cha ndale apo wakanjiliranga pa udindo. Ndipo kwambira mu 1869, pulezidenti waliyose wakaŵa wa [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] panji [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/pres/list.shtml|title=The Presidents of the United States of America|website=Enchanted Learning|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidentsusa.net/partyofpresidents.html|title=Political Parties of the Presidents|website=Presidents USA|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵapurezidenti malinga na chipani icho ŵakaŵamo apo ŵakalapanga ntchito pakwamba ni ichi: {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan=2| Chipani ! {{vertical header|Chiŵelengero cha<br>ŵapurezidenti}} ! Mazina |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |19 | [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Abraham Lincoln]],{{efn|Republican Abraham Lincoln wakasankhikaso pa tikiti ya [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] pamoza na Democrat Andrew Johnson mu 1864.}} [[William McKinley]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[William Howard Taft]], na '''[[Donald Trump]] (wali pa udindo)''' |- | style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align: center;" |15 | [[Joe Biden]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[Martin Van Buren]], na [[Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], na [[James Monroe]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[Millard Fillmore]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Zachary Taylor]], na [[John Tyler]]{{efn|Democrat John Tyler wakasankhika kuŵa vice president pa tikiti ya Whig pamoza na Harrison mu 1840. Ndondomeko zake apo wakaŵa pulezidenti zikapambana na ivyo Whig Party yikakhumbanga, ndipo chipani chikamufumiska mu Seputembala 1841.}} |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Federalist Party}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[John Adams]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|National Union Party (United States)}}" | | nowrap | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[Andrew Johnson]]{{efn|Democrat Andrew Johnson wakasankhika kuŵa vice president pa tikiti ya National Union Party pamoza na Republican Abraham Lincoln mu 1864. Pamanyuma, apo wakaŵa pulezidenti, wakayezga kupanga chipani cha ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo pasi pa mbendera ya National Union kweni wakatondeka. Kufupi naumaliro wa ulamuliro wake, wakaweleraso ku Democratic Party.}} |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | [[Independent politician (United States)|Wambura chipani]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[George Washington]] |} == Nyengo ya ŵapurezidenti == {{see also|Mndandanda wa ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} [[Bar chart|Chati ya nyengo]] iyi yikulongora umo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakendeleranga mu nyengo kweniso [[chipani cha ndale]] icho ŵakaŵamo pa nyengo iyo ŵakanjiranga pa udindo. <div class="center">{{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:1500 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:20 right:130 left:10 AlignBars = late DateFormat = x.y Period = from:1788.90 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/6}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1790 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1789 Define $now = {{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/12}} Colors = id:5year value:rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8) id:0year value:rgb(0.6, 0.6, 0.6) id:noparty value:rgb(0.7, 0.7, 0.7) id:fed value:rgb(0.85, 0.52, 0.38) id:demrep value:rgb(0, 0.5, 0) id:whig value:rgb(0.84, 0.74, 0.34) id:nlunion value:rgb(0.7, 0.13, 0.13) id:dem value:rgb(0.2, 0.2, 1) id:rep value:rgb(1, 0.2, 0.2) id:seat1 value:rgb(0.60,0.10,0.10) id:blank value:white BarData = barset:PresidentLine barset:Presidents PlotData= width:1 align:right fontsize:S shift:(-3,-4) anchor:from fontsize:8 color:black barset:PresidentLine from:1804 till:end text:Ŵapurezidenti width:6 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till fontsize:10 barset:Presidents from:1789.40 till:1797.17 color:noparty text:"George Washington" from:1797.17 till:1801.17 color:fed text:"John Adams" from:1801.17 till:1809.17 color:demrep text:"Thomas Jefferson" from:1809.17 till:1817.17 color:demrep text:"James Madison" from:1817.17 till:1825.17 color:demrep text:"James Monroe" from:1825.17 till:1829.17 color:demrep text:"John Quincy Adams" from:1829.17 till:1837.17 color:dem text:"Andrew Jackson" from:1837.17 till:1841.17 color:dem text:"Martin Van Buren" from:1841.17 till:1841.26 color:whig text:"William Henry Harrison" from:1841.26 till:1845.17 color:whig text:"John Tyler" from:1845.17 till:1849.17 color:dem text:"James K. Polk" from:1849.17 till:1850.52 color:whig text:"Zachary Taylor" from:1850.52 till:1853.17 color:whig text:"Millard Fillmore" from:1853.17 till:1857.17 color:dem text:"Franklin Pierce" from:1857.17 till:1861.17 color:dem text:"James Buchanan" from:1861.17 till:1865.29 color:rep text:"Abraham Lincoln" from:1865.29 till:1869.17 color:nlunion text:"Andrew Johnson" from:1869.17 till:1877.17 color:rep text:"Ulysses S. Grant" from:1877.17 till:1881.17 color:rep text:"Rutherford B. Hayes" from:1881.17 till:1881.73 color:rep text:"James A. Garfield" from:1881.73 till:1885.17 color:rep text:"Chester A. Arthur" from:1885.17 till:1889.17 color:dem text:"Grover Cleveland" from:1889.17 till:1893.17 color:rep text:"Benjamin Harrison" from:1893.17 till:1897.17 color:dem text:"Grover Cleveland" from:1897.17 till:1901.72 color:rep text:"William McKinley" from:1901.72 till:1909.17 color:rep text:"Theodore Roosevelt" from:1909.17 till:1913.17 color:rep text:"William Howard Taft" from:1913.17 till:1921.17 color:dem text:"Woodrow Wilson" from:1921.17 till:1923.59 color:rep text:"Warren G. Harding" from:1923.59 till:1929.17 color:rep text:"Calvin Coolidge" from:1929.17 till:1933.17 color:rep text:"Herbert Hoover" from:1933.17 till:1945.28 color:dem text:"Franklin D. Roosevelt" from:1945.28 till:1953.05 color:dem text:"Harry S. Truman" from:1953.05 till:1961.05 color:rep text:"Dwight D. Eisenhower" from:1961.05 till:1963.89 color:dem text:"John F. Kennedy" from:1963.89 till:1969.05 color:dem text:"Lyndon B. Johnson" from:1969.05 till:1974.61 color:rep text:"Richard Nixon" from:1974.61 till:1977.05 color:rep text:"Gerald Ford" from:1977.05 till:1981.05 color:dem text:"Jimmy Carter" from:1981.05 till:1989.05 color:rep text:"Ronald Reagan" from:1989.05 till:1993.05 color:rep text:"George H. W. Bush" from:1993.05 till:2001.05 color:dem text:"Bill Clinton" from:2001.05 till:2009.05 color:rep text:"George W. Bush" from:2009.05 till:2017.05 color:dem text:"Barack Obama" from:2017.05 till:2021.05 color:rep text:"Donald Trump" from:2021.05 till:2025.05 color:dem text:"Joe Biden" from:2025.05 till:$now color:rep text:"Donald Trump" LineData= from:1842.00 till:1845.17 atpos:650 color:noparty width:6 from:1885.17 till:1889.17 atpos:439.5 color:dem width:6 from:2017.05 till:2021.05 atpos:52 color:rep width:6 layer:back at:1790.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1795.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1800.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1805.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1810.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1815.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1820.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1825.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1830.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1835.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1840.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1845.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1850.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1855.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1860.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1865.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1870.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1875.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1880.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1885.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1890.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1895.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1900.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1905.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1910.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1915.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1920.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1925.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1930.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1935.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1940.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1945.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1950.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1955.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1960.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1965.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1970.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1975.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1980.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1985.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1990.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1995.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2000.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2005.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2010.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2015.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2020.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2025.00 width:0.1 color:5year }}</div> == Wonani so == {{Portal|United States|Politics}} * [[Outline of American politics]] {{Clear}} == Vyakulemba == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009. ''The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency''. Oxford University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Kernell |first1=Samuel |last2=Jacobson |first2=Gary C. |year=1987 |title=Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century |url=http://pages.ucsd.edu/~skernell/resources/congresspresasnews.pdf |journal=Journal of Politics |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1016–1035 |doi=10.2307/2130782 |jstor=2130782 |s2cid=154834781}} * Howell, William G. 2023. ''The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics''. Princeton University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Sigelman |first1=Lee |last2=Bullock |first2=David |year=1991 |title=Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988 |url=https://blogs.cornell.edu/bigreddc/files/2013/09/SchoolsAmerican-Politics-Research-1991-Sigelman-5-32.pdf |journal=American Politics Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–32 |doi=10.1177/1532673x9101900101 |s2cid=154283367}} * [[John William Tebbel|Tebbel, John William]], and Sarah Miles Watts. ''The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan'' (Oxford University Press, 1985). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131296 online review] * Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. ''The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemmas in American Leadership'' (Routledge, 2018). * ''[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]]'', published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency. {{Refend}} ==Pa intaneti== {{Sister project links|d=y|wikt=POTUS|voy=y|b=United States Government/The Executive Branch}} * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House homepage] * [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.pres|United States Presidents Collection. General Collection]], Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University {{Presidents of the United States}} {{Navboxes|list = {{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}} {{United States topics}} {{US Chief Executives}} {{United States presidential elections}} {{US presidential memorials}} {{United States Armed Forces}} {{White House}} {{Heads of state and government of North America}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa United States| ]] [[Category:Ulongozgi wa pulezidenti wa United States| ]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika mu United States mu 1789]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵa United States]] [[Category:Nkhani izo zili na ma timeline gha chithuzithuzi]] gd4rujt4wdga9h2oxa3ye5befvtrjat 0 47774 122661 122362 2026-09-28T02:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} {{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} [[File:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|Trump muumaliro wa 1985 pamoza na chithuzithuzi cha "Television City", ntchakuzenga pa malo gha kale gha West Side rail yards, sono [[Riverside South, Manhattan|Riverside South]]]] {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Life and business}} Pambere wandachimbire pa udindo wa [[mlongozgi wa United States]] mu 2016, [[Donald Trump]] wakachitanga bizinesi, chomenechomene pa kunozga na kuzenga vipangwa vikuruvikuru, mahotelo, makasino, na malo ghakuseŵerako [[malo ghakuseŵerako gofu|gofu]]. Umoyo wake wakutchuka, kayowoyero kake kakuwonekera pakweru, ndiposo mulimo wake mu pulogiramu ya [[NBC]] ya ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', vikamupangiska kuŵa [[Ntchito ya Donald Trump mu vyakupharazga|munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku America]] kwa vyaka pafupifupi 50. Trump wakamba ntchito yake ku kampani ya vyamalo ya awiske [[Fred Trump]], Trump Management, mu 1968, iyo wakayitora mu 1971 ndipo pamanyuma wakayisintha zina kuŵa [[Trump Organization]] mu 1973. Wakakuliska bizinesi yake ku [[Manhattan]], uko wovwiri wa ndalama na wa ndale wa awiske ukamovwira kuchita malonda ghake ghakwamba, kusakaza na kunozga nyumba zakuzirwa. Trump wakanjira mu mabizinesi ghanyake agho ghakakhumbikwiranga yayi ndalama zinandi zakwambira, kusazgapo kupereka zina lake ku mabizinesi gha malo ghakukhalamo na [[mndandanda wa malo ghakuseŵerako gofu|malo ghakuseŵerako gofu]] pa charu chose. Pakuzenga pa kutchuka kwake mu manyuzipepara gha [[tabloid]] gha ku New York, pamanyuma wakazgoka nyenyezi ya pulogiramu ya pa TV ya ''The Apprentice''. Trump wakaŵa mwiniwake wa mpikisano unandi wa kutowa kwa ŵanakazi, panji wakaŵa na chigaŵa chikuru, pakati pa 1996 na 2015. Wakagwiliskiraso ntchito zina lake pakupharazga mapulojekiti ghanandi gha kuzenga na [[Mndandanda wa vinthu ivyo vikuthyeka zina la Donald Trump|vinthu vya malonda]]. Pamanyuma pakutonda [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States mu 2016|visola vya mlongozgi wa United States mu 2016]] na [[Kukhazikiskika kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump pa udindo wa mlongozgi|kukhazikiskika pa udindo mu Janyuwale 2017]], Trump wakaleka maudindo ghose ghakulongozga mu [[Trump Organization]] ndipo wakapeleka katundu wake wa bizinesi ku [[Trust (law)#Types|trust iyo yingasinthika]] yakulongozgeka na ŵana ŵake, [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] na [[Eric Trump|Eric]].{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38587628|title=Trump hands over business empire to sons|date=January 11, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=January 11, 2017}} == Malo na nyumba == {{See also|Trump Organization}} === Ntchito zake zakwambilira === Trump wakamba ntchito yake ya malonda gha malo pa kampani ya awiske,{{cite news |title=In Step With: Donald Trump |work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |date=November 14, 2004 |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014022222/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0 |archive-date=October 14, 2010}} Trump Management,{{cite news|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|last2=Eder|first2=Steve|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/us/politics/donald-trump-housing-race.html|title='No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 27, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2022}} iyo yikakhumbikwiranga chomene pa nyumba zakubwereka za ŵanthu ŵapakati mu [[vigaŵa vya msumba wa New York|vigaŵa vya msumba]] vya [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], na [[Staten Island]]. Chimoza mwa ntchito zakwamba za Trump chikaŵa kuyezgayezga kunozga nyumba zakukhalamo za Swifton Village mu [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, izo awiske, [[Fred Trump]], ŵakagura pa malonda gha foreclosure pa ndalama zakukwana US$5.7 miliyoni mu 1962, zakuyana na US$63.2 miliyoni mu 2026.{{Cite web |date=2026-06-10 |title=Inflation Calculator {{!}} Find US Dollar's Value From 1913-2026 |url=https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=www.usinflationcalculator.com |language=en-US}}{{cite news |title=Donald Trump's Bond Hill connection |newspaper=The Enquirer |date=August 12, 2015}} Fred na Donald Trump ŵakagwiranga lumoza pa ntchito iyi. Pa nyengo iyo Trump wakamalizganga masambiro gha ku yunivesite mu 1968, wakapokanga vyawanangwa vyambura msonkho kufuma kwa awiske vyakuyana na US$1,000,000 pa chaka, mwakuyana na mtengo wa ndalama wa 2019.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html|title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father|last=David|first=Barstow|date=October 2, 2018|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 29, 2019}} Wakati waŵa na vyaka 23, wakayezga kwanjira mu bizinesi ya vyakusanguluska kweni wakatondeka, wakati waika ndalama zakukwana US$70,000 kuti waŵe munyake waŵakupanga sewero la pa Broadway la 1970 lakuti ''[[Paris Is Out!]]''.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/theater/for-a-young-donald-j-trump-broadway-held-sway.html |title=For a Young Donald J. Trump, Broadway Held Sway |date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=March 7, 2016 |first=Michael |last=Paulson |work=[[The New York Times]]}} Mu 1971 wakazgoka pulezidenti wa kampani iyi ndipo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito zina lakuti "The Trump Organization" nga ni zina likuru la mabizinesi ghake.{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}}{{cite news |first=Conor |last=Kelly |title=Meet Donald Trump: Everything You Need To Know (And Probably Didn't Know) About The 2016 Republican Presidential Candidate |date=July 27, 2015 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-donald-trump-2016-republican-presidential-candidate/story?id=32108595}} Chaka chenechicho, pa vyaka 25, wakasamukira ku [[Manhattan]], uko wakamba kugwira ntchito zikuru zakuzenga ndipo wakagwiliskiranga ntchito mapulani ghakutowa gha nyumba kuti wakope chidwi cha mawayilesi.[https://www.archpaper.com/2020/11/donald-trump-architecture/ How Donald Trump transformed New York without any regard for design quality] [[Nkhani za malango gha munthu na bizinesi ya Donald Trump#Mulandu wa nyumba wa boma la federal wa 1973|Mu 1973]], [[Unduna wa Vyeruzgo wa United States|Unduna wa Vyeruzgo]] ukati Trump Organization yikasankhiranga ŵanthu mwakusankhana mtundu pakubwerekesa nyumba ku ŵabwereki ŵafipa, m'malo mwa kusefa waka ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika ndalama nga umo kampani yikayowoyera. Unduna wa Vyeruzgo ukati ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakachita nga mbakukhumba kubwereka nyumba ŵakatumika ku nyumba zakuluska hafu ya dazeni ndipo ŵakakanika kupokera nyumba, kweni munthu mzungu uyo wakachita mwakuyana waka wakapika nyumba mu nyumba yeneyira.{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/12/15/doj-trump-s-early-businesses-blocked-blacks.html|title=DOJ: Trump's Early Businesses Blocked Blacks|date=December 15, 2015|access-date=March 2, 2016|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|first=Gideon|last=Resnick }} Paumaliro, kampani ya Trump na ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la federal ŵakasayina phangano ilo Trump ŵakazomerezgapo yayi kuti ŵakananga, ndipo ŵakakolerana kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghachoko awo ŵakwenelera ŵaŵikenge panthazi na Urban League.{{cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David |date=July 30, 2015 |title=1973: Meet Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731123300/http://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/ |archive-date=July 31, 2015 |quote=Trump Management ... was also to allow the league to present qualified applicants for every fifth vacancy... Trump himself said he was satisfied that the agreement did not 'compel the Trump Organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant.'}}{{cite news |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |last2=O'Harrow |first2=Robert |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |quote=Civil rights groups in the city viewed the Trump company as just one example of a nationwide problem of housing discrimination. But targeting the Trumps provided a chance to have an impact, said Eleanor Holmes Norton, who was then chairwoman of the city's human rights commission. 'They were big names.'}} Kufika mu 1973, Trump, nga ni pulezidenti wa Trump Organization, wakalaŵiliranga nyumba zakukwana 14,000 mu [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], na [[Staten Island]]. Mu 1978, msumba ukasankha malo ghake pa [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] ya Manhattan kuti paŵe malo gha [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center|Jacob Javits Convention Center]], pamanyuma pakusanga kuti wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa na malo ghakunozgeka kale pa ntchito iyi. Wakapokera ndalama za [[mulongozgi wa malonda gha malo|broker]] pa kuguliska malo agha. Phangano lakwamba likuru la Trump mu [[Manhattan]]{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Kessler |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |date=March 3, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father/}} likaŵa kuzenga [[Grand Hyatt New York|Grand Hyatt Hotel]] mu 1978 pafupi na [[Grand Central Terminal]]. Nyumba yakale ya Commodore Hotel yikabenekereskeka na magalasi, ndipo malo ghakupokelera ŵalendo ghakasinthika na kuŵa atrium.{{cite news |last=Van Zuylen-Wood |first=Simon |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Trump and the Artifice of the Deal |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/05/donald-trump-2016-father-artifice-of-the-deal-213888/ |newspaper=[[Politico]] |access-date= October 28, 2016}} Ntheura Commodore yikajurika nga ni Hyatt hotel iyo yikanozgekaso mu Seputembala 1980, ndipo ichi chikawovwira kuti Trump wamanyikwe chomene na ŵanthu.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/n35 32]–35 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Chigaŵa cha phangano ili chikaŵa ngongoli ya US$1 miliyoni iyo Village Construction Corp. ya Fred Trump yikapeleka kuti yiwezgerepo ndalama izo Donald wakatora pa Chase Manhattan credit line iyo Fred wakamunozgera apo wakazenganga hoteliyo, kweniso ngongoli ya US$70 miliyoni yakuzengera iyo Fred na Hyatt hotel chain ŵakazomerezgana kulipira lumoza. Fred wakaŵa mubwezi wambura kumanyikwa pa ntchito iyi chifukwa mbiri yake yikanangika kale mu bizinesi ya malo mu New York chifukwa cha mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na phindu lakujumphilira na nkhanza zinyake mu ntchito zake, ntheura Donald ndiyo wakaŵa panthazi pa phangano ili. Kuyana na mulembi Wayne Barrett, ubwezi wa vyaka 20 wa Fred na mukuru wa Equitable, Ben Holloway, ukawovwira kuti ŵazomerezge ntchito iyi. Donald wakadumbiskana na msumba kuti hoteliyo yiŵe na vyaka 40 vyambura kulipira msonkho, mwakusintha na kugawana phindu la bizinesi. Phangano ili likachepeskanga chiwopsezo cha ntchito iyi ndipo likakopanga ŵakuŵika ndalama kuti ŵanjirepo.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/34 34]–35 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Mu 1981, Trump wakagura na kunozgaso nyumba iyo pamanyuma yikazgoka Trump Plaza, pa [[Third Avenue]] mu New York City.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIPOonZnkDEC&pg=PA51 |pages=51–52 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Trump wakasandura nyumba iyi kuŵa [[nyumba yakukhalamo ya cooperative|cooperative ya nyumba]], umo ŵakukhala nyumba ŵakaŵirangako ŵenecho gawo la umwini wa nyumba. === Trump Tower === {{Main article|[[Trump Tower|Trump Tower]]}} [[File:Trump-Tower-3.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=a view upward toward the top of the Trump Tower, a 68-story building with a brown-glassed facade|[[Trump Tower]], pa [[Fifth Avenue]] mu [[Midtown Manhattan]]]] Mu 1983, Trump wakamalizga kuzenga [[Trump Tower]], nyumba yitali ya masitepe 58 mu [[Midtown Manhattan]]. Ntchito iyi yikakhumbikwiranga kudumbiskana kwakusuzga na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana pa nyumba ya [[Bonwit Teller]], malo, kweniso malo gha muchanya gha nyumba yakuzengeka kufupi nayo. Apo kudumbiskana kukamara mu 1978, ''The New York Times'' yikalemba kuti "chakuti Bambo Trump ŵakafiska kusanga malo agha ... chikulongora kulimbikira kwawo kweniso luso lwawo pakudumbiskana."{{cite news |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html?pagewanted=3}} Trump Tower yili pa malo agho kale pakaŵa sitolo yikuru ya [[Bonwit Teller]], iyo yikaŵa yakuzirwa pa nkhani ya mapulani gha nyumba. Trump wakabwangandura nyumba iyi mu 1980 wakati wagura malo agha.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/realestate/fifth-avenue-bonwit-teller-opulence-lost.html |title=The Store That Slipped Through the Cracks |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 3, 2014 |access-date=August 22, 2015 |first=Christopher |last=Gray}}{{cite news |work=Preservation News |url=https://prn.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell-prn?a=d&d=PRN19800701.2.10&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN------ |title=New York City Trumped: Developer Smashes Panels |first=Michael |last=Leccese |date=July 1, 1980 |access-date=August 22, 2015}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakwiyira chomene apo vithuzithuzi vyakuzirwa vya [[Art Deco]], ivyo vikaŵa pa nkhope ya nyumba ndipo Trump wakalayizga kuti vipelekekenge ku [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], vikaparanyika pa nyengo yakubwangandura nyumba iyi mwakulondezga dango la Trump Organization. Kweniso kubwangandurwa kwa sitolo ya Bonwit Teller kukasuska chifukwa kontrakita wakagwiliskira ntchito ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 200 ŵa ku Poland awo ŵakaŵavya mazaza ghakugwira ntchito. Pakubwangandura nyumba mwaluŵiro, ŵakuti ŵakalipiranga madola 4 panji 5 pa ora pa ntchito ya maora 12.{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/13/nyregion/trump-says-he-didn-t-know-he-employed-illegal-aliens.html |date=July 13, 1990 |access-date=August 23, 2015 |title=Trump Says He Didn't Know He Employed Illegal Aliens |first=Dean |last=Baquet}} Mu 1990, Trump wakachitira ukaboni kuti wakalutanga kanandi yayi pa malo agha ndipo wakamanyanga yayi vya ŵantchito ŵambura mazaza agha, ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga penepapo ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "Polish Brigade". Mu 1991, mweruzgi wakadumura kuti ŵakuzenga nyumba ŵakachita "chiŵembu chakunangira ndalama izo zikeneranga kupelekeka", pakung'anamura ndalama za penshoni na vyawovwiri vya mabungwe gha ŵantchito.{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Constance L. |title=Judge Says Trump Tower Builders Cheated Union on Pension Funds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/27/nyregion/judge-says-trump-tower-builders-cheated-union-on-pension-funds.html |access-date=March 9, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 27, 1991}} Ndipouli, pa apilo, vigaŵa vinyake vya cheruzgo ichi vikasinthika,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/14/nyregion/after-15-years-in-court-workers-lawsuit-against-trump-faces-yet-another-delay.html |title=After 15 Years in Court, Workers' Lawsuit Against Trump Faces Yet Another Delay |first=Selwyn |last=Raab |date=June 14, 1998 |access-date=August 24, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Both sides, however, appealed the findings and each won partial victories. A federal appeals court upheld most of Judge Stewart's decisions but ruled that Trump-Equitable had been denied a full opportunity to rebut the charge that the funds had been damaged by the loss of contributions for the Polish workers. The appeals court also ruled that Judge Stewart wrongly dismissed a claim by the plaintiffs that the Trump group was responsible for payments to the funds because it had been the workers' actual employer.}} ndipo mbiri ya mulandu yikajalika apo mulandu wa ŵantchito uwo ukatora nyengo yitali ukamara mu 1999, pamanyuma pa vyaka 16 mu khoti.{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/08/trump-tower-was-built-on-undocumented-immigrants-backs.html |title=Trump Tower Was Built on Undocumented Workers' Backs |date=July 8, 2015 |access-date=August 24, 2015 |first=Michael |last=Daly |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}} Trump Tower yikazengeka na Trump pamoza na [[The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States|Equitable Life Assurance Company]], ndipo yikapangika na wakupanga mapulani gha nyumba [[Der Scutt]] wa [[Swanke Hayden Connell Architects]].{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/arts/design/16scutt.html |title=Der Scutt, Modernist Architect, Dies at 75 |first=Fred A. |last=Bernstein |date=March 16, 2010 |access-date=August 23, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]]}} Trump Tower muli nyumba yikuru ya [[nyumba ya penthouse|penthouse]] ya Donald Trump kweniso ofesi yikuru ya [[The Trump Organization|Trump Organization]].{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/us/politics/new-york-primary.html?action=click&contentCollection=nyregion&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=2&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=0 |title=With the New York Presidential Primary, the Circus Is Coming Home |first1=Matt |last1=Flegenheimer |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2016}} Nyumba iyi yili na masitolo, makafeyi, maofesi, na malo ghakukhalamo. Atrium yake ya magawo ghankhondi yili na chiŵiya cha maji cha kutalika kwa mafiti 60, icho chili na nthowa yakwendamo yakujingilira pasi pa denga lagalasi.{{cite web |title=About Trump Tower |date=n.d. |access-date=May 24, 2016 |website=Trump Tower New York |url=http://www.trumptowerny.com/about}} Trump Tower ndiyo yikaŵa malo agho pulogiramu ya pa TV ya NBC yakuti ''The Apprentice'' yikajambulikirangapo, kusazgapo studio yakugwirira ntchito ya pa TV.{{cite web |title=History |date=n.d. |access-date=May 24, 2016 |website=Trump Tower New York |url=http://www.trumptowerny.com/trump-tower-new-york |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129203922/http://www.trumptowerny.com/trump-tower-new-york |archive-date=January 29, 2017 |url-status=dead }} Nyumba iyi yikati yamara, nyumba zake za condominium zikaguliskika luŵiro, ndipo Trump Tower yikazgoka malo agho ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakalutanga kukawona.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/43 43]–53 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} === Kukura kwa bizinesi === [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino|Harrah's at Trump Plaza]] yikajurika mu Atlantic City mu 1984. Hotelo na kasino uyu vikazengeka na Trump na ndalama zakufuma ku Holiday Corp.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/57 57]–58 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} ndipo vikendeskekanga na chigaŵa cha njuga cha Holiday Corp. Ivyo vikachitika pa kasino uyu vikayenda makora yayi, ndipo vikapangiska mphindano pakati pa Trump na Holiday Corp.{{cite news |title=Holiday, Trump drafting terms to end rocky alliance over Atlantic City casino |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |first=Steve |last=Swartz |date=November 11, 1985 |id={{ProQuest|397993833}} }} {{subscription required}} Trump wakaguliraso Hilton Corporation nyumba iyo yikaŵa yindamare kuzengeka mu Atlantic City pa ndalama zakukwana US$320 miliyoni. Yikati yamara mu 1985, hotelo na kasino uyu ukamanyikwa kuti Trump Castle. Muwoli wa Trump, [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]], ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga malo agha.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/n62 59]–60 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Trump wakagura malo gha [[Mar-a-Lago]] ku [[Palm Beach, Florida]], mu 1985 pa ndalama zakukwana US$5 miliyoni, kweniso US$3 miliyoni za vinthu vya munyumba. Padera pa kugwiliskira ntchito nyumba iyi nga ni malo ghakupumulirako mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, Trump wakasanduraso nyumba iyi kuŵa kalabu ya ŵanthu payekha, iyo yikaŵa na ndalama zakunjiliramo za US$150,000. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wakaguraso nyumba zinyake za condominium ku West Palm Beach pamoza na [[Lee Iacocca]], izo pamanyuma zikazgoka [[Trump Plaza (West Palm Beach)|Trump Plaza of the Palm Beaches]].{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |page=[https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot/page/62 62] |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} [[File:Central Park Wollman Rink.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An outdoor skating rink with many people on the rink. There are skyscrapers in the background. This is the Wollman Rink in Central Park|[[Central Park]] [[Wollman Rink]] pamanyuma pa kunozgekaso na Trump]] Mu 1980, ntchito zakunozgekaso [[Wollman Rink]] ya mu [[Central Park]] zikamba, ndipo zikaghanaghanirikanga kuti zizamala mu vyaka viŵiri na hafu. Chifukwa cha masuzgo gha kapangidwe ka pulani na masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakachitika pa kuzenga, ntchito iyi yikaŵa yindamare mpaka mu Meyi 1986 ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti yikakhumbikwiranga myezi yinyake 18 kweniso ndalama zakukwana $2 miliyoni mpaka $3 miliyoni kuti yimare.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/21/nyregion/new-york-hopes-to-learn-from-rink-trump-fixed-wollman-rink-scorecard.html |title=New York Hopes to Learn From Rink Trump Fixed; Wollman Rink Scorecard |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 21, 1986 |access-date=May 9, 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Freedlander |first1=David |title=A 1980s New York City Battle Explains Donald Trump's Candidacy |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/features/2015-09-29/a-1980s-new-york-city-battle-explains-donald-trump-s-candidacy |access-date=October 23, 2016 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=September 29, 2015}} Trump wakapika kontrakiti nga ni kontrakita mukuru mu Juni 1986 kuti wamalizge ntchito iyi pambere Disembala 15 yindafike, ndipo mtengo wake ukeneranga kulekera pa $3 miliyoni, apo ndalama zose izo zikagwiriskika zikawerezgekanga na msumba. Trump wakalemba mulembezi wa mapulani, kampani yakuzenga, kweniso kampani ya ku Canada yakupanga malo ghakuselerapo pa ayezi, ndipo wakamalizga ntchito iyi mu myezi yinayi, na kugwiliska ntchito ndalama zakukwana $775,000 kuchepera pa bajeti. Wakalongozga malo agha kwa chaka chimoza ndipo wakapeleka gawo la phindu ku vyamawoko na ku ntchito za ŵanthu wose{{cite news |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Andrew |author1-link=Andrew Rosenthal |title=Trump reports large profit from Wollman Rink |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/01/nyregion/trump-reports-large-profit-from-wollman-rink.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 1, 1987 |access-date=November 27, 2017}} mwakusintha na wanangwa wa [[Concession (contract)|chilolezgo cha kugwiliskira ntchito]] malo agha.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-boasts-of-his-philanthropy-but-his-giving-falls-short-of-his-words/2016/10/29/b3c03106-9ac7-11e6-a0ed-ab0774c1eaa5_story.html |title=Trump boasts about his philanthropy. But his giving falls short of his words. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 29, 2016 |access-date=July 3, 2018 |last=Fahrenthold |first=David A. |author-link=David Fahrenthold}} Trump wakalongozga rink iyi kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1995. Wakapikaso kontrakiti yinyake mu 2001, iyo yikasazgikirapo mpaka mu 2021.{{cite news |last=Purnick |first=Joyce |author-link=Joyce Purnick |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/donald-trump-don-love-riding-high-polls-nyc-bad-side-article-1.145485 |title=The Donald Trump we know (and don't love): He's riding high in polls, but NYC's seen his bad side |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=May 1, 2011 |access-date=May 10, 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Kravitz |first1=Derek |last2=Podkul |first2=Cezary |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-said-he-made-21-million-in-income-from-his-new-york-city-contracts |title=Trump Said He Made $21 Million in Income From His New York Contracts. He Actually Made a Lot Less. |publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2018}} Kuyana na mulembi wa nkhani [[Joyce Purnick]], "kupambana kwa Trump pa Wollman kukaŵaso nthano yakujizgora yekha iyo yikanozgekera makora kuti yimulengezge." Apo ntchito yikachitikanga, Trump wakachemeskanga maungano ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵakulemba nkhani, nga nkhusangika pa kumalizga kuyika mapaipi na kuthira simenti.{{cite news |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/15/nyregion/about-new-york-pssst-here-s-a-secret-trump-rebuilds-ice-rink.html |title=Trump reports large profit from Wollman Rink |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 15, 1986 |access-date=May 10, 2018}} Mu 1987, wakayezgaso kwambura kutonda kukopa msumba kuti usinthe zina la malo agha kuŵa lake; chizindikiro cha Trump chikuwoneka chomene pa vigongwe vyakuzingilizga rink iyi, pa [[ice resurfacer|Zamboni]], pa sketi zakubwereka, kweniso pa webusayiti ya rink iyi.{{cite news |last1=Kula |first1=Irwin |author1-link=Irwin Kula |last2=Hatkoff |first2=Craig |author2-link=Craig Hatkoff |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/offwhitepapers/2015/08/24/donald-trump-and-the-wollman-rinking-of-american-politics/ |title=Donald Trump And The Wollman Rinking of American Politics |work=[[Forbes]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2018}} Pa Novembala 30, 1984, Trump wakavumbura pulani yakuzenga msumba uchoko mukati mwa New York City pa "malo ghakuru agho ghakaŵavya chitukuko" pa chilwa cha [[Manhattan]].{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/01/nyregion/trump-set-to-but-lincoln-west-site.html|title=TRUMP SET TO BUT LINCOLN WEST SITE|first=Martin|last=Gottlieb|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 1, 1984}} Pulani ya Television City, iyo pamanyuma yikachemeka Trump City, yikeneranga kuŵa na "pafupifupi maapatimenti na ma condominium 8,000 ghakukwana ŵanthu 20,000, malo ghakukwana magalimoto pafupifupi 10,000, malo ghakukwana masikweya fiti 3.6 miliyoni gha ma studio gha TV na mafilimu, kweniso malo ghakukwana masikweya fiti 2 miliyoni gha mashopu 'ghapachanya'."{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/06/29/trump-robert-moses-new-york-television-city-urban-development-1980s-218836/|title=The Lost City of Trump|first=Michael|last=Kruse|magazine=Politico|date=July 2018}} Chikuru kuluska nyumba zose chikeneranga kuŵa chisanja chitali chomene pa nyengo iyo, chakukwana kaŵiri utali wa nyumba za vipinda 76 izo zikeneranga kuŵa pasi pake. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ilo likachemekanga Westpride, ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu nga ni [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Christopher Reeve]], na ŵanyake, likapangika ndipo likawunganiska ndalama zakususka pulani iyi. Meya [[Ed Koch]] wakakana kupeleka Trump kuchotcheka msonkho kuti wazenge pulani yake, m'malo mwake wakapeleka NBC mwa kuŵakanizga kusama kufuma ku [[Rockefeller Center]] kuluta ku pulani ya Trump. Trump wakagura [[Plaza Hotel]] mu Manhattan mu 1988. Wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $400 miliyoni pa nyumba iyi ndipo wakapaso [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]] mulimo wakulongozga na kunozgekaso ntchito yake.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=65–66 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} [[File:AtlanticCityTajMahal.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The facade of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India. A tall building with the resort's name stands in the background.|[[Trump Taj Mahal]], pa 1000 Boardwalk mu [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]]] Pamanyuma mu 1988, Trump wakagura [[Trump Taj Mahal|Kasino ya Taj Mahal]] mu [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], mu mgwirizano na [[Merv Griffin]] kweniso [[Resorts International]].{{cite news |title=Seven Acquisitive Executives Who Made Business News in 1988: Donald Trump – Trump Organization; The Artist of the Deal Turns Sour into Sweet |last=Cuff |first=Daniel |date=December 18, 1988 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/27/business/seven-acquisitive-executives-who-made-business-1988-donald-trump-trump.html |access-date=May 27, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]]}} Kasino iyi yikajulika mu Epulero 1990, ndipo yikazengeka pa mtengo wose wa $1.1 biliyoni, uwo pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa kasino wakudura chomene kuzengekapo.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html |title=Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite |date=April 8, 1990 |last=Glynn |first=Lenny |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/new-owner-of-trumps-taj-mahal-wants-to-make-casino-great-again |title=New owner wants to make Trump's Taj Mahal casino great again |date=May 20, 2016 |first=Wayne |last=Parry |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}} Yikapeleka ndalama zakukwana $675 miliyoni mu [[junk bonds]] pa chiwongoladzanja cha 14%, ndipo ntchito iyi yikanjira mu [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy|Bankirapuse ya Chapter 11]] chaka chakulondezgapo.{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-filed-bankruptcy-times/story?id=13419250 |first=Amy |last=Bingham |title=Donald Trump's Companies Filed for Bankruptcy 4 Times |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=April 21, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2015}} Mabanki na [[Bond (finance)|ŵakukolezga mabond]] awo ŵakaŵa pangozi yakutaya madola mazana ghanandi gha mamiliyoni, ŵakasankha [[debt restructuring|kunozgaso ngongoli]]. Kuumaliro wa 1990, Trump na Westpride ŵakazomerezgana pulani yinyake yakuleka pulani yakwambilira ya Trump City na kuzenga [[Riverside South, Manhattan|Riverside South]], kwambura chisanja chitali cha Trump ndipo m'malo mwake pakaŵa paki kweniso nyumba zifupi kuluska izo zikaghanaghanirikanga pakwamba za vipinda 76.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/11/arts/lower-skyline-higher-aspirations.html|title=Lower Skyline, Higher Aspirations|first=Paul|last=Goldberger|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 11, 1991}} Mulembi wa vya mapangidwe gha nyumba [[Paul Goldberger]] wakalemba mu ''[[The New York Times]]'' mu Ogasiti 1991 kuti, "Bambo Trump ŵakamanya kuti likeneranga kuŵa dazi lakuzizima chomene mu Ogasiti pambere pulani yawo yindazomerezgeke, ndipo nga ni ndyali waluso waliyose, wakajibatika ku gulu lakususka mwamahara chomene mwakuti vikawoneka nga ni pulani yake yekha." The Taj Mahal wakafumapo ku bankufwa pa Okutobala 5, 1991, apo Trump wakapeleka 50% ya umwini wa kasinosi ku awo ŵakaŵa na mabondi mu malo mwa kususkika kwa viwongolero vya ndalama zakukwereska na kupokera nyengo yinandi yakumalira ngongoli.{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html |title=Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy |access-date=May 22, 2008 |date=October 5, 1991}} Kweniso wakaguliska ndege yake ya [[Trump Shuttle]] iyo yikaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama kweniso sitima yake yapachanya ya mamita 282 (86 m), ''[[Kingdom 5KR|Trump Princess]]''.{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/ |title=Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal |work=United Press International |date=April 9, 1991 |access-date=March 21, 2016}}{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20122177,00.html |title=The Donald Ducks Out |date=May 19, 1997 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Karen S. |last=Schneider}}{{cite news |url=http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |work=Philadelphia Magazine |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}} Trump wakasanganga wovwira wa ndalama wa Riverside South kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku [[Hong Kong]] pafupifupi madola miliyoni 90 gha ku United States, ivyo vikamovwira kulipira ndalama izo wakeneranga kupeleka ku mabanki pa malo agho wakaŵa na ngongoli kweniso pa [[back taxes|misonkho yakale]], ndipo Trump wakapokera 30% ya umwini kweniso kulutilira kulongozga ntchito ya kuzenga zuŵa na zuŵa. Kuyana na loya uyo wakaŵa pafupi na vyakudumbiskana, phangano likapafyanga kusuzgika kumara pamanyuma pakuti Trump "wakayowoya mazgu ghaheni, kusazgapo mazina ghakusuzga gha mitundu ghakuyana na Ŵaasia" pa nyengo ya vyakudumbiskana. Phangano likamovwira Trump kugega kufayiska bankruptcy yake yekha pamanyuma pakuti wakafayiska bankruptcy ya makampani kanayi kumasinda. Malo gha Taj Mahal ghakagulika so mu 1996 ndipo ghakaphatikizgika mu [[Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts]], iyo yikafayiska bankruptcy mu 2004 na ngongoli ya madola mabiliyoni 1.8, ndipo yikafayiskaso bankruptcy vyaka vinkhondi pamanyuma pake na chuma cha madola miliyoni 50 kweniso ngongoli ya madola miliyoni 500. Kukolerana kwa bizinesi pamanyuma pake kukaleka Trump na 10% ya umwini mu Trump Taj Mahal na malo ghanyake gha makasino gha Trump. Trump wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili, ilo likasintha zina kuŵa Trump Entertainment Resorts, kufuma pakati pa 1995 mpaka kukwambilira kwa 2009, ndipo wakaŵa CEO kufuma pakati pa 2000 mpaka pakati pa 2005.{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/ |title=How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Shawn |last=Tully}} === Ma bankruptcy gha bizinesi === {{Further|Vyakupeleka vyakukhwaskana na malango gha Donald Trump#Kugwiliskira ntchito malango gha bankruptcy}} Nangauli Trump wandafayiske bankruptcy yake ya munthu payekha, mahotelo na makasino gha bizinesi yake ghakalengezga [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy|bankruptcy]]{{cite web|last1=Winter|first1=Tom|title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2016}} kankhondi na kamoza pakati pa 1991 na 2009 chifukwa cha kutondeka kulipira malipiro ghakukhumbikwa kweniso kudumbiskana so vya ngongoli na mabanki, ŵenecho ŵa masheya na mabondi kweniso mabizinesi ghachoko (ŵakupeleka ngongoli ŵambura kuŵikika).{{cite news |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/06/donald-trump-companies-bankruptcy-atlantic-city |title=4 Times Donald Trump's Companies Declared Bankruptcy |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Hood, Bryan}}{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/donald-trump-questioned-his-bankruptcies-279717 |first=Hao |last=Li |title=Donald Trump Questioned on His Bankruptcies |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}} Chifukwa chakuti mabizinesi agha ghakagwiliskira ntchito [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], ghakazomerezgeka kulutilira kugwira ntchito apo vyakudumbiskana vikalutilira. Trump wakazunulika na ''Newsweek'' mu 2011 kuti wakati, "Nkhugwiliskira ntchito malango gha bankruptcy—ghakuniwovwira chomene."{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Howard |title=Kurtz: The Trump Backlash |url=http://www.newsweek.com/kurtz-trump-backlash-66503 |access-date=March 14, 2016 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=April 24, 2011}}{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Peter |title=Donald Trump's lawsuits could turn off conservatives who embrace tort reform |url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/05/05/4478/donald-trumps-lawsuits-could-turn-conservatives-who-embrace-tort-reform |access-date=March 14, 2016 |work=The Center for Public Integrity |date=May 5, 2011}} Ma bankruptcy ghankhondi ghakaŵa chifukwa cha mabizinesi gha mahotelo na makasino agho ghakaŵa na ngongoli zinandi mu Atlantic City na New York: [[Trump Taj Mahal]] (1991), [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino]] (1992), [[Plaza Hotel]] (1992), [[Golden Nugget Atlantic City|Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), kweniso [[Trump Entertainment Resorts]] (2009).{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/ |first=Clare |last=O'Connor |title=Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}} Trump wakati, "Nagwiliskira ntchito malango gha charu ichi kuchepeska ngongoli. ... Tizamuŵa na kampani. Tizayiponya mu chaputala. Tizadumbiskana na mabanki. Tizapanga phangano liwemi chomene. Mukumanya, vili nga mu ''The Apprentice''. Vili vya munthu yayi. Ni bizinesi pera." === Chiharo na kugula vinandi === Mu 1996, Trump wakagura nyumba ya maofesi yakusuzgika, ya vipinda 70 pa [[40 Wall Street]] ku Manhattan, wakayinozga, ndipo wakayipa zina la ''The Trump Building''.{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=81–82 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Mu 1998, [[Conseco]] na Trump ŵakagura General Motors Building pa mtengo wa madola miliyoni 878 kufuma ku [[Corporate Property Investors]].{{cite news|first=Charles V.|last=Bagli|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFDB173EF933A15751C0A9649C8B63|title=Heavenly Match Becomes Real Estate War Over the G.M. Building|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 20, 2002}}{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Yardley|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE163BF932A05756C0A96E958260|title=Trump Buying The Landmark G.M. Building|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 31, 1998}}{{cite book|first1=George H.|last1=Ross|first2=Andrew James|last2=McLean|first3=Donald J.|last3=Trump|title=Trump Strategies for Real Estate: Billionaire Lessons for the Small Investor|url=https://archive.org/details/trumpstrategiesf00geor_0|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|date=February 17, 2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/trumpstrategiesf00geor_0/page/130 129]|isbn=0-471-73643-0}} Gulu likapokera ngongoli ya madola miliyoni 700 kufuma ku [[Lehman Brothers]] pakugula uku ndipo vikayowoyeka kuti Trump wakaŵikamo ndalama zake za pakati pa madola miliyoni 15 na 20 pera pa bizinesi iyi.{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/1999/04/18/trump-the-smarts-of-the-deal-how-donald-uses-mostly-other-peoples-money-to-build-a-kingdom-in-his-name/|title=Trump: The Smarts Of The Deal; How Donald Uses (Mostly) Other People's Money To Build A Kingdom In His Name|date=April 18, 1999|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|last=Salkin|first=Allen}} Trump wakakwezga malo gha pakati pa nyumba agho ghakaŵa pasi (sunken plaza), uko ŵanthu ŵachoko ŵakendangako, ndipo ghakanyozeka na Huxtable{{clarify|reason=Who is Huxtable?|date=December 2023}}, ndipo wakalembapo zina lake mu zilembo zagolide vya utali wa futi zinayi.{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E6DB1F3AF933A05755C0A96F958260| first=David W.|last=Dunlap|title=Courtyard Is Rising With New Look|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 30, 1999|access-date=July 18, 2014}} Mu 2003, Trump na ŵanyake ŵakaguliska nyumba iyi pa mtengo wa madola biliyoni 1.4, uwo ukaŵa mtengo wapachanya chomene kulipirapo nyumba ya maofesi ku North America pa nyengo iyo, kwa [[Harry B. Macklowe|Macklowe Organization]].{{cite news|first=Charles V.|last=Bagli|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7DE1738F933A0575BC0A9659C8B63|title=G.M. Building Sells for $1.4 Billion, a Record|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 30, 2003|access-date=July 18, 2014}}{{cite news|first=Elaine|last=Misonzhnik|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Macklowe+pays+%241.4B+for+GM+building%2c+highest+ever+paid+in+North...-a0109133630|title=Macklowe pays $1.4B for GM building, highest ever paid in North America|work=[[Real Estate Weekly]]|date=September 3, 2003|access-date=July 18, 2014}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya awiske mu 1999, Trump na ŵabali ŵake ŵakapokera vigaŵa vyakuyana{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} vya chiharo cha awiske icho chikaŵa na mtengo wa madola 250–300 miliyoni.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |first=Tracy |last=Rozhon |date=June 26, 1999 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]]}} Mu 2001, Trump wakamalizga kuzenga [[Trump World Tower]], nyumba ya vipinda 72 ya ŵakukhala iyo yili pandunji pa [[Likuru la United Nations]].{{cite web |publisher=[[Emporis]] |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100377 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406233951/https://web.archive.org/web/20040406233951/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100377 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 6, 2004 |title=Trump World Tower |access-date=May 22, 2008}} Trump wakambaso kuzenga [[Riverside South, Manhattan|Riverside South]], iyo wakayipanga zina la [[Trump Place]], chitukuko cha nyumba zinandi mumphepete mwa [[Mlonga wa Hudson]]. Wakapitilira kuŵa na malo gha malonda mu [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (New York)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]], nyumba ya vipinda 44 yakusazgapo mahotelo na ma kondomu pa [[Columbus Circle]] iyo wakagura mu 1996,{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |page=108 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} kweniso wakalutilira kuŵa na mamiliyoni gha masikweya futi gha malo ghanyake ghakuzirwa gha ku [[Manhattan]].{{cite news |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/20/trump-wealth-biz_06rich400_0921trump.html |title=What is Trump Worth? |access-date=July 4, 2008 |date=September 21, 2006 |first=Stephane |last=Fitch}} Trump wakagura hotelo yakale ya Hotel Delmonico ku Manhattan mu 2002. Yikajulika so mu 2004 na vipinda 35 vya ma kondomu gha uchindami ndipo yikachemeka [[Trump Park Avenue]].{{cite book |last=Wooten |first=Sara McIntosh |date=2009 |title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV |url=https://archive.org/details/donaldtrumpfromr0000woot |pages=86–87 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}} Trump waŵa na nyumba pa North [[Rodeo Drive]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Beverly Hills, California]]/[[Los Angeles]] kufuma mu 2007, iyo wakagura pa mtengo wa madola 7 miliyoni. Mu 2008 wakagura nyumba yinyake pafupi na iyi kufuma kwa [[Omar Bongo]], pulezidenti wa [[Gabon]] uyo wakafwa apo wakaŵa mu udindo mu 2009, pa mtengo wa madola 10.35 miliyoni. Trump wakaguliska nyumba yachiŵiri ya ku Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1981, pa mtengo wa madola 9,500,095 mu 2009, ndipo wakataya madola 850,000 (8%). Nyumba yachiŵiri yikaweleraso pa msika pakati pa 2016 ndipo yikalembeka pafupifupi madola 30 miliyoni.Leitereg, Neal J., [https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hp-hotprop-20160827-snap-story.html "Daren Metropoulos takes ownership of Playboy Mansion, Hef included > A residential 'Trump' card"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', August 27, 2016. The Trump properties have no relationship to the [[Playboy Mansion]]. It is a five-part 'listings and sales' story with the Playboy the lead part and the Trumps the fourth. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Trump [[The Trump Organization#Real estate licensing|wakapeleka layisensi ya zina na chithuzi chake]] kuti vigwiriskike ntchito pa chitukuko cha mapurojekiti ghanandi gha malo, kusazgapo mapurojekiti gha malo gha Trump ghaŵiri mu Florida agho ghakaŵa mu ndondomeko ya kutoleka na mabanki chifukwa cha kutondeka kulipira ngongoli.{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/carl-hiaasen/article27059140.html |title=Carl Hiaasen: There will never be a President Trump |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=September 1, 2015 |first=Carl |last=Hiaasen}} Mwenecho wa ku Turkey wa [[Trump Towers Istanbul]], uyo wakalipiranga Trump kuti wagwiliskire ntchito zina lake, wakayowoyeka mu Disembala 2015 kuti wakapenjanga nthowa za malango kuti watimbanizge malo agha na Trump pamanyuma pa ivyo munthu uyo wakaŵa mupharazgi wa visola wakayowoya vya kujalira kanyengo Ŵasilamu awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu United States.{{cite news |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0TU0JD20151211 |title=Turkish partner condemns Donald Trump's anti-Muslim remarks, reviews ties |date=December 11, 2015 |access-date=December 11, 2015 |work=[[Reuters]]}} Trump wakapelekaso layisensi ya zina lake kwa mkamwana wake wa munakazi [[Jared Kushner]] wa [[Trump Bay Street]], nyumba ya vipinda 50 ya uchindami ku [[Jersey City]], iyo yikakwezga madola miliyoni 50 gha ndalama zake zakwenera kuŵa miliyoni 200, chomene kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa [[Han Chinese|Ŵachina]], awo pamanyuma pakulipira ndalama zakwamba za madola 500,000 mwakukolerana na ndondomeko ya boma ya [[EB-5 visa]], kanandi ŵangasanga wanangwa wakukhala mu United States kwa iwo na mbumba zawo pamanyuma pa vyaka viŵiri.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-03-07/trump-tower-financed-by-rich-chinese-who-invest-cash-for-visas |title=Trump Tower Funded by Rich Chinese Who Invest Cash for Visas |date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=March 7, 2016 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |first=Jesse |last=Drucker}} Trump ni munyake wa [[Kushner Properties]] pa nkhani ya kupereka layisensi ya zina pera, kweni yayi pa nkhani ya ndalama zakuzengera nyumba iyi. Mu 2012, nyumba yitali ya 1290 Avenue of the Americas ku Manhattan yikapangaso ndondomeko yiphya ya ngongoli; Trump wakaŵa na 30% ya chigaŵa mu nyumba iyi. Kupanga so ngongoli kukapangiska kuti paŵe ngongoli ya madola miliyoni 211 kufuma ku [[Bank of China]] iyo ni ya boma. Ichi chikaŵa chakwamba kuti banki ya ku China yinjire mu [[commercial mortgage-backed securities]] mu United States. Bank of China yikaguliska ngongoli iyi mu 2012 mu msika, ntheura yikati yikaŵavya "umwini uliwose pa ngongoli iyi" kufuma apo. Chikalata cha 2017 icho chikapelekeka mu New York City chikayika Bank of China mwambura kwenelera nga ni [[ŵakukongozga|creditor]] wa nyengo iyi chifukwa cha kwananga kwa gulu ilo likapweleleranga ngongoli la [[Wells Fargo]]. === Malo gha gofu === {{See also|Donald Trump and golf}} [[File:Turnberry Hotel.jpg|thumb|alt=A wide, sprawling golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white facade and a red roof. This picture was taken in Ayrshire, Scotland.|[[Turnberry Hotel]] in [[South Ayrshire]], Scotland]] Gulu la Trump likulamulira malo ghanandi gha [[maseŵera gha gofu]] na mahotelo gha mpumulo mu United States kweniso pa charu chose. Chiŵelengero cha malo gha gofu agho Trump wali nagho panji kulongozga chiri pafupifupi 18, kuyana na ''[[Golfweek]]''.{{cite news |first=Brentley |last=Romine |title=Donald Trump announces he will run for president in 2016 |date=July 14, 2015 |website=[[Golfweek]] |url=http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317081800/http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |archive-date=March 17, 2016 }} Chikalata cha ndalama za Trump icho wakapeleka ku [[Federal Election Commission]] chikayowoya kuti ndalama izo wakasanga kufuma ku gofu na malo gha mpumulo mu 2015 zikaŵa pafupifupi madola miliyoni 382.{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/05/18/news/trump-finances/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518215705/http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/18/news/trump-finances/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 18, 2016 |title=A peek at Donald Trump's finances |first1=Cristina |last1=Alesci |first2=Laurie |last2=Frankel |first3=Jeanne |last3=Sahadi |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=May 20, 2016}} Mu 2006, Trump wakagura malo gha Menie Estate mu [[Balmedie]], Aberdeenshire, Scotland, ndipo wakapanga malo gha gofu kwambura kukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu malo agha ŵakakhumbanga{{cite news |url=http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |title=Landing In The Rough With Trump |date=February 22, 2008 |work=Upstart Business Journal |first=Franz |last=Lidz |author-link=Franz Lidz |access-date=March 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080648/http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |archive-date=April 5, 2016 }} mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa cha [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]].{{cite news |first=Carolyn |last=Churchill |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521014558/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archive-date=May 21, 2013 |title=First look at Trump plan for 'world's best course{{'-}} |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=Glasgow |date=February 16, 2010 |access-date=June 18, 2012}}{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Tuffrey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/10/donald-trump-scotland-golf-course |title=Trump opens controversial Scottish golf course |access-date=August 9, 2015}} Chikalata chakujiyimira payekha cha mu 2011, ''[[You've Been Trumped]],'' icho chikapangika na wopanga mafilimu wa ku Britain Anthony Baxter, chikulongosora umo malo gha gofu ghakazengekera kweniso masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu malo agha na Donald Trump.{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=October 17, 2012 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/youve-been-trumped-2012 |title=You've Been Trumped |work=Rogerebert.com |access-date=January 19, 2016}} Mu Disembala 2015, pempho la Trump lakususka malo ghakupangira nkhongono ya mphepo pa nyanja ([[Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm]]) agho ghakaŵa mukuwoneka kufuma ku malo gha gofu likakanika.{{cite news |first1=Owen |last1=Bowcott |first2=Esther |last2=Addley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/16/donald-trump-loses-appeal-windfarms-scottish-golf-course |title=Alex Salmond brands Trump 'loser' after judges reject windfarm appeal | Environment |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 16, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015}} Nangauli Trump wakalayizga ntchito 6,000, mu 2016, mwakuyana na mazgu ghake, malo gha gofu ghakapeleka waka ntchito 200.{{cite news |first=John |last=Sweeney |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/Donald-Trump-fails-to-deliver-on-golf-resorts-jobs-pledge-8693854.html |title=Donald Trump fails to deliver on golf resort jobs pledge |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=January 19, 2016}} Mu Juni 2019, [[Scottish Natural Heritage]] yikati malo gha gofu ghakaŵa "ghananga" ndondomeko ya tumapiri twa mchenga, ndipo vikapangiska kutayika kwamuyirayira kwa malo ghakukhala vinyama, ndipo yikayowoya kuti udindo wa SSSI ulekeke.{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Campbell |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48789620 |title='Destroyed' Trump golf course dunes to lose special status |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=June 28, 2019}} Udindo wapadera ukafumiskikapo mu Disembala 2020.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-55244660 |title=Trump golf course dunes lose special environmental status |work=[[BBC News]] |date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2021}} Mu Epulero 2014, Trump wakagura hotelo ya [[Turnberry (golf course)|Turnberry]] na malo gha gofu ku [[Ayrshire]], Scotland, agho ghakaŵa chigaŵa chakuzomerezgeka nyengo zose mu ndondomeko ya [[the Open Championship]].{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27203208 |title=US property tycoon Donald Trump buys Turnberry resort |work=[[BBC News]] |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/golf/27212412 |title=Turnberry: Donald Trump deal should not affect Open status |work=[[BBC News]] |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |first=Iain |last=Carter}} Pamanyuma pa [[2021 United States Capitol attack|nkhondo ya pa nyumba ya boma ya United States mu 2021]], awo ŵakapanga mashindano agha, [[The R&A]], ŵakapharazga kuti The Open lizamuŵakoso yayi ku Turnberry apo kukakhala kukolerana kwake na Trump Organization.{{Cite web|title=The R&A - R&A Turnberry Statement|url=https://www.randa.org/en/news/2021/01/turnberry-statement|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.randa.org|language=en|archive-date=January 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127060747/https://www.randa.org/en/news/2021/01/turnberry-statement|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|title=The Open will not be played at iconic Turnberry while it is owned by Donald Trump|url=https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12185726/the-open-will-not-be-played-at-iconic-turnberry-while-it-is-owned-by-donald-trump |date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 1, 2022|website=Sky Sports}} == Masipoti gha maseŵera == {{see also|Donald Trump and American football}} [[File:Donald Trump delivering a press conference in the Trump Tower.jpg|thumb|Trump wakuyowoya mazgu pa ungano wa ŵanyamakuru wa [[New Jersey Generals]] mu 1985.]] [[File:President Trump at the World Series Game (48975694762).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Pulezidenti Donald J. Trump wakuzungunya mawoko ku wumba wa ŵanthu pa Game 5 ya MLB World Series pakati pa Washington Nationals na Houston Astros pa Sabata, Okutobala 27, 2019, pa Nationals Park ku Washington, D.C.]] Mu 1983, [[New Jersey Generals]] ya Trump yikaŵa yumoza mwa ŵambura kwambura mu gulu liphya la [[United States Football League]] (USFL). Pambere nyengo yakwamba yindambe mu 1983, Trump wakaguliska timu iyi kwa J. Walter Duncan, munthu musambazi wa mafuta ku [[Oklahoma]], ndipo wakayigulaso pamanyuma pa nyengo iyo. Pamanyuma wakayezga kumutora kochi wa nyengo yitali wa [[Miami Dolphins]] [[Don Shula]], kweni phangano likatondeka chifukwa chakuti wakakhumba yayi kuzomera ivyo Shula wakakhumbanga vya nyumba mu [[Trump Tower]]. Trump paumaliro wakasankha kochi wakale wa [[New York Jets]] [[Walt Michaels]].{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/04/sports/sports-people-new-jersey-generalities.html |title=Sports People; New Jersey Generalities |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=April 4, 1984 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Anderson |title=Trump Ace: Michaels |date=December 12, 1983 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/sports/trump-ace-michaels.html}} USFL yikaseŵera nyengo zitatu zakwamba mu chihanya na chilimika, kweni Trump wakakopa ŵenecho ŵanandi ŵa timu zinyake za USFL kuti ŵasinthe ndondomeko ya 1986 ya USFL kuŵa mu nyengo ya chihanya, mwakuyana na [[National Football League]] (NFL), chifukwa wakaghanaghananga kuti ichi chizamuchitiska kuti pamasinda paŵe kuphatikizika na NFL, ndipo ivi vikatenge vikusazgirenge chomene ndalama izo ŵakaŵikamo.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/and-then-there-was-the-time-donald-trump-bought-a-football-team-/2015/10/19/35ae71ca-6dd6-11e5-aa5b-f78a98956699_story.html |title=And then there was the time Donald Trump bought a football team |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 19, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Terris, Ben}} Pambere nyengo ya 1985 yindambe, Trump wakasayina [[Heisman Trophy]]-wakupokera mphotho wa quarterback [[Doug Flutie]] pa phangano la ntchito za vyaka 5 la madola 7 miliyoni. Ichi chikapangiska Flutie kuŵa mchezgani wa mpira wa malipiro ghapachanya chomene pa nyengo iyo, kweniso rookie wa malipiro ghapachanya chomene mu maseŵera ghaliyose gha ulendo.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/04/sports/be-honest-mr-trump.html|title=Be Honest, Mr. Trump|last=Anderson|first=Dave|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 4, 1985|access-date=October 7, 2016}} Pamanyuma pa nyengo iyo, Generals zikakolerana na [[Houston Gamblers]]. Trump wakaŵa na 50% ya umwini wa timu yiphya iyo yikeneranga kukhala mu New Jersey na kusunga zina lakuti Generals. Pa nyengo iyo, Trump wakajikuzga kuti "mbwenu iyi ni timu yiwemi chomene mu mpira." (New Jersey na Houston zose zikaŵa na nyengo ziwemi kweni zikaŵavya nyengo zakuzizwiska mu 1985: zose zikafika mu playoffs kweni zikathereska mu maseŵero ghakwamba.) Generals zikaseŵeraso yayi maseŵero ghanyake.{{cite news |first=Robert McG. Jr. |last=Thomas |title=Generals-Gamblers merger is official |date=August 2, 1985 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/02/sports/generals-gamblers-merger-is-official.html}} Nyengo ya 1986 yikakanika pamanyuma pakuti USFL yikasanga [[pyrrhic victory|chitumbiko chakukwera mtengo kweni kwambura chandulo chikuru]] mu mulandu wa [[United States Football League#USFL v. NFL lawsuit|kususkana na NFL]] wa [[antitrust|malango ghakutondeska ukhali wa mabizinesi]]: NFL yikataya mwalamulo mulandu, kweni USFL yikapokera waka madola 3 gha ndalama zakulipira. USFL, iyo yikaŵa kuti yachepa kufuma pa timu 18 zakwamba kufika pa timu 7 pera izo zikagwiranga ntchito, yikamara pamanyuma pake.{{cite news |first=Arash |last=Markazi |title=5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL |date=July 14, 2015 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience}}{{cite news |last=Pearlman |first=Jeff |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/sep/11/the-day-donald-trumps-narcissism-killed-the-usfl |title=The day Donald Trump's narcissism killed the USFL |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 11, 2018 |access-date=August 13, 2025}} Trump wakalongora kuti wakakhumbanga kugura [[Cleveland Indians]] pa mtengo wa madola 13 miliyoni mu kalata ya Febuluwale 15, 1983 iyo yikalembeka na [[Kenneth Molloy]] kuluta kwa pulezidenti wa timu [[Gabe Paul]]. Trump wakasazgirako mtengo wake kufika pa madola 34 miliyoni mu chaka chenecho. Kutondeka kwake kulayizga kuti wasungenge timu iyi mu [[Cleveland]] kwa vyaka vitatu vyekha kukamutondeska kumalizga kugula uku.[http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2015/10/donald_trumps_bid_for_the_clev.html Larkin, Brent. "Donald Trump's failed bid to buy the Cleveland Indians", ''The Plain Dealer'' (Cleveland), Thursday, October 8, 2015.] Trump wakalutilira kuŵa wakukhwaskika na maseŵera ghanyake pamanyuma pakuti Generals yamara, ndipo wakalutilira kulongozga malo gha gofu mu vyaru vinandi. Kweniso wakanozga maseŵero ghanandi gha nkhonya mu Atlantic City pa Trump Plaza, kusazgapo [[Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks|nkhonya ya Mike Tyson ya 1988]] yakulimbana na [[Michael Spinks]], ndipo nyengo yinyake wakaŵa wakupereka ulongozgi wa ndalama kwa [[Mike Tyson|Tyson]].{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/12/sports/sports-of-the-times-trump-promoter-or-adviser.html |title=Sports of The Times; Trump: Promoter Or Adviser? |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=July 12, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Anderson, Dave}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/sports/trump-gets-tyson-fight.html |title=Trump Gets Tyson Fight |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=February 25, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]]}} Mu 1988, Trump wakagura kavalo ka mpikisano ka mtundu wa thoroughbred zina lake "D.J. Trump" pa mtengo wa madola 500,000, ndipo kakasambizgika na [[H. Allen Jerkens|Allen Jerkens]]. Kavalo aka kakatondeka kuchita mpikisano chifukwa cha matenda gha virus ndipo kakamba kuŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha malundi. Ŵakuchizga ŵakachita nthowa yakofya kuti ŵawovwire tumakandiro twa kavalo kuti tukure so, kweni kakatondeka kuchita mpikisano. Kavalo aka kakafwa vyaka vitatu pamanyuma mu 1991.{{Cite news |date=2017-05-19 |title=The sad saga of thoroughbred D.J. Trump, Donald Trump's lone foray into horse racing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2017/05/19/the-sad-saga-of-thoroughbred-d-j-trump-donald-trumps-lone-foray-into-horse-racing/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} Mu 1989 na 1990, Trump wakapeleka zina lake ku [[Tour de Trump]], mpikisano wa njinga uwo ukaŵa wakuyezga kupanga mpikisano wa ku America wakuyanako na mipikisano ya ku Europe nga ni [[Tour de France]] panji [[Giro d'Italia]]. Zina ili likapelekeka na munyake wa bizinesi, wakuyowoya vya mpira wa basketball [[Billy Packer]], uyo pakwamba wakakhumbanga kuchema mpikisano uwu kuti Tour de [[New Jersey|Jersey]]. Chigaŵa chakwamba cha mpikisano wakwamba chikamara mu msumba wa ŵasambiri wa [[New Paltz (village), New York|New Paltz, New York]], uko ŵakususka ŵakalindilira ŵaseŵeri na vimanyikwiro vyakususkana na Trump. Chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikambira mu New York City, ndipo [[Mayor of New York|Meya]] [[Ed Koch]], uyo wakayowoya kuti Trump ni "yumoza mwa ŵakupusika ŵakuru", wakakana kwiza ku ungano uwu. Chigaŵa chaumaliro cha mpikisano wa mtunda wa 837 miles wa ma stage 10 chikaŵa chakususka chomene. Pambere chigaŵa chaumaliro chindambe, msesele wa ku Belgium [[Eric Vanderaerden]] wakawonengeka kuti ndiyo wangatora chiphalizgano ichi, kweni wakataya nyengo ya sekondi 1 miniti na 20 chifukwa wakasankha nthowa yiheni pa msewu uwo ukaŵa na vimanyikwiro vyambura kuwoneka makora mu [[Atlantic City]], ndipo wakendapo mtunda wa kotala la mailo panji kujumphapo pa nthowa yake. Paumaliro wakamalira malo gha chitatu mu mpikisano wose, pamanyuma pa wakuluska [[Dag-Otto Lauritzen]] (msesele wa ku Norway uyo wakaŵa mu timu ya ku America ya [[7-Eleven (cycling team)|7-Eleven team]]) na wakatora malo gha chiŵiri [[Henk Lubberding]], uyo nayo wakasankha nthowa yiheni mu chigaŵa chaumaliro. Trump wakalekezga kovwira ndalama pa Tour de Trump yachiŵiri mu 1990 chifukwa mabizinesi ghake ghanyake ghakaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama. Mpikisano uwu ukalutilira vyaka vinyake nga ni Tour DuPont.{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801/|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|website=[[Politico]] |date=April 10, 2016 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/15/sports/dispute-mars-end-of-the-tour-de-trump.html|title=Dispute Mars End of the Tour de Trump|first=Frank|last=Litsky|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 15, 1989|access-date=April 12, 2016}} Trump wakapeleka pempho la [[stalking horse bidder|wakwamba wakugula]] pa [[Buffalo Bills]] apo timu iyi yikaguliskikanga pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Ralph Wilson]] mu 2014; paumaliro wakathereskeka pa malonda agha, nga umo wakaghanaghaniranga, ndipo [[Kim Pegula|Kim]] na [[Terrence Pegula]] ndiwo ŵakapokera timu iyi.{{cite news |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/07/29/probably-few-new-bidders-will-bid-today-for-bills |title=Probably few new bidders will bid today for Bills |date=July 29, 2014 |access-date=July 30, 2014 |first=John |last=Kryk |newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]}} Pa nyengo iyo wakachitanga chiphalizgano cha visola vya pulezidenti mu 2016, wakasuska malango ghaphya gha NFL gha kuvikilira awo ŵakupwetekeka ku mutu, ndipo wakadandawura kuti maseŵero agha ghapangika kuŵa "ghapasi" na "ghakulopwa", ndipo wakati kupweteka ku mutu nkhwakuyana waka na "kugwazika pachanya pa mutu." Wakapokera ŵakwendeska maseŵero mulandu wakuti ŵakuponya [[penalty flag|vimanyikwiro vya chilango]] kwambura chifukwa kuti ŵawonekere pa TV "kuti ŵawoli ŵawo ŵaŵawone ku nyumba."{{cite news |first=Chuck |last=Schilken |date=October 13, 2016 |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/nfl/la-sp-donald-trump-nfl-concussions-20161013-snap-story.html |title=Video: Donald Trump mocks the NFL for being too soft, calls concussions 'a little ding on the head' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}} Mu 2012, kilabu ya bola ya ku Scotland [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] yikaŵa mu suzgo la ndalama, ndipo chikapangiska kuti yiŵe mu ndondomeko ya [[Administration and liquidation of the Rangers Football Club plc|kulipiskika na kupanga so]]. Trump wakaghanaghananga kugura kilabu iyi, kweni wakawelera nyuma chifukwa cha ukuru wa masuzgo gha ndalama agho yikaŵa nagho.{{cite news |title=When US President Donald Trump backed out of buying Rangers |url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/when-us-president-donald-trump-backed-out-of-buying-rangers-1462839 |access-date=November 16, 2024 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=November 9, 2016}}{{cite news |title=How Donald Trump almost bought Rangers (and Pablo Escobar's club) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/copa90/2017/jan/26/donald-trump-rangers-football-club-pablo-escobar |access-date=November 16, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 26, 2017}} == Mapikisheni gha urembo == {{Further |Miss USA |Miss Universe|Miss Teen USA}} Kufuma mu 1996 mpaka 2015, apo wakaguliska chigaŵa chake cha umwini,<ref name=pageantsaleWME>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html |title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency |date=September 15, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref> Trump wakaŵa na chigaŵa panji umwini wose wa mapikisheni gha urembo gha [[Miss Universe]], [[Miss USA]], na [[Miss Teen USA]]. Miss Universe yikamba kuwoneka pa [[CBS]], ndipo Miss Universe na Miss USA zose zikasintha kuluta ku [[NBC]] mu 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html |title=Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Jim |last=Rutenberg |access-date=August 14, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/ |title=There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Lisa |last=de Moraes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> Mu 2012, Trump wakapokera mphotho ya madola 5 miliyoni mu ndondomeko ya kususka phangano kwa mupikisana uyo wakayowoya kuti chiwonetsero ichi chikanozgeka kale.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pay-usa-contestant-ordered-fork-5-million-donald-trump-calling-pageant-rigged-article-1.1390931|title=Miss USA contestant ordered to pay $5 million to Donald Trump for calling pageant 'rigged'|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]|date=July 5, 2013|first1=Barbara|last1=Ross|first2=Larry|last2=McShane}}</ref> Mu 2015, NBC na [[Univision]] zose zikamara ubwezi wawo wa bizinesi na Miss Universe Organization mu nyengo ya chiphalizgano cha Trump cha kuŵa pulezidenti.<ref name="Tadena1">{{cite news |first=Natalie |last=Tadena |date=July 2, 2015 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/07/02/donald-trumps-miss-usa-pageant-lands-on-reelz-cable-channel/ |title=Donald Trump's Miss USA Pageant Lands on Reelz Cable Channel |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Washington Post Staff |title=Full text: Donald Trump announces a presidential bid |date=June 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/}}</ref> Pamanyuma pake Trump wakapharazga kuti wakaŵa mwenecho yekha wa Miss Universe Organization chifukwa wakagura chigaŵa cha NBC.<ref name="Corriston11Sept">{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/mobile/article/0,,20951882,00.html |title=Donald Trump Says He Bought Out NBC, Now Owns All of Miss Universe Organization |date=September 11, 2015 |access-date=September 11, 2015 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Michele |last=Corriston|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925081034/http://www.people.com/people/mobile/article/0,,20951882,00.html|archive-date=September 25, 2015 }}</ref> Wakaguliska umwini wake mu mapikisheni agha nyengo yichoko pamanyuma pake kwa [[William Morris Endeavor|WME]]/[[IMG (company)|IMG]].<ref name="pageantsaleWME" /> Mu 1999, vyaka vichoko pamanyuma pa kugura chigaŵa mu Miss Universe, Trump wakambiska kampani ya masambiro gha ŵanthu ŵakuwoneka, [[Trump Model Management]], iyo yikugwira ntchito mu chigaŵa cha [[SoHo]] mu [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Blake |last1=Ellis |first2=Melanie |last2=Hicken |title=Trump's modeling agency broke immigration laws, attorneys say |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/10/news/trump-model-visas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311032312/http://money.cnn.com/2016/03/10/news/trump-model-visas/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |access-date=March 17, 2016 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Pamoza na kampani yinyake ya Trump, Trump Management Group LLC, Trump Model Management yikizanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwoneka ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kunjira mu United States kuti ŵagwire ntchito mu [[fashion industry|makampani gha mafashoni]] kufuma mu 2000.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Mica |last1=Rosenberg |first2=Ryan |last2=McNeill |first3=Megan |last3=Twohey |first4=Michelle |last4=Conlin |title=Exclusive&nbsp;– Donald Trump's companies have sought visas to import at least 1,100 workers |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-exclusive-idUKKCN0Q62RV20150801 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225063445/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-exclusive-idUKKCN0Q62RV20150801 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 25, 2015 |access-date=March 17, 2016 |agency=Reuters UK |date=August 1, 2015}}</ref> Bizinesi iyi na mapikisheni gha urembo vikakolerana pachoko, chifukwa ŵapikisana ŵanandi ŵa mapikisheni ŵakapokera mapangano gha ntchito ya kuwoneka.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165]}} == Yunivesite ya Trump == {{Main article|Yunivesite ya Trump|Cohen v. Trump (Yunivesite ya Trump)}} Trump University LLC<ref>{{cite news |last=Gitell |first=Seth |date=March 8, 2016 |title=I Survived Trump University |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/i-survived-trump-university-213710/ |newspaper=[[Politico]] |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> yikaŵa kampani ya ku America ya [[for-profit education|masambiro gha kupenja phindu]] iyo yikendeskanga ndondomeko yakusambizga vya malo kufuma mu 2005 mpaka 2010 panji kusazgirapo. Pamanyuma pa milandu yinandi, sono yili kumara. Yikapangika na Donald Trump na ŵanyake ŵake, Michael Sexton na Jonathan Spitalny.<ref name=vf>{{cite news |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal |title=Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real-Estate Students? |last=Cohan |first=William D. |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> Kampani iyi yikapelekanga masambiro gha vya malo, kulongozga chuma, kuyambiska mabizinesi, na kupanga usambazi, ndipo yikalipiskanga pakati pa madola 1,500 na 35,000 pa kosi yimoza.<ref name=nyt511>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Barbaro |title=New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School |date=May 19, 2011 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html}}</ref> Mu 2005 ntchito iyi yikaphalazgika na ŵamazaza ŵa New York State kuti kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti "university" kukaswa malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa chenjezgo linyake mu 2010, zina la ntchito iyi likasintha kuŵa "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".<ref name="AppealsCourt2016" /> Trump wakasangika kuti wali na mulandu yekha chifukwa cha kutondeka kusanga layisensi ya bizinesi ya ntchito iyi.<ref name="reuters.2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 |first=Karen |last=Freifeld |title=New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school |work=[[Reuters]] |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2015 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627033957/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit/new-york-judge-finds-donald-trump-liable-for-unlicensed-school-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 2013 boma la New York likapeleka mulandu wa madola 40 miliyoni likuyowoya kuti Trump University yikapeleka mawu gha utesi ndipo yikapusikanga ŵanthu awo ŵakaguranga mautumiki agha.<ref name="AppealsCourt2016">{{cite news |first=David |last=Halperin |title=NY Court Refuses to Dismiss Trump University Case, Describes Fraud Allegations |date=March 3, 2016 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/ |first=Michelle Ye Hee |last=Lee |title=Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 27, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2016}}</ref> Kweniso, milandu yiŵiri ya gulu la ŵanthu yikapelekeka ku khoti la boma yakukhwaskana na Trump University; yikachema Donald Trump yekha kweniso makampani ghake.<ref name=twofront>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/ |title=Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university' |work=[[USA Today]] |first=Kevin |last=McCoy |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> Milandu yose yitatu yikamara na phangano mu Novembala 2016, pamanyuma pa chisankho cha Trump kuŵa pulezidenti, pa ndalama zose za madola 25 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|title=Donald Trump settles fraud lawsuits relating to Trump University for $25m|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/18/donald-trump-university-settles-president-lawsuit-25-million|access-date=November 18, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> Trump repeatedly criticized a judge, [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]], who is overseeing two of the Trump University cases. During campaign speeches and interviews up until June 2016, Trump called Curiel a "hater of Donald Trump", saying his rulings have been unfair, and that Curiel "happens to be, we believe, Mexican, which is great. I think that's fine",<ref name="rule-of-law">{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Donald Trump Could Threaten U.S. Rule of Law, Scholars Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/us/politics/donald-trump-constitution-power.html |date=June 3, 2016 |first=Adam |last=Liptak |quote=Mr. Trump accused the judge of bias, falsely said he was Mexican and seemed to issue a threat}}</ref> while suggesting that the judge's ethnicity posed a conflict of interest in light of Trump's proposal to build a wall on the United States–Mexican border.<ref name=RappeportNYT>{{cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=June 3, 2016 |title=That Judge Attacked by Donald Trump? He's Faced a Lot Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/us/politics/donald-trump-university-judge-gonzalo-curiel.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ford>{{cite magazine |last=Ford |first=Matt |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Why Is Donald Trump So Angry at Judge Gonzalo Curiel? |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel/485636/|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Finnegan>{{cite news |last1=Finnegan |first1=Michael |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Trump trashes judge overseeing Trump University fraud case, says it's fine that he's Mexican |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trailguide-05272016-trump-trashes-judge-overseeing-1464393140-htmlstory.html |date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> Many legal experts were critical of Trump's attacks on Curiel, often viewing them as racially charged, unfounded, and an affront to the concept of an independent judiciary.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Trump Says Judge's Mexican Heritage Presents 'Absolute Conflict' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-keeps-up-attacks-on-judge-gonzalo-curiel-1464911442 |date=June 3, 2016 |first=Brent |last=Kendall |quote=Donald Trump on Thursday escalated his attacks on the federal judge presiding over civil fraud lawsuits against Trump University, amid criticism from legal observers who say the presumptive GOP presidential nominee's comments are an unusual affront on an independent judiciary}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Trump's personal, racially tinged attacks on federal judge alarm legal experts |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2016/06/01/437ccae6-280b-11e6-a3c4-0724e8e24f3f_story.html |first1=Jose |last1=DelReal |first2=Katie |last2=Zezima |date=June 1, 2016 |quote=Donald Trump's highly personal, racially tinged attacks on a federal judge overseeing a pair of lawsuits against him have set off a wave of alarm among legal experts, who worry that the Republican presidential candidate's vendetta signals a remarkable disregard for judicial independence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |title=Legal Experts Worry After Trump Attacks Judge for Alleged Bias, Judge's Brother Calls Trump a 'Blowhard' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/legal-experts-worry-trump-attacks-judge-alleged-bias/story?id=39589590 |date=June 3, 2016 |first1=Shushannah |last1=Walshe |first2=Meghan |last2=Keneally}}</ref> On June 7, 2016, Trump issued a lengthy statement saying that his criticism of the judge had been "misconstrued" and that his concerns about Curiel's impartiality were not based upon ethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.<ref name=Jackson>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/06/07/donald-trump-paul-ryan-mitch-mcconnell/85559392/ |title=Trump says judge comments 'misconstrued' amid GOP uprising |last=Jackson |first=David |date=June 7, 2016 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=June 8, 2016 |quote=I do not intend to comment on this matter any further}}</ref><ref>[full text] {{cite news |first=Donald J. |last=Trump |title=Donald Trump's Statement on Trump University |date=June 7, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/us/politics/trump-university-statement.html}}</ref> == ACN, Inc. == Kufuma mu 2005 mpaka 2015, Trump wakapokera $8.8&nbsp; miliyoni cifukwa ca kuphalazga kampani ya matelefoni ya [[multi-level marketing]] [[ACN Inc.]] na malonda ghake pa webusayiti ya ACN,<ref name="Donald J. Trump on ACN's Home Based Business2">{{cite web|title=Donald J. Trump on ACN's Home Based Business |url=http://acninc.com/acn/us/trump_events.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303071345/http://www.acninc.com/acn/us/trump_events.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 3, 2011 |access-date=July 20, 2012 |website=acninc.com}}</ref> ma DVD gha kuphalazgira na pa vyakucitika vyawo, kweniso pa pulogiramu yake ya pa TV ya ''The Apprentice''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Voytko |first=Lisette |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/28/us/donald-trump-taxes-apprentice.html |title=Trump's Biggest Side Hustle Outside Of 'Apprentice'? Multi-Level Marketing Schemes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=September 29, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2021 |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001172923/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/28/us/donald-trump-taxes-apprentice.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McIntire |first1=Mike |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |last3=Craig |first3=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html |title=Reality-TV Fame Handed Trump a $427 Million Lifeline |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927211558/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 2018, ŵanthu ŵakugura vinthu ŵanayi ŵakafayila mulandu wa boma mu khoti la [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] kwimikana na Donald Trump na ŵana ŵake Donald Jr., [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], na Eric cifukwa ca vimbundi na milandu ya kucita vinthu mwa upandu. Mu Julayi 2019, jaji wa khoti wakazomerezga kuti mulandu ulutilire na milandu ya boma ya vimbundi, malonda ghakupusika, na kuphalazga mwambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/8096633/doe-v-the-trump-corporation/ |title=Docket for Doe v. The Trump Corporation, 1:18-cv-09936 |website=CourtListener.com |date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2019-10-08 |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127172737/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/8096633/doe-v-the-trump-corporation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.503637/gov.uscourts.nysd.503637.1.0.pdf |title=Complaint (final for filing) 4818-9714-0089 v.1 - gov.uscourts.nysd.503637.1.0 - Case 1:18-cv-09936 - Document 1 |website=CourtListener.com |date=2018-10-29 |access-date=2019-10-08 |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231431/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.503637/gov.uscourts.nysd.503637.1.0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |title=Trump must face marketing scam lawsuit, escapes racketeering claims: NY judge |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-marketing-lawsuit/trump-must-face-marketing-scam-lawsuit-escapes-racketeering-claims-ny-judge-idUSKCN1UJ349 |date=2019-07-24 |access-date=2019-10-08 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726062428/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-marketing-lawsuit/trump-must-face-marketing-scam-lawsuit-escapes-racketeering-claims-ny-judge-idUSKCN1UJ349 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵa Trump ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵakaphaliranga yayi kuti ŵakapokeranga malipiro kufuma ku ACN apo ŵakakhumbanga kupangiska ŵanthu kugura masheya mu kampani iyi. Nga cigaŵa ca kusanda ukaboni wa mulandu, mu Malici 2020, Ŵa Trump ŵakalangulirika kupereka malipoti kufuma ku mabuku gha bizinesi ya Trump Organization kwambira mu 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Shayna |title=Trump ordered to expand document search in suit alleging he endorsed pyramid scam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-ordered-to-expand-document-search-in-suit-alleging-he-endorsed-pyramid-scam/2020/03/14/c903fa0e-6579-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html |date=March 14, 2020 |access-date=March 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=March 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315053058/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-ordered-to-expand-document-search-in-suit-alleging-he-endorsed-pyramid-scam/2020/03/14/c903fa0e-6579-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Epulero 2020, jaji wa boma wakalangura [[MGM]], uyo ni mwimiliri mukuru wa ''[[Celebrity Apprentice]]'', kuti wapereke matepi gha vigaŵa viŵiri vya pulogiramu iyi ivyo vikaŵa vindawoneke ku maloya gha ŵalanda awo ŵakati Ŵa Trump ŵanayi ŵakaŵapusika kuti ŵagule mu ACN; mu vigaŵa ivi, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakacitanga cipharazgo ca malonda gha ACN.<ref name=":13" /> Ŵa Trump ŵakapempha kuti languro ili lisinthike ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kumazga nkhani iyi kwizira mu [[arbitration]], kweni ŵakatondeka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chan |first=J. Clara |url=https://www.thewrap.com/mgm-must-hand-over-unaired-celebrity-apprentice-trump-tapes-judge-rules/ |title=MGM Must Hand Over Unaired 'Celebrity Apprentice' Trump Tapes, Judge Rules |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=April 9, 2020 |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011134003/https://www.thewrap.com/mgm-must-hand-over-unaired-celebrity-apprentice-trump-tapes-judge-rules/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Novembala 2021, jaji wa boma wakalangura MGM kuti yipe matepi agha ku maloya gha ŵalanda pa malo ghakusungika mwakuvikilika.<ref name=":13">{{cite news |last=Paglieri |first=Jose |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/angry-entrepreneurs-will-finally-see-trumps-apprentice-outtakes |title=Angry Entrepreneurs Will Finally See Trump's 'Apprentice' Outtakes |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126145109/https://www.thedailybeast.com/angry-entrepreneurs-will-finally-see-trumps-apprentice-outtakes |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump na ŵana ŵake ŵakapokelereka mafumbo gha khoti mu 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scannell |first=Kara |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/25/politics/donald-trump-children-deposition-lawsuit/index.html |title=Donald Trump and his children agree to be deposed in fraudulent marketing lawsuit |work=[[CNN]] |date=March 25, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Larson |first=Eric |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/10/20/trump-deposed-in-suit-by-investors-claiming-fraud-in-apprentice-videophone-pitches/ |title=Trump deposed in suit by investors claiming fraud in 'Apprentice' videophone pitches |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |via=[[Portland Press Herald]] |date=March 25, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2023, ŵalanda ŵakawuskako milandu yawo kwimikana na ŵana ŵake kuti "ŵapange kuti nkhani iyi yiŵe yipusu pambere pajumpha pa mulandu".<ref>{{cite news |last=Larson |first=Eric |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/trump-children-dropped-from-suit-over-apprentice-pitches-1.1922734 |title=Trump Children Dropped From Suit Over 'Apprentice' Pitches |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |via=[[BNN Bloomberg]] |date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525224830/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/trump-children-dropped-from-suit-over-apprentice-pitches-1.1922734 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> Mulandu uwu ukakhazikika kuti uyambe pa Januwale 29, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Orden |first=Erica |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/15/trump-trial-date-carroll-lawsuit-00102328 |title=Trump now faces four trials over six-month span during critical phase of 2024 campaign |work=[[Politico]] |date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> == Donald J. Trump Foundation == {{Main article|Donald J. Trump Foundation}} The Donald J. Trump Foundation yikaŵa [[foundation ya pachoko|bungwe la vyawanangwa la pachoko]] la ku United States<ref name=":0b">{{Cite web|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773|title=Nonprofit Explorer – ProPublica|last=ProPublica|first=Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei|date=May 9, 2013 |access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1988 na chilato chakwamba chakuti lipereke ndalama izo zikafumanga mu buku ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal|Trump: Luso la Kuchita Malonda]]'' ilo lili kulembeka na Trump pamoza na [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-3404773|title=Donald J Trump Foundation Inc – GuideStar Profile|publisher=guidestar.org|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{Cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/ |title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> Ndalama zinandi za foundation iyi zikafumanga ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaperekanga vyawanangwa, padera pa Trump,<ref name="WaPoMissing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html |title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash |date=April 10, 2016 |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold}}</ref> ndipo ndalama zakumalizga izo Trump wakapereka yekha ku foundation iyi zikaŵa mu 2008.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Ŵanthu awo ŵakapereka ndalama zinandi chomene ku foundation iyi pakati pa 2004 na 2014 ŵakaŵa [[Vince McMahon|Vince]] na [[Linda McMahon]] ŵa ku [[World Wrestling Entertainment]], awo ŵakapereka $5 miliyoni ku foundation iyi pamanyuma pakuti Trump wawonekera pa [[WrestleMania]] mu 2007.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Kwizira mu mafomu gha misonkho gha foundation iyi, awo ŵakapokera vyawanangwa ŵakaŵa mabungwe gha vya umoyo na maseŵero, kweniso magulu gha ndyali gha chisungililo.<ref>Solnik, Claude. [http://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/ "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns"], [[Long Island Business News]] (September 15, 2016): "charitable giving to conservative political groups, healthcare and sports-related charities".</ref> Mu 2009, mwachiyelezgero, foundation iyi yikapeleka $926,750 ku magulu pafupifupi 40, ndipo ndalama zikuru zikapelekeka ku [[Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children#Arnold Palmer Medical Center|Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation]] ($100,000), [[New York Presbyterian Hospital]] ($125,000), [[Police Athletic League]] ($156,000), na [[Clinton Foundation]] ($100,000).<ref name="SearchingforEvid">{{Cite news |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold |first2=Danielle |last2=Rindler |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/trump-charity-donations/ |title=Searching for evidence of Trump's personal giving |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>Qiu, Linda (August 28, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2016/aug/28/david-plouffe/yes-donald-trump-donated-100000-clinton-foundation/ Yes, Donald Trump donated $100,000 to Clinton Foundation.] ''PolitiFact.com''. Retrieved September 16, 2016.</ref> Kuyambira mu 2016, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yikamba kufufuza umo foundation iyi yikasonkhera na kuperekera ndalama. ''Post'' yikasanga vinthu ivyo vingapangiska kuti pakhale kuswa malango na nkhani za makhaliro, nga ni vinthu vya [[self-dealing|kujipindulira yekha]] kweniso kusuzga pa vya misonkho.<ref>Cillizza, Chris and Fahrenthold, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002103244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002103244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ |date=October 2, 2016 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (September 15, 2016).</ref> [[New York State attorney general|Mwanangwa mukuru wa malango wa boma la New York]] wakamba kufufuza foundation iyi "kuti wawone usange yikukolerana na malango agho ghakulongozga mabungwe gha vyawanangwa mu New York."<ref name=hit>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general began investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/donald-trump-foundation/|title=Trump Foundation Falls Under Investigation By New York Attorney General|date=September 14, 2016|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> Munthu uyo wakayimiranga Trump wakati kufufuza uku kukaŵa "ntchito ya ndyali yakumupweteka."<ref name=hit /> Pa Okutobala 3, 2016, ofesi ya mwanangwa mukuru wa malango wa New York yikaphalira Trump Foundation kuti yikaŵa ikuswa malango gha New York agho ghakukhwaska mabungwe gha vyawanangwa ndipo yikalangura foundation iyi kuti yileke mwaluŵiro kusonkha ndalama mu boma la New York. Foundation iyi, iyo yikazomera kuti yikachitapo vinthu vya [[self-dealing|kujipindulira yekha]] pa fomu yake ya misonkho ya IRS ya 2015, yikazomera kulondezga languro ili.<ref>Farenthold, David. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (October 3, 2016).</ref> Mlandu uwo ukayambika mu 2018 na mwanangwa mukuru wa malango wa New York ukati Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ndalama za foundation mwambura kwenelera, kusazgapo kugura vithuzithuzi vyake, kulipira vyakukwana vya malango gha mabizinesi ghake, kweniso kovwira kampeni yake ya kupenja urongozgi wa charu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-paid-2-million-in-damages-ordered-by-judge-over-misuse-of-charity-funds-new-york-attorney-general-said/2019/12/10/2132645e-1b7e-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|title=Trump pays $2 million in damages ordered by judge over misuse of charity funds, according to NY attorney general|date=December 10, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref> Mweruzgi wakasanga kuti Donald J. Trump Foundation yikaswa malango ndipo wakalangura Trump kulipira $2 miliyoni nga ni chilangulo. Trump wakazomera kupereka ndalama izi pamoza na ndalama zakukhalapo mu foundation iyi, zakukwana $1.8 miliyoni, ku mabungwe 8 gha vyawanangwa, kusazgapo Army Emergency Relief, United Negro College Fund, na U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, kweniso kutseka foundation iyi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-paid-2-million-in-damages-ordered-by-judge-over-misuse-of-charity-funds-new-york-attorney-general-said/2019/12/10/2132645e-1b7e-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|title=Trump pays $2 million in damages ordered by judge over misuse of charity funds, according to NY attorney general|date=December 10, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref> == Kupanga zina na kupereka mazina gha malonda == {{Further|List of things named after Donald Trump|Mndandanda wa vinthu ivyo vili na zina la Donald Trump}} [[File:20140627 Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) sign 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Hotelo na Tower ya Trump International ku Chicago]]]] [[File:Panama 08 2013 Trump Ocean Tower 7085.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A tall, white- and grey-colored building with a curved facade, towering above shorter buildings nearby. This is the Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower in Panama City, Panama|[[Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower]] mu [[Panama City]], Panama]] Trump wakalembesha zina lake pa mapulojekiti ghanandi gha nyumba, kweniso pa vinthu vya malonda na mauteŵeti ghanyake. Ichi chikaŵa na vyakupambana pa umo vikayendera kwa iyo, ŵanyake awo wakachitira nawo malonda, na awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama mu mapulojekiti agha.<ref name="MiamiH3Mar2016">{{cite news |last1=Sallah |first1=Michael |title=From the Herald archives: Donald Trump's tower of trouble |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/election/article63879697.html |access-date=March 11, 2016 |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |title='The Answer Is No': Bill Cosby's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Is Staying Put |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bill-cosby-scandal/answer-no-bill-cosbys-hollywood-walk-fame-star-staying-put-n390836 |access-date=August 1, 2015 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=July 13, 2015}}</ref> {{refn|group=nb|Mabizinesi na mapulojekiti ghake gha kuwaro kweniso ndalama ghakasazgapo [[Trump Mortgage|Trump Financial]] (kampani ya ngongoli za nyumba), Trump Sales and Leasing (malonda gha nyumba), Trump International Realty (kampani yakuguliska na kubwerekeska malo gha nyumba), [[The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative|Trump Entrepreneur Initiative]] (kampani ya masambiro gha bizinesi yakupangira phindu, iyo kale yikachemekanga [[Trump University|Trump University]]), Trump Restaurants (malo gha vyakurya agho ghakaŵa mu Trump Tower ndipo ghakasazgapo Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor, na Trump Bar), GoTrump (injini yakusangira maulendo pa intaneti<ref name="auto10">{{cite news |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/12-donald-trump-businesses-that-no-longer-exist-204923129.html |title=12 Donald Trump businesses that no longer exist |work=Yahoo Finance |date=October 10, 2014 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Holodny, Elena}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.gotrump.com archived website] of this business.</ref>), Select By Trump (mzere wa zakumwa za khofi),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tworiversco.com/brands/select-by-trump/ |title=Select By Trump |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124043610/http://tworiversco.com/brands/select-by-trump/ |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Trump Drinks (chakumwa cha mphamvu cha misika ya Israel na Palestine),<ref name="Max Abelson">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/graphics/2015-how-trump-invented-trump/ |title=How Trump Invented Trump |magazine=Bloomberg Business |date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |first=Max |last=Abelson}}</ref> Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (malaya gha ŵanalume, vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya ŵanalume, na mawotchi), Donald Trump The Fragrance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (furuŵeya yinyake iyo yikafumiskika mu 2012), [[Trump Ice]] maji gha mu mabotolo, ''[[Trump magazines|Trump Magazine]]'', Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, [[Trump Home]] (vyakupangira mu nyumba), [[Trump Productions]] (kampani yakupanga mapulogalamu gha pa TV), [[Trump Institute]], [[Trump: The Game]] (maseŵero gha pa bolodi gha 1989), [[Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon]] (maseŵero gha kompyuta gha bizinesi), mabuku gha Trump, [[Trump Model Management]], Trump Shuttle, [[Trump Mortgage]], [[The Trump Network|Trump Network]] (kampani ya malonda gha mavitamini, vyakutowa, na urayizi wa milimo ya thupi), [[Trump Vodka]], Trump Steakhouse, na [[Trump Steaks]].<ref name=Koffler7Aug />}} Mu 2011, ŵakusanda vya ndalama ku ''[[Forbes]]'' ŵakayaniska kuti mtengo wa zina la Trump ukaŵa pafupifupi $200 miliyoni. Trump wakasuska chiŵerengero ichi, wakati zina lake likwenera kuŵa na mtengo wa pafupifupi $3 biliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.forbes.com/kerenblankfeld/2011/04/28/donald-trump-on-his-brand-value-forbes-numbers-are-ridiculous/ |title=Donald Trump on His Brand Value: Forbes' Numbers Are Ridiculous |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Keren |last=Blankfeld}}</ref> The Donald J. Trump Foundation likaŵa [[private foundation|mazaza gha vya lusungu gha pawokha]] gha ku United States<ref name=":0b"/> agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1988 na chilato chakwamba cha kupeleka ndalama izo zikasangika kufuma mu buku ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]'' ilo lili la Trump na [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-3404773|title=Donald J Trump Foundation Inc – GuideStar Profile|publisher=guidestar.org|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{Cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/ |title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> Ndalama za mazaza agha zikafumanga chomene kwa ŵakupeleka ndalama ŵanyake kuluska Trump yekha,<ref name="WaPoMissing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html |title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash |date=April 10, 2016 |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold}}</ref> ndipo ivyo Trump wakapeleka yekha ku mazaza agha paumaliro vikaŵa mu 2008.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Ŵakupeleka ndalama ŵakuru chomene ku mazaza agha pakati pa 2004 na 2014 ŵakaŵa [[Vince McMahon|Vince]] na [[Linda McMahon]] ŵa [[World Wrestling Entertainment]], awo ŵakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $5 miliyoni ku mazazas agha pamanyuma pakuti Trump wawonekera pa [[WrestleMania]] mu 2007.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Mwakuyana na malipoti gha msonkho gha mazaza agha, awo ghakapokera chandulo ghakaŵa ma charity gha vya munkhwala na maseŵero, kweniso magulu ghakulongozgeka na fundo za ndyali za ku chitemwa.<ref>Solnik, Claude. [http://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/ "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns"], [[Long Island Business News]] (September 15, 2016): "charitable giving to conservative political groups, healthcare and sports-related charities".</ref> Mu 2009, mwachiyelezgero, mazazas agha ghakapeleka $926,750 ku magulu pafupifupi 40, ndipo vyawanangwa vikuru vikapelekeka ku [[Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children#Arnold Palmer Medical Center|Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation]] ($100,000), [[New York Presbyterian Hospital]] ($125,000), [[Police Athletic League]] ($156,000), na [[Clinton Foundation]] ($100,000).<ref name="SearchingforEvid">{{Cite news |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold |first2=Danielle |last2=Rindler |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/trump-charity-donations/ |title=Searching for evidence of Trump's personal giving |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>Qiu, Linda (August 28, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2016/aug/28/david-plouffe/yes-donald-trump-donated-100000-clinton-foundation/ Yes, Donald Trump donated $100,000 to the Clinton Foundation.] ''PolitiFact.com''. Retrieved September 16, 2016.</ref> Kwambira mu 2016, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yikamba kufufuza umo mazazas agha ghakasangiranga na kupeleka ndalama. ''Post'' yikasanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawonekanga kuti vingaŵa vyakususkana na malango na vya makhaliro, nga ni [[self-dealing|kuchita vinthu vya ndalama ivyo vikamovwiranga mwenecho]] na kukhweŵa msonkho.<ref>Cillizza, Chris and Fahrenthold, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002103244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002103244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ |date=October 2, 2016 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (September 15, 2016).</ref> Wakhala wa boma la [[New York State attorney general|ŵimiliri wa boma wa New York]] wakamba kufufuza mazazas agha "kuti wawoneseske kuti ghakukolerana na malango agho ghakulongozga ma charity mu New York."<ref name=hit>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general began investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/donald-trump-foundation/|title=Trump Foundation Falls Under Investigation By New York Attorney General|date=September 14, 2016|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> Muyowoyeri wa Trump wakati kufufuza uku kukaŵa "nkhondo ya ndyali".<ref name=hit /> Pa Okutobala 3, 2016, ofesi ya ŵimiliri wa boma la New York yikaphalira Trump Foundation kuti yikuswa malango gha New York agho ghakukhwaska ma charity ndipo yikayilangura kuti yileke nyengo yeneyiyo kupenja ndalama mu chigaŵa cha New York. Mazazas agha, agho ghakazomera kuti ghakachita vinthu vya kujipempha chandulo mu fomu yake ya IRS ya 2015, ghakazomera ivyo vikalangulirika.<ref>Farenthold, David. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (October 3, 2016).</ref> Mulandu uwo ukapelekeka mu 2018 na ŵimiliri wa boma la New York ukati Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ndalama za mazazas agha mwambura kuzomerezgeka kuti wagule vithuzithuzi vyake, kulipira ivyo mabizinesi ghake ghakeneranga kulipira, na kovwira kampeni yake ya usankho. Mweruzgi wakaweruzga kwakususkana na Donald J. Trump Foundation ndipo wakalangura Trump kulipira $2 miliyoni nga ni chilango. Trump wakazomera kupeleka ndalama izo pamoza na ndalama zakukhalapo za mazazas agha zakukwana $1.8 miliyoni ku ma charity 8, kusazgapo Army Emergency Relief, United Negro College Fund, na US Holocaust Memorial Museum, ndipo kumazga mazazas agha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-paid-2-million-in-damages-ordered-by-judge-over-misuse-of-charity-funds-new-york-attorney-general-said/2019/12/10/2132645e-1b7e-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|title=Trump pays $2 million in damages ordered by judge over misuse of charity funds, according to NY attorney general|date=December 10, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref> == Kulemba zina na kuphalazga malonda == {{Further|List of things named after Donald Trump}} [[File:20140627 Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) sign 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]]]] [[File:Panama 08 2013 Trump Ocean Tower 7085.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A tall, white- and grey-colored building with a curved facade, towering above shorter buildings nearby. This is the Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower in Panama City, Panama|Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower mu [[Panama City]], Panama]] Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito zina lake pa mapulojekiti ghanandi gha nyumba kweniso pa malonda na mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ichi chikawovwira iye, ŵanyake awo wakachitanga nawo bizinesi, na ŵakuŵika ndalama mu mapulojekiti agha mwakupambanapambana.<ref name="MiamiH3Mar2016">{{cite news |last1=Sallah |first1=Michael |title=From the Herald archives: Donald Trump's tower of trouble |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/election/article63879697.html |access-date=March 11, 2016 |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |title='The Answer Is No': Bill Cosby's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Is Staying Put |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bill-cosby-scandal/answer-no-bill-cosbys-hollywood-walk-fame-star-staying-put-n390836 |access-date=August 1, 2015 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=July 13, 2015}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuzenga nyumba ŵakalipiranga Trump kuti walangiske malo ghawo na kuŵa chisko cha mapulojekiti ghawo.<ref name="Trump on Trump">{{cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |title=Trump on Trump: Testimony Offers Glimpse of How He Values His Empire |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124261067783429043 |date=May 18, 2009 |access-date=April 14, 2011 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Chifukwa cha ichi, Trump kuti ndiyo mweneko wa nyumba zinandi yayi izo zili na zina lake.<ref name="Trump on Trump" /> Mwakuyana na ''Forbes'', chigaŵa ichi cha bizinesi ya Trump, icho ŵana ŵake ndiwo ŵakuchendeska chomene, ndicho chikaŵa chakuzirwa chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na mtengo wa madola mamiliyoni 562. Mwakuyana na ''Forbes'', pakaŵa mapulojekiti 33 gha malayisensi agho ghakaŵa mu ndondomeko yakuzengeka, kusazgapo "condo hotels" 7 (mapulojekiti 7 gha Trump International Hotel and Tower). Mu Juni 2015, ''Forbes'' yikati mtengo wa zina lakuti Trump ukaŵa madola mamiliyoni 125.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2015/06/16/trump-exaggerating-his-net-worth-by-100-in-presidential-bid/ |title=Trump Exaggerating His Net Worth (By 100%) In Presidential Bid |work=[[Forbes]] |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2016 |first=Erin |last=Carlyle}}</ref> Ivi vikachitika apo makampani nga ni [[Macy's Inc.]] na [[Serta Mattresses]] ghakamba kuleka kuguliska vinthu vyakulembeka zina la Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/donald-trump-macys/ |title=First on CNN: Macy's dumps Donald Trump |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2016 |first=MJ |last=Lee}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/serta-mattress-maker-latest-dump-trump-n385851 |title=Serta Mattress Maker Latest to Dump Trump |work=[[NBC News]] |date=July 2, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> Mtengo wa zina la Trump ukwenera kuti ukakhira chifukwa cha kampeni yake ya kukhala purezidenti. Pamanyuma pakuti kampeni yake ya 2016 yayamba, kafukufuku wa mkati wa kampani ya [[Young & Rubicam]] pa umo ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵakawonera zina la Trump ukalongora kuti fundo nga ni "yapachanya", "ya ŵanthu ŵapachanya", na "yakukondweska" zikakhira chomene kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2015. Ichi chikang'anamuranga kuti mabizinesi gha Trump ghangasangana na masuzgo gha msika na kusanga ndalama mu nyengo yakunthazi.<ref name="Johnson11Jan">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/donald-trump-2016-brand-business-213515/ |title=Trump's Campaign Is Damaging His Brand |date=January 11, 2016 |access-date=January 11, 2016 |first1=Will |last1=Johnson |first2=Michael |last2=D'Antonio |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakati ŵakukana kugura vinthu na mauteŵeti agho ghali na zina la Trump nga ni nthowa yakulwera Trump na kampeni yake.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/politics/donald-trump-brand-reaction.html|title=The New Protesters Defying Donald Trump: His Customers|last=Barbaro|first=Michael|date=October 17, 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Mu 2016, ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku mahotelo na kasino izo zikaŵa na zina la Trump ŵakakhira chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa chakuti ŵanakazi ŵakachepeska kuluta ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolff-Mann |first=Ethan |date=May 26, 2016 |title=8 Epic Business Failures with Donald Trump's Name on Them |work=[[Money.com]] |url=https://money.com/donald-trump-name-business-failures/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531144158/https://money.com/donald-trump-name-business-failures/ |archive-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/04/trump-hotels-and-casino-traffic-has-taken-a-huge-hit-since-trump-started-running-for-president-commentary.html|title=Trump hotels and casino traffic has taken a huge hit since Trump started running for president|date=August 4, 2016|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakufumiskika kwa matepi gha [[Access Hollywood tape recordings|''Access Hollywood'']] mu Okutobala 2016, mtengo wa zina la Trump ukati wakhira chomene, ndipo ŵakawona kuti mtengo wa zina lake ukakhira kufika pa 13 [[percentage point]]s.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-trump-teflon-most-say-no-as-brand-perception-takes-a-hit-1476202205|title=Is Trump Teflon? Most Say No as Brand Perception Takes a Hit|last=Bruell|first=Alexandra|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|issn=0099-9660|access-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/10/tape-release-further-erodes-trump-brand-survey.html|title=Tape release further erodes Trump brand: Survey|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|date=October 10, 2016|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2024, Trump wakamba kulimbikiska Baibolo la $60 lakuti ''[[God Bless the U.S.A. Bible]]'', ilo lili na Baibolo la chiyowoyero cha [[King James Version|King James]]; [[Constitution of the United States|Dango likuru la United States]], [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], na [[Pledge of Allegiance|Layizgo la Kugomezgeka ku Charu]]. Kweniso lili na mazgu gha sumu ya [[Lee Greenwood]] yakuti [[God Bless the U.S.A.]], agho ghali kulembeka na woko. Webusayiti iyo yikuguliska Baibolo ili yikuti iyi ni "Baibolo yekha iyo Trump wakuzomerezga", ndipo zina lake, chithuzithuzi chake, na umo wakuwonekera vikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakulipira layisensi kufuma ku gulu limoza la Trump lakuti CIC Ventures LLC.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/26/us/politics/trump-bible.html |title=Trump's Newest Venture? A $60 Bible. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Colvin |first=Jill |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-god-bless-usa-bible-greenwood-2713fda3efdfa297d0f024efb1ca3003 |title=Trump is selling 'God Bless the USA' Bibles for $59.99 as he faces mounting legal bills|work=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> == Masheya, mabondi, ndalama zakusungiramo ndalama, na vinthu vinyake vyakuyana == {{ multiple image | total_width=450 | image1= 20240326 Trump Media DJT stock price, weekly.svg |caption1= Mtengo wa masheya gha DJT ukafika pachanya pa madola 79 pa share yimoza pamanyuma pa kwamba kuguliskika ku msika wa masheya, kweni pamanyuma ukakhira.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Media & Technology Group Corp. (DJT) |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DJT/history/?period1=1709251200&period2=1764440401&frequency=1wk |website=finance.yahoo.com |publisher=Yahoo Finance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130043633/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DJT/history/? |archive-date=30 November 2025 |date=29 November 2025 |url-status=live}} (Select time span / Historical prices / Weekly)</ref> | image2= 2024- DJT net income.svg | caption2= Kufuma apo yikamba kuguliskika ku msika wa masheya, Trump Media & Technology Group Corp. yikhalanga na kupeleka ndalama zakutaya pa ntchito zake.<ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DJT/financials/ Trump Media & Technology Group Corp. (DJT)], Yahoo Finance, accessed January 22, 2026</ref> }} Malo agho Trump wali kusungamo ndalama mu misika ya ndalama ghakukoleka chomene ku misika ya vya ndalama na katundu.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VucCAAAAMBAJ&q=Trump&pg=PA24 | title=Feeding Frenzy | work=New York | date=June 26, 1999 | access-date=January 17, 2016| publisher=New York Media }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Saving-Money/2015/1010/Stocks-or-real-estate-What-Trump-can-teach-us-about-investing | title=Stocks or real estate? What Trump can teach us about investing | work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=October 10, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Bogart, Jeff}}</ref> Ndalama izi zikumupangira phindu na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito kwizira mu nthowa zakupambanapambana nga ni magawa gha masheya (dividends), phindu la kuguliska vinthu (capital gains), na ndalama zakupokelera chifukwa cha kusunga ndalama kwa nyengo yitali (carried interest). Wakaŵikamo ndalama zakukwana madola 70 miliyoni mu masheya.<ref name=zacks>{{cite web | url=http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/188898/why-its-worth-watching-donald-trumps-stock-portfolio | title=Why It's Worth Watching Donald Trump's Stock Portfolio | publisher=Zacks Equity Research | date=September 3, 2015 | access-date=January 16, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131055755/http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/188898/why-its-worth-watching-donald-trumps-stock-portfolio | archive-date=January 31, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nangauli malo gha nyumba (real estate) ghakaŵa mtundu wa katundu uwo wakatemwanga chomene, Trump wakamba kuŵa msangali wa misika ya ndalama mu 2011 pamanyuma pakukhuŵara chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa msika wa nyumba ku America. Pa nyengo iyo, ndalama zakupokera chiwongolero mu ma certificate of deposit (CDs) kufuma ku Federal Reserve zikaŵa zichoko chomene.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2011/08/11/trump-grabs-blue-chips-in-battered-market/#2715e4857a0b6b9bdc6e28e5 | title=Trump Grabs Blue-Chips in Battered Market | work=[[Forbes]] | date=August 11, 2011 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Schaefer, Steve}}</ref><ref name=Forbes02/> Trump wakati wakakhumbanga chomene yayi kuŵa msangali wa msika wa masheya, kweni malo ghapachanya gha nyumba agho ghakaŵa na mitengo yiwemi ghakaŵa ghakusuzga kusanga pa nyengo iyo, ndipo masheya na vinthu vya ndalama vikaŵa vyakutchipa kweniso vikapanga ndalama ziwemi kwizira mu dividends.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web | url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/287974-6-stocks-that-donald-trump-recently-bought | title=6 Stocks That Donald Trump Recently Bought | publisher=Seeking Alpha | date=August 7, 2011 | access-date=January 16, 2016}}</ref> Wakapanga phindu pa masheya 40 pa masheya 45 agho wakagura ndipo wakaguliska mu 2014, ichi chikapangiska kuti waŵe na chipambano cha pafupifupi 90% pa kuŵa na phindu la mtengo wa katundu (capital appreciation), padera pa mamiliyoni gha madola agho wakapokera nga ni dividends. Masheya agho ghakamupangira phindu likuru chomene ghakaŵa gha [[Bank of America Corporation]], [[The Boeing Company]], na [[Facebook, Inc.]], agho ghakamupangira phindu la madola 6.7 miliyoni, madola 3.96 miliyoni, na madola 3.85 miliyoni, mwakuyana.<ref name="zacks" /> Malo agho Trump wakaŵikamo masheya ghakaŵa na mtengo wakukhala pakati pa madola 33.4 miliyoni na madola 87.9 miliyoni mu 2015 ndipo ghakaŵa mu vigawo vinandi, kusazgapo makampani ghakuguliska vinthu, malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu, makampani gha mankhwala, makampani ghakupanga vinthu vya mafakitale, magulu gha mabanki, makampani gha mafuta, makampani gha tekinoloje yapachanya, na makampani ghakupanga vinthu vya vya nkhondo.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trumps-10-billion-financial-disclosure-report-2015-7 | title=The government just released a document detailing Donald Trump's alleged $10 billion fortune | website=[[Business Insider]] | date=July 22, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | first=Hunter |last=Walker}}</ref> Masheya gha makampani agho ghakaŵa mu malo ghake gha ndalama ghakasazgapo [[General Electric]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]], [[Home Depot]], [[Comcast]], [[Sanofi]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[ConocoPhillips]], [[Energy Transfer Partners]], [[Altera]], [[Verizon Communications]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Bank of America]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Altria Group|Philip Morris]], [[Citigroup]], [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Whole Foods Market|Whole Foods]], [[Intel]], [[IBM]], [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]], [[Kinder Morgan]], [[AT&T]] na Facebook.<ref name="auto6" /><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/07/24/wealth-adviser-daily-briefing-a-peek-inside-donald-trumps-portfolio/ | title=Wealth Adviser Daily Briefing: A Peek Inside Donald Trump's Portfolio | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=July 24, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> Wakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 78 miliyoni mu vinthu vya ndalama nga ni masheya, mabondi, mutual funds, private equity funds, fund of funds, na hedge funds.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moneytalksnews.com/why-youre-probably-better-investing-than-donald-trump/2/ | title=Trump Worth $10 Billion Less Than If He'd Simply Invested in Index Funds | publisher=Money Talks News | date=December 9, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Bowsher, Karla}}</ref> Maakaunti ghake gha ndalama ghakaŵikika ku [[JPMorgan]], [[Barclays]], [[Deutsche Bank]] na [[Oppenheimer Holdings|Oppenheimer]].<ref name="auto7" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20150723/FREE/150729940/donald-trumps-investment-portfolio-a-messy-hodgepodge-advisers | title=Donald Trump's investment portfolio a messy hodgepodge: advisers | publisher=Investment News | date=July 23, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Hunnicutt, Trevor}}</ref> Trump wakasazgirako kuŵika ndalama mu ndalama zakuguliska izo zikuyang'ana mabizinesi ghapakati na ghachoko nga ni [[Tesla Motors]], kampani iyo yikupanga magalimoto gha magesi, ndipo wakaŵikangaso ndalama pa charu chose mu ndalama zakuguliska za misika iyo yikwamba kukura, ndalama zakukulira mabizinesi, kweniso hedge funds izo zili mu Europe na Asia.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web | url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/how-donald-trump-rates-as-a-fund-investor/ | title=How Donald Trump rates as a fund investor | work=[[The Seattle Times]] | date=August 1, 2015 | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=Jaffe, Chuck}}</ref> Wakaŵikangaso ndalama mu private equity na hedge funds zinandi, kusazgapo ndalama zakukwana $1 miliyoni m'paka $5 miliyoni mu Advantage Plus, $1 miliyoni m'paka $5 miliyoni mu AG Diversified Funds, $2 miliyoni mu [[MidOcean Partners|MidOcean Credit Opportunities]], $4 miliyoni mu [[Paulson & Co.]], kweniso pafupifupi $5 miliyoni mu [[Angelo, Gordon & Co.]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://dealbreaker.com/2015/07/president-trump-cant-even-deal-with-these-financial-disclosure-forms-designed-for-poor-people/ | title=President Trump Can't Even Deal With These Financial Disclosure Forms Designed For Poor People | newspaper=Dealbreaker | date=July 15, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Mcenery, Thornton}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hedgefundintelligence.com/Article/3482050/Absolute-Return-News/The-Donald-trumps-expectations-in-election-poll.html | title=The Donald' trumps expectations in election poll | publisher=Hedge Fund Intelligence | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=Kemmerer, Gillian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/peak-donald-trumps-mutual-funds-120012162.html | title=A Peak into Donald Trump's Mutual Funds | work=Yahoo Finance | date=October 7, 2015 | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=Das, Gourab}}</ref> Ndalama zikuru chomene izo Trump wakaŵikamo ndalama zikaŵa mu Obsidian Fund ya [[BlackRock|Black Rock]], ndipo chigaŵa chake chikayowoyeka kuti chikaŵa pakati pa $25 miliyoni na $50 miliyoni.<ref name="auto9">{{cite web | url=http://www.myajc.com/news/business/stock-market-blues-dont-look-for-trumps-bets-to-da/nnT58/ | title=Stock market blues? Don't look for Trump's bets to dazzle | publisher=myAJC | date=August 31, 2015 | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=Kempner, Matt}}</ref> Pafupifupi ndalama zose za Trump izo zikaŵa mu open-end mutual funds zikaŵa mu Baron Capital Management, gulu la mutual funds la ukuru wapakati ilo likulongozgeka na munthu wakumanyikwa pa vya ndalama zakuguliska, [[Ronald S. Baron]].<ref name="auto8" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/mutualfunds/donald-trump-fails-the-fiscal-responsibility-test-in-his-fund-picks/ar-AAdylqM | title=Donald Trump fails the fiscal responsibility test in his fund picks | publisher=MSN Money | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Jaffe, Chuck | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127183451/http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/mutualfunds/donald-trump-fails-the-fiscal-responsibility-test-in-his-fund-picks/ar-AAdylqM | archive-date=January 27, 2016 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Trump wakaŵika ndalama zakukwana $16.2 miliyoni mu Baron Capital Management, ndipo ichi chikamupanga kuŵa mweneko wa chigaŵa chikuru cha masheya gha kampani iyi.<ref name=Forbes02>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2015/09/30/donald-trump-stock-investments-facebook-bofa-boeing/#2715e4857a0b51ec5a303a82 | title=When Donald Trump Dabbled in Stocks: Why He Started Buying And How Much He Made | work=[[Forbes]] | date=September 30, 2015 | access-date=January 17, 2016 | author=Schaefer, Steve}}</ref> Wakati wakasanga ndalama zakujumpha $22 miliyoni kufuma ku private equity, hedge funds, na mutual fund investments zake, ndipo wakasanga ndalama zapakati pa $1.5 miliyoni na $10 miliyoni mu chaka, chomene kufuma ku vinthu nga ni dividends, capital gains, na carried interest.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-relationship-with-hedge-funds-2015-8 | title=Donald Trump has millions invested with 'paper pusher' hedge fund managers | website=[[Business Insider]] | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=LaRoche, Julia}}</ref> Trump wakaŵikangaso chigaŵa cha ndalama zake mu mabondi gha boma la United States (U.S. Treasury bonds).<ref name="auto9" /> Pa fomu ya boma iyo wakajaza mu 2015, Trump wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na golide wathupi, uyo mtengo wake ukaŵa pakati pa $100,001 na $250,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-owns-gold-2015-7 | title=Donald Trump owns gold | website=[[Business Insider]] | date=July 22, 2015 | access-date=January 16, 2016 | author=Udland, Myles}}</ref> == Misonkho na ndalama == {{main|Tax returns of Donald Trump}} {{See also|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|Wealth of Donald Trump}} [[File:1982- Net worth of Donald Trump.svg |thumb |upright=1.25 |Ndalama izo Trump wakaŵa nazo nyengo na nyengo, kuyana na umo magazini ya ''[[Forbes]]'' yikawerengera<ref name=Forbes1982->Chigaba cha vyaka 1982–2000: {{cite magazine |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Here's How Much Donald Trump Is Worth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/article/the-definitive-networth-of-donaldtrump/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110003952/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/article/the-definitive-networth-of-donaldtrump/ |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=March 28, 2026}} Palije vyakulongora vya vyaka 1990 m'paka 1995 chifukwa Trump wakalembeka yayi mu ndandanda ya [[Forbes 400|''Forbes'' 400]].</ref><ref name=Forbes2001->Chigaba cha vyaka 2001–2026: {{cite magazine |date=March 25, 2026 |title=Here's How Much Donald Trump Is Worth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/article/the-definitive-networth-of-donaldtrump/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325200507/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/article/the-definitive-networth-of-donaldtrump/ |archive-date=25 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Trump wakafumiska chigaŵa cha chidziŵitso cha ndalama zake mu 2015,<ref name="Financial 2015" /> kweni wakakana kufumiska pa wumba mafomu ghake ghose gha misonkho,<ref name=WSJ19FebTax>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 19, 2016 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trumps-tax-obligation-1455925753 |title=Donald Trump's Tax Obligation}}</ref> nangauli wakati wazamufumiska pambere chisankho cha 2016 chindafike usange kafukufuku wa [[income tax audit|Internal Revenue Service (IRS)]] uyo maloya ghake ghakayowoya kuti wachitika wakamara, uwo ukaŵa pa mafomu gha misonkho gha vyaka 2009 m'paka 2016.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Diamond |title=Trump campaign releases letter confirming IRS audit |date=March 31, 2016 |website=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/30/politics/donald-trump-tax-audit-letter/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Diamond |title=Donald Trump: I'll release tax returns after audit |date=May 12, 2016 |website=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/donald-trump-tax-returns/}}</ref> Kuyana na uthenga uwo kampeni yake yikafumiska mu Julayi 2015, "ndalama" za Trump mu 2014 zikaŵa $362 miliyoni ("izo zikasazgangapo dividends, interest, capital gains, rent, na ndalama zakufuma ku malayisensi").<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_(1).pdf |title=Donald J. Trump Files Personal Financial Disclosure Statement With Federal Election Commission |first=Corey R. |last=Lewandowski |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043101/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_%281%29.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2016 }}</ref> Mafomu ghake ghakulongora ndalama gha chaka cha 2015 ghakalongora kuti ndalama zake zose izo zikafuma zikaŵa zakujumpha $611 miliyoni.<ref name="Financial 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/trump-fec-financial-disclosure-2015.pdf |title=Donald Trump Personal Financial Disclosure Form 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Magazini ya ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' yikati ndalama zakukwana $362 miliyoni izo zikalembeka mu mafomu gha [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC) zikaŵa yayi "ndalama izo wakasanga" kweni zikaŵa ndalama zose izo zikanjira pambere malipiro gha ŵantchito, chiwongolero cha ngongoli, na ndalama zinyake za bizinesi zindachitike. Ndalama izo Trump wakasanga nadi zikaghanaghanirika kuti zikaŵa pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vitatu cha ndalama izo zikalembeka.<ref name=Tully2Mar>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/02/donald-trump-tax-returns-income/ |title=Why Donald Trump's Tax Returns May Prove He's Not That Rich |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |first=Shawn |last=Tully |date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Elstein8Mar /> Kuyana na malipoti gha wumba, Trump wakapokera chikwaniro cha msonkho cha ku New York cha $302 mu 2013 (kweniso mu vyaka vinyake viŵiri vyasono), icho chikapelekeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga ndalama zakukhira pa $500,000 pa chaka ndipo ŵakupereka mafomu gha misonkho gha boma lawo kuti ŵalongore umboni.<ref name=Elstein8Mar>{{cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160308/BLOGS02/160309865/how-did-trump-qualify-for-a-middle-class-tax-break |title=Trump qualified for a tax break for New Yorkers making $500K or less |work=Crain's |date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |first=Aaron |last=Elstein}}</ref> Mulaŵiliri wa kampeni ya Trump wakayowoya kuti chikwaniro cha msonkho ichi chikaŵa kupuvya.<ref name=Elstein8Mar /> Mu Okutobala 2016, vikavumbukwa kuti Trump wakalemba kuti wakataya ndalama zakukwana $916 miliyoni pa mafomu gha misonkho gha 1995. Chifukwa chakuti kutaya ndalama pa chaka chimoza kungagwiliskirika ntchito kuchepeska ndalama izo zikulipirika msonkho mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, kutaya ndalama uku kukamovwira kuchepeska panji kuleka kulipira msonkho wa ndalama ku boma la United States mu nyengo ya vyaka 18 iyo ndalama zakutayika zikapokera kunthazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Tax Records Show He Could Have Avoided Taxes for Nearly Two Decades, The Times Found|date=October 2, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Trump wakazomera kuti wakagwiliskira ntchito kutaya ndalama uku, kweni wakakana kupereka unenesko wakukwana nga ni vyaka ivyo kutaya ndalama uku kukagwiliskirika ntchito.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 10, 2016|first1=Steve|last1=Eder|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey}}</ref> Nkhani yakufufuza ya ''New York Times'' yikasanga kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 pakwamba, kuti vileke kufika ku "kuparanyika kwachuma", mabizinesi gha Trump ghakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa izo zikaŵa "zakukayikiska pa nkhani ya malango" kuti ghaleke kulipira misonkho, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa malango ŵa Trump ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu ivi vikaŵa "vambura kwenelera".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salisbury |first1=Ian |date=November 1, 2016 |title=Did Trump Really Lose $1 Billion in One Year? |url=https://money.com/trump-tax-strategies-business-practices/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814121636/https://money.com/trump-tax-strategies-business-practices/ |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2016 |website=[[Money.com]] |quote=Trump, or his tax advisers, had somehow devised a way to claim large business losses tied to debts that had been forgiven without reporting offsetting income that would have reduced his staggering loss ... documents that appear to show during the early 1990s Trump indeed used a strategy of swapping partnership interests to his creditors in exchange for having his businesses debts forgiven, eliminating the need for him to report this relief as income. There are still plenty of unknowns.}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakuzimanya makora nkhani za misonkho ŵakayowoya kuti "nthowa yakuzengera apa yikaŵa kuti yikagwiliskika ntchito mwakwenelera yayi, kweni yikakankhika kufika ku malo agho yikaŵa yakuleka kumanyikikwa", ndipo yikaŵa ya "mauryarya gha manambara". Chifukwa chakuti misonkho iyi yikaŵa yakukhwaskana na kuchepa kwa ngongoli zikuru za Trump za ma bond gha pachanya kweniso kuparanyika kwa makasino ghatatu gha Trump, nthowa izi zikuyowoyeka kuti zikukolerana na hasara ya $916 miliyoni iyo Trump wakayowoya pa fomu yake ya misonkho ya mu 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/us/politics/donald-trump-tax.html|title=Donald Trump Used Legally Dubious Method to Avoid Paying Taxes|date=November 1, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 1, 2016}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[Annual financial disclosures of Donald Trump|Kuvumbura chuma kwa chaka kwa Donald Trump]] * [[Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia|Mapulojekiti gha bizinesi gha Donald Trump ku Russia]] * [[Media career of Donald Trump|Umoyo wa Donald Trump mu vyakufalitsa nkhani]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|group="nb"}} == Ukaboni unyake == {{reflist|30em}} == Mabuku agho ghagwiliskika ntchito == <!-- TChigaŵa ichi chili cha mabuku pera agho ghazunulika mu mazgu gha pasi gha nkhani iyi ya Wikipedia. --> {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2015b|orig-year=2001|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Kranish|first1= Michael|last2= Fisher|first2= Marc|author-link1=Michael Kranish|author-link2=Marc Fisher|year=2016|title=Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|isbn=9781508226758|quote=His new agency, originally conceived as Trump Models Inc., ended up with the name T Models...|title-link=Trump Revealed}} * {{cite book|title=Trumped! The Inside Story of the Real Donald Trump, His Cunning Rise and Spectacular Fall|url=https://archive.org/details/trumpedinsidesto00odon|last=O'Donnell|first=James R.|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=978-0-671-73735-1}} {{refend}} {{Donald Trump}} {{Trump businesses}} [[Category:Ntchito za bizinesi za Donald Trump| ]] [[Category:Ntchito za bizinesi za munthu payekha|Trump, Donald]] 2wgaelnk78enlaykvqnwbi583cmcdzz 0 47777 122568 118106 2026-09-28T01:30:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 11 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!-- Chigaŵa ichi cha malongosolekero ghafupi chili mwadala kuti chiŵe "palije" - chonde wonani WP:SDNONE pambere mundasinthenge! --> {{Incomplete list|date=June 2026}} Ichi ntchandanda wa [[political endorsement|vyakukhozgera ŵandyali]] ivyo vikapelekeka na [[Donald Trump]], pulezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[United States|Charu cha United States]], pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti kweniso pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, na pakati pa maulamuliro ghake ghaŵiri. <!-- MUNGASAZGIRAKO VYAKUKHOZGERA VINTHU VYAŴALIŴOSE YAYI KWAMBURA SOURCE NDIPO MUPALIRENDENGE NDANDANDA WA MAZINA KUTOLERA KU A KU Z! --> {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Views and ideology}} == Vyacharu chamukati == (''[[Italic type|Malembo ghakupendekeka]]'' ghakulongora [[incumbent|ŵandyali awo ŵali mu udindo sono]]) === Pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti === ==== 2008 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Udindo !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[Hillary Clinton]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shabad |first=Rebecca |date=Dec 29, 2015 |title=Trump in 2008: Hillary Clinton would make a "great" president |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-in-2008-hillary-clinton-would-make-a-great-president/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha chipani |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[John McCain]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Mike|date=Sep 17, 2008 |title=Trump endorses McCain on Larry King |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/09/trump-endorses-mccain-on-larry-king-013558 |work=Politico}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2012 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Udindo !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2012 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]] |[[Mitt Romney]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Preston |first1=Mark |last2=Silverleib |first2=Alan |date=Feb 3, 2012 |title=Trump endorses Romney |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap |publisher=CNN}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2016 Chisankho cha Senate ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Boma !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |''[[John McCain]]''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Flores |first=Reena|date=Aug 5, 2016 |title=Donald Trump endorses Ryan, McCain, Ayotte ahead of primary races |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-paul-ryan-endorsement/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Marco Rubio]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=736016335197458434 |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Poll data shows that @marcorubio does by far the best in holding onto his Senate seat in Florida. Important to keep the MAJORITY. Run Marco!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=805127720749383680 |date=Dec 3, 2016 |title=Our great VPE, @mike_pence, is in Louisiana campaigning for John Kennedy for US Senate. John will be a tremendous help to us in Washington.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2016 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |''[[Kelly Ayotte]]''<ref name=":5" /> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2016 Chisankho cha Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chigaŵa !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]] |''[[Darrell Issa]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=793524189240188928 |date=November 1, 2016 |title=.@DarrellIssa is a very good man. Help him win his congressional seat in California.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |''[[Paul Ryan]]''<ref name=":5" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |} === Nyengo yake yakwamba nga pulezidenti === ==== 2017 Chisankho cha ŵalongozgi ŵa maboma ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Boma !Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka !Vyakafuma |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2017 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]] |[[Ed Gillespie]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=916120435762266114 |date=Oct 5, 2017 |title=Ralph Northam,who is running for Governor of Virginia,is fighting for the violent MS-13 killer gangs & sanctuary cities. Vote Ed Gillespie!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru |} ==== 2017 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama|Alabama (special)]] |''[[Luther Strange]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=910635327672512512 |date=Sep 20, 2017 |title=Alabama is sooo lucky to have a candidate like "Big" Luther Strange. Smart, tough on crime, borders & trade, loves Vets & Military. Tuesday!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Roy Moore]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump|number=937641904338063361 |date=Dec 4, 2017 |title=Democrats refusal to give even one vote for massive Tax Cuts is why we need Republican Roy Moore to win in Alabama. We need his vote on stopping crime, illegal immigration, Border Wall, Military, Pro Life, V.A., Judges 2nd Amendment and more. No to Jones, a Pelosi/Schumer Puppet!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2017 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chigaŵa !Munthu uyo wakapika !Ivyo vikachitika |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2017 Georgia's 6th congressional district special election|GA-06 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Karen Handel]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876901304207069185 |date=Jun 19, 2017 |title=....because he doesn't even live there! He wants to raise taxes and kill healthcare. On Tuesday, #VoteKarenHandel.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2017 Kansas's 4th congressional district special election|KS-04 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Ron Estes]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=851781714028494849 |date=Apr 11, 2017 |title=Ron Estes is running TODAY for Congress in the Great State of Kansas. A wonderful guy, I need his help on Healthcare & Tax Cuts (Reform).}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2017 Montana's at-large congressional district special election|MT-AL (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Greg Gianforte]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title= First on CNN: Trump records robocall for Montana special election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/24/politics/trump-robocall-montana-special-election-ryan-zinke/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2017 South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election|SC-05 (chisankho chapadera)]] |[[Ralph Norman]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876899176562524160 |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Ralph Norman, who is running for Congress in SC's 5th District, will be a fantastic help to me in cutting taxes, and....}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika''' |} ==== 2018 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2018 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]] |[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1055555764901822466 |title=.@MikeDunleavyGov will make a fantastic Governor of Alaska. Mike is for Energy and Jobs, is tough on Crime, loves our Vets and our Great Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |''[[Doug Ducey]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1034128943480299521 |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Governor Doug Ducey of Arizona is doing a great job. It would be really nice to show your support tomorrow by voting for him in Tuesdays Primary. Doug is strong on Crime, the Border, and our Second Amendment. Loves our Military & our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement.}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2018 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |''[[Asa Hutchinson]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=998704493335334912 |date=May 21, 2018 |title=.@AsaHutchinson, the great Governor of Arkansas, is in a primary tomorrow. He has done an incredible job with a focus on lower taxes, border security, and crime prevention. Asa loves our military and our veterans. I fully endorse Asa for Governor!}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2018 California gubernatorial election|California]] |[[John H. Cox]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=997597940444221440 |date=May 18, 2018 |title=California finally deserves a great Governor, one who understands borders, crime and lowering taxes. John Cox is the man - he'll be the best Governor you've ever had. I fully endorse John Cox for Governor and look forward to working with him to Make California Great Again!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2018 Colorado gubernatorial election|Colorado]] |[[Walker Stapleton]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1050004777034309633 |title=Walker Stapleton is running as the highly respected Republican Candidate for Governor of the Great State of Colorado. His credentials and talents are impeccable. He has my complete and total Endorsement!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Connecticut }} [[2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election|Connecticut]] |[[Bob Stefanowski]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1029724286121074689 |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=It is about time that Connecticut had a real and talented Governor. Bob Stefanowski is the person needed to do the job. Tough on crime, Bob is also a big cutter of Taxes. He will win in November and make a Great Governor, a major difference maker. Bob has my total Endorsement!}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]] |[[Ron DeSantis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congressman Ron DeSantis, a top student at Yale and Harvard Law School, is running for Governor of the Great State of Florida. Ron is strong on Borders, tough on Crime & big on Cutting Taxes - Loves our Military & our Vets. He will be a Great Governor & has my full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010129956222001153}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[Brian Kemp]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Brian Kemp, who is running for Governor of Georgia and has my full endorsement, is campaigning tonight with VP @mike_pence. Brian is very strong on Crime and Borders, LOVES our Military, Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He will be a GREAT Governor! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2018 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Kris Kobach]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2018 |title=Kris Kobach, a strong and early supporter of mine, is running for Governor of the Great State of Kansas. He is a fantastic guy who loves his State and our Country - he will be a GREAT Governor and has my full & total Endorsement! Strong on Crime, Border & Military. VOTE TUESDAY! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1026495277824401408}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]] |[[Bill Schuette]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 17, 2017 |title=Attorney General Bill Schuette will be a fantastic Governor for the great State of Michigan. I am bringing back your jobs and Bill will help |user=realDonalTrump |number=909381488445190145}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]] |[[Jeff Johnson (Minnesota politician)|Jeff Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Jeff Johnson of Minnesota had a big night in winning the Republican nomination for Governor against a very strong and well known opponent! Thanks for all of the support you showed me. You have my complete and total Endorsement. You will win in November! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717542842052608}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Adam Laxalt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=I strongly endorse Adam Laxalt for Governor of Nevada. Adam is smart, works hard, and knows how to win. He will be a great Governor. Also, will fight hard to lower your taxes and is tough on crime! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006619872367804416}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |[[Mike DeWine]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=@MikeDeWine will be a great Governor for the People of Ohio. He is an outstanding man who loves his State – and always produces big.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057325714721124355}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Kevin Stitt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Kevin Stitt ran a great winning campaign against a very tough opponent in Oklahoma. Kevin is a very successful businessman who will be a fantastic Governor. He is strong on Crime & Borders, the 2nd Amendment, & loves our Military & Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035233203609657344}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |''[[Henry McMaster]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2018 |title=Henry McMaster loves the people of South Carolina and was with me from the beginning. He is strong on Crime and Borders, great for our Military and our Vets. He is doing a fantastic job as your Governor, and has my full endorsement, a special guy. Vote on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1005548570332631040}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]] |[[Kristi Noem]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Monica |date=September 7, 2018 |title=Trump endorses Noem in South Dakota |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/trump-endorses-noem-in-south-dakota/2018/09/07/1b0b5e5a-b2f2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_video.html}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]] |[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 3, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bill Lee of Tennessee on his big primary win for Governor last night. He ran a great campaign and now will finish off the job in November. Bill has my total and enthusiastic Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1025386253892694016}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref name=":7">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=I want to encourage all of my many Texas friends to vote in the primary for Governor Greg Abbott, Senator Ted Cruz, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, and Attorney General Ken Paxton. They are helping me to Make America Great Again! Vote early or on March 6th. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968549117625602054}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |''[[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Scott Walker is very special and will have another great win in November. He has done a fantastic job as Governor of Wisconsin and will always have my full support and Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029716105420595200}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]] |[[Foster Friess]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 21, 2018|title=To the incredible people of the Great State of Wyoming: Go VOTE TODAY for Foster Friess - He will be a fantastic Governor! Strong on Crime, Borders & 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military & our Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031917972099612673}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2018 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Martha McSally]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2018 |title=Martha McSally is an extraordinary woman. She was a very talented fighter jet pilot and is now a highly respected member of Congress. She is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military and our Vets. Has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034785759377727490}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |[[Rick Scott]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Rick Scott of Florida is doing a fantastic job as Governor. Jobs are pouring into the State and its economic health is better than ever before. He is strong on Crime, Borders, and loves our Military and Vets. Vote for Rick on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034128239579549696}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]] |[[Mike Braun]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Will be going to Evansville, Indiana, tonight for a big crowd rally with Mike Braun, a very successful businessman who is campaigning to be Indiana's next U.S. Senator. He is strong on Crime & Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military & Vets. Will be a big night! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035162684633825286}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=.@JohnJamesMI, who is running in the Republican Primary in the great state of Michigan, is SPECTACULAR! Vote on August 7th. Rarely have I seen a candidate with such great potential. West Point graduate, successful businessman and an African American leader... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022872574634729472}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Minnesota|Minnesota (special)]] |[[Karin Housley]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|Mississippi (special)]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 25, 2018 |title=Mississippi, Vote for @cindyhydesmith on Tuesday. Respected by all. We need her in Washington!. Thanks! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1066786854643662848}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Roger Wicker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Senator @RogerWicker of Mississippi has done everything necessary to Make America Great Again! Get out and vote for Roger, he has my total support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003997350791188482}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |[[Josh Hawley]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Senator Claire McCaskill of the GREAT State of Missouri flew around in a luxurious private jet during her RV tour of the state. RV's are not for her. People are really upset, so phony! Josh Hawley should win big, and has my full endorsement. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006992524366503941}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |[[Matt Rosendale]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 7, 2018 |title=Matt Rosendale will be a Great Senator from a Great State, Montana! He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our 2nd Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038022020691161088}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Deb Fischer]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Nebraska - make sure you get out to the polls and VOTE for Deb Fischer today! |user=realDonalTrump |number=996442654568341505}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |''[[Dean Heller]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=Get out and VOTE for @DeanHeller! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058758825300365312}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]] |[[Bob Hugin]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Bob Hugin, successful all of his life, would be a Great Senator from New Jersey. He has my complete and total Endorsement! Get out and Vote for Bob. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059870147845017601}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |[[Kevin Cramer]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Congratulations to @KevinCramer on his huge win in North Dakota. We need Kevin in the Senate, and I strongly endorse him. Heidi voted NO on our Tax Cuts, and always will vote no when we need her. Kevin is strong on Crime & Borders, big on Cutting Taxes! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1007002252467458048}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[Jim Renacci]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=.@JimRenacci has worked so hard on Tax Reductions, Illegal Immigration, the Border and Crime. I need Jim very badly to help our agenda and to keep MAKING AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! He will be a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Ohio, and has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988856839893897222}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |[[Lou Barletta]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 11, 2018 |title=Rep. Lou Barletta, a Great Republican from Pennsylvania who was one of my very earliest supporters, will make a FANTASTIC Senator. He is strong & smart, loves Pennsylvania & loves our Country! Voted for Tax Cuts, unlike Bob Casey, who listened to Tax Hikers Pelosi and Schumer! |user=realDonalTrump |number=962784821389996033}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |[[Marsha Blackburn]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 19, 2018 |title=.@MarshaBlackburn is a wonderful woman who has always been there when we have needed her. Great on the Military, Border Security and Crime. Loves and works hard for the people of Tennessee. She has my full endorsement and I will be there to campaign with her! |user=realDonalTrump |number=987038167730552832}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[Ted Cruz]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |[[Mitt Romney]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 19, 2018 |title=.@MittRomney has announced he is running for the Senate from the wonderful State of Utah. He will make a great Senator and worthy successor to @OrrinHatch, and has my full support and endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=965773283554668544}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |[[Evan Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]] ''(co-endorsement with Morrisey)''<ref name="auto">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 7, 2018 |title=To the great people of West Virginia we have, together, a really great chance to keep making a big difference. Problem is, Don Blankenship, currently running for Senate, can't win the General Election in your State...No way! Remember Alabama. Vote Rep. Jenkins or A.G. Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=993443781281271808}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Patrick Morrisey]] ''(co-endorsement with Jenkins)''<ref name="auto" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |[[Leah Vukmir]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Leah Vukmir of Wisconsin on your great win last night. You beat a very tough and good competitor and will make a fantastic Senator after winning in November against someone who has done very little. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029712857724792832}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''[[John Barrasso]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 31, 2018 |title=.@SenJohnBarrasso has a Primary on August 21st. He doesn't need any help because he is absolutely outstanding in every way, but I hope the great people of Wyoming will go out and show their support anyway. John is absolutely top of the line & has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1024342307624103937}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2018 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]] |''[[Martha Roby]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congresswoman Martha Roby of Alabama has been a consistent and reliable vote for our Make America Great Again Agenda. She is in a Republican Primary run-off against a recent Nancy Pelosi voting Democrat. I fully endorse Martha for Alabama 2nd Congressional District! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010126805850902528|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Debbie Lesko]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=Arizona, please get out today and vote @DebbieLesko for Congress in #AZ08. Strong on Border, Immigration and Crime. Great on the Military. Time is ticking down - get out and VOTE today. We need Debbie in Congress! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988840512571441152|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]] |''[[Paul Cook (politician)|Paul Cook]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2018 |title=Paul Cook is a decorated Marine Corps Veteran who loves and supports our Military and Vets. He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and supported Tax Cuts for the people of California. Paul has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1037081791599915008|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 21st congressional district|CA-21]] |''[[Devin Nunes]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Vote for Congressman Devin Nunes, a true American Patriot the likes of which we rarely see in our modern day world....he truly loves our country and deserves everyone's support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003995933540044800|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]] |''[[Kevin McCarthy]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Get the vote out in California today for Rep. Kevin McCarthy and all of the great GOP candidates for Congress. Keep our country out of the hands of High Tax, High Crime Nancy Pelosi. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003987298072002565|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]] |''[[Dana Rohrabacher]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=Dana Rohrabacher has been a great Congressman for his District and for the people of Cal. He works hard and is respected by all - he produces! Dems are desperate to replace Dana by spending vast sums to elect a super liberal who is weak on Crime and bad for our Military & Vets! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059317426653933568|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]] |[[Diane Harkey]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 20, 2018 |title=.@DianeHarkey is an extraordinary woman of great accomplishment & potential. She is running as a very popular Republican for the Congressional seat of my friend Darrell Issa-with his complete support. Diane is strong on crime, loves our Military & Vets-has my total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031719084680007680|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]] |''[[Matt Gaetz]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 13, 2018 |title=Congressman Matt Gaetz of Florida is one of the finest and most talented people in Congress. Strong on Crime, the Border, Illegal Immigration, the 2nd Amendment, our great Military & Vets, Matt worked tirelessly on helping to get our Massive Tax Cuts. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1017650505043140609|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]] |''[[Neal Dunn]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 17, 2018 |title=Congressman Neal Dunn (@DunnCampaign) of Florida has done an outstanding job at everything having to do with #MAGA. Now working hard on hurricane relief and rebuild. Strong on Crime, strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Neal has my highest Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052644447853453312|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |''[[Ted Yoho]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2018 |title=Congressman Ted Yoho of Florida is doing a fantastic job and has my complete and total Endorsement! Tough on Crime and Borders, Ted was really helpful on Tax Cuts. Vote all the way for Ted in the upcoming Primary - he will never let you down! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1027600571530969088|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]] |[[Mike Waltz]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Florida, very important - get out and vote for Florida Congressional Candidate Michael Waltz (R). He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059896399595225089|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]] |[[Ross Spano]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 24, 2018 |title=A vote for Ross Spano in FL-15 is a vote for more jobs and bigger paychecks for Florida families! It's also a vote for a leader who will stand up for our AMERICA FIRST agenda! Vote Spano on Nov. 6th! |url=https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/vote-ross-spano/255101881871360/ |via=Facebook}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 14th congressional district|IL-14]] |''[[Randy Hultgren]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Randy Hultgren (R) of Illinois is doing a great job. Get out and Vote for Randy - Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059897349005283334|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]] |''[[Rod Blum]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congressman @RodBlum of Iowa got a desperately needed Flood Wall for Cedar Rapids that was almost impossible to get. He makes a BIG difference for Iowa! Border, Military, Vets etc. We need Rod in D.C. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106631652196354|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 3rd congressional district|KS-03]] |''[[Kevin Yoder]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 18, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Kevin Yoder! He secured $5 BILLION for Border Security. Now we need Congress to support. Kevin has been strong on Crime, the Border, the 2nd Amendment, and he loves our Military and Vets. @RepKevinYoder has my full and total endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1019695583853010944|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]] |''[[Andy Barr]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 13, 2018 |title=Heading to the Great State of Kentucky - Big Rally for Congressman Andy Barr - Fantastic guy, need his vote for MAGA! Strong on Crime, Tax Cuts, Military, Vets & 2nd A. His opponent will NEVER vote for us, only for Pelosi. Andy has my Strongest Endorsement!!! See you in Kentucky. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1051168800324931584|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 24, 2018 |title=.@RepClayHiggins has been a great help to me on Cutting Taxes, creating great new healthcare programs at low cost, fighting for Border Security, our Military and are Vets. He is tough on Crime and has my full Endorsement. The Great State of Louisiana, we want Clay! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1011053439575576576|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |''[[Bruce Poliquin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@BrucePoliquin from Maine is a great Congressman. He is in a tough fight against a very liberal Nancy Pelosi Democrat. Bruce has helped bring JOBS back to his State and totally protects your Great Second Amendment. We need to keep Bruce in Washington. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055559438977900544|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 11th congressional district|MI-11]] |Lena Epstein<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Epstein all the way in Michigan House 11. She is a wonderful person and, at the same time, a real fighter. Has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059880322500833281|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]] |[[Jim Hagedorn]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|MN-02]] |''[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]''<ref name=":9" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|MN-03]] |''[[Erik Paulsen]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman Erik Paulsen of the Great State of Minnesota has done a fantastic job in cutting Taxes and Job Killing Regulations. Hard working and very smart. Keep Erik in Congress. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054588738641178624|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]] |''[[Tom Emmer]]''<ref name=":9" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]] |Dave Hughes<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 8, 2018 |title=Dave Hughes is running for Congress in the Great State of Minnesota. He will help us accomplish our America First policies, is strong on Crime, the Border, our 2nd Amendmen, Trade, Military and Vets. Running against Pelosi Liberal Puppet Petterson. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038437927506923521|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]] |[[Pete Stauber]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=.@PeteStauber won big last night in Minnesota. A big star in Hockey, he will be an even bigger star in politics. It all begins with a win in November. Pete has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029722249232826368|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's at-large congressional district|MT-AL]] |''[[Greg Gianforte]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=If Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi gain the majority, they will try to raise your taxes, restore job-killing regulations, shut down your coal mines and timber mills, take away your healthcare, impose socialism, and ERASE your borders. VOTE for @MattForMontana and @GregForMontana! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058820790546821120|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]] |[[Danny Tarkanian]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=.@DannyTarkanian of Nevada is a great friend who supports the Trump Agenda. He is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Danny Loves our Military and our Vets. He has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041068591527993344|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 11th congressional district|NJ-11]] |[[Jay Webber]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 20, 2018 |title=.@JayWebberNJ is running for Congress in the 11th District of New Jersey. He is outstanding in every way. Strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Big Crime fighter. Jay has my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1042828275121369088|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]] |''[[Lee Zeldin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 26, 2018 |title=Congressman Lee Zeldin is doing a fantastic job in D.C. Tough and smart, he loves our Country and will always be there to do the right thing. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1045003711104331776|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]] |''[[Peter King (American politician)|Peter King]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Peter King of New York is a hardworking gem. Loves his Country and his State. Get out and VOTE for Peter! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059833982777544705|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 11th congressional district|NY-11]] |''[[Dan Donovan (politician)|Dan Donovan]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2018 |title=There is no one better to represent the people of N.Y. and Staten Island (a place I know very well) than @RepDanDonovan, who is strong on Borders & Crime, loves our Military & our Vets, voted for Tax Cuts and is helping me to Make America Great Again. Dan has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1001973090107248641|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]] |''[[John Faso]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman John Faso of New York has worked hard and smart. Strong on Crime, Borders and our 2nd Amendment, John is respected by all. Vote for John. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054759617165754372|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=I need @claudiatenney of #NY22 to be re-elected in order to get our big plans moving. Her opponent would be a disaster. Nobody works harder than Claudia, and she is a producer. I look forward to working together with her - she has my Strongest Endorsement! Vote Claudia! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059460759179198470|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]] |''[[Tom Reed (politician)|Tom Reed]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 3, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Tom Reed of New York for your wonderful comments on our great new Trade Deal with Mexico and Canada, the USMCA. I have long ago given you my Full Endorsement, and for good reason. Keep up the Great Work! @Varneyco |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047486972976095233|via=Twitter}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]] |[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 26, 2018 |title=Fantastic evening in Charlotte, North Carolina with great PATRIOTS. Get out and VOTE for @buddforcongress and @MarkHarrisNC9! http://Vote.GOP #MAGARally replay: facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/1841987799204126/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055987125701742592|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]] |''[[Ted Budd]]''<ref name=":10" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio's 12th congressional district special election|OH-12 (special)]] |[[Troy Balderson]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Troy Balderson of Ohio is running for Congress against a Nancy Pelosi Liberal who is WEAK on Crime & Borders. Troy is the total opposite, and loves our Military, Vets & 2nd Amendment. EARLY VOTING just started with Election Day on August 7th. Troy has my Full & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020811550771294211}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]] |''[[Troy Balderson]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@Troy_Balderson of Ohio is doing a great job as your Congressman, already very respected in Washington. Get out and VOTE for Troy - we need him – great guy – has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548549595873280}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]] |John Chrin<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@JohnChrin of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for #MAGA and loves the Great State of Pennsylvania. Please get out and vote for John, he has my Total and very Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548456469778432}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]] |''[[Scott Perry]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=Scott Perry of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the Second Amendment. Scott has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058553398172237824}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]] |''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@LloydSmuckerPA is doing a great job for the people of Pennsylvania. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. Lloyd has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055555312864952321}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|PA-17]] |''[[Keith Rothfus]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2018 |title=.@VP Pence is heading to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where we have both strongly endorsed one of the finest men around, Congressman Keith @RothfusForPA. He is running against #LambTheSham, who is telling... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010522933498806278}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election|PA-18 (special)]] |[[Rick Saccone]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 18, 2018 |title=Will be going to Pennsylvania today in order to give my total support to RICK SACCONE, running for Congress in a Special Election (March 13). Rick is a great guy. We need more Republicans to continue our already successful agenda! |user=realDonalTrump |number=953973568035086336}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]] |[[Katie Arrington]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=Mark Sanford has been very unhelpful to me in my campaign to MAGA. He is MIA and nothing but trouble. He is better off in Argentina. I fully endorse Katie Arrington for Congress in SC, a state I love. She is tough on crime and will continue our fight to lower taxes. VOTE Katie! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006630395067039744}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]] |''[[David Kustoff]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=Congressman David Kustoff has been a champion for the Trump Agenda - I greatly appreciate his support. David is strong on crime and borders, loves our Military, Vets and Second Amendment. Get out and vote for David on Thursday, August 2nd. He has my full and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022936690267176971}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]] |''[[Kevin Brady]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=Congressman Kevin Brady of Texas is so popular in his District, and far beyond, that he doesn't need any help - but I am giving it to him anyway. He is a great guy and the absolute "King" of Cutting Taxes. Highly respected by all, he loves his State & Country. Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057247021919297536}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=Congressman Pete Sessions of Texas is doing a great job. He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our Second Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041065107969777664}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]] |[[Denver Riggleman]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=.@Denver4VA of the 5th District in Virginia is a popular guy who really knows how to get the job done! Really big help with Tax Cuts, the Military and our great Vets. He has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106123260678144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 7th congressional district|VA-07]] |''[[Dave Brat]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2018 |title=Congressman @DaveBratVA7th is one of the hardest working, and smartest, people in Washington. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for MAGA and loves the Great State of Virginia. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052914382986973184}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]] |''[[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congresswoman @cathymcmorris of Washington State is an incredible leader who is respected by everyone in Congress. We need her badly in D.C. to keep building on #MAGA. She has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057108130662899713}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 3rd congressional district|WV-03]] |[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=I need the people of West Virginia to send a message to Chuck Schumer, Maxine Waters, Nancy Pelosi and the Radical Democrats by voting for Carol Miller and Patrick Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058498592208494592}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |[[Bryan Steil]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bryan Steil on a wonderful win last night. You will be replacing a great guy in Paul Ryan, and your win in November will make the entire State of Wisconsin very proud. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717928130818048}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2018 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia Secretary of State election|Georgia]] |[[Georgia Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] |[[Brad Raffensperger]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=July 21, 2018 |title=Brad Raffensperger will be a fantastic Secretary of State for Georgia - will work closely with @BrianKempGA. It is really important that you get out and vote for Brad - early voting.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of the General Land Office|Texas]] |[[Texas General Land Office#Texas Land Commissioner|Land Commissioner]] |''[[George P. Bush]]''<ref name=":8">{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=Texas LC George P. Bush backed me when it wasn't the politically correct thing to do, and I back him now. Also, AC Sid Miller has been with me from the beginning, he is "Trump's Man in Texas." Also support Comptroller Glenn Hegar, and Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968620661349470209}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Railroad Commissioner|Texas]] |[[Railroad Commission of Texas#Commissioners|Railroad Commissioner]] |''[[Christi Craddick]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Comptroller of Public Accounts|Texas]] |[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts#List of Texas comptrollers|Comptroller of Public Accounts]] |''[[Glenn Hegar]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of Agriculture|Texas]] |[[Texas Department of Agriculture#Commissioners of the Texas Department of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]] |''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''<ref name=":8" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas Attorney General election|Texas]] |[[Texas Attorney General|Attorney General]] |''[[Ken Paxton]]''<ref name=":7" /> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|Speaker]] |[[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 7, 2018 |title=In all fairness, Nancy Pelosi deserves to be chosen Speaker of the House by the Democrats. If they give her a hard time, perhaps we will add some Republican votes. She has earned this great honor! |user=DonaldTrump |number=1060162807960870913}}</ref> ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]) |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]] |''[[Matt Bevin]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2019 |title=Governor @MattBevin has done a wonderful job for the people of Kentucky! He continues to protect your very important Second Amendment. Matt is Strong on Crime and the Border, he Loves our Great Vets and Military. Matt has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and always has! | |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1184129465070297090}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- | rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2019 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]] |[[Eddie Rispone]] ''(co-endorsement with Abraham)''<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 1, 2019 |title=REPUBLICANS of Louisiana, it is really important for you to go out and vote on October 12th for either Eddie Rispone or Ralph Abraham (both Great), which will lead to a runoff against.... |url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179157911374897166}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |[[Ralph Abraham (politician)|Ralph Abraham]] ''(co-endorsement with Rispone)''<ref name="auto2" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]] |[[Tate Reeves]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 2, 2019 |title=Mississippi, there is a VERY important election for Governor on November 5th. I need you to Get Out and Vote for our Great Republican nominee, @TateReeves. Tate is strong on Crime, tough on Illegal Immigration, and will protect your Second Amendment.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1179538517992595458}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election|NC-03 (special)]] |[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2019 |title=State Rep Greg Murphy is running for Congress in North Carolina, District 3. We really need Greg in Washington. He is great w/ the Military, our Vets, & your 2A. Strong on Crime and the Border, has had my Total Endorsement for a long time. Please vote for Greg on September 10th! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1169366511439552512}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election|NC-09 (special)]] |[[Dan Bishop]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 16, 2019 |title=Congratulations to Dan Bishop on his big Republican Primary victory in the 9th Congressional District of North Carolina. Dan is strong on Crime, Loves our Military, Vets, 2A, and great Healthcare. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1129067332725297152}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district special election|PA-12 (special)]] |[[Fred Keller (politician)|Fred Keller]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Fred Keller of the Great State of Pennsylvania has been an outstanding State Representative. Now he is running as the Republican Nominee for Congress, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. He will do a fantastic job - I look forward to seeing everyone tonight! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130535532868571137}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state court elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania elections#Judge of the Superior Court|Pennsylvania]] |Superior Court Judge |[[Megan McCarthy King]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Megan King, who is running for Superior Court Judge in the Pennsylvania election, has my Full and Total Endorsement. She is tough on crime and fully understands all aspects of the law. Vote for Megan tomorrow (Tuesday). |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130655064631238658}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky Attorney General election|Kentucky]] |[[Attorney General of Kentucky|Attorney General]] |[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2019 |title=The Republican Party has a new STAR, his name is Daniel Cameron (@djaycameron), and he is running for Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1155938087886700544}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2019 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2019 Virginia Senate election#District 13|Virginia]] |State Senator |[[Geary Higgins]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 4, 2019 |title=Great Republican Geary Higgins has my complete and total Endorsement for Virginia Senate, 13th District. He is strong on Crime, the Border, our Military, Cutting Taxes, and protecting your 2nd Amendment. Dem John Bell will take your guns & raise your taxes. Vote for Geary Higgins |user=realDonalTrump |number=1191218806468820994}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2020 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |[[Tommy Tuberville]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 10, 2020 |title=....(which is under siege), is strong on Crime and the Border, and truly LOVES our Military and our Vets. He will be a great Senator for the people of Alabama. Coach Tommy Tuberville, a winner, has my Complete and Total Endorsement. I love Alabama! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237557412048986120}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |''[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|Dan Sullivan]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 17, 2019 |title=Senator Dan Sullivan is doing a great job for the people of Alaska while supporting our #MAGA Agenda. He fights hard everyday to support our Veterans and the Military. Dan is Strong on the #2A and is 100% pro-jobs. I give Dan Sullivan my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1207053956142292994}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2020 United States Senate special election in Arizona|Arizona (special)]] |''[[Martha McSally]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=....Martha is strong on Crime and Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military and Vets. She has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143601087238172672}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Colorado|Colorado]] |''[[Cory Gardner]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 29, 2020 |title=Senator @CoryGardner from Colorado is a GREAT Senator who always fights for the people of his state. He protects your #2A, loves our Vets and Military, and cares deeply about our BEAUTIFUL public lands. Cory has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #COSEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1277683493179400193}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |''[[David Perdue]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=We need our Great David Perdue (@PerdueSenate) in the Senate to Drain the Swamp & Make America Great Again! His Radical Liberal opponent, Jon Ossoff (who we beat in 2017), supports LAWLESS Sanctuary Cities, wants to raise your taxes, & weaken our Great Military. He is a puppet... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271163756144279552}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia|Georgia (special)]] |''[[Kelly Loeffler]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 16, 2020 |title=I strongly stand with Kelly & David. They are both great and MUST WIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1328330303103000577}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Jim Risch]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 16, 2019 |title=Senator Jim Risch of the Great State of Idaho has been an incredible supporter of our Agenda! He is tough on Crime, Strong on Borders, and will continue to fight for our Second Amendment. Jim will never let you down. He has my Full and Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1162414717505277952}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |''[[Joni Ernst]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=...Unlike her Radical Liberal opponent, Theresa Greenfield, and Theresa's failed record in real estate, Joni stands for Iowa. Vote for Joni Ernst on November 3rd, a big day for us all! #IASEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271166412019527680}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |[[Roger Marshall]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 5, 2020 |title=A great race run by Roger against a very tough and smart opponent. Roger loves Kansas and will represent it incredibly well. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement. Will be a Big Win on November 3rd. This is not the opponent the Democrats wanted! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1290952940602130437}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |''[[Mitch McConnell]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 19, 2020 |title=Senator Mitch McConnell (@Team_Mitch) always delivers for the people of Kentucky, who will hopefully re-elect their powerful Senate Majority Leader. Mitch has helped us Make America Great Again, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KYSEN secure.winred.com/mitchmcconnell/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1274074948743630853}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |''[[Bill Cassidy]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2020 |title=THANK YOU @BillCassidy for all of your support with our #MAGA Agenda. You are doing an outstanding job representing the people of Louisiana & the U.S.A. You have my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KAG2020 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1234566159774756864}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 18, 2020 |title=John James will be a GREAT Senator for Michigan! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1251549076786733056}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Minnesota|Minnesota]] |[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 10, 2020 |title=Jason Lewis (@LewisForMN) will be an incredible Senator for the State of Minnesota! He is a proven leader who will help us Lower your Taxes, Protect our Communities and Defend your Second Amendment… |user=realDonalTrump |number=1292880641311334400}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Senator @CindyHydeSmith delivers for Mississippi! She helped us Cut your Taxes, Secure our Border, and Defend the Second Amendment. Cindy's opponent, Mike Espy, is a Corrupt Politician who will Raise your Taxes and Open your Borders! Vote for Cindy! #MSSEN secure.winred.com/cindy-hyde-smith/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017749931319297}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |''[[Steve Daines]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2020 |title=True. Steve is a GREAT SENATOR. Need him badly in Washington. Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1268879488223522816}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Ben Sasse]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2019 |title=Senator Ben Sasse has done a wonderful job representing the people of Nebraska. He is great with our Vets, the Military, and your very important Second Amendment. Strong on Crime and the Border, Ben has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1171595113673347072}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |Bryant "Corky" Messner<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2020 |title=Corky Messner (@CorkyForSenate) will be a fantastic Senator for New Hampshire! A West Point graduate, he served our Country in the Army with distinction. Strong on Jobs, Crime, Vets, Military and the Second Amendment... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271482304716845057}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |''[[Thom Tillis]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina has really stepped up to the plate. Thom is tough on Crime, Strong on the Border and fights hard against Illegal Immigration. He loves our Military, our Vets and our great Second Amendment. I give Thom my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143645216907378695}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''[[Jim Inhofe]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 9, 2020 |title=THANK YOU, Jim, for your incredible support of our #MAGA Agenda! You are a tremendous Senator for the people of the Great State of Oklahoma and you have my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237130072571731968}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Lindsey Graham]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 7, 2020 |title=Senator @LindseyGrahamSC is a good friend and strong voice for the people of South Carolina. He's helped us confirm GREAT Judges, rebuild the Military, and keep our Country SAFE. Strong on Life and our Vets. Lindsey has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/team-graham/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1269703029588209665}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]] |''[[Mike Rounds]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 2, 2020 |title=Senator Mike Rounds (@RoundsforSenate) continues to deliver for South Dakota! Mike is working hard for our incredible Farmers and he is strong on Trade, Military, our Vets, and the Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #SDSen secure.winred.com/rounds/home |user=realDonalTrump |number=1267809766627315712}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |[[Bill Hagerty]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 12, 2019 |title=Tennessee loving Bill Hagerty, who was my Tennessee Victoy Chair and is now the very outstanding Ambassador to Japan, will be running for the U.S. Senate. He is strong on crime, borders & our 2nd A. Loves our Military & our Vets. Has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1149779387077791749}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[John Cornyn]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 21, 2019 |title=Senator John Cornyn has done an outstanding job for the people of Texas. He is strong on Crime, the Border, the Second Amendment and loves our Military and Vets. John has my complete and total endorsement. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1098676390780719104}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2020 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 1, 2020 |title=....Together we will Fight for Small Businesses and Protect American Energy workers! Shelley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1256313938247127041}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |[[Cynthia Lummis]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=...She will be a great Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/lummis-for-wyoming/senate_red?sc=winred-directory |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294051967933841415}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2020 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 1st congressional district|AL-01]] |[[Jerry Carl]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=We need Jerry Carl (@CarlForAlabama) in Congress for the People of Alabama! He Loves our Veterans, Stands for Law & Order, and is Strong on Jobs and the Second Amendment. Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870438542508032}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]] |[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=Barry Moore (@RepBarryMoore) will be a terrific Congressman for Alabama! An early supporter of our #MAGA agenda, he is Strong on Jobs, Life, the Wall, Law & Order and the Second Amendment. Barry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL02 secure.winred.com/barrymoore/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870520281104385}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Mo Brooks]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@MoInTheHouse Brooks is running for Congress in the Great State of Alabama. He is a huge supporter of the #MAGA Agenda. Mo fully supports Securing our Border w/the WALL, he Loves our Military & Vets, & is Strong on the #2A. Mo has my Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228438881969885184}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |''[[Don Young]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=.@DonYoungAK really produces for Alaska. He is an incredible Congressman who loves his State and works tirelessly for it. Strong on Public Lands, Energy, and our Second Amendment. He will never let you down, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294052825845182464}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]] |Tiffany Shedd<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2020 |title=We need Tiffany Shedd (@Tiffany_Shedd) in Congress to fight for the people of Arizona! She will be a tremendous ally and advocate for Arizona's Farmers, the Second Amendment and the Border. Tiffany has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AZ01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315091499823099909}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 4th congressional district|AZ-04]] |''[[Paul Gosar]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 3, 2020 |title=Congressman @DrPaulGosar is a tremendous supporter of our #MAGA agenda! He is Strong on the Wall, Law Enforcement and the Second Amendment, and he always puts America First! Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement. #AZ04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1279161110336278531}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Debbie Lesko]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 8, 2020 |title=Total and complete Endorsement for Debbie Lesko! @RepDLesko Love Arizona. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1226231262928678915}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 4th congressional district|CA-04]] |''[[Tom McClintock]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@TomMcClintock is a strong Conservative Leader who will always fight for the people of California. He fully supports our #MAGA Agenda, will continue to Secure Our Border, Loves our Military & Vets, & is Strong on the #2A. Tom has my Complete Endorsement! secure.winred.com/mcclintock/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228442887081295873}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]] |[[Jay Obernolte]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 12, 2020 |title=.@JayObernolte of California is running for Congress in 2020. Jay will help me to continue securing the Southern Border, he Loves our GREAT Law Enforcement Officers, Military, Vets, and he will protect your #2A. Jay has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/JayObernolte/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1227702453052813312}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2020 California's 25th congressional district special election|CA-25]] |[[Mike Garcia (politician)|Mike Garcia]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 20, 2020 |title=...He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! Turn your Ballots in now and track them, watching for dishonesty. Report to Law Enforcement. secure.winred.com/mikegarcia/donate/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1252417321685053440}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 43rd congressional district|CA-43]] |Joe Collins<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 12, 2020 |title=Maxine Waters has long been considered "the most corrupt person in Congress". Only habit keeps her there. Vote for Joe E. Collins lll and get this long time CROOK, Maxine Waters, out of office!!! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315659219287314433}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 50th congressional district|CA-50]] |''[[Darrell Issa]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 2, 2020 |title=Darrell always has had my full support and complete and total Endorsement. We need him badly in Washington! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1278830576141729792}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |[[Lauren Boebert]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@LaurenBoebert is a tremendous fighter for the people of Colorado! A Rising Star, Lauren is Strong on the Second Amendment, Jobs, Energy, Healthcare and our incredible Military & Vets. Lauren has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO03 secure.winred.com/lauren-boebert-for-congress/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166640112881664}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |''[[Scott Tipton]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 20, 2019 |title=Congressman @ScottRTipton is a great supporter of the #MAGA Agenda! He fights for your #2A rights and the Border Wall. Scott is working hard for Colorado and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1208129708690464771}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Ken Buck]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Congressman Ken Buck (@BuckForColorado) is a champion for the incredible People of Colorado! He is Strong on Law & Order, Low Taxes, Border Security, our Military & Vets, and he will always defend your Second Amendment. Ken has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017831766368259}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |[[Kat Cammack]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@Kat_Cammack will be an incredible Congresswoman and leader for Florida! A Successful Businesswoman, she strongly supports our Brave First Responders & Law Enforcement, Life and the Second Amendment! Kat has my Complete and Total Endorsement #FL03 secure.winred.com/katcammack/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166604972924929}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]] |''[[Bill Posey]]''<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 23, 2020 |title=Congressman Bill Posey is a tremendous fighter for the Great State of Florida. He is a big supporter of our #MAGA Agenda – Strong on Crime, the Second Amendment, and Loves our Veterans and Law Enforcement. Bill has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1253467417482801154}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |} === Between presidential terms === ==== 2022 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]] |''[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump:"Mike Dunleavy has been a strong and consistent Conservative since his time in the Alaska State Senate. I was proud to endorse his first run for Governor, and I am proud to support his reelection, too. From his handling of the virus, support... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1475950916985630728}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |[[Kari Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Kari Lake for Governor of Arizona |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1442973485395968005}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= Huckabee Sanders |first=Sarah |date=Jan 25, 2021 |title=Thank you President Trump for your endorsement and for always believing in me. As governor I will defend our freedom and lead with heart |url=https://x.com/SarahHuckabee/status/1353919930333327360}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[David Perdue]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 6, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of David Perdue for Governor of Georgia |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1468014176719314948}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |[[Janice McGeachin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Janice McGeachin for Governor of Idaho |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1458221166867501060}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|Illinois]] |[[Darren Bailey]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jun 25, 2022 |title=Former President Trump Endorses Darren Bailey in Race for Illinois Governor |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/former-president-trump-endorses-darren-bailey-in-race-for-illinois-governor/2866296/ |publisher=NBC Chicago}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]] |''[[Kim Reynolds]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 4, 2022 |title=Kim Reynolds is a strong leader and fantastic Governor for the incredible people of Iowa!" Trump's statement read. "Kim Reynolds is an America First Conservative, and she has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-k3xzvqrxbz0 |website=DonaldJTrump.com |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607080213/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-k3xzvqrxbz0 |archive-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Derek Schmidt]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Harrington |first=Liz |user=realLizUSA |number=1458221166867501060 |date=November 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Derek Schmidt for Governor of Kansas}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|Maryland]] |[[Dan Cox]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dan Cox for Governor of Maryland |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1462906941257269259}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|Massachusetts]] |[[Geoff Diehl]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Oct 5, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Geoff Diehl against "RINO" Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1445536859073908738}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2022 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]] |[[Tudor Dixon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 22, 2022 |title=Tudor Dixon MUST defeat Gretchen Whitmer in November! I have talked to Tudor about the race and her choice of a running mate, Shane Hernandez. Since then, I have checked and found him to be an outstanding person. In fact, he was named Michigan's most Conservative legislator, and is strongly committed to Election Integrity. The MAGA movement should support the ticket! This is who Tudor wants and therefore, Shane is who I want as your next Lieutenant Governor… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108869239755629273 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]] |[[Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)|Scott Jensen]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2022 |title=Minnesota finally has a chance to have a great Governor. His name is Dr. Scott Jensen, the Republican Gubernatorial Candidate, and he will bring Minnesota back from the brink. Strong on both fighting Crime and delivering Solid and Sensible Education, the results will be quickly seen - and there won't be any more fiery takeovers of police precincts. Minnesota will be Great Again. Dr. Scott Jensen has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109232524594099405 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]] |[[Charles Herbster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Nebraska, go out and vote today for Charles W. Herbster. He will be a great Governor! |url=https://truthsocial.com/users/realDonaldTrump/statuses/108277388770242605 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Joe Lombardo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 27, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Joe Lombardo for Governor of Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519477479974522880}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election|New Mexico]] |Mark Ronchetti<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=New Mexico has an absolutely terrible Governor, Michelle Lujan Grisham. She is WEAK on Crime, bad on the Border where illegal aliens are pouring into our Country at record numbers, & has almost no support from Law Enforcement, which fully understands what a disaster she has been. Also, Drugs & Human Trafficking are OUT OF CONTROL. The good news is that Republican Nominee Mark Ronchetti is outstanding. He will be tough & smart on Crime, the Border & everything else. Mark as my Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261470831895118 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2022 New York gubernatorial election|New York]] |[[Lee Zeldin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=I have watched and known Congressman Lee Zeldin for many years. He is a great and brilliant lawyer who was a "must see" for others in Congress when they had a complex legal problem that was holding up legislation. Lee was strong on the Border, Crime, our great Military & Vets (like few others!), and fought hard to protect our 2nd Amendment, and succeeded. Lee Zeldin is a WINNER who GOT THINGS DONE. He will be a GREAT Governor of New York, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement. GOOD LUCK LEE! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109177903368464493 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |''[[Mike DeWine]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= DeWine |first=Mike |date=Sep 7, 2022 |title=Lt. Governor @JonHusted and I are grateful for President Trump's support! Thank you. #WinningForOH |url=https://x.com/MikeDeWine/status/1567651155504775169}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |''[[Kevin Stitt]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 14, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kevin Stitt |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1503475090666754055}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]] |[[Doug Mastriano]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=Doug Mastriano will be a GREAT Governor for Pennsylvania. I know him well and he is a fantastic guy who will fight totally out of control Violent Crime (his opponent is pathetic on fighting Crime), Strengthen our Borders, Protect Life, Defend our Second Amendment, and help our Military and our Vets. Doug is a fighter like few others, and has been with me right from the beginning. He will NEVER let you down. Doug Mastriano, an outstanding WARRIOR & PATRIOT, has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109192353202698867 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |''[[Henry McMaster]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMaster |first=Henry |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=My re-election campaign has been endorsed by President Donald J. Trump, and I am incredibly grateful. Now, I'm asking for your endorsement. Please make a donation today! #MAGA secure.winred.com/mcmaster-evette-2022/djt-endorsement-s/thank-you/preview |url=https://x.com/henrymcmaster/status/1369047979949232129}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2022 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]] |''[[Kristi Noem]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Feb 8, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kristi Noem |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1491149829468160001}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2022 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]] |''[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 13, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Tennessee Governor Bill Lee |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1426256022230945792}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2022 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbott |first=Greg |date=Jun 30, 2021 |title=President Trump: "Thank you Greg. What a great partner you've been for 4 years… I gave him a complete & total endorsement… You have done a great job & it's an honor to be with you." Thank you, President Trump. TX is grateful for our shared commitment to secure the border. |url=https://x.com/GregAbbott_TX/status/1410375871005966340}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |Tim Michels<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2022 |title=Congratulations to Tim Michels on his win against a wonderful and highly-competitive opponent, Rebecca Kleefisch. I know both sides will come together and defeat one of the worst Governors in the Country, Tony Evers. |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108796564343503982 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2022 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |<s>[[Mo Brooks]]</s> ''(rescinded endorsement)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jul 10, 2021 |title="I see that the RINO Sen from Ala, close friend of Old Crow Mitch McConnell, Richard Shelby, is pushing hard to have his "assistant" fight the great Mo Brooks for his Senate seat. She is not in any way qualified and is certainly not what our Country needs...Vote for Mo Brooks!" |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1413991469380247556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 23, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: "Mo Brooks of Alabama made a horrible mistake recently when he went "woke" and stated, referring to the 2020 Presidential Election Scam, "Put that behind you, put that behind you," despite the fact that the Election was rife with fraud and… |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1506604116662964232}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |[[Katie Britt]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britt |first=Katie |date=Jun 10, 2022 |title=President Trump knows that Alabamians are sick and tired of failed, do-nothing career politicians. In the Senate, I will fight to defend Alabama's values, advance the America First agenda, and preserve the American Dream for generations to come. #alsen |url=https://x.com/KatieBrittforAL/status/1535451426238906368}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |Kelly Tshibaka<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 9, 2022 |title=On my way to Alaska to get rid of the horrible Alaska-Hating Lisa Murkowski. Speech honoring Kelly Tshibaka and Sarah Palin—big crowd (Alaska record-setting!) in Anchorage. See you soon! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108619667749492625 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Blake Masters]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2022 |title=Blake Masters yes, all the way! Will be a BIG WIN FOR ARIZONA! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108730475995354829 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]] |''[[John Boozman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boozman |first=John |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=I'm grateful to have Pres. Trump's endorsement for my re-election to the Senate. We worked together to lower taxes, roll back regulations, secure our border, defend our Second Amendment rights and Protect Life. #arpx |url=https://x.com/Boozman4AR/status/1369088471785218049}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Connecticut|Connecticut]] |[[Leora Levy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 4, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Leora Levy… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108767642231474063 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Marco Rubio]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 9, 2021 |title=It is my honor to give U.S. Senator Marco Rubio my Complete and Total Endorsement. Marco has been a tireless advocate for the people of Florida, fighting to cut taxes, supporting our Second Amendment, our Military and our Vets, a strong national defense, and all of the forgotten men and women of America. Together, we worked closely with the Cuban and Venezuelan communities, and have made great progress. He also ruled that 'President Trump was in no way involved with Russia,' as he presided over the Senate Intelligence Committee on the FAKE Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax. Marco will never let the great people of Florida, or our Country, down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |[[Herschel Walker]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2022 |title=To the Great State of Georgia, Get Out and Vote for the WONDERFUL Herschel Walker TOMORROW. Herschel was a fantastic Athlete, and he will be an even greater United States Senator! To all MAGA Voters, that is, people that want to Make America Great Again and Put America First, tomorrow is a big day. Vote for Herschel! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109464232232767808 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Mike Crapo]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Mike Crapo has been a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Idaho, and a true champion for all Americans. Mike has been a strong leader on the issues that matter most to the Forgotten Men and Women of our Country, including fighting to secure our Border, unleashing American Energy Independence, and protecting our Second Amendment Rights. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he has my full support in the General Election. A wonderful man who will never let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |''[[Chuck Grassley]]''<ref>{{Cite web |author=RSBN |date=Oct 9, 2021 |title=President Trump has given @ChuckGrassley his "complete and total endorsement for reelection!" #SaveAmericaRally #GrassleyWorks |url=https://x.com/rsbnetwork/status/1447019548230696961?s=46}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |''[[Jerry Moran]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 25, 2021 |title=Senator Jerry Moran is doing a terrific job for the wonderful people of Kansas. Strong on Military, Vets, the Border, and our Second Amendment, Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for his re-election in 2022! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |''[[Rand Paul]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 1, 2022 |title=Senator Rand Paul has been a great friend and ally to our America First Agenda, and has been a tremendous help in our efforts to Make America Great Again. He has been a Fighter for the Great People of Kentucky, and a Champion for our Military and our Veterans. Rand has a proven record of fighting against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice against the Biden Border Crisis, the Weaponization of the Federal Government, and the Corrupt and Incompetent Biden Administration. Rand Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |''[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 14, 2021 |title=Senator John Kennedy is a fantastic Senator, and a true Champion for the Great People of Louisiana. He has been a tireless advocate for our Farmers and Ranchers, our Energy Workers, and all Americans who want to Make America Great Again. John has fought hard against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice for our Military, our Veterans, and our Second Amendment Rights. John Kennedy has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |[[Eric Schmitt]] ''(co-endorsement with Greitens)''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 1, 2022 |title=President Trump on Truth Social |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/108749916238646651 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |[[Eric Greitens]] ''(co-endorsement with Schmitt)''<ref name=":1" /> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |[[Adam Laxalt]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 20, 2021 |title= NEW! President Trump announces endorsement of Adam Laxalt for Senate in Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1428903233578315777}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |[[Don Bolduc]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=General Don Bolduc has run a great campaign to be the U.S. Senator from the beautiful State of New Hampshire. He was a strong and proud "Election Denier," a big reason that he won the Nomination, but he then disavowed. He has since come back, at least on busing, but that is only a small part of N.H. Election Fraud. Nevertheless, Don Bolduc has asked for my Endorsement, and he's got it, Complete & Total. His opponent is a disaster on Crime, the Border, Inflation, & all else. Vote for Don Bolduc! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261581904146889 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |[[Ted Budd]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jan 25, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: "Ted Budd, who I endorsed many months ago for the U.S. Senate, is now leading the pack in North Carolina. He is the true America First fighter who stands strong for the Second Amendment, fights for our great Military and Law Enforcement, and... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1485950430228135936}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |''[[John Hoeven]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 18, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Senator John Hoeven |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1504961111300444165}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[JD Vance]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 28, 2022 |title=ICYMI: "Exclusive: Trump-Endorsed J.D. Vance Takes Commanding Lead in New Poll" breitbart.com/politics/2022/04/28/exclusive-trump-endorsed-j-d-vance-takes-commanding-lead-in-new-poll/ |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519793342766358528}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''[[James Lankford]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=Senator James Lankford ran a strong Campaign against highly credible opponents who fought hard but, ultimately, were unsuccessful. James was strongly committed to America First, and everything it stood for, and likewise strongly committed to me, as President. Sometimes we didn't exactly agree on everything, but we do now. He is a very good man with a fabulous wife and family, loves the great State of Oklahoma, and is working very hard on trying to Save our Country from the disaster that it is in. Interestingly, I won Oklahoma—77 of 77 Counties both times—so I have a serious obligation to do things right! James Lankford is Strong on the Border, Tough on Crime, and Very Smart on the Economy. He is fighting to Stop Inflation, Defend our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, just as we had it during the Trump Administration where we would soon be, in fact, Energy Dominant. Sadly, that went up in dust with the Biden Administration — but James will help us get it back. It is my great honor to give James Lankford my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma (special)]] |[[Markwayne Mullin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 17, 2022 |title=breitbart.com/politics/2022/07/16/exclusive-trump-endorsed-senate-candidate-rep-markwayne-mullin-red-wave-real-its-coming/ |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108664329648361311 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |<s>[[Sean Parnell (spokesperson)|Sean Parnell]]</s> ''(withdrew candidacy)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 1, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces endorsement of Sean Parnell for U.S. Senate |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1433160563346059268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parnell |first=Sean |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title=Statement from Sean Parnell |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=448754716608737&id=100044226379595&set=a.407273740756835 |via=Facebook}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Mehmet Oz]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 9, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dr. Oz |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1512933127878025221}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Tim Scott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=It is my great honor to give Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina my complete and total endorsement. He is both an outstanding senator and person who works tirelessly for the people of his great state, and the USA. Strong on the military, law enforcement, loves our vets, protects our Second Amendment and our borders. Tim will continue to do an OUTSTANDING job for our country! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |''[[Mike Lee]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2022 |title=The Great People of Utah have a gem in Mike Lee. He will never let you down, whereas his opponent, McMuffin, will only let you down. Mike has long had my Complete and Total Endorsement, and even more strongly now! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109275109307282759 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Vermont}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Vermont|Vermont]] |Gerald Malloy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2022 |title=Gerald Malloy is a Brave Veteran and American Patriot running to be the next U.S. Senator from the Great State of Vermont! Gerald will work very hard to Reduce Crime, Stop Inflation, Secure our Border, Protect our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, and even Dominance. His opponent, Radical Left Democrat Peter Welch, does not represent the values of the Great People of Vermont. Gerald Malloy has my Complete and Total Endorsement – WIN! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |''[[Ron Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2021 |title=Even though he has not yet announced that he is running, and I certainly hope he does, I am giving my Complete and Total Endorsement to Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin. He is brave, he is bold, and he loves our Country, our Military, and our Vets. Ron is very tough on the Border and Illegal Immigration, and never gives in to the Radical Left Democrats and their lunacy. Ron Johnson will continue to fight to Save America, and I strongly encourage him to run! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2022 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 3rd congressional district|MI-03]] |[[John Gibbs (government official)|John Gibbs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |title=Fact check: Trump-backed Michigan congressional candidate John Gibbs falsely claims 2020 election had 'mathematically impossible' anomalies |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/30/politics/fact-check-john-gibbs-michigan-mathematically-impossible/index.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |publisher=CNN|date=30 June 2022 }}</ref> |August 2, 2022 |Challenger (G) |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]] |[[Joe Kent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hounshell |first=Blake |date=2022-07-25 |title=A Trump-Backed Veteran Ran Hard to the Right, Only to Be Outflanked |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/joe-kent-house-trump.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |August 2, 2022 |Challenger (G) |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]] |[[Harriet Hageman]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldmacher |first=Shane |date=2021-09-09 |title=Trump endorses a Cheney challenger, aiming to unseat a chief detractor. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/us/politics/trump-liz-cheney-harriet-hageman.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |August 16, 2022 |Challenger (G) |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 10th congressional district|NY-10]] |[[Dan Goldman]] ''(Democrat)''<ref name="democrat-endorsements">{{Cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |date=2022-08-17 |title=Trump gives backhanded endorsements to Democrats Dan Goldman, Carolyn Maloney in NY primaries |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3605847-trump-gives-back-handed-endorsements-to-democrats-dan-goldman-carolyn-maloney-in-ny-primaries/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 23, 2022 |Open seat |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 12th congressional district|NY-12]] |''[[Carolyn Maloney]]'' ''(Democrat)''<ref name="democrat-endorsements"/> |August 23, 2022 |Challenger/Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2022 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Attorney General election|Arizona]] |[[Arizona Attorney General|Attorney General]] |[[Abraham Hamadeh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 14, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Abraham Hamadeh |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-mxajfuhsrg2137 |website=[[DonaldJTrump.com]] |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626194014/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-mxajfuhsrg2137 |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Secretary of State election|Arizona]] |[[Secretary of State of Arizona|Secretary of State]] |[[Mark Finchem]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 13, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Mark Finchem for Arizona Secretary of State |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1437488757029081093}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== Other elections ==== * [[2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election]]: endorsed [[Sarah Palin]] (advanced to general election from nonpartisan blanket primary but lost general election).<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Trump endorses Palin in Alaska House special election |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/03/trump-endorses-palin-in-alaska-house-special-election-00022627 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> * 2022 election to [[Arizona's 7th legislative district]]: endorsed [[Wendy Rogers (politician)|Wendy Rogers]] (won primary).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2021/11/30/wendy-rogers-and-anthony-kern-get-trump-seal-endorsement/8808827002/ | title=Trump backing Wendy Rogers and Anthony Kern makes them the future of the GOP (Doesn't it?) }}</ref> * 2022 election to [[Miami-Dade County's 6th District]]: endorsed [[Kevin Marino Cabrera]] (won primary and general).<ref>[https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article261148442.html Donald Trump dives into Miami-Dade politics with a county commission endorsement]</ref> ==== 2023 Speaker of the House of Representatives elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[January 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|January election]] |[[Kevin McCarthy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 4, 2023 |title=Some really good conversations took place last night, and it's now time for all of our GREAT Republican House Members to VOTE FOR KEVIN, CLOSE THE DEAL, TAKE THE VICTORY, & WATCH CRAZY NANCY PELOSI FLY BACK HOME TO A VERY BROKEN CALIFORNIA,THE ONLY SPEAKER IN U.S. HISTORY TO HAVE LOST THE "HOUSE" TWICE! REPUBLICANS, DO NOT TURN A GREAT TRIUMPH INTO A GIANT & EMBARRASSING DEFEAT. IT'S TIME TO CELEBRATE, YOU DESERVE IT. Kevin McCarthy will do a good job, and maybe even a GREAT JOB - JUST WATCH! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109630978268932397 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |rowspan=2|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|October election]] |[[Jim Jordan]]{{efn|Until the House Republican Conference unselected him.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 6, 2023 |title=Congressman Jim Jordan has been a STAR long before making his very successful journey to Washington, D.C., representing Ohio's 4th Congressional District. Respected by all, he is now Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. As President, I had the honor of presenting Jim with our Country's highest civilian award, The Presidential Medal of Freedom. So much is learned from sports, and Jim was a master! While attending Graham High School, he won State Championships all four years, a rarity, and compiled an amazing 156-1 record. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Jim became a two-time NCAA Division l Wrestling Champion. He won his 1985-86 NCAA Championship Matches in his weight class. Jim has a masters degree in Education from Ohio State University & a Law Degree from Capital University. He is STRONG on Crime, Borders, our Military/Vets, & 2nd Amendment. Jim, his wife, Polly, & family are outstanding - He will be a GREAT Speaker of the House, & has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111186121976324259 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Unselected by the [[House Republican Conference]] |- |[[Mike Johnson]]{{efn|After the House Republican Conference unselected Jim Jordan.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2023 |title=Congratulations to Congressional Republicans! Yesterday was a big and very important day. It gave us a quick and easy way forward with 5 candidates who are beyond reproach, and represent the absolute best there is in the Republican Party. Even the Fake News Media is impressed with what took place yesterday and, more importantly, with the Candidates themselves. Congratulations to Reps. Byron Donalds (Florida), Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann (Tennessee), Mark Green (Tennessee), & Roger Williams (Texas), & the ultimate winner of yesterday's vote, by a significant margin, Mike Johnson (Louisiana). I am not going to make an Endorsement in this race, because I COULD NEVER GO AGAINST ANY OF THESE FINE AND VERY TALENTED MEN, all of whom have supported me, in both mind and spirit, from the very beginning of our GREAT 2016 Victory. In 2024, we will have an even bigger, & more important, WIN! My strong SUGGESTION is to go with the leading candidate, Mike Johnson, & GET IT DONE, FAST! LOVE, DJT |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111295424273340966 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2023 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]] |[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Daniel |date=Jun 16, 2022 |title=Thank you President Trump! |url=https://x.com/DanielCameronKY/status/1537580069517938688}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]] |[[Jeff Landry]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2023 |title=Jeff Landry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Governor of Louisiana. Now is the time for everyone to unite behind him to ensure he has a tremendous Victory! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110976057612222715 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2023 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]] |''[[Tate Reeves]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=To all my friends in Mississippi – you have a choice to make. Your great Governor, Tate Reeves, is under attack. The radical left maniacs who are attacking me are also after him… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111335994521658174 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2023 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Attorney general of Louisiana|Attorney General]] |[[Liz Murrill]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=James |date=2023-11-16 |title=See Donald Trump's picks for Louisiana attorney general, treasurer, secretary of state |url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/national_politics/see-donald-trumps-endorsements-in-louisiana-statewide-races/article_fd435852-84ae-11ee-b44e-2b2bdffacfde.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Treasurer of Louisiana|Treasurer]] |[[John Fleming (Louisiana politician)|John Fleming]]<ref name=":3" /> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]] |[[Secretary of State of Louisiana|Secretary of State]] |[[Nancy Landry]]<ref name=":3" /> |October 14, 2023 |Open |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election|Indiana]] |[[Mike Braun]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=Highly respected Senator Mike Braun is running for Governor of Indiana, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. In the Senate, Mike is working hard to Support our Law Enforcement, Secure our Borders, and Stop the Woke Fascist Mob trying to destroy our Country. Mike is an America First Conservative who knows how to Grow the Economy, Fight Inflation, and Champion "Hoosier" Values. I was proud to endorse Mike when he ran for the Senate in 2018, and I am proud to do so again — Mike Braun has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of Indiana! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111337465637582727 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 Missouri gubernatorial election|Missouri]] |[[Mike Kehoe]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2024 |title=I love the State of Missouri for every reason in the book, including the fact that it is "loaded up" with truly GREAT people. I also like Endorsing Candidates for Office if I think they're good, and usually there is a differentiation, usually a big one, where it is not that difficult to do. But Missouri has three great people running for Governor - Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. All have had excellent careers, and have been with me from the beginning. They are MAGA and America First all the way! I can't hurt two of them by Endorsing one so, therefore, I'm going to Endorse, for Governor of the Great State of Missouri, Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. Choose any one of them - You can't go wrong! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112861271255683848 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election|North Carolina]] |[[Mark Robinson (American politician)|Mark Robinson]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2023 |title=THANK YOU LT. GOV. MARK ROBINSON! WE WILL NOT LET NORTH CAROLINA DOWN. MAGA!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110594579783535047 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election|North Dakota]] |[[Kelly Armstrong]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Congressman Kelly Armstrong is running for Governor of North Dakota, a State that I love, and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020. In Congress, Kelly strongly defended me through two SHAM Impeachments, and is 100% MAGA. As your next Governor, Kelly will work tirelessly to grow the Economy, stop Inflation, cut Taxes and Regulations, secure our Border, protect North Dakota from Federal Overreach, defend our always under siege Second Amendment, strengthen our Military/Vets, and put our Incredible Farmers, Ranchers, and Energy Producers FIRST. Kelly Armstrong has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of North Dakota - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112531260144624029 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 West Virginia gubernatorial election|West Virginia]] |[[Patrick Morrisey]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Highly Respected Attorney General Patrick Morrisey ran against two very talented and popular opponents for Governor of West Virginia, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. Patrick has been a wonderful Attorney General, and will now be an incredible Governor who will fight tirelessly to stop Inflation, grow the Economy, restore Energy DOMINANCE, secure our Border, strengthen our Military/Vets, and protect and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Now is the time for all Republicans to unite behind Patrick Morrisey to ensure he has a tremendous Victory in November! Patrick will work closely with me to enact America First Policies, and is a FANTASTIC person to replace my friend and future U.S. Senator, Jim Justice. Patrick Morrisey has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112477080295803405 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 lieutenant gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election#Lieutenant governor selection|Indiana]] |[[Julie McGuire]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Niki |date=June 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses GOP lieutenant governor candidate in Indiana |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-gop-lieutenant-governor-candidate-in-indiana/ |via=}}</ref> | '''{{Icon|no}}''' Lost convention |} ==== 2024 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]] |[[Kari Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 26, 2024 |title=Kari Lake will be an incredible Senator for the Great State of Arizona. She will fight tirelessly to Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, End Inflation, Grow the Economy, Support our Great Military/Vets, and Strongly Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Kari Lake is a spectacular woman, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement — She will not let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112855095485231691 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Rick Scott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2023 |title=I am proud to give my Complete and Total Endorsement to U.S. Senator Rick Scott of Florida in his bid for Re-Election. I have known Rick for a long time, as both a businessman and great Governor of FLORIDA, and there are few like him! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Great Military/Vets, our Second Amendment, and the only person who has been willing to take on the very destructive Super RINO, Mitch McConnell. Everyone in Florida should help Senator Rick Scott have a big win next year! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111529649299840132 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]] |[[Jim Banks]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 1, 2023 |title=Jim Banks is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Indiana. I know Jim well, have seen him tested at the highest and most difficult levels, and WIN! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Military and our Vets, Jim will fight for low taxes and regulations, Sanity in Government, and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Jim Banks is respected by all, will never let you down, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109789201422857786 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Maryland|Maryland]] |[[Larry Hogan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Sophia |date=Jun 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Larry Hogan in tight Maryland Senate race |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/13/trump-larry-hogan-endorsement-maryland-senate |website=Axios}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Highly respected former Congressman Mike Rogers is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Michigan. Mike has served his Country during a career loaded up with accolades and wins, from the Army to Congress, and now, hopefully, the U.S. Senate. Mike will work closely with me to enact our America First Policies. He will tirelessly fight to Secure the Border, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, Strengthen our Military / Veteran Support, and Protect and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Mike Rogers will be a Great and Powerful Senator for Michigan, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. HE KNOWS HOW TO WIN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078629652415384 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Roger Wicker]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 29, 2024 |title=Senator Roger Wicker is a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Mississippi. As the Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Roger is working hard to Strengthen our Military, Defend our Country, and Support our Veterans. Roger is a Champion of Conservative Values, who fights to Uphold the Constitution, and Protect our Second Amendment. I was honored to receive Roger's Endorsement last year, and Senator Roger Wicker has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Re-Election. Vote Trump and Wicker on March 12th! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112016533287782692 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]] |''[[Josh Hawley]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Josh Hawley is a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Missouri. In 2018 I helped Josh Hawley win a highly competitive Senate race in Missouri, a state that I know and love. An America First Conservative and a True Fighter for our movement to Make America Great Again, Josh is working hard to Secure our Elections, Stop Illegal Immigration, Grow the Economy, Cut Taxes, Strengthen our Military, Support our Veterans, and Uphold the Rule of Law. Josh Hawley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509298845267871 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |[[Tim Sheehy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 9, 2024 |title=I LOVE MONTANA! Tim Sheehy is an American Hero and highly successful Businessman from the Great State of Montana. He is strongly supported by our incredible Chairman of the NRSC, Steve Daines, and many other patriotic Senators and Republicans who have endorsed our Campaign to, MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! I also respect Matt Rosendale, and was very happy to Endorse him in the past - and will Endorse him again in the future should he decide to change course and run for his Congressional Seat. But in this instance, Tim is the candidate who is currently best-positioned to DEFEAT Lazy Jon Tester, and Regain the Republican Majority in the United States Senate. Tim is a Political Outsider, Strong on the Border, the Military/Vets, and our constantly under siege Second Amendment. He will stand tall in the fight against the Radical Left Democrats, who are Destroying our Country. Also, he is far more likely to Defeat Lazy Jon. America First Patriot Tim Sheehy has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111903231780270558 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Deb Fischer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 9, 2024 |title=Senator Deb Fischer is doing a fantastic job in the United States Senate. Her Radical Left Opponent, Dan Osborn, would be absolutely TERRIBLE for the Great People of Nebraska. Dan is a "Bernie Sanders Democrat" who does not stand for Nebraska Values, and never will. He even supports Federal Benefits like Social Security for Illegal Aliens! This is a slap in the face to Nebraska Seniors. Deb Fischer, on the other hand, will always put NEBRASKA and AMERICA FIRST. As a key Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Deb is fighting to Protect our Country against the Marxists, Communists, and Lunatics on the Radical Left. Deb is working hard to Grow the Economy, Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, Support our Great Military/Vets, Champion our Incredible Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Deb Fischer has my Complete and Total Endorsement — SHE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113110575417000422 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska (special)]] |''[[Pete Ricketts]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 11, 2024 |title=Senator Pete Ricketts is a Strong Advocate for the Great People of Nebraska, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020! Pete is doing an outstanding job in the U.S. Senate, where he is fighting tirelessly to stop the disastrous Policies of Lyin' Kamala Harris and Crooked Joe Biden. Pete is a True Patriot, who is working hard to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Champion American Energy DOMINANCE, Uphold the Rule of Law, Secure our Border, Support our Amazing Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Pete Ricketts has my Complete and Total Endorsement — HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113291341023269855 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]] |[[Sam Brown (military)|Sam Brown]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2024 |title=Sam Brown is a FEARLESS AMERICAN PATRIOT, a Purple Heart Recipient, who has proven he has the "PURE GRIT" and COURAGE to take on our Enemies, both Foreign and Domestic. Sam is now running for U.S. Senate in the Great State of Nevada, primarily because he knows that Crooked Joe Biden and the Radical Left are A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY. Our Country can no longer stand with this Corrupt and Incompetent "President" calling the shots. As your next Senator, Sam will fight tirelessly to secure our Border, end Migrant Crime, stop Inflation, grow our Economy, STRONGLY SUPPORT OUR GREAT MILITARY/VETS, protect our always under siege Second Amendment, and restore PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112589851588761769 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]] |Christine Serrano Glassner<ref>{{Cite tweet <!-- |last=Trump |first=Donald --> |user=christine4nj |number=1789444772819505516 |date=May 11, 2024 |title=I'm extremely proud to be endorsed by President Trump! We can and will flip New Jersey red. Together we will work to change New Jersey and America for the better! |url=https://x.com/christine4nj/status/1789444772819505516|via=Twitter}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New York|New York]] |Mike Sapraicone<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2024 |title=Congratulations to Mike Sapraicone on running against one of the worst Senators in the U.S. Senate, Kirsten Gillibrand. All you have to do is go back and look at her failed Presidential run, an embarrassment to all New Yorkers, after which I assumed she would never be able to even think about running for Office again. People's memories, however, are short, and here we go! Mike is a strong and successful person, and I look forward to working with him to take New York State away from the people who have destroyed it with hundreds of thousands of Migrants flowing in, and ruining our Schools, Hospitals, Parks, and increasing Crime many fold. Good luck to Mike - He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112029505593758948 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]] |''[[Kevin Cramer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Senator Kevin Cramer is doing a fantastic job representing the incredible people of North Dakota in the United States Senate. During my Administration, Kevin worked closely with me to create Space Force, which continues to Protect and Defend our Great Country. Kevin has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, he is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our under siege Second Amendment. Kevin Cramer has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078462360004556 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |[[Bernie Moreno]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 19, 2023 |title=It's time for the entire Republican Party to UNITE around Bernie's campaign for Senate, so that we can have a BIG victory in what will be the most important Election in American History. Bernie is the Father of wonderful Emily, the wife of outstanding young Ohio Congressman, Max Miller. Bernie is Strong on the Border, Crime, Cutting Taxes, Election Integrity, the Military / Vets, and will always protect our under siege 2nd Amendment. Bernie Moreno will be an outstanding United States Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement—He will never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111609405146073221 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] |[[Dave McCormick]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris' sinking Campaign has become so TOXIC, that Democrat Senators in four different States are using me in their advertisements, and stating that they are with President Trump on Tariffs, and numerous other things. While it is a great compliment, it is not fair to those Republican Senate Candidates, Bernie Moreno, Dave McCormick, Eric Hovde, and Sam Brown, who are with me all the time. These Democrats have voted with Crooked Joe Biden almost 100% of the time. They only pretend to be on my side when Elections roll around. OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, WISCONSIN, NEVADA: VOTE FOR BERNIE MORENO, DAVE MCCORMICK, ERIC HOVDE, AND SAM BROWN - THEY ARE THE ONES WHO ARE WITH US! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113358155534960871 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |''[[Marsha Blackburn]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Marsha Blackburn is doing a terrific job representing the incredible people of Tennessee in the United States Senate! Marsha has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, she is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our always under siege Second Amendment. Marsha Blackburn has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509274904589263 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |''[[Ted Cruz]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2024 |title=While I have Endorsed Ted, on numerous occasions, verbally, because of the Importance of the Race, and Ted's Importance to the future of our Country, I thought the Endorsement should be memorialized in writing. Senator Ted Cruz is doing a tremendous job representing the Great People of Texas, a State I love and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020, and, based on the Polls, will win even bigger in November. To the people of Texas, I greatly appreciate your support, and, as you know, I HAVE NEVER LET YOU DOWN!… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113309551464797724 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]] |[[Trent Staggs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 27, 2024 |title=Trent Staggs is 100% MAGA, and is running to fill The Mitt Romney, a Total Loser, Seat as the next Senator from the Great State of Utah! A Highly Successful Entrepreneur, who has served brilliantly as Mayor of Riverton for the past six years, Trent knows how to Create Jobs, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, and Secure the Border. As your next Senator, Trent will help us Unleash American Energy, Support our Military/Vets, and Protect our always under siege Second Amendment. Trent Staggs has my Complete and Total Endorsement - He will be a GREAT Senator, and never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112343373057495427 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Virginia|Virginia]] |[[Hung Cao]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Hung Cao is a highly respected retired Navy Captain running to represent the Great People of Virginia in the United States Senate. A Combat Veteran and Highly Decorated Special Operations Officer, Hung Cao will be a tireless fighter to stop Inflation, grow our Economy, secure our Border, strongly support our Incredible Military/Vets, and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Hung Cao has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN, AND WE WILL, AT THE SAME TIME, GET RID OF THE WORST PRESIDENT IN THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY, CROOKED JOE BIDEN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112510755568541501 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |[[Jim Justice]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2024 |title=Big Jim Justice, the Governor of the Great State of West Virginia (I LOVE WEST VIRGINIA!), is BIG in every way, but especially in his wonderful HEART❤ ! Strong on the Border, our Great Military & Vets, CLEAN COAL & Energy Dominance, the Economy, Stopping Inflation, & Protecting our 2nd Amendment, Big Jim will be a Great UNITED STATES SENATOR, and has my Complete & Total Endorsement. HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111258179235782329 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] |Eric Hovde<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 11, 2024 |title=Eric Hovde is running strong for the U.S. Senate in Wisconsin. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and has, right from the beginning. Go Eric!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112943539377699454 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''[[John Barrasso]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator John Barrasso is an incredible advocate for the great people of Wyoming. John works hard to stop the disastrous policies of Crooked Joe Biden and to secure our border. John is a True Patriot who fights to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Promote American Energy, Uphold the Rule of Law, and Support our amazing Farmers and Ranchers. John Barrasso has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509333535728345 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]] |''[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|Mike Rogers]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Bradley |title=Dale Strong receives Trump's endorsement — 'Dale was with us from the… |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/dale-strong-receives-trump-endorsement-dale-was-with-us-from-the-beginning |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=1819 News |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]] |''[[Robert Aderholt]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Dale Strong]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]] |''[[Gary Palmer (politician)|Gary Palmer]]''<ref name=":2" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]] |[[Vince Fong]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Former President Donald Trump endorses Vince Fong for California's 20th District seat |url=https://abc30.com/vince-fong-california-20th-assembly-donald-trump-political-endorsement/14449484/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=ABC30 Fresno |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]] |''[[Virginia Foxx]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]] |[[Addison McDowell]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Ex-President Trump endorses new candidate McDowell for central North Carolina congressional seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/north-carolina-congress-election-donald-trump-endorsement-b75aa28ecc72a3568fb3169036e184f8 |access-date=2023-12-14 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]] |[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-02-20 |title=Trump endorses Speaker Tim Moore in congressional bid |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-speaker-tim-moore-in-congressional-bid/21292764/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[TX-03]] |''[[Keith Self]]''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |date=2024-02-12 |title=Here's a List of Donald Trump's 2024 Texas Endorsements |url=https://thetexan.news/elections/2024/here-s-a-list-of-donald-trump-s-2024-texas-endorsements/article_d62bcf9e-c773-11ee-a894-4b9583d1a835.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Texan |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]] |''[[Pat Fallon]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]] |''[[Lance Gooden]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]] |''[[August Pfluger]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]] |''[[Ronny Jackson]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]] |''[[Randy Weber]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]] |''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]] |''[[Jodey Arrington]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]] |''[[Troy Nehls]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]] |''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]] |''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]] |[[Brandon Gill]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Wolf, Stephen |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Daily Kos Elections Live Digest: 12/4 |work=[[Daily Kos]] |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/12/4/2209144/-Daily-Kos-Elections-Live-Digest-12-4#update-1701728297000 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |quote=TX-26: Donald Trump has endorsed far-right media website founder Brandon Gill}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]] |''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]] |[[Mayra Flores]]<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Challenger | {{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]] |''[[Brian Babin]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]] |''[[Wesley Hunt]]''<ref name=":4" /> |March 5, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]] |''[[Mike Ezell]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Mike Ezell latest to pick up Trump endorsement with congressional primary looming - SuperTalk Mississippi |url=https://www.supertalk.fm/mike-ezell-latest-to-pick-up-trump-endorsement-with-congressional-primary-looming/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 12, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]] |''[[Ryan Zinke]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buffington |first1=Posie |title=Former Pres. Trump endorses Zinke for re-election in Montana's District 1 congressional race |url=https://www.montanarightnow.com/montana/former-pres-trump-endorses-zinke-for-re-election-in-montanas-district-1-congressional-race/article_19237e0a-e880-11ee-b72a-bb7f847d9024.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[NonStop Local]] |date=March 22, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |June 4, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]] |[[Troy Downing]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Gorman, Reese |date=April 12, 2024 |work=[[NBC|NBC Montana]] |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/trump-endorses-troy-downing-for-montanas-2nd-congressional-district |access-date=June 3, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Downing for U.S. House race}}</ref> |June 4, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |[[Austin Theriault]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schilke |first=Rachel |date=2024-03-27 |title=Trump endorses former NASCAR driver in Maine contest to unseat Jared Golden - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2942058/trump-endorses-former-nascar-driver-unseat-jared-golden/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]] |''[[Nancy Mace]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ALAFRIZ |first=OLIVIA |date=2024-03-09 |title=Trump endorses South Carolina Republican Nancy Mace |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/trump-endorses-south-carolina-republican-nancy-mace-00146142 |website=Politico}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]] |''[[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=SC4: William Timmons Endorsed By Donald Trump - FITSNews |url=https://www.fitsnews.com/2024/02/29/sc4-william-timmons-endorsed-by-donald-trump/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 11, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]] |''[[Jen Kiggans]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509236487249242 |access-date=2024-10-30 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 18, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Lauren Boebert]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Robert |date=2024-03-03 |title=Trump endorses Lauren Boebert in contested GOP primary - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2900221/trump-endorses-boebert-contested-gop-primary/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 4th congressional district|NY-04]] |''[[Anthony D'Esposito]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzlich |first=Taylor |date=2024-05-27 |title=Trump endorses Rep. D'Esposito in NY-04 re-election race - Featured |url=https://theisland360.com/featured/trump-endorses-rep-desposito-in-ny-04-re-election-race/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The Island 360 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603210730/https://theisland360.com/featured/trump-endorses-rep-desposito-in-ny-04-re-election-race/ |archive-date=2024-06-03}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]] |''[[Brandon Williams (politician)|Brandon Williams]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manore |first=Alexis |date=2024-05-28 |title=Donald Trump endorses Brandon Williams for Congress |url=https://www.romesentinel.com/news/donald-trump-brandon-williams-ny22/article_edd70908-1cf8-11ef-b12f-e3621b94289e.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Rome Sentinel]] |language=en}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Stephen |date=2024-03-28 |title=Rep. Claudia Tenney receives endorsement of Donald J. Trump for re-election bid in 2024 |website=Newzjunky |url=https://www.newzjunky.com/rep-claudia-tenney-receives-endorsement-of-president-donald-j-trump-for-re-election-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 25, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |[[Abraham Hamadeh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alfred |first=Mark |date=2023-12-09 |title=Trump Turns on MAGA Sycophant Blake Masters |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/donaldtrump-turns-on-maga-sycophant-blake-masters-with-abe-hamadeh-endorsement |access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> |July 30, 2024 |Open seat | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]] |''[[Andy Ogles]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Housler |first=Kaitlin |date=2023-05-12 |title=Donald Trump Endorses Tennessee U.S. Congressman Andy Ogles for Re-Election |url=https://tennesseestar.com/news/donald-trump-endorses-tennessee-u-s-congressman-andy-ogles-for-re-election/khousler/2023/05/12/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Tennessee Star |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 1, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]] |''[[Mark Green (Tennessee politician)|Mark Green]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olmsted |first=Edith |date=2024-02-29 |title=House Republican Reverses Retirement After Trump Endorsement |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rep-mark-green-decides-not-to-retire-after-trump-promises-to-endorse-him |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> |August 1, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- | rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |[[Nancy Dahlstrom]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-06-17 |title=Trump endorses Dahlstrom for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/trump-endorses-dahlstrom-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |August 20, 2024 | rowspan="2" |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Nick Begich III|Nick Begich]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-09-18 |title=Breaking: Donald Trump endorses Nick Begich for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/breaking-donald-trump-endorses-nick-begich-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]] |''[[Cory Mills]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509310575961624 |via=Truth Social |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]] |''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakich |first=Jackson |date=2023-12-01 |title=Webster Lands Official Trump Seal of Endorsement over Sabatini |url=https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145918/https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=The Floridian |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 22nd congressional district|FL-22]] |Dan Franzese<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112911985701345199 |access-date=2024-11-21 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]] |''[[Harriet Hageman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509331814214912 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 20, 2024 |Incumbent | '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]] |''[[Steve Scalise]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509339275728338 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509341407109396 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]] |''[[Julia Letlow]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/111971849283205295 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |November 5, 2024 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2024 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina Attorney General election|North Carolina]] | [[North Carolina Attorney General|Attorney General]] |[[Dan Bishop]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-03-02 |title=Donald Trump endorses Mark Robinson in bid for North Carolina governor |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-robinson-in-bid-for-nc-governor/21310079/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}</ref> |March 5, 2024 |Open seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost election |} ==== 2024 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Result |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Barry Wernick<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Caroline Fairly]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[John T. Smithee]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Don McLaughlin]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Stormy Bradley<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |Liz Case<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Mike Olcott]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Helen Kerwin]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Hillary Hickland]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Wesley Virdell]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Alan Schoolcraft]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[Gary Gates (politician)|Gary Gates]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |David Covey<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |{{Icon|no}} |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Janis Holt]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |''[[Steve Toth]]''<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Brent Money]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Representative |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] |[[Brent Hagenbuch]]<ref name=":4" /> |Texas State Senator |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' |} ==== 2025 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2025 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|2025]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Trump endorses Mike Johnson to stay on as House Speaker despite government funding turmoil |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-mike-johnson-house-speaker-gop-government-funding-8f4eef7f2b83d4c2d5db7fbce69f9368 |access-date=2025-01-02 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} === Second term as president === ==== 2025 state judicial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election|Wisconsin]] |[[Brad Schimel]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=January 22, 2026 |author=Vakil, Caroline |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/5208831-donald-trump-brad-schimel-wisconsin-supreme-court-race/ |date=March 22, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Schimel in high-stakes Wisconsin Supreme Court race}}</ref> |April 1, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 House special elections ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 1st congressional district special election|FL-01]] |[[Jimmy Patronis]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |first2=Antoinette |last2=Radford |first3=Maureen |last3=Chowdhury |date=2024-11-25 |title=November 25, 2024 - Presidential transition news |publisher=CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-transition-news-11-25-24#cm3x87d7h000z3b6nbs3akecr |access-date=2025-02-04 |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 6th congressional district special election|FL-06]] |[[Randy Fine]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gancarski |first=A.G. |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Donald Trump backs Randy Fine as replacement for Mike Waltz in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123213518/https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=Florida Politics}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|Tennessee}}[[2025 Tennessee's 7th congressional district special election|TN-07]] |[[Matt Van Epps]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rau |first=Nate |date=2025-10-03 |title=On eve of election, Trump backs Matt Van Epps in District 7 race |url= https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/03/on-eve-of-election-trump-backs-matt-van-epps-in-district-7-race |access-date=2025-10-03 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2025 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election|New Jersey]] |[[Jack Ciattarelli]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trump endorses Jack Ciattarelli in New Jersey governor's race |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/trump-endorses-jack-ciattarelli-new-jersey-governors-race-rcna206404 |access-date=2025-05-15 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> |June 10, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]] |[[Winsome Earle-Sears]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lance |first=David |date=Oct 20, 2025 |title=Winsome Earle-Sears receives support from President Trump in Va. Gov. campaign |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/politics/virginia-governors-race/winsome-earle-sears-receives-endorsement-from-president-trump-in-va-gov-campaign/ |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025023018/https://www.wavy.com/news/politics/virginia-governors-race/winsome-earle-sears-receives-endorsement-from-president-trump-in-va-gov-campaign/ |archive-date=October 25, 2025 }}</ref> |June 17, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia Attorney General election|Virginia]] | [[Attorney General of Virginia|Attorney General]] |''[[Jason Miyares]]''<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=2024-10-05 |title=Trump calls on Democratic attorney general nominee Jay Jones to drop out of race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5539522-trump-calls-for-jones-exit-virginia-ag-race/ |website=The Hill |language=en}}</ref> |June 28, 2025 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 mayoral elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|New York City}} [[2025 New York City mayoral election|New York City]] |[[Andrew Cuomo]] (Fight and Deliver party)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/11/03/nyregion/nyc-mayor-election-news/bfd49be5-e505-5a37-bb8e-629f35d8647a|title=Live Updates: Mayoral Candidates Make Urgent Appeals to N.Y.C. Voters in Race's Final Stretch|last=Gold|first=Michael|date=November 3, 2025|access-date=January 22, 2026|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |June 24, 2025 |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |- |{{flagicon|Miami}} [[2025 Miami mayoral election|Miami]] |[[Emilio T. Gonzalez]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breakingthenews.net/Article/Trump-endorses-Emilio-Gonzales-for-Miami-mayor/65195195 |title=Trump endorses Emilio Gonzales for Miami mayor |date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2025 county executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Nassau County, New York}} [[2025 Nassau County Executive election|Nassau County]] |''[[Bruce Blakeman]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorsed his re-election, Bruce Blakeman: Thank you President! During my term, Nassau has become the safest county in the US |url=https://www.balkanweb.com/en/Trump-endorsed-his-re-election-Bruce-Blakeman--thank-you-President--during-my-term-Nassau-has-become-the-safest-county-in-the-US./#gsc.tab=0 |website=BW}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Incumbent |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |} ==== 2025-26 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2025–26 Texas's 9th Senate district special election|TX SD-09]] |''[[Leigh Wambsganss]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/04/texas-senate-district-9-special-election-tarrant-county/ |title=Texas Senate District 9 special election pits Republicans against Democrat in Tarrant County |date=November 4, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Texas Tribune]]}}</ref> |November 4, 2025 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff |} ==== 2026 House special elections ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}}[[2026 Georgia's 14th congressional district special election|GA-14]] |[[Clay Fuller]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller to succeed Greene |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5723741-trump-endorses-clay-fuller-to-succeed-greene/ |website=The Hill |access-date=5 February 2026 |date=4 February 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |{{Flagicon|California}}[[2026 California's 1st congressional district special election|CA-01]] |[[James Gallagher (California politician)|James Gallagher]]<ref name="the-downballot.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-republicans-have-their|title=Morning Digest: Republicans have their first shot at a special election flip on Saturday|last1=Nir|last2=Singer|first1=David|first2=Jeff|date=February 6, 2026|access-date=February 6, 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected''' |- |} ==== 2026 gubernatorial elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[Tommy Tuberville]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darrington |first1=Patrick |title=Trump officially endorses Sen. Tommy Tuberville to be Alabama's next governor |url=https://www.al.com/news/2026/01/trump-officially-endorses-sen-tommy-tuberville-to-be-alabamas-next-governor.html |access-date=January 22, 2026 |work=Alabama News |date=January 22, 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2026 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]] |<s>[[Karrin Taylor Robson]]</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/arizona/article_4867afd8-c093-11ef-9720-c72e70b03336.html|title=Trump endorses Robson in 2026 Arizona gubernatorial race|last=Arcand|first=Cameron|date=December 22, 2024|access-date=December 22, 2024|website=[[The Center Square]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|July 21, 2026 |rowspan=2|Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Andy Biggs]] ''(co-endorsement with Robson)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govindarao |first=Sejal |date=2025-04-22 |title=Trump adds second endorsement of Andy Biggs for Arizona governor race |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-endorsement-arizona-governor-596a7c7bc1129119b1c8e401bae987ad |access-date=2025-08-08 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]] |''[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Trump endorses dozens ahead of Tuesday elections — but doesn't name Earle-Sears |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-republicans-earle-sears-00633218 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[2026 California gubernatorial election|California]] |[[Steve Hilton]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Will |first1=Anthony |title=Trump Endorses Steve Hilton for California Governor, Slams Newsom's Leadership |url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/trump-endorses-steve-hilton-california-governor-slams-newsoms-leadership-1865540 |website=International Business Times |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en |date=6 April 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]] |[[Byron Donalds]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Byron Donalds in his likely run for Florida governor in 2026 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-backs-rep-byron-donalds-likely-run-florida-governor-2026-rcna192534 |access-date=February 20, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=February 20, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]] |[[Burt Jones]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bluestein |first=Greg |title=Trump endorses Burt Jones in Georgia governor's race |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/2025/08/trump-endorses-burt-jones-in-georgia-governors-race/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |language=English |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |''[[Brad Little]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Little receives official endorsement from Trump |url=https://idahonews.com/news/local/governor-little-receives-official-endorsement-from-trump |access-date=June 11, 2025 |date=June 11, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]] |[[Randy Feenstra]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Pfannenstiel|first=Brianne|date=May 29, 2026|title=Donald Trump endorses Randy Feenstra for governor in Iowa primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/29/trump-endorses-feenstra-iowa-governor-primary/90316451007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z116029p118550c118550u115129e110550v116029&gca-ft=7&gca-ds=sophi|website=[[The Des Moines Register]]|access-date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]] |[[Ty Masterson]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Aja |title=President Trump, Sen. Marshall endorse Ty Masterson for Kansas Governor |url=https://www.wibw.com/2026/05/24/president-trump-endorses-ty-masterson-kansas-governor/ |website=WIBW |access-date=25 May 2026 |language=en |date=24 May 2026}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 Michigan gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]] |''[[Jim Pillen]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olberding |first=Matt |title=Trump endorses Pillen in his run for reelection |url=https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/trump-endorses-pillen-in-his-run-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |publisher=Nebraska Public Media |language=en}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |''[[Joe Lombardo]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robison |first1=Mark |title=President Trump endorses Lombardo in Nevada governor's race |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/11/06/president-trump-endorses-lombardo-in-nevada-governors-race/87130472007/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Reno Gazette Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[2026 New York gubernatorial election|New York]] |[[Bruce Blakeman]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Trump endorses in New York governor race the day after Stefanik drops out |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/12/20/trump-new-york-governor-endorsement-bruce-blakeman-00702013 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]] |[[Vivek Ramaswamy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelzer |first1=Jeremy |title=Vivek Ramaswamy launches 2026 Ohio governor campaign, picks up Trump endorsement |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2025/02/vivek-ramaswamy-launches-2026-ohio-governor-campaign-picks-up-trump-endorsement.html |website=[[The Plain Dealer]] |access-date=February 24, 2025|date=February 24, 2025}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Mike Mazzei]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=April |title=President Donald Trump endorses and Oklahoma gubernatorial candidate |url=https://krmg.com/2026/05/29/president-donald-trump-endorses-and-oklahoma-gubernatorial-candidate/ |access-date=May 29, 2026 |work=[[KRMG-FM]] |date=May 29, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2026 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]] |<s>[[Dan Meuser]]</s> ''(declined to run)''<ref>{{cite web|last=Samuels|first=Brett|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5326615-trump-says-he-would-back-gop-rep-meuser-for-pennsylvania-governor-bid/|title=Trump says he would back GOP Rep. Meuser for Pennsylvania governor bid|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=May 30, 2025|accessdate=June 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Toth |first1=Matthew |title='My focus needs to remain on doing my job': Rep. Meuser won't run for Pa governor in 2026 |url=https://www.ldnews.com/story/news/local/2025/07/09/congressman-dan-meuser-says-he-wont-run-for-pa-governor-in-2026/84516461007/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |work=[[Lebanon Daily News]] |date=July 9, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|May 19, 2026 |rowspan=2|Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |[[Stacy Garrity]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Stacy Garrity in her bid to oust Gov. Josh Shapiro |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-state/2026/01/27/stacy-garrity-donald-trump-pennsylvania-josh-shapiro/stories/202601270093 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]] |[[Pamela Evette]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Nick |title=Friday night bombshell: Donald Trump endorses Pamela Evette for governor of South Carolina |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/donald-trump-pamela-evette-endorsement-governor/article_821d67be-33be-46c4-b90c-5f78f8cd1653.html |website=[[The Post and Courier]] |access-date=May 29, 2026 |language=en |date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 9, 2026 |rowspan=2|Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary |- |[[Alan Wilson (politician)|Alan Wilson]] ''(co-endorsement with Evette in the Runoff)''{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]] |''[[Greg Abbott]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sneha |date=2025-11-12 |title=Donald Trump endorses Texas Gov. Greg Abbott for reelection |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/11/texas-governor-2026-elections-greg-abbott-donald-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]] |[[Tom Tiffany]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Opoien |first1=Jessie |title=Donald Trump endorses Tom Tiffany in Wisconsin governor race |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/27/donald-triump-endorses-tom-tiffany-in-wisconsin-governor-race/88388133007/ |website=Journal Sentinel |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]] |[[Megan Degenfelder]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zahn |first=Noah |date=2026-01-12 |title=Degenfelder announces bid for governor after Trump endorsement |url=https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/degenfelder-announces-bid-for-governor-after-trump-endorsement/article_f5ec3cdb-7271-4c54-b1b1-a9ee8e6b17fd.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Wyoming News |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |} ==== 2026 state executive elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Office !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election|Alabama]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Alabama|Lieutenant Governor]] |[[John Wahl]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1819news.com/news/item/trump-endorses-algop-chair-wahl-as-possible-candidate-for-lieutenant-governor|title=Trump endorses ALGOP chair Wahl as possible candidate for lieutenant governor|last=Taylor|first=Caleb|work=1819 News|date=January 22, 2026|access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Attorney General election|Florida]] |[[Attorney General of Florida|Attorney General]] |''[[James Uthmeier]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Trump backs DeSantis-allied Uthmeier for Florida attorney general |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/08/trump-uthmeier-desantis-florida-ag-00597957 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Chief Financial Officer election|Florida]] |[[Chief Financial Officer of Florida|Chief Financial Officer]] |<s>[[Joe Gruters]]</s> ''(Withdrew)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrer |first=Gray |date=2025-04-01 |title=Who will be Florida's next CFO? DeSantis faces key decision |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/state/2025/04/01/desantis-cfo-decision-patronis-gruters-ingoglia/82759721007/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Ty |title=RNC Chair Gruters to remain in Florida senate but bow out of CFO race |url=https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/rnc-chair-gruters-to-remain-in-florida-senate-but-bow-out-of-cfo-race/ |publisher=[[WFLA-TV]] |access-date=2 September 2025 |date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828231453/https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/rnc-chair-gruters-to-remain-in-florida-senate-but-bow-out-of-cfo-race/ |archive-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election|Florida]] |[[Florida Commissioner of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]] |''[[Wilton Simpson]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonard |first=Kimberly |date=October 23, 2025 |title=Simpson gets the pre-endorsement |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2025/10/23/simpson-gets-the-pre-endorsement-00619524 |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 24, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho lieutenant gubernatorial election|Idaho]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Scott Bedke]]''<ref name="Nitzberg">{{Cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Trump endorses neighboring state lieutenant governors for re-election |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-neighboring-state-lieutenant-governors-re-election |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska Attorney General election|Nebraska]] |[[Attorney General of Nebraska|Attorney General]] |''[[Mike Hilgers]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mike Hilgers for Attorney General of Nebraska |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116382124929663354 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada lieutenant gubernatorial election|Nevada]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Nevada|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Stavros Anthony]]''<ref name="Nitzberg"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada Attorney General election|Nevada]] |[[Attorney General of Nevada|Attorney General]] |[[Adriana Guzmán Fralick]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seeman |first1=Matthew |title=Trump endorses Nevada attorney general candidate in GOP primary race |url=https://news3lv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-republican-candidate-adriana-guzman-fralick-nevada-attorney-general-primary-election-politics-danny-tarkanian |website=KSNV |access-date=June 5, 2026 |language=en |date=June 3, 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma lieutenant gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|Lieutenant Governor]] |[[T. W. Shannon]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tortorello |first1=Rarchar |title=Trump Endorsement Reshapes Oklahoma Lieutenant Governor Primary |url=https://www.citynewsokc.com/business/trump-endorsement-reshapes-oklahoma-lieutenant-governor-primary/article_1eff80c7-8307-4eca-a9dd-f462b7338466.html |website=Oklahoma City Sentinel |access-date=25 March 2026 |language=en |date=24 March 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture election|South Carolina]] |[[South Carolina Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]] |Cody Simpson<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adcox |first1=Seanna |title=McMaster and Trump endorse 3rd potential candidate for SC agriculture commissioner|url=https://scdailygazette.com/2026/02/05/mcmaster-and-trump-endorse-3rd-potential-candidate-for-agriculture-commissioner/ |website=SC Daily Gazette |access-date=4 April 2026 |date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]] |[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]] |''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kvue.com/article/news/politics/texas-dan-patrick-reelection-lieutenant-governor/269-3337d337-9158-4e15-983d-737465f662ea|title=Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick announces re-election bid|last1=Eubank|last2=Carolan|first1=Britney|first2=Sam|date=April 11, 2025|access-date=April 11, 2025|publisher=[[KVUE]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts election|Texas]] |[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts|Comptroller]] |[[Don Huffines]]<ref name="Huffines">{{cite web |last=Yu |first=Issac |date=February 27, 2026 |title=Trump endorses against Abbott's picks for Texas Ag Commissioner and Comptroller ahead of GOP primary |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2026/article/trump-sid-miller-don-huffines-abbott-21946633.php |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |access-date=February 28, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas elections|Texas]] |[[Texas General Land Office|General Land Commissioner]] |''[[Dawn Buckingham]]''<ref name="Huffines"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Commissioner of Agriculture election|Texas]] |[[Texas Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]] |''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''<ref name="Huffines"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |} ==== 2026 Senate elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]] |[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Barry Moore? Trump's choice for Alabama's next US Senator; US President reveals key reasons behind his support for US Congressman|url=https://m.economictimes.com/us/news/who-is-barry-moore-trumps-choice-for-alabamas-next-us-senator-us-president-reveals-key-reasons-behind-his-support-for-us-congressman/articleshow/126639467.cms|access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]] |[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|''Dan Sullivan'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Alaska U.S. Sen. Dan Sullivan |url=https://www.adn.com/politics/2025/07/21/trump-endorses-alaska-us-sen-dan-sullivan/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Anchorage Daily News}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]] |''[[Tom Cotton]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Senator Tom Cotton's re-election bid |url=https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/trump-endorses-tom-cotton-re-election-as-senator/91-fe400e4e-8f5c-4ad8-aeb4-c57409b8d0ee |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=thv11.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 United States Senate special election in Florida|Florida]] |''[[Ashley Moody]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/748780-donald-trump-endorses-ashley-moody-early/|title=Donald Trump endorses Ashley Moody's return to U.S. Senate|last=Gancarski|first=A.G.|date=July 25, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|website=[[Florida Politics]]}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]] |[[Mike Collins (politician)|Mike Collins]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}} |May 19, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]] |''[[Jim Risch]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ratliff|first1=Seth|title=President Trump endorses Senator Risch well ahead of mid-term elections|url=https://localnews8.com/news/top-stories/2025/03/20/president-trump-endorses-senator-risch-well-ahead-of-mid-term-elections/|date=March 20, 2025|access-date=September 13, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]] |[[Ashley Hinson]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Rep. Ashley Hinson's campaign for Iowa's U.S. Senate seat |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-endorses-rep-ashley-hinsons-campaign-for-iowas-u-s-senate-seat/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]] |''[[Roger Marshall]]''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Kansas politicians Roger Marshall, Derek Schmidt, Tracey Mann|url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/07/22/donald-trump-endorses-kansas-gop-congressmen-for-reelection-in-2026/85307235007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z118570p115750c115750e002000v118570&gca-ft=160&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=cjonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]] |[[Andy Barr]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Andy Barr gets coveted Trump endorsement in Kentucky Senate race to replace McConnell |url=https://apnews.com/article/mcconnell-trump-barr-kentucky-senate-22cff179110a64691947a79f13e00c22 |website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=May 1, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]] |[[Julia Letlow]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2026 |title=Trump Backs a Potential Primary Challenger to Bill Cassidy, a G.O.P. Senator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/18/us/politics/trump-bill-cassidy-julia-letlow-primary-challenge-endorsement.html |access-date=January 18, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |June 27, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]] |[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelton |first=Shajaka |date=July 24, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Rogers for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-rogers-for-u-s-senate/ |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[WLNS-TV|WLNS]]}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] |''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title= Hyde-Smith draws GOP challenger as Democrats target her Mississippi U.S. Senate seat|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/05/09/hyde-smith-draws-gop-challenger-as-democrats-target-her-mississippi-u-s-senate-seat/|access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]] |''<s>[[Steve Daines]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Blair |title=Daines gets Trump's endorsement as he readies 2026 Senate reelection bid |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_a8313a29-db4d-4506-957d-677f4882100e.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Independent Record]] |date=April 23, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Kurt Alme]]<ref name=Bloomberg1>{{cite web |title=Trump Endorses Alme for Montana Senate as Daines Steps Aside |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-05/trump-endorses-alme-for-montana-senate-as-daines-steps-aside |website=Bloomberg |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] |''[[Pete Ricketts]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salinas |first1=Juan |title= Nebraska's Dan Osborn statistically tied with U.S. Sen. Pete Ricketts in poll |url= https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2025/04/10/nebraskas-dan-osborn-statistically-tied-with-u-s-sen-pete-ricketts-in-poll/ |website=[[Nebraska Examiner]] |date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 }}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2026 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] |[[John E. Sununu]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |title=Trump backs John Sununu in New Hampshire Senate race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5717664-trump-endorses-sununu-nh-senate/ |website=The Hill |date=February 1, 2026 |access-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref> |September 8, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]] |[[Michael Whatley]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RNC chair Michael Whatley to run for Senate in North Carolina with Trump's support |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/07/24/whatley-senate-north-carolina-trump-00473419 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Politico}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]] |''[[Jon Husted]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Lydia |title=Trump endorses Husted for 2026 Senate race |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cincinnati/news/2025/04/09/trump-endorses-husted-for-2026-senate-race |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Spectrum News]] |date=April 9, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] |''<s>[[Markwayne Mullin]]</s>'' (resigned to become [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|DHS Secretary]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krehbiel |first1=Randy |title=Political notebook: Strong income tax receipts keep state revenue on track |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_1e973cb9-33a2-46c9-bdf3-a9ffb024a44e.html |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=Tulsa World |date=May 18, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Kevin Hern]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onstot |first1=Evan |title=Trump endorses Kevin Hern for Oklahoma Senate seat |url=https://www.koco.com/article/trump-endorses-kevin-hern-oklahoma-senate-seat/70740280 |website=KOCO |access-date=14 March 2026 |language=en |date=14 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]] |''[[Lindsey Graham]]''<ref>{{cite news |work=[[WCIV]] |access-date=September 13, 2025 |author=Kayanja, Ian |title=President Trump endorses Lindsey Graham as senator eyes 2026 reelection bid |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/local/trump-endorses-sen-lindsey-graham-as-senator-eyes-2026-reelection-bid-donald-trump-lindsey-graham-reelection-wciv-abc-news-4-03-26-2025 |date=March 26, 2025}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]] |''[[Mike Rounds]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rounds wins Trump endorsement after playing deal-making role in rescinding public media funds |url=https://southdakotasearchlight.com/briefs/rounds-wins-trump-endorsement-after-playing-deal-making-role-in-rescinding-public-media-funds/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=South Dakota Searchlight |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]] |''[[Bill Hagerty]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Bill Hagerty for Senate |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]] |[[Ken Paxton]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldmacher |first1=Shane |title=Trump Endorses Paxton in Final Week of G.O.P. Senate Runoff in Texas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/19/us/politics/trump-paxton-endorsement-cornyn-texas-senate.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 19, 2026}}</ref> |May 26, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2026 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]] |''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Capito | website=[[The Guardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2025/may/16/donald-trump-gulf-tax-bill-medicaid-us-politics-live-updates?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with%3Ablock-682756e28f0835109b839df2#block-682756e28f0835109b839df2 |date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]] |''<s>[[Cynthia Lummis]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stingray |first1=River |title=Trump endorses Lummis for second term far ahead of 2026 election |url=https://buckrail.com/trump-endorses-lummis-for-second-term-far-ahead-of-2026-election/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Buckrail |date=March 27, 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mestas |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Lummis Announces Decision To Not Seek Re-Election in 2026 |url=https://www.wyomingnewsnow.tv/news/lummis-announces-decision-to-not-seek-re-election-in-2026/article_5c48a0b7-4d04-49cd-8ffd-9fc06138d339.html |access-date=January 23, 2026 |website=Wyoming News Now}}</ref> |rowspan=2|August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |[[Harriet Hageman]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Paul |title=Trump ally who ousted Cheney launches Senate bid keep GOP seat in Republican hands |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/scoop-trump-ally-harriet-hageman-who-ousted-cheney-launches-senate-bid-keep-gop-seat-republican-hands |work=[[Fox News]] |date=December 23, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |TBA |} ==== 2026 House elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]] |[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|''Mike Rogers'']]<ref name="Alabama">{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Daniel |title='He will never let you down!' — Trump endorses Aderholt, Strong, Palmer, Rogers for reelection |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/he-will-never-let-you-down-trump-endorses-aderholt-strong-palmer-rogers-for-reelection |access-date=January 23, 2026 |work=[[1819 News]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]] |''[[Robert Aderholt]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]] |''[[Dale Strong]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]] |''[[Gary Palmer]]''<ref name="Alabama"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]] |[[Nick Begich III|''Nick Begich'']]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=James |title=Trump backs Begich for reelection to Alaska's U.S. House seat in 2026 |url=https://alaskabeacon.com/briefs/trump-backs-begich-for-reelection-to-alaskas-u-s-house-seat-in-2026/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Alaska Beacon |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]] |<s>[[Gina Swoboda]]</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref name=DualEndorsement/> |rowspan=2|July 21, 2026 |rowspan=2|Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Jay Feely]] ''(co-endorsement with Swoboda)''<ref name="DualEndorsement">{{cite web |last1=Gersony |first1=Laura |title=Trump issues rare dual endorsement in Arizona swing district |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2026/01/06/trump-issues-dual-endorsement-jay-feely-gina-swoboda-congress/87853100007/ |website=AZ Central |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 2nd congressional district|AZ-02]] |''[[Eli Crane]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Eli Crane: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-eli-crane-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-sector-funds#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 5th congressional district|AZ-05]] |[[Mark Lamb (sheriff)|Mark Lamb]]<ref>{{cite news |title= President Trump Endorses Former Pinal County Sheriff Mark Lamb For Congress |url= https://azfreenews.com/2025/11/president-trump-endorses-former-pinal-county-sheriff-mark-lamb-for-congress/ |access-date= January 23, 2026 |work= |date= November 5, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 6th congressional district|AZ-06]] |''[[Juan Ciscomani]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nintzel |first1=Jim |title=Trump endorses Ciscomani; Az Dems have party problems|url= https://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/042925_political_roundup/trump-endorses-ciscomani-az-dems-have-party-problems/ |work=Tucson Senteniel |date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]] |''[[Abraham Hamadeh]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nitzberg |first1=Alex |title= Trump endorses House freshman for reelection less than six months into the lawmaker's congressional tenure |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-freshman-reelection-less-than-six-months-lawmakers-congressional-tenure |work=[[Fox News]] |date=June 16, 2025}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 9th congressional district|AZ-09]] |''[[Paul Gosar]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Gosar: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-gosar-potential-stock-market-impacts-on-energy-and-manufacturing-sectors#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |July 21, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|AR-01]] |''[[Rick Crawford (politician)|Rick Crawford]]''<ref name=Arkansaw>{{Cite web |title=- President Trump endorses Arkansas congressmen in reelection bids |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/president-trump-endorses-arkansas-congressmen-reelection-bids/527-e20394ee-aa92-4db0-b5f5-57080c02467b}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|AR-02]] |''[[French Hill (politician)|French Hill]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 3rd congressional district|AR-03]] |''[[Steve Womack]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 4th congressional district|AR-04]] |''[[Bruce Westerman]]''<ref name=Arkansaw/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 5th congressional district|CA-05]] |''[[Tom McClintock]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 13th congressional district|CA-13]] |[[Kevin Lincoln (politician)|Kevin Lincoln]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=December 25, 2025 |title=Trump wades into House races, putting endorsement force to the test |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5662512-trump-midterm-endorsements-impact/ |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=The Hill}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]] |''[[Vince Fong]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Vince Fong for House of Representatives|url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115375108797044323 |access-date=January 23, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]] |''[[Jay Obernolte]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]] |<s>''[[Darrell Issa]]''</s> (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-darrell-issa-potential-tailwinds-for-u-s-energy-defense-and-industrial-stocks|title=Trump's Endorsement of Darrell Issa: Potential Tailwinds for U.S. Energy, Defense, and Industrial Stocks|date=January 23, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |[[Jim Desmond]]<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]] |''[[Jeff Hurd]]'' (re-endorsed)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Jeff Hurd's bid for reelection in Colorado's 3rd CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/10/28/donald-trump-endorses-republican-jeff-hurds-bid-for-reelection-in-colorados-3rd-cd/ |access-date=November 8, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=October 28, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |<s>Hope Scheppelman</s> ''(withdrew)''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump pulls endorsement of Hurd over tariffs vote |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5749448-hurd-loses-trump-backing/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=February 21, 2026}}</ref> |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]] |''[[Lauren Boebert]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-07-24 |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Lauren Boebert's 2026 reelection bid in Colorado's deep red 4th CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-lauren-boeberts-2026-reelection-bid-in-colorados-deep-red-4th-cd/article_2c9c1325-536e-4ee6-93bc-cc1a2fdf2d96.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 5th congressional district|CO-05]] |''[[Jeff Crank]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-08-20 |title=Donald Trump endorses Colorado Republican Jeff Crank's bid for reelection |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/08/20/donald-trump-endorses-colorado-republican-jeff-cranks-bid-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 8th congressional district|CO-08]] |''[[Gabe Evans]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Gabe Evans in Colorado's tossup 8th Congressional District |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-gabe-evans-in-colorados-tossup-8th-congressional-district/article_4b5aa753-3dd8-4910-b3d0-a1ca419d2919.html |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=April 28, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 30, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]] |''[[Jimmy Patronis]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jimmy Patronis snags Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762317-jimmy-patronis-snags-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]] |''<s>[[Neal Dunn]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]] |''[[Kat Cammack]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogles |first1=Jacob |title=Kat Cammack secures valuable Donald Trump endorsement for third term |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/760947-kat-cammack-secures-valuable-donald-trump-endorsement-for-third-term/ |access-date=October 16, 2025 |work=[[Florida Politics]] |date=October 16, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]] |''[[Aaron Bean]]''<ref name="SevenMore">{{cite web |last1=Gancarski |first1=A. G. |title=Donald Trump endorses seven more Congressional incumbents in Florida |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/779269-donald-trump-endorses-seven-more-congressional-incumbents/ |website=Florida Politics |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 5th congressional district|FL-05]] |''[[John Rutherford (Florida politician)|John Rutherford]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]] |''[[Randy Fine]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump backs 'MAGA Warrior' Randy Fine ahead of contested primary in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762299-donald-trump-backs-maga-warrior-randy-fine-ahead-of-contested-primary-in-cd-6/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]] |''[[Cory Mills]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 8th congressional district|FL-08]] |''[[Mike Haridopolos]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump endorses 'America First Patriot' Mike Haridopolos for re-election |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762300-donald-trump-endorses-mike-haridopolos-re-election/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025 |quote=Haridopolos is actively campaigning for another term.}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]] |<s>''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''</s> (withdrew)<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 12th congressional district|FL-12]] |''[[Gus Bilirakis]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 13th congressional district|FL-13]] |''[[Anna Paulina Luna]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]] |''[[Laurel Lee]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 16th congressional district|FL-16]] |''<s>[[Vern Buchanan]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2026/01/28/another-retirement-more-jockeying-00751657|title=Another retirement, more jockeying|last1=Leonard|last2=Williams|first1=Kimberly|first2=Kylie|date=January 28, 2026|access-date=January 28, 2026|website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Sydney Gruters<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Trump urges Sydney Gruters to run in Florida race to replace Buchanan |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/03/24/trump-sydney-gruters-replace-vern-buchanan-00842378 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 17th congressional district|FL-17]] |''[[Greg Steube]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Greg Steube secures another Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762302-greg-steube-secures-another-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}</ref> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 18th congressional district|FL-18]] |''[[Scott Franklin (politician)|Scott Franklin]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 21st congressional district|FL-21]] |''[[Brian Mast]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 26th congressional district|FL-26]] |''[[Mario Díaz-Balart]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 27th congressional district|FL-27]] |''[[Maria Elvira Salazar]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 28th congressional district|FL-28]] |''[[Carlos A. Giménez|Carlos Giménez]]''<ref name="SevenMore"/> |August 18, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 1st congressional district|GA-01]] |Jim Kingston<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 3rd congressional district|GA-03]] |''[[Brian Jack]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/how-trumps-endorsement-of-brian-jack-could-nudge-agriculture-energy-and-defense-stocks |title=How Trump's Endorsement of Brian Jack Could Nudge Agriculture, Energy, and Defense Stocks |date=January 23, 2026|access-date=April 4, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 7th congressional district|GA-07]] |''[[Rich McCormick]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 8th congressional district|GA-08]] |''[[Austin Scott]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 9th congressional district|GA-09]] |''[[Andrew Clyde]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 10th congressional district|GA-10]] |[[Houston Gaines]]<ref name="ATEAPRIL"/> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 11th congressional district|GA-11]] |''<s>[[Barry Loudermilk]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Barry Loudermilk for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876638674610838 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 12th congressional district|GA-12]] |''[[Rick Allen (politician)|Rick Allen]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 14th congressional district|GA-14]] |''<s>[[Marjorie Taylor Greene]]</s>'' (endorsement rescinded,<br>resigned)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-withdraws-support-marjorie-taylor-greene-2025-11-15/|title=Trump withdraws support for Marjorie Taylor Greene|date=November 14, 2025|access-date=November 14, 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> |rowspan=2|May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Clay Fuller]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116596785594736554 |access-date=May 20, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 1st congressional district|ID-01]] |''[[Russ Fulcher]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 2nd congressional district|ID-02]] |''[[Mike Simpson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 12th congressional district|IL-12]] |''[[Mike Bost]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mike Bost launches re-election campaign with Trump's endorsement|url=https://newschannel20.com/news/local/mike-bost-launches-re-election-campaign-with-trumps-endorsement|date=May 9, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[WICS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002003115/https://newschannel20.com/news/local/mike-bost-launches-re-election-campaign-with-trumps-endorsement|archive-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 15th congressional district|IL-15]] |[[Mary Miller (politician)|''Mary Miller'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mary Miller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 16th congressional district|IL-16]] |''[[Darin LaHood]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 17, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 2nd congressional district|IN-02]] |''[[Rudy Yakym]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 3rd congressional district|IN-03]] |''[[Marlin Stutzman]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 4th congressional district|IN-04]] |''[[Jim Baird (politician)|Jim Baird]]''<ref name="Firesoff">{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Ryan |title=Trump endorses Spartz, other Indiana members of Congress for re-election. Here's who else |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/23/trump-indiana-congress-representatives-for-re-election-truth-social-spartz-baird-houchins-shreve/88326534007/ |website=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 5th congressional district|IN-05]] |''[[Victoria Spartz]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 6th congressional district|IN-06]] |''[[Jefferson Shreve]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 8th congressional district|IN-08]] |''[[Mark Messmer]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Langhorne|first1=Thomas B.|title=Messmer makes it official: He will seek re-election to Congress|url=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/politics/2025/08/05/messmer-makes-it-official-he-will-seek-re-election-to-congress/85528535007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z115130p000550c000550e004000v115130b0051xxd005165&gca-ft=178&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1|date=August 5, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 9th congressional district|IN-09]] |''[[Erin Houchin]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]] |''[[Mariannette Miller-Meeks]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opsahl |first=Robin |date=2025-11-03 |title=President Donald Trump endorses U.S. Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks |url=https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2025/11/03/president-donald-trump-endorses-u-s-rep-mariannette-miller-meeks/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Iowa Capital Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|IA-02]] |[[Joe Mitchell (politician)|Joe Mitchell]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump endorsement reshapes Iowa's 2nd District race |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-speaker-mike-johnson-endorse-joe-mitchell-for-congress-as-iowa-gop-primary-field-narrows/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|IA-03]] |''[[Zach Nunn]]''<ref name="TrumpBooker">{{cite news |title=Trump backs Iowa Congressman in 2026, Sen. Cory Booker endorses Dem running in same race |url=https://cbs2iowa.com/news/local/trump-backs-nunn-booker-endorses-konfrst-as-iowas-3rd-congressional-race-heats-up-ach-nunn-republican-jennifer-sarah-trone-garriott-president-donald-booker-us-senator-reprehensive-washington-dc-vote-2026-election-truth-social-twitter-x-congress-democrats |access-date=September 16, 2025 |work=[[KGAN]] |date=May 9, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|IA-04]] |Chris McGowan<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pfannenstiel |first1=Brianne |title=Donald Trump endorses Chris McGowan in Iowa's 4th District primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/02/05/donald-trump-endorses-chris-mcgowan-in-iowas-4th-district-primary/88519517007/ |access-date=February 5, 2026 |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 1st congressional district|KS-01]] |''[[Tracey Mann]]<ref name=":6" />'' |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|KS-02]] |''[[Derek Schmidt]]<ref name=":6" />'' |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 4th congressional district|KS-04]] |''[[Ron Estes]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Ron Estes for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057228167480219 |access-date=September 20, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 1st congressional district|KY-01]] |''[[James Comer]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 2nd congressional district|KY-02]] |''[[Brett Guthrie]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 4th congressional district|KY-04]] |[[Ed Gallrein]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kashinsky |first1=Lisa |last2=Hill |first2=Meredith Lee |title=Trump endorses Massie challenger not yet in the primary race |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/17/massie-kentucky-trump-endorsement-00614778 |website=[[Politico]] |date=October 17, 2025 |access-date=October 18, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|KY-05]] |''[[Hal Rogers]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mueller |first1=Caroline |title=Congressman Hal Rogers announces re-election bid |url=https://www.wymt.com/2025/11/07/congressman-hal-rogers-announces-re-election-bid/ |publisher=[[WYMT-TV]] |date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]] |[[Ralph Alvarado]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Horsley |first=McKenna |title= Trump causes political earthquake in KY, backing Barr, Alvarado in U.S. Senate, House races |url= https://kentuckylantern.com/2026/05/01/trump-causes-political-earthquake-in-ky-backing-barr-alvarado-in-u-s-senate-house-races/ |website=Kentucky Lantern |access-date=May 2, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]] |''[[Steve Scalise]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]] |''[[Clay Higgins]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]] |''[[Mike Johnson]]''<ref name="Firesoff"/> |July 15, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]] |[[Blake Miguez]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hilburn |first1=Greg |title=Trump endorses Blake Miguez for Louisiana's 5th District, shaking up race |url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2026/02/04/trump-endorses-blake-miguez-for-louisianas-5th-congressional-district/88518646007/ |website=The Times |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |July 15, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]] |[[Paul LePage]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Democratic candidate responds to Pres. Trump's endorsement of Paul LePage |url=https://wgme.com/news/local/democratic-candidate-responds-to-president-donald-trump-endorsement-of-paul-lepage-matt-dunlap-jared-golden-jordan-wood |access-date=2025-12-26 |publisher=WGME |language=en}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 1st congressional district|MI-01]] |''[[Jack Bergman]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sargent |first1=Bud |title=Bergman re-election endorsed by president |url=https://www.miningjournal.net/news/front-page-news/2025/11/bergman-re-election-endorsed-by-president/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Mining Journal]] |date=November 1, 2025}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 2nd congressional district|MI-02]] |''[[John Moolenaar]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 4th congressional district|MI-04]] |''[[Bill Huizenga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solis |first=Ben |date=2025-07-25 |title=Trump endorses Michigan's Rogers in U.S. Senate race, gives nod to Huizenga for backing out |url=https://michiganadvance.com/briefs/trump-endorses-michigans-rogers-in-u-s-senate-race-gives-nod-to-huizenga-for-backing-out/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Michigan Advance |language=en-US}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 5th congressional district|MI-05]] |''[[Tim Walberg]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Tim Walberg for congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114480047403137321 |access-date=September 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 7th congressional district|MI-07]] |''[[Tom Barrett (Michigan politician)|Tom Barrett]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title= President Trump endorses Congressman Tom Barrett for re-election |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2025/05/09/president-trump-endorses-congressman-tom-barrett-for-re-election/ |access-date=September 22, 2025 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 9th congressional district|MI-09]] |''[[Lisa McClain]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]] |''[[Brad Finstad]]''<ref name="Minnesota">{{cite web |last1=Kramer |first1=Ethan |title=Trump endorses four Minnesota Republican House members for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.valleynewslive.com/2025/11/04/trump-endorses-four-minnesota-republican-house-members-re-election-2026/ |website=Valley News |access-date=4 December 2025 |language=en |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]] |''[[Tom Emmer]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]] |''[[Michelle Fischbach]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]] |''[[Pete Stauber]]''<ref name="Minnesota"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 1st congressional district|MS-01]] |''[[Trent Kelly]]''<ref name="MS">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title= Trump endorses Congressman Kelly and Guest ahead of 2026 midterms|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-congressmen-kelly-and-guest-ahead-of-2026-midterms/|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 3rd congressional district|MS-03]] |''[[Michael Guest (politician)|Michael Guest]]''<ref name="MS"/> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]] |''[[Mike Ezell]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Frank |title=Trump endorses Ezell's midterm re-election bid |url=https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/10/27/trump-endorses-ezells-midterm-re-election-bid/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |work=Magnolia Tribune |date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> |March 10, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 2nd congressional district|MO-02]] |''[[Ann Wagner]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Donald Trump Endorses Congresswoman Ann Wagner for Re-Election in Missouri's Second Congressional District: "She Will Not Let You Down" |url=https://themissouritimes.com/press-release-president-donald-trump-endorses-congresswoman-ann-wagner-for-re-election-in-missouris-second-congressional-district-she-will-not-let-you-down/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |date=2025-07-22 |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]] |''[[Bob Onder]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 4th congressional district|MO-04]] |''[[Mark Alford]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mark Alford for Congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 29, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 7th congressional district|MO-07]] |''[[Eric Burlison]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 8th congressional district|MO-08]] |''[[Jason Smith (American politician)|Jason Smith]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]] |''<s>[[Ryan Zinke]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drew |first1=Micah |title=Trump endorses Reps. Zinke, Downing for re-election |url=https://missoulacurrent.com/trump-zinke-downing/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Daily Montanan]] |publisher=Missoula Current |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Aaron Flint<ref name=Trump1>{{cite web |last1=Eavis |first1=Victoria |title=Trump endorses Aaron Flint in Montana's western congressional primary race |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/elections/article_badcdd88-1fef-45d5-bce7-be6b7abed695.html |website=The Independent Record |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en |date=3 March 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]] |''[[Troy Downing]]''<ref name="BBB">{{cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |title= Trump endorses House Republican who failed to vote on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-republican-who-failed-vote-one-big-beautiful-bill-act.amp |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 26, 2025}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 1st congressional district|NE-01]] |''[[Mike Flood (politician)|Mike Flood]]''<ref name="Nebraska">{{cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Mark |title=President Donald Trump endorses two Nebraska congressmen for re-election |url=https://www.klkntv.com/president-donald-trump-endorses-two-nebraska-congressmen-for-re-election/ |access-date=November 6, 2025 |work=[[KLKN]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district|NE-02]] |Brinker Harding<ref name="ATEAPRIL">{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump makes string of endorsements in key House races |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-makes-string-endorsements-key-house-races |website=Just The News |access-date=2026-04-14 |language=en |date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 3rd congressional district|NE-03]] |''[[Adrian Smith (politician)|Adrian Smith]]''<ref name="Nebraska"/> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 1st congressional district|NV-01]] |[[Carrie A. Buck|Carrie Buck]]<ref name ="Racker">{{cite web |last1=Racker |first1=Mini |title=Trump endorses GOP candidates in 2 swingy Nevada House seats |url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/trump-endorses-gop-candidates-in-2-swingy-nevada-house-seats |website=[[The Nevada Independent]] |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=April 14, 2026}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 2nd congressional district|NV-02]] |''<s>[[Mark Amodei]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Torres-Cortez |first1=Ricardo |title=Trump endorses re-election bids from Lombardo, Amodei |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/nevada/trump-endorses-re-election-bids-from-lombardo-amodei-3533963/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}</ref> |rowspan=2|June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |David Flippo<ref>{{cite web|last=Racker|first=Mini|date=May 29, 2026|title=President Trump endorses in Nevada's most competitive GOP primary race |url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/president-trump-endorses-in-nevadas-most-competitive-gop-primary-race|website=Nevada Independent|access-date=May 29, 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]] |[[Martin O'Donnell]]<ref name ="Racker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 2nd congressional district|NJ-02]] |''[[Jeff Van Drew]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/|title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries|last=Carter|first=Claire|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=March 31, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 4th congressional district|NJ-04]] |''[[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Joey |title=Brick Republican will challenge Chris Smith in NJ-4 GOP primary |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/brick-republican-will-challenge-chris-smith-in-nj-4-gop-primary/ |website=New Jersey Globe |access-date=January 21, 2026 |date=January 20, 2026}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|NJ-07]] |''[[Thomas Kean Jr.]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Joey |title= In a first, Trump gives Tom Kean Jr. his 'complete and total endorsement' |url= https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/in-a-first-trump-gives-tom-kean-jr-his-complete-and-total-endorsement/ |work=New Jersey Globe |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico's 2nd congressional district|NM-02]] |Greg Cunningham<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Greg Cunningham for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-greg-cunningham-for-congress/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]] |''[[Nick LaLota]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]] |''[[Andrew Garbarino]]<ref name="BBB" />'' |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 3rd congressional district|NY-03]] |[[Mike LiPetri]]<ref name="the-downballot.com"/> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 17th congressional district|NY-17]] |''[[Mike Lawler]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKenna |first=Chris |title=Trump sends signal on NY governor race by backing Lawler for House re-election instead |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/2025/05/07/ny-17-president-trump-backs-mike-lawler-for-house-reelection-not-for-ny-governor/83491582007/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |website=The Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]] |[[Peter Oberacker]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump, Johnson Endorse Oberacker for Congress |url=https://www.allotsego.com/trump-johnson-endorse-oberacker-for-congress/ |website=All Otsego |access-date=5 February 2026 |language=en |date=5 February 2026}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 21st congressional district|NY-21]] |Anthony Constantino<ref>{{cite news |last=Parsnow |first=Luke |title=Trump endorses Anthony Constantino in NY-21 race, bucking GOP party elders' choice |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2026/04/21/trump-backs-anthony-constantino-in-ny-21-race |access-date=April 21, 2026 |date=April 21, 2026}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]] |''[[Nick Langworthy]]''<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||last= Larson |first= Greg |date=October 25, 2025 |title= Langworthy Receives Trump's Endorsement for Re-Election in 2026 |url= https://www.chautauquatoday.com/news/details.cfm?id=365824 |access-date= January 24, 2026 |work=Chautauqua Today}}</ref> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]] |''[[Claudia Tenney]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|NC-01]] |[[Laurie Buckhout]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Laurie Buckhout for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/03/12/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-laurie-buckhout-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 3rd congressional district|NC-03]] |''[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker">{{cite web|url=https://votehub.com/2026-endorsements|title=2026 Endorsement Tracker|access-date=January 27, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]] |''[[Virginia Foxx]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Rebecca |title=Rep. Virginia Foxx announces run for reelection in 2026 in North Carolina's 5th Congressional District |url=https://www.wxii12.com/article/rep-virginia-foxx-announces-run-reelection-2026/64736881 |access-date=October 1, 2025 |website=The Journal News |date=11 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]] |''[[Addison McDowell]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 7th congressional district|NC-07]] |''[[David Rouzer]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 8th congressional district|NC-08]] |''[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Mark Harris: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-mark-harris-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]] |''[[Richard Hudson (American politician)|Richard Hudson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 10th congressional district|NC-10]] |''[[Pat Harrigan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title= Trump's Endorsement of Pat Harrigan: Potential Boost for Energy and Industrial Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-pat-harrigan-potential-boost-for-energy-and-industrial-stocks#google_vignette |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 11th congressional district|NC-11]] |''[[Chuck Edwards]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hensley |first1=Dean |title=Republican Congressman Chuck Edwards gets President Trump's endorsement on social media |url=https://wlos.com/news/local/republican-congressman-chuck-edwards-gets-trumps-endorsement-on-social-media-president-donald-j-truth-x-henderson-buncombe-polk-rutherford-county-democratic-opposition-twitter |access-date=November 30, 2025 |work=[[WLOS]] |date=October 27, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]] |''[[Brad Knott]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]] |''[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota's at-large congressional district|ND-AL]] |''[[Julie Fedorchak]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Port |first=Rob |date=2025-08-19 |title=Port: Trump drops early endorsement of Fedorchak's reelection |url=https://www.inforum.com/opinion/columns/port-trump-drops-early-endorsement-of-fedorchaks-reelection |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=InForum |language=en}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 1st congressional district|OH-01]] |Eric Conroy<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |May 5, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 2nd congressional district|OH-02]] |''[[David Taylor (Ohio politician)|David Taylor]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses David Taylor for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057224448370906 |access-date=October 5, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 4th congressional district|OH-04]] |''[[Jim Jordan]]''<ref name="JTN">{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump endorses 27 Republicans for reelection 2026 |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-endorses-27-republicans-reelection-2026 |website=Just The News |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=December 29, 2025}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 5th congressional district|OH-05]] |''[[Bob Latta]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 6th congressional district|OH-06]] |''[[Michael Rulli]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 7th congressional district|OH-07]] |''[[Max Miller (politician)|Max Miller]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Max Miller: Potential Boost for Energy and Defense Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-max-miller-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 8th congressional district|OH-08]] |''[[Warren Davidson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 9th congressional district|OH-09]] |[[Derek Merrin]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Tom |title=Trump endorses Merrin for Congress |url=https://sanduskyregister.com/news/996166/trump-endorses-merrin-for-congress/ |website=Sandusky Register |access-date=May 23, 2026 |language=en |date=May 22, 2026}}</ref> |May 5, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 10th congressional district|OH-10]] |''[[Mike Turner]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]] |''[[Troy Balderson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 14th congressional district|OH-14]] |''[[David Joyce (politician)|David Joyce]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 15th congressional district|OH-15]] |''[[Mike Carey (politician)|Mike Carey]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |May 5, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=3|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 1st congressional district|OK-01]] |<s>''[[Kevin Hern]]''</s> (withdrew to run for the [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|senate]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Kevin Hern: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-kevin-hern-potential-impacts-on-key-u-s-stocks-and-sectors |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |rowspan=3|June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |<s>''Jackson Lahmeyer''</s> (endorsement rescinded)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/07/oklahoma-elections-2026-trump-endorses-jackson-lahmeyer-ok-house-district-1/89983141007/|title=Donald Trump endorses Jackson Lahmeyer in key Oklahoma primary race|last=Gladden|first=Alex|date=May 7, 2026|access-date=May 7, 2026|website=[[The Oklahoman]]}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew before Runoff |- |Mark Tedford<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Bayliss |title=Trump Rescinds Endorsement of Right-Wing Pastor After Texting Scandal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/17/us/politics/trump-lahmeyer-house-texting-scandal-tedford.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=June 19, 2026 |date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district|OK-02]] |''[[Josh Brecheen]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district|OK-03]] |[[Frank Lucas (Oklahoma politician)|''Frank Lucas'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Frank Lucas for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 4th congressional district|OK-04]] |''[[Tom Cole]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 5th congressional district|OK-05]] |''[[Stephanie Bice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Stephanie Bice for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876634662612316|access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon's 2nd congressional district|OR-02]] |''[[Cliff Bentz]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thorson |first1=Berit |title=Oregon Rep. Bentz prepares for reelection campaign |url=https://eastoregonian.com/2025/11/25/oregon-rep-bentz-prepares-for-reelection-campaign/ |website=East Oregonian |access-date=26 November 2025 |language=en |date=26 November 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district|PA-07]] |''[[Ryan Mackenzie]]''<ref name="TrumpBresnahan"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]] |''[[Rob Bresnahan]]''<ref name="TrumpBresnahan">{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district|PA-09]] |''[[Dan Meuser]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania">{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Fallon |title=A year ahead of 2026 midterms, Trump backs Scott Perry, Rob Bresnahan, and other Pennsylvania Republicans |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/pennsylvania/trump-pennsylvania-2026-midterm-endorsements-20251103.html |access-date=December 31, 2025 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]] |''[[Scott Perry]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Mark |title=Could we see Janelle Stelson take on Rep. Scott Perry again in 2026? |url=https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/03/28/could-we-see-janelle-stelson-take-on-rep-scott-perry-in-2026/82707531007/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The York Dispatch]] |date=March 28, 2025}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]] |''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district|PA-13]] |''[[John Joyce (American politician)|John Joyce]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyce announces bid for re-election |url=https://www.lewistownsentinel.com/news/local-news/2025/09/joyce-announces-bid-for-re-election/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=lewistownsentinel.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|PA-14]] |''[[Guy Reschenthaler]]''<ref name="BBB" /> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|PA-15]] |''[[Glenn Thompson (politician)|Glenn Thompson]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district|PA-16]] |''[[Mike Kelly (Pennsylvania politician)|Mike Kelly]]''<ref name="Pennsylvania"/> |May 19, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]] |''[[Joe Wilson]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 3rd congressional district|SC-03]] |''[[Sheri Biggs]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Sheri Biggs: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url= https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-sheri-biggs-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks-2#google_vignette |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}</ref> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]] |''[[William Timmons]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 7th congressional district|SC-07]] |''[[Russell Fry]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 9, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota's at-large congressional district|SD-AL]] |[[Marty Jackley]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dakota War College |date=March 12, 2026 |title=Trump endorses Marty Jackley for Congress |url=https://dakotawarcollege.com/trump-endorses-marty-jackley-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |website=Dakota War College}}</ref> |June 2, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 1st congressional district|TN-01]] |''[[Diana Harshbarger]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Murry |title=Trump endorses Diana Harshbarger for re-election |url=https://www.wjhl.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-diana-harshbarger-for-re-election/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[WJHL]] |date=November 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219141517/https://www.wjhl.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-diana-harshbarger-for-re-election/ |archive-date=December 19, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district|TN-02]] |''[[Tim Burchett]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Craik |first1=David |title=Trump's Endorsement of Burchett: A Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-burchett-a-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-etfs |website=TipRanks Premium |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]] |''[[Chuck Fleischmann]]''<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Gilliland |first1=Lew |title=Trump endorses Fleischmann for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2025/nov/03/trump-endorses-fleischmann-for-reelection-in-2026/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Chattanooga Times Free Press]] |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|TN-04]] |''[[Scott DesJarlais]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Trump's Endorsement of DesJarlais: Potential Boost for Industrial and Energy ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-desjarlais-potential-boost-for-industrial-and-energy-etfs |website=TipRanks |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]] |''[[Andy Ogles]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rau |first1=Nate |title=President Trump endorses TN Rep. Andy Ogles |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/27/president-trump-endorses-rep-andy-ogles |website=Axios |access-date=6 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]] |''[[Matt Van Epps]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1=|title=Trump endorses Matt Van Epps for re-election |url=https://trumpstruth.org/statuses/34261 |access-date=December 18, 2025 |date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]] |''[[David Kustoff]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=November 4, 2025|title=David Kustoff announces re-election campaign for U.S. Congress |url=https://www.actionnews5.com/2025/11/04/david-kustoff-announces-re-election-campaign-us-congress/# |location=[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |publisher=[[WMC-TV]] |access-date=April 6, 2026}}</ref> |August 6, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 1st congressional district|TX-01]] |''[[Nathaniel Moran]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garcia |first1=Michael |title=Trump endorses East Texas Rep. Moran for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.ketk.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-east-texas-rep-moran-for-reelection-in-2026/ |publisher=KETK |access-date=December 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220012916/https://www.ketk.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-east-texas-rep-moran-for-reelection-in-2026/ |archive-date=December 20, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 3rd congressional district|TX-03]] |''[[Keith Self]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]] |''[[Pat Fallon]]''<ref name="Holds Out">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4364124/trump-holds-out-key-texas-senate-endorsement/|title=Trump holds out on giving Cornyn key Texas Senate endorsement|last=Green|first=Lauren|date=December 30, 2025|access-date=January 3, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]] |''[[Lance Gooden]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 6th congressional district|TX-06]] |''[[Jake Ellzey]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]] |Jessica Steinmann<ref name="2/17 Downballot">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-2-live-crews-luther|title=Morning Digest: 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell challenges Democratic congresswoman in South Florida|last1=Singer|last2=Nir|first1=Jeff|first2=David|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 9th congressional district|TX-09]] |[[Alex Mealer]]<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 10th congressional district|TX-10]] |Chris Gober<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCaig |first1=Mark |title=Trump's Latest Endorsements Include Three Texas Candidates |url=https://www.thetexasvoice.com/trumps-latest-endorsements-include-three-texas-candidates/ |website=The Texas Voice |access-date=January 3, 2026 |date=December 19, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]] |''[[August Pfluger]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 12th congressional district|TX-12]] |''[[Craig Goldman]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]] |''[[Ronny Jackson]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]] |''[[Randy Weber]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]] |''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]] |''[[Pete Sessions]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]] |''<s>[[Jodey Arrington]]</s>'' (withdrew)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kinnard |first1=Meg |last2=Sweedler |first2=Maya |title=Tracking the retirement announcements of members of Congress |url=https://apnews.com/article/house-retirements-midterms-f638d386d4d1342e3a9671642dd883f6 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=December 9, 2025 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Withdrew |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 21st congressional district|TX-21]] |[[Mark Teixeira]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2026/02/trump-hails-ex-yankees-slugger-as-total-winner-in-endoresment-for-the-house.html|title=Trump hails ex-Yankees slugger as 'TOTAL WINNER' in endoresment for the House|last=Gómez|first=Manny|date=February 5, 2026|access-date=February 5, 2026|website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]] |''<s>[[Troy Nehls]]</s>'' (declined to run)<ref name="JTN"/> |rowspan=2|March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Declined |- |Trever Nehls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5634396-nehls-retiring-twin-brother/|title=Trump endorses retiring Troy Nehls's identical twin for his House seat|last=Suter|first=Tara|date=December 4, 2025|access-date=December 4, 2025|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 23rd congressional district|TX-23]] |<s>''[[Tony Gonzales]]''</s> (withdrew before Runoff, resigned)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Esquivel |first1=Erika |title=Trump endorses Congressman Tony Gonzales for re-election in Texas |url=https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-congressman-tony-gonzales-for-re-election-in-texas |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[KFOX-TV]] |date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Resigned |- |[[Brandon Herrera]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Sarah |title=Trump backs Herrera for Texas House seat after Gonzales drops bid |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5780189-trump-endorses-brandon-herrera/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> |May 26, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]] |''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]] |''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''<ref name="Holds Out"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]] |''[[Brandon Gill]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 27th congressional district|TX-27]] |''[[Michael Cloud]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 28th congressional district|TX-28]] |Tano Tijerina<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coronell Uribe |first1=Raquel |title= Trump endorses candidate running against a lawmaker he pardoned |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/trump-endorses-tano-tijerina-running-against-democrat-henry-cuellar-rcna252686 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=January 6, 2026 |date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]] |''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bahr |first1=Joseph |title=John Carter gets President Trump's endorsement|url=https://kdhnews.com/centerforpolitics/john-carter-gets-president-trump-s-endorsement/article_58701a72-5905-42e4-8a0d-b6494ba3ac9a.html/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work= KHD New |date=December 5, 2025}}</ref> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]] |Jace Yarbrough<ref name="the-downballot.com"/> |March 3, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]] |Eric Flores<ref name=":0" /> |March 3, 2026 |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 35th congressional district|TX-35]] |Carlos De La Cruz<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]] |''[[Brian Babin]]''<ref name="JTN"/> |March 3, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]] |Jon Bonck<ref name="2/17 Downballot"/> |May 26, 2026 |Open Seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 2nd congressional district|UT-02]] |''[[Blake Moore]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 3rd congressional district|UT-03]] |''[[Celeste Maloy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 4th congressional district|UT-04]] |''[[Mike Kennedy]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |June 23, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 1st congressional district|VA-01]] |''[[Rob Wittman]]''<ref name="Virginia2026">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Claire |title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/ |website=Washington Examiner |date=February 17, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]] |''[[Jen Kiggans]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]] |''[[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses John McGuire for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231401205332854 |access-date=January 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}</ref> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 6th congressional district|VA-06]] |''[[Ben Cline]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 9th congressional district|VA-09]] |''[[Morgan Griffith]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |June 16, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]] |[[John Braun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses John Braun for Congress |date=April 14, 2026 |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-john-braun-for-congress/ |work=[[NRCC]]}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Challenger |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 4th congressional district|WA-04]] |Amanda McKinney<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nir |first=David |last2=Singer |first2=Jeff |title=Morning Digest: Here's how Republican Rep. Doug LaMalfa's seat will be filled |url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-heres-how-republican |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Downballot |language=en}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]] |''[[Michael Baumgartner]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-baumgartner-potential-stock-market-impacts|title=Trump's Endorsement of Baumgartner: Potential Stock Market Impacts - TipRanks.com|website=TipRanks Financial}}</ref> |August 4, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 1st congressional district|WV-01]] |''[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leith |first=Micah |date=2025-08-19 |title=Miller officially launches re-election campaign, touts Trump endorsement |url=https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/,%20https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 2nd congressional district|WV-02]] |''[[Riley Moore]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressman Riley Moore files for re-election in West Virginia |url=https://www.wtrf.com/top-stories/congressman-riley-moore-files-for-re-election-in-west-virginia/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113114831/https://www.wtrf.com/top-stories/congressman-riley-moore-files-for-re-election-in-west-virginia/ |archive-date=2026-01-13}}</ref> |May 12, 2026 |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]] |''[[Bryan Steil]]''<ref name="BBB" /> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district|WI-03]] |''[[Derrick Van Orden]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Orden campaign: President Donald Trump endorses Congressman Van Orden for re-election |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/van-orden-campaign-president-donald-trump-endorses-congressman-van-orden-for-re-election/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=29 April 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 5th congressional district|WI-05]] |''[[Scott Fitzgerald (politician)|Scott Fitzgerald]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 6th congressional district|WI-06]] |''[[Glenn Grothman]]''<ref name="Votehub Tracker"/> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 7th congressional district|WI-07]] |Michael Alfonso<ref>{{cite web |last1=Styf |first1=Jon |title=Trump endorses Tiffany for Wisconsin governor, Alfonso for Congress |url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/wisconsin/article_4f76c73f-aae1-4fd9-b595-21af41afd309.html |website=The Center Square |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 January 2026}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 8th congressional district|WI-08]] |''[[Tony Wied]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Wied campaign: President Donald J. Trump gives Congressman Tony Wied his "Complete and Total Endorsement” for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/wied-campaign-president-donald-j-trump-gives-congressman-tony-wied-his-complete-and-total-endorsement-for-re-election-in-2026/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=3 November 2025}}</ref> |August 11, 2026 |Incumbent |TBA |} ==== 2026 state legislative special elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Primary date !Seat status !Result |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|FL HD-87]] |Jon Maples<ref>{{cite web |last=Washington |first=Wayne |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/01/14/maples-gregory-emerge-from-primaries-to-square-off-district-87-race/88177845007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=false&gca-epti=z116438p117250c117250e009450v116438&gca-ft=242&gca-ds=sophi&gnt-djm=1 |title=Maples, Gregory win District 87 primaries, move to special election |date=January 14, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026 |website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]}}</ref> |January 14, 2026 |Open |{{Icon|no}} Lost general |} ==== 2026 state legislative elections ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !State !Candidate !Office !Seat status !Primary result |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |[[Rick Roth]]<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Open Seat |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |''[[Ileana Garcia]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]] |''[[Ana Maria Rodriguez (politician)|Ana Maria Rodriguez]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Florida State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|Florida]] |''[[Meg Weinberger]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Kopylov |first=Frank |title=Trump endorses 'MAGA Meg' Weinberger for reelection to Florida House |url=https://flvoicenews.com/trump-endorses-maga-meg-weinberger-for-reelection-to-florida-house/|work=Florida's Voice |date=May 6, 2026}}</ref> |Florida State Representative |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Trevor De Vries<ref name=TrumpHill>{{cite web |last=Vakil|first=Caroline|title=Trump announces slate of Indiana endorsements ahead of May primary |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5820541-trump-endorses-indiana-republicans/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 7, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Brian Schmutzler<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Tyler Johnson (politician)|Tyler Johnson]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Liz Brown (politician)|Liz Brown]]''<ref name=ISSE>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Tom |title=Trump endorses Sen. Liz Brown, other Republicans who supported Indiana redistricting |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-sen-liz-brown-other-republicans-who-supported-indiana-redistricting/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=March 24, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Blake Fiechter<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowley |first=Dick |title=President Trump endorses Bluffton councilman for Indiana State Senate race |url=https://www.wane.com/news/your-local-election-hq/president-trump-endorses-bluffton-councilman-for-indiana-state-senate-race/ |work=[[WANE-TV]] |date=January 22, 2026 |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124080505/https://www.wane.com/news/your-local-election-hq/president-trump-endorses-bluffton-councilman-for-indiana-state-senate-race/ |archive-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Tracey Powell<ref>{{cite web |last=Knox|first=Brady|title=Trump backs challenger to Indiana state senator who voted against redistricting|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/state/4434813/trump-endorsement-indiana-state-senator-redistricting/|work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=January 26, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Ron Alting]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Paula Copenhaver <ref name=ISS_Hill>{{cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |title=Trump endorses challengers to Indiana Republicans who opposed redistricting|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5710240-indiana-gop-senators-redistricting-trump/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=January 28, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |TBD |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Mike Gaskill]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Scott Alexander (Indiana politician)|Scott Alexander]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Jeff Raatz]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |Brenda Wilson<ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Austin |title=President Trump endorses candidate running against Indiana senator who voted no on redistricting |url=https://fox59.com/news/president-trump-endorses-candidate-running-against-indiana-senator-who-voted-no-on-redistricting/ |work=[[WXIN|Fox 59]] |date=January 27, 2026 |access-date=July 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129051416/https://fox59.com/news/president-trump-endorses-candidate-running-against-indiana-senator-who-voted-no-on-redistricting/ |archive-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |[[Jeff Ellington]]<ref name=ISS_Hill/> |Indiana State Senator |Open seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |[[Michelle Davis (politician)|Michelle Davis]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Tom |title=Trump posts endorsement of Republican challenger to Indiana redistricting foe |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-posts-endorsement-of-republican-challenger-to-indiana-redistricting-foe/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=January 26, 2026}}</ref> |Indiana State Senator |Challenger |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Randy Maxwell]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Chris Garten]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Gary Byrne (politician)|Gary Byrne]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Daryl Schmitt]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]] |''[[Jim Tomes]]''<ref name=ISSE/> |Indiana State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Jim Pressel]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Craig Snow]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Jeff Thompson (Indiana politician)|Jeff Thompson]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Heath VanNatter]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Beau Baird]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Bruce Borders]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Bob Heaton]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Tony Isa]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Ben Smaltz]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]] |''[[Martin Carbaugh]]''<ref name ="TrumpHill"/> |Indiana State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 North Carolina Senate election|North Carolina]] |''[[Phil Berger (politician)|Phil Berger]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=December 15, 2025 |title=Trump makes endorsement in Berger-Page race. How much does it matter? |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article313622632.html |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=[[Raleigh News & Observer]]}}</ref> |North Carolina State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|no}} Lost primary |- |{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 Tennessee House of Representatives election|Tennessee]] |Kenny Cody<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakerell-Cruz |first=Roberto |date=May 21, 2026 |title=BREAKING: President Trump endorses Human Events' Kenny Cody for Tennessee House — 'MAGA Warrior' |url=https://thepostmillennial.com/breaking-president-trump-endorses-human-events-kenny-cody-for-tennessee-house-maga-warrior |access-date=May 24, 2026 |website=[[The Post Millennial]]}}</ref> |Tennessee State Representative |Open Seat |TBA |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]] |''[[Kevin Sparks]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuviello |first=Michael |title=Texas Senator Kevin Sparks launches reelection bid with Trump endorsement |url=https://www.amarillo.com/story/news/2025/08/21/sen-kevin-sparks-seeks-reelection-to-texas-senate-with-trump-backing/85745327007/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Amarillo Globe-News |language=en-US}}</ref> |Texas State Senator |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]] |[[David Cook (Texas politician)|David Cook]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Witherspoon |first=Tommy |date=2025-08-19 |title=Hewitt attorney Jon Ker drops out of state senate race after Trump endorses opponent |url=https://www.kwtx.com/2025/08/19/hewitt-attorney-jon-ker-drops-out-state-senate-race-after-trump-endorses-opponent/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |publisher=KWTX |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Senator |Open seat |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Brian Harrison (Texas politician)|Brian Harrison]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Harrison announces for reelection to Texas house with "complete and total endorsement" from President Trump |url=https://www.waxahachiesun.com/news/local/harrison-announces-for-reelection-to-texas-house-with-complete-and-total-endorsement-from-president-trump/article_0b82c501-61bd-4c79-b719-f895cc0c092c.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Waxahachie Sun |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Angelia Orr]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Jeff Leach (politician)|Jeff Leach]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2025 |title=Jeff Leach launches re-election campaign for Texas House seat|url= https://princetonherald.com/2025/07/24/jeff-leach-launches-re-election-campaign-for-texas-house-seat/ |access-date= 2026-02-12}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Tom Craddick]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Price|first=Tamlyn|url=https://www.firstalert7.com/2025/07/10/president-trump-endorses-state-rep-tom-craddick-re-election-texas-house/|title=President Trump endorses State Rep. Tom Craddick for re-election to Texas House|publisher=FirstAlert7 CBS|date=July 10, 2025|access-date=August 21, 2025}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Dustin Burrows]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=U.S. President Trump endorses Texas House Speaker Rep. Burrows of Lubbock for re-election |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/politics/government/2025/07/10/u-s-president-donald-trump-backs-texas-house-speaker-rep-dustin-burrows-of-lubbock-for-re-election/84527740007/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en}}</ref> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]] |''[[Candy Noble]]''<ref name="Virginia2026"/> |Texas State Representative |Incumbent |{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary |} ==International== ===Argentina=== ==== 2027 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[President of Argentina]] |[[Javier Milei]]<BR>([[La Libertad Avanza]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/115254544745193117 |access-date=2025-09-23 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |[[2027 Argentine general election|TBA]] |} ===Armenia=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Prime Minister of Armenia]] |[[Nikol Pashinyan]]<br>([[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116648998520896910 |access-date=2026-05-28 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Armenian parliamentary election|Elected prime minister]]''' |} ===Brazil=== ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[President of Brazil]] |[[Jair Bolsonaro]]<br>([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-endorses-bolsonaro-brazilian-president-9-criminal-charges-recommended-2021-10|title=Trump lauds 'great friend' Jair Bolsonaro, as the Brazilian president has 9 criminal charges recommended against him|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last1=Oshin | first1=Olafimihan |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/americas/578626-trump-issues-endorsement-for-bolsonaro/|title=Trump issues endorsement for Bolsonaro| work=The Hill |date=26 October 2021}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2022 Brazilian general election|election]] |} === Colombia === ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[President of Colombia]] |[[Abelardo de la Espriella]]<br>([[Defenders of the Homeland (Colombia)|Defenders of the Homeland]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correal |first=Annie |date=2026-06-03 |title=Trump Endorses Abelardo De La Espriella, Right-Wing Presidential Candidate in Colombia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/02/world/americas/trump-endorses-colombia-de-la-espriella.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Colombian presidential election|Elected President]]''' |} === Honduras === ==== 2025 ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{Flag icon|Honduras}} [[President of Honduras]] |[[Nasry Asfura]]<br>([[National Party of Honduras|National Party]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrada |first=Trisha Kae |date=2025-11-29 |title=Trump Says He Will Pardon Honduran Ex-President Juan Orlando Hernández and Backs Tito Asfura Ahead of Election |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/trump-says-he-will-pardon-honduran-ex-president-juan-orlando-hernandez-backs-tito-asfura-ahead-1758898 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2025 Honduran general election|Elected president]]''' |} ===Hungary=== ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] |[[Viktor Orbán]]<BR>([[Fidesz]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/03/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary-526383|title=Trump endorses Hungary's Orbán for reelection|website=[[Politico]]| date=January 3, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/us/politics/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary.html|title=Trump Endorses Viktor Orban, Hungary's Far-Right Prime Minister|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2022|last1=Goldmacher|first1=Shane}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Fidesz]] won the [[2022 Hungarian general election|election]] with a [[supermajority]] of seats and '''Orbán remained Prime Minister''' |} ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] |[[Viktor Orbán]]<BR>([[Fidesz]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe's right-wing elite (and Netanyahu) endorse Orbán in Hungary election race|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-right-wing-elite-netanyahu-endorse-orban-hungary-election/|website=Politico Europe |access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref> |{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2026 Hungarian parliamentary election|election]] |} ===Iraq=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] |[[Ali al-Zaidi]]<br>([[Coordination Framework]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/the-u-s-tied-his-bank-to-iran-proxies-now-hes-trumps-choice-to-run-iraq-ea6117ae?eafs_enabled=false|title=The U.S. Tied His Bank to Iran Proxies. Now He’s Trump’s Choice to Run Iraq.|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 10, 2026}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' The office is selected by Iraq's parliamentary process rather than by direct popular election following the aftermath of the [[2025 Iraqi parliamentary election]]. |} ===Israel=== ==== 2013 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]] |[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br>([[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-trump-endorses-netanyahu-for-pm/|title=Donald Trump endorses Netanyahu for PM|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=January 15, 2013 }}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] won a plurality of seats in the [[2013 Israeli legislative election|election]] and formed a [[coalition government]] alongside other parties, with '''Netanyahu chosen as Prime Minister''' |} ==== 2019 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]] |[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]<br>([[Likud]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205154900/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2019|title=Trump Takes to Instagram to Endorse Netanyahu Campaign Billboard – Featuring Himself|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> |{{Icon|aa}}/{{Icon|no}} [[Likud]] won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of seats, but no party obtained an outright [[majority]], resulting in an [[hung Parliament]] and in the calling of a [[snap election]], which was held in [[September 2019 Israeli legislative election|September 2019]]; Netanyahu remained in office as [[caretaker government|caretaker]] Prime Minister |} === Italy === ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Prime Minister of Italy]] | [[Giuseppe Conte]]<br>([[Five Star Movement]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/trump_conte_elezioni_endorsement_repubblicani_cinque_stelle-6911423.html|title=Donald Trump tifa per Conte: "Come sta andando il mio ragazzo Giuseppe". Ecco cosa c'è dietro l'endorsement|date=September 6, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2022/09/05/news/trump_conte_salvini_elezioni_italia-364337667/|title=A cena con Trump, che ignora Salvini e fa un endorsement per Conte: 'Come sta andando il mio Giuseppe?'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=5 September 2022|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|no}}''' The Five Star Movement won a minority of seats in the [[2022 Italian general election|election]] and became part of the [[parliamentary opposition|opposition]] |} ===Japan=== ==== 2026 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Prime Minister of Japan]] |[[Sanae Takaichi]]<BR>([[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116019257556623305 |access-date=2026-02-05 |via=Truth Social}}</ref> |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2026 Japanese general election|Elected]]''' |} ===Poland=== ====2025==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Position !Candidate !Results |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[President of Poland]] | [[Karol Nawrocki]]<br>([[Law and Justice]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trump-meets-polish-nationalist-candidate-ahead-presidential-election-2025-05-02/|title= Trump meets Polish nationalist candidate ahead of presidential election |date=2025-05-02|access-date=2025-05-02|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> | '''{{icon|aa}} [[2025 Polish presidential election|Elected]]''' |} ===UK=== ==== 2016 ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Referendum !Option !Results |- |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]] |[[Brexit|"Leave the European Union"]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/05/donald-trump-brexit-uk-leaving-european-union|title=Donald Trump backs Brexit, saying UK would be 'better off' without EU|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> |'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Won''' |} ==== 2019 ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Election !Position !Candidate !Result |- |{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election]] |[[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] |[[Boris Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=2019-07-19 |title=Donald Trump offers his backing to Boris Johnson to become PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/19/donald-trump-offers-his-backing-to-boris-johnson-to-become-pm |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election|Elected]]''' |- |{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election]] |[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |Boris Johnson<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.the-independent.com/tv/news/trump-endorses-boris-election-politics-interference-b2635534.html |title=Donald Trump endorses Boris Johnson in 2019 general election, resurfaced clip shows |date=2024-10-25 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-02 |via=The Independent}}</ref> ([[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]) |'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election|Elected]] with an outright majority''' |} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Mazu ghakulongosora== {{Notelist}} ==Malo ghakuwalo== * {{Ballotpedia|Endorsements_by_Donald_Trump|Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045706/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news Chigaŵa cha nkhani pa DonaldJTrump.com] {{Donald Trump}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}} [[Category:Uteŵeti wa ndyali wa Donald Trump]] [[Category:Vyakukhozgera vya ndyali|Trump, Donald]] [[Category:Maŵanaŵaniro gha ndyali gha ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States|Trump, Donald]] [[Category:Trumpism]] fl257q711el7f3k40jwoj7bi9fu9zcq 0 47778 122611 122359 2026-09-28T02:19:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Banja la ku America la bizinesi na ndale}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=August 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox family | name = Banja la Trump | image = {{multiple image |align=center |direction=horizontal |border=infobox |image1=Frederick Trump (cropped).jpg |width1=92 |caption1=[[Frederick Trump]] |image2=Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg |width2=92 |caption2=[[Fred Trump]] |image3=Donald Trump in the Oval Office, June 2017 (cropped) (b).jpg |width3=96 |caption3=[[Donald Trump]] | total_width = }} | founder = Frederick Trump | origin = [[Kallstadt]], Germany | region = [[Msumba wa New York]] na [[Palm Beach, Florida]], U.S. | members = {{Collapsible list|[[Frederick Trump|Frederick]]|[[Fred Trump|Fred]]|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Fred Trump III|Fred III]]|[[Mary L. Trump|Mary]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Kai Trump|Kai]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|[[Barron Trump|Barron]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]|[[John G. Trump|John]]}} | connectedmembers = [[Elizabeth Christ Trump]][[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne Trump]][[John W. Walter]][[Melania Trump]][[Jared Kushner]][[Lara Trump]][[Michael Boulos]] | otherfamilies = [[Fuko la MacLeod]][[Banja la Kushner]] | current head = Donald Trump | titles = {{Collapsible list | [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] ([[Ulongozgi wakwamba wa Donald Trump|wa 45]] & [[Ulongozgi wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump|wa 47]]) | [[Mama wakwamba wa United States]] | [[Ofesi ya White House|Mulongozgi wa Ofesi ya Economic Initiatives and Entrepreneurship]] | [[Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti wa United States#Mndandanda wa alangizi ŵa pulezidenti|Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti]] | [[Mweruzgi wa boma la United States]] (wa [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey|Khoti la Chigaŵa la New Jersey]] na [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu|Khoti la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]]) | [[Udindo wa mweruzgi mukuru|Mweruzgi mukuru]] wa Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu | [[Republican National Committee|Wachiŵiri Mulongozgi wa Republican National Committee]] }} }} {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Life and business}} '''Banja la Trump''' ni banja lakumanyikwa chomene la ku America ilo lili na usambazi ukuru. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu banja ili ni [[Donald Trump]], mutu wa banja, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa 45 ndipo sono ni pulezidenti wa 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] (2017–2021, 2025–sono). Ŵa Trump mba [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa German]].{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |title=Scottish Roots – Donald Trump |website=Scottish Roots |access-date=January 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235639/https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |url-status=live }} Mbakuchita bizinesi, vyakusanguluska, ndale, na vya malo na nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa mu banja ili ni awiske ŵa Donald Trump [[Fred Trump]], na sekuru ŵake [[Frederick Trump]]. == Banja lapafupi == === Mutu wa banja === ==== Donald Trump ==== {{Main|Donald Trump}} === Wives === ==== Ivana Trump ==== {{Main|Ivana Trump}} Ivana Marie Trump ({{née| Zelníčková}}), muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa February 20, 1949, mu [[Zlín]], [[Czechoslovakia]] (sono [[Czech Republic]]). Wakaŵa wakuwoneska mafashoni na mwanakazi wa bizinesi uyo wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States mu 1988. Ŵakaŵa pa nthengwa kufuma mu 1977 m'paka 1990. Ivana wakafwa mu 2022 chifukwa cha [[Vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono|vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono]] pa [[Chifuŵa|chigaŵa cha thupi]] pamanyuma pakuti wawa pa masitepu pa nyumba yake ku [[Upper East Side]] ya [[Manhattan]]. Ivana wakaŵa mukuru wa [[Trump Organization]] kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, kusazgapo udindo wa vice president mukuru wa kapangidwe ka mukati mwa nyumba. Wakalongozga kapangidwe ka mukati mwa [[Trump Tower]] uko kukamanyikwa na malibwe gha pink marble. Ivana wakimikika kuŵa CEO kweniso pulezidenti wa [[Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] mu [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa [[Plaza Hotel]] mu Manhattan. ==== Marla Maples ==== {{main|Marla Maples}} Marla Ann Maples, muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa October 27, 1963, mu [[Cohutta, Georgia]], U.S. Wakaŵa mulembi wa mafilimu, munthu wakumanyikwa pa kanema wa pa TV, wakuwoneska mafashoni, wakwimba sumu ndiposo wakulongozga mapulogalamu. Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu December 1993, myezi yiŵiri pamanyuma pa kubabika kwa mwana wawo mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], ŵakapatukana mu 1997 ndipo ŵakaparana mu 1999. ==== Melania Trump ==== {{Main|Melania Trump}} Melania Trump ({{née|Knauss}}), muwoli wachitatu ndiposo wa sono wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa April 26, 1970, mu [[Novo Mesto]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (sono [[Slovenia]]). Wakaŵa na ntchito yitali ya kuwoneska mafashoni ndipo ni mama wakwamba wachiŵiri wa ku United States wakubabikira ku charu chinyake, wakwamba wakaŵa [[Louisa Adams]]. Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu 2005. Melania wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States pa July 28, 2006. Wakasamukira nyengo yeneyiyo yayi ku [[White House]] apo mfumu wake yikazgoka pulezidenti, kweni wakakhala ku [[Trump Tower]] pamoza na mwana wawo [[Barron Trump]] m'pakaumaliro wa chaka cha masambiro cha 2016–2017. Melania na mwana wake ŵakasamukira ku White House pa June 11, 2017. === Ŵana === {{See also|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump]]|l1=Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples]]|l2=#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump]]|l3=#Donald na Melania Trump}} Trump wali na ŵana ŵankhondi kufuma ku nthengwa zitatu: [[Donald Trump Jr.|Don{{spaces}}Jr.]], [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], na [[Eric Trump]] na [[Ivana Trump]]; [[Tiffany Trump]] na [[Marla Maples]]; kweniso [[Barron Trump|Barron]] na [[Melania Trump]]. ==== Nthengwa yakwamba ==== {{Main|Donald Trump Jr.|Ivanka Trump|Eric Trump}} Donald Jr., Ivanka, na Eric mbaŵana ŵatatu ŵalara chomene ŵa Trump, kufuma ku nthengwa yake yakwamba na [[Ivana Trump]]. Pambere visola vindachitike, waliyose wa ŵabali aŵa wakaŵa na udindo wa vice president mukuru pa [[Trump Organization]]. Pa nyengo ya kampeni, ŵakimilira awiske pa mapulogalamu gha nkhani gha charu chose. Pamanyuma pakuti Trump watonda pa visola, wose ŵatatu ŵakasankhika ku [[gulu la kusinthana kwa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti]]. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiskika mu udindo, Donald{{spaces}}Jr. na Eric ŵakapokera ulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba ya malo na nyumba. Ivanka wakasamukira ku [[Washington, D.C.]], pamoza na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa [[Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Pulezidenti wa United States|mulongozgi mukuru wa White House]]. ==== Nthengwa yachiŵiri ==== {{Main|Tiffany Trump}} Tiffany Ariana Trump (wakababika pa October 13, 1993) ni mwana yekha wa Donald Trump na [[Marla Maples]]. Mu 2016, wakachitako pachoko waka pa kampeni ya awiske chifukwa wakasambiranga [[Sociology|sociology]] na [[Urban studies|masambiro gha misumba]] pa [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]]. Pati pajumpha kanyengo kachoko waka kufuma apo wakamalizgira masambiro ghake, wakayowoya mazgu ghakukhozgera awiske pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016]] apo wakaŵa na vyaka 22. Wakapokera digiri ya [[Doctor of Jurisprudence|J.D.]] kufuma ku [[Georgetown University Law Center]] mu [[Washington, D.C.]], mu May 2020. ==== Nthengwa yachitatu ==== {{main|Barron Trump}} [[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Barron Trump mu 2025]] Barron William Trump (wakababika pa March 20, 2006) ni mwana muchoko chomene wa Trump ndiposo mwana wake yekha na [[Melania Trump]]. Mu May 2006, Barron waka[[Ubapatizo|batizika]] ku tchalitchi la [[Tchalitchi la Episcopal (United States)|Episcopal]] la [[Bethesda-by-the-Sea]] ku Palm Beach, Florida. Wakasambira pa [[Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School]] mu [[Manhattan]] na [[Oxbridge Academy (Florida)|Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach, Florida]]. Sono wakusambira pa [[Leonard N. Stern School of Business]] ya [[Yunivesite ya New York]] mu [[Manhattan]]. Padera pa [[Chingelezi|Chingelezi]], Barron wakuyowoya makora [[Chislovenia]]. Trump wakaŵa munthu wambura kunjilirapo mu ndale pa nyengo ya maulamuliro gha awiske, kweni wakakopa chidwi cha vyakupharazga nkhani nangauli Melania wakayezgayezga kulekeska mwana wake kulekana na ndale. Pamanyuma pakuti nyengo yakwamba ya ulamuliro wa awiske yamara, wakasamukira ku Florida ndipo wakamalizga masambiro mu May 2024 pa [[Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach]]. Trump wakachemeka kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa Florida pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2024]], kweni wakakana. === Ŵazukuru === Trump wali na ŵazukuru 11. Mwana wake [[Donald Trump Jr.]] na muwoli wake wakale [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa]] ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi, mukuru wawo ni [[Kai Trump|Kai]]; mwana wake mwanakazi [[Ivanka Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]] ŵali na ŵana ŵatatu; mwana wake [[Eric Trump]] na muwoli wake [[Lara Trump|Lara]] ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri; ndipo mwana wake mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Michael Boulos]] ŵali na mwana yumoza. == Uthenga wa mphapu == [[File:Kallstadt Hauptstrasse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kallstadt]], Germany, uko banja la Trump likwambira]] Kuyana na mulembi wa mbiri [[Gwenda Blair]], banja ili likafuma kwa loya wakwendakwenda zina lake Hanns Drumpf, uyo wakakhazikika mu [[Kallstadt]], msumba uchoko mu [[Electoral Palatinate]] wa [[Holy Roman Empire]], mu 1608, ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵakasintha zina la mbumba kufuma ku Drumpf kuya ku Trump pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makhumi Ghatatu]] (1618–1648). Zina la Trump likusangika mu mabuku gha Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1700. Mupharazgi wa nkhani Kate Connolly, wakati waluta ku Kallstadt, wakasanga mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kalembero ka zina la mbumba mu mabuku gha msumba, kusazgapo Drumb, Tromb, Tromp, Trum, Trumpff, na Dromb. Johannes Trump, wakababikira mu msumba wapafupi wa [[Bobenheim am Berg]] mu 1789, wakaŵa mulimi wa mpheska mu Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1830, apo malo agha ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]], uko muzukuru wake [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]], sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, wakababikira mu 1869. Ŵanandi mwa mphapu zake nawo ŵakaŵa [[Ŵalimi ŵa mpheska|ŵalimi ŵa mpheska]] mu Kallstadt, yimoza mwa misumba yinandi ya chigaŵa chakumanyikwa cha kulima mpheska cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] (''Pfalz''). Mudumbu wa Johannes Trump, Charlotte Louisa, wakatora Johann Georg Heinz. Ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa [[Henry J. Heinz]] (1844–1919), uyo wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]. Mphapu iyi ya Chijeremani yikabiskika kwa nyengo yitali na awiske ŵa Donald Trump, [[Fred Trump]], awo ŵakakulira mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chijeremani m'paka apo ŵakaŵa na vyaka 10;Blair, ''The Trumps'', p. 115. pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] m'paka m'ma 1980, ŵakaphaliranga ŵanthu kuti ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya ku Sweden. Donald Trump nayo wakawerezgapo fundo iyi mu ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), kweni pamanyuma wakati wakunyadira mphapu yake ya Chijeremani, ndipo wakaŵa [[Grand marshal|grand marshal]] wa [[German-American Steuben Parade]] wa 1999 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Banja la Trump ku Germany likaŵa la [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]].The small town of Kallstadt has only one religious building, the Central Lutheran church. See [[Kallstadt]] for more information. Apapi ŵa Donald Trump ŵakasopanga ku [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens]], uko Trump waka[[Confirmation|khwaskika mu chisimikizgo]] mu 1959. === Mndandanda === {{Tree list}} [[File:Trumpoathofoffice2025.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: [[Barron Trump]], [[Donald Trump Jr.]], [[Eric Trump]], [[Ivanka Trump]], [[Tiffany Trump]], na [[Kai Trump]] (''kumanyuma kwa Tiffany'') pa [[Kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025|kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025]].]] {{Tree list/final branch}} Johann Paul Trump (1727–1792), wakatora Maria Elisabetha Setzer ** Charlotte Louisa Trump (1789–1833), wakatora Johann Georg Heinz *** John Henry Heinz (1811–1891), wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840, wakatora Anna Margaretha Schmidt (1822–1899), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |pages= 28–29}} **** [[Henry J. Heinz|Henry John Heinz]] (1844–1919), wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |page= 28}} ***** Howard Heinz (1877–1941) ****** [[Jack Heinz|Henry John "Jack" Heinz II]] (1908–1987), CEO wa [[Heinz|H. J. Heinz Company]], wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Joan Diehl (1911–1999) ******* [[John Heinz|Henry John Heinz III]], [[Mubali wa Congress ya United States|Mubali wa Congress]] ndipo pamanyuma [[Mndandanda wa ŵaseneta ŵa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania|Seneta wa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania]] (1938–1991), wakatora [[Teresa Heinz|Teresa Simões-Ferreira]] (wakababika mu 1938), uyo pamanyuma wakatoraso [[John Kerry]] ******** [[André Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1969) ******** [[Christopher Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1973) ** {{Tree list/final branch}} Johannes Trump (1789–1835), wakatora Susanna Maria Bechtloff *** Johannes Trump Jr. (1829–1877), wakatora Katharina Kober (1836–1922){{cite book | last = Blair | first = Gwenda | author-link = Gwenda Blair | title = The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate | publisher = Simon & Schuster | edition = 1st | date = 2001 | page = [https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 27] | url = https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 | isbn = 9780743210799 }} **** [[Friedrich Trump]] (1869–1918), wakumeta sisi, mulembi wa malo ghakurya na mahotelo, wakasamukira ku United States mu 1885/1905, ndipo wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] (1880–1966), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1902/1905. ***** Elizabeth (Elisabeth) Trump (1904–1961), wakatora William Otto Walter ****** William Trump Walter (1931–2020) ****** [[John Whitney Walter]] (1934–2018), wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mulembi wa mbiri ya banja la Trump", meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi wa mbiri ya msumba uwu,[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815192005/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html |date=August 15, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'' wakatora Joan Smith{{cite web|url=https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|title=John Walter, Flower Hill mayor and cousin of the president, dies|date=January 10, 2018|publisher=The Island Now|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052147/https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|title=Obituary of John Walter – Fairchild and Sons Funeral Chapel Inc.|website=fairchildsons.com|access-date=August 15, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052150/https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052150/https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|url-status=live}} ******* Christine Walter ******* Nancy Walter ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} Cindy Walter ***** [[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump]] (1905–1999), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, wakatora [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary MacLeod]] (1912–2000), uyo wakasamukira ku United States kufuma ku [[Scotland]] mu 1930. ****** [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne Trump]] (1937–2023), mweruzgi wa boma, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na David Desmond; pamanyuma wakatora John Barry ******* David William Desmond, wakatora Lisa Aitken ****** [[Fred Trump Jr.|Frederick Crist "Freddy" Trump Jr.]] (1938–1981), wakwendeska ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]],{{Cite news |first=Gerber |last=Drew |date=August 3, 2016 |url=http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |title=Trump's Brother Rebelled Against Their Authoritarian Father By Joining a Jewish Frat |newspaper=[[The Forward]] |access-date=January 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120165856/http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |url-status=live }} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Linda Clapp ******* [[Fred Trump III|Frederick Crist "Fritz" Trump III]] (wakababika mu 1962), wakatora Lisa Beth Lorant{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant|date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|title=Trump family gives back to agency that helps developmental disabled|date=June 10, 2013|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052157/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|url-status=live}} ******** Cristopher Trump ******** Andrea Trump ******** William Trump ******* [[Mary Lea Trump]] (wakababika mu 1965), wakusambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu, mulembi, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Dina Nowak ******** {{Tree list/final branch}} Avary Trump{{cite news |last1=Phelps |first1=Rob |title=Mary L. Trump on her life as an openly gay member of the First Family |url=https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |publisher=Boston Spirit Magazine |date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714234334/https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |url-status=live }} ****** Elizabeth Joan Trump (wakababika mu 1942), wakatora James Walter Grau ****** '''[[Donald Trump|Donald John Trump]]''' (wakababika mu 1946), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]] (1949–2022); wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Marla Maples]]; wakatora [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]] ******* [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald John Trump Jr.]] (wakababika mu 1977; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Vanessa Haydon]]; wakatora [[Bettina Anderson]] ******** [[Kai Trump|Kai Madison Trump]] (wakababika mu 2007; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Donald John Trump III (wakababika mu 2009; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Tristan Milos Trump (wakababika mu 2011; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Spencer Frederick Trump (wakababika mu 2012; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Chloe Sophia Trump (wakababika mu 2014; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******* [[Ivanka Trump|Ivana Marie "Ivanka" Trump]] (wakababika mu 1981; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Jared Kushner]] ******** Arabella Rose Kushner (wakababika mu 2011) ******** Joseph Frederick Kushner (wakababika mu 2013) ******** Theodore James Kushner (wakababika mu 2016) ******* [[Eric Trump|Eric Frederick Trump]] (wakababika mu 1984; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Lara Yunaska]] ******** Eric Luke Trump (wakababika mu 2017) ******** Carolina Dorothy Trump (wakababika mu 2019) ******* [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany Ariana Trump]] (wakababika mu 1993; wa nthengwa yachiŵiri), wakatora [[Michael Boulos]] ******** Alexander Trump Boulos (wakababika mu 2025) ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Barron Trump|Barron William Trump]] (wakababika mu 2006; wa nthengwa yachitatu) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Robert Trump|Robert Stewart Trump]] (1948–2020),{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August 15, 2020|agency=Fox News|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]];{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|title=Michael Kors, Anna Wintour, Kate Hudson and Blaine Trump at God's Love We Deliver Gala|date=October 18, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005439/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|url-status=live |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jacob }} pamanyuma wakatora Ann Marie Pallan ***** [[John G. Trump|John George Trump]] (1907–1985), wakatora Elora Gordon Sauerbrun (1913–1983) ****** John Gordon Trump (1938–2012) ****** Christine Elora Trump Philp (1942–2021) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} Karen Elizabeth Trump Ingraham (wakababika mu 1949) {{Tree list/end}} {{Trump family tree}} == Ŵapapi == === Fred Trump === {{Main|Fred Trump}} [[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Trump]] mu 1986]] Wiske wa Donald Trump, Fred Trump (1905–1999), wakababikira mu New York, wakaŵa munthu wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba wakuchita makora chomene mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Pakugwiliskira ntchito chiharo chawo, Fred Trump na anyina Elizabeth ŵakambiska kampani ya E. Trump & Son mu 1927.{{cite news|date=April 16, 1927|title=New concerns function with Queens capital|page=16|newspaper=The Daily Star|quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty.}} Kampani iyi yikakura ndipo yikazenga na kulaŵilira nyumba za mbumba yimoza mu [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵasilikari na maapartment gha munda gha ŵantchito ŵa [[Nkhondo ya pa Nyanja ya United States|U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuru ghakuzengera ngalaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi, kweniso maapartment ghakujumpha 27,000 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Trump wakafufuzika na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[Kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga mu bizinesi|kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga]] mu 1954, ndipo so na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=213–216}} Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa bizinesi ya malo na nyumba ya wiske wake mu 1971, ndipo wakayizunura zina lakuti Trump Organization pafupifupi mu 1973. Chaka chenechicho, Donald na wiske ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu|Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu cha Dipatimenti ya Malango ya U.S.]] chifukwa cha kuswa [[Dango la Nyumba Zakwenelera kwa Wose]]. Pakati pa m'ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa wiske wake zakujumpha $14{{spaces}} miliyoni (pamanyuma Donald wakati zikaŵa $1{{spaces}} miliyoni pera). Donald wakateŵetera nga ni mulaŵiliri mukuru na pulezidenti wa Trump Organization mpaka wakati waŵa [[Pulezidenti wa United States|Pulezidenti wa U.S.]]. === Mary Anne MacLeod Trump === {{Main|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump}} {{further|MacLeod}} Wakababika nga ni Mary Anne MacLeod (1912–2000) ku [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], mizi uchoko kufupi na [[Stornoway]], mu [[Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vya Scotland|Western Isles]] vya Scotland. Wakaŵa mwana wa mulovi Malcolm MacLeod na Mary MacLeod ({{née|Smith}}). Wakati waŵa na vyaka 17, wakasamukira ku United States na madola 50 pera ({{Inflation|index=US|value=50|start_year=1929|fmt=eq}}), ndipo wakakhala na mudumbu wake pambere wandambe ntchito ya [[Muteŵeti wa pa nyumba|muteŵeti wa pa nyumba]] mu New York. Mary na Fred Trump ŵakakumana mu New York ndipo ŵakatorana mu 1936, na kukhazikika pamoza mu [[Queens]]. Mary wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States mu 1942. Apo Donald Trump wakaluta ku Scotland mu Juni 2008, wakati, "Nkhujipulika kuti nili wa ku Scotland." == Ŵasekuru == === Frederick Trump === {{Main|Frederick Trump}} Mu 1885, sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, Friedrich Trump, ŵakasamuka kufuma ku Kallstadt, Palatinate (pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]) kuluta ku United States apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16. Wakasintha zina lake ku Chingelezi kuŵa ''Frederick'' mu 1892 apo wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States. Pa nyengo ya [[Kudumbuka kwa golide kwa Klondike]], wakasanga usambazi mwa kujura malo ghakurya na hotelo ku [[Bennett, British Columbia|Bennett]] ndipo pamanyuma ku [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]], uko wakateŵeteranga [[Ŵakupenja golide|ŵakupenja golide]] awo ŵakalutanga ku chigaŵa ichi. Mulembi munyake wa mbiri wakalemba kuti bizinesi iyi yikaŵaso na nyumba ya uhule, ivyo Donald Trump wakati "mbutesi kwambura unenesko". Wakati wawelera ku Kallstadt mu 1901, Frederick wakatemwa Elisabeth Christ. Ŵakatorana mu 1902 ndipo ŵakaweleraso ku United States. Kweni Elisabeth wakakhumbanga kwawo, ntheura ŵakawelera ku Germany. Ndipouli, boma likamukanizga Frederick kukhazikika kwenekuko ndipo likamuchimbizga mu Germany mu 1905 chifukwa chakuti wakateŵetera yayi usilikari uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa ndipo wakaphalira yayi boma apo wakafumanga mu 1885. Kupempha kwake kukakanika. Wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha nthenda ya [[Nthenda ya chimfine ya ku Spain]] mu 1918. Wakati wafwa, usambazi wake ukapokelereka na muwoli wake na mwana wake. === Elizabeth Christ Trump === {{Main|Elizabeth Christ Trump}} Donald Trump's grandmother, Elizabeth Christ Trump, was born in 1880 and died on June 6, 1966. She married Frederick Trump in 1902 and moved to the United States with him. Like her husband, she was a native of Kallstadt, born as the daughter of Philipp and Marie Christ. Philipp Christ was descended from Johannes Christ of [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump was a descendant of organ builder [[Johann Michael Hartung]] through her paternal grandmother Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS: Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siblings == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) was Donald Trump's eldest sister. She was a senior [[United States federal judge|federal judge]] on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court of Appeals]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> became inactive in 2017 after her brother took office, and retired in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0">{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref> was Donald Trump's older brother. On September 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> at the age of 42, he died from a heart attack.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (born 1942) is an older sister of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1989, she married film producer James Grau.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She worked as an administrative assistant for [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> before retiring to Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2026, she is the only living sibling of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Donald Trump gogo wawo, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakasamukira nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakaŵa wakwawo ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakababika nga ni mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakaŵa mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa ku [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya munthu wakazenganga maorgani, [[Johann Michael Hartung]], kwizira mwa gogo wawo wa kwa awiske, Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS](https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS): Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November](https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November) 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Abali na ŵadumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la United States la Madandawuro la Dera Lachitatu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's) sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August) 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakaŵa pulezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0"/> wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha matenda gha mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1989, wakatorana na James Grau, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Wakagwirapo ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> pambere wandapumure na kusamukira ku Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=[https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May](https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mudumbu wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa munung'una wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chabba|first1=Seerat|title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings?|url=[https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March](https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March) 23, 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|agency=[[Yahoo News]]|date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March](https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March) 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalaŵiliranga Trump Management Inc, iyo yikalaŵiliranga nyumba na malo gha Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=454}} Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 28, 1987|title=The Winning Ways of Blaine Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February) 11, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January](https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January) 27, 2017}}</ref> Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti Robert wasiya muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization, Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |title=Robert Trump obituary |date=August 17, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |url-status=live }}</ref> Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 16, 2020|title=Robert Trump: brother of president Donald Trump dies aged 71|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}})</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August](https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August) 16, 2020|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}})</ref> Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[kukha magazi mu ubongo|kukha magazi mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karni|first=Annie|author-link=Annie Karni|date=August 15, 2020|title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}})</ref> == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} John George Trump (1907–1985), dada munyake wa Donald Trump kwa awiske, wakaŵa enjiniya wa magetsi, msambiri wa sayansi, kweniso munthu wakapanganga vinthu viphya. Wakambiska mtundu wa [[chithandizo cha radiation]] wakuzingilira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwambilira gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] agho ghakaŵa na miliyoni yimoza ya ma volti. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]], ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} Donald Trump wa munyake wa mwanakazi wa sekuru ŵake, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakaluta nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakababikira ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakafuma mu mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya mupangi wa maorgani [[Johann Michael Hartung]] kwizira mwa gogomukuru wake wa upande wa awiske, Sabina Christ. == Abali na azilumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera Lachitatu]]. Wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakamba uteŵeti wake nga ni purezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019. === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}} wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981, wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha nthenda ya mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Mu 1989, wakatorana na mupangi wa mafilimu James Grau. Wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi pa [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], pambere wandapumure na kukhala ku Florida. Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mubali wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo. === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa mudumbu muchoko wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalongozganga Trump Management Inc, kampani iyo yikalaŵiliranga katundu wa nyumba wa Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan. Wakaŵaso mmoza wa ŵa ndalama mu SHiRT LLC, yimoza mwa makampani ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa na CertiPathx ya ku Virginia, iyo yikapokera mgwirizano wa boma wa madola 33 miliyoni mu 2019. Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980. Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti wakaleka muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020. Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71. Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[intracerebral hemorrhage|kutuluka ndopa mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa. == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} Sekuru wa Donald Trump wa upande wa awiske, John George Trump (1907–1985), wakaŵa mainjiniya wa magetsi, mupangi wa vinthu, ndiposo wasayansi wa fiziki uyo wakapangiska [[radiation therapy]] yakuzungulira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwamba gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] gha miliyoni yimoza ya volts. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Purezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] ndipo wakaŵa membala wa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} John W. Walter (1934–2018), uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa Donald Trump, wakaŵa mwana wa Elizabeth Trump (mudumbu wa Fred Trump) na William Walter. Wakagwira ntchito ku Trump Organization kwa umoyo wake unandi ndipo wakaŵa vice president mukuru wa Trump Management, Inc.{{sfn|Trump|2020|pp=193–94}} Wakaŵaso na umwini wa All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp pamoza na Donald Trump, Maryanne Trump Barry, Elizabeth Trump Grau, na Robert Trump. Walter wakaŵaso meya wa [[Flower Hill, New York]] kufuma mu 1988 m'paka 1996, ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa mdauko wa tawuni iyi kufuma mu 1996 m'paka nyifwa yake mu 2018. === Mary L. Trump === {{Main|Mary L. Trump}} Mary L. Trump, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni [[clinical psychology|dokotala wa sayansi ya maghanoghano]], munthu wa bizinesi, ndiposo mulembi. Wamanyikwa chifukwa cha kususka Donald Trump ndipo wakalemba buku lakukhwaskana nayo na mbumba yake lakuti ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020). === Fred Trump III === {{Main|Fred Trump III}} Fred Trump III, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni munthu wa bizinesi, mulembi, ndiposo mulwani wa wanthu ŵakukhala na ulwari. Wakamususka Donald Trump mu [[memoir]] yake ya 2024 ndipo walutilira kumususka kufuma apo buku ili likafumira. == Chidule cha mbumba == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kubabika !Nyifwa !Chithuzithuzi !Zina !Ubale na Donald Trump !Ufumu !Udindo !Nchito !{{Reference column heading}} |- |1869 |1918 |[[File:Friedrich Trump (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Frederick Trump]] |Sekuru wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani | |Wakumeta sisi, mwenecho wa malo ghakurughirako vyakurya na hotelo, kweniso mwenecho wa nyumba ya uhule |<ref name="brothel">{{cite web |last1=Panetta |first1=Alexander |date=September 19, 2015 |title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112759/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WhoHeIs">{{cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=August 24, 2015 |title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647/ |access-date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Politico]] |ref=none |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214907/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1880 |1966 |[[File:Elisabeth_Christ.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] |Sekuru mwanakazi wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani-Muamerika | |Wamalonda wa bizinesi ya malo |<ref>{{cite news |date=August 3, 1918 |title=Real Estate News |page=16 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041345/https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 22, 1918 |title=Real Estate Field |page=18 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041337/https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1905 |1999 |[[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (3x4 cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump]] |Awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Mupangiska wa malo na wamalonda |{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–5}} |- |1907 |1985 |[[File:John G Trump portrait c1955 cropped.png|frameless|100px]] |[[John G. Trump]] |Dada wa awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Injiniya wa vya magetsi, msambiri, na wasayansi wa fiziki |<ref name="NAP2">{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |title=John George Trump &#124; Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 3 &#124; The National Academies Press |publisher=Nap.edu |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-309-03939-0 |doi=10.17226/1384 |access-date=2016-12-24 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910075219/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1912 |2000 | |[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]] |Anyina a Donald Trump |Muskotilandi-Muamerika | |Wantchito wa pa nyumba |<ref name="kruse">{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2017 |title=The Mystery of Mary Trump |work=[[Politico Magazine]] |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779/ |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420055351/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1934 |2018 | |[[John W. Walter]] |Mubali wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York|Flower Hill]] |Mulembi wa mdauko, injiniya, wamalonda, mulembi, na wandale |<ref name="obituary" /><ref name=":02" /> |- |1937 |2023 |[[File:Maryanne_Trump_Barry.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Maryanne Trump Barry]] |Mudumbu wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Mweruzgi wa [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Khoti la Apilu la Third Circuit]] |Loya, mweruzgi |<ref name="Blair_2000">{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |url=https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a President |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0743210799 |location=New York City |pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 592] |orig-year=2000}}</ref> |- |1938 |1981 |[[File:Fred_Trump_Jr._1966_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump Jr.]] |Mubali mukuru wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakwendeska ndege |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kordes |first1=John |date=March 29, 2018 |title=The Kordes Korner |work=Garden City News |location=Garden City, NY |url=https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112172254/https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1946 |– |[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (cropped)(2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump]] |Iyomwene |Muamerika |Purezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[Purezidenti wa United States]] |Wandale, munthu wa pa mawayilesi, na wamalonda |<ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|Department of Health]] – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |via=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump |publisher=[[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070650/https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1948 |2020 | |[[Robert Trump]] |Mubali wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Karni |first=Annie |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1949 |2022 |[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivana Trump]] |Muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muchiki na Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref>{{cite web |author=Adela Suliman and Shayna Jacobs |date=July 16, 2022 |title=Ivana Trump died of 'blunt impact injuries,' medical examiner says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160620/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1962 |– | |[[Fred Trump III]] |Mupwa wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, mulembi, na wakuvikilira wanthu ŵakulemala |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant |date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1963 |– |[[File:Marla_Maples_LF_crop_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Marla Maples]] |Muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Woseŵera mafilimu, munthu wa pa wayilesi ya kanema, modeli, muvwiri, na mupharazgi |<ref>{{cite web |editor=David L. Beckwith |title=Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia |url=https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |access-date=December 1, 2016 |work=Smoky Mountain Ancestral Quest |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140317/https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1965 |– |[[File:Mary L. Trump (3x4 cropped).jpg|left|frameless|100px]] |[[Mary L. Trump]] |Muzukuru mwanakazi wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakumanya vya maghanoghano na mulembi |<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlson |first=Adam |date=June 15, 2020 |title=What to Know About Donald Trump's Niece Mary, Who Fought Him in Court & Is Writing a Tell-All |url=https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |location=United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704013654/https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |access-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref> |- |1970 |– |[[File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (much further cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Melania Trump]] |Muwoli wachitatu wa Donald Trump |Musloveni na Muamerika |[[First Lady of the United States|Dona Wakwamba wa United States]] |Modeli na wamalonda |<ref name="CollinsModel">{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Lauren |date=May 9, 2016 |title=The Model American: Melania Trump is the exception to her husband's nativist politics |magazine=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |url-status=live |access-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119152650/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |archive-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> |- |1977 |– |[[File:Donald_Trump,_Jr._(51770696331)_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump Jr.]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wakovwira vya ndale, wamalonda, mulembi na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema |<ref name="gq">{{cite news |last=Ioffe |first=Julia |date=June 20, 2018 |title=The Real Story of Donald Trump Jr. |work=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621141307/https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |archive-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> |- |1981 |– |[[File:Ivanka_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivanka Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika |[[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Mulongozgi wa Purezidenti]] |Wamalonda na wakale wantchito wa ndale |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=From rich kid to first daughter: The fabulous life of Ivanka Trump |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |access-date=January 26, 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126190924/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1984 |– |[[File:Eric_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Eric Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, wakovwira vya ŵanthu na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema ya ''reality'' |- |1993 |– |[[File:Tiffany_Trump_RNC_2016_cropped.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Tiffany Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Marla Maples |Muamerika | |Mulongozgi wakovwira pa kafukufuku wa malango |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Struyk |first=Ryan |date=April 11, 2016 |title=Trump Kids Eric and Ivanka Miss Deadline to Vote in NY GOP Primary |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105540/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> |- |2006 |– |[[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Barron Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Melania |Muamerika | |Msambiri wa pa yunivesite |<ref name="peopleCM">{{cite magazine |last1=Chamlee |first1=Virginia |date=August 20, 2021 |first2=Linda |last2=Marx |title=Barron Trump Enrolls in Private School in Palm Beach After Family Leaves White House |url=https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 18, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216155331/https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} == Heraldry == [[Joseph E. Davies]], mfumu wachitatu wa [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]] ndiposo wakaŵa nthumwi yakale ya United States wa mphapu ya [[Wales|Welsh]], wakapika chimanyikwiro cha mbumba (coat of arms), icho chikaŵa na [[motto]] yakuti ''Integritas'', na [[King of Arms#Kings of Arms for England, Wales and Northern Ireland|British heraldic authority]] pa [[College of Arms]], mu 1939. Davies wakaŵavya ŵana ŵanalume ŵakuhara, ndipo wakati wafwa, mwana wake mukuru mwanakazi Eleanor Tydings wakaŵa [[heraldic heiress]]. Pamanyuma pake, kuyana na mwambo wa [[Anglosphere]] wa [[male primogeniture]], chimanyikwiro chakuhalira icho Tydings wakapokera chikafuma kwa mwana wake, [[Joseph Tydings|Senator Joseph Tydings]], ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapita ku mwana wake wakwamba mwanalume wakubabika mwakwenelera, nga mbahaliri ŵa chimanyikwiro icho, muyirayira. Donald Trump wakagura malo gha ku Florida gha [[Mar-a-Lago]] mu 1985. Malo agha ghakazengeka na Merriweather Post, uyo wakalongoranga chomene chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha mfumu wake wakufwa pa malo agha. Wakati wagura malo agha, Trump wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha Davies nga ntchake. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa [[Trump National Golf Club (disambiguation)|malo gha gofu gha Trump]] ndiposo pa malo ghanyake ghanandi gha [[Trump Organization]] mu United States yose. Pamanyuma pake Trump wakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito mtundu wakusintha pachoko wa chimanyikwiro cha Davies, uwo nawo ukalembeskeka na Trump ku ofesi ya United States ya ma patent na ma trademark.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump (Davies).svg|escutcheon=Argent ermined Or, two Chevronels couped between three demi-Lions, all Or.|crest=A Cubit Arm erected Argent, enfiling a Mascle and holding a Spear point upward, all Or.|name=Donald Trump|armiger=Donald Trump (1946–)|symbolism=|year_adopted=1985}} Mu 2008, Trump wakayezga kukhazikiska logo ya ku America pa [[Trump International Golf Links, Scotland|Trump International Golf Links]] yake yiphya mu [[Balmedie]], Scotland, kweni wakachenjezgeka na [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], uyo ni mukuru chomene pa nkhani za [[Scottish heraldry]], kuti dango la Nyumba ya Malango ya Scotland la mu 1672 likukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vya mbumba vyambura kulembeskeka. Mu Janyuwale 2012, pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo malo gha gofu ghakajulikiranga, Trump wakavumbura chimanyikwiro chiphya cha mbumba icho chikapika ku "The Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd" na Lord Lyon mu 2011. Sarah Malone, muteŵeti mukuru wakulongozga wa "The Trump International Golf Links, Scotland", wakati: "chimanyikwiro cha mbumba ichi chikuphatikizapo vimanyikwiro vyakuwoneka ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mphapu ya mbumba ya Trump [...], Lion Rampant (pa crest) wakuyimira Scotland ndipo nyenyezi zikuyimira America. Ma chevronels ghatatu ghakuyimira kuchanya, mchenga wa mapiri gha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, na nyanja—ivyo ni vigaŵa vikuru vya malo agha. Mphungu ya mitu yiŵiri yikuyimira mphapu ziŵiri na mtundu wa Trump (wa ku Scotland na wa ku Germany). Mphungu iyi yikukora mipira ya gofu, yakuyimira zina likuru la maseŵero gha gofu, ndipo [[motto]] yakuti ''Numquam Concedere'' ni Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti 'Kuleka yayi'—ivyo ni fundo ya umoyo wa Trump." Kwambira mu 2014, Trump wakamba kugwiliskiraso ntchito logo yeneyiyi pa [[Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland|Trump International Golf Links, Ireland]], malo gha gofu agho wakazenga pamanyuma pa kugura [[Doonbeg]] Golf Club.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump International Golf Club.svg|escutcheon=Party per chevron: Azure two Mullets Argent; Vert a double headed Eagle of the second, wings displayed and inverted, armed and langued Gules, holding in its talons two Globes of the second; overall three chevronels Or.|crest=A demi-Lion rampant Gules, armed and langued Azure, holding in the paws a Pennon Or flowing to the sinister.|name=the Trump International Golf Links|armiger=Trump International Golf Links (2012–)|symbolism=|year_granted=2011|motto="Numquam concedere" (Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti "Kuleka yayi").}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Mbumba ya Barack Obama]], uyo wakalongozga Donald Trump pa udindo wa purezidenti mu nyengo yake yakwamba (2009–2017) * [[Mbumba ya Joe Biden]], uyo wakalondezgapo Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yakwamba ndipo wakamulongozga pambere wandawelere pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri (2021–2025) * [[Mbumba ya JD Vance]], waŵiri wa purezidenti wa Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri == Maukaboni == === Maukaboni gha m'malemba === {{Reflist|30em}} === Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito === <!--Chigaŵa ichi ntcha mabuku pera agho ghakuzunulika mu maukaboni gha pasi pa peji la nkhani iyi ya Wikipedia.--> {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|author-link=Gwenda Blair|year=2015|orig-year=2000|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9|location=New York|language=en|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418082225/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Too Much and Never Enough |url=https://archive.org/details/toomuchneverenou0000trum |last=Trump |first=Mary L. |author-link=Mary L. Trump |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-982141-46-2 |location=New York |oclc=1164093746 }} {{refend}} {{Trump family|state=expanded}} {{Donald Trump}} {{United States presidential family political lines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump family}} [[Category:Trump family|*]] [[Category:Mbumba za ku America za mphapu ya ku Scotland]] [[Category:Mbumba za bizinesi za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba zakwamba za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba kuyana na munthu]] 70iegv8e2i8t0zchzdlxdcvskitbw3b 0 47880 122717 117307 2026-09-28T03:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Muwoli wakale wa Donald Trump Jr. (wakababika mu 1977)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Vanessa Trump | image = Vanessa Trump (1).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2017 | birth_name = Vanessa Kay Pergolizzi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|12|18}} | birth_place = [[Msumba wa New York]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Marymount Manhattan College]] | political_party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Donald Trump Jr.]]|2005|2018|reason=div.}} | partner = [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakababika mu 1977)| Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud]] (1998–2001)<br/>[[Tiger Woods]] (2024–sono) | children = 5, kusazgapo [[Kai Trump|Kai]] | relatives = [[Kai Ewans]] (sekuru) | family = [[Mbumba ya Trump]] (pa nyengo ya nthengwa) }} '''Vanessa Kay Trump'''<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/03/vanessa-trump-might-have-been-the-most-interesting-one-in-the-family|title=Turns Out Vanessa Trump Might Have Been the Most Interesting One in the Family|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Erika|last=Harwood|date=March 16, 2018|access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref> ([[née]] '''Pergolizzi''', pamanyuma '''Haydon'''; wakababika pa Disembala 18, 1977) ni mwanakazi wa ku America uyo wakagwiranga ntchito ya umoŵa. Iyo ni muwoli wakale wa [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Trump Jr.]] Ŵakatorana kufuma mu 2005 mpaka 2018, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi. == Umoyo wa apo wakaŵa mwana == Vanessa Kay Pergolizzi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Norman |first=Lianna |date=July 18, 2024 |title=Who is Kai Trump? What we know about Trump's oldest grandchild who lives in Florida |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2024/07/18/trump-family-who-kai-trump-republican-convention/74453527007/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |quote=...former model Vanessa Kay Trump, formerly Vanessa Kay Pergolizzi.}}</ref> wakakulira mu nyumba ya muthengere pa [[Upper East Side|Upper East Side of Manhattan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/fashion/19trumps.html|title=A Name He Can Build On|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Alex|last=Williams|date=November 19, 2006}}</ref> ndipo wakasambira ku [[The Dwight School]],<ref name="NYT-Divorce">{{cite web|first1=Katharine|last1=Rosman|first2=Jacob|last2=Bernstein|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/style/vanessa-trump-divorce.html|title=Unbecoming a Trump: The Vanessa Trump Divorce|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 22, 2018|access-date=May 4, 2018}}</ref> sukulu yapadera. Ŵadada ŵake ŵa pakati, Charles Haydon, ŵakaŵa loya.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr|title=The Real Story of Donald Trump Jr.|magazine=[[GQ]]|first=Julia|last=Ioffe|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>{{efn|Nkhani zinyake za manyuzipepara zayimika mwakubudika Charles Haydon kuŵa adada ŵake.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosman |first1=Katherine |last2=Bernstein |first2=Jacob |title=Unbecoming a Trump: The Vanessa Trump Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/style/vanessa-trump-divorce.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 13, 2021 |date=March 22, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vanessa Haydon, Donald Trump Jr. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/fashion/weddings/vanessa-haydon-donald-trump-jr.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 13, 2021 |date=November 13, 2005 }}</ref>}} Anyina, Bonnie Kay Haydon, wakendeskanga Kay Models, kampani ya umoŵa, ndipo wakafuma ku [[Denmark|Denmark]] na [[Sweden|Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidtse du det? Her er Trumps danske forbindelse |url=http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |website=avisen.dk |date=March 30, 2016 |access-date=July 25, 2017 |language=da-DK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085933/http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |archive-date=December 30, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="svigerdatter">{{cite web |title=Trumps svigerdatter på hemmeligt besøg på lille dansk ø. Den familiære forbindelse mellem Danmark og den amerikanske præsident er tættere end hidtil antaget |url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/sjaelland/trumps-svigerdatter-paa-hemmeligt-besoeg-paa-lille-dansk-oe |website=dr.dk |date=June 2017 |access-date=July 25, 2017 |language=da-DK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617230655/http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/sjaelland/trumps-svigerdatter-paa-hemmeligt-besoeg-paa-lille-dansk-oe |archive-date=June 17, 2017 }}</ref> Sekuru wake wa ku nyina wakaŵa Kai Ewans, wakwimba wa jazz wa ku Denmark.<ref name="svigerdatter"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Vidtse du det? Her er Trumps danske forbindelse |url=http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |website=Avisen.dk |date=March 30, 2016 |trans-title=Did you know? Here is Trump's Danish connection |access-date=July 25, 2017 |first=Freja |last=Wedenborg |language=da-DK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085933/http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |archive-date=December 30, 2016 }}</ref> Adada ŵake ŵakubabika nawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Tiger Woods and Vanessa Trump, an unexpected pair |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/tiger_woods_and_vanessa_trump_an_unexpected_pair-8734798.html |access-date= |website=Il Messaggero |language=en}}</ref> == Ntchito == Vanessa wakagwiranga ntchito ya udesi wa malaya (model) mu nyengo yake ya usungwana na vyaka vyake vya m'ma 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metro.us/entertainment/celebrities/vanessa-haydon-before-trump|title=See Vanessa Haydon before she became a Trump|publisher=Metro|first=Linnea|last=Zielinski|date=2018-03-16|access-date=July 16, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004359/https://www.metro.us/entertainment/celebrities/vanessa-haydon-before-trump|archive-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> ndipo wakasayinika na [[Wilhelmina Models]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/23/vanessa-trumps-early-bids-for-fame-included-getting-known-as-leonardo-dicaprios-favorite-girlfriend/|title=Vanessa Trump's early bids for fame included getting known as Leonardo DiCaprio's favorite girlfriend|newspaper=[[The Mercury News]]|first=Martha|last=Ross|date=2018-03-23}}{{failed verification|date=July 2022}}</ref> Vanessa wakawoneka mu chigaŵa chimoza cha filimu ''[[Something's Gotta Give (filimu)|Something's Gotta Give]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/vanessa-trumps-career-included-a-minor-role-in-a-movie-you-might-remember-69739|title=Vanessa Trump Was In A Movie You Might Remember|first=Madhuri|last=Sathish|magazine=[[Bustle (website)|Bustle]]|date=2015-07-12|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> Mu chihanya cha 2003, Vanessa na mudumbu wake Veronika ŵakajura kilabu ya usiku yakuchemeka Sessa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwd.com/eye/people/models-inc-758988/|title=Models Inc.|publisher=WWD|date=2003-01-13}}</ref> Mu 2011, Vanessa wakawoneka mu chigaŵa cha ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', iyo yikalongozgekanga na mkwe wake, [[Donald Trump]]. Wakaso wakawoneka mu chigaŵa cha ''[[Bret Michaels: Life as I Know It]]'' (2010).<ref name="auto" />{{failed verification|date=July 2022}} Kufuma mu 2010 mpaka 2013, Vanessa wakambiska mtundu wake wa mathumba gha m'manja wakachemeka La Poshett.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/news/politics/donald-trump-jr-s-wife-shows-hes-really-following-fathers-footsteps/2014368|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Wife Shows He's Really Following In His Father's Footsteps|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Elite Daily|date=2017-07-11 }}</ref> == Umoyo wamunthu == === Maubwezi === Mu nyengo yake ya usungwana, Vanessa wakayananga na chigawenga cha mu misewu Valentín Rivera, uyo wakaŵa membala wa gulu la [[Latin Kings]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Coleman |first=Oli |url=https://pagesix.com/2018/05/08/vanessa-trumps-first-love-was-member-of-violent-street-gang/ |title=Vanessa Trump's first love was member of violent street gang |publisher=Page Six |date=2018-05-08 }}</ref> Mwakuyana na ivyo Rivera wakayowoya, iyo wakamara ubwezi uwu pamanyuma pakuti ''[[New York Post]]'' yalemba nkhani yakuti Vanessa wakaŵa mu ubwezi wa chitemwa na [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] (wakumanyiska wa DiCaprio wakakana ubwezi uwu).<ref>{{cite web |last=McAfee |first=Tierney |url=https://people.com/politics/vanessa-trump-love-letters-latin-king-ex-boyfriend-baby-18/ |title=Inside Vanessa Trump's Teen Love Letters: She Allegedly Told Latin King Ex-Boyfriend She Wanted a Baby at 18 |publisher=People |date=2018-05-10 }}</ref> Kufuma mu 1998 mpaka 2001, Vanessa wakayananga na kalonga wa ku Saudi [[Khalid bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/politics/vanessa-trump-almost-married-a-saudi-prince-donald-trump-jr/|title=Vanessa Trump Almost Married a Saudi Prince Before Donald Trump Jr.: Report|magazine=People|date=2018-05-14 }}</ref> Ubwezi uwu ukamara mu 2001, apo Khalid bin Bandar wakafumapo ku U.S. pamanyuma pakuti awiske, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Saudi, [[Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud]], wakakayikirika kuti wakaŵa na kukolerana mwambura kwambura mwakudunjika na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵakupoka ndege mu [[Al Qaeda]] [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|pa kuwukira kwa September 11]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/05/did-911-keep-vanessa-trump-from-marrying-a-saudi-prince|title=Did 9/11 Keep Vanessa Trump from Marrying a Saudi Prince?|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazini)|Vanity Fair]]|first=Erika|last=Harwood|date=2018-05-14}}</ref> Pa November 12, 2005, wakatora nthengwa na Donald Trump Jr. Nthengwa iyi yikachitikira ku kilabu cha [[Mar-a-Lago]] mu Florida; mwambo wa nthengwa ukalongozgeka na nyina wa Donald Trump Jr., Judge [[Maryanne Trump Barry]].<ref>{{cite magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817150902/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,661670_1129629,00.html?cid=redirect-articles%2F |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,661670_1129629,00.html?cid=redirect-articles/ |title=Donald Trump Jr. Marries Model Girlfriend |magazine=[[People (magazini)|People]] |date=2005-11-14 |last=Silverman |first=Stephen M. |access-date=2008-07-14 |url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-08-17 }}</ref> Trump Jr. wakamupempha na mphete ya US$100,000 ({{Inflation|US|100000|2005|fmt=eq|r=-3}}) iyo wakapokera nga ntchizgiro kufuma kwa munthu wakuguliska vito, chifukwa wakapempha Vanessa pa maso pa ŵanthu ŵakujambula zithuzi (paparazzi) kuwaro kwa sitolo ya munthu uyu ku [[The Mall at Short Hills|Short Hills mall]] mu [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Gwenda|last=Blair|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/07/13/donald-trump-junior-russia-215370/|title=How Donald Trump Jr. Got Stuck In His Father's Shadow|website=[[Politico]]|date=July 13, 2017|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> Ŵakutorana aŵa ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi, ndipo mukuru wawo ni [[Kai Trump]], uyo wakababika mu Meyi 2007.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Donald Trump Jr. Welcomes Son Donald John III|url=https://people.com/parents/donald-trump-jr-welcomes-son-donald-john-iii/|date=February 18, 2009|magazine=[[People (magazini)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/vanessa-donald-trump-jr-welcome-baby-boy-tristan-2011310/|title=Vanessa, Donald Trump Jr. Welcome Baby Boy Tristan Milos|date=October 3, 2011|first=Justin|last= Ravitz|magazine=[[US Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://people.com/parents/donald-trump-vanessa-trump-welcome-daughter-chloe-sophia/ |title=Donald and Vanessa Trump Welcome Daughter Chloe Sophia |last=Michaud |first=Sarah |date=June 18, 2014 |magazine=[[People (magazini)|People]] |access-date=September 28, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021170703/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2014/06/18/donald-trump-vanessa-trump-welcome-daughter-chloe-sophia/ |archive-date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref> Pa March 15, 2018, wakalemba pempho la kupatana mu nthengwa kwambura kususkika mu [[New York (boma)|New York]].<ref name="NYT-Divorce" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/donald-trump-jr-s-wife-files-divorce-article-1.3876829|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s wife Vanessa files for divorce|newspaper=[[NY Daily News]]|first=Stephen Rex|last=Brown|date=March 15, 2018}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2018, ŵakamariska nkhani ya uŵavyara wa ŵana,<ref>{{cite web|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|title=Trump Jr, wife resolve child custody amid divorce|url=https://www.apnews.com/be31034c4e6a4800b4fe3582ca8587b1|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=July 26, 2018|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> ndipo kupatana kwa nthengwa kukamalizgika kuumaliro wa 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vulpo |first1=Mike |title=Donald Trump Jr. and Vanessa Trump Finalize Their Divorce |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1017355/donald-trump-jr-and-vanessa-trump-finalize-their-divorce |access-date=June 23, 2023 |work=E! Online |date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623123741/https://www.eonline.com/news/1017355/donald-trump-jr-and-vanessa-trump-finalize-their-divorce |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump wakuti wakamba ubwezi na munthu wakuseŵera gofu mwaluso [[Tiger Woods]] mu November 2024. Ubwezi uwu ukamanyikwa pa wumba mu March 2025, apo Woods wakawupharazga kwizira pa Instagram.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2n7d03x8xo|title=Tiger Woods confirms relationship with Trump's ex daughter-in-law|date=March 24, 2025|first=Frances |last=Mao|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kwambira March 2026, Trump na Woods ŵakaŵa ŵachali mu ubwezi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/pga/2026/03/25/tiger-woods-and-vanessa-trump-share-a-kiss-at-tgl-finals-in-florida/89316510007/|title=Tiger Woods and Vanessa Trump share a kiss at TGL finals in Florida|first1=Laura|last1=Lordi|first2=Greg|last2=Lovett|first3=Jennifer|last3=Sangalang|publisher=Palm Beach Post|date=March 25, 2026|accessdate=March 28, 2026}}</ref> === Umoyo === Mu Meyi 2026, Vanessa wakapharazga kuti ŵakamusanga na [[chitemwa cha khansa ya mabere]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vanessa-trump-breast-cancer-diagnosis/|title=Vanessa Trump announces breast cancer diagnosis|work=CBS News|first=Melissa |last=Gaffney|date=May 20, 2026|access-date=May 21, 2026}}</ref> == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Pa intaneti == * {{commons-inline}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Vanessa}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1977]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Dwight School]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Marymount Manhattan College]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Upper East Side]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa mu New York City]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa chiyuda cha Denmark]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa chiyuda cha Italy]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa chiyuda cha Sweden]] [[Category:Ŵana ŵa ma model ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa ma model kufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Mbumba ya Trump]] o55esadax24azuujim25n6ao0saip0m 0 47944 122558 117405 2026-09-28T01:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Muntu wakumanyikwa pa malo gha pa intaneti wa ku America (wakababika mu 2007)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox social media personality | image = Kai Trump - 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2025 | birth_name = Kai Madison Trump | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|5|12}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | education = [[Sukulu ya Benjamin|The Benjamin School]]<br/> [[Yunivesite ya Miami]] (wakusambira) | known_for = {{Plainlist| *Mzukulu mwanakazi wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump]] *Muntu wakumanyikwa pa [[malo gha pa intaneti]]}}| | mother = [[Vanessa Trump]] | father = [[Donald Trump Jr.]] | relatives = [[Mbumba ya Donald Trump|Mbumba ya Trump]] <br /> [[Kai Ewans]] (sekuru wa sekuru) | website = | tiktok_handle = thekaitrumpgolfer | tiktok_display_name = Kai Trump | tiktok_followers = 3.6 miliyoni<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --> | youtube_id = UCytKJrAI_PsPfoi04D1E2oQ | youtube_display_name = Kai Trump | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = {{hlist|[[Vlog]]ging}} | youtube_subscribers = 1.49 miliyoni<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --> | youtube_views = 212 miliyoni |stats_update=June 24, 2026}} '''Kai Madison Trump''' (wakababika pa Meyi 12, 2007) ni munthu wakumanyikwa pa [[malo gha pa intaneti]] wa ku America. Wali mu [[Mbumba ya Trump]], ndipo ni mwana mukuru wa [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Trump{{nbsp}}Jr.]] na [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Haydon]], kweniso ni mzukulu mwanakazi mukuru wa pulezidenti wa U.S. wa nambala 45 na 47 [[Donald Trump]]. Wakayowoya nkhani yakovwira [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni ya visola vya pulezidenti ya 2024]] ya sekuru wake pa [[2024 Republican National Convention]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Kai Madison Trump? All About Donald Trump's Granddaughter |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/who-is-kai-madison-trump-all-about-donald-trumps-granddaughter-7000856 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155950/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/who-is-kai-madison-trump-all-about-donald-trumps-granddaughter-7000856 |url-status=live }}</ref> ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa pa malo gha pa intaneti. == Umoyo wa pakwamba == {{further|Mbumba ya Trump}} Kai Madison Trump wakababika pa Meyi{{nbsp}}12, 2007, mu New York City.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Who Is Kai Trump, Donald Trump's Eldest Grandchild? |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a63543546/who-is-kai-trump-donald-grandchild-background/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |magazine=Harper's Bazaar |date=January 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131142918/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a63543546/who-is-kai-trump-donald-grandchild-background/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Trump{{nbsp}}Jr.]] na [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Haydon]], kweniso ni mzukulu wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="people" >{{cite news |last1=Gibson |first1=Kelsie |title=All About Donald Trump's 10 Grandkids |url=https://people.com/all-about-donald-trump-grandkids-8680106 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=January 19, 2025 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127170555/https://people.com/all-about-donald-trump-grandkids-8680106 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wali kupika zina la sekuru wake, Kai Ewans, uyo wakaŵa muyimbaji wa jazz wa ku Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx|title=Løkke om Trump-sejr: Det lykkes sjældent én mand at rive det hele ned|date=November 9, 2016|publisher=|access-date=November 12, 2024|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513114932/https://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx|title=Vidtse du det? Her er Trumps danske forbindelse|date=March 30, 2016 |publisher=|access-date=March 30, 2017|archive-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085933/http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni mukuru pa ŵana ŵankhondi ŵa mu banja.<ref name=people/> Trump wakamalizga masambiro ku [[The Benjamin School]] pa 15 Meyi 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-15 |title=Donald Trump’s Granddaughter Kai, 19, Is 'Extremely Focused on Golf' as She Graduates High School (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/kai-trump-focused-on-golf-high-school-graduation-exclusive-11971310 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=People |language=en-US}}</ref> Wapanga phangano lakuti wazamuseŵera gofu ya ku koleji nga ni chigaŵa cha kilasi ya 2026 ya [[Miami Hurricanes women's golf]] pa [[Yunivesite ya Miami]] mu [[Coral Gables, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Cameron |title=Donald Trump's granddaughter commits to Miami to play college golf |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/08/19/donald-trumps-granddaughter-kai-trump-commits-to-miami-college-golf/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Golfweek |date=August 19, 2024 |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208052012/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/08/19/donald-trumps-granddaughter-kai-trump-commits-to-miami-college-golf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lianna |first1=Norman |title=Where does Kai Trump go to school? Tiger Woods, other famous golfers send their kids there |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2024/08/08/tiger-woods-son-charlie-kai-trump-high-school-florida-golf/74629523007/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |work=USA Today |date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127104339/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2024/08/08/tiger-woods-son-charlie-kai-trump-high-school-florida-golf/74629523007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Gofu == Trump ni museŵera gofu mwaluso<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shafiq |first1=Saman |title=Who is Kai Trump? What to know about Donald Trump's oldest granddaughter and golf partner |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/13/kai-trump-age-parents-donald-trump-grandchildren/76259196007/ |access-date=November 23, 2024 |work=[[USA today]] |date=November 14, 2024 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155815/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/13/kai-trump-age-parents-donald-trump-grandchildren/76259196007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ndipo waŵa wakuseŵera ku [[The Benjamin School]] mu [[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]].<ref name="SI.com"/> Wakapokera chawanangwa cha 2022{{nbsp}}Women's Club Championship na 2024{{nbsp}}Ladies Club Championship ku [[Trump International Palm Beach]], apo wakaŵa na [[handicap (golf)|handicap]] ya maseŵero ya +0.5.<ref name=":2" >{{cite news |last1=Imran |first1=Khambe Huda |title=How Good Is Kai Trump at Golf? Bryson DeChambeau & More Pros Give Their Verdict |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/golf-news-how-good-is-kai-trump-at-golf-bryson-dechambeau-more-pros-give-their-verdict-liv-golf-donald-trump/ |publisher=EssentiallySports |date=July 19, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=November 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127105614/https://www.essentiallysports.com/golf-news-how-good-is-kai-trump-at-golf-bryson-dechambeau-more-pros-give-their-verdict-liv-golf-donald-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Malichi 2025, Trump wakachitako mu [[Junior Invitational]]. Wakamalizga pa nambala 24{{nbsp}}pa ŵanthu 24{{nbsp}}awo ŵakachitako.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Eric J. |title=How did Charlie Woods, Kai Trump finish in Junior Invitational at Sage Valley? |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/high-school/golf/2025/03/22/charlie-woods-kai-trump-sage-valley-junior-invitational-score-today-leaderboard/82611500007/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415032319/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/high-school/golf/2025/03/22/charlie-woods-kai-trump-sage-valley-junior-invitational-score-today-leaderboard/82611500007/ |archive-date=April 15, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smits |first=Garry |title=Miles Russell of Jacksonville Beach posts fourth under-par round to win Sage Valley Invitational |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/sports/golf/2025/03/22/miles-russell-of-jacksonville-beach-sage-valley-invitational-charley-woods-kait-trump/82618133007/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Florida Times-Union |language=en-US}}</ref> Trump wakazomera mulayizgo wakwamba wakuseŵera pa [[LPGA Tour]] mu Novembala 2025, pa [[The Annika]] iyo yikupokera ndalama kufuma ku [[Annika Sörenstam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=‘Getting people to talk’: Kai Trump’s surprising LPGA invite achieving its goal |url=https://golf.com/news/kai-trump-surprising-lpga-invite-achieving-goal/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Golf |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaseŵera maulendo gha 83 na 75 ndipo wakamalizga waumaliro pa ŵanthu 108, ndipo wakatondeka kupokera malo ghakunjilira mu chigaŵa chakulondezgapo cha mashindano.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Kai Trump laughs off triple, improves by 8 shots at The Annika |url=https://www.yardbarker.com/golf/articles/kai_trump_laughs_off_triple_improves_by_8_shots_at_the_annika/s1_17063_43068575 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Yardbarker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Kai Trump Misses LPGA Cut, But There's More to the Story Than Her Final Score |url=https://www.si.com/golf/kai-trump-misses-lpga-cut-more-story-than-final-score |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=SI |language=en-US}}</ref> Trump wazamuŵa mu gulu la [[Miami Hurricanes]] la maseŵera gha gofu gha ŵanakazi pa nyengo ya 2026-27. <ref>https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/kai-trump/</ref> ==Kuguliska zina na vyawanangwa== Kufika mu February 2025, vikayowoyeka kuti Trump wakaŵa na mtengo wa [[Student athlete compensation|zina, chithuzi, na kutemweka kwake]] wa madola 1.2{{nbsp}}miliyoni, ndipo ŵakumupani ndalama ŵakaŵapo [[Callaway Golf Company]]<ref name="SI.com">{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Matthew |title=Donald Trump's granddaughter Kai is golf's next big star after Tiger Woods viral pic |url=https://www.si.com/onsi/athlete-lifestyle/relationships/donald-trump-granddaughter-kai-is-golf-next-big-star-tiger-woods-viral-photo |access-date=March 18, 2025 |work=sportsillustrated.com |date=February 17, 2025}}</ref> na [[TaylorMade Golf]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TaylorMade signs Kai Trump to endorsement deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/golf/taylormade-signs-kai-trump-endorsement-deal-2025-02-21 |access-date=March 18, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=February 21, 2025}}</ref> Trump wakachitira lumo chakumwa cha ''Blue Raz Slush'' na kampani ya Accelerator Active Energy beverage. Ŵakuwona kuti chikutowa nga ni [[Red Bull]] kweni chili na kakutowa ka makemikali kakuluska, ndipo chili na 200mg ya [[caffeine]] (kanandi kwakuluska ivyo vili mu [[espresso]]). Chakumwa ichi "ntchakupemeka yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa pasi pa vyaka 18 ŵagwiliskire ntchito".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/jun/22/barron-kai-trump-yerba-mate-energy-drink-review?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other |title=I tried the new soft drinks from Trump’s son and granddaughter. Bad! |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 23, 2026 |access-date=June 23, 2026}}</ref> Chakumwa ichi chikagulika chose mwaluŵiro chomene mu mbiri ya Accelerator.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/kai-trumps-signature-sports-drink-003000665.html |title=Kai Trump's Signature Sports Drink Sells Out In Record Time |first=Andrew |last=Holleran|newspaper=[[Yahoo News]] |date=June 4, 2026 |access-date=July 3, 2026}}</ref> ==Ndale== [[File:President Trump Gaggles with the Press Before Departing the White House, Sep. 26, 2025.webm|thumb|thumbtime=5:44|Trump na sekuru wake apo wakayowoyanga na ŵakulemba nkhani ŵa ku White House mu September 2025]] Trump wakayowoya mazgu pa [[2024 Republican National Convention]] mu [[Milwaukee]], ndipo mazgu ghake ghakaŵa pa ubwezi wake na sekuru wake. Mu mazgu agha, wakamulongosora kuti sekuru wake "mbasekuru ŵawaka" ndipo wakati mbakumuphalira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levien |first1=Simon J. |title=Kai Trump Tells Convention Crowd: 'He's Just a Normal Grandpa' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kai-trump-granddaughter-rnc.html |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=July 17, 2024 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718043036/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kai-trump-granddaughter-rnc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Soo Rin |title=Who is Kai Trump? Trump's granddaughter speaks at RNC |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trump-trumps-granddaughter-speak-rnc/story?id=112037700 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120010520/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trump-trumps-granddaughter-speak-rnc/story?id=112037700 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Mulholland (journalist)|John Mulholland]], uyo wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa ''[[Guardian US]]'', wakati mazgu agha "ntchigaŵa cha kusintha chithuzi cha ndyali mwakupangirathu", apo wakulongosora vya ndale na mulembi wa [[CNN]] [[Van Jones]] wakati "Mzukulu uyu wakiza ndipo wakajura mitima yithu" ndipo wakati wakachita ntchito yiwemi yakulongora Donald Trump mu nthowa ya ubunthu na kumupangiska kuwoneka wakutemweka.<ref name=Kosowan/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mulholland |first1=John |title=Kai Trump Just Made Donald's Dynasty Saga So Much More Intriguing |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kai-trump-just-made-donalds-dynasty-saga-so-much-more-intriguing/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 18, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155905/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kai-trump-just-made-donalds-dynasty-saga-so-much-more-intriguing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrew |title=Who Is Kai Madison Trump? Donald Trump's Granddaughter Makes RNC Debut |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/who-is-kai-madison-trump-donald-trump-jr-daughter-makes-rnc-debut/ar-BB1qbh62 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Newsweek |date=July 17, 2024 |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120010500/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/who-is-kai-madison-trump-donald-trump-jr-daughter-makes-rnc-debut/ar-BB1qbh62 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Malo gha pa intaneti== Pamanyuma pakuwoneka kwake pa RNC mu July 2024, ŵanthu awo ŵakamulondezganga pa [[Instagram]] ŵakakwera kufuma pa 125,000 kufika pa 185,000{{nbsp}}mu maola ghapasi pa 24, ndipo akaunti yake yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333,000{{nbsp}}awo ŵakamulondezganga pakumara kwa July.<ref name=Kosowan>{{cite news |last1=Kosowan |first1=Gene |title=Meet Donald Trump's Eldest Granddaughter, Kai Trump |url=https://www.nickiswift.com/1636924/meet-donald-trumps-eldest-granddaughter-kai-trump/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Nicki Swift |date=August 12, 2024 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160058/https://www.nickiswift.com/1636924/meet-donald-trumps-eldest-granddaughter-kai-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump wakapokera chisambizgo chikuru chifukwa cha [[vlog|kupanga mavidiyo gha vlog]] gha chiphikiro cha chigonjetso cha Donald Trump pa [[visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Emily |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Kai Trump's election night vlog: Behind the scenes of the historic evening |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=ABC News |publisher= |language= |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122190142/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marr |first=Madeleine |date=November 12, 2024 |title='Election Night Vlog': Kai Trump's behind the scenes video racks up millions of views |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article295440294.html |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Miami Herald}}</ref> kweniso chifukwa cha kuyowoya kuti [[Elon Musk]] wakaŵa "mamaŵi ŵa kwawo" pa November{{nbsp}}10 pamanyuma pa [[Vyakuchita vya ndale vya Elon Musk|kovwira chomene kampeni ya Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobkin |first=Rachel |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Trump's Granddaughter Posts Photo With 'Uncle' Elon |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kai-trump-donald-granddaughter-elon-musk-photo-1983836 |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Folk |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Elon Musk Is Now at 'Uncle Status' With Trump Family |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musk-is-now-at-uncle-status-with-trump-family/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=The Daily Beast |language=}}</ref> Kufika pa June{{nbsp}}14, 2025, tchanelo yake ya [[YouTube]] chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1.49{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, akaunti yake ya [[TikTok]] yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3.7{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, akaunti yake ya Instagram yikaŵa na ŵanthu 2.7{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, ndipo akaunti yake ya [[X (social network)|X]] yikaŵa na ŵanthu 906,800{{nbsp}}awo ŵakamulondezganga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Emily |title=Kai Trump's election night vlog: Behind the scenes of the historic evening |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=ABC News |date=November 11, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122190142/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Devika |title=Video: Trump's granddaughter shares behind-the-scenes look at Election Night |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/kai-trump-election-night-vlog-donald-trump-elon-musk-family-photo-2632164-2024-11-12 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=India Today |date=November 12, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127094554/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/kai-trump-election-night-vlog-donald-trump-elon-musk-family-photo-2632164-2024-11-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hebert |first1=Olivia |title=Elon Musk spotted in another Trump family photo as Kai plays golf with new 'uncle' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/elon-musk-kai-trump-golf-photo-b2645346.html |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=The Independent |date=November 12, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117172222/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/elon-musk-kai-trump-golf-photo-b2645346.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pamanyuma pa visola, wakalongoreka nga ni munthu wakuzirwa uyo wangawovwira kukwezga kutemweka kwa Donald Trump pakati pa ŵawukirano, kweniso nga ni munyake wankhongono pa malo gha pa intaneti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Cameron |title=Kai Trump: the convenient influencer changing the MAGA brand |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/11/16/kai-trump-maga-influencer/ |access-date=November 20, 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=November 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127111215/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/11/16/kai-trump-maga-influencer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawyer |first1=Charlie |title=Kai Trump emerges as President Trump's most influential social media ally |url=https://screenshot-media.com/politics/global-politics/kai-trump-social-media-influencer/ |access-date=November 22, 2024 |work=SCREENSHOT Media |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155832/https://screenshot-media.com/politics/global-politics/kai-trump-social-media-influencer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Iran ya 2026]], wakalemba vidiyo pa YouTube iyo yikaŵa na mutu wakuti "I Brought My Secret Service to [[Erewhon (store)|Erewhon]]", malo ghanyake gha masitolo gha vyakurya ghakudura chomene mu United States.<ref name="high-end">{{Cite web |last=Asperin |first=Alexa Mae |date=2026-03-10 |title=Trump's granddaughter Kai faces backlash over taxpayer-funded Erewhon grocery run with Secret Service |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/kai-trump-erewhon-shopping-video-backlash |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=[[KTTV|FOX 11 Los Angeles]]}}</ref> Vidiyo iyi yikasuskika na mulembi wa ''[[The Guardian]]'' [[Marina Hyde]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyde |first=Marina |date=2026-03-10 |title=It’s shock and awe as Trump's granddaughter does her bit for the war effort. All hail Kai Trump, the shopper-in-chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/mar/10/shock-awe-trump-granddaughter-kai-war-effort-shopper |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[The Lincoln Project]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powel |first=James |title=Kai Trump faces social media backlash for Erewhon shopping video |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2026/03/10/kai-trump-erewhon-youtube-video-shopping-secret-service/89072551007/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-10 |title=Kai Trump slammed for ‘tone deaf’ gourmet supermarket vlog |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/kai-trump-erewhon-vlog-reaction-b2935606.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> kweniso na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa malo gha pa intaneti chifukwa cha kuwona kuti vikaŵa nga ni kuleka kumanya ivyo vikuchitika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Kai Trump Facing Calls To Apologize For 'Inappropriate' Secret Service Stunt |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrity/articles/kai-trump-facing-calls-apologize-210019948.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="high-end" /> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Maukaboni gha pa intaneti== * {{commons-inline}} * {{YouTube|h=kaitrump}} * {{Instagram|kaitrumpgolfer}} * {{Twitter|id=kaitrump}} * {{Tiktok|id=thekaitrumpgolfer}} {{Trump family|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Kai}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 2007]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakupanga ma vlog pa YouTube]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakugwiliskira ntchito TikTok]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera gofu ŵanakazi ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera ŵana ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵalembi ŵa chipani Republican cha Florida]] [[Category:Mbumba ya Trump|Kai]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera gofu pa YouTube]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa maseŵera mu vyaka vya m'ma 21 ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵana ŵa ku America ŵakutemweka pa malo gha pa intaneti]] odukiw7efnw51fh7ox2ncd9hbr5gv9m 0 47953 122695 117459 2026-09-28T03:17:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 14 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sukulu mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach County, Florida}} {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox school | name = The Benjamin School | image = | motto = ''Nulli Secundus'' ("Yachiwiri yayi kwa waliyose") | established = 1960 | founder = Marshall na Nancy Benjamin | type = {{flatlist| *[[Sukulu yapayekha|Yapayekha]] *[[Sukulu yakujiyimira|Yakujiyimira]] *Sukulu yakunozgekera ku koleji *Sukulu ya zuŵa }} | religious_affiliation = [[Yambura chisopa]] | campus_type = [[Wupu wa mizi ya mu matawuni]] | gender = [[Ŵasambizgi na ŵasambiri ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]] | grades = PK3 m'paka 12 | head_of_school = David C. Faus<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/about/welcome-from-the-head-of-school |title=Welcome from the head of school |website=The Benjamin School}}</ref> | enrollment = 1,284 | faculty = 138 | avg_class_size = | ratio = 8:1 | colors = Malalanje & Navy<br>{{color box|orange}} {{color box|navy}} | mascot = [[Buccaneer]] | nickname = Buccaneers | athletic_conference = [[Florida High School Athletic Association]] (FHSAA) | accreditation = [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools|SACS]]<br>[[Southern Association of Independent Schools|SAIS]] | tuition = Sukulu ya pasi: $26,740<br>Sukulu yapakati: $32,474<br>Sukulu yapachanya: $38,595<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/admission/tuition-and-financial-assistance|title=Tuition & Financial Assistance|website=thebenjaminschool.org|access-date=February 13, 2025}}</ref> | location = 11000 Ellison Wilson Road <br /> [[North Palm Beach]], [[Florida|FL]] 33408 <small>(PK3-8)</small> <br /> 4875 Grandiflora Road <br /> [[Palm Beach Gardens]], [[Florida|FL]] 33418 <small>(9–12)</small> <br /> [[United States]] | website = {{URL|https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/}} }} '''The Benjamin School''' ni [[Sukulu yapayekha|sukulu yapayekha]], [[sukulu yakusambizga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi|yakusambizga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]], kweniso [[sukulu yakunozgekera ku koleji]] iyo yili na malo ghaŵiri mu [[Palm Beach County, Florida]], [[United States]]. Sukulu iyi yikusambizga ŵana 1,284 kufuma ku [[sukulu yakwamba|pre-kindergarten]] m'paka ku [[sukulu ya 12|giredi ya 12]]. Yili na chiphaso kufuma ku Florida Council of Independent Schools na Florida Kindergarten Council, Southern Association of Independent Schools, kweniso [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership Directory – Florida Council of Independent Schools |url=https://www.fcis.org/membership/membership-directory |website=www.fcis.org |accessdate=7 December 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114184909/https://www.fcis.org/membership/membership-directory |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin School – SAIS |url=https://www.sais.org/members/?id=32380507 |website=www.sais.org |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AdvancED – Institution Summary |url=http://www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary?institutionId=40574 |website=www.advanc-ed.org |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Malipiro gha sukulu mu chaka cha sukulu cha 2025{{endash}}2026 ghakufuma pa $18,257 pa masambiro gha ŵana ŵachoko gha hafu ya zuŵa kufika pa $38,595 ku ŵana ŵa ku sekondare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuition and Financial Assistance|url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/admission/tuition-and-financial-assistance|website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> ==Mbiri na malo gha sukulu== The Benjamin School yikakhazikiskika mu 1960 pasi pa zina la '''North Palm Beach Private School''' na banja la Marshall na Nancy Benjamin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DiPaolo |first1=Bill |title=Nancy Benjamin, co-founder of Benjamin School, dies |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/nancy-benjamin-founder-benjamin-school-dies/TGje3UHUQIbJWt1a83WAUJ/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125121/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/nancy-benjamin-founder-benjamin-school-dies/TGje3UHUQIbJWt1a83WAUJ/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Yikaŵa mu garaji ya magalimoto ghatatu.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 28 Most Beautiful High School Campuses in Florida |url=https://www.aceable.com/blog/the-28-most-beautiful-high-school-campuses-in-florida |website=Aceable |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123927/https://www.aceable.com/blog/the-28-most-beautiful-high-school-campuses-in-florida/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga chaka chose ku Palm Beach chikasazgikiranga ndipo mbumba ya Benjamin yikapokera vyawanangwa kufuma ku mbumba zamasambiro zapachanya izo mphanyi zikatuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu zakukhala.<ref>{{cite web |title=More Schools |url=http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/page/more-schools |website=www.pbchistoryonline.org |accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> Mu 1974, magiredi gha chiŵiri na chinkhondi na chiŵiri (seventh na eighth) ghakasazgikako na chilato chakuti sukulu iyi yikure kufika ku sekondare. Gulu lakwamba la ŵana ŵa sekondare likamara masambiro mu 1979.<ref name="50th">{{cite web |title=The Benjamin School 50-Year Anniversary Book |url=https://issuu.com/benjaminschool/docs/50th_anniversary_book |website=Issuu |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2005, vigaŵa vya pulogiramu yinyake ya [[My Super Sweet 16]] iyo yikaŵa na musambiri wa ku Benjamin vikajambulika kuwaro kwa sukulu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yee |first1=Ivette M. |title=JUPITER TEEN'S PARTY ON MTV ... OTHERS CAN'T HOLD A CANDLE TO IT |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2005-08-15-0508140132-story.html |website=Sun-Sentinel.com |access-date=21 March 2021 |date=15 August 2005}}</ref> Sukulu iyi yikazenga situdiyo ya kupanga ma TV gha digito mu 2011 pamoza na kusazgako masambiro gha upharazgi wa pa wayilesi na kupanga ma TV na mafilimu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Kevin |title=Benjamin School to unveil high-tech TV news studio |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/education/benjamin-school-unveil-high-tech-news-studio/v66Ch0gFStZdlRQ4cUs0qI/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124515/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/education/benjamin-school-unveil-high-tech-news-studio/v66Ch0gFStZdlRQ4cUs0qI/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Mu 2014, The Benjamin School yikamba pulogiramu ya kusintha sukulu iyo yikawuska pafupifupi $40 miliyoni kuti yilipire Benjamin Hall yakuchitira maseŵero gha luso, malo ghakuzemberapo mu maji, nyumba ya maseŵero, nyumba ya magulu gha maseŵero, na Maglio Family [[Sayansi, tekinoloje, uinjiniya, na masamu|STEM]] Center.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DiPaolo |first1=Bill |title=$11 million Benjamin Hall opens Saturday in Palm Beach Gardens |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/11-million-benjamin-hall-opens-saturday-in-palm-be/nkfy7/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125959/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/11-million-benjamin-hall-opens-saturday-in-palm-be/nkfy7/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=STEM facility on track to open by 2019 |url=https://www.wpbf.com/article/stem-facility-on-track-to-open-by-2019/23134367 |website=WPBF |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en |date=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Private school in Florida plans a $3.6 million science center |url=https://www.asumag.com/new-construction/private-school-florida-plans-36-million-science-center |website=American School & University |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Kusuzgika kwa chimphepo cha pa 21–23 January 2017#Chakuchitika cha pa 23 January|Chimphepo cha mu January 2017 mu Florida]] chikaparanya chomene sitediyamu ya bola ya sukulu iyi. Kunozga kukamara pafupi chaka chimoza kufuma apo chikachitikira.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Jodie |title=Benjamin stadium repairs won't be complete in time for Kickoff Classic |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/high-school-football/benjamin-stadium-repairs-won-complete-time-for-kickoff-classic/x5R6RbMllnOfzS2rLucd2I/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124315/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/high-school-football/benjamin-stadium-repairs-won-complete-time-for-kickoff-classic/x5R6RbMllnOfzS2rLucd2I/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Mu January 2018, sukulu iyi yikasintha kufuma ku ŵalinda ŵambura vilwero kuya ku ŵalinda awo ŵali na vilwero. Masukulu ghanandi agho ghali pafupi nayo ghakachitako nthena chifukwa cha [[kuwukira kwa sukulu ya sekondare ya Stoneman Douglas]] mu mwezi wakulongozga.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clough |first1=Alexandra |title=How Palm Beach County private schools handle security |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/business/how-palm-beach-county-private-schools-handle-security/FHCfVUiRDOojujxKZTfpDI/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124303/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/business/how-palm-beach-county-private-schools-handle-security/FHCfVUiRDOojujxKZTfpDI/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Pa nyengo ya [[mliri wa COVID-19]], sukulu iyi yikapokera ngongoli ya $3.1 miliyoni kufuma ku boma la United States kwizira mu [[Paycheck Protection Program]], iyo yikapangika kuti yovwire mabizinesi ghachoko agho ghakaŵa mu masuzgo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stapleton |first1=Christine |title=Big churches, elite law firms, private schools get COVID loans |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/07/10/big-churches-elite-law-firms-private-schools-get-covid-loans/112126490/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215003829/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/07/10/big-churches-elite-law-firms-private-schools-get-covid-loans/112126490/ |archive-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> Chifukwa chikuru cha mliri uwu, sukulu iyi yikati mapempho ghakusambira ghakasazgikira kaŵiri kufuma mu 2017 mpaka 2022 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵakusambira chikakwera kufuma pa 1,051 kufika pa 1,284.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Modi |first1=Priyanka |title=Palm Beach Resi Sales Delayed Due to Full Private Schools |url=https://therealdeal.com/miami/2022/09/07/mansions-on-hold-deals-delayed-because-palm-beach-private-schools-at-capacity/?irclickid=TjAzuWSvrxyNRuAR1KVn735NUkASQqxBo0-cwk0 |website=The Real Deal |access-date=23 May 2023 |language=en |date=7 September 2022}}</ref> ==Ŵanthu ŵa sukulu== Ŵanthu ŵa sukulu ya The Benjamin School mu makalasi gha K-12 mu chaka cha sukulu cha 2019–20 ŵakaŵa 79% [[Ŵazungu|Ŵazungu]], 4% [[ŴaHispanic|ŴaHispanic]], 3.8% [[ŴaAfirika|ŴaAfirika]], 3.7% [[ŴaAsia na ŴaPacific Islander|ŴaAsia/ŴaPacific Islander]], ndipo 8.4% ŵakaŵa ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/privateschoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolName=Benjamin&NumOfStudentsRange=more&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&ID=00260375|title=The Benjamin School|author=|date=|website=nces.ed.gov|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusambira pa sukulu iyi sono panji awo ŵakafumapo kale kuŵa ŵakuchita maseŵera gha gofu pa ntchito, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach, ŵakutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu iyi, kusazgapo [[Jack Nicklaus]], [[Tiger Woods]], na [[Greg Norman]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf's Hot Spot |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/gwar-palm-beach-rosaforte-0304 |website=Golf Digest |accessdate=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Dave |title=Golf world's capital? Palm Beach County area has a strong case |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/article/20120226/SPORTS/812016789 |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=18 May 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414120321/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/article/20120226/SPORTS/812016789 |archive-date=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bastable |first1=Alan |title=What's Charlie Woods' golf game like? We asked his high school coach |url=https://golf.com/news/charlie-woods-golf-game-high-school-coach/ |website=Golf |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=13 December 2023}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Ŵasambiri ŵa Benjamin ŵangasankha masambiro ghanandi, kusazgapo masambiro 23 gha [[Advanced Placement|AP]] na masambiro 16 gha ulemu.<ref name="pbcedu">{{cite web |title=Points of Pride |url=http://www.pbcedu.org/points-of-pride/ |website=www.pbcedu.org |accessdate=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124136/http://www.pbcedu.org/points-of-pride/ |archive-date=9 December 2018}}</ref> Vyakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wamalizge sukulu ya sekondare ni masukulu 4 gha [[chiyowoyelo cha Chingelezi]], masukulu 4 gha [[masamu]], masukulu 3.5 gha [[sayansi]], masukulu 3 gha [[masambiro gha vya ŵanthu]], sukulu 1 ya [[vyakupanga vya lusungu]], na masukulu 0.5 gha [[sayansi ya kompyuta]]. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakwenera kumalizga [[ntchito yakusambira|ntchito yakusambira pa malo gha ntchito]] ya masabata ghaŵiri mu chaka chawo cha junior panji senior. Ndondomeko ya viyowoyelo vya charu yikwamba mu pre-kindergarten na masambiro gha Chitchayinizi, [[Chifurenchi]], na [[Chisipanishi]] sabata yiliyose. Mu giredi la chakwamba, ŵasambiri ŵakusankha chiyowoyelo icho ŵakwenera kusambira mpaka giredi la chinkhondi. Ŵasambiri ŵa middle na upper school ŵangasankha kulutilira na chiyowoyelo chenechicho panji kusankha chinyake. Kusambira kwa vyaka vitatu vyakulondezgana mu chiyowoyelo chimoza kukukhumbikwa kuti munthu wamalizge sukulu ya sekondare. [[Niche (kampani)|Niche]] yikati Benjamin ni sukulu ya chipayiveti ya nambara yitatu mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach County mu 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explore The Benjamin School |url=https://www.niche.com/k12/the-benjamin-school-north-palm-beach-fl/ |website=Niche |accessdate=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512073534/https://www.niche.com/k12/the-benjamin-school-north-palm-beach-fl/ |archive-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> Ŵasambiri awo ŵamalizga sukulu ŵali na mbiri ya 100% yakuzomerezgeka ku makoleji.<ref name="pbcedu" /> ==Vyakuchita kuwaro kwa masambiro== ===Vyakupanga vya lusungu=== Ŵasambiri ŵangasangika mu kwaya, gulu la sumu, kilabu ya maseŵero, panji timu ya kuvina. Gulu la kuvina "The Dazzlers" likuchita vyakuvina pa maseŵero ghose gha mpira wa sukulu kweniso pa vyakuchitika vinyake pa sukulu. Dipatimenti ya vyakupanga vya lusungu yikupanga vyakuchitika vinandi mu chaka. ===Maseŵero=== The Benjamin Buccaneers ŵakuchita mpikisano mu [[Florida High School Athletic Association|FHSAA]], Class 4A – Region R4. Pa maseŵero gha mpira, ŵali mu Southeastern Football Conference, gulu la sukulu za chipayiveti za ku Florida.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=Miami |title=Southeastern Football Conference Makes A Splash {{!}} High School Sports Blog |url=https://miamiherald.typepad.com/hssports/2014/11/southeastern-football-conference-makes-a-splash.html |website=miamiherald.typepad.com |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵa sukulu ya sekondare ŵangasambira maseŵero nga ni [[baseball]], [[basketball]], [[bowling]], [[cheerleading]], [[kuthamanga pa malo ghataligho|cross-country]], [[mpira wa ku America|mpira wa ku America]], [[gofu]], [[lacrosse]], [[mpira wa malundi]], [[softball]], [[kusambira (maseŵero)|kusambira]], [[tenesi]], [[kuthamanga na kurwa vinthu|track and field]], [[volleyball]], na [[wrestling]]. Kuti ŵamalizge sukulu, ŵakwenera kusambira masemesita ghaŵiri gha [[masambiro gha thupi|PE]] panji kuseŵera maseŵero kwa nyengo ziŵiri. ===Mabuku na vyakulemba=== Nyuzipepara ya ŵasambiri ni ''The Pharcyde''. Mu 2012, yikapika zina lakuti Nyuzipepara Yakuluska Chomene ya Sukulu za Chipayiveti/Za tchalitchi mu America na American Scholastic Press Association.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paine |first1=Chris |title=Academia: Benjamin School wins national newspaper award |url=https://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/article/20120602/NEWS/306029851 |website=Palm Beach Daily News |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Sukulu iyi ya pa TV, BTV N3WS, yikapokera chawanangwa cha All-Florida Publication kufuma ku [[Florida Scholastic Press Association]] mu 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=FSPA – All Florida |url=https://fspa.wildapricot.org/page-18192 |website=fspa.wildapricot.org |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> ==Ŵasambiri ŵakumanyikwa na awo ŵakamalizga sukulu== [[File:US Rep. Tom Rooney.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Tom Rooney, mjumbe wa nyumba ya malango ya United States]] * [[Ryan Berube]], '92, wakusambira pa maji uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide pa Olimpiki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=919417|title= OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALIST RYAN BERUBE '92 VISITS UPPER SCHOOL|last=Aiello|first=Kathy|date=2017-03-23|website=www.thebenjaminschool.org|publisher=The Benjamin School|access-date=2018-12-07 |quote=}}</ref> * [[Chauncey Bowens]], '24, wakuseŵera malo gha [[running back]] ku [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia Bulldogs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Eric J. |title=Benjamin running back Chauncey Bowens commits to Florida Gators |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/high-school/2022/09/18/chauncey-bowens-benjamin-running-back-commits-florida-gators/10419834002/ |date=2022-09-18 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chris Cocotos]], '90, wakaseŵera tennis wa pa ntchito kale<ref>{{cite web |title=BENJAMIN'S COCOTOS CHOOSES BRAZIL OVER STATE TENNIS MEET |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1989-04-14-8901190942-story.html |website=Sun Sentinel |date=14 April 1989 |access-date=13 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Brennan Curtin]], '99, museŵera wa NFL<ref name="athletics">{{cite web |title=The Benjamin School Alumni Accomplishments in the Arts |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/alumni/alumni-accomplishments-in-athletics# |website=www.thebenjaminschool.org |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510083647/https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/alumni/alumni-accomplishments-in-athletics |archive-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> * [[Kaiir Elam]], '19, wakuseŵera malo gha [[cornerback]] ku [[Dallas Cowboys]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-star Cornerback Kaiir Elam Commits to UF On National Signing Day |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/news-detail?pk=1069495 |website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=14 October 2020 |language=en |date=6 February 2019}}</ref> * [[Erlana Larkins]], '04, museŵera wa WNBA<ref name="athletics" /> * [[Micah Mays Jr.]], '23, wakuseŵera mpira wa ku koleji pa malo gha wide receiver ku [[Florida Gators football|Florida Gators]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Curreri |first1=Gary |title=Palm Beach 2A-1A boys track and field athlete of the year: Micah Mays, Benjamin junior |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2022/06/18/palm-beach-2a-1a-boys-track-and-field-athlete-of-the-year-micah-mays-benjamin-junior/ |website=Sun Sentinel |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Brooke Mueller]], msambizgani<ref>{{cite web |last=Marr |first=Madeleine |title=Palm Beach socialite ID'ed as mystery woman cops questioned in Matthew Perry's death |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article289557684.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref> * [[Tom Rooney (Florida politician)|Tom Rooney]], '89, wakale [[United States House of Representatives|mjumbe wa nyumba ya malango ya United States]] wa {{ushr|FL|17}} ndipo sono ni trustee wa sukulu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/benjamin-school-honor-alumnus-rooney/ZwfHC7nXeZYnn8KE0PU4UM/|title=Benjamin School to honor alumnus Rooney|last=Wagner|first=Jodie|date=2013-05-21|website=www.palmbeachpost.com|publisher=The Palm Beach Post|access-date=2018-12-07|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095057/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/benjamin-school-honor-alumnus-rooney/ZwfHC7nXeZYnn8KE0PU4UM/|archive-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> * [[Bennett Sousa]], '14, wakutaya bola mu MLB<ref>{{cite web |last1=Berman |first1=Marc |title=Benjamin's Bennett Sousa returns home to fight for place in Houston Astros bullpen |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/2024/02/19/benjamins-bennett-sousa-returns-home-to-fight-for-place-with-astros/72642697007/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908225526/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/2024/02/19/benjamins-bennett-sousa-returns-home-to-fight-for-place-with-astros/72642697007/ |archive-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Mark Swift and Damian Shannon|Mark Swift]], '88, mulembi wa mafilimu gha ''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' na [[Friday the 13th (2009 film)|filimu yakupangikaso ya 2009 ya ''Friday the 13th'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=971576|title= HOLLYWOOD SCREENWRITER MARK SWIFT '88 NAMED 2014 DISTINGUISHED ALUMNUS|last=Aiello|first=Kathy|date=2014-05-22|website=www.thebenjaminschool.org|publisher=The Benjamin School|access-date=2018-12-07 |quote=}}</ref> * [[Jordan Travis]], '18, wakale museŵera wa mpira wa pa ntchito<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TravJo00.htm|title=Jordan Travis|publisher=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 14, 2025}}</ref> * [[Kai Trump]], '26, museŵera gofu, muzukuru wa [[Donald Trump]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/local/pbgardens/2025/05/15/benjamin-school-florida-trump-woods/83597719007/|title=Tiger Woods' kids go there and so does Kai Trump. What to know about The Benjamin School|last=Washburn|first=Maya|date=May 15, 2025|website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|access-date=July 14, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217001222/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/local/pbgardens/2025/05/15/benjamin-school-florida-trump-woods/83597719007/|archive-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> * [[Charlie Woods (golfer, born 2009)|Charlie Axel Woods]], '27, museŵera gofu, mwana wa [[Tiger Woods]] ==Ŵasambizgi na ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa== * [[Jack Armstrong (baseball)|Jack Armstrong]], wakale museŵera wa [[MLB]] wakaponya bola, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa baseball mu 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lichtenstein |first1=Adam |title=Benjamin names former Major Leaguer Jack Armstrong head baseball coach |url=http://highschoolbuzz.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2017/08/23/baseball-benjamin-hires-former-major-league-pitcher-jack-armstrong-as-new-head-coach/ |website=Palm Beach Post |accessdate=9 January 2019 |date=23 August 2017}}</ref> * [[Mike Schmidt]], wakuseŵera wa pachanya wachitatu uyo wali mu Hall of Fame, wakasambizga baseball ya junior varsity mu 1994<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/03/06/schmidt-s-slumpbuster-strikes-out-with-phillies/ |title=Schmidt's Slumpbuster strikes out with Phillies |website=Tampa Bay Times |accessdate=10 September 2023 |date=March 6, 1994}}</ref> * [[Darren Lowe (lacrosse)|Darren Lowe]], wakale museŵera wa lacrosse wa pa ntchito, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa lacrosse mu 2017. Ndiyo wali trustee wa sukulu.<ref>{{cite web |title=DARREN LOWE ASSUMES POSITION AS BENJAMIN'S HEAD LACROSSE COACH |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=960705 |website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=11 January 2019 |date=20 October 2017}}</ref> * [[Jack Nicklaus]], museŵera gofu uyo wali kuleka, ni trustee emeritus.<ref name=trustee>{{cite web |title=Our Trustees |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/about/our-community/our-trustees |website=www.thebenjaminschool.org |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> * [[Tom Rooney (Florida politician)|Tom Rooney]], wandale wa Florida na uyo wakamalizga sukulu iyi, ni trustee sono.<ref name=trustee /> * [[Dirk Edward Ziff]] ni trustee sono.<ref name=trustee /> * [[Eric Kresser]], wakale quarterback wa NFL, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa mpira mu 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Gators QB, Benjamin coach Eric Kresser praises FSU coach Mike Norvell |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ex-gators-qb-benjamin-coach-212515430.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=8 September 2024 |date=1 February 2024}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Intaneti == *{{Official website|https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/}} {{coord|26.83824|-80.06363|type:edu_globe:earth_region:US-FL|display=title}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benjamin School}} <!--- Magulu ---> [[Category:Masukulu ghapachanya gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Vyakusambira ivyo vikakhazikiskika mu 1960]] [[Category:Masukulu ghapachanya mu Palm Beach County, Florida]] [[Category:Masukulu ghapakati gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Masukulu gha pulayimale gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiska vya 1960 mu Florida]] l5z6i1znmtpnk6wz7115vmbkf0p02s4 0 47961 122515 117482 2026-09-28T00:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{CIA}} {{Infobox economy | country = Cameroon | image_size = 310px | image = Ars&Urbis International Workshop - Emiliano Gandolfi 82.JPG | caption = [[Douala]], the economic capital of Cameroon | currency = [[CFA franc]] ([[ISO 4217|XAF]]) | fixed exchange = | year = Calendar year | organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] | group = {{plainlist| *[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Lower-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}} | population = {{increase}} 30,058,421 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Population, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> | gdp = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $60.58 billion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR |title=IMF DataMapper: Cameroon |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=2025 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * {{increase}} $173.30 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; {{abbr|2025|2025}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|87th (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|86th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | growth = {{plainlist| * 3.6%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> * 3.6%&nbsp;({{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> }} | per capita = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $2,027 (nominal; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> * {{increase}} $5,790 (PPP; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (nominal)|152nd (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|147th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | per capita growth = 0.9%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG|title = GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed June 2026}}</ref> | components = | sectors = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cameroon|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>}} | inflation = 3.4% (2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOCM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2025/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, June 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> | poverty = {{plainlist| *22% (2024, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CM |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)|publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> *23% on less than $3.20/day (estimated in 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Cameroon |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>}} | gini = 42.2 {{color|orange| medium}} (2014, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CM |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> | hdi = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.588 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|148th]]) *0.470 {{color|red|low}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>}} | labor = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 11,118,837 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Labor force, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> *62.9% employment rate (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Cameroon |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122055024/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CM&name_desc=true |archive-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>}} | occupations = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|commerce]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | unemployment = 3.5% (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | industries = [[petroleum]] production and [[refining]], [[aluminium]] production, [[food processing]], light consumer goods, [[textiles]], [[lumber]], [[ship]] repair | exports = {{increase}} $7 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | export-goods = [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum product]]s, [[lumber]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] beans, [[aluminium]], [[coffee]], [[cotton]] | export-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 17% *{{flag|France}} 8.9% *{{flag|India}} 7.2% *{{flag|Russia}} 6.8% *{{flag|Belgium}} 3.8% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | imports = {{increase}} $10.58 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | import-goods = [[machinery]], [[electrical]] equipment, [[transport]] equipment, [[fuel]], [[food]] | import-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 19% *{{flag|France}} 7.6% *{{flag|Nigeria}} 5.5% *{{flag|India}} 4.8% *{{flag|Russia}} 4.4% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | current account = {{increaseNegative}} −$1.2 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | FDI = | gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $15.104 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | debt = {{increaseNegative}} 37% of GDP (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | revenue = {{increase}} $8.630 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | balance = −0.4% (of GDP) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | expenses = {{increase}} $9.370 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | aid = The Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million, debt relief now totals $1.26 billion ({{As of|2001|alt=2001}}) | credit = {{plainlist| *[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> *B- (Domestic) *B (Foreign) *BBB- (T&C Assessment)}} | reserves = {{increase}} $5.8 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | spelling = }} [[File:ChrisTonaldo on his harvested coacoa.jpg|thumb|Cocoa Farm]] [[Cameroon]] has a [[Developing country|developing economy]] considered lower-middle income. It was one of the most prosperous in [[Africa]] for a quarter of a century after independence. The drop in commodity prices for its principal [[export]]s – [[petroleum]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], and [[cotton]] – in the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued [[currency]] and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long [[recession]]. Real per capita [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal [[Government budget deficit|deficit]]s widened, and [[foreign debt]] grew. Yet because of its [[oil reserves]] and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name=Tambi2015>{{cite journal |last1=Tambi |first1=Mbu Daniel |title=Economic Growth, Crisis, and Recovery in Cameroon: A Literature Review |journal=Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business |date=30 March 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=((10.13106/ijidb.2015.vol6.no1.5.)) |doi-access= }}</ref> == Agriculture == {{update section|date=August 2024}} In 2024, Cameroon produced: * 19{{nbsp}}million tons of [[cassava]] (6th largest producer in the world); * 3.9{{nbsp}}million tonnes of [[Cooking banana|plantain]] (3rd largest producer in the world, only behind Congo and Ghana); * 2.6{{nbsp}}million tons of [[palm oil]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 2.3{{nbsp}}million tons of [[maize]]; * 1.9{{nbsp}}million tons of [[taro]] (3rd largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria and China); * 1.4{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sorghum]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[banana]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sugarcane]]; * 1{{nbsp}}million tons of [[tomato]] (19th largest producer in the world); * 674,000 tonnes of [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 594,000 tons of [[peanut]]; * 410,000 tons of [[sweet potato]]; * 402,000 tons of [[bean]]s; * 332,000 tons of [[rice]]; * 310,000 tons of [[pineapple]]; * 307,000 tons of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] (5th largest producer in the world, after Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia and Nigeria); * 302,000 tons of [[potato]]; * 301,000 tons of [[onion]]; * 249,000 tons of [[cotton]]. In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as [[coffee]] (33,000 tons) and [[natural rubber]] (55,000 tons).<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ Cameroon production in 2018, by FAO]</ref> ==Finance and banking== Cameroon's financial system is the largest in the [[CEMAC]] region. Access to financial services is limited, particularly for SMEs. Aside from a traditional tendency for banks to prefer dealing with large, established companies, determining factors are also found in interest rates for loans to SMEs being capped at 15 percent and being heavily taxed. As of 2006, bank loans to SMEs hardly reached 15 percent of total outstanding loans (Molua, 2002).<ref name=Tambi2015/> Around 25 percent of Cameroonians have access to a bank account(as of 2024). While the microfinance sector is consequently becoming increasingly important, its development is hampered by a loose regulatory and supervisory framework for [[microfinance]] institutions (MFIs). The banking sector is highly concentrated and dominated by foreign commercial banks. 6 out of the 11 largest commercial banks are foreign-owned, and the three largest banks hold more than 50 percent of total financial system assets. While foreign banks generally display good solvency ratios, small domestic banks are in a much weaker position. Their capitalization is well below the average of banks in the CEMAC region and their profits are close to 2 percent, compared to 20 percent for foreign banks in the country. This is partially explained by the high levels of non-performing loans, which reached 12 percent in 2007, leading to most banks holding large amounts of excess reserves as a percentage of deposits and large levels of unutilized liquidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A - Making Finance Work for Africa|website=www.mfw4a.org|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Cameroon's financial system is being requested by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to increase its tax base to cover the losses from the North-West and South-West Cameroon's regions instabilities, the loss of oil revenue, the failure to deliver on port facilities, and the decline in oil production from mature oil fields.<ref>IMF.org</ref> === Climate finance === {{Excerpt|Climate finance in Cameroon}} ==Macro-economic trend== <!--[[File:YaoundePanoramicView.jpeg|center|upright=2.0|thumb|Yaounde, the second economic center of the country]]--> Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage "off-budget" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in [[Paris]], [[Switzerland]] and [[New York City|New York]] accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of France and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they "continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total.<ref>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> Recent signs, however, are encouraging. As of March 1998, Cameroon's fifth IMF program – a 3-year enhanced structural adjustment program approved in August 1997 – is on track. Cameroon has rescheduled its [[Paris Club]] debt at favorable terms. GDP has grown by about 5% a year beginning in 1995. There is cautious optimism that Cameroon is emerging from its long period of economic hardship. [[File:2006Cameroonian exports.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Cameroonian exports in 2006]] The [[Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility]] (ESAF) signed recently by the IMF and Government of Cameroon calls for greater macroeconomic planning and financial accountability; [[privatization]] of most of Cameroon's nearly 100 remaining non-financial parastatal enterprises; elimination of state marketing board [[monopoly|monopolies]] on the export of cocoa, certain coffees, and cotton; privatization and price competition in the [[banking]] sector; implementation of the 1992 [[labor code]]; a vastly improved judicial system; and political liberalization to boost investment. [[France]] is Cameroon's main trading partner and source of private investment and [[foreign aid]]. Cameroon has an investment guaranty agreement and a bilateral accord with the [[United States]]. USA investment in Cameroon is about $1 million, most of it in the oil sector. Inflation has been brought back under control. Cameroon aims at becoming emerging by 2035. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful; the government slashed [[civil service]] salaries by 65% in 1993. The [[CFA franc]] – the common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African states – was devalued by 50% in January 1994. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Cameroon at market prices [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 estimated] by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Central African CFA Francs. [[File:Pineapple 'Victoria' with slice.jpg|thumb|Pineapple 'Victoria', grown in Cameroon]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year || Gross Domestic Product || US Dollar Exchange |- | 1980 || 1,600,186 || 209.20 Francs |- | 1985 || 4,355,977 || 471.12 Francs |- | 1990 || 3,804,428 || 300.65 Francs |- | 1995 || 4,686,286 || 518.62 Francs |- | 2000 || 6,612,385 || 658.21 Francs |- | 2005 || 8,959,279 || 527.29 Francs |} The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022. Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=35&pr.y=12|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Year !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small> !GDP per capita <small>(in US$ PPP)</small> !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small> !GDP growth <small>(real)</small> !Inflation rate <small>(in Percent)</small> !Government debt <small>(in % of GDP)</small> |- |1980 |11.1 |1,263 |8.85 |{{Increase}}9.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.7% |n/a |- |1981 |{{Increase}}14.3 |{{Increase}}1,572 |{{Increase}}10.03 |{{Increase}}17.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.5% |n/a |- |1982 |{{Increase}}16.3 |{{Increase}}1,747 |{{Decrease}}9.62 |{{Increase}}7.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15.3% |n/a |- |1983 |{{Increase}}18.1 |{{Increase}}1,887 |{{Increase}}9.69 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.5% |n/a |- |1984 |{{Increase}}20.1 |{{Increase}}2,047 |{{Increase}}10.24 |{{Increase}}7.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.1% |n/a |- |1985 |{{Increase}}22.4 |{{Increase}}2,223 |{{Increase}}10.70 |{{Increase}}8.1% |{{Increase}}4.2% |n/a |- |1986 |{{Increase}}24.4 |{{Increase}}2,357 |{{Increase}}13.95 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{Increase}}4.3% |n/a |- |1987 |{{Increase}}24.5 |{{Decrease}}2,298 |{{Increase}}16.15 | {{Decrease}}-2.2% |{{Increase}}2.8% |n/a |- |1988 |{{Decrease}}23.4 |{{Decrease}}2,129 |{{Increase}}16.40 | {{Decrease}}-7.9% |{{Increase}}1.7% |n/a |- |1989 |{{Decrease}}23.9 |{{Decrease}}2,110 |{{Decrease}}14.63 | {{Decrease}}-1.8% |{{Increase}}1.6% |n/a |- |1990 |{{Decrease}}23.2 |{{Decrease}}1,992 |{{Increase}}14.64 | {{Decrease}}-6.2% |{{Increase}}1.5% |n/a |- |1991 |{{Decrease}}23.1 |{{Decrease}}1,922 |{{Increase}}16.33 | {{Decrease}}-3.8% | {{DecreasePositive}}-0.6% |n/a |- |1992 |{{Decrease}}22.9 |{{Decrease}}1,850 |{{Decrease}}14.96 | {{Decrease}}-3.1% |{{Increase}}1.9% |n/a |- |1993 |{{Decrease}}22.7 |{{Decrease}}1,780 |{{Increase}}15.61 | {{Decrease}}-3.2% | {{DecreasePositive}}-3.7% |n/a |- |1994 |{{Decrease}}22.6 |{{Decrease}}1,722 |{{Decrease}}10.62 | {{Decrease}}-2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.7% |n/a |- |1995 |{{Increase}}23.9 |{{Increase}}1,766 |{{Decrease}}10.08 |{{Increase}}3.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}25.8% |n/a |- |1996 |{{Increase}}25.5 |{{Increase}}1,836 |{{Increase}}11.23 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.9% |n/a |- |1997 |{{Increase}}27.3 |{{Increase}}1,913 |{{Increase}}11.35 |{{Increase}}5.3% |{{Increase}}4.8% |n/a |- |1998 |{{Increase}}29.0 |{{Increase}}1,974 |{{Decrease}}11.34 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.2% |68% |- |1999 |{{Increase}}30.6 |{{Increase}}2,026 |{{Increase}}11.55 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.8% |{{Steady}}68% |- |2000 |{{Increase}}32.3 |{{Increase}}2,084 |{{Decrease}}10.25 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{IncreaseNegative}}76% |- |2001 |{{Increase}}34.2 |{{Increase}}2,145 |{{Increase}}10.95 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{DecreasePositive}}62% |- |2002 |{{Increase}}36.4 |{{Increase}}2,224 |{{Increase}}12.37 |{{Increase}}4.8% |{{Increase}}2.8% |{{DecreasePositive}}57% |- |2003 |{{Increase}}38.9 |{{Increase}}2,318 |{{Increase}}15.94 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{DecreasePositive}}52% |- |2004 |{{Increase}}42.6 |{{Increase}}2,469 |{{Increase}}18.80 |{{Increase}}6.6% |{{Increase}}0.3% |{{Steady}}52% |- |2005 |{{Increase}}44.5 |{{Increase}}2,509 |{{Increase}}19.53 |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{Increase}}2.0% |{{DecreasePositive}}44% |- |2006 |{{Increase}}47.5 |{{Increase}}2,605 |{{Increase}}20.91 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{DecreasePositive}}18% |- |2007 |{{Increase}}50.8 |{{Increase}}2,710 |{{Increase}}23.93 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}14% |- |2008 |{{Increase}}53.2 |{{Increase}}2,764 |{{Increase}}27.71 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.3% |{{DecreasePositive}}11% |- |2009 |{{Increase}}55.0 |{{Increase}}2,777 |{{Increase}}27.90 |{{Increase}}2.6% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{Steady}}11% |- |2010 |{{Increase}}57.2 |{{Increase}}2,814 |{{Decrease}}27.53 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{Increase}}1.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}14% |- |2011 |{{Increase}}60.5 |{{Increase}}2,892 |{{Increase}}30.63 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2012 |{{Increase}}63.6 |{{Increase}}2,959 |{{Decrease}}30.17 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}2.4% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2013 |{{Increase}}69.1 |{{Increase}}3,130 |{{Increase}}33.73 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}2.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}17% |- |2014 |{{Increase}}75.1 |{{Increase}}3,313 |{{Increase}}36.40 |{{Increase}}5.8% |{{Increase}}1.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}21% |- |2015 |{{Increase}}79.1 |{{Increase}}3,396 |{{Decrease}}32.21 |{{Increase}}5.6% |{{Increase}}2.7% |{{IncreaseNegative}}32% |- |2016 |{{Increase}}84.4 |{{Increase}}3,527 |{{Increase}}33.81 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}0.9% |{{Steady}}32% |- |2017 |{{Increase}}90.0 |{{Increase}}3,665 |{{Increase}}36.09 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}37% |- |2018 |{{Increase}}95.9 |{{Increase}}3,803 |{{Increase}}39.99 |{{Increase}}4.0% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}38% |- |2019 |{{Increase}}101.0 |{{Increase}}3,901 |{{Increase}}39.67 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}42% |- |2020 |{{Increase}}102.7 |{{Decrease}}3,870 |{{Increase}}40.86 |{{Increase}}0.5% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}45% |- |2021 |{{Increase}}110.9 |{{Increase}}4,073 |{{Increase}}45.39 |{{Increase}}3.6% |{{Increase}}2.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}46% |- |2022 |{{Increase}}123.3 |{{Increase}}4,419 |{{Decrease}}44.32 |{{Increase}}3.8% |{{Increase}}4.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}47% |} ==Mining== {{Main|Mining industry of Cameroon}} ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Douala.JPG|[[Douala]] File:Limbe1.png|A touristic area in [[Limbe, Cameroon|Limbe]] File:YaoundeSportPalace.png|[[Yaoundé]] Sport palace File:Fulani herd in the dust.jpg|A [[Fula people|Fulani]] herder drives his cattle in northern Cameroon. File:Asky plane 7810.jpg|Douala International Airport File:Touristic Buses.jpg|Intercity buses in transit during the night (Touristique Express) File:WL-Cameroun-Train Yaoundé-Ngaoundéré.jpg|Interurban passenger train on the move in Cameroon (Douala-Yaounde-Ngaoundere) File:Nouveau pont sur le Wouri 04.jpg|Douala Seaport File:Transport de boissons 01.jpg|A truck transporting beers to various localities in Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== * [[Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} *[http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=120 Cameroon latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Cameroon] {{World Trade Organization}} {{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Cameroon}} [[Category:Economy of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Economies of developing countries]] [[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Cameroon]] [[Category:African Union member economies|Cameroon]] mp4u15ttf422hjo6at45j29zre0zrst 0 47965 122669 117508 2026-09-28T02:54:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{More citations needed|date=November 2022}} {{Expand French|topic=gov|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Politics of Cameroon}} The '''politics of Cameroon''' takes place in the context of an [[electoral autocracy]] where multi-party elections have been held since 1992, the ruling party wins every election, and [[Paul Biya]] has been president since 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2024 |title=Partisanship and Political Socialization in Electoral Autocracies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/partisanship-and-political-socialization-in-electoral-autocracies/6447701E63C239B8B2AD00F250E280E1 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–16 |issn=0003-0554 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000261 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2020 |title=Expressive Voting in Autocracies: A Theory of Non-Economic Participation with Evidence from Cameroon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/expressive-voting-in-autocracies-a-theory-of-noneconomic-participation-with-evidence-from-cameroon/0713D238645120917BEE36F29E62A7D5 |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=439–453 |issn=1537-5927 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719001002}}</ref> Since Cameroon's independence in 1960, it has been a single-party state and ruled only by two presidents: [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] and Paul Biya.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |date=2020 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1800 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Political opposition is repressed, and elections are manipulated in favor of the ruling party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramer |first=Jefcoate O'Donnell, Robbie |date=2024-03-26 |title=Cameroon's Paul Biya Gives a Master Class in Fake Democracy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/22/cameroons-paul-biya-gives-a-master-class-in-fake-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Cameroon: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/cameroon/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Nominally, it is a [[Unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] republic, whereby the [[President of Cameroon]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. A prime ministerial position exists and is nominally head of government, implying a [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] system, although de facto the prime minister only serves to assist the president. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Forms of government|government]] and the [[National Assembly of Cameroon]]. ==Political background== The government adopted legislation in 1997 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon's first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992, followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1997 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, [[Bello Bouba Maigari]] of the [[National Union for Democracy and Progress (Cameroon)|NUDP]], subsequently joined the government. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers and occasionally arrests journalists. Although a 1990 law authorizes private radio and television stations, the government has not granted any licenses as of March 1998. The Cameroonian Government's [[Human rights in Cameroon|human rights record]] has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120807234321/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008/ ''Global Integrity Report: Cameroon 2008''] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713025819/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 |date=13 July 2012}} Retrieved 14 February 2012.</ref> Worthy of note is the fact that Cameroon is the only country in which two Constitutions are applicable side by side. For example, the 1972 Constitution designates the Prime Minister as constitutional successor of the Head of State in case of incapacity, death, resignation or unaccountable absence of the incumbent. Contrarily, the 1996 Constitutional Reform designates the President of the Senate as constitutional successor; but the Senate (provided for by 1996 Reform) does not exist. Apart from increasing the presidential mandate from 5 years to 7 years, very few amendments of the 1996 Constitutional Reform have been applied. ==Executive branch== {{office-table}} |[[President of Cameroon|President]] |[[Paul Biya]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |6 November 1982 |- |[[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] |[[Joseph Ngute|Joseph Dion Ngute]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |4 January 2019 |} [[Image:Paul biya and colin powell.jpg|thumb|left|Cameroon President [[Paul Biya]] (right) with [[Colin Powell]]|alt=Colin Powell and Cameroon president Paul Biya, smiling and talking]] The 1972 constitution of the '''Republic of Cameroon''' as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The [[Presidents of Cameroon|president]] is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members (regardless of parliamentary representation), judges, generals, provincial governors, [[prefect]]s, [[sub-prefect]]s, and heads of Cameroon's [[parastatal]] (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. In 2008, a constitutional amendment was passed that eliminated term limits for president.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cameroon parliament extends Biya's term limit |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |url-status=live |publisher=France 24 |date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008042404/http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Ministry of Justice of Cameroon site |url=http://minjustice.gov.cm/}}</ref> The [[Supreme court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and [[probate law]]. [[Tribal law]]s and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. ==Legislative branch== The 180-member [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member [[senate]] as part of a [[bicameral legislature]], the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. The government has established the [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] in 2013. ==Political parties and elections== {{main article|List of political parties in Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Cameroon |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408153455/https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |archive-date=8 April 2026 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> {{empty section|date=April 2026}} ==Judicial branch== The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]]. The [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|Supreme Court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. == The role of women == In an article on the construction of a ‘model Cameroonian woman’ in the Cameroonian parliament, Lilian Atanga, examines arguments used to perpetuate a popular ideal and discourses which "sustain and maintain the status quo (e.g. of women as domestic or women as cooks)".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Atanga | first = Lilian | title = The discursive construction of a 'model Cameroonian woman' within the Cameroonian Parliament | journal = [[Gender and Language]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–45 | doi = 10.1558/genl.v6i1.21 | date = April 2012 }} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236172456_The_discursive_construction_of_a_%27model_Cameroonian_woman%27_within_the_Cameroonian_Parliament Pdf.]</ref> ==International organization participation== Cameroon is member of the following organizations: {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| * [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT) * [[ACP (Lomé Convention)]] (ACP) * [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) * [[Development Bank of the Central African States]] (BDEAC) * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (C) * [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (CEEAC) * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (ECA) * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) * [[Franc zone]] (FZ) * [[Group of 77]] (G-77) * [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) * [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) * [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) * [[International Development Association]] (IDA) * [[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) * [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) * [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (IFRCS) * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) * [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) * [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) * [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) * [[Intelsat]] * [[Interpol (organization)]] (Interpol) * [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) * [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) * [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) * [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) * [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) * [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) * [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (CMEAC) * [[United Nations]] (UN) * [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) * [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) * [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) * [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) * [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) * [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) * [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) * [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) * [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) * [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO) * [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO) }} ==See also== *[[Cameroon public administration structure]] *[[List of governments of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Politics of Cameroon| ]] llur7dr8loik00nigd8i0uvw03hgvsf 0 47972 122529 117510 2026-09-28T00:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Savu la Chitumbuka la mwambo, lakususka na lakusekelera}} {{Infobox dance | name = Fwemba | native_name = Gule wa Fwemba | image = | caption = | etymology = Kuvina nga ni nkhondo | genre = Savu lachikaya | instruments = Ng'oma, na vinyake | inventor = [[Ŵatumbuka]] | year = c.1925 AD | origin = [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha Dazi, Zambia|Kumafumiro gha Zambia]] | related_dances = [[Vimbuza]], [[Mganda]], [[Mapenenga]] }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Fwemba''' ni gule wa mwambo uwo ukuvinika na [[Ŵatumbuka]] ku [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha Dazi, Zambia|Kumafumiro gha Zambia]], chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Chigaŵa cha Lundazi|Lundazi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Chasefu|Chasefu]], na [[Chigaŵa cha Lumezi|Lumezi]], kweniso ku [[Chigaŵa cha Chama|Chama]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Muchinga]]. Gule uwu ukuŵa na mayendedwe ghankhongono agha ŵankhondo agho ghakulongora vyakusekelera vya ŵanthu pamoza kweniso kususka. Lizgu la Chitumbuka lakuti ''Fwemba'' likukolerana na ntchito yake yiŵiri, nga ni gule wa kutonda kweniso nthowa yakususkira.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The tribal dance. Chief Magodi |url=https://mpelembe.net/index.php/the-tribal-dance-chief-magodi/ |website=Mpelembe Network |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> == Mbiri == Fwemba yikamba nga ni gule wa ŵankhondo uwo ŵankhondo ŵaTumbuka ŵakavina para ŵawerako ku nkhondo izo ŵakatonda, kuti ŵalongore poyera nthowa zawo za nkhondo kweniso kutonda kwa ŵanthu ŵose. Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, gule uwu ukazgoka nthowa yakususkira ukandamizgi, kupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalongore maghanoghano ghawo gha pamoza kweniso kunyadira chikaya chawo.<ref name=":0" /> Gule uwu ni chigaŵa cha magule gha nkhondo agha kuyezga, ndipo uli na uyo ukafuma pamoza na [[Mganda]], [[Malipenga]], na [[Gule wa Kalela|Kalela]], magule agho ghakamba mu nyengo ya ukoloni na nkhondo za pa charu chose nga ni vyakusanguluska kweniso nthowa yakuyowoyera nkhani za ndyali na umoyo wa ŵanthu mwakubisika.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tembo |first=Mwizenge S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeX0H4bZjIUC&dq=Fwemba+dance&pg=PA144 |title=Satisfying Zambian Hunger for Culture: Social Change in the Global World |date=2012 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4797-0209-1 |language=en}}</ref> Fwemba, chomenechomene, yikateŵeteranga nga ni nthowa yakusekelerera kweniso kuphalirako ŵanthu za urunji uheni wa ukoloni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia's militaristic mimes and cultural performances |url=https://www.thezhistorian.com/l/the-night-i-finally-reached-crystal-lake/ |website=The Z Historian |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118003715/https://www.thezhistorian.com/l/the-night-i-finally-reached-crystal-lake/ |archive-date=18 November 2025}}</ref> == Kuzirwa kwa chikaya na kavinidwe ka mazuŵa ghano == Fwemba yichali kuvinikika pa nthengwa, pa vikondwelero, pa mawunganiro gha mafumu, na pa vikondwelero vya ŵanthu, kusungilira umunthu wa chikaya cha Ŵatumbuka. Uyo ukafuma mu nkhondo kweniso chimanyikwiro chake chakususka vikulutilira kuŵa vyakuzirwa mu chikaya, ndipo vikovwira Ŵatumbuka ŵa mazuŵa ghano kucindika chiharo cha ŵasekuru ŵawo na kukhozgera mikhalidwe ya ŵanthu.<ref>{{Citation |last=Partners |first=Lubuto Library |title=Ngwerere Library Opening Ceremony |date=2010-11-10 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/lubutolibraryproject/5224366153/ |access-date=2025-09-08}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[Mwambo wa Chikaya wa Kulonga]] * [[Mwambo wa Chikaya wa Zengani]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fwemba}} [[Category:Chikaya cha Ŵatumbuka]] [[Category:Magule gha chikaya mu Zambia]] lcxti90jgc5w2td61snjf5pmja452f0 0 48080 122527 117901 2026-09-28T00:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo wa ku America (1905–1999)}} {{other people}} {{pp-blp|small=yes}} {{use American English|date=August 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{infobox person | name = Fred Trump | image = Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped3).jpg | alt = Chithuzi cha mwanalume muchekuru wambura sisi zinandi za mutu, wakuŵa na masharubu. Wakumwetulira, ndipo mawungu ghake ghakuru na vipapo vya pasi pa maso vikubenekelera pafupifupi maso ghake ghakuwoneka ghakutowa. Chigongono chake cha kumalyero chili kubira mkati pafupi na chibwano. Mano ghake ghawemi ghakuwoneka gha mtundu wa uswesi. | caption = Trump mu 1986 | birth_name = Frederick Christ Trump | birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|10|11}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|6|25|1905|10|11}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | burial_place = Lutheran [[Masiŵa gha All Faiths]], Queens | political_party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | other_party = [[Chipani cha Democratic cha Boma la New York]] | education = [[Pratt Institute]] | occupation = {{hlist|Mubizinesi|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]|January 1936}} | children = {{hlist|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Elizabeth Trump Grau|Elizabeth]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]}} | parents = [[Frederick Trump]]<br/>[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] | family = [[Mbumba ya Trump]] | awards = [[Mphotho ya Horatio Alger]] }} '''Frederick Christ Trump'''{{efn|Zina lake lapakati likuzunulika {{IPAc-en|k|ɹ|ɪ|s|t}}, likuyana na mazgu ghakuti "fist".}} (Okutobala 11, 1905 – Juni 25, 1999) wakaŵa [[wakuzenga na kukhozga malo]] kweniso mubizinesi wa ku America. Wakaŵa awiske ŵa [[Donald Trump]], mlongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]], pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵanayi. Wakababikira ku [[Bronx]] mu [[New York City]] kwa ŵapapi [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa Germany]] awo ŵakasamukira ku America, Trump wakamba ntchito ya [[kuzenga nyumba]] na kuguliska nyumba m'ma 1920 pambere wandalongozge bizinesi ya malo iyo yikambika na ŵapapi ŵake (iyo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti [[Trump Organization]]).{{efn|name="fredco"|Kale yikaŵavya zina limoza, kweni yikachemekanga Fred (C.) Trump Organization<ref>{{cite news |date=December 23, 1951 |title=Controller |work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005031005/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Ryan |date=February 11, 1961 |title=Real estate |work=New York Daily News |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/|access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030955/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo yikendereskanga makampani ghanyake nga ni Trump Management na Trump Construction Corp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Inc |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0123132D:US |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216192109/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=1fe0f160-708c-11eb-8844-8908c1824c1f&url=L3Byb2ZpbGUvY29tcGFueS8wMTIzMTMyRDpVUw== |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerstein-2016"/>}} Kampani yake yikachita makora chomene, pakuzenga na kwendeska nyumba za mbumba yimoza ku [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku [[Mphepete mwa nyanja wa Kumafumiro gha Dazi wa United States]] pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kweniso nyumba zakujumpha 27,000 ku New York yose. Trump wakafumbikiskika chifukwa cha [[kupenja phindu mwambura kwenelera]] na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] mu 1954 ndipo wakafumbikiskikaso na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966. Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa kampani ya malo ya awiske mu 1971. Vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma, iwo ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu]] chifukwa cha [[kusankhana mitundu ku United States|kusankhana ŵanthu ŵafipa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo]]. Kuyana na ''[[The New York Times]]'', Fred na muwoli wake, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary]], ŵakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha US$1 biliyoni (kuyana na mtengo wa ndalama wa 2018) ku ŵana ŵawo, [[kugega msonkho|ŵakugega]] kulipira ndalama zakujumpha US$500 miliyoni za [[msonkho wa mphatso ku United States|msonkho wa mphatso]]. Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakambiska kampani yinyake iyo yikagwiliskirika ntchito kusamuskira usambazi wa Fred ku ŵana ŵake. Pafupifupi nyengo yakuti wafwe, Fred wakasamuskira umwini wa nyumba zake zinandi ku ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo, ndipo vyaka vichoko waka pamanyuma ŵakaziguliska pa mtengo uwo ukaŵa wakujumpha maulendo 16 kuluska uwo ŵakaphalira kale. Trump wakakakika pa chiyezgo cha [[Ku Klux Klan]] mu 1927, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakuti wakawovwiranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"|Mu Seputembala 2015, ''[[Boing Boing]]'' wakalembaso nkhani ya ''[[New York Times]]'' yakukhwaskana na kukakika kwa Fred mu 1927 iyo yikalongosora adiresi yake,<ref name="boing"/> ndipo Donald wakazomerezga adiresi iyi ku ''Times''. Pamanyuma, apo wakafumbika vya nkhani ya 1927, Donald wakakana kuti awiske ŵakakhalapo ku malo agho panji kuti ŵakakakikapo,<ref>{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=September 22, 2015 |title=In Interview, Donald Trump Denies Report of Father's Arrest in 1927 |department=First Draft |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131024147/https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo pakwenera kuŵa munthu munyake uyo wakachita mulandu uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyinka |first=Gem |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Donald Isn't The Only Trump With A Criminal History. Here's Why His Dad Fred Was Arrested |url=https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=The List|archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308071149/https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|name="k1k"|KKK mu nyengo iyo yikaŵa gulu lakutali chomene la [[white nationalist|ŵanthu ŵakutemwa mtundu wa ŵatuŵa]] la [[Protestantism in the United States|Ŵaprotesitanti]] ku U.S. ilo likalimbana chomene na [[Anti-Black racism|ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa]], [[Antisemitism in the United States|Ŵayuda]], [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Ŵakatolika]], na [[Immigration reduction in the United States|ŵanthu ŵakusama]]. (Likasuskangaso [[Christian views on birth control|nthowa zakukanizga kubaba]], [[Prohibition in the United States|kumwa moŵa]], na [[Objections to evolution|kusambizga chisanduko cha vinthu mwakugwiliskira ntchito sayansi]].)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |date=December 4, 2016 |title=When Bigotry Paraded Through the Streets |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110120823/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Kwambira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kuti waleke kulumikizika na [[Nazism]], Trump wakakana kuti wakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakawovwiranga milimo ya [[Jewish|Ŵayuda]].{{efn|name="brsh"|Trump wakamba kuvwara [[toothbrush mustache]] mu 1950, nyengo iyo ukaŵa kuti waleka kutemweka chifukwa cha kulumikizika na [[Adolf&nbsp;Hitler]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Cohen |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Cohen |date=November 2007 |title=Becoming Adolf |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221180319/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |archive-date=December 21, 2014 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2023 |title=How Donald Trump's father Fred built a billion-dollar property empire |url=https://www.loveproperty.com/galleries/157358/how-donald-trumps-father-fred-built-a-billiondollar-property-empire |access-date=September 5, 2023 |website=Love Property |quote=Bizarrely, by 1950 he was sporting a Hitler toothbrush moustache, which had understandably become a major no-no.}}</ref>}}{{Efn|name="sam"|Ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[fraternity]] ku [[Sigma Alpha Mu]] ilo kale likaŵa gulu la Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakati munyawo [[Fred Trump&nbsp;Jr.]] wakayowoya kuti awiske ŵakaŵa Muyuda.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Does Donald Trump Have Jewish Roots? |url=https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |access-date=August 12, 2020 |work=[[Vos Iz Neias?]] |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112422/https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2018, munthu wakusanda maghanoghano [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred&nbsp;Jr. wakajoyina gulu ili kuti wasuskane na awiske, awo Frank wakuti ŵakaŵa {{nowrap|[[Antisemitism in the United States|ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda]]}}.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred&nbsp;Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], nayo pamanyuma wakayowoya kuti sekuru ŵake ŵakaŵa "ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda chomene".<ref name="why"/>}}{{efn|name="kt"|Apo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa U.S., Donald wakayowoyapo kanandi waka mwautesi kuti awiske ŵakafuma ku Germany.<ref name="Germany"/><ref name="fourth"/><ref name="health"/> Apo wakayowoyanga vya [[German Chancellor|Mulongozgi wa boma la Germany]], Donald wakuti wakayowoya kuti, "Nkhakulira pasi pa Mjeremani mukuru chomene kuluska wose,"<ref name="Alone"/> kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakunyoza Mjeremani, chomenechomene msilikari wa [[World War I|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]/[[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]].<ref name="kraut"/>}} ==Umoyo wa pakwamba na ntchito== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:Elisabeth and Friedrich Trump circa 1915.jpg|thumb|Fred Trump (kumazere chomene) pamoza na mbumba yake, {{circa|1915}}]] Adada ŵa Trump, [[Frederick Trump]] awo ŵakababika ku Germany (pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Friedrich), ŵakasanga usambazi ukuru pa nyengo ya [[Klondike Gold Rush]] chifukwa cha kwendeska malo ghakulyeramo na nyumba ya mahule ya ŵakukumba golide. Friedrich wakawelera ku [[Kallstadt]] mu 1901, ndipo mu chaka chakulondezgapo wakakumana na kweniso wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Christ]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–95}} Ŵakasamira ku [[New York City]], uko mwana wawo wakwamba, Elizabeth, wakababika mu 1904.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=97}} Pamanyuma mu chaka chenechicho, mbumba yikawelera ku Kallstadt.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Fred wakababikira mu [[Bavaria]], uko ŵapapi ŵake ŵakakhumbanga {{nowrap|kuwelera}} kukakhala, kweni Friedrich wakachimbizgika chifukwa cha [[Draft evasion|kukana kuluta ku nkhondo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=November 21, 2016 |title=Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415144100/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Mbumba yikawelera ku New York pa Julayi 1, 1905, ndipo yikasamira ku [[the Bronx]], uko Frederick Christ Trump wakababika pa Okutobala 11, 1905.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=110}}{{efn|name="kt"}} Munung'una wa Fred, [[John G. Trump]], wakababika mu 1907. Ŵana wose ŵatatu ŵakakulira uku ŵakayowoyanga [[Chiyowoyero cha Germany|Chijeremani]] ku nyumba.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=29}} Mu Seputembala 1908, mbumba yikasamira ku [[Woodhaven, Queens]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=112}} Ukaboni wakulongosora vinandi vya ubwana wa Trump ukufuma ku nkhani izo wakalemba yekha ndipo vikulongosora kujiyimira yekha, kusambira kweniso chomene [[ntchito yakulimbikira]]{{snd}}mwakuti vinyake vikawoneka nga ni nkhani zakwambika waka.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=67|ps=. "Mu 1950 [Fred] wakalemba kampani yakusambizga vya ubale na ŵanthu ya Madison Avenue kuti yilenge chikalata cha manyuzipepala icho chikayowoya vya 'nkhani ya chipambano iyo yikuyana na nkhani ya kubendeseka ya [[Horatio Alger]] yakukhwaskana na mwana uyo wakasandura ndalama zichoko waka kuŵa ufumu wa bizinesi.' Kweni nkhani ya Fred Trump yakukhwaskana na umoyo wake, iyo ŵalutirizgi ŵake ŵakayiyika mu manyuzipepala ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa, nayo yikaŵa ya kubendeseka nga umo yikaŵira nkhani ya Horatio Alger."}}{{efn|Mu buku lake la mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump, [[Gwenda Blair]] wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhani izi kweniso mafunso agho wakafumba Fred na ŵabali ŵake.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=486}} Blair wakakumana na Fred kakwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa "wakufoka chomene".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glasser |first1=Susan B. |last2=Kruse |first2=Michael |date=April 2016 |title=Trumpology: A Master Class |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Politico Magazine]] |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816000748/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 10, Trump wakagwiranga ntchito ya kwiza na kutolera katundu kwa munthu wakuguliska nyama.<ref name="Horowitz-2016">{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=August 12, 2016 |title=Fred Trump Taught His Son the Essentials of Showboating Self-Promotion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503091137/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pakajumpha vyaka viŵiri, pa [[Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari|Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari]], awiske ŵakafwa mu [[nthenda ya chimfine ya 1918]],<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last=Rozhon |first=Tracie |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418131121/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |archive-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> mwaluŵiro chomene kuyana na ivyo Fred wakayowoya.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=116}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 NYC Municipal Archives Historical Vital Records, Department of Records and Information Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 |date=January 24, 2023}}. Accessed December 2, 2023. "[A doctor] attended the deceased from May 23 ... to May 30, 1918."</ref> Kufuma mu 1918 mpaka 1923, Fred wakasambira ku [[Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill (Queens)|Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill]] mu Queens,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=117}} uku wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni [[Caddie|msungiliri wa vinthu pa malo gha gofu]], wakupenta vizingo vya misewu, wakupokera na kutumizga katundu, kweniso wakuguliska manyuzipepala.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Wendell |first=Ed |date=July 28, 2015 |title=The Trump name's humble Woodhaven roots |url=http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234528/http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |access-date=August 16, 2021 |publisher=The Leader/Observer |location=Queens, New York}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, amama ŵake ŵakalutilira bizinesi ya [[vyakuzenga nyumba]] iyo Friedrich wakambiska. Pakukhumba kuŵa muzengi, Fred wakazenga garaja la mzengezgani ndipo wakasambiranga masambiro gha usiku gha [[uchekaji]] na kuŵazga mapulani gha vyakuzenga; vikuyowoyeka kuti wakasambira [[vyakupakira maji]], [[uzengi wa malibwe]], na [[mawaya gha magesi]] kwizira mu [[masambiro gha makalata]],{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}} nangauli mabuku ghanyake gha mbiri ghakulongora kuti masambiro ghake gha vyakuzenga ghakaŵa pa nyengo ya pamanyuma pa sekondare, apo wakaŵa wakugwirangaso ntchito mu ntchitoyi.<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=}} Pamanyuma pakumaliza masambiro mu Januwale 1923, Trump wakasanga ntchito ya nyengo yose yakuguzura matabwa kuya ku malo gha vyakuzenga.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakawerenga vya uchekaji ndipo wakaŵa mskhasu wa kalipentara.{{Efn|Manyuzipepala ghakale ghakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambilira masambiro ghake ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> apo mabuku ghakuzaka ghakuyowoya waka za [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la m'ma 2000 la mbiri ya umoyo wake, Blair wakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro gha YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondare ndipo wakasambira ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Amama ŵa Trump ŵakasunga bizinesi mu zina lawo m'paka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[msinkhu wakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likawoneka mu vyakupharazga kufuma mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa amama ŵake kuti wamalizge na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Kweni malemba gha boma ghakulongora kuti wakamba kuzenga yayi m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani yikapangika kuŵa [[Incorporation (business)|kampani yakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]]<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> (ndipo pamanyuma pa kufika kwa Trump pa vyaka 21). Trump wakayowoyeka kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliska zinyake pambere zindamalizike kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndalama zake pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Muwalebi wa kafukufuku [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga ukuru wa nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakalombanga ku [[Makhoti gha boma la United States|khoti la boma]] kuti wapokere kampani iyo yikaleka kugwira ntchito ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakhozgeranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga umoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba ghakuguliska vinthu vya mtundu wa [[supermarket]] mu Msumba wa New York, uwo ukachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Ukapangika mwakuyana na sitolo ya [[Long Island]] ya [[King Kullen]], iyo yikaŵa msakato wa masitolo ghakuguliska vinthu mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakujitengera vyawo. Sitolo ya Trump yikapharazganga kuti "Jiguliskirani na kusunga ndalama!" ndipo yikamba kutemweka luŵiro. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakaguliska iyo ku King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yachigaŵa ya kusungira ngongole za nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J.&nbsp;Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafwa ndalama ndipo pamanyuma yikasambazgika. Ichi chikamupa Trump mwayi wakusanga mazina gha malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa pafupi [[kukatika chifukwa cha kutondeka kulipira ngongole]], ndipo wakagura malo agha pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na mabizinesi ghanyake gha vyakuzenga nyumba vikamupangiska kuti wamanyikwe luŵiro nga ni yumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuluska mu Msumba wa New York.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakumalizga masambiro mu January 1923, Trump wakamba ntchito ya nyengo yose yakutolera matabwa kuya ku malo ghakuzengapo.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakachita masambiro gha vya uchisumi ndipo wakaŵa mthandizi wa musisiteri.{{Efn|Magazini ghakale ghakalemba kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro agha ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> kweni mabuku gha pamanyuma ghakuzunura waka [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la vyaka vya m'ma 2000, Blair wakuti Trump wakasambira ku YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondale ndipo wakalutizga masambiro ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Anyina ŵa Trump ŵakasunga zina la bizinesi mu zina lawo mpaka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[vyaka vya ukuru]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likamba kuwoneka mu malonda mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakuti wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa anyina kuti wamare kuzenga na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Ndipouli, ivyo vikulongora vya boma vikukolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakazenga nyumba m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani iyi yikasazikika mwalamulo [[Incorporation (business)|nga kampani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakayowoyanga kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliskanga zinyake pambere zindamare kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndarama izo pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Mlembi wakufufuza nkhani [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakayezganga kuphalira khoti la boma chifukwa icho wakeneranga kupokera kampani yakale iyo yikapwanyika ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakolerananga na gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga sitolo yimoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba gha ma [[supermarket]] ghakale mu New York City, iyo yikachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Yikaŵa yakuyana na [[Long Island]]'s [[King Kullen]], kampani ya masitolo gha kujisangira vinthu. Malonda gha sitolo iyi ghakati "Jisangirani na Kusunga Ndalama!" ndipo yikazgoka yakumanyikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakayiguliska kwa King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yakugwiliska ntchito ya ndalama za ngongole ya nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J. Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafika pa ubankabankha ndipo pamanyuma yikagaŵikana. Ichi chikapeleka mwaŵi kwa Trump kuti wasange mazina gha nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa pafupi kupokera na maboma cifukwa ca kuleka kulipira ngongole, ndipo wakagulanga nyumba izi pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuziguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na milimo yinyake ya vyakuzenga nyumba vikapangiska kuti Trump wamanyikwe nga njumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuchita makora chomene mu New York City.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakovwira pa ngongole za nyumba [[Subsidized housing in the United States|izomwe zikapelekeka]] na [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA) pamanyuma pachoko pakwambiska pulogiramu iyi kwizira mu [[National Housing Act of 1934]],<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> iyo yikazomerezgaso mchitiro wakupambana mitundu wa [[Racism in the United States|kugaŵa malo mwakutengera mtundu]] uwo ukuchemeka [[redlining]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |date=May 3, 2017 |title=A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=[[NPR]] |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1936, Trump wakaŵa na ŵantchito 400{{efn|Blair wakulongora kuti wose ŵakaŵa [[Ŵazungu|ŵanthu ŵazungu]], kweni ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyakupambana.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}}}} awo ŵakafukanga misingi ya nyumba izo zikaguliskikanga pa mitengo yakufuma pa madola 3,000 kufika pa madola 6,250.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}} Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya wiske ya [[Psychological pricing|kuŵika mitengo mwakupangiska maghanoghano]], apo wakalembanga mitengo iyo yamalizgikanga na "... 9.99".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu ma 1930 ghakumaliro, wakagwiliskira ntchito [[showboat|boti lakulanga malonda]] mumphepete mwa [[Coney Island]]; boti ili likayimbanga [[American patriotic music|sumu zakukhuŵilizga chitemwa cha charu]] ndipo likanyamulanga mabaluni ghakuyana na [[swordfish]] agho ŵanthu ŵakatenge ŵangagwiliskira ntchito kupeza madola 25 panji 250 pa kugura nyumba zake.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu 1938, ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' yikachema Trump kuti "the [[Henry Ford]] wa bizinesi yakuzenga nyumba".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 10, 1938|title=Recovery Going Into High, Says Youthful B'klyn Builder|page=39|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=August 9, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809033310/http://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyi, Trump wakayowoya kuti wazamusanga phindu kufuma ku [[World War II]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Mu 1942, wakazenga nyumba 2,000 mu Brooklyn kwizira mu ndalama za FHA.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=146}} Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, [[Office of Production Management]] ya boma la United States (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1941) yikazomerezga kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za FHA pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo mu [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]], cifukwa cha kufupi kwake na [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]. Trump wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba 700 kweneku, iyo mphanyi yikaŵa ntchito yake yikuru chomene kweniso ya ofesi ya FHA ya boma la New York pa nyengo iyo, kweni pamanyuma pa [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] na [[United States declaration of war on Japan|kulengeka kwa nkhondo kwa United States pa Japan]], pulani iyi yikasinthika na kuŵika mtima pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku malo ghanyake ghakuzengera ŵasilikari pa [[East Coast of the United States|mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi]], ku [[Hampton Roads]] pafupi na [[Norfolk, Virginia]], uko Trump wakaŵa kuti wakamba kale kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} [[United States Congress|Bungwe la malango la United States]] likasazgirako chigaŵa mu National Housing Act icho chikapeleka [[mortgage insurance]] ku nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo, ndipo kwizira mu nthowa iyi Trump wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mwenecho wa nyumba izo wakazenga. Mu 1944, wakazenga nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo zakukwana 1,360, pafupifupi 10% ya nyumba zose izo zikazengeka mu Norfolk.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} Wakazengaso [[barracks]] na nyumba za munda (garden apartments) za ŵantchito ŵa [[U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuzengera sitima mu Norfolk na [[Newport News, Virginia]], kweniso ku [[Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="nyt"/> Vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuguliska ntchito ya munthu wakumanyiska vya malonda, [[Howard Rubenstein]], kuti wawovwire kupanga nkhani zakukhwaskana na umoyo wake izo zikayerezganga nkhani za [[rags-to-riches]] za mulembi wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, [[Horatio Alger]],<ref name="Belkin-2016">{{Cite web |last=Belkin |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Belkin |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Be a killer, be a king: The education of Donald Trump |url=https://news.yahoo.com/killer-king-education-donald-trump-000000711.html |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News }}</ref> mu 1985, Fred wakapokera [[Horatio Alger Award]] (chifukwa cha "Ŵamerika ŵakumanyikwa chomene").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred C. Trump |url=https://horatioalger.org/members/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=Horatio Alger Association|archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419114634/https://horatioalger.org/members/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Munthu wakumanyikwa pa wayilesi na televizioni [[Art Linkletter]] ndiyo wakamanyiska Trump pa mwambo uwu, ndipo minisitala wa [[Protestant]] [[Norman Vincent Peale]] na muwoli wake (Ruth Stafford Peale, uyo wakapokera kale chawanangwa ichi), [[Ruth Stafford Peale|Ruth Peale]], ndiwo ŵakamupa chawanangwa ichi.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNJLzxHwENo |title=Fred C. Trump* – 1985 Horatio Alger Award Recipient |publisher=Horatio Alger Association |access-date=August 27, 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827110510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=KNJLzxHwENo |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani yake yakupokera chawanangwa, Trump wakayowoya kuti chinthu chakuzirwa pa chipambano chake chikaŵa kutemwa ntchito yake ndipo kuti "wakawonanga ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga chipambano ... awo ŵakachita vinthu viwemi na viheni ndipo ... wakalondezganga mikhaliro yiwemi iyo ŵakaŵa nayo". Pamanyuma wakayowoya (panji mwakubudika)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=David Cay |author-link=David Cay Johnston |date=August 26, 2016 |title=Q&A |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |access-date=April 6, 2023 |website=[[C-SPAN]] |quote=. "I don't remember reading that in Shakespeare." Event occurs at 48. |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |url-status=live}}</ref> kuti mazgu ghakuti "Lekani kulondezga ngolo yakuzura yayi chifukwa", apo wakalongora ku mutu wake, "palije ico chikugwa kufuma mwenemumo" ghakaŵa gha [[William Shakespeare]]. Wakapitiriza na kumanyiska ŵamumbumba yake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> ==Milimo yinyake== [[File:FredTrump1950-05.png|thumb|upright=.5|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of a man with slicked-back hair and a faint mustache. He wears a suit.|Trump pafupi na {{circa|1950}}]] Kukwambilira kwa 1954, Purezidenti [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakamba kususka ŵamalonda ŵa vyakuzenga nyumba awo ŵakapanga phindu lakujumphizga pa ntchito za boma. Mu Juni chaka icho, ''[[The New York Times]]'' yikaŵika zina la Trump pa ndandanda ya ŵakuzenga nyumba 35 mu msumba awo ŵakaŵapanikizgika kuti ŵakasanga phindu lakujumphizga kufuma ku mapangano gha boma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}} Iye na ŵanyake ŵakafufuzika na [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|komiti ya ndalama ya Senate ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[windfall gain]]. Trump na munyake William Tomasello{{efn|Tomasello, uyo wakaŵa na kukolerana na [[mafia]],{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}<!-- Blair refers to William as James. --> wakaŵa na 25% ya Beach Haven Apartments ndipo Trump wakamulongosora kuti ni "mupanga wa njerwa [ndipo] mwenecho wa malo wakale".<ref>{{cite web |date=June 18, 1954 |title=Executive Session in the Matter of: Special Interview to Investigate Federal Housing Administration |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Columbia Reporting Company |location=Washington, D.C. |page=342 |via=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=September 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901052804/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Padera pa ndalama, Trump panji wakagwilira ntchito na Tomasello kuti waŵe kutali na masuzgo gha mafia panji mabungwe gha ŵantchito.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}}} ŵakazunulika nga ni viyelezgero vya umo ŵakuzenga nyumba ŵakasangira phindu kwizira mu FHA.{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=409}} Ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakalipira madola 34,200 pa malo agho ŵakapanga kuti kampani yawo yiŵe na renti ya madola 76,960 pa chaka mu pangano la vyaka 99, mwakuti usange nyumba izo ŵakazenga pa malo agha zingalekera kulipira ngongole, FHA mphanyi yikaŵapa madola 1.924 miliyoni. Trump na Tomasello ŵakawoneka kuti ŵakapokera ngongole zakukwana madola 3.5 miliyoni kwakuluska mtengo uwo Beach Haven Apartments yikaguliranga.<ref name="unbelievable"/>{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=58}} Trump wakayowoya kuti cifukwa chakuti wakafumiskapo yayi ndalama izi, wakangapokera yayi phindu mwakudunjika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=410}} Wakayowoyaso kuti cifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo, mphanyi wakeneranga kuŵikapo ndalama zinandi kuluska 10% ya [[mortgage loan]] iyo yikaŵavya kupelekeka na FHA, ndipo mphanyi wakasangana na suzgo la kutaya ndalama usange wakazenga nyumba mu nthowa iyi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|pp=414–415}} Mu 1961, Trump wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $2,500 ku kampeni yakusankhikaso ya meya wa New York [[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]], ndipo ichi chikamovwira kusanga chitemwa cha boma pa ntchito yakuzenga [[Trump Village]], malo ghakuru gha nyumba zakukhalamo ku Coney Island.<ref name="Blair-2018">{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fred Trump Slays the King of Cooperative Housing |url=https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=The Gotham Center for New York City History|archive-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |url-status=live}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikazengeka mu vyaka vya 1963–64 ndipo yikagula ndalama zakukwana $70 miliyoni. Yikaŵa yimoza mwa ntchito zikuru chomene kweniso zakumalizga za Trump,<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/><ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=30, 32 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |number=1}}</ref> ndipo ndiyo pera yikaŵa na zina lake.<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza, wakazenga nyumba zakukwana 27,000 za ŵanthu ŵakavu kweniso nyumba zakulongozgana mu chigaŵa cha New York, kusazgapo ku Brooklyn (ku Coney Island, Bensonhurst, [[Sheepshead Bay]], [[Flatbush]], na [[Brighton Beach]]) kweniso ku Queens (ku [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] na [[Jamaica Estates]]).<ref name="nyt"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=121, 156}} Mu 1966, Trump wakafufuzikaso chifukwa cha kupoka phindu likuru chomene, nyengo iyi na ŵakufufuza ŵa boma la New York [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|State investigators]].<!-- Per nyc.gov/site/doi/about/timeline.page --> Pamanyuma pakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene ndalama zakuzengera izo zikapelekeka na pulogalamu ya boma, wakasanga phindu la $598,000 kwizira mu kupangiska renti ya vinthu vyakuzengera pa ntchito ya Trump Village, ndipo ndalama izi zikagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito zinyake. Mu ukaboni uwo wakapeleka pa January 27, 1966, Trump wakati iyo payekha wandachite chinthu chiheni ndipo wakalumba umo ntchito yake yakuzengera yikendeskera.{{sfn|Blair|2015 |pages=213–216 |postscript=. "Trump Village has the finest reputation. We finished eight months ahead of schedule, millions of dollars under anticipated constructions {{sic}} costs, and I don't think there will ever be another job in the city that will be able to shine a candle up against Trump Village."}} Komiti yikati Trump wakaŵa "munthu wakuchenjera chomene" ndipo wakaŵa na "luso la kusanga phindu lose ilo lingasangika mu ntchito yake yakuzenga nyumba", kweni pakaŵavya milandu yakuphalirika ku khoti ([[indictment]]s). M'malo mwake, ŵakayowoya kuti pulogalamu ya nyumba ya boma yikakhumbikwiranga ndondomeko zakukhora pa kayendeskero na kuyankha pa ivyo vikachitika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=215–216}} Mphala wa wachiŵiri wa nduna ya milandu wakalemberana na [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) kuti wamanye usange yikaŵa na malipoti ghaliyose ghakukhwaskana na Trump pambere wandayowoyepo ku khoti pa March 31, 1966.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> ===Steeplechase Park=== [[File:Steeplechase Park at night, Coney Island, N. Y. (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha [[Steeplechase Park]], icho chikulongora chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" cha Pavilion of Fun pakati pa chigaŵa chake|alt=Chithuzithuzi cha Pavilion of Fun cha Steeplechase Park. Chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" chili pakati pa chigaŵa chake.]] Pa July 1, 1965, Trump wakagula [[Steeplechase Park]] ya ku Coney Island iyo yikaŵa kuti yajulika sonono, pa mtengo wa $2.3 miliyoni, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba zapachanya za ŵanthu ŵakusanga ndalama zinandi.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 1, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Park Planned as the Site Of Housing Project |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031636/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Robert |last2=Abelman |first2=Lester |date=July 2, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Sold; Loses Race to the Sands of Time |page=6 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/ |access-date=July 14, 2019 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921021201/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/steeplechase-sold-loses-race-to-the/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fowler 1979">{{cite web |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=June 3, 1979 |title=15-Year Dispute Over Lease for Coney Island Steeplechase Continues |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192610/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, wakapharazga mapulani ghakuzenga denga lakuzingilizgika la mamita 160 kufuma pasi, ilo likaŵa na malo gha maseŵero kweniso malo gha maungano.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 24, 1966 |title=A 160-Foot-High Pleasure Dome Is Proposed for Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031544/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa ungano uwo ukachitika mwakuzindikirika chomene mu September 1966, Trump wakabwangura Pavilion of Fun ya pa malo agha, malo ghakuru gha maseŵero ghakupangika na magalasi.<ref name="Immerso2002">{{cite book |last=Immerso |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8135-3138-0 |edition=illustrated |pages=172 |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 1966 |title=6 Bikinied Beauties Attend Demolishing Of Coney Landmark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218214508/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti wakaguliska njerwa ku ŵalendo ŵa ungano uwu kuti ŵabwangure magalasi agho ghakaŵa kuti ghasalapo, kusazgapo chithuzithuzi chakumanyikwa cha chizindikiro cha malo agha, chakuchemeka "[[Steeplechase Face|Funny Face]]".<ref name="The Telegraph 2017">{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Soo |date=December 4, 2017 |title=New York's family funfair spoiled by Donald Trump's dad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=The Telegraph |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716002154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Dana |date=May 17, 2016 |title=52 years ago, Donald Trump's father demolished Coney Island's beloved Steeplechase Park |url=https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=6sqft |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711153349/https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BP-Remembering-2016">{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Dennis |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Remembering the day Trump's dad destroyed a Coney icon |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[Brooklyn Paper]] |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716213417/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwezi wakulondezgapo, Msumba wa New York ukapharazga mapulani ghakugula malo agha kuti ghagwiliskike ntchito ngati malo gha maseŵero.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fowle |first=Farnsworth |date=October 5, 1966 |title=City Wants Site of Steeplechase For Seafront Coney Island Park; Planning Board Sets Oct. 19 Hearing to Bar Area for High-Rise Homes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031859/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakatora milandu yinandi ku khoti yakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa kagwiliskiranga ntchito malo agha, ndipo paumaliro wakapokera chipukuta ndalama cha $1.3 miliyoni.<ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pamanyuma pakuti malo agha ghakhala ghambura kugwiliskika ntchito kwa vyaka vinandi, Trump wakamba kupangiska munthu uyo wakendeskanga maseŵero gha pa malo gha maungano kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha mwakukopa renti.<ref name="Immerso2002"/><ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pakuluta kwa vyaka vinyake khumi, msumba ukakwaniska kuwelerako na kutora malo agha.<ref name="Chambers 1977">{{cite web |last=Chambers |first=Marcia |date=April 3, 1977 |title=New York, After 10 Years, Finds Plan to Create a Coney Island Park Is Unsuccessful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711032447/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=August 29, 1981 |title=Beleaguered Coney Islanders Rally With Sense Of Affection; The Talk of Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |access-date=September 16, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060313/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mirabella 1985">{{cite news |last=Mirabella |first=Alan |date=June 2, 1985 |title=A plan to bring back Coney Island |page=311 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/ |access-date=May 5, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108150411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/a-plan-to-bring-back-coney-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2016, [[Coney Island History Project]] yikachita chiwonetsero chapadera chakukumbukira "Myaka 50 kufuma apo Fred Trump's Demolition of Steeplechase Pavilion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denson |first=Charles |date=July 5, 2016 |title=Fred Trump's Coney Island: 50th Anniversary Exhibit |url=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=Coney Island History Project |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mwana wake wakawa purezidenti wa kampani=== {{See also|#Wealth and death|The Trump Organization#Valuation disputes}} [[File:Donald Trump with Fred Trump (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Fred na mwana wake [[Donald Trump|Donald]] pa [[Central Park]]'s [[Wollman Rink|Wollman Ice Rink]] ({{circa|lk=no|1986}}), iyo yikanozgeka na kampani yawo pakati pa 1980 na 1986|alt=Fred na mwana wake Donald pa malo gha Wollman Ice Rink ku Central Park. Fred wakavwara suti na tayi, ndipo Donald wakavwara jasi na tayi.]] Mwana wa Fred, [[Donald Trump|Donald]], wakamba kugwira ntchito mu bizinesi ya nyumba ya awiske mu 1968, pakwamba wakagwiranga ntchito ku Brooklyn.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=308}} Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakamovwira Donald kuti waleke kuluta ku nkhondo ya Vietnam mwa kupeleka chikalata cha kusazgika pa nkhondo chifukwa cha mulandu wa munthu wakukhalamo mu nyumba uyo (mwakuyowoya) wakamupima Donald ndipo wakati wali na [[bone spurs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stracqualursi |first=Veronica |date=December 26, 2018 |title=New York Times: Daughters of foot doctor say he diagnosed Trump with bone spurs as 'favor' to Fred Trump |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |access-date=November 3, 2024 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=89–91}} Mu 1971, Donald wakaŵa purezidenti wa kampani,<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo Fred wakaŵa [[chairman]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Donald wakamba kuchema kampani iyi kuti "the Trump Organization" mu 1973.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC&pg=PA105 |title=Trump: The Art of the Deal |last2=Schwartz |first2=Tony |author-link2=Tony Schwartz (writer) |date=2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-307-57533-3 |pages=105 |orig-year=1987}}</ref>{{efn|name="fredco"}} Mwana uyu wakamba bizinesi ya nyumba ku [[Manhattan]], apo awiske Fred wakalutilira kugwira ntchito ku Brooklyn, Queens, na [[Staten Island]].<ref name="whitman"/> Donald wakayowoya kuti, "Vikaŵa viwemi kwa ine. Chifukwa para ndiwe mwana wa munthu munyake, vingaŵa chiphalizgano. Kweni munthowa iyi, Manhattan nkhaŵa nayo nekha."<ref name="nyt"/> Fred wakayowoya kuti, "Nikamupa Donald wanangwa wakugwira ntchito. Wali na maŵanakiro ghakuru ndipo chilichose icho wakukora chikuwoneka kusintha ku golide... [Iyo] ni munthu wamahara chomene uyo namumanya."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockington |first=Ariana |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Who were Donald Trump's parents? What he's shared about his upbringing |url=https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=TODAY.com |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwakuyana na vinyake, Fred ndiyo wakakhumbanga kuti kampani yikure kuluta ku Manhattan.<ref name="whitman"/><ref>{{Cite interview|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|interviewer=[[Michael Kirk]]|title=The Choice 2020: Gwenda Blair|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=June 19, 2020|quote=I think [Donald] was something of an extension of the Trump Organization. I think Fred wanted to explore Manhattan.|access-date=August 11, 2021|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mzukulu wake [[Mary L. Trump]] wakayowoya kuti Fred "wakakhwaskika chomene pa vinthu vyose vya ulendo wakwamba wa Donald mu msika wa nyumba ku Manhattan".{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=89}} [[Louise Sunshine]] (uyo wakaŵa vice president wa kampani pakati pa 1973 na 1985) wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "panyuma pa Donald mu nthowa zose, kusazgapo ndalama".<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Sunshine |first=Louise |interviewer=Jim Gilmore |title=The FRONTLINE Interview: Louise Sunshine |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |work=Frontline |publisher=PBS |date=July 25, 2016 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya pakati pa ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa awiske zakujumpha $14 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexandra |last1=Berzon |first2=Richard |last2=Rubin |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Trump's Father Helped GOP Candidate With Numerous Loans |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828054816/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2015–16, apo wakaŵa pa kampeni yake ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya pulezidenti]], [[False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|Donald wakayowoya utesi]] kuti awiske ŵakamupa "ngongoli yichoko ya miliyoni yimoza ya madola" iyo wakagwiliskira ntchito kuzenga "kampani iyo njakuzirwa chomene kuluska $10 biliyoni".<ref>{{cite news |last=Glum |first=Julia |date=September 26, 2016 |title=How Much Money Did Trump Get From His Dad? The Small Loan Controversy Explained |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818150911/https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kessler160303">{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lipoti la mu Okutobala 2018 mu ''[[The New York Times]]'' lakuyowoya vya ndalama za Fred na Donald Trump likavumbura kuti Fred wakapanga nthowa 295 zakupokera ndalama kwa Donald ndipo likamalizga kuti Donald "wakaŵa miliyoniya apo wakaŵa na vyaka 8", ndipo wakapokera $413 miliyoni (mwakusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo ya katundu; $483.6 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> kufuma ku bizinesi ya awiske mu umoyo wake wose, kusazgapo ndalama zakujumpha $60.7 miliyoni (kwambura kusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo; $163.9 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> izo zikaŵa ngongoli ndipo zinyake zikalipilirika yayi.<ref name="tax schemes">{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{efn|Apo Donald Trump wakanozga [[Grand Hyatt New York]] mu kumalizga kwa ma 1970, Fred wakamovwira na $2 miliyoni kuti walipire ngongoli ya kuzenga. Kweniso wakamupaska mwana wake nthowa ya ngongoli ya $35 miliyoni, [[mortgage]] ya $30 miliyoni, na ngongoli yinyake ya kampani.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=295, 305}}}} Mwakuyana na Barbara Res, uyo wakaŵa vice president wa bizinesi ya Trump pa vya kuzenga, Fred wakakhala ŵalendo ŵa bizinesi pa mpando uwo ukaŵa wakupendama ndipo wakaphalira Donald kuti wanozge ofesi yake mwakuti awo ŵakususka ŵake ŵakhalenge ŵakulaŵiska ku dazi.{{sfn|Baker|Glasser|2022|p=16}} ===Mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti la boma=== Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakanika kupokera nyumba zakupanga lendi ŵakadandawura ku [[New York City Commission on Human Rights]] na [[Urban League]], ndipo magulu agha ghakatuma ŵanthu ŵakuyesa ku nyumba za Trump mu Julayi 1972. Ŵakasanga kuti [[white people|ŵanthu ŵatuŵa]] ŵakapokera nyumba, apo [[black people|ŵanthu ŵafipa]] kanandi ŵakakanikanga (mwakuphalirika kuti pakaŵavya malo);{{efn|Mary L. Trump wakalemba mu 2020 kuti Fred wakachemanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga lendi kwa iyo kuti "''die Schwarze''" ('ŵafipa').<ref name="OBrien"/>}} mwakuyana na superintendent wa Beach Haven Apartments, ichi chikachitikanga chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa bwana wake.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |publisher=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |time=46}}</ref> Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakapeleka nkhani iyi ku [[United States Department of Justice|Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123">{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Kranish |first2=Robert Jr. |last2=O'Harrow |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Inside the Government's Racial Bias Case Against Donald Trump's Company, and How He Fought It |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20160729171242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 1973, [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya vya Malango pa Civil Rights]] yikapeleka mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti pa [[Trump Organization]] (Fred Trump, chairman, na Donald Trump, president) chifukwa chakuswa [[Fair Housing Act of 1968]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Pakuzgora, loya wa Trump [[Roy Cohn]] wakapeleka mulandu wakuti DoJ yikupharazga utesi, ndipo wakakhumbanga ndalama zakulipilira za $100 miliyoni.<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="fbi3">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 03 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 5, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |pages=8, 19, 52–54, 63–64 |format=pdf |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> FBI wakafumba ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito pafupifupi ŵanthu makumi ghatatu na ŵatatu ŵa kampani ya Trump.<ref name="fbi3"/> Ŵanyake ŵakati ŵakamanyanga yayi za malango ghakusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu [[kusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu|racial profiling]] ndipo ŵakati nyumba zawo zicoko waka ndizo zikapangika kupangiska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black panji [[Ŵa Puerto Rico]].{{efn|Trump yekha wakapempha kuti pangano la kupangiska nyumba ligwiskike yayi usange munthu wakupenja nyumba wakaŵa na ndalama zakunjira pa mwezi zakukwana kanayi kuluska renti.<ref name="fbi3"/><ref name="fbi2">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 02 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |pages=22–26, 45–47 |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001315/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito ŵakafumbika usange ŵanthu Ŵayuda ŵakaphalirikanga makora pakupenja nyumba; munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito wakati ŵanthu aŵa "ŵakasanganga nyumba mwambura kusuzgika kuluska munthu munyake waliyose".<ref name="fbi3"/>}} Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga nchito yakulinda pa mulyango wakaphalira khoti kuti mulara wake wakamutuma kuti waphalire ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black awo ŵakapenjanga nyumba kuti renti yikaŵa yakukwera kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira nadi.<ref name="fbi2"/> Ŵakwendeska nyumba panji ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera mapempho gha nyumba ŵakazomera kuti mafomu agho ghakatumizgikanga ku ofesi yikuru ya gulu la Trump kuti ghazomerezgeke ghakapharazgikanga na chizindikiro cha mtundu wa munthu uyo wakapempha.<ref name="BarrettVV790115">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=January 15, 1979 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Anatomy of a Young Power Broker |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url= https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170523012016/http://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 23, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito kale wakaphalira kuti chizindikiro icho{{Snd}}icho wakagomezganga kuti chikagwiranga ntchito mu nthambi ya Brooklyn ya kampani{{Snd}}chikayowoyanga vya "ŵanthu ŵambura kwenelera" nga ni "ŵa black, Ŵa Puerto Rico, awo ŵakukayikirika kuti ŵakugwiriska ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo, panji munthu waliyose uyo wakawonekanga kuti ngwambura kwenelera", ndipo kanayi pa khumi chikaŵanga kuti munthu uyo wakapempha wakaŵa wa mtundu wa black; ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black ŵakaphalirikanga utesi kuti malo ghakhalamo ghalije.<ref name="fbi3"/> Munthu uyo wakagwiranga ntchito yakupenja ŵakupenja nyumba kwa masabata ghaŵiri wakati apo wakafumba Fred Trump usange wakwenera kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black, wakaphalirika kuti chikaŵa "chakukanizgika chomene na dango kusankhira ŵanthu",<ref name="Choi-2017">{{cite web |last=Choi |first=David |date=February 15, 2017 |title=The FBI released hundreds of pages related to a 1970s housing discrimination lawsuit against Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330161110/https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |archive-date=March 30, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> kweni wakati wafumbaso, wakaphalirika "kuleka kupangiska nyumba ku ŵa black", ndipo wakaphalirika kuti:<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 01 of 01 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=June 30, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |page=37 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111000733/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=ŵachimbizge ŵa black awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba iyo mwa kuŵaphalira kuti pali nyumba zakutchipa izo ŵangasangamo na kulipira $500 pera pakwamba, ndalama izo Trump wakati waŵalipirenge yekha. Trump wakaphalira yayi uko nyumba izi zikaŵa. Wakaniŵiska kuti nileke kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma.}} Pa nyengo iyi, Trump wakasanga chigaŵa cha 20% mu [[Starrett City]] ya ku Brooklyn, malo ghakurughakuru ghakhalamo agho ghakawovwirikanga na boma, agho ghakatsegulika mu 1974 na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakhalenge lumoza, apo 70% ya nyumba zake zikeneranga kupangikira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa white ndipo zinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Sale of Brooklyn Housing Complex Would Benefit Trump|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |access-date=December 22, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708132438/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Genevro |first=Rosalie |date=November 16, 2011 |title=Starrett City: A Home of One's Own—with Party Walls |url=http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Urban Omnibus]] |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035352/http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pangano la [[Dango lakuzomera khoti]] pakati pa DoJ na gulu la Trump likasayinika pa Juni 10, 1975, ndipo waliyose wakayowoya kuti wapokera chinthu chinyake{{Snd}}gulu la Trump chifukwa pangano ili likakhumbanga yayi kuti "lipokelere ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma nga mbakukhala", ndipo mulongozgi wa chigaŵa cha nyumba cha DoJ wakayowoya kuti ili likaŵa "pangano limoza mwa agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora chomene agho ghakachitikapo".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Pangano ili likakanizga Fred na Donald Trump pamoza na kampani yawo "kusankhira munthu waliyose pa nkhani ya kuguliska panji kupangiska nyumba", ndipo "likakhumbanga kuti Trump walembeske malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mu manyuzipepara gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko [kwa vyaka viŵiri], wakwezge ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko ku ntchito zakukwana, ndiposo kulemba malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mwakupereka pakwamba".<ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Paumaliro, likalangura a Trump kuti "ŵamanye mwakukwana paŵekha vya [[Dango la nyumba zakukhalamo mwakuyana la 1968|Dango la Fair Housing Act la 1968]]".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref>{{cite court |litigants=United States of America vs. Fred C. Trump and Trump Management, Inc.|court=East District of New York Court |date=October 15, 1973 |url= https://archive.org/stream/DonaldTrumpArchive/Discrimination%20case%20%20US%20v%20Trump%20case%20via%20National%20Archives%20FOIA_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Milandu ya pamanyuma=== Mu 1975, ŵapangiska mu nyumba mu minara yiŵiri ya Trump ku Norfolk ŵakachita [[rent strike|kunangira kulipira renti]] kwa mwezi umoza chifukwa cha [[infestation|kuŵapo kwa vinyama na vyakujambuka]] nga ni mbewa na vibenene, kweniso masuzgo gha [[water heating|kutentheska maji]], [[air conditioning|makina ghakuŵeya mphepo]], na uteŵeti wa [[elevator|makwelero gha nyumba]].<ref name="Pierceall-2016">{{Cite web |last=Pierceall |first=Kimberly |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Tracing Donald Trump's financial ties to Norfolk starts with father Fred |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html/ |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015424/https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu kwamba 1976, Trump wakaphalirika na jaji wa chiga kuti wanozge vyakuswa malango gha nyumba mu chinthu cha nyumba 504 ku [[Seat Pleasant, Maryland|Seat Pleasant, Maryland]]. Kuyana na wakuwona vya nyumba wa [[Prince George's County|chiga ichi]], vyakuswa malango vikaŵa na mazenera ghakuphyoka, mathabwa gha pa mtenje ghakuvunda, na vyakuzimya moto ivyo vikaŵavya.{{efn|Kuyana na pulezidenti wachiŵiri wa kampani yaying'ono iyo yikawoneranga malo agha, nyengo yasono pakwamba pakawoneka kuŵa kwakusazgikira ŵapangiska ŵa ndalama zichoko.<ref name="pgunits"/>}} Pamanyuma pa zuŵa la khoti na mafoni ghanandi na Trump, wakachemeka ku malo agha kukakumana na ŵalara ŵa chiga mu Seputembala 1976 ndipo wakakakika apo wakaŵa pa malo agha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Vernon C. |title=New Carrollton mayor seeks housing inspector |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 10, 1977 |access-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818115605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakafumiskika pa bail ya $1,000.<ref name="pgunits">{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=N.Y. Owner of P.G. Units Seized in Code Violations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 30, 1976 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214210802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1987, apo ngongoli wa Donald kwa awiske ŵake wakajumpha $11 miliyoni, Fred wakaŵika $15.5 miliyoni mu [[Trump Palace Condominiums|nyumba za Trump Palace Condominiums]]; mu 1991, wakaguliska magawo agha kwa mwana wake pa $10,000, ivyo vikawoneka nga ni nthowa yakuti [[Tax evasion in the United States|waleke kulipira msonkho]] wa mamiliyoni gha madola wa [[gift tax|vyawanangwa]] mwa kubisa chawanangwa, kweniso wakasanga chandulo ku [[write-off|kuchita kuchita kulemba pasi kwa ngongoli]].<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuumaliro wa 1990, apo malipiro gha bondi ya $18.4 miliyoni gha [[Atlantic City|Atlantic City's]] [[Trump's Castle|Trump's Castle]] ghakafikanga nyengo, Fred wakatuma [[bookkeeper|mulembi wa maakaunti]] kukagura $3.5 miliyoni mu [[casino chips|mipukutu ya kasino]], iyo yikagwiliskika ntchito yayi. Trump's Castle yikamalizga mwaluŵiro kulipira bondi yake. [[Casino Control Commission|Komishoni ya Malango gha Kasino ya chiga]] yikati ntchinthu chakubwerekeska ndalama mwakupambana na dango ndipo yikalipiska kasino $65,000.<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Max J. |date=September 23, 2020 |title=The very shady way Fred Trump tried to save his son's casino |url=https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=[[MotherJones.com|Mother Jones]]|archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704092407/https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|p=200}} Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakakhazikiska kampani yaying'ono<!--All County--> iyo mwana waliyose wamoyo wa Fred wakaŵa na chigaŵa cha 20%. Nga umo vikulongosoreka mu 2018 na ''The New York Times'', kampani iyi yikaŵavya chifukwa chakuwoneka kuti njakwenelera ndipo vikawoneka kuti yikagwiliskika ntchito pakuchita upusikizgi wa msonkho mwa kutumizga mamiliyoni gha ndalama za Fred ku ŵana ŵake kwambura kulipira msonkho wa vyawanangwa. Ichi chikachitika mwa kumulipiska Fred ndalama zinandi kuluska mtengo weneko wa ntchito zakunozga vinthu na katundu nga ni [[boiler|makina ghakutentheska maji]].<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref name="fambiz"/> ==Usambazi na nyifwa== Mu 1976, Trump wakakhazikiska [[trust funds|ndalama zakusungika mu trust]] za $1 miliyoni ($5.3 miliyoni mu 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091731/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go!|url-status=live}}</ref> kwa mwana wake waliyose pa ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na ŵazukuru ŵatatu, ndipo zikalipanga [[dividend|vyandulo]] chaka chilichose.<ref name="Kessler160303"/> Trump wakawoneka pa ndandanda yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵasambazi chomene ku America ya [[Forbes 400|''Forbes'' 400]] mu 1982 na usambazi wakukwana $200 miliyoni uwo ukagaŵikana na mwana wake Donald.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=March 24, 2016 |title=The Ups And Downs Of Donald Trump: Three Decades On And Off The Forbes 400 |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427184641/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakaguliska minara yiŵiri ya Norfolk na nyumba zinyake za ŵasilikari ku Hampton Roads, izo zakumalizga zikaguliskika pa $8–9 miliyoni, ndipo panyake $6.6 miliyoni zikaŵa mu [[promissory note|mapepala ghakulayizga kulipira]] (ivyo vikawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyambura kumalizgika kufika mu 2019). Mu 1998, chaka chimoza pambere Fred wandafwe, apo wakaŵa na [[Alzheimer's disease|nthenda ya Alzheimer]] ndipo mwana wake [[Robert Trump|Robert]] wakaŵa na [[power of attorney|mazaza gha kumuyimira]], mapepala agha ghakasamuskikira ku [[limited liability companies|makampani gha ma liability ghakachepeska]] ghakukolerana na makampani gha Trump Organization.<ref name="Pierceall-2016"/> Mu Disembala 1990, Donald Trump wakakhumba [[Codicil (will)|kusintha]] [[Will and testament|wilu]] ya awiske, iyo kuyana na mwana wa Fred [[Maryanne Trump Barry]], "yikaŵa nga nkhupeleka chuma chose ku Donald", kumupa mwaŵi wakuti "waguliske, wachite chilichose icho wakukhumba ... na malo agha".<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yikalemba kuti ichi "chikapangika kuti chitaskire chiharo cha Donald Trump ku viyezgo vya ŵakukongozga ndalama na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]]", uyo wakapatana nayo mu mwezi uwo.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> Fred wakakana pempho ili, ndipo mu 1991, wakalemba wilu yake yaumaliro, iyo yikapangiska ŵana ŵake Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump kuŵa {{nowrap|ŵalongozgi ŵa chuma chake}}.<ref name="Evans-2000">{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Heidi |date=December 19, 2000 |title=Inside Trumps' bitter battle – Nephew's ailing baby caught in the middle |url= https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050755/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |url-status=live}} Mu 1993, vigabano vya chiharo cha Trump ivyo vikeneranga kupelekeka vikafika pa madola 35 miliyoni ku mwana waliyose wa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="OBrien2005Oct">{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=October 23, 2005 |title=What's He Really Worth? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085813/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Pakuti Donald wakaŵa kuti wasangana na vyakusuzga vya ndalama pa nyengo iyi, wakapempha ŵabali ŵake kuti ŵamupheko madola 10 miliyoni kufuma ku vigabano vyawo, ndipo pamanyuma wakapempha madola 20 miliyoni ghanyake.<ref name="OBrien2005Oct"/>}} Nyumba zake zinandi zikapelekeka ku ma [[Grantor retained annuity trust|grantor-retained annuity trusts]] ghaŵiri pasi pa mazina ghake na gha muwoli wake, ivyo vikagwiliskirika ntchito kuti vipeleke pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vitatu vya vinthu ku ŵana ŵawo ŵanayi awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo ŵakanjilira chigaŵa chinyake chakhalako kwizira mu malipiro gha [[annuity]] pakati pa 1995 na Novembala 1997.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|pp=153–154}}<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vinthu vyose pamoza vikapimika kuti ni madola 41.4 miliyoni pera, kweni mu 2004 vikaguliskika pa mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa mtengo uwu, ndipo vikazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kulipira mamiliyoni ghanandi gha msonkho wa vyawanangwa.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[File:Fred Trump gravesite illustration.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Color painting of tombstones, one on the left with inscriptions and on the right either blank or facing away; in front of these, a paved patch abruptly ends.|Chithuzithuzi cha malo ghakusungirako thupi la Trump{{efn|name="plot"|Malo agha ghali kumwera kwa [[Metropolitan Avenue]], ndipo pali nthowa yakupangika mwapadera iyo yikumara pafupi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Matt |date=2014 |title=The Trumps |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[Flickr]] |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419081739/https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Trump Family Gravesite |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Presidential Sites |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scov"/>}}]] Paumaliro Trump wakalwara na [[pneumonia]] ndipo wakaluta ku [[Long Island Jewish Medical Center]] (LIJMC) masabata ghanandi, uko wakafwira pa vyaka 93 pa Juni 25, 1999.<ref name="NYP"/> [[Wake (ceremony)|Wake]] yikachitika ku [[Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel]] pambere wandayikike pa msinkhu wa malilo ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]],<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYP">{{cite journal |last=Mosconi |first=Angela |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred Trump, Dad of Donald, Dies at 93 |url=https://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |journal=[[New York Post]] |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224231/http://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakawungana.<ref name="lets">{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Like Father, Like Son: President Trump Lets Others Mourn |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 29, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201821/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Mu mazgu ghake gha malilo, Donald Trump wakayowoya chomene vya kupambana kwake mu bizinesi.<ref name="lets"/> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakaŵa meya wa New York [[Rudy Giuliani]], uyo wakayowoya mazgu,{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}}{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=166}} na mulembi wa mbili ya mbumba ya Trump, Gwenda Blair.<ref name="lets"/>}} Thupi lake likasungika mu malo gha mbumba ku [[Lutheran]]-Christian [[All Faiths Cemetery]] mu [[Middle Village, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |last=McGowan |first=Clodagh |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Queens Cemetery Workers Say They've Lost Their Benefits Amid State Probe |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |access-date=June 24, 2020 |work=Spectrum News NY1 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="plot"}} Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, chiharo cha Trump chikapimika na mbumba yake kuti chikaŵa pakati pa madola 250 miliyoni na 300 miliyoni,<ref name="nyt"/> kweni wakaŵa na ndalama zakukhwima zakukwana madola 1.9 miliyoni pera.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Chikalata cha chiharo chake chikagaŵira madola ghakujumpha 20 miliyoni pamanyuma pa msonkho pakati pa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo na ŵazukuru ŵake.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="Lessons"/> Muwoli wake Mary wakafwa pa Ogasiti 7, 2000, pa vyaka 88, nayo ku LIJMC.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Chiharo chawo pamoza cha Fred na Mary chikapimika kuti chikaŵa madola 51.8 miliyoni.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Trump, ŵana ŵa Fred Jr. ŵakasuska chikalata cha chiharo cha sekuru ŵawo, ŵakayowoya kuti wakasuzgika na matenda gha kusoŵa mahara ndipo ŵakati chikalata ichi "chikapangwa kwizira mu upusikizgi na kukakamizgika mwambura kwenelera" na Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump.<ref name="Lessons"/><ref name="Evans-2000"/> Ŵatatu aŵa ŵakayowoya mu [[Deposition (law)|mazgu ghawo gha mu khoti]] kuti Fred Trump wakaŵa "wakuthwa chomene nga ni chipinda" kufika nyengo yichoko waka pambere wandafwe,{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=175}} kweni pa nyengo yinyake ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵakamanyanga vya kusoŵa mahara kwake uko kukakuranga.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/><ref name="Kranish-2024"/><ref name="weiss"/> Kuyana na Mary L. Trump, Donald wakayamba kuyowoya viheni vya awiske pamanyuma pakuti Fred wakamba kulongora vimanyikwiro vya matenda gha Alzheimer's.<ref name="D'Antonio-2020">{{cite web |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=June 17, 2020 |title=The psychologist in the Trump family speaks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203194054/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2003, vikayowoyeka kuti ŵana ŵanayi ŵa Trump awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo ŵakaguliskanga nyumba zakupokelamo renti izo ŵakasanga mu 1997 ku gulu la ŵakuguliska vinthu lakulongozgeka na [[Rubin Schron]], pa mtengo wa madola 600 miliyoni;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=December 18, 2003 |title=Trumps Lighten Up – Family Sells Outer-Borough Buildings For $600M |url=https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=New York Post|archive-date=May 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuguliska uku kukachitika mu Meyi 2004. Kuvuza kwa 2016 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump]] cha chaka cha 2005, icho chikulongora ndalama zakukwana madola 153 miliyoni, kukapangiska ''The New York Times'' kuti yambe kufufuza, ndipo chikapangiska lipoti likuru la mu 2018.<ref name="fambiz">{{Cite AV media |title=The Family Business: Trump and Taxes |date=2018 |type=Television production |publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] |minutes=1–6, 17–19}}</ref>{{Efn|Kufuma ku kusindikizika kwa 2017 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump's]] cha chaka cha 2005, kufufuza uku kukagwiliskira ntchito mapepala 2,200 gha [[Financial disclosure of public servants|mazgu gha ndalama]] gha jaji wa boma la United States Maryanne Trump Barry,<ref name="fambiz"/> ma interview na ŵanthu awo kale ŵakagwiranga ntchito na Trump, na mapepala ghakujumpha 100,000 gha malipiro gha msonkho na marekhodi gha ndalama kufuma ku mabizinesi gha Trump.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[Mary L. Trump]] wakapeleka mabokosi 19 gha marekhodi agha gha ndalama.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swan |first=Jonathan |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Mary Trump book: How she leaked Trump financials to NYT |url=https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722115838/https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |url-status=live}}</ref>|name="expose"}} ''Times'' yikati malo agho ghakaguliskika mu 2004 ghakaŵa na mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa umo ghakapimikiranga pakwamba.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vikayowoyeka kuti Fred na Mary ŵakapeleka ku ŵana ŵawo ndalama zakujumpha madola 1 biliyoni pamoza, izo zikwenera kuti zikalipiranga msonkho wa 55% pa vyawanangwa na vigabano vyakujumpha madola 550 miliyoni, kweni marekhodi ghakulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana madola 52.2 miliyoni pera (pafupifupi 5%) ndizo zikalipika.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuyana na dango la New York State, ŵanthu ŵangazengerwa mulandu chifukwa cha kukana kulipira msonkho mwadala usange fomu ya msonkho ya upusikizgi yingapelekeka nga mbukaboni; [[statute of limitations]] yikugwira ntchito yayi mu milandu yanthena.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Jon |last2=Spector |first2=Joseph |date=October 3, 2018 |title=New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |access-date=October 2, 2020 |work=USA Today|archive-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pofika pa Febuluwale 1, 2019, Maryanne Trump Barry wakaŵa wakufufuzika chifukwa cha [[judicial misconduct|makhaliro ghaheni gha jaji]] ghakukhwaskana na ndondomeko izi, kweni nkhani iyi yikamara pamanyuma mu mwezi uwo chifukwa cha kupuma kwake pa ntchito.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buettner |first1=Russ |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Retiring as a Judge, Trump's Sister Ends Court Inquiry Into Her Role in Tax Dodges |work=The New York Times |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] awo ŵakakana kufumapo likuzingilizgika na ŵapolisi mu Queens pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukira ŵakufwa mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=A black-and-white photograph showing several hooded Ku Klux Klan members, one of whom is carrying an American flag. A few policemen are near the Klansmen, and more officers stand in a nearby car. To the right, a sashed Klansman is elevated. Civilians are intermixed and looking upon the scene. The letters "PEA" appear at bottom right.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵakuvwara malaya ghakulongora gulu la [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwara yayi malaya gha gulu ili ŵakanjira mu msambo wa Memorial Day parade ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kunjilirapo mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume 8 ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) awo ŵakakana kulondezga malango likukumana na ŵapolisi ku Queens pa zuŵa la Memorial Day mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru chikulongora ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya Ku Klux Klan, yumoza wali na mbendera ya United States. Ŵapolisi ŵachoko ŵali pafupi na ŵa Klan, ndipo ŵapolisi ŵanyake ŵali mu galimoto yapafupi. Ku chanya ku chigaŵa chakumanjila, munthu wa Klan wali pa malo ghakukwezgeka. Ŵanthu wose ŵali pakati ndipo ŵakulaŵiska ivyo vikuchitika. Mazgu "PEA" ghakuwoneka pasi ku chigaŵa chakumanjila.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 awo ŵakakhazikika mu vyakuvwara vya [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwaranga yayi vyakuvwara vya Klan ŵakanjira mu chigwada cha Memorial Day ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kuchitapo kanthu mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵatatu ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/><!-- * Thomas Carroll * Thomas Erwin * Harry J. Free/Lee (gray KKK militia garb) * John/Charles E. Kipp (confirmed KKK) * Ralph Losee (claimed bystander) * Fred Lyons * John Marcy * Fred Trump Trump wakakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi, [[Mary Anne MacLeod]], munthu wakusamira kufuma ku [[Tong, Lewis]], [[Scotland]], pa [[dansi]] mu vyaka vya kukwambilira kufika pakati pa ma 1930.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Trump wakaphalira anyina pa usiku wenewura kuti wakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} Trump, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha Lutheran, wakatora Mary, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha [[Presbyterian]], pa Janyuwale 11, 1936,{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} pa [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Madison Avenue]] ndipo mwambo ukalongozgeka na [[George Arthur Buttrick]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hannan |first=Martin |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.an-inconvenient-truth-donald-trumps-scottish-mother-was-a-low-earning-migrant/ |title=An inconvenient truth? Donald Trump's Scottish mother was a low-earning migrant |date=May 20, 2016 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054533/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.An_inconvenient_truth__Donald_Trump_s_Scottish_mother_was_a_low_earning_migrant/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Phwando la ukwati likachitikira ku [[Carlyle Hotel]] mu Manhattan, ndipo ŵakakhala usiku umoza pera pa ulendo wa ukwati ku Atlantic City.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}} Ŵakakakhala ku Jamaica, Queens,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pilon |first=Mary |title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=February 12, 2017 |date=June 24, 2016 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi: Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023),<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|title = Maryanne Trump Barry, Donald Trump's Older Sister, Dies at 86|last1 = Haberman|first1 = Maggie|last2 = Rashbaum|first2 = William K.|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = November 13, 2023|access-date = November 13, 2023|url-access = limited|archive-date = November 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155340/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981; wakayendeskanga ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines]]),<ref>{{cite news| first=Jason |last=Horowitz| date=January 2, 2016 |title=For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Trump Grau]] (wakababika mu 1942; uyo wakagwiranga ntchito ya ukuru ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M |work=[[Newsday]] |first=Michael |last=Gavin |date=June 23, 2017 |url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488 |access-date=May 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122 |url-status=live}}</ref> Donald Trump (wakababika mu 1946), na Robert Trump (1948–2020;<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=August 14, 2020 |title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |access-date=August 15, 2020 |work=[[FoxNews.com]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |url-status=live}}</ref> mulara mukuru mu kampani ya adada ŵake ya kwendeska malo mpaka apo wakafumira pa ntchito).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabba |first=Seerat |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings? What You Need To Know About Maryanne, Freddy, Elizabeth And Robert Trump |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152352/http://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kimberly |last=Powell |date=March 2, 2016 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ancestry-of-donald-trump-1421916 |title=Donald Trump's German and Scottish Family Tree |work=ThoughtCo |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311161738/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump_2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> {{multiple image |total_width=350 |image1=FredTrump1940.jpg|caption1={{center|c. 1940}}|alt1=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakura, chikuŵa pachoko kufuma pa ng'anamiro, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image2=FredTrump1941.jpg|caption2={{center|c. 1941}}|alt2=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma, mphuno yakupotoka na masharubu ghakugaŵikana. Wavwara suti. |image3=FredTrump1950-02.png|caption3={{center|c. 1950}}|alt3=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image4=Fred Trump c. 1950.jpg|caption4={{center|c. 1950}}|alt4=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na chimanyikwilo chakufipa pasi pa mphuno, kweniso chinyake chakuthwa pa hafu ya chibwano chake. Wavwara tayi ya kupota. |footer=Vinyake mwa vithuzi vya Trump vya pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900{{efn|name="brsh"}} vikulongora [[kusinthika kwa vithuzi]].{{efn|Vithuzi vya ŵanthu vya nyengo iyi vikaŵa vinandi kufuma ku ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' iyo yikaŵa paubwezi na Trump.<ref name="Brighton"/><ref name="bklyn"/> Vithuzi vinandi vya ŵanthu vikamba kuŵako kufuma cha m'ma {{circa|1955}} kuya munthazi.<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisberg |first=Rabbi Yossi |date=June 24, 2025 |title=Memories from my grandfather and President Trump's father |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=[[Israel National News]] |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Break Ground for New Jewish Center at Brighton Beach|date=August 1, 1954|page=1|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|newspaper=Brooklyn Eagle|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=January 6, 2026|access-date=January 2, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blair-2018"/>}} |footer_align=center }} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Trump wakamba kubisa chiyambi chake cha Chijeremani.<ref name="Brighton"/>{{efn|name="brsh"}} Nangauli wakaŵa na [[katchuliro ka Chijeremani]] (ako pamanyuma kakasinthika kuŵa [[katchuliro ka New York|katchuliro ka New York]]),<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> wakakana kuti wakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=35, 44, 55}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}} Chifukwa chinyake chikuru chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukwezgeka kwa [[Ŵayuda ku New York]], wakakhozgeranga milimo ya Ŵayuda, ndipo vyawanangwa vyake (ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikamba mu 1941, masabata ghaŵiri pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu nkhondo) vikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanyake kughanaghana kuti wakalondezganga [[Chiyuda]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{Efn|name="sam"}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], pamanyuma nayo wakayowoya kuti sekuru wake "wakaŵa na {{nowrap|mazgu ghakususka Ŵayuda}}".<ref name="why"/>{{efn|name="ushmm"|Nangauli kususkana na Ŵayuda kwa Hitler kukamanyikwanga makora,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Americans Knew |url=https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |access-date=October 24, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103083207/https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nkhondo ya Holocaust]] yikamba chomene mu 1941, ndipo malipoti gha ku United States ghakamba kulembeka paumaliro wa 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=The United States and the Holocaust, 1942–45 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Wakawuskaso kachilembo "h" mu zina lake la pakati (kuleka kulongora kuti wangasuskana na Ŵayuda chifukwa cha kuŵa Mkhristu).{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=25}} Pamanyuma Trump wakayowoya utesi kuti wakafumanga ku [[Ŵaswidi|Sweden]]{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}<ref name="nyt"/> ndipo mu 1973 wakayowoya mwambura kwenelera kuti wakababikira ku New Jersey;<ref name="whitman"/> mautesi agha ghakalutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 kwizira mwa Donald Trump na mulembi wa buku lakwamba la umoyo wa Donald.<ref name="CNN-2019">{{cite web |last=Lybrand |first=Holmes |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Fact Check: Trump's dad was not born in Germany |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129041054/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |archive-date=January 29, 2025 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |agency=CNN}}</ref>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=February 25, 2017 |title=Jerome Tuccille, Libertarian Author and Trump Biographer, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="kt"}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Fred wakazgoka mubwezi wa [[kazembe wa Israel ku United Nations]], [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], uyo pamanyuma wakaŵa [[nduna yikuru ya Israel]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Gabriel |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Trump Is Considering a Pre-Convention Visit to Israel |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113558/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Start dates of BN's premierships are not relevant to this section. --> Pamasinda pa kubabika kwa Elizabeth, ndipo apo United States yikamba kusanganika chomene mu nkhondo, Trump wakasamuska mbumba yake kuya ku [[Virginia Beach]], ku Hampton Roads.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=32}} Mu 1944, apo chovwiro cha Trump chakufuma ku [[Federal Housing Administration|FHA]] chikamba kuchepa, iwo ŵakawelera ku [[Jamaica Estates, Queens]], uko Mary wakataya nthumbo.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} Mu 1946, ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba ya [[Tudor architecture|mtundu wa Tudor]] ya vyumba vinkhondi, iyo Trump wakazenga mu Jamaica Estates,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=225}} ndipo Trump wakagula malo ghapafupi agho ghakaŵa na ukuru wa {{convert|0.5|acre|sigfig=1|adj=on}},{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} uko wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya vyumba 23 na mabafa 9. Mbumba iyi yikasamira mu nyumba iyi pakati pa 1950 na 1951, ndipo Fred na Mary ŵakakhala mwenemumo m'paka apo ŵakafwira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York, Queens, 41-1457 |url=https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=[[1950 United States census|1950 Census]] |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004436/https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Menza-2017">{{cite web |last=Menza |first=Kaitlin |date=April 5, 2017 |title=16 Things You Didn't Know About Donald Trump's Father, Fred |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/g9229257/fred-trump-facts/?slide=10 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=Town & Country}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Warren |first=Katie |date=December 19, 2019 |title=I visited Trump's childhood neighborhood on the outskirts of NYC, and it didn't take long to see why he's called it an 'oasis' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235724/https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=225, 453, 598}} Aŵa ŵakapokelaso nyumba mu chipinda cha nambala 55 (iyo yikachemekanga nambala 63){{refn|name=...}} cha [[Trump Tower]] ya Donald Trump ({{circa|1983}}),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Max |last2=Drucker |first2=Jesse |last3=Mider |first3=Zachary R. |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Inside Trump Tower, the Center of the Billionaire's Universe |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-trump-tower/ |access-date=May 1, 2019 |work=B.}}</ref> kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nyumba iyi mwakachetechete panji yayi chomene.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=327}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=66}}<ref name="Belkin-2016"/> Trump wakaŵa [[teetotaler|munthu wakuleka kumwa moŵa]]{{Efn|Mwakuyana na kuwunika kwa [[Timothy L. O'Brien]] kwa buku ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020) la muzukuru wa Trump, Mary L. Trump, "Fred Sr., uyo wakalekerathu kumwa moŵa, wakaŵa na malo ghakukondweska ghakumwera agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyose kwambura moŵa ... ghakaŵa ghakuvikililika" na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzengera mafano gha ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ndudu ([[cigar store Indian]]s).<ref name="OBrien"/>}} ndipo wakaŵa [[authoritarian parent|baba wankhongono chomene pa kulera ŵana]], ndipo wakakhazikiska malango ghakukhwima nga ni [[table manners|mikhaliro yakulyera pa thebulu]] na nyengo zakuwelera ku nyumba, kweniso wakakanizga kutuka, kupaka lipstick, na kurya vinthu pakati pa nyengo za chakurya.<ref name="OBrien">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Mary Trump's Guided Tour Into Her Uncle Donald's Troubled Mind |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003017/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}}{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=78–79}} Paumaliro pa zuŵa lililose, Trump wakapokeranga lipoti kufuma kwa Mary lakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵana ŵake ŵachita, ndipo usange pakakhumbikwanga, wakasankhanga chilango chakuti ŵapokere.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}} Kweniso, nyumba yikuru iyi yikaŵa na nthowa yakulaŵilira vinthu na [[intercom]], iyo Trump wakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti wakhozge malango pa ŵana ŵake.{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=37}} Wakatoranga ŵana ŵake ku malo ghakuzengera nyumba kuti ŵakawunganye mabotolo ghambura kanthu na kughalipiliska kuti ŵapokere ndalama zakubwezerako.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Ŵana ŵanalume ŵakaŵa na ntchito yakuguliska manyuzipepara ([[Paperboy|paper routes]]), kweni para nyengo yikaŵa yiheni, wakaŵazomerezganga kuti ŵapereke manyuzipepara mu galimoto ya limousine.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Trump wakakanizganga vyakukondweska nga ni kwimba sumu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 2025 |title='I could have been a flutist': Trump says he was once labelled 'brilliant at music'; briefly played flute as a child |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/i-could-have-been-a-flutist-trump-says-he-was-once-labelled-brilliant-at-music-briefly-played-the-flute-as-a-child/articleshow/121783525.cms |access-date=June 11, 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mwakuyana na mwana wa Fred Jr., Mary L. Trump, Fred Sr. wakakhumbanga kuti mwana wake mukuru waŵe munthu "wakuleka kutoreka" mu nkharo kuti wazakatore bizinesi ya mbumba, kweni Fred Jr. wakaŵa wakupambana na ichi.{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=41}} M'malo mwake, Trump wakasambizga Donald kuti wazakaŵe mulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba, ndipo wakamuphalira kuti "ŵa wakukoma" na kuti "Ndiwe themba.".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=David |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Trump's political skills praised – by Nixon in 1987 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/09/08/trump-biography-nixon/81599662/ |access-date=July 5, 2020 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/> Mary L. Trump wakayowoya kuti Fred Sr. "wakaparanya [Fred Jr.] mwa kumunangira na kumunyoza mu vigaŵa vyose vya nkharo yake" ndipo wakamuseka chifukwa cha kusankha kwake kuŵa wakwendeska ndege.<ref name="Lozada-2020">{{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Review of 'Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man' by Mary L. Trump |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/09/real-villain-mary-trumps-family-tell-all-isnt-donald-its-fred/ |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Mu 1981, Fred Jr. wakafwa wali na vyaka 42 chifukwa cha masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na [[alcoholism|kumwa moŵa mwakujumphizga]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=1:21 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|ps=, author's note}} Mwakuyana na Donald Trump, apo amama ŵake ŵakalaŵiliranga [[coronation of Elizabeth II|kuvikika ufumu kwa Elizabeth II]] pa TV mu 1953, Fred wakayendayendanga mu nyumba ndipo wakati, "Kwa Chiuta, Mary. Vyakhala vyakukwana, zimani. Wose mbapusikizgi."{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=16}} Kweniso mu ma 1950, Fred wakamba kutemwa Norman Vincent Peale, uyo wakalemba buku ''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' (1952), chifukwa cha umo wakalondoleranga umoyo na Chikhristu mwakuyana na bizinesi.<ref name="peale">{{Cite news |last=Elving |first=Ron |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Norman Vincent Peale Was A Conservative Hero Known Well Beyond His Era |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/24/894967922/norman-vincent-peale-was-a-conservative-hero-known-well-beyond-his-era |access-date=August 27, 2022 |work=NPR}}</ref> Trump na mbumba yake ŵakalutanga ku maulendo gha kusopa agho Peale wakachitanga ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]] mu Manhattan.<ref name="peale"/> Trump wakaŵaso wakukhozgera mupharazgi wa [[Southern Baptist]] [[Billy Graham]], ndipo wakatora mbumba yake kukawona Graham wakuyowoya ku [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] ({{Circa|1957|lk=off}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Inside Donald Trump's relationship with Rev. Billy Graham |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/inside-donald-trumps-relationship-rev-billy-graham/story?id=53448191 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2017 |title=This date in history: Billy Graham preaches at Yankee Stadium |url=https://billygrahamlibrary.org/this-date-in-history-billy-graham-preaches-at-yankee-stadium/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=The Billy Graham Library}}</ref> ===Chawanangwa=== Fred na Mary Trump ŵakawovwiranga mabungwe gha vya munkhwala mwa kupeleka nyumba. Pamanyuma pakuti Mary wapokera chovwiro cha munkhwala ku [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]], iwo ŵakapeleka nyumba ya chivwaro cha ŵalwari ya [[Trump Pavilion Rehabilitation building|Trump Pavilion]]; <ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809">{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 9, 2000 |title=Mary MacLeod Trump Philanthropist, 88 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |access-date=January 30, 2017 |journal=The New York Times |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323085602/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Fred wakaŵa so [[trustee|mwenekaya wakuwona vya kayendeskero]] ka chipatala ichi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Mbumba ya Trump yikapeleka nyumba ziŵiri mu Brooklyn kuti ziŵe malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu "ŵakulephera kugwira ntchito makora mu maghanoghano", nyumba ku New Jersey yakukwana $4.75 miliyoni kwa [[United Cerebral Palsy]] (iyo Donald wakajipa ntchindi kuti ndiyo wakachita),<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kaczynski|first1=Andrew|last2=McDermott|first2=Nathan|last3=Massie|first3=Christopher|date=July 18, 2016|title=Records Contradict Trump's Claims Of Charitable Giving To A Disability Nonprofit|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/records-contradict-trumps-claims-of-charitable-giving-to-a-d|access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref> kweniso nyumba zinyake kwa [[National Kidney Foundation]] (NKF).<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Trump wakapeleka malo ghake ghanyake ghambura kusanga phindu likuru ku NKF, ndipo mwakuyana na ''The New York Times'' ichi chikaŵa "chimoza mwa vyawanangwa vikuru chomene ivyo wakapeleka", chifukwa wakapokera [[Tax deduction|kuchitira mphindulo pa misonkho]] kuyana na mtengo uwo wakayowoya. Mu lipoti la misonkho la 1992, mtengo wake ukalembeka kuti ni $34 miliyoni.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Mwakukwambilira chomene pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose kuumaliro wa 1941, Trump wakawovwira vyakukhwaskana na Ŵayuda na charu cha Israyeli.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{efn|name="sam"}}{{efn|name="ushmm"}} Ivi vikasazgapo kupeleka malo ghakuzengera [[Beach Haven Jewish Center]], [[synagogue|nyumba yakusoperamo ya Ŵayuda]] ku Flatbush, Brooklyn, pafupifupi mu 1951,<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/> kugura [[Israel Bonds]] (iyo yikamba mu 1951),{{sfn|Blair|2015|page=159}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 25, 2016 |title=The Swedish Whopper: Donald Trump's Long-standing Struggle With the Truth |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/donald-trump-s-struggle-with-the-truth-1.5422774 |format=print and online |journal=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> kweniso kuŵa mulembi wa ndalama pa konsati ya chovwiro cha Israyeli mu 1952 iyo yikaŵa na ŵakwimba ŵa ku America ŵa mtundu wa [[easy-listening]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Fred wakawovwira sukulu yapadera ya [[Kew-Forest School]],<ref name="nyt"/> uko ŵana ŵake ŵakasambiranga ndipo wakaŵa mu komiti yakulongozga sukulu iyi.{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=38}} Mbumba ya Trump yikachitanga vinthu pamoza na [[The Salvation Army]], [[Boy Scouts of America]], kweniso Lighthouse for the Blind.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"> Fred wakawovwiraso [[Long Island Jewish Hospital]] na [[Hospital for Special Surgery]] mu Manhattan; <ref name="nyt"/> ku chipatala chakumaliro ichi, wakaŵa mulwari wa dokotala wa viŵaro [[Philip D. Wilson Jr.]], uyo wakaŵa dokotala mukuru wa chipatala ichi kufuma mu 1972 m'paka 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Gift Creates Mary and Fred Trump Institute for Implant Analysis |url=https://www.hss.edu/newsroom_hss-receives-implant-analysis-million-dollar-gift-from-trump.asp |access-date=August 20, 2023 |website=Discovery to Recovery |via=Hospital for Special Surgery}}</ref> Nangauli wakaŵa mulembi wa mavoti wa [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Trump wakamba kuŵa paubwezi na [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] ku New York,<ref name="Belkin-2016"/>{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=60}} ndipo wakapelekanga ndalama ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba (kusazgapo $2,500 ku kampeni ya Mayor Wagner mu 1961, iyo yikawovwira kuzenga Trump Village).<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza na Donald mu ma 1980, Fred wakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha $350,000 ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba, kusazgapo Mayor [[Ed Koch]], pulezidenti wa khonsolo [[Andrew Stein]], Controller [[Harrison J. Goldin]], na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi pa ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵa maboma gha mu msumba.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> Mu Okutobala 2018, ''The New York Times'' yikati mu lipoti lake la kufukura pa vya chuma cha Trump kuti ŵakasanga ukaboni uliwose yayi wakuti wakapeleka ndalama zikuru ku mabungwe gha chifundo.<ref name="tax schemes"/> ==Chiharo== {{see also|New York investigations of The Trump Organization}} [[File:Woody Guthrie 2.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] (1943)]] Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] wakaŵa munthu wakupanga lenti ku Beach Haven Apartments pakati pa 1950 na 1951.<ref name="unbelievable">{{cite news |last=Moyer |first=Justin William |date=January 22, 2016 |title=The Unbelievable Story of Why Woody Guthrie Hated Donald Trump's Dad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-dad/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321224532/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-racist-dad/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Woody Guthrie's Daughter Cites Dad's Scathing 'Old Man Trump' in Reaction to Former President's Updated 'Heroes' Garden List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211054510/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> Mu sumu yake yambura kulembeka mu ma CD "[[Old Man Trump]]", wakadandawura vya mtengo wa lenti ndipo wakayimba kuti Trump wakawovwira kusambazga [[Ethnic hatred|chitinkha pakati pa mitundu]] "mu mtima wa ŵanthu".<ref name="nytguthrie">{{cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Thomas |date=January 25, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote of His Contempt for His Landlord, Donald Trump's Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308075407/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021"/> Mwakuyana, mu mtundu wa sumu ya "[[Ain't Got No Home (Woody Guthrie song)|Ain't Got No Home]]" iyo yikafumiskika yayi, Guthrie wakayowoya kuti:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Tim |date=October 6, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote a Poem Calling Donald Trump's Dad a Racist – Here It Is |url=https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=February 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206202538/https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Poem quote|text=Beach Haven chikuwoneka nga kuchanya Kweneko palije ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakwenda! Yayi, yayi, yayi! Mulara Trump! Beach Haven yakale ni kwangu yayi!}} Trump wakayowoyeka mwambura kwenelera kuti ni mubali wa mwanalpolitiki wa Republican [[Fred Trump (politician)|Fred J. Trump]], uyo wakaŵa wakupikisana pa mavoti gha [[1956 Arizona gubernatorial election]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 1956 |title=Republican Fred Trump For Governor |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=7632026 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430134617/https://www.newspapers.com/image/163746941/?clipping_id=7632026 |archive-date=April 30, 2025 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Arizona Daily Star]] |location=Tucson, Arizona |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo wakalemberana makalata na [[Richard Nixon]] pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya [[1960 United States presidential election|mavoti gha pulezidenti gha 1960]] yakulimbana na [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>Trump, Fred (September 30, 1960). Letter to Richard Nixon – via the [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library]], Box 764. "Please refer to Sen.&nbsp;K, not by name, but as the 'Junior Senator from Massachusetts'!"</ref> [[Jerome Tuccille]] mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la mu 1985 wakawerezga utesi wa Fred wakuti wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakalemba mwakubudika kuti zina lake la pakati likaŵa Charles (chifukwa cha Christ).{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}} Buku la Donald la ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' (1987) nalo likuyowoya kuti Fred wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa munthu wakufuma ku Sweden (chifukwa cha Germany).<ref name="CNN-2019"/> ''[[The New York Post]]'' nayo yikawerezga fundo iyi mu mazgu ghake gha malilo gha Fred.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}} Nga ni pulezidenti wa United States, Donald wakayowoya kanandi waka mwakubudika kuti awiske ŵakababikira ku Germany.<ref name="Germany">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Analysis &#124; Trump wrongly claims his dad was born in Germany – for the third time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718033014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="fourth">{{Cite web |last=Riotta |first=Chris |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Donald Trump just claimed for fourth time that his father was born in Germany. He was wrong, again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154334/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=[[The Independent]] }}</ref><ref name="health">{{cite web |last=Sewell |first=Anne |title=Donald Trump's Health Under Scrutiny Again As He Forgets Key Family Detail |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/donald-trumps-health-under-scrutiny-again-as-he-forgets-key-family-detail |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026 |website=[[Inquisitr]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303232332/https://www.inquisitr.com/donald-trumps-health-under-scrutiny-again-as-he-forgets-key-family-detail |archive-date=March 3, 2026}}</ref> Mwakuyana na buku la 2021 lakuyowoya vya chaka chaumaliro cha u pulezidenti wake wakwamba, Donald nyengo yinyake wakayowoya mwakuyuyura Chancellor wa Germany [[Angela Merkel]], kuti, "Nkhumanya makrauts awa", ndipo wakalongora pa chithuzithuzi cha awiske na kulutilira kuti, "Nkhakuliskika na mkraut mukuru chomene pa wose." <ref name="Alone">{{Cite book |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVo5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PG384 |title=I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-29894-7 |location=New York |pages=384 |author-link=Carol D. Leonnig |author-link2=Philip Rucker}}</ref><ref name="kraut">{{cite web |title=Kraut Definition & Meaning |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=}}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"|Mu 1990, Ivana Trump wakayowoya kuti mphwa wa Fred, uyo wakaŵa wakumanya mbiri ya mbumba kweniso mukuru mu gulu lawo, [[John Whitney Walter|John Walter]], wakamulondezga Donald ku ntchito mwa kudinya visinthiro vyake vya malundi na kuyowoya kuti "[[Heil Hitler|''Heil'' Hitler]]", ndipo ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chithuzithuzi cha mbumba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=Marie |author-link=Marie Brenner |date=September 1, 1990 |title=After the Gold Rush |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu u pulezidenti wake wachiŵiri, Donald wakayowoya kuti Chancellor wa Germany [[Friedrich Merz]] "wakumanya vyose vyakukhwaskana na awiske".<ref name="health"/> Mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la 1993, [[Harry Hurt&nbsp;III]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[philanderer|munthu wakwendeska vyamaubwezi vya chigololo]], ndipo wakuti vyamaubwezi vyake vya ku Florida vikapangiska kuti wamanyikwe nga ni "The King of [[Miami Beach]]". Mu 1989 (apo Donald wakaŵa wachali mu nthengwa na Ivana kweni manyuzipepara ghakaŵa kwamba kale kulemba vya ubwezi wake na mwanakazi uyo wakazakaŵa muwoli wake Marla Maples), Fred wakayowoya kwa Donald kuti wangakaŵa na "ŵanakazi ŵanandi chikwi" kweni wakwenera yayi kugwilikira mu ubwezi umoza wa kuwaro kwa nthengwa.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|pp=85–86}} Mwakuyana na Hurt, Donald wati wasankha kuluta na Ivana ku malilo gha awiske ku [[Czechoslovakia]] (mu nyengo iyo chisudzulo chawo chikaŵa pafupi), Fred wakaphalira mlembi wake wakale kweniso munthu wakumupulikira chomene kuti, "Nkhukhumba ndege yawo yibwangike. Ndipo para vyachitika nthena, masuzgo ghane ghose ghazamumara."<ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/>{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=349}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=March 6, 2018 |title='I Need Loyalty' |url=http://politi.co/2H9Z1aA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308050523/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/03/06/donald-trump-loyalty-staff-217227/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |website=Politico }}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"}} Pa nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|pulayimale ya Donald Trump ya mu 2016]], kukakika kwa awiske pa chiwawa cha KKK mu 1927 kukayowoyeka so.{{Efn|name="bb"}} Pakati pa mwezi wa February 2017, nyuzipepala ya ku Israel iyo yikaŵa ya maghanoghano gha ku chiharo yikati Donald Trump (uyo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa" yekha kwa iyo) na nduna yikuru ya Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ŵakasambiranga sankho ku ŵawiskewo, Trump ku [[ŵanthu ŵakufipa khungu]] ndipo Netanyahu [[Anti-Arabism|ku Ŵaarabu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Derfner |first=Larry |date=February 12, 2017 |title=My Racist Father, My Hero: Trump and Netanyahu's Meeting of Minds |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702172015/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=June 6, 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]] }}</ref> Mazuŵa ghatatu pamanyuma pake, FBI yikafumiska makalata 389 gha kafukufuku wake uyo wakachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 wakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵakatenge ni sankho la mitundu na [[Trump Organization]].<ref name="Choi-2017"/> Mu mbiri yake ya maghanoghano gha Donald ya mu 2018, [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa wakutinkha Ŵayuda.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mu 2020, Mary L. Trump wakakhozgera fundo iyi ndipo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakwenera kuti wakakolerana na KKK.<ref name="why">{{Cite web |last=Corn |first=David |authorlink=David Corn |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Mary Trump on why Donald Trump lies, why he's 'racist,' and why she wrote her book |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227182416/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2016, mu nkhani yakukhwaskana na [[Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump|mazina ghawene gha Donald Trump]], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' yikayowoya kuti awiske ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zina lautesi "Mr.&nbsp;Green" kuti ŵafumbiske mwakubisika mitengo ya malo.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Long, Strange History of Using Fake Names |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222135021/http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2016, chifukwa cha ma pempho ghanandi gha [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Dango la wanangwa wa mazgu gha boma gha United States]], FBI yikafumiska fayilo yichoko iyo yikaŵapo ya Fred; yikaŵa na nkhani ya mu 1986 yakukhwaskana na vyawanangwa vya ndyali vya Trump Management, kalata ya mu 1991 iyo yikafufutika chomene yakukhwaskana na mphekesera za kukolerana na [[upusikizgi wakupangiska milandu|magulu gha uchigeŵenga]], kweniso lipoti la [[Background check|kafukufuku wa munthu]] la Trump Construction Corp.<ref name="Gerstein-2016">{{cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=October 8, 2016 |title=FBI releases thin file on Donald Trump's father, Fred |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116125456/https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Mu 2018, pakulemba mu [[New York (magazini)|''New York'' magazine]] pakuyowoya za nkhani ya ''New York Times'', [[Jonathan Chait]] wakayowoya kuti vyawanangwa vinandi ivyo Fred wakapeleka kwa Donald vikaŵa vyakupalamura dango mwakuyana na umo vikaŵira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chait |first=Jonathan |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The New York Times Proves President Trump Is a Crook |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227171536/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] }}</ref> Pakati pa 2020, komiti ya ndyali ya PAC yakucema kuti njara yake njakumasuka [[MeidasTouch]] yikayowoya mazgu ghakuti "galimoto yambura kanthu" kufuma mu kayowoyero ka Trump ku Horatio Alger Association, pakuyowoya kuti Donald wakamalira waka chuma icho wakapokera kwa awiske kweniso "chuma chikuru cha vyamalonda" icho wakapokera kufuma ku [[Obama administration|boma la Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[MeidasTouch]] |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Fred's Failure |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quhVLpGm2uk |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fearnow |first=Benjamin |date=June 20, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Roasted in MeidasTouch Father's Day Video Featuring His Dad |url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224101427/https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=[[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Mulembi wa buku ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' [[Tony Schwartz (writer)|Tony Schwartz]] wakayowoya mu 2020 kuti Fred "wakukhozga" wakaŵavya [[luntha lwa maghanoghano]], ndipo ichi chikakhwaska ŵana ŵake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taddonio |first=Patrice |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Trump the 'Bully': How Childhood & Military School Shaped the Future President |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[PBS Frontline]] |archive-date=June 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607091733/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu buku lake la 2020, ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'', Mary L. Trump (uyo ni [[wakasambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu|muwemi wa maghanoghano]]) wakuyowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[sociopath|munthu uyo wali na mikhaliro ya sociopath yakukwana chomene]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=July 7, 2020|title=Donald Trump's behavior was shaped by his 'sociopath' father, niece writes in bombshell book|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|access-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707165418/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|archive-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> uyo wakatimbanizga [[emotional development|kusambira kwa maghanoghano gha Donald]].{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=43}} Kuyana na nkhani ya mu 2024 mu magazini ya vya mbiri ya maghanoghano ''[[Clio's Psyche]]'', Fred uyo wakaŵa "wankhaza" ndiposo wakupusikizga wakakanizga Donald "vyakukhumbikwa vya chitemwa na kusambizgika maghanoghano kuti waŵe na umoyo" (apo wakamucemanga kuti "wakukoma", na vinyake), ndipo ichi chikapangiska Donald kuŵavya "[[Morality|udindo wa makhaliro ghawemi]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eberle |first=Scott G. |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Finding Empathy Without Sympathy for Donald Trump |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-in-mind/202406/finding-empathy-without-sympathy-for-donald-trump |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=[[Psychology Today]] }}</ref> Kufuma apo [[Ukolerekesko wa Donald Trump mu New York|Donald Trump wakakakika mu New York]] mu 2023, mabuku ghanyake gha nkhani ghakalemba kuti awiske ŵake ŵakakakikapo kaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourie |first=Ilya |date=April 8, 2023 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Revisiting Fred Trump's Arrests |url=https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503041404/https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] }}</ref> === Mu mitheto === Mu 2011 ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' ya Donald Trump, wakusekeska wa ku America [[Seth MacFarlane]] wakayowoya kuti usambazi wa Donald ukafuma kwa awiske, ndipo wakaseka ivyo wakayowoya kuti Donald wakajipanga yekha "vyautesi vya munthu uyo wakamba yekha" ndipo wakayaniska ubwezi wawo na ubwezi wa [[Jaden Smith|Jaden]] na [[Will Smith]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCroix |first=Emy |date=April 26, 2018 |title=The 2011 Donald Trump Roast Is Re-Airing on Comedy Central, See the Best Jokes Here |url=https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084304/https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=Life & Style }}</ref> Kuumaliro kwa 2016, [[Nell Scovell]] wakalemba vya kuyezgayezga kwambura chipambano kwa kukawona dindi la Trump mu ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', ndipo wakayowoya kuti chithuzi icho chikaŵa pa intaneti chikulongora kuti dindi ili likaŵa lakuzizwiska chifukwa likaŵa lichoko.<ref name="plot"/> Pamanyuma pakupempha ulongozgi wa umo wangafikira, Scovell wakalimbikiskika mwakubisika na pulezidenti wa masisita gha malaro.<ref name="scov">{{cite web |last=Scovell |first=Nell |author-link=Nell Scovell |date=October 11, 2016 |title=A Visit to Trump's Graveyard |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224115548/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucking |first=Liz |date=October 11, 2016 |title=Trump Gravestone {{!}} The Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083151/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=The Real Deal }}</ref> Mu 2018, ''[[Nylon.com]]'' wakagwiliskira ntchito chithuzi cha Trump wakukalamba icho chikaŵa na chibowo chakuwoneka chomene kunyuma kwa limoza la matama ghake (chifukwa cha [[mandibulectomy]]){{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=65}} ndipo wakayowoya kuti ivyo ''New York Times'' yikavumbura "vikapangiska ŵanthu kumanya, panyake kakwamba, umo Fred Trump wakawonekera—ndipo vikawoneka kuti wakuyanako na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nkhani za nthano awo mbaheni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calfee |first=Bailey |date=October 4, 2018 |title=The Scariest New Meme Is Trump's Dad |url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083958/https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[Nylon.com]] }}</ref> Kufuma mu 2018, Trump walongoreka mu vyakupharazga vya mitundu yakupambanapambana.{{Efn|E.g., mu chigaŵa cha ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', [[Fred Willard]] wakaseŵera nga ni Trump mzimu wakukondwa chifukwa wakatolera milandu yake ku dindi, kweni wakakwiya chifukwa cha kuleka kuchita makora kwa Donald.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maglio|first=Tony|date=October 4, 2018|title=Fred Willard's Fred Trump Returns from Hell to Call His Son a 'Moron'|url=https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|access-date=July 5, 2020|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705101233/https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakalongoreka mu vigaŵa vya ''[[Our Cartoon President]]'' (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Kaitlin|date=April 9, 2019|title=Showtime to Premiere Season Two of ''Our Cartoon President'' on May 12|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|access-date=May 8, 2020|work=[[BroadwayWorld]]|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809165503/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo munthu wa sankho uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakapangika kufuma pa iyo wakawoneka mu [[Chinthu ichi chachilendo|chigaŵa]] cha 2019 cha pulogalamu ya pa TV ''[[Watchmen (TV series)|Watchmen]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smail|first=Gretchen|date=November 25, 2019|title=There Was a Sneaky Dig at Trump's Family in 'Watchmen' This Week|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|magazine=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127230902/https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alex|date=November 25, 2019|title=It sure seems like Watchmen turned Donald Trump's father into one of its racist villains|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|access-date=June 30, 2021|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021240/https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Diehl]] wakamuseŵera mu filimu ya 2022 ''[[Armageddon Time]]'', iyo yikajambulika kuyana na ivyo mulara wa filimu [[James Gray (director)|James Gray]] wakakumbuka vya iyo ku Kew-Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edel |first=Victoria |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Yes, 'Armageddon Time'{{'}}s Fred and Maryanne Trump Scene Really Happened |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/49006785 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=[[PopSugar]] }}</ref> Mu 2024, wakaseŵerezgeka na [[Martin Donovan]] mu filimu yakuyowoya vya umoyo wa Donald Trump ''[[The Apprentice (2024 film)|The Apprentice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tartaglione |first1=Nancy |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Donald Trump Origin Tale 'The Apprentice' Gets 11-Minute Ovation At Its Cannes World Premiere |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522022648/https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo PAC ya [[Lincoln Project]] yikamulongora kwizira mu [[njira za luso la makompyuta|luso lwa kupanga vinthu na makompyuta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Anna |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's father resurrected by AI to tell him he's 'a disgrace' |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226095107/https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Carla |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's daddy, Fred Trump, scolds his buffoon son from the grave: 'You sound like you're a drunk' (video) |url=https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=Boing Boing |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713070249/https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu 2019, mulembi wa nkhani wa ku America ndiposo uyo wakugomezga vigomezgo vyakupangira [[Wayne Madsen (journalist)|Wayne Madsen]] wakayimba Fred kuti wakaŵa wakukhozgera [[Nazism in the Americas|Nazi]] chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa [[German American Bund]] mu New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Wayne |author-link= |date=October 8, 2019 |title=The America of Trump's Father |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310222412/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |archive-date=March 10, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Scoop News]]}}</ref> Mu pakati pa 2020, kampani yakupima unenesko wa nkhani [[Logically (company)|Logically]] yikati palije ukaboni wakupulikikwa makora wakuti Trump wakaŵa wakukhozgera Nazi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J |first=Vivek |date=August 17, 2020 |title=False: Donald Trump's father Fred Trump was a Nazi spy |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503005214/https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Logically (company)|Logically]] }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni ya Donald Trump ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States mu 2024]], Donald Trump wakati awiske ŵakamuphalira kuti waleke kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Nazi" panji kutchula [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Trump's 'Opposite Of A Nazi' Claim Triggers Scathingly Awkward Flashback |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=[[Huffington Post]] |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029130026/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Munthu wakuchita maseŵero [[Stephen Colbert]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakang'anamuranga waka kuti zina la munthu wankhaza likwenera yayi [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|kugwiriskika ntchito mwambura ntchindi]] ndipo kuti mbumba ya a Trump yikaŵa ku [[Ratlines (World War II)|Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=October 30, 2024 |title=Stephen Colbert mocks Trump's 'weird' childhood family rule |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=The Independent |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428094844/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} ==Vyakukumbuska== {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Vyakufuma mmabuku=== * {{cite news|title=Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency|publisher=United States Senate: [[Eighty-third Congress]]|via=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 20, 1954|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/fha-investigation-1954-part-1.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|Senate|1954}}}} * {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VVEAAAQBAJ |title=The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 |last2=Glasser |first2=Susan |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-385-54654-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |url=https://archive.org/details/trumpdealsdownfa00barr/ |title=Trump: The Deals and the Downfall |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-06-016704-2 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7l6NEAAAQBAJ |title=American Oligarchs: The Kushners, the Trumps, and the Marriage of Money and Power |date=2020 |publisher=[[W.&nbsp;W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-54130-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |author-link=Gwenda Blair |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate |date=2015 |orig-year=1st pub. in 2000 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1501139369 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Justin A. |author-link=Justin A. Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-hqDwAAQBAJ |title=Trump on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7352-2032-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Hurt III|first=Harry|url=https://archive.org/details/losttycoonmanyli00hurt|title=Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump|publisher=W.&nbsp;W. Norton|year=1993|isbn=978-0393030297|location=New York|author-link=Harry Hurt III}} * {{cite book |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |url=https://archive.org/details/trumprevealedame0000kran_f0z7 |title=Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5578-9 |location=New York}} * {{cite book|last=Trump III|first=Fred C.|author-link=Fred Trump III|title=All in the Family: The Trumps and How We Got This Way|publisher=[[Gallery Books]]|date=2024|isbn=978-1-6680-7217-2|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boz-EAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|last=Trump|first=Mary L.|author-link=Mary L. Trump|title=Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2020|isbn=978-1-9821-4146-2|location=New York|oclc=1164093746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDnhDwAAQBAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Tuccille|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50ss1oWeZBAC|title=Trump: The Saga of America's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron|date=1985|publisher=Beard Books|isbn=978-1587982231|author-link=Jerome Tuccille}} == Pa intaneti == {{Commons category|Fred Trump}} *{{Cite magazine|last=Levin|first=Bess|date=October 2, 2018|title=Trump's One Weird Trick to Getting Rich, Revealed!: 'Outright Fraud,' Deceptive Tax Schemes, and a Lifetime Allowance from Daddy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/10/donald-trump-fred-trump-taxes|magazine=Vanity Fair}} * {{cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |title=Donald Trump Says His Father Was Born In Germany (He Wasn't) |url= https://deadline.com/2019/04/donald-trump-says-his-father-was-born-in-germany-he-wasnt-oranges-mueller-investigation-1202587354/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]|date=April 2, 2019}} {{Trump family}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Fred}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1905]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1999]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakusunga mabiliyoni]] [[Category:Ŵakukhala matabwa ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America mu vya kuzenga]] [[Category:Ŵene nyumba ŵa ku America]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵakufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa mphapu ya Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] [[Category:Ŵayambiska makampani gha nyumba ku America]] [[Category:Kusankhana mitundu kwakuŵaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black ku United States]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Bronx]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Queens, New York]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na nthenda ya Alzheimer's mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na chibayo mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵadada ŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa United States]] [[Category:ŴaRepublican ŵa New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jamaica Estates, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Woodhaven, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa kufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa ku Pratt Institute]] [[Category:Kuleka kulipira msonkho mu United States]] [[Category:Trump family|Fred]] [[Category:Ŵantchito ŵa Trump Organization]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Richmond Hill High School (Queens)]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵaluso ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵene malo ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] 5lsn18dynvhvt9hryg7oc2ryrnt5xsp 0 48137 122510 120871 2026-09-28T00:43:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulogiramu ya kugula na kuguliska pa chisopa}} {{good article}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = Depop Limited | logo = Depop logo.svg | company_type = [[Kampani yachibali]] | parent = [[eBay]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} ku [[Roncade, Italy]] | location_city = London | location_country = United Kingdom | locations = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Milan]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[New York City]]}} | area_served = Charu chose | founder = Simon Beckerman | CEO = Peter Semple<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Marketing Week]]}}</ref> | industry = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | num_employees = 400 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2021/06/etsy-acquires-clothing-resale-platform-depop.html?page=all |title=Etsy acquires clothing resale platform Depop for $1.6 billion |date=2 June 2021 |work=[[American City Business Journals]] |first=Anne |last=Stych}}</ref> | url = {{URL|depop.com/}} | num_users = {{increase}} 56.3 miliyoni (2026)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |title=Number of Users on Depop 2026 |website=Depop |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> | language = Chingelezi, Chitaliyana }} '''Depop Limited''' ni kampani ya [[Utumiki wa chisopa cha pa intaneti|chisopa]] ya [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]], yakukhazikika mu [[London]], ndipo yili na maofesi ghanyake mu [[Milan]] na [[New York City]]. Kampani iyi yikovwira ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kugula na kuguliska vinthu, ivyo kanandi ni vyakuvwara vyakale na vya mtundu wa vintage. == Mbiri == Depop yikakhazikiskika mu 2011 na wakuchita malonda Simon Beckerman ku malo gha ku Italy ghakukuriska umisiri na bizinesi ya [[kampani yikwamba|kampani yikwamba]], H-Farm.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Emma |title=Artefact – In conversation with {{!}} Depop founder Simon Beckerman |url=https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080409/http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=Artefact}}</ref> Beckerman wakaghanaghana vya pulani yakwamba ya pulogiramu iyi pa nyengo iyo wakagwiranga ntchito pa PIG, magazini ya mafashoni yakukhazikika ku Italy iyo wakayikhazikiska pamoza na ŵanyake.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Neate Wealth |first=Rupert |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy buys secondhand clothing app Depop to tap into gen Z |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/02/etsy-buys-second-hand-clothing-app-depop-to-tap-into-gen-z |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Feeling The Pre-Love: The Rise And Rise Of Depop |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/a33414436/depop/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Esquire |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fundo yikuru yikaŵa yakupanga malo agho vinthu ivyo vikulongoreka mu magazini vingagulika na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa intaneti.<ref name=":32" /> Fundo iyi yikazgoka pulani yakuyana na [[msika wa vinthu vyakale]] kweni pa intaneti, uko ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vyawo apo ŵakalamulirangaso ŵekha malonda, ubwezi na ŵanthu, kweniso ntchito yakupanga ivyo vikawonekeranga pa maakaunti ghawo.<ref name=":4" /> Apo wakapokeranga wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku H-Farm, Beckerman wakagwiranga ntchito na gulu la ŵanthu pakupanga na kunozga pulogiramu ya Depop kweniso kuyilongora ku ŵakuguliska ndalama ŵanandi.<ref name=":4" /> Mu 2013, Beckerman wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu board ya kampani kuti wawovwire kunozga pulogiramu na bizinesi apo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Simon Beckerman & Maria Raga {{!}} BoF 500 {{!}} The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/maria-raga-simon-beckerman/#:~:text=In%202010,%20Raga%20moved%20to,re-popularisation%20of%20vintage%20pieces |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> Maria Raga, yumoza wa ŵakukhazikiska Depop kweniso CEO wakale, wakatora udindo wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa ntchito mu 2014, ndipo mu 2016 wakazgoka mukuru wa ŵakulongozga kampani (chief executive).<ref name=":5" /> Kuyana na Raga, chilato chikuru pakupanga Depop chikaŵa chakuti yizgoke [[Airbnb]] panji [[Spotify]] yinyake, kweni yakukhwaska chomene makhaliro gha mafashoni.<ref name=":5" /> Paolo Barberis na Nana Bianca ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri mwa ŵakwamba kugwiliska ndalama mu pulatifomu iyi mu 2012 na [[ndalama zakwamba zakugwiliskira ntchito]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=TechTalk con Simon Beckerman, Riccardo Donadon e Paolo Barberis su Depop, la startup diventata unicorno|url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/06/03/news/techtalk_con_simon_beckerman_riccardo_donadon_e_paolo_barberis_su_depop_la_startup_diventata_unicorno-304109175/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Ofesi yikuru ya kampani yikasamuskikira ku London mu 2012.<ref name="politico">{{Cite web|first=Wale|last=Azeez|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/depop-were-all-shopkeepers-now/|title=Depop: We're all shopkeepers now|date=27 October 2015|website=[[Politico Europe]]|language=en-US|access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Depop yikakura ndipo yikajura maofesi ghanyake mu Milan na New York City.<ref name="crunch">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/29/social-shopping-app-depop-raises-8m-hires-ex-reddit-gm-to-break-into-us-market/|title=Social Shopping App Depop Raises $8M, Hires Ex-Reddit GM To Break Into US Market|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=21 June 2016|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Beckerman wakasanga ndalama zakukwana €1 miliyoni mu Okutobala 2013 kufuma ku Red Circle Investment ndipo wakimika Runar Reistrup wa ku [[Faroe Islands]] kuŵa [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]] muphya.<ref name="politico" /> Mu 2015, Depop yikapokera ndalama zinyake zakukwana madola 8 miliyoni kufuma ku [[Balderton Capital]] na HV Capital.<ref name="crunch" /> Mu Malichi 2016, CEO wakale, Runar Reistrup, wakati kukura kwa Depop kukafuma ku ŵanthu kuphalirananga ŵekha.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reistrup|first1=Runar|title=The Entrepreneur: Runar Reistrup, Depop|url=http://startups.co.uk/entrepreneur-runar-reistrup-depop/|website=Startups.co.uk|access-date=17 July 2016|date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa CEO, kukura uku kukasazgapo kuzenga Depop kuŵa kampani yikwamba na kusanga ndalama kuti paumaliro yiŵe na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanandi chomene mu United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Runar Reistrup {{!}} CEO - YunoJuno |url=https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Runar-Reistrup-CEO-YunoJuno/830b3156-8736-4e0c-83a1-6bbc44b09e7c |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Forbes Business Council |language=en}}</ref> Mu Juni 2019, Depop yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 62 miliyoni mu Series C kufuma ku General Atlantic kuti yilipire kukura kwake. Ŵakugwiliska ndalama ŵakwambilira awo ŵakasazgikapo ni HV Capital, [[Balderton Capital]], Creandum, [[Octopus Ventures]], TempoCap na [[Sebastian Siemiatkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|title=Depop, a social app targeting millennial and Gen Z shoppers, bags $62M, passes 13M users|website=TechCrunch|date=7 June 2019|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162200/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, Depop yikachitiskanga masambiro na nkhani zakudumbiskana nga ni chigaŵa cha vyakuchitika vyawo vya Depop Live NY,<ref name=":5" /> ndipo kampani yikajuraso sitolo ku London kwizira mu ubwezi wake na [[Selfridges]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Social peer-to-peer marketplace: Depop |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-examples/depop |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 2020, ndalama za malonda ghose agho Depop yikaguliska na ndalama zake zose zikasazgikira kujumpha kaŵiri kufika pa madola 650 miliyoni na madola 70 miliyoni, mwakulondezgana.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Charity L.|last1=Scott|first2=Colin|last2=Kellaher|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy Buys Depop, Fashion Resale Site Popular With Gen Z, for $1.6 Billion|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/etsy-to-buy-fashion-resale-marketplace-depop-for-1-63-billion-11622635621|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Ichi chingachitika chifukwa chakuti Depop yikazgoranga mwaluŵiro ku ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakakhumbanga, yikaŵavya masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kasungirwo ka katundu, kweniso chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakakhumbanga kuguliskaso vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":6" /> Kufika mu 2024, Depop yikaŵa na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakujumpha 35 miliyoni, kuyana na webusayiti yawo.<ref name="tcacq">{{cite web |title=Number of Users on Depop 2024 |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Depop |language=en}}</ref> Depop yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] na [[Millennial|ŵawukirano ŵa Millennial]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260315143813/https://d1a.com/perspective/how-depop-is-globalizing-gen-z-fashion-culture-and-what-retail-brands-can-learn</ref> ndipo ni pulatifomu ya 10 yakugulirapo iyo yikuchezereka chomene na ŵakugula ŵa Gen Z mu United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=United States B2C Ecommerce Market Report 2022: Market is Expected to Grow by 11.80% to Reach $1,574.5 Billion in 2022 - Forecasts to 2026 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/united-states-b2c-ecommerce-market-101800632.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ndipo mu kafukufuku uyo ''[[The Strategist]]'' wakachita mu 2019, ŵawukirano ŵakavotera Depop kuŵa webusayiti yawo yakutemweka chomene yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref name="instyle">{{cite web |last1=Gates |first1=Meggie |date=27 August 2021 |title=Depop Is the New Instagram — but Not in a Good Way |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/depop-sellers-body-dysmorphia |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=[[InStyle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Jessica |date=25 October 2019 |title=Depop: Can pre-loved clothes make fast fashion sustainable? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49677383 |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Kugulika na Etsy === Mu Juni 2021, Depop yikagulika na [[Etsy]] pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni mu ndalama zakusangika, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakudura chomene icho Etsy yikagulapo; kweni Depop yikulutilira kugwira ntchito nga ni mtundu wa bizinesi wakujiyimira wekha wakupambana na Etsy.<ref name="tcacq" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paton|first=Elizabeth|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy is buying the fashion resale app Depop for $1.6 billion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/business/etsy-is-buying-the-fashion-resale-app-depop-for-1-6-billion.html|access-date=2 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ichi chikung'anamura kuti padera pa Depop kusungilira gulu lake lakale, kampani iyi yikasungiliraso malo ghake ku London.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy snaps up Gen-Z focussed shopping app Depop for $1.6bn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57259413 |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo yikagulika, chilato cha CEO wa Etsy, [[Josh Silverman]], chikaŵa chakuti walimbane na kusazgikira kwa ŵakugula awo ŵakamba kuwelera ku masitolo ghakuwoneka kuti ŵakagurenge vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Etsy courts Gen-Z with $1.6 bln deal for fashion reseller Depop |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/etsy-buy-gen-z-focused-fashion-marketplace-depop-163-billion-2021-06-02/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Iyo wakawona Depop chifukwa cha mwaŵi wake wa kuŵa pulatifomu yakovwira vinthu vyakupambanapambana kweniso kupanga chikaya chikuru cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":7" /> Kuyana na Silverman, Depop wangasazgirako na kunozga mautumiki ghake kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵake ŵanandi ŵa Gen Z.<ref name=":8" /> Kwa Etsy, kugura uku kukusungilira malo gha kampani iyi mu msika wa vyakuvwara ndipo kukovwira kampani kusazgirako ŵakugula ŵake kufika ku ŵanthu ŵachoko; panyengo yeneyiyo, Depop yili na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za ntchito za Etsy.<ref name=":6" /> Maria Raga wakati waleka udindo wake wa CEO wa Depop mu 2022, Etsy yikaŵika Kruti Patel Goyal pa udindo uwu, uyo wakaŵa mukuru wakale wa [[chief product officer]] wa Etsy kweniso mulongozgi wa kampani iyi kwa vyaka 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoaib |first=Maliha |date=2022-06-15 |title=Depop CEO Maria Raga steps down, replaced by Etsy's chief product officer |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/depop-ceo-maria-raga-steps-down-replaced-by-etsys-chief-product-officer |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604073331/https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/depop-ceo-maria-raga-steps-down-replaced-by-etsys-chief-product-officer |archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> Goyal wakati wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na mukuru wakula kwa Etsy mu Meyi, Peter Semple, uyo wakaŵa wakale [[mukuru wa malonda]], wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa Depop mwalamulo pa Ogasiti 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virdi |first=Amrit |date=2025-07-28 |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Marketing Week |language=en}}</ref> === Kugulika na eBay === Mu Febuluwale 2026, Etsy yikaphalira vya pulani yakuguliska Depop kwa eBay pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.2{{nbsp}} biliyoni, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kugulika uku kumalengeka kumalizika mukati mwa chaka ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallogly |first1=Niko |title=Etsy Sells Depop, a Secondhand Clothing App Popular With Gen Z, to eBay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/18/business/etsy-depop-ebay.html |access-date=20 February 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya bizinesi == === Kuguliska === Depop yikugwira ntchito nga ni msika kweniso pulatifomu ya chisopa, uko ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangapulikiska ŵabwezi ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵawone ivyo ŵakugula na kuguliska. Kwizira mu pulatifomu iyi, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangagulitsa vinthu vya mitundu yakumanyikwa na vya ŵakupanga mafashoni, kweniso vyakuvwara vya kale.<ref name="Calaza 70–78">{{Cite journal |last1=Calaza |first1=Miriam García |last2=Varela Casal |first2=Cristina |last3=Valencia |first3=Juan Manuel Corbacho |date=2023-01-02 |title=Second-hand selling apps and the notion of luxury: trend networking and circular economy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |journal=International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |issn=1754-3266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵa Depop ŵakukhozgekaso na pulatifomu iyi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito mautumiki ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni [[Instagram]] pakupharazga maakaunti ghawo gha masitolo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy targets Gen Z shoppers with $1.6 billion Depop acquisition |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22464572/etsy-targets-gen-z-shoppers-with-1-6-billion-depop-acquisition |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵaguliskaso vinthu vyawo pa Depop, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakapeleka ndalama izo ŵakasanga ku ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-13 |title=9 Celebrities With Depop Shops To Start Frequenting Immidiately |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bustle |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2026}}</ref> Mawonekero gha malo gha Depop ghakuyana na gha Instagram. Kuyana na Depop, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakuŵika na kuguliska vinthu ŵakupeleka vithuzi vyawo pamoza na malongosoleko gha vinthu. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakulongoraso unenesko wa vinthu vyawo vya ŵakupanga mafashoni kweniso usange vili na malembo, ma tag, na marisiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Depop Seller Guide |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205040230/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malonda agha ghakuwoneka mu mndandanda wa vinthu wa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Peji ya pulatifomu ya "Explore" yili na vinthu ivyo vyasankhika na ŵantchito ŵa Depop. Kuyana na Depop, kugula kukuchitika kwizira mu [[Apple Pay]], [[Google Pay]], makadi gha ngongole na gha kubanika, kweniso [[Klarna]]. Malipiro gha Depop ghakusungika mukati mwa pulogiramu, ivyo vikovwira kampani iyi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mphindano na kunozga ndalama zakuwezgeka. Malipiro gha Depop ghakovwira ŵakuguliska kupokera ndalama zawo mwakudunjika mu maakaunti ghawo gha ku banki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-04 |title=Depop Payments |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920105656/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuti wakuguliska wapokere ndalama kwizira mu Depop, wakwenera kusazgapo akaunti ya banki na kusimikizga umo waliri kwizira mu kupakiza chikalata chakumanyira munthu. Pa Julayi 18, 2024, CEO wa Depop Kruti Patel Goyal wakaphalira vya kuwuskako ndalama zakuguliska kwa ŵakuguliska ŵa ku United States, kweni wakasungilira ndalama zakwendeskera malipiro. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko iyi kukaŵa na chilato cha kusazgirako ndalama izo ŵakuguliska ŵakusanga kweniso kovwira kukura kwa msika wa vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safaya |first=Shemona |date=2024-07-18 |title=In data: Depop removes US seller fees in bid to grow secondhand market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/data-depop-removes-us-seller-085515441.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFmmzDOqVafAY91FiXBNOVBFHea6P3X3J1uiCqxTAlgu0RVVuSYKUs-UtE16-knHjUVUdKI4zcJN0FBLGMGRbnmJQewwZZXL2FJBDBuhGg3aedNjOkkM3Y8IF4xiROLlN_OxnInfv28YpnveDhWKDsCSQJHrKWKlBYV8lNzauNy3 |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=yahoo!finance}}</ref> === Kugura === Kugura pa Depop kukusazgapo mtengo wa chinthu uwo ŵakuzomerezgana, ndalama zakutumizga, VAT panji misonkho yinyake yakwenelera na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito msika izo ŵakugula mu United States panji United Kingdom ŵakulipira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |first=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Marketplace fee for buyers |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112005424/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pa vyakutumizga vya ku vyaru vinyake, mapaketi gangaŵa na misonkho yakunjizga vinthu mu charu, ndalama za pa malango gha mphaka, panji ndalama zinyake, izo zikulipirika para chinthu chafika panji pa nyengo ya kulipira usange Depop ndiyo yikusonkha msonkho mu malo mwa wakugula. Pa kugura kwa mu charu chimoza, misonkho yakwenelera yingasonkheka na wakuguliska panji kulipirika na pulatifomu pa nyengo ya kulipira, kuti pa nyengo yakupokera chinthu kuleke kuŵa na misonkho yinyake yakulipira.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Will I have to pay for tax or customs on my order? |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205050555/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu Australia, United Kingdom, na United States, Depop yikuŵapa mwaŵi wakupokera ndalama zawo zose para chinthu chawo chindafike yayi, chafika chakubwanganduka, panji chikupambana chomene na umo chikayowoyekera pakwamba, usange nkhani iyi yalongoreka mukati mwa mazuŵa 30.<ref name=":10" /> === Ŵakuphalirana === Kufika mu Juni 2021, ŵakuphalirana ŵa Depop ŵakusazgapo [[Vinted]], pulatifomu iyo yikakhazikiskika na Milda Mitkute na Justas Janauskas mu 2008 ndipo yikaŵa na mtengo wa €3.5 biliyoni, kweniso malo gha ku United States ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito [[Poshmark]], agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni.<ref name=":32"/> Ŵakuphalirana ŵanyake ŵakusazgapo Grailed, malo gha malonda gha pa intaneti pakati pa munthu na munthu agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 2014 ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakuvwara vya ŵanalume vya mtengo ukuru kweniso vyakuvwara vya mu misewu (streetwear) vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, na Vestiaire Collection, pulogiramu ya ku Europe yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakale iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 2009 ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa vinthu vya luxury vyakale ivyo vyasimikizgika.<ref name="Calaza 70–78"/> Kumanyikwa kwa Depop kwakhwaska mwakubudika masitolo ghachikhalidwe ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, agho ghangasuzgika kuphalirana chifukwa cha ndalama zikuru za ntchito na ivyo ŵakukhumba pa ubora wa vinthu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trendy second-hand clothing market is huge and still growing – yet nobody is turning a profit |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240301-international-second-hand-clothing-market-profitable |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.bbc.com |date=4 March 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pali vinthu vyakuvwara vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa mafashoni ghakupangika mwaluŵiro; ichi chakhwaska chigaŵa cha ndalama mu malonda gha vyakuvwara vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito. == Vyakuŵaŵiska == Mu Novembala 2019, ''[[Business of Fashion]]'' yikati ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu pulogiramu ya Depop ŵakapokeranga mauthenga ghakulongora makhumbiro gha kugonana.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lieber |first1=Chavie |date=12 November 2019 |title=The Dark Side of Depop |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/depop-sexual-harassment-internet-safety |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Business of Fashion}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Jessica Hamilton, uyo wakaguranga pa Depop, wakaphalira kuti wakasanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakubudiska ŵanthu ([[scammers]]) pa pulatifomu iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2024-07-07 |title=Depop's CEO on the Future of Fashion and the Path to Profitability |url=https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111072104/https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyo wakamanya suzgo ili wakati wakayezga kugula [[Nintendo Switch]] kufuma kwa wakuguliska uyo wakakhumbanga kupokera malipiro kwizira mu kusinthana ndalama ku banki mwakudunjika pera kwambura chitetezo cha wakugula.<ref name=":0" /> Hamilton wakayimba mulandu kampani iyi chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu na ndondomeko zakusungilira chivikiliro izo zikaŵa zakulopwa pakuyaniska na malo ghanyake gha malonda gha pa intaneti, ivyo vikapangiska kuti pulatifomu yiŵe yakusangika luŵiro na [[ŵakubowa makompyuta|ŵakubowa]].<ref name=":0" /> Chifukwa chakuti Depop yikaŵavya nthowa yakulongosoreka yakulondezgera na kukanizga maukaboni gha ubudi, kampani iyi yikataya chigomezgo cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanyake chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu.<ref name=":0" /> Mu Okutobala 2020, ŵakugula ŵanyake pa Depop ŵakapusikika kuti ŵalipire ŵakuguliska mwakudunjika kuti ŵaleke nthowa za chitetezo cha ŵakugula za Depop, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuguliska aŵa ŵakaguliska uthenga wa ŵakugula awo ŵakapusikika pa [[mdima wa pa intaneti|dark web]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Depop reveals the environmental impact of seasonal secondhand switches |url=https://news.depop.com/company-news/depop-reveals-the-environmental-impact-of-seasonal-secondhand-switches/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news.depop.com |language=en}}</ref> Pakuzgora pa nkhani iyi, Depop yikati yisazgirenge chivikiliro kwizira mu kukoserezga kusintha mapasiwedi na kugwiliskira ntchito [[chivikiliro cha vigaŵa vinandi|multi-factor authentication]].<ref name=":1" /> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka Depop chifukwa chakuti yikachitapo kanthu mwakuchedwa pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwalo == * [https://www.depop.com/ Peji yikuru] *[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.depop&hl=ru&gl=US Malinki ya Google Play] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (ndondomeko yakugwiriskira ntchito)]] [[Category:Vinthu vyakukhazikiskika mu Italy mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani mu 2021]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali mu City of London]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha pa intaneti ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha pa foni]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya United Kingdom]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani kwapharazgika]] p02hthcxoxjsyb9c7nx0o6ynhzprbcp 0 48139 122610 117910 2026-09-28T02:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi}} {{Politics of Malawi}} {{History of Malawi}} [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg|thumb|278x278px|Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964)]] '''Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi''' yikukhwaska vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3729&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3729&brand=eschol |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Politics, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Malawi, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga [[Nyasaland]], yikazgoka charu cha chipani chimoza mu Ogasiti 1961, apo charu chikachita chisankho chake chakwamba cha wupu, ndipo [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP), yakulongozgeka na [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene pa ndale. Udindo uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo mu 1966 apo dango likuru la charu likapharazga kuti MCP ndiyo pera yikaŵa chipani chovomerezeka. Kweni mu 1993, dango likuru likasintha kuti lizomerezge ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi, ndipo ici chikajura nthowa yakuti vipani vinyake vya ndale viwuke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=48. Malawi (1964-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604115903/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/ |archive-date=2024-06-04}}</ref> [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) yikawuka luŵiro na kuŵa chipani chakuzirwa, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyo, vipani vinyake navyo vyamba kuŵa na nkhongono pa ndale. Dango likuru la Malawi likupereka wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵafika vyaka 18 panji kujumpha kuti ŵatoreko chigaŵa pa ndondomeko ya ndale, kusazgapo wanangwa wakwimilira pa maudindo gha boma. Ŵanakazi kweniso magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵachita makora chomene pa ndale za Malawi, ndipo ŵakhala pa maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]], mu Kabinete na mu makhoti, ndipo ŵawovwira pakusintha na kukhozga ndale za charu.<ref name=":1" /> == Mbiri == === Vyaka vyakwambilira (ma 1890–1964) === ==== Ulamuliro wa ŵa British pa nyengo ya ukoloni ==== Malawi yikaŵa [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|koloni la Britain]], ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Nyasaland, kufuma mu 1891 mpaka 1964. Pa nyengo ya ukoloni, vinthu vyachilengedwe vya Malawi vikagwiriskirika ntchito na ŵakoloni, ndipo mitheto na maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu vikakanizgikanga. Ŵa British ŵakagwiriskira ntchito usambazi wa Malawi, kusazgapo fodya, tiyi na shuga, ndipo ŵakiza na kuyambiska chiyowoyero chawo, mitheto yawo, kweniso ndondomeko zawo za ndale.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==== Kususka ukoloni na uzika wa mtundu ==== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasuskanga ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni mwa kuwukira na kuchita viwoneskero vyakupambanapambana. Malawi Congress Party (MCP) yikakhazikiskika mu 1959, yakulongozgeka na Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, kuti yilimbane na ukoloni na kupenja wanangwa wa kujiyimira paŵekha.<ref name=":1" /> {{Gallery | title = Vyakachitika mu Nyasaland | align = | footer = | style = | state = | height = | width = | perrow = | mode = | whitebg = | noborder = | captionstyle = | File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg | Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964) | alt1= | File:Flag of Malawi.svg | Mbendera ya sono ya Malawi, iyo kale yikaŵa Nyasaland, pamanyuma pa wanangwa | alt2= | File:Harvesting coffee, Nyasaland, Africa, photo from The Encyclopedia of Food by Artemas Ward.jpg | Kukolola khofi mu Nyasaland | alt3= | File:Nyasaland 1949 Mi 89-92 stamps (75th anniversary of the UPU).jpg | Masitampu gha Nyasaland mu 1949 | alt4= | File:Stamp_of_Nyasaland_1913.jpg | Sitampu ya Nyasaland ya 1913 | alt5= }} [[File:Rhodesia & Nyasaland £5 1957 Reverse.png|thumb|274x274px|Ndalama ya £5 ya Rhodesia & Nyasaland, iyo yikasindikizgika mu 1957.]] == Nyengo ya Wanangwa (1964–1994) == === Wanangwa === Malawi Congress Party (MCP) yikakhazikiskika mu 1959, yakulongozgeka na Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, kuti yilimbane na ukoloni na kupenja wanangwa wa kujiyimira paŵekha. Malawi yikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 6, 1964, ndipo Dr. Banda wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa charu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/97/387/231/16549 |access-date=2024-06-02 |journal=African Affairs |date=April 1998 |volume=97 |issue=387 }}</ref> === Charu cha Chipani Chimoza === Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazga kuti Malawi ni [[one-party state|charu cha chipani chimoza]], ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chimoza pera chakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo. Vipani vya ŵakususkana navyo vikakanizgika, ndipo kususka boma kukazomerezgekanga yayi. MCP yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene, ndipo Banda wakalamulira mwankhongono, wakakanizga ŵakususkana na ŵanthu wose awo ŵakasuskanga boma lake.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Kukananga wanangwa wa ŵanthu ==== Boma la Banda likamanyikwanga chifukwa cha kukananga wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu mwachikakamizo, kuŵika ŵanthu mu jele chifukwa cha ndale, kweniso kuŵatambuzga.<ref name=":1" /> == Nyengo ya Vipani Vinandi (1994–2019) == === Kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya demokalase === Mu 1993, Malawi yikapokera dango likuru liphya ilo likazomerezga ndondomeko ya demokalase ya vipani vinandi. ==== Chisankho chakwamba cha vipani vinandi ==== Pa chisankho cha mu 1994, [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF), yakulongozgeka na [[Bakili Muluzi]], yikathereska mwa kusanga mavoti ghanandi. UDF, yakulongozgeka na Bakili Muluzi, ndiyo yikathereska pa chisankho cha mu 1994, ndipo ici chikamalizga ulamuliro wa MCP uwo ukaŵa kwa nyengo yitali. ==== Kusoŵa kukhazikika kwa ndale ==== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, Malawi yikakumana na kusintha kwakawirikawiri kwa maboma, pamoza na milandu yakukhwaskana na vimbundi kweniso kunjilirapo kwa ndale mu ntchito za boma. Muluzi wakateŵetera maulamuliro ghaŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (DPP) na [[Joyce Banda]] ([[People's Party (Malawi)|People's Party]]). ==== Masuzgo gha vyachuma ==== Malawi yikakumana na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma, kusazgapo ukavu, kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu, kweniso kuthemba chomene wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. == Nyengo ya Sono (2019–sono) == Mu 2019, chipani chinyake cha ŵakususkana chikapeleka milandu yakususkana na chipani icho chikalamuliranga, [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP), chakulongozgeka na [[Peter Mutharika]].{{Clarify|date=October 2025|reason=which party made the allegation? also provide reference if possible}} Mutharika wakathereskeka na [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Tonse Alliance]], iyo yikalongozgekanga na Dr. [[Lazarus Chakwera]] kuŵa Purezidenti na Dr. [[Saulos Chilima]] kuŵa Wachiŵiri kwa Purezidenti. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Malawi topics}} {{Years in Malawi}} {{History of Africa}} {{Territories of the British Empire}} [[Category:Politics of Nyasaland]] [[Category:19th century in Malawi]] [[Category:20th century in Nyasaland]] [[Category:Political history of Malawi| ]] [[Category:History of Southern Africa by country]] tk2c44i9sv4por7fwltyduq0632r32m 0 48141 122646 120857 2026-09-28T02:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha [[Lilongwe]] City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma. Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake. Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]]. Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]] mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=&#91;https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110115645/https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo|archive-date=2021-11-10}}</ref> mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}}</ref> na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu. Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/}}</ref> Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]. Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso. Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition, [[Rotary International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers. Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022. Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=&#91;https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406183047/https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/ |archive-date=2025-04-06}}</ref> Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=&#91;https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222233712/https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |archive-date=2025-12-22}}</ref> Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]]. Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Category:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Category:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Category:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] 47yib5o74bdpczivi7798gkuxwciuni 0 48153 122526 119323 2026-09-28T00:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}</ref> ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States. Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}</ref> Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika. Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.<ref name="FlexnerChXexerpt">{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri. Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mbiri yakwamba== [[File:Picture of Abraham Flexner.jpg|thumb|Abraham Flexner]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vyaudokotala ku America vikaŵavya wovwiri wa ndalama panji kulamulirika na boma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=1977 |title=Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth-Century America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786770 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1353/jsh/10.4.588 |jstor=3786770 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Malango gha vyilolezgo vya ntchito yaudokotala gha maboma ghakaŵapo ghachoko waka,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Truex |first=Eleanor Shanklin |date=April 2014 |title=Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3988768}}</ref> ndipo nangauli ghakaŵapo, ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito mwankhongono yayi. Pakaŵa masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala, ndipo lililose likaŵa na mtundu wake wa masambiro kweniso umampha wake. Mu 1904, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) yikakhazikiska Council on Medical Education (CME),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about-council-medical-education | title=About the Council on Medical Education | website=American Medical Association |access-date=February 20, 2017 | quote=Founded in 1904, the Council on Medical Education recommends educational policies to the AMA House of Delegates.}}</ref> iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakusintha masambiro ghaudokotala ku America. Pa ungano wake wakwamba wa chaka, CME yikazomerezga milingo yiŵiri: wakwamba ukaŵika masambiro ghakwambilira agho ghakakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke mu sukulu yaudokotala; wachiŵiri ukalongosora kuti masambiro ghaudokotala ghakaŵa gha vyaka viŵiri vya kusambira [[anatomy]] na [[physiology]] ya thupi la munthu, kulondezgana na vyaka viŵiri vya ntchito ya kuchipatala mu [[teaching hospital]]. Mu fundo yake yose, khonsolo iyi yikakhumbanga kunozga umampha wa ŵasambiri ŵaudokotala mwa kukopa ŵasambiri ŵakusambira chomene kweniso ŵakufuma mu mbumba zakusambira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America|url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellermedic0000eric|last=Brown|first=E. Richard|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-04269-8|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rockefellermedic0000eric/page/150 150]}}</ref> Mu 1908, pakukhumba kulutiska panthazi ndondomeko yake ya kusintha na kuchimbizga kujalika kwa masukulu agho ghakatondekanga kufiska milingo yake, CME yikapangana na [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] kuti yisande masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America. [[Henry Pritchett]], pulezidenti wa Carnegie Foundation kweniso wakukhozga chomene kusintha kwa masukulu ghaudokotala, wakasankha [[Abraham Flexner]] kuti wachite kafukufuku uwu. Flexner wakaŵa dokotala yayi, musayansi yayi, ndipo wakaŵaso msambizgi waudokotala yayi. Wakaŵa na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts]] ndipo wakalongozganga [[for-profit school|sukulu ya malonda]] ku [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name=Goodman_143>{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=John C.|last2=Musgrave|first2=Gerald L.|title=Patient power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis|year=1992|publisher=Cato Inst.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-932790-92-7|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|pages=142–148|archive-date=May 24, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132721/http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakaluta ku masukulu ghose ghaudokotala 155 agho ghakaŵa kugwira ntchito pa nyengo iyo ku North America. Masukulu agha ghakasiyananga chomene pa mapulogiramu gha masambiro, nthowa za kuyezgera ŵasambiri, kweniso ivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke panji wamalizge masambiro. Pakufiska kafukufuku wake, wakalemba kuti:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Molly |last2=Irby |first2=David M. |last3=Sullivan |first3=William |last4=Ludmerer |first4=Kenneth M. |author-link4=Kenneth Ludmerer |title=American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-09-28_355_13/page/1339 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 28, 2006 |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1339–1344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055445 |pmid=17005951}}</ref> {{cquote | quote = "Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations." }} Lipoti ili likamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mazgu ghake ghankhongono ghakususka masukulu ghanyake. Mwachiyelezgero, Flexner wakalongosora masukulu ghaudokotala 14 gha ku Chicago kuti "ngakukhozga soni ku Boma ilo malango ghake ghakuzomerezga kuti ghalutilire kuŵapo ... ngakufipiskira chomene ... ni suzgo likuru la charu." <ref name=":5" /> Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, masukulu ghanyake ghakatumbikika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yiwemi, kusazgapo [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Western Reserve]] (sono ''Case'' Western Reserve), [[Michigan Medicine|Michigan]], [[Wake Forest School of Medicine|Wake Forest]], [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Toronto]], ndipo chomene [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins]], ilo likalongosoreka kuti ni "chiyelezgero cha masambiro ghaudokotala."<ref>Raffel MN, Raffel NK. ''The US Health System: Origins and Functions''. 4th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers; 1994:11.</ref> Pamanyuma pake, lipoti ili likabweriska vyakuchitika vinandi ivyo vikaghanaghanirikanga yayi, ndipo vinyake mwa ivyo vikabwera chifukwa cha lipoti ili vichali kuwoneka mu vyaudokotala vya ku America mpaka lero. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵanakazi ghakasangana na mwaŵi uchoko chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":2" /> Kweniso, masukulu ghanandi gha [[alternative medicine]] na [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|osteopathic medicine]] ghakajalika chifukwa cha lipoti ili.<ref name=":3" /> == Vyakusintha ivyo vikakhumbikwanga == Kuti kovwire pa kusintha ndiposo kusintha maghanoghano gha madokotala na ŵasayansi ŵanyake, [[John D. Rockefeller]] wakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku makoleji na vipatala, ndipo wakambiska bungwe la vyawanangwa lakucemeka [[General Education Board]] (GEB).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-general-education-board-1903-1964/|title=“Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed”: The General Education Board, 1903-1964, Rockefeller Archive Center|website=resource.rockarch.org|access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vikaŵa vyakusuzga yayi kusambira vya munkhwala pera yayi, kweniso kukhazikiska sukulu ya munkhwala. Apo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala ku United States ghakaŵa masukulu ghachoko gha ŵanthu ŵekha agho ghakasambizganga ntchito, ndipo ghakaŵa gha dokotala yumoza panji ŵanandi. Masukulu agha ghakaŵavya kukolerana na koleji panji yunivesite ndipo ghakendeskekanga kuti ghapange phindu. Digiri yikapelekekanga para munthu wasambira vyaka viŵiri pera, ndipo ntchito za mu [[Labotale]] na [[Kusekenura thupi]] zikaŵa zakusankha waka. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa madokotala gha mu malo agho ŵakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka. Pakaŵavya maprofesa ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito nyengo yose awo ŵakajipelekanga ku masambiro gha munkhwala. Masukulu gha munkhwala ghakapokeranga yayi ndalama za boma, ndipo ndalama zawo zikafumanga waka ku malipiro gha ŵasambiri. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakaŵa na malango ghachoko chomene panji ghakaŵavya pakuwoneseska ntchito ya udokotala. Madokotala gha ku America ghakasiyananga chomene pa kumanya kwawo vya [[Kayendeskero ka thupi la munthu]], ndipo lizgu lakuti [[Wudokotala wautesi|quack]] likagwiriskikanga ntchito kanandi. Flexner wakasanda mwakupwelelera umo vinthu vikaŵiranga. Pakugwiliskira ntchito [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]] nga ni chiyelezgero cha sukulu yiwemi chomene ya munkhwala,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm UNMC's ''Flexner's Impact on American Medicine''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm |date=May 14, 2007 }}</ref> wakapeleka ulongozgi uwu:<ref name=Barzansky1992 /> # Kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha munkhwala (kufuma pa 155 kufika pa 31), kweniso kuchepeska unandi wa madokotala awo ŵakasambizgika makora yayi; # Kusazgirako ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo pambere wandanjire mu [[Masambiro ghakwambilira gha munkhwala]]; # Kusambizga madokotala kugwiliskira ntchito [[Nthowa ya sayansi]] ndiposo kuchiska ŵasambizgi ŵa munkhwala kuchita kafukufuku; # Kupeleka masukulu gha munkhwala mazaza ghakwendeska masambiro gha kuchipatala mu vipatala; # Kulemba ntchito ŵasambizgi ŵakusambizgika makora awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose pa masambiro gha munkhwala; # Kusazgirako ndalama zakovwilira masukulu gha munkhwala; # Kukhozga malango gha maboma gha vigaŵa pa kupereka layisensi ya udokotala. Flexner wakalemba kuti wakawonanga Johns Hopkins nga ni "sukulu yichoko kweni yakufikapo ya munkhwala, iyo yikaphatikizga mu nthowa yiphya yakukolerana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga ku America, makhaliro ghawemi chomene gha masambiro gha munkhwala ku England, France na Germany." Kwa Flexner, Johns Hopkins wakaphatikizga miyezgo yapachanya ya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany, apo wakasunganga mwambo wa ku America wakuchindika chomene ŵalwari na madokotala.<ref name=":4" /> Pakukhumba kuti Johns Hopkins yiŵe chiyelezgero icho masukulu ghanyake ghose gha munkhwala ku United States ghawoneskerenge, Flexner wakafika pakuyowoya kuti masukulu ghanyake ghose ghakaŵa pasi pa "malo ghakuwala ghekha."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soilandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/0303critic/030312brown/brown4.htm|title=Brown: Chapter 4 - Reforming Medical Education: Who Will Rule Medicine?|last=Bonner|first=Thomas|date=February 1998|website=soilandhealth.org|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> Padera pa [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]], Flexner wakawonaso kuti [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Harvard]], [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Yunivesite ya Michigan]], na [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Perelman pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ghakaŵa masukulu ghawemi. Wakati masukulu agho ghakafikanga yayi pa miyezgo iyi ghakeneranga kusintha nthowa yawo yakusambizgira munkhwala panji kujara. Flexner wakagomezgaso kuti kuti munthu wapokereke mu sukulu ya munkhwala wakeneranga kuŵa na satifiketi ya [[Sukulu ya Sekondale]] ndiposo vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku koleji panji yunivesite, chomenechomene mu [[Sayansi yakwamba]]. Apo wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu 16 pera pa 155 gha munkhwala ku United States na Canada ndigho ghakakhumbanga kuti awo ŵakulemba ŵaŵe kuti ŵamalizga vyaka viŵiri panji vyakuluska pa yunivesite.<ref name="Flexner_28">{{Harvnb|Flexner|Pritchett|1910|pp=28}}</ref> Kufika mu 1920, masukulu 92 pa 100 gha munkhwala ku United States ghakakhumbanga kale fundo iyi. Flexner wakayowoyaso kuti masambiro gha munkhwala ghakwenera kuŵa gha vyaka vinayi, ndipo ivyo vikusambizgika viŵe ivyo CME yikazomerezga mu 1905. Wakapangiska kuti masukulu gha munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghatsekeke panji ghasazgikemo mu mayunivesite agho ghakalipo. Wakayowoyaso kuti sukulu ya munkhwala yikwenera kuŵa yimoza mwa masukulu gha yunivesite yikuru chifukwa sukulu yakuyimira payekha yikeneranga kulipiska ndalama zinandi chomene kuti yikhalilire. Chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimanya yayi ni ulongozgi wa Flexner wakuti masukulu gha munkhwala ghakwenera kulemba ntchito maprofesa ŵa vya kuchipatala awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose. Pakachitikanga kafukufuku wake, wakawona kuti pakaŵa kusoŵa kwa maprofesa ŵakujipeleka ku ntchito nyengo yose. Wakati masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakakhumbikwiranga maprofesa ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵasambizge mibadwo yakulondezgapo ya madokotala. Ŵeneawo ŵapikenge maudindo agha ŵaŵenge "ŵasambizgi ŵanadi ŵa yunivesite, ŵakugegeka ku ntchito zinyake zose kupatulako ntchito ya chawanangwa, chifukwa cha kusambizga."<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakalutilira kulimbikira fundo iyi kwa vyaka vinandi, nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala ŵakasuskanga. Flexner wakaŵa mwana wa ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakasambira na kwenda chomene ku Europe. Wakamanyanga makora kuti munthu wangachita yayi ntchito ya udokotala mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe kwambura kusambira pa yunivesite mu nthambi yapadera kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu vinandi vya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany vikamukondweskanga Flexner, pamoza na ŵasambizgi na madokotala ŵanyake awo ŵakalutanga ku Germany, nga ni miyezgo ya charu yose ya ŵasambiri na mayunivesite, wanangwa wa masambiro, ndiposo kukhumbikwira kusambira mwapadera para munthu wamara digiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=German influences on U.S. surgery and the founding of the ACS |url=https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=ACS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423170125/https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |archive-date=April 23, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Thomas P. |date=September 2011 |title=The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |issn=0044-0086 |pmc=3178858 |pmid=21966046}}</ref> Kweniso, madokotala ŵanandi awo ŵakalutanga ku Europe kukasambira para ŵamaliska digiri ŵakakondwanga na umo Germany yikajipelekera ku [[Kafukufuku]], kupanga vinthu viphya, ndiposo kusambizga.<ref name=":4" /> Mwantheura, Flexner wakakhumbanga kuti masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakolerane na umo vinthu vikachitikira mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Pa nyengo yikuru, masukulu gha munkhwala ku Canada na United States ghakalondezga ulongozgi unandi wa Flexner. Ndipouli, ghakusazgirapo chomene sono kusambizga nkhani za [[Umoyo wa ŵanthu]]. === Kukhozga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya malayisensi gha ŵakuchita vya munkhwala === Mutu 11 wa ''Flexner Report'', wakuti "The State Boards," ukulongosora mwaukali chomene umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nkhani ya malango gha vya munkhwala mu nyengo iyo, chomenechomene pa kuleka kugwira ntchito makora na kusiyana kwa makhaliro gha mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha maboma gha vigaŵa. Flexner wakalongosora ntchito yakuzirwa iyo mabodi agha ghakeneranga kuchita pakusunga miyezo ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala, kweniso pa nkhani za malango na makhaliro, kweni wakayowoya kuti mabodi agha ghakafipiska ntchito iyi chomene. <blockquote>"Mu 1906, sukulu yiheni chomene mu Chicago—sukulu iyo yikaŵavya chakwamba chakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wasambirepo, yikaŵavya masambiro gha mu ma laboratory, ndipo yikaŵavya ubwezi na vipatala—yikapanga mbiri yiwemi chomene pa mabodi gha boma kuluska sukulu yiliyose ya Chicago mu chaka icho. Sukulu iyi, iyo yili pafupifupi yakuyana waka na iyo yikaŵa kale, sono pera ndiyo yalengeka kuti "yili mu malo ghawemi yayi" na boma la Illinois. Kulikose mu Canada na United States, mabungwe ghambura ntchito ghakukana chizunguziro chifukwa ghakulongora kuti ghakachita makora pa mayeso gha mabodi gha boma."<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> Ndondomeko yakukonzaso ya Flexner, iyo yikalata kuti yikwezge masambiro gha vya munkhwala mu United States, yikathemba chomene pa mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha boma kuti ghaŵe ŵalinda ŵakugomezgeka ŵa ntchito iyi. Wakakosera kuti mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuwona mwakukhwima kuti ŵekha awo ŵamalizga masambiro ghakwenelera na ghakuyana mu miyezo ndiwo ŵanjire mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Kwaku nkhani ya malango, mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza gha kupereka malayisensi kwa ŵakuchita vya munkhwala, ndipo ku nkhani ya makhaliro, ghakeneranga kusunga uchindami wa ntchito iyi mwa kukhazikiska na kulondezga miyezo iyi. <blockquote>"Nkhongono iyo yikuzomerezga diploma pamoza na layisensi yake yikwenera kuŵa na nkhongono yakuvikilira ivyo yikupereka ku chinthu chilichose icho chingachizgora kuŵa chakuchepa mtengo panji kuphwanya."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Kweni, lipoti la Flexner likususka uheni wa vimbundi na kusoŵa kwa umo mabodi gha boma ghakuyana, ivyo vikazomerezga masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakaŵa pasi pa miyezo kulutilira kugwira ntchito. Kanandi mabodi agha ghakaŵa pasi pa nkhongono za ndyali m’malo mwa fundo za masambiro panji za ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti malango gha malayisensi ghalondezgeke mwakusiyana. Madera ghanyake ghakasunga miyezo yapachanya, kweni ghanyake ghakazomerezga pafupifupi munthu waliyose uyo wakaŵa na masambiro ghachoko waka kuti wachite vya munkhwala. <blockquote>"Mu maboma ghanandi, kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu maudindo kukuwoneka nga ni mphotho za ndyali; kanandi ŵasambizgi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wakusankhika. Ntheura, vikuchitika kuti mabodi agha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa ghambura nkhongono, ndipo panji ghakukhumba yayi kususkana na masukulu panji ghakuŵavya mazaza gha malango kuti ghachite nthena; nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na mtima uwemi kweni ghakuŵavya luso; ndipo mu vinyake ghakuŵa ghambura kulopwa yayi nanga ni ghambura mtima uwemi, kweni ghakuŵa ghakuchenjera, ghankhongono, ndiposo ghakukolerana chomene na vyakukhumba vyawo na vyakupweteka vya ndyali."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Flexner wakadandawura kuti ndondomeko yakupambana-pambana iyi ya malango yikapweteka mboniwoni yake ya ntchito ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana, yasayansi, ndiposo yakulondezga makhaliro ghawemi mu United States yose. Ndondomeko yake yikathemba pa mabodi agha kuti ghachite nga ni ŵalinda ŵa makhaliro ghawemi kuti ŵavikilire umoyo na chivikiliro cha ŵanthu, kweni kuleka kwa mabodi agha kufiska ntchito yawo kukalongoreka kuti nkhani yikuru iyo yikatondeska kukwaniska kukonzaso kwakukwana. ==Ivyo lipoti ili likapangiska== Vinthu vinandi mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala mu North America vikasinthika pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report''. Masambiro gha vya munkhwala ghakamba kulondezga chomene nthowa ya sayansi ndipo ghakakhazikika pa umo thupi la munthu likugwirira ntchito na [[biochemistry|sayansi ya makemikhali gha mu thupi]]. Kafukufuku wa vya munkhwala wakayamba kukolerana chomene na malango gha kafukufuku wa sayansi.<ref name="Beck2004">{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Andrew H.|title=The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education.|journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association|date=May 5, 2004|volume=291|issue=17|pages=2139–40|doi=10.1001/jama.291.17.2139|pmid=15126445|url=https://www.cosbyig.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Flexner-report.pdf|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref> Luso la ŵakuchita vya munkhwala pa avareji likakwera chomene.<ref name="Barzansky1992">{{cite book|last=Barzansky|first=Barbara|title=Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0313259845|edition=1. publ.|author2=Gevitz, Norman |author-link2=Norman Gevitz }}</ref> ===Kujalika kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala=== Flexner wakakhumba kusintha vyakukhumbikwa pakupokera ŵasambiri mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala kweniso kukweza ubali wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Wakawona kuti masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala ghakaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vyakukwana yayi pakupokera ŵasambiri ndiposo ghakaŵavya masambiro ghakukwana. Ntheura, Flexner wakakhumba kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha vya munkhwala mu United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Kant |last2=Rushefsky |first2=Mark E. |title=The Politics of Public Health in the United States |date=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765636454 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=symnYJlBtewC&pg=PA90 }}</ref> Sukulu zinandi za ku America izo zikaperekanga madigiri gha [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] panji [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|DO]] pa nyengo ya ''Report'' (1910) zikajara mu vyaka pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri panji makumi ghatatu. (Mu Canada, sukulu ya vya munkhwala pera ku [[University of Western Ontario|Western University]] ndiyo yikawoneka kuti yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni yikajara yayi panji kusazgikana na sukulu yinyake pamanyuma pa ''Report''.) Mu 1904, pambere ''Report'' yindafike, mukaŵa mabungwe 160 agho ghakaperekanga MD ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 28,000. Mu 1920, pamanyuma pa ''Report'', pakaŵa mabungwe 85 pera agho ghakaperekanga MD, ndipo ghakasambizganga ŵasambiri 13,800 pera. Mu 1935, pakaŵa masukulu gha vya munkhwala 66 pera agho ghakaŵa ghakugwira ntchito mu United States. Pakati pa 1910 na 1935, kupitirira hafu ya masukulu ghose gha vya munkhwala gha ku America ghakasazgikana panji ghakajara. Kutsika kukuru uku kukaŵa chifukwa mu chigaŵa chinyake cha kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikayowoya kuti masukulu ghose gha [[For-profit education|"proprietary" schools|masukulu gha vyamalonda]] ghakeneranga kujara ndipo masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakeneranga kulumikizgika na mayunivesite. Pa masukulu 66 agho ghakakhalapo mu 1935 ndipo ghakaperekanga madigiri gha MD, 57 ghakaŵa gha mayunivesite. Chinthu chakuzirwa icho chikapangiska kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakasazgike panji ghajare chikaŵa malango gha chalo chose na kulondezga miyezo ya masukulu gha vya munkhwala: mabodi ghose gha vya munkhwala gha boma ghakamba pachoko-pachoko kulondezga na kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikapempha. Chifukwa cha ''Flexner'' ''Report'', masukulu ghanyake ghakachimbizga ŵasambizgi ŵakukalamba chomene nga ni chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kusintha na kuphya.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McAlister|first=Vivian|author2=Claydon, Emily|title=The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report|journal=World Journal of Surgery|year=2012|pages=684–8|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172|doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x|pmid=22270978|pmc=3279636|volume=36|issue=3}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa udindo wa dokotala=== Mboniwoni ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala iyo yikulongosoreka mu ''Flexner Report'' yikapangiska masukulu gha vya munkhwala kuŵika mtima chomene pa matenda, kuleka kuŵa na chidwi chikuru pa ndondomeko ya vya chipharo panji umoyo wa ŵanthu wose padera pa matenda. [[Preventive healthcare|Kuvikilira matenda pambere ghandambe]] na [[population health|umoyo wa ŵanthu wose]] vikaŵa yayi nga ni mulimo wa madokotala, ndipo ichi chikagaŵa mazgu ghakuti "umoyo" mu vigaŵa viŵiri vyakupambana: [[Medicine|mankhwala gha sayansi]] na [[umoyo wa ŵanthu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludmerer, Kenneth M. |url=https://archive.org/details/timetohealameric0000ludm |title=Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-518136-0 |oclc=57282902 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa madokotala na ŵalwari ŵa ku Africa-America=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkika chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[systemic racism|sankho lakukhazikika mu ndondomeko za wupu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Listen: How one 1910 report curtailed Black medical education for over a century |url=https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/04/color-code-flexner-report-curtailed-black-medical-education/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=STAT }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cryts |first=Aine |date=June 15, 2021 |title=AMA Acknowledges Past Med Education Racism, Vows Better Future |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953120 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=Medscape }}</ref> Flexner wakakhozgera kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghose gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake gha [[historically Black colleges and universities|ŵanthu ŵafipa mu mdauko]] ghajare padera pa ghaŵiri pera. Chifukwa cha ichi, pakaŵa pera [[Howard University College of Medicine]] na [[Meharry Medical College]] agho ghakalutilira kuŵa ghakujura, apo masukulu ghanyake ghankhondi ghakajara. Flexner wakalongora maghanoghano ghake ghakuti madokotala ŵa fipa ŵakeneranga kulapa ŵalwari ŵa fipa pera ndipo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maudindo ghapasi kuluska madokotala ŵazungu. Flexner wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵasambiri ŵa vya munkhwala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika pa "ukhondo kuluska opaleshoni" ndipo ŵagwire ntchito nga ni "ŵakuvikilira ukhondo," na mulimo ukuru wa kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵazungu ku matenda.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=January 22, 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} How tens of thousands of Black U.S. doctors simply vanished |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/22/uche-blackstock-legacy-black-doctors/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post }}</ref> Flexner wakalemba mu ''Report'':<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Munthu wa fipa uyo wasambizgika makora vya ukhondo wazamuŵa wakovwira chomene; kweni munthu wa fipa uyo wandasambire makora kweni wavwara digiri ya M.D. ni wakofya."}} Kweniso, pamoza na kulondezga kwake [[germ theory of disease|chiphunzitso cha tizirombo uto tukupangiska matenda]], Flexner wakayowoya kuti, usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa-America ŵandapokere masambiro ghakwenelera na wovwiri wakwenelera, ŵangaŵa chakofya ku umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa pakati na ŵa pachanya.<ref name="medicine.missouri.edu">{{cite book|title=Black Physicians and Black Hospitals|url=http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|page=24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104238/http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2016}}</ref> Flexner wakayowoya kuti madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika kuti ŵakanizge kufalikira kwa matenda pakati pa ŵa ku Africa-America kweniso kuvikilira ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kutapukira na matenda agha.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Mulimo wa dokotala wa fipa uzamukhala wakukanizgika ku mtundu wake pera, uwo nawo uzamupokera chivikiliro chiwemi chomene kufuma ku madokotala ŵa fipa ŵawemi kuluska kufuma ku madokotala ŵazungu ŵambura luso. Kweni umoyo wa thupi wa munthu wa fipa ngwakuzirwa yayi kwa munthu wa fipa pera. Mamiliyoni khumi gha iwo ghakukhala pafupi na mamiliyoni makumi ghankhondi na limoza gha ŵazungu. Sikuti munthu wa fipa yekha ndiyo wakutambuzgika na mphutsi za hookworm na TB; iyo wakuphalira matenda agha kwa ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵazungu, nga umo munthu mzungu wambura mahara na wakukhumudwa nayo wangamutapurira. Kujivikilira kweniso uwemi wa mtima vikupereka ulongozgi wakuzirwa pa nkhani iyi; ''kujikhumbira kwawemi kukukolerana na lusungu''. Munthu wa fipa wakwenera kusambizgika chifukwa cha iyo pera yayi, kweni chifukwa cha ise. Iyo, mwakuyana na umo jiso la munthu lingawona, ni chigaŵa chakukhalilira mu mtundu uwu wa charu." <ref name="medicine.missouri.edu"/>}} Ivyo Flexner wakasanga vikachepeskaso mwaŵi wa madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Nanga ni masukulu gha Howard na Meharry ghakasuzgika kuti ghalutilire kuŵa ghakujura pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', chifukwa ghakeneranga kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vya mabungwe nga ni masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵazungu, ivyo vikulongora kupambana pa mwaŵi wakusanga wovwiri wa vya munkhwala pakati pa ŵazungu na ŵa ku Africa-America. Pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', ŵasambiri ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakasuzga mayunivesite mu makhoti, kupikisana na fundo iyo yikaŵa yakukhazikika mu [[Plessy v. Ferguson]]. Kweni ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakasangana na kukanizgika kufuma ku masukulu agho ghakalutilira kukhozgera [[racial segregation|kugaŵikana kwa mitundu]] mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 15 kufuma pa [[Brown v. Board of Education]] mu 1954, ndipo apo [[Association of American Medical Colleges|AAMC]] yikamba kusimikizga mwaŵi wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala kwa ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵa mitundu yinyake mwa kukhozgera kusazgikana kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinecke |first1=Ann |last2=Terrell |first2=Charles |date=February 2010 |title=Progress for Whose Future? The Impact of the Flexner Report on Medical Education for Racial and Ethnic Minority Physicians in the United States |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=236–245 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c885be |issn=1040-2446 |pmid=20107348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kujalika kwa masukulu ghankhondi, kweniso unenesko wakuti ŵasambiri ŵa fipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha ku U.S. kwa vyaka 50 pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', vyawovwira pa unandi uchoko wa madokotala ŵa mitundu yakupambana awo ŵababika mu America, chifukwa masuzgo agha ghachali kuwoneka nanga ni pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis W. |last2=Suez Mittman |first2=Ilana |date=February 2010 |title=The State of Diversity in the Health Professions a Century After Flexner |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_academic-medicine_2010-02_85_2/page/246 |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=246–253 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c88145 |pmid=20107349 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Makumi gha masauzandi gha madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ghakazimiririka chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":6" /> Kuyana na [[Census|kalembera wa ŵanthu wa chalo]], madokotala ŵakufuma mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachoko, kusazgapo ŵa ku Africa-America, ŵachalutilira kuŵa ŵakuyimiririka pachoko mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Devin B. |last2=Gruppuso |first2=Philip A. |last3=McGee |first3=Heather A. |last4=Murillo |first4=Anarina L. |last5=Grover |first5=Atul |last6=Adashi |first6=Eli Y. |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Diversity of the National Medical Student Body — Four Decades of Inequities |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=384 |issue=17 |pages=1661–1668 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |pmid=33913645 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> Chifukwa cha malemba gha sankho gha mu ''Flexner Report'', AAMC yikasankha kusintha zina la chawanangwa chakuzirwa cha Abraham Flexner mu 2020.<ref name=":2" /> David Acosta, M.D., mulara wa vya kusazgikana na kulondezga mwaŵi wa AAMC, wakayowoya kuti, "Tikwenera yayi kusulako mdauko wa sankho mu vya munkhwala ndipo tikwenera kuchita chilichose icho tingakwaniska kuti tiwovwire pakunozga vinthu para mdauko uwu wasangika."<ref name=":2" /> Kweni maghanoghano ghakuti Flexner na ''Report'' yake vikapweteka masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa ghakususkika na [[Thomas N. Bonner]], uyo wakayowoya kuti Flexner wakagwira ntchito yakuvikilira masukulu ghaŵiri gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa agho ghakasambizganga madokotala ghanandi gha fipa pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Searching for Abraham|journal=Academic Medicine |date=February 1998 |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1998/02000/Searching_for_Abraham_Flexner.14.aspx|access-date=August 13, 2022 |last1=Bonner |first1=T. N. |pages=160–166 |doi=10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014 |pmid=9484189 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa ŵanakazi=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkikaso chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga sankho la kugonana,<ref name=":2" /> ivyo vikapangiska kuti "ŵanakazi pafupi kumara mu gulu la madokotala pakati pa 1910 na 1970."<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Barkin |first1=Shari L. |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |last3=Brosco |first3=Jeffrey P. |last4=Tuchman |first4=Arleen M. |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Unintended Consequences of the Flexner Report: Women in Pediatrics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1057 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |pmid=21059716 |issn=0031-4005|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere ''Flexner Report'' yindalembeke, mu chigaŵa cha pakati na kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mayunivesite ghakaŵa kwamba waka kujura na kusazgirako kupokera ŵanakazi nga ni chigaŵa cha masukulu gha ŵanakazi na masukulu gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza, pamoza na kukhazikiska kwa [[co-education|masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza]] pa [[Oberlin College]] mu 1833 kweniso masukulu ghapadera gha ŵanakazi pera nga ni [[Vassar College]] na [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]]. Kweniso, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakajura masukulu ghawo gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanakazi chifukwa masukulu ghanyake gha vya munkhwala ghakakananga kuŵapokera. Mu ''Report'', Flexner wakazunura kuti mukaŵa ŵanakazi ŵachoko mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko wa ŵasambiri ŵanakazi ŵa vya munkhwala na madokotala ŵanakazi ukaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mwaŵi yayi, chifukwa iyo wakawonanga kuti mukaŵa mwaŵi wakukwana kuti ŵanakazi ŵasambire vya munkhwala. Ntheura, wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko uwu ukaŵa chifukwa cha khumbo lakusazgikira yayi na chizolowezi chakuŵa na khumbo lakuŵa mu sukulu ya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} Flexner wakakhozgeraso chomene udindo wapadera wa ŵanakazi mu vya munkhwala mu ''Report'', pakuyowoya kuti "[w]anakazi ŵali na mulimo wakuwonekera chomene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala".<ref name=":5"/> Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana na ŵanalume pa vinjeru ndipo ŵangaŵa na luso mu ntchito yiliyose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanakazi mwakawiro ŵali na mtima wa kupwelelera na chitemwa, ndipo usange ŵangasankha ntchito ya vya munkhwala, ŵakeneranga kuchita mu vya umoyo wa ŵana, umoyo wa pa ntchito, panji umoyo wa amama.<ref name=":7" /> Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ''Report'' yingaŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikakhozgera madokotala ŵanakazi kusankha mwapadera vya [[pediatrics|umoyo wa ŵana]], [[obstetrics|ubali wa kubaba ŵana]], na [[gynecology|matenda gha ŵanakazi]] m’malo mwa vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":7" /> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wakupambana=== Pa nyengo iyo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wa lipoti lake, "mankhwala gha mazuŵa ghano" ghakasangana na kupikisana kukuru kufuma ku vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|mankhwala gha osteopathic mu United States]], [[Chiropractic|chiropractic]], [[electrotherapy|mankhwala gha magetsi]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stahnisch |first=Frank W. |author-link=Frank W. Stahnisch |author2=Verhoef, Marja |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Flexner wakakayikira chomene kuti nthowa zose za vya munkhwala izo zikaŵavya ukaboni wa kafukufuku wa sayansi zikaŵa zakugomezgeka yayi. Wakawonanga kuti nthowa yiliyose ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaleka kukhozgera kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala nga ni majekiseni pakukanizga na kuchizga matenda yikaŵa yakuyana na upusikizgi na ulendo wa ŵapusu. Masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakasambizganga nthowa zakupambana, kusazgapo [[Electromagnetic therapy|mankhwala gha minda ya magineti]], [[Light therapy|mankhwala gha ungweru]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], physiomedicalism, [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]], ghakapempheka kuti ghachotse masambiro agha mu ndondomeko yawo ya masambiro panji ghakataye chizomerezgo chawo na wovwiri wa ndalama. Masukulu ghanyake ghakasuskanga kwa nyengo yichoko, kweni paumaliro masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala wakupambana ghakakolerana na ''Report'' panji ghakajara visisi vyawo.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |year=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |doi-access=free |last1=Stahnisch |first1=Frank W. |author-link1=Frank W. Stahnisch |last2=Verhoef |first2=Marja |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wa osteopathic=== Nangauli pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha munkhwala wakupambana agho ghakazunulika mu ''Flexner Report'' ghakajara, [[American Osteopathic Association]] (AOA) yikawovwira masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha osteopathic kulondezga ivyo Flexner wakayowoya kuti ghapange nthowa ya munkhwala iyo yikukolerana na ukaboni wa sayansi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gevitz |first=Norman |date=June 2009 |title=The transformation of osteopathic medical education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_academic-medicine_2009-06_84_6/page/701 |journal=Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a4049e |issn=1938-808X |pmid=19474540}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ndondomeko za masambiro mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakupereka madigiri gha DO na MD zili pafupifupi zakuyana chomene, ndipo kupambana kukuru nkhusazgikira kwa masambiro gha [[osteopathic manipulative medicine|nthowa za osteopathic zakukhwaskira na kulongora thupi]] mu masukulu gha osteopathic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-vs-md-how-much-does-medical-school-degree-lit9c |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=linkedin.com }}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku United States]] [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku Canada]] [[Category:Munkhwala wa Osteopathic]] [[Category: Mbiri ya munkhwala ku United States]] [[Category:1910 mabuku ghambura kulembeka]] [[Category:Mabuku gha vyaumoyo]] [[Category:Mabuku ghakuyowoya za masambiro ghapachanya]] lyjh2yvbbnm2g9ipprqvnw110inoxwy 0 48165 122721 117993 2026-09-28T03:40:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha ku Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox festival | name = Vinkhakanimba | native_name = | image = | caption = | status = Chikulutilira | genre = Chiphikiro cha chikaya | frequency = Chaka chilichose | location = [[Muyombe, Mafinga]] District, [[Muchinga Province, Zambia]] | coordinates = | years_active = | patron = Fumu Yikuru Muyombe | participants = [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] ([[ŴaHenga|ŴaHenga]]/[[Ufumu wa Muyombe]]) | members = | sponsors = [[Boma la Zambia]] | website = }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Vinkhakanimba''' (chikuchemeka so '''Vikamkanimba''', '''Vinkakanimba''' panji '''Vinkhamkanimba''') ni chiphikiro cha chikaya icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose cha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]], ndipo chikulongozgeka pasi pa mazaza gha Fumu Yikuru Muyombe mu malo gha Muyombe na vyakuzingilira mu [[Chigaŵa cha Mafinga]], [[Chigaŵa cha Muchinga, Zambia]], [[Zambia]].<ref name="Muchinga2024">{{cite web |title=Muchinga DPS Rev Chilekwa Graces Vinkhakanimba Ceremony |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=4093 |website=Muchinga Province Government (muc.gov.zm) |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="MiA2016">{{cite web |title=Vikamkanimba Tribal Ceremony |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/vikamkanimba-tribal-ceremony |website=Music in Africa |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=3 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114102408/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/vikamkanimba-tribal-ceremony |archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> Chiphikiro ichi chikuŵa na kuvina kwa chikaya, nkhani za ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya na ŵantchito ŵa boma awo ŵachemekeka, kweniso viphikiro vya ŵanthu ivyo vikukolerana na umunthu wa ŴaTumbuka ku kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumbuka {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tumbuka |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Mbiri == Vinkhakanimba chikamba mu vyaka vya kukwambilira vya m'ma 1600 pamanyuma pakuti ŴaTumbuka ŵamba kusazgikira kufuma mu [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]]. Kuvina uku kukuchitika na ŴaTumbuka ŵa ku Mafinga na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]. === Mapelekero gha zina === Zina la chiphikiro ichi likuwoneka mu mapelekero ghakupambana nga ni ''Vinkhakanimba'', ''Vikamkanimba'', ''Vinkakanimba'' na ''Vinkhamkanimba'' mu manyuzipepara gha ku malo agha na mazina gha viphikiro. Malembero gha boma na gha chikaya ghakuzomera chiphikiro ichi pasi pa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, ndipo mabuku gha vya sumu na chikaya ghakulongosora zina la ''Vikamkanimba'' nga ni zina linyake la chiphikiro chenechichi ku Muyombe.<ref name="Muchinga2024" /><ref name="MiA2016" /> == Malo, nyengo na awo ŵakuchitisa == Vinkhakanimba chikuchitika pasi pa ufumu wa Muyombe mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga. Mauthenga gha boma na malipoti gha chiphikiro ichi ghakulongora kuti malo ghakuru ghali mu Muyombe panji kufupi na Muyombe, ndipo kanandi chikuchitika kuumaliro kwa mwezi wa Ogasiti panji mu Seputembala, mwakuyana na ndondomeko za ku malo agha.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi gha ku malo agha na vyombo vya nkhani vya chikaya vyakhala vikulongora chiphikiro ichi mwakudumura kufuma ku Chigaŵa cha Mafinga mu vyaka vyasono.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIVE: 2025 Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of the Tumbuka people of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/Isofmradio/videos/live-2025-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-tumbuka-people-of-mafinga-di/1475968600213460/ |website=ISO FM Radio (Facebook Live) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VINKHAKANIMBA TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF THE TUMBUKA PEOPLE OF MUYOMBE, MAFINGA DISTRICT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLEwu-C-UFM |website=YouTube (Cultural Heritage channel) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> === Ndondomeko na kuvina === Ndondomeko ya chiphikiro ichi kanandi yikusazgapo ulendo wa ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, kupokelera Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, na kuvina kwa magulu ghakufuma mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka. Mitundu ya kuvina iyo yikulongoreka kanandi ni [[Mganda dance|mganda]]/mapenenga na mitundu yinyake ya kuvina kwa mu chigaŵa, yakulongozgeka na kukoma ng'oma na kwimbana mazgu.<ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi na mauthenga gha pa malo gha intaneti ghakulongora kuvina mu malo ghakuru, magulu gha ŵanthu, na ŵalendo awo ŵakufuma ku ma ufumu ghakuzingilira.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundazi Radio |date=2025 |title=Watch live: Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony |url=https://www.facebook.com/lundaziradio/videos/watch-live-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony/1911187329449337/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Crown TV Zambia |date=2025 |title=Vinkakanimba Traditional Ceremony live coverage |url=https://www.facebook.com/crownTVzambia/posts/watch-live-vinkakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-bayombe-people-of-mafinga-cr/1553657275444413/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook}}</ref> == Kukhozga kwa chikaya == Kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Muyombe na chigaŵa chikuru icho chikuyowoya Chitumbuka, Vinkhakanimba chikuchita ntchito ya kusungilira na kusambizga chikaya, kuzomera mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, na kukhozga umoza wa ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la chigaŵa ŵalongosora kuti chiphikiro ichi ntchalo chakuti ŵanthu ŵasambizgikire vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, umoyo wa thupi, na kusungilira chikaya mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=3775 |title=Chief Pledges To Work With The UPND Government To |publisher=Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs, Zambia |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muchinga2024"/> == Viphikiro vya vyaka vyasono == Mu vyaka vyasono, chiphikiro ichi chakhala chikulongoreka mwakudumura na mawailesi gha chigaŵa na masamba gha ŵanthu pa intaneti, ndipo chikulongora kwiza kwa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe na kuvina kwa magulu ghakuchemekeka. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti malo gha chiphikiro ghali mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ufumu wakuzingilira na magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakukhalapo.<ref>{{cite web |title=(WATCH LIVE) Arrival of Chief Muyombe Temwanani at the main arena of this year's Vinkhakanimba |url=https://www.facebook.com/Chikfm.985/videos/watch-live-arrival-of-chief-muyombe-temwanani-at-the-main-arena-of-this-years-vi/1467842887890363/ |website=Chikaya FM (Facebook Live) |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pictures from the Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of His Royal Highness Chief Muyombe of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/100079927432880/photos/755600190447555/ |website=Facebook Photos |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Times of Zambia &#124; 30 cops pursue Mafinga hired assailants | url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=119295 | access-date=26 July 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616094318/https://www.times.co.zm/?p=119295 | archive-date=16 June 2025 }}</ref> == Kukolerana na viphikiro vinyake vya ŴaTumbuka == Mu Zambia, Vinkhakanimba ntchimoza mwa viphikiro vinandi vya chaka chilichose ivyo vikukolerana na ŴaTumbuka, pamoza na [[Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Kulonga]] (Chigaŵa cha Lundazi) na Zengani (chigaŵa cha Chasefu/Lundazi), ivyo navyo vikugwira ntchito nga ni malo gha kuvina, kulongora chikaya, na kusinthana kwa umanyi pakati pa magulu gha ŵanthu.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> == Wonaniso == * [[ŴaTumbuka]] == Maukaboni == {{reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Vinkhakanimba}} [[Category:Vyakuchitika vya chaka chilichose mu Zambia]] [[Category:Viphikiro mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Muchinga]] [[Category:Kuvina kwa chikaya mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŴaTumbuka]] 5xvvqnelbyiljrb1bf2t03xlnxzmhdg 0 48168 122607 119330 2026-09-28T02:18:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122607 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Further|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Further|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Main|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1996-12_22_4/page/541|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1981_22_2/page/203|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018|access-date=26 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260802115824/https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|archive-date=2 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260726113935/http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113212110/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] p2uuuawnvbw917pojjux45tc7qdi1rf 0 48486 122703 122369 2026-09-28T03:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Thempele la Chibuda mu Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China}} {{Infobox religious building | name = Thempele la Tianmenshan | native_name = 天門山寺 | native_name_lang = zh | image = Tian Men Shan Temple 2.jpg | caption = [[Shanmen]]. | pushpin_map = China Hunan#China | pushpin_map_size = 200px | location = [[Zhangjiajie]], [[Hunan]] | coordinates = {{coord|29|2|26.70|N|110|28|40.04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation = [[Chibuda cha Chan]] | sect = | deity = | country = China | functional_status = | website = | founded_by = | completed = AD 870 }} '''Thempele la Tianmenshan''' ({{lang-zh|s=天门山寺|t=天門山寺|p=Tiānménshān Sì}}) ni thempele la [[Chibuda]] ilo lili pa [[Phiri la Tianmen]] mu [[Zhangjiajie]], [[Hunan]], [[China]]. Thempele ili na malo ghakukwana {{convert|20000|m2}}. ==Mbili== Thempele la Tianmenshan likazengeka mu nyengo ya [[Ulamuliro wa Tang]] (AD 870), ndipo likapika zina lakuti "Thempele la Lingquan" ({{lang-zh|t=靈泉院 |s= | hp=|labels=no}}). Mu nyengo ya [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]], likaparanyika chifukwa cha nkhondo.{{when|date=May 2018}} Pamanyuma pa 1949, boma la ku malo likazengaso thempele ili. Pa Juni 8, 2009, yimoza ya [[Gautama Buddha]]'s [[Śarīra]] yikasungika mwenemumo.{{cite web |url=http://www.tianmenshan.com.cn/webinfo/info_list.asp?infoid=445 |script-title=zh:《天门山为释迦牟尼佛舍利投保亿元》 |date=2009-05-15 |publisher= |language=zh |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524031352/http://www.tianmenshan.com.cn/webinfo/info_list.asp?infoid=445 |archivedate=2009-05-24 |title=— |access-date=2026-08-09}} ==Kapangilo== * [[Nyumba ya Daxiongbao]] * [[Nyumba ya Guanyin|Guanyin Pavilion]] ({{lang-zh | t=觀音閣 | s= | hp=|labels=no}}) * [[Nyumba ya Tianwang]] ({{lang-zh | t=| s=四大天王殿| hp=|labels=no}}) * [[Malo gha Mabuku gha Chibuda]] ({{lang-zh | t=藏經閣 | s= | hp=|labels=no}}) * Nyumba ya Mabelu ({{lang-zh | t=鐘樓 | s= | hp=|labels=no}}) * [[Nyumba ya Ngoma mu Asia|Nyumba ya Ngoma]] ({{lang-zh | t=鼓樓 | s= | hp=|labels=no}}) ==Malo gha vithuzi== {{Gallery |align=center |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 1.jpg |[[Shanmen]]. |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 3.jpg |[[Nyumba ya Mafumu Ŵaŵili Ŵa Kuchanya]]. |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 4.jpg |[[Nyumba ya Ngoma mu Asia|Nyumba ya Ngoma]] |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 5.jpg |Nyumba ya Mabelu. |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 8.jpg |[[Malo gha Mabuku gha Chibuda]]. |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 6.jpg |[[Nyumba ya Mahavira]]. |File:Tian Men Shan Temple 7.jpg |[[Nyumba ya Guanyin|Guanyin Pavilion]] }} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Pa intaneti== {{Commons category|Tian Men Shan Temple|Tianmenshan Temple}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thempele la Tianmenshan}} [[Category:Ma thempele gha Chibuda mu Hunan]] [[Category:Nyumba na vyakuzenga mu Zhangjiajie]] [[Category:Malo ghakukopa ŵalendo mu Zhangjiajie]] [[Category:Ma thempele gha Chibuda gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 9 mu China]] [[Category:Vinthu vyakwambika mu 870]] [[Category:Nyumba za chisopa na vyakuzenga vyakumalizgika mu vyaka vya m'ma 870]] klf53j0epzdynklf820d3xuemeba9a2 0 48621 122451 119542 2026-09-28T00:00:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Berocca tablet and drink.jpg|thumb|Mapiritsi na vyakumwa vya Berocca, vyakupakira vya ku Australia]] '''Berocca''' ni mtundu wa vyakumwa vyakuthukira na mapiritsi gha mavitamini agho ghali na mavitamini gha B na vitamini C, agho ghakupangika na kampani ya [[Bayer]].<ref name="datasheet">{{Cite web |title=Professional Information: BEROCCA® PERFORMANCE 50+ EFFERVESCENT TABLETS |url=https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Berocca%20Performance%2050%20Eff%20Tabs%20PI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144745/https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/Berocca%20Performance%2050%20Eff%20Tabs%20PI.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-26 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.bayer.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Berocca wakakhazikiska pakwamba ku [[Switzerland]] mu 1969 na Roche, ndipo wakusangika mu vyaru vinandi pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berocca: Boost Your Energy and Focus with Vitamin B Complex |url=https://scbc.au/collections/berocca |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Steel City Beverage Co. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823233809/https://scbc.au/collections/berocca |archive-date=2025-08-23}}</ref> == Mitundu == Berocca Performance ni mtundu wa mavitamini gha B, vitamini C pamoza na magnesium, calcium na zinc.<ref name="datasheet" /> Apo wakafumiskika kakwamba mu 1969, Berocca wakazakaŵa na mtundu umoza, Berry, uwo pamanyuma ukazgoka Original Berry. Sono vikwiza mu mitundu yinayi: Mabulosi Ghakwambilira, Olenji, Blackcurrant, na Mango & Olenji. == Mlingo na ivyo mukwenera kughanaghanirapo == Mlingo wakuzomerezgeka wa zuŵa lililose (wa vyaka 12 kuya munthazi) ni piritsi limoza zuŵa lililose. Tablet yiliyose yili na 260 mg ya sodium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labeling.bayercare.com/omr/online/berocca.pdf |title=Berocca Supplement Facts |publisher=bayercare.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-22}}</ref> Mu mapiritsi agho ghakuguliskika ku Australia na New Zealand muli sodium 273 mg.<ref>As stated on the side of the tablet container.</ref> Mapiritsi gha Berocca ghakuthukira ghali na [[aspartame]] ([[phenylalanine]]) yichoko waka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions|url=http://www.berocca.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions/|website=Berocca|publisher=Bayer|accessdate=13 February 2018|archive-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214141952/http://www.berocca.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kuguliska == Mu Malichi 2011, Dipatimenti ya Umoyo ya ku Australia yikadumura kuti yilekeske malonda gha Berocca chifukwa chakuti yikayowoyanga kuti yikupereka nkhongono kwambura ukaboni.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/berocca-fights-therapeutic-goods-administration-ruling-that-ads-breached-the-advertising-code-/news-story/c3e3a9543e69e12ee2b106e7f372108c|title= Berocca fights Therapeutic Goods Administration ruling that ads breached the advertising code|access-date=15 March 2026|website=Courier Mail}}</ref> Dipatimenti yeneyiyi yikamupa Berocca mphoto ya vyakupangika vya Healthcare mu Novembala 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/health-ruling-a-letdown-for-popular-pickmeup-20110315-1bvyc.html |title=Health ruling a let-down for popular pick-me-up |publisher=Theage.com.au |date=2011-03-16 |accessdate=2012-06-28}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Vyakurya vyakuwonjezera]] 4a6ezpwpo8gcb0a56w5t8om0wjyqyil 0 48644 122683 119576 2026-09-28T03:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Seabird''' ni [[msumba]] yichoko ya mumphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa [[Perth]], Western Australia, [[Australia]] mu [[boma la Gingin]], iyo yili pakati pa [[Two Rocks]] na [[Lancelin]] iyo yikulaŵiska ku Nyanja ya India. Seabird ni malo ghakumanyikwa chomene ghakukhalapo pa holide na kupumura, ghakuyana waka na misumba yakuzingilizga nga ni Guilderton na Ledge Point, kweni yazgokaso yakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha nkhondo zake na kusefukira kwa nyanja. ==Mbiri== Malo agho ghazamuŵa Seabird ghakakhazikiska chomene pa mchenga nga ni mndandanda wa vinyumba vyakukhalamo ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵalovi ŵa rock lobster mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950. Mu 1965 chigamulo chikapangika kuti malo agha ghalembeke mu nyuzipepara nga ni malo gha msumba ghakuchemeka "Chalon", agho ghakachemeka chifukwa cha msumba yakwawo kwa nkhwantha ya vyakumera Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour. Zina ilo ŵakaghanaghana likatemwanga yayi ŵanthu ndipo apo likalembeka mu 1968 likasinthika zina lakuti "Seabird". Sea Bird (mazgu ghaŵiri) likaŵa zina la boti ilo likasweka mu chigaŵa ichi mu 1874 ndipo likabwereka zina lake ku lease ya ŵaliska iyo yikaŵa pafupi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Town names |url=https://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names#S |website=Landgate |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SEA BIRD |url=https://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/wrecks/sea-bird |website=SHIPWRECK DATABASES |publisher=WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> Malo gha Seabird ghambura kukhora pa maforedune agho ghakulaŵiska ku nyanja ghakapangiska kuti lipoti la 1970s la Komiti ya Coastal Townsites ya Dipatimenti Yakupanga Mamsumba iyo sono yamara, likaphalira kuti paleke kuŵa chitukuko chinyake cha malo agha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ghakalembekera mu nyuzipepara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assessment of Coastal Erosion Hotspots in Western Australia Appendix D |url=https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/marine/MAC_P_CoastalErosionHotspotsAppendixD135-191.pdf |publisher=Western Australia Government |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> Ici cikacitika pamanyuma pakuti mtunda ukuru uwo ukasefukira kwa mamita 40 (130 ft) ukapangiska kuti Turner Street, msewu uwo ukapangika kuti uteŵetere malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja gha mu msumba iyi, ugwe mu nyanja.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Faulkner |first1=Kerry |title=Saving Seabird as ocean consumes beaches and threatens houses |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/saving-seabird-as-ocean-consumes-beaches-and-threatens-houses-20151122-gl1taa/ |website=Domain |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> Mu 2016 kukhozgera kwa ŵantu kukapangiska kuti mpanda wa nyanja wa A$2 miliyoni uzengeke kuti uvikilire malo agho ghali kuwonekera kwa vilimika vinyake 10–20. Ici cikasazgikiraso na kusazgirako mbuto za cikaya 2,400 kuti ziwovwire kukhazikika comene pa malo agho ghali kuseri kwa mpanda wa nyanja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revegetation at Seabird a Soaring Success |url=https://www.nacc.com.au/revegetation-at-seabird-a-soaring-success/ |website=Northern Agricultural Catchments Council |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907131701/https://www.nacc.com.au/revegetation-at-seabird-a-soaring-success/ |archive-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{authority control}}{{Australia}} [[Category:Australia]] hm2ji3e5pgntei6rixqkcjmmb8ggnhd 0 48646 122657 119583 2026-09-28T02:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioumamilima''' ni muzi uwo uli pa chirwa cha [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja) ku [[Comoros]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu ŵakafumiskikapo na kuluta mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhalanga. Chilato chikuru cha ulendo uwu chikaŵa chakuti ŵaŵasambizge [[Chisilamu]] na vinjeru vya Chisilamu. Ŵalembi ŵa mdauko ŵa ku Comoros ŵakuti visambizgo ivi vikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Iran panji ŵa ku Shirazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi uwu ŵakati ŵasambira sukulu iyi, ŵakawelera ku Nioumamilima na kuzenga masukulu gha Korani na mizikiti. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachemanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa mu mizi. Pasono mu muzi uwu muli misikiti 27 na masukulu 5 gha Korani. Ni malo ghanyake agho ghakutukuka chomene pa ulimi mu chigaŵa cha Badjini, ndipo ŵakupanga vipambi ivyo vikusazgapo vanila na cloves. Mu 2014, pakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵakujumpha 500 awo ŵakachitanga ntchito ya ulimi. Ŵanyake ŵasankha kuleka sukulu kuti ŵaŵike ndalama mu ulimi. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu 2008, mu muzi uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116|title=Comoros: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|publisher=World Gazetteer|access-date=30 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218103057/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-116|archive-date=18 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|11|51|S|43|26|E|display=title|region:KM_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Comoros]] mqmq742667v3vs8zyb7a5e05llhftae 0 48885 122634 120358 2026-09-28T02:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Msewu wa Mabaobab''', panji '''Avenue of the Baobabs''', ni gulu lakumanyikwa chomene la makuni vya ku Grandidier (''[[Adansonia grandidieri]]'') ivyo vikukhala mu msewu uwo ulije msewu nambara 8 pakati pa [[Morondava]] na [[Belon’i Tsiribihina]] mu chigaŵa cha Menabe kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Madagascar]]. Malo ghake ghakuzizwiska ghakukopa ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Iwo ŵali kuŵa malo ghakusungirako vyakumera vya mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakapika chitetezo cha nyengo yichoko waka mu Julayi 2007 na Unduna wa Chilengiwa, Maji na Nkhalango – nthowa yakupangira chikumbusko chakwamba cha chilengiwa cha Madagascar.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 August 2007 |title=Allée des Baobabs: Un site classé aire protégée |trans-title=Alley of the Baobabs: A protected area site |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-site-classe-aire-protegee,1372.html |language=French |work=Madagascar Tribune |access-date=22 March 2008}}</ref> == Kulongosora == Pafupi na msewu uwo uli na mtunda wa mamita 260 (850 ft) pali mtengo wa baobab wa ''Adansonia grandidieri'' 20-25. Makuni ghanyake 25 panji kujumphirapo gha mtundu uwu ghakusangika kuti ghakumera pa minda ya mpunga na maluwa ghapafupi agho ghali mu maekala 9.9 (4 ha).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Madagascar/Menabe/AvenueofBaobabs.htm |title=Avenue of the Baobabs |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 July 2012 |website=Wondermondo |access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> Makuni agha, agho ghakusangika mu Madagascar, ghatalika pafupifupi mamita 30 (98 ft).<ref name="Geographical2007">{{cite magazine |last=Scales |first=Helen |author-link=Helen Scales |date=March 2007 |title=The land of the giants |url=http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Baobabs_-_Mar_2007.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Geographical |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220036/http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Baobabs_-_Mar_2007.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=23 March 2008}}</ref> Makuni gha baobab, agho ghakumanyikwa ku malo agha kuti ''renala'' panji ''reniala'' (kufuma [[ChiMalagasy]] ''reny ala'' "amama wa nkhalango")<ref name=Boiteau>{{Cite dictionary|url=https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/teny2/renala|title=renala|first1=Pierre|last1=Boiteau|dictionary=Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux|language=fr|date=1999|publisher=Editions Alzieu|volume=III|quote=...de reny : mère et ala : la forêt...|via=Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Madagascar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163829/https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/teny2/renala|archive-date=2022-09-20|access-date=2026-08-27}}</ref><ref name= Ambrose >Ambrose-Oji, B. & Mughogho, N., 2007. Adansonia grandidieri Baill. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M. & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <https://web.archive.org/web/20131108055619/http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108055619/http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp |date=2013-11-08 }}>. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> ni chiharo cha nkhalango zikuruzikuru zakutentha izo kale zikaŵanga ku Madagascar. Pakwamba makuni agha ghakaŵa paŵekha yayi pa malo ghakucemeka scrub, kweni ghakaŵa mu nkhalango yikuru. Kwa vyaka vinandi, apo ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga mu charu ichi, ŵakadumura nkhalango kuti ŵalimenge, ndipo pakakhala waka makuni gha baobab, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaghasunganga chomene chifukwa cha kukhumba kwawo ndiposo chifukwa chakuti ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene nga ni vyakurya na vinthu vyakuzenga.<ref name="Geographical2007" /> [[File:Amoureux Baobab Morondava Madagascar - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Baobab Amoureux]] == Kusungika kwa vinthu == Malo agha ni chikumbusko cha chilengiwa icho chikusungika kufuma mu Julayi 2015, kweni makuni agha ghachali pangozi chifukwa chakuti makuni ghakudumulikaso, maji ghakufuma mu minda ya tirigu iyo yikunjira mu malo agha, moto wa mu thengere, na moto wa mu thengere.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=14 August 2007 |title=Madagascar's baobab avenue gains monumental status |url=http://lifestyle.monstersandcritics.com/travel/news/article_1342760.php/Madagascars_baobab_avenue_gains_monumental_status |url-status=dead |work=Deutsche Presse-Agentur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226114304/http://lifestyle.monstersandcritics.com/travel/news/article_1342760.php/Madagascars_baobab_avenue_gains_monumental_status |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=22 March 2008}}</ref> Pali masitolo ghachoko waka gha ŵalendo pafupi ndipo pali ndalama yakuŵikamo galimoto ya 5000 (pasi pa 2 USD) ndalama ya charu kufuma mu 2026. Fanamby, wupu wambura kukhazikika na boma wa ku Malagasy, wayamba ntchito ya ecotourism iyo yikukhumba kuvikilira malo agha na kunozga chuma cha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kufuma mu 2014 ndipo wakambiska vinthu vyakukhumbikwa kuti ŵawovwirike kukhozgera malo agha mu 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Nicole |date=15 August 2007 |title=Baobab band-aid |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=316545&area=/insight/monitor/ |url-status=dead |work=Mail & Guardian Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006095000/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?area=%2Finsight%2Fmonitor%2F&articleId=316545 |archive-date=6 October 2007 |access-date=22 March 2008}}</ref> == Vithuzithuzi == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Walking the Avenue of the Baobabs.jpg|Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha pa Avenue File:Avenue of the Baobabs at Sunset.jpg|Pa nyengo iyo dazi likunjilira File:Sunset on the Avenue of the Baobabs.jpg|Kuwona kwa Avenue para dazi lanjira File:After Sunset on Avenue of the Baobabs.jpg|Para dazi lanjira </gallery> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Commons category|Avenue of the Baobabs}} * {{YouTube|D04k9UadUWE|Alley of Baobabs, Madagascar - Conservation International}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Menabe]] [[Category:Nkhalango za ku Madagascar]] cmf1k0pqvskpiqgb9i4gxz4vmwukyir 0 48896 122692 120342 2026-09-28T03:13:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}}{{Databox}} '''Sossusvlei''' (nyengo zinyake ŵakulemba kuti '''Sossus Vlei''') ni pani ya mchere na dongo iyo yili kuzingilizgika na vibumira vyapachanya vyakufipa, ndipo yili kumwera kwa [[chipululu cha Namib]].<ref name="atlas">{{cite web |date= |title=Deadvlei |url=http://atlasobscura.com/place/dead-vlei |accessdate=2012-12-26 |publisher=Atlasobscura.com}}</ref> Malo agha ghali na [[Dune 45]], limoza mwa mapiri gha mchenga agho ghakumanyikwa chomene, kweniso [[Deadvlei]], uko pali makuni ghakufwa agho ghakakhala mu malo ghakoma chomene kwa vyaka vinandi. Sossusvlei ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha [[Namib-Naukluft National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Sossusvlei |url=http://www.sossusvlei.net/ |accessdate=2012-12-26 |publisher=Sossusvlei}}</ref> == Nyengo == Sossusvlei ili na nyengo yakutentha ya mapopa. Kutentha kwa chaka na chaka kuli 24°C. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, usiku nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa pafupifupi 10°C, apo mu nyengo ya chilimwe kanandi nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 40°C. Pakuti malo agha ghali mu mapopa gha Namib, pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo ya mphepo ya muhanya na ya usiku. Vula ni chinthu chakusoŵa chomene.{{Weather box | collapsed = | location = Sesriem, Namibia (2010–2017 averages) | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 40.6 | Feb record high C = 39.8 | Mar record high C = 36.8 | Apr record high C = 37.0 | May record high C = 34.7 | Jun record high C = 29.8 | Jul record high C = 29.9 | Aug record high C = 35.8 | Sep record high C = 38.5 | Oct record high C = 40.1 | Nov record high C = 40.5 | Dec record high C = 40.1 | year record high C = 40.6 | Jan high C = 33.2 | Feb high C = 34.5 | Mar high C = 34.2 | Apr high C = 31.4 | May high C = 29.1 | Jun high C = 25.7 | Jul high C = 25.3 | Aug high C = 28.1 | Sep high C = 30.7 | Oct high C = 32.9 | Nov high C = 33.5 | Dec high C = 34.1 | year high C = 34.5 | Jan mean C = 25.4 | Feb mean C = 26.7 | Mar mean C = 26.7 | Apr mean C = 23.4 | May mean C = 20.7 | Jun mean C = 16.5 | Jul mean C = 16.9 | Aug mean C = 18.4 | Sep mean C = 21.8 | Oct mean C = 23.9 | Nov mean C = 25.2 | Dec mean C = 25.5 | year mean C = 22.6 | Jan low C = 17.2 | Feb low C = 19.1 | Mar low C = 20.2 | Apr low C = 15.3 | May low C = 12.3 | Jun low C = 7.9 | Jul low C = 8.4 | Aug low C = 8.6 | Sep low C = 12.0 | Oct low C = 13.6 | Nov low C = 15.5 | Dec low C = 15.8 | year low C = 7.9 | Jan record low C = 7.6 | Feb record low C = 11.1 | Mar record low C = 14.9 | Apr record low C = 5.6 | May record low C = 0.6 | Jun record low C = -2.3 | Jul record low C = -2.3 | Aug record low C = -1.8 | Sep record low C = 1.7 | Oct record low C = 4.4 | Nov record low C = 5.2 | Dec record low C = 0 | year record low C = -2.3 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 14.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 16.1 | Mar precipitation mm = 39.6 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.9 | May precipitation mm = 13.2 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.8 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.1 | Aug precipitation mm = 1.2 | Sep precipitation mm = 2.6 | Oct precipitation mm = 1.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 0.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 4.1 | year precipitation mm = 104 | date = 2010-2017 Average | source 1 = <ref name="Namibia Weather">{{cite web |url=http://weather.namsearch.com/namibdesert/wxclimate.php?date=climatedataout112009 |title=Monthly reports / Namib Desert (Reference period 2010−2018) |publisher=Namibia Weather Network |location=Namib Desert (Sesriem) |date=20 February 2018 |accessdate=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035609/http://weather.namsearch.com/namibdesert/wxclimate.php?date=climatedataout112009 |archive-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> }} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Commons|Sossusvlei}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Sossusvlei}} [[Category:Namibia]] [[Category:Mapani gha mchere gha ku Namibia]] jo32jgsr6jd1o200sdafncwdvqm43go 0 49511 122533 121721 2026-09-28T01:00:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Garammasalaphoto.jpg|thumb|Garam masala wakugaya pasi|alt=]] '''Garam masala''' ([[ChiHindi]]: {{lang|hi|garam masālā}}, {{lit|masipayisi ghakotcha panji ghakufunda}}) ni kusazgako vyakununkhira vya pasi ivyo vikufuma ku [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Wakusangika chomene mu vyakurya vya ku [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], na [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhuni Garam Masala - Online Grocery Shopping and Delivery in Bangladesh |url=https://chaldal.com/radhuni-garam-masala-40-gm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221050650/https://chaldal.com/radhuni-garam-masala-40-gm |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Grocery}}</ref> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yekha panji na vyakununkhira vinyake. Kusakanizga kwapadera kukupambana kuyana na malo, kweni nyengo zose ŵakusazgako vyakununkhira nga ni cardamom, sinamoni, cumin, maclove, mahamba gha bay, star anise, na peppercorn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurjar |first=Rachel |date=16 May 2022 |title=Garam Masala Is My Love Language |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/how-to-make-garam-masala-at-home |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Bon Appétit |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Garam Masala: A Simple Road to Delicious Indian Dishes |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-garam-masala-995690 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221052102/https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-garam-masala-995690 |archive-date=21 December 2024}}</ref> Garam masala wakugwiriskirika nchito mu vyakurya vinandi, kusazgapo marinade, mapikili, vyakuphika, na curry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=14 Flavorful Recipes Using Garam Masala |url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/recipes-using-garam-masala/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Taste of Home |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Kimi |date=4 January 2015 |title=Garam Masala No Cook Pickled Onions |url=https://www.thenourishinggourmet.com/garam-masala-no-cook-pickled-onions/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=www.thenourishinggourmet.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwaro == * [https://chillyflake.com/spices-names-in-english-and-hindi/ Zina la vyakununkhira mu ChiHindi na ChiNgelezi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001201630/https://chillyflake.com/spices-names-in-english-and-hindi/ |date=1 October 2022 }} <!-- The categories need work --> [[Category:Vyakurya]] [[Category:Masipayisi]] kd2z4ty9m9g77uxhyq0qd9yq3ywt9zi 0 49578 122440 122329 2026-09-27T23:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (عَدَنْ) ni msumba mu [[chigaŵa cha Aden]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 863,000 (2017).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130028/http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690</ref> Pakuti Aden uli pa malo ghawemi gha ku mtunda, uli nga ni chipata pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na Nyanja ya Arabia, ndipo ukupangiska kuti uŵe malo ghakuzirwa chomene gha pa nyanja agho ghakukoleska [[Afilika]], [[Asia]], na [[Middle East]]. ==Mbiri== Aden ni doko lakale ndipo likazunulika na ŴaGiriki pasi pa zina lakuti Αραβία Εμπόριον (''Arabia Emporion''), ilo likung’anamura doko la malonda la ŴaArabu.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fowc%2F9780199554942.003.0028</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}} {{Library resources box}} {{EB1911 poster|Aden}} * {{cite web|website=ArchNet|publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224005632/http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2007|title=Aden|access-date=9 February 2013}} *[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Aden%20(Yemen) Photos of Aden] pa [[American Center of Research]] * {{OSM relation}} * [https://unhabitat.org/aden-city-profile Aden City Profile] pa [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] [[Category:Yemen]] liyjmtv6urgekp86zv8jxsw63x6y0qc 0 49632 122593 122354 2026-09-28T01:56:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rub al Khali 002.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Mapiri gha mchenga mu [[Rub 'al Khali]] ("Kotala yambura kanthu") ya ku Arabia]] [[File:Groupe de dromadaire avec son chamelier dans le sud tunisien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=A human with a group of camels in a desert|Muliska wa ngamila kumwera kwa [[Tunisia]]]] '''Mapopa''' ni malo agho vula yikuwira vichoko ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, umoyo ukupangiska kuti paŵe vyamoyo vyapadera na vyamoyo. Kusoŵa kwa vyakumera kukupangiska kuti malo ghambura kuvikilirika ghaŵe ghakuvunda. Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu chapasi nchakuwomira panji chakuwomira hafu. Ichi chikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi vya ku mpoto, uko vula yikuŵa yichoko waka, ndipo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka kuti mapopa gha ku mpoto panji "mapopa ghakuzizima". Mapopa ghangagaŵika na unandi wa vula iyo yikuwira, na kutentha uko kukuchitika, na ivyo vikupangiska kuti [[mapopa ghaŵe mapopa]] panji na malo agho ghali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=desert {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== <references /> == Malinki gha kuwaro == {{Wikibooks|Historical Geology|Deserts}}{{Commons category|Deserts}}{{Wikivoyage|Deserts}} * {{cite web |year=2006 |title=Global Deserts Outlook |url=http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080317073608/http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ |archive-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) |access-date=2026-09-25}}, lipoti mu mndandanda wa [[Global Environment Outlook]] (GEO). ** {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060616224837/http://www.unep.org/geo/news_centre/|date=June 16, 2006|title=Global Deserts Outlook in PDF}} ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193223/http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas, from the Global Deserts Outlook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193223/http://old.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/relative-biodiversity-scenarios-for-deserts-2000-2050_ed3c|date=2018-07-14}}. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mapopa]] qe1u1bd02ox8nj06k8ysus8ut9d2k0c 0 49725 122494 122306 2026-09-28T00:29:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Chiuno |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center" |[[File:Hip.jpg|220px|Mafupa gha cigaŵa ca chiuno]]<br/><small>Mafupa gha cigaŵa ca chiuno</small> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''coxa'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |MeSH | class="infobox-data" |D006615 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A01.2.08.005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |FMA | class="infobox-data" |24964 |} '''Chiuno''' panji ''coxa'' (mu uganga) ni cigaŵa ca thupi panji mphambano icho chili mumphepete mwa chiuno. Cigaŵa ca chiuno chili mumphepete na kunthazi kwa mbombo, pasi pa iliac crest, na mumphepete mwa obturator foramen. Minofu na vinjiri vikuvundikira greater trochanter ya fupa la chigha. Mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima, mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno (ilium, ischium, na pubis) ghakukolerana kuŵa fupa limoza, ilo likupanga khoma la mkati la cigaŵa ca chiuno. Mphambano wa chiuno, uwo mu sayansi ukuchemeka acetabulofemoral joint, ni mphambano wa mpira na thumba (ball-and-socket joint) wapakati pa acetabulum ya chiuno na mutu wa fupa la chigha. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula uzito wa thupi, kwenerakwene apo munthu wimilira panji wakwenda panji wakucimbira. Mphambano wa chiuno ukovwiraso pakukhozgera kwimilira makola na kukhazikika kwa chiuno. Kupweteka kwa chiuno kungiza chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mizirwe, gha mafupa, gha maka, gha kupwetekeka, panji gha kupokelera. ==Mafupa na mphambano== [[File:Hueftgelenk-gesund.jpg|thumb|Cithuzi ca X-ray ca mphambano wa chiuno wamoyo makora]] Mafupa ghatatu gha chiuno — ilium, ischium, na pubis — ghakukolerana pamoza kupanga thumba la acetabulum, ilo likupokelera mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mu ŵana, thako la kukura lakuwoneka nga chibonachibona (triradiate cartilage) likupambanikizga mafupa ghatatu agha; likukolerana comene pakati pa vyaka 14 na 16. Acetabulum yikulaŵiskira pasi na kunthazi-mumphepete. Yikukola pafupifupi hafu ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Mumphepete mwake muli acetabular labrum, cigaŵa cakuzingilira cakuwoneka nga chibvunda ico chikuwonjezgapo kutali kwa thumba. Pakati pa acetabulum pali fovea, iyo yikukolerananga yayi na mutu wa fupa la chigha, ndipo yili na mafuta na kukolerana na ligamentum teres. Kupendeka kwa acetabulum kukumanyikwa kwizira mu vipimo vinandi ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito mu uganga, nga umo ni acetabular angle (Sharp's angle), sagittal angle, Hilgenreiner angle, Wiberg's centre-edge angle, na VCA angle.<ref name="lequesne"/> Vipimo ivi vikusintha na vyaka vya munthu, ndipo vikovwira kumanya usange acetabulum yajintha makora panji yayi.<ref name="saikia"/> ==Mutu na singo la fupa la chigha== [[File:Coxa-valga-norma-vara-000.svg|thumb|Kusintha kwa mzere wa trabecular pakusintha kwa CCD angle]] Mutu wa fupa la chigha uli wa mphinjika, wakuŵa na radius ya masentimita pafupifupi 2.5. Ukukolerana na thupi la fupa kwizira mu singo lichoko, ilo lingatimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis. Pakati pa singo na thupi la fupa la chigha pali kupendeka kuchemeka caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle. Mu ŵana ŵaŵanda kupendeka uku nkhukuru comene, kweni mwa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima nkhwa madigiri pafupifupi 126 (ico chikuchemeka "coxa norma"). Usange kupendeka nkhuchoko comene, ici chikuchemeka coxa vara; usange nkhukuru comene, chikuchemeka coxa valga. Kupendeka uku kukukhwaska umo nkhongono yikwendera mu fupa, na umo trabecular bone yikupangikira mkati mwa fupa.<ref name="thieme2015"/> ==Thumba la mphambano== Mphambano wa chiuno uli na thumba likukhora kweni lakuthambalira, ilo likuvomerezga muwendero wamuzitali comene kuluska mphambano yiliyose mu thupi kwambura mphambano ya bega. Nangauli, thumba ili likukhozgekabe kunyamula uzito wa thupi. Thumba ili likukolerana ku mumphepete mwa acetabulum, ku acetabular labrum, na ku transverse acetabular ligament. Kunyake, likukolerana ku ma trochanter gha fupa la chigha na ku intertrochanteric line kunthazi, na ku malo pafupi na intertrochanteric crest kunyuma. Kufuma pa malo agha kunyuma, vinjiri vya thumba vikuwelera kuluta ku acetabulum kuŵa "retinacula", ivyo vikunyamula misambizi ya ndopa kuluta ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Vinjiri vinyake vya thumba vikuzingilira singo la fupa la chigha nga mphete, ivi vikuchemeka zona orbicularis. Zona orbicularis yikovwira kukoleska mutu wa fupa la chigha mkati mwa acetabulum. ==Ligament== [[File:Gray339.png|thumb|Ligament zakuwaro kwa thumba, kulaŵiskira kunthazi]] Muli ligament zinayi izo zikukhozgera mphambano wa chiuno: zitatu zili kuwaro kwa thumba, ndipo yimoza yili mkati mwake. Ku wuwaro: *'''Iliofemoral ligament''' (ligament ya Bigelow) — ndiyo ligament yankhongono comene mu thupi la munthu. Yili na muwoneskero wa chikwana C, ndipo yikuvikilira thupi kuti lireke kuwa kunyuma para munthu wimilira, kwambura kukhumbikwa kwa nkhongono ya minofu. *'''Ischiofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti chiuno chireke kunyoloka comene. *'''Pubofemoral ligament''' — yikuvikilira kuti chiuno chireke kupatukana panji kunyoloka comene. Ligament izi zitatu zikukhozgeka comene para chiuno chanyoloka, ntheura zikupungura nkhongono iyo minofu yikukhumbikwa kuti munthu wimilire.<ref name="moore"/> Mkati mwa thumba muli: *'''Ligamentum teres''' — yikukolerana pakati pa acetabulum na fovea ya mutu wa fupa la chigha. Yikukhozgeka pera para chiuno chaguka pa malo pake. Nchito yake yikuru ni kunyamula msambizi wichoko wa ndopa (foveal artery) uwo ukupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, comenecomene mwa ŵana ŵakuti singo la fupa lawonongeka. ==Thako na fascia== Vyanya vya mphambano vikuvundikirika na thako likukhora, lakusenderezgeka la cartilage, ilo likovwira kuti vyanya vireke kukwaskana mwakukalipa. Mumphepete mwa chiuno, fascia lata yikukhora kupanga iliotibial tract, iyo yikupungura nkhongono iyo yikukwaska fupa la chigha. Chifukwa fupa la chigha lavundikirika comene na minofu, greater trochanter ndico cinthu cimoza pera ico ŵanthu ŵangakhwaska pachanya pa thupi mu cigaŵa ca chiuno. ==Ndopa== Chiuno chikupokelera ndopa comenecomene kwizira mu medial circumflex femoral artery na lateral circumflex femoral artery, izo zikufuma mu profunda femoris panji mu femoral artery. Foveal artery, msambizi uwo ukujumphira mu ligamentum teres, ukupelekaso ndopa yichoko ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Misambizi iyi yikukolerana pamoza kuti yiŵe cruciate anastomosis na trochanteric anastomosis, ndipo trochanteric anastomosis ndiyo yikupeleka ndopa yinandi ku mutu wa fupa la chigha. Usange singo la fupa la chigha latimbanyika, misambizi iyi yingadumulika. Pa nyengo iyi, foveal artery yingaŵa yekha iyo yikupeleka ndopa ku mutu wa fupa la chigha, ntheura kunyamula ndopa uku nkhwakuzirwa comene kuvikilira kufwa kwa thako la fupa (avascular necrosis), comenecomene mwa ŵana.<ref name="statpearls"/> ==Minofu== Minofu yinandi yikukhwaska mphambano wa chiuno, uku yikupanga kupinda (flexion), kunyoloka (extension), kupatukana (abduction), kukolerana (adduction), na kuzungusika (rotation). Minofu ya kupinda chiuno yikusazgapo iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, rectus femoris, na sartorius. Minofu ya kunyoloka yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, vinjiri vya kunyuma vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, adductor magnus, piriformis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, na biceps femoris. Minofu ya kupatukana yikusazgapo gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, piriformis, na obturator internus. Minofu ya kukolerana yikusazgapo adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus, gracilis, pectineus, quadratus femoris, na obturator externus. Minofu ya kuzungusika kuwaro yikusazgapo gluteus maximus, quadratus femoris, obturator internus, obturator externus, na vinyake vinandi. Minofu ya kuzungusika mkati yikusazgapo vinjiri vyakunthazi vya gluteus medius na gluteus minimus, na tensor fasciae latae. ==Muwendero wa mphambano== Chiuno chingapinda (flexion) mpaka madigiri 140. Chingapinduka kunyuma (extension) mpaka madigiri 20, apo iliofemoral ligament yikwimikapo. Chingazungusika kuwaro (external rotation) mpaka madigiri 30 apo chiuno chanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 50 apo chapindika. Chingazungusika mkati (internal rotation) mpaka madigiri 40. Chingapatukana (abduction) mpaka madigiri 50 apo chanyoloka, panji mpaka madigiri 80 apo chapindika. Chingakolerana (adduction) mpaka madigiri 30 apo chanyoloka, panji madigiri 20 apo chapindika. Kuzungulushika (circumduction) ni muwendero uwo ukukolezgapo kupinda, kunyoloka, kupatukana, na kukolerana pamoza. ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Kutimbanyika kwa fupa la chiuno (hip fracture) ni kutimbanyika kwa fupa la chigha pachanya pake. Vimanyikwiro vyake vikusazgapo kupweteka kwa chiuno, kwenerakwene para munthu wenda, na kufupika kwa lundi. Singo la fupa la chigha likutimbanyika mwaphesya mwa ŵanthu ŵalara, comenecomene chifukwa cha osteoporosis.<ref name="orthoinfo"/> Kusintha chiuno (hip replacement panji arthroplasty) ni nthowa ya opaleshoni iyo yingagwiliskikira ntchito kunozga kutimbanyika kwa fupa panji nthenda ya osteoarthritis. Hip dysplasia ni kupendeka kwambura kwenelera kwa acetabulum, ico chingapangiska mutu wa fupa la chigha kuguka pang'ono (subluxation) panji kunanga kwa acetabular labrum.<ref name="setia"/> Usange acetabulum yavundikira mutu wa fupa comene, ici chingapangiska femoroacetabular impingement.<ref name="mannava"/> ==Kupambana pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi== Kupambana na vinyama vinyake vinandi, mafupa gha chiuno gha munthu ghakupambana comene pakati pa mwanalume na mwanakazi. Viuno vya mwanakazi vikutandalika pa nyengo ya kukura. Mafupa gha chigha gha mwanakazi ghali kutali comene, ici chikuwongolera kutandalika kwa mulyango wa chiuno kuti kovwire pakubaba mwana. Ilium na minofu yake mwa mwanakazi vikupangika munjila yakupambana, kuti mabele gha kunyuma ghaŵe kutali na nthowa ya kubaba, mwakuti kukolerana kwa minofu iyi pa nyengo ya kubaba kureke kupwetekera mwana. Viuno vitandalika vikuwoneka kuti nkhwakovwira pakubaba mwana, ndiposo kanandi vikuwoneka kuti ni cimanyikwiro ca umaliro wa unyamwali, ndipo kwa vyaka vinandi vyaŵa cakukhumbika mu muwoneskero wa mwanakazi. ==Mu chikhalidwe na miko== [[File:Canova-Dancer with her hands on her hips 45degree view.jpg|thumb|Ŵakuvina kanandi ŵakwimilira na mawoko pa chiuno]] Viuno vya mwanakazi vyakolerananga na vyakubaba ŵana na muwoneskero wa unyamwali kwa nyengo yitali. Muwoneskero wa ŵanakazi mu vithuzi, mu vithuzi vyakujorwa, panji mu vithuzi vyakukoperezgeka kanandi vikulongora viuno vyawo comene. Vyakuvwara vya ŵanakazi mu mbiri yicharu vyanandi vyakuwongolera maso ku ukuru wa chiuno. ==Ng'anamuro la lizgu== Mu Chilatini, lizgu "coxa" likagwiliskikira ntchito na Celsus kung'anamura "chiuno", kweni Pliny Mkuru wakaligwiliskira kung'anamura "fupa la chiuno". Mu Chigiriki, lizgu ili likuchemeka "ischío". ==Wonaniso== *[[Luwunda]] *[[Nthumbo]] *[[Chigha]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="lequesne">{{Cite journal|last=Lequesne|first=M.|title=The normal hip joint space: variations in width, shape, and architecture on 223 pelvic radiographs|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|volume=63|issue=9|pages=1145–1151|year=2004|doi=10.1136/ard.2003.018424|pmid=15308525}}</ref> <ref name="saikia">{{Cite journal|last1=Saikia|first1=K.C.|title=Anthropometric study of the hip joint in northeastern region population with computed tomography scan|journal=Indian Journal of Orthopaedics|volume=42|issue=3|date=July 2008|doi=10.4103/0019-5413.39572|pmid=19753150}}</ref> <ref name="thieme2015">{{Cite book|last1=Schuenke|first1=M.|last2=Schulte|first2=E.|last3=Schumacher|first3=U.|title=THIEME Atlas of Anatomy – Vol. 1: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System|edition=2nd|publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers|year=2015|page=439|isbn=978-1-60406-923-5}}</ref> <ref name="statpearls">{{Cite web|last1=Gold|first1=M.|last2=Munjal|first2=A.|last3=Varacallo|first3=M.|title=Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Hip Joint|publisher=StatPearls|year=2021|pmid=29262200|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470555/}}</ref> <ref name="moore">{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith L.|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|edition=8th|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|year=2018|page=728|isbn=978-1-4963-4721-3}}</ref> <ref name="orthoinfo">{{Cite web|title=Hip Fractures|publisher=OrthoInfo (AAOS)|date=April 2009|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00392|access-date=2017-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225405/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00392|archive-date=2017-06-29}}</ref> <ref name="setia">{{Cite web|last1=Setia|first1=Rahul|last2=Gaillard|first2=Frank|title=Developmental dysplasia of the hip|publisher=Radiopaedia|date=2008-05-02|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip}}</ref> <ref name="mannava">{{Cite journal|last1=Mannava|first1=S.|title=Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Femoroacetabular Impingement, Part 2: Plain Radiography|journal=Arthroscopy Techniques|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e2003–e2009|date=October 2017|doi=10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.011|pmid=29399468}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] brudhmsfmtu4bu98qqul024tzh2m7y7 0 49730 122723 122313 2026-09-28T03:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Mfumo wa viŵalo vya thupi ivyo vikugwiliskikira ntchito pakubabira}} {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" |Viŵalo vyakubabira |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center" |[[File:Didactic model of a mammal urogenital system-FMVZ USP-17.jpeg|220px|Cizinganya cakusambizgira cakulongora mfumo wa viŵalo vyakubabira na vya mkodzo mwa cinyama]]<br/><small>Cizinganya cakusambizgira cakulongora mfumo wa viŵalo vyakubabira na vya mkodzo mwa cinyama</small> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Vimanyikwiro |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |[[Latin|Chilatini]] | class="infobox-data" |''systemata genitalia'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" |TA98 | class="infobox-data" |A09.0.00.000 |} '''Viŵalo vyakubabira''' (mfumo wa kubabira) ni viŵalo vyose vya thupi ivyo vikukolerana pakupanga ŵana. Vinthu ivyo navyo mbambura kuŵa vamoyo, nga ni madzi, mahomoni, na sungho, navyo vikovwira comene pa nchito ya kubabira. Kupambana na mifumo yinyake ya thupi, mwanalume na mwanakazi ŵakuŵa na kupambana kukuru pa viŵalo vyawo vyakubabira, ndipo kupambana uku nkhwakovwira kuti mbeŵu za mwanalume na za mwanakazi zikolerane, kupeleka mwana wakuzenga makola. Mwa ŵanthu na vinyama vinyake ivyo vikuyamwiska ŵana, viŵalo vikuru vya kubabira vikusazgapo viŵalo vyakuwaro (penis na vulva) pamoza na viŵalo vyinandi vya mkati, kusazgapo gonads izo zikupanga mbeŵu za kubabira. Nthenda za viŵalo vyakubabira ni zakuzomerezgeka comene mu charu chose, comenecomene nthenda izo zikupokerana kwizira mu vyakukolerana kwa thupi.<ref name="cdc"/> ==Viŵalo vya mwanalume== Viŵalo vya kubabira vya mwanalume vili kuwaro kwa thupi, mumphepete mwa chiuno. Nchito yawo yikuru ni kupeleka mbeŵu izo zingakolerane na zira la mwanakazi. Viŵalo ivi vingagaŵikika mu magaŵa ghatatu: *'''Kupanga na kusunga mbeŵu''': mbeŵu zikupangika mu testicle, ivyo vili mu scrotum iyo yikukhozgera thelezi la nyengo. Mbeŵu zichali kukura zikuluta ku epididymis kuti zikure makora na kusungikamo. *'''Chiŵaya izo zikupanga madzi ghakukolerana na mbeŵu''': kusazgapo seminal vesicle, prostate, na vas deferens. *'''Viŵalo vyakukolerana na kupeleka mbeŵu mu mwanakazi''': kusazgapo penis, urethra, na Cowper's gland. Mwanalume ŵakukula ŵakupanga vimanyikwiro vyakupambana nga ni thupi likuru na la nkhongono, mazgu ghakunenepa, ŵere pa cisko na pa thupi, mapewa ghakutandalika, na kukura kwa Adam's apple. Mahomoni gha mwanalume, nga ni testosterone, ndigho ghakupangiska vipambaniro ivi. Testicle zikutuzga homoni iyo yikwendeska kukura kwa mbeŵu na kusintha kwa thupi pa nyengo ya unyamata. ==Viŵalo vya mwanakazi== Viŵalo vya kubabira vya mwanakazi vili comenecomene mkati mwa thupi, mumphepete mwa chiuno. Vili na vigaŵa vitatu vikuru: vulva, iyo yikuluta ku vagina; chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo, ico chikutolera mwana wakukura; na viŵaya vya mazira, ivyo vikupanga mazira gha mwanakazi. Mabele ghakovwira pakulera mwana kweni ghakuŵikikanga yayi nga chiŵalo cha kubabira. Vagina yikukolerana na viŵalo vyakuwaro pa vulva, iyo yiliso na labia, clitoris, na urethra. Chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo chikukolerana na vagina kwizira mu mulyango wake, ndipo chikukolerananso na viŵaya vya mazira kwizira mu nthowa za mazira. Pa nyengo zakwenelera, chiŵaya ca mazira chikutuzga zira limoza kuluta mu nthowa ya mazira, ndipo zira ili likuluta ku chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo. Pafupifupi mazuŵa 28 ghaliyose, chiŵaya ca pasi pa ubongo chikutuzga homoni iyo yikupangiska mazira ghanyake kukura. Zira limoza likutuzgika na kujumphira mu nthowa ya mazira; mahomoni kufuma mu viŵaya vya mazira ghakunozgeraso chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo kuti chipokelere zira. Usange zira likolerane yayi na mbeŵu, thako lakukolerana na zira (endometrium) na zira lambura kukolerana vikutayikira kunja pa nyengo ya nthenda ya mwezi. Usange zira likolerane na mbeŵu, likukolerana na khoma la chiŵalo ca kutolera nthumbo, ndipo kukura kwa mwana kukwamba. ==Mwa vinyama vinyake== [[File:Joey in pouch.jpg|thumb|220px|Mwana wa kangaroo (joey) wakuyamwa mu thumba la nyuma la mama wake]] Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikuyamwiska ŵana vili na viŵalo vyakubabira vyakuyana na vya munthu, nangauli muli kupambana kwake.<ref name="hyman"/> Ŵanalume ŵa vinyama vinandi vili na baculum (fupa la mu penis), ilo munthu walije.<ref name="schultz"/> Malo agho testicle zikuŵapo ghakupambana: mu vinyama vinandi zikutolokera mu scrotum, mu vinyake zikukhala pa khoma la nthumbo, ndipo mu vinyama vinyake nga ni njobvu, zikukhalilira mkati mwa nthumbo pafupi na maimpso.<ref name="werdelin"/> Marsupial (nga ni kangaroo) ni vinyama vyapadera: mwanakazi wake wali na vagina ziŵiri, ndipo mwanalume wali na penis yakugaŵikamo kuŵa ziŵiri. Ŵana ŵakubabika ŵali ŵachoko comene, ndipo ŵakukwerera mu thumba la nyuma la mama wawo, mwakuŵa nkhukura.<ref name="tyndale"/> Tuyuni tuli na cloaca, njira yimoza iyo mazira, mbeŵu, na taka vikujumphirako. Kanandi tuyuni twanakazi tuli na chiŵaya cimoza pera ca mazira. Vibawo (reptiles) navyo vikugwiliskira ntchito cloaca, ndipo viŵalo vyawo vyakukolerana kanandi vikusungika mkati mwa thupi. Somba (fish) zikutuzga mazira ghanandi mu madzi (spawn), ndipo ŵanalume ŵakutuzgapo madzi ghakuŵamo mbeŵu (milt) pachanya pa mazira agha kuti ghakolerane kuwaro kwa thupi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Chiuno]] *[[Nthumbo]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="werdelin">{{Cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Nilsonne|first2=A.|title=The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals: a phylogenetic view|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=196|issue=1|pages=61–72|year=1999|doi=10.1006/jtbi.1998.0821|pmid=9892556}}</ref> <ref name="schultz">{{Cite journal|last1=Schultz|first1=Nicholas G.|title=The baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=56|issue=4|pages=644–656}}</ref> <ref name="tyndale">{{Cite book|last=Tyndale-Biscoe|first=C. Hugh|title=Life of Marsupials|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-643-06257-3}}</ref> <ref name="hyman">{{Cite book|last=Hyman|first=Libbie Henrietta|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7}}</ref> <ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=STDs Today|publisher=National Prevention Network, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/std/std.asp|access-date=2026-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025182016/http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/std/std.asp|archive-date=2014-10-25}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 3pihzla5a6perxdu0i66sygon47em8i 0 49752 122498 122324 2026-09-28T00:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi capakati pa woko na msana}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Chiŵegha | Latin = articulatio humeri | Image = Left shoulder.jpg | Caption = Chiŵegha ca munthu | Image2 = Gray327.png | Caption2 = Thumba la mphambano ya chiŵegha, kulaŵiska kunthazi }} '''Chiŵegha''' ca munthu chikupangika na mafupa ghatatu: fupa la nkhungu (''clavicle''), scapula (fupa la chiŵegha ilo lili nga bawo), na fupa la woko lyapachanya (''humerus''), pamoza na minofu, ligament, na misambizi ya minofu iyo yikuvikolerezga.<ref name="freedict"/> Mphambano wa chiŵegha, uwo ukuchemekaso ''glenohumeral joint'', ndiwo mphambano ukuru wa chiŵegha, ndipo ni mphambano wa mpira na thumba uwo ukuzomerezga woko kuzungusika mu nthowa yakuzingilira panji kufumiska kutali na thupi.<ref name="oxford"/> ==Muundo== Chiŵegha chikupangika na mphambano wa mpira na thumba wapakati pa fupa la woko na scapula, wakukolelezgeka na ligament, minofu, na misambizi.<ref name="freedict"/> Cartilage yituŵa (''hyaline cartilage'') pa maumaliro gha mafupa yikuzomerezga mafupa kusinthasintha, ndipo malo gha mphambano ghakuzingilirika na khungu lakupwelelera (''synovial membrane''). Vithuŵa viŵiri vyakuchemeka ''bursae'' vikuzomerezga kusinthasintha kwambura kukolerana pakati pa fupa, minofu, na msambizi, ndikuvikilira minofu ya chiŵegha ku fupa la scapula.<ref name="wexler"/> Cartilage yinyake, ''glenoid labrum'', yikuzingilira thumba la scapula ndikulikuzgirapo utali. ===Minofu ya kuzingilira chiŵegha (rotator cuff)=== Minofu yinayi — ''supraspinatus'', ''infraspinatus'', ''teres minor'', na ''subscapularis'' — yikuzingilira chiŵegha ndikukhozga mutu wa fupa la woko kuti ukhalirenge mu thumba la scapula pakusinthasintha.<ref name="bogart"/> Misambizi yawo yikukolerana pamoza kupanga msambizi wa ''rotator cuff''.<ref name="favard"/> ===Minofu yinyake=== Kuwonjezgapo minofu ya rotator cuff, minofu ya ''deltoid'' na ''teres major'' yikufuma mu chiŵegha chene. ''Deltoid'' yikuvundikira chiŵegha mbali zitatu ndipo yikovwira mu kupinda, kufumiska, na kunyoloka kwa woko. Minofu yinyake yakufuma ku chifuwa (''serratus anterior'', ''subclavius'', ''pectoralis minor'') na ku msana (''trapezius'', ''rhomboid major na minor'', ''latissimus dorsi'', ''levator scapulae'') yikovwiraso kukhazikika na kusinthasintha kwa scapula.<ref name="bogart"/> ===Nkhwapa=== {{main|Nkhwapa}} Nkhwapa yikupangika na malo pakati pa minofu ya chiŵegha. Mizirwe na misambizi ya woko vikwendamo, ndipo muli ma lymph node ghanandi.<ref name="bogart"/> ===Mizirwe na ndopa=== Khungu la kuzingilira chiŵegha likupokera visinthiro kufuma ku mizirwe C2 mpaka T2. Mtolo wa mizirwe wakuchemeka ''brachial plexus'' ukufuma ku viwangwa vya C5 mpaka T1 ndikupeleka visinthiro ku minofu yinandi ya chiŵegha.<ref name="bogart"/> Ndopa yikwiza kwizira mu msambizi wa ''subclavian'', uwo ukusintha zina kuŵa ''axillary artery''. ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Chifukwa thumba la scapula ndakusaninkha kweniso ntchafu za chiŵegha kuŵa zakumasuka, chiŵegha ndico mphambano icho chikufumira comene pa thupi la munthu kuluska mphambano zinyake. ==Wonaniso== *[[Woko]] *[[Msana]] *[[Nkhwapa]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="freedict">{{Cite journal|title=shoulder|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/shoulder|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> <ref name="oxford">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/shoulder|title=shoulder - definition of shoulder in English|website=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=2026-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929172657/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/shoulder|archive-date=2016-09-29}}</ref> <ref name="bogart">{{Cite book|title=Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology|last=Bogart|first=Bruce|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4160-3165-9|pages=246–260}}</ref> <ref name="wexler">{{cite book |last1=Wexler |first1=Barbara |title=Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health Vol. 1 |date=2006 |publisher=Gale |location=Farmington Hills, MI |isbn=978-1-4144-0374-8 |pages=414–416 |edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name="favard">{{cite journal|last1=Favard|first1=Luc|last2=Bacle|first2=Guillaume|last3=Berhouet|first3=Julien|year=2007|title=Rotator cuff repair|journal=Joint Bone Spine|volume=74|issue=6|pages=551–7|doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.08.003|pmid=17993287}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] mwklue076dmaxatp9hf003icvnbgyss 0 49753 122660 122325 2026-09-28T02:47:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 122660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malo pasi pa mphambano ya chiŵegha na woko}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Nkhwapa | Latin = axilla | Image2 = ArmpitHair2.jpg | Caption2 = Nkhwapa ya munthu | Artery = Msambizi wa axillary | Vein = Mtsinje wa ndopa wa axillary | Nerve = Mzirwe wa axillary | Lymph = Ma lymph node gha axillary }} '''Nkhwapa''' (mu Chilatini ''axilla''; mu Chingelezi likuchemekaso ''armpit'' panji ''underarm'') ni malo agho pa thupi la munthu ghali pasi pa mphambano ya chiŵegha. Nkhwapa yili pakati pa woko na nthumbo ya chifuwa, ndipo yikuzingilirika kuchanya na fupa la ntanda, nkhungu, na scapula; mumphepete na minofu ya ''serratus anterior''; kunthazi na minofu ya chifuwa (''pectoral muscles''); na kunyuma na minofu ya ''subscapularis'', ''teres major'', na ''latissimus dorsi''.<ref name="anaesthesiauk"/> Khungu la nkhwapa lili na sisi zinandi na tiwiwuni twakutuluska thukuta. Kunyilira kwa thupi (''body odor'') kukusangika comene mu nkhwapa,<ref name="turkington"/> ndipo vinthu ivyo vikupanga kunyilira uku vyakuwoneka kuti vingaŵa vyakukolerana na kupanga kutemwa (''pheromone''), nangauli mfundo iyi njakususkika mwa asayansi.<ref name="drea"/> ==Muundo== Mkati mwa nkhwapa muli msambizi wa ndopa wa axillary na mtsinje wake, cigaŵa ca mtolo wa mizirwe wakuchemeka ''brachial plexus'', mizirwe ya ''thoracic'' na ''intercostobrachial'', magulu ghankhondi gha ma lymph node, na mafuta ghakuzingilira ivi vyose.<ref name="anaesthesiauk"/> Cigaŵa ca pasi ca kunyuma cha nkhwapa chikuchemeka ''posterior axillary fold'', apo cigaŵa ca kunthazi chikuchemeka ''anterior axillary fold''.<ref name="norman"/> ==Mu chikhalidwe== Nkhwapa ni malo ghakukwenya comene chifukwa cha mizirwe yinandi iyo yili mwenemumo. Sisi za nkhwapa zikumela kwa ŵanakazi na ŵanarume kwamba mu unyamata. Mu vikhalidwe vinyake vyamakono, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakugweta sisi za nkhwapa, kwizira mu maghanoghano gha kutowa panji gha thanzi, kweni mu vikhalidwe vinyake ŵanakazi ŵakusunga sisi izi.<ref name="lanzalaco"/> ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Nga umo viliri mu malo ghanyake agho ghakupinda pakati pa viŵalo vikuru (nga ni ntangararo panji kasukusuku), nkhwapa ni malo agho misambizi na mizirwe vikwendamo pafupi na khungu, ndipo vikuŵa vyakuzirwa comene pakuwona ma lymph node pakuchekura nthenda. ==Wonaniso== *[[Chiŵegha]] *[[Woko]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="anaesthesiauk">{{cite web|url=http://www.anaesthesiauk.com/article.aspx?articleid=100359|title=Applied anatomy for upper limb blocks|access-date=2007-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906140808/http://www.anaesthesiauk.com/article.aspx?articleid=100359|archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> <ref name="turkington">{{cite book|last1=Turkington|first1=Carol|last2=Dover|first2=Jeffrey S.|title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders|year=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-6403-8|page=363|edition=3rd}}</ref> <ref name="drea">{{Cite journal|last=Drea|first=Christine M.|date=February 2015|title=D'scent of man|journal=Hormones and Behavior|volume=68|pages=117–133|doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.001|pmid=25118943}}</ref> <ref name="norman">Norman Anatomy, lesson 3: axilla.</ref> <ref name="lanzalaco">{{cite journal|last1=Lanzalaco|first1=Anthony|display-authors=1|title=A comparative clinical study of different hair removal procedures and their impact on axillary odor reduction in men|journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology|year=2016|volume=5|issue=1|pages=58–65|doi=10.1111/jocd.12197|pmid=26663394}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] kylaf1yf3emnr4vu4nzrzdgc63bhxp1 10 49754 122436 122326 2026-09-27T20:37:51Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kukhozga: mapayipi (|) gha mu tebulu ghakaŵa ghambura {{!}} mkati mwa #if, ico chikaparanya kulongoka kwa kabokosi kose. 122436 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="infobox" {{#if:{{{Name|}}}| ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white" {{!}}{{{Name|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Image|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align:center" {{!}}[[File:{{{Image|}}}|220px|{{{Caption|}}}]]{{#if:{{{Caption|}}}|<br/><small>{{{Caption|}}}</small>}} }}{{#if:{{{Image2|}}}| {{!}}- {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align:center" {{!}}[[File:{{{Image2|}}}|220px|{{{Caption2|}}}]]{{#if:{{{Caption2|}}}|<br/><small>{{{Caption2|}}}</small>}} }}{{#if:{{{Latin|}}}{{{Greek|}}}{{{System|}}}{{{Precursor|}}}{{{Artery|}}}{{{Vein|}}}{{{Nerve|}}}{{{Lymph|}}}| {{!}}- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" {{!}}Vimanyikwiro }}{{#if:{{{Latin|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}[[Latin|Chilatini]] {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}''{{{Latin|}}}'' }}{{#if:{{{Greek|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}[[Chigiriki]] {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}''{{{Greek|}}}'' }}{{#if:{{{System|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}Muwiro {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{System|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Precursor|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}Chakwamba {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{Precursor|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Artery|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}[[Msambizi]] {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{Artery|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Vein|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}Mtsinje wa ndopa {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{Vein|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Nerve|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}[[Mzirwe]] {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{Nerve|}}} }}{{#if:{{{Lymph|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}Lymph {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{Lymph|}}} }}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}{{{TA98|}}}{{{TA2|}}}{{{TH|}}}{{{FMA|}}}| {{!}}- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" {{!}}Vyakuzomanikizga }}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}MeSH {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{MeSH|}}} }}{{#if:{{{TA98|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}TA98 {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{TA98|}}} }}{{#if:{{{TA2|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}TA2 {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{TA2|}}} }}{{#if:{{{TH|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}TH {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{TH|}}} }}{{#if:{{{FMA|}}}| {{!}}- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em" {{!}}FMA {{!}} class="infobox-data" {{!}}{{{FMA|}}} }} |}</includeonly><noinclude> Kabokosi kicoko (''infobox'') ka kulongora chidziwiro ca vigaŵa vya thupi (anatomy). Kagwiliskikira ntchito nga umo mukusangika mu vyipapiro vya [[Khongono]], [[Kalundi]], na vinyake. '''Ntchito:''' <pre> {{Infobox anatomy | Name = ... | Latin = ... | Image = ... | Caption = ... | Image2 = ... | Caption2 = ... | System = ... | Artery = ... | Vein = ... | Nerve = ... | Lymph = ... | MeSH = ... | TA98 = ... | TA2 = ... | FMA = ... }} </pre> [[Mtundu:Vithimbiri vya anatomy]] </noinclude> abfns5d4o1goqsb7rnlsyf7xv5nnqlg 122437 122436 2026-09-27T20:42:02Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kukhozga kwa kaŵiri: kugwiliskira ntchito HTML table (tr/th/td) m'malo mwa vyakulembera vya wikitable, chifukwa mapayipi ghakupangika na #if ghakaŵa ghakusuzga. 122437 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><table class="infobox"> {{#if:{{{Name|}}}|<tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">{{{Name|}}}</th></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Image|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[[File:{{{Image|}}}|220px|{{{Caption|}}}]]{{#if:{{{Caption|}}}|<br/><small>{{{Caption|}}}</small>}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Image2|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[[File:{{{Image2|}}}|220px|{{{Caption2|}}}]]{{#if:{{{Caption2|}}}|<br/><small>{{{Caption2|}}}</small>}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Latin|}}}{{{Greek|}}}{{{System|}}}{{{Precursor|}}}{{{Artery|}}}{{{Vein|}}}{{{Nerve|}}}{{{Lymph|}}}|<tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Vimanyikwiro</th></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Latin|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">[[Latin|Chilatini]]</th><td class="infobox-data">''{{{Latin|}}}''</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Greek|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">[[Chigiriki]]</th><td class="infobox-data">''{{{Greek|}}}''</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{System|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Muwiro</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{System|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Precursor|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Chakwamba</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{Precursor|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Artery|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">[[Msambizi]]</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{Artery|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Vein|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Mtsinje wa ndopa</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{Vein|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Nerve|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">[[Mzirwe]]</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{Nerve|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{Lymph|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Lymph</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{Lymph|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}{{{TA98|}}}{{{TA2|}}}{{{TH|}}}{{{FMA|}}}|<tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Vyakuzomanikizga</th></tr>}}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">MeSH</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{MeSH|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{TA98|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">TA98</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{TA98|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{TA2|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">TA2</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{TA2|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{TH|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">TH</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{TH|}}}</td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{FMA|}}}|<tr><th class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">FMA</th><td class="infobox-data">{{{FMA|}}}</td></tr>}} </table></includeonly><noinclude> Kabokosi kicoko (''infobox'') ka kulongora chidziwiro ca vigaŵa vya thupi (anatomy). Kagwiliskikira ntchito nga umo mukusangika mu vyipapiro vya [[Khongono]], [[Kalundi]], na vinyake. '''Ntchito:''' <pre> {{Infobox anatomy | Name = ... | Latin = ... | Image = ... | Caption = ... | Image2 = ... | Caption2 = ... | System = ... | Artery = ... | Vein = ... | Nerve = ... | Lymph = ... | MeSH = ... | TA98 = ... | TA2 = ... | FMA = ... }} </pre> [[Mtundu:Vithimbiri vya anatomy]] </noinclude> lpdaojk6dsq7dqunq6m63pq16p4vgo7 0 49786 122435 2026-09-27T20:28:54Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi 'Buttocks', kusazgapo cithuzi. 122435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca thupi capacisi pa mbombo}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Tako | Latin = clunis | Image = Human buttocks.jpg | Caption = Tako la mwanakazi (kuchanya) na la mwanarume (kusi) | Artery = [[Superior gluteal artery|Msambizi wa gluteal wakuchanya]], [[inferior gluteal artery|msambizi wa gluteal wakusi]] | Nerve = [[Superior gluteal nerve|Mzirwe wa gluteal wakuchanya]], [[inferior gluteal nerve|mzirwe wa gluteal wakusi]], [[superior cluneal nerves|mizirwe ya cluneal yakuchanya]], [[medial cluneal nerves|yakati-kati]], na [[inferior cluneal nerves|yakusi]] }} '''Tako''' (mu Chingelezi: ''buttocks''; libo: ''buttock'') ni vigaŵa viŵiri vyakuzingilira vya thupi la munthu, ivyo vili kunyuma kwa mbombo. Tako lili pakati pa msana wa pasi na [[perineum]]. Likupangika na khungu la kuwaro na fyuta lakukhorera (''subcutaneous fat'') ilo lili pachanya pa minofu ya kumanzi na kumalyero ya ''gluteus maximus'' na ''gluteus medius''. Minofu ya ''gluteus maximus'' njiyikuru comene mu thupi la munthu. Yikugwira ntchito pakunyoloska thupi kuti liwimilire likaŵa lajintha pa cifuwa; pakukhozgera thupi kuwimilira na kukhazikika kwa mphambano za ntchafu; ndiposo pakusundizga thupi kwenda panji kucimbira kwizira mu kunyoloska ntchafu.<ref name="eizenberg"/> Mu vikhaliro vinandi, tako likugwira nawo ntchito mu vinthu vyakukhumba mwakugonana.<ref name="hennig"/> Vikhaliro vinandi navyoso vikugwiliskira ntchito tako pakupeleka cilango (''corporal punishment''), chifukwa fyuta ilo lili mkati mwa khungu la tako likovwira kujiskana na kupwetekeka apo cikwenera kucitika.<ref name="times"/> ==Muundo== Tako likupangika na unyinji wa minofu ya ''gluteal'' (''gluteus maximus'' na ''gluteus medius'') ivyo vili pasi pa fyuta. Cigaŵa cakuchanya ca tako cikufika pa [[iliac crest]], apo cigaŵa cakusi cikulongosoreka na mzere wa pasi wa tako (''horizontal gluteal crease''). ''Gluteus maximus'' yikukolerana pa vyaka viŵiri: cigaŵa cakuchanya ca ''linea aspera'' ya [[femur|fupa la chigha]], na cigaŵa cakuchanya ca ''iliotibial tractus''. Minofu ya ''gluteus maximus'' yikupatukana na mkati mwa cikwazga (''intergluteal cleft''), umo [[anus|mwaziko]] ukusangika. Viwumba vinyake vya anyani (''primates'') vili na vigaŵa vyakuwoneka nga vithupi vyakukhoma (''ischial callosities'') ivyo vikuvipulikiska kukhala pasi kwambura kunyamula uzito wawo pa malundi, nga umo viŵumba vya maundi ghanayi vikucitira. Vithupi ivi vikovwira anyani kugona pakukhala pasi pa nthambi zicoko, kutali na vyakuvirwiska, kwambura kugwa. Ŵanthu ŵakuŵavya vithupi ivi chifukwa minofu ya ''gluteal'' njikuru comene mwakuti yikupeleka kujiskana kwakwenelera.<ref name="montagu"/> Ŵanakazi ŵa mafuko ghanyake gha ''baboon'' ŵakuŵa na vithupi vyakusesa ivyo vikusesa comene kukopa ŵanalume. Kwa ŵanthu, ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na tako lifupi na likuru comene chifukwa cha fyuta linandi la mkati mwa khungu na mbombo yakufupika comene. Mwa ŵanthu, tako likovwiraso pakusundizga thupi kwenda, na pakovwira munthu kunya mavi kwakwenelera.<ref name="chila"/><ref name="gupte"/> Ŵanyani ŵanyake ŵa mafuko gha ''baboon'' na vinyani vyose vya mtundu wa ''gibbon'', nangauli vikuvikika na vibudi, vikuŵa na vithupi vya ''ischial callosities'' ivyo vikuwoneka pa cigaŵa cakunyuma. Ŵana ŵaŵanandi ŵakuŵa na tako lakuzingilira lambura vibudi, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukhwima ŵakuŵa na vibudi kwakupambanapambana, nga umo viŵoneka pa vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi. Ŵanakazi ŵangaŵa na vibudi mu cikwazga ca tako (kusazgamo kuzingilira mwaziko), apo pena vikufikira kunthazi kwa masasi gha tako. Ŵanalume ŵangaŵa na vibudi pa cigaŵa cinandi panji cose ca tako. ==Mazina== Zina la Chilatini la tako ni ''nates'' (kuwerengeka kwiskana), apo zina la mwene ''natis'' likugwiliskikira comene panandi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Chiuno]] *[[Kalundi]] *[[Mbombo]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="eizenberg">{{Cite book|last=Eizenberg|first=Norman|display-authors=etal|title=General Anatomy: Principles and Applications|year=2008|page=17}}</ref> <ref name="hennig">{{Cite book|last=Hennig|first=Jean-Luc|title=The Rear View: A Brief and Elegant History of Bottoms Through the Ages|publisher=Souvenir|location=London|year=1995|isbn=0-285-63303-1}}</ref> <ref name="times">{{Cite news|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=1894-03-22|title=Police}}</ref> <ref name="montagu">{{Cite journal|last=Montagu|first=Ashley|title=The Buttocks and Natural Selection|journal=JAMA|volume=198|issue=1|pages=51|year=1966|doi=10.1001/jama.1966.03110140101027|pmid=5953162}}</ref> <ref name="chila">{{Cite book|title=Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine|last=Chila|first=Anthony G.|page=586|year=2010}}</ref> <ref name="gupte">{{Cite book|title=Recent Advances in Pediatrics|last=Gupte|first=Suraj|page=141|year=2013}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 3khxgl9jxqf34pu1alsxoaqr13vrfqp 0 49787 122438 2026-09-27T20:51:11Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi 'Calf (leg)', kusazgapo vithuzi. 122438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa cakunyuma ca nkhongono ya pasi}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Chiŵiŵi cha kalundi | Latin = sura | Greek = acfle | Image = Sb calf.png | Caption = Chiŵiŵi cha kalundi ni cigaŵa cakunyuma ca nkhongono ya pasi | Image2 = Braus 1921 293.png | Caption2 = Cithuzi ca kudumura nkhongono ya pasi ya kulyero, kulongora vigaŵa vinayi vyake }} '''Chiŵiŵi cha kalundi''' (mu Chingelezi: ''calf''; libo: ''calves''; Chilatini: ''sura'') ni cigaŵa cakunyuma ca nkhongono ya pasi mu thupi la munthu.<ref name="oed"/> Minofu iyo yili mkati mwa chiŵiŵi ici yikukolerana na cigaŵa cakunyuma ca nkhongono ya pasi (''posterior compartment of the leg''). Minofu yiŵiri yikuru mu cigaŵa ici yikuchemeka pamoza ''calf muscle'', ndipo yikukolerana na [[chitende]] kwizira mu [[Achilles tendon|tendon la Achilles]]. Minofu yinyake yicoko yikukolerana na majoint gha nkhongono ya pasi, kusazgamo [[kalundi]], na kwizira mu ma tendon ghatali ghakufika ku vala vya malundi. ==Umoza wa zgu== Kufuma ku Middle English ''calf'', ''kalf'', kufuma ku Old Norse ''kalfi'', panyake kufuma ku muzu wa Chijeremani umoza na zgu la Chingelezi ''calf'' (ng'ombe yicoko). Likukolerana na Icelandic ''kálfi'' (chiŵiŵi cha kalundi).<ref name="wiktionary"/> Mazgu ''calf'' na ''calf of the leg'' ghakasangika kale mu Middle English kwambira mu vyaka 1350 na 1425.<ref name="kurath"/> Mu nyengo yakale, ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuŵavya kwa chiŵiŵi ici (ndiko kuti nkhongono ya pasi yambura minofu yakuwoneka comene) kuŵa cimanyikwiro ca kwananga: ''vikumanyikwa kuti mbira zilije chiŵiŵi ici, kweniso viŵumba vinyake vicoko vyakuyezgeka navyo navyo vilije.''<ref name="montessori"/> ==Muundo== Chiŵiŵi cha kalundi cikupangika na minofu ya cigaŵa cakunyuma ca nkhongono ya pasi: ''gastrocnemius'' na ''soleus'' (izo pamoza zikuchemeka ''triceps surae''), na ''tibialis posterior''. [[Mzirwe wa sural]] ndiwo ukupeleka mzirwe (''innervation'') mu cigaŵa ici. Kutali, ''gastrocnemius'' na ''soleus'' zikukolelezgeka pamoza kuŵa [[Achilles tendon|tendon la Achilles]] (panji ''calcaneal tendon''), ilo likukolerana pa cigaŵa cakunyuma ca [[chitende|fupa la chitende]] (''calcaneus'').<ref name="statpearls"/> ==Vyakuzirwa mu uganga== Nthenda izo zikwiza na kutupa kwa chiŵiŵi cha kalundi kusazgamo [[deep vein thrombosis]],<ref name="simel"/> [[compartment syndrome]],<ref name="drey"/><ref name="hartgens"/> kudumuka kwa [[Achilles tendon|tendon la Achilles]], na [[varicose veins]]. Vikatikati vya usiku, minofu ya chiŵiŵi yikukoma kanandi kwambura kumanyikwa cifukwa (''idiopathic leg cramps'').<ref name="young"/> Kutupa (''edema'') nakoso nkhwakusangika comene, kanandi kwambura kumanyikwa cifukwa cake. Mu kafukufuku wicoko wa ŵanchito ŵa m'malo ghakupangira vinthu ŵaŵakukhala makola, kuvwara vyakuvwalira vyakukhorera (''compression garments'') vikawovwira kucepeska kutupa na kupweteka.<ref name="blattler"/> Kafukufuku wicoko wa ŵakucimbira wakasanga kuti kuvwara masokosi ghakukhorera (''compression stockings'') mpaka pa bondo, apo ŵakucimbira, kukawovwira comene pakuwezga makola kucimbira kwawo.<ref name="kemmler"/> Umulu (''circumference'') wa chiŵiŵi wagwiliskikira ntchito pakuyezga masuzgo ghanyake gha thupi. Ku Spain, kafukufuku wa ŵanthu 22,000 ŵakukwana vyaka 65 panji kujumpha wakasanga kuti chiŵiŵi cicoko chikukolerana na ngozi yikuru ya kuperekeka kwa chakulya (''undernutrition'').<ref name="cuervo"/> Ku France, kafukufuku wa ŵanthu 6,265 ŵa vyaka 65 panji kujumpha wakasanga kukolerana kwakususka pakati pa umulu wa chiŵiŵi na vyakwiliskika mu msambizi wa singo (''carotid plaques'').<ref name="debette"/> Kukurizga panji kuwezgera chiŵiŵi kukupangika, kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupangika (''prosthesis'') na majidu ghakupambanapambana gha opaleshoni. ==Kwezga na masuzgo== Chiŵiŵi cingapangika kuŵa cikhwakhwa kwizira mu masunthiro agho ghakukoleska minyendo pasi (''plantarflexion''). Vinthu viŵiri vikuru vya masunthiro gha chiŵiŵi ni agho ghakusunga bondo mwakunyoloka, na agho ghakusunga bondo mwakupinda. Cigaŵa cakwamba cikusazgamo masunthiro nga ni kunyamuka kwa chiŵiŵi kwimilira (''standing calf raises''), ''donkey calf raises'', na kukwera pa masitepe. Cigaŵa cacaŵiri cikusazgamo masunthiro agho bondo likupinda, nga ni kunyamuka kwa chiŵiŵi kukhala pasi (''seated calf raises''). Masunthiro gha bondo lakunyoloka ghakukoleska comene minofu ya ''gastrocnemius'', apo gha bondo lakupinda ghakukoleska comene ''soleus''. Nangauli, masunthiro ghose ghaŵiri ghakukoleska minofu yiŵiri iyi comene. ==Wonaniso== *[[Kalundi]] *[[Chitende]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="oed">{{Cite web|title=calf, n.2|website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> <ref name="wiktionary">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calf|title=calf - Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> <ref name="kurath">{{Cite book|last=Kurath|first=Hans|title=Middle English Dictionary|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1959|isbn=978-0-472-01031-8|page=128}}</ref> <ref name="montessori">{{Cite book|last=Montessori|first=Maria|title=Pedagogical Anthropology|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company|year=1913|page=508}}</ref> <ref name="statpearls">{{Cite web|last1=Binstead|first1=Justin T.|last2=Munjal|first2=Akul|last3=Varacallo|first3=Matthew A.|title=Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Calf|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|year=2025|pmid=29083629}}</ref> <ref name="simel">{{Cite book|last1=Simel|first1=David|last2=Rennie|first2=Drummond|last3=Hayward|first3=Robert|last4=Keitz|first4=Sheri A.|title=The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2008|isbn=978-0-07-159030-3|page=229}}</ref> <ref name="drey">{{Cite journal|last1=Drey|first1=I. A.|last2=Baruch|first2=H.|title=Acute compartment syndrome of the calf presenting after prolonged decubitus position|journal=Orthopedics|volume=31|issue=2|page=184|year=2008|pmid=19292184}}</ref> <ref name="hartgens">{{Cite journal|last1=Hartgens|first1=F.|last2=Hoogeveen|first2=A. R.|last3=Brink|first3=P. R.|title=Athletes with exercise-related pain at the medial side of the lower leg|journal=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde|volume=152|issue=33|pages=1839–1843|year=2008|pmid=18783163}}</ref> <ref name="young">{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=G.|title=Leg cramps|journal=Clinical Evidence|volume=2009|year=2009|pmid=19445755}}</ref> <ref name="blattler">{{Cite journal|last1=Blättler|first1=W.|last2=Kreis|first2=N.|last3=Lun|first3=B.|last4=Winiger|first4=J.|last5=Amsler|first5=F.|title=Leg symptoms of healthy people and their treatment with compression hosiery|journal=Phlebology|volume=23|issue=5|pages=214–221|year=2008|pmid=18806203}}</ref> <ref name="kemmler">{{Cite journal|last1=Kemmler|first1=W.|last2=von Stengel|first2=S.|last3=Köckritz|first3=C.|last4=Mayhew|first4=J.|last5=Wassermann|first5=A.|last6=Zapf|first6=J.|title=Effect of compression stockings on running performance in men runners|journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|volume=23|issue=1|pages=101–105|year=2009|pmid=19057400}}</ref> <ref name="cuervo">{{Cite journal|last1=Cuervo|first1=M.|last2=Ansorena|first2=D.|last3=García|first3=A.|last4=González Martínez|first4=M. A.|last5=Astiasarán|first5=I.|last6=Martínez|first6=J. A.|title=Assessment of calf circumference as an indicator of the risk for hyponutrition in the elderly|journal=Nutrición Hospitalaria|volume=24|issue=1|pages=63–67|year=2009|pmid=19266115}}</ref> <ref name="debette">{{Cite journal|last1=Debette|first1=S.|display-authors=etal|title=Calf circumference is inversely associated with carotid plaques|journal=Stroke|volume=39|issue=11|pages=2958–2965|year=2008|pmid=18703804}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Anatomy]] [[Mtundu:Vigaŵa vya thupi]] 159n6d7a1xgt1zyracna2j65zejgvs3 0 49788 122600 2026-09-28T02:06:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Fremantle Dockers''' ni gulu la mpira wamalundi la ku [[Australia]] ilo likuchita mpikisano mu AFL, mpikisano wa maseŵero agha.<ref>https://abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=83066055249</ref> Gulu ili likakhazikiskika mu 1994 kuti liyimilire msumba wa [[Fremantle]] uwo uli pa doko. ==Kachitiro== ===Kuchita kwa chaka na chaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''&n..." 122600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Fremantle Dockers''' ni gulu la mpira wamalundi la ku [[Australia]] ilo likuchita mpikisano mu AFL, mpikisano wa maseŵero agha.<ref>https://abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=83066055249</ref> Gulu ili likakhazikiskika mu 1994 kuti liyimilire msumba wa [[Fremantle]] uwo uli pa doko. ==Kachitiro== ===Kuchita kwa chaka na chaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''&nbsp;''' | colspan="6"|'''Home na away''' | colspan="4"|'''Vimaliro''' | rowspan=2|'''Kochi''' |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''Year''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''D''' ||'''L''' ||'''%''' ||'''Maudindo''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''L''' ||'''Maudindo''' |- | [[2026 AFL season|2026]]||23||19||0||4||137.2||1/18|||4||2||2||2/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2025 AFL season|2025]]||23||16||0||7||109.0||6/18|||1||0||1||8/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2024 AFL season|2024]]||23||12||1||10||111.9||10/18|| ||||||10/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2023 AFL season|2023]]||23||10||0||13||96.68||14/18||||||||14/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2022 AFL season|2022]]||22||15||1||6||117.00||5/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2021 AFL season|2021]]||22||10||0||12||86.50||11/18|||| || ||11/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2020 AFL season|2020]]||17||7||0||10||93.72||12/18|||| || ||12/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2019 AFL season|2019]]||22||9||0||13||91.90||13/18|||| || ||13/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]]/[[David Hale|Hale]] |- | [[2018 AFL season|2018]]||22||8||0||14||76.24||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2017 AFL season|2017]]||22||8||0||14||74.40||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2016 AFL season|2016]]||22||4||0||18||74.28||16/18|||| || ||16/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2015 AFL season|2015]]||22||17||0||5||118.73||1/18||2||1||1||3/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2014 AFL season|2014]]||22||16||0||6||130.40||4/18||2||0||2||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2013 AFL season|2013]]||22||16||1||5||134.10||3/18||3||2||1||2/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2012 AFL season|2012]]||22||14||0||8||115.67||7/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2011 AFL season|2011]]||22||9||0||13||83.11||11/17|||| || ||11/17|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2010 AFL season|2010]]||22||13||0||9||103.88||6/16||2||1||1||6/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2009 AFL season|2009]]||22||6||0||16||77.34||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2008 AFL season|2008]]||22||6||0||16||93.73||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2007 AFL season|2007]]||22||10||0||12||102.55||11/16||||||||11/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]]/[[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2006 AFL season|2006]]||22||15||0||7||109.83||3/16||3||1||2||3/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2005 AFL season|2005]]||22||11||0||11||100.15|| 10/16||||||||10/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2004 AFL season|2004]]||22||11||0||11||100.64||9/16||||||||9/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2003 AFL season|2003]]||22||14||0||8||103.13||5/16||1||0||1||7/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2002 AFL season|2002]]||22||9||0||13||88.33||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2001 AFL season|2001]]||22||2||0||20||72.02||16/16||||||||16/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]]/[[Ben Allan|Allan]] |- | [[2000 AFL season|2000]]||22||8||0||14||72.04||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1999 AFL season|1999]]||22||5||0||17||82.44||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1998 AFL season|1998]]||22||7||0||15||76.37||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1997 AFL season|1997]]||22||10||0||12||91.90||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1996 AFL season|1996]]||22||7||0||15||92.28||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1995 AFL season|1995]]||22||8||0||14||92.85||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | '''Total/Avg'''||'''703'''||'''332'''||'''3'''||'''368'''||'''95.18'''|| || '''21'''||'''9'''||'''12'''|| || |- | '''Overall'''||'''724'''||'''341'''||'''3'''||'''380'''||'''95.07'''|| || |||||| || |- |colspan=12|<small>P = Played, W = Win, D = Draw, L = Loss, % = Kupokera kwa/Kupokera kulimbana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ukaboni: [http://www.afltables.com/afl/teams/fremantle/season.html AFL Tables]</small> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category| Fremantle Football Club}} *{{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Makalabu ya mpira]] 5jo3vhb143cw0lrumlhz5ng36pczrzy 122602 122600 2026-09-28T02:07:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 122602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Databox}} '''Fremantle Dockers''' ni gulu la mpira wamalundi la ku [[Australia]] ilo likuchita mpikisano mu [[AFL]], mpikisano wa maseŵero agha.<ref>https://abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=83066055249</ref> Gulu ili likakhazikiskika mu 1994 kuti liyimilire msumba wa [[Fremantle]] uwo uli pa doko. ==Kachitiro== ===Kuchita kwa chaka na chaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''&nbsp;''' | colspan="6"|'''Home na away''' | colspan="4"|'''Vimaliro''' | rowspan=2|'''Kochi''' |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''Chaka''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''D''' ||'''L''' ||'''%''' ||'''Maudindo''' ||'''P''' ||'''W''' ||'''L''' ||'''Maudindo''' |- | [[2026 AFL season|2026]]||23||19||0||4||137.2||1/18|||4||2||2||2/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2025 AFL season|2025]]||23||16||0||7||109.0||6/18|||1||0||1||8/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2024 AFL season|2024]]||23||12||1||10||111.9||10/18|| ||||||10/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2023 AFL season|2023]]||23||10||0||13||96.68||14/18||||||||14/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2022 AFL season|2022]]||22||15||1||6||117.00||5/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2021 AFL season|2021]]||22||10||0||12||86.50||11/18|||| || ||11/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2020 AFL season|2020]]||17||7||0||10||93.72||12/18|||| || ||12/18|| [[Justin Longmuir|Longmuir]] |- | [[2019 AFL season|2019]]||22||9||0||13||91.90||13/18|||| || ||13/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]]/[[David Hale|Hale]] |- | [[2018 AFL season|2018]]||22||8||0||14||76.24||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2017 AFL season|2017]]||22||8||0||14||74.40||14/18|||| || ||14/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2016 AFL season|2016]]||22||4||0||18||74.28||16/18|||| || ||16/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2015 AFL season|2015]]||22||17||0||5||118.73||1/18||2||1||1||3/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2014 AFL season|2014]]||22||16||0||6||130.40||4/18||2||0||2||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2013 AFL season|2013]]||22||16||1||5||134.10||3/18||3||2||1||2/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2012 AFL season|2012]]||22||14||0||8||115.67||7/18||2||1||1||6/18|| [[Ross Lyon|Lyon]] |- | [[2011 AFL season|2011]]||22||9||0||13||83.11||11/17|||| || ||11/17|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2010 AFL season|2010]]||22||13||0||9||103.88||6/16||2||1||1||6/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2009 AFL season|2009]]||22||6||0||16||77.34||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2008 AFL season|2008]]||22||6||0||16||93.73||14/16||||||||14/16|| [[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2007 AFL season|2007]]||22||10||0||12||102.55||11/16||||||||11/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]]/[[Mark Harvey|Harvey]] |- | [[2006 AFL season|2006]]||22||15||0||7||109.83||3/16||3||1||2||3/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2005 AFL season|2005]]||22||11||0||11||100.15|| 10/16||||||||10/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2004 AFL season|2004]]||22||11||0||11||100.64||9/16||||||||9/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2003 AFL season|2003]]||22||14||0||8||103.13||5/16||1||0||1||7/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2002 AFL season|2002]]||22||9||0||13||88.33||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Chris Connolly|Connolly]] |- | [[2001 AFL season|2001]]||22||2||0||20||72.02||16/16||||||||16/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]]/[[Ben Allan|Allan]] |- | [[2000 AFL season|2000]]||22||8||0||14||72.04||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1999 AFL season|1999]]||22||5||0||17||82.44||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Damian Drum|Drum]] |- | [[1998 AFL season|1998]]||22||7||0||15||76.37||15/16|| || ||||15/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1997 AFL season|1997]]||22||10||0||12||91.90||12/16||||||||12/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1996 AFL season|1996]]||22||7||0||15||92.28||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | [[1995 AFL season|1995]]||22||8||0||14||92.85||13/16|| || ||||13/16|| [[Gerard Neesham|Neesham]] |- | '''Total/Avg'''||'''703'''||'''332'''||'''3'''||'''368'''||'''95.18'''|| || '''21'''||'''9'''||'''12'''|| || |- | '''Overall'''||'''724'''||'''341'''||'''3'''||'''380'''||'''95.07'''|| || |||||| || |- |colspan=12|<small>P = Played, W = Win, D = Draw, L = Loss, % = Kupokera kwa/Kupokera kulimbana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ukaboni: [http://www.afltables.com/afl/teams/fremantle/season.html AFL Tables]</small> |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{Commons category| Fremantle Football Club}} *{{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Makalabu ya mpira]] 2p85bcmf2cmbj8o32d6wj1994jxoqcl 1 49789 122601 2026-09-28T02:06:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49790 122637 2026-09-28T02:34:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Descartes Highlands''' ni malo ghakukwerapo gha [[Mwezi]] agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha pafupi agho ghakaŵa malo ghakukhirapo ndege ya [[Apollo 16]] ya ku [[America]] kukwambilira kwa 1972. Descartes Highlands ghali mu malo ghakuzingilizga chigaŵa cha [[Descartes]], ndipo pamanyuma pake chigaŵa ichi chikapokera zina lake.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120415152147/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/as16/a16landsite.htm</ref> ==Ukaboni==..." 122637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Descartes Highlands''' ni malo ghakukwerapo gha [[Mwezi]] agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha pafupi agho ghakaŵa malo ghakukhirapo ndege ya [[Apollo 16]] ya ku [[America]] kukwambilira kwa 1972. Descartes Highlands ghali mu malo ghakuzingilizga chigaŵa cha [[Descartes]], ndipo pamanyuma pake chigaŵa ichi chikapokera zina lake.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120415152147/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/as16/a16landsite.htm</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka pa Mwezi]] [[Category:Mwezi]] mbeykssi7mhuro1yeertfvdtfi0m2kp 1 49791 122640 2026-09-28T02:35:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{talk header}}" 122640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} frwy0ondkbaajki04xjgq9mnxpg47li 0 49792 122747 2026-09-28T08:57:14Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi 'Agricultural science'. 122747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca sayansi cakukhwaskana na ulimi}} '''Sayansi ya Ulimi''' (panji ''agriscience'' mwakufwatuka)<ref name="oed"/> ni cigaŵa cikuru ca sayansi ca [[baiyoloji]] ico chikusazgamo vigaŵa vya sayansi zakuwerengeka, sayansi za vinthu vyakuŵako, sayansi za chuma na sayansi za mtundu wa ŵanthu, izo zikugwiliskikira ntchito pakupulikiska na kucita ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito mu sayansi ya ulimi ŵakuchemeka ŵasayansi ŵa ulimi panji ŵalimi ŵasayansi. ==Mbiri== {{main|Mbiri ya Sayansi ya Ulimi}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, [[Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)|Johann Friedrich Mayer]] wakacita mayezgo gha kugwiliskira ntchito ''gypsum'' (calcium sulfate yakusazgikamo maji) nga feteleza.<ref name="jb1840"/> Mu 1843, [[John Lawes|John Bennet Lawes]] na [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] ŵakamba mayezgo ghatali gha mu minda pa [[Rothamsted Research Station|Rothamsted Research]] ku England, ghanyake ghake ghakali kucitikabe mpaka mu 2018.<ref name="rothamsted"/> Ku United States, kusintha kukuru mu sayansi ya ulimi kukamba na [[Hatch Act of 1887]], iyo yikagwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti "sayansi ya ulimi". [[Smith–Hughes Act]] ya mu 1917 yikawezgera maphunziro gha ulimi ku vinthu vyakugwira na mawoko, kweni suzi la sayansi likaŵa lamara kuzengeka.<ref name="hillison"/> Kwambira mu 1906 kufika vyaka 44 vyakulondezgapo, ndalama za boma za kafukufuku wa ulimi ku United States zikajumpha ndalama za makampani ghakujipangira.<ref name="scienceforag"/> ==Vyakukhwaskana na malo ghakuzingilira== [[Kusintha kwa nyengo]] kwaŵa na vyakukolerana vikuru pa [[ulimi wamakono]], kupangiska kuti maluŵiro gha nyengo ghaleke kumanyikwa makora na kuwonjeska kuchitika na kukoma kwa vinthu nga [[chilala]] chitali, [[chigumula]] na kutentha comene. Chifukwa ca ici, kupangika kwa vyakulya kwaŵa kwambura kumanyikwa makora nanga mu vigaŵa ivyo pakwamba vikaŵanga na nyengo yakukhozgeka.<ref name="epa"/> Kusintha kwa kutentha na vula nakoso kukovwira ku [[kuvunda kwa nthaka]], kufuma kwa nthaka kuŵa mchenga (''desertification''), na kuwonongeka kwa maji, ivyo vikukhwaskana na kupangika kwa vyakulya na umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa muminda kwa nyengo yitali.<ref name="un"/> Pakwenera kunozga masuzgo agha, pali kutemwereka kukuru mu kafukufuku na kucita vinthu vyakukolerana na nyengo (''climate-smart strategies''), izo zikukhumba kunozgeka kwa vinjazga vya ulimi na nyengo iyo yikuwoneka sono na iyo yikwiza kwiza, kweniso kucepeska vyakufuma mu mpepo ivyo vikupweteka mlengalenga apo cikwenerekaso. Masinjizgo agha ghakusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito maji na virongo mwaluso, kusazgapo mitundu yakupambanapambana ya vinthu vyakulimika na kuŵeta, kuvikilira nthaka na maji, na kupanga mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga kutentha na chilala. Ivi vyose vikulongora umo sayansi ya ulimi yili yakuzirwa comene pakusunga kupangika kwa vyakulya, kuvikilira vyakuŵapo vya nthaka, na kukhozgera kuzizipizga kwa vyakusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="fao"/> ==Ŵasayansi ŵakuzirwa ŵa ulimi== Kusazgamo [[Wilbur Olin Atwater]], [[Robert Bakewell (farmer)|Robert Bakewell]], [[Norman Borlaug]] (wiske wa [[Kusintha Kukuru kwa Vyakulya|Green Revolution]]), [[Luther Burbank]], [[George Washington Carver]], [[René Dumont]], [[Masanobu Fukuoka]], [[Sir Albert Howard]], [[Justus von Liebig]], [[Gregor Mendel]], [[Louis Pasteur]], [[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[Jethro Tull (agriculturist)|Jethro Tull]], na [[Sewall Wright]], mwa ŵanyake. ==Vigaŵa vinyake vyakukolerana== Sayansi ya ulimi yikukolerana comene na vigaŵa nga [[agricultural chemistry|kemistri ya ulimi]], [[agricultural economics|sayansi ya chuma ya ulimi]], [[agricultural engineering|uinjiniya wa ulimi]], [[soil science|sayansi ya nthaka]], [[agronomy|agronomi]] (kusazgamo [[botany|botani]], [[horticulture|hotikulicha]], na kusankha mbuto), [[animal science|sayansi ya viŵeto]] (kusazgamo kuŵeta na kudyeska viŵeto), [[genetic engineering|uinjiniya wa jini]], [[entomology|entomoloji]], [[environmental science|sayansi ya malo ghakuzingilira]], [[fisheries science|sayansi ya somba]] (kusazgamo ''aquaculture''), [[food science|sayansi ya vyakulya]], kuthilira maji mumigunda, na sayansi ya matenda gha mbuto. ==Malire Ghake== Ulimi, sayansi ya ulimi, na agronomi vikukolerana comene, kweni vili na kupambana: *Ulimi ni vinthu ivyo vikusintha malo kuti vipangike viŵeto na vyamera vyakugwiliskira ŵanthu ntchito. Ulimi wakukhwaskana na maluso, kusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito vya kafukufuku wa agronomi. *Agronomi ni kafukufuku na kusanguka kwa maluso pakusanda na kukhozga vyamera vyakulimika. *''Geoponics'' ni sayansi ya kulima nthaka.<ref name="merriam"/> *''Hydroponics'' ni kukurizga vyamera kwambura nthaka, kugwiliskira ntchito maji ghakusazgikamo vyakuzirwa mu malo ghakupangika. ==Vigaŵa vya Kafukufuku== Sayansi ya ulimi yikusazgamo kafukufuku na kusangika kwa vinthu ivi:<ref name="bosso"/><ref name="boucher"/> *Kuwezgera comene kupangika kwa vyakulya (nga kusankha mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga chilala, kupanga feteleza ziphya, na maluso gha kuyezga kupangika kwa mbuto) *Kucepeska vyakuwonongeka vya viharo (masaka, tunyerere, mavirasi, na vinyake) pa vyamera panji viŵeto *Kusintha vyakupangika vyakwamba kuŵa vyakulya vyakumalizgira (nga kupanga, kusunga, na kuphakira vyakulya vyakufuma mu mkaka) *Kukanizga na kunozga vyakuwonongeka vya malo ghakuzingilira (nga kuvunda kwa nthaka, kupwelelera vyakutaya, na kutozga malo ghakuwonongeka) *Vinjazga vya ulimi vyakale, ivyo vikuchemekaso ''subsistence agriculture'', ivyo vikudyeska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvutika comene pa charu. *Kupangika na kukhumbika kwa vyakulya mucharu chose, comenecomene ku vyaru nga China, India, Brazil, US, na EU. *Sayansi zakupambanapambana izo zikukhwaskana na vyakusanguka vya ulimi na malo ghakuzingilira, umoyo wa mbuto na viŵeto, sayansi ya chuma ya ulimi, na sosiyoloji ya kumidzi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Mbiri ya Sayansi ya Ulimi]] *[[Agronomi]] *[[Uinjiniya wa Ulimi]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="oed">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Agriscience|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="jb1840">{{Cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=John|last2=Buel|first2=Jesse|title=A Treatise on Agriculture|year=1840|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="rothamsted">{{Cite web|title=The Long Term Experiments|publisher=Rothamsted Research|url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> <ref name="hillison">{{Cite journal|last=Hillison|first=J.|title=The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?|journal=Journal of Agricultural Education|year=1996}}</ref> <ref name="scienceforag">{{Cite book|last1=Huffman|first1=W. E.|last2=Evenson|first2=R. E.|title=Science for Agriculture|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> <ref name="epa">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-change-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply}}</ref> <ref name="un">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Water|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water}}</ref> <ref name="fao">{{Cite web|title=Climate-smart agriculture|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/}}</ref> <ref name="merriam">{{Cite web|title=Geoponics|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics|access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> <ref name="bosso">{{Cite book|last=Bosso|first=Thelma|title=Agricultural Science|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref> <ref name="boucher">{{Cite book|last=Boucher|first=Jude|title=Agricultural Science and Management|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2018|isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Sayansi]] [[Mtundu:Ulimi]] ncxj5fjn1vnx56e6u5ky7j4gx4adoxc 122748 122747 2026-09-28T09:03:58Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Anthonymunthali44 moved page [[Sayansi ya Ulimi]] to [[Kasandiro ka Ulimi]]: Kukhozga zina: mazgu ghakwenelera gha "science" ni "kasandiro" (na ora "ka" concord), na ora "sayansi" (lakubwezga ku Chingelezi). 122747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca sayansi cakukhwaskana na ulimi}} '''Sayansi ya Ulimi''' (panji ''agriscience'' mwakufwatuka)<ref name="oed"/> ni cigaŵa cikuru ca sayansi ca [[baiyoloji]] ico chikusazgamo vigaŵa vya sayansi zakuwerengeka, sayansi za vinthu vyakuŵako, sayansi za chuma na sayansi za mtundu wa ŵanthu, izo zikugwiliskikira ntchito pakupulikiska na kucita ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito mu sayansi ya ulimi ŵakuchemeka ŵasayansi ŵa ulimi panji ŵalimi ŵasayansi. ==Mbiri== {{main|Mbiri ya Sayansi ya Ulimi}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, [[Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)|Johann Friedrich Mayer]] wakacita mayezgo gha kugwiliskira ntchito ''gypsum'' (calcium sulfate yakusazgikamo maji) nga feteleza.<ref name="jb1840"/> Mu 1843, [[John Lawes|John Bennet Lawes]] na [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] ŵakamba mayezgo ghatali gha mu minda pa [[Rothamsted Research Station|Rothamsted Research]] ku England, ghanyake ghake ghakali kucitikabe mpaka mu 2018.<ref name="rothamsted"/> Ku United States, kusintha kukuru mu sayansi ya ulimi kukamba na [[Hatch Act of 1887]], iyo yikagwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti "sayansi ya ulimi". [[Smith–Hughes Act]] ya mu 1917 yikawezgera maphunziro gha ulimi ku vinthu vyakugwira na mawoko, kweni suzi la sayansi likaŵa lamara kuzengeka.<ref name="hillison"/> Kwambira mu 1906 kufika vyaka 44 vyakulondezgapo, ndalama za boma za kafukufuku wa ulimi ku United States zikajumpha ndalama za makampani ghakujipangira.<ref name="scienceforag"/> ==Vyakukhwaskana na malo ghakuzingilira== [[Kusintha kwa nyengo]] kwaŵa na vyakukolerana vikuru pa [[ulimi wamakono]], kupangiska kuti maluŵiro gha nyengo ghaleke kumanyikwa makora na kuwonjeska kuchitika na kukoma kwa vinthu nga [[chilala]] chitali, [[chigumula]] na kutentha comene. Chifukwa ca ici, kupangika kwa vyakulya kwaŵa kwambura kumanyikwa makora nanga mu vigaŵa ivyo pakwamba vikaŵanga na nyengo yakukhozgeka.<ref name="epa"/> Kusintha kwa kutentha na vula nakoso kukovwira ku [[kuvunda kwa nthaka]], kufuma kwa nthaka kuŵa mchenga (''desertification''), na kuwonongeka kwa maji, ivyo vikukhwaskana na kupangika kwa vyakulya na umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa muminda kwa nyengo yitali.<ref name="un"/> Pakwenera kunozga masuzgo agha, pali kutemwereka kukuru mu kafukufuku na kucita vinthu vyakukolerana na nyengo (''climate-smart strategies''), izo zikukhumba kunozgeka kwa vinjazga vya ulimi na nyengo iyo yikuwoneka sono na iyo yikwiza kwiza, kweniso kucepeska vyakufuma mu mpepo ivyo vikupweteka mlengalenga apo cikwenerekaso. Masinjizgo agha ghakusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito maji na virongo mwaluso, kusazgapo mitundu yakupambanapambana ya vinthu vyakulimika na kuŵeta, kuvikilira nthaka na maji, na kupanga mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga kutentha na chilala. Ivi vyose vikulongora umo sayansi ya ulimi yili yakuzirwa comene pakusunga kupangika kwa vyakulya, kuvikilira vyakuŵapo vya nthaka, na kukhozgera kuzizipizga kwa vyakusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="fao"/> ==Ŵasayansi ŵakuzirwa ŵa ulimi== Kusazgamo [[Wilbur Olin Atwater]], [[Robert Bakewell (farmer)|Robert Bakewell]], [[Norman Borlaug]] (wiske wa [[Kusintha Kukuru kwa Vyakulya|Green Revolution]]), [[Luther Burbank]], [[George Washington Carver]], [[René Dumont]], [[Masanobu Fukuoka]], [[Sir Albert Howard]], [[Justus von Liebig]], [[Gregor Mendel]], [[Louis Pasteur]], [[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[Jethro Tull (agriculturist)|Jethro Tull]], na [[Sewall Wright]], mwa ŵanyake. ==Vigaŵa vinyake vyakukolerana== Sayansi ya ulimi yikukolerana comene na vigaŵa nga [[agricultural chemistry|kemistri ya ulimi]], [[agricultural economics|sayansi ya chuma ya ulimi]], [[agricultural engineering|uinjiniya wa ulimi]], [[soil science|sayansi ya nthaka]], [[agronomy|agronomi]] (kusazgamo [[botany|botani]], [[horticulture|hotikulicha]], na kusankha mbuto), [[animal science|sayansi ya viŵeto]] (kusazgamo kuŵeta na kudyeska viŵeto), [[genetic engineering|uinjiniya wa jini]], [[entomology|entomoloji]], [[environmental science|sayansi ya malo ghakuzingilira]], [[fisheries science|sayansi ya somba]] (kusazgamo ''aquaculture''), [[food science|sayansi ya vyakulya]], kuthilira maji mumigunda, na sayansi ya matenda gha mbuto. ==Malire Ghake== Ulimi, sayansi ya ulimi, na agronomi vikukolerana comene, kweni vili na kupambana: *Ulimi ni vinthu ivyo vikusintha malo kuti vipangike viŵeto na vyamera vyakugwiliskira ŵanthu ntchito. Ulimi wakukhwaskana na maluso, kusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito vya kafukufuku wa agronomi. *Agronomi ni kafukufuku na kusanguka kwa maluso pakusanda na kukhozga vyamera vyakulimika. *''Geoponics'' ni sayansi ya kulima nthaka.<ref name="merriam"/> *''Hydroponics'' ni kukurizga vyamera kwambura nthaka, kugwiliskira ntchito maji ghakusazgikamo vyakuzirwa mu malo ghakupangika. ==Vigaŵa vya Kafukufuku== Sayansi ya ulimi yikusazgamo kafukufuku na kusangika kwa vinthu ivi:<ref name="bosso"/><ref name="boucher"/> *Kuwezgera comene kupangika kwa vyakulya (nga kusankha mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga chilala, kupanga feteleza ziphya, na maluso gha kuyezga kupangika kwa mbuto) *Kucepeska vyakuwonongeka vya viharo (masaka, tunyerere, mavirasi, na vinyake) pa vyamera panji viŵeto *Kusintha vyakupangika vyakwamba kuŵa vyakulya vyakumalizgira (nga kupanga, kusunga, na kuphakira vyakulya vyakufuma mu mkaka) *Kukanizga na kunozga vyakuwonongeka vya malo ghakuzingilira (nga kuvunda kwa nthaka, kupwelelera vyakutaya, na kutozga malo ghakuwonongeka) *Vinjazga vya ulimi vyakale, ivyo vikuchemekaso ''subsistence agriculture'', ivyo vikudyeska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvutika comene pa charu. *Kupangika na kukhumbika kwa vyakulya mucharu chose, comenecomene ku vyaru nga China, India, Brazil, US, na EU. *Sayansi zakupambanapambana izo zikukhwaskana na vyakusanguka vya ulimi na malo ghakuzingilira, umoyo wa mbuto na viŵeto, sayansi ya chuma ya ulimi, na sosiyoloji ya kumidzi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Mbiri ya Sayansi ya Ulimi]] *[[Agronomi]] *[[Uinjiniya wa Ulimi]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="oed">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Agriscience|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="jb1840">{{Cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=John|last2=Buel|first2=Jesse|title=A Treatise on Agriculture|year=1840|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="rothamsted">{{Cite web|title=The Long Term Experiments|publisher=Rothamsted Research|url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> <ref name="hillison">{{Cite journal|last=Hillison|first=J.|title=The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?|journal=Journal of Agricultural Education|year=1996}}</ref> <ref name="scienceforag">{{Cite book|last1=Huffman|first1=W. E.|last2=Evenson|first2=R. E.|title=Science for Agriculture|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> <ref name="epa">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-change-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply}}</ref> <ref name="un">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Water|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water}}</ref> <ref name="fao">{{Cite web|title=Climate-smart agriculture|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/}}</ref> <ref name="merriam">{{Cite web|title=Geoponics|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics|access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> <ref name="bosso">{{Cite book|last=Bosso|first=Thelma|title=Agricultural Science|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref> <ref name="boucher">{{Cite book|last=Boucher|first=Jude|title=Agricultural Science and Management|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2018|isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Sayansi]] [[Mtundu:Ulimi]] ncxj5fjn1vnx56e6u5ky7j4gx4adoxc 122750 122748 2026-09-28T09:06:45Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kukhozga mazgu: "sayansi" (lakubwezga) yasinthika kuŵa "kasandiro" (lakwenelera), kusazgapo kukhozga vyakukolerana navyo (concord) na "ŵasandi" m'malo mwa "ŵasayansi". 122750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca kasandiro cakukhwaskana na ulimi}} '''Kasandiro ka Ulimi''' (panji ''agriscience'' mwakufwatuka)<ref name="oed"/> ni cigaŵa cikuru ca kasandiro ca [[baiyoloji]] ico chikusazgamo vigaŵa vya tusandiro twakuwerengeka, tusandiro twa vinthu vyakuŵako, tusandiro twa chuma na tusandiro twa mtundu wa ŵanthu, izo zikugwiliskikira ntchito pakupulikiska na kucita ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito mu kasandiro ka ulimi ŵakuchemeka ŵasandi ŵa ulimi panji ŵalimi ŵasandi. ==Mbiri== {{main|Mbiri ya Kasandiro ka Ulimi}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, [[Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)|Johann Friedrich Mayer]] wakacita mayezgo gha kugwiliskira ntchito ''gypsum'' (calcium sulfate yakusazgikamo maji) nga feteleza.<ref name="jb1840"/> Mu 1843, [[John Lawes|John Bennet Lawes]] na [[Joseph Henry Gilbert]] ŵakamba mayezgo ghatali gha mu minda pa [[Rothamsted Research Station|Rothamsted Research]] ku England, ghanyake ghake ghakali kucitikabe mpaka mu 2018.<ref name="rothamsted"/> Ku United States, kusintha kukuru mu kasandiro ka ulimi kukamba na [[Hatch Act of 1887]], iyo yikagwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakuti "kasandiro ka ulimi". [[Smith–Hughes Act]] ya mu 1917 yikawezgera maphunziro gha ulimi ku vinthu vyakugwira na mawoko, kweni suzi la kasandiro likaŵa lamara kuzengeka.<ref name="hillison"/> Kwambira mu 1906 kufika vyaka 44 vyakulondezgapo, ndalama za boma za kafukufuku wa ulimi ku United States zikajumpha ndalama za makampani ghakujipangira.<ref name="scienceforag"/> ==Vyakukhwaskana na malo ghakuzingilira== [[Kusintha kwa nyengo]] kwaŵa na vyakukolerana vikuru pa [[ulimi wamakono]], kupangiska kuti maluŵiro gha nyengo ghaleke kumanyikwa makora na kuwonjeska kuchitika na kukoma kwa vinthu nga [[chilala]] chitali, [[chigumula]] na kutentha comene. Chifukwa ca ici, kupangika kwa vyakulya kwaŵa kwambura kumanyikwa makora nanga mu vigaŵa ivyo pakwamba vikaŵanga na nyengo yakukhozgeka.<ref name="epa"/> Kusintha kwa kutentha na vula nakoso kukovwira ku [[kuvunda kwa nthaka]], kufuma kwa nthaka kuŵa mchenga (''desertification''), na kuwonongeka kwa maji, ivyo vikukhwaskana na kupangika kwa vyakulya na umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa muminda kwa nyengo yitali.<ref name="un"/> Pakwenera kunozga masuzgo agha, pali kutemwereka kukuru mu kafukufuku na kucita vinthu vyakukolerana na nyengo (''climate-smart strategies''), izo zikukhumba kunozgeka kwa vinjazga vya ulimi na nyengo iyo yikuwoneka sono na iyo yikwiza kwiza, kweniso kucepeska vyakufuma mu mpepo ivyo vikupweteka mlengalenga apo cikwenerekaso. Masinjizgo agha ghakusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito maji na virongo mwaluso, kusazgapo mitundu yakupambanapambana ya vinthu vyakulimika na kuŵeta, kuvikilira nthaka na maji, na kupanga mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga kutentha na chilala. Ivi vyose vikulongora umo kasandiro ka ulimi kali kakuzirwa comene pakusunga kupangika kwa vyakulya, kuvikilira vyakuŵapo vya nthaka, na kukhozgera kuzizipizga kwa vyakusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="fao"/> ==Ŵasandi ŵakuzirwa ŵa ulimi== Kusazgamo [[Wilbur Olin Atwater]], [[Robert Bakewell (farmer)|Robert Bakewell]], [[Norman Borlaug]] (wiske wa [[Kusintha Kukuru kwa Vyakulya|Green Revolution]]), [[Luther Burbank]], [[George Washington Carver]], [[René Dumont]], [[Masanobu Fukuoka]], [[Sir Albert Howard]], [[Justus von Liebig]], [[Gregor Mendel]], [[Louis Pasteur]], [[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[Jethro Tull (agriculturist)|Jethro Tull]], na [[Sewall Wright]], mwa ŵanyake. ==Vigaŵa vinyake vyakukolerana== Kasandiro ka ulimi kakukolerana comene na vigaŵa nga [[agricultural chemistry|kemistri ya ulimi]], [[agricultural economics|kasandiro ka chuma ya ulimi]], [[agricultural engineering|uinjiniya wa ulimi]], [[soil science|kasandiro ka nthaka]], [[agronomy|agronomi]] (kusazgamo [[botany|botani]], [[horticulture|hotikulicha]], na kusankha mbuto), [[animal science|kasandiro ka viŵeto]] (kusazgamo kuŵeta na kudyeska viŵeto), [[genetic engineering|uinjiniya wa jini]], [[entomology|entomoloji]], [[environmental science|kasandiro ka malo ghakuzingilira]], [[fisheries science|kasandiro ka somba]] (kusazgamo ''aquaculture''), [[food science|kasandiro ka vyakulya]], kuthilira maji mumigunda, na kasandiro ka matenda gha mbuto. ==Malire Ghake== Ulimi, kasandiro ka ulimi, na agronomi vikukolerana comene, kweni vili na kupambana: *Ulimi ni vinthu ivyo vikusintha malo kuti vipangike viŵeto na vyamera vyakugwiliskira ŵanthu ntchito. Ulimi wakukhwaskana na maluso, kusazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito vya kafukufuku wa agronomi. *Agronomi ni kafukufuku na kusanguka kwa maluso pakusanda na kukhozga vyamera vyakulimika. *''Geoponics'' ni kasandiro ka kulima nthaka.<ref name="merriam"/> *''Hydroponics'' ni kukurizga vyamera kwambura nthaka, kugwiliskira ntchito maji ghakusazgikamo vyakuzirwa mu malo ghakupangika. ==Vigaŵa vya Kafukufuku== Kasandiro ka ulimi kakusazgamo kafukufuku na kusangika kwa vinthu ivi:<ref name="bosso"/><ref name="boucher"/> *Kuwezgera comene kupangika kwa vyakulya (nga kusankha mbuto na viŵeto ivyo vikuzizipizga chilala, kupanga feteleza ziphya, na maluso gha kuyezga kupangika kwa mbuto) *Kucepeska vyakuwonongeka vya viharo (masaka, tunyerere, mavirasi, na vinyake) pa vyamera panji viŵeto *Kusintha vyakupangika vyakwamba kuŵa vyakulya vyakumalizgira (nga kupanga, kusunga, na kuphakira vyakulya vyakufuma mu mkaka) *Kukanizga na kunozga vyakuwonongeka vya malo ghakuzingilira (nga kuvunda kwa nthaka, kupwelelera vyakutaya, na kutozga malo ghakuwonongeka) *Vinjazga vya ulimi vyakale, ivyo vikuchemekaso ''subsistence agriculture'', ivyo vikudyeska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvutika comene pa charu. *Kupangika na kukhumbika kwa vyakulya mucharu chose, comenecomene ku vyaru nga China, India, Brazil, US, na EU. *Tusandiro twakupambanapambana izo zikukhwaskana na vyakusanguka vya ulimi na malo ghakuzingilira, umoyo wa mbuto na viŵeto, kasandiro ka chuma ya ulimi, na sosiyoloji ya kumidzi. ==Wonaniso== *[[Mbiri ya Kasandiro ka Ulimi]] *[[Agronomi]] *[[Uinjiniya wa Ulimi]] ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="oed">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Agriscience|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="jb1840">{{Cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=John|last2=Buel|first2=Jesse|title=A Treatise on Agriculture|year=1840|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="rothamsted">{{Cite web|title=The Long Term Experiments|publisher=Rothamsted Research|url=https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> <ref name="hillison">{{Cite journal|last=Hillison|first=J.|title=The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?|journal=Journal of Agricultural Education|year=1996}}</ref> <ref name="scienceforag">{{Cite book|last1=Huffman|first1=W. E.|last2=Evenson|first2=R. E.|title=Science for Agriculture|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> <ref name="epa">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-change-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply}}</ref> <ref name="un">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and Water|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water}}</ref> <ref name="fao">{{Cite web|title=Climate-smart agriculture|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/}}</ref> <ref name="merriam">{{Cite web|title=Geoponics|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geoponics|access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> <ref name="bosso">{{Cite book|last=Bosso|first=Thelma|title=Agricultural Science|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63239-058-5}}</ref> <ref name="boucher">{{Cite book|last=Boucher|first=Jude|title=Agricultural Science and Management|publisher=Callisto Reference|year=2018|isbn=978-1-63239-965-6}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Kasandiro]] [[Mtundu:Ulimi]] stbvofqp0uk57caviepxnqss03ycla3 0 49793 122749 2026-09-28T09:03:59Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Anthonymunthali44 moved page [[Sayansi ya Ulimi]] to [[Kasandiro ka Ulimi]]: Kukhozga zina: mazgu ghakwenelera gha "science" ni "kasandiro" (na ora "ka" concord), na ora "sayansi" (lakubwezga ku Chingelezi). 122749 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kasandiro ka Ulimi]] ag4gml39n1hg6gmci69rhcmop6gwujc 0 49794 122751 2026-09-28T09:32:24Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Nkhani yiphya, yakung'anamulika kufuma ku Wikipedia ya Chingelezi 'Analytical chemistry'. 122751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca kemistri cakupatura, kumanya, na kuŵelengera vinthu}} '''Kemistri Yakusanda''' (panji ''chemical analysis'') ni cigaŵa ca [[kemistri]] ico cikukhwaskana na kusanguka na kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za kumanya muwiro wa kemistri wa vinthu na kuŵelengera unandi wa vigaŵa mu ''mixtures'' (vinthu vyakusazgika).<ref name="kellner"/> Cikujizinga pa nthowa za kumanya ''compounds'' zambura kumanyikwa, panyake mu ''mixture'' panji ''solution'', na kuŵelengera kuŵapo kwa ''compound'' kwakuyana na munandi wa cinthu (mu muwiro uliwose), ''concentration'' (mu ''solution''), pacenti ya uzito panji unandi wa ''moles'' mu ''mixture'' ya ma ''compound'' (panji ''pressure'' yigaŵa mu nkhani ya muwiro wa mphepo). Cikusazgamo nthowa zakale (nga ''titration'', ''gravimetric analysis'') na nthowa za sono izo zikugwiliskira ntchito vyakupimira (nga ''spectroscopy'', ''chromatography'', ''mass spectrometry'', nthowa za ''electrochemistry''). Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikukolerana comene na kusanda vyakumanyikwa (''data analysis'') na ''chemometrics'', ndipo yikukolerana comene na kusintha kwa vinthu nga ''automation'', kucepeska ukuru wa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (''miniaturization''), na kupima mwaluŵiro (''real-time sensing''), na kugwiliskikira ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana nga ''biochemistry'', kemistri ya mankhwala, sayansi ya uzimuzi (''forensic science''), ku sanda vya kale (''archaeology''), sayansi ya vyakulya, kemistri ya ulimi, kupangika kwa ma ''compound'' (''chemical synthesis''), ''metallurgy'', uinjiniya wa kemistri, na sayansi ya vinthu vyakupanga (''materials science''). Mu nyengo ya "''big data''", Kemistri Yakusanda, pamoza na ''chemometrics'' na ''bioinformatics'', yaŵa yakuzirwa comene pakupulikiska masuzgo ghakusuzga kufuma mu nthowa zakupima luŵiro na kwenelera nga ''gas chromatography-mass spectrometry'' (GCMS), ''high-performance liquid chromatography'', ''inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry'', na ''mass spectrometry'' yakukwezgeka.<ref name="kellner2"/> Paliposo kutemwereka kukuru ku ''miniaturization'', ''automation'', na kusanguka kwa vyakupimira vyaluŵiro, ivyo vikuchemeka ''point-of-care diagnostic sensors''.<ref name="murray"/> ==Mbiri== Kemistri Yakusanda yaŵa yakuzirwa kwambira mazuŵa ghakwamba gha kemistri, kupeleka nthowa za kudziŵa vigaŵa (''elements'') na mankhwala agho ghali mu cinthu ico cikusandika. Mu nyengo iyi, vyakovwira vikuru ku Kemistri Yakusanda vikasazgamo kusanguka kwa ''systematic elemental analysis'' na [[Justus von Liebig]] na kunozgeka kwa kusanda kwa ''organic'' kwakuzenga pa masinjizgo gha ''functional groups''.<ref name="liebig"/> Kupima kwakwamba kwa vyakupimira kukaŵa ''flame emissive spectrometry'', kukasangika na [[Robert Bunsen]] na [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], awo ŵakasanga [[rubidium]] (Rb) na [[caesium]] (Cs) mu 1860.<ref name="arikawa"/> Vinandi mwa vyakusanguka vikuru mu Kemistri Yakusanda vikacitika pamanyuma pa 1900. Mu nyengo iyi, kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira kukamba kuzirwa comene mu cigaŵa ici. Comenecomene, nthowa zinandi za ''spectroscopic'' na ''spectrometric'' zikasangika kwamba kwa vyaka 900 ndipo zikakhozgeka pa umaliro wa vyaka 900.<ref name="miller"/> Sayansi za kupatura (''separation sciences'') zikalondezgaso ndondomeko yakuyana ya kusanguka ndipo nazoso zikasinthika kuŵa vyakupimira vyakukwezgeka.<ref name="bartle"/> Mu vyaka 1970, nthowa zinandi izi zikamba kugwiliskikira ntchito pamoza kuŵa nthowa zakusazgika (''hybrid techniques'') kukwaniriska kumanyikwa kwakukwana kwa vipimo. Kwamba mu vyaka 1970, Kemistri Yakusanda yikamba kusazgamoso mafumbo gha vinthu vyamoyo (''bioanalytical chemistry''), apo pambere yikajizingira comene pa vinthu vyambura umoyo panji ma ''molecule'' ghacoko. ''Lasers'' zikamba kugwiliskikira ntchito comene nga vyakusanda na nanga kwamba na kukhwaska masinjizgo ghakupambanapambana. Umaliro wa vyaka 900 wakawoneskaso kuwonjeka kwa kugwiliskira ntchito Kemistri Yakusanda kufuma ku mafumbo gha kemistri gha ku sukulu kuya ku mafumbo gha uzimuzi, malo ghakuzingilira, makampani, na uganga, nga mu ''histology''.<ref name="laitinen"/> Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikwendeskeka na kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira. Ŵasandi ŵanandi ŵa Kemistri Yakusanda ŵakujizinga pa mtundu umoza wa cakupimira. Ŵakusambizga ŵakutemwa kujizinga pa vyakugwiliskira ntchito viphya na vyakusanguka viphya panji pa nthowa ziphya za kusanda. Kusanguka kwa mankhwala agho ghali mu ndopa agho ghakuwonjezga ngozi ya kansa nkhwakuti msandi wa Kemistri Yakusanda wangaŵamo. Kuyezga kusangura nthowa yiphya kungasazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito ''tunable laser'' kuwonjezga kudziŵikwa na kupulikika kwa nthowa ya ''spectrometric''. Nthowa zinandi, zamara kusangika, zikusungika kwambura kusintha mwakukhumbika mwakuti vyakumanyikwa vyangayaniskika pa nyengo yitali. Ici nchanadi comene mu ''quality assurance'' (QA) ya makampani, uzimuzi, na malo ghakuzingilira. Kemistri Yakusanda yikucita nchito yakuzirwa comene mu makampani gha mankhwala ghakukhozga (''pharmaceutical industry''), apo, kupatulako QA, yikugwiliskikira ntchito pakusanguka kwa mankhwala ghaphya na mu vyakugwiliskira ntchito vya uganga apo kupulikiska kukolerana pakati pa mankhwala na mulwari nkhwakuzirwa.<ref name="kellner3"/> Vyaka 2000 vyalongoreka na kusintha kwa Kemistri Yakusanda kuya ku ''digital'' (''digitalization''). Kusunga vyakumanyikwa vikuru (''"big data"'') kufuma mu vyakupimira nga ''Orbitrap mass spectrometers'' vyapangiska kuti kusanda kwakukwezgeka kwa vyakumanyikwa, kusazgamo ''machine learning'', kuŵe luso lakukhumbikwa.<ref name="watson"/> Nyengo iyiyi yikujizingaso comene pa ''sustainability'' (kusungika kwa malo ghakuzingilira), kupangiska kusanguka kwa cigaŵa ca ''green chemistry'' cakuti ''Green Analytical Chemistry'', ico cikukhumba kucepeska kuwonongeka kwa malo ghakuzingilira kufuma mu vyakusanda vya kemistri.<ref name="galuszka"/> ==Nthowa Zakale== Nangauli Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikwendeskeka na vyakupimira vyakusuzga, muzu wa Kemistri Yakusanda na malango ghanyake agho ghakugwiliskikira ntchito mu vyakupimira vya sono ghakufuma ku nthowa zakale, izo zinandi zikugwiliskikirabe ntchito muhanya uno. Nthowa izi nazoso zikutemwa kuŵa muzu wa masukulu ghanandi gha ''undergraduate'' gha Kemistri Yakusanda. ===Kusanda Kwakumanya Mtundu (''Qualitative Analysis'')=== Pali masuzgo ghanandi gha ''qualitative chemical tests''; viyelezgero vikusazgamo ''acid test'' ya golide na ''Kastle-Meyer test'' ya kuŵapo kwa ndopa.<ref name="acidtest"/><ref name="kastlemeyer"/> ''Flame test'' yikukolerana na nthowa yakulondezgeka ya kumanya kuŵapo kwa ma ''ions'' panji ''elements'' ghanyake mu ''solution'' kwizira mu kucita masinjizgo ghanandi ghakufumiskapo vyakukayikizgika na kukhozgera vya ma ''ions'' vyakukayikizgika. Nyengo zinyake ma ''ions'' ghacoko agho ghali na ''carbon'' ghakusazgikamo mu masinjizgo agha. Na vyakupimira vya sono, masuzgo agha ghakugwiliskikira ntchito kanandi comene, kweni ghangaŵa ghakuzirwa pa maphunziro na pa nchito za kumunda panji apo palije vyakupimira vyakusuzga. ===Kusanda Kwakuŵelengera (''Quantitative Analysis'')=== Kusanda kwakuŵelengera ni kuyezga kwa unandi wa vigaŵa vipadera vya kemistri ivyo vili mu cinthu. Unandi ungayezgeka na uzito (''gravimetric analysis'') panji na ukuru (''volumetric analysis'').<ref name="skoog"/> ====''Gravimetric Analysis''==== ''Gravimetric analysis'' yikusazgamo kudziŵa unandi wa cinthu ico cili kwizira mu kupima uzito wa ''sample'' pambere na/panji pamanyuma pa kusintha kunyake. Ciyelezgero cakugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu maphunziro gha ''undergraduate'' ni kudziŵa unandi wa maji mu ''hydrate'' kwizira mu kutentha ''sample'' kufumiskamo maji mwakuti kupambana kwa uzito nkhwakufuma ku kutayika kwa maji.<ref name="harris"/> ====Kusanda kwa Ukuru (''Volumetric Analysis'')==== ''Titration'' yikusazgamo kuwonjezgapo pang'ono pang'ono cinthu icho cingayezgeka (''reactant'') ku ukuru wakumanyikwa wa ''solution'' iyo yikusandika m'paka apo ''equivalence point'' yakwana. ''Titration'' ni muwungano wa nthowa izo zikugwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa ''concentration'' ya ''analyte''.<ref name="skoog2"/> Kucita ''titration'' mwakukhwenerera comene m'paka ku ''half-equivalence point'' panji ku ''endpoint'' ya ''titration'' kukupangiska msandi kudziŵa unandi wa ''moles'' izo zagwiliskikira ntchito, izo zingagwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa ''concentration'' panji muwiro wa ''titrant''. Cakumanyikwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵasambira kemistri pa maphunziro gha sekondale ni ''titration'' ya ''acid-base'' iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito ''pH indicator'' iyo yikusintha mtundu, nga ''phenolphthalein''. Pali mitundu yinyake yinandi ya ''titration'', kusazgamo ''potentiometric titrations'' na ''precipitation titrations''. Ŵasandi ŵangapangaso ''titration curves'' kwizira mu kuyezga ''pH'' pamanyuma pa cidonthi ciliconse kuti ŵapulikiske vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana vya ''titrant''. ==Nthowa za Vyakupimira== ===''Spectroscopy''=== ''Spectroscopy'' yikuyezga kukolerana kwa ma ''molecule'' na ''electromagnetic radiation''. ''Spectroscopy'' yikusazgamo vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakupambanapambana nga ''time-resolved raman spectroscopy'', ''atomic absorption spectroscopy'', ''atomic emission spectroscopy'', ''ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy'', ''X-ray spectroscopy'', ''fluorescence spectroscopy'', ''infrared spectroscopy'', ''Raman spectroscopy'', ''dual polarization interferometry'', ''nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy'', ''photoemission spectroscopy'', ''Mössbauer spectroscopy'' na vinyake. ===''Mass Spectrometry''=== ''Mass spectrometry'' yikuyezga ''mass-to-charge ratio'' ya ma ''molecule'' kugwiliskira ntchito minda ya ''electric'' na ''magnetic''. Mu ''mass spectrometer'', ''sample'' yicoko yikusandulika kuŵa ''ions'' za mphepo, apo zikupatulika na kusandika kwakuyana na ma ''mass-to-charge ratio'' ghazo.<ref name="skoog2"/> Pali nthowa zinandi za ''ionization'': ''electron ionization'', ''chemical ionization'', ''electrospray ionization'', ''fast atom bombardment'', ''matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization'', na zinyake. Nakoso, ''mass spectrometry'' yikupatulika kwakuyana na nthowa za ''mass analyzer'': ''magnetic-sector'', ''quadrupole mass analyzer'', ''quadrupole ion trap'', ''time-of-flight'', ''Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance'', na vinyake.<ref name="haag"/> ===Kusanda kwa ''Electrochemistry''=== Nthowa za ''electroanalytical'' zikuyezga ''potential'' (''volts'') na/panji ''current'' (''amps'') mu ''electrochemical cell'' iyo yili na ''analyte''.<ref name="sun"/> Nthowa izi zingapatulika kwakuyana na vigaŵa vya ''cell'' ivyo vikuwendeskeka na ivyo vikuyezgeka. Mitundu ĵinayi yikuru ni ''potentiometry'' (kupambana kwa ''electrode potentials'' kukuyezgeka), ''coulometry'' (''charge'' iyo yatolekapo yikuyezgeka pa nyengo), ''amperometry'' (''current'' ya ''cell'' yikuyezgeka pa nyengo), na ''voltammetry'' (''current'' ya ''cell'' yikuyezgeka apo ''potential'' ya ''cell'' yikusinthika mwakukhumbika).<ref name="skoog3"/> ===Kusanda kwa Kutentha (''Thermal Analysis'')=== ''Calorimetry'' na ''thermogravimetric analysis'' zikuyezga kukolerana pakati pa cinthu na kutentha.<ref name="rotaru"/> ===Kupatura (''Separation'')=== Nthowa za kupatura zikugwiliskikira ntchito kucepeska kusuzga kwa ''mixtures'' za vinthu. ''Chromatography'', ''electrophoresis'', na ''field flow fractionation'' ni viyelezgero vya cigaŵa ici.<ref name="coskun"/> ====Masuzgo gha ''Chromatography''==== ''Chromatography'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa kuŵapo kwa vinthu mu ''sample'', chifukwa vigaŵa vyakupambana mu ''mixture'' vili na kutemwa kwakupambana kukolelezgeka ku ''stationary phase'' panji kusungunuka mu ''mobile phase''. Ntheura, vigaŵa vyakupambana vya ''mixture'' vikwenda na luŵiro lyakupambana. Vigaŵa vyakupambana vya ''mixture'' vingamanyikwa kwizira mu mavalura ghawo gha R_''ƒ'', iyo ni ''ratio'' pakati pa utali uwo cinthu cafumapo na utali uwo ''solvent front'' yafumapo mu nyengo ya ''chromatography''. Pamoza na nthowa za vyakupimira, ''chromatography'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito pakuŵelengera vinthu. Pali mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ''chromatography'' iyo yikupambana kwakuyana na vyakugwiliskira ntchito kupatura ''analyte'' na ''sample''. Mu ''thin-layer chromatography'', ''mixture'' ya ''analyte'' yikukwera na kupatuka pa peji ilo lili na ''coating'' pasi pa ''mobile phase'' iyo yikupwilipwiza. Mu ''gas chromatography'', mphepo yikupatura ma ''analyte'' agho ghakupwilipwiza. Nthowa yakumanyikwa comene ya ''chromatography'' iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito maji kuŵa ''mobile phase'' ni ''high-performance liquid chromatography''.<ref name="poole"/> ===Nthowa Zakusazgika (''Hybrid Techniques'')=== Kukolelezga nthowa zapacanya apo kukupanga nthowa ya "kusazgika" panji "kukolezgeka" (''hyphenated'').<ref name="wilkins"/> Viyelezgero vinandi vikugwiliskikira ntchito muhanya uno ndipo nthowa ziphya za kusazgika zikusanguka. Mwaciyelezgero, ''gas chromatography-mass spectrometry'', ''gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy'', ''liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry'', ''liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy'', ''liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy'', na ''capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry''.<ref name="patel"/> Nthowa za kupatura izo zikukolezgeka zikukolerana na kukolelezga nthowa ziŵiri (panji zinandi) kumanya na kupatura mankhwala mu ''solutions''. Kanandi comene nthowa yinyake njiyo mtundu wa ''chromatography''. Nthowa izi zikugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu kemistri na ''biochemistry''. ===''Microscopy''=== Kulongora (''visualization'') kwa ma ''molecule'' ghamoza, maselo ghamoza, vigaŵa vya thupi, na ''nanomaterials'' ni nthowa yakuzirwa comene mu Kemistri Yakusanda. ''Microscopy'' yingapatulika mu vigaŵa vitatu: ''optical microscopy'', ''electron microscopy'', na ''scanning probe microscopy''. Sono, cigaŵa ici cikusanguka mwaluŵiro chifukwa ca kusanguka mwaluŵiro kwa makampani gha ''computer'' na kamera.<ref name="turkowyd"/> ===''Lab-on-a-chip''=== Vyakugwiliskira ntchito ivyo vikukolelezga ntchito zinandi za laboratori pa ''chip'' yimoza yicoko, na iyo yikukwaniska kugwira ntchito na vinthu vya majimaji vyacoko comene.<ref name="surappa"/> ==Kusanda Vyakumanyikwa na ''Chemometrics''== Unandi ukuru wa vyakumanyikwa vyakupangika na vyakupimira vya sono vyapangiska kuti kusanda vyakumanyikwa kwizira mu ''computer'' kuŵe cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca kusanda uku. Cigaŵa ca ''chemometrics'' cikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za ''statistics'' na masamu kupanga vinjazga vyakukhwenerera vya ''experiments'' na kufumiskamo vyakumanyikwa vyakuzirwa kufuma mu vyakumanyikwa vya kemistri.<ref name="brereton"/> Vigaŵa vikuru vikusazgamo: kunozgeka kwa ''multivariate calibration'' (kupanga vithuzi ivyo vikukolelezga masuzgo gha vyakupimira ku ''concentration'' ya ''analyte''); kumanya vithuzi (''pattern recognition'', kupatulira ''samples'' kwakuyana na ''analytical profile'' yawo); ndiposo ''machine learning'' na ''artificial intelligence'' (nthowa izi zikugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu kupanga vithuzi vyakumanyira panthazi, kukhwenerera nthowa za kusanda, na kucita mwaluŵiro kupulikiska kwa vyakumanyikwa).<ref name="wei"/> ==Vilongo (''Errors'')== Vilongo vingalongosoreka kuŵa kupambana pakati pa mvalura uwo wawoneka na mvalura wanadi.<ref name="glr"/> Kilongo ka mayezgo (''experimental error'') kangapatulika kuŵa mitundu yiŵiri, kilongo kakulondezgeka (''systematic error'') na kilongo kambura kulondezgeka (''random error''). Kilongo kakulondezgeka nkhukufuma ku suzgo la vyakugwiliskira ntchito panji kanozgeko ka mayezgo apo kilongo kambura kulondezgeka nkhukufuma ku vinthu ivyo vindawendeskeke mu mayezgo.<ref name="harris2"/> Pa kilongo, mvalura wanadi na mvalura uwo wawoneka mu kusanda kwa kemistri ŵangakoleranako kwizira mu equation : <math> \varepsilon_{\rm a} = |x - \bar{x}| </math> apo * <math>\varepsilon_{\rm a}</math> ni kilongo kakukwana (''absolute error''). * <math>x</math> ni mvalura wanadi. * <math>\bar{x}</math> ni mvalura uwo wawoneka. Kilongo ka kuyezga ni cimanyikwiro cakupilibuka ca kuyezga kwakunenesko (ndiko kuti, kilongo kacoko kukulongora kunenesko kukuru kwa kuyezga). Vilongo vingalongosoreka mwakuyaniska. Pakupelekeka kilongo ka kuyaniska (<math>\varepsilon_{\rm r}</math>): : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm r} = \frac{\varepsilon_{\rm a}}{|x|} = \left | \frac{x - \bar{x}}{x} \right |</math> Kilongo ka pacenti kangawelengekaso: : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm r} \times 100\% </math> Kugwiliskira ntchito mavalura agha mu msinjizgo, cingaŵa cakuzirwa kuŵelengera kilongo ka msinjizgo. Usange <math>f</math> ni msinjizgo uwo uli na vinthu vyakusintha-sintha <math>N</math>, ''propagation of uncertainty'' yikwenera kuŵelengeka kuti kilongo ka <math>f</math> kamanyikwe: : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm a} (f) \approx \sum_{i = 1}^N \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_i) = \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_1} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_1) + \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_2} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_2) + \ldots + \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_N} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_N)</math> ==Vipimo Vyakuyaniska (''Standards'')== ===Mzere wa Kuyezga (''Standard Curve'')=== Nthowa yakuzirwa ya kusanda ''concentration'' yikusazgamo kupanga ''calibration curve''. Ici cikupangiska kuŵa kwakwenelera kudziŵa unandi wa mankhwala mu cinthu kwizira mu kuyaniska masuzgo gha ''sample'' yambura kumanyikwa na agho gha vipimo vyakumanyikwa. Usange ''concentration'' ya ''element'' panji ''compound'' mu ''sample'' yikujumpha vipimo ivyo nthowa yingamanya, yingasazgikamo pera ''solvent'' yakutowa. Usange unandi mu ''sample'' uli pasi pa vipimo ivyo cakupimira cingamanya, nthowa ya kuwonjezgapo (''method of addition'') yingagwiliskikira ntchito. Mu nthowa iyi, unandi wakumanyikwa wa ''element'' panji ''compound'' iyo yikusandika yikuwonjezgekapo, ndipo kupambana pakati pa ''concentration'' iyo yawonjezgeka na iyo yawoneka ni unandi wanadi uwo uli mu ''sample''.<ref name="calibration"/> ===Vipimo Vyamkati (''Internal Standards'')=== Nyengo zinyake ''internal standard'' yikuwonjezgekapo pa ''concentration'' yakumanyikwa mwaunenesko ku ''sample'' ya kusanda kovwira mu kuŵelengera. Unandi wa ''analyte'' uwo uliko ukudziŵika kwakuyaniska na ''internal standard'' kuŵa ciyezgero. ''Internal standard'' yakukwenerera ni ''analyte'' iyo yili na ''isotopes'' zakuwonjezgeka, iyo yikupangiska nthowa ya ''isotope dilution''.<ref name="isotope"/> ===Kuwonjezgapo Vipimo (''Standard Addition'')=== Nthowa ya ''standard addition'' yikugwiliskikira ntchito mu kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira kudziŵa ''concentration'' ya cinthu (''analyte'') mu ''sample'' yambura kumanyikwa kwizira mu kuyaniska na muwungano wa ''samples'' za ''concentration'' yakumanyikwa, kwakuyana na kugwiliskira ntchito ''calibration curve''. ''Standard addition'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito ku nthowa zinandi za kusanda ndipo yikugwiliskikira ntchito m'malo mwa ''calibration curve'' kunozga suzgo la ''matrix effect''.<ref name="standardaddition"/> ==Viswekero na Vyakusuzga (''Signals and Noise'')== Cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu Kemistri Yakusanda ni kukuzga ''signal'' iyo yikukhumbikwa apo kucepeska ''noise'' iyo yikuyana nayo.<ref name="crouch"/> Ciyelezgero ca kupulikiska ici nchakuchemeka ''signal-to-noise ratio'' (S/N panji SNR). ''Noise'' yingafuma ku vinthu vya malo ghakuzingilira ndiposo ku masinjizgo ghakwamba gha fiziki. ===''Thermal Noise''=== ''Thermal noise'' yikufuma ku kusunthasuntha kwa ''charge carriers'' (kanandi ''electrons'') mu ''electrical circuit'' iyo yipangika na kusunthasuntha kwawo kwa kutentha. ''Thermal noise'' ni ''white noise'', kung'anamura kuti ''power spectral density'' njakukhazikika mwakujumpha ''frequency spectrum'' yose. Mvalura wa ''root mean square'' wa ''thermal noise'' mu ''resistor'' ukupelekeka na : <math>v_{\rm RMS} = \sqrt { 4 k_{\rm B} T R \Delta f },</math> apo ''k''_B ni ''Boltzmann constant'', ''T'' ni kutentha, ''R'' ni ''resistance'', na <math>\Delta f</math> ni ''bandwidth'' ya ''frequency'' <math> f</math>. ===''Shot Noise''=== ''Shot noise'' ni mtundu wa ''electronic noise'' uwo ukucitika apo unandi wamalire wa tuviŵelengeka (nga ''electrons'' mu ''electronic circuit'' panji ''photons'' mu cakugwiliskira ntchito ca kuwala) ntucoko mwakuti tikupangiska kusinthasintha kwa ''statistics'' mu ''signal''. ===''Flicker Noise''=== ''Flicker noise'' ni ''electronic noise'' iyo yili na ''frequency spectrum'' ya 1/''ƒ''; apo ''f'' yikuwonjeka, ''noise'' yikucepa. ''Flicker noise'' yikufuma ku vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga vyakusazgikamo mu ''conductive channel'', ndiposo ''noise'' ya ''generation'' na ''recombination'' mu ''transistor'' cifukwa ca ''base current'', na vinyake. ''Noise'' iyi yingakanizgika kwizira mu ''modulation'' ya ''signal'' pa ''frequency'' yikuru, mwaciyelezgero, kugwiliskira ntchito ''lock-in amplifier''. ===''Environmental Noise''=== ''Environmental noise'' yikufuma ku vinthu vyakuzingilira cakupimira. Vyakufuma vya ''electromagnetic noise'' ni ''power lines'', masiteshoni gha ''radio'' na ''television'', vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyambura ma ''wires'' (''wireless devices''), ''compact fluorescent lamps'', na ''electric motors''. Vinandi mwa vyakufuma ivi vya ''noise'' vili ''narrow bandwidth'' ndipo, chifukwa ca ici, vingakanizgika. Kutentha na kukanizga kusunthasuntha vingakhumbikwa pa vyakupimira vinyake.<ref name="skoog4"/> ===Kucepeska ''Noise''=== Kucepeska ''noise'' kungacitika mu ''computer hardware'' panji ''software''. Viyelezgero vya kucepeska ''noise'' kwizira mu ''hardware'' ni kugwiliskira ntchito ''shielded cable'', ''analog filtering'', na ''signal modulation''. Viyelezgero vya kucepeska ''noise'' kwizira mu ''software'' ni ''digital filtering'', ''ensemble average'', ''boxcar average'', na nthowa za ''correlation''. ==Kugwiliskira Ntchito== Kemistri Yakusanda yili na vyakugwiliskira ntchito mkati mwa sayansi na makampani. Njakuzirwa ku sayansi ya uzimuzi (mwaciyelezgero, ''DNA fingerprinting'' na ''toxicology''), ''bioanalysis'' (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga ''concentration'' za mankhwala mu kafukufuku wa ''pharmacokinetics''), kusanda kwa uganga (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga ''blood glucose'' na kuyezga COVID-19 kwizira mu ''PCR''), kusanda kwa malo ghakuzingilira (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga vyakuwononga mu maji na mphepo), na sayansi ya vinthu vyakupanga (mwaciyelezgero, kupenja kwenelero ka ''semiconductors'' na ''nanomaterials'').<ref name="szymanska"/> Nchito yikuru yikucitika kucepeska ukuru wa nthowa za kusanda kuya pa ukuru wa ''chip''. Nangauli viyelezgero vicoko vya ''systems'' izi vikususkana na nthowa zakale za kusanda, vyakukhumbika vyakuwoneka vikusazgamo ukuru/kunyamulika luŵiro, luŵiro, na ndalama. ''Micro total analysis system'' (μTAS) panji ''lab-on-a-chip''. ''Microscale chemistry'' yikucepeska unandi wa mankhwala agho ghakugwiliskikira ntchito.<ref name="jayamohan"/> Kusanguka kwanandi kukusuzgirapo kusanda kwa vinjazga vyamoyo. Viyelezgero vya vigaŵa vikusanguka mwaluŵiro mu upharu uwu ni ''genomics'', ''DNA sequencing'' na kafukufuku wakukolerana mu ''genetic fingerprinting'' na ''DNA microarray''; ''proteomics'', kusanda kwa ''concentration'' za ''protein'' na kusinthika kwake, comenecomene apo thupi likukumana na vinthu vyakupwetekeska, pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kukura, panji mu vigaŵa vyakupambana vya thupi; ''metabolomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''metabolites''; ''transcriptomics'', kusazgamo ''mRNA'' na vigaŵa vyakukolerana; ''lipidomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''lipids''; ''peptidomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''peptides''; na ''metallomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''concentration'' za ''metal'', comenecomene kukolelezgeka kwawo ku ''proteins'' na ma ''molecule'' ghanyake.<ref name="aebersold"/> Kemistri Yakusanda yacita nchito yakuzirwa mu kupulikiska sayansi za muzu na kufika ku vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinandi vyakukhumbikwa, nga vyakugwiliskira ntchito vya uganga, kusanda kwa malo ghakuzingilira, kwenelero ka makampani, na sayansi ya uzimuzi.<ref name="acs"/> Kusanguka kwa sono mu ''computer automation'' na maluso gha vyakumanyikwa vyawonjezgera Kemistri Yakusanda ku vigaŵa viphya vyanandi vya vinthu vyamoyo. Mwaciyelezgero, makina gha ''automated DNA sequencing'' ghakaŵa muzu wa kumalizga vinjazga vya ''human genome'', kupangiska kusanguka kwa ''genomics''. Kumanya ma ''protein'' na kulondezga vigaŵa vya ''peptide'' kwizira mu ''mass spectrometry'' kukajura cigaŵa ciphya ca ''proteomics''. Kupatulako kucita ''automation'' ya ndondomeko zipadera, pali nchito yakucita ''automation'' ya vigaŵa vikuru vya kuyezga mu laboratori, nga mu makampani nga ''Emerald Cloud Lab'' na ''Transcriptic''.<ref name="groth"/> Kemistri Yakusanda yaŵa yakukhumbikwa comene mu kusanguka kwa ''nanotechnology''. Vyakupimira vya ''surface characterization'', ''electron microscopes'', na ''scanning probe microscopes'' vikupangiska ŵasandi kulongora muwiro wa ma ''atom'' pamoza na kudziŵikwa kwa kemistri.<ref name="eustis"/> ==Wonaniso== *[[Kemistri ya Uganga]] (''Clinical chemistry'') *[[Kemistri ya Malo Ghakuzingilira]] (''Environmental chemistry'') *''[[Metrology]]'' *''[[Microanalysis]]'' ==Vyakuwelenga== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="kellner">{{Cite book|last=Kellner|first=R.|title=Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2004|edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name="kellner2">{{Cite book|last=Kellner|first=R.|title=Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2004|edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name="murray">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=Robert W.|title=Analytical Chemistry is What Analytical Chemists Do|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=66|issue=13|year=1994}}</ref> <ref name="liebig">{{Cite web|title=Justus von Liebig: Great Teacher and Pioneer in Organic Chemistry and Agrochemistry|website=ChemistryViews|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2023}}</ref> <ref name="arikawa">{{Cite journal|last=Arikawa|first=Yoshiko|title=Basic Education in Analytical Chemistry|journal=Analytical Sciences|volume=17|year=2001}}</ref> <ref name="miller">{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=K.|last2=Synovec|first2=R. 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Max|title=Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2004|edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name="watson">{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=David G.|title=Pharmaceutical Analysis|publisher=Elsevier|year=2012|edition=3rd}}</ref> <ref name="galuszka">{{Cite journal|last=Gałuszka|first=Agnieszka|title=The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic of green analytical practices|journal=Trends in Analytical Chemistry|volume=50|year=2013}}</ref> <ref name="acidtest">{{Cite web|title=TL;DR: How to Acid Test Precious Metals|publisher=The Silverpicker|year=2025}}</ref> <ref name="kastlemeyer">{{Cite web|title=How Does the Kastle-Meyer Test Detect Blood?|publisher=ThoughtCo|year=2025}}</ref> <ref name="skoog">{{Cite book|last1=Skoog|first1=Douglas A.|last2=West|first2=Donald M.|last3=Holler|first3=F. James|last4=Crouch|first4=Stanley R.|title=Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry|publisher=Brooks/Cole|year=2014|edition=9th}}</ref> <ref name="harris">{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Daniel C.|title=Quantitative Chemical Analysis|publisher=W.H. Freeman|year=2015|edition=9th}}</ref> <ref name="skoog2">{{Cite book|last1=Skoog|first1=Douglas A.|last2=Crouch|first2=Stanley R.|title=Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry|publisher=Brooks/Cole|year=2014|edition=9th}}</ref> <ref name="haag">{{Cite book|last=Haag|first=Ann M.|title=Modern Proteomics – Sample Preparation, Analysis and Practical Applications|publisher=Springer|year=2016}}</ref> <ref name="sun">{{Cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Andrew|last2=Wang|first2=Yuchen|title=A review on electroanalytical techniques for molecular electronics|journal=Chemical Science|volume=10|year=2019}}</ref> <ref name="skoog3">{{Cite book|last1=Skoog|first1=D. A.|last2=Holler|first2=F. J.|last3=Crouch|first3=S. R.|title=Principles of Instrumental Analysis|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2018|edition=7th}}</ref> <ref name="rotaru">{{Cite journal|last1=Rotaru|first1=Andrei|last2=Pérez-Maqueda|first2=Luis A.|title=Thermal analysis and calorimetry: Two tightly linked groups of methods|journal=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry|volume=150|year=2025}}</ref> <ref name="coskun">{{Cite journal|last=Coskun|first=O.|title=Chromatography: An important biophysical technique for separation, identification and purification of mixture components|journal=Analytical Biochemistry|volume=502|year=2016}}</ref> <ref name="poole">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Poole|first=C. F.|title=Chromatography|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Separation Science|publisher=Academic Press|year=2000}}</ref> <ref name="wilkins">{{Cite journal|last=Wilkins|first=C.|title=Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures|journal=Science|volume=222|year=1983}}</ref> <ref name="patel">{{Cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=K. N.|title=Introduction to hyphenated techniques and their applications in pharmacy|journal=Pharmaceutical Methods|volume=1|year=2010}}</ref> <ref name="turkowyd">{{Cite journal|last1=Turkowyd|first1=Boris|last2=Virant|first2=Daniel|last3=Endesfelder|first3=Ulrike|title=From single molecules to life: microscopy at the nanoscale|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|volume=408|year=2016}}</ref> <ref name="surappa">{{Cite journal|last1=Surappa|first1=Sushruta|title=Integrated "Lab-on-a-Chip" Microfluidic Systems for Isolation, Enrichment, and Analysis of Cancer Biomarkers|journal=Lab on a Chip|volume=23|year=2023}}</ref> <ref name="brereton">{{Cite book|last=Brereton|first=Richard G.|title=Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant|publisher=Wiley|year=2003}}</ref> <ref name="wei">{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=Jie|title=Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry|journal=Nature Reviews Chemistry|volume=2|year=2018}}</ref> <ref name="glr">{{Cite book|last=David|first=G. L.|title=Analytical Chemistry}}</ref> <ref name="harris2">{{Cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Daniel C.|last2=Lucy|first2=Charles A.|title=Quantitative chemical analysis|publisher=W.H. Freeman|year=2015|edition=9th}}</ref> <ref name="calibration">{{Cite web|title=3.4: Calibration Methods|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|publisher=University of California, Davis|year=2022}}</ref> <ref name="isotope">{{Cite web|title=Standard Addition, Internal Standardization and Isotope Dilution|website=Inorganic Ventures Technical Library|publisher=Inorganic Ventures}}</ref> <ref name="standardaddition">{{Cite report|title=Standard additions: myth and reality|publisher=Analytical Methods Committee, Royal Society of Chemistry|series=Technical Brief No. 37|year=2009}}</ref> <ref name="crouch">{{Cite book|last1=Crouch|first1=Stanley|last2=Skoog|first2=Douglas A.|title=Principles of instrumental analysis|publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole|year=2007}}</ref> <ref name="skoog4">{{Cite book|last1=Skoog|first1=D. A.|last2=Holler|first2=F. J.|last3=Crouch|first3=S. R.|title=Principles of Instrumental Analysis|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2018|edition=7th}}</ref> <ref name="szymanska">{{Cite journal|last=Szymańska|first=Ewa|title=Modern data science for analytical chemical data – A comprehensive review|journal=Analytica Chimica Acta|volume=1028|year=2018}}</ref> <ref name="jayamohan">{{Cite book|last1=Jayamohan|first1=H.|title=Molecular Diagnostics: Advances in Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies|year=2017}}</ref> <ref name="aebersold">{{Cite journal|last1=Aebersold|first1=R.|last2=Mann|first2=M.|title=Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function|journal=Nature|volume=537|year=2016}}</ref> <ref name="acs">{{Cite web|title=Analytical Chemistry|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> <ref name="groth">{{Cite journal|last1=Groth|first1=P.|last2=Cox|first2=J.|title=Indicators for the use of robotic labs in basic biomedical research: A literature analysis|journal=PeerJ|volume=5|year=2017}}</ref> <ref name="eustis">{{Cite journal|last1=Eustis|first1=S.|last2=El-Sayed|first2=M. A.|title=Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=35|year=2006}}</ref> }} [[Mtundu:Kemistri]] [[Mtundu:Kasandiro]] s8i1922lpht2xbsfcua2sqasvp9k2pr 122752 122751 2026-09-28T09:36:07Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kunozga: kugwiliskira ntchito "kasandiro" m'malo mwa "sayansi" kwakuyana na fundo yeneiyo. 122752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cigaŵa ca kemistri cakupatura, kumanya, na kuŵelengera vinthu}} '''Kemistri Yakusanda''' (panji ''chemical analysis'') ni cigaŵa ca [[kemistri]] ico cikukhwaskana na kusanguka na kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za kumanya muwiro wa kemistri wa vinthu na kuŵelengera unandi wa vigaŵa mu ''mixtures'' (vinthu vyakusazgika).<ref name="kellner"/> Cikujizinga pa nthowa za kumanya ''compounds'' zambura kumanyikwa, panyake mu ''mixture'' panji ''solution'', na kuŵelengera kuŵapo kwa ''compound'' kwakuyana na munandi wa cinthu (mu muwiro uliwose), ''concentration'' (mu ''solution''), pacenti ya uzito panji unandi wa ''moles'' mu ''mixture'' ya ma ''compound'' (panji ''pressure'' yigaŵa mu nkhani ya muwiro wa mphepo). Cikusazgamo nthowa zakale (nga ''titration'', ''gravimetric analysis'') na nthowa za sono izo zikugwiliskira ntchito vyakupimira (nga ''spectroscopy'', ''chromatography'', ''mass spectrometry'', nthowa za ''electrochemistry''). Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikukolerana comene na kusanda vyakumanyikwa (''data analysis'') na ''chemometrics'', ndipo yikukolerana comene na kusintha kwa vinthu nga ''automation'', kucepeska ukuru wa vyakugwiliskira ntchito (''miniaturization''), na kupima mwaluŵiro (''real-time sensing''), na kugwiliskikira ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana nga ''biochemistry'', kemistri ya mankhwala, kasandiro ka uzimuzi (''forensic science''), ku sanda vya kale (''archaeology''), kasandiro ka vyakulya, kemistri ya ulimi, kupangika kwa ma ''compound'' (''chemical synthesis''), ''metallurgy'', uinjiniya wa kemistri, na kasandiro ka vinthu vyakupanga (''materials science''). Mu nyengo ya "''big data''", Kemistri Yakusanda, pamoza na ''chemometrics'' na ''bioinformatics'', yaŵa yakuzirwa comene pakupulikiska masuzgo ghakusuzga kufuma mu nthowa zakupima luŵiro na kwenelera nga ''gas chromatography-mass spectrometry'' (GCMS), ''high-performance liquid chromatography'', ''inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry'', na ''mass spectrometry'' yakukwezgeka.<ref name="kellner2"/> Paliposo kutemwereka kukuru ku ''miniaturization'', ''automation'', na kusanguka kwa vyakupimira vyaluŵiro, ivyo vikuchemeka ''point-of-care diagnostic sensors''.<ref name="murray"/> ==Mbiri== Kemistri Yakusanda yaŵa yakuzirwa kwambira mazuŵa ghakwamba gha kemistri, kupeleka nthowa za kudziŵa vigaŵa (''elements'') na mankhwala agho ghali mu cinthu ico cikusandika. Mu nyengo iyi, vyakovwira vikuru ku Kemistri Yakusanda vikasazgamo kusanguka kwa ''systematic elemental analysis'' na [[Justus von Liebig]] na kunozgeka kwa kusanda kwa ''organic'' kwakuzenga pa masinjizgo gha ''functional groups''.<ref name="liebig"/> Kupima kwakwamba kwa vyakupimira kukaŵa ''flame emissive spectrometry'', kukasangika na [[Robert Bunsen]] na [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], awo ŵakasanga [[rubidium]] (Rb) na [[caesium]] (Cs) mu 1860.<ref name="arikawa"/> Vinandi mwa vyakusanguka vikuru mu Kemistri Yakusanda vikacitika pamanyuma pa 1900. Mu nyengo iyi, kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira kukamba kuzirwa comene mu cigaŵa ici. Comenecomene, nthowa zinandi za ''spectroscopic'' na ''spectrometric'' zikasangika kwamba kwa vyaka 900 ndipo zikakhozgeka pa umaliro wa vyaka 900.<ref name="miller"/> Tusandiro twa kupatura (''separation sciences'') zikalondezgaso ndondomeko yakuyana ya kusanguka ndipo nazoso zikasinthika kuŵa vyakupimira vyakukwezgeka.<ref name="bartle"/> Mu vyaka 1970, nthowa zinandi izi zikamba kugwiliskikira ntchito pamoza kuŵa nthowa zakusazgika (''hybrid techniques'') kukwaniriska kumanyikwa kwakukwana kwa vipimo. Kwamba mu vyaka 1970, Kemistri Yakusanda yikamba kusazgamoso mafumbo gha vinthu vyamoyo (''bioanalytical chemistry''), apo pambere yikajizingira comene pa vinthu vyambura umoyo panji ma ''molecule'' ghacoko. ''Lasers'' zikamba kugwiliskikira ntchito comene nga vyakusanda na nanga kwamba na kukhwaska masinjizgo ghakupambanapambana. Umaliro wa vyaka 900 wakawoneskaso kuwonjeka kwa kugwiliskira ntchito Kemistri Yakusanda kufuma ku mafumbo gha kemistri gha ku sukulu kuya ku mafumbo gha uzimuzi, malo ghakuzingilira, makampani, na uganga, nga mu ''histology''.<ref name="laitinen"/> Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikwendeskeka na kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira. Ŵasandi ŵanandi ŵa Kemistri Yakusanda ŵakujizinga pa mtundu umoza wa cakupimira. Ŵakusambizga ŵakutemwa kujizinga pa vyakugwiliskira ntchito viphya na vyakusanguka viphya panji pa nthowa ziphya za kusanda. Kusanguka kwa mankhwala agho ghali mu ndopa agho ghakuwonjezga ngozi ya kansa nkhwakuti msandi wa Kemistri Yakusanda wangaŵamo. Kuyezga kusangura nthowa yiphya kungasazgamo kugwiliskira ntchito ''tunable laser'' kuwonjezga kudziŵikwa na kupulikika kwa nthowa ya ''spectrometric''. Nthowa zinandi, zamara kusangika, zikusungika kwambura kusintha mwakukhumbika mwakuti vyakumanyikwa vyangayaniskika pa nyengo yitali. Ici nchanadi comene mu ''quality assurance'' (QA) ya makampani, uzimuzi, na malo ghakuzingilira. Kemistri Yakusanda yikucita nchito yakuzirwa comene mu makampani gha mankhwala ghakukhozga (''pharmaceutical industry''), apo, kupatulako QA, yikugwiliskikira ntchito pakusanguka kwa mankhwala ghaphya na mu vyakugwiliskira ntchito vya uganga apo kupulikiska kukolerana pakati pa mankhwala na mulwari nkhwakuzirwa.<ref name="kellner3"/> Vyaka 2000 vyalongoreka na kusintha kwa Kemistri Yakusanda kuya ku ''digital'' (''digitalization''). Kusunga vyakumanyikwa vikuru (''"big data"'') kufuma mu vyakupimira nga ''Orbitrap mass spectrometers'' vyapangiska kuti kusanda kwakukwezgeka kwa vyakumanyikwa, kusazgamo ''machine learning'', kuŵe luso lakukhumbikwa.<ref name="watson"/> Nyengo iyiyi yikujizingaso comene pa ''sustainability'' (kusungika kwa malo ghakuzingilira), kupangiska kusanguka kwa cigaŵa ca ''green chemistry'' cakuti ''Green Analytical Chemistry'', ico cikukhumba kucepeska kuwonongeka kwa malo ghakuzingilira kufuma mu vyakusanda vya kemistri.<ref name="galuszka"/> ==Nthowa Zakale== Nangauli Kemistri Yakusanda ya sono yikwendeskeka na vyakupimira vyakusuzga, muzu wa Kemistri Yakusanda na malango ghanyake agho ghakugwiliskikira ntchito mu vyakupimira vya sono ghakufuma ku nthowa zakale, izo zinandi zikugwiliskikirabe ntchito muhanya uno. Nthowa izi nazoso zikutemwa kuŵa muzu wa masukulu ghanandi gha ''undergraduate'' gha Kemistri Yakusanda. ===Kusanda Kwakumanya Mtundu (''Qualitative Analysis'')=== Pali masuzgo ghanandi gha ''qualitative chemical tests''; viyelezgero vikusazgamo ''acid test'' ya golide na ''Kastle-Meyer test'' ya kuŵapo kwa ndopa.<ref name="acidtest"/><ref name="kastlemeyer"/> ''Flame test'' yikukolerana na nthowa yakulondezgeka ya kumanya kuŵapo kwa ma ''ions'' panji ''elements'' ghanyake mu ''solution'' kwizira mu kucita masinjizgo ghanandi ghakufumiskapo vyakukayikizgika na kukhozgera vya ma ''ions'' vyakukayikizgika. Nyengo zinyake ma ''ions'' ghacoko agho ghali na ''carbon'' ghakusazgikamo mu masinjizgo agha. Na vyakupimira vya sono, masuzgo agha ghakugwiliskikira ntchito kanandi comene, kweni ghangaŵa ghakuzirwa pa maphunziro na pa nchito za kumunda panji apo palije vyakupimira vyakusuzga. ===Kusanda Kwakuŵelengera (''Quantitative Analysis'')=== Kusanda kwakuŵelengera ni kuyezga kwa unandi wa vigaŵa vipadera vya kemistri ivyo vili mu cinthu. Unandi ungayezgeka na uzito (''gravimetric analysis'') panji na ukuru (''volumetric analysis'').<ref name="skoog"/> ====''Gravimetric Analysis''==== ''Gravimetric analysis'' yikusazgamo kudziŵa unandi wa cinthu ico cili kwizira mu kupima uzito wa ''sample'' pambere na/panji pamanyuma pa kusintha kunyake. Ciyelezgero cakugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu maphunziro gha ''undergraduate'' ni kudziŵa unandi wa maji mu ''hydrate'' kwizira mu kutentha ''sample'' kufumiskamo maji mwakuti kupambana kwa uzito nkhwakufuma ku kutayika kwa maji.<ref name="harris"/> ====Kusanda kwa Ukuru (''Volumetric Analysis'')==== ''Titration'' yikusazgamo kuwonjezgapo pang'ono pang'ono cinthu icho cingayezgeka (''reactant'') ku ukuru wakumanyikwa wa ''solution'' iyo yikusandika m'paka apo ''equivalence point'' yakwana. ''Titration'' ni muwungano wa nthowa izo zikugwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa ''concentration'' ya ''analyte''.<ref name="skoog2"/> Kucita ''titration'' mwakukhwenerera comene m'paka ku ''half-equivalence point'' panji ku ''endpoint'' ya ''titration'' kukupangiska msandi kudziŵa unandi wa ''moles'' izo zagwiliskikira ntchito, izo zingagwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa ''concentration'' panji muwiro wa ''titrant''. Cakumanyikwa comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵasambira kemistri pa maphunziro gha sekondale ni ''titration'' ya ''acid-base'' iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito ''pH indicator'' iyo yikusintha mtundu, nga ''phenolphthalein''. Pali mitundu yinyake yinandi ya ''titration'', kusazgamo ''potentiometric titrations'' na ''precipitation titrations''. Ŵasandi ŵangapangaso ''titration curves'' kwizira mu kuyezga ''pH'' pamanyuma pa cidonthi ciliconse kuti ŵapulikiske vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana vya ''titrant''. ==Nthowa za Vyakupimira== ===''Spectroscopy''=== ''Spectroscopy'' yikuyezga kukolerana kwa ma ''molecule'' na ''electromagnetic radiation''. ''Spectroscopy'' yikusazgamo vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakupambanapambana nga ''time-resolved raman spectroscopy'', ''atomic absorption spectroscopy'', ''atomic emission spectroscopy'', ''ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy'', ''X-ray spectroscopy'', ''fluorescence spectroscopy'', ''infrared spectroscopy'', ''Raman spectroscopy'', ''dual polarization interferometry'', ''nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy'', ''photoemission spectroscopy'', ''Mössbauer spectroscopy'' na vinyake. ===''Mass Spectrometry''=== ''Mass spectrometry'' yikuyezga ''mass-to-charge ratio'' ya ma ''molecule'' kugwiliskira ntchito minda ya ''electric'' na ''magnetic''. Mu ''mass spectrometer'', ''sample'' yicoko yikusandulika kuŵa ''ions'' za mphepo, apo zikupatulika na kusandika kwakuyana na ma ''mass-to-charge ratio'' ghazo.<ref name="skoog2"/> Pali nthowa zinandi za ''ionization'': ''electron ionization'', ''chemical ionization'', ''electrospray ionization'', ''fast atom bombardment'', ''matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization'', na zinyake. Nakoso, ''mass spectrometry'' yikupatulika kwakuyana na nthowa za ''mass analyzer'': ''magnetic-sector'', ''quadrupole mass analyzer'', ''quadrupole ion trap'', ''time-of-flight'', ''Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance'', na vinyake.<ref name="haag"/> ===Kusanda kwa ''Electrochemistry''=== Nthowa za ''electroanalytical'' zikuyezga ''potential'' (''volts'') na/panji ''current'' (''amps'') mu ''electrochemical cell'' iyo yili na ''analyte''.<ref name="sun"/> Nthowa izi zingapatulika kwakuyana na vigaŵa vya ''cell'' ivyo vikuwendeskeka na ivyo vikuyezgeka. Mitundu ĵinayi yikuru ni ''potentiometry'' (kupambana kwa ''electrode potentials'' kukuyezgeka), ''coulometry'' (''charge'' iyo yatolekapo yikuyezgeka pa nyengo), ''amperometry'' (''current'' ya ''cell'' yikuyezgeka pa nyengo), na ''voltammetry'' (''current'' ya ''cell'' yikuyezgeka apo ''potential'' ya ''cell'' yikusinthika mwakukhumbika).<ref name="skoog3"/> ===Kusanda kwa Kutentha (''Thermal Analysis'')=== ''Calorimetry'' na ''thermogravimetric analysis'' zikuyezga kukolerana pakati pa cinthu na kutentha.<ref name="rotaru"/> ===Kupatura (''Separation'')=== Nthowa za kupatura zikugwiliskikira ntchito kucepeska kusuzga kwa ''mixtures'' za vinthu. ''Chromatography'', ''electrophoresis'', na ''field flow fractionation'' ni viyelezgero vya cigaŵa ici.<ref name="coskun"/> ====Masuzgo gha ''Chromatography''==== ''Chromatography'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito kudziŵa kuŵapo kwa vinthu mu ''sample'', chifukwa vigaŵa vyakupambana mu ''mixture'' vili na kutemwa kwakupambana kukolelezgeka ku ''stationary phase'' panji kusungunuka mu ''mobile phase''. Ntheura, vigaŵa vyakupambana vya ''mixture'' vikwenda na luŵiro lyakupambana. Vigaŵa vyakupambana vya ''mixture'' vingamanyikwa kwizira mu mavalura ghawo gha R_''ƒ'', iyo ni ''ratio'' pakati pa utali uwo cinthu cafumapo na utali uwo ''solvent front'' yafumapo mu nyengo ya ''chromatography''. Pamoza na nthowa za vyakupimira, ''chromatography'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito pakuŵelengera vinthu. Pali mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ''chromatography'' iyo yikupambana kwakuyana na vyakugwiliskira ntchito kupatura ''analyte'' na ''sample''. Mu ''thin-layer chromatography'', ''mixture'' ya ''analyte'' yikukwera na kupatuka pa peji ilo lili na ''coating'' pasi pa ''mobile phase'' iyo yikupwilipwiza. Mu ''gas chromatography'', mphepo yikupatura ma ''analyte'' agho ghakupwilipwiza. Nthowa yakumanyikwa comene ya ''chromatography'' iyo yikugwiliskira ntchito maji kuŵa ''mobile phase'' ni ''high-performance liquid chromatography''.<ref name="poole"/> ===Nthowa Zakusazgika (''Hybrid Techniques'')=== Kukolelezga nthowa zapacanya apo kukupanga nthowa ya "kusazgika" panji "kukolezgeka" (''hyphenated'').<ref name="wilkins"/> Viyelezgero vinandi vikugwiliskikira ntchito muhanya uno ndipo nthowa ziphya za kusazgika zikusanguka. Mwaciyelezgero, ''gas chromatography-mass spectrometry'', ''gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy'', ''liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry'', ''liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy'', ''liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy'', na ''capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry''.<ref name="patel"/> Nthowa za kupatura izo zikukolezgeka zikukolerana na kukolelezga nthowa ziŵiri (panji zinandi) kumanya na kupatura mankhwala mu ''solutions''. Kanandi comene nthowa yinyake njiyo mtundu wa ''chromatography''. Nthowa izi zikugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu kemistri na ''biochemistry''. ===''Microscopy''=== Kulongora (''visualization'') kwa ma ''molecule'' ghamoza, maselo ghamoza, vigaŵa vya thupi, na ''nanomaterials'' ni nthowa yakuzirwa comene mu Kemistri Yakusanda. ''Microscopy'' yingapatulika mu vigaŵa vitatu: ''optical microscopy'', ''electron microscopy'', na ''scanning probe microscopy''. Sono, cigaŵa ici cikusanguka mwaluŵiro chifukwa ca kusanguka mwaluŵiro kwa makampani gha ''computer'' na kamera.<ref name="turkowyd"/> ===''Lab-on-a-chip''=== Vyakugwiliskira ntchito ivyo vikukolelezga ntchito zinandi za laboratori pa ''chip'' yimoza yicoko, na iyo yikukwaniska kugwira ntchito na vinthu vya majimaji vyacoko comene.<ref name="surappa"/> ==Kusanda Vyakumanyikwa na ''Chemometrics''== Unandi ukuru wa vyakumanyikwa vyakupangika na vyakupimira vya sono vyapangiska kuti kusanda vyakumanyikwa kwizira mu ''computer'' kuŵe cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca kusanda uku. Cigaŵa ca ''chemometrics'' cikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za ''statistics'' na masamu kupanga vinjazga vyakukhwenerera vya ''experiments'' na kufumiskamo vyakumanyikwa vyakuzirwa kufuma mu vyakumanyikwa vya kemistri.<ref name="brereton"/> Vigaŵa vikuru vikusazgamo: kunozgeka kwa ''multivariate calibration'' (kupanga vithuzi ivyo vikukolelezga masuzgo gha vyakupimira ku ''concentration'' ya ''analyte''); kumanya vithuzi (''pattern recognition'', kupatulira ''samples'' kwakuyana na ''analytical profile'' yawo); ndiposo ''machine learning'' na ''artificial intelligence'' (nthowa izi zikugwiliskikira ntchito comene mu kupanga vithuzi vyakumanyira panthazi, kukhwenerera nthowa za kusanda, na kucita mwaluŵiro kupulikiska kwa vyakumanyikwa).<ref name="wei"/> ==Vilongo (''Errors'')== Vilongo vingalongosoreka kuŵa kupambana pakati pa mvalura uwo wawoneka na mvalura wanadi.<ref name="glr"/> Kilongo ka mayezgo (''experimental error'') kangapatulika kuŵa mitundu yiŵiri, kilongo kakulondezgeka (''systematic error'') na kilongo kambura kulondezgeka (''random error''). Kilongo kakulondezgeka nkhukufuma ku suzgo la vyakugwiliskira ntchito panji kanozgeko ka mayezgo apo kilongo kambura kulondezgeka nkhukufuma ku vinthu ivyo vindawendeskeke mu mayezgo.<ref name="harris2"/> Pa kilongo, mvalura wanadi na mvalura uwo wawoneka mu kusanda kwa kemistri ŵangakoleranako kwizira mu equation : <math> \varepsilon_{\rm a} = |x - \bar{x}| </math> apo * <math>\varepsilon_{\rm a}</math> ni kilongo kakukwana (''absolute error''). * <math>x</math> ni mvalura wanadi. * <math>\bar{x}</math> ni mvalura uwo wawoneka. Kilongo ka kuyezga ni cimanyikwiro cakupilibuka ca kuyezga kwakunenesko (ndiko kuti, kilongo kacoko kukulongora kunenesko kukuru kwa kuyezga). Vilongo vingalongosoreka mwakuyaniska. Pakupelekeka kilongo ka kuyaniska (<math>\varepsilon_{\rm r}</math>): : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm r} = \frac{\varepsilon_{\rm a}}{|x|} = \left | \frac{x - \bar{x}}{x} \right |</math> Kilongo ka pacenti kangawelengekaso: : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm r} \times 100\% </math> Kugwiliskira ntchito mavalura agha mu msinjizgo, cingaŵa cakuzirwa kuŵelengera kilongo ka msinjizgo. Usange <math>f</math> ni msinjizgo uwo uli na vinthu vyakusintha-sintha <math>N</math>, ''propagation of uncertainty'' yikwenera kuŵelengeka kuti kilongo ka <math>f</math> kamanyikwe: : <math>\varepsilon_{\rm a} (f) \approx \sum_{i = 1}^N \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_i} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_i) = \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_1} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_1) + \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_2} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_2) + \ldots + \left | \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_N} \right | \varepsilon_{\rm a}(x_N)</math> ==Vipimo Vyakuyaniska (''Standards'')== ===Mzere wa Kuyezga (''Standard Curve'')=== Nthowa yakuzirwa ya kusanda ''concentration'' yikusazgamo kupanga ''calibration curve''. Ici cikupangiska kuŵa kwakwenelera kudziŵa unandi wa mankhwala mu cinthu kwizira mu kuyaniska masuzgo gha ''sample'' yambura kumanyikwa na agho gha vipimo vyakumanyikwa. Usange ''concentration'' ya ''element'' panji ''compound'' mu ''sample'' yikujumpha vipimo ivyo nthowa yingamanya, yingasazgikamo pera ''solvent'' yakutowa. Usange unandi mu ''sample'' uli pasi pa vipimo ivyo cakupimira cingamanya, nthowa ya kuwonjezgapo (''method of addition'') yingagwiliskikira ntchito. Mu nthowa iyi, unandi wakumanyikwa wa ''element'' panji ''compound'' iyo yikusandika yikuwonjezgekapo, ndipo kupambana pakati pa ''concentration'' iyo yawonjezgeka na iyo yawoneka ni unandi wanadi uwo uli mu ''sample''.<ref name="calibration"/> ===Vipimo Vyamkati (''Internal Standards'')=== Nyengo zinyake ''internal standard'' yikuwonjezgekapo pa ''concentration'' yakumanyikwa mwaunenesko ku ''sample'' ya kusanda kovwira mu kuŵelengera. Unandi wa ''analyte'' uwo uliko ukudziŵika kwakuyaniska na ''internal standard'' kuŵa ciyezgero. ''Internal standard'' yakukwenerera ni ''analyte'' iyo yili na ''isotopes'' zakuwonjezgeka, iyo yikupangiska nthowa ya ''isotope dilution''.<ref name="isotope"/> ===Kuwonjezgapo Vipimo (''Standard Addition'')=== Nthowa ya ''standard addition'' yikugwiliskikira ntchito mu kusanda kwizira mu vyakupimira kudziŵa ''concentration'' ya cinthu (''analyte'') mu ''sample'' yambura kumanyikwa kwizira mu kuyaniska na muwungano wa ''samples'' za ''concentration'' yakumanyikwa, kwakuyana na kugwiliskira ntchito ''calibration curve''. ''Standard addition'' yingagwiliskikira ntchito ku nthowa zinandi za kusanda ndipo yikugwiliskikira ntchito m'malo mwa ''calibration curve'' kunozga suzgo la ''matrix effect''.<ref name="standardaddition"/> ==Viswekero na Vyakusuzga (''Signals and Noise'')== Cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu Kemistri Yakusanda ni kukuzga ''signal'' iyo yikukhumbikwa apo kucepeska ''noise'' iyo yikuyana nayo.<ref name="crouch"/> Ciyelezgero ca kupulikiska ici nchakuchemeka ''signal-to-noise ratio'' (S/N panji SNR). ''Noise'' yingafuma ku vinthu vya malo ghakuzingilira ndiposo ku masinjizgo ghakwamba gha fiziki. ===''Thermal Noise''=== ''Thermal noise'' yikufuma ku kusunthasuntha kwa ''charge carriers'' (kanandi ''electrons'') mu ''electrical circuit'' iyo yipangika na kusunthasuntha kwawo kwa kutentha. ''Thermal noise'' ni ''white noise'', kung'anamura kuti ''power spectral density'' njakukhazikika mwakujumpha ''frequency spectrum'' yose. Mvalura wa ''root mean square'' wa ''thermal noise'' mu ''resistor'' ukupelekeka na : <math>v_{\rm RMS} = \sqrt { 4 k_{\rm B} T R \Delta f },</math> apo ''k''_B ni ''Boltzmann constant'', ''T'' ni kutentha, ''R'' ni ''resistance'', na <math>\Delta f</math> ni ''bandwidth'' ya ''frequency'' <math> f</math>. ===''Shot Noise''=== ''Shot noise'' ni mtundu wa ''electronic noise'' uwo ukucitika apo unandi wamalire wa tuviŵelengeka (nga ''electrons'' mu ''electronic circuit'' panji ''photons'' mu cakugwiliskira ntchito ca kuwala) ntucoko mwakuti tikupangiska kusinthasintha kwa ''statistics'' mu ''signal''. ===''Flicker Noise''=== ''Flicker noise'' ni ''electronic noise'' iyo yili na ''frequency spectrum'' ya 1/''ƒ''; apo ''f'' yikuwonjeka, ''noise'' yikucepa. ''Flicker noise'' yikufuma ku vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga vyakusazgikamo mu ''conductive channel'', ndiposo ''noise'' ya ''generation'' na ''recombination'' mu ''transistor'' cifukwa ca ''base current'', na vinyake. ''Noise'' iyi yingakanizgika kwizira mu ''modulation'' ya ''signal'' pa ''frequency'' yikuru, mwaciyelezgero, kugwiliskira ntchito ''lock-in amplifier''. ===''Environmental Noise''=== ''Environmental noise'' yikufuma ku vinthu vyakuzingilira cakupimira. Vyakufuma vya ''electromagnetic noise'' ni ''power lines'', masiteshoni gha ''radio'' na ''television'', vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyambura ma ''wires'' (''wireless devices''), ''compact fluorescent lamps'', na ''electric motors''. Vinandi mwa vyakufuma ivi vya ''noise'' vili ''narrow bandwidth'' ndipo, chifukwa ca ici, vingakanizgika. Kutentha na kukanizga kusunthasuntha vingakhumbikwa pa vyakupimira vinyake.<ref name="skoog4"/> ===Kucepeska ''Noise''=== Kucepeska ''noise'' kungacitika mu ''computer hardware'' panji ''software''. Viyelezgero vya kucepeska ''noise'' kwizira mu ''hardware'' ni kugwiliskira ntchito ''shielded cable'', ''analog filtering'', na ''signal modulation''. Viyelezgero vya kucepeska ''noise'' kwizira mu ''software'' ni ''digital filtering'', ''ensemble average'', ''boxcar average'', na nthowa za ''correlation''. ==Kugwiliskira Ntchito== Kemistri Yakusanda yili na vyakugwiliskira ntchito mkati mwa kasandiro na makampani. Njakuzirwa ku kasandiro ka uzimuzi (mwaciyelezgero, ''DNA fingerprinting'' na ''toxicology''), ''bioanalysis'' (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga ''concentration'' za mankhwala mu kafukufuku wa ''pharmacokinetics''), kusanda kwa uganga (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga ''blood glucose'' na kuyezga COVID-19 kwizira mu ''PCR''), kusanda kwa malo ghakuzingilira (mwaciyelezgero, kuyezga vyakuwononga mu maji na mphepo), na kasandiro ka vinthu vyakupanga (mwaciyelezgero, kupenja kwenelero ka ''semiconductors'' na ''nanomaterials'').<ref name="szymanska"/> Nchito yikuru yikucitika kucepeska ukuru wa nthowa za kusanda kuya pa ukuru wa ''chip''. Nangauli viyelezgero vicoko vya ''systems'' izi vikususkana na nthowa zakale za kusanda, vyakukhumbika vyakuwoneka vikusazgamo ukuru/kunyamulika luŵiro, luŵiro, na ndalama. ''Micro total analysis system'' (μTAS) panji ''lab-on-a-chip''. ''Microscale chemistry'' yikucepeska unandi wa mankhwala agho ghakugwiliskikira ntchito.<ref name="jayamohan"/> Kusanguka kwanandi kukusuzgirapo kusanda kwa vinjazga vyamoyo. Viyelezgero vya vigaŵa vikusanguka mwaluŵiro mu upharu uwu ni ''genomics'', ''DNA sequencing'' na kafukufuku wakukolerana mu ''genetic fingerprinting'' na ''DNA microarray''; ''proteomics'', kusanda kwa ''concentration'' za ''protein'' na kusinthika kwake, comenecomene apo thupi likukumana na vinthu vyakupwetekeska, pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kukura, panji mu vigaŵa vyakupambana vya thupi; ''metabolomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''metabolites''; ''transcriptomics'', kusazgamo ''mRNA'' na vigaŵa vyakukolerana; ''lipidomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''lipids''; ''peptidomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''peptides''; na ''metallomics'', iyo yikukhwaskana na ''concentration'' za ''metal'', comenecomene kukolelezgeka kwawo ku ''proteins'' na ma ''molecule'' ghanyake.<ref name="aebersold"/> Kemistri Yakusanda yacita nchito yakuzirwa mu kupulikiska tusandiro twa muzu na kufika ku vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinandi vyakukhumbikwa, nga vyakugwiliskira ntchito vya uganga, kusanda kwa malo ghakuzingilira, kwenelero ka makampani, na kasandiro ka uzimuzi.<ref name="acs"/> Kusanguka kwa sono mu ''computer automation'' na maluso gha vyakumanyikwa vyawonjezgera Kemistri Yakusanda ku vigaŵa viphya vyanandi vya vinthu vyamoyo. Mwaciyelezgero, makina gha ''automated DNA sequencing'' ghakaŵa muzu wa kumalizga vinjazga vya ''human genome'', kupangiska kusanguka kwa ''genomics''. Kumanya ma ''protein'' na kulondezga vigaŵa vya ''peptide'' kwizira mu ''mass spectrometry'' kukajura cigaŵa ciphya ca ''proteomics''. Kupatulako kucita ''automation'' ya ndondomeko zipadera, pali nchito yakucita ''automation'' ya vigaŵa vikuru vya kuyezga mu laboratori, nga mu makampani nga ''Emerald Cloud Lab'' na ''Transcriptic''.<ref name="groth"/> Kemistri Yakusanda yaŵa yakukhumbikwa comene mu kusanguka kwa ''nanotechnology''. 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